■ 
 
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 r//>C^ <£«^<^~ 
 
THE 
 
 Manner of Raifing, Ordering; 
 
 And Improving 
 
 f o?eft anD jfmitMim : 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 How to Plant, Make and Keep 
 
 WOODS, WALKS, 
 
 AVENUES, LAWNS, HEDGES,dv. 
 
 WITH 
 Several FIGURES in Copper-plates, proper for the fame. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 RULES and TABLES (hewing how the Ingenious Planter 
 maymeafure Superficial Figures, with Rules how to divide 
 Woods or Land, and how to meafure Timber and other 
 Solid Bodies, either by Arithmetick or Geometry, (hewing 
 the Ufe of that mod Excellent Line, the Line of lumbers, 
 by (everal New Examples 3 with many other Rules, ufeful 
 for mod Men. 
 
 By Mofes Cooh^ Gardiner to that great Encourager of Plant- 
 ing, the Right Honourable , the Earl of Effex. 
 
 Whereunto is now added, that ingenious Treati(e of Mr. 
 Gabriel 7* lattes^viz. A Difcovery of Subterranean Treafire 
 
 Printed for Teter Parker at the Leg and Star over againffc the 
 
 Royal Exchange mCornhill^ 1 679. 
 
 j ' * ' ' 
 
 V 
 

 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in'2009 with funding from 
 
 NCSU Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/mannerofraisingoOQcook 
 
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 * TO 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY 
 
 Arthur Capell, 
 
 Lord Lieutenant and (jeneral Governour of 
 the Kingdom c/ IRELAND, 
 Earl of EfTex, Vkount Maldon, Lord 
 Capell, *Baron of H&dham, Lord Lieu** 
 tenant of Hartfordftiire, and one of the 
 Kings moft Honourable Trivy Council, &c. 
 
 May it pleafe your Excellency, 
 
 DI D I not very well know your great 
 Underftanding in, and Love to the 
 Siibjetf; o£ the enftfeg Difcourfe, I durft 
 
 A z not 
 
tke Epijlle Dedicatory. 
 
 not alTume the Boldnefs to implore your 
 Honours Patronage of it; But being well 
 aflured, that you have not been onely a 
 Spectator, but an Adtor in moft of what 
 is treated of in the enfuing Lines • for , 
 to your Eternal Prayfe be it fpoken, there 
 is many a fine Tree which you have 
 Nurfed up from Seeds fown by your 
 own hands, and many thoufands more 
 which you have commanded me to 
 raife. 
 
 Therefore, my Lord, I humbly crave 
 your Pardon for the Prefumption and 
 Imperfection of the Petvman j and though 
 your Excellency knows full well how to 
 prune young Trees, yet I hope you will 
 pafs by the impertinent and fuperfluous 
 Lines in this my Plantation; which, 
 though I have endeavoured to keep as 
 well pruned from Errors, and as clean 
 from Weeds as I could, yet 'tis pofsible 
 there may be fome things in it, which 
 
 fome 
 
The Efijtle Dedicatory, 
 
 fame may term as ill : But to You all 
 things in it are fo well known } that I 
 hope both it and I fhall find fuch fhelter 
 and fupport by your favourable Afpedt, 
 as that we need not to fear the iStorms of 
 the ignorant or negligent Planters. 
 
 And my Lord, fince the Art of Raifing 
 and Improving of Trees, hath ever been 
 efteemed amongft the truly Noble, Wife, 
 Ingenious and moft refined Spirits of the 
 World from Age to Age, and chiefly 
 maintained and pradtifed by them ; and 
 fince this Property is Naturally inherent 
 in You, (you being not onely a great 
 Lover of this Art, but alfo moft skilful! 
 in it) I humbly prefume to Dedicate thefe 
 myObfervations to your Lordfhipj not 
 being ignorant, that he who is moft know^ 
 ingin any thing, is the beft able to judge 
 of the fame; and that this my Opinion, 
 of your Honours Ability and Prompti- 
 tude in promoting the Planting and Im- 
 proving 
 
The Epifile Dedicatory. 
 
 proving of Forrefl'trees, is furely ground- 
 ed, the Large Plantation you have made 
 will abundantly teftifie. But I humbly 
 beg your Lordfbip Pardon for this Pre^ 
 fumption , not without hopes that my 
 good Meaning may obtain it j and fince 
 my good Wifhes and the beft of my Ser- 
 vices is all I can contribute to You, thefe 
 fhall never be wanting from 
 
 My L O R D, 
 
 Your Excellencies mojl Humble 
 
 and ntofi Obedient Servant toferve Ton 
 whilefl I bear the Name of 
 
 aSM'ofes Cookj 
 
 TO 
 
TO 
 
 The Courteous READER. 
 
 AMongft the many Books that are fent into the world 
 in this Age, I have adventured to increafe the 
 Number by this one. I know there be many Pam- 
 phlets, prodigious Hiftories and Romances, invented by 
 mens Fancies, which abufe many Noble Spirits, in reading 
 of which they fpend their time in vain, and dull their Wits : 
 Which Books are more fit for Women than Men. For they 
 will furnifhthem with ftrange Stories, and a few fine words. 
 Alfb there be many Books ofDifputesin Divinity, which 
 tend more to make our Differences the greater, than any 
 wayes to edifie or unite us : therefore if your Genius leads 
 you to read fuch Books, this is not for your Fancy. 
 
 But if you take delight in Planting or Gardening, or to 
 raife and improve Forreft-trees, or to make Walks, Ave- 
 nues or Lawns 5 to plant or improve your Woods, Hedges, 
 &c. or to meaiure moil: forts of fuperficial orfblid Figures, 
 either by Arithmetick or Geometry , with feveral other 
 Rules of the fame Nature, as the Titles of each Chapter, 
 (but efpecially the Chapters themfelves ) will more fully 
 inform you 5 then I hope this Book will be of good ufe to 
 you : For here are feveral Rules, approved of by feveral 
 Noble and Ingenious Men, which are as faithfully deli- 
 vered, as they are really intended for the good of this Na- 
 tion,. 
 
To the Reader. 
 tion, and all thofe that will put them in pra&ice $ which 
 if you pleafe to doe, you will employ your time Co well, 
 that you will never have cauie to fay, it is ill (pent 5 and 
 if once you do but ftep forward one ftep, and lee but any 
 fiiccels of your Labours, you will need then no Logicians 
 Arguments, nor no Rhetoricians Eloquence to perfwade 
 you to proceed. And for your better Encouragement 
 know, that it hath been and is the Delight and Practice 
 of Kings, Princes, Philofbphers, and all Noble fpirited and 
 wife Men : For have not many of them quitted their great 
 Employs, and taken upon them this pleafing Art of Plant- 
 ing and Gardening, as is proved by (everal ? See the Pre- 
 faces of Terkinfons, Gerard's , the Curate of Henonville's % 
 and {everal others. For Almighty God hath Imprinted in 
 the Hearts of moft wife men fuch a Love to Plants in part, 
 as their Father Adam had in his ftate of Innocency 5 that 
 thole noble and ufefull Works, which the Almighty made 
 for the ufe of Man , and his Glory, fhould be the mo^e 
 common for their excellent ule to the Sons of Men 5 and 
 that they (hould take care of thole which are tender, and 
 want the more care 5 left they fhould be loft 5 and alio 
 that both their Vertues and their Beauties fhould be known 
 in feveral parts of the World, that he might be the more 
 Admired and Glorified. 
 
 For I do believe that the Bleffing of God is much Af- 
 fifting to thole who Love and endeavour to Improve and 
 Prefer ve his Works $ for God's Works <and his Word are 
 -no fuch different things 5 and alfo it hath been and is ob- 
 served, that thole that are Wafters and wilfull Spoylers 
 of Trees and Plants without juft Reafbn fb to doe, have 
 feldom profpered in this World. See this confirmed by 
 Efquire Evelyn^ in his Preface to his Difcourfe ofForrefi- 
 trees. Therefore, you that are Lovers of Trees and Plants, 
 if once you have them, let your Love be fhewed in the 
 Care you take of them, to keep them from Cattel and 
 
 other 
 
'to the Reader* 
 other Inconveniencies, then will you not onely have Plea- 
 sure and Profit of them, but others, by being defended 
 from the malignant and fharp Air by their Heads and Bo- 
 dies, and alfo (haded from the violent Heats , and their 
 fweet Flowers, and their refrelhing Fruit will be ufefulj 
 to feveral men. 
 
 Alio Planting and Gardening addes much to the Health 
 and Content of Man 3 and thefe two Jewels, no man- that 
 well underfrands himfclf, would willingly be without : 
 For it is not onely fet down for a certain Triith by many 
 wile Men, but confirmed by Experience. The Learned 
 Lord Bacon commends the following of the Plough in frefh 
 Ground, to be very healthful for Man 3 but more the 
 Digging in Gardens, faying, It is bejl to take the Air of the 
 Earth new turned up by Digging with the Spade, or fi an ding 
 by him that diggeth : He tells you alio that he knew a 
 great Man, that lived long, who had a clean Clod of Earth 
 brought to him every Morning as he late in his Bed, and 
 would hold his Head over it a good pretty while, & : d 
 See pag. 203. of his "Natural Hifiory. For though the Earth 
 be two-fold, External or Vifible, and Internal or Inviiible 3 
 the External is not the Element, but the Body of the Ele- 
 ment, in which is the Sulphur, Mercury and Salt 5 for the 
 Element of the Earth is Life and Spirit, wherein lies the 
 Aftra's of the Earth which bring forth all growing things 5 
 for it hath in it felf the Seeds and feminal Venues of all 
 things 3 for as it is made fruitfull by all the other Elements, 
 fo it bringeth forth all things out of it felf, as Trees, Herbs 
 and Flowers 3 and every one of thefe is again the Aftrum 
 and Seed: See Philofophy Reformed, p. 38. Thus is (hew- 
 ed, that the Earth hath in it the Virtues of all Herbs 3 
 it muft then be alio healthful as they be : But for that 
 part of the Earth that is neer the Surface, the Plants fuck 
 moll: of its Virtue into them 3 therefore that which lieth 
 deeper may be the more healthfull for Man to fmell of 
 
 a for 
 
To the Reader.' 
 for Confumption, Lois of Appetite, &c. And Trees do 
 not onely catch the Mildew and other offenfive Dews 
 with their Leaves, but fcreen the Aire of other bad ones, 
 and makes it much the healthfuller for Man. Therefore, 
 you that live neer to Fenns, Moors, and other unhealth- 
 full places, plant your Seats round with Trees, and fbme 
 of thofe that yield healthfull fmells : For it is very cer- 
 tain, what the aforefaid Learned Author faith, p. 204. 
 That Odonrs do Nourifi 5 for he faith, he knew a Gentle- 
 man that would fall three or four dayes, without Meat, 
 Bread or Drink , by onely fmelling to a great wifp of 
 Herbs, &c. And in p. 44. in the Hiftory of his Life and 
 Death, faith, That Odours are especially profitable for the 
 Comforting of the Heart : And further he faith, We com- 
 mend above all other Odours, that of Plants growing and not 
 plucked , taken in the open Aire, as Violets, Gilly-fiowers, Pinks, 
 Bean-flowers, Line-tree Blojfoms, Hony-fiuckjes, Wall-flower s y 
 Kofes, Mints, Lavender, &c. Orange-trees, Citron, Mir- 
 ths, Sec. Therefore to walk, or fit neer the breath of thefie 
 Tlants, would not be hegle&ed. 
 
 Thus you fee this Learned man takes notice of the 
 Line-tree 5 and if the fimple Water that is diftilled from 
 the Flowers, be good againfl; the Plague, or other in- 
 fe&bus Difeafes, as certain it is, then fure the fmell from 
 the BlofToms themfelves muft be very good 5 therefore 
 excellent to plant neer your Houfes : And ("as I ^ ave 
 heard) a wife Mans Opinion was, That the Line-trees in 
 the Cities in Holland adde much to the Health of the In- 
 habitants j and it is my belief. I have hinted at thebig T 
 nefs of one Lime or Line-tree, in the enfuing lines, and 
 fhall here (hew you, for your further encouragement to 
 plant and preferve Trees, the Content of one Tree, as I 
 had it from the Honourable Sir Henry Capell as follow- 
 ed!* 
 
to the Reader. 
 
 [» 
 
 A Witch-Elm in Sir Walter Baggottv Par^, *« the County of 
 Stafford. 
 
 Two Men five dayes felling it. 
 It lay 40 yards in Length, 
 The Stool five yards two foot over. 
 Fourteen Load of Wood brake in the fall. 
 Forty eight Load in the Top. 
 Eighty pair of Naves were made out of it. 
 Eight thoufand fix hundred and fixty foot of Boards and 
 Planks. 
 
 It cofl Ten pounds feventeen (hillings Sawing. 
 The whole Subftance was conceived to be 97 Tuns. 
 It was felled in the Year 1 674. 
 
 And now I (hall fet before you fome Rocks, which are 
 in fbme Books, and for their ftrangenefs are entertained too 
 long, to the Abufe of many : But thefe which I mark here, 
 pray endeavour to avoyd. 
 
 Firft Error: It is affirmed by fbme, that if you put your 
 Seeds in a Box, Shell, or Squill, and Co fet them in the 
 Ground, thefe feeds will unite in one, and fo bring forth 
 larger and better Fruit ; but if they fhould joyn in Roots 
 or Branches, that will not make the Fruit the better or 
 larger, nor of two kinds in Tafte, as fbme have faid. I ra- 
 ther think that putting feeds into fuch things will ftupifie 
 them and deftroy them 5 but if they fhould unite in one 
 fhoot, that fhoot that groweth the fafteft would lead all the 
 fap into its Head, and fb ftrain it through its Pores, that 
 it would make no more Alteration of a Fruit, that fuch 
 a fhoot would Naturally have had, than a Graft doth by- 
 being grafted on feveral ftocks. 
 
 For what Alteration there is of Plants, it is from their 
 £eed, andisftamped in them at their firft Conception and 
 
 a 2 Na~ 
 
To the Reader, 
 Nativity, which the Art of Man helpeth and may improve 
 fomewhat, but never to alter the Kind, by Budding, Graft- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 I fhall not trouble you and my felf in Anfwering thefe 
 following Errors $ but if you be not fatisfled with my lay- 
 ing they are 10, I fhall anfwer them when you defire me, 
 as well as I can : So I (hall onely name them, and (hew you 
 them as I have found them. 
 
 Second Error : To water Seeds with coloured watery or 
 Plants, to make them produce what coloured Flowers or 
 Fruit you pleafe 5 It is in vain to think fb. 
 
 Third Er. To graft or bud Stone-Fruit, or Kernels, or 
 Nu^s, or to bud fuch Fruit as beareth Kernels on fuch as 
 beareth Nuts or Stones 5 or to bud Fruit-trees on Forreft, 
 and the contrary 3 or to graft or bud Figs on Peaches, or 
 Apricocks 5 or to bud any fort of Trees on Coleworts 5 
 or to bud Peaches on the Mulberry-tree to have them 
 Early ^ or to bud Damfons on Goofeberry, Mulberry or 
 Cherries, to have them Ripe all Summer 5 or by budding 
 Cherries on thefe Stocks, and to wet them in Honey and 
 Cloves, makes themtafte fvveet and fpicy 5 or by budding 
 or grafting, to make a Fruit tafte half an Apple and half 
 a Pear, or half a Pippin and half a Pearmain, or an Ap- 
 ple half-fweet, half-foure 5 or to graft a tvofe on a Holly 5 
 or to graft Cherries on other Stone-fruit to come with- 
 out Stones, or to grsft a Vine on a Cherry } or to take 
 the Pith out of two Grafts, and then joyn them together 
 and graft them, brings a Fruit without Kernels', fo they 
 may when both grow } or to graft a Cyon with the lmaU 
 End downward, will make it .bring a Fruit without Core : 
 Thefe, and the like, are great Errors, and very falfe in. 
 Grafting and Budding, 
 
 Fourth Er. To fet a whole Apple or Pear, the Pippins 
 will come forth in one (hoot } or to fet any fort of Fruit 
 wkh the flefny part on 3 are alfo great Errors. 
 
 Fifth 
 
To the Reader, 
 
 Fifth Er. To bore holes in Trees, and to put Honey or 
 other fwcet things into them, to make them bear more and 
 ivveet Fruit 5 is alio a great Fallacy. 
 
 Sixth Er. To think that the Sap of Trees at the Ap- 
 proach of Winter falleth from the Head into the Root, is 
 a grofs miftake. Many more there are which I could count 
 up 5 but thefe are too many, either to be written or kept 
 in Memory. 
 
 Thus having (hewed you fome Errors, I here beg Par- 
 don for mine own that are in this Book. I know I have 
 committed Tautology 5 the Reafon is, I have been long 
 in taking true Observations : but I hope that which is fo 
 ufefull, cannot be too often repeated. I have ufed Arith- 
 metick the more, becaufe it is (b ufefull to the ingenious 
 Planter 3 for I have not laboured to pleafe my (elf onely, 
 but for all thofe that feek Wifdom : For the Gifts of God 
 are improved by communicating, and Knowledge thriveth 
 as Ingenuity is improved and communicated : for Ingenui- 
 ty hath thefe Properties of Memory and Charity, the more 
 you u(e it, the better it is 5 and the more you give of it, 
 the more you (hall have. 
 
 And now I (hall (hew you how I did proceed in that 
 which I was born to, not made: I alwayes took Notes 
 of what I did fet or low, the Time, and on what Ground, 
 &c. and when it proved well, I noted it fo$ but when 
 ill, I did endeavour as much as I could to know the Rea- 
 fon} which when once I found, I noted it well: I alio 
 alwayes was very wary of taking things upon truft} for 
 many Learned men have abufed their Works byfo doings 
 and if any man told me any thing, unlefs he had fufficient 
 Experience of it, or could give, very good Reafons why 
 it was fo, I alwayes was incredulous of it, unlefs ray; 
 Judgement told me it were poffible, or he by DifcouWe 
 made, it plain to me: For no man ought to deprive 2110- 
 
 thexz 
 
To the Reader. 
 ther of the Liberty of Humane Ingenuity, that hath Light 
 of Nature to difcern and judge by. 
 
 I have often been blamed by Noble-Men, for not con- 
 fenting to the Opinion of fome of their Favourites, for 
 when their Notions were not grounded on Reafon, or had 
 not been proved by Experience, (though never fo new) 
 I could not well entertain them. So if you find any thing 
 in thefe few Lines, that hath not Reafon in it, prove by 
 Experience whether it is true or not: And do not fay, It 
 is lb or fo, becauie I fay it 5 but as you find it. And let 
 me be plain with you further 5 alwayes when I undertook 
 any difficult bufinefs, I was as carefull as- 1 could be, to 
 ele& a fit time to begin that bufinefs in : And to the prayie 
 of God I fpeak it, I alwayes had the greateft fuccefsin my 
 greateft undertakings, though many times I have been al- 
 together Ignorant in them 5 and many times failed in fmall 
 things, when I thought of the lead danger. I know fbme 
 will fmile at this Truth, but let them laugh that win, I 
 never loft by it. The wifeft man that ever was, tells you, 
 There is a Time for all things 5 and certainly there is in 
 Sowing , Grafting and Gardening : For it (hall be my 
 Opinion, 
 
 To think and judge as caufe I find, 
 My Rule is not anothers Mind. 
 
 Or as the ingenious Mr. Cowley hath it from the Learned 
 
 Vubartas : 
 
 Senfelefs is he who (without bluff}) denies^ 
 What to found Scnfes moft apparent lies •■> 
 And gainft Experience he that fp its Fallacianf, 
 Is to be hifs'd from Learned Difputations , 
 And fitch is he that doth affirm the Stars 
 To have no force on thefe Inferiottrs. 
 
 But 
 
To the Reader. I 
 
 But to conclude } I have here (hewed you fome Rule) 
 how to prune Forreft-trees, which well done adds much to 
 their (hape, growth, and long life 5 Every one that makes 
 any Obfervation of Trees feeth this truth confirmed in their 
 fhape; and though many are againft pruning of Forreft- 
 trees, yet it adds much to their growth } and if done by a 
 skilful hand and at fit times, it adds much to the goodnefi 
 of the Timber, though feveral (it's poflible) will tell you 
 to the contrary, for it is the borrower that things of truft, 
 that is Truth's greateft greateft Oppofer : But to confirm the 
 growth by pruning, take this Example : There grew a 
 young Oak near the Orange-houfe at CaJhhkttrJ, about 
 nine inches Diameter, with many young Boughs on the (ides, 
 which robbed the Head fo much, that it did (hoot but 
 little, having more boughs than the Roots could well main- 
 tain, I took off the fide-boughs in the year 16693 and in 
 the year 1675, My Lord ordered me to k\l n i it (landing 
 too near a Walk we had made. My Lord being at Cafiio- 
 bury and difcourfing of pruning Forreft-trees with the in- 
 genious Artifts Sir Samuel Morelandmd Hugh Mtj Efquire, I 
 fhewd them theTruth confirmed in this Tree 3 for that year 
 it was pruned it did grow 4 of an Inch, which was near as 
 it had grown in five years before 5 It continued that 
 growth very near for the fix years after, as did plainly ap- 
 pear by Annual Circles to them and me. And as good 
 Pruning doth help the growth of Trees, fo alio it doth pro- 
 long their Life: For it is well known that the pruning of 
 fome Annual Plants will make them live more years than 
 one 5 for good Pruning may take off that which ill prun- 
 ing hath left , or the wind 5 which otherwife would de~ 
 ftroy the Tree in little time. And as I have faid fomcv 
 thing in this Book of Pruning Forreft-trees, fo I with fome 
 able man would (hew fome Rules, or his Judgement of 
 Pruning all forts of Fruit-trees and Plants that bear Fruit, 
 that there might be fome light for a man to fee to ground 
 
 his 
 
To the Reader. 
 his Reafbns on $ for we are much to letk both in the man- 
 ner how, and the Time when to Prune our Fruit-trees, both 
 to Improve them and their Fruit. 
 
 g I alfo have (hewed you feveral Rules of Artificial Arith- 
 metick by the Canon of Logarithms , and (cverai Rules 
 of the Line of Numbers oxGnnters Line 5 which for their 
 excellent ufes cannot be made too common, or too well 
 known to the Ingenious. 
 
 And Laftly, I have not bufhelled my Light, but have fet 
 it to the Publick view $ which if it enlighten thee in the 
 good and true way which I intend, to thy benefit and plea- 
 fuie, it's pofsible I (hall doe thee, if the Lord permit, 
 fome other piece of fervice, farther to direel: thee in the 
 Truth. 
 
 My requeftto thee is to Correct the mifpointing, or pa- 
 ging, for my bufinefs is fuch, that I cannot fee it Corrected 
 my (elf, but trufting in your goodnefs (hall conclude: 
 
 Small faults if you I pardon, and fome amend, 
 Then tie be yours to my Ufes end 3 
 
 From Cafhiobury near 
 Watford, 
 An. 1675. 
 
 Watford, Novemb.16. JM, Cook, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
CO 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the fiver al IVayes ofRaifwg Trees: the heft for Forrefi-treer 
 is by their Seeds, Kejes % or Nuts, &c. 
 
 YOu mayraife moft forts of Trees by Laying; the Afn being one 
 of the worft, of any I have experienced : but it will take by Lay- 
 ing ; if you be an obferver of the growth of the Am, you then 
 may read the Reafon plainly, if that you keep but the eyes of your Un- 
 demanding open, which I take to be this: Of all the Trees that I know, 
 an Am moots with the ftraighteft (hot from his Seed, and fo continues till 
 it comes to a great heighth, unlefs by accident ; therefore feldom touch- 
 ing theground by its own growth - : But if it mould, it having no Arms 
 to defend it againft Cattel, and they being great lovers of the tops and 
 leaves, prevent its natural Increafe that way> finding it felf rarely or 
 never encreafed by this kind of propagation, it being not accuilomed 
 to Laying, therefore the harder to grow. 
 
 Your Oak will grow of Laying, fo will your Elm very frequently, as 
 I have feen in feveral Hedges, without any thing of Art : As you may 
 fee the great leaved Elm thrive well of a Layer on a bank by the Road- 
 fide from Ware to the Right Wofhipfull Sir Thomas Leventborp houfe 
 called Blacks-Ware. It is worth your noting, to increafe this ufefull wood 
 in your Hedges; as alfo other forts of Wood, which will be much for 
 your profit, and. alfo agr3at improvement to your Fence, though it be 
 at prefent altogether neglected. Of the manner and feveral wayes of 
 Laying, fee the Fifth Chapter. 
 
 2. Several forts of Trees will grow of Cuttings ; the Manner and 
 Time I (hall (hew in the fucceeding Chapter. But let me now invite you 
 when you fell your Woods, to give fome oi thefc Cuttings Quarters in 
 the Naked places, and you (hall find them afterwards to pay you well 
 for their Board : Remember your Hedges alfo where they want Guefts 
 tofurnifhthem. 
 
 You may raife many forts of Trees by the Roots, or part of Roots 
 
 B si 
 
CO 
 
 of other Trees : The Kinds and Manner are fhe wed hereafter, which if 
 you love your Woods and your felf, you may take notice of. 
 
 3. Many forts of Trees may be increafed on other Stocks by Budding 
 or Grafting, but this is more proper for Fruit trees than for your Foreft : 
 For take it for granted, that it hinders the afpiring growth of Trees, and 
 makes them bear more. I know my Lord Bacon tells you of Budding 
 the Elm, and it will have greater leaves than ordinary : It is likely, if you 
 bud the great-leaved Elm upon the fmall-Ieaved whilefl it isyouig and 
 full of fap, it will have larger leaves, efpecially than an old tree ; but 
 that I judge fignifies little. 
 
 Enquiry may be made, whether by budding the Elm and alfo the Line- 
 tree, if it would not make their feeds keep better than, they do many 
 years with us : I wifli it were tryed. As for the maimer of Budding and 
 Grafting, i referre you to other fubjecls, for there are many have writ- 
 ten largely thereof. 
 
 4. The laft and bed way to raife your Fcrreft- trees, is by their Seeds ; 
 and how to do that, I mall (hew you in every particular Chapter, by me 
 experienced. I wifh every Noble-man or Gentleman that takes delight 
 in thefe (lately Monuments, would follow the Example of the Right Ho- 
 nourable, ' and very much knowing in thefe Lines, the Earl of Ejftx, who 
 hath now feveral thoufands of my Raifing. 
 
 Let me be bold to tell you, that one Afh-tree raifed in a Nurfery, and. 
 ordered as is hereafter fhewed, is worth five taken out of a Wood. 
 For there you fhall have them grow taper and ftrong ,!fo that when you re- 
 move them, cut butofffome of the fide-boughs,and fet them with great 
 hopes of a {lately Timber- tree. But if you take them out of a Wood, 
 then will they be not fo well rooted, nor taper, but top-heavy - therefore 
 you muft be fore'd to take off the Heads before you fet them, and then 
 expect at bell: but a - good Pollard ; and it is poffible you may wait 
 long before you get him to thrive : For the head being taken off, leaves 
 fuch a wound which is long a curing ; which you mult doe, or elfe his 
 Roots will not maintain that Head. Ever let me advife you to be as 
 fparing in taking off the leading top- (hot of an Afh or Walnut as you 
 can poflible. 
 
 Thus have I fhewed the feveral wayes to raife Trees •, for the per- 
 forming of the fame, read hereafter ; -and this is certain, that a few of your 
 Trees raife 1 in a Nurfery, «re much better than thofc you take out of 
 Woods. My Lord was a little before I came to him at fome Charge 
 more than ordinary to raife fome Oaks: Their way was to fence in a 
 great Oak in the Park, and then digged the ground ; and when the 
 Aeorns were moilof them down, then they raked them in: By this 
 
 Hus- 
 
CO 
 
 Husbandry, my Lord had got eight young Oaks about fix year old : I per- 
 fwaded his Honour to take up his Fence, fatisfying him we mould raife 
 them at a much cheaper lay. He therefore ordered me to take up thefc 
 Oaks very carefully : I having two Men then at work with me, I bid 
 the cider goe and take up thefe Oak* but could not get him to goe by no 
 means ; he alfo had pofTeft the other with fuch a tragical flory, that I could 
 not perfwade him ; which was. that there were few which took up an Oak, 
 but either they or it dyed in a little time after. I told them that it was 
 poflible the Oaks might die in a fhorttimc, but they never the fooner. 
 The Reafon may be the fame with that before, of railing an Am by laying : 
 It being not ufed to be removed, makes them the more difficult to grow 
 when they are. But I went and took up my eight Trees, and loft Six 
 of them the Winter following. Had they been taken up at two years 
 growth, and the tap-root cut, you afterwards might remove them with 
 littledanger. I judge, if you can, it will not be amifs to faveycur Acorns 
 or feeds of this Tree that hath been removed. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 How to obferve tmdknowtht Nature of Seeds, fo as the better to 
 raife them. 
 
 I Ever obfervedthe fhape, tafte, skin or {hell, that my Key es, Nuts, 
 Stones, Kernels, or Seeds had ; and if I found by their fhape, they 
 were pory, and by feeling fpongy, tailing little or very mild ; I then 
 did conclude to*fowe thefc forts of Seeds as foon as they were ripe, or as 
 foon at lead as I received them ; which if they were kept but a little af- 
 ter the time of their being ripe, I then expected but little fuccefs of thofe 
 Seeds. To give you a tafte of this Novelty, obferve but thefe few among 
 many more, that is, the Elm, Sallow, Popler, &c. and Angelico, Pafpere, 
 or Garden Samphire, Scofanara, &c. 
 
 I know 'tis a Tradition, that the Elm and Sallow have no feeds: Then 
 how could I raife feveral of them of Seeds, as I have done ? But if you 
 wj|| not believe me, I pray you ask the Earl dfEJfex, or feveral others 
 therefore. 
 
 Be gone Tradition, never more appear, 
 Out of the K alien dar before next year., 
 
 B 2. Truth 
 
( 4J> 
 
 Truth with Experience through this Nation 
 Shall Sainted be by a right Observation. 
 Leave room Afirologersfor Truths and fee 
 Tou write it next year in your Diary. 
 
 Now thofe Seeds that are of Tafte mild, Skin or Shell clofe, you may 
 keep them till the Spring approach, and longer, if temperately dryed ; 
 and dry, keep as your Acorns, and your Chefnuts, &c. but the Spring 
 after they be gathered is a fure feafon to fow them, therefore deferre no 
 longer. 
 
 But as for your Seeds that are of a hot or bitter tafte, or have clofe skins 
 orfhells, you may keep them till the Autumn following after they be 
 gathered, if occafion be, if they be ripe gathered and dry kept, fo the 
 flefhy part be clean taken off when that is ripe : Though I know an in- 
 genious perfon did hold, that to fow them with their fkfh on, (as Peaches 
 or Cherries, ) they would grow as well, as he faid ; but that was his 
 miftake : For the flefhy part was ordained by the Almighty for the ufe of 
 Man, Beads or Birds, and tends nothing to the growth of the Seed or 
 Stone, but rather to its diflblution, by ftupefying it 7 as I have tryed by 
 fowing the Kernels of rotten Pears and Apples, which would not grow 
 though but a little time rotten. There be many Stones, Keyes and Seeds 
 which be of a hot and bitter tafte, asyourAfh, Peaches, Almonds, the 
 Mjzerion, Muftard-feed, c?c. yet though I fay they may be kept long, 
 yet I advife you not to neglect your feafon ; for many of thefe Seeds and 
 others will lie near two years in the Ground before they come up : if 
 you fowe them in Ottober, it will be the Spring come Twelve- months 
 before they come up; and if ycu fow them Early in the Spring, they then 
 will come up the next Spring. 
 
 Another way whereby you may know Seed of this Nature, is, by their 
 long hanging on the trees : for there, Nature finding it felf ftrong, taketh 
 the lefs care to feek out early to preferve its kind, and alfo Almighty 
 God hath made thefe very ufefull for the Creatures in this world, there- 
 fore hath ordered it thus by his Divine Providence. The Afh, Holly, &c. 
 hang long on the tree, and lie long in the ground, the Elm, Sallow, Syca- 
 more, fall foon, and come upfoon. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Cs) 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The Sha^e of Seeds and their Weight do Inform you how to fet 
 . them. 
 
 THe very Form and Shape of Seeds hath inftrucled me how to 
 fet them : as an Acorn falls to the ground mod with its fmall 
 End downwards: Thus if they fall upon Mold or Mofs, you 
 may obferve the mod of them to be on one fide, with the fmall end tend- 
 ing moft to the Earth. And Ifuppofe that this pofture is the beft for to 
 fet any Stone or Nut, if you will be curious : For if you obferve any 
 Seed, of what Tree foever it be that grows in England, firft it puts forth 
 a Root at the fmall End, and when that Root hath laid hold of the Ground, 
 then it puts forth the fhot for the tree at the very fame place where the 
 Root came. Then feeing that bothRootand fhcot put out at thefmail 
 End, if fet with the fmall End downwards, the Body of the Stone or Seed 
 may hinder the fhoot; fo that it is the bell way to lay them on their 
 fides in the Ground: if they be heavy feeds you may fow them the 
 deeper, as Acorn, Peach, Apricock, Walnut, Chefnut, &s. about two 
 or three Inches deep. 
 
 If light Seed, then cover them with but little Mold, as the Elm, &c. 
 as I an Inch deep. 
 
 To conclude then, lay the fktteft fide of your Seed downwards; as 
 if it be a Peach ftone, fet it as it will lye on a Table, or the like, and it 
 will lie with the Crack where the fhell parts uppermoft, and the other 
 crack lowermoft to let out the water, as I judge; for Kernels in Stones 
 or Shells do not love too much water at firft. 
 
 Thus have I fhewed you the fevcral wayes to raife Trees: That is, 
 how they may be raifed, and how to know the time, at leaft to affift you 
 to know the time to fet them by their fhapes, &c. as alfo how to fet 
 them the beft way by their Form and Weight, which may be fome af- 
 fiiling to you, if you meet with far-Countrey feeds. 
 
 My Lord had thirteen forts of ftrange feeds fent him, as I remember 
 from Goa : I never faw the like; nor none that faw them here. By the 
 help of thofe aforefaid Reafons, I raifed ten of the thirteen forts, though 
 fome of them lay almoft a year in the ground : But I alfo muft tell you 
 I loft all, my ten forts the firft Winter, but one fort, and that the f.cond, 
 for want of a Green- houfe : fome of them I fuppofe were Annuels. I 
 
 (hall 
 
ro 
 
 fhall give you one Chapter more of Seeds, and then I will mew you 
 fully what as yet I have but named. 
 
 O great Jehovah, thee J doe adore, 
 'Thy works I do admire, and thee implore 
 So to affift me, as that I may write 
 With Solomon' j Wifdom, that I way indite 
 . Jl4y few lines fo that they may be 
 Vfef all unto this La fid, pleafwg to ttiee. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Obfervitiotts of all forts of Kcyes and Seeds, 
 
 - 
 
 LEt your Keye's be through-ripe, or when you find them to be- 
 gin to fall much, which is a fure fign of any Fruit or feeds Ripe- 
 nefs, (unlcfs by accident) gather them off fome young,' ftraight, 
 thriving tree : My reafon of gathering them from off a young thriving 
 tree, is, then will your Keyes or feed be the larger and folider; there- 
 fore by confequence they be the abler and likelier to (hoot the Wronger, 
 and to maintain themfelves the better : And I know by Experience, that 
 the feeds gathered of old Plants or Trees, or old feeds, fo the feeds be 
 perfect, will come up fomewhat fooner than the feed of young Trees .• 
 my aforefaid Reafon doth this fomewhat demonstrate ; or take it thus, 
 Nature finding her felf weak in thefe Seeds, doth (like a provident Mo- 
 ther) feek the fooner to provide for her weak Children \ as a great Phi- 
 lofopher and Naturalift faith, That Nature is one in divers things, and 
 various in one thing. See Par ad. pag. 90. of the Tree of Life. 
 
 And to gather them off a ftraight and thriving tree, 'tis likelier they 
 will run more up, and grow ftraighter than thofe which be gathered of 
 Pollards. This I know, that Nature doth delight very much in Imitati- 
 on, and in Plants and Trees like doth endeavour to produce its like : 
 though I know, that by the fcituation, or ground, or grafting of fome fort 
 of Stocks, that by any of thefe the trees may and will alter fomething, 
 both in growth and largenefs of Fruit, andearlyer, or the contrary, but 
 the fpecies will be ftill the fame. To which I adde.. good keeping or dref- 
 fing of any tree, doth much improve its growth, and largenefs of Fruit 
 
 or Seeds. 
 
 Now 
 
C7) 
 
 Now the Seed being that part of the Plant which is endowed with a Vi- 
 tal Faculty to bring forth its like, it contains potentially the whole Plant 
 in it, therefore it may and is the more to be obferved : Or as a learned 
 Phyfitian hath it, fpeaking of Man and the World ; The Chaos or firfl: 
 Matter was made a World, "and of this World was made Man : fo a 
 Tree groweth from the Seed, the Seed is the beginning of the Tree, and 
 in every grain or feed of a Tree there lies hid another tree. Sec Phdofo- 
 ■phy Reformed, page 58. 
 
 The Induftrious Farmer or Yeoman wi{l take care that the Grain 
 which he foweth be of the beft Kind for Largenefs and Goodnefs in every 
 particular, and hath oft found by Experience to his lofs, that the Corn 
 which is taken tofowe from that which was your fmooted or miil dew d, 
 doth oft produce fmooted or black Corn again; he knowing alfo that 
 this black Corn which is like dufl within, will not grow: Then what fhouid 
 be the Reafon that that which growes in the fame Ear will oft-times 
 produce black fmooted Corn, that hath nothing but a little black duft in 
 it, or a black flinty Kernel of little or no ufe, but harmfull to the reft, 
 though that which you fowe feem found, and a very likely berryed Corn ? 
 When I have found by Experience, that Wheat which hath not been fo 
 likely to the Eye as that which was freer from fmooted Corn,hath brought 
 or produced clearer Corn by much than the others. Now I have dif- 
 courfed with fome which would not fpare to fay pofitively , that your 
 fmooted or black Wheat would grow, and fo produce black Wheat 
 again, which is a great Miitake : But this I know, that your Wheat which 
 is like black dull within, will not grow at all ; nor fome of your black 
 flinty Wheat, but fome of it will produce blades, fome (talks, with ears, 
 but no found grain ; fome with good and bad in one ear, and fo the 
 nearer it is to perfect found grain, the nearer it produceth its like: Yet 
 though this may and will produce fome good, and fome bad, as I fay, 
 yet no black fmooted grain (unlefs meeting with fome accidental Caufe, if 
 the Grain be perfect found) but according to its defect fo may be the. 
 fuccefs of your Crop. 
 
 Now this which! call the Accidental Caufe, is the Mildew, which may 
 well be fo called, becaufe of its Malignity, efpecially to Wheat and Hops, 
 becaufe in them molt perfected, though many other Plants fuffer as 
 much : This Maldew or Mildew, is a Dew which is drawn from the Earth 
 and Herbs in a drye and calm time, and wnen Herbs are in their prime, 
 by the Sun *, and wanting wind to fan off their- grofnefs, and alfo being 
 drawn from Herbs, which make it thick and fweet and not fo active to 
 afpire: 'tis moil in your inclofed Grounds and Valleys: and to thofe 
 grounds which lie tending to the Oriental part of the'Heavens ; as all Blad- 
 ing winds are. ' Nov/ 
 
C8) 
 
 Now I fuppofe thefe may be the Reafons your Valleyes do afford 
 more moyfture than your Hills, as is oft feen by your Mifts which 
 are more frequent in them than on Hills .* this being drawn up by 
 the Sun in the Day-time, and wanting wind to affift its Motion (as 
 I faid before ) doth hang in the lower Region, and when the Sun fets, 
 it falls upon your Plants with its thick clammy fubftance ; and in thofe 
 whofe bark is tender and young, and pores open with the heat of the 
 feafon, hinders the fap of the Plant or Tree to afcend to nourifh his 
 flowers or fhoot. Tis obferved, that when your Wheat doth fhoot up 
 to Ear and flower, it doth it fuddenly, and likewife your Hops, and 
 then this Clammy or Mildew coming upon it before the Air hath hard- 
 ned it, to refill: it ; For the Air being warm, Nature doth not fo much 
 as dream of this unkind Enemy : And if it falls on Wheat when the Ear 
 is new formed, then there is the black fmooty Wheat; but if the Ear 
 hath blown even when or before it comes, or that the whole {talk be 
 not furrouhded with it, then you fhall have fome of your grains good, 
 and fome bad, according as they were in fetting , or find Nourifh- 
 ment. 
 
 I have oft obferved in your black Heart, white Heart, and other great- 
 leaved Cherries, this Dew to fall upon them at the top, juft at the be- 
 ginning of Midfommer (hoot, and hath fo flopped the (hoot, that it hath 
 fhot forth in other places below; and on the top of the (hoots you may 
 fee many little Flies feeding on this Dew; and on the Leaves of Oak 
 and Maple, 'tis plainly to be feen and tailed ; and though deftruclive 
 to Corn, &c. yet it is mighty Relief to the induftriousBees. 
 
 The Reafon why thofe grounds which hang from the Horizon to the 
 Eaft, are moft fubjecl to this Dew, and to Blafting, as it is termed, may 
 be (as I judge) the Suns drawing thefe vapours towards it ; juft as a great 
 Fire draweth the Air in a Room to it fo the Sun having fet thefe in Motion, 
 yet not having ftrength enough to draw them into the middle Region, 
 to form them into a Cloud, doth yet draw them till he is below our 
 Horizon, then thefe Dews tend to the Earth from whence they were ta- 
 ken, and in motion to the Weft do as it were fall upon that Ground 
 which hangs Eaftward at right Angles, therefore offenfive to them 
 moft. 
 
 ButfinccI amfpeaking of this ufcfull Grain Wheat, I fhall take no- 
 tice of that which I know is ufed with good fuccefs: They take their 
 Seed-wheat, and fteep it twenty or twenty four horns in water and Salt, 
 which is found by experience to do good to the Wheat againft the black- 
 nefs, and helps it in its growth; the Reafons 1 conceive are thefe : The 
 ftceping it prepares it for its fpearing, and makes it take root the fooner; 
 
 there- 
 
(?) 
 
 therefore if late in Towing, ftccp the longer ; if early, not To long : And 
 if there be any Grain that is not perfect found, this will cither kill or 
 cure it. And I fuppofe that Brine to Wheat, is as Sack to a young 
 Child, a little doth a great deal of good ; but have a care you do not 
 let it lie too long in a itrong Brine, left you ftupifie it, or kill it with too 
 much Kindnefs. I doadvife my Countrey-men, if late in fowingany of 
 their Grains, to fteep efpecially Barley, as well as Wheat ; if your Grain 
 be frear'd, it is never the worfe, provided you fow it before the fpear 
 be chill'dor dryed ; therefore commit it to the Ground, and cover it as 
 you can. Your Wheat, Oats, and Barley differ much in their growth from 
 other feeds ; for they put forth their roots at the great end, and then 
 one blade or long leaf at the fmallend, which comes between the skin 
 and the body of the feed. Your Beans and Peafe put forth their Root 
 at the fide, and then the fame fort of Leaf, at the fame place where the 
 Root came out, that grows on the (talks. 
 
 So doth your Walnut, Chefnut, Horfe-Chefnut, Peaches, Almonds, 
 Apricocks, Plumbs, &c. and the onely difference from Beans and Peafe, 
 is, that thefe Stone-fruits put forth at thefmall ends, and the other al- 
 wayes at the fides. 
 
 In like manner there be feveral forts of Trees, and moll: forts of Plants 
 that be fmall, which put forth Root at the fmall end ; and as foon as 
 that Root hath laid hold of the ground, they then fend out two falfe 
 Leaves, nothing like thofe that grow on the Tree or Plant, which two 
 falfe Leaves are the feed, which divides into two parts, and fo ftand fome 
 fmall time on the top of the ground : and then between thefe two falfe 
 Leaves comes forth a Shoot, which produceth leaves like thofe of the 
 Tree or Plant from whence it came. Of this way of growth, there be 
 an infinite number both of Trees and Plants, as the Elm, Afh, Sycamore, 
 Maple, Pear, Apple, Quince, and the moft forts of the feeds of Trees 
 which are not environed by Stones or Shells : of feeds , the Melon, 
 Parfnip, Carrot, Carduus, Angelica, and indeed moil: forts of feeds. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the feveral wayes to rajfe Forreft-trees, or others 5 and how to 
 perform the fame by Laying. 
 
 THofe forts of Trees which will grow of Cuttings, are the eafieft 
 to raife by Layings, fome of which forts you may fee in the next 
 Chapter. 
 
 C Now 
 
(-10.) 
 
 Now touching the I "Vers of Trees obferve, 
 
 that if they be Trees that he'. Leaf all Winer, as Firres, Pines, 
 
 Holly, Yew, Box, Ba\ es ; Lawrel: ; c. Let fuch be hid about the 
 
 latter end of Augttf}. 
 
 But if they be fuch as fhed their Leaf in Winter, as Oak, E!m, Line, 
 Sycamore, Apple, Pear, Mulbern c ; c. let fuch be laid about the middle 
 of Oitiber. I c'o grant that you may lay at any time of the Year, but 
 thefe times 1 take to be the befl •, for then they hive the whole Winter 
 and Summer to prepare and draw Root in", at that time of the year the 
 Sun having lb much power on the fap of the Tree, as to ked the Leaf 
 and Bud, but not to, make a (hoot: and if that little fap that rifes, be 
 hindred. as it is by fome of the following wayes of laying , the Leaves 
 and Buds yet gently craving of the Layer, makes the Layer prepare for 
 Root, or put forth root a little to maintain it felf,. being it finds it can- 
 rot have it from the Mother- plant : and being it wants but little Nou- 
 rimment at that time of the Year, I think it is better to lay Layers of 
 Trees, and to fet Cuttings, than at other times : In Summer when the 
 fap is much abounding, or in Winter when the fap ftirres little, or in "the 
 Spring when the fap begins to rife ; for then it comes too fudJenly to 
 draw fap from the Layer before it hath drawn or prepared for ro:t: f r 
 Nature mult be courted gently ; though I know in fmall Planrs, the 
 Spring or Summerdoth very well, for they being fhort- lived, are there- 
 fore the quicker in drawing root: and befides that, Trees are many times 
 laid, as they are not. 
 
 Asfo-thofe Trees that are apt to grow of Cuttings, take but fome of 
 the boughs, and lay them into the Ground, covering them about half a 
 foot withfrefh fine Mould, leaving them with the end of your Layer a- 
 bout one foot, or a foot and a half out of the ground, keeping them moid: 
 In Summer \ and in Twelve Months time you may remove them if root- 
 ed, if not, let them lie longer. 
 
 Another way is, take a Bough you intend to lay, and cut it half way 
 through right crOfs the wood, then flit it up towards the end , half a 
 foot, or according as your Layer is in bignefs, lay the flitted place into 
 the ground, and you (hall find that flitted place take root, if laid as the 
 former, and fo ordered. This way you may encreafe many fine Flow- 
 ers and fmall Plants, but they being out of my Element at this time, 
 I fhall not fpeak of the ordering them, for fear I feera tedious to 
 fome. 
 
 Another way to lay a Layer of a Tree, is, take a piece of Wyer, 
 and tie it hard round the bark of the place you intend to lay into the 
 ground, twitting the ends of the Wier that it may not untie : prick the 
 
 glace 
 
pUce above the VVier thorough the bark with an Aul in feveral places, 
 then lay it into the ground asthefirft. 
 
 A fourth way of Laying of trees, is, Cut a place round, about one 
 Inch or two, where \ou rind it mod convenient to lay into the ground, 
 and fo proceed as is fhewed in the firft way of Laying. 
 
 A Fifth way to lay fome forts of Pjees, is, to twill the place you in- 
 tend to lay into the ground as you do a withe, and lay it as is fhewed in 
 the firft way of Laying; by this way and the firft, you may furnifh your 
 Woods 2nd Hedges : For they being eafie, any ordinary man will per- 
 form the fame. Thus you may from one Stub, as a Sallow, or the like, 
 between one Fall and another of your Wood, for a Rod fquare of 
 Ground and more, (if that one Stub produce but ftrong (hoots) fill it 
 well with Wood : For when the Stub hath got two or three years (hoot, 
 then lay round it, as before at large is fhewed, there letting them re- 
 main to produce new Stubs. 
 
 But if you would increafe by faying fome young Trees from an high 
 Standard, whence you cannot bend the boughs down to the ground, then 
 you muft prepare either Box, Basket, or Pot, and fill them full of fine 
 fifted Mould, putting a little rotten Willow-duft with this Earth, for 
 that keeps Moyfture to help the Layer to draw root ; then fet the Pot 
 or Box thus filPd with Earth, upon fome TrefTel or Poft, as your Inge- 
 nuity will direel you, then lay your Bough by the fecond, third, or fourth 
 way of Laying, leaving not too much head out, becaufe the wind will 
 offend it if you doe; and by its own motion be likely to rub off the ten- 
 der young Root; and thus lay your Hops this way. Thefe things ob- 
 ferved, you may raife many choyfe Trees, as Mulberry, Horf- Chef- 
 nut, &c. 
 
 Thefe Rules may inftrucl: you fufficiently concerning the propagation 
 of Trees by Laying; but let me tell you, it is hard to raife a fine ftraight 
 Tree by a Layer, or Cutting : I have hinted at the Reafons before. 
 
 Note, the fmaller your Boughs be, Set them the lefs out of the ground, 
 and keep them clean from Weeds, that they fpoy 1 not your Layers. 
 
 Alfo note, that the harder the Wood is, then the young Wood will 
 take root beft, laid in the ground ; but if a foft Wood, then older boughs 
 will take Root beft : Now you that be Lover^of wood, make ufe of thefe 
 fure Directions, and if you repent, then blame me. 
 
 C2 CHAP. 
 
C* *^J 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of thofe forts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings , and how to 
 perform the fame* 
 
 IF your Ground be moifl: you may Set with fuccefs any fort of Willow, 
 Sallow, or Ofier, Alder, Water- Poplers, any fort of Apple that hath 
 a black burry Knot breaking out of the Boughs ; that Knot, if ftt a Foot 
 deep in good Ground, and the top a Foot out, is apt to grow: Some forts 
 of Wildings, Codlings, Gennitings, fome Sweetings, the fmiling Wil- 
 low, Quinces, Tamarisk, Lawrel, Firr, Box, &c. 
 
 The time that I have fpoke on for Laying your Layers, is alfo the very 
 bed: time for Setting of Cuttings, Whkh you may fee in the fore-going 
 Chapter, to be'mAugftfl, for thofe forts of Trees that hold their Leaves ; _ 
 and October for thofe Trees that call: their Leaves in Winter. 
 
 Thofe forts of Trees that do grow of Cuttings are common, therefore 
 you may take your choice the better for the bignefs of your Cuttings ; 
 which 1 Advife you to let be from half an Inch to one Inch Diameter : If 
 they be lefs than half an Inch Diameter, then they will be weak , with a 
 great Pith, which Pith will take wet, and be likely to Kill your Cutting .• 
 And befides, when your Cuttings be fo fmall, they be not prepared with 
 thofe pores, (as at prefent I name them ) that is, little black fpecks on the 
 Bark where the Root breaks out, I fuppofe, if Set in the Ground; or 
 elfe Almighty God, for a Sign to (hew Man that thofe that have that Mark 
 upon them, will grow as your Elder, Alder, Sallow, Water-Poplers &c. 
 hath \ and alfo if they be Young, they then have not that burry Knot, 
 which is very apt to take Root, as your Codlings, and fome forts of Ap- 
 ples have ; in hard Wood,the Younger the better : But if they be greater 
 than one Inch Diameter, then the top of your Cutting will be long in co- 
 vering over, therefore may fomewhat decay your Cutting by the wet ly- 
 ing on the Head fo much. 
 
 But you may Set your Willow and Water-Poplcr of a greater fize, be- 
 caufe they be Set for Pollard, where Cattle come , therefore they muft 
 be great and high, to be out of their harming the fooner; but the other 
 fize is molt proper for your Hedges and Woods. 
 
 If youfet them by a Crow of Iron, or by an Initrument which they have 
 about Cambridge, that bores a- hole in the Earth, fomewhat like to an 
 Auger 5 Let the Foot. be free from cracks, cut fmooth at bottom, and the 
 
(10 
 
 top of your Cutting the like, but let your" top be flantcd off; take care 
 you do not rub up the Bark when you fet your Cuttings • therefore make 
 your holes large when you fet them, and ram or tread the Earth clofeto 
 them, keeping them moift.the fir it Summer ; and let the flant cut off the 
 Head hang downward, and if your Cutting be choife, put a little fofc 
 Wax on the Head and Foot to keep out Air and Wet. 
 
 When you fet any Tree or Trees in your Woods or Hedges,be mind- 
 ful to put in one or two Cuttings with them, it will not be much time loft- 
 to do it, but well fpent, as 1 have often proved. 
 
 CHAP VIL 
 
 Of fitch forts of Trees as may be Raifecl by the Roots of another 
 Irce 5 and how to Ra/fe them. 
 
 AS f jr fuch forts of Trees which may be Raifed onely from part of a 
 Root of another Tree, there be many ; but of thofe that I have 
 made Experience, I fh:ill in this place give an Account. 
 
 Firft, Let the Tree be a thriving Tree, but not too Young, nor an Old 
 Tree: For if it be too Young, then the Roots will betoo final! for this 
 purpofe; if too Old, 'tis pofiible the Roots may be a decaying, and then- 
 not fit for this purpofe. 
 
 Let the Roots be from a quarter of an Inch, to an Inch and a half Dia- 
 meter, and from fome Young thriving Tree isthebeft, for in them the Sap 1 
 is plentiful,and therefore will put forth the greater fhoot : then in the lat- 
 ter end of February, or the beginning of March, digg round the Trees 
 you intend to increafe from,till you find fuch Roots as before are mention- 
 ed, and taking your Knife, cut them three or four Inches from the great: 
 Root, fmooth at the phce you cut off; then Raife up that end, putting 
 in the Earth to keep it up, that when your Ground is levelled again, the 
 end of this Root fo cut off, may be two or three Inches above Ground. 
 
 I do Judge the fore-faid time of the Year to be the belt, for then the Sun 
 haftning to the Vernal Equinoctial,or rather this StaroftheEarth.to Libra, 
 the Sun having heat, andaftronger drawing faculty on the Head of the 
 Tree, drawcth by its fecret influence on the feveral Branches on. the 
 Head,- and the Head from the Body, and both Head and Body from the 
 Roots; and the Roots being furnifhed with Sap from the Earth, to fup- 
 jsly the Body and the Head, is then the fitter to produce with- that Sap a 
 
 new 
 
C'O 
 
 new Tree, likelier than when 'tis in its full Sap, viz. in Summer; for then 
 the abundance of Sap will rather choak a Bud, than produce one out of the 
 Root, if the Root be of fuch fort as will produce Trees from part of the 
 Roots ; and then the Weather is fo hot, that it fuffocates a new Bud that 
 will be fo full of Sip, as that will be, if any : and as to the opening of 
 the Roots at that Seafon how unnatural 'tis to the roots of the Mother- 
 Tree,you may eafily Judge. 
 
 And then, to do this in Winter, though there is a continual Motion and 
 Afcending of the Sap from the Roots ^ unlefs Accidentally hindred by 
 Frofts) all the Year long (for Nature is no Sluggard) yet to cut the 
 Roots then, and to expofe them thus cut, as afore-laid, to the extremity 
 of the Weather, which then ufually is great, the Froit and Wet pierce 
 that new wound fo much, that 'tis more likelier to Ruine, than to Increafe 
 its Kind ; but if it doth Live, the Spring is the time when it will Bud ; 
 therefore by Confequence the belt. My Reafon for cutting the Root two 
 or three I nches off from the great Root is (then) that two or three Inches 
 of the Root will put forth many Roots at the end, efpecially if fmooth 
 cut pff, and fo the better for the Tree from whence you take the Roots. 
 Thus much for the manner of Raifingby part of Roots; the Kinds which 
 may be thusRaifed, are thefe that follow, viz. Elm, Maple, Poplar, 
 Afpen, Abcte, Cherry, Crab-tree, Plumb, White bum, Serves, 
 &c. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 What Soy\^ or Dung is befl for Trees , or their Seeds > &c. 
 
 AN Y fort of Dung that is very hot of it felf, as Pigeons, Hens-dung, 
 Sea- Coal, or Wood-Afhes,Soot, or Malt-duft, fuch or as heats af- 
 ter 'tis laid in the Ground; as Horfe-dung, and Horfe-Litter, or Green 
 Grafs, or Weeds; thcfeorthelike, unlefs a fmall Quantity, and in very 
 cold Ground, are better faved than ufed for Trees, efpecially Foreft- 
 trces ; fome Reafons may be given for this. Firft, their Fore-Fathers 
 have not met with fuch Kindnefs, therefore their Children do not, nor 
 cannot digeft it fo well. Secondly, thefe forts of Dungs are good for 
 feveral forts of Plants, efpecially Annuals, for 'tis the Nature of them, 
 where they meet with fuch warm Entertainment, to comeupthefooner, 
 jKoviied the Dung be not fo hot as to burn them ; for Nature hath ac- 
 
 cuitomed 
 
C'5) 
 cu/tomcd them fo much to a Yearly decay, that the Seeds of them will 
 lay hold of the firft Opportunity, and put forward for their Journey, ci- 
 ther Spring, Summer, Autumn, or Winter; according as they meet with 
 Provifion for their Progrefs, till they have Accomplished that which was 
 done for them, «£. produced Seeds. 
 
 When your Forreft Tree knoweth its continuance to be long, and that 
 Naturally it hath many Years to produce its like, it will not be much forced 
 by Art or Artificial means ; for who can by the belt Art or Care that 
 be ufed, force the Keys of an Am to come up in a Year, or to grow but 
 one Inch ? For it will lie a Year or more before before it will begin to 
 moot ; when as feveral forts of Annuals will at any time of the Year come 
 up in three or four days, if their Entertainment be accordingly. There- 
 fore neither your Forreft- trees nor their Seeds require much Dung, but 
 love a ground Trenched deep with fome Addition of frefh Earth, fuch as 
 they delighting asif your Ground be a ftrong Clay, then trench it deep, 
 and mix it with fat Smd, Rubbifh of Buildings, Sea-coal-aihcs, High- 
 way-Earth that hath drift Smd in it, or fmall Gravel-Lime, or Lime- 
 Rubbi h, oc 
 
 And if your Ground be a Gravel or Sand, then trench it and mix it with 
 Loom-day, the turf and upper part of each is very good, digging the 
 Ground deep, and mixing it well : But if it be for an Orchard, youmav 
 add to any fort of Grouad ; fome rotten dung of Horfe or Cow, &e. will 
 do very well, fo it be not where your Root is ; but fet the Roots of any 
 fort of Trees in frefh fine Mould. 
 
 In (tiff Ground it is good to trench it with Straw, Thatch, Litter, 
 Woodilack-Earth, or fmall wood, but let not your Roots ftand upon 
 thefebyno means, nor upon no dung or turf, but let them be at teaftone 
 Inch or two from every Root ; and then in a Year or two, when the Roots 
 of your Tree comes to this Dung, or Soyl, the Ground will then have 
 made it rotten and fit to lead your Root along in the Veins as it Heth for 
 them , to find their Nourifhment the better. 
 
 Note, that thofe Trees whofe Roots run mallow, do moft delight- 
 in light Ground, as on a Gravel your Beech, Cherry, Afh ; ifmixedwith 
 Loom, the Elm or any; on a Brick Earth the Oak, Elm, Pear, &c. But 
 for thefe I mail refer you to each particular Chapter of their Kinds. 
 
 Of all forts of Ground for Trees, or moft forts of Plants, I take your 
 Clays to be the wor(t: that is, your ftrong blue, ftrong white, orflrong 
 red ; but if any of thefe hive fome ftones Naturally in them, they make 
 them the better; and the nearer they turn to a mixture of Loom, tSey be 
 fo much the better r So likewife Gravelly or Sandy Ground, the nearer a 
 Loom the better j for a. Loom, that is } a light Brick- Earth, is the moft I 
 
 Natural 
 
Natural Ground? for Gardens or Plantations that is. 
 
 Your itrong Grounds arc worfe for Trees thin your light, efpecially 
 for their Seeds ; for they be more fubject to great Weeds, as Couch- 
 grafs, Thiftles, Nettles, &c. 
 
 When your Gravelly Ground hath in molt places a fhort Grafs, or 
 Mother or Thyme, or Mofs, commonly the greateft Plant is Fern, which 
 is very Natural to Seeds of Trees, and to the Roots of Trees : You may 
 often fee feveral Young Trees come up in Fern, which Naturally grows 
 on your light Ground, therefore is molt Natural for the increafe of wood : 
 But your itrong Ground doth molt commonly produce the greateft Oak, 
 and your Gravelly or (hallow Ground the fineft Grain ; that is, when Trees 
 are on fuch Ground as they do Naturally Love to grow on, they then pro- 
 duce thegrcatcit Grain, for then are their Annual Circles the greater; 
 therefore fuch Trees are your ftrongeft and tougheft Timber. But when 
 a Tree grows on a Ground it Naturally doth not like, then the Annual 
 Circles being fmall, the Grain of fuch a Tree mult by confequence be 
 finer, and the Wcod not fo tough; fo that thefe ftately Trees do not 
 love fuch great variety as your Annuals : For if they be in a Ground which 
 they do not very well like, if you give them but room by deep and often - 
 digging, they will then fearch the further from home, and provide fuch 
 Nourifhment as will make them thrive, and be ftately. 
 
 When as your Annual Plants, and others that be not very long Lived, 
 they will defire better, and more variety of Dung than your Forreft-trees. 
 I have often admired what fhould be the Reafon that fome Plants will not 
 come to their perfection, unlefs they ftand on Dung, or that which will 
 give a great heat ; which would kill the Seeds of feveral others, did they 
 but ftand there one day : But as for the Reafon of the heat that fuch Plants 
 defire, it is becaufe they were made for hot Countries, and therefore if 
 we would have them to come to Maturity in our cold one, we muft give 
 them warm Lodging, efpecially in the Spring, which is too cold with us 
 for them : but what is it then that Plant does feed on ? 
 
 But then to confider well this, why the heat of Grafs or green Weeds 
 fhould bring them forward as well as dung of Horfes, provided you can 
 keep it but as temperate (for 'tisfubjecttobetoohot) and as long Iaft- 
 ing, for it wil-1 not keep its heat long .• where is then the fait, Sulphur and 
 Mercury or Spirit in the Dung more than in the Grafs to feed thefe Plants? 
 /Ufo I have Obferved, that if you take Rich Mould, half or more of it 
 rotten dung, and cover one end of your Bed with* the other end cover 
 •the fame thicknefs with poor hungry Mould, provided you make it fine 
 and fit for the Roots to run in, this lad: (hall do as well, and many times 
 fcer for any feeds on a hot bed, than the Rich Mould : Where is then 
 
C'7) 
 
 the fait Sulphur, or Mercury in the rich Mold, more than in the hungry, 
 as molt do hold, that the richer the mould, the more of them, and 
 that all Plants draw their Nourifliment from thefe matters; when f 
 know that the feeds (moil: wefow on hot beds) could well dige/t that 
 matter in the rich Mould, if it were there more than in the pore, and 
 come on much forwarder in thefe Molds, each, if not on a hot bed: the 
 rich Mould would bring on Plants muchftronger than the poor, pro 
 vided the feeds be of fuch Plants that are quickofdigeflion. 
 
 Pidgeons dungfown thin upon cold Land, and early in the Spring, is 
 very good for Barley : But if fown late, and on dry hot ground, it will 
 then do more harm than good, for it will burn up your keds or plants : 
 this dung is too hot and quick for the feeds of Trees ; for 'tis the nature 
 of Pidgeons to eat Salt, and to go to the fea-fide early in the Mo nings, 
 and there to pick up Salt, which the heat of the Sun makes by drying 
 up the fait water, and then leaving the fait upon the fand. Now this 
 Fowl feeding fomuch upon fait, the dung of it is hotter and faker than 
 any Fowl 1 know: Now the Reafcns why it is good for cold Lands, 
 and withall to fow it Early, are thefe : Every one knowes that 'tis the 
 Nature of fait, that the dryer and hotter 'tis kept, the more it keeps its 
 own Body, and doth not turn to water: And when it (rands in a cold 
 and moyft place, it then dilTolvesin a little time to water; and when 
 'tis turned into this Element of Water, then is it'fitfor the nourifh- 
 ing and feeding of feeds, efpecially Annuals : For they be alwayes 
 prepared to fet forward in their Journey, provided they meet but 
 with fuitable Entertainment. But the feeds of mod Forreft-trees , 
 they will ftay the time that their and our great God hath allotted 
 them. 
 
 But then why Salt mould be a feeder of Plants or Seeds, I take the 
 Reafon to be this, namely, Salt water ; (yet I do not mean ofSaltina 
 great^quantity,and in meet places that will turn it into water.) I have 
 oft obferved, that Salt if fallen upon a Board or other place, it will be 
 long a drying ; and if Heat have made it drye, then Dews or Rain make 
 it moyft again, then it fleams forth, and that it is which nourifheth all 
 Plants : When if on a hot and dry ground, and late in the Spring, if 
 dry weather come, then it doth not nor cannot yield its fteam or fume, 
 as Pxracclfiu in his Philofophy to the Athenians, lib. 3. p. 57. faith: 
 Every Body or tangible fubftance is nothing but a curdled fume ; whence 
 (faith he) we may conclude, that there is a manifold Coagulation, one 
 of Wood, another of Stones, a third of Mettals, but the Body is no- 
 thing but Fume, fmoaking out of the Matter or Matrix in which iz is. 
 So that which groweth out of the Earth, is a fume, rifing out of the 
 
 D Moyfture 
 
(-.3; 
 
 Moyfture of Mercury, which is various, and fendeth forth feveral fumes 
 for Hearbs, Trees, &c. 
 
