®t|F B. 11 Ml library Nnrtt? (Earnltna 8>tat? ftmttnraitg QK47 P528 This book was presented by Mr. Kenneth W. Winston, Sr. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. ILL kA73ftn ID yl- Iff ILL 33^-53/a.M- 30M-10/72 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS: Alf INTRODUCTION TO MRS. LINCOLN'S LECTURES ON BOTANY. FOR THE USE OF COMMON SCHOOLS AND THE YOUNGER PUPILS OF HIGHER SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES- BY MRS. PHE LPS, AUTHOR OF FAMILIAR LECTURES ON BOTANY. STEREOTYPE FDITION. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY HUNTINGTON AND SAVAGE, 216 PEARL STREET. CINCINNATI :— H. W. DERBY & CO. 1849. (Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1833, by F. J. Haiminmnt l the Clerk's Office ot the District Court of Connecticut.] CONTENTS. fage CHAPTER I.— Advantages of the study of Botany, - - 9 CHAPTER II. — Division of the Sciences — Different parts of the flower — Importance of Botanical arrangement, 12 CHAPTER 111. — Practical Botany commenced by the analysis of the Pink — Method of preparing an Herbarium — Botanical excursions — The study of Nature the duty and privilege of intellectual minds, --------- 18 CHAPTER IV. — Introduction to Practical Botany continued — Latin and Greek Numerals — Classes of Linnaeus, 23 CHAPTER V. — Orders of Linnaeus — Synopsis of Classes and Orders, 28 CHAPTER VI.— Best Method of learning Technical terms— Organized and Inorganized beings — The Root, 32 CHAPTER VII.— Different kinds of Stems, - 39 CHAPTER VIII.— Of Buds, 41 CFIAPTER IX.— Of Leaves, 47 CHAPTER X.— Leaves— Appendages, 58 CHAPTER XI.— Different parts of the flower— The Calyx, 63 CHAPTER XII.— Corolla— Nectary, - - - - - 68 CHAPTER XIII.— Stamens and Pistils, .... 74 CHAPTER XIV.— Inflorescence— Receptacle— Fruit— Lin- nan^' Classification of pericarps, 79 CHAPTER XV.— The Seed, 91 CHAPTER XVI.— Germination of the Seed, ... 97 CHAPTER XVII.— General Principles of Classification— Na- tural Families of Plants, ..--_.- 103 CHAPTER XVIII.— Natural Families, - - - - 107 CHAPTER XIX.— Natural Families— Labiate Plants, - - 112 CHAPTER XX.— Class 1st— Class 2d, 118 CHAPTER XXL— Class 3d- Class 4lh, - - - - 123 CHAPTER XXII.— Class 5th— Class 6th, - - - - 128 CHAPTER XXIII.— Class 7th— Class 8th— Class 9th— Class 10th— Class 11th— Class 12th, 134 Exercises in Practical Botany, ------- 143 Description of the Genera of Plants, - - - - - - 145 Description of Plants, -...--.- 162 Vocabulary, ........„- 185 Language of Flowers, - - - - - - - -213 COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK, Page Adders' tongue, or Dog- tooth violet, 169 Anemone, 162 Apple, 178 Artichoke, 168 Arrow-head, 179 Arbutus, 169 Asparagus, 164 Bean, 176 common pole. 176 bush, six weeks, 176 Beard-tongue, 176 Bell-flower, 165 Blite, 165 Blue-eyed grass, 181 Biood root, 180 Bindweed, 167 Bittersweet, 181 false, 166 Boneset, or thorough wort, 170 Borage, 165 Bouncing-bet 180 Box-wood, 168 Gut ton bush, 167 Buttercup, 178 Broom-cora, 181 Cat-tail, 183 Catch-fly, 180 Catalpa, 166 Cassia, 166 Castor-oil plant, 179 Cayenne pepper, 166 Cat nop, 175 Cardinal flower, 173 Carrot, 169 Cabbage, 165 Chestnut, 166 China-aster, 165 Cherry, 178 Chamomile, 163 Clover 182 Cockle, 162 Columbine, p 163 Crown imperial, 170 Cucumber, 168 Currant, 179 Daisy, 165 ox-eyed, 167 Dandelion, 173 Dill, 163 Do? weed, 168 Dogwood, 168 Dwarf flower-de-luce, 172 Elder, 180 Enchanter's nightshade, 167 Fennel, 163 Fever- few, 167 Five-finger, 177 Flowering wintergrcen, 177 Flowering almond, 162 Flax. 173 Foxglove, 170 Four o'clock, 174 Fringe tree, 167 Frinped-gentian, 170 Garden-columbine, 163 Geranium, 170 ■ bloody, 170 1 mourning, 175 " sweet scented. 175 Geranium, horse-shoe, oak-leaf, stork-bill, crow-foot, beef- steak. Golden-rod, Gooseberry, Ground-ivy, Guelder rose, Hare bell, Hemlock, Hemp, Heal all, Hop, Hound's-tongue, Honey suckle, Horse-chestnut, Hydrangea, Impatience, Innocence, Indian corn, Indian pipe, Iris, Jftcobea lily, Jasmine, Laurel, Larkspur, Lavender, Lady's slipper, Lettuce, Locust-tree, Love-lies-bleeding, Low anemone, Life-everlasting, Lily, blackberry, red, white, orange, Lilac, Liver-leaf, Linchnidia, Loosestrife, Lupine, Mallows, Mallows, low, Marsh-mallow?., Matrimony vine, May-weed, Mandrake. Mare's-tail. Marigold, Meadow-grass, Milkweed, Mock-orange, Mountain-mint, Morning-glory, Mulberry, Mullein, Mustard, Nasturtion, Oak, Oats, Orchard grass, Orchis, Pansy, Peach, Pea, Pear, Pepper, Pepper- mint Page 175 176 169 170 ISO 181 178 170 183 165 176 166 177 171 168 173 162 171 172 171 184 175 172 162 172 172 169 173 168 172 179 162 1G3 171 172 173 173 173 181 171 176 174 174 174 174 162 174 163 177 171 181 177 164 176 174 168 175 183 181 183 178 165 169 175 184 162 177. 178 166 174 I Page Peony, 17S Penny-royal, 171 Plumb, 178 Potato, 181 Poplar, 177 Ponpy, Poke weed, 175 178 Pink, 16: carnation, 169 Prince's pine, 167 Pumpkin, 168 Radish, 178 Raspberry, 17? Red- top grass, 162 Rose, 179 Ribbon-grass, 176 Rye, ISO Samphire, 180 Sage, 180 wood, 18*2 Sassafras-tree, 173 Saffron, 163 Satin-flower, 174 Scabish, 175 Scull-cap, 180 Sedge, 160 Snow-ball, 183 Snow-drop, 170 Snap dragon, 163 Shad bush, 163 Spear-mint, 174 Spider- wort, 182 Speed- well, 183 Sweet-briar, 179 Sweet-fern, 167 Sweet-pea, 173 Star-flower, 164 Strawberry, 165 wild, 170 St. John's wort, 172 Sun flower, 171 Sweet vernal -grass, 163 Sweet-william, 169 St'ick-july-flower, 167 Tansey, 182 Thistle, 166 Thyme, 182 Thorn-apple, 169 Thorn-bush, 168 Timothy grass, 176 Touch-me-not, 172 Tulip, 183 Turnip, 165 Virjrin's bowee 167 Violet, 184 "Wall-flower. 167 Wake- robin, 164 false, 182 Watermelon 163 Weeping-willow, 180 Whortleberry, 183 Wheat, 182 "Wild columbine, 163 Wild geranium, 170 Wild tobacco, 173 Wild cherry. 179 Wild senna, 166 Wind flower, 162 Winter green, IT» PUBLISHER'S ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIR3T EDITION. When the publisher of this work issued Mrs. Lincoln's w Familiar Lectures on Botany," the science was taught in few Seminaries of learning, even of the highest grade. Since that period, (1829,) Botany, as a regular branch of instruction, haa been introduced not only into Colleges and Female Institutions of the first rank, but into many schools of a more humble cha- racter. Nearly ten thousand copies of the Lectures, within little more than three years, have been called for in various parts of the United States, from New England to the South. Teachers in Alabama, Mississippi, and as far west as the Capital of the Arkansas Territory, have by means of this work instructed themselves in Botany, and thus have been enabled to unfold to their pupils the rich treasures of the vegetable Kingdom, which abound in that region of flowers. In many schools in Ohio, Illinois, and in Canada, Mrs. Lincoln's Lec- tures on Botany are now in common use. While it is admitted that Botany is a study which introdu- ces to the mind a variety of new and delightful ideas, and trains it to habits of logical reasoning, it is also found not to be be- yond the comprehension of children ; but, on the contrary, ca- pable of interesting them in a high degree, when rendered simple by a familiar style and suitable illustrations. Teachers of Common Schools, becoming sensible of the power of this science to awaken the minds of their young pupils, have begun to inquire for a suitable book to put into their hands ; such a one as with respect to style and price should be adapted to this purpose. While requiring a cheap volume, they at the same time need one comprehending an outline of the science, and es- pecially a sufficient number of generic and specific descriptions 1* INTRODUCTION. of plants to lurnish suitable exercises in botanical analyses. The publisher knowing that Mrs. Phelps, (formerly Mrs. Lin- coln,) was about giving to teachers of Common Schools a se- ries of Lectures on the best methods of teaching the natural sciences, applied to her to prepare a "Botany for Beginners," one that should serve to instruct the Teacher as well as the pupil. He now offers to the public this volume, not indeed with the expectation that it will give an enlarged view of the science of Botany, but serve as an introduction to the "Fami- liar Lectures," Eaton's Manual, and other larger works. Hartford, April, 1833. The first edition of the Botany for Beginners having been sold in less than six months from its publication, and a second having been disposed of with equal rapidity, the publisher of- fers to the public a third, and in some respects a much improv- ed, edition. The author has bestowed much pains in its re- vision, correcting where former editions were defective, and adding much new and valuable matter. Besides many useful remarks interspersed throughout the work, she has added to the different genera here noticed, their various significations and derivations. In its present amended form it is believed to unite all the requisites of a compendious and useful introduction for beginners in the popular science of which it treats. Hartford, July, 1835. THE AUTHOR'S NOTE TO TEACHERS. This book is intended chiefly for the use of Primary Schools and for the younger pupils in Higher Schools and Seminaries, So much has, of late, been urged by those who take an interest on the subject of education, in favour of introducing the Natural Sciences into Common Schools, that it is to be hoped that the time is not far distant when plants and mineral' A T ill be as fa- miliar objects of study in our District schc . -nouses, as the spelling book now is. Perhaps some parent or teacher may be ready to inquire, whether it is recommended that such studies shall take the place of reading, spelling, or writing — by no means ; but every teacher knows that there are many listless and vacant moments when even the most active of his pupils seem tired of their monotonous pursuits; — habit and respect for their teacher may lead them to sit still and do no mischief; they may even look demurely upon the open page before them, as if intent upon studying a spelling or reading lesson, or it may be of geography or grammar lessons which they have (to use a homely phrase) hammered their minds upon, until they have become unconscious of any impression from them ; but it is not difficult to perceive by the heavy eye, and inanimate countenance, that the intellect slumbers. These are the mo- ments when the experienced teacher feels the need of some new stimulant to be applied to the torpid powers, which it is his business to strengthen and develope by keeping in action. Instead then of saying with magisterial dignity, or peevish fret- fulness, "John, (or Lucy,) you have been sitting idle this hall hour ! why don't you mind your book ?" — he who understands the operation of the human mind, is aware that this is the very way still more to disgust his pupil with his pursuits ; and such a teacher will assuredly be ready to adopt some new method ot awakening attention. We will suppose then, instead of a re- buke for idleness, the teacher should kindly address his pupil in something like the following terms. "You have been so long engaged upon a certain set of studies, that I perceive they have become tiresome; I think of introducing a new study into school ; to-morrow I shall give a lecture on Botany ; you may bring with you all the wild lilies, (or all the violets, or anv 8 INTRODUCTION. kind of common flower J that you can find in the fields — m the mean time, here is a ' Botany for Beginners' which 1 will lend you to look over, and catty home for your parents to examine; — should they approve o^ i , 1 should like to have them furnish you with the book, that you may commence the study immedi- ately." But it may be said, "(h.erv?. are many teachers who are not capable of giving a lecture up m Botany." It is expected that many will use this book, who have never heard a lecture upon the subject; but every teacher who is in any degree fit to be such, can learn as much of the science from the work as will enable him to understand its leading principles ; and he can explain them to his pupils : this will be lecturing upon botany. With respect to the questions that accompany the Book, they are added for the use of young and inexperienced Teachers: others are not in general confined to any set of questions : — ■ The great object in view is that the pupil shall understand the subject; an ingenious teacher will, with every recitation, vary his manner of questioning, in order to ascertain this. In reciting from this book, the j upil should be taught to vary the pronoun from the second to the first person. For instance, in the beginning of Chapter I., w hen the teacher asks " what is said of the study you are about to commence?" — the pupil should answer, "We are now about to commence a study," &c. This little exercise, trifling as it may seem, will of itself be useful, by leading the pupil to consider the sense of what he says, and occasionally to make other variations in the phraseo- logy of the book. For more particular directions for teaching Botany, the au- thor would refer Instructors to her Familiar Lectures, prges 6th and 7th of the 4th edition. Suffice it to say here, that when flowers can be obtained, their examination should make a part of each exercise. In winter, when the analysis of plants niasf De suspended, the pupil may study with profit, the chapter which treat of the parts of plants, as the root, stem, leaf, &t- germinalion of the seed, &c. and the explanation of Botanic* terms. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1. Advantages of the Study of Botany.* 1. You are now about to commence a study which was fo* merly thought too difficult for children, but which is, in reality,, much easier than many to which they usually attend. 2. In Grammar, you can have no assistance from maps or pictures, — every thing in this science depends on the powers of the understanding; and it affords no pleasant objects to delight the eye. But Grammar is a very useful study, and should he pursued while you are young; and other studies, especially the one you are about to commence, will help you to understand it. 3. Geography is easier than Grammar, because you may have maps or pictures of countries before you, and the eye impresses on the mind the relative situation of places, the direction of mountains, the course of rivers, &c. — but if, instead of maps, you could have the countries themselves before you, to examine with your eyes and hands, if you could see the people who live in them standing before you, how much deeper would be your impressions of Geography ! 4. You are now to study Botany ; here the objects about which you are to learn, will be placed before you, to see, to touch, and to smell. Thus three of your senses will be called upon to aid the memory and understanding ; and as flowers are objects of much beauty and interest, your imagination also may be grati- fied. 5. Your emotions, too, will be warmed by the thought of His love and kindness who causelh the earth to bring forth, not only * Notr. — It is important, for the teacher to ask the pupils to give the heads of the chapters, either at the commencement or close of the lesson. 1. What is said of the study you are about to commence'? 2. What is said of the study of Grammar? 3. What renders Geography an easier study than Grammar? 4. Are the objects about which you study in Botany manifested to »he senses? 5. What effect has the contemplation of flowers upon the emotions 1 10 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [C.H.I "grass for the beasts ol the field, and food for the use of man,' but a rich succession of curious and lovely blossoms for our ad miration and enjoyment. ^ 6. In Botany you study things which God has made. When examining plants, with all their wonderful varieties, and observ- ing the wise provision which is made for their growth, and the perfection of the seed, with the mutual relations of the various parts to each other, you must remember to give the praise to Him whose infinite mind directs and watches over the growth of the most humble plant, at the same time that he upholds the vast worlds which he has created, and which every moment need his sustaining care. Every motion we make, every breath we draw, and every pulsation of our hearts, show that this same care is over us too ; for without it, we could no more live, than we could have created ourselves. 7. Before attempting any new thing, we should always under- stand the reasons for so doing. I will now tell you why your pa- rents and instructors wish you to learn something about Botany. 1st. It is a delightful study : it presents you with sweet and pleasant objects, the contemplation of which is calculated to render your tempers mild and amiable. It will always furnish you with an agreeable amusement, which is not only innocent, but of a nature to refine and improve your minds. 8. 2d. If you live in a city, your friends may have house- plants or gardens, and you may sometimes go to public gardens, where the most wonderful plants of all countries are collected, — will it not be pleasant, when you meet with flowers, to be able to find, by examining a book, what are their true names, their characters and habits, and their medicinal qualities ? 9. 3d. There are a great many other things too, which Bota- ny will teach you, such as the offices performed by the root, stem, leaves, and other organs of the plant, especially by the different parts of the flower, to which is assigned the care of forming and ripening the seed. 10. 4th. If you live in the country, every mountain-glen, every meadow, the banks of every little brook, and the waysides, will show you the different families of plants, which appear, one af- ter another, from April till October. And many a beautiful blossom will lift up its little head in your rural walks as if to 6. Whose works do tie examine in the study of Botany 7 7. What advantages are first mentioned as connected with the studv of Botany 1 8. What advantage of the study are mentioned secondly 1 9. What thirdly 1 10. What fourthly'? Oh 1. J ADVANTAGES OF THE STUDY. 1 ask your notice. If you know nothing of Botany, you may in- deed love to look at pretty flowers, and to pull them to pieces but in this there is little amusement and no instruction. It is when your reason is brought into action in order to examine how these wonderful pieces of work are put together, and to trace their various properties and relations, that the notice of flowers Decomes important as a means of improvement. 11. 5th. The study of Botany will teach you to be systematic m other things: you will find that men of science have so ar- ranged plants, that all, even dandelions, daisies, and thistles, have their exact places in the system of classification. — It is this exactness of arrangement which makes us able, amidst so vast a multitude of plants, to find the description of each one. If all the articles in a house were thrown together without order, you would be troubled to find a needle, a pair of scissors, a book, or an article of dress. But by means of system, a person who possesses a hundred thousand articles, may arrange them so that any one can be found at any moment. 12. As a house is divided into apartments, so in Botany the vegetable kingdom is divided into classes ; as each apartment contains sideboards, bureaus, closets, &c, for disposing of dif- ferent articles, so each class in Botany contains orders in which are arranged the individual plants. There are also subdivisions of orders in Botany, which may be considered as corresponding to the different drawers of bureaus, and shelves of closets, so that a Botanist is seldom obliged to look over a whole order be- fore he finds the particular plant which he seeks for. Now some children are very careless with respect to the arrangement of the clothes, books, and other articles, with which their kind friends provide them : it appears to me, that when they see how beautiful is the systematic arrangement of plants in Botany, they will at once resolve that every thing which belongs to them, or that they have the care of, shall be arranged according to some rule, so that they may always find what they want, without being obliged to make a long search for it. I could spend a great deal of time in telling you of the advantages of a knowledge of Butany ; but it is better that you should proceed directly to the study, and then your own minds will suggest to you many reasons why It is to be classed among the most useful end interesting Dranches of science. I will however mention o:i e farther recommendation of this study. 11. What fifthly? 12. Hjw do the divisions of a house correspond to the divisions in Botanv 1 12 ROTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Ch. II. 13. 6th. It leads us to love and reverence God. Flowers are presents which our heavenly Father gives us. It is there^ fore proper that we should examine and study them. We see that He who made them must be wiser and more powerful than the greatest of men — for what man could make the least plant ? We can imitate flowers in wax and various other ways, but who can give them life ? None can the life of plant or insect give Save God alone . 14. Flowers may be considered as tokens of God's love to us ; — " If God so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven, will he not much rathet clothe us ?" He Scorns not the least of all His works; much less Man, made in His image, destined t' exist, When e'en yon brilliant worlds shall cease to be. Then how should man, rejoicing in his God, Delight in His perfections, shadow'd forth In ev'ry little flow'r and blade of grass! Each op'ning bud, and care perfected seed, Is as a page where we may read of God. CHAPTER II. Division of the Sciences. — Different parts of flowers. — Im, portance of Botanical arrangement. 15. We are now about to commence our new study. — There are many sciences to be learned by those who wish to be wise , but yet all things which exist in the whole universe may be clashed under tico heads, mind, and matter. 16. Mind or spirit cannot be seen by us, although it exists m all rational beings, and is that within us which thinks and feels. 17. God is a spirit ; he is not like us confined to any body, or portion of matter, but as the sun's rays spread abroad over the earth, so the presence of God extends to every part of his crea- 13. What advantages are mentioned sixthly as connected with the •tudy of Botany 1 14. How may flowers be considered 1 15. Under what two heads may all things which exist be classed 1 16. What is observed of mind or spirit 1 Oh. I.J DIFFERENT PARTS OF FLOWERS. 13 tion ; we do not perceive him, because we cannot see mind. When our spirits are separated from the body, or matter, they will no doubt at once perceive that they are in the presence of God. 18. The science which treats of the Deity, and of our duties to Him, is called Theology.* 19. The science which treats of the Human mind, is called Philosophy of the mind, or Metaphysics.] 20. The study of matter is sometimes called by the general term Physics ; it is divided into three general heads. 1. Natural Philosophy. 2. Chymistry. 3. Natural History. A mere definition of Natural Philosophy and Chymistry would not enable you to understand what these sciences are, but you wil.l soon be able to study them with pleasure and profit. 21. Natural History, or the History of Nature, is divided into, 22. 1. Zoology, % which treats of animals. 23. 2. Botany, which treats of plants. 24. 3. Mineralogy, which treats of stones, &c. This science includes Geology, which treats of rocks, the manner of their form- ation, and the various changes which have taken place on the surface of the globe, since its creation. 2o- The word Botany is derived from the Greek botane, which signifies a plant. The objects of this science are the vegetable kingdom, including every thing which grows out of the earth, having root, stem, leaf, ox flower. 26. There are two principal departments in Botany ; 1st, that which treats of the classes and orders of plants j this is called Systematic Botany. Note. — The attention of the pupil should be directed to the notes wiiich point out the derivation of words. * From the Greek Theos, God, and logos, a discourse, t From meta, beyond, and pkusis, nature. X From zoe, life, and logos, a discourse. 18. What is that science called which treats of the Deity 1 19. What is the science which treats of the Human Mind'? 20. How is the study of Matter divided'? 21. What are the branches of Natural History'? 22. What does Zoology treat of? 23. What does Botany treat of 1 24. What does Mineralogy treat of? 25. From whence is the Term Botany derived, and what are the ob- jects of the science 1 26. What is systematic Botany 7 2 14 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. TCh. II. 27. 2d. That which treats of the different parts of the plants and their uses ; this is Physiological Botany. Fig. 1. 28. In beginning to study Botany, it is best to examine first the parts ot a flower. 29. Here is a lily, Fig. 1 ; that part of it which ct you would call the blos- soms, is the corolla ; * this is composed of six .parts, each of which is [called a petal. 30. There are within the corolla six thread- like organs ; these are called stamens ; examine them as they appear at Figr. 2. You see that one part, as at a, is long and slender; this is called the filament, from filling a thread. At b is a little knob which is hollow like a box ; this is the anther. * So called from the Latin corolla, a little crown. 27. 28. 29. parts. 30. What is physiological Botany 1 What is the best way of beginning the study of Botany 1 What are the botanical names of the blossom of a lily and its Describe the stamens and their parts, Ch. II. DIFFERENT PARTS OF FLOWERS. 1*> 31. In the centre of the lily is the pistil ; this consists of three parts, the stigma, (see Fig. 2. /) the style, (e) and the germ, (d). 32. The end of the flower stem, where the petals of the flower are inserted, is called the receptacle; you may see it at Fig. 2. g. 33. In most flowers you will observe the corolla standing in a little green cup; this is called the calyx* The lily has no calyx, but the rose and the pink have. 34. I have now told you of five parts, of a flower : 1. Calyx — the cup ; surrounding the corolla. 2. Corolla — the blossom ; the parts are called petals. 3. Stamens — enclosed by the corolla ; the parts are thejila ments and anther. 4. Pistil — standing in the centre; the parts are the germ, style, and stigma. 5. Receptacle — bearing the other pa? ts of the flower. 35. Besides these, there are two other parts, which are con- sidered as belonging to the flower : viz. the pericarp and the seed. * The word calyx signifies a cup. 31. Describe the pistil and its parts. 32. What is the receptacle 1 33. What is the calyx 1 34. Name the five parts of a flower which have been mentioned, 35. What two other parts belong to the flowei 1 16 HOTANY FOR BEGINNER*. Fig. 3, fCklL 36. The pericarp is only the germ when it becomes rpe; it is this part of the flower which contains the seed. 37. At Fig. 3, a is a representation of the pericarp ; you will perceive it is much larger than the germ at Fig. 2. f. At b the pericarp appears as if cut across, and shows three divisions, these are called cells, each of which contains two seeds in the shape of a triangle, as at bb. 38. The seed is, as you have seen, carefully packed away in little cells in the pericarp ;* this is the most important part of the flower; and it seems as if all the other parts were chiefly intended to nourish and protect this. 39. If you add the pericarp and the seed to the five parts which you have already learned, you will then have seven parts of the flower to remember. These are called Organs of Fruc- tification, from fructus, fruit, Emdfacio, to make. 40. I shall hereafter inform you more particularly respecting * The word pericarp is derived from the Greek words, peri, around and karpos, fruit. 36. "What is the pericarp 1 37. Describe Fig. 3. 38. What is the most important part of the flower 1 39. How many parts constitute what are called the organs of fructification 1 40 What is mear.t by anatyzing a flower 1 Ch 11.] DIFFERENT PARTS OF FLOWERS. 17 hese organs, or members of the flower; but must now proceed o teach you something about analyzing plants ; — The word analyze means, to separate a thing into parts ; in one sense, therefore, you have now, in considering the different organs 01 a flower, analyzed it: but this is only to prepare you for ano- ther kind of analysis, by means of which you will be able to tell where a plant belongs in the botanical system, and what is its botanical or true name. 41. In the introductory chapter, t spoke of the importance ol systematic arrangement ; when you learn something of Botany, you will perceive that this science could not exist without sys- tem. 42. Formerly botanists endeavoured to give descriptions of plants ; but having no rules to go by, they were not able to un- derstand each other. If a person wished to learn about any particular plant, he might be obliged to look over a great many pages, or a whole book, before he could find it ; because he had no rule to guide him in his search. 43. When you look out a word in a dictionary, you search for the first three letters, and as the words are arranged by rule, you can find immediately what you wish. If all the words in a dictionary were thrown together without any order, how dis- couraging would be the task of looking for definitions. 44. Now it is just so with respect to describing plants; we must be guided by some rule in their arrangement. — What shall this rule be "? Suppose we should arrange the names of plants in alphabets, il order, and then give descriptions of them. — E-ut here is one great difficulty ; the names by which people who do not understand Botany call plants, are not the same in different places ; persons whose gardens are very near each other, will often call the same flower by different names ; and in different countries, the names of plants are expressed in different lan- guages ; what we call corn, is in French, ble, and in Latin, ce- res. Without some general system, therefore, you perceive we could not learn any thing of the plants of different countries^ and could not understand each other even with respect to our own plants. 45. After a great many attempts had been made to class 41. Is systematic arrangement necessary in Botany 1 42. Why were the botanists of former times unable to understand each other"? 43. Bv what rule are words in a Dictionary arranged 1 44. Would the description of plants in alphabetical order, seiwe as a rule for botanical arrangement"? 45. How did Linnaeus pronose to arrange plants'? o* 18 BOTANY FOR. BEGINNERS. Ch. Ill plants, Lmnseus, of Sweden, proposed to arrange them under classes and orders, by means of the stamens and pistils. He had discovered that these organs existed in all plants ; that some had one stamen, others two, three, &c. and that it was the same with regard to the pistils, which, although the lily has but one, are numerous in the rose and some other plants In the next chapter I shall tell you something more of the classes of Linnoeus, and teach you how to analyze a flower according to his system. CHAPTER III. Practical Botany commenced by the analysis of the Pink. Method of preparing an Herbarium — Botanical excursions — The study of nature the duty and privilege of intelligent minds. 46. Plants, as I have told you, are arranged in classes an^ orders by their stamens and pistils. The largest division is that of classes. 47. There are twenty-one classes. 48. Each class is divided into orders. 49. A plant with one stamen belongs to the first class ; as there are some plants here with one pistil, and others with two, there are a first and second order in the first class. 46. What is the largest division of plants 1 47. How many classes are there 1 48. How is each class divided 1 49. What circumstances would place a plant in the nrsf; or second order cf the first class 1 Ch. III.] ANALYSIS OF THE PINK. Analysis of the Pink. Fie. 4. 19 50. Y"ou will understand this better if I give you an exam }Je. You shall now analyze a flower in order to find its bota- nical arrangement and name. Here is a pink. We wish to Know in what class it is — count the stamens — you say ten, therefore this is in the tenth class ; the name of the class is Decandha (from deka, ten, and andria, stamens.) 51. We wish to know in what order this flower is — count the pistils — you say two, it then belongs to the second order of the tenth class ; the name of this is Digynia (from dis, two, and gynia, pistil.) 52. Orders are composed of families of plants called genera, which is the plural of genus. 53. We must, as a third step in our analysis, learn to what genus this flower belongs ; for this purpose it is necessary that you turn to that part of your book called " Description of the 'Genera of Plants ;"* look for Class 10, Order 2.— Now instead of looking a whole book through, you have only to examine the genera which you find under this order, and to compare your flower with each description until vou find one which answers to it. * To find this, see the " Table of Contents." 50. Plow can you find in what class the pink is placed % 51. How can you know in what order the pink is ] 52. Of what are the orders of plants composed 1 63. What is a third step in the analysis of the pink? 20 BOTANY FOH BEGJN1 Ch. IT. tie.S 54. The first genus mention- ed is. " Hydrangea ;" this is said to have a " calyx 5 tooth- ed, superior" examine the calyx of the pink (Fig. 5, a;) this is five toothed, or has five notches around the top of it; but it is not superior, that is, the calyx does not stand above the germ. Your flower is not therefore of the genus Hydran- gea, because it does not fully agree with the description. 55. Saxifraga. "Calyx 5 parted, half superior ;" although the first part of this description agrees with your flower, the last part does not correspond with it. 56. Saponaria. " Calyx inferior" (under the germj " \ leafed" (all of one piece ;) " tubular," (long and hollow like a tube,) "5 toothed;" so far this description applies to your (low- er. — But the next circumstance, " calyx without scale?" is dif- ferent from what you see in the pink, (See Fig. 5. b.