i mmm Stjp S.11 BU Sitbrarg QJC125 C52 I&&3 16899 This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: 20rt'5IX 6Wlar52 a^ 28M3^ 290ct'5(,i- AUG 6 l]Juppo-2 ''P^ J 7 J96J 'JliN 19 196- W 13 1963 MAY 5 ? FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES a FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BY A. W. CHAPMAN, M. D. THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. SECOND EDITION. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. 1883. Copyright, By a. W. Chapman, 1883. University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. PREFACE. When the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the country embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- respondents from other States, have become so numerous that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them. In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it. And now, since the different sections of all the States which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be at least partially fulfilled. {^ VI PREFACE. It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work. Apalachicola, Florida, December 26, 1882. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction ix Sketch of the Elements of Botany . . . . ix Glossary of Botanical Terms xviii Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . . . xxv Signs used in this Work xxvi Directions to the Student xxvii Artificial Analysis of the Natural • Orders . . xxix FLORA. — Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants . . . l Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 585 Supplement 003 Index 675 Index to Supplement 695 INTRODUCTION, I SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Vegetalile Tissue. 1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts. 3. CeUxdar Tissue., which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 5. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants; viz Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit. 2, Tlie Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTRODUCTION. 9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of the plant. These are called Secondary Roots. 10. Aenal Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems are also of this class. 11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendrum are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. The Stem. 13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Liternodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called hranchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicnted or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called BvlUets. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. xi 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity. 24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. The Leaves. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed frbm axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they arc folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. XU INTRODUCTION. 35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules; but these three parts are not always present in one leaf. 36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or divided ; and compound^ when of two or more distinct pieces {leajiets), which separate by a joint. 37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. "When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule. 38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticidated, or 7ietted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the pahnately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatijid, when the incisions {sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole; and pinnately divided., when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate., with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. "When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate., and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. "When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 4.5. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts ; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flo\rer. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite., or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. xiu 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axiUary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme Corymb, Umbel, Head., and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and WiUow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. b XIV INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colored. Its leaves {Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to form a monopetalous corolla. 65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth. 66. A tiower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and size ; and iiregidar, when they are unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monoecious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils [pistillate or fertile flowers) are borne on the same plant; dioecious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7. Tlie Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are kypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovai-y ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set {monadelphous) , or into two, three, or more sets [diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot ; introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. Tlie Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovary, the Style, and tlie Stigma. 76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, wlicn this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epideiinis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by tlicir margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and tiiat which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine^ and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity ; campyhtropous, when it curves on itself, so as to " bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 8.5. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terras are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simple* fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal; XVi INTRODUCTION. and septicidal, when it opens at tlie ventral suture, or through the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling oft" entire, like a lid, the dehiscence is circumscissile. 90. A Silique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae con- nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 91. A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Govu-d Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy placentae. 92. A Potne is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 93. A Berri/ is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp; as the Peach, Holly, &c. 95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. "When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are tliin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; as that of the Maple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. Tlie Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument, is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft {Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa mcludes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Emh-yo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Eadicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud {Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferio7' Avhen it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyhdonous. 105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XVH 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Ph^enogamous Plants, or those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Cry-ptogamons or Flowerless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of Phasnogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained ip the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 13. Classification. 110. Classification consists in the aiTanging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 11.5. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. *^* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora- Abortive : not fiilly Abruptly pimiate,'^43. Accumbent : Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 95. Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes, Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. Acute : pointed. Adherent : growing fast to another body. Adnate : same as Adherent. Adnate Anthers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. Estivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggregate : crowded together. Albumen, 101. AlbmTium, 30. Alternate : scattered ; one after another. Alveolate : deeply pitted. Ament, 53. Amentaceous : bearing aments. Amphitropous, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androg^Tious : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospennfe : Flora, p. 1. Annual : lasting only one year. Annular : disposed in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior : applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous: without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt point. Appendage: something added to a part. Appressed : lying near'to ; pressed against. Aquatic : growing in water. Arborescent : tree-like. Areolation : spaces between the leaf- veins. Aril, 100. Arilled : covered with an aril. Armed : furnished with thorns, prickles, &c. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: ) curving outward and up- Assurgent: j ward. Attenuated : gradually narrowed. Auriculate : eared ; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awned : bearing an awn. Axil: the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis : the central line of a body ; the part around Avhich others grow. Baccate: berrj'-like; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal : belonging to the base. Beaked : ending in a stout point. Bearded : bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spreading border. Beny, 93. Bidentate : two-toothed. Biennial : lasting two years. Bifid : two-cleft. Bifoliolate : beai-ing two leaflets. Biglandular: bearing two glands. Bilabiate: tAvo-lipped. Bipinnate : twice pinnate. Biternate : twice ternate. Bladders : small sacs filled with air. Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf, &c. Boat-shaped: see Carinate. Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted : furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle : a i-igid hair. Bristly : beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14. Bulb, 21. Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet. 21. GLOSSARY. XIX Caducous: falling away early. Casspitose : growing in a tuft. Callous: thickened. Calyx, 63. Cambium, 31. Campanulate: see Bell-shaped. Campylotropous, 83. Capillaiy : hair-like. Capsule, 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate : keeled ; bearing on the back a sharp longitudinal ridge. Cariopsis, 95. Carpel : a single pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Carpellary: pertaining, to a carpel. Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous: hard and tough. Camncle : an appendage of tlie hilum. Caudate: tailed. Caudex, 17. Caulescent : furnished with a stem. Cauline : pertaining to the stem. Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissue, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bracts. Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, 82. Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character: a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, &c. from all others. Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, &c. Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. Circinate : I'olled inward at the apex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate : club-shaped. Claw : the stalk of a petal. Clawed : raised on a clawi Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- ened upward. Clustered : crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate : coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily ; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose ; bearing a coma, 99. Compound: composed of similar simple parts, 36. Compressed : flattened. Cone : the scaly fruit of the Pine. Confluent: running together. Conglomerate : heaped together. Conical : cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base» as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent : brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contoi'ted: twisted; bent. Contorted asstivation: see Convolute. Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate : heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Corm, 20. Corneous : hard like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Coi-ymt), 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Crenulate : slightly crenate. Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. Crown : an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned: bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform: shaped like a cross. Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants, 107. Cucullate : see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate : wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped : shaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle, 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal thickness. Cyme, 60. Cymose : arranged in a cyme. Decandrous : having ten stamens. Deciduous : falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: leaning to one side. Decompound : several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent : with the edges extending be- low the main point of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed : bent downward. Dehiscence: the manner in which closed organs regularly open. Dehiscent : opening regularly. Deltoid : triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate : slightly toothed. rXTRODUCTION. Depressed : flattened horizontally. Descending: directed downward. Diadelphous: collected in two sets. Diandrous: having two stamens. Dichlamydeous : having both calyx and corolla. Dichotomous: forked. Diclinous, 66. Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. Didymous: twin. Didynanious: having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others. Diffuse: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Dimorphous: of two forms. Dioecious, 67. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal: pertaining to back or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy : bearing soft short hairs. Drupe, 94. Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe. Duramen, 30. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emarginate : notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emersed : raised out of water. Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous : having nine stamens. Ensifonn : sword-shaped. Entire: with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epiphytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided. Equitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their bases clasped one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose: with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted: protruding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate: scythe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped : folded or plaited like a fan. Farinaceous : mealy. Fascicle: a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cluster. Fastigiate : rising to the same level ; flat- topped. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flowers): bearing only pistils. Fen-uginous : of the color of iron-rust. Fertile : bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Roots, 8. Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and conti-acted in the middle. Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform: thread-like. Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous : hollow. Fleshy : soft and juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose : bearingtufts of deciduous hairs. Flora : a systematic description of the plants of a country. Floral : belonging to the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerless Plants, 107. Foliaceous: leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked : divided into two branches. Free : separate ; disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. Frond : the leaf of a Fern. FiTictification: the fruiting state. Fruit, 84. Fnitescent: shrubby. P'ugacious : continumg for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upwai'd from a tubular base. FuiTowed : grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate : by pairs. Geniculate : bent abruptly. Genus, 113. GeiTnination, 105. GiI:)bous : puffed out. Glabrous ; free from roughness, or hairs. Glands : small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glands. Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish powder. Globular: l^'^^^"^ 5 ^P^^"^«l- Glomerate: collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. XXI Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of glasses and sedges. Granular: covered with gi'ains. Gymnospermous Plants : Flora, i>. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs : hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Hairy : furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute : beset with coarse hairs. Hispid : beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-Avhite. Homogeneous : uniform in substance. Hooded: rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a honi. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hvaline : thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70, Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included: enclosed; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent : Flora, p. 24. Incurved: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent: not opening. Indigenous: native to a country. Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 586. Inferior: below, 103. Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed : bent inward. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on : used in the sense of growing from a part Insertion : the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. Interrupted : not continuous ; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced : brought from another coun- try. Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute : with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate : divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate: divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate : formed of thin phites. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &;c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. , Lanuginous : woolly. Lateral: placed at!| or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leatheiy: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula : Flora, p. 545. Limb : the expanded part of a leaf, Sic. Linear : long and naiTOw, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes enlarged. Marginal : borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullary Ravs, 30. Medullary Sheath, 29. Membranous : of the texture of mem- brane. Mericarp : Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadelphous, 70. Monandrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. Monoecious, 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. IVIonosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece. ^Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset with hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. XXll INTRODUCTION. Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform. Nectary : any honey-beariug part. Nerved (leaves), 40. Netted-veined, 40. Neutral (flowers): without stamens and pistils. Nodding : turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Acheniura. Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate : inversely lance-shaped". Oblique: unequal-sided. Oblong: naiTower than Elliptical, with . nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow end downward. Obtuse: blmit; not pomted. Ochrea, 38. Octandrous: having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite : placed directly against each other, as leaves on the stem; placed before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 83. Oval : same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate: egg-shaped. Ovoid : a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76. Palate : a prominence at the throat of some bilabiate flowers. Palea: Flora, p. 545. Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre. Palmately-veined, 41. Panicle, 59. Papery : of the textui-e of paper. Papilionaceous (flower): p'lora, p. 86 Papillose : studded with minute wart-like prominences. Pappus : the limb of the calyx of com- posite flowers. Parallel-veined, 40. Parasitical : supported and nourished by other plants. Parietal, 81. Parted : divided nearly to the base. Partial : pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ. Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes. Pedate : nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided. Pedicel. 50. Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel. Peduncle, 50. Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins. Pendent: hanging, drooping. Pendulous: somewhat drooping. Penicillate: see Bi'ush-shaped. Pentandrous : having five stamens. Pepo, 91. Perennial : lasting from year to year. Perfect Flowers, 66. Perfoliate : growing around the stem. Perianth, 65. Pericarp : the walls of the fruit. Perigynium: Flora, p. 532. Perigynous, 70. Persistent : remaining late, as opposed to deciduous. Personate : bearing a palate. Petal, 64. Petaloid: petal-like; colored like a petal. Petiole : the stalk of a leaf. Petioled : borne on a petiole. Petiolule : the stalk of a leaflet. Petiolulate : raised on a petiolule. Plijenogamous Plants, 106. Pilose: beset with stiff straight hairs. PinnjB : the primaiy divisions of a pin- nately compound leaf. Pinnate, 43. I Pinnately divided, 43. Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf. Pistil, 74. Pith, 29. Pitted : marked with fine indentations. Placenta, 81. Plaited. 68 ; folded lengthwise. Plumose : feathery. Plumule, 103. Pollen, 71. Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- weed. Polyandrous : bearing many stamens. Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied to a corolla or calyx with separate petals or sepals. Polvmorphous : of various forms. Pome, 92. Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of the cuticle. Pricklv: beset Avith prickles. Primiiie, 82. Prismatic : angular, with flat sides. Process : a prominence or projection. Procumbent : i-esting on the ground. Produced : prolonged. Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers arises out of another cluster. Prostrate: see Procumbent. Pubescence : hairiness in general. Pubescent: hairy or downy. Pulvei-ulent : covered with fine powder. Punctate: dotted. Pungent: ending in an abrupt hard point. Pyramidal: pyramid-shaped. Pyriform : pear-shaped. Quinate : bearing five leaflets. Eaceme, 55. Kachis, 50. GLOSSARY. XXlll Rays 57 ; tlie marginal flowers a head or cVme • the partial stalks of an umbel. Radiate 'or Kadiaut : bearing rays; di- vero-ino- from a centre. Radical :°near or belonging to the root. Radicle, 103. Raphe, 83. Receptacle, 61. Reclining; leaning or falling to one side. Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if broken. Regular: of uniform shape and size. Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. Repand: wavy. Resupinate : turned upside down. Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like network. Revolute: rolled backward. Rhizoraa, 18. Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- shaped. Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges. Ribbed: bearing ribs. Root, 7. Rootlet, 7. Rootstock, 18. Rostrate: beaked. Rotate: wheel-shaped; with a short tube and a spreading limb. Rudimentary: imperfectly developed. Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled. Ruminated (albumen) : divided into lobes. Runcinate: same as Ijnrate, but with the lobes directed backward. Runner, 23. Sagittate : arrow-shaped. Samara, 97. Scabrous: rough. Scales : reduced leaves, or any small and thin appendage. Scaly : beset with scales ; of the texture of scales. Scape, 50. Scarious: very thin and colorless. Scurfy : covered with minute scales. Secund: one-sided. Seed, 99. Segment: one of the parts of a divided leaf, &c. Sepal, 63. Septicidal, 89. Serrate: with the margin cut into teeth like a saw. Serrulate : finely seiTate. Sessile: not raised on a stalk. Setaceous : bristle-like. Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is wrapped round the stem. Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a sheath. Shield-shaped: see Peltate. Shrub, 26. Silicle and Silique, 90. ] Silky: clothed with fine appressed shin- ing hairs. Silvery: white and shining. Simple; of one piece. Sinuate ; with the margins cut into rounded incisions (sinuses) which are separated by rounded lobes. Solitary ; standing alone. Sorus : the fruit cmster of ferns. Spadix, 54. Spathe, 54. Spatulate : dilated into a broad and rounded summit, from a slender base. Species, 111. Specific : pertaining to a species. Spike, 52. Spikelet : a small spike, or a branch of a spike. Spindle-shaped; see Fusiform. Spine, 24. Spiny; ai-med with spines; spme-Iike. Spiral Vessels, 5. Sporangia: Floi'a, p. 585. Spores: Flora, p. 585. Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx or the corolla. Spurred : furnished with a spur. Squarrose : covered with spreading scales. Stamen, 69. Staminate : bearing stamens. Standard: Flora, p. 86. Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a common centre. Stem, 13. Stemless, 13. Sterile; unft-uitful; impei'fect. Stigma, 78. Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma. Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a feni- leaf. ^ Stipel, 38. Stipellate : furnished with stipels. Stipule, 38. Stipulate : famished with stipules. Stolon, 22. Stolon iferous: bearing stolons. Stomata, 33. Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par- allel mai-gins. Striate : mai-ked with fine furrows. Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed hairs. Strobile, 98. Style, 77. Subulate : awl-shaped. Sulcate : marked with deep furrows. Suspended : hanging. Suture, 80. Syngenesious, 72. System, 115. Tap-root, 8. Tendril, 25. Terete: cylindrical; round. Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a whorl. XXIV INTRODUCTION. Testa : the covering of the seed. Tetramerous : in parts of four. Tetruudrous : having four stamens. Thorn, 24. Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla, calyx, &c. Tomentose : clothed with ^ close velvety pubescence. Toothed: see Dentate. Top-shaped : like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, 26. Triandrous : having three stamens. Tribe : a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate : ending atruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle : a wart-like appendage ; Flora, p. 504. Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or cro-\T,nied with a tubercle. Tuberous : like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tunicated Bulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel, 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umbel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. Urceolate : urn-shaped ; pitcher-shaped. Utricle, 95. Utricular : formed like a utricle. Valve, 85. Valvate, 68 : opening by valves. Variety, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 33. Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. Venation, 39. Ventral Suture, 80. Venti-icose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. Vittas : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped: see Eotate. W^horl : a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 86; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or AVoody Tis.sue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft hairs. III. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS, Adans. = Adanson. Good. = Goodenough. Ait. Alton. Griseb. Grisebach. All. Allioni. Gronov. Gronovius. Andr. Andrews. Haw. Haworth. Am. Arnott. H. B. K. Hinnboldt, Bonpland, and Aubl. Aublet. Hoff. Hoffmann. [Kunth. Baldw. Baldwin. Book. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Huds. Hudson. Benth. Benthara. Jacq. Jacquin. Bigel. Bigelow. Juss. Jussieu. Boerh. Boerhaave. L. or Linn. Linnseus. Brongn. Brongn iart. Lag. Lagasca. ^ BucH. Buckley. Lam. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. VHerit. L'Heritier. Otv. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chapm. Chapman. Marsh. Marshall. Chois. Choisy. Mart. Martius. Darl Darlington. Mey. Meyer. DC. De Candolle. Michx. Michaux. A. DC. Alphonse de Candolle. Michx.f. Michaux the younger. Desf. Desfontaines. Mill. Miller. Desv. Desveaux. Mcench. Moenchausen. Dew. Dewey. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Dill Dillenius. Murr. ;Murray. EhrJi. Ehrhart. Neck. Necker. Ell. Elliott. Nets. Nees von Esenbeck. Endl Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Engelm. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fisch. Fischer. Pers. Persoon. Forsi. Forster. Plum. Plumier. Gcert. Gaertner. Poir. Poiret. Gaud. Gaudin. Rnf. Rafinesque. Ging. Gingins. R.Br. Robert Brown. Gmel Gmelin. R.4-S. Roemer & Schultes. XXVI INTRODUCTION. Eich. = Richard. Toum. -- = Tournefort. Salisb. Salisbury. Trin. Trinius. Schk. Schkuhr. Tuck. Tuckerman. Schrad. Schrader. Vent. Veutenat. Schreb. Schreber. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schw. Schweinitz. Wang. Wangeuheim Scop. Scopoli. WaU. Walter. Shuttlw. Shuttleworth. WaUr. Wallroth. Sulliv. Sullivant. Wendl. Wendland. Torr. Torrey. mild. WiUdenow. IV. SIGNS USED m THIS WORK. (1) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. H. A perennial plant. o The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4^-6^ long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet. ' n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. j characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. HAViNa acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place thej occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the Series of Ph^nogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospermous Plants. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- ALOus Division. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- tary and 2 - many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected XXVlll INTRODUCTION. with the petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are ere united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the natural order, Tiliace^, 59, — the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described. Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus Tilia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Basswood. Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these charactei'S. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel- veined. Then, if the capsule is 1 -celled, or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Liliace;e, described on page 480 of the Flora, It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tulipa- CEiE. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. yi. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series L PHJENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass L ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division L POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals, * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. •f- Stamens more than twice as inany as the petals. Leaves opposite, entire. Page Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACE^, 38 Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIACEiE, 42 Leaves alternate. Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals imbricated in the bud. Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACEiE, 15 Anthers 2-ceUed. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLTACE^, 12 Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^., 14 Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACEiE, 18 Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACE.T], 2 Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACEJi:, 18 INTRODUCTION. Ovary solitary, 1-cclled. Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. Placentae parietal. Calyx persistent. Capsule S-valved : placentae 3. Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. Juice watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-temate. Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate, Ovary solitary, 2 - many-celled. Stamens connected with the base of the petals. Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. Stamens free from the petals. Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. Stamens separate. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves tubular. Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. POIITULACACE.5;, 43 DROSERACEiE, 36 CISTACE^, 35 PAPAVERACE.E, 21 CIMICIFUGE.E, 2 CAPPARIDACE^, 31 MALVACEAE, 52 CAMELLIACE.E, GO CLUSIACE.E, 42 TILTACE^, 59 SARRACENIACE.E, 20 NYMPHJEACE^, 19 SIMARUBACEJi:, CABOMBACEiE, CRASSULACEiE 4- -t- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, in dehiscent, 1 - 3-seeded Aquatic herbs. Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. Ovary solitary, 1-ceIled. ' Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. Leaves opposite. Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentae. Leaves entire, dotted HYPERICACE^, Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARYOPHYLLACE^, Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BUKSERACEJE, Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACE^, Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLYGALACE^, Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACE^, Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE^, Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CYRILLACEJE, Fruit many -seeded, 3-valved. ERlCACEiE, Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8. Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. Ovary solitary. 5-celled. Stamens 10. Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. Styles 5 Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Ovary solitary, 10 - 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. -(- -I- ■)- Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6. Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACE^, Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACE^, Ovary 2-celled. Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACE^, Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a siUque or silicle. CRUCIFER.^, 67 18 149 LEGUMINOS^, 86 272 257 258 272 149 62 63 258 MONOTROPE^, CYRILLACE^, CRASSULACE.E, CEDRELACE^. ZYGOPHYLLACEJE. PYROLE^, GERANIACE^, OXALIDACE.^, ERICACEAE, ZYGOPIIYLLACE^, 257 63 23 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxi Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. Petals 4-5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. Ovary 3 -.4-celled. Leaves alternate. Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. C YRILLACE.T:. -(-■(--(--)- Stamens {the fertile ones) as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Style lateral. Ovules erect. Ovary solitary, l-celled. Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume. Albumen none. Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. Flowers regular. Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACE^, Flowers perfect. Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. Stamens and petals 5. Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3valved, few-seeded. Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utricle. Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. HYPERICACEJ?;, Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBRE^E, Leaves alternate Capsule 1-celled. Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. Sterile stamens none. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Fruit a double samara Fruit a single samara. Fruit a berry. Fruit a drupe HYPERICACE.^, SAPINDACEJE, SCHIZANDRE.E, MENISPERMACE.Ii, RUTACE.E, RANUNCULACE.E, SURIANACEiE, LEGUMINOS^, YIOLACEiE, BERBERIDACE.5:, CISTACE.E, PORTULACACE^, BYTTNERIACE.E, PLUMBAGINACEJE, MIMOSE^, PARNASSIACE.^, DROSERACE^, ACERACE.F, RUTACE.E, VITACE^, CYRILLACE.F, EMPETRACE.E, galacine^e, b.\tidace.e, byttneriace.t:, LINACE^, Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. Ovary 5-celled, or falsely iO-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. 1- -t- •(- ^- H- Stamens fewer than the petals. Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFERiE, Stamens 2-3 Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPIIYLLACE.E, Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRA^IERIACE^, * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calijx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. H- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. ++ Stamens as many as the petals. Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Calyx truncate Ovules 2 in each cell Woody vines. Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. 12 15 66 2 149 32 399 16 35 43 58 278 38 45 70 272 410 268 411 58 62 23 45 86 PASSIFLORACE.E, 147 VITACE.E, 70 RHAMNACEiE, 72 xxxu INTRODUCTION. Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Herbs. Leaves alternate. Calyx deciduous. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Capsule 2 - 4-celled. Trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none. Ovary 2-5-celled. Seeds with albumen, l Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. ) Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple. TURNERACE^, 146 LYTHRACE^, 133 ACERACEJE. 80 ANACARDIACEJE, 68 CELASTRACE^, 75 STAPHYLEACEiE, 77 ESCALLONIKa;, 151 ++ ++ Stamens more, numerous than the petals. Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Style arising from the base of the ovary. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled. Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule. Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe. •«- 4- Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^, Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACE^E, Ovary 2 - 6-celled. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACEiE, ROSACE.^, CRASSULACE^, CALYCANTIIACE^, CHRTSOBALANE.^, AMYGDALE.E, LEGUMINOS^, LYTHRACE^, BURSERACE^, SAPINDACE^, SAXIFRAGACEiE, ACERACE^, ETJPHORBIACE^, MALPIGHIACE^, 133 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. ONAGRACE^, Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces. UJIBELLIFER.^, Fruit berry-Uke, of 2 - 5 nutlets. ARALIACE^, Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. SAXIFRAGACEiE, 151 Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. HALORAGE^E, 137 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. HYDRANGEA, 151 Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Leaves dotless. Leaves dotless. Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled Leaves compound. ARALIACE^, 166 Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. POME^, Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. HAMAMELACE^, Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. CORNACE.^, 167 Stamens numerous. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. RHIZOPHORACE.^, MYRTACE.^, CORNACE.^, COMBRETACE^, 157 166 ia5 130 167 136 118 156 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxiii STYRACACE^, 270 Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-cellcd. Fruit a 2-winged nut. Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seedcd berry. Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. GROSSULACE^, 145 Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placenta?. CACTACE^E, 144 Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. * Calyx free from the ovary. H- Flowers regular. ++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a 1-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. Fruit a 2-celled capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. CcroUa-lobes twisted in the bud. OLEACE^, 368 LABIATE, 310 VERBENACEiE, 305 PLANTAGINACE^, 277 SCROPHULARIACE^, 287 ACANTIIACE^, 302 H-f -H- Fertile stamens as m.any as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACE^, 279 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^, 278 Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACE^E, 276 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACE^, 276 Ovary 3 - 8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACEJE, 274 ++++++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. ASCLEPIADACE^, 361 Stamens separate and free from the stigma. APOCYNACE^, 358 Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. DICHONDREiE, 341 Ovary solitary. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. OLEACErF,, 368 Ovary 4 -celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes short. VERBENACE^, 305 Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. AQUIFOLIACE^, 268 Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. SOLANACEJi:, 347 Ovary 4-celIed. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. BORRAGINACE^, 328 Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. PLANTAGINACE.E, 277 Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. HYDROPHYLLACE.E, 3.33 Leaves entire, smooth. GENTIAN ACE.^, 352 Ovary 2 -5-celled. Stipules ^membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOG ANIE^, 173 xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded. Stems twining. Leaves alternate. ) Stems twining. Leaves none. ) Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. Capsule many-seeded. Style single. Capsule 2-celled. Capsule 2-celled. Capsule 5-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Stamens elongated. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. CONVOLVULACE^, POLEMONIACE^, SOLANACEiE SCROPHULARIACE^, ERICACE.E, HYDROLEACE^, 340 847 287 257 ^^. ++ ++ ++ Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a legume. Fruit a berry. Leaves compound, stipulate. Leaves simple. Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. MIMOSE^ 88 EBENACE^, 273 MALVACE^, 62 CAMELLIACE^, 60 ERICACEiE, 257 OLACACE^, 61 M- -I- Flowers irregular. St-imens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. FUMARIACEJi:, 22 LENTIBULACEJE, 282 PIIRYME^, S06 OROBAXCHACE^, 286 SCROPHULARIACEiE, 287 Albumen copious. Albumen none Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla t%visted in the bud. ACANTHACE.?;, 302 Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACEiE, 284 Ovary 4-celled. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 310 Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACE^, 305 Anthers united. Anthers contorted. Anthers straight. * * Calyx viore or less adherent to the ovary. Tines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE^, 148 FJowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEiE, 253 Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 -4-seeded drupe. RUBIACE^, 172 Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITiE, 184 Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. • Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla- Anthers separate. Leives alternate. Herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANULACE^, 256 Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud." Capsule valvate. PRI:MULACE^, 279 Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENIACE^, 256 Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCTNIE.E, 267 Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. STYRACACE.-E, 270 RUBTACEiE, 172 CAPRIFOLIACEiE, 109 VALERIANACE^, 183 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLxiNTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting. * Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Floivers monacious or dicecious. •t- Sterile flowers only in aments. Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFERiE, 420 Leaves pinEa.te, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLANDACEiE, 418 ^- ■*- Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2 beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. Fruit nut like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx * * Flowers not in aments. -t- Calyx and corolla none. HAMAMELACEiE, 156 PLATANACE^, 417 MYRICACE.E. 426 SALICACE^, 429 BETULACE^, 428 HORACES, 414 Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked. Ovary single. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. Involucre 8 -12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. Involucre 4 - 5-toothed, cup-Uke, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. H- ■*- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments. Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious Drupe dry. Albumen none. Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3 celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Vines. Fruit berry-like. Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile. SAURURACEJS, 397 CALLITRICHACEiE, 398 PODO.STEMACE^, SOg CERATOPUYLLACE.iE, 398 EUPHORBIACE^, 399 ROSACE.E, 117 RANUNCULACE-E, 2 MENISPERMACEiE, 15 SAXIFRAGACEiE, 151 L0RANTHACE2E, 397 CORXACE^, 167 SANTALACE-E, 395 COMBRETACE.E. 136 ARISTOLOCHIACEiE, 371 ONAGRACEiE, 137 HAMAMELACE!*:, 156 MYRTACE^, 130 PASSIFLORACE.E, 147 CELOSIE^, 379 XXXVl INTKODUCTION. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing^ nor scarious. Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Flowers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. Trees or shrubs. ' Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle, Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. Anthers opening by valves. Anthers opening lengthwise. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Calyx entire. Berry oval. Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovai-y 2 - 12-celled. Leaves whorled A heath-like shrub Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit a many -seeded capsule. Herbs. Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Flowers polygamous . Capsule 3 - 4-winged. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells, Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. POLYGONACEiE, ILLECEB11E.E, petiyeriej:, 374 CANNABINACEJS, UKTICACE^, ULMACE^, MORACE^, LAURACE.E, POLYGONACEJE, THYMELEACE^, 414 411 416 414 384 395 AMARANTACE^, 378 NYCTAGINACE^ CHENOPODIACE.E. EMPETRACE^, MOLLUGINE^. FRAXINE.5:, ACERACEiE, RHAMNACE^, FORESTIERE.E, LYTHRACE^, EUPHORBIACE.E, SAPINDACE.E, 372 375 410 45 369 80 72 369 133 399 PHYT0LACCACE.5:, ULMACE.E Capsule circumscissile. PORTULACACEiE, CRASSULACEiE Subclass II. GYISINOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen. Stem branching. Leaves simple. Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CONIFER.!: 431 CYCADACKE, 437 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXX Ml Class n. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falhng off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. Stemless, floating herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACE^, 439 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACEiE. 444 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPUACE^, 443 LEMNACEJE, 442 Pistia in AKACEJi:, 439 * * Floral envelopes {perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. 0RCIIIDACE>3E, Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. IIYDROCIIARIDACE.E Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACE^, Flowers perfect. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACEiE, Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACEiE, Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACEiE, Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H^IIMODORACE.E 452 450 474 451 465 472 Perianth smooth or hairy. Stamens Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like- Flo\yers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or The fertile ones, three Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except LiUum). Style single. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile AMARYLLIDACEJE, 406 aracej:, naiadace.e, juncagine-e, roxburguiace^, 439 444 447 479 JUNCACE^, 492 SMILACEiE, 475 PONTEDERIACE^, 496 Styles 3. Anthers extrorse (except Tofieldia). Styles 3 or 1. Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. Epiphytes Plants scurfy. d LILIACE.E, 480 melantiiacej:, 485 ALISMACEiE, 447 PALMiE, BROMELIACE.E, 437 470 XXXVIU INTRODUCTION. Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACE^ 475 Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 497 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE^, 498 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^, 499 Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULONACE^, 502 * * * Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE.3E, 504 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINE^, 545 Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Class HI. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACE^, 585 Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIAOEiE, 600 Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602 FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWEKING PLANTS. Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass L ANGIOSPERI^IiE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 nOPERTY UBRART N. C State College 2 EANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Order I. RANUJVCULACEiE. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowers regular or u-regular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1 -celled, 1- many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy or horny albumen. Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CIjEMATIDEJE. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium. — Chiefly vines. Leaves opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals small and stamen-like. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. Tribe II. ANEMONEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre. 3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf -like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 4. HEPATIC A. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower. 5. THALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. Leaves simple, lobed. • Tribe III. RAWUlVCUIiE^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 7. MTOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. Tribe IV. HEL.IjEBORINE.E. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many -seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 9. CALTHA Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound. 11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 6, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves compound. 12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many -seeded. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM. Sepals 5. irregular ; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lobed. Follicle 1 - 2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound. Tribe V. CIMIC1FUGE.E. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1 - 2-seeded berries. Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACTiEA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. 17. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-5. 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra- cemes elongated. Leaves compound. RANUNCULACE.E. (CKOWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 1. ATRAGENE, L. Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in tlie bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitaiy, showy. 1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly coi'date ; peduncles opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -May. — Flowers 2' -3' in diameter, purple. , 2. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragene. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious. * Flowers solitary, nodding : calyx thick or leathery. •*- Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous. 1. C OChroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (1|-' long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May- June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long. 2. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - U° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. Flowers pm-ple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins. -t- •»- Stems climbing, herbaceous. 3. C. OVata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, short-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee. — Flowers purple?, inchned. — Probably a form of the next. ( * ) 4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 - 7, oval, or ob- long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobcd, the lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1 J' long) plumose. — River-banks. May -August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1' long. 5. C crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves, entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (1' long) rigid ; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri, Pwrs^. C cylindrica, -S/wis. C. line- 4 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ariloba, DC, an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.)— Swamps and banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Flowers V -\^' long, pale bluish-purple. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2 -3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May -July. — Calyx downy, dull purj^le. * * Flowers panicled : calyx thin, spreading, ivliite: stems tcooJi/. 7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobcd or tootlicd ; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers dia^cious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, jjlumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long. 8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaricate, opposite, 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. C. h-Olosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long* plumose. — South Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * ) 3. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. Sepals 4 - 20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided. 1. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Smooth or pubescent ; stem 1-flowei'ed ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-partcd, the divisions ovate- lanceolate, lobed and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white ; achenia 1.5-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along the mountains and northward. March -April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Eadical leaf solitary. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carolina Anemone.) Stem slender, 1 -flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leaved, 3-toothed involucre; radical leaves 2-3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted, lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers 1' in diameter. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 3. A. Virginiana, L. (Virginia Anemone.) Stem hairy or woolly, at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9" in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre. 4. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- bling a calyx; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — Alow, perennial herb, witli scape-like, 1 -flowered stems, and 3-lobcd, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- cal leaves. 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and northward. February - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high. 5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. Sepals 4-10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves compound. * Flowers pohjgamous or dioecious : sepals shorter than the stamens : stigma elon- gated : achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre none : flowers small, panicled. 1. T. dioicum, L. Stems erect; leaves long-petioled; leaflets thin, roundish, crcnately 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; flowers numerous ; sepals greenish : stamens and stigma filiform ; achenia sessile, or (in var. stipitatum. Ton: cy Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinianum, DC.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July -August. — Stem l°-lp high. 2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8' -12'), procumbent or ascending, much branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crcnately lobed, smooth, flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama {Buckley). March and April. — Stems branching at the base, slender. 3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (the common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobed or entire, often cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly clavate; achenia short-stalked. ( T. revolutum, Z)C.) — Meadows and woods, Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Radical leaves very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size. 1* 6 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * Floivers perfect : sepals longer than the stamens: stigma short: achenia raised on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves ternate or biternate, alternate : flowers few, panicled. 4. T. clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below; leaA'es petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenatcly lobed, glaucous be- neath; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, 5. T. nudieaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petioled, biternate ; stem-leaves very small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 4-8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the Yadkin Eivcr, North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. (*) * * # Flowers pel feet: sepals longer than the stamens : stigma depressed; achenia sessile, ribbed: stem-leaves whorled : flowers umbelled. 6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lol>ed ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, ternate ; the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6 - 9 simple leaves ; umbel 3-6-flowered; sepals 6-10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Boot tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow- ers ^'-|' in diameter. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. Sepals 3 - .5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and corymbose flowei-s. 1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo- late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' -6'), long-petioled ; corvmb manv-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 7. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-tail. Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape. 1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves ; achenia beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, 1 ' - 2' long. RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals 3 - 5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow. § 1. Petals ivhite, with a yellow pit at the base: achenia rucjose. 1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- pcduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. 1].. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline. § 2. Petals yellow, icith a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricate : annuals. 2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined, pointed with the short, recurved style. ("R. trachyspermus. Ell.) — Waste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves rarely 1' wide. 3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobcd, crcnatc ; petals .5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — "Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March- April. Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18' high. * * Achenia smooth : chief y perennials. •f- Leaves undivided. 4. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Ell. &c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May- July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" Avide. > 5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundisli, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (R. oblongifolius. Ell.., a broader-leaA'cd form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to North Carolina and westward. March and Api-il. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9. -t- ■*- Leaves [at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. •^ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth; lowest leaves ox'bicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short rccuiwed beak. — Low grounds. JMarch and April. — Stem 1°-1^° high. 8 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute; leaves all pctioled, 3-5-lobed; the lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 8. R. sceleratus, L. Smooth ; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as tlie calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and swamps, Charleston {Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° higli. --- 9. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute ; leaves temate ; leaflets long- stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals sliortcr than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very haiiy. *+ -M- Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in rjlohose heads. 10. R. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillarj^- segments, emerscd ones reniform, 3- 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflexed ; achenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long. 11. R. repens, L. Smooth or hairy; leaves temate, or the earliest ones 3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobcd, toothed ; aclicnia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- ing long runners, — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the liver swamps of the low country. March and April. Yar. /5. hispidus. Hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves ample ; peduncles long, with the hairs appressed. (R. hispidus, Mx. R. Marilandicus and tomentosus, Poir: the latter a fonn with softer pubescence.) Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long); leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, Muhl.) 12. R, palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs ; leaves small (!' wide), temate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 13. R. bulbosus, L. Hairy; stem erect (1°-U° high) from a bulb-like base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of tbe upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (1' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 14. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 3-parted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-partcd, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from Europe. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWiOOT FAMILY".) 9 9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-1.5, many-ovulod. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1. C. palustris, L. var parnassifolia, Torr. ^' Gr. Stem l-leaved, 1 -flowered; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se- pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina {Pumh), Tennessee, and northward. 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals .5- 6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and sohtary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6' -12' high) slender, sparingly branched ; radical leaves bitemate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobcd ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ; follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) — Shady woods, "West Florida and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance. 11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filifonn, elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovuled. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate temately-compound leaves ; those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat corymbed. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or sliglitly pubescent ; radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles cxserted. — Rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts. April and May. 12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4, dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1-5, l-ccUcd, many- 10 EANUXCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ovulcd. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, horizontal. — Erect herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy; leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3 - 5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. (D. vircscens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- ers ) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. 1].. — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes wliitish, tipped with brown. Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded. 2. D. tricorne, INIichx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra- ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. % . — Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 -12-flowered. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded. 3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and hairy above; leaves large, the lower 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2 - 3-lanceolate or oblong coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June- August. \. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4'- 6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish. D. CoNSOLiDA, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- ing naturalized in some places. 13. ACONITUM, L. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-clcft, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Sliady banks of streams among the mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves ratlier rigid. 2. A. reclinatura, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining; leaves deeply 3 - 7- cleft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow- ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — High mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. Leaves thin. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments short. Ovaries 5- 10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, Style subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous, — A smooth trailing shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark purple. I. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° -3° high. 15. HYDRASTIS, L. Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries. Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, simple, 1 -flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5-7 cleft, the lobes toothed and serrate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish-white flower. 1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9' wide, hairy when young. 16. ACT^A, L. Baneberrt. Sepals 3 - 5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4-10, spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous ; the filaments filiform. Ovaiy solitary, 1-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves large, 2-3-tcmate ; leaf- lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda. Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of South Carolina [Elliott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high. 17. CIMICIPUGA, L. BuGBANE. Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 1-8, small, stalked, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili- form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. — Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in elongated slender racemes. * Ovary mostly single: stigma large, depressed: seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. racemosa. Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Leaves thrice temate; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the tenninal ones mostly 12 MAGNOLIACKiE. (.MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 3-lobed ; racemes elongated, do\\'Tiy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — "Woods in the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long. Racemes 6' - 12' long. Flowers fetid. * * Ovaries 3 - 8 : stirjina minute : seeds vertical, chaffy. 2. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 30.40 high. (*) 3. C Americana, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, incisely toothed and serrate, the temiinal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun- tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° higli. Order 2. 3IAGNOLlACE^. (Magnolia Family.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbncated or whorled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SuBORBER I. WINTERED. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single whorl, l-ovulecl, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. Suborder IT. SCHIZ ANDREJE. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCIIIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk. Suborber III. MAGTffOIilEJE. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. .3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse. 4. LIRlODENDPvON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 1. ILLICIUM, L. Anise-tree. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, in rows of three, spreading. Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli- cles coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valvcd. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles in terminal clusters, 1 -flowered, nodding. MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 13 1. I. Floridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, aciiminatc; petals 20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps, Florida and westward. May. — Slirub 6° - 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers flat, 1' in diameter. 2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6- 12, ovate or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida. May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals .5 - 6, obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circular, 5- lobed disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1-2-seeded berries, which arc scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, from axillary buds. Stipules none. 1. S. COCCinea, -Michx. Leavesacuminate, long-netioled, 3'-4'long, often somewhat toothed ; uppennost flowers mostly staminatc ; berries oval, red. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem climbing high. 3. MAGNOLIA, L. Ujibrella-tree. Cucumber-tree. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- bricated, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seedcd, persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous. ^ Leaves perennial. 1. M. grandiflora, L. (Magnolia.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit oval, 3' -4' long. 2. M. glauca, L. (Sweet Bay.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9, obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' -6' long. Flowers 2' wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, I'-l^' long. * * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong, acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-Ian- 14 ANOXACEiE. (custard-apple FAMILY.) ceolate, acute. (IM. tripetala, Michx.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. May and June. — A small tree, with irregular branches. Leaves l°-l|o long, on short petioles. Flowers 4' - 6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' - 6' long, rose-colored. 4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath ; petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow and greenish. Cone of fiiiit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long. # * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 5. M. COrdata, JVIichx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordale, acute, white-downy beneath ; petals 6 -- 9, oblong, acute. — Upper disti'icts in rich shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long. 6. M. Fraseri, AValt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulate-obovate, smooth on both svirfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. (M. auriculata, Z«??i. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers 6' wide, white and fragrant. 7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly eared at the base, glaucous be- neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row nan-ower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee : rare. April and May. — A shi-ub or small tree. Leaves l|°-3° long. Flowers 8'- 12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit ovate. 4. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree. White Poplar. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous : anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of samarjeform, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded, deciduous cai-pels. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch ; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May- June. Order 3. ANONACE^ii^. (Custard- Apple Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnata, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, MENISPEllMACEiE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 15 distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 1. ASIMINA, Adans. Papaw. Custard-Apple. Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3 - 15, sessile, 1 -celled, few - many-ovuled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding. =* Flower's aj)pearing with or before the leaves. 1. A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, covered with a rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria triloba, Torr.Sj^ Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers I'-l^'widc. Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edilde. 2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and like the branches rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. Sc Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. ' Flowers ^' wide, rusty-pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- seeded. 3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, obovate, 1 -few-seeded. (A. cuneata, Shuttl.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia and East Florida. March and April. — A small shmb Leaves 2' -3' long. Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white. * =* Flowers from the axils of present leaves, 4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo- vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purjdc within; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller ( 1 ' - 2') oblong leaves and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. May - July. — Shrub ^° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, rarely 1 ' wide. Flowers i'- 3' wide. Order 4. MENISPERMACE^. (Moonseed Family.) Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palraately veined and oi'tcn lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or 10 13p:ilBERlDACE^l^. (dARBERRY FAMILY.) more, liypogynous. Anthers 2-4-cclle(l, opening longitudinally. Ova- ries 3-8, drupaceous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-celIed. 2. MEXISPEIIMUM. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12 - 24. Anthers 4-celled. 3. CALYC0CARPU3I. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-ceIled. 1. COCCULUS, DC. riowcrs dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. Stamens 6 : anthers 4-celled, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celIcd, 1-ovuled. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campylotropous. Nut reniform, rugose. Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi- circular. — Leaves ovate or slightly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed. 1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long. Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red. ■ 2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed. Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Othcnvise as in Cocculus. — Leaves rounded, angular or lobcd, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. Flowers white, panicled. 1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12: anthers 2-celled ; those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. ' Stigma radiate, many- cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved, foliaecous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers whitish, in compound racemes. 1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, P«»-s/i.) — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. — Pubescent. Stem twining 20° -50° high. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1' long, globose. Order 5. BERBERIDACE7E. (Barberry Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more rows of 2 - 4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite BEllBPmiDACE^. (bARBERUY FAMILY.) 