 1 do remember when I was a Boy, about fourteen years of Age, the 
 Sea brake a bank into a Marfh of my Fathers, in Lincoln-pure, and 
 did over- flow that Marfh and fome others with fait Sea-water ; the 
 next Summer proving dry, all our Grafs was clearly burnt up, fothat 
 I was very much concerned for fome particular Reafons, thinking that 
 all our Grafs had been quite killed, and indeed fo it appeared : The 
 next Summer proved wet, fo that towards the latter end we had fome 
 Grafs again, and the third Summer we had Grafs enough, but the fourth 
 and many after in abundance. So that it appears, the ground was ftupi- 
 fied with too much Kindnefs at fir ft, but after the Rain had allayed the 
 too much ftrength of the Saltwater, then the Grafs could welldigeft 
 the gentle Fume : I would have thofe that lay Salt on their Gravel- 
 walks to kill their weeds, obferve if in a few years more they do not 
 produce more weeds than fome other that had not Salt laid on them 
 at all. 
 
 Sea-fand is a very good Compoft for Ground, efpecially for ftirTe 
 Ground, for there it doth the too main parts to plants, or any feed or 
 tree; that is, it makes way for the tree or feed to root in ftiffe ground, 
 and makes a Fume to feed it : but this is too nimble for the feeds of trees., 
 f unlefs a very little) obferve the Reafons before. 
 
 Mau!t-duft is a mod excellent Compoft in a fmall quantity, for many 
 forts of Annual feeds, as I have oft tried with good fuccefs ; but the 
 Reafons are ftill the fame : for this being a fmall part of the roots of the 
 Barley, and being very dry, drinks in the Element of water, which is the 
 principal and firft matter of all things, (as a learned Author hath it, in 
 the Genealogy of Minerals, p. 44 ) So wonderfully hath God created 
 Water, the firft Matter of Nature, which though it be fo tender and 
 feeble a fubftance, yet from thence is created the moft folid and du- 
 rable Fruit: that is, from the fume of an Oyly, Earthy w*ter, is the 
 Lifeofall Plants. The parts of the duft- being thus filled, upontheSuns 
 attracting that and the Plant, the Root embraces this Fume : This little 
 root, it having not life to grow, turns to Earth, and its Grave is a 
 room to lead the root of another Plant in: it will give good entertain- 
 ment to its own Kind. 
 
 Thus you fee, the Deftruclion of one is the increafe of another : A 
 little of this is good for fome feed of For reft- trees j but fow it not too 
 thick, for any thing, left it mold, or turn Mufty. 
 
 Note, that the place which is beft for the root to be in, when the 
 Tree or Plant is growing, is, the place that bringeth it fooneft to De- 
 
 ftru&ioE!: 
 
C«9i) 
 
 ftruftion when dead, and contrary : for a Tree cannot live in water, 
 oralwayesdry, andthofe preferve the Timber longeft when the Tree 
 is dead. This may be further improved by ingenuity. 
 
 Note alfo, that the place which is bed to keep the Fruit of a 
 Tree in, is the very worll for a Tree or Plant to grow in, and con- 
 trary. 
 
 Old Rags of Woollen Cloth, as is found by Experience by the in- 
 duftrious Farmer, cut into fmall pieces, are a good Compoft. for their 
 Ground : they draw the Dew and Rain to them, and keep it till Sol's 
 prefence makes it fit for the Roots of the Plant : I judge them to be beft 
 for a pure dry foyl, becaufe they hold their Moyiture long, and I fup- 
 pofe 'tis a foyl that is lafting ; for Wooll will not rot with wet fucL 
 denly . A little of this for the Trees or Seed on a dry Ground, will do 
 good to them, as appears by the aforefaid Reafons : For Annuals 
 better. 
 
 Conny-clippings are of the fame nature (but I do fuppofe they will 
 not laft fo long) and are better for a ftiffe ground. 
 
 Saw-duft, if well rotten, and of foft woods, is very gratcfull to the 
 tender Roots or Seeds of any fort ; 'tis good for dry ground, for it holds 
 water, and makes way for the Roots of Trees very well, and is as good 
 as moil: Preparers are. 
 
 Rotten-dull: out of hollow Trees, efpecially thofe of foft wood, is a 
 rich Leader offender young Roots : the Reafon is (hewed before. 
 
 Soot is good to kill Mofs, for its heat kills the Roots, for they lye on 
 the top of the Earth : and good alfo to keep worms from doing harm to 
 your Seeds. 
 
 Sea-coal Ames are very good in cold ftiffe ground, either for Trees, 
 or any other Plant, to make that ground work well, and to keep it 
 hollow for the Roots to run in, &c. 
 
 Rubbifh of Buildings, that is, broken Bricks, and Stones and Lime 
 is very good for the Roots of Trees in a ftiffe cold Ground, the Reafon 
 is told you. 
 
 Chalk broken fmall into pieces, is a very good Compoft for ftiffe 
 cold grounds. There is much difference in Chalk, but that which is 
 foft, fat Chalk, is good forfuch Ground as aforefaid, and for ground 
 that is not very ftiffe. Let your Reafon inftrudt you further. 
 
 Lime is a very rare Compoft for cold Grounds, and ftiffe Clayes, 
 for its heat caufeth a fume, and its tendernefs makes way for the Roots, 
 to fetch home their Nourimment, and its heat is great at firft, there- 
 fore lay not on too much on no ground; and let that be flacked. If your 
 dry ground be it your Tree delight to grow in, and you are forced 
 
 D 2 f 
 
(10) 
 tofet them on wet, then adde fome of this Lime among your Earth. 
 
 Clay, efpecially that fort which is a light Brick- Earth, is very good 
 for fuch Land that is a light fhovey Gravel, or hath too much fand in 
 it : Such grounds as thefe, they do not retain the fpirit of Plants : for 
 when Nature hath by the two Lovers, Star- Fire and Water, gene- 
 rated their Babe, fuch ground as this doth drink down too faft, and 
 again doth drye too hailily } fo that the water cannot have time to 
 leave nor to prepare its (lime ; which is the Mercury that makes that 
 fume which feeds all Plants and their feeds : But this Clay mull not 
 be digged too deep,for then k wanteth of that which feedeth Flants, &c. 
 I have taken the green Slime that is common in (landing waters, ( I 
 do not mean the Frogs Spawn, which is caitmany times into this) and 
 have dryed it and beat it into fine duft, and then have mixed it with 
 good frefh Earth, and have found very good fuccefs in raifing feveral 
 forts of Flower- feeds and others : Though I have Notes of them, yet 
 it is out of my Road to fpeak of them now , being I am Writing of 
 the (lately Forreft-trees However, I may (its poflible) write fome- 
 what of them, if the Lord permits, and according as I find thefe k\v 
 Lines Accepted of by fome of the Royal Oaks of this our Age. 
 
 For I do fuppofe that there is not one thing in Gardening yet well 
 known : For (as a Learned Author hath it,) he that knows a thing well, 
 nut ft know what it wm, is, and jh. dl be ; Therefore all humane Know- 
 ledge is but a ftiadow of fuperficial Learning reflecting upon mans Ima- 
 gination, but not the leaft thing comprehended fubilantialiy. 
 D But to the bufinefs in hand, take Clay or Loom, and lay it on your 
 Ground, not too thick, the beginning of Winter, and there let it be 
 till the Froll hath made it fall into Mould, then in fome dry open time 
 harrow it all over : and if it be Ground you plow, then plow it in 
 a drye time, but if it be Ground you trench for Forreft or Fruit- 
 trees, obferve to order it fo : for by thus doing the Clay will mix with 
 the Sand or Gravel much the better: The better that any man chew- 
 cth his Meat, it is certainly the eafier to digefl ; and the dryer you 
 put it into your ground (provided it hath but time to water itfelfwell 
 before your trees be fee ; 'tis the better ; for then it draws the Mercu- 
 ry, and (lores it up till the Roots have occafion for it .• for 'tis quickly 
 exhaled out of fand : but the Clay holds his (lore till a time of Ne- 
 ceffity, and then contributes to the Roots, that is, in drye weather : 
 and the fmaller you make it to mix with your ground, the likelier the 
 fmall Roots (as well as the great) are to meet with it. 
 
 Note further, that the fmaller your Plants be, the finer mud your 
 Earth be made, by skrecning, fitting, beating, turning, &c. 
 
I know by good fuccefs this to be true: for the Right Honourable 
 my Lord ( and the more to be honoured becaufe a great Planter, and 
 as great a Lover thereof ) gave me order to make three Walks of 
 Line-trees, from the New Garden to the New Bowling-green, and 
 withall to make them defcend towards the Houfe, as neer as we could ; 
 which to doe, I was forced to cut through one Hill thirty Rod, moll: 
 of the Hi!! two foot-deep, into a (harp Gravel, and the greateft part 
 of all the length of the Walks was the fame ; they being Trees that I 
 raifed of Seeds, moil of them, and the reft of Layers, at Hadham- 
 Hiilly they being with my Lord ever fince their Minority, and he ma- 
 ny times their Barber., engaged him to have the more particular Kind- 
 nefs for them, therefore he ordered me to doe what I thought good in 
 preparing the ground for them : which I did as folio weth. 
 
 Firft I levelled the Hill, and when I had brought the Ground neer 
 to the Level concluded on, I itake d out my ground where every Tree 
 fhould {land, and then ordered my holes to be made for my Trees, 
 each hole three foot-deep, and four foot-wide, being the ground was 
 fo bad : This I did neer a Year before I fet my Trees, and having the 
 convenience of Brick-Earth near, I got near a Load to every hole, and 
 rn xed this with the Earth digged out of the Holes, turning it over 
 twice, and in dry weather throwing out the greateft Stones, but the 
 Turf I did throw into each Hole (the grafs-fide downward) as foon as 
 they were made ; but the Hill of Gravel I trenched that with Loom, 
 Cow-dung, and the Litter under the Cow- racks, two Spade deep, and 
 five foot on each fide every row. of Trees. 
 
 Thus having prepared my ground, and the feafon of the yearcome ? 
 about the beginning of November, 1672. I had the Trees taken up 
 with good help, as carefully as I could, and carried to CaJIriobury, the 
 place of their now Abode ; and then having good ftore of help, and 
 good Mould prepared, of the fmalleft and fiaeft, I fet the Trees with 
 the upper part of the Roots of each Tree level with the top of the 
 Ground, making a round hill half a foot high about every tree, and the 
 Compafs of the Hole. 
 
 Having prun'd the heads of each Tree, and cut off the bruited Roots, 
 and the Ends of fuch roots as were broken, I forted the Trees, and ob- 
 ferved this Method in placing them, namely; I fet the highelt next the 
 Bowling-green, and fo fhorter and fhorter till the lowed were next to 
 the Garden j which I did for thefe Reafons : Next the Green was the 
 worlt Ground, and the Trees more in danger of being fpoyled, by 
 reafon of a Market-path that goeth crofs that end of the Walks to 
 Watford, 
 
 Thus 
 
Thus having fet my Trees {height in their Rows, and trod the 
 Earth clofe to their Roots, and made my Hills, I then laid round every 
 Tree, upon thofe Hills, wet Litter taken off from the Dung- hill, a good 
 Barrow-full to every Tree, and covered that with a little Mould, leaving 
 them to take their reft for a time ; but early in the Spring 1 found them 
 to begin their Progrefv, and that Summer they had fuch Heads (hot 
 forth, that I was forced to cut off fome of their Heads ( that is,the fide- 
 boughs) to keep the Wind from breaking them: There is inthefefour 
 rows of Trees 296. and of thefe I loft not one Tree the fir ft Year, but 
 they did grow and moot fo well, that there were feveral Noble Men 
 that faw them, did think, as they faid, that they were not removed the 
 Year before; but the year after we had three fpoylcd by fome bafc 
 Men or Boys. 
 
 Of the very fame parcel of Trees my Lord gave Sir William Temple 
 thirty of the belt of them, which he hirn'felf faw chofen out \ they were 
 Set at Sir Williams Houfe at Sheen, a much better Natur'd Ground 
 than ours, yet they loft all but fix of them the firft Year: I faw a 
 walk of Line-trees (butl think they were the Baftard-kind, which 
 we have growing in many of our Woods in Enjrland)kt at Debaen-hall, 
 the Right Worfhipful Sir Richard Brown's Houfe ; the Natural ground 
 was not bad for them, but how they were Ordered I do not know, for 
 they had the firft year not above one in ten that did grow any thing 
 confiderably. 
 
 I faw the like (orworfe) fpoyl of the fame Trees at my Lord 
 Chief Baron Tumor's near Stanford, where the ground might eafily 
 have been made very good for them. I onely write this, to perfwade 
 Noble Men, and others that are Lovers of Planting, to remember the 
 old faying viz.. A thing once well done, is twice done : And thofe 
 that are refolved to Plant, that they make their Ground fit for thofe 
 Trees before they fet them, and not bury them in a hole like a dead dog, 
 as too too many do. Let me then beg that they may have good and 
 frefh Lodgings futable to their Quality, and good attendance alfo, 
 to preferve them from their Enemies, till they be able to encounter 
 with them; they that will not do this, let them never refolve to Plant 
 Trees •, for why mould they fpoil the leaft of thofe ftately Monuments, 
 and in fo doing throw away their Monies ? For let fuch note that Nature 
 beftows not her gifts but where (he finds futable Convenience, there- 
 fore order your Ground well, and then you may fee a good fuccefs, as 
 my Lord hath had in feveral of his Plantations, though as bad ground 
 as moil is to Plant on. One Night ( me thoughts ) walking up one of 
 
 my 
 
my Lords Line- walks, I heard the grateful Trees thus Paying the Tri- 
 bute of their thanks tohisLordfhip.- 
 
 Like Pyramids our Stately Tops wee'l Raife, 
 
 To Sing our Noble Benefactor's Fraife ; 
 
 Frejlily we will to After-ages jhow 
 
 What Noble EfTex did on us be flow ', 
 
 For we our very Being ewe to him, 
 
 Or elfe we had long fince inton.bed been 
 
 In Crop of Bird, or in Beajfs Belly found. 
 
 Or met our Death negletledon the ground; 
 
 By him we cheriflfd were with Dung and Spade y 
 
 For which wee' I Recompence him with our Shade ', 
 
 Andfmce his kindnefs faw us pruned fa well, 
 
 We will Requite htm with our Fragrant fmell' 7 
 
 In Winter ( as in Gratitude is meet ) 
 
 Wec'l firew our humble Leaves beneath his Feet. 
 
 Nay, in each Tree, Root, Trunckj Branch, all will be 
 
 Frond to Serve him and his Poflerity, 
 
 Thus having (hewed you by Example the good Effects of a light 
 Brick-Earth upon Gravel, I could alfo tell the fame of a Fat Sand, drift- 
 fand, fmall Gravel upon your Clay or ftiff Ground; but I hope that I 
 have informed your Judgment fo much, that you will Rcafonably con- 
 clude with me, that the preparing of Ground for Trees is, onelytomix 
 Ground fo together, that there may be convenient room for the Roots 
 to fearch for their Nourifhment; and to humour the Tree fo, that there 
 may be a good part of the Natural Ground which each Tree delights 
 to grow in. I know that if your Ground be a ftiff Clay, then to trench 
 and mix it with fat Sand, drift-fand, Lime, Rubbifh, or Chalk and 
 Lime, are great helps to fuch Ground, either for Trees, or Corn, or 
 Grafs ; and more lading than Dung, and for Forreft-Trees full as good 
 as Dung .• For it doth not onely give leave, and make way for the roots 
 to run in the Earth, but takes away that over-moiftnefs in the cold ftiff 
 Ground, which hinders Conception,by letting the water down into the 
 Earth, and by keeping it from Cracking, and ^o Nourifheth the Spirit 
 of the Earth, and alfo keeps it from fpending it too haftily. 
 
 Horfe-dung is the beft to make your hot beds with, for fuch Plants 
 as are commonly raifedof them be Annual Plants, but it is too hafty 
 for the Seeds of Trees, unlefs it be rotten, and well mixed with Natu- 
 ral Mould: It is beftfor your ftiff cold Lands, and if youlayituport 
 
 Plowed 
 
Plowed Ground (which 'tis heft for) then Plow it in as foon as you can, 
 for if it lies there to dry, there will a great part of the Oily fubftance, 
 which makes the fume for nourifhment of Plants, be exhaled out by the 
 Sun : Let no fort of dung lie long on the top of your Ground unplowed- 
 in, but plow or dig it in as foon as you can-, for by lying fo, it doth not 
 onely lofe a great part of itsgocdnefs by the Sun (efpecially if it lies 
 thin) but where your Dung- hill lies every mower will wafh the ilrength 
 of the dung into the Ground, fo that if you take the dung off from that 
 place as clean as you can, yet you (hall have that place bear Ranker 
 Corn than where you thought the dung had lain much thicker, if it lies 
 long in a place. The Obfervation 6f this taught me many good Ufes ; 
 as hrft, to lay dung about the Roots of Trees is much better than (tones, 
 as my Lord Baccn Advifes in his Natural Hiilory -, for this keeps moid 
 the Ground better than they, and Rain wafhes the ftrength to the Roots, 
 as is aforefaid : and if you dig in this when the ftrength is gone, and 
 your Trees ftrong, it then prepares way for the Roots, and there is a 
 great benefit to your Trees. Or if it is not digged-in, but lies on the 
 top, and there turns to Earth, it then feeds the Roots on the top, and 
 leads them upward. 
 
 And feeing where Dung lies, the Ground is fo much improved by 
 the wafhing-in of the ftrength of the Dung, it nray well inform you 
 that Dung ikeped in Water is very good, efpecially if you ufe Dung, 
 in Quantity according to the Nature of your Plants, and ftrength of 
 your Ground ; the weaker your Ground, make your Water the ftrong- 
 er. There is in fome places in Farmers Yards, a Water that wafheth 
 from their Dung-hills, a Load of which is not inferiour to a Load of 
 Dung, yet by them totally Neglected ; but of Waters I (hall fpeak 
 more in the next Chapter. 
 
 Thushaving hinted of thefe two Ufeful and Common Dungs, Cow 
 and Horfe, in the Example of thefe Line- trees-, onely Obfcrvc this, 
 and then I (hall proceed .- Horfe dung is beft for Plants that are quick 
 of Digeftion and Growth, and for Trees or Plants that (hoot much in a 
 year j for it yields a great Fume, and fuch Plants can well difpofe of 
 it. 
 
 Cow-dung is a good Soyl for rnoft. Trees or Plants of hot Ground, 
 and better for durable Plants than it is for Annuals: Itis Excellent for 
 many forts of rare Flowers, if firft it be thorow-rotten, and then dryed 
 and beaten to duft, and fome frc(h fine Earth then mixed well with 
 it. 
 
 Deers-dung is much of the Nature of Cows, or Bullocks j but 'tis 
 more proper for tender and fmaller Plants. 
 
 Sheeps- 
 
(25) 
 Sheeps-dung is alio of the fame Nature, but more agreeable to ten- 
 der and fmail beeds and Plants : By this our Yeomen and Farmers find 
 good profit, by Folding their Sheep every Night on their own Lands ; 
 for there they find a far certain benefit on their Ground by the Dung and 
 Urine which the Sheep make in one Night ; though it is not long lad- 
 ing, yet 'tis afure help for the firit. Crop, and a good Addition to the 
 fecond. 
 
 This may teach you that a thin fprinkling of dung is more fure moft 
 years for your Corn-Land than greater Quantities; and alfo that to 
 break your dung fmall is bell: ; for the fmaller the better, cfpecialiy if 
 you have laid it on your Ground not long before you fow, efpecially 
 for your Summer-crops, from this I do Advife my Ingenuous Country- 
 men of thefe few Rules which are fpoken before : 
 
 To well Obfcrve the Nature of your Land, and by fo doing to en- 
 rich it with fuch Soyl and Dung as is moft Natural to the Ground, and 
 to the Seeds you intend to fow on it; and to lay it on your Ground at 
 the moil; convenient times. 
 
 Firft, as to the Ground, I have hinted at many ufeful Compoffc, 
 and alfo that feveral of them are far more proper for fome Grounds 
 than they are for others, though there be many more forts that may be 
 and are made ufe of to very good Effect, yet I (hall not. trouble my 
 felf nor you with the naming any more, knowing that he that Under- 
 stands to Number to 20 in Arithmetick, may foon count to a 1 co. 
 
 Now, as to the Seed you intend to fow, whether it be of Trees, 
 Plants, or any fort of Grain, the fmaller your Seed is : make the oround 
 the finer ; the quicker your Seeds be of growth, and the more they run 
 into ftalks or leaves, your dung may then be the newer and (Iron^er, 
 and the more in Quantity, according to the Digeftion of your Plants. 
 But if for Trees or Plants of long lafting, then let the dung be the more 
 rotten; and the more they be apt to fhoot great moots, the more you 
 may allow them; but let them be fure of fome fuch Ground as they 
 Naturally^de light to grow in, and alfo to allow them room that is large 
 enough ; for High and Lofty Spirits do not love to be Confined to little 
 and fmall Cottages. 
 
 And as for laying it on your Ground, if the time be the Spring, that 
 is moft proper to fow your Seed, then lay fuch dung as is hot and dry 
 early on your Ground ; and rather erre in too little than too much, fuch 
 dungs as be your Pigeons, Hens, Sea-coal-afhes, &c. But if they 
 be hot and moift, fuch as Horfe-dung, Horfe-litter, or Green grafs, 
 Hay, &c, thefe be mod proper for Annuals, and it is not good to be 
 too fparing toward thefe tender Plants ; rather erre in keeping your 
 
 E, dung 
 
. f*0 
 dung too dry than too wet, for in fo doing you {hall keep its heat the 
 longer, and have the more Command to keep it fo : But if you have 
 occafion to lay dung on Ground to helpfLeh Trees or Plants as are not 
 Annual, but more (low in their progrefs, then mix fuch dung thin, and 
 not too near the Roots; but if it be the Autumn Seafcn that you have 
 occafionto lay it on your Land, then lay it fomething thicker; for the 
 Winter will qualine the ftrength and beat of it. 
 
 To conclude, if you arc to lay dung on Land that you are to fow with 
 Seed that doth not run much into ftalks, yid is but How in growing, then 
 dc. as our Farmers do, let it be rotten and mixed well with Mould before 
 you lay it on your Land, and then your Grain or Seed will the better 
 agree with it, crelfeyoumay find on your Land ftrong great Weeds, 
 fuch as the Ground is moll inclined to; for ftrong Lend will produce the 
 ftronge r Weeds, and the other contrary. 
 
 Therefore if your Dung be too rank and new for the Seed you intend 
 to Sow your Ground with, then mix it with fome other Compoft as is 
 molt proper for your Land, and mod convenient to be had : and if your 
 Land be itiff, then mix it with Chalk, Light Sandy Ground, orfome- 
 what of the like Nature ; laying a good quantity of Earth frrft, then 
 your Dung, and then Earth to cover your Dung all over ; by fo doing 
 you will fave that Oyly water which will foakfrom the Dung by mow- 
 ers of Rain into the Earth under the dung : and by covering your dung 
 with Earth it will keep the Sun from drying out that moiiture, and what- 
 ever Fumes arife, the Ea;thon the top will receive : be fure you let it 
 not grow with Weeds on the top, but when you find them to appear, 
 take them off, and fuffer none to grow on your Comport ; or turn it 
 over, and mix it with your Earth below , however let it be mixed toge- 
 ther before you lay it on your Land : Thus do with New Horfe-dung 
 and Litter, but if it beany other dung, lay it on your Land as foon as 
 Opportunity ferveth ; for the longer you let it lie, the more it lofeth 
 of its ftrength, therefore lay it on rather too thin, and in dry weather, 
 and early. 
 
 To affift Nature do thou not neglefl; ; 
 Vfe her not Roughly? left there be deftU. 
 
 Thus much may ferve for Trees, but if it be for Flowers, or other 
 fine and tender Plants, you then muft be more Curious, and mix your 
 Earth better; butthcybeout of my Road atthis time. Themainbu- 
 fmefi is to prepare your Ground fo, that there may be room for the 
 roots to run in, to fetch their Nourishment. As for Trees and Plants 
 
 that 
 
that root deep, trench your Ground accordingly, &c. Now, for to 
 pieafe the Tree or Plant with fuch Earth as it delights to be in, add fuch 
 a quantity of dung as may be mtable to the growth of your Tree or 
 Plane, thereby to make a fume to feed it ; for let this fume be made of 
 what it will, for my part, I mail not contend whether it be Salu, Sul- 
 phur, or Mercury; or as fome affirm, that 'tis Salt, Sulphur, Mer- 
 cury, and Spirit : AH, or any one of thefe that feeds the Plants of th's 
 Terreftrial Globe ; orif it be Fire, Earth,Water, or Air, as Wjs for- 
 merly the Opinion of the Learned ; for Sulphur or Brimftonc may an- 
 fwer to Fire, Salt to the Earth, Mercury to Water, Spirit to Air. 
 
 For 'tis certain, that Plants have Salt, Sulphur, Mercury, and Spirit 
 in them ; fome more than others, according to their Heat or Coldnefs, 
 but that they feed on thefe is not certain to me : But it is as I conceive 
 the Fume, Steam, or more properly the Spirit of the Earth that they 
 feed on; for the Earth is full of Spirit, which is the caufe of the vaft 
 many productions of Plants, and Infects which are produced every 
 year, and from no feed or fperm, but according to the fit Matrix of 
 the Earth; and the Star fire, and Virgin Mercury: their Dame Na- 
 ture is then bufie to make fome Plant or Infect according as fhe hath 
 provided a Breaft to fuckleand feed them. 
 
 The Earth is then but onely a Lodging- place,and fimple Water is one- 
 ly its Garment ; for fimple crude Water feeds nothing,but is rather De- 
 structive, as is feen by Water that runs forth on a Gravel, and the 
 ftream quick, there is feldome good Meadows by fuch Rivers, unlefs 
 there be fome Town that walheth it felf into the River, or good Rich 
 Land, or Lanes, or the like. Your Spring- water, unlefs it have fome 
 aflittance, is the like; but of Water, fee more in the next Chap- 
 ter. 
 
 And now I mail give you an Example of Earth, by which you may 
 well perceive that Plants do not feed on fimple Earth, nor crude Wa- 
 ter. My Lord was the Author that told me this, and as foon as the 
 Seafon of the year did permit me, I then did try the Experiment, which 
 was thus* performed. I took out of a Hill of good Rich frefh Earth 
 (which I had prepared for other things) fome of the dry eft, fomewhat 
 above a good large Flower-pot full ; this I carried into a little Room, 
 which I had at Ha.!ham-Hall y it joyned upon the Bake-ho fe; there 
 I fpread this Earth thin upon the fhelves, now and then turning it till it 
 was as dry as duH:, and as I thought, as dry as it well could be, provided 
 it were not bu.nec'.: having thus prepared my Earth, I filled a Flower- 
 pot with it., which pot and Earth thus filled, weighed as exactly as 
 I could weigh it juft eighteen pounds and a half. 
 
 E z March 
 
(28) 
 
 March approaching, in the year 1666, 1 put this pot into a hot bed, 
 to fecurc the feeds, and withall to help forward my defign to preferve 
 them : the feeds were Purflain which I fowed in it, the quantity was 
 very fmall : 1 kept this pot in hot Beds till the beginning of May, and 
 then I fetitundera South Wall, where it flood till that Moneth was 
 out, and then I fet it in the fhade from the Meridian Sun: there it flood 
 till the latter end of shigu.ft, and then finding my Plants full of feed and 
 at a ftand, I then cut up the Purflain clofe to the ground , at Noon time, 
 when it was very dry, and weighed the Purflain as exactly as I rould, 
 and it weighed juft fix pound two ounces. Then I took the pot of Earth 
 and fet it in a South Window in a Banqueting Houfe to dry, turning the 
 Earth to the Sun, to dry outfome of the moifturc, for the Earth was 
 wet, for I had kept this pot with watering all the Summer, as occafion 
 ferved: then I took this pot of Earth, and carried it into the little 
 Room to dry the Earth as I did before, and putting fome of the Earth 
 into a Box, and the reft !n the pot, I made it as dry as it well could be, 
 or at leaft as dry as it was when I fowed my feeds in it : and then putting 
 all my Earth into the pot again, I weighed it as exaclly as I had done 
 before, and then the pot and the Earth weighed juft eighteen pound and 
 feven ounces ; there was, I confefs, the roots of the Purflain, but when 
 they were dry ed, I do believe they did not weigh one ounce; and this 
 one ounce that it loft of weight might be Earth dallied over with 
 Rains. 
 
 Now, thefe Plants weighing fo much, and the Earth wafted orde- 
 creafed in its weight fo little, doth plainly fhew that Plants do not feed 
 onely on Earth ; for I do believe this, that the earth that was wafted, 
 was dafhed out of the pot by hafty watering, and by fudden fhowers of 
 Rain, or perchance fome might go out of the holes of the pot with the 
 Water. 
 
 Now, though Plants do not feed on earth, yet Earth is the Nurfc 
 and receptacle of moft things, and the Earth is fpongy and porous, fit 
 to receive the feveral Influences of the Heavens, of Heat, Rains, and 
 Dews; and ftores them up for the Confcrvation of her producls : and 
 when the feed or plant defire it, is put into Motion by the Coeleftial 
 heat the earth freely gives out of her ftore, according as the Plant can 
 difpofe of it. 
 
 And if there be no Plants to feed on this Spirit of the Earth, then ma- 
 ny times Nature makes fome which do; for the earth will produce fe* 
 veral Plants of its felf, without feed cr root, but they be Plants of no- 
 long laiting, c nd when they die, they then turn to Air and Spirit, as all 
 things do ; for there is nothing that is at a certain ftay, for all things 
 
 have 
 
have their time of increafing, and their time of decaying, till they be 
 turned to that of which they were made. 
 
 No man can fee Trees grow, yet all men know that they doe : It is 
 plain to fee when a Tree is decaying, yet to know how long it will be 
 before it is of its own decaying turned to Earth or Duft, is hard to 
 know : Though it is Reported,that an Oak is a hundred years a growing, 
 a hundred years rtands at a ftay, and a hundred years decaying, yet 
 this is very erroneous ; for on (hallow Grounds an Oak will not grow 
 folong, and on deep ground much longer, and neither it nor any thing 
 elfe ftands at a ftay, but when it doth begin to decay, it keeps on, ac- 
 cording as it meets with Accidents, till it comes to dufL 
 
 Thus have I ghefs'd, but whether right or no r 
 
 The Critiekj Utjh 1 'm fire to under goe, 
 
 I to th' ir.geticus PraUifer diretl 
 
 Thefe lines, which hope with him to gain Rcfpcot \ 
 
 For Learned men oft-times miftaken are, 
 
 When Foo 's as oft ghejfe right, though unaware. 
 
 CHAP. IX, 
 
 OflVattrfor Trees and Seeds, and watering them.. 
 
 I Have oft obferved your Citterns and other places, that are onely 
 filled with. Rain- water, that that water will in a Summers time pro- 
 duce feveral forts of Infects, andfome fort of Water-plants; andalfo 
 that it will leave a green flime not much unlike to Plants, which fub- 
 ftance(or flime as I tearm it ) would certa ; nly be fpent into Plants, 
 werethere but fome quantity of Aquatick Plants put into this water; 
 fuch as Mints of any fort, yellow Water- flagge, Flower de-luce, Crabs- 
 claws, or water Sen- green, Brook-lime. Ducks-meat, &c. 
 
 I once made an Experiment to trye this, which I have here inferted, 
 and thus it was: I took two water-pots, and filled them full of water, 
 out of a Fountain which had been filled by Snow and Rain the Win- 
 der before, and which was made clean the Michaelmas before : I fet 
 thefe two pots, thus filled, in the open Air, but in the fhade, and put 
 into one of them a good handfull of Mints, the Runners, which I put 
 
 in 
 
in the firft of March, 1664. where I let them continue till thefirft of 
 April next, and then putiw afrefli handfull, and let that continue for 
 one Moneth more, and fo I did both May and June : I poured out 
 this Water about the beginning of September, toobfervewhichofthofe 
 Pots had the mod of this dime : whereupon I found, that pot that had 
 no Mints put into it, had twice as much, and being forced too to fill up 
 that pot that had the Mints with the fame water often, and that pot 
 that had no Herbs in it, the {lime of it was greeny the other pots fet- 
 tlement that was in it, was black,and of an Earthy colour : I did intend 
 to have profecuted this further, as to have filled two pots of frefh 
 Earth, and not too rich, and to have fown in them feveral Seeds, and 
 to have kept them from all water but this, and then to have noted well 
 the fuccefs, with more like Fancies which I thought on ; but I was pro- 
 hibited by one of the Drones of this Age, and did not know whether 
 I mould flay or not. 
 
 A Stone lying in water gets a kind of flime about it; and if you put 
 into water feeds that be quick of growth, (as moil of your Annua's are) 
 keep it but temperately hot, and they will in a little time fpcar out, 
 and then if you put them into fine Mould, temperately moyfl and 
 warm, you may ( if you pull up one of them and obferve ) fee the 
 Roots feeding upon a white fubllance, which I have often obferved ; 
 for in water is the feed of all things. Like wife put feed into Earth, and 
 if it be very dry, then though it be kept never fo temperately hot, it 
 will rather keep the feeds from growing than haflen them. 
 
 But water difTolves, then Life followeth the difTolution ; for water 
 opens the parts of the Seed, and makes them fwell, then they draw 
 the Spirit of the water to them, (for the World is full of Spirit) fo the 
 Seeds they have been fo long in water till the body of them cr 
 which is as foon as it hath filled it felf with enough to make a Root, 
 then that feed if once dryed, and a flop put to its proceedings, the Art 
 of Man cannot make it grow again. I have heard fome affirm, that 
 Malt will grow, but 'tis falfe, unlefsthey mean fome Barley corns which 
 never fpeared. 
 
 Therefore if you have once watered Seed, keep them with water- 
 ing if the Earth require; and if your Earth be poor, and your feeds 
 great growers, then water with rich dunged water, and often, but let 
 it not touch the Leaves ; and if you think your ground be toe Rich for 
 the Nature of your feed, then water your feed with water not very 
 Rich; but if your feeds be flow growers, foi fuijh keep your ground 
 only moyft, and no more; for, though it be Earth that .(lores up the 
 Spirit that feeds Plants, yet it is water that fets it on motion, and water 
 
 is 
 
is full of Spirit alfo, but without Heat both thefe lie /till : for Heat 
 draws out firit the crude water, and fends it into the Aire: Therefore, 
 unlcfs it be for Aquatick Plants, or Plants that grow much, and the 
 weather be warm and drying, do not water too much, keep your 
 Earth juft moyft ; for when ground is full of water, the Coeleftial Fire 
 heats firlt the fnpcrficics of the Earth, and puts that into a fume, but 
 the Roots which are deeper in the ground being covered with water, 
 there is no fume rifeth there till molt of the water be drawn up by the 
 Sun, or fettled into the Earth : Therefore if your Ground be fubject 
 to be wet, keep it loofe and open, by deep trenching, and Earth to 
 drein away water; for it is oft feen, that good Land that lies low in a 
 wet Spring hath no great burden, becaufe it is over prefTed with wet; 
 and dunged Land in a wet year bears the wor/t Corn, efpecially if it 
 be low itifte Land; for Dung then holdeth the Moyfture, and the 
 ground being wet withal!, commonly do:h produce great weeds, which 
 can digeft the fpirit of the Earth and Water better than Corn, be- 
 caufe they grow much quicker, and fo they fpoyl the Corn : For the 
 greateft good that Dung doth to Land, is, to hold the water in the 
 ground, and to keep the ground hollow, for the Roots to fetch their 
 Nourifhmcnt. For 'tis the nature of Dung to draw water to it, to fill 
 it fclf like a Sponge; and when dry weather comes, then it fpends it 
 felf in fume, and fo it waftes it felf, and feeds Plants by its decay. 
 Thus you may fee and admire the Order of the great God of Na- 
 ture, that the Detection of one mould be the Prefervation of ano- 
 ther. 
 
 This you may obferve in rotten Wood, Malt-dud:, Wool, woollen 
 Rags, Horn-fhavings, &c. how full they will be with every little Dew, 
 and keep that longer than a Clod of Earth twice as big, thus will they 
 doe till they be turn'd to a very little Earth : By this you may inform 
 your felf what fort of Dung will Iaft Iongeit. 
 
 Some forts of Dung there be, that if they be not over- prefled with 
 Water, will wafte themfelves by their own heat ; Witnefs your Hot- 
 beds, &c. yet notwithstanding, this heat is very Natural to Annual 
 Plants. 
 
 Dung fteeped in Water, or water drained thorow Dung, doth take 
 a great part of the fubftance and Strength of the Dung with it, and that 
 water when dryed up in the ground, and evaporated, when Rain or 
 Dew falls on that place, it there leaveth fuch an Oily or flimy fub- 
 ftance as catcheth the Water or Dew, and hindereth it from running 
 deep into the Earth, and then the Over plus which the Plants receive 
 not, is rarified into Air, till it hath fpent it felf as it were to nothing. 
 
 After 
 
' After dry weather in Summer, if there comes a good mower, and 
 a warm day after, you may fee this Fume hang in the Aire, fomctimes 
 low, clofe to the ground, as if it were loth to part with the Earth, and 
 toward the latter end of Summer, if great Rain and warm Weather 
 happen, then this Fume being great, and the Nights fomcthing cold, 
 it will fpend itfelfin Mufhromcs, Puffes, &c. as old Trees and rotten 
 VVood will doe, where there is a great decay, and nothing to feed 
 
 en. 
 
 Therefore, if you fear dry Weather, do not deferre too long be- 
 fore you water your Trees and Seeds, but water while your ground 
 is yet moyft : for believe me, I would not have you ftay too long be- 
 fore you water, if you be minded to water at all : And alfo when you 
 do water, do it well ; Confider the depth of your Roots, and thofe 
 that root deepeft, water moft ; and alfo when you begin to water, con- 
 tinue it as long as you find occafion : water Trees well, and Seeds and 
 fmall Plants often: ufe not Well-water, efpecially for tender Plrnts, 
 for it is fo drained thorow the Earth that it hath little fpirit to mak Nou- 
 rishment in it for Plants. Rivers that run quick and long on fharp 
 "ravel are little better; therefore if you mull ufe fuch, let them ftand 
 fome time in the Sun, in Tubs, &c mixed with Dung. 
 
 Let the Quantity and Quality of your Dung be according to the Na- 
 ture of your Plants; as, if your Plants be great growers, and require 
 heat, then put Horfc-dung &c. in the water. 
 
 If your Plants be fine and tender, then put Sheeps Dung, or Cows- 
 dung, &c. into the water, remembring, that if you think your ground 
 be bad, you muft adde the more Dung. 
 
 If your Water be bad (as is aforefaid) and that you put Dung into 
 it to help it, let it then ftand in the Sun and open Aire uncovered. 
 
 Take care you water no Plants with {landing ftinking Ditch water, 
 nor no water that ftinketh : for fweet water not too clear, and frefh 
 Mould, not mufty or tainted by ftinking weeds, &c. is as proper for 
 tender Plants, as fweet and good Food, and warm and clean Lodging is 
 to a tender fine-bred man. 
 
 Rain-water I take to be very good, if not too long kept; yet if 
 your Veilel be large, the oftner you ftirrc it, the longer it will keep 
 
 fweet 
 
 Large and Navigable Rivers, ( fuch as our Thames ) that receive 
 much Soylby the wafhing of Streets, and the many Sinks that run in- 
 to it, and which by its own motion doth cleanfeit felf from that which 
 is noxious both to Man and Plants} is a moft excellent Water for all forts 
 
 of Plants. 
 
 The 
 
The larger that Ponds be, the better their water is for Plants; and 
 if they have the fhootof fome Stable-yard into them, it addcsmuch 
 ^oodnefs; the opener they be to the Sun, the bette 
 ol motion they have, as byHorfes warning in then. 6\ 
 ucks fwimming in them, 'tis fo much the better : for the I . 
 5 of Ducks in Summer in your fmall Ponds will keep the Water 
 fiom fmeliing. 
 
 Now having (hewed you feveral wayes of raifing Forred-t 
 fome other hints of their Seed, &c. and of CompoPc for tl 
 and of Water, and Watering them, I now fhali (hew you the r 
 ner how to raife them of Seed, which is to be preferred before all 
 others, though fome of the aforefaid wayes for fome Trees are much 
 eafier and quicker. 
 
 Good Aire for Plants (as well as Men) is much affifting to their 
 Health and Life, for without this nothing can live ; and that which 
 is molt healthfull for tender Men, is alfo the bell; for tender Plants. 
 Aire takes up the earthy Exhalations of all forts, and there mingles 
 them together, and being touched with Cceleftial Fire," it reduceth 
 them into general Principles, for great ufes. I (hail fay no more of 
 Aire, for it is an Hermaphrodite, and is inclofed in Water, therefore 
 near a-kin to it. 
 
 GH A P. 
 
f34j> 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Oak* Rajfing and Improving. 
 
 1 Shall not trouble you with the feveral kinds there be; though 
 the Learned J. Evelyn, Efq; Reduceth them to four, in his Dif- 
 courfe of Foreft-Trces, but if they were diftinguifhed by feveral 
 Barnes, as we do our Pears, you might find as many varieties, oncly 
 according to the fhape and tafie of the Acorn : for as we know by Ex- 
 perience that feveral of our Pear-Trees grow Pyramid-like, as the Oak- 
 man-berry, and Bordon Musk-Pears, &c. And fome likewife grow 
 much fpreading, as the Winter-Bonchriftian, the back Pear of Wor- 
 cefter, &c. Even fodo fome of your Oaks; therefore if you defire 
 afpiring Trees, take care to gather your Acorns off from fuch Trees, 
 or rather gather them from under fome fuch Trees, when fallen, and 
 in a dry time if you can. 
 
 When you have fo done, lay your Acorns thin in fome open Room 
 to dry, and when they be dry, keep them in fome dry place till the 
 latter end of January, and having prepared fome good frefh Loomy 
 Ground, by digging and keeping it clean before-hand, fow them, and 
 let them be covered about an Inch and a half, or two Inches deep ; by 
 fowing them at this time, youfhallfave a great many, which other- 
 wife would have been fpoyled by Mice or other Vermin; but if it hap- 
 pen to be a wet time when they fall, then will they begin to fpear out in 
 a fhort time after : And then fo foon as you fee them moot forth a little 
 bud at the fmali ends, commit them to their Spoufeas foon as may be ; 
 for when they be come to the time that the Almighty hath alotted them, 
 end be hd and made Iufty by the dews and mowers of the Heavens, 
 then the Star-fire impregnats the Iv'oyfture in the feed, and then the 
 feed throws off, or endeavours to do it, and then takes his Lodging in 
 the Earth, where he prepares a room for his Off-fpring; that is, as foon 
 as the feed hath imbibed himfelf in the Water, and received heat, (for 
 without both thefe no feeds can produce its kinds) the Body of the 
 Acorn cracks, and the fpear fhoots into the Earth, and as foon as it hath 
 got Entertainment there, and the Seafon of the year agreeable, the Bo- 
 dy of the feed either turns into leaves, or fpends it felf into leaves, and 
 that L'ttle fmall part of the feed, the fpear, that fhoots forth Root, and 
 
 the 
 
(35) 
 
 then (hot and leaves ; fothat if the Acorn hath had a convenient quan- 
 tity of heat and moifture (but if too much of either of thefe, that is 
 deadly to all feeds) then the feed fpears forth, and if it be not com- 
 mitted to the Ground before it be dryed, and the fpear withered, then 
 for certain that Seed, Acorn, Nut, or Stone will never grow. For 
 Nature, if oncefeton Motion, will rather ceafe to be, than alter its 
 courfe ^ for Nature hates violence, neither can the feed receive this pre- 
 cious fperm without thefe two, Father and Mother \ and thefe two mult 
 have a futable Agreement between them: for though one VefTel befuf- 
 ficient to perfect the Infant in the Womb, yet Nature hath not been 
 wanting to provide feveral Breafts to Nourifh it. Therefore if your 
 Acorns have taken wet,and the heat hath made them fpear, you tnuft low 
 them as foon as you can, and venture them a whole Winter in the 
 Ground ; remembring to keep fome Traps fet to catch the Mice. 
 
 In the Spring following they will come up, keep them clean from 
 Weeds, and let them ftand two or three years on their firft bed, then ha- 
 ving prepared a piece of good frefh Ground, by adding fome rotten 
 dung to it, if poor ; or good frefh Rich Ground (which is better than 
 dung) cut the tap-root, and the fide- boughs, and fet them as you do 
 other Trees in your Nurferies, keep your Ground with digging, and 
 the Trees with pruning up every year; thus Order them till you find 
 them fit to Remove, and you will then find no fuch hazard in the Remo- 
 ving them, as if they were never Tranfplanted before ; for there is a 
 great deal of Reafon to be given that the oftner you Remove a Tree, 
 the likelier 'tis to grow when it is Removed again, provided it be not 
 too great. Befides, Experience doth plainly mew the fame, for I have 
 often found that a Walnut-Tree fet of a Nut, and never removed in its 
 Minority, but ftill keeping his place of Situation, till it is fix or feven 
 Foot high, that in Fvemoving fuch a Tree, you (hall find near as much 
 hazard in the growing of that Tree, as in Removing an Oak of the fame 
 ftature, provided the Oak hath had his Abode in open Air, and not been 
 tenderly Nurfed up in a Wood \ for fuch Trees, let them be of what 
 kind you will, are nice to be removed out of their warm Habitation : 
 But at this 1 have hinted before. Now, to (hew you fome Reafon why 
 any Tree being Removed before, is the likelier to grow when removed 
 again, Obferve thefe few Rules; 
 
 Firft, 'Tis the Nature of all Trees to put forth one Root firft, and then 
 fome fide-roots, according to the Kind and Nature of the Ground ; and 
 this moll: ftately Tree doth commonly run to the bottom of the SoyI 
 that is fit for his Nouriihment, before it puts forth many fide-roots,efpe- 
 cially in a loofe, hollow Ground, and then at the end of the tap-root 
 
 F 2 it 
 
0«p 
 
 it puts forth r :tty 
 
 big, it hiving few rccdfng Pvoots r: the Tree can hardly be 
 
 up well,withcut lofmg moll: of them,which will be a great hazard 
 to the lofs of your Tree. 
 
 Secondly, But when a Tree is taken up young, as at one, two, or 
 three years old, then there is but frhall head, fothat a little Root will 
 maintain that and then this little Root lying no: deep, and in a little 
 compafs of Ground, may be taken up with iefs lofs, to the proportion 
 of the Head, than a greater. 
 
 Thirdly, When you have taken upthefe young Trees, in cutting off 
 the end of the tap-root, and the end s of the greatefr, of the others,'thofe 
 very ends fo cutoff with the flopelowermoft, wifl at that place put forth 
 many final! Roots, which lying near to the Body of the Tree, are the 
 eaficr to be taken up with the free when 'tis Removed again. 
 
 LaftJy,Cuftom in Removing of Trees tends fomewhat to their grow- 
 ing, being Removed \ for I fanfie, that if you could get fome Acorns of 
 an Oak, that had ( with his Fore Fathers ) been accuftomed to Re- 
 moving, as our Apple- flocks are, I do Judge it would be then as pa- 
 tient of changing his Habitation as they. From that which hath been 
 fiid I hope you will conclude with me, that 'tis belt to Remove, either 
 Foreft-Trees, or others, when young ; for if you Remove them when 
 they be older, the better the Ground is, the more the Tree runs down 
 with a tap-root • therefore if never Removed before, the wo'rfe to re- 
 move off from fuch a Ground. 
 
 Thus having Ordered thefe Young Trees till you have Nur fed them 
 up to the ftature of fix or feven Foot high, you may afterwards Tranf- 
 plant them into your Walks, Wood,or where elfe your Fancy pleafeth, 
 fety in Tranfplanting Obfervethis: 
 
 ,ke your holes four Foot wide, and two Spade deep at lea(t \ half 
 a year, or a quarter at leaft before the time of Planting (if it be a year 
 'tis the better, provided you keep that Mould which you threw out 
 of the holes clean from Weeds and Grafs, by turning it over as Occa- 
 fion requires ) and if you think your Ground bepoor, or of fome con- 
 Soy I to what your Tree Naturally delights to grow in, mix it with 
 feme fuch like Earth as your Tree doth beft delight to grow in \ as for 
 an Oak, if your Ground be Gravelly, mix it then with the upper 
 Spade of Ground that is a Brick-Earth, turning thefe together with the 
 Earth you did throw out of the holes ; if Clay, mix it then with a light 
 Loom, or a fat Sand, or fmall Gravel ; and if the Ground be poor, a 
 little laving of rotten dung in the bottom of your holes, but let none be 
 
 among 
 
C37) 
 
 among your Earth when you fet your Trees, that is, to touch the roots 
 
 an. 
 
 Having thus prepared your holes for your Tree, and your Earth, 
 if your Ground be a dry Soyl, then begin as foonas you find the Leaf 
 to fall, that is in October : 'Tis not the Hiil or Valley, North or South 
 Situation which makes the finer or tougher Grain; but if there be a 
 feeding Ground onthe top of an Hill, or on the North fide, more than 
 there is in the Valley or South-fide, there then will be the toughed: Tim- 
 ber ; for where a Tree grows moft in a year, that Oak is the tougheft 
 Timber* and there that Tree (hall have the moft fap, as on a deep 
 Loomy Ground : But let it be Hill or Valley, if it be a {hallow ground, 
 and the bottom Gravel, and not mixed with Loom or Clay, there Oaks 
 will grow flow, and the Annual Circles being clofe together, the Tim- 
 ber muft then be the finer Grained : and the fap of fuch Oaks is little,as 
 I have many times Obferved : Experience and Reafon ( which I have 
 al wayes hitherto taken with me as Guides in my Travel and Search after 
 Nature) have confirmed me in this : A light Brick-Earth, or a 
 Loomy-Clay produce the ftatelieft Oaks, fooneft, and toughed Tim- 
 ber, for there they grow quicker!:, 
 
 Your Clays produce great Oaks, for that is a holding Ground ; al- 
 though they grow fometimes flow, yet they laft long. 
 
 Your Gravel produceth many Oaks, and ftreighr, they grow flow,, 
 the Timber is fine, and they decay while they be young; theReafons 
 of this I have told you before. 
 
 Having made Ready your Holes, and taken up your Trees well, I 
 Advifeyou to open the Earth well round your Tree, keeping the fide 
 of your Spade to the Body of your Tree, to prevent Cutting the Roots 
 when you take them up; and alio to digg deep round the Tree, that 
 when you come to pull up your Tree, it may come upeafily, which 
 will prevent thofe Roots which grow Elbow-like, which if they do not 
 break off in palling up, by (training them to pull up, they will crack 
 fo in the Elbow, that they will never grow, nor put forth Roots below § 
 that place ; therefore for fuch Trees as be ticklifh to Remove, take 
 the more time, left you verifie the Old Proverb, which faith, 
 
 Too much bafle 
 Oft makes wafte. 
 
 Such Roots as you find Bruifed, or much Cracked, cut them 
 
 off, till you come at firm found Root. Such Trees as are flow-growers, 
 
 as the Oak is, you may prune up to the fmaller Head; as, if your 
 
 11 Tree 
 
(38) 
 
 Tree be taper and {freight, you may prune up fuch a Tree to one moot ; 
 but if your Tree be not taper, then leave two fide-boughs, or more, 
 to receive fome of the Sap, which will make the fhoot that you intend 
 fhall lead to make the body of the Tree, the fmaller, and fo your Tree 
 will be taper } but top your fhoots, all but your leading fhoot, which 
 will make the Body of your Tree fwell the more, and hinder them from 
 equalling the leading- fhoot, and by topping the other it will grow the 
 ftronger : I need not tell you which fhoot you fhouM leave to be the 
 leading- (hoot for your Tree, not Queftioning but Sence and Reafon will 
 teach you to leave that which grows ftreighteft and ftrongeft } if you 
 do leave any fhoots, as molt often it is necelTary, leave them not right 
 againft one another, for that will make the Tree grow too fuddenly 
 thick in that place, but leave them one above another, fo will your Tree 
 grow the more taper, for it will belefsand Iefs upward, between the 
 fhoots, which fhoots you mult takeoff Year after Year, as your Tree 
 runs up in height, minding ftill, now and then to leave fome fide-boughs 
 to keep the Tree taper, or elfe you will want your height of Timber ^ 
 or your Tree may grow top heavy, and fo Crooked : I fpeak of Tim- 
 ber-trees, or the ways to Order Trees for Timber, (for I wifh all Oaks 
 were fit for Timber ) but if your leading- fhoot be much Crooked, then 
 top it underneath a bud that tends upward, fo low as if that bud lead 
 away, it may grow near ftreight up •, or cut off the leading-fhoot un- 
 der another that grows more upright, Ordering it to be the leading- 
 fhoot j fo, as your Tree grows,mind to lead it up every Year, accor- 
 ding as you fee Caufe, taking care to keep off the Suckers, efpecially 
 the firft Year, unlefs you find the Head grow too great for the Body, 
 then leave fome fide boughs to receive fome Sap, and to make your 
 Tree taper, but this you fhall hardly find in Oaks in their firft Years 
 growth, namely, to grow too much in Head. 
 
 Thus endeavouring to keep your Tree, (of what fort foever it be, 
 if it be for Timber ) with no great Head, frill keep the leading-fhoot 
 uppermoft, by fometimes heading the other fide- boughs, aboutaFcot 
 or more from the Body, or elfe they will be ready fometimes to make 
 your Tree top-heavy, therefore keep your Tree till you have got it to 
 the height you intend, by keeping it as is above- faid; and if you find 
 it is not taper by thcfe means, then in the Moneth February flit the Bark 
 quite thorow on three or four fides, according to the bignefs of vour 
 Tree ; but if fmall, but one or two : fo if the Tree be three yards high 
 to the Head, then let three flits go up one yard, two flits two yards 
 high, and one to the top: But if it be a ftreight Tree,and taper, as you 
 
 would 
 
(39) . 
 
 would have it, if the Bark be bound, flit it on one or two fides, from 
 the Ground to the top. 
 
 If your tree be young, though thriving, it will do it no harm, but 
 much good, for you may fee in many thriving trees the Bark part of 
 it felf, telling you that it wants your help, therefore obferve Nature, 
 and affift her in all your undertakings; for Wifdom flandeth, not onely 
 in the Streets, but in the Woods, calling to you to learn of her. 
 
 Notealfo, if you find any tree Crooked, flit it in the ham at the 
 afore-faid time, and take off fome of the lower fide of his Head, and 
 you will help the crook of the tree, whether it be great or final! ; and 
 in time, by fo doing, it will grow {height : for by flitting the Bark in 
 the ham it makes the tree fwell there,and fo fets the tree ftreight • there- 
 fore make two or three flits in the ham, according to the bignefs of the 
 tree and crook ; but if the tree be pretty great, then take your Bill 
 and cut the Bark thorow in the ham in feveral places, about two or three 
 Inches afunder, let the Cut be cut flanting upward, a little crofs the 
 Diameter of the tree ; by fo doing you will flop the Sap in that place, 
 the Bark will dilate, and the place grow greater, and fo the tree will 
 grow freighter. 
 
 .Sometimes if your tree be not taper,in Summer when it moots much, 
 the weight of the Head will draw the Body crooked, and the Head will 
 incline to the Ground ; in fuch trees Leave fhoots on the Body, to check 
 and receive the Sap, and to keep it from abounding too much in the 
 Head; but when you find your tree grown crooked by the Head, irr 
 Summer, with Leaves and Boughs weighing it down, as foon as you 
 find it begin to leane, take off fome of the Boughs on the leaning fide, 
 and top fome according as you fee caufe : By this Summer-pruning you 
 may keep your tree ftreight, therefore Obferve it. I have found good 
 fuccefs on Walnut-trees and Lines by it, &c . 
 
 But though Oaks grow Crooked, it is not often by their great fhoots, 
 for on moft Grounds it grows flowly, but fometimes their Head, or 
 leading (hoot being cropped orTby Cattel,it then breaks out on the fides 
 into feveral leading (hoots, and one leads one way, and another another; 
 and fo diftributeth the Sap, which makes the tree not onely grow crook- 
 ed, but flowly, and fometimes the early mooting of the leading- fhoot 
 in the Spring caufeth the fame : For Frofl: coming upon the tender leaves 
 and leading-bud, kills them, and then it is fore'd to break out a new on 
 the fides; this happens often-times to young feedling Oaks in long Grafs, 
 which would gladly be more in the open Air, but by making too much 
 hafte many times they lofe their Heads for it. Now in fuch Cafes you 
 muft take off fome, and cut fome half a Foot off from the leading-fhooty 
 
 pre, 
 
C40) 
 preserving that which is mod likclie for the leading flioot, which 
 though it be crooked, defpair not, for Naturally it will grow (freighter, 
 and if you ufe pruning, and the afore- faid Rules, it will be (Ireight 
 much the fooner. But in cafe you find your Young Oak very much 
 flubbed near the Ground, and never a (hoot that is fit to lead to make 
 a Tree, in fuch a young Tree you mud cut it off clofe at 
 the Ground, in the Spring-time, fo (hall you have one fine (hoot or 
 more, but be fure take oft' all but one, and then you (hall find that (hoot 
 thrive very much, till it hath got fuch a Head in bignefs as the Head 
 was before, and the Bark being then fine, it will enlarge it felf for the 
 growth of the (hoot, and give good way for the Sap to run into the 
 Head, and fo make a fine Tree; therefore if your Tree be dunned, or 
 much Crooked, then take this courfe,to head them clofe at the ground, 
 and the Summer following neglect not to take off all the (hoots but one, 
 for at Midfomer it is as good, nay, better to prune fome Trees than 
 in the Spring, for then the Sap will foon cover round that wounded place, 
 and if not heal it quite, it will prefer ve it/rom much harm, till the 
 Spring following, and at that time (hoots will not break out much into 
 the head, to make it top-heavy : You may fafely cut off fmall branches, 
 and prune fmall Trees at this bummer- feafon. And for fuch Trees as 
 have a great Pith, as the Am and Walnut, I take it to be the beft time 
 for them. And whereas fome fay to the contrary, yet if the Reader 
 willbeAdvifedby me, let him prune fuch in Summer. But in the midfl 
 of Winter forbear to prune moil Trees, efpecially great Boughs, or 
 fuch Trees as have a great Pith, or tender, for then the wound lyeth ex- 
 pofed to the open Air and Wet, and Froft coming upon the Wet, and 
 piercing fo far into the wounded place as the wet hath gone, kil-ls the 
 Wood, and makes a hole in that place, and that hole holding Water 
 many times, Kills many a good Tree, efpecially where great Boughs 
 are taken off, for they be long a covering over • and never will be co- 
 vered if the Tree be Old. 
 
 Therefore if your Tree be Old, forbear to cut off great Boughs ; 
 but if for fome Reafons you are forced to do it, then cut off fuch Boughs 
 two Foot, or a Yard from the Body of your Timber-tree; and let the 
 place where you cut off fuch a Limb be perpendicular to the Horizon, 
 rather inclining to the Nadir, than the Zenith-, by fo doing, the wa- 
 ter will not lie on fuch a place, and then the Tree will receive no harm. 
 
 But if your Tree be young and thriving, then cut off the Boughs as 
 clofe as you can, keeping the wounded place perpendicular to the Ho- 
 lizon, and be fure not to leave Elbows to receive the wet, as too many 
 of our Husband-men do , for, the dofer you cut off a Bough to the 
 
 Body, 
 
(41) 
 
 Body, the foonerthe bark covercth that pb.ee, therefore cut off the 
 fide-boughs of young Timber trees clofe and fmooth. 
 
 I with I could perfwade all Lovers of handfome Timber- trees, at eve- 
 ry Fall of their Woods to prune up all the Timber- trees ; but then the 
 Wood muft not ftand too long before it be fell'd. You may prune off 
 boughs of ten years growth very well, and fo every ten years or oft- 
 ner if it be in Hedg-rowes, prune up your Trees till you have got them 
 to fuch a height as you find moft convenient, viz,, to fifty or fixty foot 
 high : For I have many times obferved Trees, of Oak, Afh, Elm and 
 Beech, to have leading fhoots fixty foot high and more, when they 
 have had not above ten foot of good Timber ; for Boughs have broke 
 out at that height, and have fo diftributed the fap, that they were little 
 worth, but for the Fire ; when, if they had been pruned up as is before 
 directed, you might have had the fame height of good Timber ; which, 
 how much more profitable it would be, andalfo beautifull, I leave to 
 any mans Judgement. 
 
 The Am and Beech cover the wounded place over foon, and feldom 
 break out many fide-boughs : The Elm very frequently breaks out 
 fide- boughs, yet will arrive to a great height of good Timber : the 
 Oak is a little fubjeel to break out fide-boughs, and though a flow 
 grower, yet by its own hardnefs of his Wood he preferves himfelf 
 well till it hath over grown the wounded place, which it will in a few 
 years doe, if your Tree be young and thriving, and the boughs, not 
 very, great; for if the boughs be great, that place when they be cut 
 off is fuch a Damm to the fap, that it forceth it to break out with many 
 fraall boughs there ; efpecially in fuch Trees as have a thick and rugged 
 bark, as the Elm and Oak have when old. 
 
 But if the Tree be young and thriving, then is the Bark thin and loofe, 
 and will more readily give way to the fap to afcend into the Head, and 
 not break out into fide boughs ; but if fome few do break out, often 
 pruning them clofe off will prevent that : But if you would be at a little 
 more trouble, note this which I have found to be true, and your Tim- 
 ber fhall pay you well for your pains. 
 
 At Midfomrr.er, after you have pruned up your Trees, take offall 
 the fmall moots that are broke out on the fide of your Trees, clofe to 
 the body of the Tree; do thus two or three years together, and you 
 will find every year the fide- boughs to be fewer and fewer, till you 
 have a clear body, beautifull to behold, and profitable for as good Tim- 
 ber, thirty or forty foot or more, which otherwife would not have been 
 a quarter fo high. Thus may you make an Elm (which is a Tree mod 
 
 G fubjeel 
 
f40 
 fubjeift to break out fide-boughs) as clear from boughs forty or fifty 
 foot high, as they be. 
 
 Your Oak that is young you may eafily matter, and bring it to a 
 clear body ; though it is fomewhat troublefome in Woods, yet in Hedg- 
 Rowes it may be pradtifed with eafe, or in Walks, or on fingleOaks: 
 But our Yeomen and Farmers are too much fubjecl; to fpoyl fuch Trees 
 as would make our belt Oaks, by heading them, and making them 
 Pollards. I wifh there were as ftricft a Law as could be made, topu- 
 nifh thofe that do prefume to head an Oak, the King of Woods, though 
 it be on their own Land. 
 
 By this means we fhould have the Farmer that is fcanted in Wood, 
 by often pruning off the fide boughs make many finer Trees than now 
 there are; for in fuch places there is great food to make him a great 
 Tree; and then in Coppices, if you let a Tree ftand to be very great, 
 it fpoyls many a young one, and alfo your under- wood. 
 
 But methinks I hearfome oppofingme, faying, that by fo pruning 
 up of Trees, they do not prove fo well for the Joyner, Carpenter, 
 Wheeler, &c. for they fay, if the Tree doth over-grow the Knot, when 
 they come to cleave fuch a Tree, that place proves faulty within, and 
 the Timber is not fo good. 
 
 Secondly, They fay, that cutting off the fide-boughs, makes Trees 
 more knotty. 
 
 Thirdly, they fay, that it makes a Tree decay fooner. 
 
 To thefe three Objections I (hall anfwer, and then haften to conclude, 
 and fo leave my beloved Oak. 
 
 I do grant, that if the Knots be great, though the Trees be young 
 and thriving, and have covered the place over well, ifyoucometofaw 
 out fuch Trees for Plank, Board, or Wainfcot, that there may be 
 fome Defect there where great boughs were cut off ; but fuppofe there 
 be, you have (till the fame length clear Timber at the lower end as you 
 would have had if thefe boughs had not been cut off; and then by pru- 
 ning up your Trees, they grow ftraighter, and your Tree carries a 
 greater length of Timber, ufefull for Beams, Summers, Raifing, Wall- 
 plats, Rafters, Joyce, &c. and how much Timber thefe fpend more 
 than the other, viz.. Board and Wainfcot, &v. I leave you to deter- 
 mine. But my Advice is, not to let your boughs be great, but take 
 them off from fuch Trees whileft young, and then the boughs will be 
 young and fmall, and fuch Trees will cover fuch places in a little time, 
 and thefe fmall Knots will not be perceived then, in cafe the Tree be 
 fawn for Wainfcot, &c. 
 
 Again, 
 
C43J> 
 
 Again, as to the firft Obje&ion, this feems tome a full Anfwer • as 
 firft, for fuch Trees as ftand abroad fingle, you (hall find them to have 
 a clear body, of fix, feven, eight or ten foot high, I only ask my Op- 
 ponent, whether fuch a length of Timber had Knots on it or no ? I hope 
 they will grant it had \ well then, how comes it to be fo clear without 
 Knots ? Now I tell you, 'tis Cattle that crop off the boughs whileft 
 they be young, and that makes it clear from boughs, and the fap mounts 
 up higher, and there breaks out, which if it were but taken off as 
 it is below, it then would be as clear fixty foot as it is at fix, and as 
 ftraight. 
 
 This very Reafon pofTefs'd me fo much, that it told me, an Elm 
 (which is the moil: fubjecl of any Tree to break out fide- boughs) might 
 be made clear Timber fixty foot high, as well as ordinarily they be fix, 
 by early, often, and Summer- pruning. This my Experience hath 
 proved true. 
 
 Again, a Thorn or VVhite-bufh growing in a Park, and kept under 
 by Dear cropping of it, for eight, ten or more years, fo that it hath 
 got a hundred little boughs, if it once get but a leading (hoot, and that 
 out of the Dears reach, all {hall unite in that one, and that (hall come 
 to be a ftraight body, andftraight-grained, notwithstanding it was fo 
 crooked below ; for the lower ones will all die by the Dear cropping 
 them, and the faps free afcending into the leading (hoot. 
 