*) 57. " Dianthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical" (long and roundish ;) " 1 leafed, with A or 8 scales at the base ; yj.c.ls 5," (See Fig. 4. a) " with claws," (the petals long and slender at the lower part;) " capsule" cylindrical, 1 celled (H12 capsule is a kind of pericarp;) " dehiscent," this means gapivg, as you see at Fig. 5. c, which represents the capsule or set. 'I vessel ol the pink as it appears when ripe, the valves or pieces which compose it, open of themselves as if for liberating the seeds. At d the capsule appears as if cut horizontally, showing the seeds all contained in one cell. Fig. 4 at c shows the capsule as it appears when the pink is in blossom, at which time it is called the germ. As this flower agrees in every particular with the last mentioned description, you may be certain you have now found its genus ; the pink then belongs to the genu? Dianthus. * This represents the scales of the calyx of the pink. 54. Why does not this flower belong to the genus Hydrangea? 55. Why is it not of the genus Saxifraga? 5G. Why is it not Saponaria ? 57 Why is the pink of the genus Dianthus ? Ch. III.] HERBARIUM. rA 58. You have a fourth step to go in the analysis of this flow- er; for each genus is composed of several sorts or species of plants. — It is necessary to know to what species of the genus Dianthus this flower belongs. 59. Look in the latter part of your book for the " Description of species of plants."* Here you find the genera arranged in alphabetical order, each genus being followed by a description of its species. If you have a natural flower with its leaves, you can now compare it with the specific descriptions. 60. " Armeria, flowers aggregate ;" this means clustered together on one stalk; but pinks do not grow in this manner, therefore the plant is not of this species. 61. " Barbatus, flowers fascicled" (bundled together;) it cannot be this species, because the flowers are not fascicled. 62. " Caryophyllus, flowers solitary, scales of the calyx sub-rhomboid ;" (sub-rhomboid means somewhat diamond shaped,) " very short, petals crenate," (scolloped on the edge,) beardless, (without hair or down.) The pink is in all respects answerable to this description. It is also added, that the leaves are " linear," which means long and narrow; " subulate," sig- nifies pointed at the end like a shoe-maker's awl ; channelled t signifies having a groove or channel running through the leaf. 63. You have now learned the class and order of the pink, with the genus and species to which it belongs. The botani- cal name of the pink is, Dianthus caryophyllus. It belongs to, Class 10. Decandria. Order 2. Digynia. 64. Having analyzed a flower, you must now take one of the same kind, and lay it between sheets of paper to dry, having a weight placed over to press it. Every person who would be- come a Botanist, should preserve specimens of all the plants he meets with. A book of such specimens is called an herb- arium. 65. There are few parents who would not delight to see a handsome herbarium made by their child. There is no difiV * See " Table of Contents." 58 What is the fourth step in the analysis of a flower 1 59. Where are you to look to find the species! 60. Why is not the pink of the species armeria? 61. Why is it not of the species barbatus? 62. Why is it not of the species caryophyllus ? 63. What have you now learned respecting the pink ? 64. What is an herbarium 1 €5. Describe the process of preparing plants for an herbarium. 22 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [ Oh. Ill culty in your affording your parents this gratification. Ali tnat you need in pressing plants, is some sheets of paper, (newspa- pers will answer, they are better than more firm and stiff paper) a board, and a stone or some other weight to press the plant. Some leaves and flowers of the plant should be carefully spread out upon one sheet of paper, and half a dozen other sheets placed over them ; — the board with the weight should then be laid upon the upper sheet of paper. The plants at first, ought to be taken out and placed between dry sheets of paper as often as once or twice a day. Some will dry in a few days, others require more time. 66. When you have as many as fifty specimens prepared, you can then arrange them in a blank book, fastening upon the first page of each leaf one or more flowers, either with glue or by means of cutting through the paper and raising loops, un- der which the stems may be placed. By the sides of the plant should be written the class, order, genus, and species, and al- so the place where found, that is, whether in dry or wet ground, lew or mountainous, &c, and also at what season of the year. Such herbariums would do children much credit if prepared to be exhibited at public examinations of their school. 67. Young botanists, as well as those who are older, may derive great pleasure in making excursions into the fields, and upon the hills and mountains, for the purpose of collecting plants. Thus they learn to love every blossom which springs up under their feet; their hearts beat with pleasure when they meet with some little strange flower, which exhibits new traits in the character of the vegetable race. Every murmuring brook shows its banks clad with flowery treasures ; the forests and groves exhibit another, but not less beautiful assemblage o* plants ; and the mountain, the valley, and the sea coast, have all their own peculiar vegetable productions. 68. Did the great Being who created such a profusion o1 these beautiful and curious objects, and who also gave to chil- dren eyes to see, hearts to love, and understandings to study them, intend they should pass them by with neglect? No, my dear children, it is your duty, as it should be your pleasure, to search into the wonders of created nature, to exercise your mental faculties, and to animate your pious feelings in thinking much upon the works of God. 66. How should dried plants be arranged in a book 1 67. What is said of making botanical excursions 1 68. What is said of paying attention to the works of God 1 Oh. IV.] INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL BOTANY — CONTINUED. 23 CHAPTER IV. Introduction to Practical Botany continued — Latin and Greek Numerals — Classes of Linn&us. 69. You hare been taught to analyze one flower ; — while you were doing this, did not many thoughts seem of themselves to come into your minds 1 You examined a lily ; you found it had six stamens, and one pistil, and it is very likely you thought that if the pink was in the tenth class and second order because it had ten stamens and two pistils, the lily must be in the sixth class and first order — it is so. 70. Now when you learn one fact it will biing many new thoughts to your mind ; and this furnishes great encourage- ment for you to study ; since you not only gain the knowledge which is the immediate object of your search, but are enrich- ing your minds with many connected ideas which follow in its train. 71. You will, perhaps, now think that all flowers are classed by the number of stamens, but this is not correct, for as some have more than a hundred stamens, such an arrangement would be making quite too many classes ; and besides, it is found that such plants as have more than ten, often vary in the num- ber of stamens, so that only the first ten classes depend on this circumstance. 72. Linnasus discovered that the stamens of some plants grew upon the calyx, and others upon the receptacle ; the rose is of the former kind, and the poppy of the latter. 73. Take off the petals of a rose and you will perceive the stamens to be inserted upon the calyx ; for this reason it is of the 11th class ; and because it has many pistils is in the 13th order. 74. The name of the genus is Rosa. In this genus are many species ; as Rosa muscosa, or the moss rose, which has upon its calyx and stems a collection of hairs resembling moss ; Rosa alba, the white rose, distinguished not only by the white- ness of its petals, but by peculiar circumstances of the leaves and stems. 69. After learning the classification of the pink, what should you infer respecting the class and order of the lily 1 70. What should encourage you to learn 1 71. Are all flowers classed by the number of stamens 1 72. Are the stamens of all plants placed in the same position 1 73. Why is the rose in the 11th class, 13th order? "4. What is observed of the different species in the genus rosa ? 24 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS I Ch. IV 75. The apple blossom appears like a little wild rose, it be longs to the same class and order as the rose, but is of a differ- ent genus. 76. If you examine a poppy, you will find numerous sta- mens growing upon the receptacle or top of the flower stem » this is therefore of the 12th class. It has but one pistil, and is therefore in the 1st order. 77. Having made you acquainted with some of the princi- ples in Systematic Botany, and taught you how to proceed in 'he Analysis of flowers, I shall now give you to learn the Latin ind Greek numerals, which, added to certain other words, compose the names of the Classes and Orders. It is not in Botany alone that a knowledge of these numerals svill be useful to you ; many of our most common words are ;ompounded with them; for example, uniform is from units. one, and forma, form, — octagon, is from octo, eight, and gonia. ingle, &c. NUMERALS. 78. Latin. Numbers. Greek. Unus, 1. Monos, single. Bis, 2. Dis, twice. Tres, 3. Treis. Q,uatuor, Quinque, Sex, 4. 5. 6. Tettares. Pente. Hex. Septem, Octo, 7. 8. Hepta. Okto. No vera, 9. Ennea. Decern, 10. Deka Undecem, 11. Endeka. Duodecem, 12. Dodeka. Tredecem, 13. Dekatreis. Q.uatuordecem, 14. Dekatettares. Q,uindecem, Sexdecem, 15. 10. Dekapente. Dekaex. Septemdecem, Octodecem, 17. IS. Dekaepta. Dekaokto. Novemdecem, 19. Dekaennea. Viginti, 20. Eikosi. Multus, Many. Polus. To. What is said of the apple blossom'? T6. Why is the poppy in the 12th class, 1st order 1 "7 Is it in Botany alore that a knowledge of Greek and Latin morals is useful 1 Ch. iv.i CLASSES OF PLANTS. CLASSES OF PI ANTS. 25 79. These are founded upon distinctions observed in the Stamens. 80. All known plants are divided into twenty-one classes. 81. The hrst twelve classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals to anuria, which signifies stamen. 82. The first ten classes depend on the number of stamens. CLASSES. Names. Definitions. 83. f 1. Mon-andria, One Stamen. 2. Di-andria, Two Stamens. 3. Tri-andria. Three Stamens, 4. Tetr-andria Four Stamens. Number of 5. Pent-andria, Five Stamens. Stamens. 6. Hex-andria, Six Stamens. 7. Hept-andria, Seven Stamens. 8. Oct-andria, Fight Stamens. 9. Enne-andria, Nine Stamens. k 10. Dec-andria, Ten Stamens. Fisr. 6. Note. The pupil should be required io give the derivation of the names of the classes ; as " Monandria, from Monos, one, and ATidria, stamen," &c. 78. Repeat the numerals. 79. On what are the classes founded 1 80. How many classes are there 1 81. How are the first twelve classes named 1 82. What classes depend on the number of stamens'? 83. Repeat the names of the first twelve classes. 26 84. Number and position. BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. 11. ICOS-ANDRIA,* (Eikosi.) 20 12. POLY-ANDRIA, (Polus.) many. Fig. 7. |Ch. IV. Over ten stamens inserted on the Calyx. Over ten Stamens inserted on the Recepta cle. 85. The two following classes are named by prefixing GreeK numerals to dynamia, which signifies power or length. Number C ( Having four stamens ; two and relative < 13. Di-uynamia, < of which are longer or more length. ( ( powerful than the other two. Number C .* m ( Having six stamens ; four and relative < etra-dy- \ f w hich, are longer or more length. ( namia, £ powerful than the other two. 86. The two following classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals to the word adelphia, which signifies brother- hood. r C Stamens united by their } 15. Mon-adelphia. < filaments in one set or I ( brotherhood. * The name of this class does not now designate its character, since the number of stamens is often more or less than twenty. 84. "What are the two classes which depend on the number and po- sition of the stamens 1 85. What t-vo classes depend on the number and relative length of stamens 1 86. What two classes have their stamens united by their f laments? Ch.IV] CLASSES OF PLANTS. 27 37. " 16. Di-adelphia, Two brother hoods. The next class is named by prefixing syn, signifying together, to genesia, which signifies growing up. it b» ««.«». S Five united anthers, 17. bYN-GENESIA, \ n j ' I flowers compound. Fig. 9. Position. 89. 90. Position. 88. The next class is named by an abbreviation of the "word gynia, which signifies pistil, prefixed to andria, showing that the stamen and pistil are united. ' 18. Gyn-anuria, \ Sta ™ ns growing out of the. ' I pistil. The two following classes are named by pre fixing numerals to (ecia, which signifies a house. C Stamens and Pistils on se- 19. Mon-cecia, < parate corollas upon the ( same plant or in one house. c Stamens and Pistils in sepa- 20. Di-fficiA, 1 rate corollas upon different ( plants or in two houses. Fig. 10. 91. The name of the last class is a compound of two Greek words, cryptos, and gamia, signifying a concealed union. 87. What class has the stamens united by their anthers 1 88. "What class has the stamens growing out of the pistil? 89. Describe the class Moncecia. 90. Describe the class Dicecia. 91. Describe the class Cryptogams. 28 BOTANY FOR BEGhVNERS. |_Ch. IV- f c Stamens and Pistils invisible, Natural. < 21. Crypto-gamia. } or too small to be seen by the ( ( naked eye. Fig. 11. Lichens. Mushrooms. Ferns. Mosses. 92. All plants are either Phenogamous, with stamens and pistils visible, or Cryptogamous, with stamens and pistils in- visible ; the first twenty classes are of the former, the twenty- first class of the latter kind. 93. You have now been taught the classes into which plants are divided — It is important that these should be well under- stood, and that as early as possible, you collect some plants of each class. CHAPTER V. Orders of Linnams — Synopsis of Classes and Orders. 94. The classes are divided into Orders. Each class usu- ally contains several orders; you will best learn to distinguish them by practice in analyzing plants, though it is proper you should learn their names, and the circumstances on which thev are founded. ORDERS OF PLANTS. 95. The orders of the first twelve classes are founded upon the number of Pistils. 92. What general name is given to the first twenty classes, and what are the plants of the twenty-first class called 1 93. What have you now been taught! 94. How can you best learn to distinguish the different orders is each class *? 95. On what are the orders of the first twelve classes founded ? CLASSES AND ORDERS. 29 Oh. V. J 96. Tne orders are named by prefixing Greek numerals to the word gynia, signifying pistil. ORDERS. 97. Orders found itt the first twelve ;lasses Names. 1. MONO-GYNIA, 2. Dl-GYNIA, 3. Tri-gynia, 4. Tetra-gynia, 5. Penta-gynia, 6. Hexa- gynia, 7. Hepta-gynia, 8. octo-gynia, 9. Ennea-gynia, 10. Deca-gynia, No. of pistils. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. this order seldom found. 7. this still more unusual very rare, very rare. 8. 9. 10. „ 13. Poly-gynia, over ten pistils. The classes vary as to the number of orders which they con- tain. 98. The orders of the 13th class, Didynamia, are but two. 1. Gymnospermia. From gymno, signifying naked, and spermia, signifying seed, implying that the seeds are not enclosed. From Angeion, signifying bag or sack, added to spermia, implying that the seeds are enclosed. seeds usually four, lying in the valyx. 2. Angiospermia. seeds numerous in a capsule 99. The orders of the 14th class, Tetradynamia, are two, both distinguished by the form of the fruit. 1. Siliculosa. Fruit, a silicula, or roundish pod. 2. Siliquosa. Fruit, a siliqua, or long pod. 100. The orders of the 15th and 16th classes, are founded on the number of stamens, that is, on the characters of the first twelve classes, and they have the same names ; as Monan- dria, &c. 101. The 17th class, Syngenesia, has its five orders distin- guished by different circumstances of the florets, as : J. Equalis. Stamens and pistils equal, or in proportion; that is, each floret has a stamen, a pistil, and one seed. Such florets are called perfect. 96. How are these orders named 1 97. Repeat the names of the orders. 98. What are the orders of the 13th class? 99. What are the orders of the 14th class? 100. In what classes are the orders founded upon the number of sta- mens 1 101. What are the orders of the seventeenth class? 3* 30 BOTANY FOB BEGINNERS | Ch., V 2. Superflua. Florets of the disk perfect, those of the ray, containing only pistils, which without stamens are su- perfluous. 3. Frustranea. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray neu- tral, or without the stamen or pistil ; therefore frustra- ted, or useless. 4. Necessaria. Florets of the disk staminate, of the ray pis- tillate; the latter being necessary to the perfection of the fruit. 5. Segregata. Florets separated from each other by par- tial calyxes, or each floret having a perianth. 102. The orders of the 18th, 19th, and 20th classes, like those of the 15th and 16th, depend on the number of stamens. 103. The orders of the 21st class, Cryptogamia, constitute six natural families. 1. Filices, — includes all Ferns, having the fruit on the leaves. 2. Musci,— Mosses. 3. Hepaticje, — Liverworts, or succulent mosses. 4. Aiale, — Sea-weeds, and frog spittle. 5. Lichens, — Lichens, found growing on the barks of old trees, old wood, &c. 6. Fungi,— Mushrooms, mould, blight, &c. 104. No confusion is produced in taking the character of some classes, for orders in others ; for example : if you have a flower with ten stamens, united by their filaments into one set, you know by the definition of the classes that it belongs to the class Monadelphia, you can then, because it has ten stamens, place it in the order Decandria of the same class. Having explained the principles on which the artificial classes and orders are founded, we will now place them before you, in a synoptical or general view. 105. "SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSES AND ORDERS OF LINNAEUS."* CLASSES. ORDERS. 1. Monandria, 1 stamen. 2. DlANDRIA, 2. 3. Triandria, 3. 4. Tetrandria, 4. 5. Pentandria, 5. Number of styles, if styles are wanting, number of sessile stigmas. Monogynia, 1. style, or one sessile stigma. Digynia, 2. Trigynia, 3. Tetragynia, 4. Pentagynia, 5. Hex- * We say of Linnccus, because there are other systems of classing plants, though none so generally adopted, or so proper for the learner. 102. On what do the orders of the three following classes depend ? 103. What are the orders of the class Cryptogamia'? 104. Does any confusion follow from taking the characters of some classes, for orders in other classes 7 Ch.V. CLASSES AND ORDERS. 3J Heptagynia, 7. Octo- Enneagynia, 9. Deca- Polygynia, any number 6. Hexandria, 6. | agynia, 6. 7. Heptandria, 7. | gynia, 8. 8. Octandria, 8. V gynia, 10. 9. Enneandria, 9. | over 10. 1^10. Decand.iia, 10. J Number and til. Icosandria, over 10 stamens, on the calyx. Position. I 12. Polyandria, many stamens, not on the calyx. Number relative Length. and Connexion of the Sta- mens by filaments ox anthers. ri5 16 17 Position of the Stamens relative to the Pistils. 18. 19. 20. 13. Didynamia, 4 sta-' mens, 2 of them longest. 14. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them longest. Monadelphia, ~| filaments uni- ted in 1 set. DlADELPHIA, fil- aments united in 2 sets. Syngenesia, an- thers united — flowers com- pound. Gynakdria, sta-^ mens on the pis- til, distinct from corolla. Moncecia, sta- mens in flowers separate from pistils, on the same plant. Dicecia, stamens in flowers sepa- y Gymnospermia, seeds na- ked. Angiospermia, seeds in cap- sules. 1. Siliculosa, pod short. 2. Siliquosa, pod long. Characters and names of pre- ceding classes. As, 1. Munan- dria, 2. Diandria, 3. Triandria, 4. Tetrandria. 5. Pentandria, 6. > Hexandria. Disk and ray florets compared. 1. iEqualis, 2. Snperflua, 3. Frus- tranea, 4. Necessaria, 5. Segre- srata. Characters and names of prece- ding classes, (as under the classes 15 and 1G,) 7. Heptandria, 8. Oc- tandria, 9. Enneandria, 10. Decan- dria, 12. Polyandria, 16. Manodel- phia. rate from pistils, on separate plants. Invisible f 21. Cryptogamia, sta- dr Cadu- wanting, or very caducous. cous. Natural families. Mnsci, 3. Hepaticae, Lichens, 6. Fungi. 1. Filices, 2 4. Algae, 5. Note. — The teacher cannot too much insist upon a thorough know- ledge of the names and characteristics of the classes and orders. 105. You may now repeat the names of all the classes, with their orders. %& BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. ("Oh. VL CHAPTER VI. Best method of learning Technical terms — Organized and of inorganized Beings — The Root. 106. When you began to analyze plants, you were made ac- 2 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. LCh. IX The poet Burns, in describing such a scene, says : " this is my best season for devotion : my mind is wrapt up in a kind ot enthusiasm to Him who, in the pompous language of the He- brew bard, ' walks on the wings of the wind.' " 201. Lyrale, differs from pinnatifid in having its terminating segment broader and more circular. See Fig. 30, c. 202. Pinnatifid, may be seen at Fig. 30, d ; leaves of this form are sometimes finely divided, like the teeth of a comb} they are then said to be pectinate. 203. Palmate, or hand shaped, (Fig. 31, aj) one species of the Passion-flower affords a good example of this kind of leaf. The oblong segments like fingers, arise from a space near the petiole, which may be considered as resembling the palm of the hand. 204. Digitate, or fingered leaf, (Fig. 31, b,) differs from the palmate leaf in having no space resembling the palm of a hand ; but several distinct leafets arise immediately from the petiole, as may be seen in the Horse-Chestnut. 205. Connate, (Fig. 31, c ;) the bases of opposite leaves are united so as to appear one entire leaf. Fig. 31. 201. Describe a lyrate leaf. 202. What is a pinnatifid leaf 1 203. "What does palmate signify ? 204. What is a digitate leaf? 205. What is a connate leaf? Ch. IX. LEAVES. 53 206. Lobed; when leaves are deeply indented at their mar- gins, they are said to be lobed, and according to the number of these indentures, they are said to be three lobed, four lobed. &c. Fig. 32, a, represents a three lobed leaf, as may be seen in the Hepatica triloba. 207. Sinuate, from the Latin sinus, a bay ; this term is ap- plied to leaves which have their margins indented with deep, roundish divisions, as at b, Fig. 32. Fiff. 32. 20S. Emarginate, denotes a slighter indentation than sinu- ate, as at c, Fig. 32. 209. Stellated, orwhorled; (fromstella. a star;) this term is applied both to leaves and flowers, and relates to the manner in which they radiate from the stem, as in Fig. 33. 210. Tubular, there are many varie- ties of this kind ; the leaf of the onion is a complete tube ; the Saracenia, or side- saddle flower, has the sides of its leaf united, forming a cup which is found filled with liquid, supposed to be a secre- tion from tlie vessels of the plant. In some countries of the torrid zone is the 206. What does lobed signify 1 207. What is sinuate 1 208. What is emarginate ? 209. What does stellated signify? 210. What leaves are called tubular 1 5* 54 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. |Cn. IX. wild pine, Tillandsia, the leaves of which are hollowed out at their base, so as to be capable of containing more than a pint of liquid. A traveller says, "by making an incision into the base of this leaf, and collecting the water in our hats, we could ob- tain a sufficient supply for the relief of the most intense thirst." The fluid is not a secretion from the plant, but is deposited du- ring the rainy season. Fig. 34. 211. The Pitcher-plant, (Nepenthes distillatoria,) Fig. 34, affords a most singular tubular receptacle in an appendage to Us lanceolate leaf; beyond the apex of the leaf a, the mid-rib extends in the form of a tendril ; at the extremity of this tendril Is the cylindrical cup or pitcher o, about six inches in length, and one and a half in diameter ; it is furnished with a lid, c. This is usually found filled with pure water, supposed to be a secretion from the plant. Insects which creep into this cup are drowned in the liquid, except a small species of shrimp, which lives by feeding on the others. The Pitcher-plant is a native of Ceylon, where it is called monkey-cup, on account of its be- ing frequented by these animals for the purpose of quenching their thirst. Compound Leaves. 212. When several leafets grow on one petiole, the whole ia termed a compound leaf, as in the Rose. F Fig. 35. Ch. IX.] LEAVES. 55 213. Pinnate; at Fig. 35, a, represents the petiole or prin- cipal leaf stalk ; from this, spring out other divisions, each bear- ing a leafet ; 6, 6, represent the stipules or appendages ; the whole taken together forms one compound pinnate leaf. Tne term pinnate is from the Latin pinna, a wing or pinion. 214. Binate; when two leafets only spring from the petiole, as in Fig. 35, c. Fig. 36. 215. Ternate; when three leafets arise from the petiole, as Fig. 36, a. 216. Bi-ternate is a second division of threes, as Fig. 36, b. ill. Tri-ternate is a third division of threes, as Fig. 36, c. Fig. 37 218. Decompound, is when a pinnate leaf is again divided, or has its leaves twice compound, as Fig. 37, a. At 6, is a re- presentation of thrice compound leaves. 219. Leaves vary in size, from the small leaves of some of 213. What does pinnate signify'? 214. What is binate % 215. When is a leaf said to be ternate 1 ? 216. When bi-ternate 1 217. When tri-ternate 1 218. When is a leaf said to be decompound 1 ? 219. What is remarked of leaves with respect to size t 56 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Oh IX. the forest trees of our climate, to the spreading palms and ba- nanas of the torrid zone. As we approach the torrid zone, the leaves increase in magnitude ; we can however scarcely credit the report of travellers, who say, that the Talipot tree, in the island of Ceylon, produces h aves of such size, that twenty per- sons may be sheltered by one single leaf. Although this ac- count may be exaggerated, there is no doubt of the fact, that the leaves of the torrid zone are of a wonderful size ; and that whole families often dwell under the branches of these trees. Here we see the care of an ever kind Providence, which, in countries parched the greater part of the year by a vertical sun, has formed such refreshing shelters. 220. Mungo Park, in his travels in Africa, remarks upon the many important uses of palm leaves ; serving as coverings to cottages, as baskets for holding fruit, and umbrellas for defence against rain or sun. These leaves are a good substitute for pa- per, and were so used by the eastern nations. Many suppose that the scriptures of the Old Testament were originally com- mitted to palm leaves. 221. The magnitude of leaves often bears no proportion to the size of the plants to which they belong. The Oak, and other forest trees, bear leaves, which appear very diminutive when compared with the Cabbage, or Burdock. 222. Leaves, with respect to duration, are, Caducous, or such as fall before the end of summer ; Deci- duous, falling at the commencement of winter ; this is the case with most vegetables, as far as 30° or 40° north of the equator; Persistent, or permanent, remaining on the trees amidst changes of temperature, as the leaves of the Pine and Box ; Evergreen, preserving their greenness through the year, as the Fir-tree and Pine, and generally all cone-bearing and re- sinous trees; these renew their leaves annually, but the young leaves appearing before the old ones decay, the plant is always green. 223. In our climate the leaves are mostly deciduous, return ing in autumn to their original dust, and enriching the soil from which they had derived their nourishment. In the re- gions of the torrid zone, the leaves are mostly persistent and evergreen ; they seldom fade or decay in less time than si* years ; but these same trees, removed to our climate, some 220. What is said of the uses of palm leaves 1 221. Does the size of the leaf correspond to the size of the plant? 222. How are the leaves divided with respect to duration? 223. What is observed of the leaves of our climate with respect to Juration, and what is said of the leaves of the torrid zone? Ch. IX. | LEAVES. 57 times become annual plants, losing their foliage every year. — The Passion-flower is a perennial evergreen in southern cli- mates, though annual in ours 224! Leaves have not that Drilliancy of colour which is seen in the corolla or blossom ; but the beauty of the corolla, like most other external beauty, has only a transient existence ; while the less showy leaf remains fresh and verdant, after the flower has withered away. 225. The substance of leaves is so constituted as to absorb the other rays of light, and reflect the green ray ; this colour is, of all others, best adapted to the extreme sensibility of our or- gans of sight. Thus, in evident accommodation to our sense of vision, the ordinary dress of nature is of the only colour up- on which our eyes can, for any length of time, rest without pain. 226. But although green is almost the only colour which leaves reflect, its variety of shades is almost innumerable. " No tree in all the grove but has its charms, Though each its hue peculiar ; paler some, And of a wannish gray ; the willow such, And poplar, that with silver lines his leaf; And ash far stretching his umbrageous arm; Of deeper green the elm ; and deeper still, Lord of the woods, the long surviving oak."* The contrast between their shades, in forests, where different families of trees are grouped together, has a fine effect, when observed at such a distance, as to give a view of the whole, as forming one mass. CHAPTER X. Leaves. — Appendages. 227. Leaves perform a very important office, in sheltering and protecting the flowers and fruit. The fact of their inhal- ing or absorbing air, is thought to have been proved, by placing a plant under a bell glass exhausted of air, permitting the leaves only to receive the influence of air jf the plant remained * Cowper. t Natural philosophy will inform you of the manner in whicri a glass vessel may be thus exhaustei by means of the air-pump. 224. What is observed of leaves with respect to brilliancy of colour 1 225. What coloured ray do leaves reflect 1 22G. What is said of the different shades of green which may be seen in leaves'? 227 What are some of t le offices of leaves 1 58 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. j_Ch. X. thrifty in this situation for a length of time ; but as soon as the whole plant was placed under the receiver, it withered and died. 228. The upper surface of leaves is usually of a deeper green, and supposed to perform a more important part in respiration, than the under surface. The upper surface repels moisture ; you may perceive, by examining a cabbage leaf after a shower or heavy dew, that the moisture is collected in drops, but has no appearance of being absorbed by the leaf. It has been found that the leaves of plants, laid with their upper surface upon wa- ter, wither almost as soon as if exposed to the air, although the leaves of the same plants, placed with their under surfaces up- on water, retain their freshness for some days. 229. But few among the vegetable tribes are destitute either of leaves, or green stems, which answer as a substitute. The Monotropa, or Indian pipe, is of a pure white, and looks as if made of wax. Mushrooms are also destitute of any green herbage. It is not known in what manner the deficiency of leaves is made up to these vegetables. 230. The period in which any species of plant unfolds its leaves, is termed Frondescence. Linnaeus paid much atten- tion to this subject; he stated as the result of his investigations, that the opening of the leaf-buds of the Birch tree, (Betula,) was the most proper time for the sowing of barley. The Indians ot our country had an opinion, that the best time for planting In- dian corn, was when the leaves of the white oak first made their appearance ; or, according to their expression, are of the size of a squirrel's ears. 231. One of the most remarkable phenomena of leaves, is their irritability, or power of contraction, upon coming in con- tact with other substances. Compound leaves possess this property in the greatest degree ; as the foreign sensitive plant, and the American sensitive plant; these, if the hand is brought near them, seem agitated as if with fear ; but as they are desti- tute of intelligence, we must attribute this phenomenon to some physical cause, perhaps the warmth of the hand, which produces the contractions and dilatations of the leaves. 232. The effect of Light upon leaves is very apparent, plants being almost uniformly found to present their upper surfaces 228. In what respects do the upper and under surfaces of leaves differ? 229. What plants are destitute of leaves 1 230. What is meant by the term Frondescence'? 231. What is said of the irritability of leaves'? 232. What ir said of the effect of light upon leaves 1 Ch. X. j LEAVES. — APPENDAGES. 59 to the side on which the greatest quantity of light is to be found. It has already been observed, that plants throw off oxy- gen gas ; but for this purpose they require the agency of light. 233. Carbonic acid gas is a necessary food of plants ; this consists of carbon and oxygen, and is decomposed by the agency of light ; the carbon becomes incorporated with the vegetable, forming the basis of its substance, Avhile the oxygen is exhaled or thrown off into the atmosphere. 