17 the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening hy up- lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllmn). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. SynopsLs. * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 1. BERBERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly -serrate. Shrubs. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. 3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb. 4. JEFFEllSOXIA. Stamens 8. Scape 1-flowered. Leaves 2-parted. Herb. * * Anthers opening longitudinally. 5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary iu the fork of the two peltate, lobed leaves. 1. BERBEHIS, L. Barberry. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base. Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1-9-seeded berry. Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Smooth, spiny; leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8-flowered ; petals notched ; berries oval, red. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high, Avith dotted branches. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilaterab Ovary thin, early ruptured by the two gro^A-ing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. Albumen horny. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Leontice thahctroides, L.) — Mountains of South Carolina {Elliott) and northward. April. —Plant \°-2° high, glau- cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem (mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets obovate-wedge-shaped, 2-3-lobed. Panicle fcw-flowercd. Seeds glaucous. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 0. Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, 2-4-seedcd. Seeds erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-c;left, lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers. 1. D. cymosa, Michx.— Margins of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° iu diameter, t'^e divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue. 2* 18 CABOMBACE^. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) 4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf. Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening transversely on the back, near the summit Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini- ated aril. — A low stemlcss perennial herb, with long-pctioled, 2-parted leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a single white flower. 1. J. diphylla, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee and north wai-d. April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed. Scapes 6' - 12' high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, 5 - 9-parted, lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork. 1. P. peltatum, L. (Mandrake.) — Rich woods, Florida and Tioith- ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the bairen ones terminated by a single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide, greenish. Berry 1'- 2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant. Order 6. NELUMBIACE^. (Nelumbo Family.) Aquatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floathig leaves, and solitary hypogynous floAvers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse anthers. Ovaries separate, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- mit of the large obconlcal torus, forming lai^e globular nuts in fruit. Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. Al- bumen none. 1. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Nelumbo. Characters of the order. 1. N. luteUTQ, Willd. ("Water Ciiinqcepin.) — Lakes and still water, Florida; near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. — Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre. Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear. Order 7. CAB03IBACE^. (Water-shield Family.) Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored NYMPU.EACE^E. (aVATER-LILY FAMILY.) 19 inside. Petals 3-4, withering-persistent. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad- nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2-18. Ovules suspended. Capsule indehisccnt, 1-3-seedcd. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. CABOMBA, Aublet. Sepals and petals 3 Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule 1-3-seeded. — Stems filifoi-m, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in tlic axils of the floating leaves. 1 . C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white. (Xectris aquatica, Nutt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carohna, and westward. June - August. — Stems 2° - 4° long. 2. BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-shield. Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12 - 18 : anthers exsertcd. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flowers axillary, on elongated peduncles, dull purple. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Ilydropeltis purpurea, Mc/ia:,) — Ponds and slow- flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Order 8. NYMPH^ACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and soli- tary white or )-ellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-6, colored inside. Petals numerous, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous albumen. Toura. "Water-Lilt. envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a globular centi'al gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowci-s on elongated, often spiral peduncles. 1. N. odorata, Ait. (Poxd-Lily.) Rhizoma large, creeping; leaves 6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open 20 SAKRACENIACE^E. (piTCUER-rLANT FAMILY.) sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. rcniformis, Walt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, 2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous. 2. NUPHAE,, Smith. Yellow Water-Lily Sepals 5-G, obovate, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynous. Sta- mens numerous, at length recurved, persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled. Stigma sessile, circular. Beny oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils. — Leaves cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. Flowers yellow, erect 1- "N. advena, Ait. (Bonnets. Spatter-dock.) Leaves thickish, cordate, smooth or downy beneath, often emersed and erect, on stout petioles ; sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. — In still water, common, flowering through the summer. 2. "N. sagittsefolia, Pursh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ; rare. June- August. — Leaves 1° Ions:, 2' wide. Order 9. SARRACENIACE^. (Pitcher-Plant Family.) Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped leaves, and a naked or braetcd scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style single, 5-cleft, or umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. SARRACENIA, L. Trumpet-leaf. Side-Saddle Flower. Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- shaped, 5-angled; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked stig- mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractlcss, 1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, and usually containing water and dead hisccts. * Flowers purple. 1- S. purpurea, L. (Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves short, spreading, the tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged; lamina reniform, erect, hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. April and May. — Leaves 4' -6' long. Scapes 1° high. 2. S. Psittaeina, Michx. (Parrot-beaked Pitcher-Plant.) Leaves sliort, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurvcd-bcakcd, almost closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May, — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high. PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 3. S. rubra, Walt. (Red-flo\vered Trumpet -leaf ) Leaves elon- gated, erect, slender, naiTowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with j^urple veins ; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tonientosc within ; flowers reddish- purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes. 4. S. Drummondii, Croom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-sliaped, narrowly wdnged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like tlie upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide. * * Flowers yellow. 5. S. flava, L. (Trumpet-leaf. Watches.) Leaves large, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- pointed, tomcntose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated wdth purple veins. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and w^estward. April and May. — Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 6. S. variolaris, Michx. (Spotted TRuaiPET-LEAF.) Leaves erect, trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yelloAvish summit ; lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 6'- 12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' wide. Order 10. PAPAVERACE^. (Poppy Family.) Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy- pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrsc. Ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placenta?. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ARGEMONE, L. Mexican Poppy. Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — Glaucous lierbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1. A. Mexicana, L. Annual; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, blotched with white; flowers wliite or yellow; calyx bristlv. — Waste jjlaccR apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem branching, l--^"- hieh 22 Fu:siARiACE^. (fumitory family.) 2. SAWGUINARIA, L. Puccoon. Blood-root. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the fiUform persistent placentae. Seeds crested — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious. ^ S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' -6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves. The CoRN-Popi'Y (Papaver dubium, L.) is occasionally met with in grain fields and around dwellings. Order 11. FU3IARIACEiE. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbouL at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hypogynous : aather of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal jjlacentae, or 1-seeded and ind^'Aiscent. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. 1. ADLUMIA. Petals united, persistent. — A tender vine. 2. DICENTllA. Petals connivent, deciduous ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base Stem- less herbs. 3. CORYDALIS. Petals distinct, deciduous, one of the oute "res gibbous at the base. — Caulescent herbs. 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Sepals minute. Petals united, free at the summit ; the t^vo outer ones gibbous at the base, withering-persistent. Capsule linear-oblong, 4- 8-seeded. Seeds reniform, not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves bi- ternate, with tendril-like petioles. Flowers pale violet, in axillary and drooping pani' les. 1 A. Oirrhosa, Raf (Corydalis fungosa, Fen^ ) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July - September. — Stem 8° -15° long. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy. 2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. Sepals minute. Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering ; the two outer ones spurred or gibbous at the base. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — CRUCIFER.E. (mustard FAMILY.) 23 Stcmlcss perennial herbs, with tcrnately-compound and dissected leaves. Flow- ers racemose, nodding, 1. D. CucuUaria, BO. Khizoma granular, bulb-like ; scape simple, 4-10-flowcrcd, longer tlian the (1 -3) long-petioled lincar-lobcd leaves ; corolla whitish, with two divergent, wing-like spurs, longer than the pedicel ; inner petals minutely crested. — Rich woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Scape 6' -9' high. 2. D. eximia, DC. Rhizoma granular, scaly ; raceme compound, many- flowered, shorter than the (3-8) oblong-lobed leaves; corolla rose-color, 2-gibbous at the base ; inner petals conspicuously crested ; stigma 2-horned at the apex. — JMountain rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - September. — Scape 8' -12' high. Bracts purplish. 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Sepals minute. Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones sac-like at the base. Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, annual or biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral and termi- nal racemes. 1. C. aurea, "Willd. Stems diffuse; racemes simple; capsule knotted, drooping ; crest of the seeds scalloped ; flowers yellow. — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River (and as an annual weed in gardens), Florida to Mississippi and northward. March and April. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves finely dis- sected. 2. C. glauca, Pursh. Stems erect; racemes compound; capsule even, erect, crest of the seeds entire, flowers whitish, tinged with yellow and reddish. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. May. — Plant gkaucous, 1 ° - 2° high. Divisions of the leaves coarser than the last. Order 12. CRUCIFER^. (Mustard Family.) Herbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and reg- ular hypogynous racemose or corymbose flowers, on braetless pedicels. Fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Sta- mens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a mem- branaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and nut-like, or sepa- rating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways, or straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout the order.) 24 ciiuciFER^. (mustard family.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOSiE. Fruit a silique, few -many-seeded. * Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle (accunibent). •t- Valves of the fruit nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 2. lODANTIIUS. Silique elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell. 3. CARDAMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 4. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 5. LEAVENWORTIIIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. •I- •)- Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 6. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. * * Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent). 7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 8. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. II. SILICULOSiE. Fruit a silicle. * Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. -I- Cotyledons accumbent. 9. DRABA. Silicle oval or oblong, many seeded valves 1 -3-nerved. 10. TESICARIA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless. -1- -i- Cotyledons incumbent. 11. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved. * * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. 12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 13. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 14. CAPSELLA. Valves of the siUcle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. ni. LOMENTACE^. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 1. NASTURTIUM, R.Br. Water-Cress. Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinnately-lobed. Flow- ers white or yellow, small. 1. N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Arn. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves pinnately divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrium, Walt. S. Wal- teri, Ell.) — Damp soil. East Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Flowers minute, yellow. 2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Smooth; stem stoiit, erect, branching ; leaves oblong-obovate, pinnatifid toward the base, toothed above, obtuse ; silique linear- oblong, pointed with the very short and thick style, four or five times as long as the pedicel. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. Febm- ary - April. © — Stem 10-2° high. Flowers minute, yellow. PROnRTT LIBRARY N. C. State College CRUCIFER^E. (mustard FAMILY.) 25 3. "N. palustre, T)C. Smooth or hairy; stem erect, branchinp; ; leaves clasping, pinnatitid, with toothed lobes ; siliquc short, ovate or oblong-ovate, pointed with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the spreading pedicel. — Wet places, North Carolina and westward. June - August, — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, yellowish. 4. "N. lacustre, Gray. Smootli ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed leaves pinnately divided into A'ery numerous capillary segments, emersed ones lanceolate, serrate ; siliquc 1 -celled, obovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs. West Florida, thence northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 5. "N. officinale, R. Br. (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ; silique linear (6" -8" long), on slender spreading pedicels; petals white, twice the length of the calyx. — Ditches, &c., Florida and noilhward. Intro- duced. 2. lODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in paniclcd racemes. 1. I. hesperidoides, Torr, & Gray. (Ilesperis pinnatifida, Mlchx.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Pods 1 ' or more long, curving upward. 3. CARDAMINE, L. Siliquc linear, flattened ; the valves nen^eless, usually opening elastically from the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell, sus- pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Herbs. Leaves often un- divided Flowers purple or white. # Perennials. 1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple, soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some- times sparingly pinnatifid ; silique subulate, spreading ; seeds oval. — Cool springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem C'-12' high. Runners at length 2° -3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC Smooth ; root tuberous ; stem simple, erect, without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique linear-lanceolate, pointed M'itli the slender style; seeds round-oval. — Cool springs, West Flnridn and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers white, larger than in No. 1. 3 2G CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) * * Animals. 3. C. spathulata, IMichx "Radical leaves petiolate, spathulate, entire., pubescent Avith brandling hairs ; stem-leaves linear Stem decumbent, silique linear, straight, spreading and slightly reflexed, pointed with the sessile stigma." (DC.) — High mountains of Carolina {Michaux). (*) 4. C. Ludoviciana, Hoolv. Low; stems branching and haiiy at the base ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous oblong or linear sparingly toothed lobes, those of the root tufted ; silique broadly linear, erect-spreading, pointed with the sessile stigma; seeds orbicular, margined. — Waste places near dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching; leaves pinnatifid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those of the upper leaves linear and entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma; seeds oval, minute, marginless — Var. Virginica. (C Virginica, Michx.) Smaller (6'- 10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. March and April. — Flowers small, white. 4. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. Silique lanceolate, flattened. Seeds ovate, disposed in a single row in each cell, on flattened stalks, not margined. — Perennial herbs, with creeping fleshy roots, and simple stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately-divided leaves, and a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. Radical leaves on long petioles. 1. D. dipliylla, Michx. Root not jointed ; stem-leaves 2, opposite or near- ly so, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; those of the root similar ; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flow- ers white. — Rich shady woods, along the mountains and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high. Root pungent. 2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Root jointed ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, temately divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, lobed and toothed; the lateral ones 2-parted , those of the root similar or sometimes wanting ; racemes few - many-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; flowers white or pale puiple. — Banks of rivers in shady places, Florida and northward. Feb. -April. — Stem 4' -12' high. 3. D. heteropliylla, Nutt. Root jointed; stem-leaves 2, small, opposite, 3-parted ; leaflets linear, toothed or entire ; root-leaves temate, with large ovate crenately-lobed and toothed leaflets ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers rather small, purple. — Shady woods. North Carolina and northward. April. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. 4. D. raultifida, Muhl. Root tuberous ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, 2 - 3-temately divided into very narrow segments ; flowers white. — Shady woods in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. Stems 6' -8' high. Leaves often as finely divided as those of the Carrot, sometimes appi'oaching some of the forms of No. 2, but with smaller flowers, and longer petioles and pedicels. CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 27 5. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, with short 1 - few-flow- ered stems, pinnatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on elongated pedicels. 1. L. aurea, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, with 4 - 8 oblong toothed lobes, the terminal one larger and rounded; raceme at length 4-10-flowered; style manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the upper districts of Alabama and Avestward. — Plant 2' - 6' high. Flowers yellow. 2. L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves as in No. 1 ; flowers mostly solitary, on radical peduncles ; style almost none ; embryo slightly curved. (Cardamine uni- flora, Michx.) — Rocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or white. 6. ARABIS, L. Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, in a single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. Cotyledons ac- cumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ; those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes. 1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy; stems mostly simple, erect, rigid, very leafy ; radical leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire ; those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, clasping, sparingly toothed; silique pedicelled, narrow- linear, erect, pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds narrow-margined. — Rocky or sterile soil, Tennessee and northward. May. (j) — Stems l°-2° high, often several from one root. Leaves ^' -V long. Flowers small, the greenish-white petals rather longer than the calyx. 2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2°high); stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright- white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; silique slender and curving upward, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Silique l^'-2' long. 3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish; stems slender, diffusely branched, erect or ascending ; leaves obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed, the lowest (2' -5' long) oblong-obovate, tapering into a slender petiole; the others smaller, oblong, clasping and auriculate at the base ; racemes at length elongated ; siliques scattered, narrow-linear, widely spreading, on short pedicels ; petals whitish, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Tennessee and northward. May. — Plant about 1° high. Silique 1' long. 4. A. lyrata, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base ; radical leaves tufted, pinnatifid, ciliate, those of the stem linear or lanceolate and entire ; silique pedicelled, very naiTow, erect-spreading, pointed with the short style ; seeds with- out margins. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -June. — Stems 4'- 10' high. Flowers white, the petals twice the length of the calyx. 28 CRUCIFER.E. (mustard FAMILY.) 5. A. Canadensis, L. Stem stout, simple, nearly smooth above ; leaves thin, downy, lanceolate, sliy:htly toothed, sessile by a narrow base, the lowest coarsely or pinnatifid-toothed ; siliques curved, drooping, on rough pedicels; seeds winged. (A. falcata, ^fichx.) — Dry or rocky places in the upper districts. May and June. — Stems 2° -3° high. SiHque 2' -3' long. Flowers white. Petals oblong-linear, not twice the length of the hairy calyx. 6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous ; stem erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, sagittate and clasping at the base ; pedicels short; petals (whitish) narrow, slightly exserted ; silique elongated, narrow-linear, recurved-spreading ; seed winged. — Rocky places. North Caro- lina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Silique 2' -3' long. 7. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge-Mustard. Silique linear or oblong, terete or somewhat angled, with 1 -3-nerA-ed valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons linear-oblong, incumbent. — Herbs with simple or pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in ra-. cemes, small, white or yellow. 1. S. caneseens, Nutt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, with small mostly toothed lobes ; ra- cemes at length elongated ; silique shorter than the spreading pedicel. (Carda- mine ? multifida, DC.) — Waste ground, Florida, northward and westward. March and April. (X — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, greenish-white. 2. S. Thaliana, Gaud. Stem slender, branching, hairy at the base ; leaves hairy, toothed or entire, the lowest obovate or oblanccolate, tufted, the others small and scattered ; siliques linear, erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedi- cels. — Rocks and sterile soil, Georgia and northward. Introduced. ^March and April. (2) — Stem 4' - 8' high. Flowers white. 3. S. oflO-Cinale, Scop. Stem tall (2° -3°), branching, and with the run- cinate leaves pubescent ; silique subulate, nearly sessile, appressed to the rachis. — "Waste grounds in the upper districts, and northward. Inti'oduced. May- Sept. (T) — Flowers pale yellow. 8. WARE A, Nutt. Silique linear, flattened, long-stalked, recurved; the valves 1-nen-ed. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple. 1. W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping; petals oval, bright-purj^le ; silique linear. — Sand hills, Florida. September. — Stem lo_20 high. 2. W. CUneifoHa, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate; petals obovate, Avhite or rarely purple ; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and Georgia. September. — Stem 10-2° high. CKUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 29 9. DRABA, L. Silicle oblong or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds nu- merous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers in ter- minal racemes. ^ §1. BUABA. — Petals entire. 1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Annual; minutely downy ; stems leafy, sim- ple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong- linear ; silicle oval, as long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, in dry soil, and westward. March and April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicle 2"- 3" long. Flowers white. 2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base, smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong, two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Sandy fields, Georgia and north- ward. February - April. — Stems 1'- 3' high. Silicle 4" -6" long. Flowers white. 3. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Annual ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (I' -3'), at length equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — "West Florida (Nuttcdl) and westward. March and April. 4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial ; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; ra- cemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style slender. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. — Stems 4' - 8' long. Flowers white. § 2. EROPHILA. — Petals 2-cleft. 5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2'-4'high); leaves radical, ob- long ; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered ; flowers small, white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced, (i). 10. VESICARIA, Lam. Silicle globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. 1. V. Leseurii, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems dif- fusely ascending from a biennial root ; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many- flowered ; pedicels ascending; filaments inflated at- the base; style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flattened silicle ; seeds wing-mar- gined, one to four in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Flowers golden yclloAV. 3* 30 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 11. CAMELINA, Crantz. Silicle ovoid or pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the broad partition ; valves 1-ners-ed. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. — Flowers small, yellow. 1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves alternate, sagittate; silicle large. — Fields, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. ®. 12. SENEBIERA, Poir. Silicle didymous, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; the cells glob- ular, 1-seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par- tition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong-scented herbs, with pinnatcly lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra- cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. 1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicle pitted, emarginate at both ends. — Waste places, Florida to Nox'th Carolina. March - May. — Racemes many-flowered. 2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, ^vith the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April. 13. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppergrass. Silicle rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; vah'cs carinate ; cells 1 -seeded. Cotyledons accumbent.and incumbent. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnatcly divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes. 1. L. Virginicum, L. Smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the base ; silicle orbicular, ^ringless ; cotyledons accumbent ; stamens mostly two. — Waste places, very common. March -June. (I) — Stem 1° - 2° high. 14. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse. Silicle triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping and often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicle shorter than the spreading pedicel. Flowers white. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. — Waste ground, Florida and northward. March and April. Introduced. 15. CAKILE, Toum. Silicle 2-jointed ; the joints thick, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed of the upper joint erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu- als, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes op- posite the leaves. capparidacp:^. (caper family.) 31 1. C. maritima, Scop, var. eequalis. Smooth; stem much Iranchcd, prostrate ; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed intc a petiole as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fru/ting ones elongated ; petals wedge-obovate, emarginate ; mature silicic linear, 8-ribbcd, the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak-pointed, one third longer than the cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-angled. (C. lequa- lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Stems l°-2° long. Flowers pale purple. Order 13. CAPPARIDACE^. (Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or palmately-compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 4, mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules am- phitropous or campylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentae. Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indeliiscent. Seeds reniform, without albumen. Embryo curved. Synopsis. * Calyx 4-sepalous. — Herbs. 1. POLANISIA. Stamens 8 - 32, free. Torus short. Style filiform. 2. CLEOME. Stamens 6, free. Torus short. Stigma sessile. 3. GYNANDROPSIS. SUmens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the orary. * * Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs. 4. CAPPARIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire. 1. POLANISIA, Raf. Petals clawed. Stamens 8-32 : filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus shoi-t, bearing a truncated or emarginate gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style filiform. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and racemose flowers. 1 . P. tenuif olia, Toit. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta- mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia [Le Conte) and South Florida {Dlochjett). — Stem l°-20 high. Flowers white. 2. CLEOME, L. Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filiform, elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemisi)hcrical. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip- ules, when present, spiny. 32 A'lOLACE^. (violet FAMILY.) 1. C. pungens, AVilld. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliate, long- petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate ; lower bracts trifoliolate, the upper ones simple, cordate-ovate ; stipules spiny ; capsule smooth, shorter than the elon- gated stipe ; seeds rugose. — Waste places, Plorida and Avestward. May - August. Introduced. ® — Stem 2° - 4° high. Petioles more or less spiny. Plowers showy, purple, changing to white. 3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Petals clawed, imbricated or open in the bud. Stamens 6 ; the filaments ad- nnte to the lower half of the elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 5-foliolate leaves, and racemose bracted flowers. 1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate, the lower ones and bracts 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate, nearly entire ; flowers white, open in the bud ; capsules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste places, Florida to Xorth Caroliua. Naturalized. May -August, (i) — Stem 2° - 3° high. 4. CAPPARIS, L. Caper-tree. Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in the bud, often glandular at the base. Petals imbricated in the bud, Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, globose or silique-like, many- seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or adnate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 1. C. Jamaieensis, Jacq Leaves oblong, emarginate, smooth alx)ve, the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered with minute scales ; flowers terminal, by pairs, on short 4-angled peduncles ; sepals ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than the oval white petals ; filaments 20-24, long, villous at the base; capsule long (6'- 8'), cylindrical, torulose, downy, long-stipitate. ( Colicodendron anceps, Shuttl.) — South Flor- ida. — Shmb 8°- 10° high. 2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate-veined, glabrous like the flowers and branches ; peduncles 4-angled, few-flowei-ed ; se- pals rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; filaments very long (2'), smooth; capsule (6' -8' long) smooth, torulose, short- stipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. Order 14. VIOL.ACE7E. (Violet Family.) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip- ules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, nod- ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, loculieidally 3-valved, many-seeded: valves each bearing a placenta in the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. VIOLACE^. (violet FAMILY.) 33 1. VIOLA, Tourn. Violet. Heart's-easb. Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un- equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe- duncles 1 -flowered. ^ 1. Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent stems: perennials, flowering in early spring, the later Jiowers apetalous. * Flowers blue or purple. 1. V. CUeuUata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves long-petiolcd, all undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white. 2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth; earliest leaves entire, cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or blue. 3. V. villosa, "Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular or broadly cordate, crenate, purple-veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Flowers pale blue, 4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish ; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. — Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue. 5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large, deep blue or purple. * * Flowers white. 6. V. primulsefolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute, the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common, — Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small. 7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, narrowed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless, — Low pine bar- rens. Florida and northward, — Rhizoma like the last. 8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender; leaves small, orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless, sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows, North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarely acute. 34 viOLACE^. (violet family.) * * * Flowers yellow, 9. V. rotundifolia, Miclix. Nearly smooth ; lcavcf5 broadly cordate, longer than the short petioles; lateral petals bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. — Rhizoma slender, beai-iiig runners. Leaves flat on the ground. Petals striped -with pui-ple. § 2. Leaves andjlowers borne on manifest stems : perennials. * Stems leafy throughout. 10. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Primary stems erect, the later ones pros- trate ; leaves broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute elevated points, the uppermost acute ; stipules fringed ; spur obtuse, half as long as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp shades in the upper districts and northward. Var. multicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems all prostrate and creeping ; leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely crenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills in the lower districts. March and April. — Stems slender, 4' - 6' long. 11. V. striata. Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, rough- ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward, April. — Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated. 12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall ; leaves lai-ge, broadly cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very short ; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May - August. — Stems 10-2° high. * * Stems leafy at the summit : stipules entire. 13. V. hastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate - 3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartita, Ell.), serrate and commonly acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest striped Avith purple ; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April and May. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Stipules small. 14. V. pubescens. Ait. Downy or woolly ; leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; spur very short ; flowers yellow, the lower petals veined Avith purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. April. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Capsules sometimes villous. § 3. Stems leafy : root annual. 15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching; lowest leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers small, yellow and purple. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high. 2. SOLEA, Ging. Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the CISTACE^E. » (rock-rose FAMILY.) o5 base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upri^^lit simple hairy percnniai herb, with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, and 1-3 short- stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil. 1 . S. COncolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep shades. June and July. (Viola concoior, jPursA.) -^ Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves short-petioled. Order 15. CISTACE^. (Rock-rose Family.) Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3-5-valved, bearing as many parietal placentae each in the middle of the valve, few oi many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved, in mealy albumen Synopsis. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular. 2. LECHEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight. 3. HUDSONIA. Style filiforoL Stigma minute. Embryo coiled. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-rose. Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-vaIved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. — Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers. * Floioers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule many-seeded. 1. H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, acute, short-petioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 6' -12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. Flowers 1 ' wide. 2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2 - 4 in terminal umbellate clusters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast. West Florida. March and April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers ^' Avide. * * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with small petals, or none, feioer stamens, and few-seeded capsules. 3. H. COrymbosum, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect Ones long-ped uncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 36 DROSERACE^. (sUNDEW FAMILY.) 4. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems erect, at first nearly simple, dowiiy or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; flowers axillar}', the perfect ones large, solitary, the later apetalous ones clustered or sometimes wanting. (H. rosmarinifolium, PA. 1 H. ramuliflorum, Michx.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. April. — Stems 1° high. Perfect flowers an inch wide. 2. LECHEA, L. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in racemes or panicles. 1 . L. maj or, Michx. Villous ; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, el- liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi- cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa. Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° high, branching toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head. 2. L. minor, Lam. Eough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young branches and calyx more or less hoary ; stems paniculately branched above ; leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appressed pedicels. (L. racemulosa and L. tenuifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, common. July and August. — Stems |°-20 high. Capsules larger than in No. 1. Rad- ical branches often wanting. 3. HUDSONIA, L. Petals 5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embiyo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary, subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4' high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina. Order 16. DROSERACE^. (Sundew Family.) Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5-15, distinct : an- thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla- centae. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. Stamens .5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. Cap- sule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often forking. Flowers racemose, secund. PAENASSIACEiE. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 37 1. D. filiformis, Raf. Ehizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, bright purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida and northward. April. 1|. — Scapes 1°- 1|-° high. Flowers I'or more wide. 2. D. longifolia, L. Rhizoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulate, gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ; scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oblong. (D. foliosa. Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftener in water, Florida and northSvard. May and June. H. — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 3. D. capillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none; leaves spatulate, nar- rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20- flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. (D. brevi- folia, var. major, Hook. ) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car- olina [Bosc). April and May. @ or 1]. — Scape 6'- 15' high. Leaves 2'-3' long. Flowers pale rose-color. 4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly con- tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 - 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid; seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. (J) — Scapes 6' -9' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. 5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 - 6-flowered ; calyx oval ; seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April. (|) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves |-' long. Flowers ^' wide, white. 2. DIOW.^A, Ellis. Fly-trap. Stamens 10-1.5. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged, spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cyme, white, bracted. 1. D. muscipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs in the pine barrens of North Car- olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape 1° high, 8 -10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, iu the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834. Order 17. PARNASSIACE^. (Parnassia Family.) Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the scape-like, 1-leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo- 4 38 HYPERiCACE^. (sT. john's-avort family.) vate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 5, alter- nating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3-15 more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placenta?. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla- centa?. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. Embryo straight, cylindrical. 1. PARNASSIA, Toum. Grass of Parnassus. Characters same as the order. 1 . P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate ; cau- line one near the base of tlie stem, clasping; petals oval, sessile, with impressed greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 2-3 times as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida and northwaixl. Oc- tober and November. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers 1' wide. 2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves renifonn ; cauline one near the middle of the stem, clasping ; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed ; sterile stamens by threes. — High mountains of North CaroHna. August and September. — Flow- ers larjier than in No. 1 . Order 18. HYPERICACE7E. (St. John's-wort Family.) Flerbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into 3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Cap- sule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentas, or 2-5-celled by the meeting of the placentaB at the axis, septicidally 2 - 5-valved. Seeds very numer- ous, minute, anatropous, without albumen. Synopsis. * Petals convolute in the bud. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands. * « Petals imbricated in the bud. 3. ELODEA. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5. A gland between the sets of stamens. 1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. Sepals 4, the two outer ones much larger (except No. 5). Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Cap- sules 2-4-valved, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentaB. — Smooth shrubs with 2-edged branches. Flowers mostly sohtary, yellow. * Pedicels 2-bracted : styles shorter than the ovarij. 1. A. Crux- Andreas, L. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; outer sepals oval, rather obtuse, the inner ones minute ; petals oblong, HYPERICACEiE. (ST. JOIIN'S-AVORT FAMILY.) 39 often acute, approximate in pairs ; styles 2 ; capsule as long as the sepals, — Sterile soil, Florida and northward. June - September. — Shrub 1°- 3° high. Leaves 1' long. Branches opposite. 2. A. Stans, Michx. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile ; outer sepals orbicular-cordate, obtuse; the inner ones lanceolate, acute ; petals obovate ; styles 3 or 4 ; capsule shorter than the sepals. — Var. obovatum, Torr. Sf Gray, is a dwarf state, with obovate leaves, and obtuse inner sepals. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. July- September. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in No. 1. * * Pedicels hractless : styles longer than the ovary. 3. A. amplexieaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, clasping ; inner sepals lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; styles 3 ; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - September. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Branches many times forking. 4. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-oDovate, obtuse ; outer sepals round-ovate, the inner ones minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and slender, rcflcxed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 5. A. microsepalum, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very numerous, small, oblong-linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; se- pals small and equal. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Alabama. March and April. — Shrub bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves 6" -9" long. Flowers 1' wide. 2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without interv^ening glands. Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - .5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Flow- ers mostly cymose, yellow. § 1. Stamens numerous. * Capsules-celled: styles united : shrubs. 1- H. prolifieum, L. Branches 2-edged, the barren ones elongated ; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, narrowed at the base ; cymes axillary and terminal, often few-flowered ; capsule oblong, rarely 4 - .^)-celled. — Varies with a more branching stem, smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller and more numerous flowers. (H. galioides. Ph.) — Swamps and banks of rivers in the middle and upper districts. July and August. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves V -2' long, paler beneath. 2. H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, ter- minal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and stamens long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — Slnrub 8' - 12* high. Flowers 1' wide. 40 IIYPERICACE^. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) * * Capsule 3-ceIled : styles separate : j^tals Hack-dotted : herbs. 3. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymea corymbose, many-tiowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June^ August. — Stem l°-2°high, bearing runners at the base. Flowers 1' wide, deep yellow. 4. H. maculatum, TValt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leavca oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many-flow- ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 2°-3<^ high. Leaves 1 '- 1 ^Mong, rigid. Flowers small. 5. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping ; se- pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun- tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. # =* * Capsule l-celled, or partially 3-celled hy the introversion of the placenta. •*- Shrubs : leaves evergreen. ++ Cytnes leafy. 6. H. fasciculatuni, Lam. Lowest leaves obovate, the others narrow- linear, with revolute margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ; cymes mostly 3-flowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly shorter than the obovate one-angled petals. — Var. aspalatiioide.s has very short (2" -3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller petals. — ^largins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 6" -12" long, con- spicuously dotted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear. 7. H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter- minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina and westward. Var. ambigUUm. (H. ambiguum, JEJ^Z. ? Torr. ^- Gray.) Leaves oblanceo- latc, mucronatc, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longer than the petals. — Eiver swamps, Florida. July and August. — Stems 2° -4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves I'-l^' long. 8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, mostly obtuse, glaucous ; cymes few-flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate, acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule conical- ovate. (H. glaucum, Michx.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May - September. — Shmb 1° - 2° high, with spreading terete branches. Leaves thick, 1' long. Flowers 1' wide. 9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller HYPKRICACEJR. (ST. JOIIN's-WORT FAMILY.) 41 than the calyx. (II. amcenum, Pursh.) — Banks of the Flint Tlivcr, Georgia to Tennessee, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° high, diffusely branched. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange-colored petals. ++ ++ Cymes leafless, hracted. 10. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-angled ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, pedunclcd, 5- 15-flowercd ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. July and August. — Shrab 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers I' wide. Petals recurved. 11. H. cistifolium, Lam. Branches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowei'ed ; bracts sulnilate ; buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ; capsule 3-lobcd, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium. Ell.) — Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. July- September. — Shmb 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow- ers j' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles united. — Pine barrens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Slirub 3° high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- ous." Elliott. (*) -t- •*- Herbs : styles distinct, 13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaA'es oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 14. H. pilosum, "Walt. DoANTiy ; stem terete, mostly simple, slender; leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. (II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. @ ? — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves ^' long. Flowers 5"- 6" wide. 15. H. angulOSUm, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium, ^//.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule. § 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly l-celled : styles separate : annuals. * Flowers in cymes. 16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-anglcd, leaves oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at tlic ba.se ; sepals 4 * 42 CLUSIACEiE. (balsam-tree FAMILY.) lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and equalling the (green) ovoid capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Muhl. H. quinqucnen^um, Walt.) — Ditches and low grounds, common. June -August. — Stem 1° high. Branches of the cyme filifonn. Flowers very small, remote. 17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled ; leaves lin- ear or liTioar-lanccolate, the upper ones acute, sessile; sepals lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (])ro\vn) capsule. — Wet sandy places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4'- 12' high, with the branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens .5-10. * * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute. 18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ; leaves minute, subuhxte, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals scarcely half as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north- ward. June - August. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Stamens 5-10. 19. H. Drumraondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves lin- ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than the ovate capsule; flowers pedicelled. — Diy barren soil, Florida, South Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last Stamens 10-20. 3. ELODEA, Adans. Sepals 5. Petals .5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs. Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes. 1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con- spicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, Florida and northward. July and August. -^ Stems terete, l°-2° high. 2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short-peti- oled, obscurely dotted beneath ; stamens united above the middle. — With the preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high. Order 19. CL.USIACE^. (Balsam-Tree Family.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire dotlcss leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously united. Ovary I -many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united. 1. CLUSIA, L. Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4-9. Stamens nu- merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary PORTULACACE^. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43 5-.15-celIed. Ovules numerous, fixed to a- central column. Stigma large, radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5 - 1 5-celled ; the valves separating from the ( entral column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par- asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly polygamous, cymose, showy flowers. 1. C flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, finely veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal peduncles; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal; stamens short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12-scedcd, the seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree. 2. CANELLA, P.Brown. Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy- pogynous, oblong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a tube. Anthers 15 (21 EndL), adnate, linear. Ovary 3-cclled. Style cylindri- cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 - 3-celled, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds globose- reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter- nate, near the ends of the branches, obovate, emarginate, glabrous, on short petioles. Eacemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1- flowered. Flowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter- mined, but it has been referred to this order.) 1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida. August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves 2' long. Berry black. Order 20. PORTULACACEiE. (Purslane Family.) Succulent plants, -with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or perl- gynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, some- times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3 -6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campy lotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen- der, curved around mealy albumen. Synopsis. * Sepals 2. Petals 5-6. 1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. 2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10 - 30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. . 3 PORTULACA. Petals 6-6. Stamens 8-20. Capsule circumscissile. * * Sepals 5. Petals none. 4. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscissile. 1. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hvpogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. — 44 PORTULACACE^. (PUKSLANE FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a simple stem* bearing two opposite leaves, and terminated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers. 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3' -6'), linear, acutish ; petals mostly emarginatc, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. March. — Plant 4' - 10' long. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Caro- lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical ; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - Aug. 1|. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long. 3. PORTULACA, Toum. Purslane. Sepals 2, united and cohering wath the ovaiy below, the upper portion circum- scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3-8-partcd. Capsule globose, 1 -celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 1 . P. Oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ; flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida. 4. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Pcrslane. Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored A^thin. Petals none. Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5- celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillaiy purplish flowers. 1. S. portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, nui- cronatc, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along the coast, Florida and northward. May - December. 1|. — Stems difi'use, creep- ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter. 2. S. pentandruni, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens 5. — ;Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. (J) ? — Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) 45 Order 21. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (Pink Family.) Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and o\)- posite them (except Mollugo), or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many- seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. Synopsis. TRffiE L IliTi'EC'E'B'R'EJE, Sepals distinct or united below. Petals often stamen- like or wanting. — Leaves with scarious stipules. * Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded (utricle). 1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style long. Utricle included. 2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct. Stamens ineerted on the base of the sepals. Style very short. Utricle partly exserted. 3. SIPHONYCHIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx. Style long. * * Pruit valvate, few - many-seeded. -I- Leaves opposite, 4. STlPULICrDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters. 5. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary. ■t- •<- Leaves whorled. 6. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 - 10. Capsule 5-valved. 7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3 -5. Capsule 3- valved. Tribe II. MOLLUGINE-E. Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same number ; when three, alternate with the cells of the ovary. — Stipules none. 8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-ceUed. Leaves whorled. Tribe III. AIjSIXEI^. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none. * Talves of the capsule as many as the styles. 9. SAGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. * * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 12. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8-10-toothed. Tribe IV. SIIiENE^E. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and etamens inserted on the stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6- toothed. 15. SAPONARIA, Styles 2. Capsule 4^toothed. 16. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 6-toothed. 46 CARYOniYLLACE/E. (riNK FAMILY.) 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awncd at tlie apex. Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil- very stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes. 1. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear- subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated ; cymes fastigiate, diffuse ; se- pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia argyrocoma, EIL) — Hocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. July - Nov, U — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. 2. P. argyroconia, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. 1]. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Rough-pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely- branched ; leaves oval or ol)long, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides, Ulichx.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct. (P — Stems 4' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 4. P. Baldwinii. Finely pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed, ciliatc, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal- ling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anychia Baldwinii, Tor?-. ^' Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. (ji) and @ — Stems l|^°-3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 2. ANYCHIA, Michx. Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens 2 - 3, inserted on the base of the cah^x. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle exscrted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar- rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish. 1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Barren hills. South Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4' - 10' high. 3. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- cronate. Petals .5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers white. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 47 1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Sterns prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in lines ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; the radical ones larj^er and crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at tlie apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals minute. (Ilerniaria Amci-icana, Nutt. Paronychia m'ceolata, Shuttl ) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- Oct. (l) or (2) — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves sometimes falcate and incrusted with brownish particles. Stipules small. 2. S. diffusa, n. sp. Pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers small, in compact, rectangular cymes, tei-minating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro- nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals bristle-like. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. — Stems 1° long. Stipules con- spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous. 3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ; leaves erect, linear, acute, pubescent on the margins, those of the barren stems imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fastigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronate at the apex, the tube smooth and fur- rowed ; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along the west coast of Florida. June -Nov. % — Eoot woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stip- ules half as long as the leaves. 4. S. Rugelii. Annual; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance- olate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the intemodes, the upper ones linear ; stip- ules ^-^ as long as the leaves, soon 2-4-parted; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; calyx-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis- ions conspicuously mucronate, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa- ronychia Rugelii, Shuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse 1 4. STIPULICIDA, Michx. Sepals .5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near the base, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters. 1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April- June. — Stem 3' - 6' high, the branches spreading and curving. 5. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5-valved; the valves when 5, alternate witli the sepals. — A low maritime htrb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 48 CARTOPHTLLACEuE. (PINK FAMILY.) 1. S. rubra, Vers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north- ward. April and May. f^' — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear, longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin. 6. SPERGULA, L. Spurrey. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowei'S cymose, white. 1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds rougli. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced, (l) . 7. POLYCARPON, L. Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3, veiy short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3'- 6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whoi'l, the upper opposite; sepals acute; stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June. 8. MOLLUGO, L. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate difl"usely-b ranched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow- ei*s white, on slender axillary peduncles. 1. M. verticillata. L. Smooth; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, unequal, in whorls of 4 - 8 ; fruiting peduncles reflexed ; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. May - August. 9. SAGINA, L. Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 - 5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 4 -5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers. 1. S. EUiottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun- cles erect ; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse ; stamens 10. (Spergula decum- bcns, £■//.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. (1) — Stems 2' - 6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves. 10. ALSINE, Tourn. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-vaIved, the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or sub- ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) 49 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arcnaria squar- rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills. West Florida and northward. April and May. H. — Stems 6' - 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid. 2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. ( Arenaria glabra, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. IJ. ? — Stems tufted, 4' - 6' liigli. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves ^'-1' long. 3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent ; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base; leaves narrow-linear, spreading; cyme spreading, few -many- flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the lengtli of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6'- 10' high. 4. A. Michauxii, Penzl. Smooth; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight; leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ; cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high. 5. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5-flowered; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. (Arenaria brevifolia, Nutt.) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (T) — Stems 2' -4' long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 11. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise like Alsine. 1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short- branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re- flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. (Stellaria elongata, Nutt. Micropctalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May- October. U — Stems 1° -4° long. 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. April and May. (1) — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves ^' long. 12. STELLARIA, L. Chick weed. Starwort. Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 5 50 CARTOPHYLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, nan-owed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Flowers showy. 2. S. media, Smith. Annual; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter tlian the sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- ida, and westward. March and April. (X — Stems 10-2° long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 4. S. uniflora, "Walt. Smooth ; stems ei-ect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcor- date, twice as long as the calyx. — River swamps, South Carolina and North Carolina. May. ® ?— Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a species of Alsine. 13. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4 -5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- tary or cymose, peduncled. * Petals not longer than the sepals. 1. C. vulgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves oval, remote, tlie loAvest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and IMay. — Stems 6'- 12' high. 2. C. viscosum, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and INIay. (l) — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1 . * * Petals longer than the sepals. 3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves narroAvly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May and June. U — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves seldom T long. Flowers ^' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee, and northAvard. ® — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three times as long as the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 51 14. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, oficn showy. • * Perennials : flowers shoioy. -)- Petals gash-fimhriate, croicnless. 1. S. Stella. (rULSE FAMILY.) 97 15. GLOTTIDIUM, Dcsv. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Vexillum short, rcniform. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compi-essed ; tlie membranaceous endocarp at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong seeds. — A tall smooth-branching annual, with al*-uptly pinnate leaves, and yel- low flowers in axillary often compound racemes. I. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Spreng.) — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaf- lets numerous, oblong-linear. Legume 1'- 2' long. Plant yellowish-green. 16. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx 2-bracted, campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the base. Legume slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Leaf- lets numerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes. 1. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong-linear, ob- tuse, mucronate ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 -4-flowered ; legume curved, compressed, 4-sided, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carohna, and westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12' long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple. 17. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. Calyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few - many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and axillary spiked or racemose flowers. * Legume parfly or completely ^-celled by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse; stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many- flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-celled. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June -August. )\. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 1' - 1|^' long. Flowers %' long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-25, oblong- linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob- long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. 1|. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. Obcordatus, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 17-25, obcordate; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8- 15-flowered ; legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar- rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April - June. U — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple. 9 98 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 4. A. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous with white hairs ; stems pros- trate or ast'cnding ; leaflets about 20, oblong or hnear-oblong, obtuse or emar- ginatc, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath ; stipules ovatc-lanccolate, adnate to the petioles ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes somewhat capi- tate, 10-15-flowcred ; calyx-teeth subulate, much shorter than the tube; legume oblong, curved, thick and fleshy, reticulate-rugo.se when dry, 2-celled, many- seeded, at length snioothish. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Lesquereux, and Lagrange, Alabama, Prof. Hatch. March and April. H. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, apparently purple. * * Jjegume l-celled ; the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightli/ inflexcd. 5. A. villoSUS, Michx. Villous and hoary ; stems prostrate ; leaflets about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emargiuate ; stipules lanceolate, peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx-teeth longer than the tube- legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, even, l-celled. (Phaca villosa, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. \ — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 18. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Tare. Calyx tubular, 5-clcft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filifonn, hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2- valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipides mostly semi-sagittate. Flowers axillary. * Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-Jloivcred. 1. V. sativa, L. (Vetch or Tare.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10- 12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginatc; flowers by pairs, nearly sessile, pale purple ; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grounds. Introduced. ® — Corolla ^' long. Stem 10-2° long. 2. V. micrantha, Kutt. Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely acute; peduncles 1 -2-flowered; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre-shaped, 4 - 10-sccded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, West Florida to North Ala- bama, and westward. April, (j) — Stems 2° - 3° long. Seeds black. * * Peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, 3 - many-Jioicerrd . 3. V. llirsuta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; peduncles 3-6-flowered, about "as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth equal; flowers small, bluish-white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. (V. Mitchelli, Tvr//'. Er- vum hirsutum, L.) — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April and May. 4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. \ — Stems angled, 2° - 4° long, branching. 5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many-flow- LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAIIILY.) 99 ered ; calyx-teeth shorter tlian the tube ; flowers nearly white, tlie keel tipped with blue; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. A])ril and JMay. 11. — Stems 3° - 4° long, branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 19. LATHYRUS, L. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Othenvise as in Vicia. " 1. L. pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta- ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10-15-seeded. — Near Charleston, South Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Flowers purple. 2. L. venosus, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong- ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 10-20-flowered ; flowers large, purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Shady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. Flowers |' long. 3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial; stem slender, 4-angled ; leaflets 4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ; flowers pale purple; calyx-teeth unequal. — Banks of rivers. North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 4° long, often wing-angled. Leaflets 1^' long. 20. ^SCHYNOMENE, L. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cIeft or 5-toothed. Petals equal : vexillum roundish. Sta- mens diadelphous (5 & 5). Legume compi-essed, stipitate, separating trans- versely into 3 or more 1 -seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1 . -ffi. hispida, Willd. Annual ; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets nu- merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; legume straight, linear, even along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and nortliward. August. — Stem 20-40 high. 2. .ffi. viscidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- pubescent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate- veined; peduncles 3-4-flowered, tiie pedicels long and s[)reading ; siii)ules and bracts ovate; legume 2- 3-jointed, the joints half-orbicular, liispid. — Sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves V long. Flowers small. 21. ZORNIA, Gmel. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2 - 4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes. 100 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1. Z. tetraphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or downy ; leaflets 4, lance- olate or oblong-obovatc ; racemes 3 - 9-flowere(l, much longer than the IcaAes ; the flowers distant and almost concealed by the large ovate bracts ; legume his- pid, 3 -4-jointcd.— Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate. 22. STYLOSANTHES, Swaitz. Flowers of two kinds : one kind perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calyx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-clcft ; the tube long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel en- tire at the apex. Stamens monadclphous, Avith the alternate anthers linear and ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointcd, the lower joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with the peti- oles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike. 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial; stem mostly erect, 6'- 12' high, pu- bescent in lines, or sometimes hispid ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strongly veined ; stipules sheathing ; spike few-flowered ; bracts bristly; flowers yellow. (S. his- pida, Miclix.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida and northward. June - August. 23. CHAPMANNIA, Toit. & Gray. Flowers nearly as in Stylosanthes. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-cleft at the apex. Anthers alike, oblong. Legume hispid, 1-3- jointcd. — A viscid and hirsute branching herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, small and free stipules, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 1. C. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. — East Florida. May. — Stem slender, 2° -3° high. Leaflets 3-7, oblong. Racemes often branching, few-flowered. 24. LESPEDEZA, Michx. Bush-Clover. Calyx 2-bractcd, .5-cleft ; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Anthers alike. Legume small, len- ticular, indchiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. * Flowers of two kindSy viz. -perfect, hut mostly sterile, home in spikes or racemes, and fertile, but destitute of corolla and stamens j the latter commonly in sessile clus- ters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx. 1. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate ; leaflets small, oval, mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaflets ; ra- cemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; legume roundish. (L. procumbens, il//f/ir.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Plant l°-2° long, smooth or tomentose. 2. L. violacea, Pers. Stem erect or spreading ; leaflets varying from el- liptical to linear, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; fertile flowers in axillary clusters ; legume ovate, smooth, or with scattered appressed hairs, much longer than the calyx. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 101 Var. diver gens. (L. divergens, Pu?-sA.) Stems diffuse ; leaflets oval or ob- loi>g ; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the leaves, and bearing chiefly sterile flowers. Var. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora, Michx. L. violacea. Ell.) Stem erect ; leaflets oblong ; flowers mostly fertile, in dense and nearly sessile clusters which are much crowded near the summit of the branches. Var. reticulata. (L. reticulata, Pers.) Stem erect; leaves linear-oblong ; flowers clustered as in the preceding variety. Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high.. Leaflets pale beneath. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. 3. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly-pubescent ; leaflets oval or roundish, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer than the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers nearly all perfect and fertile; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — Dry sterile soil, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Interme- diate between No. 2 and No. 4. * '*■ Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the calyx, yellowish-white, the vexillum spotted with purple : legume included in the calyx. 4. L. hirta, Ell. Stem erect, pubescent or villous ; leaflets oval or round- ish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides ; spikes dense, on peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, as long as the ovate pubescent legume. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 5. L. eapitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, softly pubescent, erect ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky on both sides, or only beneath ; calyx hairy, longer than the oval villous legume. (L. frutes- ccns and L. angustifolia. Ell.) — Dry or damp sterile soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. 25. DESMODIUM, DC. (Hedtsarum, L., Ell.) Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip cmarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 &1), or more or less raonadelphous. Legume flattened, 2-6- jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, petioled, stip- ulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple or whitish, in terminal racemes or panicles. Legumes hispid with hooked hairs. § 1. Stamens monadelphoiis below : legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2-4-jointed, the joints half-obovate, concave on the hack. .1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy ; leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the lat- eral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes ter- minal, 4 - 8-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets l'-2' long." Corolla pale-purple or white. 9* 102 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 2. D. acuminatum., DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, long-petiolod ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate ; raceme or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered. — Rich shady soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Leaf- lets thin, 2'- 4' long. 3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit ; pan- icle ascending from the ba§e of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume long-stipitate. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° - 3° high. § 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or short stipitate. * Stipules large, ovate {except Ko. 8), acuminate, persistent: legume 3 - 6-jointed, the joints convex on the upper suture, rounded on the lower one. 4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the legume 3-5, connected by a broad neck. (Hcdysarum scaberrimum. Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, much branched, pale green. Leaflets \\' -3' long. Flowers large. 5. D. molle, DC. ? Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough above; racemes panicled, slender ; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels; legume nearly sessile, black ; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con- vex on both sutures. — Waste places, Middle Florida. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legume 1' long, pendulous. Flowers small. 6. D. euspidatum.. Ton*. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; panicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers and bracts large ; legume 4-6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, connected by a broad neck. (H. bracteosum, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north-ward. July and August. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -5' long. Legume l2-'-2' long. 7. D. viridiflorumi, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above; leaves large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume 3 - 4-jointcd, on a stii:>c twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, con- nected by a naiTow neck. — Rich open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Corolla turning greenish, 8. D. Floridanum., n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower leaves 1- foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lance-subulate ; panicle elongated, spar- ingly branched, leafless ; legume 2 - 4-jointcd, the stipe shorter than the calyx ; joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida. July and August. — Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2°-3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 103 9. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, haiiy ; leaflets orbicu- lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, tbe terminal ones panicled ; lobes of tlie calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa- sionally yellowish-white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - ^-jointed, nearly straight on the upper suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture. 10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts large; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-anglcd joints. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up- per leaves subsessile. 11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, fuiTowed, hairy; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (II. Marilandi- cum. Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 12. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places, North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 13. D. Isevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob- tuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium, Ell.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets l'-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. 14. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, Avith long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth or slightly pubescent; legume 3-5-jointcd, the joints triangular. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets rather rigid. =* ^ =* Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2-Z-jointed; the joints small, oval, or obliquely-obovate : flowers small. 15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, veiy rough ; flowers small ; legume ses- sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Diy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 16. D. strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 1^' - 3' long. 104: LEGUMINOSiE. (pULSE FAMILY.) 17. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly short- er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointcd. — (II. obtusum. Ell.) — Dry open woods, Plorida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1 ' long, sometimes oblong. 18. D. Ciliare, BC Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves rough-haiiy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — "With the preceding. 19. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, haiiy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly 3-jointcd. — Dry woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 1' - 3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section. 20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu- late, rough ; legume 2 -3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaflets seldom more than 1' long. Racemes 1°- 2° long. 26. RHYlSrCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-Hpped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly equally 4-parted. Stamens diadelphous (9 «fc 1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg- ume oblong or scymitar-shaped, mostly 1 -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect. or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubescent and resi- nous-dotted leaves, and axillaiy yellow flowers. * Steins tiuinimj, or hw and erect : flowers in axillary racemes. -*- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, A-cleft ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the lowest one longest : stems twining. 1. R. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 1 2-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume scymitar-shaped. (Glycine reflexa, Ell.) — Damp soil along the coast. Key West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets ^' - 1 ' long. 2. R. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 10-2° long. Leaflets 1' long. 3. R. Caribsea, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105 equal; legume scymitar-shaped, acute. — Sout|i Florida, — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1 1' -2' long. Kacemes l'-2' long. Flowers small. Legume I'-l^' long, tapering at the base. ••- -t- Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, nearly equal : stems twining or ei-ect. 4. R. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, tomcn- tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South Florida, Blodgett. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets l'-2' in diameter. 5. R. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra- cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong. Var. monophylla, Torr. «& Gray. Pubescent ; stem low (3' -6'), erect ; leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular ; racemes very short, the upper- most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia, Ell.) Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. "Velvety; stem erect (l°-lp); leaflets 3, oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, the terminal one often elongated. (G. erecta and G. moUissima, Ell.) Var. VOlubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa, Ell.) Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June - August. * * Stem tall, erect, loith long virgafe branches : Jloioers solitary or hy pairs, in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx deeply A-cleft, shorter than the corolla. 6. R. galactoides. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; leaves very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes- cent ; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vexillum reddish exter- nally; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Pitcheria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets 3" -9" long. Legume |' long. 27. APIOS, Boerh. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in dense axillary racemes. 1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July and August. — Eoot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, Paccmes often by pairs, shorter than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 106 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 28. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-Bean. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate, few - many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemcd, or clustered at the summit of the axillary peduncles. * Flowers scattered in long racemes : legumes sq/mi tar-shaped. 1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, jiubescent; leaflets ovate, acute, entire, membranaceous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. — Low woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. 1]. — Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Flowers purple. 2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smoothish ; leaflets small (1' long), roundish or 3-lobed, strongly reticulate, rather rigid ; racemes 6-8 times as long as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens. Florida. July and August. 1]. — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale purple. * * Flowers clustered at the smiimit of the peduncles : legume linear, nearly terete : seed scurfy. (Strophostyles, Ell.) 3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Am^^al ; stems prostrate or trailing, roiigh- hair}' ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobcd ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenish. 4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or haiiy ; stems prostrate, leaflets varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as long as the leaves. — "Woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Corolla pale pui-ple. 29. VIGNA, Savi. Calyx 4-toothed, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum depressed- orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens in- cluded in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. Style hair}' above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 1. V. glabra, Savi. Annual, hirsute ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, crowded ; legume hirsute. (Dolichos luteolus, Jacq.) — Brackish marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and west to Mississippi. July - September. 30. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx tubular-campanulate, trancate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often ai-mcd with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long-petiolu- late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 107 1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a very thick root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate ; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Light sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Stems 2° -4° high. Racemes 1°- 2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open- ing by one suture opposite the seeds. 31. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, obovate, emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, veinless. — Peren- nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong, pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; legume 3-4- seeded. — Dry soil. Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Legume l|^'-2' long. 32. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi- nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Virginiana, Benth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu- late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated, curved, many-seeded. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Drj' soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers 1|' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 33. AMPHICARP^A, Ell. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple or compound axillary racemes. 1- A. monoiea, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombio- ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri- 108 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) ate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. (A. monoica and A. sarmentosa, Ell.) — Kich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and Sept. 34. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Calyx 4-toothcd, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed, 2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs, with chiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white flowers in ax- illary racemes. Bracts alteniate and deciduous. Leaflets stipellate. * Leaves trifoliolate^ luith the leaflets stalked : stems twining or prostrate. 1. G. spiciformis, Ton*. & Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent; leaflets (1' long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the leaves, the nearly sessile, mostly solitary flowers scattered on the common pedun- cle nearly to its base ; corolla 2-3 times the length of the acuminate hairy calyx- lobes ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickened at the sutures, sprinkled with short appressed hairs, 6 - 10-seeded. — Varies with a stouter more pubescent and almost villous stem, larger (1^' - 2'), thinner, and mostly acute leaflets, longer and stouter many-flowered racemes, and nearly straight legumes. (G- brevistyla, Schlect.) — South Florida. Aug. and Sept. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stem twining, pubescent or smoothish, much branched ; leaflets thin, varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate at both ends, pubescent and paler beneath, often smooth above ; racemes slender, commonly longer than the leaves, sometimes 4-6 times as long ; flowers single or 2 - 3 together, scattered on the common peduncle, distinctly pedicelled, acu- minate in the bud ; calyx sparse-hairy or smoothish, the acuminate lobes much shorter than the purple corolla ; legume nearly straight, somewhat compressed, covered with short appressed hairs, 10-seeded. (G- mollis, Nutt. G. Macreei, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem often elongated. Leaflets ^'-I'long. Racemes occasionally 2-3 together. 3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or the upper ones acute ; racemes single, about twice the length of the leaves, the short-pedicelled flowers approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle, acute in the bud ; calyx, like the straight 10-seeded compressed legume, very vil- lous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Nutt.) — Diy sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Corolla reddish purple, one third longer than the acute calyx-lobes. 4. G. Floridana, Torr. «& Gray. Hoai-y-pubescent ; stems prostrate ; leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate ; racemes simple or branched, often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, ap- proximate; legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphylla: every way smaller, the leaflets (|'-|' long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axil- LEGUMINOSvE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 lary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the west coast of Florida. June- August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1' - 2' long. Flowers largest of all. 5. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets rather rigid, on short petioles, oblong, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; style elongated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-sceded. — ■ Diy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August.— Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish-purple. * * Leaves trifoholate, icith nearly sessile leaflets: stems erect. 6. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as well as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets oblong, obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender peduncle ; calyx woolly. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens of Middle Florida. July and August. — Stems 1°- 1|° high. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers small, purple. 7. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple; leaflets oblong or lincar-oblong, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers white. Legume ob- long-linear, tomentose, 6 - 8-seedcd. # # * Leaves pinnate : stems twining. 8. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ; legume compressed, villous, falcate, 3 - 5-seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. May and June. — Plant sometimes silky throughout. 35. CANAVALIA, DC. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with 2 rounded lobes, the lower entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum large, orbicular, with 2 ridges within ; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by inter- posed cellular tissue : hilum linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 1. C. Obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick, oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6 - 8-flowercd ; flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July - Sept. — Stem 10° - 15° long. Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4' -5' long, 1' wide. Seeds brown. 36. DOLICHOS, L. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of two more or less united teeth, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum callous near the base. Keel more or less falcate. Stamens diadelphous, the free stamen spurred at the base. Style 10 110 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) bearded. Legume flattened. Seeds compressed, with a small and oval hilum. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers. 1. D. multiflorus, Ton*. & Gray. Perennial, pubescent; leaflets thin, large, orbicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely flowered at the summit of the stout peduncle ; upper lip of tlie calyx entire ; keel nearly straight ; legume 4 - 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Mil- ledgeville, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stem 5° -10° long. Leaflets 3' - 6' in diameter. Flowers pui-ple. Legume 2' long, ^' wide. 37. PISCIDIA, L. Jamaica Dogwood. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Vexillum rounded. Stamens diadelphous at the base, monadelphous above. Style filiform, smooth. Legume stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four membranaceous longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves unequally- pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branches, leaves, and panicle silky and hoary, at length smoothish ; leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovate, abruptly acute, straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; leg- ume 6-seeded. — South Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad wings wa^7■. 38. BAPTISIA, Vent. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broader and mostly emarginate. Vexillum roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the ■\\^ngs, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or ob- long, inflated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect widely- branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, withering- persistent. Stipules deciduous or pei-sistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and soIitar}% * Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse ; stipules none ; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled ; ovary villous and hoaiy ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem much branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries black. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu- lar, glaucous ; stipules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous. — Diy sandy s6il, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car- olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, yellow; vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Ill 3 B. microphylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base, the upper ones somewhat clasping; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels ; legume roundish. Nutt. — Alabama and West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers unknown. * * Leaves tnfoliolate, petioled. -1- Flowers yellow. 4. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessite ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in short terminal racemes, short-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pointed. — Dry pine ban-ens, Florida to Korth Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 5. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lance- olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg- ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil. North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and floM-ers larger than in No. 4, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 6. B. megacarpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer- ous, terminal and opposite the leaves, fcAv-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender- pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint River, near Albany, Georgia. May.— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets U'-2' long. Legume 1'- 1 j' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 7. B. tinctoria, R.Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-obovate ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north- ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets g'-l' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drj'ing, 8. B. Stipulacea, Ravenel. Smooth ; branches spreading ; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round- cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose , pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed.— Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina, Ravenel. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets ^'-\' long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3. 9. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and ca- 112 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) ducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few- flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 10. B. Serense, M. A. Curtis. Very smooth, branching ; leaves petioled ; leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneatc ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, and in short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem diffusely branched, 1°- 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long. Allied to No. 7 and No. 1 1 . Plant unchanged in drying. •*- -I- Flowers white. 11. B. alba, R. Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitar}% central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindrical. — Damp soil, Florida to* North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purple. Leaflets 1' long. Racemes l°-3°long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches spi'eading ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate, — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes 1|' long. 13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblanccolate to obovate, rigid, re- ticulate, soon smooth above , stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent ; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided ; flowers large, yellowish-white, on long and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous , legume ovoid, long-pointed. (B. bracteata, Muhl.) — Dry rich oak woods, "Wrightsboro, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4' -12' long. Flowers 1 ' long, the vexillum spotted with brown. Plant turns black in drying. •«- -4- -t- Flowers blue. 14. B. australis, R- Brown Smooth ; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra- cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. (B. cserulea, Nutt.) — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pursh), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Flowers 1' or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 113 39. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. Stamens mostly persistent Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia. Flowers yellow. 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-obiong, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oI)long linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10 - 12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car olina. May - July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Raceme 6' - 12' long. Legume 2' long, 2. T. fraxinifolia, M A Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter tlian the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi- cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M. A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched ; leaflets obovate-obiong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Michx.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' -3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf. Yellow-Wood. Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillura large, roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel- petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short- stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal droop- ing panicled racemes. 1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Mc/^j:.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky May — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' -4' long; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long. 41. SOPHORA, L. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base. Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many- seeded, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pin- nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary -tomentosc ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast — Shrub 4° -6° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. 10* 114 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Suborder II. C^SALiPINIEJE. Brasiletto Family. 42. CERCIS, L. Red-bud. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, the vexillum shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the upper suture winged. — Trees, with broadly-cordate simple stipulate leaves, and reddish-purple clustered flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississipi, and northward. February and March. — Tree 15°-20O high. Flowers very numerous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. Senna. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5- 10. An- thers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many- seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Stamens 10, unequal : part of the anthers abortive : sepals obtuse : stipules deciduous. 1 . C. OCCidentalis, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com- mon. — Stem 1° -5° high. Legume linear, erect, compressed, slightly curved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune- ate-obovate, with a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recun'cd. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward Stem l°-4° high. Legume 6'- 10' long. 3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several-flowered, the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, slightly curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward August. — Stem 30.40 high . Legume 3' - 4' long. 4. C. angUStisiliqua, Lam.? Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaflets 6-10, oblong, mucronate, very oblique at the base, hairy at the base beneath, with a globular gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaf- lets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ; petals yellow, veiny ; perfect anthers oblong, the larger ones curved ; legume (3' -4' long) broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. — South Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9" - 12" long. Legumes 4"' wide. 5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby; leaflets 4- 10, oblong, narrowed at the base, mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair ; racemes 2 - 4-flow- ered, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. — Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 115 * * Stamens 5-10 : anthers all perfect : sepals acute: stipules persistent. 6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual ; stem smooth or rusty-hairy ; leaflets small, numerous, linear-oljlong, mucronate ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; flowers borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10 ; style slen- der ; legume linear, nearly straight. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-lj° high. Part of the petals often purple at the base. 7. C. nictitans, L. Annual ; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above the axils, on short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. Var. aspera. (C. aspera. Ell.) Hirsute ; stamens 7-9, very unequal ; ovary very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and ■westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensi- tive, like those of the preceding species. 44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as many, or less by the union of the 2 lower ones. Stamens 3 -.5, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seed- ed. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly 1 - 2-pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short spikes. 1. G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong; thorns mostly com- pound; legume veiy long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — A large tree. Legume 12' - 1 8' long, 1' wide, twisted. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly simple ; legume short, obhquely oval, 1 -seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river swamps, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long. Suborder HI. MEIMOSE^E. Mimosa Family. 45. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive-Plant. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4-15, distinct, much exsert- ed. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 -many-seeded ; the broad valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on axQlary peduncles. 1. M. Strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scattered appressed rigid hairs ; stem prostrate ; leaves long-petioled ; pinnfe 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves ; heads of flowers elliptical ; legume oval or oblong, 1 - 3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, East Florida, and westward. July and August. — Flowers rose-color. 116 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) ]M. ruDiCA, L., the common Sensitive-Plant, is partially naturalized in some localities. 46. SCHRANKIA, TTilld. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 8-10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-celled, many- seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — Perennial prostrate prickly herbs, with bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple flowers in globose axillary pcduncled heads. 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes thickly beset with sliort and thick recurved prickles ; pinnae 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 26 - 30, elliptical, reticulated with elevated veins beneath ; peduncles mostly solitary, usually shorter than the leaves ; legume oblong-linear, with a short acuminate point, about as long as the peduncle ; seeds elliptical. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Legume 2' long. 2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, &c. armed with scattered weak recurved prickles ; pinnae 4-6 pairs ; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical, veinless, or nearly so, on both sides ; peduncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the leaves; legume narrow-linear, 3 - 4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish point. Var. ? bracliycarpa. Stem, &c. as in No. 1 ; leaflets oblong-linear ; pedun- cles single or 2 - 4 in a cluster, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; legumes (2' -3' long) broadly linear, abraptly slender-pointed, densely armed with strong often branching prickles, about as long as the peduncle. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 5° long. Legumes 4' -5' long. 47. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. CaljTi tubular-campanulate, 4 - .5-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, com- pressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. Seeds lenticular, — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 1. P. TJnguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny ; leaves bipinnate; leaf- lets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx-teeth short, ciliate ; corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crisped, twice as long as the corolla; ovary smooth. (Inga Unguis-Cati, WiUd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1 ' - 1|' long, light green. (Legume spirally twisted, 5-6-seeded, white, and fleshy within. McFadi/en.) 2. P. Guadalupense. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coria- ceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer tlian the leaves, or the upper ones racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 117 as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga Guadalupensis, Desv.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' long, deep green. Legume 2' -4' long. Flowers yellowish. 48. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5-10. Filaments of the lower flowers filiform, sterile. Legume linear, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, sprinkled with hairs, shrubby at the base ; pinnae 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-lineai-, very ob- tuse, oblique and almost truncate at the hasp, hairy on the margins ; peduncles 2-4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; leg- ume linear, many-seeded ; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems 1° -2° long. Legume 1'- 1^' long. 2. D. difiFusus, Willd. Stem somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; pinnas 4-5 pairs ; spikes few-flowered, capitate ; flowers pentandrous ; legume narrowly linear. — Key West. — Legume 2' long. 3. D. virgatus, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled ; pinnae 1 - 7-pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland below the lowest pinnae; heads few-flowered ; stamens 10; legume straight, lin- ear, 10 - 30-seeded. (D. strictus, Bertol.) — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 49. NEPTUNIA, Lour. Sterile filaments flat, membranaceous or petal-like. Legume oblong, few- seeded ; otherwise like Desmanthus. 1 . N. lutea, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs ; pinnae 4-5 pairs ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nodding ; petals distinct ; sterile filaments 8-10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white ; legume 5 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Key West to Alabama, and westward. June. Ij. — Stems 2' -3' long. Order 48. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - few- 118 ROSACEA. (rose family.) ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few exceptions, without albmnen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. Synopsis. Suborder I. CHRYS0BAI.^\:NE^E. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx-limb persistent. Stone grooved. Low shrubs. Suborder IL AJNIYGDALEJE. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- itary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves simple. 2. PRUNUS. Calyx-limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. Suborder HI. ROSACEiE. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes often alte-^ nating with as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1 -seeded ache- nium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. * Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 3. SPIR^A. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud- s' GILLENLi. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. * * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. ■1- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and collected into a head. ++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 4). Achenia 1-4. 4. NEVrCSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx-lobes serrate. 6. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Calyx bristly. 7. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 8. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. ++ ++ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. = Seeds erect. 9. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 10. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2-6. = = Seed.<3 suspended or ascending. 11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry. 12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit. ++++++ Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous. 13. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle. •(- -I- Calyx-tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, inserted on the receptacle which Unes the inside of the calyx-tube. 14. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. Suborder IY. POME^. Calyx including and cohering with the 1-5 ovaries, very thick and fleshy in fruit. 15. CRAT^GUS. Fruit of 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 16. PYllUS. Fruit of 2 5 cartilaginous or membranaceous 2-8eeded cells. 17. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 6 two-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. ROSACEA. (rose family.) 119 1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens about 20 ; the in- ner ones often shorter and sterile. Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the style arising from its base. Drupe 1-seeded ; the stone grooved. — Low unarmed shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. 1. C. Oblongifolius, Michx, Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, nar- rowed downward, mucronate, smooth on both sides, or hoary-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; cymes terminal, racemose, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent ; sta- meits and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Ala- bama and Georgia. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greenish-white, mostly abortive. 2. C. Icaco, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves short-petioled, round-obovate, mostly emarginate, smooth, coriaceous ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx pubescent and hoary ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large roundish. — Sojith Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high, the stem and branches rough- ened with small white tubercles. Leaves 2' long, 1^' wide. Drupe yellow, pur- ple, or black. 2. PRUNUS, L. Plum. Cherry. Calyx .5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 1.5-30. Ovary with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy; the stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. § 1. Prunus. (Plum.) — Drupe glaucous: stone more or less compressed : leaves convolute in the bud: Jlowers in lateral clusters, appearing before the leaves: branches often spiny. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat obovate, acu- minate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply ser- rate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. (P. hiemalis. Ell.) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, I'-l' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, smooth or soft-downy beneath ; calyx-teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe glo- bose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South Carolina. February and March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely ^' in diameter, dark-purplish or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 3. P. Ch-icasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and in- curved ; flowers short-ped uncled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, globose. — Old fields, forming thickets. Maxch. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 120 ROSACEA, (rose family.) lj'-2' long. Plum about i' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable flavor. § 2. Cerasus. (Cherry.) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular or slightly com- pressed: leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 4. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leavesthin,ovatc-lanceolatc, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Rocky -woods, North Carolina, and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * *■ Flowers in racemes terminating hafg branches. 5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate- lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and op- pressed; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 6. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acurtiinate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta. Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor- gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° - 9° high. Leaves 1' - 3' long. Drupe astringent. § 3. Laurocer ASUS. ( Cherrt-Laurel ) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular : Jlowers in racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. 7. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white ; dnipe ovoid, soon diy, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to Nortli Carolina, and westward. Februaiy and March. — A small tree. 3. SPIRJEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals .5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Follicles 3-12, 1 - 10-seeded. Styles terminal. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious. * Shrubs : flowers perfect. -t- Flowers corymbose. 1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenate-serrate, smooth ; corj-mbs umbellate, terminating the short branches, mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2-4-seeded. — Var. ferruginea, Nutt. Leaves smaller (1' long), shghtly lobed, covered, like the branches, corymbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams, Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 3° -5° high, the old bark separating m luiu layers. Flowers white. -t- -1- Flowers panicled. 2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, p^rrato, the lower surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered -svith a dense, rust-colored ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.) 121 pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July, — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers small, pale purple. 3. S. salicifolia, L. Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves varying from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in- flated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem 2°-5°high. Flowers white. * * Perennial herbs : leaves lobed or compound. 4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the tenninal lobe very large, reniform, 7 - 9-partcd, with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent; follicles 6-8, 1 - 2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, northward. June and July. — Stem smooth, 5° - 8° high. Up- per leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flov/ers rose- color. Petals and sepals often in fours. 5. S. Ar uncus, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled racemes ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting ; follicles 3-5, several-seeded, re- flexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem tall and slender. Flowers minute, white. 4. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, incisely serrate and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows on the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calyx ; filaments filiform. Ovaries 2-4, sessile: style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendulous, anatro- pous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo included in thin fleshy albumen. Eadicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A shinib, with alter- nate leaves, free bristle-awl -shaped stipules, and single or clustered terminal flowers on slender peduncles. 1. N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady cliffs near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Rev. R. D. Nevius. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, l'-2^' long. Flowers very numerous and showy. 5. GILLENIA, Moench. Indian Physic. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20. Fol- licles 5, included in the calyx, 2-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves thin, trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly sen*ate. Flowers white or rose- color, in loose few-flowered coiymbs. 1. G. trifoliata, Moench. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob- long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate; lower peduncles elongated, flowers 11 122 ROSACEA, (rose family.) white. — Rich woods in the northern parts of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 20-30 high. 2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. Stipules leafy, ovate, serrate; leaflets lanceo- late, coarsely serrate, or the lowest incisely lobed ; flowers rose-color. — Moun- tains of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 6. AGRIMONIA, Toum. Agrimony. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with hooked bristles. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15, inserted on the throat cf the calyx. Achenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small yellow flowers in long spiked racemes. Fruit nodding. 1 . A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hairy ; leaflets 3-7, with smaller ones below or intermixed, oblong-obovate, hairj-, sometimes white-downy beneath, coarsely serrate ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 20-3° high. 2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem and petioles hirsute; leaflets 9-15, witli smaller ones between, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, roughish above, pubescent beneath. — Loav ground, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Car- olina, and northward. August. — Flowers and fruit smaller than in No. 1. 3. A. incisa, Ton*. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves clothed with soft down and long hairs intermixed ; leaflets 7-9, small (1' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely serrate, with smaller ones between; sta- mens 5. — Dry open woods, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. August. — Stem 2° high. Flowers small. 7. SANGUISORBA, L. Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil-form. Achenia 1-2, included in the 4-winged indurated calyx-tube. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in close heads or spikes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Smooth; leaflets numerous, stalked, cordate- ovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes long-ped uncled, cylindrical, elongated in fruit ; stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the Alleghany Mountains, Georgia, and northward. September. )\. — Stem 20-4° high. Lowest leaves on long petioles. Flowers white. 8. ALCHEMILLA, Toum. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, and with as many alternate bracts ; the tube obconical, contracted at the throat. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Stigma capitate. Achenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx-tube. — Small herbs, with palmately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers, in corymbs or clus- ters. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 123 1. A. arvensiS, L. Annual, hairy; stem (1'- 8' high) leafy; leaves 3- parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-Iobed ; flowers in axillary sessile clus- ters ; fertile stamens 1-2. — Waste places, North Carolina and Virginia. In- troduced. — Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 9. GEXJM, L. AvENs. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crov/ded on the conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, jointed and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 1. G. album, Gmel in. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spreading branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or the earliest ones nearly simple and rounded ; stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the calyx ; style jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion persistent and hooked ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy. — Rich woods, Georgia and northward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 2. G. geniculatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobed, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed and serrate ; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose and nearly persistent, the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the haiiy achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers white, veiny. 3. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6' -12'), often branching; lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely lobcd, doubly toothed, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, small, sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style straight and wholly persistent, hairy at the base ; heads of achenia sessile. — Highest mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1 ' wide. 10. WALDSTEIWTA, Willd. Calyx obconical, 5-cleft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some- what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a joint. Seeds erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical and roundish lobed leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems. 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. Smooth or hairy; leaves long-petioled, tri- foliolate or 3-parted, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets ; scape as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely hairy. — Mountain-woods, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stem and leaves 4' - 6' high. Petals larger than the calyx. 2. W. lobata, Ton*. & Gray. Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - .5-lobod ; scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoary ; petals rather 124 ROSACEA, (rose family.) shorter than the calyx. (Dalibarda lobata, Baldw.) — Banks of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, in the middle districts of Georgia, not common. May and June. — Scape and leaves 4'- 8' high. 11. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefgil. Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many bracts. Petals 5, obcordate or roundish. Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achenia collected in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary or cymose. * Style terminal, or nearly so. 1. p. Norvegica, L. Annual, hairy; stem erect, branched; leaves pal- mately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste places. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending, simple; leaA'cs palm ately 5-foliol ate; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely sen-ate; flowers axillary, solitary'-, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordate, as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, Mic/ix.) — Meadows in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3o long. * * Style lateral 3. P. tridentata. Ait. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base, erect or as- cending, pubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, cuneate -oblong, 3-toothed at the apex ; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 5' - 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy. 12. FRAGARIA, Toum. Strawberry. Flowers like Potentilla,- but the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at length pulpy and scarlet receptacle. Style lateral. — Perennial herbs with creeping runners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers white, in terminal cymes. 1, F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Hairy ; leaflets oblong, coarsely serrate ; scape few-flowered ; fruit roundish, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted receptacle. — Kich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Scapes 4' -6' high. 13. RUBUS, L. Brier. Bramble. Calyx concave or flattish, 5-parted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical re- ceptacle. Style nearly terminal, deciduous — Perennial or shrubby and mostly prickly plants, with lobed or compound petioled leaves, and white or reddish flowers. * Heads of achenia hemispherical, deciduous : receptacle dry. 1. R. odoratus, L. Shrubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or ROSACEA, (rose family.) 125 the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and serrate ; calyx- lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color; fruit reddish. — Eocky woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Flowers 2' in diameter. 2. R. oecidentalis, L. Glaucous ; stem prickly, but otherwise very smooth, bending ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath ; petals white, shorter than the reflexed short-caudate hoary calyx-lobes ; fruit black. — Borders of woods along the mountains, Georgia and northward. May. — Stem biennial, 5° -8° long. * * Heads ofachenia oval or oblong, persistent : receptacle juicy . 3. R. villosus, Ait. Tall, shrubby; stem erect or bending, armed, like petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7-folio- late leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly ser- rate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets, common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high. 4. R. CUneifoliuS, Pursh. Shrabby, armed with stout prickles ; stem erect ; branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets cune- ate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white beneath ; racemes few-flowered ; petals white; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 5. R. trivialis, Michx. Shrubby, and armed with stout straight or re- curved prickles and bristly hairs ; stem prostrate, slender ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, partly persistent ; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, sharply sen-ate ; racemes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers large, white ; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. 6. R. hispidus, L. Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle-like prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, coarsely seirate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black achenia. (R. obo- valis, Michx. ) — Cold shady swamps among the mountains, Georgia and north- ward. May and June. — Fruit sour. 14. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx .5-cleft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta- mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface of the calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy. * Styles cohering, exserted. 1. R. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth ; leaflets 3 - .5, ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate, shining above : petioles, peduncles, and calyx glan- 11* 126 ROSACEA, (rose family.) dular ; corymb few-flowered ; petals obcordate ; fruit globose, smooth. — Borders of swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 10°- 15° long. Flowers 2' -3' wide, red. * * Styles distinct, included : flowers red or ivhite. 2. R. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout rccuri'cd stipu- lar prickles ; leaflets 5-9, oblong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull and smoothish above, the lower surface paler, or, like the prickly petioles and cau- date calyx-lobes, tomentose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx-tube and peduncles glandular-hispid. — Swamps, Florida to North Ciirolina, and west- ward. June. — Stem 4° - 6° high, commonly purplish. Fruit depressed-globose, glandulai*. 3. R. lucida, Ehrhart. Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, smooth and shining above, paler and often somewhat pubescent beneath ; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together ; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (R. parviflora. Ell. ) — Florida to Mississippi, and northward, mostly in dry soil, common. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. A variable species. Stem sometimes smooth. 4. R. rubiginosa, L. (Eglantine.) Stem erect or curving, armed with very stout prickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular beneath ; flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles ; fruit obovate. (R. suaveolens, Pursh.) — Waste places in the upper districts : introduced. Branches yellowish- green. Leaves fragrant. 5. R. laevigata, Michx. (Cherokee Rose.) Stem long, trailing, smooth, the branches armed Avith very stout and cun^ed prickles ; leaves ever- green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib his- pid ; stipules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white ; calyx very bristly. — Common in cultivation. 15. CRATiEJGUS, L. Hawthorn. Calyx um-shapcd ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, concave. Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Fniit fleshy, containing 1-5 bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or variously lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating short lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and ser- rate. * Corymbs compound^ viany-Jlowered. -H- Fruit small, not larger than a pea. 1. C. spathulata, INIichx. Young branches tomentose, otherwise nearly smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, spatulate, crenate at the sum- mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx-lobes very short ; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April. — A small tree. Corymbs sometimes slightly pubescent. Stipules lunate on the young branches. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 127 2. C. apiifolia, Michx Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed, nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1 -3, filiform ; fruit globular, red. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves ^'-1' long. 3. C. COrdata, Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes- cent, soon smoothish ; leaves large, deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed and serrate ; spines slender ; fruit globose, red. — River-banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Styles 5. 4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex, on slen- der nearly glandless petioles ; corymbs very numerous ; styles .5 ; fi-uit ovoid, red. — Banks of rivers, Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi. March and April. — A small tree, with ash-colored branches. Spines stout or wanting. Leaves l'-2' long, entire at the base, sometimes hairy in the axils of the veins beneath. •t- •*- Fruit large (^' - |' long) ; leaves, ^'c, mostly glandular. 5. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves thick, oblong-obovate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate from near the glandless base ; those on the young branches some- times slightly lobed ; spines long and stout, or sometimes wanting ; corymbs smooth or nearly so ; styles 1 -3 ; fruit pear-shaped or globose, red. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. 6. C. COCCinea, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, with 3-5 short and sharply serrate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole, strongly straight-veined ; those on the young branches often truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and more strongly lobed ; spines stout ; styles 3 - 5 ; fruit large, globose or pear-shaped, bright red. (C. viridis, L. C populifolia. Ell.) — Open dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1'- 2' long, bright green. 7. C. tomentosa, L. Leaves large (3' -5' long), broadly ovate or oval, finely serrate, and slightly lobed above the middle, abruptly narrowed into a short margined petiole, pubescent, especially beneath, the veins straight and impressed ; corymbs large, tomentose ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped, or- ange-red. Var. punctata, Gray. (C. punctata, Jac^.) Leaves smaller and smoother, more strongly furrowed by the impressed veins, and more tapering at the base ; fruit globose, dull red, dotted with white. — Woods and swampy thickets in tlic upper districts, Georgia and Alabama, and northward. May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers and fruit large. * * Cori/mbs simple. 1 - ^-flowered. 8. C. aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Glandless ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- coming smooth above, and rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, cnncate- obovate, crenate above the middle, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs ['IS ROSACEA. (rose family.) sniootli, 3 - 5-flowered ; styles 4-5; fruit large, globose, red. — Varies (C. lu- cida, Ell.) with smaller (1'), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy above. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit juicy, edible. 9. C. flava, Ait. Glandular ; leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly lobed near the apex, smooth, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth, 1 - 4-flowered ; styles 4 - 5 ; flowers and pear-shaped fruit large. — Shady sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15"^'- 20° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit greenish-yellow. 10. C. glandulosa, JNIichx. Branchle.ts, leaves, and corymbs whitened with soft hairs ; leaves opaque, cuneate, entire or glandular-serrate, tapering into a slender petiole, becoming smoothislv; those on the young branches often spar- ingly lobed; corymbs 3-6-flowered, ufi,ilateral ; styles 5.; jfruit small, globose, red. (C. elliptica, ^i^) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April. — A small tree, Avith coarse bark, and long recurved branches. Leaves 1' long. Fruit 3" - 4" long. 11. C. parvifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, scarcely petioled, serrate, the lower surface, like the branchlets and calyx, pubescent ; spines numerous, long and slender ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes large, serrate ; styles 5 ; fruit large, globose or pear-shaped, somewhat hairy. — Sandy soil, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May. — A much branched shrub, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 1' long. 16. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-eleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit fleshy or baccate, containing 2-5 cartilaginous, 2-seeded carpels. — Trees or shrubs. Flowers cymose or coiymbose. * Leaves simple, glandular : fruit depressed at the base. 1. P. COronaria, L. Leaves on long and slender petioles, ovate, round- ed, or slightly cordate at the base, angled or lobed, serrate, smooth ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles woolly and united at the base. — Rich soil in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 2. P. angUStifolia, Ait. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at the base, serrate, short-petiok d ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles smooth, distinct. — Open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — A small tree. Fruit very sour. * * Leaves simple, the midrib glandular above : fruit baccate, globose. 3. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves oval-oblong or somewhat obovate, abruptly acute or mucronate, smooth above, except the midrib, finely serrate ; st^-les vil- lous at the base. Var. erythrocarpa. Stem tall (50-10°); branchlets, cymes, and lower surface of the large (2' -4') leaves tomentose and hoary ; petals and anthers red- dish ; berries red. (Aronia arbutifolia, Ell.) CALYCANTIIACE^. (CAROLIXA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) 129 Var. melanoearpa. Stem low (20-4°); branchlets, cymes, and leaves smooth or nearly so ; leaves small ; petals white ; berries black, (Aronia me- lanoearpa, Ell. ) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Mareh and April. # * * Leaves unequally pinnate : ci/ynea compound : fruit baccate. 4. P. Americana, DC. Leaflets 1.3-1.5, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate above the middle, soon smooth ; cymes large, dense ; berry small, gloliose or pear-shaped, scarlet. (Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh.) — Highest mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Fruit acid. 17. AMELANCHIER, Medic. Calyx .5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens numerous, short. Styles .5, more or less^ united. Fruit baccate, containing 3-5 cartilaginous 2-seeded carpels ; seeds separated by a false partition. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, and white flowers in terminal racemes. 1. A. Canadensis, L, var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray. Branches, leaves, and racemes tomentose when young, soon smooth ; leaves elliptical, ab- ruptly acute, finely and sharply serrate, often slightly cordate ; racemes slender, appearing before the leaves ; petals four times as long as the calyx ; fruit glo- bose, purplish. (Aronia Botryapium, £"//. ) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — A small tree, with smooth whitish bark. Var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. Shrubby ; leaves roundish-oval, some- what acuminate, sharply serrate; racemes 6-10-flowered ; petals small, nar- rowly oblong. (Aronia ovalis, Ell.) — Low grounds, chiefly in the upper dis- tricts, Georgia and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. The cultivated representatives of this order are the Plum (Prunus domes- Ticus, L.), Apricot (P. Armeniaca, L.), Cherries (P. Aviuar and P. Ce- RASus, L.), Peach (Persica tulgaris, Mill.), Apple (Pyrus malus, Z.), Pear (P. communis, L.), Quince (Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.), and the Almond (Amygdalus). Order 49. CALYCANTHACE.