 But as to the fecond Objection, I grant, that fometimes cutting off 
 boughs, ( efpecially great ones, and of Old trees ) makes more, but 
 then they be fmall ; for the more a River is divided into fmall Rivu- 
 lets, the eafier thofe little ones are flopped and brought into one; for 
 a great River muft have a great Damme, and taking off a great bough 
 is a great Damme to the fap \ for the Tree falling fuddenly narrow 
 upwards, and the fap being ufed to fpend it felf there, and having free 
 p aiTage thither, when it is got into that place it breaks out on each fide 
 of the Knot, into many little boughs ; but if you take offthefe little 
 boughs that Midfommer, the Summer after there will be but a fmall 
 quantity in comparifon of the Spring-fap : And the bark being then 
 loofe, it makes the eafier way for the Sap to afcend into the head, and 
 not to break out into Boughs ; and fo having prepared the way by the 
 Sap, that Afidfowmer-faoot will not be at a (land fo much the Spring 
 following. 
 
 Or if the Spring after you have taken off the Boughs, you take off 
 the little ones that were (hot out the year before, and flit the bark 
 above each Knot, that is } fomewhat great down to the Knot ; by fo 
 doing you may bring your Tree to have a cleat Body, by a few years 
 
 G z pruning; 
 
Cu) 
 
 pruning- for I have Obferved it ufual in many Trees the Year 
 they have been pruned up, for the Bark to have cracked an Inch or 
 more ; which tells you moil plainly, that the pruning of Trees doth 
 make them fvvell in Body, therefore help the pent places by flitting the 
 Bark: you may often fee this on your Afh, &c. 
 
 Pray you, how comes it, that in your Coppices you (hall have Tim- 
 ber-trees ten or twelve Foot high, clear, without Bough, and then the 
 Tree break out all into head ? It is ( I am confident ) the under- wood 
 vn hich fmothers, and beats off the fide-boughs as high as that grows, and 
 fo makes the Timber clear fo high •, alfo if you mark where high Tim- 
 ber-trees are, that have clear Bodies a great height, they do, or did 
 ftand thick together, and fo one draws up another, fmothering the 
 fide-boughs, and beating them off (fomctimes) by their Motion in 
 great Winds. 
 
 Thus by what has been faid of Catteli Cropping, Trees (landing 
 in Coppices, and by Trees (landing thick together, you may Learn 
 that you may do the fame, and have Timber, by pruning, as clear from 
 Knots, as it is by thofe Accidents. 
 
 Thirdly, Whereas they fay it makes a tree decay fooner; I grant 
 this, that to prune off great Boughs from an Old tree, makes it decay 
 fooner ; for the Wounded place being great, and the Tree (low of 
 growth, is a long time covering over that place ( if it can be done at 
 laft ) and that takes wet and Air, and decays the Tree ; therefore I do 
 not Advife you to take great Boughs off from any tree. 
 
 But fmail Boughs cut off fmooth, and clofe, from an Old tree or 
 Young, caufeth the tree to laft longer, and to be clearer Timber : For 
 when fmall Boughs are taken off from the fide of your Tree, though 
 Old, the Tree then not drawing much Sap, that little Sap doth moft of 
 it then afcend into the Head, and fo makes the Head continue fre(h and 
 thriving the longer ; and taking off the fide-boughs makes the Tree to 
 fwell, and grow fooner into a great Body. 
 
 For the Boughs that break out of the fide have not fuch deep Root 
 in the Body of the Tree, ( I mean thofe that come forth after the Tree 
 hath been once pruned ) for every bough that breaks out, breaks out 
 through the Bark, and hath its Root between the Bark and Tree that 
 Year, and as the Tree increafeth, fo that knot is deeper and deeper in 
 the Body of the Tree : thus taking off the fmall Boughs often, keepeth 
 the Tree clearer from great knots within the Timber,and the little knots 
 do cover over fofoon before theout fideof the knotbedead, thatthey 
 become as clear Timber. 
 
 Thus have I (hewed you, that allforts of Trees come to. have clear 
 
 Bodies. 
 
C45) . . 
 Bodies by pruning, either Natural or Artificial ; that is, by Cattel crop- 
 ping, by under wood beating off the fide-boughs, or by Handing clofe 
 one to another, and fo drawing up one another, and fmotheringthe 
 fide boughs by 'landing fo thick, or by pruning, &-c. 
 
 Reader, if thy Faith hold cut, Read on ; 
 But if you find you can't btlieve 7 be gone : 
 For, with more eafe a Aian might undertake 
 To bring Brute Bear unto the Fatal ftaks, 
 Than him to Teach, vehofe Infidelity 
 Does Demonfiration, Reafon, Truth defie, 
 
 Thus have I (hewed in part how to Raifc and Order the Oak from the 
 Acorn, till it is thirty or forty Years old. There is one thing more to- 
 be known, which is, how to Remove an Oak that is large (or other 
 Tree ) and that was never Removed before ; I (hall borrow part of it 
 from the Learned Efquire Evelin's Difcourfe of Foreft-trees, p. 13. 
 Choofe a Tree as big as your Thigh, faith he, ( but if lefs, the better 
 to grow ) Remove the Earth from about him, cut through all the Col- 
 lateral Roots, till with a Competent ftrength you can inforce him down 
 upon one fide, fo as to come with your Ax at the taproot; cut that 
 off, and cut all the Roots fmooth on the under-fide, re-drefs your Tree, 
 and fd let it ftand, covered about with the Mould you loofened from if, 
 till the next Year, or rather longer, thtntake it up at a fit Seafon, and 
 you will find it will (at thofe ends where the Roots were cut off) have 
 drawn many tender young Roots, apt to take, and fufneient for the 
 Tree wherefoever you (hall tranfplant him •• further to facilitate the 
 Removal of fuch great Trees, or fmall ones that are ticklifh to Remove, 
 for the Adornment of fome particular place, or the rarity of the Flant,, 
 there is this Expedient: A little before the hard Frofts furprife you, 
 make a Trench about your Tree, at fuch diJtance from the itemme as 
 you judge fufftcient for the Roots •, dig this fo deep till you come lower 
 than the fide-roots, if your Ground be a dry Ground, water the Hill 
 of Earth, the Fro/Is will lay hold on it the more, but commonly inv 
 Winter before Frofts we have (howers faves you that Labour ; then lay 
 fome Litter in the bottom of your Trench, which will keep that part 
 from freezing, in cafe you have Occafion to undermine it more to 
 loofen it when you take it up, as is very likely you will : Thus let it 
 ftand till fome hard Froil do bind the Earth firmly to the Roots, and 
 then convey it to the Pit or Hole prepared for its new (lation, having be- 
 fore, covered the Earth by with fome Horfe-Litter to keep that Earth 
 
 fro 
 
cm 
 
 (torn freezing, which Mould will then be ready to cover that clod 
 round the Root of the Tree, and the ends of the Roots, and fo fecure 
 it the better ; and that Litter will do well to lay round the Tree on the 
 top of the Ground. 
 
 But in cafe the Tree be very great, and the Mould about the Roots 
 be fo ponderous as not to be removed by an ordinary force, you mutt 
 then have a Gin or Crane, fuch a one as they have to Load Timber with j 
 and by that you may weigh it out of its place, and place the whole upon 
 a Trundle or Sledge, to convey it to the place you defire ; and by the 
 afore-faid Engine you may take it off from the Trundle, and fet it in its 
 hole at your pleafure. By this Addrefs you may transplant trees of a 
 great ttature without the lead Diforder, and by taking off the lefsof 
 their Heads, which is of great Importance where this is praclifed, to 
 fupply a Defect, or remove a Curiofity. 
 
 I do fuppofe that one of thefe fmall Cranes or Gins would be very 
 ufeful to thofe that have a great many pretty big trees to take up in their 
 Nurferies, efpecially fuch as have ftrong and tough Roots ; for if the 
 Ground were but wellloofened round the Roots, and a Rope well fa- 
 ttened a little above the Ground to the ttemme of the tree , I dare en- 
 gage, that this way one Man with a Lever (hall draw up more than ten 
 Men : And befides, this will draw upright, which is better than draw- 
 ing on one fide, as many are forced to do. You mutt have on the lower 
 end of the three Legs, pieces of Plank, to keep it from finking too far 
 into the loofe Ground : I have now one a making, and hereafter I mail 
 be able to give you a better Account of it than nowjthe onely Inconve* 
 nience ^ think of at prefent, is, in fattening the Rope about the Tree 
 fo, that it may not Hide, or gall the tree ; but a piece of good Leather, 
 about four or five Inches broad , with three or four Straps to come 
 through fo many holes, when it is fattened to the Rope they may all be 
 ftraincd alike ; this I fuppofe will do your work. The afore-faid Learned 
 Author Advifethyou, before you take up trees, to mark them all on 
 one fide, the better to place that fide to point to the fame Afpecl it did 
 before : For, Oaks growing on the North fide of an Hill, are more 
 Moflie than thofe that grow on the South-fide : this I grant, becaufe 
 that fide is Colder and Wetter; for it is Cold and Wet Ground that 
 breeds Mofs moil, and that gets from the Ground upon the Trees : Alfo 
 he fays, that Apple-trees ftanding in a Hedge-row, after the Hedge 
 was taken away, the Apple-trees did not thrive fo well as they did be- 
 fore, for want of the fhelter of the Hedge. I fay, that if the Hedge- 
 row had drawn up the Apple-trees fo as to make them top-heavy, they 
 might not thrive fo well ; but if they were not, the fhelter being taken 
 
 away, 
 
<47) 
 
 away, they would thrive the better : unlefs by thriving he means grow- 
 ing in height: Sec Lord Bacon's Natural Hhjlory, p. 113. For a 
 tree pent up cannot fpread. 
 
 But as for placing the South-fide of a tree South again, this is not to 
 the purpofe \ for the greateit time that Trees grow in, is from the Suns 
 entnng into Anes to his entring into Libra; and ail that time (that 
 is, half' a Year ) the Tree hath the Sun on the North-fide both Morn- 
 ing and Evening, and the North fide hath the benefit of warming it felt 
 later in the Evening, and earlier in the Morning, having two hours 
 time earlier, and two later in the height of Summer, more than the 
 South fide : Again, you fhall have the Cold be as much on the South - 
 fide of a Wall or Tree in the Night, as on the North, if the Wind blow 
 on the South-fide ; therefore I do Judge that to place a Tree the South - 
 fide South again, fignifieth little, though the fame Author faith, p. 88. 
 and the Author of the Book, Called [_ Mathematical Recreations~\ 
 p. 75. faith, That a Tree groweth more on the South-fide than on the 
 North ; I have oft Obferved the Annual Circles, and have found as 
 many, nay more, to the contrary \ for thus I have always found, on 
 a Tree near the Ground the Annual Circles have been the greate/l on 
 that fide from which mo.'l of the great Roots came : As if a Tree grow 
 on the South-fide of a Birik, yjou ihall find the Circles on that Tree to 
 be greateit on the North-fide, c^c. but higher on a Tree the Circles 
 are ever greater on that fide the Tree where there is a great Bough 
 breaks out, for the Sap has great recourfe thither ; many times by 
 fudden cold fome is ftayed by the way, and fo increafeth that fide of the 
 Tree mod. 
 
 For I take the Sap of a Tree, if the Weather be open ( that is, of 
 thofe Trees that (bed their Leaves ) to be ftill afcending into the Head, 
 though it be Mid-winter ; though there do not rife enough to keep the 
 Leaves on, nor to make it bud forth, yet it is plain that it keeps the 
 buds full and frefh, and increafeth the growth of the Tree , for that fame 
 pory fubftance of the Tree which is between every Annual Circle that 
 is made by the Winter-fap ; and the milder the Winter is, the greater 
 you fhall find this to be, as is vifible in Am, Oak, Elm, &c. The 
 other, which is more hard and clear, is increafed by the Sap in Summer 5 
 and the more feeding the Summer is by (bowers, the more fhall the 
 Circles increafe on dry Ground ; and according to the Nature of the 
 Ground that the Tree Loves, and the depth of theSoyl, fo doth the 
 Tree increafe in thefe Circles and growth in all parts. 
 
 Between thefe Annual Circles doth fome Sap rife, as is plain in a 
 tree that is Barked round, for that tree (hall put forth Leaves and increafe 
 
(48) 
 
 in Body, outproduce little or no (hoot, and the more porous the tree 
 is between the.'e Annual Circles, the longer that tree will Live, as ac- 
 cidentally 1 have had it Exp rimentedon Walnut-trees, Afhes, &c. 
 And they have continued fomctimes twh^^ears, and fometimes near 
 three before they have dyed, when they haveH^cn barked quite round 
 the ftemme, a Foot or more ; and by way of Expe*Trraent I cut off the 
 Bark from a Holly- tree and a Box tree about half a Foot clean, quite 
 round the ftemme or body of each tree, and the tops of both did die in 
 lefs than one years time , which informed my Rcafon, as much as though 
 I had Learned it out of the moft Learned Author, that the Sap of thofe 
 trees that fhed their Leaves, doth in a fmall quantity afcend between 
 the Annual Circles, in that pory place: for trees that hold their leaves, 
 their Wood is clofe, and Compact between the Annual Circles, and 
 that is the Reafon that they die foon, being barked round: Alfo their 
 Sap being of a Turpentine and Clammy Subftance, is the Reafon they 
 hold their Leaves all Winter,being as it were glued on by that Subftance; 
 and the Sap of fuch Trees as hold their Leaves, being once fet by cold, 
 requires a pretty deal of heat to make it thin, and fet it on Motion .• As 
 Comparatively, a little Cold will fet or make ftiff Pitch or Turpentine ; 
 but it muft be Froft that fets or ftays the Motion of Water. 
 
 Al r o thofe Trees which hold their Leaves will grow much better un- 
 der the dropping of other great Trees, than thofe that fhed their Leaves ; 
 for their Turpentine-fap (hoots off the drops, fo that they have little 
 or no harm by fuch a Scituation, 
 
 But in cafe you mould have a Tree Barked round by Accident, and 
 wou^d will ngly preferve it, your beft way is to get a (hoot below the 
 wounded place, and if your Tree be Young, you (hall then have feve- 
 ral break out a little above the Root, if you find they (hoot ftrong, 
 preferve two of the ftrongeft, and fee that the Barked place be near the 
 Ground ; but if your Tree be Barked high from the Ground, or that it 
 ihootupflowly, then leave but one (hoot, keeping all other that (hoot 
 out clean taken off, as foon as ever you fee them break out ; fo Nourifh 
 up the two (hoots or (hoot till you have got them higher than the 
 wounded place ■ then cut a long flit in the Bark, above the wound, and 
 joyn in that (hoot exactly, making it fit the flit, the in- fide of one bark 
 right againft the in-fide of the other ; tie it clofe in, and Loom it over 
 with good and well tempered Loom, to keep the Air and wet out; or 
 better with foft Wax. The Spring is the beft Seafon, but if you fear 
 your Tree to decay, defer not, but do it as foon as your (hoots be (hot 
 long enough. 
 
 If you would bz further fatisfied concerning the Largenefs and life- 
 
 fulnefs 
 
C5i J) 
 
 up : About the midft of September fift a little richer Mould all over the 
 Bed, but not fo much as to cover them, thus doe the next Summer, 
 and take off the fide boughs though young, and when they have Hood 
 two years on that Bed, then plant them on beds in your Nurfery, 
 keeping them with digging and pruning up yearly, till you have got 
 them to the ftature you think convenient to plant abroad. In fetting 
 this or any fort of Tree forget not to top the ends of the tap-root, or 
 other long ones, andalfonot to leave a bruifcdEnd uncut off. You 
 may fet them in ftreight lines in your Nurfery, about a yard one Row 
 from another, and about a foot "and a half one Tree from another, in 
 the Rowes; mind the Natural depth it firftdid grow at, and fet it (o 
 when you remove it; have a care of fetting any Tree too deep, and 
 alfo keep not this Tree nor a Walnut long out of the ground, for their 
 fpongy Roots will in a little time grow Mouldy and be fpoyled : There- 
 fore if you cannot fet them, let them be covered with Earth, and then 
 you fhall find this Tree as patient in removing, and as certain to grow 
 as any Tree I know. 
 
 The ground they like beftisa light Brick earth or Loom, as I faid 
 before ; that they diflike moft is, a rocky ground, or a ftirTe clay ; 
 but if one have a mixture of Brick- earth, &c. and the other of 
 fmall Gravel, Drift-fand, Sand, &c, then there they will do pretty 
 well. 
 
 They naturally increafe very much of themfelves , and the more 
 where they meet with natural ground : if you fell a thriving Tree, and 
 fence in the place, you then may have a (lore tofurnifh your Woods 
 and Hedge-rows with the worft ; and the ftraighteft to nurfe up in your 
 Nurferies, for to make Walks, Avenues, Glades, &c. with; for 
 there is no tree more proper for the certainty of its growing, efpe- 
 cially if you make good large and deep holes, and where the ground 
 is not natural, there help it by fome that is, and then you may hope 
 for a ftatelyhigh growing Tree, if you take care in pruning it up, as 
 is before mewed of the Oak. You need not much fear its growing 
 top-heavy; for it having fuch a thick bark, thefap is fubjeel to lodge 
 in it, and break out many fide-boughs, and the Roots apt to break out 
 with fuckers, the more when pruned, therefore prune it up high, and 
 often, but let the feafon be February, for then its fine dark, green- 
 coloured Leaf, and long hanging on it, is the more ornamental, and fit 
 for walks. 
 
 As for the way to increafe it from the Roots of another Tree, I doe 
 referre you to the [event h Chapter, which will (hew you fully how to 
 perform the fame ; obferving but them Rules, you may raife many fine 
 
 H z your.o 
 
 \ 
 
young Trees from the Roots of another, much better than naturally they 
 will be produced from the Roots. 
 
 I advife you where you find your ground Natural in your Hedge - 
 rowes, there to plant fome of this moil ufefull wood ; for it will run 
 in the Banks, and thicken your Hedges with wood, and is very cour- 
 teous to other forts of wood growing by it. 
 
 Do not let ignorant Tradition poffefs you that it will grow of the 
 Chips, or of Truncheons fet, like Sallowes, though the Author of the 
 Commons Complaint faith it will, for I allure you it neither doth nor 
 
 will. 
 
 In Lopping of this, becarefull to cut your boughs clofe and fmooth 
 off, minding to keep them perpendicular to the Horizon, the better 
 to fhoot off the wet, 
 
 It will grow well of Laying, (as is before noted and alfo directed in 
 the Chapt. of Laying ) in which if you take but a little labour more 
 than ordinary, from one Tree you may have (in a few years) many in 
 your Hedge-rowes or elfewhere; therefore deferre not, but put this 
 in practice, efpecially the great Kind : My Lord Bacon advifeth to bud 
 it, to make the Leaves the larger, but that is needlefs. 
 
 Part of thefe Rules I wrote fome years agoe, at the requeft, and for 
 the ufe of the truely ingenious Planter, and Lover thereof, Sir Henry 
 Capell ; and I fhall give you the fame Conclufion now, that I did then 
 to him, which take as followeth. 
 
 Since Gardening was the firfl and left Vocation? 
 And Adam (ypbofe all are by Procreation*) 
 Was the fir ft Gardner of the World, and ye 
 Are the qreen fhoots of Him th' 'Origin al.Tree \ 
 Encourage then this innocent old Trade? 
 Ye Noble Souls that were from Adam made '? 
 So fhall the Gardners labour better bring 
 To his Countrey Profit? Pleafure to his King. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
("53) 
 
 CHAP. XI L 
 
 Of Raijirrg and Ordering the jjfi, 
 
 AN D as for Railing the Afh, I mall give you the fame Rules as I 
 did to the aforefaid Honourable Perfon the fame time, before the 
 Difcourfe of Forreft- trees was written. 
 
 Let your Keyes be thorow ripe, which will be about the middle or 
 end of October, or November : When you have gathered them, lay 
 them thin to dry, but gather them off from a young ftraight thriving 
 Tree : My Reafon to gather them off a young thriving tree, is, becaufe 
 there will the Keyes, or feeds in the Keyes, be the larger and folider, 
 therefore by confequence they are the abler to (hoot the Wronger, and 
 to maintain themfelves the better and longer : Though I know by ex- 
 perience that the feeds of fome old Plants will come up fooner (fo the 
 feed be perfect) than the feed of young Plants ; and alfo that old feed, 
 (fo it will but growj will come up fooner than new Seed. My afore- 
 faid Reafons do in part demonstrate this : Or thus, Nature finding her 
 felf weak, doth (like a provident Mother) feek the fooner to provide 
 for her weak Children : for Nature is one in divers things, and yet va* 
 rious in one thing. 
 
 Now if you gather them off from a ftraight tree, 'tis the likelier 
 they will run more up, and grow ftraighter than thofe which be gather- 
 ed off a Pollard or crooked tree : for it is well known, and might be 
 proved by many Inftances, that Nature doth delight in Imitation, and 
 the Defects of Nature may be helped by Art ; for the great Altera- 
 tions which many times we find vifible in many Vegetables of the fame 
 /pedes, they all proceed either from the Earth, the Water, or the 
 Heavenly Influences ; butthelaftis the greateft Author of Alteration, 
 both in Senfibles, Vegetables and Animals. However, Like ftill pror 
 duceth its Like ; and fince there is fuch plenty of Forreit-trees that 
 bear feed, you may as well gather all forts of Keyes andUeeds off or 
 under fuch Trees, as not. 
 
 As for the time of fowing them, let it be any time between the lat- 
 ter end of OChber, and the laft of January j for they will lie till Spring 
 come twelve Months before they appear : if your ground be not very 
 fubjeft to great weeds, you may fow them with Oats, if you be 
 
 minded 
 

 C54) 
 
 minded to make a Wood of it ; and in your Woods on the top of 
 your Ground ; but if they be prepared before-hand, they will be much 
 more certain of growing : therefore if you would be fure to raife good 
 (lore of them for to make Walks, or furnifh your Woods with, &c. 
 having gathered your Keyes, and ordered them as is aforefaid, pre- 
 pare fome fifted Earth, or Sand, which is better by keeping an equal 
 warmth and moyfture, to prepare them for fpearing. Having prepa- 
 red yourfand, and a houfeto lay them in, where the Air may freely 
 come, then in this Houfe lay one Laying of Sand and a Laying of Keyes, 
 parting your Keyes well; fo doe till you have (Laying after Laying ) 
 covered all your Keyes in the Couch, any time in Winter, as is be- 
 fore directed: Let your Sand be pretty moy it, and fokcep it all that 
 year ; and having prepared your Ground by often digging, and a ten- 
 der Soyl, (which the Am loves) then about the latter end of January 
 fowe them on this Bed, covering them about one Inch, or an Inch and 
 a half thick : Do not let them lie too long uncovered when you tike 
 them out of their Couch ; for then they will be fpeared, and if they 
 lie too long in the Aire, it will fpoyl them : Do not fowe them in 
 frofty weather; but if Froftsbe, ftay till they be over. 
 
 Mind to keep them clean from weeds the firfl year, for they will 
 fhoot but little the firft year, but the fecond they will moot ftrongly: 
 the Winter after you may tranfplant them upon Beds , pruning the 
 little fide-moots, and topping the tap-root. Keep them with digging 
 and pruning every year onthefeBeds, and in few years they will be 
 fit for Walks, Woods, &c. and one of thefe thus ordered, fhall be 
 worth ten taken out of V Voods, for they will be taper and fine trees. 
 When you remove an Afh, take not off his head, if he be not too 
 top-heavy, that you can poffibly help it ; for an Afh and a Walnut 
 are two of the word Trees I know to head, they having fuchagreat 
 Pith : but the fide boughs you may be bold to take off, provided you 
 take them off clofe, and the Boughs not very great. It is not very 
 apt to break much into fide-boughs, and heals over the wound as well 
 as any tree except the Beech; then why will you have low Timber - 
 trees of Afbes, when you may as well have high ones ? Therefore 
 prune up your young Afh-trees well and often: And if you follow 
 but thefe Rules, you may raife them as eafily as Barley , and as 
 thick. 
 
 As touching the feveral Kinds, fome Authors will have two forts, 
 the Male and Female : but there is no fuch thing as Male and Female 
 among Plants, though fome Plants are fo called; for what Act of 
 either* do any two Plants communicate to each other ? The greateft 
 
 diffe- 
 
(55) 
 
 difference that ever I obferved in young Afties, among the many 
 thoufands that I have raifed, was in their Bark; for Ihavehadfome 
 that have had blackifh Bark , fome reddifh, the Leaves alike , but 
 what difference there will be in the Keyes and Timber, I yet know 
 not. 
 
 The Afh is not fit to be fet near fine Gardens, for the Leaves turn 
 to foyl fuddenly, and fo fpoyl your Walks; alfo the Roots run fo 
 fhallow that they will rob your Borders, and fpoyl your Fruit-trees : 
 They are as bad by your plow'd Ground, for the Roots will fo draw 
 the itrength of the Ground from the Corn, that it will Ianguifh and 
 pine aw:y. And this I have obferved, that the Summer after a Tree 
 is lopped,, it fhall rob the Corn more than another bigger {landing 
 by ir, as may be vifible by the growth of the Corn : I have wilfully 
 experiene'd it, and I conceive the Reafon to be this ; the Sap rifeth 
 into the head of the Pollard (as ufually it did) and fointo the Boughs, 
 but finding the Boughs cut off, it filleth the Head fo full, that it cauftth 
 it to fwell in the Spring • and this is the reafon Pollard-heads are 
 bigger than any other part of the body of the Tree ; the head being 
 fo full that it can contain the fap no longer, ic then brcaketh out in- 
 to abundance of young (hoots, and when they fet once a growing 
 they grow apace, and fo the Bark of them being thin and open for 
 the Sap to run in, they receive as much as the Roots can poffibly 
 provide for them and endeavour to enlarge the Head to that mag- 
 nitude as it was at before. 
 
 But though the Afh doth harm to grow near or upon plowed 
 Ground, yet it is the ufefulleft wood that growes , for the Plough 
 and other ufes belonging to the Plough-man. .It is a quick-growing 
 wood, and will grow pretty well on mod: forts of Grounds, provi- 
 ded they be not too wet, or very fhallow : It grows bed on fuch 
 Grounds as have their furface of a loofe Nature, fothat it be not too 
 fhallow. It produceth excellent Timber for feveral ufes, and is fuch 
 a quick-grower, that from a Key, in Forty years, one Afh was fold 
 for Thirty pounds iterling, as witnefTeth the ingenious Author of the 
 Difcourfe of Forrejl-trees, pag. 22. And this I can tell, which my 
 Lord and I meafured, of the (hoot of an Afh that flood between the 
 Wood-yard at Had'ham-Hall, and a place where I ufedto raifc Me- 
 lon plants ; that the fecond years fhoot was Eight foot within two 
 Inches; which had it fhot but a few years at this, rate, it would foon 
 have been a very great Tree, and worth a like price. 
 
 Of all the Wood that I know, there is none burns fo well green 
 
 as 
 
as theAfh; and that is oneReafon that many a fine Pollard isfpoyl- 
 ed : For your bad Husbands (as they are tearmed) are as unkind to 
 Trees as they are to themfelves : For their want of Wood early in 
 the Winter, makes them flie to the Afh, whence they hack off the 
 Boughs, and thus leave htm all Winter; in which time the wood be- 
 ing not very hard, that drinks in the wet at thefe wounded places, 
 and before the Spring comes to heal it over, decayes, and fo by that 
 means every Winter receiveththe wet more and more, till it hathde- 
 (troyed Root, Body and Branch. 
 
 On the other fide, there are forne which will not lop their Trees till 
 they bear very great Boughs; and then lop off them, (fmooth and 
 well cut off) though it be in the Spring ; yet in fuch great wounds, 
 before the Sap can cover the place, the wet makes a hole in fome or 
 many of thefe places ; and fo you lofe both Body and Lops in a few 
 years. Befidesthe lopping of Trees young, that is, at ten or twelve 
 years at the moft, by fo doing you keep your Tree much the longer 
 alive ; and you (hall have (hoots of Trees at firft felling, grow more 
 into wood in one year, than they do when old Lops in two or three, 
 and in all Refpeclsare asufefull for the Fire: Then I intreatyou be 
 not fo wilfull, as to make you and yours poor, and alfo fpoyl your 
 trees. 
 
 Therefore in lopping of Pollards , efpecially foft wood, let it be 
 towards the Spring, and let not your Lops grow fo great, as to 
 fpoyl your trees and lofe the ufe of your Money. If once you find 
 your Pollard grow much hollow at the Head, down with it as foon 
 as may be. for it then decay es more in the Body than the Lop comes 
 to ; and if your Timber-trees be dead-topt, or mod: of the Head dead, 
 or that you find Wood-peckers, or Nihills make holes in them, then 
 fell them as foon as the feafon is, (which is from October to February) 
 for when they begin to decay, they decay apace. 
 
 I know it is the Opinion of moft men, that thefe Birds fpoyl their 
 Trees ; but let me tell you, they rarely make holes in found Timber, 
 therefore Learn of them, and fell the trees of which they give you 
 warning by making holes in them : the fooner the lefs Timber loft. 
 
 CHAR 
 
(57) 
 
 CHAR XIIL 
 
 OfRaifing and Ordering the Beech. 
 
 OF the Kinds of Beech I know but one, though fome fay there 
 be more. * 
 
 About the middle of September you will find the Mart begin to 'fall 
 apace, then gather what Quantity you think good to fow, and as 
 foonas your feeds be drye, make a Couch of Sand, as you are be- 
 fore directed for the Am, andfowe them before the Moneth Septem- 
 ber be part; Keep them in the Couch moderately moyft (not fo wet 
 as you keep the Am) untill the latter end of January, then fowe them 
 in a bed of light gravelly Earth, made on purpofe : Or if you fancy to 
 fowe them in your Woods, that is the beft time ; or you may fowe 
 them in the Month September in your Woods: But if you keep them 
 in tne Houfe all Winter, and fowe them at the firft Rife of the Spring 
 you will preferve them from Mice and other Vermine the better - 
 they affeft a gravelly light Soyl, and will not thrive on Clayes- If 
 you would make a Nurfery of them, your Ground rnuft be accord- 
 ingly, or elfe they will thrive but badly with you 
 
 Of all Woods that are, this may the beit be pruned up; for ft 
 growes over the place in little time, and is not fubjecl to break out 
 fide-boughs: It is fitting for Walks where the Ground is Natural 
 \nr\l V 1 1Sf ° niCC r in its 2 round ' that J d0 thi "k there are few 
 cToTh no't like" 7 SrCat S ' bUt haVC f ° me VdnS 0f Ground * 
 
 CHAP. 
 
CHAP XIV. 
 
 Of Raiftng and Ordering the Walnut. 
 
 BEfore we come to Raife this Tree, or Gather the Nuts, there may 
 be thefc Enquiries made. 
 Firft, you will defire to know what kind of Nut is likelieft to pro- 
 duce the beft Fruit ; and to know what Kinds will alter from that Kind 
 to a better ( as moft Kinds of Fruit will degenerate, fome for the bet- 
 ter, and fome near the fame, and fome worfe ) as alfo to know the ve- 
 ry Nut, or Nuts, and other forts of Fruits which will do fo. 
 
 As for the Kinds that are likelieft to produce the beft Fruit, and the 
 mod likely to produce better, Obferve to gather your Nuts, Stones, 
 or Kernels off from fome young thriving Tree, that is in its Prime of 
 bearing, and hath the Kernels plump, large, and full, and of the beft 
 forts , and if it be of Fruit that is too fubjedt to Ripe late with us, then 
 let it be of the earlieft Kinds, and as for the lateft Kind, preferve them 
 for Stocks onely : alfo if it may be, make choice of fuch Fruit as is 
 lately produced from fome other good Kind, and is better than the Kind 
 it came of; for you cannot expccT: to have as good an Apple produced 
 from the Kernel of a Crab, as you may have from the Kernel of a good 
 Pippin ; for if the one bring you a good Wilding, and the other an Ap- 
 ple, either more large, or more beautiful, and as good, if not better, 
 and of different tafte, this is as much as can be well expected : for Na- 
 ture doth not run her Journey all at once, but makes feveral fmall ones, 
 and many times more backward than forward, the better to encourage 
 Ingenious Men to try and obferve her ways .* but to thofe that are dilt- 
 gent (he oken. drops her blcffings, and requites them well for their di- 
 ligence. And if you would obtain a blefling in you Works by Nature, 
 you mull: frequently be begging it of the great God of Nature, and by 
 his affiftance and your diligence, you need not doubt accomplifhing 
 you Lawful defires : Of this Truth doubt not. 
 
 The Lord ^t - 3 in his Natural Hiftory, tells you of an Old Tra- 
 dition, that boughs of the Oak put into the Earth, will put forth 
 Wild Vines. I wim all fuch Old Traditions were buried in the Earth in 
 room of the Oak-boughs. 
 
 He 
 
(59 J> 
 
 He tells usalfo of an Old Beech tree cut down, the R.oot whereof 
 put forth a Birch, See p. 1 1 1 . 
 
 This moft Learned Man , in his next page lays down fix Rules 
 (though all, as he confefllth, untried by him) concerning the tranf- 
 mutation of Plants. 
 
 The firft is, if you would have one Plant turn into another, you 
 muft have the Nourishment over rule the Seed. 
 
 The Second is, to bury fome few Seeds of the Plant you would 
 change, among other Seeds. 
 
 The Third is, to make fome Medley or mixture of Earth with fome 
 other Plants bruifed, or fhaven, either Leaf or Root. 
 
 The Fourth is, to mark what Herbs fome Earth does put forth of its 
 felf, and to fow fome contrary Seed in that Earth. 
 
 The Fifth is, to make an Herb grow contrary to its Nature. 
 
 The Sixth is, to make Plants grow out of the Sun, or open Air ; as 
 in the bottom of a Pond, or in fome great hollow tree. 
 
 _ I might and could Anfwer to all thefe, but I think it would be too te- 
 dious 5 for I do verily believe, that to fow Seeds any way that can be 
 devifedby Man, will not in the leaf* caufe them to be quite another 
 kind of Plant ; for if you find any alteration, in any Plant that is, it is 
 from the Conception and Nativity of the Seed ; for there is no real al- 
 teration but by Seed. I know that Plants or Trees may bring fairer, 
 or fmaller Flowers, or Fruits according to the Ordering and Natural 
 Situation of the Ground, and the contrary : For it is in vain to think, 
 that the Kernels of an Apple will bring forth a Pear, or a Pear an Ap- 
 ple ; or that Cherry-ftones will produce a Plumb, or Plumb-ftones a 
 Cherry : But if you fow the Kernels of good Pears or Apples, &c. 
 then you may expeel good Fruit, and of different tafte, fhape, or big- 
 nefs, as is afore-faid ; for I do believe all our forts of Pippins come from 
 one : the Burry-pear from the Green-field, the Pettit Roufelct from the 
 Katharine, &c. And fo of Walnuts, or other Fruit; and what mould 
 be the Reafon then we do not Raife as many new forts of Fruit as the 
 French? And though I do deviate a little from my intended Difcourfc, 
 I (hall (hew you that we can do it as well as they, and I fuppofe better, 
 though we do it not j but before I proceed to give you further Judgment 
 of it, I will in fome meafure Anfwer my Querie, which was, to know 
 the very particular Fruit that will alter for the beft : I do not affirm it as 
 true as the Gofpel, but onely conclude according to Reafon. 
 
 Firft, it is known by Experience in Flowers to be true; that fuch 
 Flowers as differ in number of Leaves, in fhape, in Colours, the Seeds 
 of fuch will produce Flowers much different from the Ordinary Kind 
 
 I 2 f 
 
(6o) 
 of Flowers, though produced all of one Flower but a Year or two be- 
 fore ; nay, a particular Flower among many others, of one Plant, fhali 
 bring more double ones than twenty others that are not fo qualified as 
 it ; this is apparently known to all that take delight in Raifing of Flow- 
 ers, that the Stock-gilly-flower that hath Flowers of 5,6, 7. .8, or 9 
 Leaves, that the Seed of fuch a particular Flower or Flowers will pro- 
 duce more double ones than thole Plants that bring forth but four leaves, 
 Quantity for Quantity of Seed, twenty for one : You may know thefe 
 Flowers before they blow out in the bud ; I confefs this Flower doth 
 fhew this by its Leaves more than any other I know; for this F ower 
 having no thrum in the middle, as the mod of Flowers have, Nature 
 hath given it this Sign to inform Man, that thofe that have a Leaf or 
 Leaves added to them more than their ufual kind , will bring forth 
 thofe with many Leaves, and make a fine double Flower ; which when 
 it hath attained to, it then is come to the bounds of Nature, which the 
 Almighty hath alotted it, faying, Thus far ft alt thou go, and no fur- 
 ther : for when it is thus a double flower, it never beareth Seed more, 
 but by endeavouring blows it felf to Death. 
 
 If you be Curious, you may obferve the fame Rule in feveral other 
 flowers that have no thrum in the middle, as Auriculoes, Prim-Rofe, 
 Wall- flowers, Campians, and feveral others ; and when you find on 
 Leaf or Leaves more than the ordinary number, you may conclude 
 there,Nature hath fet one ftep forward in altering from the ordinary 
 Kind j therefore U you be a Lover of Plants, or a Servant of Nature, 
 be diligent, and whenfoever you fee your Miftrefs ftep out of Door, 
 then do you wait upon her to her Journeys end, for 'tis on the Diligent 
 {he beftows her Favours. 
 
 Alfo thofe flowers which bear Seed when double, as the Gilly-flower, 
 uiffrkart) &c. , Sowing the Seed of fuch double flowers, they will bring 
 you more and better flowers a hundred for one than fingle ones ; and in 
 fowing the Seed of fuch, you (hall have feveral Varieties, but mofr. 
 marked with the colour the Mother-plant was of-, and fomeof thefe will, 
 as it were, run beyond the limits of Nature, and then they will break, 
 ©r have pods in the middle, and then never bear Seed more. Gilly- 
 flowers have their fign, which will bear Seed, and which not : Thpfe 
 that will bring Seed (if Weather or other Accidents hinder not ) have 
 their Homes in the middle of the Flower. 
 
 It is alfo obfervedin the marking of flowers, that the Seed of thofe 
 that be ftriped fhall bring the mod: Itriped ones, and fome of different 
 Colours and Itripes, their Seed all alike. But it may be Anfwered, that 
 this may be true in flowers, for none can deny it, but that fuch flowers 
 
 willi 
 
(6i) 
 
 will alter, and bring forth fuch flowers as afore- faid : but can the alter- 
 ing of the Fruit be known by the flower ? 
 
 To this IAnfwer, that you have not onely the Leaves of the flower 
 but the thrum and the Fruit it telf,to inform you which will alter- there- 
 fore by the Shape, Colour, or Thrum in the Flower, you may know 
 which fruits will alter, and it is poffible, which will alter for the belt- for 
 it is commonly known, that fruit will alter from the fruit they come of 
 byfowingtheNuts, Kernels, or Seeds. 
 
 Now, when you have made choice of your Seeds, Stones, Nuts, 
 Raife them as is Direded in each Chapter of the Kind, in good frefh 
 Ground, and by Midfomer that Year they will have mot fo (bono, that 
 you may take off Buds of fome forts, and of all forts the next Year, 
 having in readinefs fome fine thriving (lock ogainft fome good Wall, for 
 that will make the fruit fet the fooner when it comes to blow : At a fit 
 Seafon bud thefe Stocks,if Pears on Quince-Hocks ;if Peaches, Neclrons 
 or Plumb, on fome large white Plumb-flocks, &c. If they be Apples 
 or Walnuts, they may be from the Wall : bud your Apples or Cocj- 
 1ms, or Apple of Paradice (which is a fort of Dwarf-fweeting, and 
 will grow of Cuttings; if Walnuts, on a fine Young Walnut tree, bud 
 it five or fix foot high ; this doth not onely alter the Property of the 
 Wild Kind, but it makes the Tree more Naturally bear fruit much foon- 
 er and better, if well Ordered ; your Pears, Plumbs, and Peaches will 
 bear in three or four years after, your Apples and Walnuts in five or 
 fix years after. 
 
 I know my Lord Bacon tells you, that Peaches come bell of Stones, 
 unbudded, but I advife you to bud all you Raife of Stones, Seeds, &c. 
 though it be to take a bud offfromthe fame ftock,and to bud iton'that' 
 as I have often done. 
 
 Thofe that have great Grounds to look to, and good Ingenuity, let 
 them but put this in Praftice, and J am confident they will find great fa- 
 tisfacTion therein, and in a little time Raife many new forts of fruit. 
 
 Now, the Reafon why in France they Raife more Varieties of fruit 
 and flowers than we do, is this : there are many Ingenious Men in their 
 Monafteries, and there they being Seated as long as they Live, there 
 they Raife many fine fruits and flowers, 
 
 Now, if our Noble Men that take delight in Gardens, as all that are 
 Ingenious do, would provide themfelves of good Ingenious Gardi- 
 ners, and allow them good Encouragement, with afFurance of conti- 
 nuing in their Service fo long as they carry themfelves carefully in their 
 Employ, and are faithful in their Place ; this would certainly caufe them 
 to improve their Places, much for their Matters good and Profit, and 
 
 their 
 
(62) 
 
 their own Credit, or give them Patents for their Places, as His Ma- 
 jefty does to the Gardinershe keeps, for which I hope none better fer- 
 ved. A good Cook can Drefs you feveral Dirties of Meat very well 
 in half a day, and if one mifcarry, they can in a little time make ano- 
 ther ; but the Gardiner muft have feveral Moneths or Years, to bring 
 fome things to Perfection; and if He mifcarry, he cannot begin again 
 when he will, but he muft wait his time with Patience ; therefore he 
 ought the more to be careful. 
 
 But for this Digreflion I muft crave your Pardon; and thus I have 
 mewed you, that it is not the mixing of Earth with other Plants, that 
 will make them change into fuch Plants as you mix the Earth with, or 
 make the Plant alter to any purpofe; for the main alteration of all Plants 
 is from their Seed ; though it may be, mixing fuch Plants or Shavings 
 with the Earth you fow Seed in, may caufe them to have fome quality 
 of the Phy fical ufe of the Plant in them ; as is the Opinion of the Learn- 
 ed, that Mifccltoeon the Oak, and Polipodyof the Oak, and Elder 
 on the Willow, & c. do partake of the Phyfical ufes of thofe Plants on 
 which they grow : for in Nature you may find, that many Bodies do 
 notonely by their Qualities AffecT their Adjacents, butalfo infufe their 
 Virtue into them, and endue them with the fame faculty ; as the Load- 
 done doth not onely attract Iron, but Communicates its Virtue to it, 
 and makes it Magnetical by touching, &c. 
 
 But 1 fhall leave the Stones, and return to the Walnut-tree. Let 
 your Nuts be very Ripe, and when they begin to fall, then beat the 
 reft off from the Tree, and lay them by, that the outward Husk may 
 Crack, then peel them, but do not warn them, for wet doth make the 
 Kernel Crack, and Mould, and fpoyls it: When you have taken off 
 the Husk, lay them thin to dry in fome dry open Room,turn them fome- 
 times with a Broom. 
 
 When they have fwcat, and are dry, about the beginning of Octo- 
 ber put them into Sand a little moyft, making it a little wetter about 
 Chrijimu, for then they will begin to fpear, and then will digeft it : 
 Sow them not in their Husks, neither fteep them, as fome Advife. Set 
 or Sow them about the latter end of January, or beginning of Febru- 
 ary, in good frefh Ground, minding the aforcfaid Rules, and you fhall 
 not lofc one in a hundred ; and cover them about an Inch and a half, or 
 two Inches; keep them well Weeded on their firft bed, and when they 
 have ftood two Summers, then Remove them into other beds, fetting 
 thcma l :outayard afunder, one Row from another, and about a foot 
 and a half one from another in the Rows : Cut the Tap-root and all 
 . bruifed Roots off, and the fide-boughs, but cut not off the Head of a 
 Walnut-tree. Keep 
 
C*3) 
 
 Keep them with digging, and hoing, and pruning up, till you have 
 got them five or fix foot high, then bud them, it will make them bear 
 fooner, and then you are certain of a good Kind ; for I prefume you 
 will not bud them with a bad Kind, if you know it. 
 
 If you do not bud them, let them Head about fix foot high a year or 
 two, and then Remove them -, but keep them not long in the open Air, 
 for the Roots being of a fpongy Nature, will take in the Air fo faft, 
 that they will foon Mould, and Kill your Tree, therefore fet them as 
 foon as you can, when once taken up. 
 
 Remove them young off from the Seed-bed, as is before Advifed ; 
 for if you let them ftand to be great on the place where they were firfc 
 fowed, they will be much more dangerous to Remove, and not fo likely 
 to thrive. 
 
 The Ground they Love is a deep Soyl, and of a dry Nature, on a 
 (harp Gravel , if the Ground be fhallow, they will not profper, but 
 if the Gravel be mixed with Loom, they will do well: They Love not 
 a (tiff Clay, but if it be mixed Naturally with ftones or Chalk, and not 
 too (hallow, then they will thrive on it. 
 
 It is a proper Tree to fet in Woods, for it will run up ( if the fide- 
 boughs be taken off) to a great height, and yield very good Timber 
 for many Ufes. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of Raijittg and. Ordering the Chefnnt. 
 
 Touching the Kinds of this Nut, there may be feveral, but I know 
 but three ; one ©f them is very good, which ought to be the more 
 Increafed. 
 
 For the time of Gathering, Gbferve the fame as before is faid of 
 the Walnut: When you have gathered them, and taken the Husks 
 off, lay them to dry and fweat, but not too thick. 
 
 Do not fieep them in Water, as fome Advife you, for it is not good 
 to fteep any fort of Seed, unlefs fome Annuals, and to fteep them is 
 good, efpecially if Iated in fowing ; but to fteep Stones, Nuts, or Seeds 
 that are not of quick growth, watering them may Kill them, by ma- 
 king the Kernel fWell too haftily, and fo crack it before the fpear caufeth 
 it j or it may Mould and ftupifie the fpear ; therefore let no Seeds what- 
 
 foever, 
 
C^4) 
 foever, that are not quick of -growth, have too much wet at firft. 
 
 You muft put your Chefnuts (then) in Sand, a little moift, about 
 the beginning or middle of November; make it a little moifter about 
 the beginning of January, and at the latter end or beginning of Febru- 
 ary fow them on beds, and cover them about two Inches, or you may 
 fetthemby a Line, as you (et Beans, or you may fow them in drills, 
 as Beans, or you may fow them where you intend they (hall ftand ; 
 and in any of thefe ways or places keep them clean from Weeds the 
 firlt or fecond year, then you may Remove them into your Nurfery off 
 from the Seed-bed: prune oft' the fide- boughs and Roots. 
 
 They are Subject to put forth many fide-boughs near the Ground, 
 whereby they may be increafed by Laying very eafily, to do which, 
 fee Chap. 5 . But the beft way is to Raife them of Nuts. 
 
 Set them in Rows in your Nurfery, and Order them as is (hewed of 
 the Walnut. 
 
 The Soyl they Love is fuch as the Walnut takes delight to grow 
 in. 
 
 They be Excellent to fet in Coppices or Woods ; the Timber is ve- 
 ry Ufeful, and they will grow to be large for under- wood ; if the Tree 
 be much crooked, fell it, it will yield great (tore of ftrong (hoots from 
 the ftemmc, fome of which it will be convenient to Lay, whereof you 
 may leave fome Layed to thicken the place, and others to Plant where 
 you pleafe, and may have great fhoots from the (lemme for feveral 
 Ufesalfo. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 Of Raifwg and Ordering the Sarvice-Tree. 
 
 AS for the Kinds of the Sarvice, they may be many ; there is one 
 whofe Fruit is much better than the other, but whether it is the 
 Ground makes it fo I cannot pofitively fay. We have them grow at 
 Hadham on very (tiff Ground ; the Trees bear well, and the Fruit is 
 good : and at Cafinobmy we have them on a (harp Gravel, the Fruit 
 naught, and the Trees bear very badly. 
 
 It may be Raifed of the Seed or Stone that is in the Berries, which, 
 when they are rotten, are then Ripe; that is, about the latter end of 
 September, or beginning of OUober 3 eat off the Flefhy part, or rub it 
 
 Oa 
 
C«5) 
 off by Rolling them in Sand, then dry them in the open Aire, and keep 
 them in moyit Sand till the beginning of January, then fow them on 
 moift Ground, or in the (hade ; keep them from weeds, then let 
 them itand two or three Years, and then plant them in your Nurfery, 
 as you are directed for Walnut-trees, there keep them with digging 
 and pruning till they are fitof ftature to plant out ; they grow in good 
 fhape, and laft long : it is a fine tree for Walks, it likes bell a ftrong 
 ground, but let it be good, and there they will bear ftore of Fruity and 
 grow to be large, fine Trees. 
 
 They be very fubjeel to put forth fuckers, by which they be eafily 
 increafed from the Roots of the Mother-tree: but how to do that 
 fee Chapt. 7. there you may be fully fatisficd howtoraife them. 
 
 When you havegotthemto five or fix foot high, bud them; they 
 will bear fooner, more, and better, &c. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of Raifwg and Ordering the Cherry-tree. 
 
 I Know many will fay, that it is not proper to rank this among For- 
 reft-trees ; but if fuch did but fee the fine (lately Trees that we 
 have growing in the Woods at Caflnobury, they would then conclude 
 it proper for Woods ; and if for Woods then for Forrefts. 
 
 Where they like the ground, they make a glorious (hew in the 
 Spring , their white Blolloms (hewing at a diftance as though they 
 were cloathed with fine white Linnen ; their Bloflbms are a great Re- 
 lief to the induftrious Bees at that feafon : the way to raife and order 
 them is as followeth. 
 
 And firft you muft know, that the bed way to raife them, is of Stones. 
 Let your Cherries be very ripe, for the riper your Cherry is, (or any 
 other Fruit) the plumper and better is the Kernel. 
 
 The time they be Ripe is according to the kind, but it is the black 
 Cherry which growes common in Woods and Hedges about Caflric- 
 bury, which is the Tree fitting for Woods, and therefore how to 
 Raife it I (hall (hew, though there be much difference in thefe alfo ; 
 for we have fome full as large and good as the Cororvne, and at a place 
 called Red-heath, at one Mr. Baldwins, they have fome forts not infe- 
 rior to the black Orleance, which are produced naturally from the 
 
 K Stones* 
 
(66^ 
 Stones , without Budding or Grafting ? or any other help but the 
 Nature of the Ground, which indeed is very natural to them. 
 
 They are ripe in July, and the largeft forts are ripe lateft ; the 
 Fowls of the Aire will give you notice of their time of being Ripe, by 
 their vifiting them, which are as fo many McfTengers to awaken the 
 induftrious to take care in time to prefcrve them; and to thecarelefs 
 mar>;nd Sluggard, to take that away from him which he will not take 
 care of: For, as the wifeft of men faith, Prov. 20. The Sluggard will 
 not plow by reafon of .cold, therefore flmll he beg in Harveft ; fo he that 
 will not take care in time, fhall want when others have. But we have 
 fuchftore, that what the Jack-dawes, Jayes, Mag-pies, &c. eat, they 
 are not miffed with us; and though the Fowls do begin to eat them 
 as foon as they turn biackifh, yet Nature hath tied them on fo fa ft to 
 the (talk, that they can but take off part of the flefh, and leave the 
 Stone and reft to feed the Kernel; for the wonderfull wife God hath 
 ordered moil: forts of Fruit fo, that fome by their bitter, fower, or 
 other taftes, are fo well defended, that neither Bird nor Bcaft will 
 touch them till the Kernels be ripe, or near it, and then the fie fhy part 
 and Kernels alfo are plenfing to their Pallats. 
 
 When the Fruit is Ripe gather them , and have the flefhy part 
 eaten off, or taken off, by rolling them in Sand that is drye, with fome 
 heavy Plank upon them, drawing it too and again to take off the flefh ; 
 when you have fo done, drye them for three or four dayes, then put 
 them into pretty moift Sand, and fo keep them till the beginning of 
 February in houfc, and then fowe them in a Bed of light gravelly 
 Mould ; if your Bed be not naturally fo, make it fo ; keep them clean 
 from weeds for two years, and then you may plant them in Woods, 
 Coppices, Hedge-rowes, &c. or in your Nurfery, to raife other Kinds 
 of, or there to itand till they be fit for walks •, for where the Ground 
 is Natural, they be very proper for walks. The ground they like, is a 
 dry Soil, the bottom Gravel, the fur face mixed with Loom. 
 
 Or you may fowe them on Beds as foon as you have taken the 
 fielh off, and they will do very well, and come up the Spring fol- 
 lowing, and then you may plant them at two years (hoot , where 
 you pleafe • but if you keep them too long out of the Ground before 
 you fowe them, they will lie two Winters in the ground before they 
 come up. 
 
 Note this, that all forts of Stone-fruit would be committed to the 
 Earth as foon as the Fruit is Ripe, the Flefh taken off, and the Stones 
 a little drye : for all forts of Stone fruit, if well kept, and fown or fet 
 in time, will'- come up the Spring after, but if you keep them tqo long 
 
 out 
 
C«7) 
 out oftheGround, they then will flay till the fecond Spring, and fome- 
 times never come up at all. 
 
 At any time when you Remove a young Cherry-tree , you may 
 prune off his head clofe, if you pleafe, to one (hoot ; for they Natu- 
 rally grow taper and ftraight: They arefubjecl to increafe from the 
 Roots of another Tree, but if you would help Nature in Raifmg of them 
 that way, fee Chap. 7. 
 
 It is a good wood to plant in Coppices, for it produceth a ftrong 
 fhoot, and it is (like the Elm ) apt to put forth feveral young Trees 
 from the Roots of other Trees; but eipccially if you fell a tree that 
 is not too Old, and it be in a light Ground : for then it will bring ma- 
 ny from the Roots of one tree, and fo thicken your wood much. It 
 produceth great Trees in a light ground, that being the Soil it liketh ; 
 but in a ftitfe cold Ground it is not fo ready to grow, nor bring fuch 
 fine high taper- trees, nor increafe fo from the Roots, as it will on 
 light ground. Once I meafured a Cherry-tree in Cafiriobury Wood- 
 walk, firftby the Quadrant, and fol found it 85 foot high; but for 
 more Exaclnefs (being the Tree leant, by reafon of another which was 
 blown upon it by a high wind,) I faw it meafured by a Line let from 
 the top-fhoot to the Ground, and it was 85 foot five Inches, there- 
 fore I think fuch trees as this might well be accompted among Forreft- 
 trees. 
 
 When you tranfplant young Cherrie-trees, do not fet them too 
 deep; nor indeed no other fort of tree, but efpecially thofe that natu- 
 rally run (hallow, as all forts do that be fubjecl to put forth young 
 Trees from their Roots, fuch is the Elm, Abele, Sarvice, Cherry, &c. 
 This tree is wanting in feveral parts of this Land : But you that want 
 it, I would counfelyou to get it as foon as your Ground is convenient 
 for it. 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Of Raijing and Ordering the Line-tree, 
 
 THis Tree is called by moft Herbals the Line-tree ; or Linden, but 
 vulgarly the Lime-tree : But call it which you pleafe, for Lfliall 
 not trouble my felf with the Etymology of the Name. 
 Of this Tree there are but two Kinds, that I know, one of which is 
 
 K z the 
 
(6S) 
 
 the broad-leaved, and this (hoots with Wronger (hoot than the other; 
 *hc broad- leaved one is much to be preferred before the other, for the 
 aforcfaid Reafons, and feveral others : of the broad leaved Line we 
 have had, oflate years, feveral trees from Holland. 
 
 I have raifed feveral hundreds of Seeds of this fort. The narrow- 
 leaved Line growes plentifully in feveral places of this Land, as in '"e- 
 veral of my Lords Woods in Efex : This latter is harder to remove 
 with good fuccefs than the former : the Rcafon is, becaufe it hath not 
 been fo much tifed to be tranfplanted, therefore not fo certain to grow 
 as the great-leaved j according to our old Proverb, Vfe maizes Per- 
 fettnefs. 
 
 Some Authors tell you, that they arc Male and Female, but there is 
 no fuch thing in Plants ; for both thefe Kinds bear feed, but it ripens 
 not every year with us in England. 
 
 You may raife this fine Tree by Seed or by Laying, either way with 
 great facility, and great Increafe : But of this, as of all other Trees, 
 to raife them of Seed is the bed way : For my Honourable Lord, and 
 the Honourable Sir Henry Capel, have fecn fuch difference between 
 thofe raifed of Seed, and thofe of Layers, that when they were Trees 
 of ei«ht or ten years growth, they have often told me which was 
 raifed from Seed, and which from a Layer ; for that raifed from feed, 
 much out-growes the other, and keeps its Taper-fhape for feveral 
 years after they be planted out in Walks : The tapernefs of the Seed- 
 tree makes itgrowasftraight as an Arrow; but this I advife you, that 
 when you gather the Seed, you mind to gather it off from fome of the 
 broad-leaved Line-trees, and of thofe that (hoot with a ftrong moot : 
 But as I told you before, the Seeds do not ripen every year with us ; 
 but you may know that, by cracking the husk or (hell of the feed : 
 for if the Seed be good, it will lie plump and full under the husk, the 
 body white, if you bite it in two. But if the year be not kind for the 
 Seed, mod of the Husks or Seed-vefFels will have nothing but a little 
 cVaffie fubftance in them, and fome few will have fome fmall lank feeds 
 
 in them. , 
 
 But to our Purpofe •, to raife them of Seeds, let your Seed be very 
 Ripe, which will be in Ottober, gather it in a drye day, and after 
 you have dryed it about a week in an open Room, then put it in a 
 Couch of Sand, indifferent moift, fo let it be kept till about the middle 
 of February, then fow it under fome Wall, on the North or Weft fide, 
 in fome good, frefti, Loomy ground, rather ftrong than light j if there 
 come a drye Spring or Summer, keep them indifferent moift, and 
 (tick fome Boughs over them, to made them from the fcorching Sun, 
 
 efpecially 
 
r^9) 
 
 efpecially if they be much expofed to it ; keep them clean from wecdst 
 there let them ftand two Summers, and afterwards you may tranfplan 
 them into your Nurfery, and fetthem in Rowes, as you are direct- 
 ed of the Walnut and other Trees before. Prune them up to one 
 (hoot, unlefs you find fome moot or (hoots that are fit to Lay, and 
 then if you would increafe a Stock, Lay them. This tree is very apt 
 to put forth fhoots a little above the ground, and Suckers a little 
 within, fo that it is very readily increafed by Laying : Lay your Lay- 
 ers betimes, any time between Midforvtmr and November, as they 
 be ftrong and fit to Lay : And in a Twelve-months time or little more, 
 they will have drawn Root fit to be tranfplanted into a Nurfery: Thus 
 by feed and Layers you may in a little time encreafe enough for a 
 County, which when you come to have great (lore, you may plant 
 fome of your crookedeft Layers in your Woods ; they will produce 
 a large Stub, ftrong moots, grow well almoft of any Ground, and are 
 very good Fire-wood. 
 
 It is a Tree that loves pruning up well, for it naturally growes ta- 
 per, efpecially thofe which come of Seed 5 but if it fhoot much, and 
 thrives apace in your Nurfery, then leave fome fide boughs to check 
 the Sap, left by forcing it all into the Head, it fhoot out fo much 
 there, that it make the head too big for the Body, andfo (being top- 
 heavy) make the Tree crooked : Now if ever you fee your Trees ia 
 fuch a Condition, then immediately cut off the leaning fide of the Head, 
 which when it is lightned of its heavinefs, and hath not long flood 
 crooked, it will then come ftraight again ; Midfommer time is the 
 time of this pruning, but do not force the Sap too much into the head, 
 left by high winds you have many of your Heads broke off. But of 
 this I have fpoken before. 
 
 My ingenious Lord was once too free in pruning up a parcel of thofe 
 Trees; which 1 the rather acquaint you with, that you hereafter may 
 avoid the like • for the Ground was frefh and good, fo that fome by 
 their great Heads loft them, and fome grew crooked : Butdefpair not, 
 for if you obferve what I have faid before to make a crooked Tree 
 ftraight, you may eafily bring them to be ftraight again, for they na- 
 turally delight to grow as ftraight as moft trees doe; and if the Head 
 fhould be broken off, (as very feldom it is, becaufe the Bark isfo tou^h) 
 they will yet fhoot with fuch a ftrong fhoot, that they will in a little 
 time make a fine Tree again. 
 
 You may f if occafion be) tranfplant them pretty large, as big a* 
 your Legge, but the fureft fize is about two Inches Diameter, and 
 eight or ten foot high. 
 
 ."But 
 
(73) 
 
 But if the Tree was never Removed from the place where it was firfl 
 fowed, then Remove it the fooncr •? for if it be great, there's the more 
 danger in Removing it, and the topping of the Roots when removed 
 young, makes it break out near home, with many young feeding Roots 
 like a Maple : Therefore my advice to you that take delight to raife 
 Trees, is, to tranfplant any fort of Tree while young, and to top the 
 Roots a very little •? they will be much the better, and certainer to 
 grow when they are again removed, and will come forward much the 
 better : They that take this Advice, will find the profit of it in Trees, 
 which will the better encourage the practice of it. 
 
 They will grow as well on any fort of Ground, as any Tree I know, 
 but they like bed a feeding Loomy Ground, which is not too wet, as 
 is before faid in Chap. 8. where I have fpoke fomewhat of this fine 
 Tree, for Walks, Avenues or Lawns ; This being a Tree I fancy for 
 the aforefaid ufes, before any Tree we have in England, though I 
 know many do not love it that are Planters, becaufe it is not good Tim- 
 ber n .and 1 grant it is not, but to vindicate what I have faid of it for 
 Walks, I fhall lay down thefe following Reafons. 
 
 i. I doe fuppofe with my felf, that whofoever is a Lover of 
 Walks, will not fell the Timber-trees in a (lately Walk, while the 
 Timber is inrts prime \ for molt Trees will continue many years very 
 Ornamental, after they be in their prime, even while they be fit for 
 no ufe but Fire wood ; and why not the Line then for Walks as well 
 as any fort of Timber trees ? 
 
 2. It will grow as well on different Grounds as any Tree I know, 
 which is a confiderable encouragement to the ingenious Planters, to fee 
 their Labours profper. 
 
 3. It will grow as great and as high, if kept with pruning up, as 
 moit Trees we have: For the Greatnefs of it, I fhall borrow the 
 words of the Learned Dr. Brown? which he writ to Efquire Evelyn? as 
 he hath it in his Difcourfe of Forrefl-trees : Chap. 29. pag. 82. His 
 words are thefe: An extraordinary Large and Stately Tilia, Linden 
 or Line-tree there grow eth at Dcpenham in Norfolk, ten miles from 
 Norwich, whofe Meafure is this : The Compafs in the leaft fart of 
 the Trunk^or Body? about two yards from the Ground? is at lea ft eight 
 yards and a half; about the Root nigh the Earth, fixteen yards in cir- 
 cuit? the heighth to the uppermofl Boughs about thirty yards, &c. This 
 is one of the Broad-leaved Lines, which how great and ftately they 
 grow, you may obferve out of this wife and learned Doctors Dif- 
 courfe, who commends this Tree with the Epithets of Large and 
 Stately, 
 
 *• is 
 
4- It will Iaft found long, as appearcth by the Greatnefs of irs- 
 growing. 
 
 5. It is a Tree will feon grow over the places where you cut off 
 fide boughs, and is not fubjecl: to put forth many. 
 
 6. It is a Tree that naturally groweth taper and ftraight. 
 
 7. No Treekeeps fucha con,i-ant Pyramid-fhapeasthis; the Heads 
 of other Trees growing of feveral fhapes and Forms, though all of one 
 Kind, this keeps its Head as if it were cut, and the Body itraight. 
 
 .8. For Shade few better, having a thick Head, and large Leaves, 
 only it droppeth his Leaves too foon. 
 
 9. The Bark of this Tree being tough, keeps its Head from break- 
 ing off by great Winds. 
 
 10. It's a Tree that as feldorn blowes afide as any Tree whatfo~ 
 ever, for it's matted Root and Taper-body prcferve him upright all 
 his Life- time. 
 
 it. The Flowers are beautiful!, thefcent counted heafthfull, and; 
 Dreakethout ftrangely on the fide of the Leaves, much 'different from- 
 other Flowers of Trees or Plants. 
 
 12. The fhoots being of a fine red gloflie colour, are very pleafmg 
 to behold in the Winter-feafon. 
 
 13. It is a Tree that feldorn grows hollow in the Body, for it focm 
 evergroweth the wound, and fo keeps himfelf found, both Body and 
 Limb. 
 
 J 4. It is the befi: wood for Carving that is knowrr. 
 15 At lad: when he is dead, his Bark will make you Mattes and 
 Ropes, ufcfull for feveral things. 
 
 16. Andlaftly,its Wood is a good, fweet, free-burning Fire- wood r 
 
 the Charcoal made of it, is commended before ull others for Gunpowder. 
 
 Now put all thefe together, and judge if rhis be not a fine Tree for 
 
 Walks ; but if you would have them fliape themfeives finely, fet them 
 
 two rod afundcr ; if for a fnady walk, whatdi/lance you pleafe. 
 
 I fancy that a fingle Rowe, to bound a Lawn round, fet two or three 
 Rod afunder, would be mighty obliging to the Nobleft Senfe , for then 
 they would fhew themfeives more clearly than when fet in double Rows 
 to make Walks; or they would fhew mighty well fet thin on the fide 
 of a Hill, one topping another, with their curious natural fhapes. As& 
 & adieu my beloved Line-trees. 
 
 Jf treating of the Line I've wrote atnifi, 
 Fie thanks you if ycitl fhexv wherein it ipi 
 But if yon meet v.i h any thin^done voell y 
 Say nothing or^c, but finely to excelL 
 
 C< H- A 1 
 
C70 
 
 CHAR XIX. 
 
 Of Raijing and Ordering the Maple* 
 
 THE Maple-tree is very plentifull in moft places of England 
 where there are any Hedges or VVoods } but as for the Kinds, 
 I know but one fort, though Authors tell you of more. 
 