234. Many plants close their leaves at a certain period of the day, and open them at another; almost every garden contains some plants, in which this phenomenon may be observed ; it is particularly remarkable in the sensitive plant, and the tamarind tree. The folding up of leaves at particular periods, has been termed the sleep of plants ; this may seem a singular term to apply to plants ; but a celebrated botanist remarks, " this folding up of the leaves niay be as useful to the vegetable constitution, as real sleep is to the animal." 235. Linnaeus was led to observe the appearance of plants in the night, from the following circumstance, which occurred in raising the Lotus plant ; he found one morning some very thrifty flowers, but at night they had disappeared ; this excited his at- tention, and he began to watch the plants through the night, in order to observe the period of their unfolding. He was thus led to investigate the appearance of other plants in the night, and to observe their different manner of sleep. — He found that some folded their leaves together, some threw them back upon their stems, or exhibited other curious appearances. — This phe- nomenon has been attributed to the absence of light. 236. The following experiment was once made by a botanist; he placed the sensitive plant in a dark cave at midnight, and then lighted up the cave with lamps; the leaves which were be- fore folded up suddenly expanded, and when on the following day the lights were extinguished, the leaves again closed. 237. The period at which the leaves fall off is termed the Defoliation* of the plant. About the middle of Autumn, the leaves of all annual, and of many perennial plants, begin to •ose their vigour, change their colour, and at length fall from heir stems. * From de, signifying to deprive of, and folium, leaf. 233. What is a necessary food of plants 1 234. What is meant by the sleep of plants 1 235. How was Linnaeus led to observe the appearance of plants in the night 1 236. What experiment was once made with the sensitive plant 1 237. What is the defoliation of plants'? GO BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. j Ch. X 23S. The "fall of the leaf" may be referred to two causes-, the death of the leaf, and the vital action of the parts to ichich it is attached. If a whole tree is killed by lightning, or anv sudden cause, the leaves will adhere to the dead branches, be- cause the latter have not the energy to cast them off. 239. The richness and variety of colouring exhibited about the end of autumn, by American groves and forests, is splendid beyond the power of the painter to imitate. Yellow, red, and brown, are the most common colours of the dying leaf; but these colours vary from the brightest scarlet, and the deepest crimson, to different shades of yellow, from the deep orange to die pale straw colour. Appendages to Plants. 240. Plants have a set of organs called by the general name of appendages. These we shall now describe. Fig. 38. 241. Stipules art; membranous or leafy scales, usually in pairs, at, or near the base of the leaf or petiole. They are various in their forms and situations, arc found in most plants, but are sometimes wanting. In the garden violet, Viola tricolor, (Fig. 38, a, a,) the stipules are of that form called lyrate pinnatijid. while the true leaf (b) is oblong and crenate. The most natural situation of the stipules is in pairs, one on each side of the base of the footstalk, as in the sweet pea ; some stipules fall off almost as soon as the leaves are expanded, but in general, they remain as long as the leaves. 242. Prickles, arise from the bark; they are sometimes straight, sometimes hooked, and sometimes forked. They are usually found upon the stem, as in the Rose ; but in some cases, they cover the petiole, as in the Raspberry ; in others, they are 238. To what may the fall of the leaf be referred'? 239. What is said of the appearance of American forests in the Au tumn 1 240. What organs have plants besides those already named? 241. Describe stipules. 242. Describe prickles. Oil. X.J APPENDAGES TO PLANTS. 61 found upon the leaf or the calyx, and in some instances upon the berry : as in the Gooseberry. Fig. 39. 243. Thorns, seem to be a kind of short pointed stem, easily distinguished from prickles, as they grow from the woody part of the plant, while the prickle proceeds only from the bark. On stripping the bark from a rose-bush, the prickles will come away with it, but let the same experiment be made with a thorn bush, and although the bark may be separated, the thorn will still re- main projecting from the wood. 244. In this drawing (Fig. 39) you will observe the thorn (a) to remain on the stem, while the bark (5) has been peeled off. In the prickle (c) the whole appears separated from the plant Thorns in some plants have been known to disappear by culti- vation. The great Linnaeus imagined that the trees were di- vested of their natural ferocity and became tame. A more ra- tional opinion is given by another botanist, viz. : that thorns are in reality buds, which a more favourable situation converts mto luxuriant branches. But in some cases they do not disappear even under circumstances favourable to vegetation. Thorns have been compared to the horns of animals. 245. Glands are roundish, minute appendages, sometimes called tumours or swellings ; they contain a liquid secretion, which is supposed to give to many plants their fragrance. — They are sometimes attached to the base Of the leaf, sometimes they occur in the substance of leaves ; as in the Lemon and Myrtle, causing them to appear dotted when held to the light. They are found on the petioles of many plants, and between the teeth or notches of many others. 246. Stings are hair-like substances, causing pain by an acrid liquor, which is discharged upon tneir being compressed ; they are hollow, slender, and pointed, as in the Nettle. 247. Scales are substances in some respects resembling the 243. What are thorns 1 241 What does Fig. 39 represent! 245. What are glands! 240. What are stings 1 247. What are scale* ? 62 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Ch. X coarse scales of a fish ; rhey are often green, sometimes colour- ed, and are found upon all parts of vegetables, upon the roots of bulbous plants, and upon the stems and branches of other plants. They are imbricated upon the calyxes of most of the compound flowers. You have seen in buds, how important the scales are to protect the embryo plant during the winter. Scales surround the flowers of grasses, under the name of glumes. They envelope and sustain the stamens and fruit of the pine, oak, chestnut, &c. Fis. 40. 24S. Tendrils, or claspers, are threadlike, or filiform appendages, by which weak stems attach themselves to other bodies for sup- port ; they usually rise from the branches, in some cases from the leaf, and rarely from the leaf- stalk or flower-stalk. You have here the representation, Fig. 40, of a tendril. Tendrils are very important and characteris- tic appendages to many plants. In the Trumpet flower and Ivy, the tendrils serve for roots, planting themselves into the bark of trees, or in the walls of buildings. In the Cucumber and some other plants, tendrils serve both for sustenance and shade. Many t of the papilionaceous, or Pea blossom plants, 'have twining tendrils, which wind to the right and back again. Some plants creep by their tendrils to a very great height, even tc the tops of the loftiest trees ; and seem to cease ascending only because they can find nothing higher to climb upon. One of our most beautiful climbing plants is the Clema- tis virginica, or Virgin's bower, which has flowers of a brilliant whiteness ; in autumn, its pericarps, with the long pistils remaining upon them, Took like festoons of rich, yellowish fringe. 249. Pubescence includes all down, hairs, woolliness, or silkiness of plants. The pubescence of plants varies in differ ent soils, and with different modes of cultivation. The species in some genera of plants are distinguished by the direction ol the hairs. A microscope is sometimes necessary in determining with precision the existence and direction of the pubescence. It has been suggested that these appendages may be given to 248. What are tendrils 1 249. What is included under the term pubescence 1 APPENDAGES TO PLANTS. 63 *Jh. XL] p.ants for similar purposes as the fur, hair, and bristles of ani- mals, viz. : to defend them from cold and other injuries. Fig. 41. 250. The Bract is a leaf among or near the flowers, different from the leaves of the plant. In this branch, (Fig. 41,) you observe the difference between the real leaves (b b) and the bract (a); the former being cordate and crenate, the latter lanceolate and entire. 251. In some plants, as in several species of the Sage, the transition from leaves to bracts is so gradual, as to render it difficult to distinguish be tween them, and a considerable part of the foliage is composed of bracts. In other plants, as the Crown impe- rial, the stem is terminated by a num- ber of large and conspicuous bracts. The appendages are sometimes mis- taken for the calyx. 252. We have now, in regular or- der, considered the first of the two classes of vegetable organs, viz.: such as tend to the support and growth of the plant, including root, stem, leaf, and appendages ; we are next to en- ter upon the description of a class of organs whose chief use appears to be that of bringing forward the fruit CHAPTER XL Different parts of the Flower.— The Calyx. 253. You are no doubt pleased to have arrived at the bios som, that part of the plant which is the ornament of the veo-e table kingdom. X — — - • •"■ w**w v* 1AM1UVU V \JM. HIV r V£i^ Flowers are delightful to every lover of na- 250. 251. 252. 253. dom What is the bract 1 \Vl alwa ^ s eas y t0 distinguish bracts from leaves 1 What organs of the plant have we now considered ? What part of the plant i^ the ornament of the vegetab G. What is represented by Fig. 63 7 367. Describe the drupe. 368. What is a nut 1 369. What is a pome ? 370. Describe the berry CIl. XV.] THE SEED. 91 promiscuously through the pulpy substance, but are more gene- rally placed upon receptacles within the pulp. A compound berry consists of several single berries, each containing a seed, united together; as in the blackberry and raspberry. Each of the separate parts is called an acinus^ or grain. The orange and lemon are berries with a thick coat. 371. There are some kinds of berries, usually so called, that seem scarcely entitled to the name ; in these the pulp is not properly a part of the fruit, but originates from some other or- gan ; thus in the mulberry and strawberry the calyx becomes coloured and very juicy, surrounded by seeds like a real berry. Some botanists in describing the strawberry, say that what is commonly called the berry, is but a pulpy receptacle, studded with naked seeds. In the fig, the whole fruit is a juicy calyx, or common receptacle, containing in its cavity innumerable flo- rets, each of which has a proper calyx of its own, which be comes pulpy, and invests the seed, as in the mulberry. 372. 9th. Strobilum, a cone ; is a Catkin or Ament hardened and enlarged into a seed vessel, as in the pine ; this is called an aggregate, or compound pericarp. In the most perfect ex- amples of this kind of fruit the seeds are closely enveloped by the scales as by a capsule. The Strobilum is oblong in the pine, round in the cypress, very small in the alder and birch. When you eat fruit, as almonds, walnuts, apples, peaches, currants, &c, you will no doubt be pleased to be able to give them their proper place in the classes you have just been con- sidering. CHAPTER XV. The Seed. We have now traced the plant from the root through all its various organs, until we have arrived at that part, which is a link in the chain of vegetable existence between the old and new plant ; if this were destroyed, if the seeds of plants were no longer perfected, what changes would the whole face of na- ture present ! 373. The earth would in one year be stripped of the whole 371. What is said of the blackberry, strawberry, mulberry, and fig? 372. Describe the strobilum. 373. What appearances would natuie present ifsesdswere.no longer perfected '? 92 BOTANY F**« l^-GINNERS. [Ch XV tribe of annual plants ; in another the biennial plants would vanish; the perennial would, year after year, disappear, until, (if we could suppose our own lives to be prolonged to the usual age of man,) we should behold the earth one vast scene of ve- getable ruin ; occasionally here and there a venerable oak or an ancient pine would stand in solitary grandeur, the mournful remnants of the oace beautiful and fertile vegetable kingdom. 374. But such a sad spectacle the earth will never present; for we have the promise of God himself, that " while the earth remainefh, seed time and harvest shall not cease." 375. We have seen in the progress of our inquiries, that while the present plant is diffusing around it beauty and fra- grance and administering to the necessities and luxuries of man, the watchful care of that Being, who never slumbers nor sleeps, is by a slow but certain progress perfecting that part which is destined to continue the various species of plants un- til time shall be no more. 37G. The seed is that internal part of the fruit which con- tains the complete rudiment of a new plant, similar to that from which it received its existence. 377. The seed consists of three principal parts, viz. the eye, husk, and kernel. 378. 1st. The Eye, or hilum, is the scar formed by the sepa- ration of the membrane or thread which connected the seed with the pericarp, and conveyed to the former the necessary nourishment. You can see the eye plainly in a bean or kernel of corn. 379. 2d. The Husk, is the outer coat of the seed, which, on boiling, becomes separate ; as in peas, beans, Indian corn, &c. The husk surrounds the kernel ; it is essential, as the kernel, which is originally a fluid, could not be formed without its pre- sence. 380. 3d. The Kernel, includes all that is contained within the husk ; it is also called the nucleus or almond of the seed. The kernel is usually composed of the albumen, cotyledon, and embryo. 381. Albumen makes up the chief part of some seeds, as the 374. Will the earth ever present such a spectacle 1 375. What have we seen in the progress of our inquiries 1 37G. What does the seed contain 1 377. Of how many parts does the seed consist 1 378. Describe the eye. 379. What is the husk 1 380. What is the kernel, and into how many parts is it divided ? 381 What is said of the albumen 1 Fisr. 64. Ch. XV.] the seed. 93 grasses, corn, &c. ; in the nutmeg, which has very small coty- ledons, it is remarkable for its variegated appearance and aro- matic quality. It chiefly abounds in plants which have but one eotyledon. 382. Fig. 64 represents the garden bean ; a shows the cotyledons ; b and c, the em- bryo ; d shows the petioles or stems of the cotyledons. 383. Cotyledons (from a Greek word, kotule, a cavity,) are the thick fleshy lobes of seeds, which encircle the embryo. In beans they grow out of the ground in the form of two large leaves. Cotyledons are the first visible leaves in all seeds, al- most always fleshy and spongy, of a suc- culent and nourishing substance, which serves for the food of the embryo at the moment of its germinating. Nature seems to have provided the cotyledons to nourish the plant in its tender infancy. After seeing their young charge sufficiently vigorous to sustain life without their assistance, they, in most plants, wither and die. The number of cotyledons varies in different plants; there are some plants which have none. 384. Acotyledons, are those plants which have no cotyledons in their seeds ; such as the cryptogamous plants, mosses, &c. 385. Mono-cotyledons, such as have but one cotyledon, or lobe, in the seed ; as the grasses, liliaceous plants, &c. 386. Di-cotyledons, such plants, as have two cotyledons; they include the greatest proportion of vegetables : as the legu- minous, the syngenesious, &c. 3S7. Poly-cotyledons, those plants, the seeds of which have more than two lobes : the number of these is small ; the hem- lock and the pine are examples. 3SS. The Embryo, is the most important part of the seed, as it produces the new plant ; all other parts seem but subservient to this, which is the point from Whence the life and organiza- tion of the future plant originate. In most dicotyledonous seeds, as the bean, orange, and apple, the embryo may be plainly dis- covered. Its internal structure, before it begins to vegetate, is 382. What does Fig. 64 represent 1 383. What are cotyledons'? 384. What plants are called Acotyledons ? 385. What are Monocotyledons'? 386. What are Dicotyledons 1 387. What are Polycotyledons 1 388. Give an account of the embryo. 94 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. Fig. 65. [Ch. XV. very simple, consisting of a uniform substance enclosed in its appropriate bark or skin. When the vital principle is excited to action, vessels are formed, and parts developed, which seem- ed not previously to have existed. The embryo is usually central, and enclosed by the cotyledons ; sometimes it is no more than a mere point or dot, and in some cases, altogether invisible to the naked eye. The embryo consists of two parts. 389. 1st. The Plume, is the ascending part, which unfolds tself into herbage. 390. 2d. The Radicle is the descend- ing part, which unfolds itself into roots. At Fig. 65 appears the embryo in a ger- minating state ; a represents the radicle, b the plume, c the cord by which the plant is still connected with the cotyledons, and receives from them its nourishment. To use the words of an ancient bota- nist, " the embryo continues imprisoned within its seed, and remx <\s in a pro- found sleep, until awakened ;y germina- tion ; it meets the light and air to grow into a plant, similar to its parent." There are various appendages which may, or may not, be present without in- mry to the structure of the seed. 391. Aigrette, or egret, sometimes called pappus, is a kind of feathery crown with which many of the compound flowers are furnished, evidently for the purpose of disseminating the seed to a considerable distance by means of winds ; as the dan- delion. The egret includes all that remains on the top of the seed after the corolla is removed. 392. Stipe is a thread connecting the egret with the seed. The egret is said to be sessile when it has no stipe, simpU when it consists of a bundle of hairs without branches, plumose when each hair has other little hairs arranged along its sides, like the beards on a feather. 389. Describe the plume. 390. Describe the radicle. 391. What is the egret"? 392. What is the stype 1 Cb XV.] THE SEED. Fig. 60. 393. In Fig. 66, a represents the capillary, or hair-like egret; b the 'plumose, or feathery egret ; c and d show the style remain- ing, and forming a train, as in the Virgin's bower and Geum; e represents a wing, as may be seen in the fir and maple ; and /"a sessile egret. General Remarks upon Seeds. 394. The number of seeds in different plants is variable; some have but one ; some, like the umbelliferous plants, have two ; some have four, as in the rough-leaved plants ; in the order Gymnospermia, of the class Didynamia, there are four lying naked in each calyx. The number varies from these to thou- sands. A stalk of Indian corn is said to have produced in one season, two thousand seeds. It has been calculated that a sin- gle Thistle seed will produce, at the first crop, twenty-four thousand, and at the second crop, at this rate, five hundred and seventy-six millions. 395. Seeds are of various sizes, from that of the cocoa-nut, to a fine dust, as in the mosses. 396. The period at which seeds arrive at maturity, marks the decay of annual plants, and the suspension of vegetation in woody and perennial plants. Nature, in favouring by various means, the dispersion of these seeds, presents phenomena worthy of our admiration, and those means are as varied as the species of seeds which are spread upon the surface of the earth. 397. The air, winds, rivers, seas, and animals, transport seeds and disperse them in every direction. Seeds provided with feathery crowns, {egrets,) as the Dandelion and Thistle, or with wings, as the Maple and Ash, are raised into the air, and even carried across seas. Linnaeus asserted that a certain 393. What is represented by Fig. 66 1 394. What is remarked respecting the variation in the number of seeds 1 395. What is said of4he different sizes of seeds? 396. What marks the decay of annual plants 1 397. How are seeds transported in various directions 1 06 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Ch. XV, plant of the compound family was introduced into Europe from America, by seeds wafted across the Atlantic Ocean. " Seeds," says Linnaeus, "'embark upon the rivers which descend from the highest mountains of Lapland, and arrive at the middle of the plains, and the coasts of the seas. The ocean has thrown even upon the coasts of Norway, the nuts of v the Mahogany, and the fruit of the cocoa nut tree, borne on its waves from the far distant tropical regions ; and this wonderful voyage has been performed without injury to the vital energy of the seeds." 398. Animals also perform their part in the diffusion of seeds. Squirrels and other animals carry seeds and nuts into holes in the earth. The Indians believed that the squirrels planted all the timber in the country : there is no doubt but that they do much towards diffusing different kinds of nuts and seeds; as Chestnut, Oak, Walnut, &c. Animals contribute also to the distribution of seeds by conveying them in their wool, fur, or feathers. 399. The diffusion of seeds completes the circle of vegeta- tion, and closes the scene of vegetable life. The shrubs and trees lose their foliage — the withered herbs decompose, and re- store to the earth the element which they have drawn from its bosom. The earth, stripped of its beauty, seems sinking into old age ; but although unseen by us, and unmarked the processes of nature by too many among men, innumerable germs have been formed, which wait but the favourable warmth, to decorate with new brilliancy this terrestrial scene. 400. So fruitful is nature, that a surface a thousand times more extended tht-.n that of our globe, would not be sufficient foi the vegetables which the seeds of one single year would pro- duce, if all should be developed ; — but the destruction of seeds is very great, great quantities being eaten by man and beast; oi left to perish in unfavourable situations. Those which are pre- served, constitute but a small proportion of the whole ; they are either carried into the clefts of rocks, or buried beneath the ruins of vegetables; protected from the cold, they remain inac- tive during winter, and germinate as soon as the early warmth of spring is felt. 401. At this season the botanist who considers with a cun 398. Do animals assist in dispersing seeds'? 399. What is remarked of the appearance of vegetation at the time of the diffusion of seeds'? 400. Would the earth afford sufficient space for all the seeds which one year produces to vegetate'? 401. What are the reflections of the botanist on beholding the plants which appear on the return of Spring"? CK, XVI.J THE SEED. 97 ous eye the "vegetable species with which tht eartn begins to be clothed, seeing successively all the types or representations of past generations of plants, admires the power of the Author of nature, and the immutability of His laws. CHAPTER XVI. Germination of the Seed. 402. We have now considered the various organs of plants . we have traced them through their successive stages of deve- lopment, from the root to the bud, leaf, and flower, and from the flower to the fruit and seed. We have seen in imagination, the vegetable world fading under a change of temperature, the " sear and yellow leaf," a prey to the autumnal blasts ; and even the fruits themselves, exhibiting a mass of decayed mat- ter. Were this appearance of decay and death, now presented to us for the first time, how gloomy would be the prospect ! How little should we expect the return of life, and beauty, and fragrance ! No power short of Omnipotence, can effect this miracle. 403. But we are now so accustomed to these changes, that K seeing, we perceive not ;" we think not of the mighty Being, who produces them: we call them the operations of nature ; and what is nature, or what are the laws of nature, but mani- festations of Almighty power ? 404. The word nature, in its original sense, signifies born or produced ; let us then look on nature as a created thing, and beware of yielding that homage to the creature which is due to the Creator. The sceptic, with seeming rapture, may talk of the beauties of nature, but cold and insensible must be that heart, which from the contemplation of the earth around, and the heavens above, soars not, " To him, the mighty Power from whom these wonders are." 405. How beautifully is the re-animation of the vegetable world, used by St. Paul, as an illustration of our resurrection from the dead! The same power, which from a small, dry, 403. Why are mankind so forgetful of the Great Being who pro- duces the wonderful changes which nature presents'? 404. What is the meaning of the word nature, and how should we regard it 1 405. What should remind us of the resurrection from the dead! 9 98 BOTANY FOR EEGINNERfc* [ Cfl. XVI. and apparently dead seed, can bring forth a fresh and beautifui plant, can also from the ruins of our mortal bodies produce a new and elorious body, and unite it to the immortal spirit by ties never to be separated. Germination. 406. The process of the shooting forth of the young plant from the seed is termed Germination. 407. The principal of life contained in the seed does not usually become active, until the seed is placed in circumstances favourable to vegetation. 408. When a seed is committed to the bosom of the earth, its various parts soon begin to swell by absorbing moisture. — ■ A chymical action then commences ; oxygen from the air unites to the carbon of the seed, and carries it off in the form of carbonic acid gas. 409. As the carbon of the cotyledons continues to diminish, and oxygen is produced in excess, a sweet, sugar-like sub- stance is formed ; this is conveyed to the embryo, which by its new nourishment is kindled into active life ; from this period we may date the existence of the young plant. Bursting through the coats which surround it, and which are already en- feebled by their loss of carbon, the embryo emerges from its prison, the radicle shoots downward, and the plume rises up- wards. We say then that the seed has come up or sprouted. 410. Fig. 67 represents a young dicotyledonous plant, with its radicle, a, developed ; its plume, 6, is yet scarcely percepti- ble ; its cotyledons, c, appear in the form of large, succulent seed-leaves. 406. What is germination 1 407. What is necessary for the vegetation of the seed 1 408. What changes occur when the seed is placed in the earth? 409. What kindles the embryo into active life 1 410. What does Fig. 67 represent 1 Ch. XV T.J GERMINATION. 99 411. The radicle, 01 descending root, is usu- ally first to break through the coats of the seeds ; it commences its journey downward, to seek in th earth nourishment for the future plant, and to fix it firmly in the earth. This constitutes the root, and always takes a down- ward course, in whatever situation the seed may have been placed in the ground. 412. A botanist plant- ed in a pot, six acorns, with the points of their embryos upwards. At the end of two months upon removing the earth, he found that all the radi- cles had made an angle in order to reach down- wards. It is supposed that if the root met with no obstruction in going downwards, it would always be perfectly straight. Fig. 68. 413. Fig. 68 is the representation of a germinating seed of the Foui o'clock ; it will be seen that the radicle, a, has made nearly a right angle in turning downwards ; the plume is not developed. #, 414. If you put into a tumbler of wa- ter some cotton, and place upon it some seeds of rice or wheat, you will see all the fibres shooting from the seeds, in a perpendicular direction, downwards. It is a very simple and interesting experiment. Some ascribe this phenomenon to the laws of gravitation, by which the root is attracted towards the centre of the earth; others say that the radicle, stimulated by moisture, naturally extends itself in the "direction from which 411. What direction does the radicle take! 412. What experiment did a botanist make with acorns'? 413. What does Fig. GS represent 1 414. What experiment is mentioned, and what are some of the cansp^ assigned f^r the downward rnnrsp of th* 1 radicle? 100 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. | Cil. XVL the moisture proceeds ; while some imagine that the plant is en- dowed with a kind of instinct, similar to that which appears in animals, leading the little duck to seek the water, and birds to attempt to fly ; but let us call this power by what name we will, or refer it to whatever secondary laws, we must after all attribute it to the will and design of Him, who gave the plant a principle of life. 415. After the young root has made some progress, the coty- ledons swell, and rising out of the ground, form two green leaves, called seed leaves. You have no doubt noticed their appear- ance in the garden bean, when it first appears above the ground. 416. When the plume develops its leaves, these seed-leaves, being no longer needed, wither and decay. 417. You will recollect that the embryo or germ is composed of two parts, the radicle and the plume. The radicle, we have just seen, extends itself downwards. Soon after this part of the germ has begun its downward course, the plume, (so called from its resembling a little feather.) rises upwards, and soon becomes a tuft of young leaves, with which the stem, if there is one, ascends. 418. Some moisture is essential to the germination of the seed, though different plants require different quantities. Wa- ter softens the envelopes of the seed, swells the kernel, and causes it to burst. Too much water produces a decay or rot in the seed so rapidly, that the living principle is destroyed rather than brought forward ; hence it is better to sow seeds in dry ra- ther than wet weather. Earth, though not absolutely essential, is useful, a? affording to the vegetable egg a favourable situa- tion, where it may receive the influence of the various agents, which are to perform their offices in the development of its parts. Some plants vegetate without earth. The parasite grows upon the barks of other plants ; many seeds vegetate in water, and some, when moistened and placed on cotton, or any other supporting substance. 419. zli'ris essential to vegetation ; under an exhausted recei- ver a seed will not germinate, although possessing every other requisite. Seeds that become imbedded deeply in the ground do not vegetate, unless accidentally ploughed up, or exposed to the atmosphere. Acorns, supposed to have lain for centuries, have germinated as soon as they were raised sufficiently near the surface to receive the influence of air. You will recollect, 415. When do the seed leaves appear 1 416. When do the seed leaves decay ? 417. What direction does the plume take? 418. What effect has water upon the vegetation of the seed"? — Is earth essential to vegetation 1 419. lb air necessary to vegetation? Ch.XVI.l GERMINATION. ]01 that in the process of germination, oxygen gas unites with the sarbcn of the seed, and carries it off in the form of carbonic acid. Air furnishes that important agent, oxygen, which is the first moving principle of life. 420. Carbon constitutes the greater part of the suDstance or seed ; and this principle being in its nature opposed to purtre- faction, prevent seeds from rotting, previous to their being sown. Some seeds having abundance of carbon, are capable of being preserved for ages : while others, in which this element exists but in small proportions, require to be sown almost as soon as ripe ; and such as are still more deficient in carbon, lose their vital principle before separating h mi the pericarp. 421. Oxygen is important tc germination, on account of its agency in removing the carbon which holds the living principle of the seed in bondage. 422. The absence of light is unfavourable to the germina- tion of seeds ; for light acts upon plants in such a manner as to take away oxygen»by the decomposition of carbonic acid gas, and to deposite carbon ; now this is just the reverse of the pro- cess required in germination, where the carbon must be thrown off and the oxygen in excess. 423. A certain degree of heat is necessary to germination. Seeds planted in winter, will remain in a torpid state ; but as soon as the warmth of spring is felt, the embryo emerges into xife. By increasing heat, seeds may be hastened in their vege- tating process ; thus the same seed, which with a moderate de- gree of heat would germinate in nine hours, may be brought to this state in six hours, by an increase of temperature. Too great heat destroys the vital principle ; thus corn which has been roasted can never be made to vegetate. 424. There is a great difference in plants as to their time of germinating ; some seeds begin to vegetate before they are se- parated from the pericarp.* In the greater number of vegeta- * In the month of January, on observing the seeds of a very fine juicy apple, which had been kept in a warm cellar, I saw that they were swollen, and the outward coat had burst; examining one seed by re- moving the tegument and separating the cotyledons, I saw by the help of a microscope the embryo, as if in a germinating state ; the radicle was like a little beak ; in the upper part or plume was plainly to be seen the tuft of leaves and the stem. 420. What constitutes the greater part of th? substance of the seed? 421. Why is oxygen necessary to germination'? 422. Is light favourable to vegetation 423. Is heat necessary to vegetation 1 424. What is said of the difference in plants with respect to the fira« of germinati m 1 102 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. fCh. XVI. bles. however, there is no germination until after the opening of the pericarp and the fall of the seed. The time at which differ- ent species of seeds, after being committed to the earth, beg'n to vegetate, varies from one day, to some years. The seeds of grasses, and the grain-like plants, as rye, wheat, corn, &c. ger- minate within two days. Cruciform plants, such as the radish and mustard, the leguminous, as the pea and bean, require a little more time. The peach, walnut, and peony, remain in the earth a year before they vegetate. 