^. (Carolina-Allspice Family.) Shrubs, with opposite and entire leaves, without stipules or pellucid dots. — Sepals and petals numerous and alike, united below into an ob- conlcal fleshy cup, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, short, inserted within the petals, the inner ones often sterile. Anthers adnate, extrorse. Ovaries several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, and inserted on its inner face, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. Seeds auatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons convolute. 130 MYRTACE^. (myrtle FAMILY.) 1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub. Calyx-tube closed, leafy-bracted ; the lobes and petals in several rows, lanceo- late, somewhat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear-shaped, enclosing the large achenia. — Aromatic shrubs, with opposite or forking branch- es, short-petiolcd deciduous leaves, and large brownish-purple terminal flowers. 1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles hoary-pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute. — Banks of streams in the upper districts. North Carolina to Mississippi. April. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fra- grant. 2. C. Isevigatus, Wilkl. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent or smoothish ; leaves oblong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals .linear- lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell, leaves A'cn,' rough above, but shining; flowei-s inodorous.) — Banks of streams, chiefly in the low country, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers \^' in diameter. 3. C. glaueus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the upper surface, smooth and glaucous beneath ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lan- ceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointed. — Low shady woods along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May and June. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. Leaves rather rigid, 4'- 7' long. Flowers U'-2' in diameter. The Pomegranate (Punica Granatum, Z.) belongs to the allied order Granate^. Order 50. MYRTACE^E. (Myrtle Family.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, dotted and commonly with an intra-marginal vein. Stipules none. — Calyx 4 - 6-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube adherent to the compound ovary. Petals 4-G, inserted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously combined. Anthers introrse, roundish, longitudinally dehiscent. Style solitary. ^ Seeds without albu- men, fixed to a central placenta. 1. EUGE!NTA, Micheli. Allspice. Calyx-tube roundish, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded. Cotyledons thick and united. Radicle very short. — Flowei-s white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clustered, 2-braeted. MELASTOMACE^. (mELASTOMA FAMILY.) 131 * Flowers in axillary cymes. 1. E. dichotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovatc, obtuse or cmarginate, rigiil, and, like the branches, roughened with appresscd hairs, at length smooth- ish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3 - 7-flowercd, the central flowers sessile ; calyx-tube obconical, 2-bractcd, downy and hoary, the lobes roundish, spreading ; petals orbicular, eiliate ; stamens numerous. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Branches compressed. * * Flowers solitary or umbellate. 2. E. proeera, Poir. Smooth; leaves ovate, tapering but obtuse at the apex, abiniptly contracted at the base into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary or 2-4 together, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-tube hemispherical; petals orbicular, eiliate; beny globose, 1-seeded. — South Flor- ida. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Flowers conspicuous, white and fragrant. Berry as large as a grain of pepper. * * * Floivms minute, in very short cluster-like racemes. 3. E. monticola, DC. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, some- what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emarginate, contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustered, several-flowered, shorter than the peti- ole ; stamens numerous ; beiTy globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. Berries abundant, as large as a grain of pepper, black. 4. E. buxifolia, Willd. ? Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, short-petioled ; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered, about as long as the petiole ; flowers minute ; stamens few (9 - 12) or numerous ; berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the leaves and berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens, and probably includes two or more species. 2. CALYPTKANTHES, Swartz. Calyx-tube obovate ; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. BeiTy 1 -celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds roundish: testa smooth. Embryo curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal folded and contorted cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flow- ered. 1. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than the leaves, cymose-panicled, tomentose; flowers minute; berry dry, globose, 1-2- seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree. Order 51. MELASTOMACE^E. (Melastoma Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbecl leaves, without clots or stipules, and showy flowers. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 - 6-Io'DeCx, persisient, 132 MELASTOMACE/E. (mELASTOMA FAMILY.) cohering -witli the ovaiy below, or with its angles. Petals 4-6, twisted in the bud, inserted with the 4-12 stamens on the throat of the calyx. An- thers adnate, often appendaged, usually opening by terminal pores. Ovary 3 - 6-celled. Ovules numerous, attached to the central placentae. Style solitary. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and loculicidally de- hiscent. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. 1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Gkass. Calyx-tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovaiy, 4-cleft. Petals 4, round- ish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1 -celled, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3 - 5-ribbed. Flow- ers cyniose, terminal. * Anthers long, linear, curving upward, saccate at the base, and commonly furnished with a bristle-like appendage at the insertion of the filaments : flowers puiyle or whitish. 1. R. Mariana, L. Bristly; stem branched, terete or 6-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, bristly serrate ; calyx mostly smooth, cylindri- cal in flower, the neck in fruit as long as the globose capsular portion ; flowers purple. — Varies with narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller whitish flowers. (R. lanceolata, Walt.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed. Flowers H'-2' wide, hairy externally. 2. R. Virginica, L. Bristly ; stem 4-angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest rounded ; tieck of the bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular portion ; the lobes ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 3 - 5-ribbed. Flowers purple. 3. R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth, 4-winged, bearded at the joints ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-ribbed, bristly ser- rate, sessile ; cyme compound ; calyx smooth, urn-shaped, the lobes lanceolate. — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens. Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves rugose, the lateral ribs obscure. Flowers purple. 4. R. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; calyx smooth or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Low pine barrens, Florida to Korth Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June - August. — Root spongy. Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves sweetish. * * Anthers short, oblong, erect, not appendaged : neck of the calyx short. •t- Flowers purple : leaves small, ovate or roundish, bristly serrulate. 5. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem simple, smooth, 4-anglcd above; leaves bristly on the upper surface, 3-ribbed ; cyme few-flowered, leafy ; calyx smooth. — Bogs in the pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 133 August. Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves rarely 1' long. Flowers l'-l|-' in diameter. 6. R. serrulata, Nutt. Low ; stem simple, 4-angled, smooth ; leaves sinooth above ; calyx glandular-bristly ; cyme leafy, 1 - 6-flowei*ed. — Open flat pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2' -6' high. Leaves and flowers smaller than in the preceding. •»- H- Flowers yellow. 7. R. lutea, Walt. Stem at length much branched, 4-angled, bristly ; leaves smoothish, bristly serrulate, the lower ones obovate and obtuse, tiie upper lanceolate and acute ; cymes numerous ; calyx short and smooth ; flowers small. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 1° high. Petals more persistent than those of the other species. Order 52. LYTHRACE^. (Loosestrife Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite or whorled and entire leaves, without stip- ules. Flowers mostly axillary. — Calyx tubular, persistent, 4 - 7-toothed, free from the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals as many as the teeth of the calyx and inserted into its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals, or 2-4 times as many, inserted below the petals. Anthers short, introrse. Style solitary. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 1 - 4-celled, few or many-seeded. Placentae central. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Sinuses of the calyx often appendaged. Stigma capi- tate, or rarely 2-lobed. Synopsis. * Calyx regular. 1. HYPOBRYCHIA. Calyx hemispherical. Petals none. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-cellecL 2. AMMANNIA. Calyx campanulate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4-celled. 3. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled. 4. NESuEA. Calyx short, even. Capsule globose, 3- 5-celled. Stamens 10. * * Calyx gibbous at the base. 5. CUPKEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule early ruptured. 1. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 2-4. Style very short: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled. — A submerged aquatic herb, with long filiform stems, opposite crowded pellucid linear leaves, and minute sessile axillary flowers. 1. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. — Ponds and still water, West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Aug. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 1' long, acute. Flowers not larger than a pin's head. 12 134 LTTHRACE^. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 2. AMMANNIA, Houston. Calyx globular or campanulate, 4-angled, 4-toothed, the sinuses commonly furnished with a small horn-shaped appendage. Petals 4, small, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Low smooth annual herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary or clustered axillary flowers. 1. A. humilis, Michx. Stem branching from the base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary ; style very short ; petals 4, purplish. — Varies with the leaves dilated and somewhat cordate at the base, and the lower flowers clustered. (A. ramosior, Michx) — Ditches and muddy places, Floiida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 2. A. oecidentalis, DC. Stem nearly simple, ascending, rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers solitary, apetalous ; calyx 8-toothed. Var. pygmaea. Stem very short (^'-1' long); sinuses of the calyx ap- pendaged, emarginate, as long as the teeth ; style short. — Key West, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves obtuse. Stem 1 - 6-flowered. 3. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, in- serted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary purple or whitish flowers. 1. L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth; stem and virgate branches 4-angled; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches shorter, leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the uppermost twice as long as the calyx. (L. lanceolatum. Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. July - September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers violet-purple. 2. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-angled, much branched ; leaves all opposite, linear ; flowers small, Avhitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish marshes, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Calyx-teeth short. 4. NES-2EA, Commerson. Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 - 4-celled. — Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 1. N. verticillata, H. B.K. Shrubby ; stems pubescent, recurved : leaves opposite and whorled, lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; peduncles short, 3 or RHIZOPHORACEJE. (MANGROVE FAMILY.) 135 several-flowered; petals 5, showy; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter. (Decodon verticillatum, Ell.) — Marshes and margins of ponds, Florida and northward. August. — Stems 3° -4° long. Flowers purple. 5. CUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 11-12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, few- seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purplish flowers. 1. C. viscosissiraa, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, op- posite, ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne be- tween the petioles, solitary ; petals violct-pui'ple ; stamens 12. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. 2. C. aspera, n. sp. Perennial; muricate-hispid and clammy; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, borne between the petioles (whorled) ; petals white or palc-purplc; stamens 11. — Low pine ban-ens, St. Joseph's, Florida. Stem 1°-H° high. Leaves I'long, rigid. Root bearing small tubers. The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstrcemia Ixdica, L.), originally from Eastern Asia, is common in cultivation. Order 53. RHIZOPHORACE^. (Mangrove Family.) Trees or shrubs, growing in maritime swamps, with opposite, entire, co- riaceous leaves, and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx united with the ovary, 4-1 2-lobed, valvate or lld-Hke in the bud. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them. Stamens twice or several times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx. Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled. Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. Radicle elongated. 1. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangrove. Calyx-tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi- nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. Sta- mens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-cellcd. Fruit encircled above the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the gei-minating embryo. — Flowers axillary, showy. 1. R. Mangle, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; peduncles 2-3-flowered; germinating embryo clavate ; flowers pale yellow. — Muddy shores, South Florida, forming dense low thickets. loG COMBRETACE^. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.) Order 54. COMBRETACE^. (Combretum Family.) Tropical trees or shrubs, witli entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary spiked or capitate flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the 1-celled, 2-5- ovuled ovary ; the limb 4- 5<'left, mostly deciduous. Petals 4-5, often wanting. Stamens 4- 15, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Style slender : stigma simple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and indehis- cent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, anatropous, without albu- men. Cotyledons convolute or variously folded. 1. LAGUNCULARIA, Gaert. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb 5-pai-ted, obtuse, persist- ent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate ; stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, compressed, angled, 1-seeded. Seeds germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. Radicle elongated. — Maritime shrubs, with opposite elliptical smooth and fleshy leaves, on biglandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or compound axillary and teiTOinal spikes. 1. L. racemosa, Gsert. Spikes erect, rigid, hoaiy-tomentose, die lateral ones solitary, the terminal ones in threes, simple or branched ; flowers scattered ; calyx-tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — South Florida. June to Aug. — A shrub or small tree, with the habit of the Mangrove. 2, L. glabrifiora, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smoodi, the lateral ones in pairs, the terminal ones in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded, deciduous ; calyx-tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlets ap- pressed to sides. — Banks of the Manitee River, South Florida, Rugel. June. — Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding. 2. CONOCARPUS, Gtert. Flowers densely crowded in a globular head. Calyx-tube about as long as the compressed 2-ovuled ovary ; the limb 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens 5-10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, closely imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked or panicled. 1. C. erecta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a biglandular petiole ; heads of flowers sessile, or on short and spreading pedicels ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var. SERiCEA, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary ; lowest leaves mostly obovate and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea-shore, Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. Januaiy and February. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads of fruit 3" - 6" long. Flowers greenish, minute. I ONAGEACE^. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137 3. TERMINALIA, L. Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bell- shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens lU, in 2 rows, longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3ovulcd. Style filiform. Drupe dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the summit of the branches. 1 . T. Catappa, L. Leaves short-petioled, softly pubescent when young, at length smoothish, obovate, wedge-shaped but truncated or slightly cordate at the base, with a depressed gland on each side of the midrib near the base ; spikes very slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile ; drupe ovate, acute, compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Flowers minute, pale green. Order 55. ONAGRACEiE. (Evening-Primrose Family.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it, 2 - 6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted into its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Placenta central. Style solitary : stigma capitate or 2 - 4-lobed. Cap- sule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with little or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. Suborder I. ONAGRACE^. Styles slender. Fruit 4-valved (indehiscent in Gaura). Seeds attached to a central placenta, without albumen. * Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary. 1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. 2. (ENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. * * Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary. 3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 4. JUSSL^A. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4 - 6. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 6. LUDVVIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded. 6. CIRC^A. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-seeded. Suborder II. HALORAGEiE. Styles very short or none. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds suspended, solitary in each cell. Albumen thin. — Flowers minute, axillary. 7. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-angled. 8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-8. Capsule 4-angIed. 1. GAURA, L. Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobcd, rcfloxcd, deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 12* 138 ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit 3 - 4-angled, mostly 1-cclled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purple flowers in a long-peduncled raceme or spike. 1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- coming smoothish, wavy -denticulate on the margins ; petals spatulate, white ; fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and northward. July and August. (^ — Stem 3° - 8° high. Spikes compound. 2. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, closely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely-toothed, often blotched with purple ; the uppennost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends, sharply 3 -4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers white. 3. G. fUipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth- ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, wavy ; fruit ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-angled, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. ^ ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, very leafy. 2. (ENOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and decid- uous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded, — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yellow flow- ers. Pollen-grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. * Capsule cylindrical, sessile: flowers expanding at night : annuals or biennials. 1. (E. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish; stem tall, often simple; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elon- gated ; calyx-tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. ((E. muricata, Pursh. CE. grandiflora, -4iY.) — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June -Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower. 2. CE. sinuata, L. Hairy or downy ; stems ascending or diffuse; leaves oblong, pinnately lobed, the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx and capsule hairy. Passes through several intennediate forms into Var. iiumi- FUSA, Terr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, hoary; leaves small, lanceolate, spar- ingly toothed or entire. — Fields and waste places, common ; the variety in drifting sand along the coast. May - Sept. — Stems 2' - 2° high. * * Capsule obovate or clavate, furrowed, and viore or less peduncled : floivers ex- panding in sunshine. 3. CE. glauca, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, wavy-denticulate, acute ; racemes fcw-flowcrcd, leafy ; flowers large ; ca])snlG ovoid-oblong, 4-M-inged, tapering into a short pedicel. (CE. Fraseri, Pursh.) — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. May ONAGRACEuE. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 139 -July. U — Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' in diameter. 4. QS. riparia, Nutt. Stem slightly pubescent, very leafy ; leaves linear- lanceolate, remotely denticulate, nan-owed into a short petiole ; raceme short, leafy at the base, elongated in fruit ; flowers large ; capsule oblong-clavate, dis- tinctly pedicelled, slightly 4-winged, with 4 strong intermediate ribs. — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. June and July. (2) — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, pubescent on the midrib and margins. Flowers 2' in diameter. 5. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins ; raceme at first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-winged, with in- termediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June -Sept. % — Stem 1°- 2° high. Flow- ers 1'- 2' in diameter. 6. (E. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ; the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate ; the others linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate ; raceme short, many -flowered, leafy ; capsule ob- ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter than the pedicel. — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - June. — Stem 1° - 1|-° high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 7. (E. pumila, L. Low, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; raceme leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and occasionally also around dwellings in the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers |' in diameter. 8. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; leaves very numerous, linear-filifonn, the lowest spatulate; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. — Gravelly hills, near Scott's mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers 4" - 5" in diameter. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-Herb. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-clcft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticulate leaves, and chiefly white or pui-ple flowers. 1- E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath ; racemes elongated, bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ; capsule and calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 140 ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-PRIMKOSE FAMILY.) 2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem smoothish, much branched ; leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; flowers small, reddish; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate; capsule downy, (E. tetragonum, PA., Ell.) — Swamps in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, branching above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme leafy; flowers small, white or rose-color; stigma clavate; capsule hoary. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 4. JUSSI^A, L. Calyx-tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule mostly elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. — Marsh herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. J. leptoearpa, Nutt. Hairy; stem erect, at length much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx-lobes mostly 6, as long as the petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes, Florida, and westward. June -Sept. (J) — Stem 2° -5° high. Capsule 1^' long, slightly curved. 2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy; stem creeping at the base; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; ovary (rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina, and westward. May -August. H. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers 2' in diam- eter. Capsule cylindrical. 3. J. decurrens, DC. Smooth; stem erect, branched, wing-angled; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes 4, nearly as long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. (Ludwigia decurrens. Ell) — Ditches, &c., Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. ® — Stem 6' - 3° high. 5. LUDWIGIA, L. Seed-box. Calyx-tube 4-anglcd or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow flowers. * Capsule cubical, indehfscent, (discharging the seeds through a central pore of the convex disk : calyx-lobes deciduous : petals large : stamens and style slender : leaves alternate : flowers pedicelled. 1. L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo- late, short-pctiolcd, acute; calyx-lobes spreading, about as long as the petals; capsule large, wing-angled. (L. macrocarpa, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 141 to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3^ high. Flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentosc; stem slender, simple, or branching from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear ; flowers in elongated leafy racemes ; petals twice as long as the reflexed calyx- lobes ; capsule strongly 4-angled. — Low pine ban-ens, sometimes in rather dry places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and size of the flowers and capsule. 3. L. h-irtella, Raf. Hairy; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; flow- ers axillary ; petals twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx-lobes ; capsule strongly angled. (L. pilosa, Ell.) — Flat pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. * "^ Valves of the capsule separating from the concave disk, and irregularly from the persistent partitions and placenta : calyx-lobes persistent : petals small or none : sta- mens and style short : stems erect or ascending : leaves alternate : flowers sessile. -t- Petals conspicuous. 4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much branched ; leaves linear, acute ; flowers small ; capsule clavate-oblong, with 4 rounded angles, 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx-lobes. — Ditch- es and ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Bark at the base of the stem spongy. 5. L. linifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem low (6'- 12'), creeping at the base, branching ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse ; capsule linear-cylin- drical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Ditches and swamps in the low country, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. H- ^- Petals minute or wanting. 6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into a petiole; petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or obscurely 4-sided, many times longer than the small calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. 7. L. pilosa, "Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute ; flowers in dense terminal spikes ; petals mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spreading calyx- lobes. (L. mollis, £■//.) —Ditches and ponds near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, the branches spread- ing. Capsule whitish. 8. L. sphssrocarpa. Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers very small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the calyx- lobes. — Margins of ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, not common. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° higii. Capsule 1 " - 2" long. 142 ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 9. L. capitata, Michx. Smooth; stem mostly simple, slender, angled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and ob- tuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, somewhat narrower at tlie base, longer than the calyx -lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 10. L. lanceolata, Ell. 1 Smooth ; stem stout, terete, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps in the pine ban-ens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small. 11. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely denticu- late ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx- lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 12. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Cap- sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. * * =*^ Stems creeping : leaves opposite. •*- Petals none. 13. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves obovate, tapering into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the calyx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June- Sept. — Stems 6' -12' long. 14. L. spath.ulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule OA'oid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mar- gins of pine-barren ponds, Middle Florida. July and August. H- -*- Petals 4. 1.5. L. natans, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, ta- pering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the base. — Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger. 16. L. arcuata, "Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the base ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla- vate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, &c., Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems 4' - 8' long. ONAGRACE^. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 143 6. CIRC^A, Tourn. Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-5eeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes. 1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight- ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule hispid. — Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem 1°- 2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white. 2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule hairy. — With the preceding. 7. PROSERPINACA, L. Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and minute axillary greenish flowers. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June- August. — Stem 1° - 1^° long, ascending or floating. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform ; fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long. 8. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vail. Water-Milfoil. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4- toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into filiform or capillary segments, and commonly whorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the uppermost sterile. =^ Stamens 8 : fruit even or waHy. 1- M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender; leaves 4 in a whorl; the floral ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened witli mi- nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes, Middle and West Florida. — July. 2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3 -4, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers ; fniit smooth. — Still water, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last. * * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and roughened. 3. M. lieteropliylluin, Michx. Stem thick; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower 144 CACTACE^E. (cactus FAMILY.) ones pinnatifiil ; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12'); leaves 4-5 in a whorl, the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones Unear, pectinately toothed ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds. South Carolina, and north- ward. June and July. Order 5(j. CACTACE^. (Cactus Family.) Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with globular, or columnar and angular, or flattened and jointed stems, and solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in several rows, and adherent to the 1 -celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, with long filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style single : stigmas nu- merous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Albumen scanty or none. 1. CEREUS, Haw. Sepals and petals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens Inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without al- bumen. — Stems elongated, ribbed or angled; the angles bearing tufts of spines and showy flowers. 1. C. monoclonos, DC 1 Stem tall, columnar, 6-8-anglcd, green; angles obtuse; spines sliort, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° -10° high. Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stigmas 10 or more, filifonn, exsertcd. Stamens included. 2. C. triangularis, Haw. ? Stem elongated, jointed, 3-sided, rooting at the joints ; flowers greenish externally, Avhite within, very large ; fruit large, naked. — Key West. — Stem climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long. 2. OPTJNTIA, Tourn. Trickly Pear. Sepals and petals not united into a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3-8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen. — Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of bristly hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. Flowers large, yellow. 1. O. Ficus-Indicus, Haw. Stem erect, spreading; joints oval and obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob- ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joints 1° long. 2. O. vulgaris, Mill. Stem prostrate ; joints obovate, pale ; spines few and short ; fruit nearly smooth. — Dr^^ sandy soil, Florida and northward, near the coast. June and July. GROSSULACE^. (cURRANT FAMILY.) 145 3. O. polyantha, Haw. Stem erect ; joints oblong ; spines yellow, strong, unequal ; flowers numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 6. — Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June. 4. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (1'- 3'), cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, un- equal, elongated; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate; stigmas 4; fruit small, fleshy, bristly, 1 - 2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. May. — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Order 57. GROSSULACE^. (Currant Family.) Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves, without stipules, and with axillary racemose or clustered flowers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, small. Sta- mens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentaa. Styles more or less united. Fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, with the minute embryo at the base of hard albumen. 1. E-IBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. Character same as the order. * Stems spiny and commonly bristly : peduncles 1 -3-Jlowered. 1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, round- ish, 3 -5-lobed, pubescent; peduncles 2-3-flowered; stamens and single style not longer than the broad and short calyx-tube ; petals obovate ; berry mostly prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem smooth or bristly. Leaves l'-2' in diameter. 2. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3-5- lobed, often acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowercd ; stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx-tube ; petals spatulate ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Shrub 3° - 4° high, often unarmed. Leaves |^' - 1 ' in diameter. 3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short ; leaves on slender peti- oles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed ; peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 - 2-flowered ; calyx smooth, tubular-canipanu- late. — Mountains of Tennessee. * * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-Jiowered. 4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-pctioled, deeply cordate, with about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smooth ; racemes erect ; style 2- cleft; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stems reclining. Racemes 3' -5' long. Leaves 2' -3' in diameter. 5. R. resinosum, Pursh. Plant clothed in even,' part with resinous glan- dular hairs ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; racemes erect ; bracts linear, longer 13 146 TURNERACE^. (tURNERA FAMILY.) than the pedicels ; calyx flattish ; petals obtusely rhomboidal ; fruit hirsute. Mountains of North Carolma. April and May. ( * ) Order 58. LOASACE^E. (Loasa Family.) Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed and stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx-tube ad- herent to the 1-celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. Petals 5 or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly indefinite, in several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Capsule irregu- larly deliiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3 - 5 parietal Dlacentae, commonly with scanty albumen. 1. MENTZELIA, Plum. Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. Sta- mens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles 3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 parietal pla- centse. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems branching. Leaves toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- lobed at the base ; stamens about 30 ; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° high. Flowers small, golden-yellow. Order 59. TURNERACEili:. (Turnera Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the calyx below the pe- tals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or G, many-parted. Placentae 3, parietal. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels. 1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deeply 2-parted. Stigmas 6, many- parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves, — Herbs with stellate pubes- cence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. 1 . P. f ulva. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomentose ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate or toothed, nearly sessile ; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the leaves, PASSIFLORACEiE. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 147 often bibracteolate ; petals obovate ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cistoides, Ell. P. villosa, Aub. ?) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. y\. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the lowest ones broader. 2. P. tomentosa, H. B. K. Stellate-tomentose throughout ; stem sim- ple ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, acute or obtuse, obscurely crenate, hoary be- neath; pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves rather rigid, 1' long. 3. P. glabra. Stem slender, branching, smooth; leaves smooth, linear, entire, the floral ones small and bractlike ; pedicels several times longer than the leaves, and, like the calyx, stellate-tomentose ; petals spatulate ; styles 2-cleft. (Turnera glabra, DC.?) — South Florida. — Stem lo-2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 1' in diameter. Order 60. PASSIFLORACE^. (Passion-Flo wer Family.) Climbing herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly stipulate leaves, and ax- illary often showy flowers. — Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, commonly bearing at the throat 4-5 petals, and a crown of slender fila- ments in one or more rows. Stamens 4-5, monadelphous below and en- closing the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal pla- centae. Styles 3-4, clavate. Fruit fleshy or baccate. Seeds numerous, anatropous, included in a pulpy sac. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- men. 1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passiox-Flower. May-Pop. Calyx-tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit baccate — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, 1-flowered. 1 • P. incarnata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, seiTate ; petioles biglandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex, whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the two outer ones as long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, common. June and July. IJ. — Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flowers purple and white. 2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish-yellow ; peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than the sepals. — Woods and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. 1]. — Fruit oval, purple, ^' in diameter. 3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- nerved at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the middle lobe largest ; petioles short, biglandular above the middle ; peduncles commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish ; petals none ; filaments of the crown shorter than the sepals, purple at the base ; fruit pm-ple. — South Florida, 148 CUCURBITACEvE. (GOURD FAMILY.) 4. P. angustifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mostly 3-lobed, with the lobes lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and acute ; peti- oles short, biglandular ; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the peduncles short and bractless ; petals none — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves sometimes entire. Flowers 4" - 6" wide, yellowish. Berry purple, as large as a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occasionally 4. Stipules subulate. 5. P. "Warei, Nutt. Leaves on short biglandalar petioles ; the lower ones 3-lobcd, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pedun- cles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ; segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Probably identical with P. pallida of the West Indies. Order 61. CUCURBITACEiE. (Gourd Family.) Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe- cious or dioecious. — Calyx 5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct, or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Stamens 3-5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortuous, com- monly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pepo) fleshy or pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. 1. BRYONIA. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, smooth. 2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celIed. Fruit many -seeded, smooth. 3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1- seeded, hispid. 1. BRYONIA, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous. Style mostly 3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 1. B. Boykinii, Torn & Gray. Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cor- date, 3-5-lobed; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate; sterile and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicelled ; styles united ; fruit 3-seeded ; the seeds 3-toothed at the base. — River-banks, Georgia, ajid westward. June and July. — Stems elongated. Flowers greenish-white. Berry crimson. 2. MELOTHRIA, L. Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a campanu- SURIANACE^. (SURIANA FAMILY.) 149 late corolla. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length sep- arate Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 3. Fruit oval, smooth, many-seeded. 1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth; leaves rough, cordate, with 3-5 angular-toothed lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, on long peduncles; fruit oval, blackish, drooping, — Light soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May- August. — Flowers small, yellow. 3. SICYOS, L. Flowers moncecious. Calyx flattish, with 5 subulate or minute teeth. Petals 5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens .5, monadelphous or triadelphous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit membranaceous, bristly, 1 -seeded. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers mostly from the same axil. 1 . S. angulatus, L. Plant hairy and clammy ; leaves thin, cordate, with 3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes ; sterile flowers racemose ; the fertile ones in peduncled clusters, whitish. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. June - August. Order 62. SURIANACE^. (Suriana Family.) A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, in small axillary bracted racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, per- sistent ; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral ortho- tropous ovules in each. Styles 5, each arising from the central angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, indehis- cent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. 1. SURIANA, Plum. Character same as the order. 1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Leaves linear-spatulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Order 63. CRASSULACEiE. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and mostly cymose flowers. Sepals 3 - 20, more or less united at the base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base of the calyx, imbricated in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many, inserted 13* 150 CRASS UL ACE^. (OllPINE FAMILY.) with the petals. Ovaries as many as the sepals, separate or united below. Carpels several-seeded, opening along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. SEDUM. Carpels distinct. Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. 2. DIAMORPIIA. Carpels united at the base. Sepals 4- Stamens 8. 3. PENTIIOKUM. Carpels united above the middle. Sepals 5. Stamens 10. 1. SEDUM, L. Orpixe. Stone-crop. Sepals 4-5, Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded, with an en- tire scale at the base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy. 1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem stout, erect or ascending, very leafy throughout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower ones mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile ; cymes compact, erect, many- flowered ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; stamens 10 ; carpels acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 7'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. 2. S. ternatura, Michx. Stems low (3' -8'), branching at the base, ascend- ing ; lowest leaves crowded, spatulate or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper ones scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cyme composed of 3 recurved branches ; stamens 8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain-rocks, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. % — Flowers white. 3. S. pulchellum, Michx. Stems ascending (4' - 12' long) ; leaves very numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse; cyme composed of several recurved or spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the petals ; stamens 8, those of the central flowers mostly 10 ; carpels tapering into the long and slender style. — With the preceding. May and June. 4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat- tered, lincar-clavate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the widely spread- ing or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer than the flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate white petals ; stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish-brown ; carpels tapering into the short subulate style. — Rocky cliffs at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Rev. R. D. Nevius. April and May. 2. DIAMORPHA, Nutt. Sepals 4, veiy short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, united below the middle, at length spreading, 4-8-seeded. — A small (l'-4') succu- lent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves terete, fleshy. Flowers white. 1. D. pusilla, Nutt. — On flat rocks in the upper districts, Alabama to North Carolina. March and April. SAXIFRAGACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151 3. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Sepals 5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a .'i-celled capsule, spreading at the summit, which falls away at matunty. Seeds numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate leaves, and yellowish flowers on one side of the revolute branches of the simple cyme. 1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate; petals commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July- Sept. Order 64. SAXIFRAGACE^. (Saxifrage Family.) Calyx of 4-5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less adherent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united b'elow, and sepa- rate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Petals Imbricated in the bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or none. * Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 2. HEUCIIERA. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. 2-beaked. 3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. * * Stamens twice as many as the sepals. -^ Capsule 2-celled. 4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. LeaTes entire or lobed. 5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. •(- H- Capsule 1-celled. 6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5. entire. 7. MITELLA. Stamens 10 Petals 5. pinnatifid. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 - 10. Petals none. Suborder IT. ESCALLONIExE. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5- Flowers in a dense raceme. Suborder HI. HYDRA^GIEiE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or con- volute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct. 11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united. 12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4-vaIved. 1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globu- 152 SAXIFRAGACKiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) lar, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valvcd at the apex. — A very small (|' higli) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) and South Carolma. March and April. 2. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placenta?, many-seeded, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. — Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long-peti- olcd. roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow- ei-s cjTnose-panicled. * Calyx equal-sided. 1. H. Americana, L. Rough-pubescent; scape leafless ; leaves crenately or acutely 7 - 9-lobed and toothed, the teeth mucronate ; panicles long, narrow, loosely-flowered ; calyx as long as the white spatulate petals, much shorter than the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes with one or two leaves. Leaves 2' - 4' wide, on petioles 4' -12' long. 2. H. villosa, Michx. Scape bi-actcd or somewhat leafy, and, like the petioles and lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long spreading rusty hairs ; leaves, sharply 5 - 7-lobcd and toothed, panicle loose; flowers minute; petals white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens; styles elongated. (H. caules- cens, Pursh ) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June and July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth ; leaves slightly lobed ; branches of the panicle long, racemose, spreading ; petals purple '' spatulate- lanceolate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens slightly pubescent. (H. caulescens, /3, Torr. ^ G'ra_y ) — Buncombe County, North Carolina, CuHis. — Flowers larger than the last, * * Cahjx oblique. 4. H. pubescens, Pursh. Glandular-puberulent ; stem (2°) leafy ; leaves round-cordate, acutely 5 - 7-lobed and toothed, with the sinus closed ; stipules obtuse, fringed ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish-green, the ovate lobes obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, includ- ed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. 5. H. hispida, Pursh. Hirsute or minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves 5 -9-lobed, the lobes short, rounded, and mucronately toothed; panicle con- tracted ; the short branches few-flowered ; petals broadly spatulate, purple, rather shorter than the more or less exserted stamens ; styles at length much exserted. — High mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes smoothish, as well as the uetioles. Flowers larger than any of the preceding. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) lo3 3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta- mens 5, short. Styles 2-3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded placenta, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmatcly lobed and toothed leaves, and small flowers in corymbose cymes. 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the long-petioled 5 - 7-lobed leaves smoothish ; cymes fastigiate, clammy ; flowers secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangular-ovate. — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. 4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply .5-cleft. Petals 5, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth. — Lowest leaves clus- tered. * Stems leafy. 1 . S. leucantheraifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy ; leaves spatulate, coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ; panicle diff'use ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the 3 larger ones spotted with yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10' - 20' high. * * Stems naked, scape-like. 2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ; scape clammy-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely floAvered ; sepals reflexed, nearly as long as the oval white petals; stigmas sessile. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo- vate, crenately toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; sepals erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. — Rocks on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. ' 4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, cre- nately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; scape slen- der ; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the lanceolate- oblong, white, faintly spotted petals ; filaments filiform. — Moist shady rocks, on the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' high. 5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent; leaves all radical, del- toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; bracts of the scape few ; panicle diflfuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale spots below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments club-shaped ; carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading, — Damp shady places on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 6'- 12' high. 154 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 5. ASTILBE, Hamilton. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-partod, nearly free from the ovary. Petals 5, spatulate, withering-persistent. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and thin. — Perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and small yellowish-white flowers, in panicled racemes. 1. A. decandra, Don. — Banks of streams among the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June - August. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves twice or thrice ternately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply lobed and toothed. Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the stamens and petals of the fertile ones smaller or rudimentary. 6. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. Calyx campanulate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very un- equal, I-celled, few-seetied. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with scape-like stems, chiefly radical and petioled leaves, and small racemose flowers. 1. T. eordifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed and toothed, hairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape (6'- 12' high) naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; racemes simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purj^lish. — Eocky woods and banks, Mississippi, and northward along the mountains. April and May. 7. MITELLA, Toum. Mitre-ttort. Calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, .5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Sta- mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentae. — Perennial herbs, with broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme. 1 . M. diphylla, L. Hairy ; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser- rate and slightly 3-lobcd, on long petioles ; stem-leaves 2, opposite, sessile ; raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers white. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Toum. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - .5-lobed ; the lobes obtuse and yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1-celled, vnth 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and succulent herbs, with round- ish leaves, and axillary flowers. 1. C. Americanum, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking ; leaves mostly opposite, roundish, slightly lobed ; flowers solitary, greenish. — Cold and shady SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 155 Streams, among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. April and May. ij. — Stems 4' - 6' long. 9. ITEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. Sta- mens 5, shorter than the petals. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-cclled, 2-furrowed, septicidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A shrub with simple oblong or oval ser- rate pubescent leaves, and close mostly drooping racemes of white fragrant flow- ers terminating the branches. 1. I. Virginica, L. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4 - .5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, fili- form. Capsule crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- ing at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, without stipules, and whitish or purplish flowers, in ample compound cymes ; the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx-lobes enlarged and showy. 1. H. arboreseens, L. Smoothish; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base; cymes crowded, flat-topped; sterile flowers few or none. (H. vulgaris, Michx. H. cordata, Pursh.) — Banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, mostly cordate at the base, white-tomentose beneath; cymes flat-topped; sterile flowers few. — Rich soil, Georgia, Carolina, and Tennessee. May and June. — Shrub 4° -8° high. 3. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to- mentose ; leaves oval, sharply 5-lobed, serrate ; cymes clustered, forming a close oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Sterile flowers whitish, turning pui-ple. 11. DECUMARIA, L. Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 7-10- toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21-30. Styles united, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating obliquely into nu- merous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous odor- ous white flowers in compound terminal cymes. 1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent. Capsule, with the persistent style and stigma, urn-shaped, pendulous. 156 HAMAMELACE^. (wiTCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Syringa. CaljTC-tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary , the limb 4 - 5-parted, persist- ent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, loculi- cidally 4-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, without stipules, and large white solitary or cymose flowers. 1. P. grandiflorus, Willd. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or more in a terminal cyme ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, much longer than the tube. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high, with long and slender branches. 2. P. inodorus, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate- oblong, acute ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last. 3. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy ; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply serrate ; flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on short lateral branches ; calyx-lobes ovate, as long as the tube. — North Carolina and Tennessee. — A small shnib. Leaves 1' long. Flowers ^' wide. Order 65. HAMAMELACE^E. (Witch-Hazel Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and clustered or spiked, often polygamous or monoecious flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and linear, or none. Sta- mens twice as many as the petals, with the alternate ones sterile, or nu- merous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 2-celled, opening at the summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1 - 2 In each cell. Embryo large and straight, in scarce albumen. Synopsis. "^ 1. HAMAMELIS. Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each cell, suspended. 2. FOTHERGILLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile. Ovules solitary, suspended. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, capitate. Stamens numerous. Ovules several. 1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. Calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, the alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valvcd at the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, which encloses the seed, but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. Leaves shoift-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLET FAMILY.) 157 1. H. Virginica, L. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. November. — A large shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed, pubescent; flowers appearing when the leaves are falling. 2. FOTHERGILLA, L. Calyx truncate, obscurely 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves, and white odorous flowers in terminal braeted spikes, appearing before the leaves. 1 F. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves smooth, or tomentose beneath, toothed at the summit. Capsule hairy. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum. Flowers monoecious, in globular 4-bracted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens veiy numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks, 1 -2-seeded. Seeds wing-angled. — Trees. Heads of sterile flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long nodding peduncles. 1. L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves roundish, with 5-7 acuminate serrate spreading lobes. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March. — A large tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant gum. Order 66. UMBELLIFERiE. (Parsley Family.) Herbs, with chiefly hollow and furrowed stems, aiternate mostly com- pound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or obsolete. Petals 5, mostly incurved, inserted with the 5 stamens on the edge of the disk that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent car- pels (mericarps), suspended from a filiform axis (carpophore), and cohering by their inner face (commbisure) ; each furnished with 5 primary ribs, and often with as many secondary ones ; the intervening spaces {intervals:) usually containing channels (vittce), which are filled with aromatic oil. Seed solitary, suspended. Embryo minute, at the base of horny albu- men. — Umbels and partial umbels (umhelleis) commonly subtended by an involucre or involucel. Synopsis. § 1. Inner face of the seed flat, or nearly so. * Umbels simple, or one growing from the summit of another. Stems creepiog. L HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leares rounded. 2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy. 14 158 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLET FAMILY.) * * Umbels capitate (flower sessile). 3. SANICULA Fruit bristly, globular. Flowers polygamous. luTolucel none. 4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit scaly, turbinate. Flowers perfect, bracted. Heads in volucelled. * * * Umbels compound (flowers pedicellcd). •*- Fruit with bristly ribs ; the bristles in a single row. 5 D.\.UCUS. Fruit 9-ribbed. Leaves finely 2- 3-pinnate. -t- -t- Fruit smooth or slightly roughened. ++ Fruit wingless, laterally compressed, or twin. 6. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose. Calj'x-limb 5-toothed. 7. CRYPTOT^NIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the leaves lanceolate. 8. LEPTOCAULIS. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, rough Calyx-limb obsolete. Divisions of the leaves filiform. 9. DISCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Divisions of the leaves filiform. 10. HELOSCIADIUM. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Calyx-limb obsolete. Involucre 1 - 3- leaved, or none. 11. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit globose. Calyx-teeth- minute or none. Involucre 5-6- leaved. Leaves pinnate 12. BUPLEURUIM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong. Leaves simple. 13. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong ; the intervals with 3 vittae. 14. THASPIUM. Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit ovoid or oblong ; the intervals with single vittae. 15. LIGUSTICUM. Flowers white. Fruit elliptical, with several vittae in each interval. ++ ++ Fruit dorsally compressed, winged on the margins. = Margins of the fruit double-winged. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. 16. ANGELICA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with single vittae. 17. ARCHANGELTCA. Carpels 3-ribbed on the back ; the intervals with 2 or more vittae. 18. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels 3-winged on the back ; the intervals with 2-3 vittae. = = Margins of the fruit single-winged. 19. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit broadly "winged. Marginal wings remote from the 3 dorsal ones. Leaves simple, terete. 20. ARCHEMORA. Fruit as in No. 19. Leaves pinnate or temate. 21. HERACLEUM. Fruit with all the ribs equidistant. Marginal flowers sterile. Plant woolly. § 2. Inner face of the seed concave. 22. CEC^ROPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed towards the apex. 23. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-clavate, narrowed towards the base. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Toum. Marsh Pennywort. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals not incurved. Fniit laterally compressed, or- bicular. Carpels 5-ribbed, the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete, the inter- mediate ones enlarged. Vittae none. — Low marsh herbs, with slender creep- ing stems, and peltate or reniform leaves. Umbels small, axillary. Flowers white. 1. H. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 7- lobed ; umbels sessile, 3 - 5-flowered ; fruit 2-ribbed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems stoloniferous. Leaves very thin, UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 150 2. H. umbellata, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular, peltate, obscurely lobed, erenate ; umbels globose, on peduncles commonly longer than the petioles ; fruit 2-ribbed on each side. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Leaves 1 ' wide. 3. H. ranuneuloides, L. Smooth ; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 3-5-lobed; umbels few-flowered, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles, mostly nodding in fruit ; fruit obscurely ribbed. — Springs and muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Petioles 6' -12' long. Peduncles 1' long. 4. H. interrupta, Muhl. Smooth; leaves orbicular, peltate, erenate; umbels proliferous, the nearly sessile clusters forming an inten-upted spike ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Petioles longer than the peduncles. 5. H. repanda, Pers. Pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, glandular-serrate ; umbels capitate, few-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. 2. CRAITTZIA, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish. Fruit globular. Carpels 5-riIibed, the lateral ribs thickened and corky. Vittse single in the intervals, with 2 on the commissure. — Small creeping mai-sh herbs, with fleshy linear leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary umbels. 1. C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, ili/c/io:.) — Muddy banks, near the coast, Floi'ida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Leaves 1' long, with cross partitions, narrowed towards the base, obtuse. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved. 3. SANICULA, Tourn. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Fruit globose, without ribs, armed with hooked prickles ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, each with 5 vittiB. — Peren- nial erect branching herbs, with palmately-divided long-petioled leaves, and polygamous flowers in small heads, disposed in a loose expanding cyme. 1. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed ; heads many-flowered ; sterile flowers numerous on slender pedicels ; styles long, recurved. ^:- Dry woods, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 20-3° high. 2. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions lobed and toothed ; heads few-flowered; the sterile flowers (1-3) nearly sessile; styles short and straight. — Dry woods, common. May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Branches of the cjone long and spreading. 4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Button-Snakeroot. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit turbinate, covered with scales or tubercles, without ribs or vittae. — Herbs, with spiny or bristly mostly 160 UMBELUFER^. (I'AKSLEY FAMILY.) lobed or toothed leaves, and white or blue bracted flowers closely sessile in deusc heads. * Fruit scaly : stems erect. 1. E. yucc 86 folium, Michx. Leaves linear, concave, bristly or some- what spiny on the margins, parallel-veined; leaves of the involucre mostly entire, shorter than the broadly ovate head ; bracts entire. — Pine barrens, most- ly in damp soil, Florida, and northward. June. Ij. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves distant, the lowest ones 1° - 1|^° long. Flowers white. 2. E. Ravenelii, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated, nearly terete, grooved on the upper surface, obscurely denticulate ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, as long as the head ; bracts 3-cleft, spine-pointed, longer than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, near the head-waters of Cooper river. South Carolina. Ravenel. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1|° - 3° high. Flowers white. 3. E. VirginianurQ, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; the lowest ones spiny-serrate with the teeth incurved, or nearly entire, veiny ; the upper narrower, spiny or pinuatifid ; leaves of the involucre (blue) 3-5-cleft, longer than the head ; bracts 3-cleft, as long as the flowers. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. y. or (f) — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers blue. 4. E. prsealtum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, serrate ; the up- per ones linear, spiny-toothed; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as the head ; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as the mature calyx. (E. Virginia- num. Ell.) — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. August. — Stem 4° -6° high. Lowest leaves lo-2° long and 2|^'-3' wide. Flowers white. 5. E. virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate, the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4 bristly teeth, longer than the head; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, sometimes cordate. Flowers blue. * * Fruit (jramdar : stems diffuse. 6. E. aromaticum, Baldw. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy; leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed, — Dry pine barrens. East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1 ' long. 7. E. Baldwinii, Spreng^ Small, prostrate, branching ; leaves thin ; the earliest ones ovate, sharply serrate or toothed, long-petioled, the others 3-parted, with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 3-toothed ; leaves of the in- volucre subulate, longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, ob- tuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. September. ® ? — Stems 5'- 10' long. Flowers blue. 8. E. Cervantesii, Laroch. Stems prostrate, diffusely branched; earli- est leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the others sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; leaves UMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161 of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate acute, twice as long as the calyx. (E. Mlforme, Shuttl.) — Damp sandy soil along the coast of West Florida. July and August. (2) — Stems 1° -2° long. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue. 5. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong ; the carpels with 9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An- nual or biennial herbs, with pinnately finely dissected leaves and involucre, and white or yellowish flowers. 1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual; stem rough with rigid reflexed hairs; leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear ; bristles of the fruit barbed. — Dry sterile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 1° -3° high. Umbels long-peduncled. 6. CICUTA, L. Water-Hemlock. Ca;lyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the in- tervals with single vittce, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial marsh herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnately or ternately divided leaves. Invo- lucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 1. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3° -6° high), purplish ; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous. 7. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vittse in each interval, and one under each rib. — A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobed. Rays of the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadensis, DC. (Chserophyllum Canadense, Pers.) — Rich shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittse, and 2 on the face. — Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 1. L. divaricatus, DC. Annual; stem (6' -18' high) widely branched ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; umbel 3-4-rayed. (Sison pusillum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 14* 162 UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 9. DISCOPIiEURA, DC. Calyx-teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Inter- vals with single vittce. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes Leaves pin- nately dissected, Avith the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and invo- lucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 1. D. eapillacea, DC. Umbels 3-lO-rayed; leaves of the involucre mostly 3-5-clcft; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish marsh- es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high, much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 2. D. eostata. Stem tall, branching above ; leaves of the involucre 10 - 12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, deeply sulcate. (Ammi costatum, Ell.) — Swamps of the Ogeechee River, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - .5° high. Fruit larger than in No. 1 . 3. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 5-6, entire ; fruit globose. — Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 10. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. Calyx-teeth .5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the carpels equally 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittse. Flowers wliite. 1 . H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; umbels short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; involucre 1 - 2-leavcd or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. (Sium nodiflorum,//.) — Ditches, &c. aroimd Charleston. Introduced. April -June. — Stems 2° long. 11. SIUM, L. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittae. — Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate; the immersed ones dissected into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, fin(?ly and shaqily scrnitc ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along streams, commonly in water, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 12. BUPLEURUM, Toum. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. Carpels 5-ribbed, the inten^als \vith or without vittoe. — Smooth herbs, with en- tire simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, peifoliate ; umbel 5 -rayed ; in- volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro- lina. — Introduced. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 163 13. ZIZIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross section nearly orbicular. Vittae 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. — A smooth perennial herb, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire; rays of the umbel long and slender; involucre none. (Smyrnium integerrimum, L.) — Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 14. THASPIUM, Nutt. Calyx-teeth short or obsolete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish at the sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vittse. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately-divided leaves (the lowest often en- tire), and yellow or purple flowei-s. Involucre none. * Calyx-teeth short, obtuse. 1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1 - 2-temate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed above, the terminal one narrowed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly unequal ; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem branching above, 2° -3° high. Leaflets ^' -V long, often 2-3-lobed. 2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Bmnches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, narrowly 8- 10-winged, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° - 5° high. * * Calyx-teeth obsolete. 3. T. aiU'eum, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 2-ternate ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply sen-ate, the lateral ones unequal at the base ; fruit oval, the ribs thick or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2°high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided. Flowers yellow. 'A. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Leaves crenate; the lowest ones usually sim- ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. S. atropurpureum, Zam.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Nondo. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vittae numerous. Involucre short, 2 - 6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 3-temately divided. Flowers white. 1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (30-6°), smooth, branched; leaves 3-temately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, pani- 164 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) cled ; fruit ovate-obloncj, the ribs wing-like ; vitta3 3 in each interval, and 6 on the commissure. —Rich soil, in the upper districts. July and August. — Root large, aromatic. 16. ANGELICA, L. Calvx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Caq^els 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs dilated into wings. Yittse single in each intei-val, and 2-4 on the commissure Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Cliiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, uo involucre, and white flowers. 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twice temate, or the di- visions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate, sharply tootlicd ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittae. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath- ing. 17. ARCHANGELICA, Hoff-m. Calyx-teeth short. Fniit flattened. Carpels ribbed as in Angelica. Vittae very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 2-temate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. Upper petioles inflated. Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white. 1 . A. hirsuta, Ton-. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly pubescent; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate; frait pubescent. (A. tri- quinata, Ell. Ferula villosa, Walt.) — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes- cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — Dry pine baiTcns, Florida. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching above ; teeth of the small (h') leaflets spreading 18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back, 5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittce 2-3 in each interval, and 4 - 8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. Flow- ers white. 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Lea:flets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly oval. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 3° -.5° high. 19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and slender ribs, ^vinged on the margins. Intervals with single vittse, and 2 on the commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5 - 6-leaved. Flowers white. UMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 165 1 T. teretifolia, DC. (Slum teretifolium, £"//.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Peti- oles with cross partitions. 20. ARCHEMORA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels with 5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittse, and 4 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with pinnately-divided leaves, and wliite flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin- ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. (Slum rigidus, tricuspidatum, and denticulatum, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 2° -5° high. 2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire and strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum loflgi- folium, Torr. ^ Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or more long. Boot bearing tubers. . 21. HERACLEUM, L. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs distant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittjfi shorter than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per- ennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti- oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar- ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 1 . H. lanatum, Michx. Villous ; leaves very large, ternate ; leaflets broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 4° - 8° high, strongly furrowed. 22. CHJEROPHYLLUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal ribs. Intervals with single vittae. — Herbs, with compound finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter- nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes ; umbel sessile, of 2-3 long rays; involucel 4-5-leaved, few-flowered; fniit oblong, abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro- lina, and northward. April and May. (l) or (2) — Stem 6' - 18' long. 2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Am. More pubescent ; lobes of the leaves narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at the apex ; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Stem erect, 1° high. 166 ARALIACE^. (ginseng FAMILY.) 23. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. rnlyx-tccth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, fur- rowed on tlie commissure. Vittce none. — Perennial herbs with aromatic roots. Leaves 2-ternate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white. 1. O. brevistylis, DC. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper- ing at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — Plant hairy, 1°- 1|° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pinnatifid. Order C7. ARALIACETE. (Ginseng Family.) Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; but the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at the apex of copious fleshy albumen. 1. AHALIA, L. Sarsaparilla. Calyx-teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry drupaceous, 5-lobed, 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels corymbed or paniclcd. Flowers whitish. Berry black. * Stems herbaceous. 1. A. racemosa, L. Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternately decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate ; umbels very numer- ous, paniclcd. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3° -5° high. 2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly , leaves bipinnatcly compound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels in naked peduncled corymbs. — ^Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-peduncled um- bels at the apex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, ternately divided, the divisions quinate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic. Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. * * Stems woody. 4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; leaflets thick, ovate, crcnate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary panicles. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° - 15° high. 2. PANAX, L. Ginseng. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Beny fleshy, drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 1G7 tlic summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a whorl of three 3 - 7-foliolate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-obovate, serrate, stalked; styles 2, berry crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, ses- sile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high. Order 68. CORlVACEil!:. (Dogwood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty- ledons large and foliaceous. 1. CORNUS, Toum. Dogwood. Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite (except No. 1 ). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended by a colored involucre. * Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none. 1. C. alternifolia, L'llerit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch- es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 2. C. Stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Branches brown. 3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowcrcd ; drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Branches gray. 4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower sur- face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent; drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 60-10° high. 5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petiolcd, lanceolate-ovate or ob- long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlcts and flat cymes ; 1G8 CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) drapes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. * * Flowers capitate, subtended hy a white A-leaved involucre. 6. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. May. — A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre emar- ginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 2. NYSSA, L. Sour Gum. Flowers dioecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers single or few in a head. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, minute, or want- ing. Stamens 5 -10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. Stigma decurrent. Ovary 1 -celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. * Sterile flowers in loose clusters. 1. N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, tomen- tose when young, at length shining above : fertile peduncles long and slender, 3 - 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. May. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with Avidely spreading branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2'- 5' long. Fertile peduncles Ij'- 3' long. Drupe |-' long. 2. N. aquatica, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomcntose when young, at length nearly smooth ; leaves short-petioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu- lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1-2- flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westn'ard. April and May. — A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves l'-2' long. Peduncles j' - 1 ' long. Dnipe smaller than in the last. 3. N. uniJ3.ora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer- tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; drupes ovate-oblong, dark blue. (N. tomentosa, Michx. N. grandidcntata, Michx. f.) — Deep swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — A lai-ge tree. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Drupe 8" - 1 2" long. * * Sterile flowers capitate. 4. !N". cap itata, Walt. (Ogeechee Lime.) Leaves large, short-petioled, oblong, oval or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath ; flowers below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob- long, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Drape 1' long, agreeably acid. CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 169 Division IL MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. Order 69. CAPRIFOLIACE7E. (Honeysuckle Family.) Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla tubu- lar or rotate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate w^ith them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with 1 - many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small. In the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs. 2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect shrubs. 3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1-3-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3- 5-seeded. Herbs. * * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3 - 5-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberrt. Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate, nearly regular, 4- 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary spikes or clusters. 1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small axillary clusters; corolla smoothish within; berries red. (Symphorca glome- rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July- Sept. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 2. DIERVILLA, Toum. Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valvcd, many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate deciduous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose floAvcrs. 1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly pctiolcd, pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowcred ; capsule 15 170 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) ovoid-oblong, naiTowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers greenish-yellow. 2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule cylindrical-oblong, nar- rowed into a short neck above. — With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule larger than in that species. 3. LONICERA, L. "Woodbine. Hoketsuckle. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. BeiTy 1 - 3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. 1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- minal ; wliorls distinct ; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April - Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long. 2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining ; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla bi- labiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina, and northward. May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1^' long, with a red or purplish tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem scarcely twining; leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate ; whoi-ls of flowers crowded, ter- minal; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1 ' long, bright yellow ; the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube. 4. L. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau- cous beneath, all more or less connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, peduncled ; corolla short, bilabiate, gibbous at the base; stamens hairv' below. — Mountains of North Carolina. — June. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, yellow and purplish. 4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Calvx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fmit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets, — Perennial hairy herbs, ydi\\ large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base, and sessile axillary flowers. 1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, haiiy aboA^e, tomentose beneath ; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4' -7' long. 2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly solitary, yellowish. — Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171 5. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Elder. Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a globular baccate drupe, containing three 1 -seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7-ll, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds, common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with large pith. 2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath; cymes paniculate, pyramidal ; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and , northward. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 6. VIBURNUM, L. Haw. Sloe. Calyx minute, .5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes winged. Flowers in tenninal cymes, small, white ; the marginal ones occasion- ally radiant and sterile. t* Sterile and radiant flowers none. -1- Cymes sessile. 1 . V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or less dilated petioles rusty-pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drupe oblong- ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. Fruit edible. 2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser- rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 3. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate or entire, smooth ; cymes 3-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black. I (V. laevigatum, Ait.) — Eiver-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves j' - 1' long. Cymes small, -t- Cymes peduncled. ++ Leaves palmately lobed. 4. V. aeerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobcd above the middle ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. May and June. — A slender shrub, 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' - 3' wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire. ++ +-(• Leaves undivided. 5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lanceo- late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be- 172 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) neath ; cvmcs rather sliort-peduncled, 5-raycd ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, common. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. 6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in their axils, othcnvise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser- rate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins ; cymes long-peduncled, 7- rayed ; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse ; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — Rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March - May. — A large shrub. 7. V. scabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be- neath stcllate-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cune- ate at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes haiiy, acute ; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fnait roundish, deep blue. — Swamps or rocky hills, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 8° - 1 2° high. Leaves thick, 1 ' - 2' long, or sometimes twice that size. 8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the uppermost subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains of Xorth Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. * * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile. 9. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling ; branches, cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered with tufted down ; cjrnies sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Sterile flowers 1' in diameter. Order 70. RUBIACE^. (Madder Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by inter- posed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or (in Loganieae) free ; the limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 4-6-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4-6, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2-10- celled, with 1 - several anatropous or amphltropous ovules in each cell. Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. Synopsis. Suborder L COFFEE^^. Ovules and seed solitary in the cells (except No. 7). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. § 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 1. GALIUM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs. § 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed. * Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers axillary, single or clustered. 2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Flowers clustered. RUBTACEiE. (mADDER FAMILY.) 173 & BORRERIA. Carpels 2, both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. 4. DIODIA. Carpels 2-3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy. 5. ERNODEA. Carpels 2, somewhat fleshy, closed. Style entire. Albumen homy. * * Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 6. CEPHALANTHUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. * * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. +- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 7. MTTCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 8. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. •t- •*- Ovaries and fruit separate. ++ Albumen horny. 9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. ++ ++ Albumen fleshy. 11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united Leaves whorled. 12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 13. ERITHALIS. Corolla eubrotate. Filaments slender. Suborder II. CINCH ONE^. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. * Fruit baccate, indehiscent. 14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire. 15. RANDIA. Fruit 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. * * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 16. PINCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless. Suborder HI. LOGAMEiE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite. * Herbs. 19. SPIGELTA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 20. MITREOLA. CoroUa short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. * * Evergreen woody vines. 22. GELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 1. GALIUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1 -seeded closed carpels. Albumen homy. — Slender hei'bs, with square stems and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. — The following species are all perennials. * Fruit baccate r peduncles 1 - 3-Jlowered : leaves 4 in a whorl. 1- G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, hairy at the joints; leaves small (2'' -6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the margins and veins beneath, acute; berry roughened, bluish-black. (Rubia Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish-white. 15* 174 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 2. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth; stems mostly simple, slender, erect; leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. * * Fruit dry : peduncles commonly 3 - many-Jlowered. 3. G. trifidum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at length diffuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- lute-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper ones often opposite; peduncles 1-3-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, L.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black. 4. G. triflorum, Michx, Stems weak, diffuse, very rough ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- neath hispid ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — Low shaded places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Flowers greenish-white. A smoother fonn is G. cuspidatum, Muhl. 5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, branching; leaves small (4" -8"), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more or less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit pedicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, Ell, apparently a diseased state.) — Dry soil, Florida to JNIississippi, and northward. June- Sept. — Stem 1° -3° long. Flowers purple. 6. G. circsezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large (I'-lj'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; peduncles forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° high. Flowex's purple. 7. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar- gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking ; fruit smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems l°-l|o high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 2. SPERMACOCE, L. Calyx 2 - 4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary sessile clusters. 1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 175 dense, many-flowered; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth, white, woolly within ; stamens and style included ; fruit ohovate. — Banks of rivers, Florida and westward. June. )\. — Stem l°-2° high. 2. S. Chapmanii, Tom & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on tlie margins ; clusters few- flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens and slender style exserted; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. )\. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style included ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (J) — Stem 3' - 12' long. 4. S. involuerata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules with many bris- tles ; heads terminal, involucrate ; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. — About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblique. Flowers white with a very long tube. Pursh, {*) 3. BOBREHIA, Meyer. Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length- wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Sperm acoce, both in character and habit. 1. B. micrantlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or branched above, 4-angled, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins obscure ; clusters dense, globose, axillar\' and terminal ; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor- ida. June -August. — Plant 6'- 18' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long. 2. B. podocephala, DC, var. pumila. Stems low (3' -6'). smooth, erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar- gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than the solitary terminal long-pedunclcd globose head; stipular bristles 2-4; fruit pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, smooth within ; stigma capitate. — Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. B/och/ett. 4. DIODIA, L. Characters chiefly of Spcrmacocc, but the two bony indehiscent carpels closed on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-angled ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; corolla hairy within, the tube long 176 RUBIACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) and slender ; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) linear or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tetragona, Wait. D. hirsuta, Puish.) — Wet ))laces, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Stem l°-4° long. Flowers white or purplish. 2. D. teres, "Walt. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched from the base, terete, bristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 together; corolla funnel-shaped; fruit obovate, even, crowned with the 4 short calyx-teeth. (Spermacoce diodina, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, some- times prosti-ate. Flowers purplish. 5. ERNODEA, Swartz. Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salve.r-shaped, slender ; the lobes 4-6, revolute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. Style slen- der, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the two separa- ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. 1. E. littoralis, Swaitz. — South Florida, along the coast. IMarch and April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Bush. Calyx obconical, 4-toothcd. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obconical, separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu- men homy. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti- pules, and white flowei's collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep- tacle hairy. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves petioled, 3'-5' long, sometimes 3 in a whorl. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. MITCHELLA, L. Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen- der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 1. M. repens, L. — Shady Avoods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 6"-10*' long, mostly some- what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla ^' long. Fruit red. RUBIACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 177 8. MORINDA, L. Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2-4 one-seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves. 1. M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing; leaves smootli, lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ; stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — bouth Florida. Ivlurch and April. 9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two oblong 1 -seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, lectio led. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 1. C. raceraosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at both ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller {j'-|' long), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit white. 10. PSYCHOTRIA, L. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4-5- lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. Seeds erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, narrowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping, ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit ovate, red. 2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate, rugose, and, like the branches, smooth ; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu- ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves ; corolla naked at the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; 'fruit (dry) ovoid, 10-ribbed. — South Florida. — Leaves about 3' long. Flowers small. 11. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. Calyx-limb 5-parted ; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short ; 178 RL'BIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oblong 5-anglcd tube. Style single, as long as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovary 2-4-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2-4-cellcd, 1-4-seeded drupe. — A low maritime shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stipules, trichotomons. Leaves temate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, red. 1. S. maritima, Jacq. — South Florida, Vr. Bhdyett. 12. GUETTARDA, L. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 4 - 9-lobcd, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat of the co- rolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed or4 -9 one-seeded bony carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, Avith ovate or lanceolate leaves, and lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary, forking. Flowers sessile. 1 . G. Blodgettii, Shuttl. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly mu- cronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the veins, like the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky hairs ; cymes shorter than the leaves, 5 - 10-flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely trimerous) ; stigma entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 8 empty cells ; calyx- limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — Leaves 1 ' - 1 2^' long. Fruit as large as a pea. 2. G. ambigua, r>C. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovatc, cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the branches and cymes, rusty-tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several-flowered ; fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — Leaves larger than in No. 1. 13. ERITHALIS, Browne. Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4 - 10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4 - 10-parted, with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the base of the corolla: anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, ribbed, com- posed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. — Smooth shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate sheathuig stipules, and axillary panicled flowers. 1. E. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, narrowed into a petiole ; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; floAvers mostly tetramerous, small ; fruit 5-ribbed, 6-10-celled. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers small, white. 14. HAMELIA, Jacq. Calyx oval, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 5, inserted into the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. RUIilACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 179 compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or whorled oblong petioled leaves, lanceo- late stipules, and orange-colored flowei-s, in axillary and terminal cymes. 1. H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whori, oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, peduncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the lobes concave at the apex, and niucronate on the back. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers crimson. Berry black. 15. RANDIA, Houst. Calyx obovatc, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, Anthers 5, sessile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavatc, 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — Branching mostly spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules between the petioles. Flowers solitary or in short racemes. 1 . R. aculeata, L. Spiny ; leaves small, obovate, smooth, coriaceous ; flowers solitary, axillary; corolla (white) hairy in the throat, the tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. (R, latifolia. Lam.) — South Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5" - 10" long, rather longer than the subulate spreading spines, Cor^olla 3" -4" long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a pea, about 6-seeded, Sinuses of the calyx hairy. 2, R. ? elusise folia. Spineless ; leaves large, clustered at the end of the branches, obovate, smooth, mucronate ; stipules large, ovate, persistent ; racemes terminal, corymbose, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate ; corolla smooth within, fleshy, the tube many times longer than the calyx, the limb lanceolate, convolute in the bud, (Gardenia clusiaefolia, Jacq. ?) — South Flor- ida, — Leaves 3' -4' long, 2' wide, apparently somcAvhat fleshy, black when dry. Corolla 1' long. 16. PINCKWEYA, Michx, Georgia Bark. Calyx oblong-obovate, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Corolla tubular, hairy, with 5 linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens .5, exserted : anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, papery, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length septicidally to the base. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, horizontal, membranaceous, winged. — A shrub or small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves large, oval or oblong, acute, smoothish above, the lower surface, like the terminal compound cj-me, hoary- pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous. 1. P. pubens, Michx. — Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — More conspicuous for its ovate pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla. 17. EXOSTEMMA, DC. Calyx obovate or tubular ; the limb 5-toothcd, persistent. Corolla-tube very long, terete ; the limb with 5 long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the bud. 180 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse or 2-lobc S. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; corolla as long as the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 12° high. Corolla 2' long, fragrant. 18. OLDElTLAIirDIA, Plum. Bluets. Flowers tetramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordate, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, which is often free from the calyx. Seeds few or many, wingless. — Chiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules xmitcd with the j:)etioIcs, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers small, whire or pur- plish. * Corolla salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, smooth : flowers dimorphous, — some of them bearing exserted stamens and an included stijle, while others bear included stanmis and an exserted style : peduncles axillary, solitary : capsule broad, free at the apex. 1. O. eOBrulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork- ing ; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered ; peduncles elon- gated, erect or spreading, (Houstonia coerulea, L. II. patens. Ell.) — INIoist banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. February and March. — Stems 3' -6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat. 2. O. serpyllifolia, Gray. Perennial, smooth ; stems filiform, prostrate, branching ; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen- der petiole; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous- tonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Peduncles l'-2' long. 3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial; stems diflFuse, creeping; leaves round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit ; flowers white. ( Houstonia rotundi- folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. February and March, and.bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the year. * * Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers dioeciously dimorphous : capsule free at the apex : stem 4-angled : flowers in terminal cymes. 4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent; stem branching, erect; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3-5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule; corolla purple or nearly white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. (Hous- tonia purpurea, L. ) — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the length of the capsule. RUBIACEJE. (madder FAMILY.) 181 Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth ; leaves laiiceolate or linear, 1 -ribbed, the lowest spatulate-oblong ; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (IIous- tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding. Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading; leaves remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 5. O. angUStifolia, Gray. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, erect, branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, very hairy within ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx- teeth. (Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. ^ Gray.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Var. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves fiUform, remote ; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading ; capsule obcordate, rather longer than the caly^-teeth, the upper half free. — South Florida. — Stem slender, 6'- 10' long. Flowers and capsules very small. * # # Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the calyx-lobes : Jiowers axillary and termi- nal, single or clustered, sessile : stamens and style very short : capsule enclosed in the calyx-tube: perennial: stipules fringed. 6. O. Boseii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse ; leaves linear ; flowers sin- gle, or 2-3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis Boseii, DC.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 6'- 10' long. 7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-white. (Hedyotis glomerata. Ell.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 10'- 15' high. * * # * Corolla funnel-shaped, b-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth : flowers axillaiy and terminal, pentamerous : capsule top-shaped^ included in the calyx-tube: annual: stipules fringed. 8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowered cymes, white. ( Hedyotis Halei, Torr. ^ Gray.) — Banks of rivers, South Florida, and westward. July. 19. SPIGELIA, L. PiNKROOT. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun- nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Stylo slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two few- seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculicidally. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, rarely solitary. 1. S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4-angled, the upper part and joints slightly puberulent ; leaves ovate or obovate, sessile, the upper surface and margins roughish ; flowers axillary, solitary, or the ter- minal ones three in a cluster ; tube of the corolla more than twice as long as the 16 182 rubiacp:.^. (madder family.) calyx-lobes. (Coelostylis, Torr. vinged petioles ; invo- lucre nearly as long as the disk ; the exterior scales rigid, with spreading fringed tips; rays about 10, pale pui-ple. — Low shady woods, in the upper districts of Georgia, and along the mountains, northward. Sept. — Stem H° - 2° high. Leaves 4'- 6' long, 2' -4' wide. ^ 2. Calliastrum. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous^ usually with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12 or more: achenia nearly smooth: pappus of unequal rather rigid bristles, somewhat thickened upward: leaves rigid, none of them cordate : heads large and showy. 3. A. mirabilis, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem corymbosely branched above ; leaves ovate, mucronate-serrate, sessile ; the lowest abruptly narrowed into a petiole ; involucre hemispherical ; the scales oblong-linear, ob- tuse and recurved at the summit ; achenia nearly smooth, striate. — Columbia, South Carolina, Prof Gibbes. Sept. — Stem 10-2° high. — Stem-leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Rays about 20, blue or violet, elongated. 4. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stem corymbose and glandular-pubescent above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough on the upper surface, sessile and entire; tho lowest tapering into a petiole, and sparingly serrate ; heads not numerous, single, terminating the branches ; involucre nearly hemispherical, as long as the disk; the scales linear-oblong, with obtuse and spreading glandular tips. (A. surcu- losus 1 EIL, with obovate-oblong, mostly sen-ate leaves, and broader scales of the involucre.) — Pine barrens, Florida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Rhizoraa slender. Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Heads ^' in diameter. Rays about 20, 1 ' long, deep violet. COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 109 5. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stem slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves rough, oblong, partly clasping, entire ; the lowest obscurely cre- nate and narrowed into a petiole ; heads corymbose ; involucre (whitish) obconi- cal, as long as the disk; the scales, very unequal, acute, the lower ones much shorter, green and slightly spreading at the tips. — North Carolina and Tennes- see. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Heads smallest of this group. Rays about 12, violet. 6. A. SUrculoSUS, Michx. Stems several from a creeping caudex, slen- der, pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, the margins rough and sometimes sparingly serrate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads solitary, or 3-5 in a simple corymb ; involucre broadly top-shaped, nearly as long as the disk ; the scales linear-spatulate, with abruptly pointed spreading herbaceous tips ; the outer ones lanceolate and leaf-like. — Margins of swamps, North Carolina. Sept. — Stems ^°-l^° high- Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Heads ^' wide. Rays numerous, violet. 7. A. paludoSUS, Ait. Stem slightly roughened; leaves linear, rigid, acute, entire, partly clasping, often fringed near the base ; heads 3-8, racemcd or corymbed ; involucre hemispherical, as long as the disk ; the scales nearly equal, linear-spatulate, with mucronate green and spreading tips. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads ^'-|' wide. Rays numerous, deep blue. 8. A. spinulosus, n. sp. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid, sprinkled with white jointed hairs ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, pungent, appressed, the mar- gins fringed with bristly hairs ; the lowest ones very numerous and elongated ; heads 4-8 in a simple spike; involucre bell-shaped, rather shorter than the disk; scales equal, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, erect, spine-pointed, bristly near the base; achenia strongly ribbed. — Damp pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. June- August. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Lowest leaves G'-12' long, l"-3" wide ; the upper ones 1' long. Heads I' wide. Rays 12-15, pale blue. Pappus tawny. 9. A. eryngiifolius, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem rigid, sprinkled with jointed hairs ; leaves lanceolate-linear, pungent, the lowest mostly entire ; the others erect, and fringed with spiny teeth ; heads very large, solitary or 3 -4 in a loose raceme ; involucre hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; scales very numerous, herbaceous, rigid, lanceolate, tapering into a long and slender recurved tip ; achenia short, oblong. — Low pine barrens, Florida. June - Au- gust. — Stem 10-2° high. Lowest leaves 4'-6' long. Heads 1' or more in diameter. Rays numerous, white. § 3. Aster proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various dcf/reex, with herbaceous tips: rays numerous: achenia flattened : pappus of sojl capillary bris- tles, not thickened upward: autumnal plants. * Leaves uniform, small, sessile, entire, silky or silvery on l>oth sides, mucronate : scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 -several rows: rays violet-purple. 10. A. serieeus, Vent. Stem with numerous branches, bearing the large •heads (single or 3 in a cluster) at their summits ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sil- 200 , COMPOSITE, (composite family.) very ; scales of the involucre leafy and spreading ; achenia smooth. — A Western species, a form of which, with narrower and less silvery leaves and scales, grows on the mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Heads showy. 11. A. eoilCOlor, L. Stem mostly simple, slender, bearing towards the summit, the middle-sized heads in a long often compound raceme ; leaves lance- olate, silky when young ; the lowest ones oblong ; scales of the obovoid involu- cre lanceolate, appresscd, the subulate tips spreading ; achenia silky. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and northward. — Root sometimes tuberous. Stem l°-3° high. Leaves erect j'- 1' long. * * Leaves rough, all sessile or clasping and entire : heads chiefly solitary, terminat- ing the hranchlets : scales of the ohovoid or hell-shaped involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous, icith herbaceous slightly spreading tips: rays purplish-blue : achenia hairy. •1- Leaves I'ery small, sessile : heads small: scales of the involucre spatulate. 12. A. squarrosus, Walt. Stem slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong or tri- angular-ovate, reflexed, very rough, sessile ; the lowest spatulate. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves |^' long, the others 2" - 3" long. 13. A. aduatus, Nutt. Stem with the slender branches erect ; leaves ob- long, veiy rough, the midrib partly adnate to the stem, free at the apex; the lowest wedge-obovate, free. — Sandy barrens, Florida and Alabama. — Stem l°-2° high. Heads smaller than in the preceding. H- -t- Leaves all clasping and auricled at the base : heads large : scales of the invo- lucre linear. 14. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely panicled above; leaves ovate-oblong, with very rough and wavy margins ; those on the slender and spreading branchlets very small. — Var. phlogifolius. Leaves larger, thinner, and less roughened, contracted below the middle ; heads often racemose on the short lateral branches. — jyrj soil, chiefly in the upper districts. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves l'-2' (in the var. 3' -6') long. Heads showy. * * * Leaves {and stems) smooth: the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others sessile or clasping: heads middle-sized, showy: scales of the obovoid involucre whitish, the short green tips scarcely spreading: rays bright blue: achenia mostly smooth. 15. A. Issvis, L. Ver}' smooth and often glaucous; stem ri^, panicled above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branchlets ; leaves oblong or lan- ceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins ; the upper ones sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, appressed, with abruptly pointed herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper districts. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 16. A. gracilentus, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth; stem slender, loosely panicled above, bearing the heads at the end of slender leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, elongated ; the lower ones coarsely toothed above the middle, the upper slightly clasping and entire ; scales of the involucre much shorter than the disk, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 201 lanceolate, acute, appressed. — Lincolnton, Noith Carolina, Curtis. — Stem pur- ple, 2° -3° high. Lower leaves 5' -6' long, 3" wide. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 17. A. virgatus, Ell. Stem very smooth, straight, bearing the heads in a single raceme at the summit of the long and slender branches ; leaves linear- lanceolate, entire, rough on the margins, partly clasping, the lowest broader and narrowed at the base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; the outer ones spreading. — Western districts of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Lower leaves 3' -6' long; those of the branches small and numerous. 18. A. COncinnUS, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loosely cor- ymbose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins ; those of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely imbri- cated. (A. cyaneus"? Ell.) —Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Achenia pubescent. * * * # Lower leaves large, cordate, on long petioles : heads middle-sized or small, racemed orpanicled: scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with short green tips : rays blue or violet. •i- Leaves entire, or nearly so. 19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughish, rigid, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender ; leaves rigid, rough ; the lowest ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches subu- late, appressed ; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, abruptly acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Greorgia and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Rays bright blue. 20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at tlie summit ; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; those of the stem all on slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire ; those of the branches oblong, sessile ; scales of the bcll-shapcd involucre linear, closely imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Mountains of Georgia and westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. Eays violet-blue. 21. A. undulatus, L. Pubescent; stem racemose-panicled above ; leaves vaiying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on the margins, roughish on the upper surface ; the lowest on long and slender petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base ; the upper on broadly winged peti- oles, or sessile and clasping ; scales of the obovoid involucre linear, appressed, acute. (A. diversifolius, A. sagittifolius, and A. scaber, Ell. ; the last with smaller leaves, and very rough on both sides.) — Woods, common and very va- riable. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads small. Rays pale blue. 22. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray. Roughish; stem racemose-panicled above, or simple ; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, sparingly serrate, on slender (not clasping) petioles ; the upper oblong, narrowed at the base, sessile or on short winged petioles ; those of the branches minute ; heads loosely racemed or paniclcd, small ; scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry gravelly soil, West Florida, Georgia, and westward. — - Stem 2° high. Rays pale blue. 202 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) H- ■*- Lowest leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small. 23. A. COrdifolius, L, Stem commonly smooth, racemose-panicled above ; leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, serrate, and slender-petioled, or the uppermost on short winged petioles, or sessile and entire ; heads very numerous in panicled racemes ; scales of the obconical involucre loose- ly imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green tips. — Open woods, in the upper districts. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves commonly thin. Rays pale violet. 24. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent ; the lowest cordate, on long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; heads in dense compound racemes ; scales of the oblong involucre rather loosely imbri- cated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. (A. paniculatus, £"//.) — Rich woods, Florida and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads more crowded than those of the preceding. Rays purple. * * * ^ * Leaves linear or lanceolate, mtire, sessile ; radical ones spattdate-lanceo- late, serrate: heads small and numerous, racemed: scales of the involucre in several rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips. 25. A. ericoides, L. Smooth ; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lance- olate, acute at each end ; those of the branches subulate ; heads racemose, mostly on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or subulate tips. — Var. villosus. Stem and broader leaves rough- hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. platy- piiYLLUS. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft white hairs ; heads larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays white or pale blue. 26. A. multiflorus, Ait. Whitish-pubescent ; stem very leafy, and much branched ; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristle-pointed, spreading or recurved, the upper ones sessile or somewhat clasping ; heads densely racemose on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at their summits ; scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or short-pointed. — Dry sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves about 1' long. Rays white. ****** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblovg, sessile, usually narrowed at the base : heads small or middle-sized : scales of the involucre membranaceous, with op- pressed or slightly spreading tips : rays pale purple or white. •t- Heads small. 27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent ; stem much branched, bear- ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 28. A. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem slender, pani- cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch- lets ; leaves very rough, entire ; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 203^ the others sessile or partly clasping ; the uppeiinost very small, erect ; scales of the involucre in 3 - 4 rows, linear, acute. — Dry pine barrens, Florida and Geor- gia. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1' long, the upper ones 2" - 3" long, similar to those of No. 1 3. 29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear- ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse : scales of the involucre closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, Ell.) — Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° -3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch- es ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows. — Var. FRAGins. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets. (A. tenuifolius, Ell.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to wedge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser- rate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. — Stem l°-4° long. Rays white t)r purplish. A. diffusus, A. divergens, and A. pendulus, of Alton, are forms of this. -*- -t- Heads middle-sized. 32. A. simplex, "Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharply ser- rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or diffusely branched. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Rays pale blue. 33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem paniculately branched ; the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance- olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in the middle ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. — Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Rays short, pale purple or white. *#**##* Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp- ing: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, ivith spread- ing green tips : rays mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering at each end ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish 204 COMPOSITJE. (composite family.) acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Georgia and South Caro- lina. — Stem l°-4° high. Leaves thickish, the lowest 5' -6' long. Heads sometimes 1' in diameter. 35. A. longifolius, Lam. Stem nearly smooth, corymbosc-panicled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, the lowest naiTowed at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping; heads solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish- blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Heads showy. 36. A. EUiottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, cor^-m- bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, veiy rough above, auriculate and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows ; rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3° - 5° high, commonly purplish. Eays violet-purple. 38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, cor}-mbose at the summit ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 3-4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods. North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5'- 6' long. Rays pale pur- ple. ******#* Leaves lanceolate or oUong, entire, sessile or clasping : heads large, in corymbs or racemes : scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green summits : rays numerous, showy. 39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly rcflexed ; heads very large, solitaiy, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute ; rays violet. (A. ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Heads 1' in diameter. 40. A. Curtisii, Torr, & Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slen- der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly sen*ate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ; rays purple. — INIountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long Heads ^' - %' in diameter. COMPOSIT^E. (COAIPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 41. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem long and trailing ; the branches and leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a short auriculate-clasping petiole ; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre narroM'-linear, with recurved subu- late tips ; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swamps, Florida to South Caro- lina. — Stem 4° -10° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 42. A. Novse-Anglise, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose above; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping base ; heads corymbed ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri- cated, viscid; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground, and north- ward. • — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads i' or more in diameter, numerous and shoAvy. §4. Orthomeris. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scar ions on the margins, without herbaceous tips: pappus soft-hairy. 43. A. aeuminatus, Michx. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ; heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear- lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- lj° high. Leaves thin, 3'- 5' long, strongly veined. § .5. OxYTRiPOLiUM. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on the margins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves narrow, entire, mostly fleshy. * Perennial : scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows : rays conspicuous. 44. A. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ; lower leaves long (3' - 9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect; heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Pine- baiTen swamps. West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 45. A. flexuosus, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and passing into bracts ; achenia slightly haiiy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Rays white or pale purple. * * Annual : scales of the involucre in 2-3 roios : rays short. 46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or filiform, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply seirate. 47. A. divaricatUS, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu- late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled, on spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4 -ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes, 18 206 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 10-3° high. Lowest leaves oval or lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Rays blue. 48. A. exilis, Ell. Very glabrous ; stem slender, tall, sparingly branched ; leaves very long, linear-subulate ; heads in racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the "Western districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long, 1" >vide. Bays pale purple. Achenia pubescent. 17. ERIGEBON, L. Fleabane. Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, iu 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Rays white or purplish. * Pappus double. 1. E. strigOSUm, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent ; stem slender, corym- bose-panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper- ing into a slender petiole, the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads small, corymbose-pan icled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and chaffy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. * * Pappus single. +- Annual: rays shorter than the disk. 2. E. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy- lindrical ; rays wliite ; disk-flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - Sept. — Stem l°-30 high. -*- •<- Perennial : rays conspicuous. 3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Haiiy ; stem corj-mbose-branched above ; leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong- lanceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. quercifo- lium, Lam., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 4. E. beUidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous ; stem simple ; lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile and entire ; heads large, solitaiy or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish-pur- ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem 1° high, stoloniferous. 5. E. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape- like ; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about 30) white. (E. nudicaule, Michr.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° -2° high. 18. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri- cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 207 bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Kays white or purple. * Rays purple. 1. .D. linariifolius, Hook. Stemrigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap- pressed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1 ' long. * ^ Rays white. 2. D. COrnifoliuS, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia hairy. — Swamps, Flor- ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading. Leaves lj'-2' long. 4. D. umbeUatUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia hairy. — Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches erect. Leaves 3' -5' long. 5. D. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia hairy. (Aster obovatus and A. dichotomus. Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 19. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hcmisphei-ical involucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemisplicrical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap- pus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk-flowers mostly with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 1. B. diflfusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves hncar, entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ; pappus very short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -4° high. Rays purplish. 2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long a^vns. — River swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Rays white. 208 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 3. B. asteroides, L'llcr. Stem paniculate, the branches short ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; achenia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, with- out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2° -3° high. Heads intermediate in size between the two preceding. 20. SOLIDAGO, L. Goldex-rod. Heads few or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk- flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread- ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — Perennial (rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. § 1. Chrysastrum. — Scales of the involucre with herbaceous spreading tips: bristles of the pajipus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, forming a long and narrow leafy panicle. 1. S. discoidea, Ton-. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3 - 6 large 10 - 15-flowered heads ; rays none ; achenia smooth. (Aster ? discoideus. Ell.) — Rich woods, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish-white. Stem 3° - 5° high. 2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; leaves large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the lower ones tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, composed of 3-6 clustered heads ; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Low- est leaves 6' - 8' long. Heads 1 6 - 24-flowered. § 2. ViRGAUREA. — Scales of the involucre appressed : rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or panicled. * Racemes not \ -sided ; haves feather-veined. •*- Racemes axillary, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves : the uppermost often crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 3. S. pubens, M. A. Curtis. Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves thin, oval -lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent ; ra- cemes dense, the upper ones racemose ; heads 8- 14-flowered ; rays 4 - 7 ; scales of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and moun- tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. 4. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above; racemes loose, all separate and much shorter than the leaves ; heads 15 - 20-flowered ; rays 4-6 ; scales of the involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. October — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 5. S. latifoHa, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled ; leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 209 pubescent beneath ; racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about lO-flowered ; rays 3-4 ; scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse; achcnia silky-pubescent. (S. flexi- caulis, Ell) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September. — Stem \°-2° high, often flexuous. Leaves 3' -5' long, 2' -3' wide. Racemes sometimes longer than the leaves. 6. S. caesia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis- tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves ; the lowest rarely elongated ; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks, Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purple. Leaves 3' -5' long, ^'- 1' wide. Racemes in all the upper axils. 7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem tall, not glaucous, straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 5' - 6' long. 8. S. monticola, Ton-. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and slender, puberulent above ; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up- permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 1.5-flow- ered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — INIountains of North Carolina, Curtis. September. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. S. lancifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ; leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate, peduncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ; heads nearly sessile; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran- ular ; achenia hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 4' -5' long. Heads large. -t- ••- Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than the leaves {except No. 15) : lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a petiole, the uppermost small, sessile and entire. 10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent ; stem simple, or branching above ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowercd ; rays 7-9, short, whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, and northward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Radical leaves 2' - 5' long. 11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, virgate ; low- est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered ; rays about 10 ; scales of the involucre subulate ; achenia smoothish. (S. pubescens, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward. 18* 210 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-obovate ; scales of the (20 -25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate; achenia smooth. (S. pulveru- lenta, NiUt.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers middle- sized, bright yellow. 12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on the margins, all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or oblong ; heads large, 20 -25-flowered ; rays about 10, showy; scales of the involucre linear, pubescent; the outer ones more or less spreading ; achenia smoothish. (S. elata? Ell ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes- cent above; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5' -8' long, \^'-2' wide), serrate; the u])per ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large, crowded, 1 5 - 20-flowered ; rays 6-8, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the broader (2' -3') leaves villous; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, Ell. ?) ; or every way smaller ; the short racemes forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. erecta, Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the upper districts. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish. 14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoar}-- ; stem sim- ple, or panicled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar- rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; racemes very slender, spreading, forming an o^xin somewhat corymbose panicle ; heads rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Cwtis. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 15. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the upper ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30 - 40-flowered ; rays 10- 12; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia pubescent. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. -«- -1- •<- Racemes corymbose. 16. S. rigida, L. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem stout; leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest nan-owed into a petiole ; corymb compact ; heads very large, 30-35-flowered ; rays 7 - 10 ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north- ward. Sept. — r Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long. 17. S. COrymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth; the branches rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re- curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem stout. COMPOSITE. (cOxMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2U 4° -6° high. Lower leaves 4' -6' long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. (*) 18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8'- 12'), rigid, soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute; the lowest tai)ering inf-^ a petiole ; corymb dense, compound ; heads 2.5 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7, short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — On the summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1' - 3' long. * * Racemes \-sided, viostly compound, spreading or recurved {in Nos. 20 and 21 ojlen erect), commonly disposed in a pyramidal panicle. 1- Smooth species, growing in marshes : stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or less fleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized: achenia pubescent. 19. S. j9.avovireilS, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; stem stout, simple ; leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the upper entire, narrowed at the base; panicle pyramidal; heads 10-12-flowered ; rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem 2° -6° high. Lowest leaves 5' -10' long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed. Heads rather large. 