 It is increafed, and doth increafe it felf by Seed and Layers, and 
 from the Roots of Mother Old Trees, and by Suckers, which makes 
 it fo plentifull. 
 
 The Seeds will lie a year in Ground before they come up, therefore 
 you may order them as is before faid of the A(h ; you may increafe 
 it by Laying (as isdiretledin C/wp. 5.) for to thicken your VVoods 
 or Hedges \ but if you let it grow into Trees, it deftroyes the Wood 
 under it ; for it receives a clammy Honey-dew on its Leaves, which 
 when it is wafhed off by Rains, and falls upon the Buds of thofe Trees 
 under it, its Clammincfs keeps thofe Buds from opening, and fo by 
 degrees kills all the wood under it : therefore fuffer not high Trees or 
 Pollards to grow in your Hedges, but fell them clofe to the ground, 
 and fo it will thicken your Hedge, and not fpoyl its Neighbours fo 
 much. 
 
 You may increafe it from trie Roots of an older Tree, as is fhewed 
 in Chap. 7. It is a good Wood to plant for under-wood in Coppices 
 and VVoods, for it produceth a good (hoot, and thickens your VVoods. 
 it loves a dry Ground or Bank beit. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 7'he Raifmg and Ordering the Sycamore. 
 
 THis fine Tree is much out of Favour with a great many, for thefe 
 Reafons, w'fc. Becaufe the Leaves falling upon their Walks, turn 
 into Soyl foon, and fo fpoyl them, breeding Grafs, and Weeds. 
 Aad alfo that notwithstanding its fine (hade, it is not good to plant 
 
 Shew 
 
(73) 
 them near Dwelhng-houfes ; for the Leaves in Summer-time being fuV 
 jcclto catch and hold the Honey-dew, do draw together feveral forts 
 of Flies, and (Tome fay) amongft them the Moth : if fo, they be not 
 fit to be planted near Houfes and Gardens : the fame fault hath the 
 King of Trees, the never enough admired Oak, and the Maple and 
 others. 
 
 But granting this, yet let me defire thefe that have Woods and 
 Coppices in Parks, where Deer are efpecially, to fet fome of this 
 Tree every Fall, in the open places, and that for thefe Reafons : Firit, 
 it is a wood the Deer will not fcon harm, then it is a wood that bears* 
 Keyes foon, and many, which will fall Early and come up the next 
 Spring ; and being armed with a large Leaf, the weeds will not foon. 
 choak them : On fome Grounds that are dry and light, it groweth 
 faft : It produceth tall, tough and good Timber for feveral ufes : It 
 groweth apace from a Stub, and is good Fire- wood. 
 
 It may be raifed of Seed, which is beft, or by Laying, or by Roots : 
 Sow the Seed (not on too wet or ftiffe Ground) as' foon as it is Ripe," 
 and the next Spring it will come up ; whereby on a little Ground you 
 may raifeagreat many Plants to fet in your Nurfery ; keeping them 
 clean from weeds by digging and pruning up every year, till yo*u have 
 got them big enough for Walks, Woods, or what you pleafe. Thus 
 much at this time of the Sycamore, onely remember (as I faid before) 
 that it is a good wood to plant in Coppices and Woods. 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 Of Raiftng and Ordering the Hornbeam. 
 
 ITold you but now of the Sycamore being fit to be fet in Parks, be- 
 caufe Deer do not often Bark them ; but of all Trees that I know 
 for that purpofe, this is the beft ; for a Deer will fterve before he will 
 fo much as tafte the Bark of the Hornbeam, they do not love much the 
 very fmall tops. 
 
 This Tree may be raifed of Seed, or by Laying ; but by Seed is belt, 
 though the young Seedlings be tender.The Seeds may be fo wn at the time 
 dire^ed for the Afh ; for it lieth a year in the Ground before it comes 
 up, and then you mufHook to keep it well fhaded, or elfe it will fooncr 
 be gone than you think for ; It naturally loveth to grow on ftifFe ground, 
 
 L whetc 
 
C74) 
 
 where it will grow, and bring great Lops to the Owner, when the Tree 
 is but a very Shell, as Indeed moft Old Trees are hollow within ; which 
 I judge not to be the Nature of the Tree fo to grow, but the fault of 
 thofe that look to them; for they have too many Matters which be bad 
 Husbands, and no Friends to this Tree and many others, as the Elm, 
 Am, &c. who let the Lops be great before they lop them, perfvvade- 
 ing thernfclves that they have more great wood, which is moft ufefuli, 
 never confidering that great lops do endanger the Life of the Tree, ot 
 atbeft wound it fo much, that many Trees decay more yearly in their 
 Bodies, than the yearly lops come to; and fo indeed they do provide 
 themfelves with more great wood, though it be much to the Owners 
 lofs ; though this Tree will bear great Lops when there is nothing but 
 a fhell of a Tree {landing, yet the Am ( if once come to take wet much 
 at the Head) it rarely bears more Lop after that the Body of the Tree 
 decayes: Therefore if once a Tree decayes much at the middle, it will 
 foon be little worth elfe but for the Fire : But in cafe you find a Tim- 
 ber tree decay (as is aforefaid) down with it in time, for fear you lofe 
 vour Timber, and alfo the Fire-wood be fpoyled ; but of this I have 
 Spoken before, and would alfo fpeak more, could I with words but 
 perfwade men out of this great Error : But our ordinary Husband-men 
 will vindicate Their Countrey-Husbandry to be better than the next, for 
 indeed Countreys do differ much in the ordering of Trees and Hedges, 
 and they as much condemn ours : for it is as hard to perfwade them out 
 of their felf-conceited Opinion and Tradition, as it is to make a Jew 
 turn Cbriftian. 
 
 This tree makes the very beft Hedges of any Tree we have in Eng - 
 land that fheds the leaves, ( I mean for Ornament :) for you may keep it 
 in what form you pleafe,and it will grow very thick to the very Ground; 
 Therefore to make a private Walk, or to fence in Avenues, at a con- 
 venient diftance, without the bound-Range of Trees, or Walks ; or 
 to hedge in Ridings, Caufewayes, or to make clofe Walks or Arbours, 
 this Tree is much to be commended ; efpecially on fuch ground which 
 it likes : You mav be better fatisfied about this Tree at Hampton- 
 Court, in his Majefties Garden, which is kept by the ingenious Artiffc 
 and my good Friend Mr. Tobias Cans : It is good Fire- wood , and 
 vieldeth good Increafe both from Stubs and Pollards. 
 
 It encreafeth much by fowing it felf, therefore you that love planting 
 get a few into your Plantations,- and try whether they will thrive with 
 you or not; which doubtlefs it will en many Grounds where now it 
 is not, and fo would many other Trees doe mighty well in Woods 
 ;>nd Coppices, to thicken them> and make them the more beautifully 
 
 efpecially 
 
(75) 
 efpecially thofe that increafe from the running Roots, as the Nobie 
 Elm, Cherry, Sarvice, Abel, Popler, &c. and fame others, for to feed 
 if you have them not, as Afh, Sycamore, Line, Hornbeam, Maple, 
 Quickbeam, &c. and with thofe which you fee thrive beft:, you may 
 at every Fall furnifli your woods where they be thin, and I do aflurc 
 you it will pay you for your pains with Intereft. 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Of Railing the Qmch&tam. 
 
 THE Quickbeam, VVhitchen, or VVild-afli, though very fcarce in 
 the South parts of this Land, is pretty plentiful! in fome parts of 
 the North, as in Nottingham-foire^ &c. and would be there more plen- 
 tifull, were it fuffered to grow great, to bear the greater Quantity of 
 Seed } for I think it increafeth (as the A(h doth) onely from feed : It 
 produceth ftraight, fmall and long (hoots, which in that Countrey they 
 cut off while they are young, to make Goads (as they call them) or 
 Whips to drive their Oxen with, for it is as tough a Wood as 
 mod is. 
 
 I do ghefs the feeds lye a year in the Ground before they come up, 
 I am now about trying to raife fome. Letmedefire fome kind Plant- 
 ers to get fome of this Wood into their bounds, where it is not, that 
 it may be tryed whether it will grow in the South or not, as no doubt 
 but it will if you will but trye: I (hall fay no more of this Tree, be- 
 caufe I cannot yet fpeak much on my owrr Knowledge. 
 
 CHAP. XXIIL 
 
 Of Raifmg the Birch, 
 
 THis Tree increafeth froom the Roots or Suckers, and for ought 
 I know it may be raifed of Seeds ; for I do fuppofe there are 
 Seeds in that which it (beds in the Spring, though I have not yet 
 tryed. 
 
 M It 
 
(76) 
 It delights to grow on your hungry Gravel, as it doth about Cajhic- 
 bury in feveral VVods : Therefore you that have barren Ground 
 where your VVoods be, get fome fets of this Wood, to help to 
 thicken your VVoods; for though it be one of the worft of Woods, 
 yet it is very ufefull, and the great God hath ordered it to be content- 
 ed with the worft of Grounds; and befides, that it mould not bede- 
 fpifed by his Servants, he hath endowed it with a Faculty of Attract- 
 ing arid preparing from the Earth a very Medicinal Liquor, which is 
 both pleafant and healthfull for man ; which to take from the Tree, and 
 alfo to prepare this Water, and to demonftrate what Difeafes it is 
 good for, I (hall make bold to borrow out of Efquire Evelyns Difcourfe 
 of Forreft-trees, />»■?£. 32, &c. 
 
 About the beginning of March^ with a Chiziel and a Mallet cut a 
 flit, almoft as deep as the very Pith, under fome Bough or Branch of 
 a well- fpreading Birch: Cut it oblique, and not long wayes, inferring 
 a fmail Stone or Chip to keep the Lips of the Wound a little open; 
 fatten thereto a Bottle, or fome other convenient VelTel appendant ; 
 out of this Aperture will extill a limphid and clear water, retaining an 
 obfeure fmack both of the Tafte and Odour of the Tree: thus may 
 you obtain this water. I will prefent you a Receipt how to make it, 
 as it was fent me by a fair Lady (faith he.) 
 
 To every Gallon of Birch- water put a quart of Honey well ftillcd 
 together, then boyl italmoft an hour with a few Cloves, and a little 
 Limon-peel, keeping it weli fcumm'd ; when it is fufficiently boyled, 
 and become cold; addeto.it three or four Spoonfulls of good Ale, to 
 make it work, which it will do like New Ale, and when the Yeaft 
 begins to fettle, bottle it upas you do other winey Liquors, it will in a 
 (Competent fctme become a mod: brisk and fpirituous Drink, which is a 
 very powerfull Opener. This. Wine may (if you pleafe) be made as 
 fucceflfefully with Sugar inftead of Honey, lib. 1. to each Gallon of 
 water; or you may dulcifie it with Raifons, and compofe a Raifon- 
 wine of it. I know not whether the Quantity of the fweet Ingredi- 
 ents might not be fomwhat Reduced, and the Operation improved, but 
 I give it as Received. 
 
 For Diftempers in Man it is good for Cure of the Ptyfick, moft 
 powerfull for diflblving the Stone in the Bladder, curing (as I am told) 
 Confumptions, and fuch interiour Difeafes as accompany the Stone 
 in the Bladder and Reins : This Liquor is fo ftrong that the common 
 fore of Stone-Bottles cannot preferve the Spirits, fo fubtile they are 
 and volatile ; and yet it is gentle and very harmlefs in Operation within 
 *he Body, and exceedingly flaarpqps the Appetite being drunk ame 
 
 Pajtum,. 
 
("775 
 
 Pajluni. This from the Learned Author, and thus much of the Birch : 
 And now I proceed. 
 
 GHAP. XXIV. 
 
 Of Raifwg the HafeL 
 
 OF the Kinds there be many, and fome very good Fruit, as the 
 Red and White Filberds ; the great French Nut, &c. alfo your 
 wild Nuts do differ much infhape and goodnefs. My Lord had once 
 a Quantity of very good forts fent him from beyond Sea, they had a 
 very tender Shell ; therefore I took care to raife fome of them, and 
 did feverail, but when they came to bear, they were no better thaa 
 our Hedge- nuts. 
 
 When they be Ripe I neednottell you, for every Boy can ; order 
 them all winter as you areadvifed to keepyour VValnuts, andfowe 
 them at the fame time in the Spring ; they will grow almoft on any 
 Ground, ^provided not too wet) but benY on your dry ground: there- 
 fore fetthem on your high and dry Banks, between your Fences, but 
 Early in Winter : if they hold but the firft year, they will produce 
 good Stubs; you may increafethem by Suckers, or Laying, but the 
 befi way is from their Nuts. I would have you to benefit your felf 
 by Laying this and other Woods in your Woods, that be thin of wood • 
 I dare allure you that for every Shilling you lay out in this Husbandry, 
 in a few Years time every ShilSg (hall be paid you yearly, for many 
 years after.. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Of Raiftng the fever al forts of Poplers. 
 
 ^THere may be many forts of this Wood, but I know but Four ; the 
 
 bed: is that large, white Popler ; a great leaf white on the lower 
 
 fide, it fhoots with a ftrong whitilh lhoot ; which the Batch call 
 
 Th&. 
 
(78) 
 The Second is a fort much like to this, both in Leaf and Shoot, which 
 grows in many places of this Land, and is in moft places called the 
 white Foplcr. 
 
 The Third is a fort that hath theleaves and {hoots more fmall, and 
 not (o white ; it groweth in many places, and in moil of them is called 
 the Afpen or Afp-tree : Thefc three forts are to be ordered all as one : 
 the other differs much both in the Nature of growing and -ordering: 
 therefore a word or two of thefe. 
 
 I never yet did Raife any of them of Seed, but I do believe they 
 have a Seed in that downy fubftance they died in the Spring ; they in- 
 creafe naturally very much from the Roots, but they may be help'd 
 much by the Rules in the Chapter before, which fheweth you how to 
 raife Trees from the Roots of another Tree ; by which Rules, from 
 two of the Abele Trees my Lord had from Holland, I have raifed above 
 a hundred : But if you fence in a place round the Tree, to keep Cattel 
 off, and keep down the great weeds a little, they will put forth many 
 young Trees from the Roots of an old one, efpecially if you prune up, 
 or thin the Heads of any of thefe forts, they will then yield the more ; 
 but if you do not value your Mother- tree, but defire to get a great 
 ftock of young ones, then you may fell the Mother- tree at the ground: 
 and if it be not very young', or old, the Roots will put forth in young 
 Trees, the Quantity of the Body and Head of that Tree : and fo will 
 the Elm, Cherry, c-c then how ufefull fuch Trees are to fet in the places 
 of Woods that be thin, I leave you to judge. 
 
 Though this Tree is none of the bed of Woods, befides the afore- 
 faid Properties, I can fatisfie you it will grow and increafe on the very 
 worft of your grounds, as well dryeas wet. 
 
 You mufb forbear to head any of theft three forts, unlefs young, or 
 that you leave Come young fhoots to draw up thefap; except you are 
 minded to deftroy the old one you head ; for if the Lops be very great 
 itmanv times kills, or makes ;he Tree hollow; therefore lop young. 
 Some will tell you they grow of Chips, but that is falfe, they rarely will 
 grow of Cuttings. 
 
 ' They are bell in Woods, though fome advife you to plant them in 
 Walks; but they be not good for walks, for the Suckers they pro- 
 duce from the Roots, will be troublefome : The greater fortsare proper 
 to fet on the Halt, Weft, or North ProfpecT, at adiltance, in or by 
 the fide of a wood ; for their white Leaves fhew finely when the Sun 
 fhines upon them, and make fine variety with other Trees that have 
 dark green leaves. I commend them to you for to plant in woods of 
 barren ground ; for there they increafe much, and yield much wood : 
 
 And 
 
(79) 
 Andfo I leave them, and come to the other, which difTereth fromthefe 
 bom in Leaf and Shoot, and manner of growing. 
 
 This la/t kind is in moil places called the water-Popler ; its Leaf is 
 a pale Green, fhaped fometliing like the other, but it is not white be- 
 low; the fhoot is ofayellowim green, this loves to grow by Rivers 
 fides, or in Ground that \s wet, or fuch as holds water much : There- 
 fore you that have fuch Grounds, get fome of this Tree to fet in them : 
 It will grow of Truncheons, from two foot long to eight: the fir/1 be- 
 ing the bell to fet for Stubs, the other you may make Pollards of, 
 for it is a good profitable wood, bringing a good Lop in few years, 
 and that on fome Grounds better than the Willow. 
 
 For your inftruc~tion in fetting the fmall fetts, fee Cbap. 6. and for 
 fetting thofe of fix, feven, eight or nine foot long, for to make Pollard- 
 trees, keep the lower end of your kt, and alfothe upper, free from 
 cracks, and cut each floaping off; as for the bignefs,* let it be about 
 two or three Inches Diameter : If you make your hole with an Iron* 4 
 Grow, make it big enough, that you do not thruftup the Bark when* 
 you thruil them into the hole ; or if you make them with a Stake, ob- 
 fcrvethe fame; but if you fear the Bark to pare from the wood, tie it 
 about the lower end with a piece of Wier, &c. fet them about one 
 foot and a half deep ; if great, deeper • or if you have a quantity to fer, 
 and would fet them well, then have an Auger made, fomewhat like to 
 a Pumps, a little bigger than your fets, fo may you fet your fets in, and 
 ram the Earth clofe to them;' but however you fet them, be fure to 
 ■R-amme the Earth clofe to them : I preferre the beginning of Winter 
 for the bed feafon, -unlefs your Ground be very wet, then deferre it-tilJ 
 February. 
 
 M But if you have ground that is wet and barren, and that you are 
 minded to plant, makeDreins two fpade-decp, and a yard wide, and 
 at every two yards afunder caft up the Earth upon the two yards of 
 ground you left, and fow it the fir/1 year with Oats, to mellow the 
 Ground, which may pay a good part of your Charge, if not all ; the 
 next Winter fet it with the fe forts of woods, Water- popler and others, 
 Alder, Willow, Withy, Sallows, &c. and in four or five years after 
 you may have a good Fall of wood, fomay you have every five or fuz 
 year after, for many years. 
 
 To encourage you, Efquire Evelin tells you of an Abeie that did 
 fhoot in one year feventeen foot in length, and as thick as your VVriil ^ 
 and alfo informs you of fome Willowes that have fhot no Iefsrhan 
 twelve foot in one year. Therefore to thofe Gentlemen that have ■ 
 Wet or moorifh Ground, which is bad and will not grafe weli,, do I-di- 
 
 ~e£i I 
 
C8o) 
 ^e<fl this good Husbandry, efpecially where wood is fcarce, and fella 
 well : The Charge to 'do this will not be great; and to fatisfie you the 
 more, I (hall here (hew you, if you dig two fpade-deep, then there 
 will be but one third part of ground to dig ; that is, to dig your Trenches 
 one yard wide, and leave two yards there to lay the Earth, and to 
 Tow one year, or to fet the fctsas foonasyou have made the ground 
 
 ready. 
 
 J 60 Rod in one Acre, divided by 3 gives one %d. of 160, 
 
 1 ,(\ which is 53 and 4. This 53 doubled (neglecting the 4 as 
 
 160 (53 necdlefs in fuch a bufinefs) is 106 ; Now if I allow 3 d. a 
 
 3 3 Rod for one fpade-deep, that is 6 d. for two ; and then 
 
 2 d. a Rod for letting, is 8 pence the Rod, leaving the Sets 
 
 out, and not counting them, becaufc I do not know the fcarcenefsor 
 
 plentifulnefs of them where you intend to plant, though they will cofl 
 
 but little : Now if I divide 106 by 2, being z Sixpences 
 
 is one Shilling, it gives 53 s. and then divide 106 by 6, 
 
 being 6 Two pences makes One (hilling is 17 s. 8. d. 
 
 By this it appeareth, that if the Ground be 
 
 2:13:0 planted this way, having the Trenches digged 
 
 o: 17:8 two foot deep, which is the beft way to 
 
 — — plant any fort of Ground if the foyl be fhal- 
 
 3 : 10:8 low, (as I (hall (hew fuller hereafter) the 
 Charge (excepting the Sets) is but 3 /. 10 s. $d. 
 where men can dig fuch ground for 3 d. the Rod. 
 
 But if the Ground be not very wet, or the Soyls furface very (hal- 
 low, then may you dig one yard, and leave another, throwing half your 
 Earth on -one fide, and half on the other: Suppofe you were to plant 
 an Acre of Ground this way, there will not be half digged, efpecially 
 if the ground be an oblong fquare } but if you count it at half, that is 
 80 Rod, which at the fame price, 3 d. the Rod, is 20 s. for if you di- 
 vide 80 Threepences by Four, (the Thirds in a Shilling) the 
 80(20 Quotient gives 20: then 80 Two- pences for fetting is 1 3 s. 
 44 4 d. for if you divide 80 by 6, ( the Two- pences in one Shil- 
 
 ling) it gives 13 in the Quotient and 2 over, which 2 Two- 
 
 2 (2 pences is 4 d. thatis then izs. 4^. and 20 s. is one pound 
 80 (1 3 1 3 -f. 4 d. charge. Yet as 1 told you, the more oblong the 
 66 piece is, it will cofl: fomewhat the lefs, provided you divide 
 
 your ground into yards, or as near it as you can, and leave 
 a yard next the fide where you begin, and one at the fide where you 
 
 end. 
 Having (hewed you the Charge, or pretty near it , and alfo two 
 
 wayes 
 
(8.) 
 Wayes how to prepare your ground, you may fet Truncheons of V Va- 
 ter-popler, all forts of Sallowes, Alder, VVilloWes, Oziers, &c. of 
 Roots, Abele, Popler, and if not too wet, Elm, Am, &c. Let none 
 of thefe foft woods ftand too long unlopt if Pollards, or unfelied if 
 Stubs, for the Reafons before mentioned. Of all the Poplers, VVa- 
 ter-popler indures bed lopping when great, then the Abele, the Afp 
 worfl: when the boughs be great : This VVater-popler doth not in- 
 creafe of a Runner as the other doth ; I fuppofe thi, is the fame which 
 fome call the Black popler : It growes in feveral places about W are, 
 by their Ditch-fides, and brings them good profit; and therefore you 
 that have wet grounds get fome of this to fet by your Ditches, one 
 Roweofthis, and one of VVillowes; for if you fet one ofthefeworth 
 a halfpenny, if they grow they will bring you that yearly for twenty 
 years or more. Prune all foft woods at the latter and of Winter, Qrc. 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 Of Raifwg the Alder. 
 
 ''T'Hjs Tree may be raifed of Truncheons as the other I lafl: writ of; 
 fome fay of Seeds, but if you cut them about two foot and a 
 half long, and fet them two foot in the ground, if the ground be 
 proper for them they will certainly grow, and yield you good Profit. 
 They love a wet moorifh ground, and will not grow on dry ground ; 
 they will grow well on your boggy Grounds, which feldom yield good 
 Grafs. 
 
 Some advife you to fell them every third or fourth year, which is 
 good Counfel : but do not deferre above five or fix years, the woun- 
 ded place will be too great if you ftay longer, and with wet will grow 
 hollow ( if it be great)" before it can overgrow the wound. As for foft 
 Woods, or Aquatick Trees, fell or lop none till to wards the Spring, 
 viz. February is the beft Seafon, and the Moon encreafing. 
 
 M CHAP. 
 
C80 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 Of Raifwg the Withy, Willows, Sallow, Oziers. 
 
 ^TTHE Withy doth bed grow on ground that is not very rnoy3, but 
 
 yet the moyfture rnuft not be far from him j as on the weeping fide 
 of a Hill, where fome Spring breaks out, or on Banks by Rivers or 
 Ditches fides, or on Banks in your Moorifh ground, &c. 
 
 The Willow loves to grow on fuch like ground ; both this and the 
 former are fetin fuch places as the Water popler is, and of fuch fets 
 as it is; to make Pollard trees, fee the Chapt. before of the Water- 
 popler, and Chap. 6. which teacheth how to fet all forts of Cuttings ; 
 Remember to keep them well fenced for two or three years, and to 
 cut off all the fide -moots, which they will be fubjeel: to put out below 
 the Head, and thin the head as you fee it convenient, leaving not above 
 fix or eight for Arms ; fo doing will make the body of your Tree fwell, 
 and lay hold on the Ground the better. 
 
 And as for the variety of Kinds of thefeand the following, I (hall 
 not trouble my felf to inquire after ; for I intend only to (hew you how 
 to Raife them, not todefcribe them, and if you know how to raife 
 fome, you may then foon be able to raife them all : But there is one fort 
 more which is called the fmelling Willow, which deferves to be ta- 
 ken notice of ; it (hoots a great (hoot, bears fine, broad, mining, green 
 Leaves, and will grow on moft Grounds that are not too drye. It 
 bears a fwcet beautifull Flower, and worthy to be fet in Orchards : 
 You that have Rivers run by your Orchards plant fome of this, if you 
 have not, yetif your ground be moift, and pretty good, it will grow 
 mightily, and yield Ornament and Profit. 
 
 It is eafily increafed of Cuttings, which if fet as is (hewed in Chap, 
 6. will grow every one : Only mind if your Ground have a dry Bot- 
 tom, then fet them on the North fide of a wall ; befide the Beauty and 
 Smell, the indubious Bees love it much: It is as eafily increafed as 
 any Sallow, and bears as good a Lop, then endeavour to make it as 
 common. From one fmall Plant I have Raifed fome hundreds, and 
 have fet feveral in our Wood-walks at Caflnobury, where they grow 
 well notwithitanding our dry Ground, but they were Rooted before 
 
(83) 
 1 fet them there : I commend the like Husbandry to the Lovers of 
 Planting : And to thofe that are Lovers of that bufie Martial Creature, 
 for it's an Early Relief to them. It may alfo be very plentifully in- 
 creafed by Laying, for if it be but covered with ground, it will 
 Root. 
 
 Of Sallows there be three common forts ; all of them love a moid 
 Ground, but that with the Round Leaf will grew on Banks, as in 
 Hedges^ for if you fet them for Stakes they will take root : And though 
 they be%o very good Fence, yet they will yield good Profit : The 
 two other grow beft on Moorifh ground, and there will yield great 
 (hoots, they will grow of Cuttings much, and may be increafed well 
 by Laying; both which waves you may thicken your Woods very 
 much : but then you mull keep out Cattel, efpecia'.ly all Deer, for 
 two or three years and above. They may be raifed by feed, as the 
 Elm is, fome years, for the feed is not all years good with us, no more 
 is the Elm and Line : I have raifed many of them of feeds in the 
 downy fubftance, but they be fo eafily increafed by Cuttings and Lay- 
 ing, that you need not trouble your felf to raife them of feed. It is 
 as profitable a wood for under- wood in Woods, as any you can fet in 
 them for Fire, producing ftrong and great moots : Therefore, where 
 you ftock up Trees in your Woods, fet two or three Sallow Trun- 
 cheons with fome other Wood that is fubjeel to run, as Elm, Cherry, 
 Abele, &c. fo may you have a thin wood made a thick good wood ; or 
 if you have a Ground that is Moorifh, and will not yield good Grafs, 
 then plant fas is before (hewed) of the Water- popler, and it will yield 
 you quick and great Profit. 
 
 If you would fee more largely of thefe Sallowes, &c. fee Efquire 
 Evelyns i$tb Chapt. He tells you, you may graft Figs and Mulberries 
 on them, and that they will thrive exceedingly: The firft is true, you 
 may graft on them ; but you had beft trye the other, for I fear 'tis bor- 
 rowed from Pliny, &c. but I forbear. 
 
 Of Oziers there are feveral forts,and are all raifed of Truncheons, as 
 the Sallow : They love a moifter and more Moorifh ground than the 
 Sallow or Willow. The Basket- makers know beft the time to fell 
 them, which may be done any time in Winter, they muft be kept well 
 fenced from Cattel, and thus I (hall conclude of the Aquatick Trees. 
 
 _ Only let me defire all thofe that have Moorifh ground, and fuch as 
 yields little Profit, (e^ecially where wood is fcarce,) but to make 
 ufe of thefe fure Directions, and I do engage you a great and certain 
 Profit. 
 
 M 2 CHAP. 
 
CHAP. XXVIIL 
 Of the rine, Firrc, V'majler^ ckc. 
 
 THefc (lately Trees want more Refpect with us than they have : 
 And there are three things which make it fo : The firft is Igno- 
 rance in planting them \ and that is, theymifs the right Time or Sea- 
 fon of the .Year to fet them, planting them when other Trees are 
 planted, as from November to Anarch, which is the very worft time 
 in the Year ; but the beft time to Remove thefe or molt forts of Greens, 
 is, from mid- March to the latter end, or from m\&-j4uguft to the 
 la(r, which are the very beft times, unlefs for tender Greens, and I 
 {hall not fo much as name any of them. 
 
 As to the Ground, thev love not Dung, but a frefh gravelly Soyl' 
 mixed with Loom, alfomind but the Roots, and they will tell you, 
 that thefe forts of Trees muft not be fet too deep, therefore take heed' 
 you commit not that fau't to them \ for if you look into Gerrards 
 Herbal, with Johnfons Additions to jt, pa/. 1364. you are there in- 
 formed by that laborious Author, that Firres grow on the tops of 
 Rocks in great plenty, and alfo large Trees m the cold Countreys of 
 Nomay,8zc. and of Pines that grow in the cold Countreys beyond 
 Denmark^, as in Ruffta> &c. then certainly they may and will grow 
 here in England very well, if you will but mind to fet and prefervc 
 them. 
 
 Then a fecond Reafon why men do raife but few of thefe, and 
 plant but few, may be becaufe they love them not ; and it is with other 
 men, becaufe they many times die, or do not grow well with them, 
 and this makes them not fancy them : But fuch Men want good In- 
 ftruclions, and I hope I mall give them fome that will make them again 
 in Charity with thefe fine Trees j but others there be that have ground 
 and fit places to plant Trees in, but mind them not; thefe men do not 
 love Trees, ho nor themfelves, nor their Pofterity. 
 
 The third great hinderance of planting thefe and other Trees is, there 
 are many men that love planting and improving of Trees, but are hin- 
 dered by not having ground of their own convenient to plant in, and 
 if they Nurfe up or plant Trees for their Landlords, they many times 
 meet with but fmaU encouragement for fo doing ; for many times they 
 
 be 
 
C8 5 ) 
 
 be turned out of their Farm before they come to perfection, or if there 
 be any that are come to be fit to fell, many times another man fhall 
 have them as cheap as he that Nurfed them up in his Hedge- Rows &c. 
 or his Predeceflors. 
 
 But I could and do wifli that Owners would encourage their Te- 
 nants, by allowing them fo much Money for every Fruit'tree, and fo 
 much for every Forreft-tree they plant in their Grounds, and look to 
 them well till they be pad Catties fpoyling them ; this would help both 
 the Owner and his Tenant, and many a good Tree might be in wafte 
 places where now none is ; this would make the Farm much better 
 and pleafanter, and fo we might have more plenty of Fruit and Tim- 
 be*, and Knowledge in Planting would be greatly improved. 
 
 Now fuppofe you fhould plant on good Land, and in open Fields 
 you would be no Lofer by it: J& if you mould plant Oak, Afh, or 
 Elm, in Pafture- ground, at three or four Rod afunder, they would do 
 your Land no harm, nor would you lofe any ground, fave only juft 
 where the Trees rtand; now it mud be a good Tree that takes uo 
 one yard fquare, nay the Leaves and Shade may do your Cartel as 
 much good as may countervail the lofs of that Land ; as if your Land 
 be worth 20 s. an Acre, that is not a Penny a Yard, as here I fhall 
 (new ; 1 60 Rod fquare makes an Acre, and five yards and a half fauare 
 is a Rod. ^ 
 
 You fee that in one Rod fquare there are 30 yards ?• ? 
 2nd a quarter • for the Decimal Fraction 25 is J of a — 
 
 100 ; or thus, 5 times 5 is 25, and 5 halfs and 5 halfs 2 7S 
 
 make 5 whole Rod, and a half and a half make but ', _^ 2 75 
 
 which is 30 yards and a quarter. 30 'z$. 
 
 30*25 Yard in a Rod. *(4.d 
 
 il° Rod in on e Acre. ^ ( ' ■ 
 
 1 81500 I /xxx 
 3Q2_5___ /j 
 
 4840* 00 yard in one Acre. | 
 
 Here you fee that 4840 (the yards in one Acre; divided by 12 
 (the Pence m a Shilling ) gives 403 (hillings, and 4 remain, that is ' 
 one Acre at a Penny a yard comes to 20/. 3 ,. 4 d. But it may be 
 hxty years before a Tree takes up fo much ground, then at half that 
 Age it takes up but half fo much ground, then 60 halfpence is but 
 2 /. 6 d. and your Tree at that Age, and on fuch Land, may be worth 
 
CB6) 
 30 s. or more, which is Profit and Pleafure, &c to the Planter. 
 
 But to our bufinefs, Johnfon tells you of fome ten forts of Pines, 
 but I know but two or three in England - one is common, and is raifed 
 of the Seed fown in good ground, and in the (hade, in the Month of 
 February : If it be frofty put it into Earth or Sand, and keep it in the 
 houfe till the weather be feafonable; they will not grow of Cuttings, 
 nor Laying, well ; they be bad to be Removed when old, became the 
 Roots run far from the Body in few years, and if broke or cut off, they 
 will not readily break out at fides and ends \ therefore Remove them 
 young, at two or three years old, and at the times beforefaid, and then 
 you may expect glorious ftately Trees. None of all our green Trees . 
 in England may compare with them : Prune them as the Firre: They 
 be fine tofet round a Garden, or Bowling-green, for the Leaves will 
 not do any harm. <**■ 
 
 Of Firre-trees we have two forts, they be eafily Raifed of Seeds 
 fown as the Pine ; one fort will grow of Laying, or of Slips fet about 
 Bartholomemide ; but then you muft cut them one Inch or two from 
 the Body, and cut that Stump clofe off the March following ; and cut 
 all other Boughs that be needfull at that time,and you need not fear hurt- 
 ing your Tree, though my French Curate be againft it. 
 
 The beft way to keep them is in Stories, about a yard between one 
 another, but do not cut their Ends as fome doe, neither let them grow 
 thick on a heap, but if you keep them in Stories they will grow taper, 
 and you may take off fome when you fee Caufe, and fo help them up 
 to a great height, and ftraight as an Arrow, for they naturally grow 
 in a good (hape. 
 
 Lay the Clogs before the fire, and they will gape, fo may you take 
 out the Seeds the better. Pliny calls one fort of Pine, the Pinafter ; 
 Johnfon s Herbal, pag. 13 50. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 OfRaifwg the Tew, Holly, Box^uttiper, Bajes and Laurel ',Scc. 
 
 THere be a great many more Trees, fome of which fhed their Leaves, 
 1 and fome keep them all the year befides ; thofe I have fpoken of 
 before, but thefe be the moft of our Forreft-trees •, and as for thofe that 
 doe belong to the Garden, I fliall not fo much as mention them. 
 
 The 
 
(87; 
 
 The Yew-tree is produced of Seeds, rub the flefhy fubftance off, then 
 dry them, and when they be dry, put them in fand a little mail, in a 
 Pot or Tub; let this be done any time before ChriftrxM : Keep them 
 in houfe all Winter, and under fome North-wall abroad all Summer; 
 the Spring come Twelvemonth after you put them in Sand , fowe 
 them on a Bed; the ground nottoofttfife, keep them clean, and prick 
 them out of that Bed into your Nurfery, when they have ftood two 
 or three years there, you may bring them to what (hape you pleafe : It 
 is a fine Tree and worthy to be more increafed. 
 
 Holly maybe raifed of the Berries, as the Yew, or by Laying; it 
 loves a Gravelly-ground, as moft of our Forreft-greens doe; it is a 
 curious Tree for Hedges, and will grow under the dropping of great 
 Trees : It well deferves your love, yet is fomewhatticklifhto remove, 
 but the beft time is before Michaelmas ; if your Ground be ftiffe and 
 cold, mix it with Gravel, but no Dung. 
 
 Box the Englifhand Edged,. &c. do grow well of Slips, fet about the 
 tatter end of Aug* ft, or in March : It is very pleafant in green Groves, 
 and in Wildernefles, though it hath a bad fmell after Snow. 
 
 Juniper is raifed of the Berries; it is ticklifh to Remove, k is & 
 pretty Plant for the aforefaid places ; the Berries are very wholfome; 
 the Wood burnt yields a wholfome and pleafant Perfume, fo doth the 
 Plant in the Spring. 
 
 Bayes is increafed plentifully of Suckers; or you may raife them 
 of their Berries: They love the made, and are fit to be fet in green 
 
 Groves. . r % , 
 
 Laurel, or Cherry-bay is increafed by Cuttings fet about Bartholo- 
 mewtide, and in the made beft, or by the Cherries. It is a glorious 
 Tree for Standards on moft Grounds, but on our coldeft and openeft 
 it holds out our hard Winters beft : It may be kept with a clear ftem 
 two or three foot high, and let the Head be kept round, fo that if you 
 have a Row of them, the Trees all of a height and bignefs, and the 
 Heads all of a (hape, no Tree is more pleafant: It is fit for Groves,, 
 Wilderneffes, Hedges, &c. It will grow well on any ground, therefore 
 make Life of this beautiful! Tree. 
 
 The Oak, at firfi doth like a King appear, 
 The Laurel now at lafl brings up the Rear i 
 The one does tender Plenty and Renown, 
 The other offers Tleafure and a Crown : 
 The Elm, the ufefnll Afh, and Sycomore, 
 Toother with the Seech and many more r 
 * The% 
 
(83) 
 
 They prowife all com eat to thofe that loo\{ 
 To pratfife what is written in this Books 
 
 CHAR XXX. 
 
 General Rules for planting For reji-trees in Avenues, Walfy , 
 or Orchards, as in a Natural Ground, 
 
 FIrft as to the Ground, your Ground that hath been fed for many 
 years, Winter and Summer, as your common Pafturc ground, or 
 the like, fuch Ground (if it beany thing good) isthe Bert : The next 
 is your Meadow-ground; and then your plowed Land, if your Land 
 be of Soyl alike. Thus I preferre them. Several Reafons might be 
 given for this, but 1 fhall inftance onely in thefe few : 
 
 As namely, your Ground that is conftantly fed, hath likewife con- 
 stantly a fupply of Cattels Dung and Urine, with the variety of Kinds, 
 which addes much to the Strength of the ground : and likewife your 
 Pafture- ground, though it abound with great variety of Herbs or Grafs, 
 according to the Nature of the Ground, as alfo your Meadow-ground 
 doth ; yet your Pafture- ground hath not only a conftant fupply of Soyl 
 by one fort of Cattel or other, but the Grafs which growes on it, doth 
 feldom run to flower or feed; which when they doe, they draw forth 
 much more of the Salt or Spirit or Strength of the Earth, as we find the 
 Herbs or Grafs on Meadow-grounds moft commonly doe. Therefore 
 I judge your Commons the beft; and both common Field Ground and 
 Meadow better than conftant plowed Land ; for that being kept with 
 plowing to prevent what naturally it would produce, this makes the 
 Ground the Better ; for 'tis certain, that where your Houfes Stand, 
 or High- wayes are, there the Earth is full of Salt and Spirit, or the 
 Life of Plants; not only becaufe there is often fome Afliftance of Soyl, 
 which 1 confefs makes it much Richer, but alfo becaufe it cannot pro- 
 duce thofe Plants which naturally it would, were it not Retrained ; 
 For /till it receives a conftant fupply from Nature, and as the Holy 
 Scripture faith, the Almighty caufeth the Sun tofhineon thcVn]uft as 
 well as the JuL fo alfo hath theforefaid Earth the fecret Influence of 
 
 the 
 
(89) 
 
 the Heavens, as well as any other, unlefs Accidentally prevented ; but 
 this by the way. 
 
 Now as for your plowed Land, 'tis granted to be much better for 
 plowing; but this being fowen with Annual Grain, very much draw- 
 eth out the ftrength of the Earth ; for I judge that your Annuals are 
 much more drawing Plants than thofe which will laft feveral years, it 
 being in my Judgement with your Annual Plants, as it is with a man 
 which hireth a Houfe for a Year, when his year is out, he knowing 
 he muft remove, cleareth the Houfe, efpecially of his own ; when as 
 your Durable Vegetable, ( like a man whofe houfe is his own) is fa- 
 vourable to its fituation, having a kind of fecret Knowledge (as I may 
 fay) that there they and theirs may continue many years. 
 
 If this be underftood, I hope you then will fay with me, that your 
 common Pafture is • beft to plant on , next to that, Meadow, then 
 plowed Land ; that is, if all three be of equal goodnefs and foyl. 
 
 CHAP. XXXL 
 
 Of planting Forreft-trees to make Woods > or to fill up Na^ed 
 places in Woods, where they want. 
 
 TO tell fome men of planting of Woods, is very needlefs ; for there 
 are too many men more inclined to flock up than to plant them • 
 but I fuppofe the greater fort of Men, and I am fure the beft fort, are 
 more inclined to prefer ve and plant, than to deftroy and flock them up. 
 To thofe then that love either their Countrey or themfelves, or efpe- 
 cially their Pofterity, and have any kindnefs for ftately Forreft-trees, 
 do I give this Advice. 
 
 Firft, Let the Ground be of what Soyl foever, be fure to plant moft 
 of fuch Trees as will grow bell on that Soyl; As if it be Gravel, then 
 Beech, Holly, Hafel, &e. if mixt with Loom, then Oak, Am, or 
 Elm, eH.if ftifTe,then Am, Hornbeam, Sycomore, &c. if a light Loom, 
 then mofl forts 5 and withall, have an eye to the adjacent Trees, and 
 which fort foever you fee thrive beft, be fure to furnifh your Ground 
 with (lore of them. 
 
 Secondly, If your Ground be moyft, then fet in good ftore of the 
 Cuttings of Alder, Willow, Sallow , efpecially the two laft on any 
 
 N Ground % 
 
Ground ; for it there comes a wet Spring, or a moyft Summer, many 
 of them will grow, and produce good under- wood, if fet as is directed 
 in the i6tb. or zjtb. Chapters. Though the Ground be dryc, and a 
 Gravel-Bottom, yet they will thrive and produce good fhoots in a 
 little time, as I have found true at CajliiobHry^ dec. 
 
 Thirdly, If you be minded to fow feeds, then you mult prepare 
 your Ground with a good Tillage before you fow your feed, as much 
 as you doe for fowing of Barley ; and having all your Seeds ready pre- 
 pared (.by being kept fome time in a Houfe till they be fittofpear, or 
 fpcared a little) then about the beginning of February fow them : The 
 particular Chapter of each Kind will tell you how long it is before they 
 will fpear : If you plow your Ground into great Ridges, it will make 
 the Earth lie the thicker on the top of each Ridge, and there the Roots 
 will have the more depth tofearchforNourifhment, and the Furrowes 
 will in little time be tilled up with Leaves, which when rotten, will 
 lead the Roots from one Ridge to another. 
 
 If your Ground be very drye, then plow your Ridges crofs the 
 defcent of the Kills, not to drayn the water off, but to keep it on your 
 Ground ; and if your Ground be very wet, then the contrary. 
 
 But be mindfull to fow molt of thofe feeds your Ground is moll na- 
 turally for. The molt of thefe feeds following may be fown on your 
 Ground : Oaks Am, Beech, Sycomore, Hornbeam, Crab or Apple, 
 Cherry, Walnuts, Chefnuts, Holly, Hafel-nuts, Maple, Sarvice, o-c. 
 Which of thefe you find are not Natural for your Ground, neglect 
 them. Some do fow their Seeds with a Crop of Barley, but the feafon 
 of fowing of Barley is too late for your feeds, if they be prepared be- 
 fore-hand \ but if you will be fo faving as to have a Crop of that 
 Tillage, then fow your feeds with Oats, for they may be fown with the 
 feafon of your feeds: Do not fow your Oats too thick, and they may 
 do well-, but the belt way for your feeds, is to fow them without any 
 Crop of Corn. 
 
 Fourthly, If you are minded to have a Wood foon, then plant it 
 with Setts, and if your Ground be a good Natural Ground for Trees, 
 then you may make only holes two foot wide, and as much deep, and 
 about half a Rod afunder, fo there will be four holes in every Rod 
 fquarc. But for fear my Reader mould be at a ftand here, and ask me 
 how four Trees may ftand in a Rod fquarc, or four holes made in a 
 Rod fquare, and yet the Middles be each half a Rod, or eight foot and 
 ~ afunder, 1 fhall here fatisfte him by Example; and it fhall be of a 
 luppofed piece of Gtound three Rod fquare, you may make your holes 
 fquare if you pleafe. (See Figure i.) 
 
This is much like to that Queftion, Whether is half a 36 
 
 Foot fquare , or half a fquare Foot, moft ? When as I 6 
 
 have heard fome fay, they were both alike, but it was — — — 
 
 their Miilake. 2I0 " 
 
 For, ■§• a Foot fquare is only 6 Inches every way, that is, *~" ' 
 
 6 times 6 is 36, and 6 times 36 is 2 16 Inches; when as I2 
 half a fquare Foot is the half of a Cubical fquare foot, the 
 
 numberjaeing 12 the fquare Root is 144, for 12 times 12 
 makes njfcj., and 12 times 144 makes 1728, the Cube, I2 
 Now the half of 1728 is 864, which is half of a fquare 
 
 Foot, then if you divide 864 by 216, you will 144 
 
 find 4 for the Quotient, fo that half a Foot .*• 12 
 
 fquare is but ~ of half a fquare foot. This I 8## ( 4 
 
 have demonftrated as plain as I can, that I xftf 288 
 
 might be underftood by every Countrey-ca- 144 
 
 pacity. 
 
 1728 
 
 Now if^ou were to plant one Acre of Ground after the aforefaid 
 manner, the Charge would be as followeth : If it be a good digging 
 ground, you may have 20 holes made for 12 d. two foot wide, 
 and two foot deep ; fo there would be four times 160 
 holes, which is 640 holes, at 20 for 1 2 d. that is 3 2 s, and 640 (32 
 then I allow for every hole 2 Setts, fo then it will take 12 80 22 
 Setts, which will coffc you together about 4 d. the 120. 
 of any forts of wood, which comes to about 3 /. 6 d. then /.*So (10 
 for every hole 2 Sallow or Willow Cuttings 3 . s. then 5 men x,*o 
 to fet them 6 s. and then Keyes and Seeds to fow among 
 your Setts next Spring, 5 /. 6 d. 
 
 I s. d. 
 
 Making Holes or : 12 : 00 
 
 Setts 00 : 03 : 06 
 
 Sallow Truncheons 00 : 03 : do 
 
 Men to fet them 00: 06: 00 
 
 Keyes and Seed 00: 05: 06 
 
 Whole Charge 02 : 10 : 00 
 
 So that the Charge of one Acre of Ground planted this way, will coft 
 you about 2 /. 10 s. where Work-men and Sets may be had at fuch a 
 price •, the Spring after, I advife to fow Acorns y Sycamore-Keyes, 
 Apple and Crab-ftampings, &<;, Let this fowing be done fo oft as you 
 
 N z find 
 
find Stampings and Keyes to be had, till you find your Wood very 
 thick. I did fow all the Stampings of Apples and Crabs at Cafiriobvry 
 among our young Woods which I had fet, and the Ground not pro- 
 ducing a ftrong Grafs to choak them, they came up thick , and did 
 well : Bat take care you let them not lye too thick long, for if you 
 doe, the ftampings will heat, and kill the Kernels ; fow them there- 
 fore as foon as they be prefTed, or elfe lay them thin, or keep them 
 parted with dry ftraw. ^ 
 
 Bur if your ground be bad, and a (hallow Soyl, or that y^r would 
 help an indifferent ground, and are willing to be at fome more Charge 
 to do it, then do thus, which in fmall time will pay you or yours well 
 for your Charges. 
 
 Obferve which is the Beft way to lay out your ground, and then 
 divide it into four yards diftance at both ends, by little itakes, and 
 make Rowcs offtakes by fetting up fome few between the two at each- 
 end, which are only to direct you to lay your work ftraight, by plow- 
 ing one yard of each fide your Stakes : If your Ground be Green- 
 forde, then plow it as is aforefaid, which will make the better for the 
 Roots of your Trees to run in. 
 
 Thus having plowed two yards, and left two yards unplowed all 
 over your Ground, a little before the feafon for planting, and when 
 the feafon for fetting is come, (that is, as foon as moil of the Leaves 
 are off, ) having prepared Sets and Work-men, let them dig up the 
 two yards that are unplow'd, laying one half of that Earth upon one 
 of the plowed pieces, and the other half upon the other; and as you 
 lay up that Earth upon the plowed pieces, there fet your Setts about 
 a yard one from another, with ftore of Sallow-Cuttings with them, 
 digging that ground which you lay on your plow'd Ground a good fpade- 
 deep, and then it will be near a foot thick to fet your Setts in. Thus 
 goe from open (that is, unplow'd) to open, untill you have fet all the 
 plow'd pieces in your Ground : One man having the Setts ready, will 
 fet them as faft as four men fhall dig, that is, two men on each fide 
 the Beds or Ridges, one a little before the other, fo finifli Bed after 
 Bed till you have gone over and finifhed the whole Ground which you 
 defigned to plant that Winter } and endeavour to get all your planting 
 done by the latter end of January, or beginning of February ; for this 
 Reafon, that is, having provided Keyes, Nuts and Seeds, as is before 
 directed, ( and is in each particular Chapter more fully difcourfed > 
 about that time fow them, fT«.j about the beginning of February, un- 
 lefs it be a Frofty feafon, for then you rauft ftay a little longer j. fo fow 
 
 all 
 
("93) 
 all your Beds over with feed, and cover them a little with the fhovel- 
 ings of fame neighbouring Ditch. 
 
 In doing thus, you may be certain of a good thriving Wood in a 
 little time, though the ground you plant on be ( almoft ) never fo bad. 
 This I doe fuppofe to be as good a way as moft are for planting of 
 Woods. 
 
 Therefore, according to the Latine Proverb, Serere ne dubites y 
 Doubt not to plant ; and I wifh I could perfwade Noble-men and 
 Genrtfmen that have Ground that is not very good for Corn or Grafs, 
 to plant it with Wood ; efpecially in thofe Countreys where wood is 
 fcarce : I dare infure them, that it would be to them or their Succef- 
 fors a very great benefit, and alfo a great Ornament to their Naked 
 Grounds. 
 
 Now I (hail endeavour as near as I can,to give you an A ccompt what 
 the Charge of this may be ^ wrrW, did I but know your Ground, and 
 what wages your Work-men in fuch places have for one dayes work, 
 I could then do more exactly. 
 
 But we will fuppofe the Ground to be a good digging Ground, that 
 may be afforded to be digged and laid up for 4 d. the Rod-fquare, 
 and our Example (hall be of one Acre of Ground, of which you may 
 well perceive by what is before fhewed, there will be but one half 
 plowed, and that half planted. 
 
 Firft then, for a good deep plowing of half an Acre of Ground 
 41. 
 
 Secondly, For half an Acre of Ground digging, at 4 d. 2 (z 
 
 the Rod, ( for if 160 Rod make one Acre, then 80 Rod #0(26 s. 
 is half an Acre, and then 80 Groats for the digging,) comes 3 3 
 to 1 /. 6 s. 8 d. 
 
 Thirdly, If every Four men mufl: have one man to fet to them, then 
 there muft be near one fourth part more for him, which one fourth 
 is 6 s. 8 d. 
 
 Fourthly, If we allow for every yard fquare in this half Acre, one 
 good Set, befides Truncheons of Sallow and Willow, &c. 
 
 55— the fide of a Rod fq. is 5 yards and |. 
 5S 
 
 27S 
 
 3o*2«— <f The Nur "ber of yards in a fuperficial Rod fquare is 
 J L 30 and ~ % 
 
 j Co 
 
cm 
 
 i6o— The number of fuperficial fq. Rods in one Acre 160. 
 181500 
 3025 
 
 4840 • 00 The number of fq. yards in one Acre, or 160 Rod, 4840. 
 
 Or if you would work this QuelBonby the Line of Numbers, and 
 your Compafles, fet one point on one} Extend to 5 and ', the fame 
 will reach from 5 and ' to 30 and '. 
 
 Secondly, Extend your Compafsfrom one to 30 and ', the fame 
 will reach from 160 to 4840: Thus you may prove your work by 
 two turns of your Compafles. 
 
 (40 Now finding 4840 yards in one Acre of ground, and 
 
 4^40(40 for every yard one Set, .at 120 for 4 d* comes to Forty 
 
 ,**20 Groats, and Forty over^which is 1 3 s. 5 d. 1 q. and ~ 
 
 1 of q. for forty Groats is 1 3 s. 4 d. ) then to know what 
 
 the odde Forty come to, the Rule ranks it felf thus : If 
 
 * C 1 120 coft 4^. or 16 q. what then will 40 coll. 
 4?( 13 
 
 11 40 
 
 120 : 16 : 40 
 
 240 (40 ^^(3 
 
 40 ^4 #f 
 
 *#o (5 
 
 640 : txo 
 So you fee that thefe 40 will coft 5 q. and 40 over, and if you di- 
 vide this 1 20 by 4.0, there then will be 3 in the Quotient, which fhew- 
 cth that 40 is 4 of 120: So that 4840 Sets at 120 for 4 d. will coft 
 thirteen Shillings five pence one farthing, and one third part of a far- 
 
 For Truncheons of Sallow and Willow 3 s. and for Seed 1 /. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Plowing 00: 04: 00 
 
 Digging 01 : 06: 08 
 
 To a Man to fet 00 : 06 : 08 
 
 For Sets 00 : 13: 06 
 
 For Truncheons 00: 03: 00 
 
 For Keyes, Nuts and Seeds 00: 10: 00 
 
 Whole Charge is 03 : 03 : 10 
 
 Thus 
 
Thus have I mewed fome wayes for the planting of Woods , and 
 alfo what Charge it will coil: you, though I have fpoke of the lowed 
 Rates that good digging Ground can be done at , and where men work 
 for 10 dfer day, yet if you love planting, and your Ground be a 
 bad Ground to dig,(asa Gravel or ftirTe Clay,) and that yeur Sets be 
 fcarce, or that you be minded to plant more in your Ground ( which 
 will be the better ) then if you allow as much more to each Acre, the 
 Charge may be computed accordingly, and you will find it not to be 
 
 gre.it. 
 
 There are more wayes to plant Woods, but thefeTtake to be the 
 beft; or thus, inftead of making your Holes Round, you may make 
 them a long fquarc, and the holes will be the eafier to make after this 
 way. {See Ftg. 2.) 
 
 This that hath been faid, I hope will be fome fatisfa&ion to thofe 
 that love planting of Woods, and are to feekin the wayes; which if 
 it be, 1 then mail be well fatisfied, for my defign is a General more 
 than a Particular Good. # 
 
 Now having finifhed your Wood, take care to keep it well fenced 
 from Cattel of all forts, and when it is about feven or eight years 
 growth, then fell it, pruning up thofe to a head you are minded to 
 leave for Standards, leaving half as many more as need toftand, for 
 Timber- trees, as Oak, Am, Elm, Beech, &c. felling the reft at the 
 Ground, not flat off, but well floped up; And if yow have Popler, 
 Abele, Cherry, Elm, Sarvice,eH . they will fpring much from the Roots, 
 and thicken your Woods ; if not, fet fome in. 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 Of planting Toung Hedges, and how to improve and keep 
 Old Hedges, 
 
 THere are and may be made many forts of Hedges of one parti- 
 cular fort of Wood alone, fome for Ornament only, fome for 
 Ornament and Profit, and fome for Ornament Profit and a Fence. 
 Juniper I take to be one of the bed for to make a lew Hedge, of any 
 Plant or Tree we have growing in ErgUmd\ for it growes naturally 
 very thick, is a How grower, and hath alwayes a fine freft green 
 
C$>0 
 Colour, and the feverefl of our hard Winters will not make it change 
 his Countenance •, I confefs it is fomething ticklim to be Removed, 
 for its being not ufed to ftirre far from home makes it many times 
 lofe its way, and its Life too, if led far from its native place, at un- 
 feafonable times, or by an ignorant Guide, and put into fuch an Ha- 
 bitation as is not fuitable for it to Live in. I have with good fuccefs 
 removed it above Thirty miles, namely, from beyond Cajlriobury to 
 Little- Hadham ; therje I made my Ground ( notwithftanding it was 
 naturally a ftiffe ClayJ'by mixing it well with Gravel and Sand : I Re- 
 moved it a little after Bartholomewtide, and I did not lofe one Plant 
 in ten, but they do flourifh in two little Hedges moft gallantly. 
 
 I (hall not fpeak of that mod healthfull Aromatick Seed which it 
 beareth, nor of the ufe of this Cedar ; but if you would be further 
 fatisfied, fee Efquirc Evelins Difcourfe of Forreft-trees, or any Her- 
 bal. I have not as yet raifed any of it of Seed, but I am now making 
 a tryal, which if they once come to endure Removing while young, I 
 doubt not but then they will be better to Remove when old. 
 
 Holly makes a moft ftately and beautifull Hedge; and had we but 
 ftore of the White-berried Holly to mix in the Hedge with the Red, 
 it would make it the more Ornamental. Its Ground that it moft de- 
 lights to grow on, is, drye and gravelly: See more in the Chapter of 
 Holly : Or had we but (tore of the ftrip't to make Hedges with, it 
 would be very Noble indeed. 
 
 Hornbeam may be kept in a good (hape for a high Hedge, and very 
 thick, even to the ground. It is (alone) one of the very beft home- 
 bred natural Forreft trees that ftied the Leaf, to make a Hedge of j 
 and is fenceable, unlefs againft therudeftfortofCattel. 
 
 Box maketh a good Hedge, and lafting ; I mean the EngliJJi, though 
 the others are pretty for Hedges, both the Gilded, and the Dwarf; 
 but thefe two being not proper to name, or to difcourfe of among 
 Forreft-trees : I (hall only name them and many other forts, and fo 
 pafs forward. 
 
 Laurel, (as we call it,) or Bay-Cherry, makes a good Hedge, and 
 if well kept, very fine Standards. Hard Winters do pierce it on fomc 
 Grounds, but on moft it is durable; it is eafie to increafe, and will 
 grow well on moft Grounds ; Keep it but down, and it will grow ftrong 
 below, and thick, and then make a very fine Hedge. 
 
 Arbutus, or Strawberry-tree is a Curious Plant for a Hedge, onely 
 it is very tender, efpeciully while young; for, the Leaves being con- 
 ftant whileft Life lafteth, and of a fair Green, finely dented about the 
 Edges, and its pretty white Flower in Summer, with its Strawberry 
 
 on, 
 
(97) 
 on, the beginning of Winter, all together adde a great deal of grace 
 to this Plant. fa 
 
 Cyprefs would make fine Hedges, but for two faults ; for firft, in 
 in fome Grounds it is tender, and will not abide our hard Winters. 
 And Secondly, it doth not love to be headed, for that makes it frill more 
 tender : Cut it not late in Summer. 
 
 Atezereon or Dwarf-bay, both the Red and White together 
 make a pretty low Hedge, and (hew very beautifully Early in the 
 Spring. 
 
 Materntu or Ever green Privet makes a fine thick green hedge, it 
 would be fupported with a Frame, efpecially while 'tis young. 
 
 Pyracantha or prickly Corall makes a good thick Hedge , and a 
 very fine mew when it is full of its fine Red berryes, which appear 
 like Beads of Red Corall among the dark green Leaves. It likes our 
 Entertainment" fo well, that it will grow well onmoft Grounds ; our 
 Winters difturb it not, and 'tis very eafie tobemultiplyed or increafed 
 by Laying or Cuttings. 
 
 They that have (tore of Ground, and are Lovers of Plants, I hope 
 will not be without thefe few named, and many more that will be very 
 acceptable; but they be not fome of them fo proper for Hedges : Ma- 
 ny more there be that would make very fine Hedges for pleafure, if 
 well kept, as the double- bloflbm Cherry, the Laurta, Tmm or wild 
 Bay, Primme, Savin, &c. 
 
 Thefe few are only for Ornament, and make ( any of them ) fine 
 Hedges alone, or you may mix them with Judgement, and they will 
 then be very pleafant. 
 
 Now I fhall (hew you a few of thofe that are for profit and Ornament ; 
 fuch are the Summer-Pears on Quince- ftocks ; for that makes them 
 the more Dwarfifh ; Cherries make a fine Hedge, but efpecially the 
 fmall-leaved, as the feveral forts of Flanders, great Bearers, &c. 
 
 Plumbs, Quinces, Codlins, Barberries, &c. all thefe' make fine 
 Hedges, butmuft have Supporters : In the three laft there is this fault, 
 that the better they be kept, I mean the handfomer, the worfe they 
 will bear. But I am got two fteps too far into the Garden, and now 
 I (hall give you an Accompt of fuch as are proper to fence in your 
 Woods, Orchards, &c. which is the fcope of my Difcourfe; for 
 fuch are both profitable and pleafant, though notfo Ornamental as the 
 other before ; and if you would make a Fence of one particular fort of 
 Wood, the very beftis your White-bum, or White-thorn. 
 
 Your Crab-ftocks makealfo a (tout (hong Fence; and if you leave 
 at every twenty foot one to run up, keeping it with pruning till it is 
 
 O five 
 
C98) 
 
 five or fix foot high, and then graft it with Red brakes or other good 
 Syder- fruit, fuch a Hedge would be very pleafant and profitable : You 
 may fo order your Stock and Tree whileft they be young, that by 
 pruning you may have the head of your Tree to hang into your Ground, 
 a little over your Hedge : Let me defire you to make fuch a Hedge 
 where you have occafionto make one : As for your Stocks they are as 
 eafie to raife as Barley, and they are as certain to grow onmofWbrts 
 of Ground, as any one wood I know. 
 
 For common and publick Fences there is none to compare with 
 thefe two, for certainty of growing, for a thick, ftrong, and an armed 
 Fence. 
 
 Black-buih makes a good ftrong Fence, but it hath one Inconveni- 
 ence, that is, it will not keep within its bounds, but will run very 
 much into your ground, and there be very troublefome to keep out : 
 Therefore if your Fence be for Wood, it may do well, for the Reafon 
 aforefaid : Alfo when you plafti it, it will often be ready to die, by 
 Reafon that it moots fo much from the Root. 
 
 Thus have I {hewed you fome forts of Woods to make your Hedges 
 with, I fhall now give you fome Directions how to make them; and 
 here obferve that for all thofe which are for Ornament only : You 
 muft prepare a Border by good digging and clean picking it from 
 weeds, adding fome good Natural Earth, fuch as the Kinds you fet 
 do moft naturally grow in, which let be well prepared againftthe 
 feafon for planting, and then makeufe of your time : The greatcft fort 
 may be fet about a yard one from another, fuch as your Holly, Lau- 
 rel, &c. the other about two foot or lefs, fuch as your Juniper, 
 Mezereon, &c. Let this be the moft , but if you have ftore of 
 Plants, fet them thicker , be fparing in heading molt forts of 
 Greens. \ 
 
 For thofe that are for Ornament and Profit, the Ground muft be 
 made good, trenched deep, and mixt well with Dung-, they may be 
 fet about fix foot afunder. You may make very curious Hedges of 
 Pears, Cherries, &c. But I am too far got into the Orchard or Gar- 
 den-, I muft retreat to my Forreft-trees, to fhelter me from the Gar- 
 diners Anger. 
 
 Of thofe forts that are for Ornament, Profit, and for Fence, I have 
 told you that there are two peculiar forts, viz.. the White-thorn and 
 the Crab j which are indeed the moft proper to fence in our Forreft- 
 trees, and woods, of any I know. I know moft Hedges, which are 
 mixed with many forts of wood, are apt to come too faft, without 
 planting Sets of White-thorn, which in rnoft places are plentiful! to be 
 
 had 
 
C99) 
 
 had • bur if you would Raife them of Haws, order them as is mewed 
 of the Cherry or Yew-berries. 
 
 Now to Raife your Crab or Apple-flocks, (though the Crab-ftocks 
 are better than your Apple-flocks, for the Crab grows more rugged, 
 ftrong, and is more laiting, but Stocks raifed of Apple kernels will 
 do well) let your Ground be well prepared by Digging, and picking 
 it clean from weeds ; mix it with fomegood rotten Dung, then when 
 the fime is, that they beat their Crabs for Verjuice, or Apples for Sy- 
 der, then prepare your felf with fo many as you think are convenient 
 for you^iround, and as foon as they be ftamped, fow them if you 
 can, for n they lie long in the Stampings, that wil-1 heat and fpoyl 
 your Kernels : Therefore if you have them to fetch far, or that you 
 cannot fow them inftantly, then let them be fifted from the body of 
 the Apple, and fpread thin, or mixed with drye Sand, till you have 
 opportunity to fow them; or you may keep them in Sand (the Ker- 
 nels I mean) a little moyfl, till February, and then fow them ; but 
 be fure your Ground be well prepared before- hand with good tillage, 
 and clean picking , cover them about one Inch, or a little more, with 
 fine Mould \ afterwardsjwhen they come up ? keep them conflantly clean 
 from weeds; Remembring if you fow at Michaelmas, that you take 
 care to keep Traps fet, for fear Mice rob you of your Kernels. Thus 
 may you Raife what Quantity of Stocks you pleafe, which at two 
 and three years old you may fet where you would have them to ftand, 
 for to Raife Trees, or to make Hedges for fenceing in your Ground. 
 Keep them clean from Weeds by Digging or Hoing. 
 
 Thus having {hewed you how to furnifh your felves with floreof 
 Stocks in a little time, which will make you as ftrong and good Fences 
 as moft wood whatfoever, and are very profitable too, both to yield 
 good Liquor for Drink, and to bring good Fewel to the Fire ; I fliall 
 now (hew you how to plant thefe Quickfets, both for Hedges with 
 Ditches , and for Stant-hedges ( as fome call them ) without 
 Ditches. 
 