425. All kinds of plants germinate sooner if they are sown immediately after being separated from the pericarps, than il kept some time. 426. The seeds of most vegetables preserve their living prin- ciple for years : some lose it as soon as they are detached from their pericarps. This is said to be the case in the coffee and tea. The seeds of some of the grasses, as wheat, &c. are said to retain their vital principle even for centuries. It is asserted that mosses, kept for two hundred years in the herbariums of botanists, have revived by being soaked in water. 427. An American writerf says that " seeds, if imbedded in stone or dry earth, and removed from the influence of air or moisture, might be made to retain their vegetative quality or principle of life for a thousand years." But he adds, " life is a property which we do not understand : yet life, however feeble and obscure, is always life, and between it and death there is a distance as great as existence and non-existence." 428. Before commencing the study of botany, w T hen you looked at the trunk of a tree, a little herb, or a leaf, you proba- bly considered it very simple in its structure ; you saw it only as one mass ; but you now perceive that plants, like animals, consist of collections of fibres ; that they have parts which in some lespects are like our skin, bones, flesh, and blood; that they are living organized beings, and like animals, are subject to life and death. 429. Plants differ from animals, in possessing none of the or- gans of sense. They can neither see, hear, taste, smell, nor t B. Barton. 425. Is it better that seeds should be kept sometime before they are sown ? 426. Are seeds alike with respect to retaining their living principle"? 427. What is remarked by an American writer respecting the life of seeds'? 428. Do you regard plants now in the same manner as before you began to study them ? 429. Ho?/ do plants differ from animals, and how do they resembte them? C 1. XVII.] CLASSIFICATION. 103 touch. Some vegetables, however, seem to have a kind ol sen- sibility like that derived from the organs of touch in aninuls; they tremble and shrink back upon coming in contact with other substances ; some turn themselves round to the sun, as if enjoying its rays. There is a mystery in these circumstances which we cannot penetrate ; and' it is not yet fully known at what point in the scale of existence animal life ends, and vege- table life commences. CHAPTER XVII. General Principles of Classification — Natural Families of Plants. 420. Let us now imagine the whole vegetable kingdom, comprising innumerable millions of individual plants, ^o be spread out before a botanist. Could he, in the course of the longest life, number each blade of grass, each little moss, each shrub, or even each tree ? If he could not even count them, much less could he give each one a separate name and descrip- tion. But he does not need to name them separately, for he sees that nature has arranged them into sorts or kinds. 431. If you were sent into the fields to gather flowers of a similar kind, you would need no book to direct you to put into one parcel, all the red clover blossoms, and into another, the white clover ; while the dandelions would form another group. These all constitute different species. Nature would also teach you that the red and white clover, although differing from each other in some particulars, yet bear a strong resemblance. 432. By placing species together you form a genus, and to this genus you refer all the different kinds of clover. When you see red, damask, and cinnamon roses, you perceive thev all have such strong marks of resemblance as to entitle them to be placed together in one genus. 433. But yet you know that the seed of a damask rose would never produce a red rose. One species of plants can never produce another species, however near may be their resem- blance. 434. The whole number of species of plants which have 430. Is it necessary for the botanist to give a particular name to every plant"? 431. Do you need a book to teach you to put flowers of the same sort together'? 43-3. How is a genus formed 1 433. Does one species ever produce plants of another species 7 434. What number of species have been discovered 1 KJ4 BOTANY FOR CKC.IXIS.EKS. | Ch. XVII been named and described, including many wir'ch have been rece itiy discovered in New Holland and about the Cape of Go d Hope, is said to be 56,000. i35. If species of plants were described without any regular older, we could derive no pleasure, and very little advantage, from the study of practical botany. If we wished to find out die name of a plant, we should be obliged to turn over the leaves of a large volume, without any rule to guide us in our search. 436. The necessity of some kind of system was so appa- rent, that many attempts for the methodical arrangement of plants, were made, before the time of Linnaeus ; but his system was so superior to all others, that it was no sooner published to the world, than it was adopted by the universal consent of all men of science. 437. This system not only includes within it all known plants, but is founded on such principles as must comprehend within it whatever plants may yet be discovered. Its author believed that no plant was destitute of stamens and pistils: bu 1 at the same time, that there were species in which these organ* were so small, so obscure, or of such a singular formation, as tf render it difficult, and sometimes impossible, to be certain o their existence, except by the principle of analogy. 438. Linnaeus made two grand divisions of plants, PTiena gamous, such as have stamens and pistils visible, and Crypto gamous, stamens and pistils invisible. 439. The following comparison has been very properly mad; in illustration of the divisions in the system of Linnaeus. Classes are compared to States. Ciders, to Towns. Genera, to Families. Species, to Individuals. 440. You must not forget, while you are studying botany that plants themselves are the only real substances ; species genus, order, and class, are mere abstract terms, denoting cer tain distinctions which would equally have existed, although we had never observed them, or given them names. 435. What would be the consequence if species were described with- out regularity % 436. Were any attempts at a methodical arrangement of plants made before the time of Linnaeus 1 437. Does the system of Linnaeus provide for the arrangement ol plants not yet discovered! 438. What two grand divisions of plants did Linnaeus make? Q.L 439. How may the divisions in botany be illustrated 1 440. Which are the on /real substances that are considered in botany* Ch. XVII.] CLASSIFICATION. 105 441. An Individual is an organized being, complete in its parts, distinct and separate Jrom all other beings. An oak, a rose, and a moss, are each of them individuals of the vegetable kingdom. 442. A Species includes such individuals as agree in certain circumstances of the roots, stems, leaves, and inflorescence. We have no reason to suppose that any new species, either of animals or vegetables, have been produced since the creation. We sometimes see varieties in plants made by cultivation ; the stamens and pistils, from excess of nourishment, expanding into petals. Varieties are also occasioned by strewing the pol- len from one species, upon the stigma of another ; but these varieties do not produce perfect seed, and therefore cannot re- produce themselves by their seed. Colour, taste, and size, are not considered as marks of specific difference. 443. A Genus comprehends one or more species, grouped to- gether on account of some resemblance in situation, proportion, and connexion of the organs which constitute the flower. Any one species of a genus may be regarded as a type or example of the others ; we may easily refer species which we have not studied to their proper genus, by a knowledge of any one spe- cies of that genus. Some genera appear to be distinctly marked by nature ; the various species of the rose, form a beautiful ge- nus which is known to all, although every one might not be able to describe it to others, in such a manner as to be under- stood ; it is chiefly distinguished by its urn-shaped, fringed calyx. 444. The generic names of plants are derived from various circumstances; in some cases from a peculiarity of form, or colour of the corolla or some pioperty of the plant. Some genera are named from distinguished persons. Iris, (Flag,) is named from Iris the rain-bow on account of its various shades of co- lour. Digitalis, (Fox-glove,) is named from digitus a finger, on account of the shape of its corolla, like the finger of a glove. Convallaria, (Lily of the valley,) is named from the Latin con- vallis, signifying valley. The name of the great Linnaeus is commemorated in a beautiful but modest and humble flower, called the Linnaia borealis.* * Borealis, signifying northern, has reference to the situation of Sweden, the country which gave birth to Linnaeus. The Lmnaea porealis is not uncommon in New England, and has been lound on an island near Troy, in the State of New- York. 441. What is an individual - ? 442. What is a species'? 443. What is a genus ? 444. How are the generic names derived"? 106 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [ Cll. XVII 445. Specific names are generally adjectives; generic name* Me nouns. The specific name sometimes indicates the num- ber of leaves, as orchis bifolia, (bifolia, signifies two leaves,) or the colour of the corolla ; as viola tri-color, (three coloured Violet,) or the form of the root; as solanum tuberosum; (po- tato with a tuberous root.) Specific names are also derived from the names of persons; thus a species of the genus Bidens is named Beckii, in honour of Dr. Beck, a botanist of the state of New York. The name Rensseljeria has lately been given to a newly discovered genus ; this is called after Mr. Van Rensselaer, a distinguished patron of American science. Natural Method. 446. The natural method consists in bringing together such plants as seem by nature to constitute one family, resembling each other in general appearances and medicinal qualities; as lilies, herbs, trees, mosses, and ferns. Some of these natural famil'ies show a similarity in form and quality, and are evident- ly distinct from all others. If the whole vegetable kingdom could thus be distributed into natural tribes, we should need no other system than that of nature. Rut as we proceed on tins plan we soon find difficulties ; for, after selecting a few fami lies which nature seems to have formed with striking marks ot resemblance, we find others, less distinctly marked, and we at length see a vast number of plants which cannot be referred to any natural families. 447. It is by their natural characters, that persons who have never heard of such a science as zoology, or the classification of animals, are enabled to distino-uish ferocious beasts from do- mestic and gentle animals ; they see a sheep or a cow without any terror, although that individual one they may never have seen before ; for nature teaches them to consider, that, as re- sembling other sheep and cows, which they know to be inof- fensive. 448. This natural character teaches savages to distinguish ainong the many plants of the forest, those which may admin ister to their wants, and those which would be injurious. 4-15. What is said of specific names 1 446. (i"*ve some account of what is called in Botany the IN atural Method. , . , . , , , 447, Hov do persons ignorant of the science which classes animals, disijnguii.1 t rocious beasts from domestic animals'? ' 448.' Of what use is the natural character of planls to Savages 1 I ft. XVIII.] CLASSIFICATION. 107 459. Even the ower grade of animals have this faculty of selecting by natural characters, nutritious substances, and avoid- ing noxious ones; thus we see the apparently unconscious brutes luxuriating in the rich pastures prepared' for them by a benevolent Creator, cautiously passing by the poisonous weed- directed by the curious instinct given them by *his same A' mighty Benefactor. CHAPTER XVIII. Natural Families 450. A natural family is composed of several genera of plants which have some common marks of resemblance, and its name is usually founded upon this general character ; as La- biate and Cruciform, which are derived from the form of the corollas ; Umbellate and Corymbiferous, from the inflores- cence ; Leguminous, from the nature of the fruit. 451. Natural families resemble artificial orders in being com- posed of genera, but the principles on which the genera are brought together, differ widely in the two cases. 452. In many natural families, the classification is such as persons who have never studied botany, might make ; thus, dill, fennel, caraway, &c, belong to the umbellate family, on ac- count of the form in which the little stakes, bearing the flower, and afterwards the seed, branch out from one common centre, like the sticks of an umbrella ; this general resemblance is ob- served by all, and it seems very natural to class such plants together. 453. But in the artificial orders, genera which may be very unlike in other respects, are brought together from the single circumstance of their having the same number of stamens and pistils. Thus, in the first order of the Sth class, we have the Tulip and the Burlish, the Lily of the valley and the Sweet- flag. In the second order of the 5th class, we have the Beet and the Elm. You will at once perceive the want of resem- 449. Are animals capable of distinguishing plants by their natural characters 1 450. What composes a natural family of Plants, and on what is its name often founded '! 451. How do families resemble artificial orders'? 452. Could a person ignorant of botany form a classification or plants into natural families'? 453. How an genera brought together in the artificial orders 2 108 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Ch. XVIII, olance in the general appearance of these plants, and that an arrangement, which thus brings them together, is properly call- ed an artificial method. 454. Many families of plants possess a marked resemblance in form and qualities, and appear evidently as distinct tribes. If the whole of the vegetable kingdom could thus be distributed into natural classes, the study of botany would be much simpli- fied ; but it has already been remarked, that there are many plants which cannot be' thus arranged, and no principle has yet been discovered for systematic arrangement, which bears any comparison to the Artificial System. 455. Here plants are conveniently arranged, like words in a dictionary, and thus easily found out and tefened to their na- tural classes : no other system exists which can with certainty direct us to these classes. In commencing our remarks upon some of the natural fami- lies, we will first consider the LILIACEOUS FLOWERS. 456. These flowers consist of six petals, spreading gradually from the base, and exhibiting a kind of bell-form appearance, but differing from the bell-form flowers in being polypetalous. 457. The number of stamens in the Liliaceous plants is ge- nerally six, sometimes but three ; they are usually alternate with the petals. 458. The germ of the Liliaceous plants is always of a trian- gular form, and contains three cells ; the roots are mostly bulbous. 459. The Lily has a scaly bulb, the Onion a tunicated or coated bulb, the Tulip has a bulb which seems almost solid and tuberous. 460. The calyx is mostly wanting in Liliaceous plants, the stems are simple without branches ; the leaves entire, and nerved. To this family belong the Tulip, Lily, Crown-imperial, Dog- tooth-violet, &c. Plants of this natural family usually belong to the class Hexandria ; the Crocus having three stamens, be- ongs to the class Triandria. 454. Can all plants be easily arranged in distinct tribes 1 Abb. How are plants arranged in the artificial system'? 456. Describe the corolla of liliaceous flowers. 457. What is said of the stamens of liliaceous plants? 458. What is sail of the germ'? 459. Of the root jr bulb 1 460 Of the calyx, stems, leaves, &c. ? Ch. XVIII. j CLASSIFICATION. IU9 CRUCIFORM FLOWERS. 461. These are such flowers as have a calyx consisting of four leaves, and a corolla composed of four petals ; each petal is fastened to the receptacle or bottom of tne calyx by a narrow part called the claw. In the centre of the flower is a single pistil long and cylindrical; the stigma is oblong, and divided into tw r o parts, which are reflexed or bent back on each side. Each petal is placed between two leaves of the calyx ; this al- ternate position is always seen in flowers where the number of petals equals the number of leaves of the calyx. 462. The cruciform flowers have six stamens, two of which, standing opposite to each other, are shorter than the remaining four, which always stand in pairs. This inequality in their length determines them to be in the class Tetradynamia. 463. The germ soon becomes a long pod, called a silique, or a short, thick one, called silicula ; this difference in the length of the pods constitutes the distinction of the two orders of the class in which they are placed. 464. The plants belonging to this class are herbaceous, the leaves are alternate; the Cabbage, the Mustard, the Radish, and Stock-gilly-flower, belong to this family. They are fountf, on a chymical analysis, to contain some sulphur. 461. What are cruciform flowers'? 46 < 2. What is said of their stamens 1 463. What is said of the germ 1 464. What of the leaves, &c. t 10 110 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. Fie. 69. (Ch. XVIII. £65. Fig. 69, A represents a floAver of the cruciform family j a*. B, may be seen the stamens arranged in two sets, the four at a being longer than the two at b ; at c, are two glands be- tween the short stamens and the germ ; at C, is a petal, con- sisting of a, the border, and b, the claw ; at D, is the pod or silicle ; a, represents the valves, 6, the seeds, as alternately at- tached to the edges of the partition or dksepiment which di vides this kind of pericarp into two cells. PAPILIONACEOUS FLOWERS. 466. These are so called from a Latin word papilio, a butter- fly, on account of the supposed resemblance between them and that insect; they are generally flowers with brilliant colouring, and of a showy appearance. The sweet-pea may be given as an example ; this unites to delicacy of colour and beauty of form, a highly fragrant perfume. A 67. The flowers belonging to this natural family are so pe- culiar in appearance as to make them easily recognized. The Rose, the Pink, and the Bell-flower, are regular in their form, that is, there is a symmetry and equality in their parts. Irre- 465. What does Fig. 69 represent 1 466. Describe the papilionaceous flowers 467. Are these flowers regular % Ch XVITT.J CLASSIFICATION. 1]1 gular corollas are various in their forms; the papilionaceous seem, as they stand upon their stem, to consist of an upper and under part. 468. In examining a flower of this kind, a Pea, for example, you should first observe the calyx, this is monosepalous, that is, one entire sepal, ending in live distinct leafy points ; the two upper ones wider than the three under ones. The calyx bends towards the lower part, as does also the peduncle, or little stalk which supports it. The peduncle is very flexible; so that the flower readily avoids facing a current of air, and turns its back to the wind and rain. 469. In examining the corolla, you will see that it is polype- talons. The first piece is a large petal covering the others, and occupying the under part of the corolla ; it is called the stand- ard or banner. This petal is evidently designed, to protect the stamens and other parts of the flower, from the injuries oi the weather. Upon taking off the banner you will find that it , is inserted by a little process, or projecting part, into the side pieces, so that it cannot be easily separated by winds. The ban- ner being taken off, the two side pieces to which it adhered are exposed to view; these are called the icings; they are strong- ly inserted into the remaining part of the corolla, and their use appears to be, that of protecting the sides of the flower. Upon taking off the wings, you will digcover the last piece of the co- rolla, called, on account of its form, the keel, or boat. This covers and protects the stamens and pistils. 470. Upon drawing the keel downwards, you will find ten stamens ; they are joined together by the sides of their filaments, appearing like a cylinder surrounding the pistil. 471. One of these stamens, however, does not adhere to the rest ; but as the flower fades and the fruit increases, it separates and leaves an opening at the upper side, through which the germ can extend itself by gradually opening the cylinder. In the early stage of the flower, this stamen will seem not to be separated ; but by carefully moving it with a pin or needle, its filament will be found unconnected with the other nine. 472. Most of the papilionaceous plants belong to the class Diadelphia, order Decandria. But if the flower, although pa- pilionaceous, should have ten stamens all in one set, it is then placed in the class Decandria. According to this arrange- ment, a very striking natural family of plants is widely sepa- ■i-SS. What are the appearances presented by a pea flower '? &>9- What may be seen by examining the corolla of a pea 1 470. How many stamens does this flower contain? 471. Do they all adhere together? 472. To what class do most of the papilionaceous flowers belong 3 J 12 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Oh. XIX. rated, a part being taken from the 16th class and carried to the 10th. 473. The germ of the papilionaceous plant extends itself in- to that kind of pod called a legume. The term Leguminous, which is taken from the fruit, as Papilionaceous is from the flower, is applied to the family of plants we are considering. 474. In this family we find the fine table vegetables, Beans and Peas, the useful medicinal plant, Liquorice, the line colour- ing Indigo, the fragrant Clover, so grateful as food to many of the domestic animals; the splendid Locust tree, the elegant Lu- pine, and the delicate and odoriferous Sweet-pea. CHAPTER XIX. Natural Families. — Labiate Plants. 475. The flowers belonging to the labiate family are mone>- petalous, consisting of one piece, and are irregular in their out- line and appearance. 476. The term Labiate, derived from a Latin word labia, lips, has been given, on account of the flower appearing to be divided at the top into two parts, resembling the lips of a horse or other animal. See Fig. 47. 477. This natural family is sub-divided into ringent and gap- ing, where the entrance into the corolla is open, and personate or masked, where the corolla is closed by a prominent throat or palate. 47S. The labiate flowers have mostly four stamens of unequal length, standing in pairs, beneath an arch in the upper lip of the corolla. On account of this circumstance, they are ranked in the class Didynamia. A few of the Labiate plants have but two stamens, and on that account, are placed in the class Dian- dria, as the sage and mountain-mint. Here again the artificial system separates a tribe, which nature has made strikingly simi- lar. If you examine a flower of this family, the Balm or Cat- mint, you will notice the arched upper lip of the petal covering the stamens, and that the lower lip hangs down so that you can see 473. What does the germ of the papilionaceous plants become 1 474. "What are some of plants found in this family 1 475. What is said of the flowers bekmging to the labiate family 1 476. Why are they called labiate 1 477. How is this family sub-divided 1 478. What is said of the stamens of labiate flowers, and to what Uass do these flowers belong 1 Gil. XIX.] CLASSIFICATION. 113 the inside of the corolla. If you pull out the corolla you will take the stamens along with it, the filaments being attached to it, as they usually are to monopetalous corollas. The corolla has a small aperture at the base, through which the pistil grew from the receptacle. 479. You have already been informed that the Labiate flow- ers belong chiefly to the class Didynamia. The ringent divi- sion of plants belongs to the order Gymnospermia, having four seeds, lying naked in the calyx. The personate division belongs to the order Angiospermia, having the seeds inclosed in a cap- sule until they are ripe, when the capsule opens spontaneously and disperses them. 480. The ringent flowers generally grow in whorls or circles, and at the upper part of an angular stem, the leaves standing opposite. These plants are never poisonous. Among them we find many aromatic plants, the Peppermint, Lavender, Savory, Majorum, Thyme, &c. ; also many herbs which are useful in sickness, as Pennyroyal, Catmint, Horehound, &c. 481. The personate division affords some very splendid flow- ers, as the beautiful Gerardia, a American Foxglove, and the magnificent Bignonia, (Trumpet flower.) The plants of this order seem to be somewhat allied to those of the class Pentan- dria, in many of these, as in the Snapdragon, (Antirrhinum,) the Pentstemon, &c, there exists the rudiments of a fifth sta- men, in accordance with the five divisions of the calyx and co- rolla. Some plants of this division of the Labiate family are poisonous, as the Foxglove and the Snapdragon. UMBELLATE PLANTS. 482. The plants of this natural family are found in the arti- ficial class Pentandria; they derive their name from the Latin word umbella, an umbrella, on account of the manner in which the peduncles of the flower stalks spread out from the main stem. See Fig. 56, b. 483. The umbellate plants are mostly herbaceous, those which grow on dry ground are aromatic, as Dill, Fennel, and Caraway : those which grow in wet places, or the aquatic spe- cies, are among the most deadly poisons, as Water-Hemlock, &c. Plants of this family are not in general so beautiful to the 479. What are the orders in this class 1 480. What is said of the ringent flowers'? 481. What is said of the personate division? 482. In which class are Lhw umbellate flowers found and from whence then do they take their name ' 483. Describe these plants 10* 1J4 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. ^Ch. XIX sight, nor so interesting as many others. The corolla is supe- rior, or over the germ, consisting of six petals, usually with a stamen standing between each petal. From the centre of the flower arise two styles, which often remain permanent upon the fruit. 4S4. The general figure of the fruit is oblong or oval ; il separates perpendicularly into two seeds, as may be seen in the Fennel or Dill. The figure, margin, and angles of the seeds are considered as affording proper characters of the genera : as in the Parsnip they are flat, in the Carrot bristly, in the Hem- lock marked with ridges. Among the plants of this family which are used as articles of food, are the Carrot, Parsnip, Celery, and Parsley ; the aromatics are Dill, Fennel, Sweet Cicely, Caraway, and Coriander; and among the poisonous plants, are the Conium, (Poison Hemlock,) Water-Parsnip, and the Cicuta, (Water-Hemlock.) COMPOUNn FLOWERS. 485. The flowers of this family begin to blossom in the latter part of summer, and are found almost bordering upon the verge of winter. The Dandelion is among the earliest flowers of spring, and one of the latest of autumn. The Daisy, in its na- tive country, is found in almost every spot which exhibits any marks of fertility ; but with us is no where found except in gardens. 486. The Dandelion is not a single flower like a violet or rose, but a crowded cluster of little flowers. The Sunflower is so large and conspicuous, as doubtless to have frequently at- tracted your notice. If you examine one carefully, you will find it to be composed of more than a hundred florets or little flow- ers, each as perfect in its kind as a lily, having its corolla, sta- mens, pistils, and seed. 4S7. We distinguish the Sunflower into two parts — the disk, which is the middle of the flower, and supposed to have a re- semblance to the middle or body of the sun ; the ray is the bor- der of the floAver, it contains those florets which spread out from the disk as rays of light diverge from the sun. The florets in this, as in other compound flowers, do not all begin to expand at the same time, they usually begin at the disk, and proceed in- wards towards the centre. 484. What is observed of the fruit of the umbellate plants 1 485. What is said of the blossoming of compound flowers 1 488. How do the dandelion and sunflower differ from the violet and rose 1 487. Into what two parts would vou distinguish the sunflower? Ch. XIX.] CLASSIFICATION. 1 15 488 If you examine with a microscope one of the florets of the disk you will perceive it to be tubular, containing one pis- til surrounded by five stamens, the styles of which are separa- ble but the five anthers grow together, forming a tube around the pistil. It is this union of anthers which gives to compound flowers a place in the class Syngenesia, which name signifies anthers growing together. . 4S9 The florets of the ray are called neutral, having neither stamens nor pistils ; the circumstances of its having neutral florets in the ray, places the Sunflower in the order Frustranea of the 17th class. - 490 Although the term compound is applied to the flowers of the class Syngenesia, the real circumstance on which the class is founded is not the compound character of the flower, but the union of anthers. ; 491 A Clover blossom, in one sense, may be said to be com- pound as it is a collection of many little flowers compounded or united into one; but each little floret of the clover has its own calyx ; there is no general calyx inclosing the whole, as in most of the Syngenesious plants, but the florets are arranged m such a manner as to form a head; the anthers are separate, the iilaments are connected at their sides, and this latter circum- stance, together with the papilionaceous form of the corolla, places the clover in the class Diadelphia. 492. Most of the Syngenesious flowers are composed of two sorts of florets; they are either tubular, or strap shaped (hgu- late,) appearing flat like a strap, both kinds are toothed at the edge ; the ligulate are sometimes called Semiflorets, or halt flowers. 488. What is the appearance of the florets of the disk when exam- ined by a microscope 1 489. Whv are florets of the ray c'led neutran 490. Is the class Syngenesia founded on the compound character ol flowers ^ 491 Whv does not the clover belong to this class 492. What two sorts of florets are generally fcunc in Syngenesious plants 1 116 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. [Oh. XIX. Analysis of the Daisy. Pisr. 70. We have, at Fig. 70, a representation oi the Mountain Daisy; we will now consider the appearance of its different parts. 493. 1. The Boot, a ; you will observe this answers to the descrip- tion of fibrous, as small thread -like parts issue from the main root, or radix. 494. 2. The Leaves, b ; these, you observe, spring from the root, and are hence called radical ; being undi- vided, they are called simple. In form they are somewhat oval, with the narrow end towards the stem; this form is called obovate. The leaves are said to be crenate, on account of their scolloped mar- gins. 495. 3. The Stem, c, is called a scape, because it springs di- rectly from the root, and bears no leaves. 496. 4. The Calix, d, is said to be hemispherical, or a half sphere; it is common, that is inclosing many florets; the leafets of the calyx, sometimes called scales, are equal, or of the same size. 497. 5. The Corolla, e, is compound, having many florets on one receptacle, radiate, having rays ; the florets of the disk 493. What kind of root has the daisy? 494. Describe its leaves. 495. What kind of stem has the daisy? 496. Describe its calyx. 497. Describe the corolla. . Give nn account of the Tea plant. 597. Why i;s the person who wrote ihif book, anxious that ycun? persons should sludv the works of God 1 EXERCISES IN PRACTICAL BOTANY. The following descriptions of Genera and Species have been selected from " Familiar Lectures on Botany," for the purpose of furnishing to the Beginner a series of Practical Exercises. Care has been taken to introduce such plants as Teachers can easily procure from the gardens and fields for their classes and which are the most simple for analysis. DIRECTIONS FOR PRONOUNCING THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Botanical names of plants are formed accord ing to the an- alogies of the ancient languages, chiefly the Latin. Some of the most common terminations of names of Genera and Species, are a, w, us, and is ; for example, the generic names, gerar- dia, trifolntm, prunus, and iris; and the specific names vir- ginica, candidum, blandus, and officinalis. A great propor- tion of Botanical names terminate in a, in which case it has the sound of a in father, as Rosa, Viola, &c. The letter e at the end of a word is always to be sounded j for example, Anemone, pronounced anem'-o-ne. The e is long before s when it ends a word, as Bicor' ties pronounced Bicornees. In words that end in ides, the i is long, as in Hesper' ides. The vowels ae and oe, are often used as diphthongs, and then have the sound of e, as Hepaticce, pronounced Hepat'-i-ce, and Di-cecia, pronounced Di-e-cia. C and g, as in English, are soft before e, i, and y, and hard before a, o, and u. The soft sound of c, is like s, the hard sound like k. The soft sound of g, is like j, the hard sound like g, in the word gave : thus Algae is pronounced Alje. Musci is pro- nounced Mussi. The letters c/i, are hard like Jc, as in Orchis ; pronounced Or-kis. Explanation of Letters and Characters. The letter o, when affixed to the specific description, stands for the Latin omnibus locis, in all places, meaning that the plant is common ; r denotes that the colour of the flower is red. p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b. blue — g. green — Ap. denotes that the flower blossoms in April — M. May — J. June — Ju. July ^Au. August — S. September — Oc. October— Var. stands foi Variety. 