20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate, veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1 -sided; heads 1 2 - 1 6-flowered ; rays 5-7; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched above ; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1 -sided ; heads rather small, about 10-flowered; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. 22. S. sempervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses- gile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather large ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. (S. limonifolia, Pers.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6'- 12' long. ♦- +- Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not fleshy, serrate, veiny; the lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panides pyramidal, or racemose on the spreading branches. 23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun- des pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Leaves 6' - 12' long. 212 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, forming a long and slender compound raceme. (S. salicina, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 24. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth ; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbcd, on winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym- bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-flowered ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. (S. juncea. Ait., a form with narrower and less strongly serrate leaves, the upper ones entire.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12- flowered; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Va- ries, with longer, nan-ower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. (S. juncea'? Ell.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, often pur- plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last. 26. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the others linear and entire ; heads rather large, 9 - 12-flowered, forming a narrow cornpound raceme at the summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens. Middle Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. -I- -t- -1- Leaves very numerous, gradualli) diminishing in size upward, veiny, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, -acute, serrate, rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi- nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated ; the racemes slender and recurved; scales of the 10- 15-flowered involucre linear; rays 6-9, small; achenia pubescent. (S. rugosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera, Ell.) — Low thick- ets, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high, commonly branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex- posed. 28. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sen-ate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. 29. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often entire; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 213 flowered involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 5 - 7 ; achenia minutely pubescent. (S. elliptica'? ^//.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2' - 3' long. 30. S. pilosa, Walt. , Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12-15-flowered ; rays 7-10, small ; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami- diita, Pursh. S. villosa, ^//.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 31. S. Odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy. (S. retrorsa, Michx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. — Plant anise-scented. 32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; heads small, 6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves very n^imerous, l'-2' long. 33. S. brachypliylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular ; racemes short, forming a compound ra- ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid pappus. — Dry light soil, Greorgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. •*- H- -I- -1- Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles : heads in simple or compound ra- cemes, 8 - \0-flowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 34. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes slender, often simple; rays 1-3; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry open woods; West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 35. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent; stem sparingly branched above ; leaves acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, the others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster- like racemes ; the lower ones scattered ; scales of the 8 - 1 0-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays 5-6; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy- chseta, Torr. S^ Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and north- ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide. 214 coMPOSiT.E, (composite family.) ^ ^_ -I- -t- H- Leaves more or less prominently 3-ribbed, 36. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, mioutely pubescent and rough- ened ; stem mostly simple ; leaves obscurely 3-ribbcd ; the lowest spatulate- oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward the base, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 10 - 12-flowered ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, common. — Stem l°-2° high. 37. S. Leavenworthii, Ton*. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent and roughish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; the low- est sparingly sciTate; panicle pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12; achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 3" -4" wide, faintly ribbed. 38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan- icles pyramidal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia pubescent. — Varies (S. procera, Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &c. Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. 39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple ; leaves lanceolate, acu- minate, sen-ate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurv^ed racemes ; rays short ; mature achenia smooth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem stout, 4° - 8° high. Heads larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species. 40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi- nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins ; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes- cent; rays small; achenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c., Alabama, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. § 3. CuKYSOMA. — Ste7n shrubby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless : rays 1-3: receptacle conical, naked. 41. S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like; pani- cle 1-sided ; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles ; heads 4 - 7-flowered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 10-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays large. § 4. EuTHAMiA. — Herbaceous: leaves narrow, entire, l-5-nerved: heads corym- bose : rays more numerous than the disk-Jioivers : receptacle bristly : involucre viscid. 42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5- nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 1 5 - 20. — Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 43. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth ; stem corjTnbosely much branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 215 often pedicelled, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding, 21. BIGELOVIA, DC. Heads 3 - 4-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with naiTow obtuse and entire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb. 1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatulate- lanceolate, obscurely 3-nen'ed ; the others scattered, linear. (Chrysocoma nu- data, Michx.) — Var. virgata. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1 -nerved; the others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 22. ISOPAPPUS, Torr. &Gray. Heads several-flowered. Rays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam- panulate; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly equal capillary bristles. — Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar- 1. . Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Rays yellow. 1. I. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the slender branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20-flowered. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des- titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with a double pappus ; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. scabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp- ing ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; involucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, iVwft.) — Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem rigid, 10-2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. — 216 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow. * L&jves narrow, nerved, entire: achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end^ pubes- cent : perennials. 1 . C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- ing hairs, as also the linear leaves ; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem JO _ oo iiigh. Lowest leaves 4' - 8' long. 2. C. oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining hairs ; heads 1 - 4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping; those of the root elon- gated. 3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills in the "Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 1^°- 2° high. Stem-leaves 4' - 6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat chaffy. * * Leaves veiny, oblong or lanceolate: the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper achenia obovate. 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine- barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial ; stem very leafy, mostly branching, villous with loose silky hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth- ish ; cor^Tnb large, compound ; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. hts- 80PIF0LIA (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except the tuft at the base. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 6. C. gossypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb simple. (C. dentata, Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry Bandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 7. C. scabrella, Ton*. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout; stem Btout, corymbosely branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en- tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb ; peduncles and lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 217 8. C, villosa, Nutt. Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest nairowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb. — Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long, fringed near the base. 9. C. decumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky-villous ; leaves A-illous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in tlie axils ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, clustered ; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle ; the peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 25, showy ; achenia hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly. — Sandy shores on St. Vincent's Islandf "West Florida. Oct. and Nov. (2) — Stems 2° - 4° long. Upper leaves |'- 1' long, the lowest 3' -4'. Heads largest of all. 25. INULA, L. Elecampane. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow- ers yellow. 1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout ; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, tomen- tose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very large, somewhat corymbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; rays numerous, narrow ; achenia 4-sided, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. Introduced. 26. COlSrYZA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers pistillate, fertile, in several rows ; the corolla filiform, 2 - 3-toothed ; a few of the central flowers staminate, with a tubular, 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several rows. Receptacle punctate. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Branching herbs, with toothed-lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbs or panicles. 1. C ambigua, DC. Rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, lobed, the upper entire, linear; heads paniclcd. (C. sinuata, Ell.) — Around Charles- ton. Introduced. April -July. — Stem 2° high. 27. BACCHAmS, L. Heads dioecious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the sterile flowers 5-cleft ; of the fertile ones filiform, nearly entire, without anthers ; style exserted. Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in sev- eral rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chafl}'. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of the sterile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the fertile flowers in 1 - several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1- B. halimifolia, L. Branches angled; leaves obovate, or oblong-ob- ovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads pedun- 19 218 co:^rposiTiE. (composite family.) cled, the terminal ones clustered ; pappus of the fertile flowers 3-4 times as long as the involucre. — Low ground, near the coast, Tlorida and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Shrub 20-12° high. 2. B. glomerilliflora, Pers. Branches angled ; leaves wedge-obovate, coarsely toothed, rigid ; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous, in dense sessile axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as the involucre. (B. sessiliflora, Michx.) — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. November. — Shrub 60-12° high. 3. B. angustifolia, Michx. Branches numerous, angled ; leaves linear, entire ; heads single, or 2 - 4 in a terminal cluster ; achenia smooth. — Saline marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Heads small 28. PLUCHEA, Cass. Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile, with the corolla dilated and 5-cleft ; the others pistillate, slender, slightly toothed. Anthers bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, mostly naked. Achenia grooved or angled. Pappus a single row of capil- lary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandular herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish flowers corymbose. 1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping ; heads clustered ; involucre pubescent and viscid. (Conyza bifrons. Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 1° -2o high. Flowers pale purple or white. 2. P. foetida, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular ; leaves large, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs axillary and terminal ; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi- cels ; involucre smoothish, often purplish. (Conyza Marylandica, Ell.7) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 5' -8' long, resinous-dotted. Flowers purple. 3. P. camphor ata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; heads rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of the invo- lucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem 10-2° high ; the branches few and erect. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers light purple. 4. P. purpuraseens, DC. Tomentose and glandular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps and low ground, Florida. September. — Stem 10-20 high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers bluish-purple. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 219 29. PTEROCAULON, Ell. Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated in several rows, caducous. Receptacle minutely hairy. Achenia angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than the involucre. — Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomentose and hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly spiked. 1. P. pycnostachyum, Ell. Stem rarely branched, 1°- 2° high; leaves wavy, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Tribe IV. SENECIONIDE^. Heads discoid or radiate: branches of the sti/le, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or brush-shaped at the apex, and truncate, or produced into a conical or hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent. • 30. POLYMNIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer leafy, spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obovoid fertile ache- nia. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. — Coarse branching perennial herbs, with angular or lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbose panicles. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent ; lowest leaves opposite, peti- oled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the invo- lucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Heads small. Rays pale yellow. 2. P. Uvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, 3 - 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre ciliate, obtuse ; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil, Florida, and north- ward. July and August. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Rays bright yellow. 31. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Heads many-flowered; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothcd, sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the inte- rior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. Receptacle flat, chaff'y. Pappus a slightly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided on the inside to the base. — A low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with oval or spatulate- oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers borne on a long peduncle. 1. C Virginianum, L. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. February- April. — Plant at first simple, producing from a tuft of radical leaves a single peduncled head, afterward stoloniferous and branching. 220 COMPOSIT^E. (composite family.) 32. .SILPHIUM, L. Heads many-flowcrcd ; the rays numerous, pistillate, fertile, in a single row. Disk-flowers cvlindrical, sterile ; the style undivided. Scales of the involucre leafy, imbricated in several rows ; the innermost smallest, chaff-like. Receptacle small, with linear acutish chaff. Fertile achcnia in 3-4 rows, round or obovate, flat, broadly winged, 2-toothed or emarginate at the apex ; the sterile ones slen- der. Pappus none, or represented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous herbs, with alternate opposite or whorled leaves, and large heads of yellow flow- ers in corymbose panicles. * Stems terete, nearly naked : leaves alternate ; the lowest large, serrate or variously lohed, long-petioled ; the others small and scattered. 1. S. laciniatuin, L. Stem hispid or smooth; leaves very rough or his- pid, on clasping petioles, pinnately parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose ; scales of the invo' lucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia round- obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and clasping leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummiferum. Ell.) — Prairies of Alabama, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 2° long. Heads l^'-2' in diameter. 2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. Stem smooth, naked above ; leaves rough- hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, smooth; achenia obovate, emarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell., leaves pinnatifid.) — Open woods in the western districts of Georgia, and west- ward. July -Sept. — Stem 4° -8° high. Radical leaves 2° long. Heads 1' wide. 3. S. COmpositum, Michx. Smooth; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform, angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymboscly panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtuse ; achenia roundish, deeply emarginate; rays 6-10. (S. terebinthinaceum, jEJ//., leaves reniform, an- gularly toothed or lobed.) — Var. Michauxii, Ton-. & Gray. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or ternately divided; the divisions lobed or toothed. — Var ovatifo- LiUM, Torr. & Gray. Leaves ovate, angularly toothed. — Sandy open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads ^' in diameter. * * Stems leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or whorled. -*- Stems terete. 4. S. trifoliatum., L. Stem smooth; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly seiTate, on short liristly petioles ; the upper ones alternate or opposite ; the lower 3 -4 in a whorl ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre ovate or oval, fringed on the margins; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. (S. ternatum and S. atropurpureum, Willd.) — Open woods along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 5. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or alternate, or the lower ones sometimes 3 in a whorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 221 on short hirsute petioles ; the upper ones sessile and commonly entire ; heads somewhat corymbose, rather large ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, acute, short-ciliate ; the interior oblong, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, 2- toothed. — Var. dentatum. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes incisely toothed; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum. Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Rays showy. 6. S. laevigatum, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the upper nearly sessile ; heads small, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, spread- ing ; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly 2-toothed at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long. 7. S. SCaberrimum, Ell. Stem rough-hairy; leaves mostly opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; heads corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate; achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. August and Sept. — Stem stout, 3° - 4° high, becoming smoothish. Leaves 3' -4' long. Heads larger than in the last. H- -t- Stems square. 8. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy ; leaves large, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or pubes- cent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united; the uppermost commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central heads long- peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, emarginate. (S. connatum, L. S. integrifolium, Eli?) — Banks of streams along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. . July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. 33. BERLANDIERA, DC. Heads many-flowered. Ray-flowers few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest, membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened, wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or hoary herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow rays. 1. B. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves oblong-ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest taper- ing into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corym- bose-panicled. (Silphium pumilum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 19* 222 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 2. B. subacaulis, Nutt. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, sinuate-pinnatitid ; heads solitary on the peduncle-like stem, or few on the peduncle-like branches of the short and nearly leafless stem. — East Florida and Georgia. May - August. — Peduncle 6' - 8' long. Leaves 3' long. 34. PARTHENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, in a single row, short, obcordate, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly united. Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Receptacle conical, chaffy ; the chaff dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick-mar- gined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1 . P. integrifolium, L. Perennial ; stem erect, simple, rough ; leaves undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest naiTowed into a long petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn-like. — Dry soil among the mountains, Alabama, and northward. August. — Stem JO _ 2© high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Rays conspicuous. 2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; leaves pinnatifid. with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the pap- pus oval. — Waste places, East and South Florida, and westward. 35. IVA, L. Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the marginal ones (1-5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central ones 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3 - 5, in a single row, oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6 - 9 and imbricated. Chaff of the small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers. * Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row. 1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply toothed-serrate, 3-ribbed, smoothish ; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular ; fertile flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 2. I. microcephala,, Nutt. Annual, rough with rigid appressed hairs ; stem slender, much branched ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, 6 - 12-flowcrcd; scales of the involucre 4 - 5, obovate, ciliate ; fertile flowers 1-3. — Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-20 high. * * Scales of the involucre 6-9, imbricated in 2-4 roivs. 3. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth ; leaves fleshy, lance- olate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate and entire; heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; the inner obovate, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 223 toothed-margined; fertile flowers 2-4, the short corolla 5-parted. — Varies with smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of the fertile flower truncate. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-20 high. Leaves 1' long. 36. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Heads monoecious, in racemes or spikes 5 the upper ones sterile, nodding ; the lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers hemispherical, com- posed of 7-12 united scales, .5 - 20-flowered. Receptacle naked or with slender chaff. Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1 -flowered, ovoid or turbinate, entire, closed, pointed, commonly with a row of tubercles or spines near the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pap- pus none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves, bracted. Flowers whitish. ^ Leaves undivided or 3 - h-lohed, opposite : receptacle naked. 1. A. triflda, L. Stem tall (6° -10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy ; leaves rough, palmately 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate and serrate, or all undi- vided ; fruit obovate, 6-toothed around the base of the conically beaked apex, clustered. (A. integrifolia, Muhl.) — River-banks and rich soil, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. * Leaves pinnately lobed ; the upper ones mostly alternate : receptacle commonly chaffy. 2. A. erithmifolia, DC. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base ; tlie branches velvety pubescent ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish, softly pubescent ; spikes few, the terminal one elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores at Key West, forming large clusters. 3. A. artemisiSBfolia, L. Annual, erect, hairy or smoothish ; leaves bi- pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; spikes single or panicled ; fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes spiked ; fruit nearly globose, armed with six short teeth. (A. elatior, L. A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit obsolete. ) — Cultivated ground, everywhere. July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high. 4. A. hispida, Pnrsh. Hispid and hoary throughout ; leaves bipinnatifid, with toothed lobes ; racemes terminal, somewhat panicled. — South Carolina, Catesby. — Stem 1° high. Heads larger than in No. 1. ( *) 37. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur. Heads monoecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the scales of the involucre separate, in a single row ; the receptacle oblong, chaffy, and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil- late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed externally with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one or two stout beaks. Corolla flliform. Achenium oblong, solitary in each cell. — Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled. 224 COMPOSIT^E. (COMrOSITE FAMILY.) 1. X. Striimarium, L. Stem spineless, rough, branched; leaves large, broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, acute and rough on both sides ; fruit oval, pointed by two straight and smooth beaks. — Var. echinatum. Leaves obtuse, less strongly lobed ; the incurved beaks and spines of the larger ( 1 ') fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, common. July - Sept. — Stem l°-4° high, often spotted. 2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary-tomentose beneath ; fruit pointed by a single beak. — Waste places around the larger seaports, and sparingly in the interior. Introduced. Aug. and Sept.— Stem 2° -3° high. 38. ECLIPTA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers short, pistillate, in a single row ; tiiose of the disk tubular, 4-toothed, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3 - 4-angled, hairy at the apex. Pappus none. — Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers white. 1. E. erecta, L. Stem erect or diffiise, terete, tumid below the joints, sprinkled, like the leaves, wth appressed rigid hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single or 2 - 3 together. (E. procumbens, and E. brachypoda, Michx. ) — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6' - 3° long. 2. E. longifolia, Schrad. Stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile and clasping; peduncles longer than the heads. —Wet places, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2<' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 39. BORmCHIA, Adans. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri- cated ; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid persistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled. Pappus a 3 - 4-toothed border. — Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves opposite and slightly connate. Heads soli- tary, peduncled. Flowers yellow. 1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, entire ; scales of the involucre as long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. — Key West. Dec. — Shrub 50-10° high. 2. B. frutescens, DC. Branches and leaves hoary-tomentose; leaves varying from spatulatc-linear to obovate-oblong, entire or toothed near the base ; scales of the involucre shorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaff of the re- ceptacle spine-pointed. (Buplithalmum frutescens, L ) — Saline marshes, Flor- ida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem 10-2° high. COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 225 40. MELANTHERA, Rohr. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaff of the convex receptacle rigid, per- sistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-angled, short, truncate at the apex. Pappus of 2 -several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Rough perennial herbs, with branching 3 - 4-angled stems, opposite undivided or 3- lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of white flowers, on long peduncles. Anthers black. 1 . M. b.£ista>t£l, Michx. Stem commonly spotted ; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire, or more or less hastate-3-lobed, serrate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; chaffs of the receptacle spine-pointed. — Light rich soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the involucre ovate ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida. 41. ZINNIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or round- ish, margined. Chaff of the conical receptacle clasping the disk-flowers. Ray- flowers oblong, rigid persistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with a 1 - 2- awned pappus ; those of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated peduncles. 1- Z. multiflora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk-flowers 1-awned ; rays red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. July- Sept. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow. 42. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2 - 3 rows ; the exterior longer, leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the smooth 4- angled truncated achenia. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs with the habit of Helianthus. Rays yellow. 1. H. Isevis, Pers. Smooth; stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at tlie base, on slender petioles ; peduncles elongated ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays deciduous. — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, sometimes scabrous. 43. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Heads many-flowered ; the ray -flowers (6-9) pistillate; those of the disk tu- bular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided ; the exterior of 4 ovate 226 coiirosiT^. (composite family.) leaves partly united below ; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete, truncated. Pappus none. — A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with large sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary heads of yellow flowers, on long peduncles. 1 . T. helianthoides, L. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems several, stout, 1°-U° high. Leaves 4'-G' long. Head 2' in diameter. 44. ECHINACEA, Mcench. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, Ifut sterile, drooping ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated in three or more rows, spreading. Keceptacle at length conical. Chaff of the receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short, 4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus. — Perennial sparingly branched herbs, with alternate undivided 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, and large heads ter- minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Rays red, purple, or white. * Rays elongated, purple or tvhite. 1. E. purpurea, Mcench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches, smooth or hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough ; the lowest ones ovate, on long petioles ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, ciliate ; rays about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves smooth; rays strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June -August. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Rays 2' - 3' long. 2. E. angUStifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en- tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low barrens, Alabama, and westward. May -July. — Stem l°-3° high. Lowest leaves ^° long. * =* Rai/s short, dark red. 3. E. atrorubens, Nutt, Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap- pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribbed ; the upper few and remote, linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped, shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of the receptacle short-cuspidate, about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed. — Low pine barrens, Geor- gia and Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves |° long. Heads ^' in diameter. Plant turns black in drying. 45. RUDBECKIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, per- fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conical or cylindrical ; the chaff not rigid, and mostly shorter than the disk- flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow border, or none. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 227 — Pereijnial or biennial herbs, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays yellow or party-colored. Disk dark purple or yellowish. * Disk ovate or globose. -*- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparingly branched. 1. R. hirta, L. Hirsute; stem and branches naked at the summit ; leaves 3-ribbed, lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper ones sessile, the lowest nar- rowed into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown 5 chaff of the receptacle acute, hairy at the apex ; appendages of the style subulate. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem rigid, l°-2° high. Rays longer or shorter than the involucre. 2. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched, naked at the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, mostly sen-ate ; the lowest oval or oblong, on slen- der petioles ; the upper ones spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, slightly clasping ; rays commonly longer than the involucre ; disk roundish, dark purple ; chaff of the receptacle smoothish, rather obtuse ; appendages of the style short-conical. (R. discolor, Ell. R. spathulata, Michx., a smoothish mountain form, with spat- ulate mostly entire leaves, and smaller heads.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. August and September. — Stem 1° -3° high. Rays often turning reddish at the base in withering. 3. R. mollis, Ell. Stem hirsute-villous, branching ; leaves oblong, ob- scurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomentose on both sides ; the lowest somewhat spatulate ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, villous, reflexed, half as long as the (12-20) rays ; disk brownish; chaff of the receptacle rather obtuse, tomentose at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia. August - October. — Stem 2° -3° high. 4. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, with few peduncle-like branches at the summit ; leaves ovate or oval, slightly serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, shorter than the brownish-purple subglobose disk, and (10- 12) oblong-linear rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex ; achenia of the rays 3-angled, as large as those of the disk. — Pine barrens near Columbus, Georgia, and Alabama. August and September. — Stem 2° high. •»- ••- Leaves divided : stein panicidately or coi-ymbosehj branched. 5. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy; stem much branched; lowest leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, serrate ; lower stem-leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire ; heads small, numerous ; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays ; disk almost black ; chuff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the flowers. — Var. pinnatiloba, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and more slender, and the lower stem leaves pinnately lobed. — Dry soil. West Florida and northward. August and September. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Rays about 8. 6. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, tall (4° - 6''), branching ; leaves rough ; the lowest pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or 228 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) pinnatifid ; the mitldle ones 3-5-parted; the uppermost often undivided, toothed ; disk yellowish, ovate or conical ; rays large, drooping ; chaff of the receptacle truncate, pubescent at the apex, about as long as the 3-anglcd achenia. (R. digi- tata. Mill. R. laevigata, Pursh.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Loaves large. Rays 1 ' - 2' long. 7. R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem corymbose above ; leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, toraentose beneath ; the lowest orbicular- cordate or 3 - 5-parted, on long petioles ; the middle ones 3-lobed ; the upper- most ovate, sessile and entire ; disk globose, yellowish ; rays drooping ; chaff of the receptacle acute ; achenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Florida. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in the preceding. * * Disk columnar, elongated : stems tall, simple. 8. R. maxima, !Nutt. Smooth ; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather-veined, the lower ones petioled, the upper clasping; head solitary, long-peduncled ; rays large, drooping. — Wet pine barrens. West Florida and westward. August. — Stem 4° - 9° high. Low- est leaves 8'- 12' long. Rays 2' long. 9. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining ; stem tall, naked above ; leaves rigid, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire, 3-5-ribbed ; the lowest long- pctiolcd ; the upper partly clasping, small ; rays large, drooping ; disk brown. — Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem u° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. * * * Lower leaves opposite : disk ovate, yellow : chaff of the receptacle cuspidate, ribbed: achenia biconvex, striate, hairy, rounded at the apex : pappus none. 10. R. ? Porteri, Gray. Rough with short scattered hairs; stem panicu- lately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, fringed at the base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the disk ; the interior ehorter, resembling the chaff of the receptacle ; rays 7-9, longer than the disk, — Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 46. LEPACHYS, Raf. Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Achenia flattened and margined. Pappus 2-toothcd or none Otherwise like Rudbeckia. — Perennials. Leaves pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow. 1 . L. pinnata, Ton-. & Gray. Rough with short appressed hairs ; stem sparingly branc-hcd ; divisions of the leaves 3 - 7, lanceolate, acute, seiTate or entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus obscurely 2-toothed. (Rudbeckia tomentosa, Ell.) —Dry soil. West Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 2' long. 47. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows, with or without COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 229 leafy spreading tips. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy. Achenia 4-anglcd, usu- ally compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaff'y scales or awns. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, commonly 3-ribbed, undi- vided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Disk yellow or dark purple. Rays yellow. * Annual: disk dark purple: chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed: leaves on long and slender petioles: achenia pubescent. 1. H. debilis, Nutt. Roughish; stem slender, decumbent, branching; leaves rarely opposite, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, wavy-sermlate ; heads small ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, slender-pointed ; pappus 2-awned. — Shores of East Florida. — Stem 1° -2° long. Rays 10-14. 2. H. prsecox, Gray & Engelm. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous when young ; stem erect, paniculately branched, somewhat spotted; leaves tliin, coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, opposite, the upper ones ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; rays 15-20. — Sandy shores. West Florida, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 20-3° high. * * Perennial : disk dark purple. -t- Rays minute or wanting. 3. H. Radula, Torr. &, Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy and hirsute towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, hir- sute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic ; spreading ; the lower ones obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear ; scales of the involucre oblong- ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff" of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads rather large. -t- •»- Rays conspicuous. 4. H. angUStifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins revolute ; the lowest ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; chatF of the recep- tacle 3-toothed ; rays 12-18, showy. — Varies, with broader leaves, and the disk at first yellow. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, common. Oct. — Stem 20 - 6° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Hirsute or hispid ; stem slender, mostly simple, naked above ; leaves opposite, thick, entire ; the lower ones lanceolate or oblong, tapering into a petiole ; the others linear, remote ; scales of the invo- lucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate ; chaff" of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle tooth cuspidate; rays 1.5-20, elongated. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 2' - 6' long. Rays 1^' long. 6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid ; stem sparingly branched and somewhat naked above ; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and long- petioled ; the upper small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong, obtuse ; chaff" of the receptacle acute; rays about 12; achenia pubescent at the apex. (H. sparsifolius, Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads rather small. 20 230 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 7. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly simple, rough; leaves oblong-lunceoUite, sliglitly sen-ate or entire, thick and rigid, very rough on both sides, narrowed into short connate petioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appresscd ; cliafFof the receptacle obtuse ; rays 20-25. (H. scabemmus. Ell.) — "Western districts of Georgia, J^/Z/o^, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads showy. * * * Perennial : disk yellow : heads larENDRON, L. Rose-Bay. Honeysuckle. Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined : anthers opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large scaly buds. § 1. Azalea. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glaiidular-viscid externally : stamens 5: the long ^filaments and style exserted : leaves deciduous. * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1- R. nudiflorum, Torn Branchlets hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, pubescent, soon smoothish above ; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose-color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many va- rieties. 2. R. calendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo- vate, hairy ; calyx-lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. * * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 3. R. viscosurQ, Torr. Branchlets bristly; leaves coriaceous, obovate, with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Capsule hispid. 4. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth; leaves smooth, obovate, ciliateon the margins, pale beneath; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color; calyx- lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Shrub 30-10° high. Flowers fragrant. §2. Rhododendron. — Corolla hell-shaped, smooth : stamens \0: leaves coria- ceous, evergreen. 5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and green on both sides ; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or ro^-c- 23 266 EKICACEiE. (heath FAMILY.) color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° -20° high. Leaves 4'- 10' long. Corolla 1' in diameter. 6. R. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronatc, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx-lobes small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum- mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. 7, B . punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules ; calyx-lobes small, rounded ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot- ted within, longer than the pedicels ; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller {!'- 1^') oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule (4" -5" long). — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina; the variety in the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval, entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters. 1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine baiTcns, and on the mountains of Carolina. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high. Leaves |^' long, alternate or opposite, 14. BEJARIA, Mutis. Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading petals. Stamens 14 : anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma de- pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. 1. B. racemosa, Vent. Branches rough with scattered rigid hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; racemes terminal, elongated ; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July. — Shrub 3° - 4° high. Flowers white, showy. Suborder m. PYROL.EiE. The Pyrola Family. 15. PYROLA, L. Calyx 5-partcd. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers some- what 4-cellcd, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-raycd. Capsule globose, .5-cclled, 5-valved, opening through the celts from the base upward ; the sutures pubescent. Seeds ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 267 very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, -with creeping roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in ii simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma .5-crenate. — Drv woods in the mountains, Geoi'gia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high. 16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Trinoe's Pine. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the' filaments dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4 - 7-flowered ; filaments smooth. — Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 10' liigh. Leaves glossy. 2. C maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments vil- lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 17. SHORTIA, Gray. Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-vaIved. Placenta large, central. Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen. Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenatc^ serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly-bracted towards the summit, 1 -flowered. 1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, 3//c/«awr. Suborder IV. MOlVOTROPEiE. The Indian-Pipe Family. 18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 10: anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless ; the cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-anglcd. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3'- 4'), smooth, brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous. 1- S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward, rare. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding. 2G8 GALACIXE.E. (gALAX FAMILY.) 19. MONOTROPA, L. IxDiAx-riPE. Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gibbous at the base, deciduous. Stamens 8 - 10 : anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-funowed, 4 - 5-cclled. Seeds very nu- merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or decayed vegetable matter. § 1. MoxoTROPA, Nutt. — Stevi \-flowered: sepals 2-4 : petals 5 : anthers open- ing by 2 chinks : style short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem smooth, 4'- 10' high, white, turning black in drying. Flower showy. § 2. Hypopitys, Dill. — Stem several -Jloicered ; the upper Jloiver commonly with 5 petals and 10 stamens ; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamejis : sepals as many as the petals : anthers opening by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller one erect : style longer than the ovary. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. (M. lanuginosa, 3//cAa:.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 4' - 8' high, pubescent, reddish. Order 77. GAL.ACINEJ5. (Galax Family.) Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate- spatulate, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous ; the filaments united into a 10-toothed tube; those opposite the petals sterile, the 5 alternate ones' shorter and bearing a roundish 1 -celled anther, which opens across the top. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, fixed to the central placenta. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — A smooth perennial stemless herb, erect from a creeping scaly rhizoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round- cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape (l°-2°high) simple, bearing a long spiked raceme of small white flowers. 1. GALAX, L. Characters of the order. 1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains of North Carolina. June and July. — Rhizoma deep red. Order 78. AQUIFOLTACEJE. (Holly Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or green- ish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4-9- AQUIFOLIACEiE. (hOLLY FAMILY.) 269 parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe berry-like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, sus- pended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 1. ILEX, L. Holly. Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4-9 parts. Drupe containing 4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly soli- tary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or pedunclcd clus- ters or cymes. § 1. Aquifolium. — Parts of the flower 4 : drupe red: nutlets ribbed or veiny on the back : leaves evergreen. 1. I. opaca, Ait. (Holly.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx-lobes acute. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. 2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and clusters more or less pubescent ; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on short petioles ; sterile peduncles many-flowered, the fertile ones shorter, and mostly 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth acute; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nutt. I. ligustrina, Ell.) — Var. myrtifolia. Leaves small (^'-1'), linear-oblong, entire, or, on the young branches, sharply 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Margins of swamps and pine-barren ponds, South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A handsome shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 3. I. Cassine, L. (Yaupon.) — Leaves small i^'-l' long), oval or ob- long, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Shrub 8° -12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. § 2. Prinoides. — Parts of the flower 4 - 6 : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6, ribbed on the back : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pu- bescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short pedicels, in sessile clusters; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. (I. prinoides, Ait.) — Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A large shrub. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Drupe red. 5. I. ambigua. Branches slender; leaves oval or oblong, acute or some- what acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, solitary ; calyx-teeth ob- 23* 270 STYRACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.) tuse, ciliate. (I. monticola, Gray?) — Sandy margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 6. I. Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels solitary, as long as the petioles ; drape large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. — Leaves about 2' long, 1' >vide. Drupe 3" -4" in diameter. § 3. Prinos. — Parts of the flower mostly 6 - 9 : nvtlets smooth and even on the hack. * Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 7. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceo- late, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels; fruit abundant. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low ground. West Florida, and northward. April. — A large shrub. Leaves about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 8. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered gener- ally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drapes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. June. (*) * * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 9. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- toothed near the apex; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1 -flowered ; flowers all 6-9-parted. (Prinos glaber, Z.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 10. I. eoriaoea. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scat- tered teeth, viscid when young; peduncles 1 -flowered, the sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary, flowers 6-9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus, Ell.) — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Order 79. STYRACACE^. (Storax Family.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers perfect. — Calyx 4-8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 - 8-lobed or 4-8- petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice as many as its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous or polyadel- phous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 1-5- celled. Seeds anatropous, mostly solitary in each cell. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle slender. Tribe I. ST YR ACE.aE. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire : stamens 2-4 times as many aa the divisions of the corolla: ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous : pu- bescence stellate. 1. STY RAX. Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent. 2. H ALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2 - 4-winged, 2 - 4-celled. Ovary wholly united with the calyx. STYRACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.) 271 Tribe n. SYMPIiOCINE^. Calyx 5-cleft : stamens indefinite: ovules pendulous: pubescence simple. 3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. Calyx .5 - 8-toothed, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla deeply 5-parted, with spreading or reflexed lobes, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary completely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with a downy or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers white, in leafy racemes. 1. S. pulverulentum, Michx. Leaves small (1'- 1^' long), elliptical or obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy ; racemes lateral, 3 - 7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Pine- barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April and May. — Shrub 2°- 12° high. Racemes l'-2' long. Flowers fragrant. 2. S. grandifolium, Ait. Leaves large (2'-4Mong), oval or obovate, acute, mostly entire ; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered racemes, hoary ; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth. — Rich woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Racemes 3' -5' long. 3. S. Americanum, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acute, smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 - 6-flowered, terminal ; calyx-teeth short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. \os,\e, Ell.) — Banks of streams, in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. May. — Shrub 4°-8° high.. Leaves l'-2' long. Racemes 1' long. I 2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop-Tree. Calyx obconical, slightly 4 - 8-toothed, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla insei-ted on the calyx, 4-lobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8-16, separate or united below, free from the corolla : anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell, 2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2 - 4-winged, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping. * Ovary 3-celled : corolla 4-petalous : stamens viostly 8, distinct : drupe 2-winged. 1. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4'- 5' long; j racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels; corolla 1' long; anthers I spreading; drupe compressed, 1' long. — Rich woods, Florida and Georgia. j March and April. * * Ooary 4-celled: corolla 4-lobed: stamens mostly 12, united below the middle: drupe 4-winged. 2. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smoothish, 2'- 4' long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8"- 10" long; anthers erect. — River- banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 272 CYRILLACE^. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) 3. H. parviflora, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent on both sides, glaucous beneath, slightly toothed, when young entire ; racemes somewhat compound, 4 - 5-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx tomen- tose ; the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla small, tomentose, 4-parted ; stamens 8 ; drupe slightly and unequally winged. — In Florida, Michaux. — Leaves 2' long. Corolla 10" long. (*) 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 -5-ceIled ovary. Corolla 5-10- petalous. Stamens 1.5 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted at the base of the corolla: anthers roundish. Ovules 2 -4 in each cell, suspended, anatropous. Style slender : stigma entire or 3 - 5-parted. Berry 1 - 5-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in racemes or clusters. 1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per- sistent; clusters sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes obtuse; corolla yellow; stamens in 5 sets ; stigma entire, berry 1 -seeded.- Low woods and banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous. Order 80. CYRILLACE^. (Cyrilla Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 4 - 5 sepals. Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit 2 - 4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 1. CYRILLA, Garden. Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style pei-sistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entii-e. Racemes clustered at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, oa short 2-bracted pedicels. 1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2' -4' long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1 -seeded. — Varies with smaller (1'- 1^') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globose drupe tipped with the short and thick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) in pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Racemes 3' - 6' long. EBENACEiE. (eBONY FAMILY.) 273 2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Titi. Calyx minute, composed of 5 - 8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8, obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows; the filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle ; those opposite the petals longer : anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3 - 4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3 - 4-winged, 3-4-celled, with a single linea*. seed in each cell. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and -idinewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many- flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 1. C. ligUStrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, TFiVW.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March and April. — Leaves 2' long. Racemes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. 3. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the base. Stamens 8, included : anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex. Style slender, slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, the cells many- ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4° - 10° high. Leaves elliptical- lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. Racemes terminal, bract- less, simple or compound. 1. E. racemosa, Muhl. — Near Waynesboro', Georgia, £//jo«. — June. Order 81. EBENACEiE. (Ebony Family.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers polygamous ; the sterile cymose ; the fertile ones larger, solitary. — Calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary, persistent, 3 - 7-lobed. Corolla 3 - 7-lobed, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly 16, inserted on the base of the corolla, often united by pairs ; the filaments short and hairy : anthers introrse. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous, suspended. Styles distinct, or united below. Fruit baccate, roundish, few-seeded ; the seeds large, compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard albumen. Eaxiicle superior. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. Persimmon. Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile flower mostly 16 ; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, united below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4 - 8-seeded. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled; calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-cellcd. — Woods and old fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — A small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eatable when fully ripe. 274 SArOTACE.E. (SAPODILLA TAMILY.) Okdkr 82. SAPOTACE^. (Sapodilla Family.) Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstlpulate short- petioled leavos, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in sessile axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary, 4 - 8-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4 - 8-clef^ mostly with one or two ap- pendages between each lobe. Fertile stan^eMs as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal- like sterile ones, Inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers extrorse. Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell, or ascending from Its base. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds few. Albu- men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight. Sjrnopsis. * Calyx 5-parted. -»- Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes. 1. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious. +- ■*- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 2. DIPHOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth. 3. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. * * Calyx 6- 8-parted. 4. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 1. SIDEROXYLOK", L. Calyx 4 -parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Albpmen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 1. S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupes purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9" long. 2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one. Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. — A small tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 1. D. salicifolia, A. DC— South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. Leaves 2'- 3' long. Calyx silky. Dnipe small, oblong. 3. BUMELIA, Swartz. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-clcft, with two appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, hairy. SAPOTACE-i:. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 275 Bci-i-y ovoid, l-sce(leA, Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in having the ovoid 4-seeded capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. Order 86. PLUMBAGINACE^. (Leadwort Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the lobes or petals, and inserted on their elaws or on the receptacle. Styles 5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. 1. STATICE, L. Marsh Rosemary. Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems. 1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided PKIMULACKyE. (IMIIMROSE FAMILY.) 279 spreading spikes ; calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Scape ^° - 2° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Flowers blue. 2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadavort. Calyx tubular, .5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Coi'olla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting into valves from tlie base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. 1. P. SCandens, L. Shrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, nan'owed into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of the corolla ovate, white ; style smooth. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. Order 87. PRIMITLACEiE. (Primrose Family.) Herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, oppo- site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvate or circum- scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary free from the calyx. ■*- Capsule opening by valves or teeth. 1. IIOTTOXIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 2. LYSIMACIITA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire. 3. DODECATHEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. ■I- •(- Capsule opening transversely. 4. ANAGALLTS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 5. CENTUNCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless. * * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. 6. SAMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 1. HOTTONIA, L. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless, inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 1. H. inflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 - several in a terminal cluster, much inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts entire. — Ponds and ditches iu the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. 280 pRiMULACE^. (primrose family.} 2. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrife. Calyx r>-partecl. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; the filaments often monadelphous at the base, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile one interposed. Style slender. Capsule globose, 5-10-valved, few - many- seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herbs, with entire opposite or whorkd leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers. * Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. L. stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching ; leaves very numerous, opposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end ; racemes long, leafy at the base ; pedicels slender; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked with dark lines ; filaments monadelphous, unequal ; sterile ones none ; capsule .5-valved, 3 - 5-seeded. — Var. angustifglia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angusti'folia, Michx. L. Loomisii, Torr.y corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts. July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small. 2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect; leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar- gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; filaments monadel- phous, unequal ; sterile ones none. — South Carolina. Eraser. {*) 3. L. Herbemonti, Ell. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow- ers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, on short pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ; filaments monadelphous at the base. (L. asperulsefolia, Poir '■) — Near Colum- bia, South Carolina, Elliott. » North Carolina, Curtis, Croom. — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 - 5-nerved. * * Floioers axillary. 4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile ; peduncles filiform ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadelphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun- cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole; the uppermost, like the peduncles, often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Lam.) with linear nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — "Woods and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1 o - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 6. L. radieans, Hook. Smooth throughout ; stem long, prostrate ; the slender branches often rooting at the apex ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acute, on long and slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla PRIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 281 as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper districts. July. — Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the preceding. 7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled; leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu- late ; corolla large, with roundish abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South Carolina, and northward. July to Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 2'-4' long, rather rigid. Corolla 8" - 9" in diameter. 3. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the 5-parted limb refiexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem- less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umb'^llate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel bracted, many-flowered; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and Tennessee. May and June. IJ.— Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 4. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta- mens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate, sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; flowers red. — Fields and pastures. Introduced. July. (J) — Stem 6' long. t,,, 5. CENTUNCULUS, L. ^ Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta^ ( mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. 1. C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low ground near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem l'-6' long. 6. SAMOLUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. 24* 282 LENTIBULACE.E. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 1- S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched ; leaves obo- vate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels long, filiform, minutely bracted in the middle ; capsule globose, longer than the calyx ; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May -July. (5) — Plant 6'- 12' high, pale green, 2. S. ebracteatUS, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked above ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractlcss ; capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Stem lo-2° high. Order 88. LEIVTTBULACE^. (Bladderwort Family.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at the base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-ceIled. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwoet. Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the projecting palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap- pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- duncles 1 - many-flowered. * Stem floating : upper leaves ichorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered and finely dissected : flowers yellow. 1. TJ. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 - 10-flowered ; corolla large (.^' wide) ; the lower lip .3-lobcd, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper concave, nearly entire; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller; scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6'- 12' high. * * Stem floating: leaves all scattered and flnely dissected : flow&s yellow. 2. XT. vulgaris, L. Leaves decompound; scape scaly, 5 - 12-flowered ; throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire, with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading spur; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May - July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Scapes 6' - 12' high. Co- rolla ^' wide. 3. U. striata, Lcconte. Leaves decompound ; scape slender, sparingly bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobed ; LENTIBULACE^. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 283 the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with rcflcxed margins, as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown ; fruit erect. (TJ- fibrosa, Ell.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Scapes 10' high. Corolla ^' wide. 4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like; scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractlcss ; lips of the small (4"- 5") corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather shorter than the subulate appressed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect, on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Leconte. U. biflora, Lam.l) — Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4' - 6' long, with clus- tered branches. Scape 2' - 4' high. 5. U. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly divided ; scape 1 - 2-flowered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the gibbous obtuse appressed spur; fruit erect. (U. fornicata, Leconte.) — Shallow ponds. South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June. — Stem 2' -3' long. Scape l'-3' high. =^ * * Stem Jloating : leaves whorled, finely dissected : flowers purple. 6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1 -flowered ; upper lip of the corolla truncated ; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes sac-like, longer than the subulate spur. — Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Co- rolla 4" wide. * * * # Stemless : scape roofing, scaly : leaves linear and entire, or none : air- hladdersfew or none : flowers yellow. 7. TJ. COrnuta, Michx. Scape 2 - 4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the calyx; lips of the large {%' wide) corolla obovate, unequal; the lower one larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the margins strongly reflexed. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4-12) and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape 1° high. 8. IT. SUbulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3 - 9-flowered ; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lobed, longer than the appressed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. (U. setacea, Michx.) — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high. 9. TJ. bipartita. Ell.? Scape filiform, 1-3-flowercd; pedicels long and slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as the conical obtuse spur ; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft ; fruit erect. — Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Corolla 6" - 8" wide. 2. PINGUICULA, Toum. Butterwort. Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobcd. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base ; 284 BIGNONIACE.^. (bIGNONIA FAMILY.) palate hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the margins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. * Flowers yellow. 1. P. lutea, "Walt. Clammy-pubescent; leaA-es oblong-obovate ; corolla large, with the rounded lobes 2 - 4-cleft ; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar- rens, common. Feb. -April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6'- 12' high. Corolla I'-li'wide, nodding. * * Flowers purple^ often changing to white. 2. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-clcft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — Mar- gins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8' -12' high. Corolla 1' Avide. 3. P. australis, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; co- rolla 5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. — Shallow ponds. West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. Co- rolla 1' wide. 4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Scape 2'- 6' high. Corolla ^' - 1' wide. Order 89. BIGNONIACEiE. (Bignonia Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, -with simple or compound leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lipped. Fertile sta- mens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther-cells diverg- ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-ceIled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. Synopsis, Suborder L BIGNONIE^. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap- sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Yalves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. Suborder n. SESAMES. Herbs. Capsule 4-celIed. Seeds wing- less. Cotyledons thick, entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leave.s simple, alternate or opposite. BIGNONIACE^. (bIGNONIA FAMILY.) 285 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound. 1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 2 cordate-oblong entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between; pedi- cels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Corolla 2' long, red without, yellow within. Capsule ^° long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile sta- mens 4, didynamous. Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti- tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, deciduous. 1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more or less pubescent; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet Avithout, yellow within. Capsule 4' - 5' long. 2. T. stans, Juss. Stem erect ; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx tubu- lar ; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther. — South Florida. March - May. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Corolla 1^' long, yellow. 3. CATALPA, Scop. Calyx 2-lipped Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- ered; calyx purple; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, EU.) — River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Cap- sules 1° long. 4. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn-Plakt. Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-cellcd, ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid 286 OROBANCIIACE^. (bROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the upper ones alternate. Flowers racemcd. 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leares round-cordilte ; corolla ( 1 ^' long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple ; cap- sule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Introduced. July and Aug. Order 90. OROBANCHACE^. (Broom-rape Family.) Low, leafless, scaly herbs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didynamous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering-persistent, tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in- serted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. Style simple, curved at the apex : stigma thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds very small, ana- tropous, with the minute embryo at the base of transparent albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or spiked. Synopsis. ^ 1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. Ca« lyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. Stem simple, thick and fleshy. 3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly equally 5-lobed. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-bt^otx;. Flowers polygamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower abbreviated and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purplish. Flowers small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish. 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under Beech-trees, in deep shades, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers scattered. Corolla of the sterile flowers 4" - 6" long, 4-toothed, curved. 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on ^the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 3- toothed. Stamens exscrted. Capsule 2-valvcd, with 2 placentae on each valve. — A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow- ers yellowish, spreading. 1. C. Americana, Wallr. (Orobanche, Z.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4'~ 6' high, ^' thick. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, bractlcss. Corolla tubular, curved, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant placentae.— Stemless or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape or peduncle. 1. A. uniflorum, Ton*. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly; peduncles 1 -several, 3' -5' high, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. (Orobanche uniflora, Z) — "Woods, Florida, and northward. Order 91. SCROPHULARIACEiE. (Figwort Family.) Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx 4 - 5-cIeft or parted. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther-cells often sepa- rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-ceIled, many- (rarely 1-few-) seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Synopsis. § 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly septicidally dehiscent. * Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular. 1. VERBASCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves alternate. * * Fertile stamens i ; the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the lobes short and erect. 8. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted at the throat. Seeds winged. 4. PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds wingless. * * * Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. 5. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. 6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-augled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. 7. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted , the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. * « * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none. 8. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose. ' 9. ILYSANTHE3. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 10. MICRANTHEMUM. Calj x 4-parted A scale-like appendage below the filaments. J a. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. * Corolla regular or slightly 2-Iipped ; the lobes nearly equal. 4- Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate. 11. AMPHIANTHUS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. ^- -t- Stamens 4-5, equal. Peduncle.^ axillary, 2 or more together. 13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled. 288 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) t- -i- -I- Stamens 4 Flowers racemed or spiked. ++ Anthers 1-celled. 15. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-sliaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked. H-s ^-^ Anthers 2-ceIIed. Stamens equal. 10. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 17. MACRANTIIERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. ++++++ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didynamous. IS. OTOPIIYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leayes 2-eared at the base. 19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. 20. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves narrow, entire. * * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens. •*- Anther-cells unequal. 21. CASTILLEIA. Anther-cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. -1- H- Anther-cells equal. 22. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10- 12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid. 24. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1-4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed at the base. 1. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in racemes. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves slightly creuate, rugose ; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Raceme rigid, 1° - 2° long. 2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly branched or simple; leaves smooth, oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ; the lowest petioled ; the upper clasping ; racemes elongated, glandular, the flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; fflaraents all bearded with purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — Stem 20-30 high. 3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white ; stem branching and angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish above ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow ; filaments bearded with white hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. 2. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla ; SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 anther-cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loose cymes, forming a narrow panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Shady banks and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° higli. 3. CHELONE, Tourn. Snake-head. Calyx 5-parted or .5-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip concave, emarginate ; the lower obtusely 3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes. 1. C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles ; spike terminal, imbricated, nearly sessile, simple or branched; bracts and sepals ovate; corolla white or rose-color. (C. obliqua, L.) — Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward, rare in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, some- times pubescent beneath. Corolla V -\^' long, concave beneath. 2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, Muhl., leaves acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 4. PENTSTEMON, L'Her. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the throat, bilabiate; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open narrow terminal panicle. * Leaves pinnately divided. 1. P. dissectus. Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobed ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun- cled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes ; an- ther-cells smooth, spreading ; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes small, acute. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple. 25 290 3CR0PHULARIACEJE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Leaves undivided. 2. P. pubeseens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sen-atc or entire, sessile or clasping; the lowest ovate or oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla grad- ually dilated above the middle ; the lower lip longer than the upper ; sterile stamen bearded down one side ; anthers smooth. (P. luevigatus, So/and., a smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, nan-owed into a petiole ; cymes few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal ; sterile stamen bearded down one side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Co- rolla 9"- 12" long, white or pale purple. Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3° -4° high) ; leaves thicker; cymes many-flowered, forming a large spreading panicle; corolla smaller. — Pine bar- rens, Florida. 5. LINARIA, Juss. Toad-Flax. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the upper lip eraarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed ; the throat commonly closed by the prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. * Stems ivith prostrate branches at the base, which bear broader opposite or whorled leaves. 1 . Xi. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth ; stem erect, slender, mostly simple ; leaves linear, flat, scattered ; those on the radical branches oblong ; racemes straight; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue and white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. (An- tirrhinum Canadcnse, L.) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May. (D — Stem 10-2° high. 2. L. Floridana, n. sp. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much branched ; leaves scattered, fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped ; those on the radical branches obovate ; racemes elongated, flexuous, glandular-hairy ; pedicels spreading, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla truncate or emarginate ; spur very short. — Drifting' sands near the coast. West Florida. April and May. (D — Stem 3' - 12' high. * * Prostrate branches none. 3. L. vulgaris. Miller. Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded; raceme dense; flowers large (1' long), yellow ; spur subulate ; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places, North Carolina, and northward. Naturalized. Aug. 1|. — Stem 1°- 3° high. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 291 4. L. !EjIatine, Miller. Hairy; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; leaves small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, yellow and purplish ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. — Waste places, North Carolina. Nat- uralized, (i) — Stem 4' - 12' long. 6. MIMTJLUS, L. Monkey-flower. Calyx tubular, ."i-angled, sharply 5-toothcd. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna- mous : anther-cells somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. Capsule locu- licidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and axillary purple flowers. 1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angIed, the angles wingless; leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base ; pe- duncles longer than the flowers. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. — Stem lo _ 2° high. Leaves thin, 2' - 4' long. Corolla showy, the palate greenish and pubescent. 2. M. alatUS, Ait. Stem square, with winged angles ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at the base into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the flowers. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2'- 5' long. Calyx-teeth small. 7. HERPESTIS, G^rtn. Calyx .5-parted ; the 3 outer lobes, especially the upper one, broader. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed or bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-Iobed or emarginate, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous : anther-cells contiguous or divaricate. Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, axillary, or in leafy terminal racemes. * Stems 4-angled : leaves serrate : peduncles 2-bracted at the base : exterior calyx-lobes oblong: corolla white. 1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle ; lower peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer ; tube of the corolla striped with blue ; the upper lip rounded. (Gratiola acuminata, Walt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - 1 j° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 2. H. peduncularis, Benth. Smooth ; stem decumbent, difi^usc, creep- ing near the base ; leaves small, obovate-oblong, entire near the base ; peduncles filiform, 3-4 times as long as the leaves. — Key West. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Flowers smaller than in No. I. 292 SCROPHULAEIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Steins terete, succulent, creeping : leaves ovate or roundish, entire: exterior calyX' lobes cordate or ovate : peduncles 2-bracted at the apex. 3. H. Monnieria, Kunth. Smooth ; stems diffuse, creeping ; leaves fleshy, wedgc-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate ; corolla bell-shaped, with the rounded lobes nearly equal ; peduncles as long as the flowers ; exterior calyx- lobes ovate. (H. cuncifolia, Pursh.) — Ditches and muddy banks along tlie coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. Ij. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves 1' long. Corolla white or pale blue. 4. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves smoothish, ovate, cordate and clasping, obtuse ; peduncles shorter than the flowers ; exterior calyx-lobes cordate ; base of the ovary surrounded by a 12-toothed disk. (H. rotundifolia. Ell., not of Pursh.) — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. 1).— Flowering stems 6' -8' high. Leaves l^'long, crowded. Flowers blue. Plant odorous. 8. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal, narrow. Corolla bilabiate, with the upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, the anterior ones sterile or wanting. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 4-valved, many- seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary white or yellow flowers. Calyx mostly 2-bracted. * Connective of the anthers dilated, the cells transverse : stems tender : flowers peduncled. -t- Sterile stamens minute or none. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem branching from the base, glandular-pubes- cent al)Ove ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, sessile, the lower ones nar- rowed at the base ; peduncles slender, the upper ones longer than the leaves ; corolla white, with the yellowish tube twice as long as the calyx ; capsule ovate, acute. — Muddy banks and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 5" -6" long, hairy within. 2. G. Floridana, Nutt. Stem simple or branched, smooth ; leaves lance- olate or oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so, narrowed at the base, sessile, the lowest slightly petiolcd ; peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; lobes of the corolla emarginate, white ; the slender yellowish tube three times as long as the calyx. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, West Florida. April. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1 ' long. Corolla 8" long. Capsule globose. 3. G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth ; stem thick, ascending, branching at the base ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, serrate above, narrowed and entire towards the base, sessile, the lowest mostly obovate ; peduncles thick, shorter than the leaves, sometimes shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, the tube twice as long as the calyx ; capsule globose. — Springs and branches, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March - May. — Stem 4' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla |'long. SCROPHULARIACEuE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 203 •♦- •*•- Sterile stamens manifest. 4. Or. viscosa, Schwein. Viscid-pubescent ; stem ascending, simple or sparingly branched j leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, clasping, 3-nerved ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; lobes of the corolla white, emar- ginate, the tube yellowish and bearded within ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much longer than the small globose capsule. — Ditches and muddy places in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves ^' long. Corolla 5" - 6'' long. Bracts wider tlian the calyx-lobes. 5. G. Drummondi, Benth. Viscid-puberulent ; stem decumbent at the base, ascending ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, 3-nerved, clasping ; bracts and calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than the capsule. — In Georgia, Bodkin, and westward. 6. G. quadridentata, Michx. Pubescent and somewhat viscid ; stem decumbent at the base, ascending, simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 4-toothed ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla yellowish- white ; capsule small, globose, much shorter than the linear unequal calyx-lobes ; bracts minute. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. June- Aug. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves ^' long. Corolla 5" long. 7. G. aurea, Muhl. Smooth ; stem decumbent, creeping, the flowering branches ascending, 4-angled ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the upper ones longer ; bracts as long as the calyx ; corolla bright yellow. — Wet pine baiTcns in the lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April -June. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves ^' - 1' long. Corolla 6" long. 8. G. oflB-Cinalis, L. Smooth ; stem erect, 4-angled above ; leaves lance- olate, serrulate or entire, slightly clasping ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla pale yellow, striped with red, bearded with yellow hairs within ; capsule acute, as long as the calyx. — Swamps, in the Southern States, Leconte. — ^ Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 8" - 10" long. * * Connective of the anthers not dilated ; the cells vertical : stems rigid, hairy : . flowers sessile : sterile stamens manifest. 9. G. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute ; stem erect, simple or branching at the base ; leaves ovate or roundish, sparingly toothed, sessile or slightly clasp- ing ; corolla tubular, white, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 8' - 1 6' high. Leaves ^' long. Corolla 4" long. 10. G. SUbulata, Baldwin. Shrubby, hispid ; stem much branched, mostly prostrate ; leaves linear, entire, the margins revolute ; calyx-lobes sul>- ulate, unequal ; corolla salver-shaped, somewhat persistent, the upper lip roundish, the lower 3-parted ; the slender curved tube three times as long as the calyx, hairy within ; lobes of the stigma emarginate ; capsule acute. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 6" long. Corolla 6" long. 25* 294 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 9. ILYSANTHES, Raf. Calyx 5-parted, bractless. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip short, erect, 2-cleft ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included ; the two anterior ones sterile, 2-lobed, with one of the lobes tipped with a gland, the other smooth, acute. Capsule ovate or oblong, as long as the calyx. — Smooth annuals, growing in wet or muddy places. Stems 4-angIed. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, often reflexed in fruit. Flowers small, purplish. 1. I. grandiflora, Bcnth. Stem creeping, very leafy ; leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, partly clasping; peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; sterile stamens lobed at the middle. — In Georgia, Nuttall. — Leaves 3" -4" long. Corolla larger than in the next. 2. I. gratioloides, Bcnth. Stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, acute, obscurely toothed or entire ; lower peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, the upper much longer, spreading ; corolla pale blue, twice as long as the calyx ; capsule oblong, acute, scarcely longer than the calyx. (Lindernia dilatata and attenuata, Ell. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. G. teti*a- gona, Ell.i) — Springs and rivulets, common. May -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves ^'- 1' long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 3. I. refraeta, Benth. Stem erect, very slender, forking ; radical leaves tufted, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base ; the others remote, small, lanceolate, sessile ; peduncles filiform, many times longer than the leaves, re- flexed in fruit ; corolla pale blue variegated with purple ; capsule oblong-linear, twice as long as the calyx. (Lindernia monticola, Null.) — Springs and muddy banks of rivulets in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Caro- lina. July -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Radical leaves 1' long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 4. I. saxicola. Stems clustered, leafy, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, sessile ; the radical ones densely tufted, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles rather stout, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, widely spreading or reflexed in fruit ; corolla blue, variegated ; capsule ovoid, rather longer than the calyx. (Lindernia saxicola, M. A. Curtis.) — On rocks at Tolula Falls, Georgia, and Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. 1|. ? — Stems 3' -5' high. Stem-leaves 2" -4" long. Corolla 4" long. 10. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. Calyx 4-parted, or 4-cleft. Corolla somewhat bilabiate ; the upper lip shorter, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, included ; the filaments with a gland-like appendage at the base : anther-cells diverging. Style short : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, few-seeded ; the delicate partition vanishing at maturity. Seeds oblong, reticulate. — A small smooth perennial herb, with diff'use creeping stems, roundish opposite entire leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 20.J 1. M. orbiculatum, Michx. (M. emarginatum, Ell. Ilcmianthus mi- cranthemoides, Nutt. Herpestis micrantha, Ell. ? not of Pursh.) — INIuddy Ixinks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 3" - 5" long, sometimes emarginate. Corolla not longer than the minute {^") calyx. 11. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, 4-cleft ; the upper and lower lobes rather longer. Stamens 2 : anther-cells distinct. Style minutely 2-cleft at the apex, acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, rugulose. — A very small annual, with the linear obtuse leaves clustered at the summit of the short stem, and minute white flowers, some of which are borne on short naked recurved peduncles from the axils of the leaves, and others on a slender (1' long) terminal 2-bracted scape. 1 . A. pusillus, Torr. — In shallow excavations of flat rocks, Newton County, Georgia, Dr. Leavenworth. March and April. 12. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Stigma capitate. Capsule compressed and obcordate, or oblong and obtuse, septicidal or locu- licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — Chiefly herbs, with the stem-leaves opposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate. Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white. * Leaves ivhorled : corolla tubular : capsule oblong. 1. V. Virginica, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent; stem tall, erect; leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very numer- ous, crowded in axillary (whorled) and terminal spikes; stamens long-exserted ; corolla white or purple. (Leptandra, Nutt. ) — Mountain-meadows, Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. * * Stem-leaves opposite : corolla icheel-shaped : capsule obcordate. -i- Flowers in dense axillary racemes. 2. V. officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at the base ; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short-petioled ; racemes alternate, many-flowered ; corolla blue. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Racemes 2' - 4' long. -t- -*- Flowers scattered, in leaf}/ terminal racemes. 3. V. Serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish ; stem ascending, diffiisely branched ; leaves oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones lance- olate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla blue. — Low pastures in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stem 4' - 6' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 4. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves sessile, oblong, toothed ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral 296 SCROPHULARIACEyE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) ones entire; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla white, minute. — Cul- tivated ground, very common. April -June. — Stem 2'- 12' high. Leaves ^'-I'long. 5. v. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stems ascending, branched a,t the base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, petiolcd ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. May and June. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 6. V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer than the calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. Intro- duced. Feb. -May. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 6" -9" long. Fruiting calyx much enlarged. 13. CAPRARIA, L. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, smooth within. Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers sagittate. Style slender : stigma thick, ovate, at length 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septici dally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, mostly 1- flowered. 1. C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- lobes linear ; corolla deeply 5-cleft ; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1^' long. Flowers white 1 14. SCOPARIA, L. Calyx 4 - .5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta- mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- monly by pairs, 1 -flowered. 1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth; leaves ovate or oblong, toothed, mostly three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flowers small, white. — South Florida. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves ^' - 1^' long. 15. BUCHNERA, L. Calyx tubular, .5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers 1-celled. Style simple, club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Rough herbs, turning black in withenng. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire ; the uppermost small, and passing into the bracts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers bjue. SCROPHULABIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 297 1. B. elougata, Swartz. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem mostly simple; leaves entire or slightly toothed, 1-nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved ; the lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate ; the uppermost distant, acute ; spikes interrupted, long-pcduncled ; flowers opposite or alternate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 4" -- 5" long. 2. B. Americana, L. Veiy rough, with bristly hairs ; stem often branch- ing above; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed; the lower ones ol)long, obtuse, the others lanceolate, acute; calyx-teeth acuminate. — Low pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Corolla 6''- 7" long. 16. SEYMERIA, Pursh. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4, equal, the filaments woolly : anthers oblong, opening at the apex, awnless. Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinnatcly divided. Flowers yellow, in ter- minal leafy -bracted racemes. 1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so ; stem Avith elongated erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the entire or lobed divisions filiform ; capsule smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. 2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Yiscid-pubescent; stem with ascending branches; leaves pinnatifid, the entire obtuse divisions oblong-linear; capsule hairy, obtuse at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 17. MACRANTHERA, Torr. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, .5-toothed ; the teeth reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : anthei-s large, oblong, ap- proximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Capsule ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes. 1. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided ; earliest leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lobes denticulate ; the uppermost toothed-serrate ; pedicels slender, recurved, the upper ones longer than the floral leaves; flowers erect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. Lecoxtei has the shorter and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — Mai-shy banks of pine-barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3°-50high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2' -4' long. Co- rolla 9"- 12" long. — The plant turns black in drying. 298 SCROPHULARIACEiE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 18. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Calvx (Iccplv 5-clcft; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated upward, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, included: anthers oblong, awnless; those of the shorter stamens much smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy: stem erect, simple; leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers opposite, in a leafy spike. ( Gerardia auriculata, Michx. ) — Low ground, Ten- nessee, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. g) ? — Stem rigid, ii® ixigU. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 9" - 12" long, purple. 19. DASYSTOMA, Kaf. False Foxglove. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tuhular-bell- shaped, woolly within, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthers oblong ; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, thick- ened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 2- valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly pin- nately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. Fil- aments woolly. 1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lowest ones pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse lobes. (Gerardia flava, L.) — Dry woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. 1). — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves narrowed into a short petiole. Corolla 1 ^' long. 2. D. quercifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple or branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or subulate acute lobes. (Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river-banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. Ij. — Stem 3° -6° high. Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 2' long, the tube more slender and with smaller lobes than the preceding. 3. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed ; flowers opposite ; calyx shorter than the pedicel ; the toothed lobes as long as the tube. (Gerardia pe- dicularia, L.) — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high, much branched. Leaves about 2' long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 12"- 15" long, with a rather slender tube and short lobes. 4. D. peetinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewhat villous ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed; the earliest ones entire; flowers alternate, scattered on the outside of the ascending branches ; calyx longer than the pedicel ; the pinnatifid lobes longer than the tube. — Dry sand- ridges in the pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. (D — SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 209 Stem 2° -4° high, widely branched. Corolla U' long, with a wider tube aurf larger lobes than in No. 3. 20. GERARDIA, L. Calyx bell-shaped, .'5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubular- bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading ; the throat oblique. Stamens 4, didynamous, the longer ones commonly woolly : anthers woolly, connivcnt in pairs ; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, dilated, and flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. Seeds nu- merous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. Leaves oppo- site, or rarely alternate, narrow, entire. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with red and yellow, ofter\ woolly at the throat. * Perennial. 1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect; leaves erect, linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins ; capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' long, pubescent. * * Annuals. •4- Corolla small, the 2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect. 2. G. divaricata, n. sp. Stem 6' -12' high, smooth, ^^^dely branched from the base; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on the margins, |' long ; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous, spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, one third as long as the tube ; corolla |' long, the lobes ciliate ; capsule ovoid, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 3. G. filicaulis. Stem 6'- 12' long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau- cous ; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, rough; flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ; corolla 4" -.5" long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. ^licauUs, Betith.?) — Low grassy pine barrens, West Florida. Sept. ^ -»--(- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. •w. Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves. 4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 20-3° high, smooth, 4-anglcd, sparingly branched near the summit ; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, appresscd ; flowers mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the calyx, calyx-teeth minute, obtuse; corolla h' long, hairy within, the upper lobes reflexed ; capsule globose, 2" long, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 5. G. purpurea, L. Stem 1°- 3° high, smooth, the branches elongated; leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1'- U' long, flowers opposite or nearly so, the stout pcdic-els as long as the calyx ; caly.x-tceth con- 300 SCKOPUULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) spicuous, triangular, sometimes half as long as the tube, spreading ; corolla 8" -10" long, the lobes minutely fringed; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (3° - 5°), much branched above, rough ; leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, alternate ; calyx-teeth more pointed ; corolla larger. ( G. fasciculata. Ell.) — Brackish soil, along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 6. G. maritima, Raf Smooth; stem 8' -16' high, 4-angled, with numer- ous short and leafy branches near the base ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo- site, the upper ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the calyx and the floral leaves; calyx-teeth short, obtuse; corolla 6" -8" long, slightly oblique at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within ; capsule globose, twice as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Yar. major. Stem 2° high, much branched ; leaves flat, acute ; floral leaves longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and capsule larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1' long, 7. G. Setaeea, Ell. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, much branched, slender ; leaves 1' long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped, three times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta- ceous peduncle-like branchlets ; calyx-teeth short, subulate; corolla 1' long, woolly within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely ex- ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell. ?) — Damp or dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. ++ ++ Pedicels viuc/i longer than the calyx, commonlij longer than ike leaves. 8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, 1°-1^° high, much branched; leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1'- 1|^' long ; pedicels filiform, about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, \ as long as the tube ; corolla ^' long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — Var. fili- FORMI8. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger (I' long). — Light soil, Florida to JMississippi, and northward. Sept. 9. G. fllifolia, Nutt. Stem l°-2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club- shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla |' long ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 10. G. parvifolia. Stemrough, striate, 12'- 18' high, the slender branches erect; leaves 4" -6" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob- tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves; calyx- teeth minute, obtuse; corolla ^' long, pale puqile or white. (G. setaeea, var. parvifolia, Benth.?) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying. 21. CASTILLEIA, L. Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the upper lip long, narrow, curved. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 301 laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynaraous stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobcd : anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed hy the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many -seeded. — Herbs, with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng, Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly entire ; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear ; the floral ones 3- lobed, bright scarlet at the summit; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil in the upper districts. June - Aug. (g) — Stem 1 ° - 1 1° high. 22. SCHWALBEA, L. Calyx tubular, oblique, 10- 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arclied, enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 3-lobed : anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. l]. — Stem simple, 1°- 1^° high, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, small. Flowers in a spiked raceme. Corolla 1' long, yellow and purple. 23. PEDICULARIS, L. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2 - 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens ; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-Iobed, with the lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo- late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnatcly divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high); leaves alter- nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit; corolla pale yellow and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate, exserted. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. 1|. — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit- ing spike 3' -5' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-30), smooth, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth crenate ; spike dense ; corolla pale 3'ellow, the upper lip curs'cd, awnless, the lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the mountains of xNorth Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 24. MELAMPYRUM, Toum. Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower rather longer, 26 302 ACANTHACE^. (aCANTHCS FAMILY.) spreading, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the Tipper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells nearly equal, slightly pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule compressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1 - 4-seeded. — Annual herbs, with opposite lan- ceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1. M. American um, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short -petioled ; the upper ones broader and sharply toothed at the base ; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long. Order 92. ACANTHACE^. (Acanthus Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta- mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici- dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved appendages of the placentae. Eadicle inferior. — Stems commonly swol- len between the joints. Synopsis. * Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none. 1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. * ♦ Capsule club-shaped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged. 2. DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular. Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. 3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 4. DICUPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one behind the other. Flowers in leafy -bracted heads or clusters. 1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the lateral lobes njyrower. Corolla salver-shaped or bilabiate, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile : anther-cells parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-bracted. 1 E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downward, entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent ; bracts of the scape alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping ; those of the spike ovate ; corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal ; capsule cylindrical. — Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. 1|. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. ACANTHACE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303 2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. Calyx 2-bractecl, 5-parted, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4- 12-seeded. Seeds borne above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentae. — Perennial herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple. § 1. Calophanes. — Antherlong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers litary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla large, scarlet. — Sandy shores St. Andrew's Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer rk loose and shreddy. Leaves |^' long. Corolla U' long. 27* 318 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 4. C. dentata, n. sp Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, obovate or wedge-shaped, rounded and 2 - 4-toothed at the apex, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the upper lip cmarginate or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower ; upper stamens abbreviated, sterile. — Sand ridges near Aspalaga, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° high. Leaves very numerous, ^' long. 5. C. eanescens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-toraentose ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; cymes very numerous, 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely 3-toothed ; corolla hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy. — Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 10-2° high. Leaves ^' - %' long. Corolla ^' long. U. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed, the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spreading, exserted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex Nutlets smooth. — Smooth annuals, with nan-ow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow- ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple. 1 . D. linearifolia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3 - 9-flowered ; calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia, Ell.) — Diy sandy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, or the uppermost linear; cymes sessile, 5 - 1 0-flowered. — East Florida, Bentham. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the anthers shorter, than in No. L 12. MELISSA, L. Balm. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved and connivent under the upper lip : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1 -sided axillary cymes, and white or yellow flowers. I. M. oflB-Cinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, crenate, trun- cate or cordate at the base; c}Tnes 3-6-flowered, with ovate bracts. — North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 13. SALVIA, L. Sage. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 319 notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobcd, with the middle lobe larger, entire or notched. Stamens 2, short : anther-cells linear, widely separated by tbe elon- gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting. — Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles. * Upper lip of the calyx entire : lower anther-cell wanting. 1. S. azurea, Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 - 12-flowercd ; calyx longer tban the pedicel, the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or blue ; style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1^' - 3' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long. 2. S. urticifolia, L. Stem (l°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6 - 12-flow('red, remote; calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long as the blue and white corolla ; style bearded. Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and broader- winged petioles ; the lower surface, like the taller (4° - 6°) branching stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers smaller. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward : the variety in Middle Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves ovate, mostly acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, petioled ; racemes many-flowered ; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones rather distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi- cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple ; corolla small, twice as long as the calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate, reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem rigid, 1° high. Leaves 1' long, twice as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3" - 4" long. 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base ; branches erect, filiform, pubescent ; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen- der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered ; whorls distant, 2 - 6-flowered ; calyx somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit; corolla very small ; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse. — South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 6" -9" long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No. 3. * * Upper lip of the calyx broad, 3-toothed: lower anther-cell pollen-hearing , but sterile. 5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem-leaves 2 or 4, smaller ; the upper pair lanceolate and entire ; raceme many-flowered ; whorls 6-flowered, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts ; upper lip of the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth ; corolla-tube elongated, 320 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) widening upward, tlic middle lobe of the lower lip dilated and notched. — Var. oiiovATA is less hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the margins. (S. obovata. Ell.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, commonly purple beneath. Kacemes in fruit 6' -12' long. Corolla 9"- 12" long, blue, white- si)Ottcd in the tiiroat. 6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Dry sandy pastures, around Beaufort, Soutli Ciu-olina, Elliott. North Carolina, CuHis ; flowering through the summer. — Root thick, perennial. Stem 1° high. Leaves pubescent on the veins and margins. Bracts cordate-ovate, acuminate, toothed. S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the common Garden Sage. S. cocciNEA, L., is common in gardens, and occasionally spontaneous around dwellings. 14. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mint. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, and oftener ex- serted : anther-cells linear, diverging, confluent. Nutlets smooth, — Herbs. Leaves undivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored. * Upper Up of the corolla linear, acute. 1. M. didyraa, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid ; whorls mostly solitary, terminal; calyx smooth, incurved; corolla large, bright red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem erect, 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1' long. 2. M. flstulosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly hairy at the joints ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, mostly rounded or trancate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly incurved, hispid in the throat ; corolla slender, rose-color. (M. Clinopodia, and M. mollis, L.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -5° high. Leaves smoothish, tomentose, or hispid, l'-3' long. Bracts pale purple. * * Upper lip of the corolla broader, notched. 3. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent ; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole , whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple ; corolla yellowish , the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exserted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves I' - 2' long. 4. M. gracilis, Pursh. Very smooth ; whorls lateral and terminal ; exte- rior bracts linear, ciliate ; corolla short ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate. — Mountains of Carolina, Lyon. — Stem obtuse-angled. "Whorls small, naked. Calyx pubescent, ciliate. Corolla very slender, smooth, yellowish- white. { * ) LABIATE, (mint FAMILY.) 321 15 BLEPHILIA, Raf. Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nerved, beardless in the throat, 2-1 ippcil; the upper lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnlcss or short-awned. Anthers 1 -celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and terminal, the upper ones crowded. 1. B. ciliata, Raf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath ; whorls globose, crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long Corolla ^' long, blue. 2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute; leaves lon£r-pctiolcd, obloncr-ovatp. sen-ate, smooth or hirsute; whorls globose, distinct, or tlie upper ones cio.vdfd, the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate ; corolla slightly pubes- cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching. Leaves thin, 3' - 4' long. Corolla pale blue. 16. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and un- equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or spread- ing, the upper pair longer : anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Erect perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike. 1. L. SCrophularisefolius, Benth. Stem pubescent, leaves petiolcd, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike inteiTupted at the base; calyx-teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. Spikes 4'- 15' long. Bracts ovate. Corolla purplish. 2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth ; leaves petiolcd, ovate or oblong, acute, serrate ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth green, ovate, barely acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish-yellow. 17. NEPETA, L. Catnip. Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending : anthers ap- proximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — Corolla blue or white. 1. N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary -pubescent ; leaves petiolate, cordate-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate ; whorls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a thick dense raceme, the lower axillary ; bracts as long as the pedicel ; calyx- teeth lanceolate-subulate, the upper ones longer; corolla small, white.— Waste grounds, introduced. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 322 LABIATE. (mint family.) 2. N. Glechoma, Bcnth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pnbcscciit ; leaves round-cordate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; whorls in nearly all the ixils, few- flowered ; corolla blue. — Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced. — Stem 4'- 12' long. Leaves 5' - 1' long. Anthers forming a cross. 18. CEDRONELLA, Moench. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the mouth oblique. Corolla dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the upper pair longest anther-cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme. 1. C. COrdata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, bearing long runners ; leaves long-petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish; the floral ones ovate; raceme few- flowered, 1-sided; cymes 1-3-flowered; calyx and pale-blue corolla large. (Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt.) — Shady banks, on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem |^° high, creeping at the base. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1^' long. Plant pleasant-scented. 19. BRUCELLA, Tomn. Self-heal. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, flat above, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad, truncated, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-tube slightly inflated under the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip roundish, arching, entire, the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther-cells spreading. — Herbs, with 6-flowered densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, imbricated, persistent. 1. B. vulgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish; stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong, sen-ate, petioled ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; flowers purple. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Stem 6' -12' high. Spikes thick, lateral and terminal. 20. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper lip furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away at maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, entire or notched, with the small lateral lobes united with its sides, the lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers ciliate, approximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 1-celled, on the longer ones 2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous herbs. Flowers opposite, solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like leaves, rarely in lateral racemes. Corolla blue or white. * Flowers in terminal racemes. ^- Leaves cordate, ovate or oblong, crenate, petioled ; the Jioral ones shorter than the Jlowers, entire. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent; stem stout, branched above; leaves large, long-peiioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate ; the floral LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 323 oncb ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid ; calyx luury ; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. (S. cordifolia, ^flthL) — Dry open woods in the upper districts. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Racemes 3' 6' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long, blue anxl white. Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomcntosc, finely crcnate ; the lowest ones orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (^'-1' long), the floral ones narrower. (S. saxatilis ^ 1 pilosior, Benth. /) — Dry woods, ucur Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. August. 2. S. arguta, Buckley. Stem somewhat procumbent, pubescent; leaves ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, on long pubescent petioles, nearly smooth ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers small. — Black Mountain, North Caro- lina, Buckley. July and Aug. — Stem 8'- 12' long. Leaves 1^'- 2' long, paler beneath, shorter than the petioles. 3. S. canescens, Nutt., var. ? punctata. Stem erect, tomentose, branched above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and strongly veined beneath, resinous-dotted on both sides, short-petioled, the lower ones cordate, the upper and floral ones lanceolate, tapering at the base ; racemes simple, axil- lary and terminal, pubescent, many-flowered ; corolla blue and white. — Dry open woods, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l^-'-2' long, 2-3 times as long as the pubescent petioles. Corolla 8" -9" long. 4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole , the floral ones small, lanceolate ; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1 -sided ; calyx mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods. North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves V -\^' long. Corolla 1' long. ' 5. S. pilosa, Michx. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest rounded at the base, the upper ones abruptly short-petioled, the floral ones spatulate, obtuse ; racemes short, few-flowered ; corolla pale blue. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Co- rolla 8" -9" long. 6 S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo- late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; racemes paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between the Ocmulgee and Flint Kivers, Elliott. May - July. — Stem 20-30 1ugh. Leaves 3'-4i' long, on petioles ^' long. ( * ) M_ H- Upper and floral leaver alike, entire, nearhj arssih'.; the lower broader, petioled, and mostli/ crenate. 7. S. integrifolia, L. Pubescent throughout; stem mostly simple (6'- 12' high) ; leaves small {j'-l' long), lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- ward, sessile; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, the lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few - many- flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Var. major. Stem taller (l°-20 high), branching; leaves larger (l'-2' long) ; the upper oblong, entire, tapering into a petiole, the lower ovate or cor- 324 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) date, coarsely crenate, long-petioled, rounded at the apex. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, blue or white. M- H- H- Leaves all linear and entire ; the lowest hract-like. 8. S. Floridana, n. sp. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branching ; leaves linear, obtuse, entire, sessile, with revolute margins ; the lowest minute and bract-like, the floral ones shorter than the flowers ; racemes loose, few- flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the throat, the nearly equal lips broad and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the base. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, West Florida. July.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long, ^"-1" wide. Corolla r long, deep blue, the lower lip white in the middle. * * Flowers small, in axillary racemes. P S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem elongated, diff'usely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded at the base ; racemes slender, 1 -sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves membra- naceous, 2' - 3' long. Corolla 2" long. # * # Flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. 10. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent; leaves shoit-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places. North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves I'-lj' long. Corolla 7"- 8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted with blue. 11. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined ; flowers small, peduncled. — Kocky woods, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 6'- 9' high. Leaves 4"- 6" long. Corolla blue, 2" - 3" long. 21. MACBRIDEA, Ell. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the two lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by pairs, the cells diverging, hairy within, denticulate on the margins. Nutlets smooth. — Erect mostly simple perennials. Whorls crowded in a dense cone-like terminal head. Corolla large, white or purple. 1 . M. pulchra, Ell. Smooth or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, serndate, dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the floral ones ovate, acute ; whorls 4-flowered ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple, the tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine-barren swamps, Georgia to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Corolla 1^' long. LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 325 2. M. alba, n. sp. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-lanceoLate or oblong, toothed, rounded at the apex narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, obtuse ; whorls 4-flowercd ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, the upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. July and Aug. — Stem 1°- I^o high. Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 4'- 5' long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 22. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets smooth, acutjly 3-angled, — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly simple stems, and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or racemes. 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6' -9' long), oblong, sharply serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute ; corolla 1' long. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L.) — Varies through several intermediate forms, including Dracocephalum variegatum, Vetit., and D. obovatum, Ell., into var. denticulata, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or entire leaves, and smaller (6"- 9" long) flowers in a long loosely flowered spike. — Low ground and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Juue- Aug. ^— Stem 2° - 4° high. Racemes simple or compound. 23. LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell-shapcd, 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of the throat; the lowest lobe large, notched, contracted at the base into a short stalk. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells at length spread- ing. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobcd ; the floral ones clasping, the others long-petioled ; tube of the corolla straight, the lateral lobes truncate ; anthers haiiy. — Cultivated ground and waste places, common. May. @ — Stems 4'- 12' high. Corolla small, purple, often im- perfectly developed. 24. MAKRUBIUM, L. Horehound. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5- 10-toothed; the teeth spiny, mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, included : anther-cells diverging. Lobes of the style short, obtuse. Nutlets obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly perennial herbs, with rugose leaves, and axillary whorls. 28 32G LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 1 . M. vulgare, L. "Woolly ; stems branching at the base, ascending ; leaves pctiolcd, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer than the capitate many-flowered whorls; calyx-teeth 10, recurved-spreading ; corolla small, white. — Waste ground and road-sides. Introduced. — Stems lo_20 high. 25. LEONOTIS, R. Brown. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8 - 1 0-toothcd ; the teeth straight, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped ; the upper lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-clcft, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, trun- cate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whorls in the axils of the upper leaves Flowers yellow or scarlet. 1. L. nepetse folia, R. Br. Annual ; stem tomentose, simple or branched ; leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ; whorls 1 - several ; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. June - Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1° - 6° high. Whorls 1'- 2' in diameter. Corolla 1' long. 26. LEONURUS, L. Motherwort. Calyx top-shaped, .5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread- ing Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther-cells parallel, naked. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate. — Herbs, with incisely lobed leaves ; the floral ones longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long- petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the floral ones wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6 - 15-flowered ; corolla villous, purplish, spotted with bro^vTi in the throat. — • Waste places. Introduced. June - July. 27. STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or lO-nerved, 5-toothed; the teeth equal, or the upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species), spreading in fruit. Co- rolla hairy within, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls in terminal racemes. * Perennial. 1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the lower ones distant; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. (S. hispida, Pursh, S. tenuifolia, Willd.) LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 327 — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1 ^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla purple. 2. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly serrate ; raceme short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, J-^ as long as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine ban-ens, in the middle districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - U° high. Leaves l'-2' long. =* * Annual. 3. S. Floridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate, truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base ; whorls few or numerous, distant, 6- 10-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annua, Walt. ?) — Low grounds. Middle and South Florida. July. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Leaves 1' long, the lowest shorter than the petiole. 28. ISANTHUS, Michx. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cIeft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 -3-flowered axillary peduncles. 1. I. COBruleus, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July -Aug. — Stem terete, 1°- H° high. Leaves 1'- l^^' long, 3-nerved below the middle. 29. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue-Curls. Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ; the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-clcft. Stamens 4, long-exserted, partly coiled : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers on lateral peduncles. 1. T. dichotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Niiff. is a smootlior form, with linear leaves.^— Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and nortlnvard. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 10-2° high. 30. TETJCRIUM, L. Germander. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla: anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 328 BORRAGIXACi:-K. (bORAGE FAmLY.) 1. T. Canadense, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, ■white-velvety beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary spiked raceme, longer than the subulate bracts; calyx bell-shaped. (T. Virginicum, L) — Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. 1|. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long. Flowers purplish. Order 95. BORRAGINACEiE. (Borage Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alternate entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in l-side white spots near the base." Capsule 2-valved. 2. H. quadrivalvis, "Walt. Spiny ; stem ascending from a creeping base, hispid, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent on the veins, tapering into a petiole ; flowers axillary, the lower ones clustered, the upper sol- itary, short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; sta- mens included ; capsule almost 4-celled, by the introversion of the placenta?, 2-valved. — Pools and muddy banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° -3° long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 2. NAMA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included, the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2-cclled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, 2 or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIU.^I FAMILY.) 337 Diffuse, hairy herbs, with alternate, entire leaves, and axillary and terminal sin- gle, clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 1. N. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, aogled or sliglitly winged by the decurrent leaves ; leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, short-pedun- cled ; calyx-lobes linear, ciliate, as long as the corolla ; capsule oblong, splitting loculicidally into 2 valves, and at length septicidally into 4 valves, leaving the 2 placentae free. — South Florida. — Stem 12'- 18' long. Leaves ^'-1' long. Corolla small, purple, ciliate. Capsule 4-angled, smooiu. Order 98. POLEMONIACEiE. (Polemoniu^e Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary or cymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with ineml>ranaccous-mar- gined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-Iobed, convolute or (in Xo. 4) imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 - many amphitropous ovules attached to the cen- tral placenta. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. Tribe L POIiEMONIE JE. —Lobes of the corolla convolute iu the bud. Anther-cells parallel, opening lengthwise. 1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire. 2. GILIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of the corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. S. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted ou the throat of the co- rolla. Leaves pinnate. Tribe II. DIAPEJVSIE^E. — Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. Anther-colls opening transversely. 4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awned at the base. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary. 1. PHLOX, L. Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft, Corolla salver-form, widi a long and slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, unequally inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule ovoid, 1 -3-seeded; the valves at length separating from the central placenta. Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal panicled cymes. § 1 . Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending. * Style long, filiform: calyx-teeth lanr.eolafe-subulate, not aicn-jjointed {excej)t iV* \o. 1 ) • lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. paniculata, L. Smooth; stem tall, branched above ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often cordate; cymes numerous, 2y 338 POLEMONIACE.t:. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) close-flowcrcd, forming a corjmbose or pyramidal panicle; calyx-teeth long, bristle-pointed; lobes of the corolla round -obovatc. (P. undulata, Pursh. P. cordata, A7/.?) — Var. acuminata. (P. acuminata, Pursh.) Leaves acuminate at each end, tlic lower surfixcc, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx-lobes shorter. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, strongly veined beneath, the primary veins uniting within the margins. Corolla purple or white. 