 Firft, Strain a Line where the infide of your Ditch muft goe, next 
 your Hedge, then mark along by the Line, floping, as you would have 
 the Bank of your Hedge to flope, then ftrain the Line on the other 
 fide of the Ditch, and mark it out Hoping inward to the Ditch, as you 
 did the other fide : For Example, fuppofe you make your Ditch a yard 
 at the top, and three fpade or a yard deep, let it flope fo on both fides 
 that it may come to a foot wide at the bottom, but let the Hedge- fide 
 flope the moft, then if your ground be Green-fwerd, and ftiffe Land, 
 with a Turing Iron take all the Turf off the breadth of your Ditch, 
 
 O 2 then 
 
Cioo) 
 then cut out a Triangle-piece all along next the bank, turn hat upfidet 
 down, for to make the flope of your bank ; Lay fomeof the Turf you cat 
 off, or all of it, on the back-fide of that Triangle-piece; thereon fetone 
 Row of Quick, covering the Roots with Crumbs of Mould, the Dirch 
 one yard, and the Bank a yard, .as you may fee in Figure 3. where A. is 
 the Triangle- piece cut out of the Ditch, B. the piece laid on the B^nk, 
 with the Turf laid grafs-fide downward, and the Set on the top of that 
 piece, then level up the Bank till it comes level with the top of the 
 piece B. and then lay' on fuch another Angular piece, and en the top 
 of that a Quick-fet, as the other, then level up as before, anijfet ano- 
 ther Angular piece, with the Quick on the top; fo have ^fou three 
 Rowes of Qiiick-fet, which let itand about one foot from another in 
 each Row, and if your Ground or the Bank be dry, fet their! a foot 
 deep, and if you will you may fet one row on the top of the Bank ; but 
 three Rowes fet each againfl: other, open, triangle, make an excellent 
 Fence ; if fet as is aforefaid. 
 
 {See Fig. 3.) 
 And note, that the higher and larger you make your Bank, the bet- 
 ter your Quick will grow ; for this Paradox is true in planting, That 
 the more you fpend, the more you (hall get ; but if your Ground be 
 a light S07I, then you need not take off die Turf from the triangle- 
 pieces, becaufe the Turf will make fuch Ground hold up the Bank 
 the better; but then it will grow out at the edge of the Angle, and 
 fo will trouble you the more to weed your Quick ; and befides you 
 will want it to lay in the midft of your Bank, which would feed your 
 Sets much, and make them grow the better. 
 
 But if you would make a Stant-hedge without a Ditch, the ufual 
 way is, to dig a Trench about a foot and a half wide, therein fet two 
 or three Rows of Quick, which on good Land may prove indifferent 
 well, but if your Ground be bad, or that you would make it grow 
 and profper well on any Land, then dig a place where your Hedge 
 muft (land one yard wide, and make a Bank with Earth one yard 
 high, being one yard at the bottom, and narrowed by degrees to a foot 
 at the top ; fet two Rows of Sets on each fide this Bank, as is (hewed 
 before about planting. the Bank by the Ditch; or you may make this 
 Bank two foot wide below, and two foot high, fetting one Row of 
 Quick on each fide, and one on the top, as is before directed; and 
 everobferve, that the larger you make your Banks, the better your 
 Sets will grow, as is before noted. 
 
 You may, if your Fence be near to an High-way, have Earth fuffi. 
 dent from thence to make this bank, which will be a little fence of it 
 
 fe!f, 
 
fioi) 
 
 felf, and help the growth of your Sets much; or you may Hope off 
 your ground a foot deep by this Bank, and fome ten foot off come 
 out to the Level of the Ground ; there may you furnifh your felf with 
 Earth to make the Bank, plowing or digging up that ground where 
 you took off the Earth, adding a little Dung to it, which you may 
 fowein the Spring with Corn or Hay-feed, and your Ground in little 
 time will be never the worfe, efpecially if the Sovl be good. 
 
 Thus having fet your Hedge, cut off all the lets within one inch or 
 two of the ground, and keep them weeded for two or three years; and 
 when they have fliot two years on good, or three years on indifferent 
 ground, cut them off within three Inches of the ground; but if there 
 be fome places too thin, there lay down fome into the gaps, and cover 
 them and the reft over one Inch with Mould, leaving the Ends of the 
 the Layers out, which will draw Root, and thicken your Hedge. 
 Let his be praclifed at all times, when you make or lay your 
 Hedges. 
 
 But note, if your Hedge be fet with Crab, or Apple flocks, that 
 
 you leave one ftanding, uncut up, at every twenty foot, or at every 
 
 ten or twelve foot, if the Ground be your own, on both fides the 
 
 Hedge; then may you fo order them, by pruning or flaking, that one 
 
 may lean into one ground, and the other into another, &c. Prune up 
 
 thefe Stocks yearly, till you have got them out of Cattels reach, and 
 
 then graft them with Red-ftrake Jcnm't-moyl, or what Syder, or 
 
 other Fruit you pleafe ; but, if your Stocks be of Apple-kernels, you 
 
 may let them ftand ungrafted, and they will yield you very good Sy- 
 
 der-fruit; but Stocks ungrafted will be the longe/before they bear, 
 
 and alfo when you graft, you may be certain of your Kind, but if you 
 
 find a very mtural Stock, that is likely by Leaf, Shoot and Bud, try it- 
 
 by fo doing you may have a new fine Fruit : if you like it not, you may 
 
 graft it when you pleafe. 
 
 The reft of the Hedge when it hath mot three or four year, you 
 may Lay, for to make a fence of it felf; for you maftmindto keep it 
 from Cattel till it comes to be Laid, and one or two years after; And 
 now to Lay it, I (hill give fome few Rules, which may direci vou 
 when you Lay any Fence-hedge, of what fort of wood focver it 
 be. 
 
 Firft at every Laying, lay down fome old Plafhes, or young ones 
 if your Hedge be thin ; but let them point with their Ends to the 
 Ditch-fide of the Bank, keeping the ends low on the Bank} they will 
 the better thicken the bottom of your Hedge; and keep up the Earth 
 of your Bink. 
 
 Secondly?. 
 
Secondly, At every Laying lay Earth on your Bank, to heighten it, 
 and to cover your Layers all but the Ends, which Earth will help your 
 Quick much, and make the Fence the better by heightning the Banks, 
 and deepning your Ditch. 
 
 Thirdly, Do not cut your Plafhes too much, but juft fo much as 
 they may well bend down ; and do not lay them fo upright as fome 
 of our Work-men doe, but lay them near to a Level, the Sap will 
 break out at feveral places the better, and not run fo much to the ends 
 as it will when they lie much floping. If you have Wood to fpare, 
 cut up moft of thofe that grow near the Ditch ; but hang the Bank 
 then with Bufhes, to keep the Cattel from cropping them the firft year ; 
 thefe will (hoot ftrong, and fecure your Hedge well, keep up the Bank, 
 and thicken the bottom of your Hedge, &c. 
 
 Fourthly, Lay your Hedge pretty thick, turning the beard on the 
 Ditch-fide; but do not let the beard hang uncut, as the common work- 
 men do, (though it doth make a good mew at firft making ) but cut 
 off all the ftragling boughs within half a foot of the Hedge on both 
 fides, then will it fhoot ftrong at thefe places, and thicken ) our Hedge 
 much the more : Of this, Reafon may inform you, as it did me, and 
 Experience will afterwards confirm it. 
 
 Fifthly, If you have got a good high Bank, make your Hedge fo 
 low as you think it may but juft ferve for Fence the firft year ; for it 
 will foon grow high, and the lower your Hedge is made, the Quick 
 will grow the better, and the bottom will be the thicker ; but take 
 care to keep out Cattel from the Field-fide, the firft year after it is 
 made. 
 
 Sixthly, If you would have a good Hedge for Fence, you muft fell 
 it often, doing as is aforefaid, and take care at every felling to root 
 out Elder, Travellers Joy, (that is Bull bine, as fome call it,) Bria- 
 ny, &c and alfo leave not too many high Standard-trees or Pollards 
 in it ; the Elm is one of the beft. Doe not ufe too much dead wood 
 in the bottom of your Hedges, for that choaks your Quick ; but if 
 you have a gap, make your dead Hedge at a diftance. Much more 
 I could fay of Hedges, but I forbear. 
 
 Only I cannot pafs by the Learned Efquires good Advice , in his 
 Difcourfe of Forrefi-trees y (pag. 50.) which is this: / do only wijh t 
 upon the Profpett and Meditation of the V niverfal Benefit, that every 
 perfon whatsoever, worth Ten Pounds per Annum, within his Ma]e- 
 files Dominions, were by* fome indifpenfable Statute obliged to plant his 
 Hedge-rowes with the befi and mofi ufe full kjnds of them , efpecially 
 in finch places of the Nation, ai be the more Inland Counties. Thus 
 
 far 
 
far the Learned Author ; To which I adde, that if they did not plant fd 
 many Trees, and keep fuch a number planted, they fhould be com- 
 pell'd to plant ten Crab-ftocks for the want of one Tree, &c. 
 
 If this were but as much in ufe with us as it in Herefurd-frire, and 
 once grown to a Cuftom, we mould in few years banifh out forraign 
 Drinks by this our excellent and moft wholfom one. Befides, our 
 Trees in (hallow ground would thrive better in Banks of Hedge-rowes, 
 than in the middle of the Ground. 
 
 Again, (faith he) Undoubtedly if this courfewere effectually taken, 
 a very confiderable part both of Meat and Drink^which is fpent in our 
 prejudice, might befavedby the Countrey-people. even out of the Hedges ; 
 which would afford them not onely the Pleafure and Profit of their deli- 
 cious Fruity but fuch abundance of Syder and Perry as fljould fnffice 
 them to drinhj>f one of the mo ft wbolfow Beaverages in the World. 
 
 Old Gerr^rddld long fince alleadge us an Example worthy to be p r- 
 fued: I have feen (faithhe, fpeaking of Apple-trees, lib. $.cb. ioi.)m 
 the Paftures and Hedge-rowes about the Grounds of a worjhipful Gen- 
 tleman, dwelling two miles from Hereford jailed Mr. Roger Bodnome,/* 
 many Fruit- trees of all forts, that the Servants drinks for the mo ft part no 
 other Drink. ^ lit f hat which is made of Apples ; the Quantity being fitch-, 
 that (by the Report of the Gentleman himfelff) the Parfon hath for 
 Tythe many hog flu ads of Syder. An Example do ubtlefs to be followed 
 of Gentlemen that have Lands : But Envy faith, The Poor will breaks 
 down our Hedges, and we fliallhave the leaf: part of the Fruit : How* 
 ever, I advife you to go forward, in the Name of God ; Graft, fet, 
 plant, and nourifj up Trees in every comer of your Ground', the La- 
 bour is fmall, the Co ft is nothing, the Commodity is great, your f elves 
 fliall have plenty, the Poor fhall have fomewhat in time of want to re- 
 lieve their Neccflity, and God flo all reward your Minds and Diligence,, 
 Thus far honeft Gemrd. 
 
 And in truth, with how fmall Charge and with how great Pleafure this 
 were to be effected, every one that is Patron of a little Nurfery can eafily 
 calculate : But by this Expedient, many thoufands of Acres, fow'd now 
 with Barley, might be cultivated for Wheat, or converted into Pafture, 
 to the increafe of Corn and Cattel ; befides the Timber which the Pear* 
 tree doth afford, comparable for divers curious ufes with moit : this 
 alfo would make Timber the more plentifull - the decaying Trees and 
 pruning would be good Fire- wood. 
 
 One thing more I do wifh were practifed in our Hedges, and thofe 
 fined feverely that did not obferve it, viz.. That there fhould not *n 
 Oak in any Hedge whatfoever, be headed, but that the Owner might 
 
 hav£ 
 
(104) 
 have liberty to fhread them up as fome do Elms, though not to #ock 
 or fell them till fuch an Age ; in fuch Banks we fhould have the bed 
 Timber, and enrich the Owner, &c. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIII. 
 
 Of planting fever al forts of Forreft-trees, in order to making 
 the beji advantage of Ground, as Orchards, or the lik$* 
 
 SUppofe you were to plant one Acre of Ground, or more, with 
 Walnuts or Chefnuts, or the like, and would have it planted to 
 the beft advantage ; that is, to have your Trees ftand in good Order 
 to the Eye, and to have as many Trees as conveniently you can in 
 your Ground, (which is fuppofed all men would have) and yet your 
 Trees to ftand at convenient diftance. 
 
 Now (I fay) fuppofing your Ground to be one Acre, and a Geome- 
 trical fquare, in fuch a ground you may begin your firft Row on which 
 fide you pleafe to ftake out your Ground for the holes to be made ; 
 you muft firft refolve what diftance your Trees had beft be planted at ; 
 remembring, that if your ground be good, and a deep ground, then 
 you may plant your Trees at fomewhat the greater diftance : Of the 
 Ground that moft Trees delight in, you may fee in the particular Chap- 
 ter, fpeaking of each Kind. Your Beft way is to plant them Trian- 
 gular and not fquare, as fome doe ; for you can plant them in no form 
 or order whatfoever to be more pleafing to the moft Noble Senfe, than 
 to have every three Trees to make an Equilateral Triangle ; nor in no 
 other way whatfoever to have fomany Trees to ftand in fuch, or any 
 piece of Ground whatfoever., at fuch a diftance. For fatisfaclion, and 
 likewife to demonftrate it more fully, obferve thefe two following Fi- 
 gures of the aforefaid piece of Ground, which is one Acre, and is a 
 Geometrical Square. 
 
 But before I fhew you a Draft, or you ftake out your Ground for 
 your holes to be made, firft confider well thefe few Rules: 
 
 Firft, Obferve the Diftance that your Trees ought to be planted at ; 
 alwayes remembring, that if your Ground be good, and a deep Soyl, 
 that then your Trees will hold the longer, and by confequence grow 
 to the greater perfeftion, therefore plant at larger diftance. As for 
 
 Exam- 
 
Example, If I were to plant this Acre of Ground with Syder-Apples, 
 (as for Inftance, all red-ftrakes, which is an excellent Syder- Apple, and 
 is Iikewife a great Bearer, and a Tree that doth not laft very long,) my 
 Ground being alfo a (fallow Ground, I think of 22 foot afunder to plant 
 thefe Trees at, or as neer that as the Ground will permit. 
 
 Then Secondly, I go round my Ground, and obferving my Fence 
 well, and finding no great Trees in it, I then refolve to fet my Trees 
 at fix foot from my Fence, (but note, if there be great Trees in your 
 Hedge that fences your Ground, then this is too nigh J then I fet off 
 fix foot at one Corner of my Orchard, and fix foot at the other Corner 
 of the fame fide, which is the Eaft fide, then I fet off fix foot at one 
 Corner of the Weft fide, it matters not which, only that End which is 
 the Levelled, is the beft for Meafuring : Having fet thefe three flakes, 
 I drain a Line from one ftake to the other, on the Eaft fide ; then 1 lay 
 a fquare to this Line, removing it'along the Line till I find the other 
 End of the Square point exactly againft the Stake on the weft fide ; 
 then laying a Line right fquare to that Line, till you come at the Stake 
 on the Weft fide, I thenmeafureby this Line as many 22 foots as I 
 can ; noting how many times 22 foot I find, and what you find is over, 
 or more than 1 1 foot, then make your diftance the Iefs, to make that 
 up the equal diftance for one Tree more : but if it be Iefs than half 
 the diftance your Trees are to ftand afunder, then adde that which is 
 under the 1 1 foot, to the number of Trees that be to ftand afunder. 
 Obferve but this, and then you need not fear that your Trees will ftand 
 too far off on one fide, and too near on the Other, it being the fame 
 Charge to plant in good Order as at Random, as too many doe; nay 
 many times Iefs Charge ; and how much more pleafing Order is, I 
 leave them to judge to whom the great God of Order hath given a great 
 delight to imitate him in his glorious works. 
 
 But as for this my piece of Ground, which I pitch on only for Ex- 
 ample, viz,. One Acre, and a Square, Imuft find the fquare Root of 
 160 Rod, or as near it as my Chain will give, and tjien fubftract but 
 the 12 foot out for the diftance of the Trees from the Fence, and di- 
 vide the Remainder by 22, the Quotient tells you how many Trees 
 will ftand in a Row; the over- meafure fubft rafted from, or added to, 
 as your Reafon teacheth you. 
 
 Note this, that it is moft commonly the beft way for your Rows to 
 goethe longeft way of your Ground; for though your Trees ftand 22 
 foot afunder, yet your Rowes in their ftraight Lines will not ftand fo 
 far. 
 
 Now to find the fquare Root there are very many Rules, but none 
 
 P that 
 
that are to my Apprehenfion fo exact and eafie as by Logarithmes : .find 
 but the Logarithme of your Number, then take half that Log. the 
 Number anfwering is the fquai e Root. 
 
 Exam. The Log . of 1 60, is 2* 204 1 1 99 8. 
 
 The half of this Log. is 1 * 10205999. 
 
 The neareft Number anfwering this Logarithme is 12 Rod, ^i 
 that is, 12 Rod 65 Links of a one Pole-Chain divided into 100 lv -° 
 parts. 
 The Proof may appear by thefe three Examples following. 
 
 .E.v.as 12*65: Ex. as 12*64: Ex. by Log. 12.65-.is r 1020905 
 by 12*65: by 12*64: Log. 12*65:15 1* 1020905 
 
 6325 5056 The Number that 2*2041800 
 
 7590 7584 anfwers this Log. 
 
 2530 2528 is i6o"02. 
 
 1265 1264 
 
 160*0225 159*7696. 
 
 By this it doth plainly appear, that 1 2* 65 is the nearefl Number that 
 can be found by your Decimal Chain it is but -, - s -„*;■' more, and by 
 Logarithmes but 2 of a Link put into 100 parts, therefore exact as 
 need be for this purpofe, unlefs it were for Calculation in Aftronomy, 
 or the like. And you fee that 12* 64 multiplyed in it felf, amounts 
 to 159 Rod and : fothat I take 12 Rod and 65 of 100 to be 
 
 Length or Breadth; it being a Square they both be as one. 
 
 Now being the Queftion is propounded in Feet, we mufl turn this 
 1 2 Rod and rt-l into feet alfo ; but note, you may work the fame by 
 the Links of your Chain better than by foot Meafure; but fome ('tis 
 pofiible) have not a Chain, therefore obferveboth wayes, andfirftby 
 Foot meafure. 
 
 12 Rod multiplyed by 16 Foot and a half, fnew the Feet in 12 
 Rod. 
 As Ex. 16' 5 gives 198 foot: 
 12 
 
 - Then for the 65 Links of one Rod, put into 
 
 330 100 parts, or if it be your four Pole-Chain (as is 
 
 165 moftufual now) put into 100 Links ; then are thefc 
 
 198" o 65 Links but 16 Links and a {j by that Chain; 
 
 then 
 
(107) 
 then by the Rule of Three, fay, if 25 (the Links in one Rod) be equal 
 to 16 foot and a half (the feet in one Rod,) how many feet are equal to 
 16 Links and a Quarter? 
 
 The Queftion ranks itfelf thus in Decimal Fractions. 
 
 As 25 is to 16* 50J fo is 16* 25 : to 10 foot V J-M of afoot. 
 
 16*50 
 
 
 16*25 
 
 / 
 
 - -T 
 
 XX 
 
 8250 
 
 f#6x 
 
 3 300 
 
 x68-?x?ti (10*725 
 
 990O 
 
 mm 
 
 1650 
 
 xxxx 
 
 2681250 
 
 t 
 
 Do you defire to know what this Fraction - r III is, in Inches or Bar- 
 ley-Corns, (which be the lowed vulgar terms in furveying) to fatisfic 
 you andalfo my felf, and likewife to inftrucl thofe that defire to learn 
 this Excellent Rule, the Rule of Three, which rightly (for its excel- 
 lent life) is called the Golden Rule. 
 
 Obferve this, if one foot, or 12 Inches be put into 1000 parts, as 
 here it is, (and muft be, being 'tis the Integer or whole fumme of 725,) 
 the Rule orders itfelf thus, as 1000 is to 12 Inches, fo is 725 to 8 
 Inches To 7 !:. 
 
 7 2 5 
 12 (700 
 
 syoo ( 8 
 
 1450 1000 
 
 725 
 
 8700 
 
 "Now to know what this t! °° is in Barley- Corns, do as before, fay 
 thus, If 1000 be equal to 3 Barley-Corns, what is 700 equal unto? 
 I fay as here you fee it proved, that 700 is equal to two Barley-corns 
 and one tenth part of one, for 100 is one tenth of 1000. 
 
 700 
 3 #100(2 
 
 ^000 
 
 210D 
 
 P 2 By 
 
Cio8 J) 
 
 By this it doth plainly appear, that if 72 Rod r-ll be turned into 
 
 feet, it maketh 208 foot, 8 Inches, 2 Barley-corns, and one tenth of a 
 
 Barley-corn: So that you fee thefquare Root cf an Acre is near 208 
 
 foot 8 Inches two Barley-corns, neglecting v ', becaufe -/ l isfome- 
 
 what too much. Now from this 208 foot 8 Inches, I take the 12 foot for 
 
 the Trees to ftand off from the Fence, there remains 196 foot 8 inches, 
 
 then I divide this by 22, the diftance the Trees are to ftand afunder ; 
 
 So I find there may ftand ten Trees, for here you fee there 
 
 3 C 20 ma y b e p en pi aceSj a nd 20 foot 8 inches for one more ; 
 
 ;*y6(8 f tnere wari ts but one foot 4 Inches (or 16 Inches ) to 
 
 xz make fo Trees in a Row, for there is alwayes a Tree 
 
 more than the open. 
 
 Note, that in planting of Walks, this is of good ufe, 
 22 foot: o : tnat (as I faid before) to make one Tree more, this 
 
 20 foot : 8 m: } 6 j ncnes 1 divide by 9, (being there are 9 opens be- 
 r • ~ "~TjII tweenthe ten Trees,) the Quotient is near 2 Inches, 
 
 ° • 4 • w hi cn fubftracl: from 22 foot, and there remains then 
 
 21 foot 10 Inches, andfo much muft every Tree ftand afunder, the 
 proof is as folio weth : 
 
 2 1 foot : 1 o inches : 1 89 
 
 9 9 (6 in: 7 
 
 189 920 (7 foot: 196 foot: 
 
 32 
 
 Here you fee that 'tis 1 96 foot and 6 Inches, it wants but 2 In. 
 
 Then to know what diftance your Rows may ftand afunder, the 
 Rule is, If you make an Equilateral Triangle, the perpendicular of 
 that is the diftance between the Rows, which Triangle I have drawn 
 by the fame fcale of the Orchard. (See Fig. 4.) 
 
 See Chapter the 44^. The breadth of my Paper 
 
 MS r* 6 inches, the Plat 196 foot, and 66 of 100 for the 
 
 /$tf *^6 (32* 79 g i nc hes, my Scale is neer 5 3 parts in one inch, but 
 
 &&& 6 I take 3 2 becaufe it is an even number. 
 
 ( See Fig. 4.) 
 
 If you will trye the Perpendicular of this Triangle, 'tis but 19 foot, 
 fo that there are 3 foot between every 2 Rowesfaved by Planting your 
 ground this way , more than thofe that plant their Qround to have 
 every 4 Trees to make a Square, the Trees ftanding in both at the 
 fame diftance. \. . 
 
 But finding that but little Paper beareth the full breadth of 6 inches 
 
 ' ° the 
 
fiocO 
 
 the quarter of a fheer, and this being Iefs fquare by twelve foot than 
 my full Draught mould be, this being only for the fquare of the Trees, 
 I draw and proportion my Scale to the breadth of 5 Inches 
 and a half: 208 foot divided by 5 and 4, fheweth that 4.* ( 15 
 your Scale mud be one Inch divided into 37 parts, and xp$'o( 37 
 better; but for fear this Scale mould be too great, I draw f f 5 
 
 my Plat by the Scale of 40 in one Inch, fo if you divide 
 
 208 ( the breadth of the Ground ) by 40, it gives 5 5 
 
 Inches and : * , and fo broad muft the Plat be, as you 
 may fee by the Figure : Thus may you enlarge your Draught, or di- 
 minifh it on your Paper, as your ple;.fureis: But 'tis better to draw 
 all your Draughts as large as your Paper will give you leave; the 
 diitance of the Trees in the Draught is 21 foot 10 Inches afun- 
 der. (See Ftg. 5.) 
 
 By this you fee, that if you plant your Trees, triangle, this Acre 
 of Ground hath 11 Rowes and 104 Trees; but if you begin either 
 fide with 1 o, as before I began with 9, then will there be in this ground 
 105 Trees; but to know how many Rowes you may have in any 
 ground, doe thus, and you may prefently fatisfie your felf; you fee 
 the ground from one out-fide Row to the other, is 196 foot' 8 Inches, 
 which divided by 19 (the diftance that the Rowes be afunder, neg- 
 lecting the Fraction as needlefs now) gives iodilknces. 
 Al wayes remember that there is one Ro we, or in a Range x$£ ( 1 o, 
 of Trees one more than the Diftanccs, in this Draught the /?? 
 Trees ftand at the fame diitance, but fquare. x 
 
 ( See Fig. 6. ) 
 By this Iaft Draught it appeareth, that if you fet the Trees at the 
 fame diitance, and fet them fquare, that then there will be but 9 Rowes 
 and 90 Trees in this fquare Acre of Ground ; but if you plant them 
 Triangle, then will it hold 14 or 15 Trees more: But if your Plat of 
 Ground be a long fquare, or any other Irregular Figure, then will 
 your Triangle- way hold a great many more, in proportion to the 
 Quantity of Ground; befides it makes many more Rowes, therefore 
 morepleafing to the Eye. 
 
 Note this well for fetting your Trees exactly, having found the 
 diftance they are to ftand afunder, and likewife how many Rows, 
 with a Line laid, or ftakes true fet, where your firft Row muft goe ; 
 the faid ftakes will be of good ufe to&t the Trees by when your holes 
 be made; having refolved on which fide you will' begin, which al- 
 wayes let be the fide you find molt in fight, fet down your twoCor- 
 ner-ftakes for the firft and laft holes to be made , then with your 
 
 Afliftants. 
 
(no) 
 Afliflants meafure exa&ly in your Row by the Line 21 foot and Ten 
 inches, but in cafe there ihould be odde meafure, then proportion it 
 (as is fhewed before) by making one Hole more or lefs, as you fee 
 caufe : Then having two men to afiift you, with a Chain (for Line 
 will reach or fhrink,) meafure exaftly the dillance of two Trees, let one 
 hold at one Tree, and one at the next in the Row, you {landing at the 
 Angle, with the Chain equally ftiffe, put down a flake at the Angle, 
 and fo go on to the next two Trees,- pitching down your flakes per- 
 pendicular : And alfo confidering the Thicknefs of your Stakes ; thence 
 let your two men go to the next, and you fetting down one at the Angle, 
 till you have ftaked out the whole Ground ; this doe when you come to 
 fet your Trees, being carefull to keep your Chain flrained both fides 
 alike, and to allow for the crookednefs of your Trees, and when you 
 have got two Rows planted, fhenyour Eye will afiift you well enough 
 to obferve the Pvowes as you go on. 
 
 Note alfo, that if your Ground be large, and a fquare, thenypur 
 bed way will be to find the middle Row, and fet that off fquare from 
 that fide of your Ground you mind mofl, or find to be ftraighteft -, 
 there begin to mark out your holes, and alfo to plant your Trees ; but 
 if your Ground be Irregular* or have an Angle on one fide, then be- 
 gin on your flraight fide, and run the odde meafure into the Angle, as 
 far as is convenient to plant in fuch a Ground, you need but find what 
 diflance yourfirfl Row mufl be fet at : But if your Ground have both 
 the fides flraight, then it will be convenient to fet the fide-rowes at 
 equal diflance from your Fence ; Thus you may well perceive, that it 
 is but meafuring the length and breadth of your Ground, and propor- 
 tion one to the diflance your Trees be to fland at, the other to the 
 dillancc the Rows are to be afunder, and you may proceed to flake 
 out your Ground. After this method you may plant any fort of Forrefl 
 
 trees in Groves. 
 
 The beil way is, to flake out your whole Ground before you plant 
 a Tree, or make one hole ; by fo doing you may well perceive where 
 a fault is, and eafily mend it in time (though fome are of opinion other- 
 wife,) but I mail leave them to their own Judgement, and fatisfie my 
 felf with Experience and Reafon : But for fear any thing fhould be du- 
 bious to you that I have writ, obferve but the fetting out of thefe two 
 Rows, and then I hope it will be plainly demonflrated to you how 
 to proceed. Suppofe the Length of your Ground fhould be the length 
 of the Line marked at the End thus ©. 
 
 ( See Fiwre 7. ) 
 
 Having 
 
C»0 
 
 Having flaked out your firft Row, as before is fliewed, and havin« 
 the Ghain exactly the diftance of two Opens, then bid one of your men 
 take one End, and the other man the other End, you holding exactly 
 the Middle, bid one hold at the flake one, the other at the flake two, 
 then pitch you down your flake right at the Angles, as the prick- 
 ed Line fheweth : So let your two men remove from flake to flake, 
 and you from Angle to Angle, till you have flaked out your Rowe, 
 and then let them come to that Row you Iafl fet out, and goe on to 
 another, fo proceed till you have ftaked out your whole Ground. Thus 
 much for planting trees in Orchard fafhion. I have been the larger 
 to fhew the belt way for improving your Ground, prefuming, that 
 every man that fenceth in a ground would plant as many Trees as he 
 can in it; let fuch but mind what I have delivered, and what I fhall 
 deliver in the next Chapter, I hope it will be Satisfactory to him ; if it 
 be, it will be the like to me. 
 
 But what Order foever you plant your Trees in, make your holes 
 good before: Set not your Trees too deep, and keep them flaked the 
 firft year, covering the ground over the Roots with fome Litter, or 
 Dung, and over that a little Mould, to keep the Sun from burning the 
 Dung, and exhaufling the flrength. In the Spring walk over the 
 Ground you planted in Winter, and fet your Trees to right, and tread 
 the Mould to the Roots, efpecially if the Spring be drye; keep all the 
 cracks filled with Mould; after your Trees be fet, keep your ground 
 with digging or plowing, for three or four years at firft, but the longer 
 the better ; your Trees will run and thrive in the loofe Ground much; 
 but if you do not fo much mind Order in Planting, but would keep 
 your Land for Corn, and yet would gladly have Fruit-trees too (which 
 may very well be, and you may have good flore of Fruit, and not 
 much the lefs Corn,) then plant your Rowes about thirty foot afun- 
 der, the longeft waves of your Ground, and fet the Trees in the Rows 
 about 1 5 foot afunder, and let the Trees in each Row fland exactly 
 fquare ; fo may you have a very fine Orchard, and little or nothing the 
 lefs Corn : Many years may you have as much Fruit as is worth a 
 good Crop of Corn, offfo much Land, and not the lefs Corn; which 
 may well encourage you to planting, if you dare believe me ; but if 
 not, be but fo kind to your felf and me, as to trye whether I tell truth 
 not. Be fure to keep Cows out of your young Orchards ; Sheep will 
 do no harm, provided you wifp your Trees about with Thum- 
 bands whileft young, which is the beft way to keep them from the 
 deflruclive Hares and Coneys. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(IIS) 
 
 f A 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. 
 
 OfVrunwg Trees > fome general Obfervations. 
 
 Lthough I have fhewed you how to prune moft. fort of Trees, in 
 ^ each Chapter, where I fhewed you how to raife them, yet I 
 (hall fay a little more; and all wiU be too little; for the Curate of 
 JHenonville tells you in his Bo6k*of the Manner of Ordering Fruit- 
 trees. That it is a Thing very rare among Gardners to Prune Trees 
 welf; for the doing of it well depends more upon their Ingenuity than 
 upon their Hand : It is alfo very hard to give Inftruclions for it, be- 
 caufe it confiftsnot in certain and general Maxims, but varies accord- 
 ing to the particular Circumftanccs of each Tree , fo that it de- 
 pends abfolutely upon the Gardners Prudence, who ought of himfelf 
 to judge what Branches muft be left, and which are fit to be cut 
 
 away, &c. , . - . 
 
 Indeed that erroneous Cuftome and Saying (which is among moft 
 men ) of Timber-trees, not to prune them at all, or if you doe, to 
 cutoff the boughs atdiftance from the Body, hath made many a good 
 Fruit-tree lofe its life fooner by many years than it would have done, 
 and alfo hath yielded to the Owner much lefs and worfe Fruit than it 
 would have done : Therefore whatfoever Bough you cut off from Fruit 
 or Forreft-tree, cut it clofe and fmooth, and the loweft fide clofeft, 
 then will it not hold water, and every year the Bark will furround and 
 overgrow the wound by little and little, till it hath quite healed the 
 place; But if you leave a Stump, it's likely that will hold water, and 
 make a hole into the very Body of your Tree, and fo in little time 
 make it ficttand kill it, which before would bear you but little and 
 poor Fruit : Or if the Stump hang down fo that it doth not hold wet, 
 then the Tree muft be as big as that Stump is long, on all fides, be- 
 fore it can over-grow that place ; or if the Stump rots, and breaks 
 off, then many times it leaves a hole inj^e Tree, which if it tends 
 much upward, fo that it takes water, it certainly kills the Tree ; and 
 if the Tree be not a very thriving Tree, it will be very long before it 
 overgrowes that hole, though it do not take wet ; Therefore what 
 
 boughs 
 
boughs you cut off, cut them off clofe, unlefs the Tree be very old, 
 and the boughs great, fuchl do not advife you to meddle with ; but 
 if you doe, cut them at a diftance from the Body, al waves remem- 
 bring to let the wound be fmooth, and to tend as much from the Ho- 
 rizon as may be. All boughs that grow upright , be they great or little, 
 cut them not right crofs over, but cut them Hoping upward, and let 
 the dope afpecl: the South, Eaft or Weft, if it may be ; and in thofc 
 boughs that lean from the head, cut the flope on the lower fide, the 
 flope tending downward, fo will they cover over the better ; if the 
 wound be great cover it over with fome Clay , well mixed with 
 Horfe-dung to keep it from the weather, and it will cover over the 
 fooner. 
 
 Many a good Tree is fpoyled by grafting of it in bad places,, as I 
 have feen in fome hundreds, of which I have not fpared (as oft as I 
 could) to tell the Owners, but few would believe me; forfometimes 
 they cut off great boughs, till they come to 6 Inches for thereabouts) 
 Diameter; there they put in four or fix Grafts in the Bark, and fome- 
 times two in the CIift,and faw the bough right crofs over,though it grow 
 upright, in which if the Grafts do grow, the head is fo great, and they 
 growing Round (as it were endeavouring to cover over the wound ) 
 make fuch a hollow place (like a Dim) on the Head, as holds water 
 and kills the Tree, which is many times dead before the Grafts can 
 cover over the head : or if the Tree doth not thrive very well, they 
 keep that place well covered with Loom, or Clay mixed with Horfe- 
 dung, and fometimes they head the Tree very low, and thereby check 
 it fo much, that it dyes in little time after : Sometimes they cut off 
 fuch great boughs, and do it foil], that though the heads grow, yetiw 
 little time thefe wounds kill the Tree. Though I mall not here teach 
 you how to graft, yet let me advife you when you graft high great 
 Trees, not to cut them too low, but to prune them up till they come 
 to the thicknefs of your Arm, or lefs, and then graft them, for then 
 will the Grafts foon overgrow fuch places. 
 
 Leave a good many of thefe Heads on, according to the bignefs of 
 your Tree, that if fome mifs you may take them off the next Spring, 
 and yet have enough for the Head. If you graft in the Bark, youmulr 
 remember to head your Grafts about Midfummer^ or elfe they will be 
 fubject to blow off; put your Grafts in alway on the upper fide, and 
 cut upright Boughs a little floping off, they will heal over the better ; 
 keep them from Suckers, and then you may expect good Trees and 
 Fruit, of which I wifhyour Hedge- rowes were full. 
 
 Of all forts of Trees whatfoever, if any Roots be broke or much 
 
 Q bruifed^ 
 
0'4) 
 
 bruifed, or cracked, cut them off till you come to firm Wood, the 
 flope tending to the Ground likca Horfe-foot; but be very fparingin 
 cutting the Roots of Greens, and alfo in cutting their heads off, yet 
 you may proportion the Head to the Root, by cutting offfome fide- 
 boughs, which cut off (if your Green be tender ) the latter end of 
 March, or in jipriij and cut the Bough off two or three Inches from 
 the Body, and that time come Twelve month take off that piece clofe, 
 and cover the wound with a little Wax or Clay well tempered ; if your 
 Greens be for high Trees, endeavour to make them taper, by leaving 
 fome fide boughs to eafe the head. 
 
 In all Trees you intend for Timber, be cautious in catting off their 
 heads, efpecially thofe of great Piths, fuch as the Afh, Walnut, &r. 
 Unlefs your Tree grow top-heavy, or much crooked, and then at the 
 crooked place cut off the head Hoping upward, and nurfe up one of 
 the principal fhootsto be the leading Shoot, but fuch as are fubjccl 
 to die when headed, or any Tree very great, meddle not with fuch; 
 the Beech is one of the worit to head of any Tree I know. 
 
 Such Trees as you intend for to grow to a certain propofed height, 
 you mull take care to keep them taper, by leaving fide-boughs in 
 convenient place and diftance to make them taper, cutting fuch boughs 
 off when you find your Tree is fwelled enough below ; itill minding 
 to take off the greateft fide-boughs and leave little ones, and to pro- 
 portion "your head( by keeping it fmall ) according to the Body, and 
 maintaining the leading Shoot, letting it have no equals ; for forked 
 Trees are never ftraight: Thus do till you have got your Tree to the 
 Height you intend, and there let the Head break out, and cut off all 
 the fide-boughs, but 'if fia'e- boughs ftill break out, then give them a 
 Summer-pruning, a little after Alidftnnmer y and cut them off clofe; 
 fo will you kill them, and have a fine, {lately, clear Body, and fine Tim- 
 ber-tree : See Chap, i O. 
 
 Obferve this in all Trees you would have grow with a handfome 
 irraight body, till you have got them to the height you intend they 
 (hall head at. 
 
 Whileft your Trees be fmall you muft prune them every year : The 
 beft time for moil: is the Spring; but hardy Trees and Wood may be 
 pruned at any time in Winter; when they be a little older, once in 
 two year, then once in three, and then in four, and never feldomer 
 than once in five or fix, fo will the Bough be fmall, the Tree will foon 
 overgrow the place, the Knot will not be great to vex the Carpen- 
 ter or joyn'er at all, the place will not be very fubject to putforth 
 -Suckers, became the Sap hath had no great recourfe to that place. 
 
 Mind 
 
C"5) 
 
 Mind alwayes to cut off your Boughs fmooth , and clofe to the 
 Body: This if you pleafe to doe, you may have fine Timber, and 
 handfom Trees, which I dare engage will pay you or yours well for 
 your helps to them. 
 
 The like doe with your ftandard Fruit-trees, or thofe you intend for 
 Pollards, till you have got them to the height you defign they mall 
 head at, and at fctcing if they be tender Trees, or Trees that have 
 great Pith. If you mult head them, let it be in the Spring, when you 
 rind they begin to bud, but then you mull take care of the winds in 
 Winter, that they (hake them not fo as toletthehir in to the ground, 
 to kill the Roots, therefore tie them to good Stocks. 
 
 Or this is a good way for Trees that have not great Piths, or are 
 very tender ; cut off fome of the tops of the Boughs when you fet 
 them, fo let them be till the Spring, and when you fee the Bud break 
 out, then cut them on every moot of the head, a little above the 
 IoweftBudor two of each (hoot ; fo will the head (hoot but with few 
 moots, and they will be the ftronger ; the head being fmall, the Root 
 will endeavour to proportion it to its former greatnefs, or near it : but 
 if you have many fhoors break out, then cut them all off but four or 
 five, for fo many are enough to make Arms for any Tree ; but if then 
 you find the Tree to fhoot too much, and grow top-heavy (asfome- 
 times they will if well kept and on good ground,) then head the Tree 
 again, but not folowas you did before, (for Rea r on ought to be ufed 
 in all things ; this will make your Tree fwell in body much, and in 
 time be a fine Tree : So that I fay, endeavour to get a good Body ; 
 for in Fruit-trees this is to be noted, that you muft in the firlt place en- 
 deavour to get your Tree in fuch a Condition as to bear you good Fruit, 
 and a Quantity, rather than little Fruit early , and then never good 
 Fruit or Tree after ; therefore if you have a Tree that doth not thrive, 
 but is fubje& to blow much (as moft fuch Trees are J cut off the blow- 
 ing Buds in the Spring, as low to a Leafie Bud as you can, and fome 
 moots, as near the place where the Tree headed as you can ; but mind 
 to leave fome Buds on the head todraw uptheSap, or elfeyourTree 
 may break out in the middle of the Body, or a little above Ground; 
 but if your Buds once fhoot on the head, but half a foot, then will your 
 Tree come away. Thus and by digging about, have I helped ma- 
 ny a Hunted Tree forward, which you may doe likewife> if you 
 pleafe. 
 
 I have many times obferved feveral Fruit-trees, as Pears, Apples, &c. 
 to be full of falfe- bearing Buds; I call them fo becaufe they did not 
 blow, for the Tree having got more head than the Roots could well 
 
 Q^ 2 main- 
 
• C"0 
 
 maintain, had not ftrength fufincient tofpare Tap for bloflom, nor yet 
 for Fruit; which by pruning and thinning the heads of fuch Trees, and 
 by flitting the bark on the Body in the Spring, hath made them after- 
 wards to bear well, when they have put forth new fhoots at the head. 
 
 And fome forts of Fruit-trees there be which will blow and bear 
 themfelves to death, when they be middle-aged, as before I told you 
 fome young oneswould, if not helped by pruning-, butthe beftwayes 
 to preferve fuch Trees from death , and to make them bear pretty 
 ?iood Fruit, is, to cut off mod of the blowing Buds, and to thin the 
 head of fome boughs, to make it (hoot again •, then will it live many 
 years longer, and bear better Fruit : Some Trees there be that will 
 run fomuch into wood, that they will not bear of themfelves till they 
 come to be old, but if you cut off the head of the fhoots as foon as 
 everthe Spring- fhoot is over, which is near Midfummer, and take 
 out fome great boughs then \ if you mind your Time, and do it with 
 difcretion, you may force that Tree to put forth blowing Buds, and 
 blow and bear the year following. 
 
 Thus have I (hewed you fome wayes and hints of pruning Trees, 
 though I know fome that are againlr. Pruning them at all \ So are there 
 fome that areagainft Learning: but 'tis convenient for Trees to be 
 pruned well, as alfo it is very necefTary for men to be brought up in. 
 Learning j for thereby both produce-much the better Fruits : therefore* 
 
 Be gone from hence thou knotty-naturd Turk,, 
 There's nought defigndfor thee within this work. 
 This was for Chriftians made, and J itch as be 
 Lovers of Trees and Ingenuity ; 
 This was intended onely for the wife. 
 And none but Ignorant s will it defpife ; 
 Let fools laugh on, and wife men plant <u fyfl, 
 And fee who I have the better ont at lajUt* 
 
 1 fhaH here (hew you what the good Efquire faith in his Difcourfe of 
 Forreft-trees, pag . 74. which he quotes from an ancient Author. 
 
 9 Ti* a tnifery (faith he) to fee how our fair eft Tree/ are defae'd by un- 
 skilfull Wood-men, and mifchievom Borderers, riho go alwayes arm'd 
 with foort Hand-bills , hacking and chopping off all that comes in their 
 Way ', by which our Trees are made full of Knots, Boyls and Cankers, 
 to their utter deftruUion : Good Husbands jhould be aftamed of it : As 
 much to be reprehended are thofe who either begin this wor\ at unfea- 
 fonablt times, or fo maim the poor Branches, that either out of lazS- 
 
 nefs 
 
f"7) 
 
 ntfi or want of skilly they leave moft of them Stubs', and injieaci. of 
 tutting the Arms and Branches do fe to the Boll, hac^them off a 
 foot or two from the Body of the Tree ; by which Means they become 
 h low and rotten, and are as fo many Conduits to receive Rein and 
 the weather, which penjhes thereto the very head, dtformtno the whole 
 Tree with many ugly Botches ■, which fame nits Life, and utterly marre 
 the Tree. 
 
 By this Animadverfion alone it were eafie for an ingenious man ta 
 understand how Trees are tobegovern'd, which is (in a word or two) 
 by cutting clean, fmooth andclofe, making the ftroke upward, and 
 with a (harpChizzel or Bill, fo as the weight of an untraceable bough 
 do not fplice, and carry the Bark with it, which is both dangerous 
 and unfightty ; and by endeavouring to keep the Tree taper, by leaving 
 fome little Boughs on the fides. 
 
 I have here (hewed you how to prune Forreft- trees, with fbme what 
 of high Standard Fruit-trees; but if you would fee more Books, then 
 fee Efquire Evelyn: Difcourfe of Forreft-trees? and for Fruit-trees, the 
 Curate of Henonvilles Book. 
 
 But here note, if you mould have any Trees that fhould beftundied, 
 or very crooked, or much cropped by Cartel; the beftway is not to 
 ftand to prune upfuch TreestoaHead, but firft to fell them clofe at 
 the Ground, and then they will put forth young ftraight (hoots; one 
 of the ben: you muft nurfe up, if you intend it for a Timber-Tree ; if 
 for under- wood, then let them grow with all the heads the Roots will 
 put forth : The Spring is the beft feafon for this. And thus much at 
 prefent of pruning Forreft-trees ;. for I tell you there are more Trees 
 fpoyjed by bad Lopping or Pruning, or for want of good Lopping or 
 Pruning, than there are of all Difeafes belonging to Forreft-trees, iinlefs 
 they be accidental, asfpoyl'd by Cattel, &c. 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. 
 Of the Difeafes of Trees. 
 
 THere be fevera! Difeafes and Cafuahies that do fpoyl Trees, which 
 fometimes happen in the Roots, and fometimes in the Body or 
 Head. 
 
 i. The Roots maybe the decay of the Tree ; as, if they ft and in 
 
 Ground 
 
ruB) 
 
 Ground contrary to its Kind, as the Beech on cold Clay , and wet 
 Ground, or the Alder on (harp dry Gravel, &c. which is contrary to 
 each Kind, and muft not thus be fet. 
 
 2. It is alfo a great fault to the Roots of Trees, to fet thofe Trees 
 which naturally love to run (hallow,too deep j or indeed any other. 
 
 3 . When Ground is very ftiffe or Rocky, it muft be digged or plow- 
 ed to make way for the Roots to run in, and contrary Earth tayd round 
 about the Trees Roots. 
 
 4. Great weeds muft not grow round the Tree, for they will rob 
 the Roots of their Nourifhment ; alfo they muft early be weeded from 
 Seedlings, or imall Plants, leaft they choak them. 
 
 5. Ivy, and Travellers Joy, Bryany, and fuch Climers, muft be puil'd 
 up round your Trees, leaft they pinch or make them crooked, and fo 
 fpoyl them. 
 
 6. Suckers muft carefully be pull'd off, whenfoever you fee them 
 break out, opening the Earth, fo that you may well come at the place 
 of the Root where they grow out, and then pull or cut them offclofe : 
 If you find them rooted, you may fet them again, but then you muft 
 obferve Winter-feafon \ but fuch Trees as yield Suckers from the 
 running Roots, as the Elm, Cherry, &c. if it be in Woods, and they 
 thin, leave fomeofthem as you pleafe, they will do the Tree no harm j 
 be fure to take fuckers clean off from the Body the firft year. 
 
 7. The Bodies are moft commonly in danger, if Deer, Hares, or 
 Connyes can come at them whileft they be young} therefore if you 
 plant where Deer or Connies are, you muft take care to fence them 
 well with Frames of wood, and look to keep them fo, or elfc never 
 plant at alii for in one day or night they will bark round feveral, efpe- 
 cially the Afh, Line, Abele, Poplar, &c. And take great care to keep 
 vour App'es and Pears from Hares and Connies in hard Winters, for 
 they will fpoyl them all if they come at them. The beft fence to fe- 
 cure your Trees from them, is to tie Thum-bands of Hay or Straw 
 round them, fo high as they can reach ; keep this renewed early every 
 Winter. 
 
 8. Great Boughs ill taken off, as I have many times faid before, 
 fpovls many a Tree ; therefore take them off clofe and fmooth, and not 
 parallel to the Horizon : Cover the wound with Loom- or Clay, well 
 mixed with Horfe-dung, and keep it fo covered; for if the wet fall 
 perpendicular on fuch a place, it will in little time make the whole 
 Tree hollow, by the wet getting in there, which comes by great Lops 
 and bad Lopping; as you may fee in too many Elms, Allies, Horn- 
 beams, &c. fpoyi'd bv fuch carelefnefs.' 
 
 p. If 
 
C"9; 
 
 o. If a Tree be Bark-bound, then flic through the B.rk with your 
 knife, from the head to the Ground: The Spring is the bciHeafon; 
 This will do molt Trees good, and no harm to any. 
 
 10 If Worms be got between the Bark and the body of your Tree, 
 they rnuft be cut out -, and the place done over with Loom. 
 
 11. Cankered places, or gall'd, or boughs broke, are to be cut 
 frnooth, and covered over with Loom ; the Canker mud be caft clean 
 out: If a great bough be broke, and the Tree old, cut it off at adi- 
 ftancc from the Body, but little boughs clofe. 
 
 12. If a Tree be blafted in part, or the whole head, cut all that is 
 blafted or dead clofe off to the Quick, and take out all dead boughs : 
 Keep Catterpillers from the heads of young Trees, left they eat off the 
 Leaves and Buds, and kill your Tree. 
 
 1 3 . Take care to deftroy Moles and Mice, by Traps or Poyfon \ for 
 Moles will make hollow the Ground, and much harm your young 
 Trees : Mice will eat all the Bark off round the Body in hard Winters, 
 and kill your Tree ; but mind you in time to prevent them. 
 
 14. Rooks do dedroy many a Tree, both old and young, before 
 their time : As to old Trees by pinching off the tops, and breaking off 
 the Buds ; and young Trees by lighting on their heads ; their weight 
 breaking off their young tender moots and Buds, caufes the Trees to 
 die; and alfo they deftroy Seedlings where they breed ; their Dung 
 brings forth great weeds, as Nettles, &c. and fo choaks the young 
 Seedlings ; therefore kill all of them you can at breeding-time, by 
 {hooting them, and fetting Lime-twips on the tops of your young.Trees: 
 You'l thrive the better if you deftroy them. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVI. 
 
 Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices. 
 
 IF you love to have a thriving Wood, and to improve it for your bed- 
 Advantage, your beft way is, not to let it ftand too long before you 
 fell; for the oftener you fell your under- wood, the thicker it will be; 
 as at ten or twelve years growth on a (hallow ground, and twelve or 
 fourteen years growth on your. deep Soyl and beft grounds ; for there 
 
 be 
 
(120) 
 be many Inconvenlencies in letting your Woods ftand too long before 
 you fell them, or Trees in Woods that do not profper. 
 
 Firft, When you let your Woods or Coppices (land long before 
 you fell them, you cannot come to furvey your Timber-trees, to fee 
 which be decaying, and in fo doing you are uncharitable to your Coun- 
 trey, no good Common-wealthfman, no good Husband for your felf, 
 and no good Chriftian : For why fhould any Reafonable man let his 
 Trees ftand in his Woods, or elfewhere, with dead tops, hollow 
 Trunks, Limbs falling down upon others andfpoyling them, dropping 
 upon young Seedlings under it, and killing them? The ill husband, 
 while many of his Neigbours want fuch Timber (nay poflfibly he him- 
 felf,) there he lets his Trees ftand, which were formerly worth 10 or 
 5 /. a Tree, or more, till they be not worth the half that they were: 
 Here he Iofeth the ufe of his Money, more than Twenty in the Hun- 
 dred, if it be an Oak, he lofes the Bark, with the ufe of the Ground, 
 where tis likely fcveral young Trees might have been, if that had 
 been taken down in time. 
 
 I know that fome perfons of Quality fay, that this is a great Orna- 
 ment to their Ground : But I think no greater than it would be to their 
 perfons to wear a Garment very Old, with half a skirt, a piece of a 
 Sleeve, and all the Trimming off. But I (hall never pronounce fuch 
 Judgement againft trees, having ten times more Mercy. Such as be 
 thriving ( unlefs they ftand too thick ) I would intreat you not to cut 
 down ; for you do not lofe fo much by fuffering the Tree that is decay- 
 ing, to ftand } but you hinder you or yours as much in cutting down 
 a young thriving Tree. 
 
 There are too many men in this Kingdom, who before they fell 
 their Eitates will many times fell off all their Timber that was good, 
 and which would have thriven well for many years, and fo by the 
 Moneys they make of that, they lengthen out the time before they fell. 
 I wifh that my Vote ( though fingle) could perfwade thofe men that 
 are refolved to fell fuch Timber, that they would alfo fell their Land 
 with it ; and I do not queftion but the Purchafer (if a Lover of Tim- 
 ber, as moll: Purchafcrs are) would then give more for the Timber to 
 ftand, by at Icaft 12 d. in the pound, rather than have another man to 
 buy it off from his Ground, lonceobfervcdan Afh-tree intheWood- 
 waiks at Cajhtobury, which ftood in the Walk that I made through 
 the Wood-walks to Hemjleed High-way ; which Afh I meafured as 
 followeth, according to the cuftomary way of meafuring by the Line 
 of Numbers ; it was a fip.e ftraight tree, tapering a little, fo that I 
 needed but to girth it in one place 3 it girthed juft 72 Inches, and was 
 
 £8fott 
 
(131) 
 
 58 foot long, from the p'ace where the Root was fawn off, to the place 
 where the head was cut off: The fourth part of 72 Inches, is 18 
 Inches. 
 
 The Rule is as 12, 
 
 To 18 the Square in Inches, 
 
 So is 5 8, foot the Length 
 
 To a fourth Number j 
 
 And that fourth Number tells you the content in feet, &c. 
 Extend the CbmpafTes, one point fixed in 12, (the fide in Inches 
 of a fuperficial foot fquare) to 1 8 Inches the fquare of the Tree \ keep 
 the CompaiFes fixed, and fet one point on 58 the Length of the Tree in 
 feet, ( but it muft be the 58 on the left hand, or elfethe CompafTes will 
 go offthe'Rull)and then turn the CompafTes twice to the Right hand, 
 and the laft movable point of the CompafTes will fall upon 1 30 foot, 
 and fomething above a half ^ but that Divifion is fo fmall, a man can- 
 not read well how much it is 7 if it be above half a foot : This is the 
 cuftomary way with mod men to meafure trees, though it makes Iefs 
 than there is, which in reafon ought to be confidered in the price, and 
 not in the falfe meafure : but I will here (hew you how to work both 
 the cuftomary and the true way, by the Rules of Natural Arithme- 
 tick \ that fo you may trie whether you have meafured right by the 
 Rule and Compafs, or no ; and alfo that you may fee the fweet Agree- 
 ment between Geometry and Arithmetick. 
 
 And firft to work it by the cuftomary way 5 here we take the fourth 
 part of the Circumference to be the fide of the fquare of the Tree, 
 (though erroneous ) and meafure it as a Cylinder. The fourth part 
 of 72 In. is 18 In. which multiplyed in its felf, gives 
 324, the fuperficial Inches of one end : 18 I 58 
 
 Then 58 (the Length) multiplyed by 12, gives 696 18 (12 
 
 Inches, the Length of the Tree in Inches ; 
 
 And 696 Inches multiplyed by 324 Inches, gives 844 
 2255041 the fquare Inches, which fumme divided by 18 
 1728 (the fquare Inches in a folid foot) gives 1 30 foot — 
 and a half. *' 324 
 
 116 
 
 58 
 
 696 
 
 1.8 (864 
 
 2. 2. 1. I thought by the 
 
 1.5.3.7.6 - 8<f4 point of the Compaf- 
 
 2. 2. 5 . 5 . o. 4 V. 1 3 O ,-y-jj : fes it had been a little 
 
 *. 7. 2. 8. 8. 8 above \ a foot, but it 
 
 1.7.Z.Z isjufthalfafoot: 
 
 1 7 225504 
 
 R Thus 
 
( I22J 
 
 Thus having (hewed you, both by Lines and Numbers, what there 
 was of this Tree the cuftomary way, I fhall here mew how many foot 
 of Timber there is in it, the true way, ftill fuppofing it to be a Cylin- 
 der, that is, a round Figure of equal Circumference in all parts : there 
 be feveral wayes to mefure it, as by having the Circumference, ©r by 
 having the Diameter at the End, or by having the fide of a fquare equal 
 to the Bafe thereof ; but we having the Circumference, which is 72 
 Inches, I (hall proceed that way : 
 
 And firft by the Rule and Compafles, the Circumference being 72 
 Inches : and the Length 696 Inches j how many folid ket are there 
 in fuch a tree ? 
 
 As is the /landing Number 147: 36, 
 To the Circumference 72 Inches, 
 So is the Length in Inches 6p6 
 To a fourth Number : 
 
 And from that to the Content in feet, 166, and near half; that Divi- 
 fion being fo fmall it cannot well be read on a two-foot Rule. 
 Extend the Compafles from the 147 ~* point, to 72 on the left 
 
 hand ; keep the Compafles fixed , and fet one point on the Num- 
 ber 696 (the Length in Inches and then turning your Compares 
 twice from that Number towards the left hand, the point will fall upon 
 1 66. and near a half, the folid Content in feet : 
 
 Or moreeafily thus: As is the Handing Number 42- 54. 
 
 To 72 Inches the Circumference, 
 
 So is 58 foot (the Length,) 
 
 To a fourth, and that fourth to 166 foot and a 4 fore. 
 
 Extend the Compafles from 42/ 54, to 72 the Circumference in 
 Inches, that Extent will reach from 58 foot (the Length) to anorher 
 Number, and from that Number to j66 foot and fomewhat more, but 
 how much more I (ha>ll (hew you with my Pen, and the ordinary way 
 of working; though Log. is much eafier, but fome may not have ta- 
 bles, or not underibnd them if they have. 
 
 Now having the Circumference given, which is 72 Inches, wemufr. 
 find the Diameter, and the Rule is, 
 
 As 22 is to 7, fois 72 to 22 ~ Inches,the Diameter near 23,as 
 
 here it is wrought : 
 
 7 2 (20 
 **o r . 
 
 *.*2 
 
 x Off 
 
Or you may do it by two turns of your Compafles; 
 Extend your Compares from 22 to 7: the fame Extent will reach 
 from 72. to necr 23; for it wants but 2. of zz : 
 Or, if you will have it in more exacl terms, then, 
 As 3. 140, 
 To 1. 000; 
 
 So is 72 Inches, the Circumference, 
 To 22 ■■ ° that is neer 23 the Diameter. 
 Now for the Content of the Head, multiply half the Circumference 
 by half the Diameter, and it giveth the fuperficial Content, 
 HalfDiam. 11' 5 
 Half Circum. 36 
 
 690 
 345 
 
 414*0 the gpntent in Inches : 
 
 This multiplyed by 696 (the Length of the Tree in Inches) giveth 
 the folid Content in Inches, and that fumm divided by 1 728 (the Inches 
 in a Cubical Foot,) fheweth you how many foot and parts are in the 
 tree. 
 
 The Length in Tnches is 696 1 
 
 The Content of the Bafe is 4 1 4 5.2 
 
 1.3. 
 
 2784 2.4. (1296 
 
 696 i. 3.6. 9 
 
 2784 5-5- r -4- 
 
 1. 1.6. 3.6.6 
 
 The whole Content 288144 2.8.8.1.4.4.(166 
 
 in Inches 1.7. 2.8. 8. 8 
 
 1.7.2.2. 
 
 1 7- 
 The whole Content in Cube- feet is about 166, and a little more; 
 
 for if you come within } ofafootinfuchfummesasthis, with the Rule 
 
 and CompafTes, 'tis well. 
 
 When this Tree was fawn off a little above the Root, I told jufl: 72 
 
 annual Circles; fomeof them were the greateft that I ever yet faw in 
 
 any tree, and thofe were about the middle of its Age ; fome three 
 
 made above one Inch, fo that the tree then did grow above two Inches 
 
 in Diameter in three years time ; but at firft and of late, for fome 6 
 
 or 7 years it did increafe but little; for it was neer at its full growth, 
 
 R 2 fo» 
 
C I2 4) 
 
 fo that if you multiply 12 the Semi-Diameter (for it was 24 Inches 
 at the Root-ena) by 6, it gives you 72, fo that it did grow one year 
 with another 2 Inches in 6 year, or one Inch in Diameter in three 
 years. 
 
 I do not bring this Tree in for its Greatnefs, but for its quick growth, 
 and fine Length of Timber, which was helped by its fituation, it (land- 
 ing in a Valley, and fet round with many other great trees. If this 
 tree had been fold a|one, it being fuch a ftraight Tree, and fuch a tough 
 grane ( for your great grand Trees are alwayes the tougheftj tofome 
 Pike-maker, &c. it had been worth 1 /. 6 d. the foot, at which price 
 the very timber comes to 09/. 15/. 09 d. then the Head and Roots 
 would well pay for the Stocking and making up the wood, and make 
 up this fummeTen pound too. 
 
 I do not bring this to compare with Trees that are and have been ; 
 for the ingenious Author in his Dtfconrfe of Forrcfl-trees, pag. 84. tells 
 you of a Tree worth 50 /. as affirmed Jay Capt. Bullockj, but I men- 
 tion it to (hew thofe that love Trees, wS5r Profit a thriving tree brings 
 them yearly : And I dare affirm, that they had better pay life for 
 Money, than cut down a tree thatllands in a good place, and is in a 
 jjood thriving Condition : therefore if your trees be growing and in- 
 crcafein moot, be not toohaily in felling, and when thev are decay- 
 in^ it is too late, therefore let them not decay too long before you feil 
 the;n . 
 
 When your Wood is come to the growth you intend to fell at, if 
 your Wood be thick of wood, then fell the Timber trees and under- 
 wood as clofe to the ground as you can; but if your wood be thin, 
 then (lock up your trees, efpecially if great timber ; and the Winter 
 after, into thefe holes where you flocked up the trees, fet Elm, Cherry, 
 Popler, Sarvice, aud Sallow-Cutrings ; fo will thefe trees, which are 
 fubjecl to grow from the running Roots, thicken your woods: the 
 Roots will pay for the flocking ; you will fave a foot or two of the bed 
 of timber, and the Roots of other wood will grow the better in the 
 foofe ground where you made the holes : whereas the old Roots would 
 keep the Ground from nourishing, or any from growing there for ma- 
 ny years. If your Ground be a fhallow Soyl, do not fill up the holes 
 quite, but fet in fome Running wood, the Ground being deep by the 
 hills, will make the other wood grow better, and the ends of feveral 
 Roots being cut, will (hoot forth at the fides of the hole, and the holes 
 will receive Seeds which the wind will blow into them, and there being 
 weeds to choak them they will grow well. 
 
 For thefe Reafons I flocked up all the great trees which we felled 
 
 in 
 
in our Wood at Cafoiobitry, and I fet in an Elm and a Cherry by the 
 fides of the holes, and the Spring after there came out of the fide-roots 
 of Maple, Cherry, &c. which made good fhoots, and many Sallows 
 came up in the holes, whereby our Woods were very well thicken'd, 
 to the Conteut of my ingenious Lord, though many people were much 
 againft it, becaufe it was not ufed fo to be done. 
 
 If your Wood be thin, at every felling lay fome boughs, which are 
 moft convenient, into the thin places ; and before next fall you will 
 have them well rooted, and good fhoots from them ; A man will doe 
 a great many in one day, for which you will be well fatisEed in 
 time. 
 
 December and January is the belt time to fell Timber, but the Oak 
 in April; if you would have the Bark, when the Moon is decreasing, 
 and the wind not Eaft. 
 
 When the Stubs of your under- woods are grown great, flock them 
 up: This is found to be good Husbandry with u> in Hartfvrdflme, 
 which they call Runting their Woods ; it makes way for Seedlings* 
 and young Roots to run the better: Do this at felling-time, wherefo- 
 ever you have felled Trees at the Ground. When the Roots begin to 
 rot they then come up beft, then flock them all up, the other Wood 
 will grow the better, and they will pay you well for your Charge ; they 
 will coft you about 6 s. a Stack, and here they will be worth 12 s. or 
 more, when flocked up. 
 
 When you fell your Woods or Coppices, cut them fmooth and 
 clofe to the Stub, and a little Hinting upwards, as I advifed you about 
 Lopping Pollards: the oftner you fell your Woods, Coppices, or 
 Hedges, the thicker they will grow; for every felling gives way to 
 the young Seedlings to get up, 3nd makes the weak Plants fhoot ftrong. 
 Thofe Woods which increafe by running Roots , as E'm, Cherry, 
 Popler, Maple, Sarvice, &c. which thicken your wood much : And 
 Felling makes the Roots of a Tree to fwell, as Lopping doth the Body ; 
 and fo it produceth the greater fhoots, and comes fooner to perfecti- 
 on : Whereas great wood, and old, and ilitaken off from the Stub 3 ma- 
 ny times kills all. 
 
 When you fell your Woods, leave young Trees enough ; you may 
 take down the worft that Hand, next fall; efpecially neer a great tree 
 that you judge may go down next fall, for by its fall it may fpoyl fome : 
 The Statute faith, you are to leave twelve fcore Oaks at every Fall, 
 on an Acre; for want of them, fo many Elms, Afhes, Beeches, &c 
 But leave according to the thinnefs of your wood, and where under- 
 wood fells well, there let your Timber-trees (land the thinner ; and in 
 
 fuch> 
 
(126) 
 
 iiich Countreys where Coals are cheap, and Timber fells well, there 
 let your Timber-trees ftand thick, and then they will need but little 
 pruning up. 
 