144 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. The following characters denote the duration of a plant. annual — tf biennial — % perennial — \i -woody. Accent and quantity. The marks over the generic and specific names have reference not only to the syllable which is to be accented, but to the quantity of the vowel in the accented syllable, as either long or short. Those syllables over which the single mark is placed have the vowel pronounced long, as in Fra ga'-ri-a ; those over which the double mark is placed, have the vowel pronounced short, as in He-pal" -i ca ; in the latter case, the stress of voice seems thrown upon the consonant ; the two marks may, there- fore, be considered as indicating that the consonant, as well as vowel, is accented. The general rule respecting wwds of two syllables is simple, and renders it unnecessary to prefix to such w r ords the marks for accent and quantity. Words of two syllables ahvays have the accent on the jirst , if the syllable end with a vowel it is long, as in Cro'-cus ; if it end icith a consonant it is short, as in Cac"-tus. Note — It would be well for the teacher to request the pupil to com- mit to memory the directions for pronouncing the name of plants — the signification of the letters — and to observe particularly the marks n r ed to point out acce?U and quantity. DESCRIPTION OF GENERA OF PLANTS. class i. monandria. One Stamen. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Salicor"nia. Calyx inflated, entire, 3 or 4-sided, obconic ; corollaO; style 2-cleft ; seed 1, enclosed in the calyx.— (samphire.) Order 2. Digynia. Two pistils. Bli'tum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like : corollaO: seed 1, immersed in the calyx.— (blite.) class ii. diandria. Two Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. A. Corolla l-petaled, inferior, regular ; seeds in a drupe or nut. Chion\n"tiu;s. Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-parted, with very long divisions : nucleus of the drupe, striate-hbrous.— (fringe-tree.)* Exotic. Jas"mtnum. Corolla salver-form, 5 to 8 cleft : berry 2-seeded, easn seed solitarv, arilled.— (jasmine.) Syrin"ga. Corolla salver- form : capsule 2-celled — (lilac.) B. Corolla l-petaled, inferior, irregular; seeds in capsules. Veronica. Calvx 4-parted : corolla cleft into 4 lobes, lower divi- sion smaller: capsule obcordate, few-seeded, 2-celled.— (speedwell ) C vrAi/'PA. Corolla 4 or 5-cleft, somewhat inflated, bell-iorm : calyx 2-parted or 2-leaved : siigma 2-lipped: capsule cylindnc, 2-cellcd.— (catalpa tree.) C. Corolla l-petaled, inferior, irregular ; seeds naked. Monar"da. Calyx cylindric, striated, 5 toothed: corolla ringent tubular.- (Oswego tea, mountain mint.) S.i/'vn. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, under lip 2 to 3-tootntd, lower lip 2-cleft": corolla rimrent, upper lip concave, lower lip broad, three-lobed, the middle lobe the largest, notched : stamens with two spreading branches, one of which bears a one-celled anther ; germ tour * Thjs is an exotic in our region, but grows wild in the southern states. 13 j 45 CLASS HI cleft : style thread-shaped, curved ; seeds 4, in the bottom of the car yx — (sage.) D. Corolla superior. Circje'a. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted ; corolla 2-petaled ; capsule hispid, 2-celled, not gaping; cells 1 or 2 seeded, seeds oblong. — (en- chanter's nightshade.) Order 2. Digynia. Two pistils. Antiioxan 'thum. Calyx of two egg-shaped, pointed, concave, chaffy scales ; 1 flowered; corolla of two equal husks, shorter than the calyx, awned on the back ; an internal corolla or nectary, con- sisting of two egg-shaped minute scales : stamens longer than the corolla; anther oblong, forked at both ends; germ superior: seed,] —{sweet vernal grass.) class in. triandria. Three Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. A. Flowers superior. I'ris. Calyx spatha 2 or 3-valved : corolla 6-parted, divisions alter- nately reflexed: stigmas 3. petal-like : style short: capsule 3-celled. — (flower-de-luce, iris or flag.) Exotic. Cro"cus. Spatha radical : corolla funnel form, with a long slender tube ; stigma deep-gashed, crested. — (saffron.) Ix"ia. Spatha 2 or 3 valved, ovate, short; corolla 6-parted or 6-pe- taled ; sometimes tubular : stamens strait or incurved; stigmas sub- filiform. — (black-berry lily.) Order 2. Digynia. Two pistils. A. Calyx and corolla of a similar texture— flowers in spreading panicles. Agros"tis. Calyx herbaceous, 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute, a little less than the corolla: corolla 2-valved, membranaceous, often hairy at the base : stigmas longitudinally hispid or plumose florets spreading; nectary lateral ; seed coated. — (redtop.) Calyx and corolla of similar texture— flowers in compact panicles^ often spikeform. Phi,e"um. Calyx hard, 2-valved, equal, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate; corolla enclosed in the calyx, 2-valved, awnless, trun- cate. — (timothy -grass.) B. Sjikelets 1 flowered; corolla with I or 2 abortive rudiments of flowers at the base. Calyx and coiolla of similar texture. Phala'rts. Calyx membranaceous, 2-valved, valves keeled, nerved, equal in length, including the 2-valved pilose corolla. The corolla is ■ CLASS IV. 147 shorter than the calyx and coriaceous : rudiments opposite, senile, re- sembling valves : nectary lateral. — (ribbon-grass.) C. Spikelets many-flowered. Po'a. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered; ca- fyx shorter than the florets: corolla herbaceous, awnless. often arach- noid at the base; lower valve scarious at the margin. — (spear-grass.) Exotic. Sorc/'hum. Florets in pairs, one perfect, with a 3-valved corolla, and sessile; the other staminate or neutral, and pedicelled. — (broom corn.) Dac^t^lts. Spikelets aggregated in unilateral heads, many flower- ed : calyx shorter than the florets, with one large glume, keeled, point ed: corolla with the lower valve keeled, emarginale, mucronate- (orchard grass.) Ave'na. Calyx 2-vatved; 2,3, or many flowered: corolla valves mostly bearded at the base, lower one torn, with a twisted awn on the back: glumes membranaceous, and somewhat follicle-like; seed coated. — (oats.) mm D. Flowers in spikes. Tri'ticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered ; florets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, obtusish and pointed; glumes beardless, or inter- ruptedly bearded. — (wheat.) Seca'le. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered : spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, with the terminal floret abortive: glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the florets : corolla with the lower valve long- awned. — (rye.) class iv. tetran oria. Four Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. A. Flowers superior. {\-petaled.) Cephalan"thtjs. Inflorescence in a head : general calyx none ,• proper calyx superior, minute, angular, 4-cleft: corolla funnel-form: receptacle globular, hairy: seed solitary, oblong. — (button-bush.) Housto'nia. Calyx half superior, 4-toothed: corolla salver-form, 4-clef't ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely. — (inno- cence.) (4-petaled.) Cor^xtts. Calyx 4-toothed: drupe with a 2-celled nut Some spe- cies have a 4-leaved involucrum. — (dogwood, false box.) Southern. Ly'cium. Corolla tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the filaments : stamens often 5 : berry 2-celled ; many seeded. — (mat- rimony.) 148 CLASS V. class v. pentakdria. Five Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One 'pistil. A. Flowers l-petaled, inferior ; seeds naked in the bottom of the calyx Bough Leaved Plants. Cynoglos"sum. Calyx 5-parted : corolla short, fnnnel-form, vault ed ; throat cioged by five converging convex processes; seeds depress- ed, affixed laterally to the style. — (hound's-tongue.) Bora'go. Corolla wheel-form, the throat closed with ra) r s. — (borage/ B. Flowers 1-petaled, inferior ; seeds covered. {Capsule l-celled.) Lysimach"ja. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla wheel-form, 5-cleft; capsule l-celled globular, 5 or 10-valved, mucronate ; stigma obtuse. (In some species the filaments are united at the base.) — (loose-strife.) {Capsule 2-cellcd — rarely 3-celled.) Verbas"cum. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla wheel-form, 5-lobed, some- what irregular, stamens declined, hairy ; capsules 2-celled, 2-valved valves indexed when ripened, many-seeded. — (mullein.) Convoi/'vulus. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts; corolla funnel-form, plaited : stigma 2-cleft or double: cells of the capsule 2 or 3; each 1 or 2 seeded. — (blind-weed— morning glory.) {Capsule 3 to 5-celled.) Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft; segments converging: corolla; salver-form, 5-lobed, with a tube somewhat curved ; filaments unequal' in length, attached to the inside of the tube of the corolla ; stigmas 3-cleft; cells 1 seeded, seeds oblong; concave. — (lichnidia.) Datc'ra. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous, with a permanent orbi-i cular base; corolla funnel-form, plaited; capsule 4-valved, 2 celled,] and each cell half divided ; generally thorny. — (thorn-apple.) {Seed in a berry.) Sola'num. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, permanent; corolla bell or wheel 1 form, 5-lobed, plaited ; anthers thickened, partly united, with two' pores at the top; berry containing many seeds, 2 to G-celied. — (potato, nightshade, bitter-sweet.) Exotic. Capsicum. Corolla wheel-form; berry juiceless, inflated ; anther: converging ; calyx angular. — (red pepper.) C. Flowers 1-petaled, superior. {Seeds in a capsule.) Campan"ula. Calyx mostly 5-cleft; corolla bell-form, closed at the bottom by valves bearing the flattened stamens; stigma 3 to 5-cleft: capsules 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. — (bell flower.) Ljbe'tia. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla irregular, often irregularly slit- ted; anthers cohering, and somewhat curved ; stigma 2-lobed; cap- sule 2 or ° -celled. — (cardinal flower, wild tobacco.) Lonue'ra. Calyx 5-toothed j corolla tubular, long. 5-cleft, unequal, CLASS V. 149 stamens exsert: stigmas globose; berry 2 or 3-celled, distinct ; seeds many — (trumpet honey suckle.) Exotic. Mira'eilis. Corolla funnel-form, compressed below: calyx infe- rior; germ between the calyx and corolla; stigma globular. — (four o'clock.) Flowers o-pctalcd, inferior. {Seed in a capsule.) Impa'tiens. Calyx 2-leaved, deciduous; corolla irregular, spurred; anthers cohering at the top ; capsule 5-valved, bursting elasLcally when ripe. — (touch-me-not, jewel weed.) Wola. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-cleft, corolla irregular, with a horn behind; (sometimes it is a mere prominence;) anthers attached by a membranous tip, or slightly cohering; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. —(violet.) Cei,.\s"trcs. Calyx 5-lobed ; flat: corolla spreading: capsule ob- tusely 3-angled, 3-celled, berry-like : valves bearing the partitions on their centres; cells 1 or 2-seeded : stamens standing around a glandu- lar 5-toolhed disk: style thick: stigma 3-cleft: seeds calyptred or arilled. — (staff tree, false bittersweet.) E, Floicers b-pelaled, inferior. Ri'bes. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft, (sometimes flat:) corolla and sta- mens inserted on the calyx : style 2-eleft : berry many seeded. 3G. 85. — (currant, goose-berry.) Order 2. Digynia. Two pistils. A. Corolla 1-pelallcd, inferior. Gentia'na. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft : corolla with a tabular base, bell-form, without pores, 4 or 5-cleft, stigmas 2, sub-sessile, capsule 1-celled ob- long: columellas 2, longitudinal : stamens but 4, when the divisions of corolla are 4. — (gentian.) Exotic. Plants umbelliferous : flowers 5-petallcd, superior : seeds 2. {Seeds prickly or hispid.) Da'ucus. Seeds striate on their joining sides: outer sides convex, hispid ribs : involucrum pinnatifid; flowers sub-radiated, abortive in the disk. — (carrot.) Exotic. Ane'thum. Seeds flat or convex, 5-ribbed : germ lenticular, com- pressed: calyx and petals entire : involucrums none. — (fennel, dill.) Order 3. Trigynia. Three pistils. A. Flowers superior. Vibur/'ncm. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, small ; corolla bell-form, 5-cleft, with spreading or reflexed lobes; stigmas almost sessile : berry or drupe 1-seeded. — (snow ball, sheep-berry, high cranberry.) Sambu'cus. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, small; corolla sub-urceolate; 5-cleft; stigma minute, sessile: berry globose, 1-celled 3-seeded - (elder.) 150 'LARS VI., VII. Li'ncm. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, permanent; corolla 5-petaled inferior, with claws; capsule 5 or 10-valved, 10-celled; seeds solitary^ ovate, compressed ; filaments spreading or united at the base. — (flax.) class vi. hexandria. Six Stamens Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. A. Flowers having a perianth and corolla, without a spatha. Tradescan"tia. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved ; corolla 3-petaled ; fila- ments with jointed beards; capsules 3-celled, many-seeded. — (spider- wort.) B. Flowers having a spatha or glume, without a perianth. Amaryi/'lis. Corolla superior, 6-petaled, unequal ; filaments une- qual in proportion or direction, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube. — (atamask lily.) Exotic. Galan"thus. Petals 3, concave, superior: nectarines (or inner pe- tals) 3, small, emarginate ; stigma simple. — (snowdrop.) C. Flowers having no calyx. Li'lium. Corolla liliaceous, inferior, 6-petaled; petals with a lon- gitudinal line from the middle to the base ; stamens shorter than the style ; stigma undivided ; capsule sub-triangular, with the valves con- nected by hairs crossing as in a sieve. — (lily.) Euythro'nium. Corolla liliaceous, inferior, 6-petaled ; petals re- flexed, having two pores and two tubercle-form nectaries at the base of the three inner alternate petals ; capsule somewhat stiped ; seeds cvate. — (dog-tooth violet, or adder-tongue.) Aspar'agcs. Corolla inferior, 6-paried, erect, the three inner di- visions reflexed at the apex : style very short : stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — (asparagus.) Exotic. Tu'lipa. Corolla 6-petaled. liliaceous, style ; stigma thick ; cap- sule oblong, 3-sided. — (tulip.) Fritilla'ria. Corolla inferior, 6-petaled, bell-form, with a necta- riferous cavity above the claw of each ; stamens of the length of the corolla; seeds flat. — (crown imperial.) Order 3. Tryginia. Three pistils. Tr:l"lium. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spreading ; corolla 3-petaled Styles ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, many seeded. — (false wake robin. x class vn. heptandria. Seven Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Es'culus. Calyx inflated ; 4 or 5-toothed ; corolla 4 or 5-petaled, averted on the calyx, unequal, pubescent; capsule 3-celled; seed* large, solitary, chestnut-form. — (horse-chestnut.) class vin., ix., x. 15> class vin. octandria. Eight Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tabular, caducous, divisions .reflected ; petals 4, inserted on the calyx ; stigma 4-cleft ; capsule 4-cel led, 4-val* ved ; seeds not feathered, affixed to a central 4-sided columella.— (sca^ bish' or evening primrose.) . Trop .e'olum Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured spurred ; petals 4 or 5, unequal; nuts leathery, sulcate.— (nasturtion.) class ix. enneandria. Nine Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Latj'rus Calyx 4 to 6-parted ; corolla 0; nectaries 3, each a 2-Vis- tled or 2-lobed gland, surrounding the germ; drupe 1 -seeded. Stamens varv from 3 to 14, but they are generally in two series ol G each, with 3 of the inner series barren— often dioecious. The calyx may be taken for a corolla.— (sassafras, spice-bush.) class x. decandria. Ten Stamens. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. A Flowers polvpetalous, irregular, {mostly papilionaceous.) Cas"sia. Calyx 5-leaved ; corolla 5-petaled ; anthers 3, lower ones beaked, and on longer incurved filaments ; legume membranaceous.— (cassia.) B. Flowers polypetalous, regular. Py'rol*. Calvx 5-parted, petals 5 ; styles longer than the stamens , anthers with two pores at the base before, and the top alter the open- ing olMhe flower ; capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles near the. ^Cffli^ ' Calvx 5-parted; petals 5; anthers beaked, with 2 pores at the base before, and at the top after the opening of the flower ; stvle immersed ; stigma thick, orbiculate ; capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles near the summit— (prince's pine, pipsissiwa.; Exotic. Ru'ta Calyx 5-p-rted; petals concave; receptacle surrounded by 10 nectariferous dot.; capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and sta- mens 8.)— (rue.) C. Flowers monopctalous. Epigs'a. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved, inner 5-parted; (or calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts;) corolla salver-form; border 5-parted, spread- ing; tube villose within ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded; receptacle 5-parled. — (trailing arbutus.) nun ~. Vacci"nioi. Calyx superior, 5-toothed or 5-parted, corolla bell or pitcher-form, 5-cleft, the divisions reflected • filaments inserted on tne 152 CLASS XI. germ with the corolla ; berry 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded. (The fc* reisrn species are sometimes octandrous.*) — (whortleberry.) Kai/'aha. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla wheel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath, and 10 cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen is mature; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. — (laurel.) D. Flowers vllh:- lyx: {or with a coloured petal like a calyx,) whole plant destitute of green herbage. Monot"ropa. Corolla confusedly polypetalous, permanent ; petals about 5, with nectariferous hollows at their bases ; anthers reniform, subpeltate, 1-celled, giving out pollen by 2 holes near the middle; stigma orbicular, not bearded ; capsule 5-celled, 5 valved. — (bird's nest, Indian pipe.) Order 2. Digynia. Two pistils. Hydran"gea. Calyx 5-toothed, superior; corolla 5-petaled; cap- sule 2-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. S.AXiFfiA'GA. Calyx 5-parted, half superior ; corolla 5-petaled; cap- sule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks ; many-seeded. — (saxifrage.) Sapona'ria. Calyx inferior, 1-leaved, tubular, 5-toothed, without scales ; petals 5, with claws ; capsule oblong, 1-celled. — (soap wort.) Dian"thus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1-leafed, with 4 or 8 scales at the base; petals 5, with claws; capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at the top. — (pink, sweet-william.) OrderS. Trigynia. Three pistils. Sile'ne. Calyx 1-leaved, tubular or conic, 5-toothed ; petals 5, with claws, generally crowned at the orifice; capsule 3-celled, 6 too'.hed, many-seeded. Order 5. Pentagynia. Five pistils. Agrostem"ma. Calyx 5-clcft, prismatic or tubular; coriaceous; petals 5, with claws; border obtuse, entire; capsule 1-celled, many- seeded, opening with 5 teeth. — (cockle.) Order 10. Dccagynia. Ten pistils. Phytolac"ca. Calyx 9; corolla 5-petaled or5-cleft, calyx-like, in- ferior ; berry 10-cell, iO-seeded. By some authors the calyx is called a corolla. — (poke-weed.) class xi. icosandria. More than Ten Stamens situated on the Calyx. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Prd'nus. Calyx-cleft, inferior, bell-form ; corolla 5-petaled; nut of ' Having eight stamens, CLASS XII. 153 the drupe smooth, with prominent seams at the sutures. — (oheiry, plum.) Exotic. Amyo"dalus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior; petals 5, drupe with a nut, perforated with pores, flowers sessile. — (peach.) Phjladel"phus. Calyx 4 or 5-parted, superior, top-form ; corolla 4 or 5-petaled ; style 4-cleft ; capsule 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded; seed arilled. — (false syringa, or mock orange.) Order 2. Digynia, to Order 5. Pentagynia ; or Dipenta- gynia. From two to Jive pistils. Cratje'gus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft; petals 5; styles 1 to 5; berry mealy ; seeds 2 to 5, bony. — (thorn-bush.) Aro'nia. Calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; fruit pomaceous; berry 5 or 10-celled: cells 1 or 2-seeded; seeds cartilaginous. — (shad- flower, choak berry.) Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior; corolla 5-petaled; pome 5-celled, many-seeded ; seeds compressed-ovate. — (pear, apple, quince.) Order 13. Pologynia. Many pistils. Ro'sa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-cleft, fleshy ; contracted to- wards the top ; petals 5; seeds numerous, bristly, fixed lo the sides of the calyx within. A genus remarkable for the multiplication of its petals, by rich culture. — (rose.) Ru'bcs. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior; corolla 5-petaled; pistils nume- rous ; berry composed of many juicy, 1-seeded acines, on a dry recep- tacle. — (raspberry, black-berry.) Fr aga'ria. Calyx inferior, 10-eleft ; 5 alternate divisions smaller ; corolla 5-petaled; receptacle ovate, berry-like; acines naked, im- mersed in the receptacle, caducous. — (strawberry.) class xii. polyandria. More than ten Stamens situated on the receptacle. Order 1. Monogynia. One pistil. Sanguina'ria. Calyx caducous, 2-leaved ; corolla about 8-petaled, stigma sessile, twinned, 2-grooved; capsule pod-like, ovate, 1-celled, 2-v r ah r ed, acute at each end; valves caducous; columella 2, perma- nent. — (blood-root.) Podophyi/'lum. Calyx 3-leaved, minute; corolla about 9-petaled ; stigma lars:e, crenate, sessile; berry 1-celled, crowned with the stig- ma, large, many-seeded; columella one-sided. — (wild mandrake.) Exotic. Papa'ver. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous; corolla 4-petaled; stigma a broad disk, with radiating lines ; capsule 1-celled, dehiscent by pores under the permanent stigma. — (poppy.) Order 2. Digynia. to Order 5. Pentagynia, or Di-Penta- gyvia. Delphinium. Calyx ; corolla 5-petalea, unequal ; nectary, 2-r left, 154 class xrn. horned behind; capsules 1 or 3, pod-like. By some the ccroliais con- sidered as a coloured calyx. — (larkspur.) Aqujle'gia. Calyx 0; petals 5, caducous; nectaries 5, alternating with the petals, and terminating downwards in a spur-like nectary ; capsules 5, erect; acuminated with the permanent styles, many-seed- ed. By some the nectaries are considered as petals, and the corolla as a coloured calyx. — (columbine.) Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions equal, sub-ovate ; corolla D-petaled ; filaments often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets ; styles 2 to 5; capsules membranaceous, roundish, with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. The bases of the filaments are often in groups, when they are not united. — (St. John's wort.) Exotic. Pjeo'nia. Calyx 5-leaved ; petals 5; styles 0; stigmas 2 or 3; cap- sules pod-like, many-seeded. Remarkable for the multiplication of petals by rich culture. — (peony.) Order 13. Polygyria. Many pistils. A. Perianth none. Clem"atis. Petals 3, 4, 5, or 6 ; seeds compressed ; styles perma- nent, becoming long plumose tails. (Some species are dioecious.) (virgin's bower.) By some the corolla is considered a coloured calyx. Axemo'ne. Petals 5 to ; seeds numerous, naked. — (wind-flower, rue anemone.) The corolla is considered a calyx by some. Cai/'tha. Petals 5 to 9; orbicular; capsules numerous, (5 to 10,) many-seeded, compressed; 1-celled, spreading; nectaries 0. (Pistils variable in number.) — (American cowslip.) By some the corolla is mistaken for a coloured calyx. B. Having a perianth. Hepat"ica. Calyx 3-leaved, a little distance below the corolla, en- tire ; petals G to 9; seeds without tails. — (liverleaf.) Ranunculus. Calyx 5-leaved; petals 5, with claws, and a necta- riferous pore or scale on the inside of each ; seeds without tails, na- ked, numerous. — (crow-foot.) class xiii. didynamia. Having Four Stamens. Two Star mens longer than the other two. Order 1. Gymnospermia. Seeds naked in the Calyx. A. Calyx 5-cleft, with the divisions, or teeth, nearly equal. Men'tha, Corolla nearly equal, 4-lobed; broadest division, emat- ginate; stamens erect, distant. — (spearmint, peppermint.) Hedeo'ma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base; upper lip with "3 lanceolate teeth; lower lip with two subulate ones; corolla ringent; 2 short stamens barren. — (pennyroyal.) Nep'eta. Calyx dry, striate: corolla with a longish tube; under lip with the middle division crenate, throat with a reflected margin ; stamens approximate. — (catmint.) Glecho'ma. Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla double the length of the calyx ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emargi CLASS XIV. 155 nate; each pair of anthers approaching so as t.o exhibit the form of a cross. — (ground ivy, gill-overground.) Exotic. Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate ; bracts under-studded; co- rolla resupinate ; stamens in the tube. — (lavender.) B. Calyx 2-lipped. Prunel"la. Calyx with the upper lip dilated ; filaments 2-forked, with an anther on one of the points; stigma 2-cieft. — (self-heal, or heal-all.) Scutellaria. Calyx with an entire mouth, which is closed with a helmet-form lid after the corolla falls out ; tube of the corolla bent.— (scull-cap.) Exotic. Thy"mus. Calyx sub-campanulate, with the throat closed with hairs ; corolla with the upper lip flat, emarginate ; lower lip longer. — (thyme.) Order 2. Angiospermia. Seeds in a capsule. Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-parted ; the two lower divisions remote ; corolla personate or ringent, spurred, or with a pro- minent base ; the throat closed with a prominent palate ; capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex, with reflexed teeth. — (snap-dragon, toad-flax.) Ger.ar"dia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; corolla sub-campanulate, unequally 5-lobed ; segments mostly rounded; capsule 2-celled, dehi- scent at the top. — (false foxglove.) Pentste'mon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved; corolla ringent, inflated; the rudiment of a bearded filament between, and longer than two tallest stamens; anthers smooth; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, ovate; seeds numerous, angular. — ''beard tongue.) class xiv. tetr adynamia. Having six stamens — Four sta- mens longer than the other two. Order 1. Siliculosa. Short pod. Exotic. Luna'ria. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled ; valves equalling the partition, parallel, flat ; calyx consists of coloured sack- like leafets. 39. 63. — (honesty, or satin-flower.) Order 2. Siliquosa. Long pod. Ciietran'thus. Calyx closed, two of the leafets gibbous at the base; petals dilated ; silique, when young with a glandular tooth each side; stigma 2-lobed; seed flat, sometimes margined. — (stock-july-flower, wall-flower.) Sina'pis. Calyx spreading; corolla with strait claws; glands b**- tween the short stamens and the pistil, and between the long stamen* 156 ULAoS XV. and the calyx; partition extending beyond the valves of the silique, ansiform; seeds in a single series. — (mustard.) Rapha'nus. Calyx closed, silique, terete, not opening by valves, 1 or 2-celled; glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and the calyx. — (radish.) Exotic. Bras'sica. Calyx erect, converging; partition extending beyond ihe valves of the silique; seed globose; glands between the short sta- -mens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx. — (cabbage, turnip.) class xv. monadelphia. Stamens united by filaments in one set. i Order 3. Triandria. Three stamens. Sisirvn"chium. Spatha 2-leaved ; perianth 0; corolla superior, 6* cleft or 6-petaled, tubular; style 1 ; stigma 3-cleft; capsule 3-celled.- (blue-eyed grass.) Order 5. Penlandria. Exotic. Ero'dium. Calyx 5-leaved ; corolla 5-petaled ; nectariferous scales 5, alternating with the filaments; arils 5, 1-seeded, awned, beaked at the base of the receptacle; awn spiral, bearded within. — (stork's bill.) Order 7. Heptandria. Seven stamens. Exotic. Pelargo'nium. Calyx 5-parted, upper division broader, ending in a capillary nectariferous tube ; corolla 5-petaled, irregular ; the two upper petals usually broader, with coloured veins; filaments 10, 3 of them usually without anthers; arils 5, each 1-seeded, awned ; some of the awns spiral. — (stork geranium.) Order 10. Decandria. Ten stamens. Gera'nium. Calyx 5-leaved ; corolla 5-petaled, regular ; nectarife- rous glands 5, adhering to ihe base of the 5 alternating long filaments; arils 5, 1-seeded, awned, beaked at the elongated top of the receptacle; awn naked or smooth within, straight. 14. 73.— (cranebill, false crow-foot, herb-robert.) Order 12. Polyandria. Many stamens. Altios'a. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft; capsules many, ay- ranged circularly, 1-seeded.— (hollyhock.) Mai/'va. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, inner one 5-cleft ; cap- sules manv, arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1-seeded.— (mallows.* CLASS XVI. j XVII. 157 ci ass xvi. diadelphia. Stamens united by filaments in two sets. Order 5, to Order 8. Pent-octandria. From 5 to 8 stamens. Polyga'la. Calyx 5-leaved, permanent, unequal, 2 of the leafets wing-like, larger, coloured, corolla irregular (or rather, calyx 3-leaf- ed, corolla imperfectly papilionaceous;) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keel of the corolla sometimes appendaged : seeds hairy. — (snake root, milk-wort, low centaury, mountain flax.) Order 10. Decandria. Ten stamens. Legume without transverse divisions or portions ; seeds numerous* {Stigma pubescent.) Pi'sum. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal: banner protruding 2 folds : style compressed, carinate, villose above : legume without down at the suture. — (pea.) La'thyrus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shorter : style flat, villose above, broader towards the top. (Stems mostly winged, leafets 2 or more, terminated by a divided tendril.) — (sweet pea.) (Stigma not pubescent.) Phase'olus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted together ; legum compressed, falcate ; seeds sub-compressed, reniform. — (bean.) Robi'nia. Calyx small, bell-form. 4-cleft, upper division 2-parted : banner large, reflexed, roundish, legume compressed, elongated, many seeded ; seeds compressed, small. — (locust tree.) Trifo'lium. Flowers sub-capitate ; legume included in the calyx, not opening by valves, 1 to 4-seeded. Leaves always ternate. — (clover.) Lupi'nus. Calyx 2-lipped, anthers, 5 oblong and 5 roundish ; le- gume coriaceous. — (lupine.) class xvii. syngenesia. Anthers united. Order 1. Polygamia JEqualis. Disk and ray florets perfect, A. Floret tigulatc. Leon'todon. Calyx imbricate, with flexible leafets ; receptacle na- ked : egret stiped. — (dandelion.) L*ctu'ca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the margin of the scales membranaceous; receptacle naked; egret simple, stiped; seed smooth. — (lettuce.) Cap/'duus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prickly scales; receptacle villose; egret pilose. — (comb-tooth thistle.) Cvn"ara. Receptacle bristly ; calyx dilated, imbricate, scales with 14 158 CLASS XVII. fleshy bases, emarginate and pointed ; egret plumose, sessile. — (garden artichoke.) B. Florets tubulous ; floiucr discoid. Eupa'to'rium. Catyx imbricated (rarely simple) oblong; style long, cloven halfway down; egret pilose, scabrous, or rough papillose; re- ceptacle naked : seed smooth and glandular, 5 striate. — (bonese^ ihoroughwort, joepye.) Order 2. Polygamia superf.ua. Florets of the disk perfect those of the ray having pistils only. A. Flowers discoid ; the ray florets being obsolete. Tanace'tum. Calyx imbricate, hemispheric ; scales acuminate, rays obsolete, 3-cleft ; egret somewhat marginal; receptacle naked. (Flow- ers corymbed.) — (tansey.) Gxapha'lium. Calyx imbricate with the marginal scales rounded, scarious, shortish, glossy, coloured; receptacle naked; egret pilose oi plumose, scabrous ; florets of the ray subulate, of the disk entire. Sometimes all the florets are perfect. — (life everlasting.) B. Flowers radiate ; the ligulate ray florets very manifest. (Receptacle naked.) As'ter. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales generally spreading, egret simple, pilose ; receptacle often deep pitied. Florets of the ray more than 10, except in a few species ; colour purple or white, never yellow. — (star-flower.) Solida'go. Calyx oblong or sub-cyiindric, with oblong, narrow, pointed straight scales, imbricate, closed upon the flower ; ray florets about 2, and fewer than 10, lanceolate, 2-toothed, equal to, or shorter than the calyx; filaments capillary, very short; style thread form, equalling the length of the stamens, stigma cleft, spreading; egret simple, pilose, scabrous; receptacle furrowed with dots or punctures; seeds oblong ovate. — (golden rod.) Ciirvsan'themum. Calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales membranous at the margin ; egret none, or a narrow margin. — (ox- eyed daisy, fever-few.) Exotic. Bel"lis. Calyx hemispherical ; scales equal ; egret ; receptacle tonical ; seed obovate. — (garden daisy.) Tage'tes. Calyx simple, 1-leafed, 5-toothed, tubular: florets of the ray about 5, permanent ; egret 5 erect awns. — (marigold.) (Receptacle chaffy or hairy.) An"themis. Calyx hemispherical; scales with scarious margin?, nearly equal ; egret 0, or a membranous margin : florets of the J ay more man 5 ; receptacle chaffbflat, with a rigid acuminate apex ; seed crown- ed with a membranous border or egret. — (may-weed, chamomile.) Order 3. Polygamia Frustranea. Florets of the disk per- fect, those of the ray having neither stamens nor pistils. Helian"thus. Calyx imbricate, sub-souarrose, leafy ; receptacle CLASS XVIII. XIX. 159 flat, chaffy ; egret 2-leaved, chaff-like, caducous. — (sunflower, Jerusa- lem artichoke.) class xviii. gynandria. Stamens growing out of the pistil. Order 1. Monandria. One stamen. A. Anther adnate, sub-terminal, not caducous ; masses of pollen affixed by the base, and made up of angular particles. Or"chis. Corolla ringent-like, upper petal vaulted ; lip dilated, spurred beneath: masses of pollen 2, adnate, terminal. — (orchis.) Order 2. Diandria. Two stamens. Cypripe'ditjm. Calyx coloured, 4-leavcd, spreading ; corolla 0, (by some the calyx is called a corolla;) nectary large, hollow, inflated 5 style with a terminant lobe, and petal-like appendage on the upper side. — (lady's slipper.) Order 5. Pentandria. Five stamens. Plants bearing seeds in follicles ; and pollen in masses called pollinia. Ascle'pias. Petals 5, reflected ; nectaries 5, concave, erect, con- taining little horns : each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen, suspended from the top of the stigma ; follicles smooth. — (milk-weed, silk-weed.) class xix. moncecia. Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant. Order 3. Triandria. Three stamens. Ty'pha. Anient cylindric, dense-flowered. Staminate flowers — calyx obsolete, 3-leaved : corolla ; stamens 3 together, on a chaffy or hairy receptacle, united below into one. Pistillate flowers — below the staminate; calyx 0; corolla 0; seed 1, pedicelled; the pedicels sur- rounded at the base with long hairs resembling an egret. — (cat-tail or reed mace.) Ca'rex. Aments imbricate (usually m cylindric spikes.) Stami- nate flowers — calyx scales single ; corolla 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx scale single; corolla inflated, monopetalous, 2-toothed at the apex; stigmas 2 or 3 ; nut 3-sided, enclosed in the inflated, permanent corolla, which becomes an utriculous-like permanent aril. Sometimes dioeci- ous. — (sedge.) Compto'nia. Staminate flowers — ament C3^1indric, with calyx scales 1 flowered; corolla 2-petaled or none ; filaments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — spike or ament ovate ; corolla 6-petaled (ihe corolla may be called a calyx ;) styles 2 ; not oval, 1 -celled.— (sweet fern.) Ze'a. Staminate flowers— calyx glume 2-flowered, awnless ; corolla glume awnless. Pistillate flowers— calyx glume 2-valved (number of J6C CLASS XIX. ralves increased by cultivation ;) style 1, very long, filiform, pendu- lous; seed solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. — (Indian corn.) Order 4. Tetrandria. Four stamens. Mo'rus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted; corolla 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-leaved ; corolla ; styles 2, calyx becoming berry- like ; seed 1. — (mulberry.) Order 5. Pentandria. Five stamens. Amara"nthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 5-leaved ; corolla \ stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corolla as the stami- nate; styles 3; capsule 1-celled, opening transversely ; seed 1. — (ama- ranth, red cockscomb.) Order 12. Polyandria. Many stamens. A. Stems not woody. Sagitta'ria. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-leaved ; corolla 3 petaled; filaments mostly 24. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corolla as in the staminate ; germs many ; capsules aggregate, 1-seeded, not opening, — (arrow-head.) Ar'um. Spatha cucullate, 1-leaved ; spadix not entirely covered With fructification ; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath, and staminate in the middle (sometimes a few are sta- minate beneath ; berry mostly 1-seeded, generally cirrose glandular beneath.) — (Indian turnip, wake-robin.) B. Stems woody. GLuer'cus. Staminate flowers — ament loose; calyx sub 5-cleft ; co- rolla 0; stamens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1 -leafed, entire, scabrous, being a woody cup ; style 1, stigma 2 to 5; nut or acorn 1- celled, 1-seeded, coriaceous, surrounded at the base by the permanent calyx. — (oak.) Casta'nea. Polygamous. Staminate flowers — ament naked, linear : corolla (or calyx) 1-leaved, 5 or 6-parled ; stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5 or G-leaved. (or 5 or G-lobed) muricate ; germs 3 ; stig- ma pencil-form ; nuts 3, with coriaceous putamen, enclosed in the calyx, becoming echinate. — (chestnut.) Order 15. Monadelphia. Filaments united. A. Stems not woody. Exotic. Cucur'bita. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 5-cleft ; filaments 3. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corolla like the staminate ; pistil 3-cleft ; pomaceons berry large, 3 to 5-celled ; seeds thickened at the margin. — (gourd, squash, pumpkin, water-melon.) Ricinus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted: stamens numerous. Pistillate flowers, calyx 3-parted: styles 3 or 4-cleft : capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — (castor-oil plant.) CLASS XX. T61 B. Steins woody. Pi'nus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-lea\'ed, peltate ; corolla 0; sta- mens many ; anthers naked, 2, sessile, 1-celled. Pistillate flowers — calyx in strobiles or cones, scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered : pistil 1 ; nut with a membranous wing. — (pine.) clas3 xx. dicecia. Staminate and pistillate flowers on dif- ferent plants. Order 2. Diandria. Two stamens. Sa'lix. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric; calyx a 1-flowered scale, with a nectariferous gland at the base ; stamens i to 6. Pistillate flowers — ament and calyx like the staminate; stigmas 2, generally 2- cleft ; capsule 1-celled; 2-valved; seeds many, with egret-like down. — 'willow.) Order 5. Pentandria. Five stamens. Hum"ultjs. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved ; corolla ; anthers with two pores at the extremity. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1-leaved ; entire, oblique, spreading ; styles 2, seed 1, within the leaf-like calyx, infloresence strobile-form. — (hop.) Exotic. Can"nabis. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted. Pistillate flowers -calyx 5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally ; styles 2 ; nut 2-valved, with- in the closed calyx. — (hemp.) Order 8. Octandria. Eight stamens. Po'pulus. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, calyx a torn scale*, corolla turbinate, oblique, entire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers — ament, calyx and corolla like the staminate; stigma 4 or 6- lobed : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seed with egret-like hairs. Leaves have a tremulous motion. — (poplar, balm of Gilead.) Note. The 21st Class, Cryptogamia being too difficult for the be- ginner in Botany to analyze, is omitted. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF PLANTS. 7—1. ^SCULUS. (From the Latin Esca, food.) Exotic. Hippocas"tanum, (horse-chestnut, w. J. T?) leaves digitate, with about 7 divisions ; corolla 5-petaled, spreading ; flowers in a panicle pyra- mid. 15. f. 10—5. AGROSTEMMA. (From the Greek Agros, a field, and stevwia, a garland.) Githo/go, (cockle. O. r. J. ©) hirsute ; catyx longer than the corolla ; petals entire. 3—2. AGROSTIS. (From Agros, a field.) Vidga'ris, (red-top. O. J. %) panicle with smoothish branches, spread- ing in maturity ; outer valve of the corolla 3-nerved ; stipule short, truncate. 18. i. 15—13. ALTH^A. (From the Greek Altkco, to heal.) Officina'lis, (marsh mallows. %) leaves downy, oblong ovate, obsolete- ly 3-lobed, toothed. 19—5. AMARANTHUS. (From a Greek word signifying not withering.) Melanckol'icus, (love-lies-bleeding, r. ) glomerules axillary, pedun- cled, roundish; leaves lance ovate, coloured. 6 — 1. AMARYLLIS. (Latin name for a nymoh. Exotic. Formotis"sima ) (jacobea. %) spatha 1-flowered; corolla rmgent-likej petals declined. 11—1. AMGYDALUS. Exotic. Per"sica, (peach, r. M. T7) serratures of the leaves all acute, flower* sessile, solitary. 15. f. Na'na, (flowering almond. T7) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharp- ly serrate. 3. f. 12—13. ANEMONE. (From the Greek anemos, the wind.) Virginia'na, (wind-flower. O. g-w. Ju. %) stem dichotomous ; leaves ARO 163 in threes, ternate, upper ones opposite; leafets gashkjbate and ser- rate-acute; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, elorgated; seed oblong, wool])-, mucronate, in heads. 18. i. Nemoro'sa, (low anemone. O. r-w. M. %) stem 1-flowered ; cauline leaves in threes, ternate; leafets wedge-form, gash lobed, toothed, acute; corolla 5-6 petaled; seeds ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety, quinquefolia, has lateral leafets deeply 2-cleft. 6. i. 5 2. ANETHUM. Exotic. Grave'olens, (dill.) fruit compressed ; plant annual. Fceni'culum, (fennel.) fruit ovate ; plant perennial. 17—2. ANTHEMIS. Cof'ula, ^mayweed. O. w. J. €>) receptacle conic, chaff bristly, seed naked ; leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subulate, 3-parted. 10. i. Exotic. No'bihs, (chamomile, w. Au. %) leaves 2-pinnate ; leafets 3-parted; linear subulate, sub-villous, stem branching at the base. Fragrant* 4. i. 2— 2. ANTHOXANTHUM. (From the Greek Anthos, a flower, and JCnnthus, yellow.) Oaora turn (sweet vernal grass. O. M. %,) spike oblong-ovate ; flo- rets sub-peduncled, shorter than the awn. An American variety, altissimum, is larger and of a dark green. An elegant substitute for the Leghorn grass. 10 — 18. i. 13—2. ANTIRRHINUM. (From the Greek anti, like, and rin, a snout.) Lina'ria, (snap-dragon, y. Ju. %) erect, glabrous; leaves scattered, lanceolate-linear, crowded together; spikes terminal, dense-flower- ed; calyx glabrous, shorter than the spur. Flowers large— (toad flax.) Naturalized. 12—18. i. 12—5. AQUILEGIA. (From Aquila, an eagle.) Canaden'sis, (wild columbine. O. r. & y. Ap. %) horns straight, stamens exscrt, leaves decompound. Growing frequently in cre- vices of rocks. 15. i. Exotic. Vulga'ris, (garden columbine. J. %) horns incurved ; leafy, stem and leaves glabrous ; leaves decompound. The nectariferous horns be- come numerous by culture ; one hollow horn within another. 15. i, 11—5. ARONIA. Botrya'piurn (shad bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. T;>,) leaves oblong oval, cuspidate, glabrous when mature (when first expanded lanceolate T64 AST and downy;) flowers racemed; petals linear; germs puoescent; segments of the calyx glabrous. 19—12. ARUM. TriphyV'lum, (Indian turnip, wild turnip, wake robin, O. p. g. & w. M. %) sub-caulescent; leaves ternate; leafets ovate; acuminate, spadix club-form ; spatha ovate, acuminate, peduncled with the la- mina as long as the spadix. One variety, virens, has a green spa- tha, another" atropwrpureum, has a dark purple spatha; another, al- bum has a white spatha. 1 — 3. f. 18—5. ASCLEPIAS. (From JEsculapius, the Founder of Medicine.) 1. Leaves opposite. Syri'aca, (common milkweed, O. w. p. Ju. %) stem very simple ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath; umbels sub-nodding, downy, 3 to five feet high ; flowers in large, close clus- ters, sweet-scented — pollinia are fly traps. 3 — 5. f. Incama'ta, (O. r. Ju. %) stem erect, branching above, downy; leaves lanceolate, sub-downy both sides ; umbels mostly double at their ori- gin: the little horn of the nectary exsert. A variety pulchra is more hairy. Var. glabra, almost glabrous. Var. alba, has white flowers. Damp. 3. f. 6—1. ASPARAGUS. (A Greek name.) Exotic. Ojjicina"lis, (asparagus, Ju. %) stem herbaceous, unarmed, sub-erect, terete; leaves bristle-form, soft; stipules sub-solitary. Naturalized in the northern and southern districts. 4. f. 17—2. ASTER. (A Star.) Leaves entire. Linariifo"lius, (star-flower O. p. y. Au. %) leaves thick-set, nerve- kss, linear, mucronate, dotted, carinate, rough, stiff, those on the branches recurved ; stem sub-decumbent ; branches level topped, 1- flowered ; calyx imbricate, of the length of the disk ; stem rough, purplish. Multifl'orus, (O. w-y. Au. to Nov. %) leaves linear, smoothish; stem very branching, diffuse, pubescent ; branchlets oneway; calyx im- bricate; scales oblong, scurvy, acute. Cya'neus, (O. b-p. Au. %) leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth; stem wand-like-panieled, very glabrous ; branches racemed ; scales of the calyx lax, lanceolate, equalling the disk, inner ones coloured at the apex. 3 — 4. f. Flowers many and large. This is the hand- somest of all asters. Leaves more or less cordate and ovate, serrate, or toothed. Panicula'tus, (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. %) leaves ovate-lanceolate, subser- rate, petioied, glabrous; radical ones, ovate heart form, serrate, rough, petioied ; petioles naked ; stem very branching, glabrous •, 7 CAM 165 branch ets pilose; calyx lax, sub-imbricate. 2 — 1. f. Flowers smallish, numerous. Cordifo'lius, (O. w. S. %) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp ser- rate, petioled ; petioles winged ; stem panicled, smoothish ; panicles divaricate ; calyx lax, sub-imbricate. Flowers small. Leaves lanceolate and orate, lower ones serrate. Exotic. Chinen"sis, (china aster. ©) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled; cauline ones sessile, at the base wedge-form: floral ones lanceolate, entire; stem hispid ; branches 1-flowered; calyx foliaceous. A variety has very full flowers, various coloured, and very short rays. Cultivated. 3—1. AVENA. Exotic. Sati'va, (oats S. ) panicled; calyx 2-seeded; seeds smooth, one of them awned. 17 — 2. BELLIS. (Perhaps from the Latin Bellus, handsome.) Exotic. Peren"nis, (daisy, w. & p. Ap. %) leaves obovate, crenate ; scape na- ked, 1 flowered. 1—2. BLITUM. (A Greek name.) Capita'tum, (strawberry blite. O. r. J. ) heads in a terminal spike, not intermixed with leaves; leaves triangular, toothed. 15. i. 5—1. BORAGO. Officina'lis, (borage, b. Ju. £>) leaves alternate ; calyx spreading. 14—2. BRASSICA. Exoiic. Ra'pa, (turnip, tf ) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed, fleshy ; radi- cal leaves rough ; cauline ones very entire, smooth. Var. ruta-baga, has a turbinate, sub-fusiform root. Olea'cea, (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by cul- ture, tf) root caulescent, terete, fleshy; leaves smooth, glaucous, repand lobate. 12—13. CALTHA. (Latin name for Marygold.) Palus'tris, (O. y. Ap. %) stem erect ; leaves cordate, sub-orbicular, acute-crenate. 5 — 1. CAMPANULA. (Latin name, meaning a small bell.) Rotundifo'lia, (flax bell-flower, hare-bell. O. b. J. %) glabrous ; radi- cal leaves heart reniform, crenate; cauline ones linear, entire ; pa- nicle lax, few flowered ; flowers nodding. American' a, (E. b. Au. %) leaves ovate lanceolate, long acuminate; lower ones sub-cordate, with the petioles ciliatp; flowers axillary, J66 C E L nearly sessile, m a terminal leafy raceme; corolla sub-rotate ; styl* exsert. Cultivated. 2. f. 20—5. CANNABIS Exotic. Sati'va, (hemp. G. Au. ) stem pilose ; leaves petioled, digitate ; leaf* ets lanceolate, serrate, pilose ; staminate flowers solitary axillary f pistillate ones spiked. 4 — 10. f. 5—1. CAPSICUM. (From Greek Kapto, to bite.) Exotic. An"nuum, (guinea pepper, red pepper, cayenne pepper, y-g. w. Au ) leaves opposite and in threes, oval, acuminate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamps. Var. pub- tscens, has the leaves and branchlets pubescent. 4 — 5. f. J4— 2. CHEIRANTHUS. (From the Greek cheir, a hand, and an- i?t,os, a flower.) Exotic. Chei ri, (wall flower. J. 7]) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous ; branches angled ; stem somewhat of a woody texture. An"nuus, (stock-july-flower. Ju. ) pubescent; leaves cordate, entire ; peduncles 2 to 5 flowered ; pedicels nodding, thick- ened ; divisions of the calyx lanceolate ; capsules glabrous. Culti- vated. 4—1. CORNUS. (From Comu, horn.) Canadensis, (dogweed, low-cornel. O. w. M. %) herbaceous ; leaves at the top, whorled, veiny, involucres ovate, acuminate ; fruit glo- bose. 4 — 8. i. Flo'rida, (false box, dogwood tree, w. y. M. b_) leaves ovate, acumi- nate ; involucres 4, very large, somewhat obcordate; fruit ovate 15—30. f. 11—5. CRATAEGUS. (From kratos, tough.) Cocci'nea, (thorn-bush. O. w. M. b) thorny ; leaves long petioled, ovate, acutely-lobed, serrate, glabrous; petioles and pubescent ca- lyx glandular ; flowers pentagynous. Var. viridis, has lance ovate leaves, sub-trilobate ; stem unarmed. 3—1. CROCUS. Officinalis, (saffron, y. 7j) leaves linear, with revolute margins ; stig- ma exsert, with long-linear segments. Var. sativus, having violet corollas. 19—16. CUCUMIS. Exotic. Sali'vus, (cucumber, y. Ju. ©) angles of the leaves straight ; pomace- ous berry oblong, scabrous. Brought from Asia. 19—16. CUCURBITA. (Latin word for gourd.) Exotic. Pep"o, (pumpkin, y. Ju. ) leaves cordate obtuse, sub 5-lobed, denti culate ; poinaceous berry roundish or oblong, smooth. Var. patiro t has the fruit more or less flattened. From Asia. Cktmd"lus, (watermelon, y. Au. 0) leaves b-lobed; the lobes sinuate pinnaiifid, obtuse; poinaceous berry oval, smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. From Africa and the south of Asia. 17—1. CYNARA. Exotic. ScoVymvs, (garden artichoke. O. p. Ju. tf) very soft-pubescent ; leaves broad lanceolate, sessile ; panicled racemes. CYNOGLOSSUM. (From hum, a dog, and glossa, tongue.) Officinale, (hound's-tongue. O. p. Ju. J) very soft-pubescent ; leaves broad, lanceolate, sessile; panicled racemes. 18—2. CYPRIPED1UM. (From Kupris, name of Venus, and po- dion, a slipper.) P\J)e$"cens t (yellow lady's slipper, y. M. %) stem leafy; lobe of the ERY 169 style oval-cordate, obtuse; outer petals broad-oval, obtuse; lip longer than the petals, split before. 8—2. DACTYLIS. (From daktulos, a finger.) Glomera'ta (orchard grass. E. 3. %) panicle glomerate; leaves can- nate. 2 — 3. f. 5—1. DATURA. Stramo'nium, (thorn apple. O. w-b. Au. ) nectaries 1-leaved ; stem sub-divi- ded. Naturalized. 10—2. DIANTHUS. (From Dios, Jupiter, and anlhos, a flower.) Arme'ria, (wild pink. r. Ju. ) flowers aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx lanceolate, villose, equalling the tube. 1. f. Exotic. Barba'tus, (sweet-william, r. & w. Ju. %) flowers fascicled; scales oi the calyx ovate-subulate, equalling the tube ; leaves lanceolate. Caryopkijl"lus, (carnation or pink, r. & w. %) flowers solitary ; scales of the calyx sub-rhomboid, very short; petals crenate, beardless; leaves linear-subulate, channelled. By rich culture the stamens change to petals.* 10—1. EPIG^EA. (From Epi, upon, and ge, the earth.) Re'pens, (trailing arbutus. O. r. & w. Ap. T^) stem creeping; branches and petioles very hirsute ; leaves cordate-ovate, entire ; corolla cy- lindric. 15—5. ERODIUM. (From Erodios, a heron.) Exotic. Cico'nium, (stork bill geranium, (v)) peduncled many-flowered; leaves pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, toothed ; petals oblong, obtuse ; stem ascending. 6—1. ERYTHRONIUM. (From Eruthros, red.) Amtricfl/num, (dog tooth violet, adder's tongue. O. y. Ap. *2|.) leaves •The carnation differs from the common pink only on account of a peculiar mode of culture. 15 J70 G L E lance-oval, punctate; petals oblong lanceolate, obtuse at the point; inner ones 2-dentate near the base; style clavate; stigma entire (stigmas 3.) 6—8. i. 17—1. EUPATORIUM. (From Eupator, a king of Pontus.) Pet -folia 'turn , (boneset, thorough-wort, O. w. Au. %) leaves connate perfoliate, oblong serrate, rugose, downy beneath ; stem villose. 2. £ 11—13. FRAGARIA. (From Fragans, sweet smelling.) Virginia'na, (wild strawberry. O. w. M. %) calyx of the fruits spread- ing; hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close pressed; 1 eaves somewhat glabrous above, 6—1. FRITILLARIA. (From Fritillus, a dice box.) Exotic. Zmperia'lzs, (crown imperial, r. & y. M. 7J.) flowers under a leafy crown, nodding; leaves lance-linear, entire. From Persia. 6—1. GALANTHUS. (From Gala, milk, and anthos, a flower.) Niva'lis, (snow drop. w. Ap. %) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical ; scape 1-flowered. 5- 2. GENT I ANA. (From Gentius, a king of Illyria.) Orini'ta, (fringed gentian. O. b. S. %) stem terete ; branches long, 1-flowc i ed ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; corolla 4-cleft ; divisions obo- vate, ga.-h ciliate. 18. i. 15—10. GERANIUM. (From Geranos, a stork.) Macula'tiim, (crow foot or wild geranium. O. r. & b. J. 7|_) erect ; pu- bescence reversed; stem dichotomous ; leaves opposite, 3 or 5-part- ed, gashed; upper ones sessile; peduncles 2-flowered; petals obo- vate. 1—2. f. Exotic. Sanguin"eum, (bloody geranium. %) peduncle 1-flowered leaves im- parted, 3-cleft, orbicular ; capsule bristly at the top. 13 — 2. GERARDIA. (From Gerarde, an ancient botanist.) Flowers yellow. Fla'va, (False foxglove. O. y. Ju. %.) pubescent; stem nearly simple; leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed ; lower ones sub-pin- natirid, gashed ; flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile. 2 — 3. f. 13—1. GLECHOMA. (A Greek name.) Hedeia'cea, (ground ivy, gill-overground. O. b. & r. M. %) leaves reniform crenate ; stem rooting. Var. cordata, leaves cordate. HYP 171 17—2. GNAPHALIUM. (A Greek name.) Margarita'ceum, (large flower, life-everlasting. O. y. & w. Ju. %) leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing, acute ; stem branching above j corymb fastigiate ; flowers pedicelled. Flowers with, white pearly rays and yellow disks. 1 — 2. f. 13—1. HEDEOMA. Pulcgio'ides, (pennyroyal. O. b. J. ©) pubescent; leaves oblong, ser- rate; peduncles axillary, whorled. 6 — 8. i. 17—3. HELIANTHUS. (From Elios, the sun, and antkos, flower.) Exotic. An"nuus, (common sunflower, y. & w. Ju. %) leaves all cordate, 3- nerved ; peduncles thickening upwards; flowers nodding. 6 — 10. f. 12—13. HEPATICA. (From Hepar, the liver.) ActdiV'oba, (heart-liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. %) leaves cordate, 3 to 5- lobed ; lobes entire, acute ; leaves of the calyx acute. Grows in woods, preferring the north side of hills and mountains. 5. i. Amcrica'na, (kidney-liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. %.) leaves heart-reni- form, 3-lobed ; lobes entire, round-obtuse ; leaves of the calyx ob- tuse. Grows chiefly in the woods, preferring the south side of hills and mountains. This is sometimes called the triloba. 5. i. 1 — 1. HIPPURIS. (From ippos, a horse, and oura, tail.) Vulga'ris, (mare's-tail. y-g, M. 9|_) leaves liaea r, and lance linear, ver- ticillate. 4—1. HOUSTONIA. (From Houston, a botanist.) Ceru'laa, (innocence, forget-me-not. O. b. & w. M. %) stem erect, se- taceous, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatulate ; cauline ones oblan- ceolate, opposite ; peduncles 1 -flowered, elongated. 4 — 6. i. Verv common in New England. 20—5. HUMULUS. lAi'pulns, (hop. O. g-y. Au. %) stem twining with the sun ; leaves lobed. 10 — 2. HYDRANGEA. (From Hudor, water, and angeion, a vessel.) Vulga'ris, (hydrangea. E. w. Au. T^") leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the base, acuminate, glabrous beneath; cymes naked. 5. f. 12-5. HYPERICUM. Pcrfora'tum, (O. y. J. %) erect, branching ; stem 2-edged ; leaves ob- long, obtuse, transparently punctate; panicle terminal-brachiate, leafy ; petals twice as long as. he acute, lanceolate calyx. This if the common St. John's wort, so troublesome to farmers. 1—3. C 172 LAC 5 — 1. IMPATIENS. (Signifying impatient, from the elastic capsule.) PaV'lida, (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. cv)) peduncles solitary, 2 and 4-flowered; nectary obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the petals; spur recurved, very short; flowers sparingly punctate, leaves rhomb-ovate, mucronate-toothed. 2 — 1. f. Ful'va, has the corollas with croAvded spots. Exotic. Bal'mmina, (garden lady's slipper) peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered , leaves lanceolate, upper ones alternate ; hooded petal (or nectary) shorter than the other petals ; colour various. 3 — 1. IRIS. (From Iris, the rainbow.) VerHc"olor, (O. b. J. %.) leaves ensiform; stem acute on one side; capsules oblong, 3-sided, with obtuse angles. 2 — 3. f. Exotic. Plica'ta, (garden iris. p. w. M. %) bearded ; stem many flowered higher than the leaves; petals undulate-plicate, erect ones broadest. 18—24. i. Pu'mila, (dwarf-flower-de-luce. b. M. %) bearded; scape 1-flowered; eaves ensiform, glabrous; tube of the corolla exsert; petals oblong, obtuse. 6—10. i. 3—0. IXIA. (From Ixia, birdlime.) Ckinen"sis, (blackberry-lily- Y- r - J- %) corolla about 6 petaled; stem flexuous; leaves ensiform. 2 — 1. JASMINUM. (From Ion, violet, and osme, odour.) VruV'icans, (jasmine, y. T7) leaves alternate, ternate, simple; leafets obovate, wedge-form, obtuse ; branches angled. 10—1. KALMIA. (From Kalm, a botanist.) Latifo'lia, (laurel. E. w. &r. Ju. T-j) leaves long petioled, scattered, and in threes, oval, smooth both sides; corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 3—20. f. Angvstifo'Ua, (sheep laurel. O. J. T^) leaves in threes, petioled, oblong, obtuse, sometimes rusty beneath; corymbs lateral; bracts linear; peduncles and calyx with glandular hairs. Var. ovata, taller* leaves broader, sub-ovate. 2 — 3. f. 17—1. LACTUCA. (From Lac, milk.) Exotic. Sati'va, (lettuce, y. Ju. ©) leaves roundish; cauhne ones cordate; stem corymbed. Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrow- ed at the base. Var. laciniala, has the lower leaves pinnatind, and the upper ones runcinate. LON 173 16—10. LATHYRUS. (A Greek name.) Exotic. Odora'ius, (sweet pea. J. ) peduncles 2-flowered ; tendril with 2-ovato oblong leafels; legumes hirsute. 9—1. LAURUS. Sas"safras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. T7) leaves entire and lobed on the same plant ; flowers mostly dioecious. 10 — 25. f. 13—1. LAVANDULA. (From Lavare, to wash.) Exotic. Spi'ca, (lavender. Au. %) leaves sessile, lance linear, with revolute margins; spike interruptedly naked. 17—1. LEONTODON. (From Leon, a lion, and odous, a tooth, m allusion to its leaf.) Taraz'acum, (dandelion. O. y. Ap. %) outer calyx reflexed ; scape 1- flowered, leaves runcinate, with toothed divisions. Introduced. 6—1. LILIUM. PhiladeV'phicum, (red lily. O. r. y. J. %) leaves whorled, lance linear ; corolla erect, bell-form, spreading ; petals lanceolate, having claws. 1—3. f. Exotic. Can"didum, (white lily. w. J. %) leaves lanceolate, scattered, tapering to the base ; corolla bell-form, glabrous within. BiiW'ifcrum, (orange lily. y. J. %) leaves scattered, 3-nerved; corolla campanulate, erect, scabrous within. 5—5. LINUM. Exotic. Usitatis"simun, (flax. b. Ju. <2>) leafets of the calyx, acute, 3-nerved* petals crenate; leaves lanceolate, alternate; stem sub-solitary. 5—1. LOBELIA. (From Lobcl, a botanist.) Cardina'lis, (cardinal flower. O. r. Ju. %) erect, simple, pubescent; leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, denticulate; racemes somewhat one sided, manv flowered; stamens longer than corollas. Damp. 1 — 2. f. Jnfla'ta, (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. ) erect, branching, very hirsute; leaves ovate, serrate ; racemes leafy ; capsules inflated. 12^ — 18. i. 5—1. LONICERA. (From Lonicer, a botanist.) Sempervi'rens, (E. r. y. M. T?) spikes with distant, nakedish whorls; corollas sub-equal ; tube ventricose above ; leaves' ovate, and obovate, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connate perfoliate. Leaver perennial. Exotic. Capri'folium, (honej-'suckle. Yfi corollas ringent-like, terminal ; sessile leaves connate perfoliate at the top. 15* 174 M O J\S 14—1. LUNARIA. (From Luna, the moon.) Exotic. Rcdivi'va, (satin flower, b-p. %) leaves with mucronate teeth ; silicles tapering to both ends. Flowers odorous. 16—10. LUPINUS. (A Latin name.) Peren"nis, (wild lupine. O. b. M. T?) stem and leaves smoothish; leaves digitate, with about 8 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish : calyxes alternate, not appendaged ; banner emarginate, keel entire. 12 — 18. i. 4 — 1. LYCIUM. (From Lycia, a country of Asia.) Exotic. Barbb/'rum, (matrimony vine. J. r. y. \i) stem angled ; branches erect; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx mostly 3-cleft. 5 — 1. LYSIMACHIA. (From Isysimachus, an ancient king.) Stric"ta, (loose strife. O. y. Ju. %) raceme terminal, very long, lax; leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile ; petals lanceolate, spreading. 1—2. f. 15—13. MALVA. Rotundifo'lia, (low-mallows. O. r. w. J. %) leaves heart-orbicular, ob« soletely 5-lobed; peduncles bearing the fruit declined; stem pros- trate. Very common. Exotic. 8ylvcs"tris, (mallows, r-b. I. J* and %) stem erect; leaves about 7- lobed, acutish ; peduncles and petioles hairy. 13—1. MENTHA. Exotic. Piperi'ta, (peppermint, p. Au. %) spike=> obtuse, interrupted below; leaves sub-ovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled. ; stem glabrous at the base. Naturalized. I — 2. f. Viri'dis, (spear mint. p. Au.) leaves lanceolate, sessile ; spikes elonga* ted, interrupted ; stamens long. 1 — 2. f. 5—1. MIRABILIS. (In Latin, admirable.) Exotic. JaV'apa, (four o'clo( Jr. r. y. Ju. %) flowers heaped, peduntled ; leaves glabrous. 2 — 1. MONARDA, (From Monardes, a Spanish physician.) Did"v77ia, (mountain mint. O. r. J. %) leaves ovate, acuminate, sub- cordate, somewhat hairy; flowers in simple or proliferous heads; «nter bracts lar^e, coloured, lanceolate. Var. angvttifvlia, leaves iance-ovate, acuminate, pubescent ; stem pubescent. 18—24.1. TEL 175 iO—1. MONOTROPA. (From monos, single, and trepo, tc turn.) Unifio'ra, (bird's nest, Indian pipe. C w. J. %) stem 1-fiowered flowe? nodding at first, at length erec' scales of the stem apprc ximate. Whole plant ivory white at firs f 4 — 8. i. 19_4. a ORUS. 53. Exotic Al'ba, (white mulberry. M. T?) leaves heart-form, with oDliqne bases, ovate or lobed, unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and Persia. Naturalized. 15 — 20. f. 13—1. NEPETA. (From Ncpet, a town of Tuscany.) Cata'ria, (catmint, catnep. O. b-w. 1|) hoary pubescent; flowers in whorlcd spikes; leaves petioled, cordate tooth serrate. 8 — 1. OENOTHERA. (From oenos, wine, and thera, a beast. Capsules elongated sessile. Bien"nis, (scabish, evening primrose. O. y. J. J^) stem villose, sca- brous; leaves lance-ovate, flat-toothed ; flowers sub-spiked, sessile -, stamens shorter than the corolla. 3 — 5. f. 18—1. ORCHIS Spectabi'lis, (O. r. M. 9|) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse, petals straight ; lateral ones longest; spur clavate, shorter than the germ; bracts longer than the flowers ; stem leafless. 3 — 6. i. 12 — 3. P^EONIA. (From Paon, an ancient Physician.) Officinalis, (peony, r. J. 7J.) leaves decompound ; leafets lobed, lobes broad-lanceolate, capsules downy. 12—1. PAPAVER. (Ola Latin name.) Exotic. Somnif'erum, (opium poppy. J. ©) calyx and capsule glabrous ; leaves clasping, gashed, glaucous. 15—7. PELARGONIUM. (From Pelargos, a stork.) Exotic. 1. Nearly slcviless : root tuberous. Tris"te, (mourning geranium,) umbel simple; leaves rcugh-haired, pinnate, leafets bipinnatifid ; divisions oblong acute. F.owers dark green. 2. leaves simple, not angled. Odoratis"simum, (sweet scented geranium. T?) peduncles sub-5-flow- ered ; leaves round cordate very soft. 3. Leaves simple, mort or less angled, or lobed. Zonule, (horse-shoe geranium. J?) umbels manv-flowerec 1 ; eaves heart 176 PIN orbicular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, with a coloured zone or band around near the margin. Quercifo'lium, (oak-leaf geranii n. T?) umbels sub-man y-flowered : leaves cordate, pinnatifld cren?. ?; sinuses rounded; filaments as- cending at the apex. 13—2. PENTSTEMON. (From Pente, 5, and demon, a stamen.) PvJbes"cens, (beard tongue. O. w. p. J. %) stem hairy ; leaves serrulate, lance-oblong, sessile ; flowers panicled ; the barren filament bearded from the apex to below the middle. 3—2. PHALARIS. (From Phalos, shining.) America'na, (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. E. Ju. %) panicle ob- long, spiked; glumes of the calyx boat-shaped, serrulate; corolla unequal; rudiments hairy. Var. picta, leaves variously striped. This variety is the ribbon grass of the gardens. 2 — 5. f. 16—10. PHASEOLUS. (From Phascolus, a little boat, from the shape of its pod.) Exotic. Vulga'ris, (common pole bean. p. w. Ju. ) panicle somewhat whorled, spreading ; seeds oval ; glumes covered with permanent softish hairs ; leaves linear. From the East Indies. G — 8. f. 2 — 1. SYR1NGA. (From a fabulous nymph, Syrinx, who was chang- ed into a reed, or perhaps more probably from its Turkish name, Scrinx. The wood is used by the Turks for making pipe-stems.) Vulga'ris, (lilac, b-p. w. M. 1?) leaves cordate; flowers in a thyrse. Per /, sica i (peisian lilac, b. M. I?) leaves lanceolate, entire and pin- natifid. 17—2. T AGETES. (From Tages, a fabulous deity of ancient times.) Exotic. Erec"ta. (african marigold, v. Ju. ©) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceo- 16 182 T R I late, cilitate serrate; peduncles 1-flowered, incrassate; sub-inflated; calyx angled. 17—2. TANACETUM. Exotic. ViUga're, (tansey. y. Ju. %) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. Na- turalized. Var. crispum, (double tansey,) leaves crisped and dense. 13—1. TEUCRIUM. (From Teucer, a Trojan prince.) Canaden"se, (wood sage, germander. O. r. Ju. %) pubescent ; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, petioled ; stem erect: spikes whorled, crowded; bracts longer than the calyx. Var. virginicum, upper leaves sub- sessile ; bracts about the length of the calyx. 1 — 3. f. 13—1. THYMUS. (From thumos, force.) Exotic. Vulga'ru, (thyme, b-p. J. %, T?) erect; leaves ovate and linear, revo lute ; flowers in a whorled spike. 6—1. TRADESCANTIA. (From Tradescant, a botanist.) Virgini'ca, (spider wort. b-p. M. %) erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late, elongated, glabrous- flowers sessile ; umbel-compact pubescent. Cultivated. 