 Endeavour to plant in your Woods fuch forts of Wood as the Ground 
 is moft proper for ; if wet, then Alder, Sallow, Willow, Withy, &c. 
 if (hallow and dry, Am, Cherry, Beech, Popler, &c. if {hallow and 
 wet, Hornbeam, Sallow, Sarvice, &c. but remember that the Oak 
 and Elm be entertained in all places. If your Woods or Coppices be 
 in Parks where you lye open to Deer, then at every Fall plant in them 
 fuch woods whofe Barks the Deer do not much love, fuch are the 
 Hornbeam, Hafel,Sycamore,#-c. WhenTrecsare at their full growth, 
 there be feveral Signs of their Decay, which give you warning to fell it 
 before it be quite decayed : As in an Oak, when the top- boughs begin to 
 die, then it begins to decay : In an Elm or Afh, if their head dies, or 
 if you fee they take wet at any great Knot, which you may know by 
 the fide of the Tree being difcolour'd below that place before it grows 
 hollow ; or if hollow, you may know by knocking it with the head 
 of an Axe, of which you may be the furer fatisfied by boring into the 
 middle of it with a fmall Auger ; or if you fee the Nighills make holes 
 in it : thefe be certain Signs the Tree begins to decay, but before it de- 
 cayes much, down with it, and hinder not your fclf. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. 
 
 How to take the height h of a Tree feveral wayes, the better to 
 judge the worth of them, &c. 
 
 tl 
 
 r Aving (hewed you how you may judge of Timber, whether it be 
 J. found or not, in the Iaft Chapter, I will now fliew you how to 
 take the heighth, that you may the better know the worth of it ; for 
 where you have a Rule to go by, you may then the better ghefs. 
 
 There be feveral wayes to take the Altitude of a Tree or Building 
 that is perpendicular: as by a two foot Rule, or two Sticks joynedin 
 a right Angle, (that isfquareas the Figure A. B.C. having at A. a pin 
 or hole to hang a Thred and Plummet on. 
 
 Suppofe you were to take the height of X Y, firft then hold that 
 
 end 
 
end of your fquare jnarked with C. to your Eye, then goe backward 
 or forward, till the Thred and Plummet hang juft upon the middle of 
 your Square, perpendicular, and your eye looking through two fights, 
 or two Pins at A. and C. or over the ends of the Square, thus look to 
 the very top of the Building at X. 
 
 (See Fig. 8, 9- ) 
 
 Which found, with a Line and Plummet from your Eye at C, let 
 fall to the Ground at D, meafure the length of that Line, and addc it 
 to the height, that Length to E; then meafure the diitance from E. to 
 the foot of the Altitude, asatY, and that (if your Ground be level) is 
 the height of of X. Y. 
 
 Or take the Level from your Eye to the height, and adde that 
 which is below the Level to the Height, &c. as the Line C. F. (hew- 
 eth. 
 
 To find the height of a Tree, &c. by a ftraight Staffe, or by a Line 
 and Plummet, the Sun fhining, the Altitude perpendicular , and the 
 Ground Level ; if not, you muft make the end of both the fhadows 
 level to each foot, which is foon done. 
 
 As if I fhould take the Level ofB. atC. finding the very top of the 
 fhadow to End there, I meafure the Diftance from C. to B. and find 
 it 60 foot ; then at that very inftant I fet up a ftick perpendicular, as 
 E. D. 1 2 foot long, which I find to caft a fhadow juft 9 foot ; and then 
 the Rule orders it felf thus : As 9 foot to 12, fo 60 foot to 80, which 
 you will -find true, if you work it by Logarithmes, or by Rule and 
 Compafs thus; Set one point on 9, extend the other to 12, that Ex- 
 tent will reach from 60 to 80 : Or if you work it by Natural Arith- 
 metick : as 5? is to 12, fo 60 to 80. 
 
 60 
 12 
 
 120 720 (8« 
 
 60 9 
 
 720 
 
 ( Ste Fig. 10.) 
 
 The fame may be done by Line and Plummet 
 
 T* 
 
To take the Altitude or height by a Bole of Water, or by a Looking- 
 glafs placed parallel to the Horizon. 
 
 Place on the Ground a Bole of Water, or a Looking-glafs, at a con- 
 venient diftance from the Building or Tree, as far as you think the 
 height is, then go back till you efpie in the middle of the Water or 
 Glafs, the very top of the Altitude; which done, keep your ftanding, 
 and let a Plum-line fall from your Eye, till it touch the Ground , which 
 gives the height of your Eye from the Ground. 2. Meafure the 
 diftance from your Plummet to the Middle cf the water. 3. The 
 diftance from the middle of the water to the foot of the Altitude. 
 
 Which Diftances, if you have meafured exactly ftraight and level, 
 by Proportion you may find the Altitude required, thus : 
 
 As the diftance from the Plummet level to the Center of the Water 
 or Glafs 
 
 Is to the height of your Eye from the Ground, which is the Length 
 of your Plum line, 
 
 So is the diftance from the Center of the Water to theBafe or foot 
 of the Altitude exact perpendicular, to the very top of the height 
 which gave the fhadow to the Altitude \ for if your Object be not 
 upright, and you meafure ftraight and level, and juft under the top 
 that gave the fhadow: If youmifs in any one of thefe, you are quite 
 out in taking the height. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppofe the Altitude A. B. the Glafs or Bole of Water imagine to 
 ftand at the prick in the fquare C. you ftanding at D. your Eye at E. 
 feeth the top A. in the middle of the fquare, your diftance from D. 
 to the middle of the fquare, is 7 foot and a half: 
 
 Your diftance from your Eye to the Ground E. D. 5 foot. 
 
 The Diftance from the middle of the fquare to the prick at the foot 
 ox bafe B. is 120 foot. 
 
 (See Fig. 11.) 
 
 4 
 rf*o (80 : 120 As 7* 5 : is to 5, fo is 1 20 to 80 foot ; 
 
 ^ ^ • 5 5 or adde a Cypher to the 600, and a Cy- 
 
 /^•o:o(8o .« pher to the 7 foot and £» and divide 
 
 j : 50 600 as before. 
 
 Thus may you take the heighth exactly. 
 
 7V 
 
Ci2 9 ) 
 
 To take an Altitude acce/fible, at oneftation, by the Quadrant < 
 
 Suppofe A. B. the Altitude as before, take your Quadrant, and look- 
 ing through the fights thereof go nearer or further from the Altitude, 
 till you fee the top at A. through your fights ; and alfo that your thred 
 at the fame time fall juftat the fame diftance, upon 45 degrees of the 
 Limb of the Quadrant, then meafure the diftance, upon a level Line 
 from your Eye, to the Altitude from the place where you flood, and 
 if the Altitude be perpendicular that diftance is the height. 
 
 But if it happen fothat you cannot take fight at that diftance, then 
 goe nearer the Altitude, till the thred fall upon 61 deg. 26 mm. in the 
 Limb ; this diftance being doubled, and your height from your Eye to 
 the Ground added, makes the height of the Altitude ; if the Ground 
 where you ftand be level with the foot of the Altitude; if not, vou 
 muft make it level. ; 
 
 Or if you find it mod convenient to take your fight at a greater di- 
 ftance than where the Line or Thred hangs or falls upon 45 degrees 
 then goe to the Complement of the laft Exawp. of 63 deg. 26, til! the 
 thred hang upon 26 deg. 34 mm. in the Limb ; the diftance beino mea- 
 fured, and the height of your Eye upon a level to the Altitude added, 
 makes double the height of the Altitude. 
 
 Thefe Rules be fo plain , there needs no more Examp. but the 
 larger your Quadrant, the better • and note that if the ground be not le- 
 vel, you muft find the Level from your Eye to the foot of the Alti- 
 tude; and alfo meafure the diftance upon a level and ftraight Line al- 
 wayes minding to adde what is below the level of your Eve to the 
 diftance meafured. ; 
 
 When you take an Altitude, makeufeof two of thefe Rules: the 
 one will confirm the other; for the Rules are all true in themfelves- 
 therefore be you fo in working them. ' 
 
 Thus having (hewed you how to take an Altitude by themoftufe- 
 full Inftrument, the Quadrant ; I mail now fhew you how to do it bv 
 thepodrine of Triangles: And if you would be more fatisfied in that 
 moft ufefull and pleafant ftudy, read thefe Learned mens Works ■ 
 Mr. Bridges Trigonometria Britanmca, Mr. Geihbrans Trigonometric^ 
 Mr. Wtngs Ajtronomta Britanmca, his Geodatits Pratlicm, Mr Win- 
 gates Vfe of the Rule of Proportion in ArithmeticKand Geometry, or 
 Mr New on s Trigonometria Britanmca, pag.51. whofe Rules I mall 
 obierve, though the Examp. be my own, and as before, to take the 
 height of a Tree. 
 
 s The 
 
The Angles and one Leg given torffind the other in the Rectangular 
 Triangle A. B. C. the Leg B. C. is inquired. 
 
 'Leg A. B. 80 foot: 
 
 .A.C.B. 4sdeg. 
 
 Angles 
 
 'B.A.C. 4Sdeg. 
 The Terms of proportion are thus: 
 
 As the Radius 
 
 To the Leg given, _ . . , . , 
 
 So the Tangent of the Angle conterminate with the given Leg 
 To the Leg inquired. 
 
 llluflratlon by Numbers. 
 
 A s the Radius s i°" coooooo 
 
 To the Leg A. B. 80. 1*9030893 
 
 SoistheTangentofB.A.C.45 a?. 10-0001515 
 
 To the Leg B. C. gives 80: £f v 9032408 : 
 {See Fig. 12.) 
 You fee the difference is not the 28 th part of ioco. and it is worth 
 minding how it doth exaftly "agree with the firfl: Examp. of the Qua- 
 drant, &c 
 
 It may be wrought otherwife thus : 
 
 As is the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg 
 To the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the Leg inquired, 
 So the Leg given 
 To the Leg inquired. 
 
 Or thus : 
 As the Tangent of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg 
 Is to the Radius, 
 So is the Leg given 
 To the Leg inquired. 
 
 Thus have I fliew'd you how to take the height of a Tree, or any 
 other Altitude, feveral wayes ; now if you would judge the worth of a 
 Tree ftanding, firft take the height to the very top, or neerit; then 
 
 take 
 
too 
 
 take the Height of the Length of Timber, fofar as your Reafon tells 
 you you might meafure it if it were down ; fubftracl the Length of the 
 Timber from the Length of the height of the whole Tree, there then 
 remains the Length of the head. Thus have you the Length of the 
 Timber and Head ; Next of all feta Ladder to your Tree, and girt it 
 in fuch place as is mod convenient, allowing for the Bark ; then ac- 
 cording to the cuftomary way of meafuring, you may know the Quan- 
 tity of the Timber, and fo confequently the worth of the Timber, ac- 
 cording to the price where the Timber isftanding. 
 
 The Timber of the Tree may thus, cafily, and neer to the Quanti- 
 ty be ghefTed at : The head will be more difficult, becaufe of the diffe- 
 rent Forms they grow in; and befides, fome Timber- trees head much 
 lower than others, fo that for want of helping up, either by their not 
 {landing near others to draw or help one another up, or for want of 
 pruning up while young, they head low, and run into great Arms of 
 good lengths of Timber ; with fuch Trees you mult goe the higher in- 
 to the Arms, accompting them with the Timber as your Reafon will 
 beft direct you. 
 
 Now then to eftimate this head by Rule, I do judge, that if all the 
 boughs of the head of moll Trees were in an intire piece, from the 
 place where they were cutoff from the Timber, to the very top ; the 
 neareft (and I fuppofe exacftcftj Figure of any would be a Cone, or 
 near to a Conical form that the head ends in : For we fee that when 
 a Tree is headed, it breaks out into a great many (hoots, and as the 
 Tree growes higher in the Lop, fome of thefe moots decay, ftill the 
 more endeavouring to end in the figure of a Conical Body : and fo the 
 head of your Pollard trees being greater than the Body, is occafion- 
 edby the Sap fwelling that pk~e, endeavouring to break out neareft 
 to where it was accuftomed to go up the boughs, it fearcheth for a 
 paffage, till it can contain it felf no longer, and fo fwells the head. 
 
 This head commonly goeth ^ith the boughs, and doth the better 
 help them to be allowed this Form , whileft young j fo that take a tree 
 headed or never headed, it ftill enc^s in this Figure, nearer than any 
 other, efpecially thofe that never were headed : this being then the 
 neareft Figure part of the head can be reduced i.to, this being granted, 
 it is as eafily meafured ♦, for if you multiply the Bafis by one third of 
 the Altitude, the folid Content of the Figure is had, which you may 
 value at fuch a price as Fire- wood beareth with yon. 
 
 1 will give you one Example, and it fhall be of an Afh, which was 
 felled in a place called the Old Orchard, by the Stables at Cafiiobury : 
 This tree I obferved by feveral of the Rules before, and found it to 
 
 S 2 be 
 
be 80 foot high from the ground to the top (hoot ; I alfo obferved the 
 height of the Timber to be 56 foot long; by the fame Rules then, 
 fetting a Ladder to this Tree about z$ foot high, I girthed it with a 
 pack thred (which place I took for the middle girth being the Tree 
 did not taper) and it girthed 64 Inches upon the Bark; Butmoftmen 
 that buy timber by the foot, have the Bark taken off at the girthing- 
 place, or an Allowance for the Bark; but you may readily know the 
 girth of the Tree under the Bark, though the Tree be (landing or ly- 
 ing, without ever taking off the Bark, or making Allowance by ghefs, 
 as fomedoe ; which to perform, find with your Penknife, or Prickers, 
 the thicknefs of the Bark, or you may cut a hole thorow the Bark 
 in the girthing places, or two or three holes, and then obferve the 
 mean thicknefs : As on the forefaid Tree, the Bark was half an Inch 
 thick, doubled makes one Inch, fo then the tree is lefs by one Inch in the 
 Diameter when the Br.: k is off, then by this general Rule, as 22 is to 
 7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter. 
 
 Examp. by the Line of Numbers. 
 
 Extend your CompafTes from 22 to 7, the fame extent will reach 
 fro n 64 to 20 and near a half, for the Diameter of the Circumfe- 
 rence of 64. 
 
 Exdmp, by Arithmetick. 
 
 As 22 to 7, fo is 64 to 20 /,, the Diameter. 
 
 7 
 
 **8 (zo & h. 
 
 448 %xz 
 
 2 
 
 But the Bark taking one Inch off from this Diameter, It is then rg 
 Inches and ■■/,, then to find the true Circumference under the Bark> 
 agreeing to this Diameter-, fay thus, As 7 to 22, fo is 19 --, to 61, 
 the Circumference, or near it. 
 
 For if you extend the CompafTes from 7 to 22, the fame will reach 
 from 19 A to 6 1, very near. 
 
 Or you may turn this 8 into a Decimal Fraction, for as 22 is to 
 tod, fo is 8 to 36 of 100 and near a 4. 
 
 Thus by four turns of your Compaffes on the Line of Numbers you 
 may in a moment find the Circumference under the Bark, which here 
 we find to be 61 ; then according to the cuftomary way of meafuring, 
 (though not the true way) take one fourth part of the Circumference, 
 and fay, As 12 is to this - part of the Circumference in Inches, fo 
 
 is 
 
is the Length in feet twice repeated, to the content in feet or parts. 
 
 Examp. 
 
 The fourth part of 61 is 15 and \ Inches, extend your CompafTes 
 from the point 12. on your Line of Numbers, to 15 \: that extent will 
 reach from 56 to 91 foot andneer a half, being twice turned to the 
 Right hand, which muft alwayes be if the \ of your Circumference be 
 more than 12 Inches, if lefs,thentothe Left hand. 
 
 Thus having found the Timber of this Tree to be 91 foot and a 
 half ( which muft be valued according to the worth of Timber in the 
 place where you arej here I will value it at 12 d, the foot, (though it 
 was fold with courfer Timber at an under-pricej this at 12 d. the foot, 
 comes to 4/. 1 1 s. 6 d. Now tomeafure the head of this Tree accord- 
 ing to our fuppofed Rule aforefaid, if you take 56 (the Length of the 
 Timber) from 80 ( the height of the Tree) there remains 24 foot for 
 the head : T his 24 foot, which is the head, two parts of it I meafure 
 as a folid Cylinder, and one part as a Cone : for if you girt all the 
 boughs a little above where they break out from the Timber, and adde 
 the fev.ral girths together, they will girth more than the Timber, 
 where the head was cut off; two parts of the 24 foot is 16, which I 
 meafure by the fame Rule I did the Timber, by the Line of Num- 
 bers, and the fame Girt. 
 
 As 1 2 is to 1 5 4 (the fquare in Inches,) 
 
 So is 16 (the Length in feet twice repeated ) to 26 foot \ for the 
 4 of the Head : 
 
 Now for the 4 of the Head, which muft be meafured as a folid Cone, 
 we muft find the Bafis, and multiply the Content thereof by one third 
 of the Altitude. 
 
 The Circumference of the Bafis was 61, but I will take it now for 
 60 Inches ; then as before, As iz is to 7, fo is 60 (the Circumference) 
 to the Diameter, which is 19 and a little more; that which is more I 
 neglect, as not worth minding in fuch a bufinels as this. 
 Half 60 is 30, half 19 is 9 and 4. 
 Ex. to work it by the Line of Numbers : 
 
 Extend the Compares from 1 to 9 and 4» the fame will reach from 
 30 to 285, the Content in Inches of the Bafis, then 4 of 8 foot is $2 
 
 Inches ; 
 
 285 Then fay, As 1 to 32, fo is 285 to 9120 4 
 
 32 Inches, which divided by 1728 ( the In. in 05.8 (48Q 
 
 ~^ 7 cT one f° ot fquare^ is 5 foot and |, and a little 4'6'2'o 
 
 gL more; this added to z6 foot J, make 32 foot 9'r2o (5 
 
 9120" for the Head ? which at a Gxoit ? er f00t> l ' 7 ' Z * 
 
is io j. 8 d. But this muft be valued accordiag to the Countrey you 
 are in. 
 
 So according to thefe Rules, this Tree was worth 5 /. 2 s. 2 d. there 
 was of the Head one Stack, and near a quarter, and 12 Faggots ; it 
 cofl: 3 s. per Stack to cut out, and was worth in the place where it itood, 
 10 s. You fee how near the Rule agrees with this tree ; but if the tree 
 {tends hanging down hill, it will then endanger the Timber in falling ; 
 or if you fear the Timber to be faulty, or fome of the Arms blown off, 
 you muit judge accordingly, &c. 
 
 It is oft found in your great Elms and Ames, that they be hollow 
 within and yet good Timber on the out-fides, efpecially fome length 
 of them toward or at the lower end : Now I will (hew you how you 
 may judge very near the Quantity of Timber that is in one of thefe 
 trees, or a piece of them, according to the cuftomary way. 
 
 Examp. 
 
 A piece of a Tree 12 foot long, and hollow and decayed wood at 
 one end 12 Inches Diameter, at the other end hollow and decayed 
 6 Inches Diam. The piece was 26 Inches Diameter under the Bark. 
 Firft I meafure the piece as if all found Timber, then the hollow and 
 decayed by its Diameter ; that being deducted from the piece, fhew- 
 eth how much found Timber there is in foot and parts, meafured the 
 cuftomary way. 
 
 As 7 to. 22, fo 26 to 81 4 the. Circumference; the ~ of it is 20 
 and ', "and fomewhat more: as 12 to 20 £ in Inches, fo is 12 (the 
 Length in feet twice Repeated) to 39 foot and ', the Content as if it 
 were all found. 
 
 Then for the hollow, I take the mean Diameter to be 9 In. As 7 
 to 22, fo9 to 28 and 2 7 , the Circumference of the hollow ' f is 7 In. 
 then as 12 to 7, fo 12 foot to 4 and \ near; which taken from 39 
 foot and 4, leaves 35 foot and ;- for the found Timber of that piece. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
035) 
 
 CHAP. XXXVIII. 
 
 Of making IValkj, Avenues, or Lawns, 
 
 AS for making of Walks in Gardens, I (hall not fpeak of that in 
 this place, becaufe I have refolved to keep my walk without the 
 walls: there arefeveral Books of Gardening that have many Drafts 
 and Knots in them, but they be all donebyghefs, and none of them 
 fitted to a fcale, to inform what Ground they be moft proper for • fo 
 that they be as fit for Butter-Prints as for Knots in a.Garden. 
 
 Moft Walks that are made abroad, they either terminate, or end, 
 or lead to the Front of a Houfe or Door, or Garden gate, or other 
 Gate, High-way, or Wood, &c Now if you would make a Walk 
 from anyone of thefe, and have refolved upon the Center or Middle 
 Line of the Walk, as the Middle of a Door in the Front of a houfe, or 
 the like, there pitch up a ftraight ftake, and then from the fquare of 
 the Front, &c. raife a Perpendicular from this Stake, and at a con- 
 venient diftance in this perpendicular Line, fet up another ftake ; let 
 thefe two flakes be two little ftakes at firft, but that at the Centre al- 
 wayes the higheft ; thefe two ftakes being thus fixed, and you fully 
 conclud-ngthemtobe in the Mid-line, then come to the Centre-ftake 
 and havin in readinefs a Quantity of Stakes, according to the Length 
 of your Walk, bid one of your alMance go as far as you can well fee 
 back-fight and fore fight, and there by the motion of your hand or 
 hat, and his own back fight, let him fix upright one (take as exaclly as 
 may be in the Line, then take up the two little ftakes, and at the Cen- 
 tre fix in a ftake fix foot high, ftraight and upright, with paper on the 
 top, and exaclly in the place where the little itake ftood: Thus ha- 
 ving got two Hakes placed (the Middle-ftake and the Centre ftake,) 
 you may if your Walk be level, and the ground clear, and the Walk 
 not above one mile long, fet up one ftake at the End, in the Midline; 
 looking over the head of that ftake and the other, moving it till hefe 
 three ftakes be in a Right Line ; fo may you have the middle line of 
 your walk by thefe three ftakes exacler than by more : for the fewer 
 ftakes you ufe in your mid-line, the better -, becaufe that if you be but 
 
 ones 
 
CH6) 
 
 once a little amifs, the more flakes are ufed, you will be fo much the 
 further out of the right way. 
 
 And note, it is better to take your fight over the head of your flakes, 
 than to look by their fides ; therefore you muft have the Center-flake 
 higheft, the next a little fhorter, and fo the next fhorter than that, &c. 
 but if your Ground be not level, then order your flakes accordingly, 
 as thus : 
 
 And if your Ground be not level, or be of fuch a length, that you 
 cannot well fee from End to End, then you mufl place down more 
 flakes, 'viz.. between the Middle-flake and Centre-flake one, and be- 
 tween the Middle and End-flake one, if need require more. I have 
 oft made ufe of a fight-flake, which I had only to find the place where 
 my other flakes fhould fland ; this flake was made with a flit in the 
 head half a foot deep, which I looked through over the heads of the 
 reft, till I found the place where to fet my flake right in the Mid-line : 
 It is of good ufe, and Fig. 1 3 . may fomewhat reprefent it ; you may 
 make it to Aide up and down, the better to come to the Level of the 
 head of the flakes. 
 
 (See Fig. 1 1.) 
 
 When you take fight, to fet any flake true in a Line with others, 
 fland at a little diflance with your Eye from the head of the flake, fo 
 fhall you fet it ExaCter in the Line than when your Eye touches the 
 head of the flake ; fet your flake fo that you may onely fee three flakes 
 in a Line : let your Walk be of what length it will. 
 
 Having thus flaked out your Mid-line, flrain a Line in this Mid-line, 
 and lay a fquare to that Line, fo fet off the breadth of your Walk ex- 
 actly fquare to your Middle-line, then fet up flakes fas you did) againft 
 every flake in the Middle of the Walk, and when you have got the 
 Lines true, where vour Trees mufl fland, then drive down Oak-flakes 
 in the Line to the head, and then it is but putting down high flakes by 
 thefe when you come to fet your Trees. ^ 
 
 Then having refolved on the diflance to fet your Trees at, and pro- 
 vided good flore of fmall flakes, take your Chain (and not a Line, for 
 that will retch and flirinkj and with your help fet little flakes down- 
 right in this Line t and fquare where you would have every Tree to 
 fland, thefe flakes are to make your holes by, which I would have at 
 leafl three foot wide, and two foot deep, and the holes made a Quar- 
 ter of a Year before you fet your Trees; if it were a year 'twere the 
 better, keeping the Mould turn'd over now and then, and mixing it 
 with Earth or Dung, if need be; then when the time of Planting is 
 come, begin betimes ; however, on dry ground ; fet up Stakes by every 
 
 Oak- 
 
(i*0 
 
 Oak- flake you left in the Row before, having pruned the Roots and 
 Heads to an equal height , fet them right one Tree againft another 
 fquare. ** 
 
 And if your Trees be not all of one Size, fet the greateft firft, right 
 one againft another, and fo lefTer and lefifer by degrees, minding that 
 both Rows go on fquare together ; and be fure you mind to let your 
 Trees be at equal diltance from End to End \ then if you have a point 
 fixed at both Ends, you mud run over that diftance ycu refolve to 
 plant vour Trees at, before you fet your Stakes, and if you find it is 
 over or mort of equal distances, then mud: you adde or fubftract this 
 odde open to or from the relt, to make them all of equal distance. 
 See Chap. 3 1 . 
 
 Now having your Trees and all things in Readinefs, fet them by 
 the Stakes ftanding in the Rows, minding to fet every Tree to range 
 with the Stakes by back-fight and fore fight : Cover and part the Roots 
 with fine Mould •, and when they be all covered, lay on fome Rotten 
 Dung over that Mould, and then cover that Dung with a little Mould : 
 this Dung will keep them from friezing in Winter, and from drying 
 too much in Summer j and alfo well prepares the water for the Roots, 
 Thus having fet them, take care to fence them in at fuch places where 
 need is, fo will you as well as I reap a great fatisfacTion, if you let 
 not the Dung touch the Roots. 
 
 Do not mask a fine Front, nor vail a pleafant ProfpecT fas too ma- 
 ny doeJ by making the Walks too narrow. If you make any Walk 
 that leads to any pleafant Front of a Houfe, or other Obje<ft; if it be 
 but half a mile long, let it be at leaft forty foot wide, but if longer, 
 more, as 50 or 60 foot wide, or the breadth the length of your Front ; 
 But if you be for walks of (hade, then make three Walks, the mid- 
 dle one4<o, the two out-fide walks each 20 foot, or 50 and 25 the out- 
 fide walks, or divide your Front into two parts, and let the middle be 
 as broad as both the fide-walks •■, fo that if you make three walks toge- 
 ther, let the middle one be as much as both the other, fo will the Trees 
 range much the better, whether you fet them fquare or triangular ; but 
 however keep-to one of them, though I think the fquare to be the beft, 
 becaufe then four Trees in the four Rows end all together, fit to end 
 in either Semicircle, fegment of a Circle, Oval, Triangle, or Circle; 
 for all walks of any Length, efpecially in Parks, (hould end in fome one 
 of thefe Figures, cr lead into fome other walk ; bur where they doe 
 fall into another walk, there fhould be a Circle to receive them, or elfe 
 they feem much defective. 
 
 I fhall now endeavour to fliew you how to make a walk through a 
 
 T wood 3 
 
wood, and then I will give you an Example offome of the Figures 
 that Walks ought to end in. 
 
 Suppofe you were to clear a Walk or Line through a Wood, for 
 to run the Mid-line true about three yards wide; having the Centre 
 given, doe as before, run your Mid-line as far as you can into the wood, 
 and at one yard diftance on each fide the Mid-line, two other Lines ; 
 Run thefe Lines alio as far as you can into the wood, keeping them 
 juft one yard diftant, and fetting up ltakes (as you proceed into the 
 wood J with large whites, all of a bignefs, as half a meet of white Pa- 
 per on every Stake fpread abroad ; when any of thefe three Lines come 
 to a Tree, run on the other two till you are paffc the Tree, and then 
 fet him off again in its place, parallel to his fellowes, and fo proceed 
 till you be through the Wood, marking that wood which mud: goe 
 down ; then when your under-wood is {locked up, run out your Line 
 again ; ftill when you come to a Tree, fet off Parallels ; and when 
 pad, Vet off into your true Line again : This way I cut a ftraight Line 
 through the Wood walk at Cajhiobury, from the North front, over 
 one wall and feveral Hedges, neer a mile long, and when I came to 
 {take it out true, there was at the very end not four foot difference, as 
 the ingenious Hugh May Efq; can witnefs, and feveral others. 
 
 This way of (taking out a walk by three Lines is worth yourpradi- 
 ling ; in fetting out of Walks that go through Hedges or Bufhes, be 
 Cure to carry on the Mid-line of the walk, and the two Lines where 
 the Trees mud goe, together; now and then meafuring to fee if they keep 
 their equal distances, and that which is amifs you will foon find, and 
 may as foon rcclifie it again. 
 
 There is another way of carrying a ftraight Line through a Wood, 
 which Reafon taught me, and by Experience I have found true : the 
 place where the middle of the walk mould poynt to, being given, there 
 hang up a large Candle and Lanthorn, and having found the Mid-line 
 fome 20, 30, or 40 yards from that, there hang up another, they muft 
 both hang pretty high, but let that next the Houfe or Center be the 
 higher ; having thus placed your two Lights, and in a clear calm night 
 (but not too light) goe with your Man to the further fide of the wood, 
 till you make both thefe Lights in one Line, and then walk on, keep- 
 ing them fo, marking the Trees on each fide of you, quite through the 
 Wood, order them to be cut down at leifure ; fo fhall you have a 
 ftraight Line cut through the Wood. 
 
 But if you are to make a walk from Gate to Gate, fo that you are 
 tied to fucha Center at each End, if your walk befo that you can fee 
 from End to End, it is then but fetting up two Stakes, one at each end, 
 
 by 
 
(139) 
 
 by the fight of which caufc a third to be fet up in the middle : But if 
 you cannot fee to the far End, for Hill, Wood, or the like, then you 
 muft caufe an high Pole, with a white on the top, to be fet up at the 
 End, by that and your Centre-ftake caufe your AfTiftants to fet up as 
 many as you think convenient in the Mid-line ; but if that wood be 
 fo high that you cannot fee a high Pole at the End, then run it over as 
 near as you can by ghefs, take notice of the Length, and of your Error 
 at End and J and ■?- and \ each ; at a Quarter of the Length of your 
 walk fet off a quarter of your Error, &'c. And thus bring your Line 
 till it ranges exactly from one point to another, from Gate to Gate j 
 then fet off the two Lines where the Trees muft goe(as is before (hew- 
 ed) by the fquare, and if for three walks, then the four Rows of Trees ; 
 if there be three Walks, let the Middle- walk be juft as broad as both 
 the other, which is the bell Form 5 or elfe all three of equal breadth, 
 fo may you fet your Trees not onely fquare, but they will anfwer one 
 another feveral wayes befide, as fquare from A. toB. and other wayes, 
 asB.to C.and to D. fo that every Tree muft keep his Row, Range, 
 Square, and equal Diftance, &c. 
 
 ( See Fig. 14.) 
 The pricked Lines (hew how the fight will take the Trees as fquare 
 from A. toB. and Angle wayes from G. toB. orC. to D. &c. 
 
 Thus have I (hewed you how to flake out the Mid line, and the two 
 fide-lines of your walk : I wi(h Sir E. T. Sir W. B. and Sir R. B. had 
 feen thefe Directions before they had planted their walks \ I do judge 
 they then would have done them better : For Errors in planting make 
 too many worthy Perfons forbear. 
 
 Now as for the Figures which walks ought to end in, I have named 
 them before \ and if you obferve, moft Plants (efpecially Trees) which 
 make your Walks, the moft of them end in a Circular figure; and 
 therefore I will (hew you fome wayes how Walks ought to end in a 
 Circle : For a walk ending bluntly without any Figure or entring in- 
 to another, may be compared to a Tree with the Head off, and what 
 difference there is, let thofe which well obferve the Objects of Nature 
 judge. Let the Circle be three times the Breadth of your walk, if con- 
 veniently you can, or bigger if you hare Room. 
 
 After you have found the Mid-line, and refolved upon the Centre, 
 as at A. and of the Bignefs of your Circle, next confider of the Di- 
 ftance of your Trees round the Circle ; run that diftance over firft, and 
 if you find an oddeTree, let it (land in the Mid- line, and in the Cir- 
 cumference, as at B. but if no odde Tree, then let the Mid-line pafs 
 
 T 2 be- 
 
( 140) 
 
 twcen two Trees, adding or fubftrading the odde Inches, till you find 
 the equal difhnce your Trees muil ftand at, &c. 
 
 (See Fig. 15.) 
 
 Let the Trees in your Circle ftand not much above half thediftance 
 that the Trees are in the Rowes, as in the laft they were 16 foot fere, 
 Trees in the walk 24 foot, but in the Oval thicker, that they may 
 fhew the Figure the better ; A fine Tree in the Centre of all Circles 
 doth well. 
 
 (See Fig. 16.) 
 
 Two Walks meeting in a Point, let that be the Centre of the Circle, 
 as at A. and there a Tree. 
 
 Two Walks eroding one another, where the Mid line meets let that 
 be the Centre of a Circle, as B. 
 
 Note : That if your Circle be divided into two parts, by Walks, as 
 the Circle A. find a diftance that the Trees jn each part may itand as 
 neerthat diftance as may be, there they be near 11 foot both, and the 
 Circle B. neer 10 foot afunder. 
 
 Now the fmaller parts the Circle is put into, the thicker fet your 
 Trees round it ; as B. is put into four parts by the two Walks crofting 
 it ; fet thefe parts the thicker that they may fhew the Figure the 
 better. 
 
 Of three Walks going up to a Circle, as they doe to the Bowling- 
 Green at Ca(hiobury (which Green is 80 yards, or 240 foot diameter, 
 with a border 16 foot wide, planted with three Rowes of Spruce-firs, 
 fet in the year 1672. being fet Circular and Triangular, ) fee the Figure : 
 there are 90 trees in the outer Row,and 90 Trees in the innermolt Row, 
 and 89 in the middle Row, which is 269 trees ; I loll not one of thefe, 
 except one that was jtollcn. 
 
 (See Fig. 17.) 
 
 To plant fuch a Border, fir ft with a Line on the Centre B. mark out 
 the Circle where the inner Row mould goe, then fet two Trees in 
 the Circle, and in the Rows of the Walk, as at A. A. then having re- 
 folved of thediftance to fet them at, run that Diftanceover from A. A. 
 and the odde Inches or parts adde orfubftracT, according to the Num- 
 ber of the Opens, to or from the Meafure you firft refolved on, as is 
 fhewed before, &c. 
 
 t . Next I fhall fhew you fome wayes how Walks may come into or 
 end in a Semi-circle, or Segment of a Circle, &c. as A. being a Gate, 
 
 B.C. 
 
B.C. is a Hedge or Pale, A. is the Centre of the middle of the Walk 
 and Circle. 
 
 (Set Fig. 18.) 
 Or thus : The Centre at A. and then three Trees or more to go to 
 the Pale parallel to the Walk, as i, 2, 3. 
 
 2. How three tyjlks way come into a Semi-Circle : 
 -{See Fig. 19. ) 
 
 This may be continued on with three or more Trees parallel to the- 
 Mid line, as in Fig. 19, &c, 
 
 3, How three Walks may breakj-nto a Semi-ctrc'e at tliree fever al 
 places, and how to make the Semi-circle Jo great, at that you may 
 have ytfl fo much Wood on all fides of the Walks, as the Walkj are 
 broad, or to order it to what proportion you pleafe. 
 
 Suppofe the three Walks to be each forty foot wide, which makes 
 120 foot, then there is to be 40 foot without one fide- walk, and 40- 
 foot without the other fide-walk, and 40 foot between each of the 
 fide- walks, and the Middle- walk, which is four times 40 foot, that is, 
 160 foot; fo that the 120 foot makes 280 foot for the Arch of this Se- 
 micircle, then find the Semi-diameter to the Arch of this Circle, and 
 ftrike the Arch from the Centre. 
 
 Ex. The Semi-circumference being 2 80, the Circumference is then 
 560. 
 
 Then as 22 is to 7, or if you will be more Exact (as the Learned 
 Oughtred in his Circles of Proportion, pag. 43. faith) as 3* 1416 is 
 to 1. fo is the Circumference to the Diameter; but the other is a 
 ftanding Rule, nigh enough for our purpofe. 
 
 As 22 to 7, fo 560 to 178=* (^the 
 Diameter;) if you turn this Fraction in- 
 to Inches, it will be two Inches and near 
 half of a Barley-Corn, fo then the whole 
 Diameter will be 178 foot 2 Inches, the 
 half is 89 foot one Inch : With this '89 
 foot one Inch (being the Semi-diameter) 
 draw the Arch of your Semi-circle, which 
 Arch fhallbe 280 foot; and from the Centre by which you drew this 
 Arch, may be the Mid-line of your three Walks; as is defcribed in 
 the Figure, 
 
 (Sm 
 
 560 
 
 7 
 
 920 
 
 1. 
 
 3.2. (4 
 1.7.8.4 . 
 3.9.2.0.(178: 
 
 2.2.2.2. 
 
 
 2.2. 
 
(HO 
 (See Fig. 20.) 
 
 Let the Centre A. be m a ftraight Line with the pricked Line B. B. 
 and parallel to the Middle-walk C. the Line B. A. B. may be (if Con- 
 venience ferve) 50 or 60 foot from the wall, pale, hedge, and that to 
 gee parallel to that Line; and where the wall or pale ends, there may 
 be a Row of Trees continued fo far as you pleafe or can, &c. At the 
 Centre A. let be fome fine Tree fet, or fome Figure, &c. 1 once 
 faw a Semi-circle fet outfomewhat like this, where I faw a great deal 
 of meafuring before they could proportion it exactly to fuch a place 
 as was intended : I took my Pen, and by thefe Rules I told them juftly 
 how far they mould goe. Morel could fay, if I thought it not un- 
 feafonable now. 
 
 Here you fee how to proportion a Semi-circle, which you may en- 
 large with three, four, or five Trees on each fide, and parallel to the 
 Middle- walk, as is in the fecond Figure of Semi- circles - 7 but be mind- 
 full to make fuch a Figure for your Walks to end in, and of fuch a 
 bignefs as is moft convenient to your Ground ; the Arch of the Semi- 
 circle may be one Row of Trees, (as in the Figure ) or two, three, 
 four, or more, as you pleafe j but three Rows fet triangular do very 
 well. 
 
 4. How and where a Semi-circle is proper on the fide of a Walk.-, 
 &c. 
 
 Suppofe you have a Walk a Mile in length or more, it is no 
 wayes improper, but pleafant and fatisfactory to have your Walks 
 fhew you every \ of a Mile, -! of a Mile, and *, &c. to the End ; 
 or from each End, or from one End back to the other ; as if you begin 
 at the Centre-tree in the Semi- circle at A. then at \ of a Mile at the 
 Figure 1. make a Semi-circle to break out on the Right hand, the Cen- 
 tre-tree to be exactly in the Row of the Walk, and juft a quarter of 
 a mile, as is fhewed in the Figure as well as the Largenefs of our Pa- 
 per would bear by the Semi circle Figure 1 ; then at the half-mile let 
 two Trees ftand in a Semicircle, at Figure 2, one to ftand in the Row 
 that makes the walk, which two Trees is half a mile, and at three 
 quarters three Trees ; ftill minding that one be in the Row or Walk 
 the Centre tree of your Circle, and the exact diftance : So one Tree the 
 Centre of the Semi-circle, as at Figure i.isa *-of a mile; two Trees 
 as at Figure 2 is 4 a mile, three Trees as at Figure 3 is $ of a mile: 
 
 (SeeFig.zi.) 
 
 Though 
 
f'43J 
 
 Though the Figure doth not (how well, becaufe the fmallnefs of the 
 Paper will not allow Room to draw the diftance of miles, as the Trees 
 are according to Scale, (though my fcaleis here for the diftance of the 
 Trees 160 foot for one InchJ yet I prefume, where this is really aded 
 in Walks, it will do well : I here begin at the Centre-tree in the Se- 
 mi-circle, and in the Right-hand Row, (hewing how the J 4 of the mile 
 maybe fet out, and (hewed by the Semi circles on the fides; at the 
 other End, I begin at the Centre of the Circle, and fo (hew the -, ■ , 
 and ' + , how they may be fet out on the other fide. 
 
 Or if you pleafe, you may have a Tree in the Mid-line of your 
 Walk, at every quarter of a mile, with a Circle to break round that 
 Tree three times the breadth of the Walk, which Tree mutt be pruned 
 up high, or elfe it will hinder the Profpecl of your Walk, (I fanfie the 
 other way is beftj as let a Tree ftand at every } of a mile, as you fee 
 in the Figure. 
 
 (See Fig. 22.) 
 ^ Thus having (hewed you how Walks may end in Circles, or Semi- 
 circles, I (hall now fhew how Walks may end or come irito an Oval, 
 and how it fometimes happens that an Oval is the bed Figure that 
 Walks can End in. 
 
 If three Walks meet acutely at one place, then it will be neccflary 
 to have the Mid-line of the three Walks meet at a Tree in the fide of 
 an Oval ; for if you make that poynt the Centre of a Circle, it will 
 be too large, 'tis poflible larger than your Ground will permit; as at 
 Cajhiobury, where the three Walks meet by Hemjted High-way ; for 
 if I had made the Circle from the aforefaid Centre, and made the Semi- 
 diameter fo large as to have in the Circumference the two Trees mark- 
 ed A. A. which rangeth for both Walks, then would this Circle have 
 been too great, and befide could not be made within the Pale : Now 
 I having Orders from my Lord, that the Mid-lineof thefe three Walks 
 mould meet at a Tree, as in F/f.23. they doe at B. and that I (hould 
 make the Figure fo large as that the Wood which is between the 
 Middle walk, and the two out fide Walks, (hould end at a Tree which 
 (hould (land exactly in the Range of Trees, for the Middle- walk, and 
 alfo for the in- fide Rows of the two out- walks ; by considering I found 
 the Oval to fuit beft with this ground ; fo I having thefe two Trees, 
 as at A. A. and the Poynt as at B, which I took for the Breadth of the 
 Oval, accordingly I made it. See the Figure. 
 
 Length of the Oval is 205 foot, Breadth 124 foot, Middle- walk 
 50 foot, the fide-walks each 40 foot wide, having wood between the 
 V Valks, and round the Oval. 
 
 (See- 
 
Cm) 
 
 (SeeFig.21.) 
 Now having the two Trees as at A A. and the Centre-tree of the 
 three-Walks B. from the Mid-line of the middle- walk, and in the m-Jdle 
 of that Line between A A. and B. draw a perpendicular Line, which 
 fheweth the length of the Oval ; at each End fet a Tree, as C. C. tnen 
 divide the diftance between the Centre-tree at B. and the End-trees at 
 C C. which let he at fuch a diilance as may beft fuit with the fix Trees 
 between D. and C. on each fide ; here the Trees between B. andC- 
 are ten foot ten Inches diilance, and the Trees between D. and C. are 
 10 foot 9 Inches diilance j Let alwayes the Trees that make either 
 Oval or Circle itand pretty nigh, they fhew this or any other Figure 
 the better : For this no certain diftance can be given, but they mult 
 be fet at fuch a diftance as the Arch- line can be divided into, &c. 
 
 I (hail lhew you how to know the Length of an Arch line, and how 
 to make an Oval or other Figure hereafter. 
 
 This Oval and Walks are furrounded with Wood, and alfo between 
 the Walks ending at a Tree, as at A A. you may make broader at your 
 pleafure, or you may alter the Oval in fhipe or bignefs , as your 
 Ground and Fancy fhall direct; you. Your Oval may be furrounded 
 with a double or treble Row of Trees if you fanfie it, and indeed if it 
 be in a place where it is not encompafTed with wood, it is very proper : 
 An Oval or a Circle, are very good Figures for Ponds, though they 
 be not in ufc : 
 
 Now for making Walks to end in a Triangle, this may be feveral 
 wayes, according to your Fancy or Ground : But I confefs I never yet 
 fjw or heard of any Walk in England or elfewherethat ended in fuch 
 a Figure j But why may not the beft of Figures be neglected by the 
 Ingenious Surveyor both at home and abroad, as well as we fee many 
 Excellent things known to feveral ingenious men, which are praclifed 
 by few. 
 
 ' Having made at the End of Walks, Semi-circles, Circles and Ovals 
 of feveral forts, and notwithstanding that I had at the end of the three 
 Walks that goe from the Garden to the Bowling-green, that end next 
 the Garden, a Figure given me by a worthy perfon (but how proper 
 for that place I fhall not now fpeak) I neverthelefs neglected that, and 
 made the Triangle as is (hewed by Figure 24. The trees I fet the clofer, 
 becanfe this being a Front of the houfe intended to be hid at a diftance 
 all but the breadth of the Walks, therefore I chofe this Figure as 
 much proper for fuch a defign. 
 
 (See Fig. 24..) 
 This Line according tQ Scale is the Length of the Garden- walk, the 
 
 Break' 
 
CHS) 
 
 Break in the middle againfl: the great Walk, is a Grate which is in- 
 tended to front it. 
 
 This Figure might be much improved if it were made a little larger, 
 fo that the inner Row of the Triangles might range a little without the 
 End of the Garden wall, and at that end a walk to take it, to goe by 
 the Garden-fide \ fo might you have a convenient by-way without the 
 Walls, from the 20 foot VValk, along either Walk of the Triangles, 
 to the walk by the Garden-fide, &c. 
 
 There are feveral other forts of Triangles proper for Walks to end 
 in, but for Shade I preferre this or the next following ; if you would 
 have the Trees to (hew the fhape of their heads, then a fingle Row is 
 beft, as the out-Row of the Triangle- walk. 
 
 (See Fig. 25.) 
 
 For a Court you would have fhaded with Trees, this Figure will 
 do well. 
 
 In this laft Figure you may let the little Walk end Parallel with 
 the Wall, and have no VValksby the fide- walls ; or you may make 
 onely one VValk on each fide. 
 
 As for making of the Triangle at the End of your Walk, it may 
 be Analogically according to your Ground ; though thefe two be made 
 obtufe, the perpendicular half the Length of the Bafe : there be feve- 
 ral forts of Triangles or triangular Figures ; but thefe we have here 
 made are called Ambligone ; that is, a Triangle which hath one obtufe 
 and two acute Angles, &c. 
 
 Thus having {hewed you moft of the Regular Figures through which 
 a Walk may pafs, or in which a Walk may end, I fhallnow'fhew 
 how a VValk may pafs through a Square, and fo proceed. 
 
 ( See Fig. 26. ) 
 
 You may make your Walks according to this Figure, or you may 
 have the Walks break into the Square in the Middle, on every fide, 
 which Figure will do well with a Tree in the Centre, where the prick 
 is, Thus: 
 
 (See Fig. 2 7.) 
 
 How a VValk may end in a Square, may well be perceived by this 
 laft Figure ; befides, it is common in many places to be feen, yet in my 
 Opinion is not fo convenient for a Walk to end in as the aforefaid Fi- 
 gures ; from thefe foregoing you may make feveral others, according 
 to your Ground : for it is a good Rule to Cut your Coat according to 
 your Cloath; and to proportioB the Figure your Walk ends in, ac- 
 cording to the beft convenience of your Ground. 
 
 U Ln 
 
Ch6) 
 
 Let not your hdndalwayes for Copies flay ', 
 But let an active Fancy lead your way. 
 Proportion ftill your Figure to your Ground, 
 Whether it be Triangle, Square, or Round. 
 
 Some of thefe Figures are alfo the beft to make your Lawns, that is, 
 a fpacious Plane joyning to your Houfe ; which let be in Largcnefs 
 according as your Ground will permit, as ioo Acres or more. 
 
 This Lawn is moil: convenient to be on the South fide, or Eaftfideof 
 your Houfe: For if it be on the Weft fide, it giveth the more way 
 for the weft wind (which is moil commonly the greateft) to harm your 
 Houfe, by its free paffage thereto: Alfo if your beft Rooms front your 
 Lawn, as they al way es mould doe, the Afternoon being the moftufual 
 time in which great Perfons do folace themfelves in thefe principal 
 Rooms, the Afternoon Sun will then be Offenfive to fuch Rooms, and 
 the Profpett will both be hindred and not fo pleafant ; for the Sun by 
 fhining againft you and from the Object, doth by both hinder your 
 Profpect j and moil Profpe&s are moil pleafant when the Sun fhineth 
 on them. Thefe Inconveniences, which arife from your Lawns being 
 on the weft fide of your Houfe, being confidered, I thence conclude, 
 by the Rule of Contraries, that it is moil convenient for your Lawn to 
 be on the Eaft fide of your Houfe •, for there you have your Rooms 
 fhady in the Afternoon, the Objects which you view from your houfe 
 much beautified by the Sun mining upon them in the Afternoon, &c. 
 
 For the aforefaid Reafons your Lawn may do very well on the South 
 fide of your Houfe \ for the Sun mining moft part of the day on that 
 fide of your Houfe, doth much addetothe beauty of that Front, which 
 ought to be the beft Front of your Houfe ; therefore a large Lawn 
 on that fide , doth much help the Profpecl to the Houfe , and alfo 
 fiom it. 
 
 A Lawn on the North fide is no wayes convenient, for that Iayes your 
 Houfe too open to the cold North winds, &c. Wherefore, let your 
 North and Weft fides be planted with Woods, Orchards, &c. 
 
 A Square is no ill Figure for a Lawn, thus : Where there may be 
 three Avenues break out at the three Angles, or one at the Angle op- 
 pofite to the Houfe : And if your Lawn be Rifing Ground to the Houfe, 
 fome Trees fet thin on the Lawn will be very pleafant. {See Fig.28.) 
 
 Your Lawn may be bounded with Walks, if you pleafe, which in 
 this Figure will do well, or you may have a fingle Row of Line-trees 
 to bound your Lawn with, fet at a good diftance one from another, they 
 will fhew the (hape of theft heads the better. 
 
 As 
 
Ci47) 
 As the Pricks arc on the Lawn, fo may your Trees fland,but leave the 
 Front clear, except the Lawn be much falling Ground from the Koufe : i 
 Let the Figure of the Houfcbe in the form ofthefetwo,(jF/^.28,29.) 
 or any other, yet let the Z-awn be on both fides the Front alike, making 
 an Angle at the middle of the Front, or at fome Court gate right be- 
 fore it, and breaking ofT(as you fee in the Fig.} at a convenient diflance 
 from the Houfe : A fingle Row of .Line-trees let at 4 Rod diftance, as 
 they be in the Ftg. will bepleafantto bound your Zawri. 
 
 ( See Fig. 29. ) 
 
 From thefe two you may makefeveral, but ftill mind to make fuch 
 as will beft fit your Ground. 
 
 A Circle is a good Figure for a Zawn, onely it mud break off be- 
 fore it comes againfl the Front. 
 
 A Triangle is alfo a very proper Figure for a Xawn, but let it not 
 be too Acnte at the Angle which leads to the Front, but rather Ob- 
 tufe, or right angled at the Angle next the Front, as in the two laft 
 Figures. I have often obferved fome Fields lying in the form of a Tri- 
 angle, leading up between two Woods or large Hedges, and fome- 
 times I have feena Houfe at the Angle ; this hath been very pleafant 
 to my fancy, efpecially when it hath afcended up hill, and hath had the 
 South, South- eaft, or Eafl Afpecl : Now if Noble-men and Gentlemen 
 that have Ground convenient, would but make fome fuch Lawns be- 
 fore their Houfes, it would be very pleafant, and a great Ornament to 
 their Seats. They may make thefe Lawns, and clear the wood that is 
 within the figure of them, as it decayes, or as they have occafion ; the 
 Charge would not be great, but the Pleafure and Profit would cer- 
 tainly be great and lading : 
 
 I do preferre your Lime-trees to bound in your Lawn, becaufe it is a 
 Tree that will grow well on any Soyl, having but care to plant it as it 
 fhould be, befide the fine fhape all the Trees will naturally grow in, for 
 they will feem as though they were cut, provided they be notfettoo 
 thick, for then one hinders the fhape of another. 
 
 The Elm is a good Tree for this purpofe, for it hath a fine green Leaf- 
 and if the Ground be Natural for it, it will grow to a great Tree, and 
 flraight, if kept with Pruning as it ought to be : Thefe Trees you may 
 plant thick round your Lawn. 
 
 The Beech, in Ground where it likes, makes a {lately Tree, fo doth 
 the Walnut, Chefnut ; black Cherries where they like the Ground, are 
 quick Growers, and very pleafant in the Spring when they be cloathed in 
 their white Garments; and indeed any Tree that is not very dangerous 
 to remove, as is the (lately Oak and Pines, which were the very bed, 
 
 U z were 
 
(-i 4 8) 
 were it not for this fault. The Firs and Ewes are not fo difficult ; they 
 will do well where they like the Ground, &c. 
 
 Now where men have not the Convenience or the Quantity of Ground, 
 if they make but 20 Acres in a Field in fome good Figure leading to the 
 Houfe, it will be the more pleafant, and the Charge as little as to do it 
 other waves. 
 
 CHAP, XXXIX. 
 
 Of fever d Superficial Figures, and how they are to be meafured, 
 
 TO fpeak of all forts of Figures will be far beyond my intentions, 
 there being fo very many irregular Figures which have many un- 
 equal fides and angles; but they may all be brought into parts of fome 
 of the Figures following, and Meafured like them ; I (hall (hew you 
 one Ufeful Prob. efpecially to make your Ovals by, whether they 
 be made from two Centres, or four ; and then I fhall touch at fome Su- 
 perficial Figures. ( See Fig. 30.) 
 
 Suppofe three pricks or points given ( fo they be not in a {trait line ) 
 to find a Centre to bring them into a Circle. This may be done feve- 
 ral ways, viz.. either by Circles, or by raifing Perpendiculars ; as if 
 the points at A. B.C. were to be brought into a Circle : Draw a line 
 from A. to B. and in the middle of that line raife a Perpendicular, 
 as the line D. E. which you may foon do ; for if you open your Com- 
 pares to any convenient diftance, and fet one point in B. draw the Arch 
 1. and 2. then fetting one point in 4. draw3.and4. where thefe crofs 
 draw the line E. D. Do the fame with the points B. C. and where the 
 two Perpendicular lines meet is the Centre, asatF, eye. Superficial 
 Figures that are irregular and right-lined, are fuch whofe Sides or Angles 
 are un-equal , of which fome are triangles, or triangular Figures 5 and 
 here Note, that there are five forts of triangles, which are thus Named 
 and known : 
 
 1 . Jfocbeles hath two of the fides unequal, 
 
 2. Scalena hath the three fides unequal. 
 
 3 . Orthygone hath one Right and two Acute Angles. 
 
 4. Ambiigone hath one Obtufe and two Acute Angles. 
 
 5. Oxygone hath three Acute Angles, or Equilateral triangles. 
 
 (See Fig. 31.) 
 Every triangle is half of a fquare, whofe Length and Breadth is equal 
 to the Perpendicular, and Side cut by the Perpendicular ; as is plain 
 in the firft Figure (hewed by the pricked lines -. therefore to Meafure 
 
 any 
 
(H9) 
 any triangle, raife a Perpendicular from the Bafe, to the greatefl; An- 
 gle: 
 
 Then Multiply the whole Bafe by half the Perpendicular, or the 
 whole Perpendicular by half the Bafe, and the Produft is the Content. 
 Or thus, take the whole Bafe and whole Perpendicular, and Multiply 
 one by the other, the half of that Summe is the Content of the triangle, 
 &c. 
 
 Square or Quadrangular Figures are thefe following. 
 
 i . A Geometrical-fquare \ this hath Right Angle, and fides equal. 
 
 2. An Oblong-fquare, which hath equal oppofite fides and Re<ftang. 
 
 3 . A Rhombus, hath equal Sides, and unequal Angles. 
 
 4. A Rhomboides, having unequal Sides, and Angles oppofite, 
 
 equal. 
 
 5. Trapezia, Are all other four-fided Figures. 
 
 ( Sec Fig. 32. ) 
 
 The firft is Meafured by Multiplying one of the Sides in itsfelf. 
 
 In the Second the length Multiplyed by the breadth, gives the Con- 
 tent: 
 
 The three laft may be turned into two triangles each, and fo Mea^ 
 fured as is before faid. 
 
 Polygones are thefe Figures following-.asthe end of a Tree hewed into 
 five equal fides , this is called a Pentagone \ of fix fides, Hexagone \ 
 feven fides, Heptagone, eight fides, Oclagone ; nine fides, Enneagone; 
 ten fides, Decagone; twelve fides, Dodecagone. To Meafure any of 
 thefe, take half the perimeter (that is, half the Compafs about ) and 
 the perpendicular drawn from the Centre to the middle of any one of 
 the fides, Multiply the one by the other, and it giveth the Content. 
 
 Circular Figures are thefe, which be thus Named : 
 
 1. The Circle,is near Equal to a fquare, made of 'Diameter, and 4 
 C ircumference. 
 
 2. The Semi-Circle, to a fquare made of half the Arch-line, and \ 
 Semi-diameter. 
 
 3. The Quadrant, or fourth part of a Circle. 
 
 4. The Segment, Arch,or part of a Circle. 
 
 The firft is Meafured by Multiplying the Semi-circumference by the 
 Semi-diameter. The fecond, by Multiplying the Radius or Semi-dia- 
 meter by \ of the Circumference of the whole Circle. The third, by 
 Multiplying the Radius by ' of the Circumference of the Circle that 
 it was made of. The fourth by Multiplying the Radius by ; the 
 length of that Arch- line : thus have you the Content or Area of each. 
 
 To find the Diameter of any Circle, or the Circumference, by ha- 
 ving. 
 
CiSo) 
 
 ving one given; theloweft Number is, as 7 is to 22. (bis the Dia- 
 meter to the Circumference 5 or as 22 is to 7. fo is the Circumfe- 
 rence to the Diameter. 
 
 To find the Length of an Arch-line Geometrically. 
 
 This Problem is Ufeful to be known, for to Meafure the Quadrand, 
 Segment of a Circle, or Oval} for the Oval is made of parts of the 
 Circle. 
 
 Firft, Divide the Chord-line of the part of the Circle into four equal 
 parts j then fet one of thefc parts from one End of the Chord-line, alfo 
 fet one of the four parts from the Angle in the Arch-line ; then from 
 one point to the other, draw a Line ; the length of this Line is half the 
 le»gthof the Arch-line. 
 
 (See Fig. 33..) 
 
 Examp.h. B. the Chord-line,Divided into 4 parts, one ofthe 4 parts 
 fet from B.to C.and one part fet from A.to D. then draw the Line CD. 
 which Line is half the length of the Arch-line A . D. B. which was to be 
 found out. 
 
 Thus may you Meafure this part of a Circle, or the like ; but if the 
 part of a Circle be prcater than a Semi-circle, then Divide the Arch- 
 line into two Equal rarts, and find the length of one of thefe, as is 
 afore faid 5 which doubled giveth the length of the whole Arch-line : 
 This Rule will affifl: you to Meafure the Oval, whether it be made from 
 two Centres or four, &c. 
 
 There is no regular Figure but may be Reduced into fome of thefe 
 Figures afore- faid, therefore 1 fhall fliew you the life of fome Geome- 
 trical Figures, which are very Ufeful \ not Queftioning but that you 
 Llnderfland the firft Rules in Geometry, as, to draw a parallel Line,to 
 Raife a Perpendicular-line from another, &c. for thofe things are out 
 of my intended Difcourfe, therefore if you be to feek in them, confult 
 with Euclid and others. 
 
 How to Raife a Perpendicular at the end of a Linejby which you 
 make a Square, very ZJfeful alfo to fet eff ajquare- 
 line from a fir ait-line, in any Garden , 
 IValkj Houfe-end, or the like. 
 
 (See Fig. 34.) 
 Fxar/.f. If you be defired to fet off a fquarcline at B. from the Line 
 A.B. take fix Foot, Yards, or Rod, and Meafure from B. to C. in your 
 ftrait-lirie, then take eight of the fame Meafure and fet from B. to D. 
 
 and 
 
C T 50 
 
 and ten of the fame, holding one end at C. bring the Line B. D. till it 
 juft touch the Line G. D. at D. fo have you an Exact Square made by 
 6. 8. and 10. See Euclid firft Book, Prob. 47. and p. 35. Math. 
 Recreations, p. 93. 
 
 {See Fig. 35.) 
 This you may do jn other Numbers that bear the like proportion ; 
 for Euc. tells you, "that the fquare made of the fide fubtending the 
 Right Angle, is Equal to the fquares made of both the fides containing 
 the Right Angle \ for 10 rimes 10 is a 100. and 6 times 6 is 36. and 
 8 times 8 is 64. fo 3 6 and 64 make 1 00. equal to the fubtended fquare. 
 There be feveral other ways to Raifea Perpendicular at the end of a 
 Line, but this being fo eafie, and the mod ufeful, I mall not name any 
 other. 
 
 
 CHAP. XL. 
 
 To Divide a Right Line given^ according to any Proportion 
 Required 5 and how to Divide Land or Woods ^ with fome 
 Vfes of the four-pole Chain. 
 
 TH E Line A is Required to be Divided into two fuch parts, 
 which mill have proportion the one to the other, as the Line 
 B. hath unto C. 
 
 {See Fig. 36.) 
 Make an Angle of any Quantity, as A. B. C. and let the fide A. B. 
 be Equal to the given Line A. then fet the Line C. from A. to E. and 
 the Line B. from E. to C. and from the point E. draw the LineE.D. 
 parallel to C. B. cutting the Line A. B. in D. fo (hall B. D. bear the 
 fame proportion to D. A. as the Line B. hath to the Line C. this is the 
 Golden Rule by Lines. 
 
 ?* 
 
To Divide a Right Line in Tower , according to Any Proportion 
 
 given. 
 
 ( See Fig. 3 7.) 
 
 Draw the Line CD. Equal to the two Lines A. & B. then Divide the 
 raid Line in the point F. in proportion as A. to B. ihen in the middle of 
 the Line C. D. Defcribe the Semi-circle C.E. D. and on the point at 
 F. Raife the Perpendicular F. E. cutting the Semi-circle in E. from 
 that point draw the lines E.C. andE.D. which two Lines together 
 fhall be equal in power to the given Line, and the power of the Line 
 E. C. fhall be in fuch proportion to the power of the line E. D. as 
 A. to B. 
 
 Many Men when their Woods are felled, fell their Wood by the 
 Acre, or half-Acre, or fometimes two or three Acres ; andfometimes 
 Men Let their Land to Plow by the Acre, and fometimes Men purchafe 
 part of a Field by the Acre : I will here (hew you how you may cut off 
 parts of an Acre, or feveral Acres from a Field ; or howfaryoumuft 
 go in a VVood or Field to make an Acre, more or lefs, of feveral Fi- 
 gures } which will be Ufeful to be known of moft Men , for feveral 
 other Occafions. 
 
 Suppofe a VVood, or part of it, mould be in a Triangle, as the Fi- 
 gure following, which mould contain 745 pole -rV . that is 4 Acres 
 105 Pole, and near a -*• Of this VVood there is Sold 2 Acres, which 
 is to be taken off from the Angle C. and to cut the line A. B. having 
 Meafured your Triangle, and found it as above-faid, and alfo the Bafe- 
 line to be 84 pole, then by the Rule of Three work it thus : 
 
 (See Fig. 3%.) 
 
 If 745 42. (the Content of the whole Triangle) have for its Bafe 84 
 
 Pole or Rods ; what fhall 3 20 pole have for its Bafe ? ( that is 2 Acres ) 
 
 See it wrought by Logarith. 
 
 - 
 745-42 Log. 2 , 87240. 
 
 84. Log. 1-92427. 
 
 320 Log. .2-50514. 
 
 4:42941. 
 
 Gives 36*06: 1*55701. 
 
 Here you fee that this Log. gives 36 pole and T ov. fo that youmuft 
 go 36 pole and little more on the Bafe- line A. B. from A. toD. for 
 
 your 
 
053) 
 
 your 2 Acres; then the Angle A. C. D. is the two Acres, or 520 
 Pole, and the Angle C. D.B. is 2 Acres 105 pole, and near [ a 
 pole. 
 
 By the fame Rule may you cut off what Number of poles you pleafe, 
 from the Angle D. to fall upon the Line C. B. or to fall upon the Line 
 D. B. having but the length of the Lines given you. 
 
 But if it be Required to take off a part from a Triangle according to 
 any proportion given, by a Line drawn parallel t» any of the fides 
 afligned. 
 
 As let A. B. C. be a Triangle containing 5 acres, and it is defired to 
 cut off 2 acres, by a Line drawn parallel to A. B. firft, on the Line 
 A. C. draw the Semi circle A. EX. and the Diameter C. A. Divide 
 into 5 equal parts, and from the point of 3 of thefe parts of that 
 Line draw the perpendicular £>. 2s. to cut the arch-line in E. then fet 
 the length of C. E. from C. on the Diameter-line,and it will reach to the 
 point F. then from that point at F. take the nearcft diftance to the Line 
 A.B. and fet that diftance off from B. to G. then draw the Line F. G. 
 exactly parallel to A.B. fo will the Triangle C. G. F. be 3 acres, and 
 <7. B. A. F. 2 acres, the thing propounded. 
 
 (See Fig. 39.) 
 
 This Rule initfelf is exact, but in a large Field or Wood it is diffi- 
 cult to be done, becaufe the Semi-circles and other Lines are very hard 
 to be drawn exactly. 
 
 But if your Field, or part of it, be a fquare, and you are to take off 
 fome parts of it, you may do it to any Number of Rods defired, eafily 
 and exactly, thus: 
 
 Let the Field be never fo great, Meafure you onely that fide of the 
 Square whence you are to take off your part, exactly. 
 
 ( See Fig. 40. ) 
 
 Exawp. It is Required to cut off 2 acres, or 3 20 Pole from a Field, 
 or part of one, that is in form of the Square A. B. D. C. with a Line 
 drawn parallel to the fide A. B. Now, finding the fide of the Square to 
 be 32 Pole^ Divide 320 ( the parts you are to cutoff) by 32, the 
 fide of the Square, and the Quotient will be- 10; then fet off 10 Pole 
 from A. to £.and from B, to F. and the Square A. B.F.E. 
 is 2 acres, as was Required. ^zo( 1 o 
 
 This is very Ufeful for feveral Men, and readily to be fxx 
 performed; but if thefe fides A. C. or B. D. do not go $ 
 Square from the end A. B. then muft you find the mid- line 
 of the Square you are to take, and Divide the Summeof Poles you arc 
 
 X to 
 
f I54J> 
 to take off by that; theifirit Example will aflift you to find this mid- 
 line, and fomcwhathelp you in the working. 
 
 This being fuch an ufefuHProb. I fhall (hew you how to perform iff 
 another way, as in the laft Exawf.- the fide cf the fquare* 3 2 ''Pole, and 
 you know 160 Pole make one kw. ; then divide 160 by 32 (the fide 
 of your Square) the Quotient is' 5 ; which tells you, that you nijilmea- 
 fure5 Rod, or Poles, from the fide of your Square on each End, to 
 make one Acre, 10 Pole for two Acres, 15 Pole for three Acres, &c. 
 which you fee agrees with the former Role. 
 
 But if it be required to take off the parts of a Square, and to have 
 thofe parts in a Triangle, then the firft and fecond Figures will cfiii 
 you how to perform that. 
 
 To divide an Irregular Figure into any farts required; that is, to take 
 what number of Rods you fleafe from fuch a Figure. 
 
 As, if A B C D E. be the Figure of a Field or Wood, and it is de- 
 fired to take off the half of it from the Angle at A. the whole Figure is 
 705 Pole, then the half is 352-50, and the Triangle A D E. is but 
 290 Pole, which wants 62 Pole and a half of the half of the Field ; 
 therefore take 62 '50 from the Triangle A CD. by the Rules deli- 
 vered in the $%th. Fig. and there will be added the Triangle A D H, 
 which being added to the Triangle AD E, will divide the Figure into 
 two equal parts, the thing defired. 
 
 {See Fig. 41. ) 
 
 Thus may you take half from any irregular Figure, or more, or lefs 
 than half, andfrom what Angle defired, which will affift you well how 
 to fell your Woods by the Acre,, or to know how far you fhallco into 
 a Field, to take off any parts; the fourth Rule (which I found by my 
 Practice J I comment for very good. 
 
 One Example I fhall give you more, which fhall be according 
 my fourth Rule : Itry'd it in a Field near to Cajbiobiiry-Parkjt this I 
 was ordered to doe by my Lords Steward Mr. Sydenham, to take 
 off three Acres from a fmall Field asexa&Iyas I could, at one End ap- 
 pointed by him. 
 
 Firft I meafured that End, and found it to be 37 pole and ;, but 
 
 obferving the Hedges, I found them tofplay off a little, fo that about 
 
 6 Rod and a half, or little more, would be the middle, which 
 
 * ( 8 1 fet off at each End, and found that Line to be 3 8 Pole long ; 
 juSo (4 then I divided 160 (the Poles in one Acre) by 38 ('the Poles 
 
 ?# . of the End of the Field) the Quotient was 4 and T % which 
 
 8 of 
 
055) 
 
 8 of 5 81 muft turn into parts of my Chain, that is, into Decimal parts> 
 
 thus: As 3 8 is to 8, fo is ioo to zi and i of 3 8, which 21s 
 
 not confiderable ; So that if the Chain be divided into 100 1 
 
 Links, you mud then goe 4 Pole and 21 Link-: at each End *#(* 
 
 for to make one Acre of Ground ; but if your Cham be a sy p (2 r 
 
 four pole Chain, divided into 100 Links, then with fuch a 3-88 
 
 Chain you mud goe 4 pole 5 links and ' + and a little more, 3 
 
 to make one Acre at 38 Pole long: Then for three Acres I 
 
 muft goe in breadth 12 Pole, ■£».- to make three (Acres and a little 
 
 more, fee it proved. 
 
 Here you may fee that 12 Pole-/, \ multiply ed by 38 12.63 
 Pole, gives 479 Pole and T 9 A, which being divided by 38 
 
 1 60 (the Poles in one Acre) gives in the Quotient 2 and - — — - 
 
 159 ; fo then if you adde but 6 of 100, to the 94, it is 10 104 
 jtsll three Acres \ for whereas I take, in the Decimal parts, 3789 
 
 but T Vo, I fhould take the 21 Links, and the 22^ part """Tj 
 
 of one of thefe Links, which nicenefs may be difpenfed 479' 94 
 with. r , 
 
 From what hath been faid, you may meafure any itand- %f 
 ing Wood, or part thereof, efpecially if thefe parts be #5g s, 
 near to a Square or Triangle, ifnot,youmay Reduce them )^ Q 
 to one of thefe. 
 
 Thus having fpoke fomething how fuperficial Figures are to be 
 meafured, I (hall give an Example or two of the Chain, and it (hall 
 be of the Four-pole Chain, divided into 100 parts ; as fuppofe the Fi- 
 gure A B C D. 
 
 (See Fig. 42.) 
 This Figure may be meafured feveral waves; asfirft it may be put 
 into two Triangles, and fo meafured, orelfeyou may meafure both 
 the Ends, and half them, and fo meafure the Length in the middle 4 
 you may meafure alfo both the fides and half them, and then meafure 
 the breadth in the middle. But for Example : Firft I meafure the fide 
 AB. and find it to be 15 Chains and 80 Links of the Four- pole Chain, 
 the End BC. is 6 Chains 74 Links, the other fide CD. is 12 Chains 
 50 Links, and the other End DA. is 6 Chains. 
 Then adde the two fides together, of which take J 5' 80: one fide. 
 the half, that half is the mean Length : both fides I2 ' 50: one fide. 
 
 added together, make 28 Chains 30 links; half of ~i 
 
 which is 14 Chain? 1$ links; then adde the Ends 28 ' 3 ° 
 together, viz.. 6 Chains, 5nd 6 Chains 74 links, the TTrT" 
 total of both is 12 chains 74 links,- then half of the * 5 
 
 X z Ends 
 
Ends added, together, is 6 chafos 37 links: Then- multiply themeair 
 Length by the mean Breadth, and cut off 5 Figures to the Right hand, 
 and whatfoever Figures Remain to the Left hand, are Acres; andthofc 
 5 Figures cut off are parts of an Acre. 
 
 Thus may you know the Content of a Field without 
 *4- x 5 Divifion ; as in the laft Exan.p. 14* 15, multiplycd by 
 6 * ? 7 6' 3 7, gives 90 1 3 5 5 , then if you take off five figures, 
 as the fractional parts, there remains 9, which is nine 
 ^ 9 °* Acres two Pole and above 4 of a Pole. But you may 
 4 2 45 eafily know the fractional part of any Decimal fracti- 
 on thus: This belongs to 1 00000: for if the Decimal 
 "~ . j , - - fraction have 5 Figures, the Integer is 6, the fraction 4, 
 then the Integer 5. &c. 
 Then work it by the Rule ot Three, or by your Line of Numbers, 
 thus : As 1 00000 is to 1 3 5 5, fo is 160 ( the ftjuare Poles in one Acre) 
 to 2 Poles and neer ', but that you may be the better fatisficd in this- 
 mod: ufeful Rule, if 1 00000 be Equal to one Acre, or 1 60 Pole, 
 Then- 50000. to j an Acre, or 80 Pole; 
 
 25000. t©' "- of anAcrc, or 40 Pole, which is a Rood. 
 1250c'. to ' s of an Acre, or 20 Pole. 
 6250^0 .^ of an Acre,er 10 Pole. 
 5-1 25 . to v 2 °f m Acre, or 5 Pole ^ 
 1250. to 2 Pole Equal': 
 And. 62 5. Equal to one Pole. 
 
 So that when any Fraction- is, repair but to thefe Rules, and you 
 may fee what Number of poles is equal to it: you may proportion it 
 jo half-poles, &c. for, 
 
 3124 is equal to half a Pore. 
 156!, is equal to a quarter of a Pole. 
 78 \ is equal to one eighth part of a Pole, &c. 
 Hot onely to prove this, but affo to (hew you how much readier 
 «his way is, than the 100 Links, to bring it into Rods or Poles, then 
 divide it by 160, to bring the aforefaid Meafure to the one Pole Chain 
 and ica; multiply 14* 15 by 4, it gives 56-60-, and 6" symulti- 
 plyed by 4 gives 25-48, which being multiplyed one by the other, gives 
 
 1.4.4,2 JiiS: Iwilt nested the Fraction as being not \ of a Pole, and 
 " 10000 ° , 
 
 divide 1442 ( the Poles in that Meafure) by the fq. Poles. in one Acre 
 Mo Pole > and the Quotient is. 9 and 2 over, that is> 9- Acres 2 Pole 
 
 * and 
 
OS7) 
 and a little more, as before. But how much the other way is. readier 
 than this, I leave the Reader to judge. 
 
 56*60 
 
 25*48 
 
 45280 
 2264a 
 2S300 
 11320 
 
 1442* 1680 
 
 r6*a 
 
 Example the Second. 
 Jftir to meafute a Triangle with the Four-pole Chain, and. mwr 
 nfe Divifion. 
 
 As in the Triangle ABC. the Bafe A C. is 40 Pole, and the pricked 
 Perpendicular Line is 20, the half is 10 Pole ', Now when you have 
 even Poles fas in this Examp. ) youmuft adde two Cyphers to the 
 length, and two to the breadth ; or elfe you cannot take off the 5 Fi- 
 gures, or 5 Cyphers, as is before (hewed; then taking 
 the 5 Cyphers off after Multiplication, there remains 40 : 
 which fheweth you that fuch a Triangle, that hath fuch 
 a Bafe, and fuch a Perpendicular, contained! four Acres 
 of Ground : And if you work it the common way,, you 
 will find it to be true. 
 
 CSee Fig, 45.) 
 
 40* 00 
 
 io # 00 
 
 4P" 000 co 
 
 But to aflift you yet further to turn 
 Poles into Acres, obferve this Table : 
 The Denominations of the feveral 
 Numbers are known by the Marks 
 under which they are fet, as all under 
 j4c. are Acres, tinder Ro. are Roods, 
 under Po. are fo many Pole; and lb 
 the rlrll: Column under M. anfwereth- 
 toThoufands, that under C. to Hun- 
 dreds, that under X. to Tensy and the 
 odde Pole ( if any be ) are fee down 
 under Pole : As i. g. 1442 Pole : To 
 
 M. 
 uc.ro. p 
 6. 1. 
 12.2. 
 18.3. 
 
 ac.ro. p. ro. 
 OO. 2.200. 
 o, 1. 00. 
 -I-. 3.200. 
 
 X. 
 
 7 ,43 3. o 
 8 50.0. 0J5 
 9,56,1. 05 
 
 1.201. 
 
 O. <X2k 
 
 2.20j2^ 
 
 po, 
 10 
 
 20 
 50- 
 
 30' 
 
 o> 
 
Ci58) 
 know how many Acres by this Table : firft for the One thoufand m 
 the Table under M. is 6 Acres one Rood, fet that down as you fee in 
 the preceding Page; then four Hundred under C. and againit 4 is 2 
 Acres 2 Roods, fet chat down; then in the Ta- 
 ble under X. and againft 4, is one Rood, fet 
 
 1. o. that down; then the odde Poles fet down al- 
 
 2. o. wayes under the Poles, as 2 nr.der Poles ; then 
 1. 0. fumme them up, and you fhall find it is 9 
 o. 2. Acres 2 Pole, as before : This Table being fo 
 
 plain, there needs no more Examples. 
 
 ac. r. 
 
 .1000 gives 6. 
 
 400 gives 2. 
 
 40 gives o. 
 
 2 gives o. 
 
 9. o. 2. 
 
 A Table offnperficial long Meafure, from an Inch to a Mile, ac- 
 cording to the Standard of England. 
 
 Inch. J 
 
 
 
 1 2 1 Afoot. 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 A yard. 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 3 i 
 
 Ik 
 
 Ell. 
 
 
 
 198 
 
 16 i 
 
 $' 
 
 44 
 
 Pole. 
 
 
 
 7920 
 
 660 
 
 220 
 
 176 
 
 40 
 
 Furlong. 
 
 
 63360 
 
 5280 
 
 1760 
 
 1408 
 
 320 
 
 8 
 
 d 
 
 Mile. \ 
 
 A Table of fynare Meafnre. 
 
 \ Acres. 
 
 4 
 
 160 | 
 
 484O 
 
 435&0 
 
 
 Rood. 
 
 40 
 
 1210 
 
 I 
 
 10890 
 
 
 
 Vole. 
 
 '3o;-. | 
 
 272 J 
 
 
 
 | rards. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 M 
 
C»59) 
 
 An Example of the Table of long Meafure. 
 
 Suppofe you were to find out how many Inches were in a Pole long ; 
 louk under Inches, and againfl: Pole, there is 198 ; and fo many Inches 
 are in a Pole long, and 16 '- Foot, 5 ' Yards : 
 
 And in the Table of Square Meafure, to* know how many fquare 
 Yards is in a Pole, look againfl: Pole, and above Yards there is 50 ', 
 the fquare yards in a Pole. 
 
 There be fcveral other forts of fuperficial Meafures, as Pavings, 
 Plaifterings, -Wainfcotings and Painting ; which are to be meafured*by 
 the Yard fquare, and may be meafurcd by fome of the Rules before 
 Ihewed ; your readied way is by the Yard divided into ten parts, fo 
 will your odde Meafure come into Decimal Fractions, which are as 
 eafily caft up as whole Numbers : Or if you meafure by the Foot Rule, 
 have it divided into 10 parts, and when you have found the Content 
 in feet, divide it by 9, the Quotient will mew you how many yards ; 
 and if any remain, they be feet. 
 
 Some forts of Work are meafured by the fquare of 10 foot the fide, 
 fo that fuch a Square is 100 foot ; for ten times Ten is a Hundred : By 
 this Meafure is your Carpenters Work meafured, as Floors, Partiti- 
 ons, Roofs of Houfes; So alfo is Tiling and Slatting meafured; this is 
 very ready to meafure and to cail up : for if you multiply the Breadth 
 by the Length, fo many hundreds as you find, fo many Squares are 
 there ; and what remains are parts of a Square. 
 
 Board and Glafs, &c. are meafured by the foot, which may be divi- 
 ded into ten parts, which will be much eafier to count up. 
 
 But ifyou would be more fully fatisfied in the Rules of Surveying, 
 Tee the work of Mt.Leyborn, Mr. Wing, Mr. Rathborn, &e. 
 
 Having t he Length of a Field, to know what Breadth will make one Acre 
 of Ground, by the Four-pie Chain and Line of Numbers. 
 Ex. The Length is 1 2 Chains 50 Links, to find the Breadth to make 
 that Length juit one Acre,do thus : Fxtend your CompafTes from 12-50 
 ( the Length) to 10, that Extent will reach from one to 
 80, which is the Breadth in Links to make one Acre ; for 12*50 
 
 ifyou multiply 12*50 by 80, it yields iooooo:, from **o 
 
 which if you take off five Cyphers, there remains one, "777" ~ 
 which is one Acre, &c. iooooo 
 
 CHAP, 
 
(i6o) 
 
 CHAP. XLL 
 
 Of Meafurwg Holes and Borders that be under a Pole broad, 
 by which you may the better leit or take them to doc by the 
 
 Fole-jquare,fkc. with fever al Tables of Meafures* 
 
 HOIes for to fet Trees in are feldome made under one foot Diame- 
 ter, or above eight foot Diameter j the Depth may be redu- 
 ced to a foot deep. 
 
 The Rules to meafure any Circle by, are the fame, which is thus: 
 To take the Semi-circumference and the Semi-diameter, and multiply 
 thefe Halfs, the one by the other, fheweth the fuperficial Content or 
 Area of that Circle. 
 
 This you may work either by the Pen, or Line of Numbers : As 
 by the line of Numbers thus : The Diameter being four foot, extend 
 the Compares from i. to 4. ( the Diameter;) keep your CompafTes 
 fixed, and alwaycs on the Number 7854 fet one point, and turn twice 
 to the Right hand : ( but if they fall off at the End at the fecond turn, 
 then muft you fet them on the firft part of the Line when you have 
 turned them once, &c. 
 
 Having taken the diftance ofi to 4. and fet one poynton the (land- 
 ing Number 7854: the other poynt goes to 31 and neer !, thence 
 if you turn another turn it will go off from the Line, therefore you muft 
 find the poynt 3 1 and near ' on the firft part of the Line, and fet one 
 poynt there, the other will reach to 12 and about , I ?, which tells you, 
 that in a Circle of 4 foot Diameter there are 12 fuperficial fquare feet 
 and a half, and better. 
 
 Now to work it according to the Rule above, by the Line, if you 
 multiply the Semi-diameter by the Semi-circumference, it giveth the 
 Content, the fame way I (hall do it with my Pen : 
 
 Example. 
 
 Firft, having the Diameter I muft find the Circumference; Extend 
 the CompafTes from 7 to 22. the fame will reach from 4 to 12* 58 
 (the Circumference ) then j of 12* 58. is 6 -,-'-?, the (Semi circumfe- 
 rence) which multiply by 2 the Semi diameter : Extend the Compafles 
 
 from 
 
from J to 2, the fame Extent will reach from 6. 29 to 12* 58, as be- 
 fore, that is, twelve foot and a half and-, - V o ' You here may fee how 
 eafily and readily the Golden Ride and Multiplication may be per- 
 formed by the Line of Numbers \ which I ufe the oftener, that you 
 might take the more notice of the Eafinefs of it to work any of the 
 Rules of Arithmetick by : Being once perfect in this, you will foon 
 undcrftand the Sector, with its excellent ufes in the Mathematicks, 
 performed by Lines and Compares ; but according to the lail Rule, fee 
 the fame Queftion wrote with the Pen, that you may fee the Agree- 
 ment that is between Geometry and Arithmetick. 
 
 Example. 144 
 To find the Circumference, as 7 to 22 fo 144 the Barly-corns 
 in four foot the Diameter to 452' 6. fe. the Circumference in Barly- 
 corns 45 2 6 
 
 ■ 288 314 
 
 Half circumf. 226.3 288 31.6.80 (452/$ 
 
 Half-diameter 72 > 7-7-77 
 
 3168 
 
 4526 
 15841 
 
 16293*6 the Bariy-corns in four foot Diameter fere. 
 
 To know how many foot this is, divide it by the Barly-corns in one 
 
 foot, which are ■ 1296 
 
 Barly-corns in I a foot 648 1. 74 
 
 Barly-corns in \ of a foot 324 3.9.-5. 
 
 4-3-3.I 
 
 1.6.2.9. 3. (12 foot 741 parts j 
 1.2.9.6.6. 
 1.2.9. 
 Which 741 Barly-corns is above half a foot, as was (hewed before •, 
 but in finding the Circumference I adde a Cypher to 4, which makes 
 it 40, from that I take 6 times 7, which is 42, and mould be but4o, 
 then becaufe I took too much, I neglect 6 when I divide it by the 
 Barly Corns in a Foot Square, fo that I do not fay it is exact, neither 
 doth the Fraction ,-JJJ bear the like proportion as— f° r ^ you ex- 
 tend your Com paffes from 100 to 5 8, that Extent will re^ch from 1296. 
 to 750; and if you will be more exact work it by Logarithmes, 'tis 
 1 2 foot 82 Inches. 
 
 - Y A 
 
A Table from one Foot Diameter, to 8 foot [uf> er fie ial Content* 
 
 One foot Diam. is in Inches. 
 Two foot Di: is 3 foot 20 Inches. 
 Three foot Di : is 7 foot 10 Inches. 
 Four foot Di : is 12. foot 82 Inches. 
 Five foot Di : is 19 foot 93 Inches,' 
 Six foot Di : is 28 foot 41 Inches. 
 Seven foot Di: is 38 foot 72 Inches. 
 Eight footDi: is 50 foot 43 Inches. 
 
 Now knowing the Content of any of thefe Circles, you may the 
 better know how to let or take them to doe, and reduce them into 
 fquare Poles, or let them to doe by the Pole fquare, &c. for, 
 
 foor. 
 - One fuperficial Pole fquare is 272755 or \ 16'$ 
 
 Half of a fquare Pole is 13&755S - 
 
 A Quarter of a fquare Pole is 68 ~^r * * 
 
 One Eight of a fquare Pole is 3+i"SS^ 9 l6 S 
 
 272*25 
 For if you 'divide 272 ~ll by 8, you will have in the Quotient: 
 34i°ooooo»whichis one eighth part of a pole j to reduce the Inches in- 
 £0 feet, may be eafily done : 
 
 For 144 Inches is a fuperficial foot fquare. 
 72 half of a fquare foot. 
 36 Inches is \ of a fquare foot. 
 18 Inches is 4 of a fquare foot, &c. for 8 times 18 is 144. 
 
 Hovp to meafure your Borders, if you let them to doe by the Rood. 
 
 Any under-meafure is beft to meafure by the Decimal Chain, if 
 by the one Pole Chain, and divided into 100 Links : If it be the 
 Pour pole Chain divided into iod links, then every one of thefe Links 
 is fcu-r link of the oiher ; fo that every fquare Rod is ioqoo links fu- 
 
 p One 
 
One link broad, ioooo in length, makes a Pole. 
 Two links broad, 5000 long, a Pole. 
 Two and a half broad, 4000 in length, a Pole. 
 Three links broad, 334, neer a Pole. 
 
 A Table of the reft in Links from one Linkjo (t hundred. 
 
 Bredth. \ Leng. J Bred. J Leng. j Bred. 
 
 I 
 
 IOOOO 
 
 26 
 
 585 
 
 5i 
 
 2 
 
 5 ©00 
 
 27 
 
 37i 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 334° 
 
 28 
 
 357 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 2500 
 
 29 
 
 344 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 2000 
 
 3o 
 
 333 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 1667 
 
 3i 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 5^ 
 
 7 
 
 1429 
 
 32 
 
 312 
 
 57 
 
 8 
 
 1250 
 
 33 
 
 303 
 
 58 
 
 9 
 
 IIU 
 
 34 
 
 294 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 ICCO 
 
 35 
 
 285 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 909 
 
 3* 
 
 278 
 
 61 
 
 12 
 
 833 
 
 37 
 
 270 
 
 62 
 
 13 
 
 77° 
 
 38 
 
 263 
 
 63 
 
 14 
 
 7H 
 
 39 
 
 256 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 667 
 
 40 
 
 250 
 
 65 
 
 16 
 
 625 
 
 4i 
 
 244 
 
 66 
 
 tf\ 
 
 588 
 
 42 
 
 237 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 556 
 
 43 
 
 232 j 
 
 68 
 
 *9 
 
 527 
 
 4.4 
 
 227 
 
 6 9 
 
 20 
 
 500 
 
 45 
 
 222 
 
 70 
 
 21 
 
 475 
 
 4^ 
 
 217J 
 
 71 
 
 22 
 
 454 
 
 47 
 
 213 | 
 
 72 
 
 23 
 
 435 
 
 48 
 
 208! 
 
 73 
 
 2 4 
 
 417 
 
 49 
 
 204 
 
 74 1 
 
 2 5 
 
 400 
 
 50. 
 
 200! 
 
 75 
 
 Leng. I 5rf^. 1 Leng. 
 
 196 
 I92 
 188 
 185 
 182 
 178 
 
 175 
 
 172 
 
 170 
 
 167 
 
 164 
 l6l 
 158 
 156 
 
 154 
 
 I49 
 
 147 
 
 H5 
 
 H3 
 141 
 
 139 
 137 
 
 135 
 
 133 
 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 82 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 S 7 
 88 
 8 9 
 
 90 
 
 152 _ 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 9* 
 
 97 
 9 8 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 l 9 
 18 
 
 17 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 05 
 04 
 
 ^5 
 02 
 
 01 
 
 00 
 
 This Table is fo eafie to underftand, that it needs no Example ; for 
 look but the Breadth, and againft it is the Number of Links that you 
 
 Y 2 mud 
 
mu/t have in Lengsh to make a Pole fquare fuperficial. This Table 
 is of other excellent ufes, which is left to your Practice ; though it is 
 not exact, yet it is as- neer as can be in whole Links ; and the fractio- 
 nal parts are fofmall, they be not worth minding; but you may pro- 
 portion them if you pleafe. The laft Tables of Holes, and this for 
 Borders, I made to arfilt me to lettmy Lords Work at Cajluobitry. 
 
 Brick-work is meafured by the Pole of 16 ! feet long j and let the 
 Wall be 3, 4, 5,. or 6 Bricks thick, the thicknefs is al way es reduced 
 
 to a Brick and half thick : So that one 
 
 3 Brick and a half thick is in proportion 
 
 4 to 3, 2 Bricks thick to 4, &c. 
 
 5 The Rule is this, as 3 is to any Num- 
 
 6 ber againft: the Bricks or Bricks and 
 thick is in 7 half, (according as the Wall is thick,) 
 proporti- J 8 fo is the Length of Poles to the Con- 
 on to a 9 tent in Poles, 
 wall of one 10 Example. 
 
 v, Brick and<; n A Wall 7 Bricks and half thick and 
 half thick f 12 2 Pole long, is 10 Pole of Wall redu- 
 as three is 13 ced to a Brick and a half thick, the 
 to any of 14 number anfwering againft 7 Bricks and 
 thefe 15 -', is 15, then by the Rule of Three, 
 
 Numbers, 16 with your Pen or- Line and CompafTes, 
 
 17 work it thus: As 3 is to 1^, fo is 2 
 
 18 (the Length of the Wall in Roods or 
 
 19 Poles) to 10; fo that a Wall 7 Brick 
 
 20 and a half thick, and 2 Pole long, is 
 equal to 10 Pole of a Wall that is but 
 one Brick and half thick. 
 
 But if you meafure the Wall by a 10 foot Rod divided into 10 or 
 100 equal parts, you may foon find the fuperficial Content in feet, by 
 multiplying the Length by the Breadth, and fo turn them into fquare 
 Poles by the Table following. 
 
 Example. 
 272 Suppofea Wall 272 foot long, and 12 foot high, that 
 12 is 3264 fuperficial fquare feet; which if you divide by 
 
 ■ 272 and \- ( the fuperficial feet in one Rod fquare) the 
 
 544 Quotient will be 1 1 and 269 T : I , that is, 1 1 Pole, 269 
 272 foot and -£, which wants but three foot of twelve Pole 
 
 ■ or Rod : For if youtake 269* 25, from the fquare. feet 
 
 5264 in, a Pole, viz^ zjz' 25 , there will remain bus throe 
 
 foot. 
 
 1 Brick I 
 
 2 Bricks 
 2,& ! 
 
 3 Bricks 
 
 3 & : 
 
 4 Bricks 
 4& I 
 
 5 Bricks 
 & 4 
 Bricks 
 
 & T 
 
 Bricks 
 
 8 Bricks 
 
 8 & i- 
 
 9 Bricks 
 
 9 & 4 
 jo Bricks 
 
2692 
 
 06s) 
 
 foot, as you may fee it, and the Divifion here wrought 
 with the Pen. 
 
 Where note in Divifion, that if the Divifor or 
 the Dividend, or either of them hath a Decimal 
 Fraction belonging to it, adde two Cyphers to the 
 other, as you fee here is done ; and alfo in Divifion 
 of Fractions, fo many times as you can take whole 
 Numbers from whole Numbers, fo- many whole 
 Numbers have you in your Quotient ; but when your 
 whole Numbers come under your Fractions , what 
 comes then in the Quotient is Fractions ; an J you mUil 
 alwayes make a (top between the whole Number and 
 the Fractions, in all places; ani fo in Multiplication, fo many Fractions 
 as there are in the Multiplicand and Multip'icator, fo many Figures 
 mull you cut off from the Product. 
 
 And note, that if this 272 had been but 272 and ', then had there 
 been juft 12 Pole; for every foot high had then been one Tuperficial 
 Pole fquare. The ufe of this 
 
 Table is to turn Feet into a fu- 
 perncial Pole fquare : if your 
 fumme be 10000, then take the 
 Number anfwering your ten 
 Thoufands under X. M; if a 
 Thoufand under M, a Hundred 
 under C> and Tens uader X. 
 
 4 
 
 X. M. 
 
 p. q. f. 
 16.1.61 
 
 73.1.58 
 1 ic.o. 53 
 
 M.. \ C. I X.] 
 
 3.2.41J0.1.31 
 7.1.26.0.2.62 
 
 146.3.55 
 
 5J183.2.40 
 6220.1.35 
 
 1 1.0.05 r -°' 2 ° 
 
 7J257.0.43 
 8,293. 3.41129.1 
 
 9330.2. 2 5 '33.o.i5 
 
 3000 
 
 200 
 
 64 
 
 101 
 20[ 
 
 30 
 
 40, 
 
 50 
 60. 
 
 I.C2; 
 
 I.I2| 
 1.22 
 
 An Example will make it 
 plain; having meafured your 
 fide of a wall, and found it to 
 be ( as in the laft Example^ ) 
 3264 feet, look under M. and 
 againft 3. there is p. 1 1. o.f. 5 ; 
 then look under C, and againft. 2., there is 
 o. 2. 62 ; then under X. and againfr. 6 is 60 ; 
 and then the four odde foot fet down as you 
 fee here, makeneer 12 Pole, as before. 
 
 272* 25 is one Pole, fquare feet, fuperficial 
 Meafure, and 1 36* 125 is half a fquare Pole, 
 and 68' 062 '- is one quarter of a Pole fquare, but if your fumme 
 Be Ten or Tens of Thoufands, then you mull; take that from: under 
 X.M. 
 
 II. 
 
 0, 
 
 OS 
 
 0. 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 0. 
 
 0* 
 
 64 
 
 II. 
 
 3- 
 
 63 
 
(166) 
 
 ■As for Example Tn 36542 fquare feet, how many poles, quarters, 
 and feet are there ? You will find, if you take them out of the Table 
 as is before (hewed , and alfo 
 
 fumthemup, that there will be pole. qu. feet. 
 
 1 34 pole and 57 foot. So you For 30000 an. no. o. 53. 
 fee this Table will turn your feet For 6000 an. 22. o. 10. 
 into poles fquare, and the other For —5 00 an. 1.3.20. 
 will reduce them into one brick For the 40 an. 0.0.40. 
 and half thick, which is foon And for the 2 an. o. o. 02. 
 performed, and will be of Ex- 
 cellentufe. n . T H' °" S7- . 
 
 Thefe Tables will alfo aflift you well in Levelling of Ground, that J s, 
 if you let your Ground to be done by the pole fquare of t6 foot and a 
 i, which is called a Floor, vik. 272-25; but in fome places the Floor 
 is 18 foot fquare, and one foot deep, which is 324folid feet; and in 
 fome places Ground is Let to dig and to carry away by the yard folid, 
 that is, 27 folid foot ; for 3 times 3 is 9, and 3 times 9 »s 27, which is 
 near a Cart load of Earth ; fo that in a Floor of Earth of 1 6 foot and a 
 -\ fquare, and a foot deep ( according to this Rule ) there is about 10 
 Loads of Earth, as you fee it is 10 Loads-,:! and| 
 or folid yards. The Floor of 1 8 foot fquare, or ^(9 
 
 3 24 folid feet, is 12 folid yards, or 12 Loads of *i*'xf(io'G% 
 
 Earth. f '*1'f1t 
 
 Now all Banks that arc made, taking down of .**.* 
 Hills in Walks, or filling up of low places, or ma- 
 king Mounts, or Mount- walks, are mod: common- i 
 ly Let by the Rod fquare, to do ; and Reduced to ff 
 one foot deep. , £*#( r 2 
 
 The price for Removing Earth is according to xfif 
 the Ground, for fome Ground is much worfe to .* 
 dig than others : but that you may not be altoge- 
 ther unfatisfied, 1 have obferved it thus: 
 
 The worft fort of Earth or Gravel (fo it be not a Rock of ftone; 
 mav be removed, where Men work for 12 d. the day, at thefe prices, 
 the' Workmen finding thcmfclvcs Barrows or Carts, and all fort of 
 Working tools. 
 
 For every Rod fquare at 16 foot \ the pole, and one toot deep, to 
 carry it from one Rod to to Rod, and to lay the Earth they carry, le- 
 vel : 2 s. for one pole or floor from 10 pole to 20, 2 s. 6 d. from 20 
 pole to 30, ? s. from 30 pole to 50, to carry it in Carts, $3.6 d: from 
 5 opole"to70,4J, tff. Bu£ 
 
But if it be Loom, Brick, Earth, or Clay that will dig well, that 
 they can fpeet with a Spade, and fill without the ufe of Pit- axe or Mat- 
 tock, then one fourth part may be abated, &c. This Rule u fufficient 
 confidering but this, that neer London where Men have more wages 
 than \zd. the day, there they will look for more a Floor \ and where 
 men work for lefs, it may be proportioned accordingly. Thus may 
 you compute the Charge of making Mounts, taking down Hills, making 
 of Ponds, &c. 
 
 But to affift you yet further,obferve thefe few plain Rulcs,though they 
 may not alwayes be exacl: : having found the mean Length and Breadth 
 of your Ground, or Length of vour Bafeand Perpendicular, & youdefire 
 to go but a quarter of a Rod in length or breadth, which will content many 
 in ordinary ufes ; as if a man hath digged a piece of Ground by the Pole 
 fquare,thatis 10 Pole and a half broad, and 21 Pole and a half long, you 
 may count up this, or any the like Numbers thus, ten times 2 1 is 2 10, 
 then ten halfs is 5 whole ones, and 2 1 halfs is 10 whole ones 
 and a half ^ and a half of a half is a quarter, which you may len. 21.5 
 keep in your Memory, or bred. 10.5 
 
 Ten times 21 is 210 
 
 10 halfs is 005 ' ]0 7S 
 
 21 halfs is oio ' 2150 
 
 And a half of a half is co 
 
 fet them down : fo you fee 
 here they make both by the 
 Decimal way, and this, 225 
 Pole and 3 Quarters. 
 
 22575 
 
 See here an Example or two more, firft demonftrated by Decimals, • 
 fend then wrought the ordinary way. 
 
 Whether is 2 Rod and 4 fquan^er 2 Rod and a \ one VfC.y, 'and- 
 2 Rod and \ another way, more t 
 
 Example 1 the work in Decimals, 2* 50 
 
 250 
 
 12500 
 500 
 
 6. 2500 : 6 Rod and *. 
 
 Forif you work by a Decimal Chain, that is, a Rod Divided into 
 a 100 Links or parts, Multiply that in its felf, it makes 10000; the 
 half of that is 5000, which is half a Rod ; a Quarter of a Rod, is 
 2500 ; and one eight part of a Rod or half a Quarter, is 1250 ; one 
 
 fixteenth 
 
fixteehth part Is 625 fquare Links ; and three Quarters 7500 ; fo that 
 two Rod and a half is fix Rod and a quarter of Ground. 
 
 Ex amp. 2 Rod and 3 quarters 2*75 
 And 2 Rod and a quarter Z'2$ 
 
 *37S 
 550 
 550 
 
 6*1875 which is 6 Rod & 
 
 t S 7 , 
 
 1'» 6 '3 '< 
 
 So that it appears by this, that two Rod and a half fquare is more 
 than 2 Rod and \ one way, and 2 Rod and a \ another way,by one fif- 
 teenth part of a Rod; for if you add 1875, and 625 (the fifteenth 
 part of a Rod) together, they will make 2500. 
 
 But if you work by the four-pole Chain, one Link of it 
 is four of this. 1 875 
 
 625 
 
 The Demon fir ation of the free 'ceding Examples. ,_ 
 
 2500 
 (5^1^.44,45.) 
 Seethefetwo fquares counted up the ordinary way; and firft, two 
 Pole and a half by two pole and a half is 6 pole and a 
 quarter; for mind this, if the Number of poles be 2 times 2 is 4. 
 even Numbers, with half a pole to each of thefe 2 halfs is 1. 
 Numbers, that is both to length and breadth, fo that and 2 halfs is t 
 fuch a Figure comes always off with a Quarter. & half of a half- 
 
 But if one of the Numbers be odd poles, and the 
 
 other even, with both Iengthand breadth ending in half 6 pole ~ 
 
 a pole, as in the firit Example, then always fuch a Figure ends in i'of 
 a pole, as that doth. 
 
 But if a Figure be two pole and ; one way, and two pole and *- 
 the other, as the laft was, it ends always in fuch a Decimal as this, 1 875, 
 that is half a quarter, and half half a quarter, that is | and r J parts 
 of a pole fquare. 
 
 This way mayyoucaftup the Content of a Ground very fpeedily, 
 , and Exa<ft, if the middle Length and middle Breadth fall out in ', !, 
 or i- of a Pole; and this way you may fumme up a Field before you 
 do it decimally : And then one will be good proof to the other, which 
 with little Pradice will make you fo perfect, that in fmall Fields you 
 will readily tell the Content without Pen or Rule, only by Memory. 
 
 Thefc 
 
Thefe Rules may alfo be done by two turns of your Compares on 
 the Line of Numbers j and there is no way fo ready, if once you come 
 but to underftand that moft ufefull Line well. 
 
 For, as the diftance of one of the Numbers to be multiplyed, is from 
 one at the End of your Line, the fame diftance is the product from the 
 other Number. 
 
 Example of the Second Figure. 
 
 As One is to Two and a half, the fame Extent of your CompaiTes 
 will reach from 2 and a half to 6 \ the Product. 
 
 A Table of Board- Meafure, by having the breadth of the Board in 
 Inches, againft which is ftetved the Quantity of one foot thereof in 
 
 Length. 
 
 The ufe of this Table : 
 
 Having taken the Breadth of 
 theBoard-in Inches, fee what 
 Number anfwereth it in this 
 Table , and what Number 
 you find againft the Breadth 
 in Inches, multiply by the 
 Length of the Board or Glafs, 
 and cut off the three laft Fi- 
 gures to the Right hand: 
 thereby you fhall have the 
 Number in feet, and the parts 
 cut off are parts of a foot. 
 
 Example : 
 
 A Board ten Inches broad, 
 and ten foot long - 7 againft 10 
 you fee is 0*833, 
 which multiplyed C833 
 by 10, gives83 30j 10 
 
 then taking off 3 — 
 
 Figures, there re- 8.330 
 mains 8, that is 8 foot and -M : But if you would meafure this Board 
 by the Line of Numbers, then fet one point of your Compafles on r2, 
 extend the other to the breadth in Inches, the fame Extent will reach 
 
 2 from 
 
 1 
 
 
 0*085 
 
 ' 
 
 
 fipts. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 l 9 
 
 1*583 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0-167 
 
 
 20 
 
 1*667 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 0*250 
 
 
 21 
 
 1750 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 0-333 
 
 t 
 <•> 
 
 22 
 
 1-833 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 0.417 
 
 
 23 
 
 1-917 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 0*500 
 
 
 24 
 
 2-QOO 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 0*583 
 
 
 , 2 5 
 
 2-083 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 0-667 
 
 -•3 
 
 *- 
 
 26 
 
 2-167 
 
 
 <3 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 0.750 
 0*833 
 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 2-250 
 
 2*333 
 
 £ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 11 
 
 0*9171- 
 
 29 
 
 2-417 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 I'OOOj ^ 
 
 1-083 j:§ 
 
 30 
 •31 
 
 2-500 
 2-583 
 
 
 1 "-^ 
 PQ 
 
 14 
 
 1*167 * 
 
 / 1 Co 
 
 32 
 
 2*667/ 
 
 <5-< 
 
 
 15 
 
 1*250 
 
 
 33 
 
 2-750 
 
 e 
 
 
 16 
 
 1-333 
 
 
 34! 
 
 2*833 
 
 
 
 17 1-417 
 
 
 35j 
 
 2*917 
 
 
 1 
 
 18I 
 
 1*500 
 
 j 
 
 36I 
 
 3-000 
 
 
from the length in feet ; to the Content. For as 1 2 (the fide of a fuperficial 
 foot fquare) is to the' breadth in Inches, which here is 10 ; fo is the 
 length in feet (which in this Example is 10,) to the Content in feet and 
 parts, which is 8 foot -Al • Note this for a general Rule, that if 
 the Breadth be lefs than 12 Inches, then mull you turn the Compares 
 to the left hand on your Rule; and if more than 12, then turn your 
 GompafTes from the Length in feet to the Right hand. 
 
 Learn but to read your Line well, and this Rule, then may you 
 meafure any Board or Pain of Glafs as eafily as to tell ten, &c. 
 
 CHAP. XLII. 
 
 Of meafuring Timber and other folid Bodies^ with fever al Ta- 
 bles ufefull thereunto , 6k c. 
 
 JN Board, Glafs, Land, &c. we onely took notice of the Length and 
 Breadth, which was fufficient to find the fuperficial Content ; but 
 to meafure folid Bodies we muft take notice of the Length, Breadth 
 and Depth. Moft of folid Figures are meafured by finding firft the 
 fuperficial Content of the Bafe, or one End, and multiplying that by 
 the Length, if both Ends alike ; but if tapering, then by j of the 
 Length; and as fuperficial Meafure hath 144 fquare Inches in one foot, 
 and 72 fquare Inches in half afoot, and 36 fquare Inches in a Quar» 
 £er: So 
 
 In folid Meafure 1728 fquare Inches make one foot, 
 And 8. 64 fquare Inches make half a foot, 
 And 432 fquare Inches make a quarter of a foot. 
 For every Inch fquare is like a Die, and fo is a foot of folid Meafure 
 fuppofed to be ; for what it wants either in Breadth or in Thicknefs, 
 it muft have in Length ; fo that in what form foever your folid Body 
 is, that you meafure, there muft be 1728 folid Inches to make afoot; 
 for 12 (the fide of a foot) multiplyed by 12 gives 144 for one fide; 
 and 144 multiplyed by 12 ( another fide) gives 1728, the Cube-fquare 
 Inches in a Cube-fquare foot. 
 
 Now to find the folid Content of any piece of Timber or Stone that 
 hah the fides equal, firft find the fuperficial Content of the End, in ■ 
 
 Inches 
 
Ci70 
 Inches and parts; and multiply that by the Length in Inches, the Pro- 
 dud is the Content in folid Inches : Then divide thatfumme by 1728 
 (the Inches in a foot,) the Quotient fheweth you the Content in folid 
 feet, and what remain are Inches. If you would work this by the 
 Line of Numbers, the Rule is thus : 
 
 Extend the Compares from one to the Breadth in Inches ; 
 
 The fame Extent will reach from the Depth to the Content of the 
 End: 
 
 Then extend the CompafTes from one to this Content of the End ; 
 
 Keep your CompafTes fixed, and that Extent will reach from the 
 Length to the Content in folid Inches. 
 
 But if your folid Figure hath both Ends alike, and in form of a Re- 
 gular Polgone ; that is, a piece of Timber hewed into 5,6,7 or 8 
 equal fides, &c. which is called by fome A prifme : then take the Semi- 
 circumference, and multiply that by the Radim or Semi- diameter that 
 producl by the Length giveth the Content. 
 
 But if your folid Figure be a Cylinder, that is, a round piece 
 of Timber or Stone; having both Ends equal Diameter, as a Rol- 
 ler, &c. here take the Semi-circumference, multiply it by the Semi- 
 diameter, and the Area of that by the Length giveth the folid Con- 
 tent. 
 
 Now many of the Bodies of our Timber-trees will be near this form 
 of a Cylinder, but Cuftom hath got fuch footing (though veryfalfe ) 
 that men will not meafure their Timber the true way, but will fti'll 
 keep their Error, which is, to gird the middle of the Tree about with 
 a Line, and take the fourth part thereof for the true fquare, and fo 
 meafure it as a four-fquare piece of Timber 5 but how falfe that is. may 
 appear by the enfuing Tables. Whoever is pleafed to trye, will' find, 
 that there may be four Slabs taken off, to bring that to a Square, and 
 that fquared piece then will be near equal to the Meafure they firjt 
 meafured the piece of Timber by ; fo that when they have brought 
 their piece fquare by hewing or fawing, they then have the Meafure 
 that it was meafured for when it was P^ound. 
 
 But feveral men have demonftrated this falfe Rule to be falfe near ', 
 as Mr. Wing, Mr. Philips, and others ; Yet Cuftom doth and will keep 
 its Road. * 
 
 I have already (hewed how to meafure Timber by the Ortomarv 
 way, by the Line of Numbers, in Chap. 35, and, 36. before-go- 
 ing, and for further fatisfaclion I refcrre you to thefe Tables fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 2 2 yf 
 
A Table ft ewing the f olid Content of one foot Length, of any piece of 
 Timber according to the Juperficial Content taken at the End there- 
 
 ~*3 
 
 U4-. 
 -S3 
 
 •3 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 io 
 
 20 
 
 3° 
 
 4° 
 
 5o 
 60 
 
 70 
 80 
 
 9° 
 100 
 
 f. f?f j. ! In-End \ f. pts_. 
 
 1-389 
 2*083 
 2-778 
 3*472 
 4-167 
 
 .4-8.51 
 
 5*55* 
 
 6-250 
 
 6-944 
 13-888 
 20-833 
 27-778 
 34-722 
 41-666 
 48-711 
 
 55'555 
 
 62* 500 
 
 69-444 
 138-888 
 
 0*007 
 0.014 
 0-021 
 0-028 
 0-035 
 0*042 
 0*049 
 0*056 
 0-062 
 0*069 
 0-139 
 
 Q*2o8 
 
 0*278 
 0*347 
 
 0-4I7 
 0*486 
 0*556 
 0*625 
 
 0*694 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 4OO 
 
 5OO 
 
 60O 
 
 700 
 
 80O 
 
 9OO 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2000 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 6O00 
 
 7000 
 
 80OO 
 
 9000 
 
 I OOOO 
 
 2O00O 
 
 1.389 
 
 5 
 
 Finding the fupsr- 
 ficial Gontent at the 
 End of your Timber- 
 flick or Stone, &e. 
 let it be Round or 
 Square, fo it hath but 
 the fame Compafs 
 from one end to the 
 other , againft. that 
 Number is the feet 
 and parts of one foot 
 Length; and by mul- 
 tiplying, that by the 
 Length of your Stick, 
 fheweth the Content 
 in fquare feet. 
 
 Example: 
 
 The fuperficial Con- 
 tent at the End being 
 200 Inches and 5 foot 
 long, againft 200 is 
 1 foot 389 parts, 
 which multiplyed by 5 (the Length,) yieideth 6 foot and 
 945 parts, that is near 7 foot of Timber : But if the Num- 
 ber that is at the End be not in the Table, then adde two 
 Numbers together, and then take the Number which an- 
 fwereth them, and adde them together, and multiply the 
 
 6*945 
 
 Length by thatfumme, as before, &c. 
 
 A 
 
('73 ) 
 
 A Table fiewing the true Quantity of one foot length, in any true 
 fquared piece of Timber? for Inches and half Inches? from half an 
 Inch fyitare to 36 Inches fqaare. 
 
 I. 
 
 fo.pt s 
 
 1. 
 
 fo.pts 
 
 I. 
 
 fo.ptsi 
 
 /. fo.pt s I. 
 
 fo. pts 
 
 /. 
 
 fo.pts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0'002 
 
 
 0*203 
 
 
 1*085 
 
 
 2*377' 
 
 
 4*1-5-5 
 
 
 5*460 
 
 I 
 
 0*007 
 
 7 
 
 0*340 
 
 13 
 
 1*174 
 
 19 
 
 2*507 
 
 25 
 
 4*340 
 
 3* 
 
 5*573 
 
 
 o'oi5 
 
 
 0*390 
 
 
 1266 
 
 
 2*541 
 
 
 4'5i3 
 
 
 5*890 
 
 2 
 
 0*028 
 
 8 
 
 0*444 
 
 *4 
 
 1*361 
 
 20 
 
 2-778 
 
 26 
 
 4*694 
 
 32 7*111 
 
 
 0*043 
 
 
 0*502 
 
 
 I*4^c 
 
 
 2*918 
 
 
 4-877 
 
 7*333 
 
 3 
 
 0*C62 
 
 9 ! 0*562 
 
 15 
 
 1562 
 
 21 
 
 V062 
 
 27 
 
 5*063 
 
 3? 7'5M 
 
 
 0x85 
 
 
 0*627 
 
 
 f668 
 
 
 ?*2IO 
 
 . 
 
 i\$o 
 
 j 7 *7 8 ^ 
 
 -1 
 
 0*1 II 
 
 IC 
 
 694 
 
 16 
 
 1-778 
 
 22 
 
 I' $6 1 
 
 28 
 
 5445 
 
 34 8028 
 
 
 0*140 
 
 
 o*7«55 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 V$i6 
 
 
 5*670 
 
 ,8263 
 
 5 
 
 0*174 
 
 II 
 
 0*840 
 
 l 7 
 
 2*007 
 
 2? 
 
 3*673 
 
 29 
 
 5'84o 
 
 35 8*507! 
 
 
 0*2Io| 
 
 
 0*919- 
 
 
 2*127 
 
 
 3-835 ! 15*043 
 
 1 \8l$o l 
 1 ^6(9*000 
 
 5 0*250/ 
 
 12 
 
 1 *ooo I 
 
 18 '2*250 
 
 24 1 4'fooo 1 30 1 6-250 
 
 If you would enlarge this Table further, the Rule is this *, 
 As the fquare of 12 Inches (which is 144,) is to 1000, 
 So is the fquare of another Number to another. 
 
 Example. 
 As in 36} the Square of it is 1296 *, then as 1441*3 to 1000, 
 So is 1296 to 9 foot, &c. as is in the Table. 
 
 The Vfe of the Table. 3 <•> 
 
 The Square of a piece of Timber being found in Inches, 216 
 
 and the Length thereof in Feet, to know the Content, take 108 
 
 the Number anfwering to the Square of Inches, out of the 
 
 Table, and multiply it by the Length in feet. 1 29S 
 
 Example. 
 A piece of Timber 18 Inches fquare, and 25 foot long; 
 
 the Number anfwering to 18 Inches fquare, is , J* 2.250 
 
 Which multiplyed by 25 (the Length ) 25 • 
 
 Which is 56 foot and one quarter. 11250 
 
 4500 
 
 A piece 18 Inches fquare at the End, and one foot long, 
 
 is 2 foot and 4. 56' 2 5° 
 
 A* 
 
( 174) 
 
 A Table fhewing by the Compafs of RcundTimbcYy what is contained 
 in a Foot length thereof. 
 
 tCo. 
 
 fo.pa. 
 
 Co- 
 
 /«./»«. 
 
 Co 
 
 fo.pa. Co 
 
 fo.pa. 
 
 Co fo.pa. 
 
 ,o 
 
 0*055 
 
 28 
 
 0-433 
 
 4<5 
 
 1*169 64 
 
 2*264 
 
 82*3-715 
 
 II 
 
 0*066 
 
 29 
 
 0*465 
 
 47 
 
 1*220 65 
 
 2-335 
 
 83 3-807 
 
 12 
 
 0*079 
 
 30 
 
 0-497 
 
 48 
 
 1-273 
 
 66 
 
 2*406 
 
 84 3-866 
 
 n 
 
 0*093 
 
 3 1 
 
 0-531 
 
 49 
 
 1327 
 
 67 
 
 2*480 
 
 85 
 
 3*990 
 
 ! M 
 
 0*108 
 
 32 
 
 o's^d 
 
 50 
 
 1 381 
 
 63 
 
 2'555 
 
 86 
 
 4-084 
 
 15 
 
 C124 
 
 33 
 
 0*602 
 
 5i 
 
 i'437 
 
 6 9 
 
 2*631 
 
 87 
 
 4-183 
 
 \i6 
 
 0*141 
 
 34 
 
 0-639 
 
 52 
 
 1*496 
 
 70 
 
 2-707 
 
 88 
 
 4*279 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 0-159 
 
 35 
 
 0*677 
 
 53 
 
 1-552 
 
 71 
 
 2*785 
 
 89 
 
 4'377 
 
 18 
 
 0-179 
 
 3$ 
 
 0*716 
 
 54 
 
 1-612 
 
 72 
 
 2-864 
 
 90 
 
 4*475 
 
 19 O*200 
 
 37 
 
 0*756 
 
 55 
 
 1*671 
 
 73 
 
 2-945 
 
 9i 
 
 4*576 
 
 20 
 
 0'22l 
 
 38 
 
 0*798 
 
 5^ 
 
 1-732 
 
 74 
 
 3-026 
 
 92 
 
 4-677 
 
 21 
 
 0*243 
 
 39 
 
 0*840 
 
 57 
 
 1-795 
 
 .75 
 
 3*io8 
 
 93 
 
 4*780 
 
 22 
 
 0*267 
 
 40 
 
 0-884 
 
 58 
 
 I '86c' 
 
 76 
 
 3-191 
 
 94 
 
 4'832 
 
 23 'o'292 
 
 41 
 
 0*929 
 
 59 
 
 1923 
 
 77 
 
 3*276 
 
 95 
 
 4*987 
 
 [ 24 jc'3i8 
 
 42 
 
 9"974 
 
 60 
 
 1-988 
 
 78 
 
 3-362 
 
 96 
 
 5-093 
 
 '25 0*343 
 J26|o*374 
 
 43 
 
 1*021 
 
 6] 
 
 2*056 
 
 79 
 
 3*449 
 
 97 
 
 5*200 
 
 44 
 
 I'070 
 
 62 
 
 1 2*124 
 
 80 
 
 3*537 
 
 98 
 
 5-307 
 
 
 0*403 
 
 45 
 
 1*119 
 
 63 
 
 J 2*193 
 
 8i' 
 
 3-625 
 
 99 
 
 15-410 
 
 The Vfe of this Table is m followeth: 
 
 Look for the Compafs of the Tree in Inches, and in the Column 
 annexed you have the Quantity of Timber in one Foot length • which 
 multiply by the Number of feet that the Tree is in Length, and the 
 Product is the Content thereof. 
 
 1*220 
 12 
 
 2440 
 
 1220 
 
 1.4' 640 
 
 Example. 
 
 The Circumference or Compafs of a Tree 47 Inches, and 
 12 foot long; the Number againft 47 Inches is, 1*220: 
 So there is fo much in one foot Length, 
 Which multiplycdby 12 gives the Content, 
 That is, 14 foot and above half a foot. 
 
 This 
 
075) 
 
 This Table Jhervs how many Inches in Length make one Foot of Tim- 
 ber-, according to the Compafs of the piece of Timber^ from 10 Inches 
 Contpap, to ioo Inches Compafs, 
 
 Co. In. pts 
 
 Co. 
 
 ' 2h. />rr . 
 
 Co. 
 
 Ia.pts, 
 
 \Co. 
 
 io 
 
 217-1$ 
 
 28 
 
 27*697 
 
 46 
 
 10-262 
 
 64 
 
 H 
 
 179-46 
 
 29 
 
 25*820 
 
 47 
 
 9*830 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 150*80 
 
 30 
 
 24-127 
 
 48 
 
 9*425 
 
 66 
 
 *3 
 
 128*49 
 
 31 
 
 22*596 
 
 49 
 
 9*o44 i 
 
 61 
 
 *4 
 
 110*79 
 
 32 
 
 21*206 
 
 £ 
 
 8*686 
 
 68 
 
 15 
 
 94*312 
 
 33 
 
 19-936 
 
 51 8*349 
 
 ~6 9 
 
 i6 
 
 84*822 
 
 34 
 
 18784 
 
 52 8*030 
 
 70 
 
 »7 
 
 T> l n 
 
 35 
 
 17736 
 
 53 7-730 
 
 71 
 
 18 
 
 67 '020 
 
 36 
 
 16755 
 
 54 7*447 
 
 72 
 
 19 
 
 60*151 
 
 11 J 
 
 15*862 
 
 55 7^78 
 
 73 
 
 20 
 
 $4'286 
 
 38 
 
 15-038 
 
 56 
 
 6*924 
 
 74 
 
 21 
 
 49*228 
 
 39 
 
 14-276 
 
 57 
 
 6*084 
 
 75 
 
 22 
 
 44-865 
 
 40 
 
 13-572 
 
 58 
 
 6*455 
 
 76 
 
 23 
 
 4°'9-4 
 
 4i 
 
 12*916 
 
 59 
 
 6*238 
 
 — — — - ! 
 
 77 
 
 24 
 
 97*690 
 
 42 
 
 12-310 
 
 63 
 
 6*030 
 
 78 
 
 25 
 
 34743 
 
 43 
 
 11744 
 
 61 
 
 5*836 
 
 79 
 
 26 
 
 32*122 
 
 44 
 
 11*211 
 
 62 
 
 5*649 
 
 80 
 
 27 
 
 \ 29-787 
 
 45/ 
 
 IO*723 
 
 *3 
 
 5'47l! 
 
 81 
 
 In.pt s 
 
 5-301 
 5*140 
 
 4*985 
 4*837 
 
 4-696 
 
 4*561 1 
 
 4*4 3 2'! 
 4'3^8 
 4*198 ] 
 4*075 
 
 Co. 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 3-965 j 92 
 3'86i 93 
 3'76o 94 
 2/663 95 
 
 3*569 
 
 3*479 
 
 3 : 393 
 3*310 I 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 
 ICO 
 
 In. pts 
 3*230 
 3-152 
 
 3-078 
 S*co6 
 2*936 
 
 2-869 
 2*804 
 2742 
 2*68 1 
 2*622 
 
 2-566 
 2*511 
 
 2*458 
 
 2*406 
 
 2*356 
 2*307 
 2-261 
 2-216 
 U-l 7 I 
 
 The Vfe of this Table. 
 
 Having taken the Circumference of the Tree in Inches, look that 
 Compafs in the Table, and againft it you may fee how many Inches 
 or parts of an Inch make one Foot of Timber *, then with a Ruler or- 
 a pair of CompafTes (which are better,) meafure how many times you 
 can find that in the Length of the piece of Timber, and fo many Foot 
 js in that piece of Timber : This is a mofl ufefull Table to meafure your 
 Timber- trees by. 
 
 Example. 
 
 The Compafs of a Tree being 84 Inches about, then three Inches 
 and-? 7 * make one Foot*, take with your CompafTes three Inches 
 078 from off a Scale, and fo many times as there is that Length in your 
 T"€e, fomany foot of Timber arc there, &c, 
 
 It 
 
If any Tree be above ioo Inches Circumference, then take half that 
 Circumference, and find the Number belonging thereto in the Table, 
 then take one fourth part of it, and that makes one foot of Timber : 
 Suppofe a Tree to be 146 Inchesabour, the half of it is 73, againft 
 this in the Table is 4 Inches 075 parts ; one quarter thereof, (.w. 
 one Inch 019 parts) makes one foot of Timber at that Circumfe- 
 rence. • 
 
 Thefc Tables, with what hath been before faid, will befufBcient to 
 mcafure any Cylinder by, and how to mieafure a Cone I have mewed 
 already. A Cone is fucha Figure as the Spire of a Church, having a 
 Circular Bafe, and ending in a fharp point. It is meafured by the fu- 
 perficial Content of the Bafe, multiplyedby one third part of the Al- 
 titude or Length. A Pyramid, or Pyramis, is fuch a Figure as hath 
 an angular Bafe, and ends in a (harp point, which is meafured as the 
 Cone is. A Sphear or Globe, is a folid Figure, every where equally 
 diftant from the Centre ; it is meafured by cubing the Diameter, and 
 multiplying that by 1 1, and dividing that product by 2 1, the Quotient 
 fheweth the folid Content of the Sphere. 
 
 There be feveral other forts of folid Figures, as feveral parts of the 
 Sphcir, but they all depend on the proportion of a Circle, and its Dia- 
 meter. 
 
 Alfo the Hcxaedron, which hath 6 Bafes:, Ottaedron 8 Bafes ; Do- 
 decaedron 1-2 Bafes ; and feveral other ; which to name I fhall for- 
 bear.' 
 
 CHAP. XLIIL 
 
 Of the Ova!, "how to tfftkg it, and how to meafurc it., mth 
 other Gbfcr vat ions thereon.. 
 
 H 
 
 Aving the Length and Breadth of the Oval given you, you may 
 » take the whole Length and half the Breadth, as is (hewed .before 
 in bringing three Pricks into a Circle, and from the Centre of thefc 
 three poynts draw half the Oval, and fo likewife the other half, as you 
 fee the Oval in the Figure drawn •, for the poynt F. is the Centre of the 
 Arch ABC, and the Arch A G C is made by the fame Rule, and 
 
 where 
 
(177) 
 where the Line F H. crofTeth the Line A E C, as at K, there is tbe 
 Centre of the breadth B G, and the End A, from the Centre A" may 
 you make the Ends of your Oval Round as you pleafe; fo that from 
 four Centres you may make the Ends of your Oval round as you 
 pleafe ; but if they be made from two Centres," as that is, then will 
 the Ends be more Acute. 
 
 Or you may make your Oval thus : Having refolved on the breadth, 
 draw the fides from Centres in the Mid-line of the breadth, as before ; 
 then fet up two fticks exactly in the Mid-line of the Length, at equal 
 diftance from each End, then hold the Line at one, and turn the Line 
 to the fide of the Oval, and then on the other fide the ftick, with the 
 fame length, fomay youmake the Ends of your Oval as Round as you 
 pleafe ; for the nearer you place thefe fticks in the Centre of the length 
 and breadth of the Oval, the nearer Round your Oval is made, even 
 till you come to a Circle : This way your Ingenious Work- men make 
 their Ovals in fmall works, as your Plaifterers, Joyners, &c. and it 
 is a good way, and fo common that I need not fay more to teach how 
 to make an Oval of any bignefs ; but here 1 fhall take occafion to mew 
 the Figure of one at C/jhiohtry now made. 
 
 (See Fig. 46.) 
 
 To meafure this Oval, which is 28 Rod long, and 19 Rod broad, 
 as 'tis now ftaked out at Caflriobury, intended for a Kitchen-Garden : 
 This Oval being made of 2 Segments of a Circle whofe Semi-diameter 
 is 15 Rod, as tis found by making the Ovalj it being the Centre- 
 poynt of each Arch-line of this Oval, as the lines FA. F B. and 
 FC. 
 
 Now, to find the length of one of thefe Arch-lines, is mewed be- 
 fore ; which I find to be 18 Rod. the half length of one,which is fhew- 
 ed by the line D D. fo the whole length of one Arch is 36, and both 
 Arches round the Oval is 72. Rod. 
 
 Now, take the I of one of the Arch lines, which is 1 8, and the Se- 
 mi-diameter of that Arch, which is 1 5 Rod ; Multiply the one by the 
 other, and it is 270 Rod, which is the Figure A. B. C. F. 
 that is half of the Oval ; and the Triangle°A.P. C which 18 
 muft be fubftracl:ed out of the 270, then the Gemi-Oval 1 5 
 will be 192 Rod. ~ ■ 
 
 For the Bafe A. C. is 28 Rod, which is the length of 90 
 the Oval ; and the Perpendicular of the Angle, which is ] 8 
 EF. is 5 . 57 . ' — -" 
 
 Now, half the Bafe (which is 14) Multiplied by " /0 
 
 A a trie 
 
the whole Perpendicular 5 T ! J gives 77 -r, 9 ?} which is 78 Rod ferex 
 
 this taken from 270 ( the Area of the Figure A. B. C. F. ) there then 
 
 remains 1 92 Rod, which is half 
 
 ~-*y of the Oval \ that doubled is 2 ^ 
 
 j^ 384 Rod, which being Divided yg 
 
 by 160, (he weth that the Con- 
 
 2228 tent of this Oval will be 2 Acres 192 
 
 557 and 64 Rod. 192 
 
 But if your Oval be round at 
 
 779% the end, as your Ovals are that 38+ 
 
 be made with 4 Centres, then 
 they be more difficult to be Meafured 5 however 16 (64 
 
 thefe Rules are fuflkient. 3'8*4(,2 
 
 An Oval is no ill Figure for a Garden.; for if the r<5o 
 Garden-wall be an Oval, and the lengch of the Oval 
 point North and South, as the afore- mentioned Oval doth ( A. being 
 the South point, C. theNcrth) then may fuch a Wall be Planted with 
 Trees, both in-fide and out-fide, and have never a Tree ftand to the 
 North Afpetft ; for if you make your going in at the Couth end of your 
 Oval, then will thofe 2 Trees or Tree that ftood on the in-fide, or were 
 to ftand there, be removed from the North afpecl: to the North-Kafir, 
 and North- Weft, according to the largenefs of your Gate} fo will 
 every 2 Trees on the in-fide of your Wall tend nearer the South-point, 
 till they come to the point C. which is South; and then the Trees on 
 the out-fide, every 2 Trees will fall nearer the North-point at C. till 
 •you leave that point of the Oval between 2 Trees, fo will not one Tree 
 ftand to the North afped:, and but few near the North afpec! ', the like 
 whereof no other Figure can do, that I can think of. 
 
 An Oval with the ends pointing Eaft and Weft is no ill Figure for a 
 Garden ; for the walls in this, as in the other, are not fo fubject to 
 oppofe the winds as ftraight wails be, therefore notfoblafting,asyou 
 may well conceive. 
 
 2. Ovals on each fide the Front of your Houfe , would be no ill 
 Profpccl, but in many things very cor.venient ; thefe being at equal 
 diftance from the middle of your Froat , and poynting upon your 
 Lawn, &c. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
079) 
 
 CHAP. XLIV. 
 
 Suppofe you have a Flat to draw on one or many sheets of 
 Paper, and you would draw it as large as the Taper will 
 bear 3 to know what Scale you fiall draw it by. 
 
 IF it be a meet of Dutch Paper, about 21 Inches long, and the 
 length of the Draft you would draw is 402 foot long, and you 
 would draw it as large as you can on this fheet, that your work may 
 (hew it felf the better, and yet not to go off of the Paper ; now to 
 know of what Scale of fo many parts in one Inch to draw your Draft 
 by, do thus : Divide the Length of your Draft by the length of your 
 Paper, and the Quotient (hews how many parts that Inch mufl be di- 
 vided into, to draw this Draft by ; as, 
 
 Example. 
 402 divided by 2 1, gives in the Quotient 19 and 3 over; fo then, 
 you may draw this Draft on this Paper, which is 2 1 Inches, by a Scale 
 of one Inch divided into 19 parts. 
 ** (3 
 
 #j*.* (19. The Inch into 19 parts 
 x/i & vr over. 
 
 But if it be a meet of ordinary, Paper, of 16 Inches long, and you 
 would draw the fame Draft on it., though in a lefs Form, then di- 
 vide 402 by 16. 
 
 1 (2 
 
 *tx (25 : The Inch into 25 parts will fuit 
 *■*# beft with this Paper. 
 