1—2. f. 16—10. TRIFOLIUM. (From tres, 3, and folium; a leaf.) Re'pens, (white clover. O. w. M. %) creeping; leafets ovate-oblong, emarginate, serrulate; flower in umbelled heads; teeth of the calyx sub-equal ; legumes 4-seeded. Pratcn"se, (red clover. O. r. M. %) ascending, smoothish, leafet ovate, sub-entire ; stipules awned ; spikes dense-ovate ; lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corolla, and longer than the other teeth. 2—3. f. 6—3. TRILLIUM. (From trilix, triple.) Erec"tum, (false wake robin. O.p. w-y. %) peduncles erect or erectish, with the flowers a little nodding ; petals ovate, acuminate, spreading ; equalling the calyx; leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Var. atro- pitrpurenm, petals large, dark purple. Var. album, petals smaller, white ; germ red. Var. Jlavum, petals yellow ; both petals and calyx leaves longer and narrower. 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves often 3 to 4 inches broad. Peduncles about 3 inches long. 9—16. l. 3—2. TRITICUM. (From tero, to beat or thresh.) Exotic. Hybcr"num, (winter wheat. J. &) calyx glume 4-flowered, tumid, even imbricate, abrupt, with a short compressed point ; stipule jagged ; co- rollas of the upper florets somewhat bearded. There are several varieties of this species which are introduced by eulturc. VI O 183 8—1. TROP-EOLUM. (From Tropcetm, a trophy.) Exotic. Majus, (nasturtion, indian cress, y. & r. Ju. ) leaves lance-linear, entire, keeled- VOCABULARY, OR EXPLANATION OF BOTANICAL TERMS. A. A, in composition, signifies privation, or destitute of; as, acaulis, re- ferring to a plant without a caulis or stem. Abor'tive flower. Falling off without producing any fruit. stamens, not furnished with anthers. pistil. Defective in some essential part. seed, not becoming perfect through want of the fertilizing in- fluence of the pollen. Abrupt' leaf. A pinnate leaf with an odd or terminal leafet. Acal'yces, (from a, signifying without, and calyx, a flower cup.) A class in an ancient method of arrangement, consisting of plants without a calyx. Acau'les, (from a, wanting, and caulis, a stem.) Including plants without stems. Acero'se leaf. Linear and permanent, as in the pine. Acic'ular. Needle shaped. A'cinus. A small berry which, with many others, composes the fruit of the mulberry and raspberry; the plural is acini. Acotyled'onous, (from a, without, and cotyledon, a seed lobe.) Plants destitute of seed lobes, and which consequently put forth no seminal or seed leaves, as mosses and ferns. Acu'leus, (from acus, a needle.) A prickle, or sharp point ; common to the rose and raspberry. It differs from the thorn, in being a prolon- gation of the outer bark of the plant, and unconnected with the wood. Prickles have been compared to the nails and claws of animals. Acu'minate. Abruptly sharp pointed, having the point curved towards one edge of the leaf, resembling an awl. Acute. More gradually sharp pointed than acuminate. An obtuse angle, or any other mathematical angle, is acute in botanical lan- guage. A-lel'phnus, (from the Greek adelphos, a brother or an eq^al.) Applied to plants whose stamens are united by their filaments, whether in one or two sets. AdnaJe. Growing together. Ad'versifo'lias, (from adversus, opposite, and folium, a leaf.) Plants whose leaves stand opposite to each other, on the same stem or branch. 16* 1 tSG A M E tEsliva'lcs, (from cestas, summer.) Plants which blossom in summer Afo'ra, (from a, without, and fores, a door.) Having no doors or valves. Aga mous, (from a, without, and gamos, marriage.) Plants without any visible stamens or pistils, are by French botanists called aga- mous. A'ges of plants. Ephemeral are such as spring up, blossom, and ripen their seed in a few hours or days ; annual live a few months, or one summer. biennial, spring up one summer, and die the following. perennial, live an indefinite period. Ag'gregale, (from aggregare, to assemble.) Many springing from the same point : this term was at first applied to compound flowers, but there is at present a sevenfold division of aggregate flowers ; the aggregate, properly so called. compound, umbellate, cymose, amentaceous, glumose, spadiceous. Aggregate flower is erected on peduncles or footstalk, which all have one common receptacle on the stem ; they sometimes have one com- mon calyx, and are sometimes separataly furnished with a calyx. Ai'grctte. See egret. A'la. A Latin word signifying a wing. It is sometimes used to ex- press the angle formed by the stem with the branch or leaf. Linnaeus and some others use the term ala, as the name of a membrane af- fixed to some species of seeds which serves as a wing to raise them into the air, and thus promotes their dispersion. A'la. The two lateral or side petals of a papilionaceous flower. Albu'mcn. The farinaceous, fleshy, or horny substance, which consti- tutes the chief bulk of monocotyledon ous seeds; as wheat, rye, &c AVmrnum, (from ahbus, white.) The soft white substance, which in trees is found between the liber, or inner bark, and the wood, and be- coming solid, in progress of time is convened into wood. From its colour and comparative softness, it has been styled the fat of trees. It is called the sap wood, and is formed by a deposite of the cambium or descending sap ; in one year it becomes wood ; and a new layei of alburnum is again formed by the descent of the cambium. Al'ga. Flags; these by Linnceus comprise the plants of the order Hcpaticcc and Lickenes. Al'pine. Growing naturally on high mountains. Alter'nate. Branches, leaves, flowers, &c. are alternate, when begin- ning at different distances on the stem ; opposite, is when chey com mence at the same distances, and base stands against base. Alter'natdy pinnate leaf; when the leafets are arranged alternately on each side of the common footstalk or petiole. Alvc'olate. Having cells which resemble a honey-comb. Am'bitvs. The outer rim of a frond, receptacle, &c. A'ment. Flowers collected on chaffy scales, and arranged on a thread A a U 187 or slender stalk ; these scales mixed with the flowers, resemDle the chaff in an ear of corn ; in the willow and poplar, an ament sup- ports boih staminate and pistillate flowers on distinct roots. Flow- ers supported by an ament are generally destitute of a corolla. Amplezicau'lis. Clasping the base of the steras:- Anal'ysis. To analyze a plant botanically, is to ascertain its name, by observing its organs, and comparing them with scientific descrip- tions of plants. Ancip'ital. Having two sharp edges like a sword. An'dria. Signifies stamens. Androg'ynous plants. Sach as bear staminate and pistillate flowers on the same root ; as the oak and indian corn ; such plants belong to the class Moncecia. Angiocar'pus. Fungi, bearing seeds internally. Angiosper'mal, (from angion, a vessel, and sperma, seed.) Plants whose seeds are inclosed or covered. Angular. Forming angles; when the stems, calyxes, capsules, &c. have ridges running lengthwise. Angustifo'lius. Narrow-leaved. An'nual. A plant which lives but one year. The herbage is often annual, while the root is perennial; in this case the plant is said to be perennial. Annula'ted. Having a ring round the capsules, as in ferns; or in mushrooms having a ringed stripe. Annv/lus. A ring. Ano7ti'alous, (from a, without, and nomos, law.) Irregular, or what- ever forms an exception to a general rule. Anther, (from anthos, a flower, so called, as indicating its importance.) That part of the stamen which contains the pollen ; it is of various forms, as linear, awl -shaped, heart-shaped, round, &c. ; it is 1-celled, 2-celled, &c. ; the anther of the crown imperial has 4 cells. Anther id' ium. A mass of pollen. Antheriferaus. Flow T ers bearing anthers without filaments. Anthus, (from the Greek anthos.) A flower generally referring to the petals only. Apet'alous, (from a, without, andpetalum, a petal.) Having no petals, such flowers are termed incomplete ; such as are destitute of either stamens or pistils are called imperfect. Apet'alce. A class formed by some of the ancient botanists, including plants destitute of corollas. A'pex. The top or summit. Aphyl'lous, (from a, without, and phyllon, a leaf.) Destitute of leaves. Aphyl'lce is the name given by an ancient botanist to a class of plants without leaves, comprising garlic, rush, mushrooms, &c. Appen'daged. Having bracts, thorns, prickles, &c. Appres'scd. Closely pressed ; as leaves against the stem, &c. Avproz'imate. Growing near each other. Aj/terwis. Without wings. Aquotfic, (fr.ra aqua, water.) Growing in, or near water. Aqaatiue, was an ancient name ior a class including all plants which grow in water. 188 BAH Ar'bor. A tree ; a perennial plant, which rises to a considerable height, having a woody stem. Most trees spring from seeds having two co- tyledons ; they are therefore called dicotyledonous plants. The stems ol' such plants are said to be exogenous, that is, growing externally. new layers of wood being every year formed under the bark around the outside of the old wood. Palm trees are monocotyledonous {)lants; their stems are called endogenous, that is, growing internal- y, and pressing upon the outer coats, which become hard and com- pact. The ancient botanists divided plants into trees and herbs ; but this distinction is too vague to form the basis of classification. Arbusti'vus, (from arbuslum, a shrub.) An ancient class of plants con- taining shrubs, as the myrtle, mock-orange, &c. Arcuate, (from arcus, a bow.) Bent like a bow. Arenarius. Growing in sand. Argcnt'cus. Silver coloured. Ar'id. Dry. A'ril, (arillus^ The external coat or covering of seeds which, dry- ing, falls off spontaneously. Aris'lalc, (from areo, to be dried.) Awned, ending in a bristle. Aro'ides. So called from arum, and forming a natural family of plants. Arms, (arma.} Offensive weapons. Plants are said to be armed, when they are furnished with prickles, thorns, &c. Aromal'ic. Sweet scented. Ar'row-form. Shaped like an arrow head, the hind lobes acute. Artic'ulalcd. Jointed, as in the culm or stem of the grasses Arundina'ceous, (from arundo, a reed.) Resembling reeds. Arvensis. Growing in cultivated fields. Ascending. Rising from the ground obliquely. Aspcrifo'lius. Rough leaved. Abten'uatcd. Gradually diminished or tapering. Auric'ulate. Having appendages resembling ears. Awl-form. Sharp at the point, and curved to one side. Awn. A short stiff bristle. Ax'il. The angle between a leaf and stem on the upper side. Ax'iUary. Growing out of the axils : leaves are said to be axillary when they proceed from the angle formed by the stem and branch B. Bac'ca. A berry It is a pulpy pericarp, enclosing seeds without capsules. In the raspberry of a seed. Baccif'crous. Bearing berries. Ban'ncr. The upper petal in a papilionaceous flower. Barb. A straight process armed with teeth pointing backwards. Birba'lus. Bearded. hark. The covering of vegetables, consisting of several parts, as cu- ticle, cellular integument, &c. The bark consists of as many levers as she tree on which it grows has years: a new layer beinj4 U: med from the cambium every year, the newest layer of bark is called liber. Bar'ren. Producing no fruit ; containing stamens only. C A M 189 Beak'ed. Terminating by a process shaped like the beak of a bird. Ber ry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without capsules. See Bacca. Bi, derived from bis, signifying two. Bicor'nes. Anthers with two thorns. Bi'dens. Having two teeth. Bkii'nial. Living two years, in the second of which the flower and fruit are produced; as in wheat. Bifid. Two parted. Bila'biaie. Corolla with two lips. Bipliinate. Twice pinnate. Biier'nate. Twice ternate. The petiole supporting three ternate leaves. Bivalve. Two valved. Border. The brim or spreading part of a corolla. Bot'rus. A cluster, like grapes. Brack' late. Branches opposite, and each pair at right angles with the preceding. Bract. Floral ; a leaf near the flower which is different from the oiher leaves of the plant. In the crown imperial the bracts are at the termination of the flower stem; from their resemblance to hair, they are called coma. Branch. A division of the main stem or main root. Branch'let. Subdivision of a branch, a twig. Bnm is. Short. Bud. The residence of the infant leaf and flower. Bulbs. A kind of roots; sometimes found growing on the stem strictly speaking, bulbs are buds, or the winler residence of the fu- ture plants. A bulb contains in miniature or embryo, a plant simi- lar to the parent plant. Plants may be renewed from bulbs as well as seeds. Annual plants do not have bulbs ; they are only pre- served by seeds. Bundle. See Fascicle. C. Caducous, (from cado, to fall.) Falling early; as the calyx of the poppy- . . CccspUose. Forming tufts, seveial roots growing together. Calamus. Reed like. Calcareous. Containing lime; as in the shells of oysters, &c. Cahiculatcd. Having an additional calyx. Cal'i/plra. The cap or hood of pistillate, mosses, resembling an ex- tinguisher set on a candle. Although called a calyx, it is in reality the corolla of the moss closed. Calyx. From the Greek, signifying a flower cup : in most plants it incloses, and supports the "bottom of the corolla. It is defined by Linnaeus to be the termination of the outer bark. Cam'bium. The descending sap, which every year forms a new layer of bark and one of wood. It descends between the bark and the wood, so that the new wood is formed externally, and the new bark internally. 190 C L I Campari' ulatc. Bell-form. Campes'tris. Growing in uncultivated fields. Canes'cent. White or hoary. Cap'illary. Hair- form. Cap'itate. Growing in heads. Cap'sule. A little chest; that kind of hollow seed-vessel which be- comes dry and opens when ripe ; a capsule that never opens hi called a samara. Cari'na. The keel or lower folded petal of a papilionaceous flower. Car'iiiated. Keeled, having a sharp back like the keel of a vesseL Camo'se. Of a fleshy consistence. Carpos. From the Greek Karpos, fruit. Caryophyl'lcous. Pink-like corolla, having five petals with long claws, all regular and set in a tubular calyx. Cat/kin. See Ament. Can' date. Having a tail ; as in some seeds. Cau'dez. The main body of a tree, or root. Caules'cent. Having a stem exclusive of the peduncle or scapes. Cau'line. Growing on the main stem. Cau'lis. The main herbage-bearing stem of all plants, called in French, la tige. Cell. The hollow part of a pericarp or anther ; each cavity in a peri- carp that contains one or more seeds, is called a cell. According to the number of these cells the pericarp is one-celled, two-celled, three- celled, &.C. Cellular. Made up of little cells or cavities. Cerealis. Any grain from which bread is made. (From Ceres, god- dess of corn.) Ccr'nuus. When the top only droops. Chaffy. Made up of short membranous portions like chaff. Clidn'nelled. Hollowed out longitudinally, with a rounded groove. Cho'rwn. A clear limpid liquor contained in a seed at the time of flowering. After the pollen is received, this liquor becomes a per- fect embryo of a new plant. Cic'atrice. The mark or natural scar from whence the leaf has fallen. Cil'iate. Fringed with parallel hairs. Cine'reous. Ash-coloured. Cin'gens. Surrounding, girding around. Cir'rose. Bearing a tendril. From Cir'rus, a tendril or climbei . Clasp'ing. Surrounding the stem with the base of the leaf. Class. The highest divisions in the system of Botany. Linnaeus di- vided all plants into 24 classes: 3 of these are now rejected, and the plants which they included placed in the remaining 21 classes. The ancient botanists knew neither methods, systems, nor classes; they described under chapters, or sections, those plants which appeared to them connected to each other by the greatest number of relations. Cla'vate. Club-shaped, larger at the top than at the bottom. Clau'sus. Closed, shut np. Claw. The narrow part by which a petal is inserted. Cleft. Split or divided less than half way. Cli.-nb'ing. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes ; by leaf stalks, C O N 191 as the Clematis; by cauline radicals or little fibrous roots, as tne creeping American ivy. Club-shaved. See clavate. Clus'tcred. See racemed. Cly'pea.te. Form of a buckler. See Peltate. Coad'nate. United at the base. Coc'cincaus. Scarlet coloured. Coch'leate. Coiled spirally, like a snail shell. Cor/cum. A grain or seed; tricoccous, 5-seeded, &c. Cceru'leus. Blue. Colli'nus. Growing on hills. Col' our ed. Different from green; in the language of botany, green is not called a colour. White, which in reality is not a colour, is so called in botany. The primitive colours and their intermediate shades and gradations, are by botanists arranged as follows: Water-colour, hyalinus. White, a'lbus. Lead-colour, cinereus. Black, niger. Brown, fuscus. Pitch-black, ater. Yellow, luteus. Straw-colour, jlavus. Flame-colour, fulcus. Red, rubcx. Flesh-colour, incarnatus. Scarlet, coccineus. Purple, purpureus. Violet-colour, cceruleo-purpureus. Blue, casmleus. Green, viridis. White is most common in roots, sweet berries, and the petals of spring flowers. Black, in roots and seeds. Yellow, in anthers, and the petals of compound flowers. Red, in the petals of summer flowers and acid fruits. Blue and violet, in the petals. Green, in the leaves and calyx. Columel'la. That which connects the seed to the inside of the pen- carp. The central pillar in a capsule. Column. The style of gynandrous plants; used for columella. Co'ma. A tuft of bracts on the top of a spike of flowers. Compound flowers. Such as are in the class Syngenesia, having flo- rets with united anthers. leaf. When several leafets grow on one petiole. raceme. When several racemes grow along the side of a peduncle. umbel. Having the peduncles subdivided into peduncles of lesser umbels. petiole. A divided leaf stalk. peduncle. A divided now c*" stalk. Compres'sed. Flattened. Conchol'ogy. The science which treats of shells. 192 CRY Owe A scaly fruit like that of the pine. See Strobilum. Conglomerate. Crowded together. Con'ic. With a broad base, gradually narrowing to the top like a su- gar loaf. Coniferous. Bearing cones. Con' jugate. In pairs. Con'nate. Opposite, with the bases united or growing into one, form- ing the appearance of one leaf. Anthers are sometimes conna'.e. Connivent. Converging, the ends inclining towards each other. Contiguous. Uninterrupted. Contor'ted. Twisted. Contrac'ted. Close, narrow. Converging. Approaching or bending towards each other. Con'xex. Swelling out in a roundish form. Con'volute. Rolled into a cylindric form, as leaves in the bud. Cor'culum, or Corcle. The embryo or miniature of the future plant, which is found in seeds often between the cotyledons. Cor'date. Heart-shaped, side lobes rounded. Coria'ceous. Resembling leather ; thick and parchment-like Cor'nu. A horn or spur. Cornic'ulate. Horn shaped. Corol'la, or corol, (a word derived from corona, a crown.) Usually encloses the stamens. Corona'tus. Crowned; as the thistle seed is crowned with down. Cor'tex, (from corium, leather, or hide, and tego, to cover.) The rind or coarse outer bark of plants ; the organization of the outer and in- ner barks differs chiefly in the fineness of their texture. Cor'tical. Belonging to the bark. Coryda'lis. Helmet like. Corymb. Inflorescence, in which the flower stalks spring from differ- ent heights on the common stem, forming a flat top. Costate. Ribbed. Cotyl'cdons, (from kotule, a cavity.) Seed lobes. The fleshy part of seeds which in most plants rises out of the ground and forms the first leaves, called seminal or seed leaves. These lobes in the greatest proportion of plants, are two in number; they are very conspicuous in the leguminous seeds; as beans, peas, &c. The cotyledons are externally convex, internally flat, and enclose the embryo or princi- ple of life, which it is their office to nourish. Creeping. Running horizontally; stems are sometimes creeping, as also roots. Cre'nate. Scolloped, notches on the margin of a leaf which do not point towards either the apex or base. Cre'nulate. Finely crenate. Cres' 'cent-form. Resembling a half moon. Crest'ed. Having an appearance like a cock's comb. Crini'tus. Long haired. Cru'ciform, (from crux, crucis, a cross.) Four petals placed like a cross. Crusta'ceous. Small crusty substances lying one upon another Cryptoga'mia, Stamens and pistils concealed. D E S 193 Cv/bit. A measure from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. Cucul'1-ate. Hooded or cowled, rolled or folded in, as in the spatha of the Arum or wild turnip. Cucurbita'ceous. Resembling gourds or melons. Cu'linary. Suitable for preparations of food. Culm or straw, (from the Greek kalama, stubble or straw; in Latin culrtms.) The stem of grasses, Indian corn, sugar cane, &c. Culmiferous. Having culms; as wheat, grasses, &c. Cuneiform. Wedge-form, with the stalk attached to the point. Curv'cd. Bent inwards. See Incurved. Cus'pidale. Having a sharp straight point. (The eye tooth is casp date.) Cu'ticle. The outside skin of a plant, commonly thin, resembling the scarf or outer skin of animals. It is considered as forming a part of the bark. Cya'neus. Blue. Cy'athiform. Shaped like a common wine glass. Cylindrical. A circular shaft of nearly equal dimensions throughout s extern. Cyme. Flower stalks arising from a common centre, afterwards va- riously sub-divided. D. De'bilis. Weak, feeble. Decan' droits. Plants with ten stamens in each flower. Decaphyl'lus. Ten leaved. Decid'uous. Falling off in the usual seamen ; opposed to persistent and evergreen, more durable than caducous. Decli'ncd. Curved downwards. Decoviposi'tion. Separation of the chemica elements of bodies. Decom'pound. Twice compound, composed of compound parts. Dccum'bent. Leaning upo^ thf» ground, the base being erect. — This term is applied to stems, stamens, &c. Decur'rent. When the edges of a leaf run down the stem or stalk. Dccus'satzd. In pairs, crossing each other. Dejlcc'ted. Bent off. Defoliation. Shedding leaves in the proper season. Dehis'cent. Gaping, or opening. — Most capsules when ripe are dehis- cent. Dcl'toid. Nearly triangular, or diamond form, as in the leaves of the Lombardy poplar. Demer'sus. Under water. Dense. Close, compact. Den'tate. Toothed ; edged with sharp projections ; larger than serrate. Dentic'ulate. Minutely toothed. Denu'dale. Plants whose flowers appear befcre the leaves ; appealing naked. Deor'sum. Downwards. Depressed. Fiaitened, or pressed at the top. Descriptions. In giving a complete description of a plant, the order of nature is to begin with the root, proceed to the stem, branches, leaves, appendages, and lastly to the organs which compose the flower, and the manner of inflorescence. Colour and size are circumstances 17 194 EFF least to be regarded in descriptions ; bul stipules, bracts, and glan- dular hairs, are all of importance. Dexlrar' sum. Twining from left to right, as the hop vine. Diadel'pkous, (from dis, two, and adelpkia, brotherhood,) two brother- hoods. Stamens united in two parcels or sets; flowers mostly pa- pilionaceous; fruit leguminous. Di'amond form. See Deltoid. Diantkc'ria, (from dis, two, and anther;) a class of plants including all such as have two anthers. Dichvf 'omous. Forked, dividing into two equal branches. Didin'ia. ' Stamens in one flower, and pistils in another; whether on the same plant or on different plants. Dicoc'cous. Containg two grains of seed. Dicotylcd'onous. With two cotyledons or seed lobes. Did'ymous. Twinned, or double. Didyna'mia, (from dis, twice, and dunamis, power ;) two powers. A name of one of the Linnsean classes. Piffrac'led. Twice bent. Digi'late. Like fingers. When one petiole sends ofl several leafed from a single point at its extremity. Digyn'ia. Having two pistils. Dimid'iale. Halved. Dicc'cious. Having staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants. Dis'coid. Resembling a disk without rays. Disk. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flower, as opposed to its rays. Dis'pcrmus. Containing two seeds. Dissepiment. The partition of a capsule. Dissil'icns. A pericarp, bursting with elasticity, as the Impatiens. Di'stichus. Growing in two opposite ranks or rows. Divaricate. Diverging so 3.= to turn bq^Vyvards. Diverging. Spreading, separating widely. Diur'nus. Enduring but a day. Dor' sal. Belonging to the back. Dotted. See Punctate and Perforated. Droop' ing. Inclining downward, more than nodding Drupe. A fleshy pericarp enclosing a stone or nut Drupa'ceous. Resembling, or bearing drupes. Dul'cis. Sweet. Dumo'sus. Bushy. Ou'plex. Double. E. Eared. Applied to the lobes of a heart-form leaf, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves, and to twisted parts in the plants which are supposed to resemble the passage into the ear. Ebur'neus. Ivory white. Echi'nate. Beset with prickles,, as a hedge-hog. Ecos'tate. Without nerves or ribs. Effiorescen'tia, (from effioresco, to bloom. ) A term expressive of The p r ecise time of the year, and the month in which every plant olos- PAL 19f> soms. The term efflorescence is applied to the powdering substance found on Lichens. Effolia'tion. Premature falling off of leaves, by means of diseases or some accidental causes. Effuse. Having an opening by which seeds or liquids may be poured out. E'gret, or Ai'grette. The feathery or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of thistles and dandelions. It includes whatever remains on the top of the seed after the corolla is removed, stiped. When it is supported on a foot stem, simple. When it consists of a bundle of simple hairs, plumose. When each hair has other little hairs arranged along its sides. Ellip'tic. Oval. Eton' gated. Exceeding a common length. Emar'ginate. Having a notch at the end, retuse. Em'bryo, (from embruo, to bud forth,) the germ of a plant; called by Linnasus the corculum. Endogenous. Applied to stems which grow from the centre outward- ly, as in monocotyledons. Eno'dis. Without joints or knots. En'siform. Sword form, two edged, as in the flag and iris. Entire. Even and whole at the edge. Entomology. The science of insects. Epi. A Greek word signifying upon ; often used in composition. Epi' carp, (from epi, upon, and karpos, fruit,) the outer skin of the pe- ricarp. Epider'mis, (from epi, upon, and derma, skin.) See Cuticle. Epig'ynous, (from epi, upon, and gynia, pistil.) Ep'isperm, (from epi, upon, and sperma, seed.) Equinoc'tial flowers. Opening at stated hours each day. E'quitant. Opposite leaves alternately enclosing the edges of each other. Erect'. Straight; less unbending than strictus. •Zro'ded. Appearing as if gnawed at the edge. Es'culent. Eatable. Ev'ergreen. Remaining green through the year, not deciduous. Excava'tus. Hollowed out. Exot'ic. Plants that are brought from foreign countries. Expan'ded. Spread. Expectorant, (from expectoro, to discharge from the breast,) medicines which promote a discharge from the lungs. Exser'ted. Projecting out of the flower or sheath. Eye. See Hilum. F. Factitious. Not natural, produced by art, (from facto, to make.) Fam'ilies. A term in Botany implying a natural union of several genera into groups; sometimes used as synonymous with Natural Orders Fal'cate. Sickle shaped. Linear and crooked. 96 F R U Fari'na, (from far, corn.) Meal or flour. A term grven to the glu- tinous part of wheat arid other seeds, which is obtained by grinding and sifting. It consists of gluten, starch, and mucilage The pollen is also called farina. Fas'cicle. A bundle. Fasciculate. Collected in bundles. Fastig'iate. Flat topped. Favo'sus. Resembling a honey comb. Faux. Jaws. The throat of the corolla. Ferns. Cryptogamous plants, with the fruit on the backs of the ^eavrs or in spikes made up of minute capsules opening transversely. Fer'tile. Pistillate, yielding fruit. Fil'ament. The slender, thread-like part of the stamen. Fil'ices, (from Jilum, a thread,) Ferns. Fil'iform. Very slender. Fivi'briale. Divided at the edge like fringe. Fis'lulous. Hollow or tubular, as the leaf of the onion. Flac'cicl. Too limber to support its own weight. FYageriiform. Like a whip lash. Flam'meus. Flame coloured. Fla'vus. Yellow. Flcx'uous. Serpentine, or bending in a zig-zag form. Flo'ra. Considered by the heathens as the goddess of flowers. Booirs describing flowers are often called Floras. Flo'ral leaf. See Bract. Flo'ret. Little flower, part of a compound flower. Flos'cular. A tubular floret. Flow'er. (Flos.) A term which was formerly applied almost exclu- sively to the petals. At present a stamen and pistil only are con- sidered as forming a perfect flower. Flow'er stalk. See Peduncle. Folia'ceous. Leafy. Fol'licles. Leafets; a diminutive of folium, a leaf. The smaller leaves which constitute a compound leaf. Fo'lium leaf. Leaves are fibrous and cellular processes of plants ; they are of different figures, but generally extended into a membranous or skinny substance. Fol'licle. A seed vessel which opens lengthwise, or on one side only. Fool'-stalk. Sometimes used instead of Peduncle and Petiole. Frag'ilis. Breaking easily, and not bending. Frond. The leaf of Cryptogamous plants ; formerly applied to palms. Frondes' 'cence, (from fro?is 1 a leaf.) The time in which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. See Frondose. Frond o'se. (Frondosus.) Leafy, or leaf-like. Fruchfica'tion. The flower and fruit with their parts. Fructiferous. Bearing or becoming fruit. Fruc'tus. The fruit. This is an annual part of the plant which ad- heres to the flower and succeeds it; after attaining maturity it detaches itself from the parent plant, and on being placed in the bosom of the earth, gives birth to a new vcgeiahie. In common lar/guage, the fruit includes both the pericarp and the seed, but strictly speaking, the G R \ 197 latter only is the fruit, while the former is but the case or vessel which contains it. Frutes'cent. Becoming shrubby. Frv'tex. A shrub. Fut'cra. Props, supports; as the petiole, peduncle, &c. FvJ/vnus Yellowish. Fun'gi. The plural of Fungus, a mushroom. Fun'gous. Growing rapidly, with a soft texture like the Fungi. Fitn'nel-form. Tubular at the bottom and gradually expanded at the top. Fu'siform. Spindle shaped, a root thick at the top and tapering down- wards. G. Ga'lea. A helmet. Gem/ma. A bud containing a plant seated upon the stem and branches, and covered with scales, in order to defend it from inju- ry. The bud resembles the seed in containing the future plant in embryo; but this embryo is destitute of a radicle, though if the bud is planted in the earth, a radicle is developed. Gemma'ceous. Belonging to a bud. Made of the scales of a bud. Gener'ic name. The name of a genus. Genie' idaie. Bent like a knee. Ge'nus, (the plural of genus is genera,) a family of plants similar in their flower and fruit. Plants of the same genus usually possess similar medicinal powers. Germ. The lower part of the pistil which afterwards becomes the fruit. Germina'tion. The swelling of a seed, and the unfolding o? its em- bryo. Gib'bous. Swelled out commonly on one side. Glabel'lous. Bald, without covering. Gla'brous. Sleek, without hairiness. Gland. A small appendage, which seems to perform some office of secretion or exhalation. Gland'ular. Having hairs tipped with little heads or glands. Glauc'ous. Sea green, mealy, and easily rubbed off. Glome. A roundish head of flowers. Glom'crate. Many branchlets terminated by little heads. Glume. The scales or chaffof grasses, composing the calyx and co- rolla, the lower ones are called the calyx, all others the corolla; each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve; if there is but one, the flower is called univalve, if two, bivalve. Glu'tinous. Viscid, adhesive. Gon, (from gonu, a knee or angle;) as pentagon, five angled; hena- gon, six angled ; polygon, many angled. Grafting. Is the process of uniting the branches or buds of two or more separate trees. The bud or branch of one tree, is inserted into the bark of another, and the tree which is thus engrafted upon j" ^alled the stock. 17* t'JS H U S Gram'ina. Grasses and grass-like plants. Mostly found in the class Triandria. Gramin'eous. Grass like ; such plants are also called culmiferons. Grandi'jlorus. Having large flowers. Granular. Formed of grains, or covered with grains. Grave' olens. Having a strong odour. Gregarious. Tn flocks, plants growing together in groups. Groov'ed. Marked with deep lines. Gymnosper'mia, (from gumnos, naked, and sperma, seed.) Having na- ked seeds. Gynan'drous. Stamens growing upon the pistil. Gyn'ia. From the Greek, signifying pistil. H. Habita'tio, or Habitat. The native situation of plants. Habit. The external appearance of^a plant, by which it is known at first sight, without regard to botanical distinctions. Hair' -like. See Capillary. Halbcrt-form. See Hastate. Hand'-form. See Palmate. Hang'ing. See Pendant. Has'tale. Shaped like a halbert; it differs from arrow-shaped in Ha- ving the side processes more distinct and divergent. Head. A dense collection of flowers, nearly sessile. Heart. See Corculum and Corcle. Heart'-form. See Cordate. Hcl'met. The concave upper lip of a labiate flower. Hclminlhol'ogy. The science of worms. Hepal'ic. Liver like. Herb. A plant which has not a woody stem. Herba'ceous. Not woody. Her'bage. Every part of a plant except the root and fructification. Herba'rium. A collection of dried plants. Hexag'onal. Six cornered. Hi'ans. Gaping. Hi'lum. The scar or mark on a seed at the place of attachment ol the seed to the seed vessel. Hir'svte. Rough with hairs. His'pid. Bristly, more than hirsute. Ho'ary. Whitish coloured, having a scaly mealiness, not unlike glaucous. Holera/ccous. Suitable fur culinary purposes. The term is derived from holus, signifying pot herbs. One of the natural orders of Lin- naeus, called Holeraca;, includes such plants as are used for the ta- ble, or in the economy of domestic affairs. Hon' ey cup. See nectary. Hood'ed. See Cucullate, or cowled. Horo/rius. Continuing but an hour. Horizontal. Parallel to the horizon. Horn. See Spur. Hu'milis. Low, humble. Husk. The larger kind of glume, as tho husks of Indian corn. I N V 199 Hybcrna'hs. Growing in winter. Hy'hrid. A vegetable produced by the mixture of two species; the seeds of hybrids are not fertile. Hy'po. From upo, under ; much used in the composition of scientific terms. Hypocrater'iform. Salver shaped, with a tube abruptly expanded into a flat border. Hypog'ijiioits. Under the style. Icthyol'ogy. The science of fishes. Icosan' droits. Having about twenty stamens growing on the calyx. Such plants furnish a great proportion of the most delicious pulpy fruits. Im'briccde. Lying over, like scales, or the shingles of a roof. Impcr'fect. Wanting the stamen or pistil. Incarna'tus. Flesh coloured. Inci'sor. Fore tooth. Inclu'ded. Wholly received, or contained in a cavity; the opposite of exsert. Incomple'te. Flowers destitute of a calyx or corolla are said to be in- complete. A term differing from imperfect. Incras'sate. Thickened upward, larger towards the end. Increment. The quantity of increase. Incum'bent. Leaning upon or against. Incur'ved. Bent inwards. Indig'eno-us. Native, growing wild in a country, (some exotics after a time, spread and appear as if indigenous.) In'durated. Becoming hard. Infe'rior. Below ; a calyx or corolla is inferior wnen it comes out below a germ. Injla'ted. Appearing as if blown out with wind, hollow. Tnjlex'ed. The same as incurved. In/lores' cence, (from injloresco, to flourish.) The manner in which flowers are connected to the plant by the peduncle, as in the whorl, raceme, &c. Infmc'tus. Bent in with such an acute angle as to appear broken. Iiifundibulifor'mis. Funnel form. Inser'ted. Growing out of, or fixed upon. Insl'dcns. Sitting upon. Insigni'tus. Marked. In'tegcr. Entire. Intemo'de. The space between joints; as in grasses. Inter ruptedly -pin' nate. When smaller leafets are interposed among the principal ones. Intor'tits. Twisted inwards. lalrodu'ced. Not originally native. Brought from some other country. Invohb'crum. A kind of general calyx, serving for many flowers, ge- nerally situated at the base of an umbel or head. Involn'cel. A partial involucrum. In' -volute. Rolled inwards. 