 1 
 So that for a fheet of 16 Inches long, a Scale of one Inch divided into 
 25 parts, will ferve to draw your Draft by on fuch a Paper. 
 
 But if it be required to draw the Draft of a Garden, or the like, 
 on a quarter of a fheet of Paper, then obferve the enfuing Directions. 
 
 A a 2 As 
 
Ci8q) 
 1 As fuppofe I were to draw the Draft which is now the Garden at 
 Cajhiobury, the Length of the Garden is 402 foot, and this quarter of 
 a fn:et of Paper is 7 Inches long; 1 divide 402 by 7, and the Quotient 
 is 57 and almoil a half, viz. 57 and I : 
 
 5 (l 
 
 77 
 V,\zt finding this Scale to befo fmall, andalf-> a Number (via. 57.) 
 whereof J cannot take the half; I likewife finding that mv Pap.r will 
 hear 7 Inches and a half in length, I divide 402 the length of the 
 Garden by 7 and ' ; , the length of this Paper, and find trie Quotient 
 to be 53 and a half, and better. 
 
 .4 
 
 *& (45 
 
 fit 
 
 #t?r ft* (53: Tis 53 and il wrought 
 
 f'ffSft Decimally. 
 
 it 
 This Scale being yet fo fmall, I take the half of 54, which is 17, re- 
 
 membring that every one of thefe 27 parts in the Inch, is two foot 
 
 on my Paper. 
 
 ( See Fig. 47. ) 
 
 The pricked Lines (hew. the top of every Slope. 
 
 The two Mounts A A. are to be fet with Trees, fo are the tops 
 of all the Slopes where the pricked Lines be, but being not yet fet a 
 I (hall not (hew them. 
 
 The Walks marked with O. are to be Gravel. 
 
 The Circle B. is intended for a Fountain. 
 
 The Letter C. (heweth where the Orange houfe is. 
 
 The Letters gg. (hew one Front of the Dwelling-houfe. 
 
 The reft Grafs. 
 
 This is only as it is intended to be, &c. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
(ISO 
 
 CHAP. XLV. 
 
 To fin-l what Sc>iU a ?! is drawn fy 9 the Cwfcnt 
 
 of the Ground ben 
 
 (^Uppofe a piece of Ground or FieldtO be to Acres, and I meafjbre 
 i3 this Plot by a Scale of jo in the Inch, and by rhit*Scale it nuk-:s 
 but 17 Acres and 3 Roods, or 17 .Aces and » ; now the Quezon is, 
 What Scale was it drawn by ? The work is fofftewrrat difBcult by na- 
 tural Arkhmetick, but by Artificial, and the Line of Numbers more 
 eafie. 
 
 Example, by that excellent Tdble the Table of Logorithmes. 
 
 Firft find out the mean proportional Number between the true quan- 
 tity of Acres (viz. 30. ) and the Quantity of Acres found by the fup- 
 pofed Scale (W£. t 7 L ) which you may do thus : Adde the Logarithmes 
 of thefe two Numbers together, the half of that fumme is the Log. of 
 the mean Proportional required ; as thus : 
 
 The Log. of :o is 1*47712 
 The Log. of 17 } + is r 24919 
 
 The 2 fummes added together 2' 7263 1 
 
 The half of the Log : 1*36315 
 
 The Number anfwering to 
 
 this Logarithme is 23*-°!: 
 
 This Number is the mean proportional Number of 30 and 17 \ 1 
 
 Having thus found the mean proportional Number to be 23-08, the 
 Rule in the Second place is thus : 
 
 As the Log. of this 17 Acres 1, found by the fuppofed Scale, is to 
 theLog.of the mean Proportional (23-08) of the true Quantity of Acres, 
 and the fuppofed Quantity, fo is 10 (the fuppofed Scale) to the true 
 
 Scale; as thus: _. 
 
 ' The 
 
(i8o) 
 
 The Logarithme of 17 »• is 1*24919 
 The Log. of 23" v °?- is r 36315 
 The Log. of 10 is I'oooco 
 
 i" 11396 
 
 The Number anfwering this Logarithme is 13 ; which tells me thar 
 the true Scale that this Plat was drawn by, is a Scale of one Inch put 
 or divided into 1 3 parts. 
 
 The way to work the Golden Rule, or Rule of Three by Log. is, 
 to acfde the Log. of the third Number andfecond Number together, 
 and to fubHra<ft the Log. of the firft Number, and then the Number 
 anfwering the Log. that remains after Subftraclion, is the fourth Num- 
 ber. 
 
 But here I have made no Addition, but fubftracTed the firft. Number 
 ont of the fecond and third, which is all one in Operation. 
 
 How to work the fame Quefiion on the Lint of Number s. 
 
 Having found the Poyntonyour Line, which is 30, and the Poynt 
 rcprefenting 17 *, find out the poynt which isthemidfl between thefe 
 two; and that very poynt is the Mean Proportional between thefe 
 two Numbers; which nereis 2 3 and better; for if you fet one poynt 
 of your Compares on 23 - x ° o % that Extent from thence to 30 will alfo 
 reach from that to 17 \. 
 
 Then fas before is fhewed) fay, as 17 \ : is to* 23 tv'j 
 
 So is 10 to 13 (the true Scale fought:) 
 
 Therefore extend your CompafTes from 17*75 : to 23 tvJj that 
 Extent will reach from 10 to 13. 
 
 Thus you may fee how readily this Queftion is wrought by Log. 
 without Multiplication orDivifion, and alfo by the Line of Numbers, 
 with two turns of your CompafTes. 
 
 Example Second. 
 
 If a piece of Ground, or the fide of a Houfe be too Acres, Rods, 
 or the like, and you meafure it by a Scale of 12, and find it to be but 
 56 - f ; *, if you would know what Scale, in proportion to this, the 
 Draft or Plot was drawn by, then work by the aforefaid Rules 
 
 tius : 
 
 Find the Vcan proportional Number of 100 and 56^22 thus, by ta- 
 king the half of them 2 Log. and the Number anlwering that, is the 
 
 Mean proportional Number, as thus : 
 
 Loga- 
 
. C |8 
 
 Logarithme of 10©. is 2* ooooo 
 
 Log. of 56* 22* is r 74989 
 
 74 ,A? the mean Proportional r 87494 
 Log. of 1 a is 1*07918 
 
 Added x 95412 
 
 The Number anfwering this Leg. r 2042 3 
 
 Now the neareft in whole Numbers is 16, whfch is the Scale by 
 which the Draft or Plot was drawn. 
 
 This alfoyou may work by GuntersLine, as is before fhewed ; for 
 if you take the middle poynt between ico and 56*22, you will find 
 it to be neer 75 \ for if youfet one poynt on or near 75, and extend 
 the other to 100, that Extent will reach from 75 alfo to 56*22 • fo 
 that 75 is the mean Proportional Number between them two. 
 
 Then if you extend your CompafTes from $6'zz, to 75, that Ex- 
 tent will reach from 12 ( the fuppofed Scale) to 16, the true Scale : 
 thus having (hewed you feveral hints of this Line of Numbers, I will 
 here fhew a few more. 
 
 CHAP. XLVI. 
 
 The nefcription of the Line of Number 7, or Gnnters Line. 
 
 THis Line commonly on your two foot Rule is in two parts, and 
 each of thefe two parts divided into 9 unequal parts, which be 
 called Primes, or Integers, or whole Numbers, and are diftinguifhed 
 by thefe Figures ; the firft part to the left hand hath 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 
 8,9, and 10: Now this Middle one, which I call 10, is alfo but one^ 
 as the line maybe read : and then the fecond part to the Right hand 
 is alfo 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6,7,8, 9, 10 : Now this I a ft part I (hat] fordi- 
 ftinclion call the Second Part, and then each of thofe Integers from 
 the firft one to the middle, is fubdivided into 10 unequal parts, and 
 from the middle one to 10 at the end of the Second part, between eve- 
 
ty two Figures, according to the fame order that the other were di- 
 vided into 10 parts j and eachofthefe 10 parts fhould be divided into 
 10 parts more, if the Rule were long enough to bear them :, but on 
 every two-foot Rule that hath this line well made on it, they be from 
 the Middle one, to two in the Second part, firit divided into 10 parts, 
 and then each of thefe into to other parts; and were the Rule long 
 enough: thefe mould be divided into 10 other parts ; but to read a 
 fumme of a Thoufand, you mull: eflimate or ghefs at the Unite, fo that 
 you may read any fumme under a thoufand, exprcficly, from the firft 
 one to 10; in the Second Part you may read 199 exprefTely, the middle 
 one being ico, then 9 tenths is 90, and 9 tenths of tl em tenths is 9, 
 that is, 199; which is the Divifion next to 2 inthefecond part of your 
 
 By this you may obferve, that the longer your Rule is, the more 
 exatlly you may number or read a great fumme, efpccially if you 
 underftand Arithmetick j as may be feen more fully in t'he Rules of 
 Arithmetick following. 
 
 CHAP. XLVII. 
 
 Numeration on the Line % or to read a fumme on the Line of 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Ou mayobferve, that the Figures on this line, as in the preceding 
 L Chapter, are, 1,2,3 4,5,6,7,8,9? and 1, 2, 3,45, 6, 7, 8, 9> 
 io- Now the fame poynt or Divifion on the Rule, which hath 1,2, 
 ■3,4, $,&c. may bcread'io, 20, 30,4 o >5 ;- £. or they may be called 
 100,200,300,400,500: t 
 
 Bv this you mav pcrecive, that the larger Numbers you have to 
 number, any of thofe Figures will admit of a larger Denomination; fo 
 that if you be to read any fumme from one to 10, you have it in the 
 Second part, for then the rTrft one is one tenth, the middle one is one, 
 the End one is 10 ; but if you be to read a Number of three Figures, 
 (as any -is under iocoJ then trie Erft one is io ? the middle one ico, 
 She End one icoo. 
 
 Example. 
 
.(i8 5 ) 
 
 Example. 
 
 To find 144, T take the middle one for the 100, then 4 of the great 
 Divifions forward for 40, then 4 Divifions ('forward ftillto the Right 
 hand) for 4, and that poynt is 144, which may alfo be called fourteen 
 and , 4 , , or 1450, or 14500; then muft the middle one be ioooo,and 
 4 tenths forward, 4000 ; and 5 tenths forward, 500 ; this poynt wants 
 but five ftnall Divifions of the long poynt, which is 1 5, or 1 50, or 
 1 500; or may be 1 5000, according as your fumme is in greatnefs. 
 
 Example. 
 
 To find the poynt T2 ; firft I read the middle one 10, then 2 tenths 
 forward for 2, that is the poynt 12, where (in many Rules) there is 
 a Brafs Pin, becaufe it is a Poynt muchufed, as you will find hereaf- 
 ter ; now this poynt 12, is alfo 120, or 1200 - for the firft one being 
 one, then the middle one is 10, and two tenths forward is the poynt 
 12, &c. but if you read this poynt 120, then the firft one is 10, the 
 middle one 100, and two tenths forward 20, which is 120; and if it 
 be read 1200, then the middle one is 1000, and two tenths forward 
 2oo, which is 1200, &c. 
 
 Example. 
 
 To find the Number 1728, being the Cube- Inches in a foot of Tim- 
 ber ; the middle one is 1000, then 7 tenths forward is 700, and two 
 tenths of them forward is 20 : Now the Divifions on the Rule do not 
 (hew the 8 that remains, therefore you muft eftimatc the place for 8, 
 which is almoft one tenth more ; fo having found that place, 'tis the 
 poynt which is for 1728; fo, in many great fummes, you muft efti- 
 mate or ghefs at the Unite, but Decimal fummes do (hew thcmfelves 
 more plainly, as you may well perceive hereafter, efpecially when they 
 end with a Cypher or Cyphers. 
 
 I hope you now plainly fee the ufe in Reading, or numbering any 
 fumme, under 10000 ; and that you fee alfo, that this is a Decimal Line, 
 and is taken from that excellent Rule of Decimals, the Canon of Lo- 
 garithmesj and that you may read any Decimal Fraction, as one 
 tenth, one of 100, or one of 1 coo, or -~, - l 5 ,, -&\ or-,-V' , "r&vriV, &c. 
 that is y if the Integer be in 10 parts, you may find out any of thefe 
 parts ; or if in 100 parts, you may find out any part from one to 100 
 readily. 
 
 Ex. If the Integer be 10, that is if 10 make one foot, yard, pound, or 
 the like, I would know the poynt of one and -,V, or one and 4; take 
 either the middle one, or the firft one, extend the Compafs poynt to 
 5, which is thelongeft Divifion between 1 and 2, that is, the poynt 
 of one and $ tenths* or one and a half. 
 
 B b Ex. 
 
(i86) 
 
 Example. 
 
 If it were required to find the point of ioo^-, or ioo and half, 
 'tis the fame point, or it is i ooo and a half. 
 
 Example. 
 
 If it be to find the point of 60 of 100, thenthe middle one is the ioo > 
 and the figure 6 in the firft part is the figure that is 60 of a 1 00, or, tL. 
 or as decimal fractions commonly are writ eo, the prick before, 
 (hewing it to be a decimal fraction. 
 
 Example. 
 
 To find 1560, take the middle one for 1000, and five tenths for 500, 
 and 6 tenths of them tenths for 60, which is the point 1 500 &c. Alfo if 
 it be defired to find the fraction 1560, of 10000, that is the fame point, 
 and may thus be writ x»iii \ or il ,s the point that reprefents the fra- 
 & ion ttK &c - Be perfect to read the Line well, then will the other 
 Rules be eafie. 
 
 CHAP. XLVIII. 
 
 Addition on the Line of Numbers. 
 
 THe Rule is, firft find one of your numbers, then count fo many as 
 the number or numbers are forward, that is to the right hand, and 
 that is the Sum. Take notice that your fum or fums muit (if they be 
 fractions,) be Decimal fractions. 
 
 Example, In whole numbers, 55 and 15, firft find 55, then count 15 
 forward, and the point is 70 j for adde 5 to 5 $ it maks 6o, and count 1 o 
 forward, the poynt is 70. 
 
 Example, In 3 whole numbers 60, 57 & 35 ; firft find 60, then 5 
 tens forward is 1 1 o, and 7 of a tenth, tis then 117, then from that point 
 count 35, and the point or Divifionfheweth 'tis 152. 
 
 Example, A whole number and a Decimal, as 6 and f find 16 on 
 either part of your Rule : then count 9 of the 10 Divifions,thati$ be- 
 tween 6 & 7, which is one Divifion fhort of 7, and that is the point, 
 which is 6 and 9 tenths, or thus 6 IO % or 6' 9 \ it alfo may be read 
 6 ,-l-Z for tis the point of that alfo. 
 
 Example, 2 whole numbers and 2 fractions, as 60, 80, and 70*50 j 
 I take 60, and count 7 tenths forward, which is at the point 130; 
 
 Note 
 
Kote here the middle one being read ico, then 3 tenths forward are for 
 30; then for the 80 and 50, which is 130,1 count one tenth more,which 
 then is 1 3 1, and being the Divifions on the Line fall fo clofe, you mull 
 eftimate orghefsthe r 9 s ° or 'tis but adding the 2 laft figures together, 
 and keep the unite in your minde, to add to your other fum, and fo you 
 may be exact ; add 50 and 80 together, it makes 1 30, keep 30 in mind 
 as in this Example, I neglect the 2 Cyphers and add 8 and 5 together, 
 which is 13, or add 80 and 50 make 130; now them 2 Cyphers ad- 
 ded together make but oneCypher added to 13, is 130; that is, one 
 Integer, and 30 of another ; but if the 80 and 53 had been only 8 and 5, 
 then 10 had been the Integer, and the 3 had been -, } of one ; and note 
 this, that if the Integer, or whole fum that the fraction belongs to, in 
 Decimal fractions, I fay, if the Integer be 10, then from one to 10 is 
 the Decimal fraction of that; and if the Integer be a 100 then from 
 one toa 100 is the Decimal of that; if a 1000, then from one to a 
 iooo,the Decimal of a 1000 may be; and fo of greater fums : fothat 
 in Decimals there is no improper fraction, as is in your vulgar fractions, 
 for there you may find the denominator more than the numerator if 
 the fraction be a proper fraction, but if an improper fraction, then the 
 Denominator lefs than the Numerator ; as may be feen at large in moil: 
 books that treat of fractions ; fee Mr. Wingates Arithtr.et: ^natural : fo 
 that decimal fractions may be exprefTed without the denominator by fix- 
 ing before the decimal or broken number propounded,as 12 t U is thus, 
 12*3 5 ; and 2 t -? I thus, 2*98 &c. or 2 T *, or 2 * may thus be writ, and 
 is in Decimals writ 2* 5, that is 2 and a half; for in this Example the In- 
 teger is 1 o, and then 5 being half 1 o, fo 'tis 2 and a half. 
 I have been large on this Rule, becaufe I would write to thofe that do 
 not know any thing of thefe Rules, as well as to fnofe that be well ver- 
 fed in them ; my defire is to learn the one, and to (hew the other that 
 which I could never fee yet in any Book, viz.. new Examples. 
 
 CHAP. XLIX. 
 
 Sabftratfion on the Line of Numbers, 
 
 THe Rule is, firft find the point which the great Numbers make, then 
 count the leaft number from that point, towards the left hand, the 
 Remainder is the other Number. 
 
 B b 2 Ex(impk> 
 
Ci83) 
 
 Example of two Numbers, as 12. from 144, firfl: I find 144, tbere I 
 fet one point of my compafs, and count to the left hand 12 j then read- 
 ing the point that remains , I find it to be 132. 
 
 Example, of 3 Numbers; fuppofe you were to fubftracT 8 and ro 
 from 800, add 8 and 19 together, which is 27, then find the point 800, 
 then count 2 tenthes and 7 of ten from the point 800, to the left hand, 
 this (he weth the point 77 3 , which is the Queftion : This rule is feldom 
 ufed on the Line, therefore I Hull fay no more of it, but come to the 
 molt ufeful rules on the Line, viz.. Multiplication, Divifion., the Rule 
 of 3 &c. 
 
 CHAP. L. 
 
 Multiplication on the Line of Numbers. 
 
 'T'His Rule is thus ; Extend the Compares from 1 to one of the num- 
 bers to be Multiplyed, the fame Extent wilJ reach from the other 
 number to the content. 
 
 Example, If you be to multiply 6 by 8 ; extend the CompafTes from 
 one to 6, keep the CompafTes fixed, and that fame Extent will reach 
 from 8 to 48, the Content} or if you fet one point of your CompafTes on 
 j, and extend the other to 8 at that exent, if you fet one point of your 
 CompafTes on 6, theǤther point will reach to 48, the content} as was 
 before defcribed. 
 
 Note that your Rule muftbe divided into 10 equal parts, andthefe 
 10 parts each of them into 10 other equal parts; thus will your foot be 
 divided into a 100 equal parts, and thusmuft your yard, pole, &c. be 
 divided ; then will thefe parts anfwer the Line of Numbers which is a 
 a decimal line. 
 
 Example id. If a ftone or board be 14 Inches broad, and 30 Inches 
 long, how many Inches are there in that (tone, board, &c? Extend the 
 CompafTes from 1 to 14, the fame extent will reach from 30 (the 
 length) to 4 20, the content in fuperficial Inches. 
 
 But if you would know how much of this bredth will make a foot 
 fquare of board, glafs,or ftone, the rule is this; as the breadth in 
 Inches is to 144 the fuperficial Inches in one foot, that Extent will reach 
 
 from 
 
fromonetothejengthof one foot in Inch-meafure. 
 
 Example ^6. Set one point of your Compares on 14 (the breadth,) 
 extend the other to 144 ; that extent will reach from one to jo and 
 near ,'., and fo much makes a foot long, at 14 Inches broad, fuperfi- 
 cial Meafure: To prove this, if you multiply. 14 by 10 £ 3 , the pro- 
 dud will be 144 T " \ fo it is but 2 of 10, or one fifth part more. 
 
 But the moil; cuftomary way to meafure Board, Glafs, Stone, or 
 any thing that is meafured by fuperficial Foot-meafure, is, by Inch-mea- 
 fure and Foot- meafure together. And the Rule is this : Asi2(thefide 
 of a foot fquare) is to the breadth in Inches, fo is the Length in Feet or 
 Parrs, to the Content in Feet or Parts. 
 
 Example 4. Shall be in the aforefaid Example, to make the Rule 
 more plain: Set one poynt of your Compafs alwayes on 12, extend 
 the other to the breadth in Inches, which is 14, that Extent will reach 
 from two foot and a half (which is 30 Inches) to near 3 foot, viz.. to two 
 foot - t 9 a and better, as before. 
 
 But note, if the Breadth in Inches be more than 12, as in thelaft 
 Example, then muft you turn your CompaiTes from the Length in 
 feet and parts to the Right hand; but if the breadth be lefs than 12 
 Inches, then mull you turn your CompaiTes from the length in feet to- 
 the Left hand : And becaufe this Rule is the molt ufed, fee another 
 Example, for this way molt men do meafure by. 
 
 Example 5. A Board ten Inches broad, and 6 foot long, how many 
 foot are there in that Board? Extend your CompaiTes from 12 (the 
 Handing number) to io(the breadth in Inches,) that Extent will reach 
 from 6 the length in feet (to the left hand J to 5 the Content, in feet ; 
 for as 1 2 is to 1 o, fo is 6 to 5 . 
 
 Thus having fhewed fome Examples in fuperficial meafure in Mul- 
 tiplication, here I (hall (hew a few Examples in folid Meafures ; and 
 firir. know, that you muft take the fuperficial Content of the Bafe or 
 End of the piece of Timber or Stone, &c. whether it be Round, 
 Square or Triangle, which you may do by Multiplication, as is before 
 fhewed ; then multiply the Content of the Bafe by the Length of the 
 piece, and the product giveth the folid Content of the piece. 
 
 Example Sixth. A piece of Timber 14 Inches Broad, and jo Inches 
 deep, and 30 Inches long, how many fquare Inches in that piece of 
 Timber ? 
 
 Set one poynt of your CompaiTes on one, extend the other to 10 
 (the depth ; ) that Extent will reach from 14 (the breadth) to 1404 
 the Content of the Bafe. 
 
 Then fet one poynt of your CompaiTes on one, and extend the other 
 
 to 
 
(ipo) 
 
 to 30 (the Length,) that fame Extent will reach from 140 (the Content 
 of the Bafe,) to 4200 the folid Content of the piece in Inches. 
 
 But if you would find the Content of this piece of Timber, or any- 
 other, in feet and parts, you may do it thus : Find the Content of the 
 Bafe, as before; then as the fquare Inches in afoot (viz.. 1728,) is to 
 the Content of the Bafe, fo is the length in Inches, to the Content in 
 feet and parts. 
 
 Example 7. How many feet and parts are there in the piece of the 
 laft Example, which was 14 Inches broad, and 10 Inches deep, and 
 30 Inches long; having found the Bafe, as before, to be 140, then 
 extend the CompaiTesfrom 140 to 728, that fame Extent will reach 
 from 30 (the Length in Inches) to two foot and neer a half, viz.. to two 
 foot, 744 Inches ; you mult turn your CompalTes from 30, towards 
 the left hand. 
 
 But if you defire to know how much in length makes a foot, then 
 the Rule is thus: As the Content of the Bafe is to 1728 (the Inches 
 in a foot fquare ) that fame Extent will reach from 1 to the Number of 
 Inches or parts which will make a foot at fuch a Length. 
 
 Example 8. Of the fame piece of Timber mentioned in the laft. Ex- 
 ample ; the Bafe you may find (as before) to be 140, then extend the 
 CompafTes from 140 (the Bafe) to 1728, (thelnchesin a foot fquare) 
 that fame Extent will reach from 1 to 12, and little more than -"'-.V; 
 for if you multiply i2-?J- a by 140, the product will be 1729, which 
 is but one more than the Inches in a foot. And here you may note the 
 Error that many men commit in adding the Breadth and Depth toge- 
 ther, and take the half of that fumme for the true fquare ; and the 
 more the fides differ, the mote they be miftaken. 
 
 The fame Error is daily committed by thofe which meafure Timber ; 
 for they take the Circumference in the middle of the piece of Round 
 Timber, and one fourth part of that they take for the true fquare of 
 the piece, which is altogether falfe, (as I faid before) though Cuflom 
 doth ftrongly uphold that error againft Reafon. But if it be a true 
 fquared piece of Timber, then you may meafure it this way, very 
 Readily ; as, 
 
 Example 9. A piece of Timber 10 Inches fquare, and 16 foot 
 long. 
 
 The Rule is this: A! waves fetone poynt of your CompafTes on 12, 
 extend the other to the fide of the fquare in Inches or parts, that Ex- 
 tent will reach from the Length in feet or parts, to a fourth Number, 
 And from that Number to the Content in feet and parts; that is, it 
 
 Will 
 
f'90 
 will reach from the Length of the piece of Timber in feet and parts, 
 to the Content in feet and parts. 
 
 As thus, in this Example: Extend your Compares from 12 to 10 
 (the fide of the fquare in Inches) that diftance will reach from 16 (the 
 Length in feet ) at two turns of your Compares, to 1 1 foot, and a 
 little above. /,, viz.. 1 1 foot and -,1*1. Be fure alwayes to remem- 
 ber, that if your piece of Timber be left than 1 2 Inches fquare, then vou 
 mull turn twice from the Length of the piece, to the Left hand • but if 
 more than 1 2 Inches, then to the Right hand twice. 
 
 Now this being the way in ufe, I will mew one Example more: of 
 a Tree 30 foot long, having the Circumference 60 Inches; now the 
 fourth part of 60 is 1 5, which I take for the fide of a fquare equal to that 
 Circle, as is ufually done, though not with truth alwayes. 
 
 Example 10. Then I extend my Compaffes from 12 to 15 (the fide 
 of the Square in Inches) and that Extent will reach from 30 (the 
 Length in feet) to near 47 feet, the Content; this is the cultomary 
 way, but if you look into the Table, pag. 174, you may there fee, 
 that 60 Inches Circumference, one foot length gives 1 ■ 988, which mul* 
 tiplyed by 30, gives 59 foot and 640; here alfoyoufee the error of 
 the cuftomary way; but of this I have faid enough already, and there- 
 fore mall give no more Examples now j but note this, that what is 
 here faid of Foot-meafure, may alfo be applyed to Pole, Yard or 
 the like. ' } 
 
 Having the Root given, by two turns of your Compares, you may 
 fave two Multiplications, and find the fquare of that Root, and the 
 Cube, &c. and fo may you find as many Numbers as you pleafe in 
 a continual Proportion. 
 
 Examphii. The Root being given, extend your Compares from 
 one to 12, that Extent will reach from 12 to 144., the fame Extent 
 will reach from 144 to 1728 ; fothen, if 12 be the Root, 144 is the 
 fquare of that Root, and 1728 the Cube of that Root, &c. but note, 
 that when you extend your Compares frem 1 to 12, the next turn 
 will go off the Line ; therefore you mud: feek 12 at the beginning of 
 the Line, to the left hand, and then turn from that iz; note this in all 
 Cafes wherein your CompafTes go off the Line. 
 
 Thus having (hewed you (the Root being given) readily to find the 
 Cube, I will now (hew you (the, Cube being given) how to find the 
 Root ; and though this, and fome other Examples before, be not done 
 by Multiplication, yet becaufe they depend one upon another, I do here 
 fliewthem. 
 
 To extraa the Cube-Root, the Rale is } divide the fpace between 
 
 the- 
 
C*$2 ) 
 
 the Cube given, and I, into 3 equal parts, and the diftance of one of 
 thcfe 3 parts from 1, is the Root. 
 
 Example. 11. The Cube 64 being given, what is the Root? divide 
 the Diftance from 64 to one into 3 equal parts, one third part of that 
 diftance will reach from one to 4, the Root •, for the firft third part 
 will reach from 64 to 16 the fquare, the 2d third part from 16 to 4 the 
 Root, the third part from 4 to one, for 4 times 4 is 16, and 4 times 
 16 is 64 ; the fame Rule obferve for any other number. 
 
 Thus may you find the fquare of any Circle, or the end of a tree, 
 the fquare equal to that Circumference, and fomeafure it as is before 
 fhcw'd. 
 
 Example 12. Having the Circumference of a Tree, you would know 
 the fide of a Square equal to that Circumference, as, in the 10th. 
 Example the Circumference was 60 Inches, now to find the Content in 
 fuperficial Inches of fuch a Circle, the Rule is as is before fhewd, as 22 
 is to 7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter; now if you Extend 
 your Compaffes from 22 to 7, that Extent will reach from 60 to 19. 
 and T -Jj the Diameter, this Fraction may be turned into a Decimal 
 Fraction, and fo wrought, but being fo fmall it is not worth minding in 
 fuch operations as this : then if you take half the Diameter and ' 
 the Circumference, and multiply one by the other, or if you Extend 
 your Compaffes from one to 9 and ', that Extent will reach from 30 
 to 285 the fuperficial content in Inches, then to find the fquare by the 
 Line of Numbers, that is, to finde a Number which if Multiply'd in 
 its felf, makes this Summe; the Rule is. Extend your Compafles from 
 285toone, and the middle between thefe 2 Numbers is 16 -—very 
 near, as here you may fee; but firft note, that if your Rule have but 
 the Lines on it that moft of your ordinary Rules have, that is, but 2 
 Lines on it as 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.89; and 1.2.3.4.5. 6.7.8 9. jo ; then this 
 Question may be fome trouble to work on fuch a Rule; but if your 
 Rule hath 4 parts or 6 parts, as a 6 foot Rule may have,then this Quefti- 
 on may be performed veryiftadilyj as you may hereafter better per- 
 ceive ; for if you take 2 85 in the fecond part of the Rule, them's the 
 middle figure one, aioo; and the figure one at the end is 10; and the 
 Rule is, that you mull take the middle between 1 and 285 { which 
 here you carmot ; for if you count the fir ft one, one, the middle one 
 ist'en ro. and the end one is 100, i~o then 285 is off from the Line; 
 whereas if vour Rule had another part added -to it, then might you 
 work, and read it very readily. 
 
 But to work it by this Rule, you muft take the diftance from 100 to 
 2£*> that is from the middle one to 2 85, then take half of this diftance 
 
 and 
 
and add it to half the length of the- Line, and the Compares will reach 
 from 10 in the middle to near 17 (the fide of a fquare equal to z$$) 
 as you may fee it here proved by the pen. 
 
 Here you may fee that 1 6 ,414 Multiplyed 16-882 
 
 b Y l6 tH-o» § ives 2 ^5 : and ~l^±±, which i6'88'2 
 
 Fraction being fo fmall is not confidera- 
 ble. ■ 33764 
 
 Many other waves there be to meafure a t i$o$6 
 
 Cyllinder, but this, after you have found I 35°56" 
 
 the fide of a fquare equal to the Circumfe- 10 1292 
 
 i-ence, Multiplyed by the length is furfici- 16882 
 
 ent, &c. " — — 
 
 285*00 1924 
 
 CHAP. LI. 
 
 Divifion on the Line. 
 
 'J'He Rule is, as one is to the Divifor, fo is the Dividend to the Quoti- 
 ent 5 or as the Divifor is to the dividend, fo is to 1 to the Quotient. 
 
 Example. 
 280 being to be divided by 5, fet one foot of the Compares on ?, 
 and Extend the other to one, that Extent will reach from 280 to < 6 
 the Quotient. * J 
 
 Or thus, Extend the Compares from 5 to 280, that diftancewiU 
 reach from 1 to 56, the Quotient. 
 
 Example. 2. 
 
 26c divided by 5 -A ; Extend the Compares from 5 £ to 260, that 
 Extent will reach from 1 to 50 the Quotient. 
 
 By thefe Rules may you work any other Queiiion in Divifioikfor Di- 
 vifion is eafier than Multiplication, for in this (having the Sums given) 
 
 feek [or1re°ate e r "* ™ Mul£ipHca£i ° n the Sums bein S W you ma/ 
 
 Co CHAP. 
 
(m) 
 
 CHAP. LII. 
 
 The Rule of Three on the Line. 
 
 'T'HisRuIe, which by moft is called the Golden Rule for its Excel- 
 lentufes, is performed with much eafe; only by 2 turns of your 
 CompafTes, and in working differs little from Divifion. 
 
 The Rules are, if 4 Numbers are proportional, their order may be 
 fo tranfpofed that each of thofe terms may be the laft in proportion* 
 in this manner. 
 
 ,1. As the firft is to the fecond, fo is the third to the fourth. 
 
 2. As the third is to the fourth, fo is the firft to the fecond. 
 
 3 . As the fecond is to the firil, fo is the fourth to the third. 
 
 4. As the fourth is to the third, fo is the fecond to the firft. See 
 Mr. Oitghtreds Circles of proportion yag. 77. 
 
 So that four proportional Numbers being defired to be known, if 
 any three be given you may find the fourth. 
 
 Asif 2, 8,6, and 24, be the Numbers given, thefe Numbers may 
 befo varyed(as-isaforefaid) that if any three be given, you may find 
 She fourth; Note, 
 
 Firit, If 2 cofts, gives, or requires 8, then 6 cods, gives, &c. 24. 
 
 Secondly, If 6 gives 24, then 2 will give 8. 
 
 Thirdly, If 8 require 2, then 24 will require 6. 
 
 Fourthly, As 24 is to 6, fois 8 to 2. 
 
 Fiftly, Or thus it may be, as 2 to 6, fo is 8 to 24. 
 Here are five wayes that will teach you, if you have three Numbers 
 given, to find out the fourth proportionable to them, but the firft and 
 lait are moft ufeful, and are many times good proofs one of the other. 
 
 Example. 
 
 If 2 of any thing coft 8 -Jh. then 6 will coft 24 /. for if you Extend 
 your Compaffes from 2 to 8, that fame diftance will reach from 6 to 
 24, the Queftion; or if you Extend your CompafTes from the firfl 
 Number to the third Number, that fame Extent will reach from the fe- 
 cond number to the fourth, which was the thing fought. 
 
 Extend your CompafTes from 2 to 6, that fame Extent will reach, 
 from 8 to 24, the Queftion as before, &c. . 
 
095) 
 
 Example. 2. 
 
 If you fell your timber by the Load, that is, 50 foot to the Load' 
 at any price to know what it is a foot j as if you fell for 25 fhilliags the 
 Load, what is that a foot? Firft, know how many pence is in 2j 
 (hillings, becaufe your foot will coft pence and not a (hilling ; 25 (hil- 
 lings is 300 pence, then the Rule orders it felf thus, as 50 to 300, fo 
 is one to 6; therefore Extend your Compares from 50 to 30c, that 
 diftancewill reach from 1 to 6 3 fo then one foot colts 6 pence, the 
 Queftion. 
 
 If you would know the price of 2 Foot, then fet one poynt of your 
 CompafiTes on 2, the other will reach to 12, and fo many Pence two 
 Foot will coft: 3 and fo of any other fumme. 
 
 Example 3. 
 
 IfaLoadof Timber, or 50 foot of Timber, &c. be fold for 37 /. 
 6 d. that is, 450 pence, what is that for one Foot ? Set one poynt 
 of your CompafTes on 50, extend the other to 450, that fame Extent 
 will reach from 1 to 9, andfo many pence wiljone Foot coft, at 37/, 
 6 d. the Load. And if you would know what 6 Foot will coft, the 
 fame diftance of your CompafTes will reach from 6 to 54, and fo many 
 pence 6 foot will coft, at the aforefaid price. 
 
 But now having the price of one Foot given you, and you would 
 know what that is a Load; as if a Foot coft: 9 d. the Rule is thus: 
 Extend your CompafTes from 1 to 9, that Extent will reach from 50 
 (which is a Load) to 450, the Pence that a Loadcofts; and if you 
 Would know what this is in Shillings, extend your CompafTes from 
 1 2 to one, being 1 2 d. makes one Shilling , that Extent will reach 
 from 45' o to 37 and a half, that is, 37 Shillings and 6 pence, for l 3 
 Shilling is6d. 
 
 Example 4. 
 
 By this Line and CompafTes you may foon find the Decimal Fracti- 
 on of any fumme, the Integer being but given : If it be required to 
 know the Decimal Fraction of 1 5 s. the Pound or 20 Shillings may be 
 1 0000 or iogo or more; for the larger you make this fumme, the 
 better will the Fraction appear. But becaufe great fummes cannot 
 be fo well wrought on the Line, I will take thelntegeror 20 Shillings 
 to be put into 100 parts; and then if you extend your CompafTes 
 from 20 to 100, that Extent will reach from 15 to 75, the Decimal 
 of 15. 
 
 Thus if you would know the Decimal Fraction of thirteen Shilling?, 
 if you keep the Extent of your CompafTes fixed, which you took 
 from 20 to 100, that Extent will reach from 1 3 to 65 ; So then 65 is 
 
 Cci the 
 
the Decimal of thirteen Shillings. If you would know the Decimal 
 of 5 Shillings, the fame Extent will reach from 5 to 25, the Decimal 
 of 5 Shillings. The Decimal of 2 Shillings is 10, the Decimal of one 
 Shilling is 05, that is 5 of 100; for if that Cypher were not prefixed 
 before it, then were it but 5 of 10. Thus bythcfe Rules may you 
 know any other Decimal Fraction. 
 
 Example 5. 
 
 If 1 00 /.gain 120 Shillings in one Year, or 6 /. what will 30/. gain 
 in the fame time ? 
 
 Extend the Compares from ico to 120, that fame will reach from 
 30 to 36, fo that 30 /. will gain 36 (hillings in one year, twelve months 
 or 365 dayes. 
 
 Example 6. 
 
 If one year, or 365 dayes yield for the Intereft of 20 pounds, 24/. 
 or 288 pence, what will 60 dayes yield for 20 / ? 
 
 Fxtend your CompafTes from 365, the dayes in one Year, to 288, 
 the Pence in 24 Shillings, that fame Extent will reach from 60 to 47, 
 and neer a [, fo that 2 o will yield in 60 dayes 47 Pence \ and bet- 
 ter. 
 
 Thefe few Rules of many will fhew you the manner how to work 
 the Golden Rule direft on the Line of Numbers : There is alfo the Gol- 
 den Rale reverfe, or backward Rule of Three, and though it is not fo 
 ufefull as the direct Rule, yet it is worthy to be known, for its excel- 
 lent ufes : The Rule of Three dirett you fee, the Number that is 
 fought, ought to proceed from the fecond term, as the third did from 
 the firft in the fame proportion: Therefore if you multiply the Second 
 Number by the third Number, or the third by the fecond, their Pro- 
 duel divided by the firft, giveth the fourth. 
 
 CHAP. LIII. 
 
 The Golden Rule Reverfe by the Line of Uumbers. 
 
 THE Rule of Three Inverfe h when the Number fought proceeds 
 from the fecond term in the fame proportion as the firft, proceeds 
 from the third, 
 
 An 
 
And if the third Number be greater than the firft, then will the fourth 
 Number belefs than thefecond : But if the third be lefs than thefirft, 
 then the fourth will be greater than thefecond. 
 
 In this Rule if you multiply the firft term by the fecond, and divide 
 the Product by the third, the Quotient fheweth the fourth. 
 
 The firft Number and the third muft be of one Kind, and the fecondA 
 Number or middle Number of the three given, mud be of the fame/ 
 kind with the fourth. \ 
 
 Examfle i. 
 
 If 24 Men do any piece of work in 16 dayes, how many men are 
 required to do fuch another piece of work in four dayes. According 
 to the Rules before named, though 24 be here propounded firft, yet 
 it muft be in the Second place, and then the Queiiion will order it felf 
 thus: 
 
 As 4 is to 24, fois 16 to 96: 
 
 Or thus, As 4 is to 16, fo is 24 to 96. 
 
 Therefore, extend your Compares from 4 to 24, that fame Extent 
 will reach from 16 1096. 
 
 Or the Extent of 4 to 16 will reach from to 2,4 to 96, 
 
 So that if 24 do a piece of work in 16 dayes, 96 will do as much 
 iti 4 dayes. 
 
 Example 2. 
 
 If 9 Bufhels of Provender ferve 8 Horfes 12 dayes, how many 
 dayes will that ferve 16 Horfes ? 
 
 The Queftion will order it felf thus : As 16 is to 8, fo is 12 to 6. 
 
 Or as 16 is to 12, fo is 8 to 6* 
 
 Extend your CompafTes from 16 to 12, that Extent will reach from 
 8 to 6: So that if 9 ferve 8 Horfes 12 dayes, it will ferve 16 but 
 6 dayes. 
 
 If this Queftion had been in the Rule of Three dire tt, then it would 
 have ordered it felf thus: If 8 had coft 12, then 16 would have 
 coft 24. 
 
 But in this Inverfe Rule, you mull begin with 16, which is the third 
 Number, and fo work backward, as is before (hewed at large. 
 
 Example 3 . 
 
 If fuch a Quantity of Bisket will ferve roo men eight weeks, how 
 many men will it ferve ten weeks ? 
 
 In this Example, as in the other, you muft begin with the third 
 fumme firft, and fo work back, as before ; for here the third fumme 
 is 10, which you muft begin withall, and the Queftion will order it 
 felf thus, 
 
 As 
 
As 10 is to 8, fo is ioo to 8o j therefore to work it by the Line, 
 extend your CompafTes from 10 to 8, that fame Extent win reach 
 from i co to 8o : So it will ferve 8o men i o weeks. 
 
 There be many other Rules which may be wrought on the Line of 
 Numbers : But if you would be further fatisfied, fee the works of 
 Mr. Gunter, Mr. Wingat^ &c. And 1 fhall conclude with Holy David y 
 Pfal. 115. laft Ferje, as I hope you will with me; But rve will fraifs 
 the Lord, from henceforth and for ever, Praife ye the Lord. 
 
 CHAP. LIV. 
 
 Of Levelling any Ground^ and to nukz Slops or Batteries^ 
 &c. 
 
 TO level any piece of Ground that you can fee from fide to fide, 
 or from the Middle to any fide, goe into the middle, and there 
 fet up your Inftrument, be it Water-level, or Ground- level with fights, 
 and when you have pLced it fo high as you may fee over the higheft 
 part of the Ground, as half a foot, or a foot, then fet a ftake in the 
 middle, the top cxac/tly level with the fights ; and one on the higheft 
 fide, the top level with the middle ftake \ then turn the Level or Lood 
 back fight, and fet one Level with thefe two on the lowed: ground : 
 So have you three ftakes in a Line level : Keep your Level true to 
 ycur Middle-ftake, and turn your Level till it makes Right-angles 
 with thefc three ftakes, and fet up two ftakes at each fide one Level 
 \v;th thofe three : So have you five ftakes fet true Level in two Lines ; 
 and if your Ground be large, you may fet up two Rosvesmore by 
 the Level, but in fmall Grounds 5 ftakes is enow : Then may you lay 
 by your Level, and looking over the head of one to the head of ano- 
 ther, caufe your Afliftantto put down ftakes between two and two, till 
 ycu have fet as many ftakes level in your Ground as you think con- 
 venient : Or you iray have a Rule, and look over the edge of that, it 
 being level with the head of the ftake, to the head of the other, and 
 pet ftakes down between you and the other ftake, what Number you 
 plcafe. 
 
 Thus having ftaked out your Ground with all the ftakes heads level, 
 and half a foot higher than the higheft part of your Ground , in fome 
 
 Ground 
 
 
(*99) 
 Ground the middle-flake and the flakes in the Crofs-Iine will be the 
 Level- line the Ground muft be brought to; that is, abating the hill, 
 and filling up the low fide to the Level of the Mid-line; but if your 
 Ground be very uneven, then you muft meafure over all the flakes, 
 and take them middle-high, for their mean Level, and by the Rule of 
 Three proportion your Ground to that. 
 
 Suppofe a Valley be i o Pole long, and two foot deep from the 
 ftraight Line, and there is a hill 5 Pole long, how many foot deep 
 muft I goe in that 5 Pole of the Hill, to fill up this Valley ? This may 
 be anfwered by the Rule of Three Inverfe, or back Rule of Three : 
 The Rule orders it felf thus. As 5 is to 2, fo is 10 to 4 : So if you" 
 work it by the Line of Numbers, extend your Compares from 5 to 
 2, that fame Extent will reach from 10 to 4, fo then you muft goe 
 4 foot deep in fuch a Hill, to make good fuch a Valley as is before 
 faid. 
 
 Suppofe you are to abutt the top of a Hill four foot deep and 1. 2 
 Pole from the top of that Hill,that 4 foot is to come out : this is eafily 
 performed, ( though a Leveller to the beft man in the Land did not 
 underftand it ) fet up a ftake on the top of the Hill two foot or three 
 foot long, above ground, and another at the fame height where your 
 depth comes out ; three Rod from that fet a ftake down, till the head ! 
 comes to be in a Line with thefe 2, and at that ftake you muft be one : 
 foot deep : At 6 Pole another as before, there you muft be two foot s 
 deep; another at 9 Pole, there you muft fink three foot. You may 
 fet more ftakes at equal diftances, which will direct you- that you- 1 
 cannot goe amifs. 
 
 To make any Sloop, flrft line out your top and foot true, then if ? 
 your Sloop be not very long, you may have a Frame of Wood made 
 according to your Sloop , which will be as a Mould to trye your, r 
 work by. Two foot Rife, in 6 foot Level is a good Proportion fo* 
 a Sloop.: 
 
 CH&P^ 
 
( 200 ) 
 
 CHAP. LV. 
 For making Syder obferve thefe Rules* 
 
 WHatfoever Apples you make your Syder of, let them hang 
 on the Trees untill they be through Ripe, which you may 
 know by thefe few infallible Rules: Firft, if you find the Kernels 
 Brown, or the Seed rattle in the Apple, as in forae they will ; or if 
 you fee them begin to fall much in ftill weather } or if you find them 
 to handle like a drye piece of wood, founding in your hand if you tofs 
 them up j then you may go to gathering as faft as you pleafe, fo 
 your Fruit be drye 5 obferve that the greener your Fruit is, the 
 fourer will your Syder be- therefore be not too forward in ga- 
 thering^ 
 
 For gathering your Apples, obferve thefe Directions: Take care 
 they be not too much bruifed; for your bruifed Fruit, if they be a 
 little kept , will rott, and give your Syder an ill tafte, and a high 
 brown Colour, and not yield fo well j for your bruifed place of the 
 Apple, if it doth not immediately rott, the Juice of that place will va- 
 pour forth, and be a dry Red, yielding little Tafte or Liquor, but fome- 
 times a bad tafte. 
 
 But to the making of one Hogfhead of Syder, there is required a 
 great many Apples ; as if they be good yielding Fruit, and not too 
 long kept, fome 18 or 20 Buftiel will make aHogfhead; if not, as 
 aforefaid, then 24 Buftiels, or more, to one Hogfhead : Therefore, 
 though I would not have your Apple too much Bruifed, yet I would 
 not advife you to pick them by hand : But you may lay a Trufs or 
 two of Barly Straw under your Tree when you goe to gather them, 
 end on that lay fome Blankets (or the like) according to the Bignefs of 
 your Trees ; thereon with Difcretion make your Fruit, letting not 
 too many lie on at one time, but carry them to the Place where you 
 intend they mall lie till you grind or beat them: Thus you may re- 
 move your Straw and Blankets from Tree to Tree , as your plea- 
 furc is. 
 
 Now 
 
(201) 
 
 now for keeping them after you have gathered them, let it be in fome 
 houfe.f you can with convenience, and on Come dry boards or boaX 
 flowers, but if it be an Earth-flower you muff lav them on firft covert 
 wthgood dry (lraw,and fo lay then/on that,for if you ^ them on the 
 earth they will decay falter, and turn mu/ly before thevh^e don- 
 fweatmg; for '(is obferved that which is bert to preffilams is 2 
 
 a P nr p , rlV:!lf kl nd nanf0WethraUftfoftd ^' ^ Lake rooaohVe 
 
 Thusitmay be with fruit lying on the ground, where thefecrctva 
 pours of the earth tend much to the death or di fToLfonof th fleftv 
 parto the fruit, that the feed might the fooner 7ub° tv!t >™ 
 duce its ike .n i its feveral kinds; for Nature, or the fecre providing 
 
 P Tm/ ' he A ' m ; Ehty ' is at a " tim "< »n° « all S.KS 
 and ^ft,ng every fpecies to produce its kind ; for any whoTath bu ob 
 ferved the Walnut or Cheflnut, though one hath go^ his Fu Gown & 
 the other h,s Noh-me tangere Cloke.as to too of thl fenfes vet notwuh 
 fending, when they be able toftift for themfelves, (as 1 mly ?av) en 
 
 nTS ' for tod" 3 "' ?!& ''I th ' 0Wn ^ t0 ™»"C 
 
 Wsfeef, Wi„V°r " " ?'? the ' r P arcms did for *«n. but of 
 this fee lurther in the Chapters before; andfince we are now fceakins 
 of one particular fruit, ^. Appks , of thc time of t ^Z&7. 
 fore you make them into Syder : a fet time I cannot deliver, for ?our 
 
 ■ ST" "I Wl " r C rea u y t0 beat fccfore y°»< Winter Fru but as 
 foonas you have feen them fweat, which/will be in ten daves or a 
 fortnight, then to beating or grinding of them as fail as may be keep n» 
 your Fruit feveral .f you have enough to fill a veffel of W kfod if 
 %£E£Xt* « ^ "- ^ together, iTyd^f 
 But let your winter fruit lye three weeks or a month before vou beat 
 orgn ndthem . the g your fruit is when gathered, le them l ve 
 
 the longer before you beat them : Thus when you have beaten or 
 grinded your Apples : et them lye a night or 2 4 hours if you pleafc 
 
 clZ J P a'Z l^r" Wi S make V° u ' S y d " hive more ffl 
 Colour, and hinder it from Fermenting too much ; and if your fruit be 
 ripe to eat or mellow, then put to every twenty Bufhels of7ampin« 
 fome fix gallons of ckarwater, Fut ,haton the topof theftampZfs 
 foonas you have beaten them; if your fruit be loft and mX™ 
 may put more, if not, the left : this alfo will keep your Syde from 
 
 muchS?™ Th "f *& y ° Ur Syd " ^ weaker y itwm be 
 much pleafanter : Therefore if your Apples be mellow before you 
 
C*202_) 
 
 beatthem, there willgo fo much of the flefhy fubfhnce of the Apple 
 through the ftrainer or bag, with the Liquor that it will be hard to get 
 this Lee feparated from the Syder, before it begins tofer-nent, for the 
 Li 'uor will endeavour to free itfelf of thefe little particles which when 
 once feparated from the united body, turneth to an earthy fublhnce, 
 and then the Liquor working hard to free it felf of thefe then ufelefs 
 and decaying parts, and having no place to turn them out at, but at the 
 bunp, and it being contrary for thefe earthy parts to afcend upwards, 
 eaufeth by its much fermenting, not only the ftrong, but alfo the pleafant 
 spirits to take their fight, and go into the great world to be ready to af- 
 fili at another new generation,and fo leave the Liquor both dead and of a 
 foure talk, which when thefe higher Spirits are fled, then fourenefs doth 
 matter the tafte in the Syder, which it receives from the grofs Lees in 
 the veflel , therefore if your Syder be made of mellow fruit, let it fet- 
 tle 24 hours in fom Fatt or large vefTel, that the grofs Lees may fettle 
 to the bottom before you put it into your vefTel, and then draw it off, 
 leaving as much of this thick grofs Lee behind as you can (which grofs 
 Lee you may put among your preffings for water-Syder) and if you 
 think the Syder is yet fo thick that it will work much, then draw it in- 
 to another tub by a tap two or three inches from the bottom ; and in 
 this laft tub let it fettle folong as you think it is neer ready to work in 
 your tub : for if it work in your tubbs then will you get but little of 
 the grofs Lees from it : you muft keep it covered all the time it is in 
 your tubs} for note the finer you put it up into your VefTel the lefs it wilt 
 work or ferment, and the lefs it fermenteth the better will your Syder 
 be } but if you fhould have child the Syder, as fometimes it may {o 
 happen in cold weather, that it doth not work at all, when you have 
 put it into your barrel, or hogfhead, but is thick, in fuch a cafe put to 
 a hogfhead a pint of the juice of Alehoof, with half the quantity of 
 Ifi oglafi , and it will make it clear and fine ;but if it do it not prefently, do 
 notdefpair, for it will ferment poffibly in the fpringor when the fruit 
 blolTbms that it was made on, the Spring after it was made. 
 
 Having obferved thefe few Rules, then put it into your barrel or 
 hogfhead, and as foon as it hath done working, bung it up, there keep 
 it till it is fit to bottle, which let it bewhen it is fine ; for if you bottle it 
 while it is thick, or not well fettled, it will endanger your bottles, 
 and not be fo wholfom : but fome do love to have their Syder cutting, 
 counting it then the better ; this may be performed if your Syder be 
 finely putting a little bit of Loaf-Sugar,in every bottle,when you bottle 
 it, and thus more wholfom. 
 
 I aiifcof the fame opinion with Sir Paul AW, that the oftner Syder 
 
 fcy 
 
by any accidental caufe doth ferment, the worfe it is ; if* twice it will be 
 harder or fourer than if it had fermented but once : and if it ferment 
 thrice it is dill worfe ; therefore keep it if you can from fermenting or 
 working toomuch,and alfo too often. 
 
 As for the forts of Fruit the Redftrakesand GennetMoyle., are the bed 
 counted-, yet there be many forts of fruit which if the Syder be well or- 
 dered will be little inferior if not better : The Golden Pippin makes ex- 
 cellent Syder j the Kerton Pippin, the RufTet Harvy,Kenti(h Codlings;, 
 makes good, or indeed any Apple that is not a Crab ; for there be 
 many forts of Wildings that have a fine Winy Liquor, and the flefh of 
 a hard, and not of a foft fubftance; for that Fruit, (let it be Pear or 
 Apple) that hath the flefh foft,and is loon Mellow is not good for Perry 
 or Syder jfor fuch very foft Fruit doth break into fo many fmall particles, 
 that they fpoil your Syder before they can be feparatcd, but that Fruit 
 that hath its flefh hard, that when you beat and prefs it, will flat down 
 like a fponge, fooner then it will feparate into little particles; and if it 
 be kept beyond its natural time of being ripe, will grow tough but not 
 Mellow, is the only Fruit for Syder and Perry, for by Sir Pauls leave 
 it is not alwayes the befl eating Apple or Pear that makes the beft Sy- 
 der or Perry, but fuch as aforefaid, no more than the befl eating Pear is 
 the beft. baked; and of this dayly experience fheweth the contrary. 
 
 Much more I could fay concerning Syder, but if there were a whole 
 Volume writ of it, yet the feveral feafonsof years, the feveral forts 
 of Fruit and other accidents that happen, no man can advifeyou of be- 
 fore, therefore let your reafon teach you with what hath been faid be- 
 fore; but if you would fee feveral mens opinions ofthe ordering of Sy- 
 der, fee Efquire Evelins Book, joyned to his Difcourfe of Foreft- Trees. 
 
 To make your water Syder ; take the ftampings when you prefs 
 them from your firft Syder, and put them into tubs, and when you 
 have a tub full, put to thefe ftampings half as much water as you had 
 Syder: if your Fruit be good and very ripe you may put more, if the 
 contrary lefs ; let the tubs be covered, and fland thus with the water 
 and ftampings together four or five dayes and nights : if it be cold wea- 
 ther let them ftand a week,then you may prefs the ftampings ,and asfoon 
 as you have got as much as you think will fill a veffcl, put it on the fire 
 and fcum it well, and when you find the fcum begins not to rife very 
 fait, then take it off from the fire and put it into Tubs or Coolers, to 
 cool, and when it is cold then Tun it up, and when it hath done work- 
 ing then bung it up, and in a months time it will be fit to drink ; you 
 may if you pleafe boyl a little Ginger in it, or a little Cloves, Juniper 
 berries, or other things which you fancy to pleafe the pallet, or againit 
 
 D d 2, fome 
 
C204) 
 fome diftempers you fear ; for fmall things taken in time may prevent 
 dangers very great ; Syrupe of Rasburies gives a very pleafing tafte 
 in Syder. 
 
 Perry may be made and Ordered after the fame manner, only take 
 care your Pears be not too ripe, for if they be, you will be troubled to 
 get your Liquor fine : thofe Pears be beft for Perry that have a hard 
 flefh, and ftony at the core; the juice eafily feparating from the flefh, 
 the Fruit yielding a good plenty of juice, the Pears commonly of a 
 harfhtaite. 
 
 But thofe Pears that have a foft flefh, as many of our beft eating 
 Pears have, are not good for Perry ; as the Burry, Borgatmotes, 
 Green-feilds, Green- chefels, and feveral others of like nature. 
 
 We have a Pear at Cafluobury^ and it is at other places near Watford^ 
 it is a little harfh juicy Pear, but makes excellent Liquor, as my Ho- 
 nourable Lord can teftifie, and feveral others ; its only inconvenience 
 is, it is but a fmall Fruit, but the quantity it yields is good ; I take it to 
 be a kind of wild Pear never grafted ; but for its excellency aforefaid, 
 the kind deferves to be preferved by the curious, I know no name it 
 hath as yet. 
 
 Captain wingate near Welling hath an excellent Pear for Perry; I have 
 tafled of the Liquor, and have feen the fruit, but whether it is a good 
 bearer or no I know not : which fhould be a property in Perry Pear- 
 trees 
 
 There is a Pear called by my ingenious Friend Mr. Pritcbet Gard- 
 ner to my Lord of Salisbury, Rutins Pear, which makes excellent Per- 
 ry, and is a good bearer, as f have oft been informed by him ; by the 
 tafte of the fruit it is very good for Perry : Indeed mod: forts of baking 
 Pears make good Perry, or any that is Qualified as is beforefaid, and 
 that bears well, and yields great ftore of Liquor. 
 
 Mind your VefTels be fwcet you put your Syder or Perry in ; for a 
 little tang in the VefTel will fpoil all, a Sack VefTel is very good (though 
 difcommended by fome) fo is your White-wine or Garret- wine casks* 
 or a VefTel where Syder hath been before, &c 
 
 F I N IS. 
 
 Ectephce the Figures. 
 
The Contents of each particular Chapter. 
 
 i 
 
 Chap. I . S~*\F the feveral wayes of Raifing Trees: The be ft for For- 
 
 vy r eft-trees is by their Seeds, Keys, or Nms, &C. pag. r . 
 
 Chap. 2. How to obferve and know the nature of Seeds, fo as the better 
 
 tor aife them p , 
 
 Chap. 3. The ftape of Seeds and their Weight do Inform yon how to 
 fet them p J 
 
 Chap. 4. Obfervations of all forts of Keyes and Seeds, p.£. 
 
 Chap. 5. Of the fever alwayes to raife Forreft trees,. or others-, and 
 how to perform the fame by Laying, p g. 
 
 Chap. 6. Of thofe forts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings, and how 
 to perform the fame, p I2> 
 
 Chap. 7. Of fitch forts of Trees as may be Raifed by the Roots of 
 another Tr e e ; and how to Raife them, P. 13. 
 
 Chap. 8. What Soy I, or Dung is be ft for Trees, or their Seeds, p. 14.' 
 Chap. 9. Of Water for Trees, and Seeds andwateringthem, p.20. 
 Chap. lO.OfOakj Raifing and Improving p 34. 
 
 Chap. 11. Of Raifing and Ordering the Elm, p.?a 
 
 Chap. 12. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Afi, V-%1- 
 
 Chap. 13. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Beeeh, p. 57. 
 
 Chap. 14. Of Raifing an A Ordering the Walnut, PS 8* 
 
 Chap. 15. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Che ftnut p.63.' 
 
 Chap. 16. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Sar vice-tree P<H. 
 
 Chap. 17. Of Raifing and Ordering the Cherry-tree P»6£. 
 
 Chap. 18. Of Raifing and Ordering the Line-tree P67. 
 
 Chap. 19. Of Raifing and Ordering the Maple p.72. 
 
 Chap. 20. Of Raifing and Ordering the Sycamore ibid. 
 
 Chap. 2 j. Of Raifing and Ordering the Hornbeam P-73- 
 
 Chap. 22. Of Raifing the Quicl^beam- P-75. 
 
 Chap. Zi.Of Raifing the Birch ibicL 
 
 Chap*. 
 
The Contents. 
 
 Chap. 24. Of Raifing the Hafel p. 77, 
 
 Chap. 25. Of Raifing the fever al forts of Poplars ibid. 
 
 Chap. 26. Of Raifing the Alder p.8 r. 
 
 Chap. 27 .Of Raifing the Withy , Willow shallow, Osiers p. 82. 
 
 Chap. 2%. Of the Pine,Firre, Pmafter, &c. p. 84. 
 
 Chap. 29. Of Raifwg the Tew, Holly, Box, Juniper, Bayes, &c. p. 86. 
 
 Chap. 30. General Rules for planting Forrcfl-treei in Avenues, Walks, 
 or Orchards, as in a natural ground p$8. 
 
 Chap. 3 1 . Of planting Forreft-trees to make Woods, or to fill up Naked 
 places in Woods, where they want p. 89. 
 
 Chap. 32. Of Planting Toung Hedges, and how to improve and keep old 
 Hedges V-95* 
 
 Chap. 3 3 .Of Planting fever al forts of Forreft-trees,in order to making 
 the be ft advantage of Ground, as Orchards, or the like p. 104. 
 
 Chap. 34. Of Pruning Trees, fome general Obfervations p. 112. 
 
 Chap. 35. Of the Difeafes of Trees p. t t ,7. 
 
 Chap. 36. Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices p. 1 1J9. 
 
 Chap. 37. How to take the height of a Tree fever al wayes, the better to 
 judge the worth of them,&CC. p. 126. 
 
 Chap. 3 8. Of making FFalkj, Avenues, or Lawns p. 1 3 5 . 
 
 Chap. 39. Of fever al fuperficial Figures , and how they are to be 
 me a fired p. 148. 
 
 Chap. 40. To Divide a Right Line given, according to any Proportion 
 Required', and how to Divide Land or VVoods, with fome 
 ufesof the four-pole Chain p. 151. 
 
 Chap. 41 . Of Meafuring Holes and Borders } that be under a pole broad, 
 
 by which you may the better let or take them to doe by the Pole- 
 
 fquare, & c. with fever al Tables of Meafures p. 1 60. 
 
 Chap. 42. Of Meafuring Timber and other folid Bodies, with fever al 
 Tables life ful there unto p.170. 
 
 Chap. 43. Of she Oval a how to make it, and how to Meafure it, with 
 other Obfervations thereon p 1 76. 
 
 Chap. 44. Suppofeyou have a Plot to draw on one or many fleets of Pa- 
 per, and you would draw it at as large as the Paper will bear ; 
 to know what Scale you flail Draw it by p. 179. 
 
 Chap. 45. To finde what Sale a Plate or Draft is drawn by, the con- 
 tent of the Ground being given p,i8r. 
 
 Chap. 46. The Defcription of the Line of Numbers, or Gamers Line. 
 
 p.i8r. 
 
 Chap. 47. Numeration on the Line, or to read a Samme on the Line of 
 
 Numbers P- 1 84. 
 
 Chap. 
 
The Contents, 
 
 Chip. 48. Addition on the Line of Numbers p # j gg. 
 
 Chap. 49. Subftraftion on the Line of Numbers p # 1 Sy, 
 
 Chap. 50. Multiplication on the Line of Mumbers p.* 1 8 8*. 
 
 Chap. 5 1 . Divifion on the Line p # T p , 
 
 Chap. 5 2. The Rule of Three on the Line p.* 194* 
 
 Chap. 5 3 . The Golden Rule Reverfe by the Line of Numbers p. 196.' 
 Chap. 54. Of Levelling any Ground , and to m.ikf Slepes or Batte- 
 
 riesy&cc. p, I9 g # 
 
 Chap. 55 . Rules for making ofSyder p.200. 
 
 A 
 
A Catalogue .of Books of Husbandry-) Sold by Peter Parker 
 at the Leg and Star in Cornhil. 
 
 THe Englijlj Gardner, or a fure guide to young Planters and Gard- 
 ners, in three Parts, i. Shewing the way and order of Planting 
 and Raifing all forts of frocks, Fruit-trees and (hrubs, with the divers 
 wayes and manners of Ingrafting and Inoculating in their feveral fea- 
 fons. 2. How to order the Kitchin Garden, for all forts of Herbs, 
 Roots and Sallads. 3. The ordering the Garden of pleafure, how to 
 Raife all forts of flowers, and their feafons ; with directions touching 
 Arbors and Hedges in Gardens \ likewifc feveral other things fit to be 
 known to all that delight in Orchards and Gardens. By Leonard 
 Af caver above thirty years Practitioner in the Art of Gardening. 
 
 The Countrey-mans Recreation, or the Art of Planting, Grafting, 
 and Gardening in three Books, 1. Declaring divers wayes of Plant- 
 ing and Graffing. 2. Treateth of the Hop-garden, with Inftruclions 
 for making, and the maintenance thereof. ?. The expert Gardener, 
 containing divers necefTary and rare fecrets belonging to that Art, with 
 Directions to know the time and feafon to Sow and Plant all manner of 
 Seeds ; alfo how to deitrov Snails , Canker-worms, Moles, and all 
 other Vermin which ufually breed in Gardens : Whereunto alfo is 
 added the Art of Angling. 
 
 The manner of ordering Fruit- trees, by the Sieure Le Gendre Cu ■ 
 rate of Henonville ; where in treated of Nurferies, Wall fruits, hedg- 
 es of Fruit trees, Dwarf-trees, high (landers, &c. Written in French^ 
 and traniLted faithfully into Enghflo at the requeft of feveral perfons of 
 Honour. A Piece fo h'ghly approved of in France, that it hath been 
 divers times Printed there. 
 
 m The Government of Cattle, divided into three Books, 1. Treating 
 of Oxen, Kine.. and Calves, and how to ufe Bulls and other Cattle to 
 the Yoake or fell. 2. Difcourfing of the Government of Horfes, 
 with approved medicines againft molt Difeafes 3. Of the ordering 
 Sheep and Goates, Hogs and Dogs, with true remedies to help the in- 
 firmities that befall any of them; Alfo inductions for taking Moles, 
 and husbanding of Grounds ; compofed by Leonard Mafcal. 
 

 
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