200 LIB Iridescent. Reflecting light, (from Iris the rainbow.) Irreg'ular. Differing in figure, size, or proportion of parts among themselves. o Irritability. The power of being excited so as to produce contrac- tion ; this power belongs to vegetables as well as animals ; sensation is thought to imply the existence of internal properties not possessed by plants; though some have attributed sensation to plants, as well as animals. J. Jag'ged. Irregularly divided and sub-divided. Jaws. See Faux. Joints. Knots, or rings in culms, pods, leaves, &c. Ju'gum. A yoke ; growing in pairs. Juxta-position, (from juzta, near, and pono, to place,) nearness of place. K. Keel. The under lip of a papilionaceous flower. Ketl'ed. Shaped like the keel of a boat or ship, Ker'nel. See Nucleus. Kid'ney-shaped. Heart-shaped without the point, and broader than long. Knee. A joint being geniculate. Knob'bed. In thick lumps, as the potato. Knot. See joints. L La'biate. Having lips as in the Ciass Didynamia. Lacin'iate. Jagged, irregularly torn, lacerated. Lactes'cent. Yielding a juice, usually white, like milk, sometimes red, as in the blood- root. Lac'teus. Milk w-hite. Lacus'tris. Growing about lakes. Lctf vis. Smooth, even. LameVlated. In thin plates. Lam'ina. The broad or flat end of a petal, in distinction from its clar". La'nate. Woolly. Lance' -ol-ate. Spear-shaped, narrow, with both ends acute. Lance' o-vate. A compound of lanceolate and ovate, intermediate, Lat'eral. On one side, (from lotus.) La' tent. Hidden, concealed, (from lateo, to hide.) Lar'va. The caterpillar state of an insect. Lax. Limber, "accid. Leaf'et. A partial leaf, part of a compound leaf. Leafstalk. See petiole. Leg'ume. A pod or pericarp having its seeds attached to one side ox suture; as the pea and bean. Legu'minous. Bearing legumes. Lepan'thiums. A term used for a petal-like nectary ; like that of the larkspur and monkshood. Li'ber. The inner bark of plants. Immediately under the cuticle is a succulent, cellular substance, for the most part of a green colour, es- pecially in the leaves and branches. Under this cellular integument, MOL 201 is the barn: consisting of but one layer in plants or branches only one year old. In older branches and trunks of trees, it consists of as many layers as they are years old ; the innermost and newest being called the liber : it is in this layer only that the essential vital func- tions are carried on for the time being, after which it is pushed out- wards with the cellular integument, and like that, becomes a life- less crust. Lig'neous. Woody. Lig'num. Wood. Lig'ulate. Strap or ribbon like, flat, as the florets of the dandelion. Liliaceous. A corolla with six petals gradually spreading from the base. Limb. The border or spreading part of a monopetalous corolla. Lin'ear. Long and narrow with parallel sides as the leaves of grasses. Lip. The under petal in a labiate corolla. LiUora'lis. Growing on coasts, or shores. Liv'idus. Dark purple. Lobe. A large division, or distinct portion of a leaf or petal. Loc'ulus. A little cell, from locus a place. Lo'mcnt. A pod resembling a legume, but divided by transverse par titions. Longifoli'us. Long leaved. # Longis'simus. Very long. Lu'cidus. Bright and shining. Lu'rid. Of a pale dull colour. Lic'lcus. Yellow. Ly'rate. Pinnatifid, with a large roundish leafet at the end. M. Macula'tus. Spotted. Marces'cent. Withering. Margin. The edge, or border. Mara' time. Growing near the sea. Medul'la. The pith or pulp of vegetables. The centre or heart of the vegetable. Various opinions have been entertained respecting the importance of the pith ; Linna?us considered that it was the seat of life and source of vegetation: that its vigour was the principal cause of the shooting forth of branches, and that the seeds were formed from it. It is now generally thought that the pith does not perform so important a part in the economy of vegetation as was supposed by Linnaeus. Melliferous. Producing, or containing honey. Mcm'branous. Very thin and delicate. Mid' rib. The main or middle rib of a leaf running from the stem to the apex. Minia'tus. Scarlet, vermilion colour. Mola'res. Back teeth, grinders. MoVlis. Soft. Mollus'caus. Such animals as have a soft body without bones; as the oyster. 202 NUC MonodeVphous. Having the stamens united in a tube at the base. Monili'form. Granulate, strung together like beads. Monocctyl'edons. Having but one cotyledon. Mona'cious. Having pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant. Monopet'alous. The corolla composed of one petal. Monophyl'lous. Consisting of one leaf. Monoscp'alous. A calyx of one piece or sepal. Monosper'mus. One seed to a flower. Monla'nus. Growing on mountains. Moon-form. See Crescent-form. Mosses. The second order of the class Cryptogamia. Mu'cronate. Having a small point or prickle at the end of an obtuse leaf. Mullijlo'rus. Many flowered. Multiplex. Many flowered, petals lying over each other in two rows. Mul'lus. Many. Mn'ricaie. Covered with prickles. N. Naked. Destitute of parts usually found. Na'nus. Dwarfish, very small. Nap. Downy, or like fur, tomentose.* Napifor'mis. Resembling a turnip. Narcot'ic, (from the Greek word narce, torpor.) A substance which has the power of procuring sleep — Opium is highly narcotic. Na'toMt. Floating. Natural Character. That which is apparent, having no reference to any particular method of classification. Natural History. The science which treats of nature. Nec'tary, (from nectar, the fabled drink of the gods.) The part of a flower which produces honey : this term is applied to any appendage of the flower which has no other name. Nemoro'sus. Growing in groves, often given as a specific name, as Anemone nemorosa ; the ending in a denotes the adjective as being in the feminine gender : the adjective in Latin varying its termina- tion to conform to the gender of the substantive. Nerves. Parallel veins. Nerved. Marked with nerves, so called, though not organs of sensi- bility like the nerves in the animal system. Nic'litans. From a word which signifies to twinkle, or wink; appli- ed as a specific name to some plants which appear sensitive ; as the Cassia nic titans. Ni'gcr. Black. Nit'idus. Glassy, glittering. Niv'eus. Snow white. Nod'dins. Partly drooping. Node, Nodus. Knot. No'men. A name. Nolch'ed. See Crenate. Nu'cleus. Nut, or kernel. PAP 203 Nu'dus. See Naked. Nut, Nux. See Nucleus. Nutant. See Nodding, Pendulous. O. Ob. A word which, prefixed to other terms, denotes the inrersion of the usual position ; as obcordate, inversely cordate. Obcim'ic. Conic with the point downwards. Obcor'date. Heart-shaped with the point downwards. Oblance'olate. Lanceolate with the base the narrowest. Obli'que. A position between horizontal and vertical. Oblong. Longer than oval, with the sides parallel. Obo'vate. Ovate with the narrowest end towards the stem, or place of insertion. Obsolete. Indistinct, appearing as if worn out. Obtv/se. Blunt, rounded, not acute. Odora'tus. Scented, odorous. Officinalis. Such plants as are kept for sale as medicinal, or of use in the arts. Oid, Oi'des. This termination imports resemblance, as petaloid, like a petal ; thalietroides, resembling a thalictrum, &c. Opa'que. Not transparent. Oper'culum. The lid which covers the capsules of mosses. Opposite. Standing against each other on opposite sides of the stem, Orbic'ular. Circular. Orckid'eons. Petals like the orchis, four-arched; the fifth longer. Ornithol'ogy. That department of zoology which treats of birds. Os. A bone. A mouth. Os'seous. Bony, hard. O'vary. A name sometimes given to the outer covering of the germ, before it ripens. O'vate. Egg-shaped, oval, with the lower end largest. Ovip'arous. Animals produced from eggs, as birds, &c. O'vules. Little ^ga-s ; the rudiments of seeds which the germ contains before its fertilization ; after that the ovules ripen into seeds. Ovum. An egg. P. Palate. A prominence in the lower lip of a labiate corolla, closing or nearly closing the throat. Palea'ceous. See Chaffy. Palmate. Hand-shaped ; divided so as to resemble the hand with tne fingers spread. Pains' tris. Growing in swamps and marshes. Pandu'riform. Contracted in the middle like a violin or guitar. Pan'icle. A loose, irregular bunch of flowers, with sub-divided branches, as the oat. Pan'cled. Bearing panicles. Papil'io. A butterfly. Paptliova'ceons. Butterfly-shaped — an irregular corolla consisting of four petals ; the upper one is called the banner, tne two side ones 204 PHY wings, and the lower one the keel, as the pea. Mostly found in ..he class Diadelphia. Papil'lose. Covered with protuberances. Pappus. The down of seeds, as the dandelion ; a feathery appendage. See Egret. Parasil'ic. Growing on another plant, and deriving nourishment from it. Paren'chyma. A succulent vegetable substance; the cellular sub- stance ; the thick part of leaves between the opposite surfaces ; the pulpy part of fruits, as in the apple, &c. Partial. Used in distinction to general. Partition. The membrane which divides pericarps into cells, called the dissepiment. It is parallel when it unites with the valves where they unite with each other. It is contrary or transverse when it meets a valve in the middle or in any part not in its suture. Parted. Deeply divided : more than cleft. Patens. Spreading, forming less than a right angle. Pau'ci. Few in number. Pec'tinate. Like the teeth of a comb, intermediate between fimbriate and pinnatifid. Pedate. Having a central leaf or segment and the two side ones which are compound, like a bird's foot. Ped'icel. A little stalk or partial peduncle. Pcdun'cle. A stem bearing the flower and fruit. Pcl'lide. A thin membranous coat. Pcllu'cid. Transparent or limpid. Peltate. Having the petiole attached to some part of the under side of the leaf. Pendant. Hanging down, pendulous. Pcn'cilled. Shaped like a painter's pencil or brush. Pcregri'nus. Foreign, wandering. Pcrcn'nial. Lasting more than two years. Perfoliate. Having a stem running through the leaf; differs from connate in not consisting of two leaves. Per' f orate. Having holes as if pricked through; differs from punc- tate, which has dots resembling holes. Pe'ri. Around. Per'ioMth. A sort of calyx. Per'icarp, (from peri, around, and karpos, fruit.) A seed vessel ox whatever contains the seed. Perig'ynous, (from peri, around, and gynia, pistil.) Peris'perm, (from peri, around, and sperma, seed.) Around the seed. Per'manent. Any part of a plant is said to be permanent when it re- mains longer than is usual for similar parts in most plants. Persis'tent. Not falling off. See Permanent. Per'sonate. Masked or closed. Pc'tal. The leaf of a corolla, usually coloured. Pe'tiole. The stalk which supports the leaf. Phenog' anions. Such flowers as have stamens and pistils visible, in- cluding all plants except the cryptogamous. Physio'logy, (derived from the Greek.) A discourse of Nature PRO 205 Phytol ogy. The science which treats of the organization of vegeta- bles ; nearly synonymous with the physiology of vegetables. Pi'leus. The hat of a fungus. Pillar. See Columella and Column. Pilose. Hairy, with distinct straightish hairs. Pilus. A hair. Pimpled. See Papillose. Pinna. A wing feather ; applied to leafets. Pinnate. A leaf is pinnate when the leafets are arranged in two rows on the side of a common petiole, as in the rose. Pinnat'ijid. Cut in a pinnate manner.. It differs from pinnate, in be- ing a simple leaf, deeply parted, while pinnate is a compound of dis- tinct leafets. Pistil. The central organ of most flowers, consisting of the germ style, and stigma. Pistillate. Having pistils, but no stamens. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants. See Medulla. Plaited. Folded like a fan. Pla.ne. Flat, with an even surface. Plica'ius. See Plaited. Plumo'se. Feather-like. Plu'mula, or Plume. The ascending part of a plant at its first ger- mination. Plu'rimus. Very many. Pod. A dry seed vessel, most commonly applied to legumes and si- liques. Po'dosperm, (from podos, a foot, and sperma, seed.) Pedicel of the seed. Pointal. A name sometimes used for pistil. Pollen, (properly, fine flour, or the dust that flies in a mill.) The dust which is contained within the anthers. Polus. Many. Poly an' droits. Having many stamens inserted upon the receptacle. Polyg'amous. Having some flowers which are perfect, and others stamens only, or pb'ils only. Polymor'phous. Change^e, assuming many forms. Poly pet' alous. Having many petals. Polypkyl'lous. Having many leaves. Poly sep' alous. A calyx of more than one sepal. Pome. A pulpy fruit, containing a capsule, as the apple. Porous. Full of holes. Prcimorse. Ending bluntly, as if bitten off; the same as abrupt. Pras'inus. Green, like a leek. Pratcnsis. Growing in meadow land. Prickle, differs from the thorn, in being fixed to the bark; the thorn is fixed to the wood. Prismal'ic. Having several parallel flat sides. Proboscis. An elongated nose or snout, applied to projecting Darts of vegetables. Process. A projecting part. Procum'bcnt. Lying on the ground. 18 206 RET Proliferous. A flower is said to be proliferous when it has smaller ones growing out of it. Prop. Tendrils and other climbers. Prox'imus. Near. Pseudo. When prefixed to a word, it implies obsolete, or false. Pubes'cent. Hairy, downy, or woolly, Pulp. The juicy cellular substance of berries and other fruits. Pulxcr'ulent. Turning to dust. Pu'milus. Small, low. Pimctate. Appearing dotted as if pricked. See Perforated. Pungent. Sharp, acrid, piercing. Purpu'reus. Purple. Pusil'lns. Diminutive, low Puta'men. A hard shell. a. Qaadran'gular. Having four corners or angles. Qualer'nate. Four together. Quinate. Five together. R. Raceme, (from rax, a bunch of grapes, a cluster.) That kind of inflo- rescence in which the flowers are arranged by simple pedicels on the sides of a common peduncle ; as the currant. Ra'chis. The common stalk to which the florets and spikelets of grasses are attached ; as in wheat heads. Also the midrib of some leaves and fronds. Ra'diate. The legulate florets around the margin of a compound flower. Radix. A root ; the lower part of the plant, which performs the office of attracting moisture from the soil, and communicating it to the other parts of the plant. Rad'ical. Growing from the root. ■ The part of the corculum which afterwards forms the root; also the minute fibres of a root. Ramiferous. Producing branches. Ramus. A branch. Ray. The outer margin of compound flowers. Receptacle. The end of a flower stalk ; the base to which the differ- ent parts of the organs of fructification are usually attached. Recli'ned. Bending over with the end inclining towards the ground. Rectus. Straight. Recurv'ed. Curved backwards. Rejlexed. Bent backwards more than recurved. Refrig'erant, (from refrigero, to cool.) Cooling medicines. Re'niform. Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped without the point. Repand. Slightly serpentine, or waving on the edge. Rcpens. Creeping. Resu'pinate. Upside down. Relic' ulate Veins crossing each other like net-work. SER 207 Ketuse. Having a slight notch in the end, less than emarginate. Reversed. Bent back towards the base. Rev'olulc. Rolled backward or outward. Rhomboid. Diamond-form. Rib. A nerve-like support to a leaf. Rigid. Stiff, not pliable. Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns. Ringent. Gaping or grinning ; a term belonging to the labiate corollas. Root. The descending part of a vegetable. Rootlet. A fibre of a root, a little root. Rosa'ceous. A corolla formed of roundish spreading petals, without claws, or with very short ones. Rose' ous. Rose coloured. Rostel. That pointed part of the embryo which tends downward at the first germination of the seed. Rostrate. Having a protuberance like a bird's beak. Rotate. Wheel-form. Rotun'dus. Round. Rubra. Red. Rufous. Reddish yellow. Rugose. Wrinkled. Run'cinate. Having large teeth pointing backwards, as the dandelion. Rupes'tris. Growing among rocks, S. Sagittate. Arrow-form. Soli'ferous. Bearing or producing salt. Salsus. Salt tasted. Salver-form. Corolla with a flat spreading border proceeding from the top of a tube ; flower monopetalous. Sam'ara. A winged pericarp not opening by valves, as the maple. Sap. The watery fluid contained in the tubes and little cells of vege- tables. Sapor. Having taste. Sarmen'tose. Running on the ground and striking root from the joiLit only, as the strawberry. Sar'cocarp, (from sarx, flesh, and karpos, fruit.) The fleshy part of fruit. Sea' be r, or Scabrous. Rough. Scandens. Climbing. Scape. A stalk which springs from the root, and supports flowers and fruit but no leaves, as the dandelion. Sca'rious. Having a thin membranous margin. Scattered. Standing without any regular order. Scions. Shoots proceeding laterally from the roots or bulb of a root. Segment. A part or principal division of a leaf, calyx, or corolla. Sevipervi'rens. Living through the winter, and retaining its leaves Sep'al. A leaf of the calyx. Serrate. Notched like the teeth of a saw. Serrulate. Minutely serrate. 208 S T E Sessile. Sitting down; placed immediately on the main stem without a foot sialk. Seta. A bristle. Seta'ceous. Bristle-form. Shaft. A pillar, sometimes applied to the style. Sheath. A tubular or folded leafy portion including within it the stem. Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually a large shoot in the spring, and another in June. Shrub. A plant with a woody stem, branching out nearer the ground than a tree, usually smaller. Sic'cus. Dry. Sit'icle. A seed vessel constructed like a silique, but not longer than it is broad. Silique. A long pod or seed vessel of two valves, having the seed at- tached to the two edges alternately. Simple. Not divided, branched, or compounded. Sin'uate. The margin hollowed out resembling a bay. Si'nus. A bay ; applied to the plant, a roundish cavity in the edge of the leaf or petal. So'ri, (plural of Soros.) Fruit dots on ferns. Spa'dix. An elongated receptacle of flowers, commonly proceeding from a spatha. Spa'tha. A sheathing calyx opening lengthwise on one side, and con- sisting of one or more valves. Spat'ulate. Large, obtuse at the end, gradually tapering into a stalk at the base. Spe'cies. The lowest division of vegetables. Specific. Belonging to a species only. Sper'ma. Seed. Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile, or nearly so, as in the mullein, or wheat. Spike'let. A small spike. Spin' die-shaped. Thick at top, gradually tapering, fusiform. Spine. A thorn or sharp process growing from the wood. Spino'sus. Thorny. Spi'ral. Twisted like a screw. Spur. A sharp hollow projection from a flower, commonly the nectary. Spur' red-rye. A morbid swelling of the seed, of a black or dark co- lour, sometimes called ergot ; the black kind is called the malig- nant ergot. Grain growing in low moist ground, or new land, is most subject to it. Squamo'sus. Scaly. Squarro'se. Ragged, having divergent scales. Stamen. That part of the flower on which the artificial classes are founded. Stam'inate. Having stamens without pistils. Standard. See Banner. Slcl'lale. Like a star. Stem. A general supporter of leaves, flowers, and fruit. Stemless. Having no stem. Ster'ile. Barren. TEG 209 Stig'ma. The summit, or top of the pistil Stipe. The stem of a fern, or fungus; also the stem of the down of seeds, as in the dandelion. Stip'ilate. Supported by a stipe. Sli'pule. A leafy appendage, situated at the base of petioles, or leaves. Stutonif'erous. Putting forth scions, or running roots. Stratum' cous. Straw-like, straw coloured. Strap-form. Ligulate. Stratum. A layer, plural strata. Striate. Marked with fine parallel lines. SI rictus. Stiff and straight, erect. Slrigose. Armed with close thick bristles. Sir ob' Hum. A cone, an ament with woody scales. Style. That part of the pistil which is between the stigma and the germ* Slyl'ides. Plants with a very long style. Sua'vis. Sweet, agreeable. Sub. Used as a diminutive, prefixed to different terms to imply the ex- istence of a quality in an inferior degree ; in English, may be ren- dered by somewhat: it also signifies under. Subcro'se. Corky. Submersed. Growing under water. Subterra'neous. Growing and flowering under ground. Subtus. Beneath. Sub' acute. Somewhat acute. Sub' sessile. Almost sessile. Sub'ulate. Awl-shaped, narrow and sharp pointed. See Awl-form. Suc/culcnt. Juicy ; it is also applied to a pulpy leaf, whether juicy or not. Suc'cus. Sap. Sucker. A snoot from the root, by which the plant may De propagated. Suffru'ticose. Somewhat shrubby ; shrubby at the base ; an under shrub. Sul'cate. Furrowed, marked with deep lines. Super. Above. Supradecompound. More than decompound ; many times sub-dividea. Superior. A calyx or corolla is superior, when it proceeds from the upper part of the germ. Supi'uus. Face upwards. See Resupinatus. Suture. The line or seam formed by the junction of two valves of a seed vessel. Sylvcstris. Growing in woods. Syncarpe, (from sun, with, and karpos, fruit.) A union of fruits. Syngenesious. Anthers growing together, forming a tube ; such plant? as constitute the class Sygenesia, being also compound flowers. Synonyms. Synonymous, different names for the same plant. Synopsis. A condensed view of a subject, or science. T. Taxonomy, (from taxis, order, and nonius, law.) Method of classifica- tion. Tegens. Covering. 18* 210 U M B Tegument. The skm or covering of seeds ; often burst off on boiling, as in the pea. Temperature. The degree of heat and cold to which any place is sub- ject, not wholly dependent upon latitude, being affected by elevation ; the mountains of the torrid zone produce the plants of the frigid zone. In cold regions white and blue petals are more common ; in warm regions, red and other vivid colours; in the spring we have more white petals, in the autumn more yellow ones. Tendril. A filiform or thread-like appendage of some climbing plants, by which they are supported by twining round other objects Tenellns. Tender, fragile. Tenuifolius. Slender leaved. Tenuis. Thin and slender. Terete. Round, cylindrical, tapering. Terminal. Extreme, situated at the end. Temate. Three together, as the leaves of the clover. Tetradynamous. With four long, and two short stamens. Telrandrous. Having four stamens. Thorn. A sharp process from the woody part of the plant ; consider^ ed as an imperfect bud indurated. Thread-form. See Filiform. Thyrse. See Panicle. Tigc. See Caulis. Tinclorius. Plants containing colouring matter. Tomentose. Downy; covered with fine matted pubescence. Tonic, (from tono, to strengthen.) Medicines which increase the tone of the muscular fibre. Toothed. See Dentate. Trachea. Names given to vessels supposed to be designed for receiv- ing and distributing air. Transverse. Crosswise. Trichotomous. Three fork,. 1 Trifid. Three cleft. Trifoliate. Three leaved. Trilobate. Three lobed. Trilocular. Three celled. Truncate. Having a square termination, as if cut off. Trunk. The stem or bole of a tree. Tube. The lower hollow cylinder of a monopetalous corolla. Tuber. A solid fleshy knob. Tuberous. Thick and fleshy, containing tubers, as the potato. Tubular. Shaped like a tube, hollow. Tunicate. Coated with surrounding layers, as in the onion. Tarbinate. Shaped like a top or pear. Tioining. Ascending spirally. Twisted. Coiled. U. Uliginosus. Growing in damp places. Umbel. A kind of inflorescence in which the flower stalks diverge from one centre, like the sticks of an umbrella. WED 211 Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels. Unarmed Without thorns or prickles. Uncinate. Hooked. Unctuosus. Greasy, oily. Undulate. Waving serpentine, gently rising and faJing. Unguis. A claw. Unguiculate. Inserted by a claw. Unifiorus. One flowered. Unions. Single. Unilateral. Growing on one side. Urceolate. Swelling in the middle, and contracted at the top in the form of a pitcher. V. Valves. The parts of a seed vessel into which it finally separates, also the leaves which make up a glume or spatha. Variety. A subdivision of a species distinguished by character which are not permanent; varieties do not with certainty produce their kind by their seed. All apples are but varieties of one species ; if the seeds of a sour apple be planted, perhaps some will produce sweet apples. Vaulted. Arched over ; with a concave covering. Veined. Having the divisions of the petiole irregularly branched on the under side of the leaf. Ven'tricose. Swelled out. See Inflated. Vernal. Appearing in the spring. Ver'rucose. Warty, covered with little protuberances. Vertical. Perpendicular. VerticiVlate. Whorled, having leaves or flowers in a circle round the stem. Vesic'ular. Made up of cellular substance. Vespertine. Flowers opening in the evening. Vil'lous. Hairy, the hairs long and soft. Viola'ceous. Violet coloured. Vires'cens. Inclining to green. Vir'gate. Long and slender. Wandlike* Vir'idis. Green. VirguVtum. A small twig. Vi'rose. Nauseous to the smell ; poisonous. Viscid. Thick, glutinous, covered with adhesive moisture. ViteVlus. Called also the yolk of the seed ; it is between the albumen and embryo. Vit'reus. Glassy. Vivip'arous. Producing others by means of bulbs or seeds germina- ting while yet on the old plant. Vul'nerary, (from vulnus, a wound,) medicines wLich heals wounds. W. Wedge-form. Shaped like a wedge, rounded at the large end, obovate with strauish sides. 212 ZOO Wheel-shaped. See Rotate. Wiorled. Having flowers or leaves growing in a ring. Wings. The two side petals of a papilionaceous flower. Wood. The most solid parts of trunks of trees and shrubs. Zoofogy. The science which treats of animals. Zo'ophytes. The lowest order of animals, sometimes called animal plants, though considered as wholly belonging to the animal king- dom. They resemble plants in their form, and exhibit very faint marks of sensation. LANGUAGE OP FLOWERS, Mankind in all ages have delighted to personify flowers, 1o imagine them as possessing moral characters corresponding with their outward appearance; — thus we speak of the modest violet, the humble daisy, Ihe proud tulip, and the flaunting peony. In those nations where the imagination is lively, and leads men to the use of figurative language, flowers are often made to speak the sentiments of the heart, in a man- ner more delicate and impressive than could be done by words. Even with us. who are not a people remarkable for brilliancy of fancy, flowers lorm an interesting medium of communication, and often awaken tender recollections. When our parlours or gardens show us these living witnesses of a friend's kindness or affectionate remembrance, we feel a pleasing emotion steal upon our hearts. A shrub or tree presented us, by a departed friend, is a perennial monu- ment to his memory, more touching to the heart than an inscription on marble. It is a fact which may ever be noticed, that those who love flowers, are. social in their tastes, and delight to share their enjoyments with others. In a sordid love of money, we sec the reverse of this ; here, so far from the wish to communicate to others, the heart seems to be- come more and more dead to sympathies and benevolence. We should seek to improve our affections and to calm our spirits by such pursuits as seem best calculated to produce this effect. Hence, we may indulge a fondness for flowers, as not only innocent, but favourable to the health of the soul. Among the ancients, flowers were used in their religious celebra- tions. Christians, even to this day, decorate their churches with flow- ers and evergreens in seasons of peculiar solemnity. In many countries the dead are decked with flowers for their burial, and the tombs are ornamented with garlands and festoons. Thus Mrs. Hemans says : " Bring flowers, pale flowers, o'er the bier to shed, A crown for the brow of the early dead ! For this, through its leaves has the white rose burst, For this in the woods was the violet nurs'd ; Though they smile in vain for what once was ours, They are. love's last gift — bring flowers, pale flowers." The bride of almost every nation is adorned with flowers; the rose *nd orange blossom are among the favourites for this purpose. 214 LANGUAGE OF FLCTtt EKS. The infant loves flowers, and the young child when he firs*, goes into the fields and plucks the luxuriant wild flowers, exhibits a de- light which the most costly toys cannot impart. We wiL now give a few examples of attaching sentiments to flow- ers; and should the young reader become so much interested in this, as to wish to pursue the subject, we will recommend him to peruse the article, " Symbolical Language of Flowers," in the Familiar Lec- tures on Botany, and the more full explanations to be met in " Flora's Dictionary," and " Flora's Interpreter." Acacia, Friendship. Acanthus, Indissoluble ties. Aconitum, (Monk's-hood,) Deceit. Amaran/hus, Unchanging. Amaryllis, Coquetry. Anemone, Frailty. Aram, (Wild-turnip,) Ferocity. Aster, Beauty in retirement. Asclepias, (Milk-weed,) Hope. Bachelor's button, Hope, even in misery. Balm, How sweet is social intercourse ! Broom, Humility. Broom-corn, Industry. Balsamine, (Lady's slipper of the garden,) Impatience. Bay, I change but in death. Box, Constancy. Bell-flower, Gratitude. Cardinal flower, High station does not confer happiness. China aster, I return your affection. Chrysanthemum, (White,) Truth needs no protestations. Clematis, (Virgin's bower,) Mental excellence. C^ck's-comb, Foppery, Affectation. Convolvulus, Uncertainty. Crown imperial, Great but not good. Chamomile, Blooming in sorrow. Carnation, Disdain. Daisy, Unconscious beauty. Dandelion, Smiling on all. HearVs-ease, (Garden violet,) Forget-me-not Hollyhock, Ambition. Honeysuckle, Fidelity. Houstonia, Innocence. Hydrangea, Boastful. Jasmine, Gentle. Iris, A message for you. Larkspur, Inconstant. Lily, (White,) Purity. Lily of the Valley, Delicacy. Marigold, Cruelty. Mirabilis, (Four o'clock,) Timidity. Mignonette, Beauty in the mind rather than the person Mock Orange, (Philadelphia,) Counterfeit. LANGUAGE OF PLOWEBS. Myrtle, Love. Narcissus, Selfishness, Olive, Peace. Orange Jlowers, A bridal. Parsley, Useful knowledge. Passionflower, Devotion. Pink, single, A stranger to art. Pink, variegated, Refusal. Peony, Ostentation. Poppy, Forgetfulness. Rosemary, Remembrance. Rose-bud, A confession. Rose, wild, Simplicity. Rose, cinnamon, Without pretention. Sage, Domestic virtues. Snow-drop, I am not a summer friend. Strawberry, A pledge of happiness. Sweet William, Artful. Sicect pea, Departure. Tulip, Vanity. Weeping willow, Forsaken. 215 Tbe following lines, written on seeing a splendid collection of Water Lilies on the mrface ol Saratoga Lake, may convey to the young reader a useful moral Here on this gently sloping bank Of mossy flowers, I love to lie ; While round, the vernal grass so rank, Of green, reflects the richest dye. The placid lake of silver sheen, Fans with soft breath my burning cheek, While from its bosom all serene, Fresh odours rise from blossoms meek. Sweet, modest plants, condemned to dwell In solitude and lonely shade ; Oh, do you not sometimes rebel, That thus obscure your lot is made? But come with me to fairy bowers, Deck'd by the tasteful hand of art ; And ye shall know of brighter hours, And share the pleasures of my heart Nympha?a* hears my earnest plea, Meek, white-robed ldy of the lake; And wafting forth a sigh to me, The unambitious flowret spake. Mortal, forbear ! thou knowest not, How idle is thy foolish dream; — Nor is our lowly, humble lot, Sad as thy erring heart may deem. * The White water-lily. 216 LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Round us the silver trout do glide, Blithe zephyrs dance amidst our boweia, And with ns insects gay ahide, Who call us sweetest of the flowers. We make these solitudes rejoice, Adorn and bless our parent wave ; Arid should it be her children'9 choice To leave her, but — to find a grave ? We should not he in bowers of art, Blooming and fresh as we are here- Soon would our lovliness depart And wither'd things we should appear. See yellow Naphar* now so gay, Blue Pontederiat fresh and fair, Oh, they would droop the very day, Should take them from their natal air ! And I, she said, in accents sweet, Whose robe of plain and wimple white Is for these shades a garment moot ;— I could not bide tho glaring light, Which gaudy tulips love so well— Oh grant me, Heav'n my little day Untouch'd by pride may p;iss away! ♦The Yellow water-lilj- f A beautiful aquatic flower, wun blossoms tluekiv crowded upon a spiko j thiq flower intermixed with the White and Yellow lilies, produces a fine effect. I