2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially above, rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceolate, acute ; the loAvest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and rounded at the base, rougli on the margins ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, form- ing an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx-lobes straight, acute ; tube of the corolla slender, curved ; tlie lobes obovate. (P. pyramidalis, ASinith. P. suavco- lens, .4/^) — Vai*. nitida. (P. nitida, EIL?) Stem rigid, rough; leaves nu- merous, uniform, ovate-oblong, mostly cordate at the base ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem oo - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white. 3. P. Carolina, L. Smooth ; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper ones often rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; panicle corymbose, few-flow- ered ; cal}Tc-lobes lanceolate, short-acuminate. (P. triflora, Mickx.?] — North Carolina, Bent ham. 4. P. glaberrima, L. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending, sparingly branched above ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broader and rounded at the base ; cymes usually 3, terminal, few-flowered ; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla large, with the lobes wedge-obovate, — Moun- tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 5. P. reptans, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem low, slender, simple, bearing long runners at the base. Stem-leaves few, distant, lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the radical ones and those on the runners larger, spatulate or obovate, petioled ; cyme terminal, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, much shorter than the spreading or recurved pedicels ; corolla-lobes obovate, shorter than the slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. — Damp shady woods near "Washington, Wilkes Co., Georgia, and northward along the mountains. May and June. — Stem 6'- 10' high. Leaves 6" - 8'' long, the radical ones l'-3' long. Corolla I' long, purple. * * Sti/Ie sliort, scarcely lonfjer than the ovanj : calyx-teeth linear -subulate, tapeting into an awn-Uke point : lobes of the corolla often notched: stems pubescent. 6. P. divarieata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular; stems ascending from a decumbent base, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, rather acute, mostly rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loosely- flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, as long as the tube, and twice as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and POLEMONIACEiE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 330 northward April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' - 1^ long. Corolla 6" -9" long, pale bluish-purple. 7. P. Walter!. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, erect; the lower ones ai)proximate, the upper distant and often alternate; cymes terminal, compact, leafy-bracted ; corolla-tube longer than the obovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely awned ciliate calyx-teeth. (P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Graij. P. pilosa, Walt., Ell. P. glutinosa, Buckl. ?) Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens, Florida, and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves I' long. Corolla bright purple, sometimes white, the tube 6" - 8" long. 8. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or villous; stem erect, mostly branching; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, spreading, distant, acute, the uppermost rounded at the base ; cymes corymbose, loose-flowered ; calyx-teeth § as long as the tube of the corolla, prolonged into long and spreading bristle-like points, hairy (P. aristata, Midix.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem rather slender, 1° - 1|^° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla ^' long, purple. 9. P. Floridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent; leaves uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved, the upper ones often al- ternate ; cymes crowded or corymbose ; calyx-teeth spreading, somewhat bristle- pointed, glandular-pubescent, |-^ as long as the tube of the large corolla. — Dry open woods, Middle Florida. May. — Stem 1^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla 1' broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire. § 2. Stems shrubby, tufted^ creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils : style short. 10. P. subulata, L. Pubescent; flowering stems erect; leaves very nu- merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx-teeth subulate, erect, spiny-pointed ; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, L. P. Hent- zii, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. Corolla ^'-1' broad, purple or white. P. Drummondii, Hook., is an annual species, common in gardens. 2. GILIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly numer- ous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or compressed. — Herbs, with finely divided leaves, and showy flowers. 1. G. COronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent or hairy, veiy leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into many filiform very acute segments ; flowers scarlet, crowded in a long compound raceme or narrow panicle ; corolla tubular- funnel-shaped, with the oval-oblong obtuse lobes about J as long as the tube ; stamens exserted. (Cantua Floridana, Nutt?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July, i;;^ — Stem 2° -4° high. Corolla 1' long, yellow and spotted with red within. 340 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.; 3. POLEMONIUM, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, declined, inserted equally on the throat of the corolla, with a hairy appendage at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid. Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnatcly divided leaves, and blue or white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb. 1. P. reptans, L. Smooth; stem weak, diffusely branched; leaves peti- oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun- cled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ; anthers white. — Shady mountain woods. South Carolina, and northward. April and May. )\. — Stem ^°- 1° high. Leaflets j'-lj' long. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Calyx 3-bracted, 5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla : anther- cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 5-8 in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping shrub, with ascending very leafy branches. Leaves evergreen, linear, bearded at the base, the upper ones alternate. Flowers solitary, tenninal. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla small, w^hite. 1. P. barbulata, Michx. (Diapensia, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens. North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3'- 6' long. Leaves 2"- 3" long. Order 99. CONVOLVULACEiE. (Convolvulus Family.) Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly showy and fugaeeoiis flowers. — Calyx 5-sepalous, im- bricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-plaited or 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary, free, single or double, 1-4- eelled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. Capsule 2-6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilaginous albumen. Synopsis. Teibe I. CONVOLiVUIiEiE. — Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap- sule opening by -valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose. * Style single. Stigmas globose. 1. QUAMOCLTT. Capsule 4-ceUed, 4-seeded. Corolla (red) salver-shaped. Stamens ex- serted. 2. BATATAS. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens included. CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 341 3. PIIARBITIS, Capsule 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped. 4. 1P0M(EA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-8eeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. SUmena mostly included. * * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical. 5. JACQUEMONTLA.. Capsule 2 celled, 4-secded. Stigmas ovate, flattened. 6. CALYSTEGIA. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. Calyx in- cluded in the membranaceous bracts. * * * Styles 2, separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled. 7. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft. 8. STYLISMA. Styles separate or partly united, entire. Tribe II. DICHONDREiE. - Ovary double. Embryo with cotyledons. Capsule utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping. 9. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle 1-flowered. Tribe III. CUSCUTE.E. — Ovary smgle. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule closed. 10. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2. 1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress- Vine. Sepals 5. Corolla salver-form, .5-plaitefI, with the tube elongated. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube, dilated at the base, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style single : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded. — Twining annual herbs, with cordate entire or pinnatilid leaves, and red flowers, on axil- lary peduncles. 1 . Q. COCCinea, Mcench. Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at the base ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals awncd ; co- rolla slightly lobed, scarlet. (Ipomcea coccinea, L.) — Cultivated ground, in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Corolla 1' long, sometimes yellowish. 2. Q. vulgaris, Chois. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ; peduncles 1 -3- flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward; sepals ovate or oblong, awnless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July - Oct. 2. BATATAS, Chois. Sepals 5 Corolla bell-shaped, the limb .5-plaited, spreading. Stamens slightly dilated at the base, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style simple : stigma globular, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. — Trailing or twining herbs, with entire or lobed leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. 1. B. littoralis, Chois. Smooth and fleshy; stem prostrate, creeping; leaves oval or oblong, cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastatc-lobed, the lateral lobes entire or 2-cleft; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1-flowered; bracts subulate ; sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the tube yellowish. (Convolvulus obtusilobus, Michx.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. May- Sept. Ij. —Leaves l'-2' long. Co- rolla 2' long. B. EDULis, Chois., includes the different kinds of the cultivated Sweet Potato. 29* S42 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 3. PHARBITIS, Chois. Morning-Glory. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated at the base, included. Style simple: stigma globose. Capsule 3-4-celiod, 3- 4-valved, 6 - 8-secded. — Twining herbs, with petioled cordate entire or lobed leaves, and single or cymose blue or purple flowers, on axillary bractcd pe- duncles, 1 . P. hispida, Chois. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ; leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3-5-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue, purple, or variegated. (Convolvulus purpureus, L.) — Around dwellings. In- troduced. June - Sept. 2. P. Nil, Chois. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes acuminate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2- 3-flowered; sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; corolla purple. (Convolvulus Nil, L.) — Cultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Corolla 1^' long, 4. IPOMCEA, L. Morning-Glory. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated at the base, included (except No. 8). Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2 - 4-valved, 4-seeded, or, by abortion, 1 - 3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing rarely erect herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and showy white or purple flowers on axillary peduncles. * Flowers crowded in a leafy-hracted capitate cyme : corolla S7nall, bell-shaped. 1. I. tamnifolia, L. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, somewhat plicate with impressed parallel veins ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; lower bracts longer than the many-flowered heads ; sepals subulate, bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed, somewhat 4-sided. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July - Oct. (1) — Stem 1° -4° long. Corolla ^' long. * * Flowers solitary, orfexo in an open cyme. -*- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves orbicular : stems prostrate. 2. I. Pes-CaprSB, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-A^eined ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, nuicro- nate; tube of the corolla very short. (I. orbicularis. Ell.) — Drifting sands along the coast Florida and Georgia. Aug. - Oct. U — Leaves 2' long. Co- rolla 2' long, purple. •*- -»- Corolla {mosdy small) bell-shaped: capsule hairy: seeds smooth or nearly so: stems slender, twining: leaves petioled, cordate, entire or 3-lobed: stamens included. 3. I. eommutata, R. & S. Stem pubescent or hairy ; leaves thin, cor- date, acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes acute or sometimes CONVOLYULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 343 2-clcft, sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; peduncles 4-anglcd, about as long as the filiform petioles, 1 -5-flowered ; bracts small, subulate ; corolla purple, 4-5 times as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. (I. trichocarpa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, and cultivated grounds, Florida to North CaroUna, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Leaves I'-l^^' long. Corolla lj'-2' long. 4. I. triloba, L. ? Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abniptly atten- uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, with tlie lateral lobes rounded, smooth below, slightly hairy above ; peduncles 3-flowered, longer than the leaves ; bracts subulate ; corolla small, purple, twice as long as the oblong, acute, hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds slightly pubescent on the angles. — South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1^' long. Corolla ^' long. 5. I. lacunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish ; leaves cordate, obtuse or acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves, often shorter than the petioles; corolla small, white, twice as long as the ovate- lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, slightly hairy. — Low grounds, in the middle districts of Georgia, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Ca- lyx and corolla commonly longer than the preceding. ^- -(- -)- Corolla large, funnel-shaped, the tube elongated: capsule smooth : seeds often woolly : stems elongated : leaves cordate, petioled, entire or 3-lobed. 6. I. pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, smoothish ; leaves cordate, acu- minate, but scarcely acute, entire or fiddle-shaped, more or less pubescent above, paler and smooth beneath ; peduncles commonly longer than the petioles, 1-6- flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, the two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, the tube purple within. — Var. HASTATA. Stem mostly prostrate ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; inner sepals acute. — River-banks and margins of swamps, the var. in sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. U — Root tuberous, very large. Corolla 3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. 7. I. Miehauxii, Sweet. Stem pubescent, stout ; leaves membranaceous, deltoid, cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, plaited by the strong im- pressed veins, wavy on the margins, slightly roughened above, hoary-pubescent beneath ; peduncles 1 - ."i-fiowered ; sepals thick, oblong, obtuse, tomentose ; co- rolla pubescent, white tinged with purple, notched at the angles of the limb, and bright purple on the tube within; capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valvcd ; seeds very silky. (I. macrorhiza, J/icAx.) — Light sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, along the coast. July - Sept. % — Root very large. Leaves 3' - 5' long, occa-. sionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' -4' long, opening at night. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled. 8. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones prolonged in a long filiform ap- pendage; corolla white, almost salver-form; the tube very long and slender; Itamens and style partly exserted ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical per- 344 COXTOLVULACE^. (CONYOLYULUS FAMILY.) sistcnt base of the style. (Calonyction speciosum, CJiois.) — South Florida. — Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long, 1 " - 2" in diameter. 9. I. sagittifolia, Bot. Keg. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem slender; leaves sagittate, lanceolate or linear ; the lateral lobes long, spreading, acute ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely bracted ; sepals oval, rounded and purple at the apex, shorter than the ovate 4-valved pointed capsule ; seeds silky on the angles; corolla bright purple. (C. sagitti- folius, 3//c//.r.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. U — Stem commonly 2° -3° long. Corolla 3' long. 10. I. fastigiata, Sweet ? Smooth ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the lobes acuminate; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 -several-flowered, with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate point, on pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Corolla 3' long. 4- -1- -)- -I- Corolla bell-shaped : leaves pedately 1 -parted. 11. I. Sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, shrubby at the base, the branches muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; peduncles shoiter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated up- ward, nodding; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; capsule globose; seeds smooth. (Convolvulus dissectus, Mic/ix.) — South Florida. July- Oct. It — Stem sometimes 40° long. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Corolla 1|' long. 5. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois. Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-plaited. Style single : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4- valved, 4-seeded. — Habit of Ipomoea. 1. J. violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining; leaves petioled, oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly cordate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the 2 outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas oblong, diverging ; capsule smooth, 4-valvcd, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla ^' long. Seeds roughish. 6. CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. Sepals 5, included in the two large membranaceous bracts. Corolla bell- shaped. Style single : stigmas 2, oblong or cylindrical. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Leaves petioled, cordate or sagittate. Peduncles 1-flowered. 1. C. sepium, R.Br. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate, acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles 4-angled, as long as the petioles ; bracts cordate-ovate or oblong, strongly keeled CONVOLYULACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 345 on the back; sepals acute; corolla white or rose-color. (Convolvulus scpium, Z.) — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent; leaves smaller and narrower. (C. Catesbeiana, PA.?) — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and northward. Aug. and Sept. % — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla 1^-2' long. Stigmas oblong-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below. 2. C. spitharasea, Pursh. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the summit : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. May -Sept. % — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 1 ^' - 2' long. 3. C. paradoxa, Pursh. Stem prostrate, tomentose ; leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaf ; bracts remote from the flower, linear ; sepals naked, smooth, acuminate ; corolla large, white. — In Carolina or Vii-ginia, Pursh. ( * ) 7. EVOLVULUS, L. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma olituse. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap- sules nodding. * Common peduncle very short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 1. E. sericeus, Swartz. Silky with appressed hairs throughout, except the upper surface of the leaves ; stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- trate or ascending simple filiform branches ; leaves sessile, linear or linear-lan- ceolate, acute at each end, erect ; peduncle almost Avanting, 1 -flowered, rarely 2" - 3" long and 2 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ^ as long as the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Varies with shorter (4'- 6' long) and more rigid stems, and oblong or elliptical and obtuse leaves. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June -Oct. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Co« rolla 4" -.5" in diameter. * * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 2. E. glabriusculus, Chois. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Corolla 2" wide. 3. E. diffusus, n. sp. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu- merous, filiform, diffuse ; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petiolcd ; peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels ; corolla wheel-shaped, styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 4" - 6'' long. Corolla 2" wide. o4G COXYOLVULACEiE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 8. STYLISMA, Raf. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 1 -4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles whicli are longer than the leaves. 1. S. humistrata. Hairy and roughish ; leaves petioled, oblong, slightly cordate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, mucronate ; peduncles filiform, 1-7- flowered; sepals ovate, acute, smooth, fringed on the margins; capsule smooth, nodding; bracts minute; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united below. — Varies with linear or lanceolate, often acute, nearly sessile leaves, shorter and uniformly 1 -flowered peduncles, and more pubescent sepals. (Convolvulus hu- mistratus, Walt. C. tenellus. Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-3' long. Corolla 10" long. Capsule ovate, commonly 1 -seeded, crowned with a tuft of hairs when young. 2. S. aquatica. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoaiy ; leaves linear-ob- long, obtuse, mucronate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncles 1-7 (mostly 3- ) -flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very silky; capsule erect, pubescent; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla purple; filaments smooth; styles distinct. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept- — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves ^'-1' long. Corolla 5" long. 3. S. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear, ob- tuse, narrowed at the nearly sessile base ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered ; bracts linear, as long as the flower ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedi- cel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly exserted. — Sandy pine barrens, North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 12"- 15" long. Corolla 5" long. 9. DICHONDRA, Forst Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovatc. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-partcd, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubescent creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bractless flow- ers on axillar}' peduncles. 1. D. repens, Forst., var. Carolinensis, Chois. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March -Oct. U— Stems filiform, 6' -12' long. Leaves ^'-U' in diameter, on petioles 1' -4' long. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white. 10. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-um-shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly confluent scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate (in SOLANACE^. ^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 347 our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around fleshy albu- men. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, but early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, without leaves, or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered. * Flowers pedicelled, with few and distant bracts : cahjx 4 - h-cleft : corolla bell- shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. 1. C. arvensis, Be}Tich. Low; flowers small, .5-parted, in loose umbel- like cymes; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or rcflexed, longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often partly exsertcd ; capsule globose, thin, yellowish — Fields and sterile soil, on small herbs, Florida to Korth Carolina. June and July. — Stems 1° high. Flowers the smallest of our species. 2. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stem climbing high ; flowers mostly 5-clcft, in loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, brown. (C. Americana, P«?sA., DC.) — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. 3. C. neuropetala, Engelm. Stem branching ; flowers rather large, 5-parted, in smooth umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 1-nerved, spreading, as long as the tube ; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the tube. — Damp soil, Florida, and westward. May. 4. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high ; flowers large, 5-parted, in umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube ; scales connate at the base; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. * * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : cali/x of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by several similar bracts : corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 5. C. COmpaeta, Juss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu- lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading; scales confluent at the base ; capsule globose-ovnte. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spurally coiled around herbs and shrubs. Order 100. SOLANACEJE. (Nightshade Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axil- lary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persist- ent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5-10-lobed, plaited and valvate, convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores. Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-cellcd (rarely 3 - 5-cellod) many- 348 SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) seeded capsule or berry. Placentae adnate to the partition and projecting into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — Chiefly narcotic poisons. Synopsis. § 1. Fruit a berry. » Corolla -wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped. •*- Anthers connivent. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 1. SOLANTM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. -1- -t- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated. 3. PHYSALIS. B-^rry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. * * Corolla funnel-shaped. 5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. § 2. Fruit a capsule. 6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circumscissile. Capsule spiny. 1. SOLANUM, L. Nightshade. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, ■u'ith the margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, conni- vent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the axils, or above them. * Unarmed: cymes or racemes corymbed : corolla 5-parted. 1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs ; stem erect, branching ; the branchlcts wing-angled, and more or less toothed ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping, small, white; berry black. — Damp soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, diffuse. Leaves 2' -4' long, when in pairs, unequal. Corolla 4" -6" wide. Berry 2" - 3" in diameter. 2. S. Radula, Vahl. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short rigid nasty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short peti- ole; cymes slender, long-pcduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla wliite, deeply parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; anthers hairy. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Cymes 3' -4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 3. S. verbaseifolium, L. Shi-ubby, and honry throughout Avith dense soft stellate hairs ; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acute at each end, entire ; cymes on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers globosc^obovate in the bud ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse , anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. — South Florida. Oct. -Dec — Shrub 4^-50 high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Co- rolla ^' wide SOLANACE^. (XIOIITSIIADE FAMILY.) ^^49 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem shrubby 1 smooth, the branches, like the up- per surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the rather short-pcduncled many-flowered forking cymes; calyx small, obconical, with short rounded teeth ; corolla ])urple ? deeply parted, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers 1^' in diameter. * * Prickly : flowers racemed : corolla mosthj angnlarlij Johed. .5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, angularly lobed or toothed, abruptly contracted into a sliort pet- iole; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straiglit yellow prickles ; racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Var. Flo- RiDANA (S. Floridanum, Dunal) is less hairy; stems ascending from a creep- ing base; leaves narrower, sinuate-lobed or toothed, with more numerous and stronger prickles. — Dry waste places, Fiorida'to North Carolina. June - Sept. U — Stem 1° - U° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 9"- 12" wide, blue or white. 6 S. aeuleatissirQUm, Jacq. Plant beset throughout Avith bristly hairs and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval, membranaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, acutely lobed or toothed ; racemes lateral, slender, 2 - 5-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, white ; anthers acuminate ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Probably introduced from Mexico. June- Sept. ® — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 6" - 9" wide, the lobes recurved. 7. S. mammosum, L. Pubescent with stellate hairs, and the stem, pet- ioles, and nerves of the leaves armed with stout flattened prickles ; stem stout, erect ; leaves large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, slightly cordate ; racemes cymose, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla large, purple, with ovate spreading lobes ; berry conical-ovate. — Road-sides, and waste ground, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. ® — Stem 2°-?P high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co- rolla 1^' wide. Anthers narrowed upward, on slender filaments. Caly.\ unarmed. 8. S. hirsutum, Nutt., not of Dunal. Dwarf, hirsute ; leaves broadly obovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, narrowed at the base, prickly on the midrib ; racemes 3-flowered ; peduncles filiform. — Milledgevillc, Georgia. — Roots pro- fusely creeping. Stem a span high, beset with yellowish hairs. Calyx very rough. Flowers purple 1 ( * ) 5. Pseudo-Capsicum, L., the Jerusale:^ Citerrt, is sometimes sponta- neous near dwellings. S. TUBEROSUM, L., is the Irish Potato, ns it is here called ; S. Melonce- WA, L., the Fgg-Plant; and S. Lycopersicum, L. ( Lycopersicum esculcntum, Mill.) the Tomato. 30 350 soLAXACE^. (nightshade family.) 2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Ked-Pei>per. Calyx cup-shaped, 5 - 7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 7-clcft, plaited. Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted • anthers connivent, opening lengthwise. Stigma ohtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2-3-celled, many- seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red berries. 1. C. frutesoens, L. Shrubby, smooth ; stem branching; leaves oblong- ovate, obtuse, entire, acute or rounded at the base, petioled, often by pairs ; calyx obscurely toothed, long-peduncled, erect ; berry oblong, shorter than the peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers in the forks of the branches. Berry 4" - 6" long. 3. PHYSALIS, L. Ground-Cherry. Calyx .5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or S-atigled. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers separate,' opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped. — Diff'usely branching herbs, with alternate petioled leaves, which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their axils, or in the forks of the branches. * Perennial: peduncles commonly longer than the petiole : corolla 8"- 10" in diam- eter, spotted in the throat with brown or purple. 1. P. viseosa, L. Pubescent or haiiy ; root slender, elongated ; stems erect, at length diff'usely branched, angled ; leaves ovate, entire or angularly toothed, acute or obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy, with triangular-ovate lobes ; corolla pubescent, yellow, with 5 large brown spots in the throat ; style and filaments purple ; anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-anglcd, concave or truncate at the base ; berry globose, viscid. (P. heterophylla, Nees. P. Pennsylvanica, L.) — Dry light or sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Oct. — Stems 5° - 2° high, sometimes purple; the pubescence often viscid, jointed, or rough. Leaves l'-2' long, the uppermost rarely acute and unequal at the base. Corolla obscurely lobed. Fruiting calyx I'-l^^' long. 2. P. laneeolata, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, but often attenuate at the apex, entire, wavy, or coarsely and obtusely toothed on the margins, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calyx pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; corolla 5-lobcd, or some- what 10-lobed or toothed, yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx ovate or globose- ovate, 5-angled. (P. Elliottii, Kunze. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis ?) — Diy sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. July -Oct.— Stem 1° high, erect or diff"use. Leaves l'-3' long. Fruiting calyx I'-lg^' long, smooth or hairy. 3. P. angustifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, erect or .at length diffuse, 3-4-angled; leaves linear or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed gradually at the base into a winged petiole ; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, tomentose on the margins ; corolla yellow, brownish purple in the throat. SOLANACEiE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 351 5-lobe(l , fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, wing-angled, depressed at tlie base. — Low sandy places along the coast. West Florida. July- Sept. — Stem G'- 12' high. Leaves 2' - 5' long, equal at the base, somewhat flesliy. Corolla soiuo times 1' in diameter. Fruiting calyx 9"- 12" long. Anthers yellow. * * Annual: peduncles shorter than the petiole: corolla 4"-G" in diameter, yellow, spotted in the throat with green or brown. 4. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or at length diffusely procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed, long-petioled, slightly unequal at the base, the lower ones often somewhat cor- date ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube ; corolla pale-yellow, 5-toothed, spotted with green in the throat ; filaments smooth ; anthers purple ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, reticulated with purple veins, depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground, Florida, and northward. — July- Oct. — Stem l°-4° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 5. P. pubescens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs, rarely smoothish ; stem diffusely branclied, 4-angled, with one side rounded ; leaves long-petioled, mostly acute, obtusely toothed, wavy-margined, or entire, ovate, and mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base ; calyx-teeth subulate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla bright yellow, 5- or somewhat 10-toothed, brown in the throat ; filaments hairy ; anthers purplish ; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-angled, truncate at the base. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. pruinosa, - Ell. P obscura, Michx.) — Fields and waste grounds, common. July - Oct. — Stems l°-3o long. Leaves l'-2' long. 4. NIGANDRA, Adans. Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 1. N. physaloides, Gairt. — (Atropa physaloides, Z.) — Waste and cul- tivated ground. Litroduced. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with angled branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the throat. Fruiting calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry. 5. LYCIUM, L. Calyx 4-.'>-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens 4-5. anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not en- closed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny slirubs, witli entire alternate or clustered leaves*, and axillary or terminal flowers. 1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, much branched ; leaves small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, purple ; calyx ami corolla 4-cleft; stamens 4, exscrted. — Salt marshes, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Shrub 3° -5° high. Leaves 1^' long. Corolla small, hairy ■ within. Berry red. 352 GENTIANACEiE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 6. DATURA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Tiiorn-Apple. Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-eleft, separating near the base, the upper portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped ; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 . anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, imper- fectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, with petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the forks of the brunches. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice as long as the 5-angled calyx; capsule erect. — Var. Tatula. Larger; leaves often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common. June - Oct. — Stem 10-3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long 2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent; stem stout, branching; leaves ovate, entire or slightly toothed; corolla white, 10-tootlied; calyx loose, terete; capsule nod- ding. — North and South Carolina, CW/s. Introduced. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long, Corolla 6' long. The Petunia, Night-Blooming Jessamine (Cestrum), and Tobacco (Nicotiana), belong to this family. Order lOL GENTIANACE.^. (Gentian Family.) Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, with colorless juice, opposite entire partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. — Calyx 4-1 2-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4-1 2-lobed, convolute, rarely valvate or imbricated, in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1- celled, or imperfectly 2 -4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the valves, septicidally 2-valved. Placentae parietal. Seeds numerous. Em- bryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — Leaves sessile. 1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twisted. Corolla wheel- shaped, 5-12-parted. 2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundish, flat. Corolla tubular, 4- 5-parted. 3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. 4- 5- lobeJ, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 4. BAKTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile Leaves scale-like. 5. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. 6. FRASEHA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gland in the middle. * * Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated. 7. LBINANTIIEMDM Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole. GENTIANACEyE. (gEXTIAX FAMILY.) 3j3 1. S ABB ATI A, Adans. American Centaury. Calyx 5 - 12-parte(i. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 12-partcd, withering-persistent. Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, mostly recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or ohlong, twisted. Capsule glo- bose, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial branching herbs, Willi cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. * Calyx and corolla mostly 5-jKirted. H- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turning yellowish: branches opposite. 1. S. lanceolata, Torn & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and corymbosely branched above, the branches opposite ; leaves ovate or roundish, 3 - 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, clasping ; the upper ones distant, lanceolate, and very acute; cymes large, loosely many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx-lobes. (S.corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1'- 1^' long; the lowest minute. Corolla 10" wide, turning yellowish in drying. 2. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, mucronate, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; cymes very numerous, densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, one third longer than the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem 9' -18' high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Corolla ^' wide. 3. S. maoropliylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; the branches opposite ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasp- ing, 3 - 5-nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as long as the very short bristle-like calyx-lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2^ - 2^° liigh. Leaves 1 V - 3' long. Corolla 5" - 6'-' wide. -f- -t- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple : branches opposite. 4. S. angular is, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately much branched, often from near the base, the branches opposite ; leaves nu- merous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper o;u s acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes.— Low rich grounds, Florida, and northwai"d. Aug. — btcm 1<^- 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 ^' long. Corolla 1 ' wide. 5. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately brnnclied near the summit ; the branches opposite, spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper ones linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose pedunclcd cymes, terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grounds in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2^ high. Leaves V long. Corolla 1' wide. 30* 354 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) H_ 4_ 4- Flowers scattered, on long peduncles, white or purple : branches alternate. 6. S. Elliottii, Stoud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest obovate, the upper linear; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short filifonn calyx-lobes. (S. paniculata, Ell.) — Open pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stems ^^'-1^' high. Leaves 3'' -6" long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide. 7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angIed, erect or reclining, diffuse, the branches 1 -3-flowered ; leaves linear or oblong-lmear, the ui)permost almost filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of tlie corolla obovatc- oblong, rather longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. - - Low grassy pine barrens and meadows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem slender, 1°- 1^ long. Leaves V-l^ long. Corolla 12"- 15" wide. 8. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately branched, tlie brandies elongated ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Peduncles 1'- 4' long. Corolla 1|^' wide. 9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx-lobes. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem G'- 12' high, rigid. Leaves 1' - U' long. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. * * Calyr and corolla 7 - 12-parted : flowers purple. 10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or I - 2-forking, 1 -5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate-oblong and the upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) paned, com- monly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx-lobes. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-l^°high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla U'-3' wide. 11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled; leaves lanceolate-oblong, or the lowest elliptical; flowers single or 3-7 in a terminal capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted ; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Middle Gaox^^xo., Dr. Boykin. — Stem 1° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla U' wide. 12. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slender; lowest leaves lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the others long, linear, sessile ; flowers large, in axillary and tei-minal clusters, or terminal and solitary ; corolla 8-10-parted, 2-3 times as long as the subulate calyx-lobes; anthers straight. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l^'-3' long. Corolla 2' wide. GENTIANACE.E. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 3.35 2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-partcd, sharply 4-5-anglcd; the lobes subulate, keeled. Corolla tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, membranaceous at the base, witiicring- persistent ; the lobes ereet, lanceolate-oblong, acute. Stamens 4-5, partly cxserted, inserted on the middle of the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate, introrse, opening lengthwise. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas round-ovate, thick, at length spreading, with the margins revolute. Capsule oblong, obtuse, 1-celled, the margins of the valves slightly inflexed. Placentae L^pongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous clasping leaves, and panicled showy purple or blue flowers. 1. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (20-3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- lately forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent at the base, the upper ones lanceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminating the branches, blue ; calyx-lobes as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — South Florida. (J) — Corolla 12" - 15" long. 3. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, often with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas 2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary or clustered, axillary and terminal. * Annual: corolla funnel-shaped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile : capsule sessile: seeds wingless. 1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cordate and slightly clasping at the base, 3 - 5-nerv.ed ; flowers 3-5, terminating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather slender, naked in the throat ; Avith ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much longer than the subulate calyx-lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem lo-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Co- rolla 1' long. 2. G. crinita, Froel. Stem terete below, the upper portion and branches 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate- lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of the corolla 4, rounded, fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube ; seeds sculy. — Damp soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 10-2° high, often much branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla blue, 11' -2' long. * =* Perennial: corolla hpll-shaprd, with pJnitrd foofhrd appendages hrtween the lobes: anthers erect, mosthj connivent : capsule pedicelled : seids cummonli/ winged. 3. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or obo- vatc-oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper ones narrower and acute ; flowoi-s iu a dense mostly terminal cluster ; corolla open, yellowish-white, A - i longer 35G GENTIAXACEiE. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) tlian the erect linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the ovate lobes twice as long as the nearly entire appendages; seeds wingless. — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla 1^' long, striped within with green and purple veins. Anthers separate. 4. G. Elliottii. Stem rough and slightly pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rough-margined ; clusters axillary and terminal ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla large, open, bright-blue, lined within with yellow and deeper blue, the erect or spreading ovate acute lobes twice as long as the 2-cleft fimbriate appendages ; seeds lanceolate, nar- rowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbsci, Ell.) — Banks of streams and ditches, in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem 1°- 1|° high. Corolla l^^' long. Flowers rarely solitary. Var. parvifolia. Stem tall (2° high), slender; leaves short {^' -I' long), sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid ; calyx-lobes erect, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; appendages of the corolla broad, unequally 2-clcft, fimbriate. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, Georgia and Florida. — Corolla 2' long. Var. 1 latifolia. Stem low (6' - 12' high), rigid ; leaves (2' - 3' long) mem- branaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end ; calyx-lobes linear, shorter than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally divided into two slender bristle-pointed nearly entire lobes. — River-banks, Middle Florida. — Corolla l'-l|' long. 5. G. Saponaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, rough-margined ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, half as long as the corolla ; corolla light blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse, erect, or converging, longer than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged, covering the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Walt) — Moist woods on the mountains of Noith Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers clustered. 6. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Stem smooth {lo-2° high); leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal ; calyx-lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla (I'long) club-shaped, inflated, closed ; the broad and rounded lobes shorter than the slightly toothed appendages ; capsule at length partly exserted; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sa- ponaria, Frcel.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 7. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stem low, smooth, l -flowered; leaves linear, fleshy ; calyx-lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, bright blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. — Varies with the corolla, green without and white within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. and Dec. — Stem 4'- 10' high. Corolla 2' long. 4. BARTONIA, Muhl. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas sessile. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner surface GENTIANACEiE. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 357 of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like sul>u!atc leaves, and white flowers. 1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) simple or sparingly branched, suc- culent, fcw-tlowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as the oblong or obovate obtuse spreading white lobes of the corolla ; anthers oblong ; capsule roundish. (Centaurella verna, il/i'c/ix.) — Damp pine barrens near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. - April. 2. B. tenella, Muhl. Stem (6' -12' high) branched; the branches, like the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect, acute; anthers globose ; capsule oblong-lanceolate. (Centaurella paniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers much smaller than in No. I. 6. OBOLARIA, L. Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A low spar- ingly branched perennial herb, with opposite wedge-obovatc leaves, and single or clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers. 1. O. Virginica, L. — Rich shady woods, South Carolina, and northward. March and April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' -8' high. Branches generally 3-flowered. 6. FEASERA, Walt. American Columeo. Calyx 4-partcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-partcd, the lobes each with a de- pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. Style persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, winged, l)orne on the margins of the valves. — Tall and smooth perennial herbs, with wliorled or opposite sessile leaves and branches, and cymes of greenish-yellow flowers, disposed in a large terminal panicle. 1. F. Carolinensis, AValt. Stem (3° - 8° high) erect ; leaves and branches mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate; panicle pyramidal; corolla-lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla 1' wide. Root large and bitter to the taste, 7. LIMNANTHEMUM, Grael. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes infolded in the bud, ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Stylo short or none : stigma 2-Iobed, persistent. Capsule 1 -celled, opening irregularly. Seeds few or many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic licr]>s, with floating circular or cor- date spongy leaves, and white peduucled flowers clustered near the summit of the long petiole. 358 APOCYNACE^. (dogbane FAMILY.) 1. L. lacunosum, Grlseb. Leaves (l'- 2' wide) cordate, entire, smooth; petioles (6' -12' long) filiform ; seeds smooth. (Villarsia cordata, Eli) — Shal- low ponds, Florida, and northward. June and July. 2. L. trachysperrQUm, Gray. Leaves (3' -5' wide) circular, crenate, rough and pitted beneath; petioles stout, dotted, elongated; seeds glandular- roughened. (Villarsia trachyspcnna, EIJ.) —Ponds in deep water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April- June. Order 102. APOCYNACE^. (Dogbane Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire exstipu- late leaves, and regular cymose or panicled liowers. — Calyx free, 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers mostly sagittate, erect, introrse. Pol- len granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles united. Fruit few - many- seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, naked, or bearing a tuft of down at the apex {comose). Embryo straight in scarce albumen. Synopsis. * Fruit a many-seeded follicle. ^- Seeds comose. Leaves opposite. 1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. Herbs. 2. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Twiniug shrubs. 3. ECIIITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted above the base of the corolla. M- ■\- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate. 4. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate. 5. YINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite. * * Fruit a few-seeded drupe. 6. VALLESLi. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cymes. L APOCYNUM, Tourn. Indian Hemp. Calyx 5-parted, Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Follicles long and slender. Seeds numer- ous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite oval or oblong mucronate petioled leaves, and small white flowers in lateral and termi- nal cymes. 1. A. cannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval or oblong, mncronate, pubescent beneath ; cymes terminal, close-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. glaberri- APOCYNACE.E. (dogbane FAMILY.) 359 MUM. Smooth throughout; leaves narrower, often acute at each end. — Dry or (lamp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla 2" long. 2. A. androssemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading hranches ; leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi- nal, long-peduncled, commonly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube of the white or pale rose-colored corolla; lobes of the corolla spreading or revolute. — Rich soil, North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2' -3' high. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1. 2. PORSTERONIA, Meyer. Calyx .5-parted, mostly glandular at the base within. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, without appendages. Filaments slender, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers linear-sagittate. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united thickish glands. Stigma simple or 2-lobed, 5-angled. Follicle slender. Seeds linear- oblong, comose. — Twining shrubs, with opposite petiolcd leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal cymes. 1. F. difibrmis, A. DC. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, naiTowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent when young ; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves ; flowers greenish. (Echi- tes difformis, Walt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May- Aug. — Stem twining, 10°- 15° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 4" long. Follicles 6' -9' long. 3. ECHITES, P. Browne. Calj'-x 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at the base within. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the tube mostly elongated, and dilated above the in- sertion of the stamens. Filaments very short : anthers sagittate, bearing the pollen, and adhering to the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united glands. Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membra- nous appendage at the base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong, comose or plumose. — Erect or twining shrubs, with opposite ■ leaves, and cy- mose axillary and tenninal mostly fragrant flowers. 1. E. umbellata, Jacq. Smooth; stem twining; leaves distant, oval, mucronate, slightly cordate, short-petioled, parellel-veined ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate; corolla salver- form, the cylindrical tube (2' long) slightly dilated above the insertion of tho stamens, four times as long as the rounded spreading lobes, pubescent within ; anthers awnless ; stamens inserted near the middle of the tube. — South Florida. — Leaves l7'-2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white ? 2. E. Andrewsii. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; loaves approx- imate, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, the margins revolute ; peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-subulate ; tube of the corolla much dilated above the insertion 360 APOCYXACE.E. (dOGBAXE FAMILY.) of the stameTi?!, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the ovate spreading lobes ; anthers tapering into a long bristle-like awn ; glands of the nectary 5, rounded, as long as the ovaries. (E. suberecta, Andr. Neriandra suberecta, A. DC.) — Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 10-2° high. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Tube of the corolla 1' long, ^' wide. 4. AMSONIA, Walt. Calvx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, bearded within. Sta- mens inserted above the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, obtuse. Stigma globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane. Follicles slender. Seeds in a single row, terete, truncated at each end, naked. — Erect branching perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small pale blue flowers in a terminal panicle. 1. A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. Stem smooth, branching above ; leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla slender, smooth, or woolly above, many times longer than the minute calyx ; follicles spreading. (A. latifolia, Michx. A. salicifolia, Piirsh.) — Swamps and wet banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-4' long, often slightly pubescent beneath. Panicle open or contracted. Follicles 4' -6' long. 2. A. ciliata, Walt. Stem hairy, at length much branched above ; leaves very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, fringed on tlic margins; corolla smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem at length 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla pale blue or white. Follicles more slender than those of the preceding. 5. Vl'NCA, L. Periwinkle. Calvx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, thickened or angular at the throat, the narrow tube hairy within. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments. Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries. Style slender : stigma thick, with an inverted cup-shaped membrane at the base. Follicles 2, linear, erect. Seeds oblong, rough, naked. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite short-petioled leaves, and axillary mostly solitary showy flowers. 1. V. rosea, L. Shrubby, pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; leaves ob- long, rounded at the apex, mucronate ; flowers solitary or by pairs, nearly sessile; lobes of the corolla white or pale rose-color, obliquely obovate, mucro- nate, shorter than the downy tube ; a row of hairs at the throat and another on the tube below. — South Florida, and in the streets of Apalachicola, probably introduced. Flowering through the summer. 6. VALLESIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : anthers cordate-ovate, longer than the slender filaments. Nectary none. Ovaries 4-ovuled. Stigma club-shaped. Drupe mostly solitary, ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 3G1 obovoid, 1 - 2-seccled. Seeds naked, club-sliaped, furrowed. Eadiclc thick, inferior. — Shrubs. Leaves altcmate. Cymes long-peduncled, opposite the leaves. 1 V. chioeoccoides, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, short-pctioled ; cymes forking, spreading, as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla linear, shorter than the tul)C, hairy within ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed, globose below the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Corolla 3" long. Drupe 4" long, 1-seeded. Order 103. ASCLEPIADACE^. (Milkweed Family.) Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, entire commonly opposite leaves without stipules, and umbellate or cymose flowers. — Ca- lyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, mostly valvate in the bud, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments united in a tube {gynostegiwii) which encloses the ovaries, and bears appendages of various forms, which are collectively termed the stamineal crown. Anthers erect, 2 - 4-celled, expanding above into a thin membrane. Pollen united in flattened waxy pear-shaped masses, which are equal in number to the cells of the anthers, and fixed to the five an- gular processes of the stigma by a slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal. Styles 2, the thick and fleshy stigma common to both. Fruit a follicle. Seeds anatropous, imbricated on the thick and at length free placenta, and commonly bearing at the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo straight in thin albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. Tribe I. ASCIiEPI ADE^. —Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes of the flat or conical stigma, peAdulous. ♦ Stamineal crown single, 6-leaTed. M- Lobes of the corolla reflexed or spreading. 1. ASCLEPIAS. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage. 2. ACERATES. Leaves of the crown without appendages. H- •(- Lobes of the corolla erect. 3. PODOSTIGMA. Stigma long-pedicelled. Corolla smooth, wavy. Stem erect. 4. METASTELMA. Stigma sessile or pedicelled. Corolla downy within. Stems twining. * * Stamineal crown single, 5-lobed. '5 SEUTERA. Stigma conical. Crowti deeply 5-parted. 6. CYNOCTONUM. Stigma flat. Crown crenately 5 lobed. * * # Stamineal crown double. 7- SARCOSTE>DIA. Outer crown annular ; the inner one 6-leaved. Tribe II. GONOIiOBEiE. — Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the depressed stigma, horizontal. 8. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate. 31 SG2 ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) I- 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MiLKAVEED. Silkaveed. Calyx 5-partc(l. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage. Pollen-niasscs 10, hy pairs, each pair occupying the contiguous cells of adjacent anthers, and suspended hy a slender stalk from the projecting angles of the stigma. Follicle many-seeded. Seeds obovatc, flat, usually comose. — Perennial herbs, with mostly simple (not twining) stems, and opposite alternate or whorled leaves. Flowers in lateral (between the leaves) and terminal umbels. § 1. Stems herbaceous : seeds comose. * Follicles spiny : leaves opposite. 1 . A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, erect, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oval-oblong, short-petioled, mucronate, soon smooth above, the lowest somewhat cordate ; umbels numerous, many-flowered, long-peduncled ; corolla greenish-purple, one fourth as long as the pedicels ; leaves of the crown pale purple, ovate, obtuse, longer than the incurved horn ; follicle ovate-oblong, woolly, armed with soft spines. (A. Syriaca, L.) — Fields and road-sides, New Berne, North Carolina, Croom, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high, sometimes branched. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Pcdicels'l' - 1^' long, purplish. Corolla ^' wide. * * Follicles spineless. -f- Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, narrowed into a petiole. 2. A. phjrtolaceoides, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler and minutely pubescent beneath, membranaceous; umbels long-peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels filiform, drooping, nearly as long as the peduncle ; corolla pale greenish ; leaves of ihe crown Avhite, truncated, 2-toothed, shorter than the subulate incurved horn. — Low grounds along the mountains, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Pedicels 2' -3' long. 3. A. purpurascens, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled, paler and pubeseent beneath ; umbels 1-2, terminal, peduncled, many-floAvered ; pedicels half as long as the peduncle, and twice as long as the dark purple corolla; leaves of the crown oblong, abruptly contracted above, twice as long as the incurved horn and nearly sessile gynostegium. — Thickets and borders of woods, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 7' long. Pedicels 9" -15" long, pu- bescent. 4. A. variegata, L, Stem stout, leafless below, pubescent in lines ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, cuspidate, smooth on both sides ; umbels 3-5, pubes- cent, closely flowered, the upper ones corymbose ; pedicels erect, as long as the peduncle ; corolla white ; leaves of the crown I'oundish, longer than the purplish gynostegium, equalling the thick awl-pointed incurved horn. (A. nivea, Pursh.) — Dry open woods and borders of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Mav and June — Stem 2° - 3° high, purplish. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' long. Peduncles 9"- 12" long. ASCLEPIADACE^. (siILKWEED FA3I1LY.) 3C3 5. A. incarnata, L., var. pulclira. Hairy; stem erect, brancliin;^ ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile; umbels numerous, somewhat corymbose, long-peduncled, often compound; pedicels erect, much shorter than the peduncle ; corolla small, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown flesh-color, ovate, as long as the slender incurved horns, and twice as long as the short-stalked gynostegium. (A. pulchra, Willd.) — Swamps in the upper dis- tricts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. . <» 6. A. tomentosa, Ell. Pubescent or villous; stem stout, very leafy; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, undulate, somewhat hoary beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; umbels 4 - 10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-flowered ; pedicels three times as long as the large greenish corolla; leaves of tlic crown obovate, truncated, shorter than the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed erect horn. {A. aceratoides, M. A. Curtis.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem l°-4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, thick, on rather slender petioles. Pedicels 1' long. Corolla ^' wide. Follicles lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long. 7. A. obovata, Ell. Tomentose ;' stem stout, very leafy; leaves thick, oblong-oval or obovate, cuspidate, undulate ; the midrib, like the short (2" long) petiole, very thick and prominent ; umbels nearly sessile, closely 10 - 14-flowered ; the stout pedicels barely twice as long as the large yellowish-green corolla ; leaves of the crown purplish, twice as long as the gynostegium, and equalling the incurved horn ; follicle tomentose. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves and flowers as large as those of the preceding. -t- -t- Leaves opposite, lanceolate or linear, narroived into a petiole. 8. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves long, narrowly linear, distant, spreading; umbels 3-6, commonly longer than the leaves, 5 - 7-flowered, the slender drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle ; flowers small, purple without, ash-color within ; leaves of the crown obliciuely tnmcated, 2-toothed at the inner angle, shorter than the gynostegium, longer than the thick horn ; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June -Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, I" wide, somewhat glaucous; the uppermost often minute. Corolla 3" -4" wide. Follicle 3' -4' long. 9. A. viridula, n. sp. Stem slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves linear, erect; umbels shorter than the leaves, 6-12-flowered, the erect or spreading pedicels as long as the peduncle ; corolla small, yellowish-green ; leaves of the crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate hom, and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine-barren swamps, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10' - 15' high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. 10. A. paupereula, Michx. Stem smooth, tall; leaves elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-margined, the upper ones small and re- mote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 6- 10-flowcred ; pedicels pubescent, about as 364 ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) long as the peduncle ; corolla deep red ; leaves of the crown ohlong, erect, bright orange, more than twice as long as the subulate incuiwed horn and the short-stalked gynostegium ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. CoroHa 3"-4" long. 11. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, branching, slightly pubescent, leafy to the summit ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; umbels corymbose, long-peduncled, 8-10-flowered, pubescent; pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; corolla scarlet ; leaves of the crown bright orange, oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter than the thick in- curved liorn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April -I^ov. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 3" long. -)--»--(- Leaves opposite, ovate or ohlong, more or less cordate, nearly sessile. 12. A. rubra, L. Smooth; stem simple, naked at the summit; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, very short-petioled ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile, few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute, purplish, barely longer than the subulate incurved horn, and twice as long as the short-stalked gynostegium; follicle smooth. (A. laurifolia, Mc/jx.) — Wet pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. June - July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 13. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem erect; leaves oblong, undulate, mucronate, coi'date and partly clasping at the base ; umbels 1-3, lateral and terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-purple ; leaves of the crown truncated and somewhat toothed at the apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. June- july. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, the midrib very broad. Corolla- lobes 3" long. Pedicels pubescent. 14. A. amplexicaulis, Michx, Smooth and glaucous ; stem declining, very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at the base, veined Avith white; umbels 3-6, lateral and terminal, many-flowered, the smooth and slender pedicels shorter than the peduncle ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the crown oval, obtuse, white, longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight horn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems several, l°-2° long. Leaves 4' -5' long, the midrib broad and prominent. 4- -(- -1- 4- Upper and longer leaves mostltj opposite, the middle ones ivhorled. 15. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent; stem slender, simple , leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, contracted into a petiole, pale beneath ; umbels 2-5, many-flowered, the slender peduncle longer than the pedicels ; corolla pale-pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the gynostegium and stout honi. — Mountains of Carolina, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 3G5 16. A. verticillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl ; umbels several, small, the peduncle and pedicels nearly equal ; corolla greenish ; leaves of the crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods and fence-rows, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Follicle smooth. 4- -t- H- -t- -1- Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite. 17. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched above, very leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, acute, short-petioled ; umbels numerous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish-orange ; leaves of the crown bright orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gynostegium, and rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Lighi dry soil, common. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° long. , 18. A. Miehauxii, Decaisne. Pubescent ; stems several, short, prostrate ; leaves linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile or peduncled ; flowers gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate, spreading, as long as the subulate horns, and longer than the gynostegium ; follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longifolia, Ell.^ Michx. in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - May. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Follicle 4' -5' long. Flowers fragrant. § 2. Stem shrubby : seeds mostlij naked. 19. A. perennis, "Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler beneath; umbels 5-7, long-peduncled, pubescent, the upper ones corym- bose ; corolla small, white ; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the needle-shaped, erect horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. (A. parv'iflora, Pursh. A. dehilis, Michx.) — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Caro- lina. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. , 2. ACERATES, Ell. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Othenvise like Asclepias. * Leaves opposite. 1. A. viridiflora, Ell. Pubescent; stem stout, simple; leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate, acute, obtuse, or cmarginate, undulate, short- petioled ; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly sessile, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, as long as the sessile gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1 o - 1 io high. Leaves 1 ^' - 2^' long. 2. A. COnnivens, Decaisne. Stem stout, simple, pubescent a1)ovp ; .eaves nearly sessile, erect, mucronate, the lower ones approximate, oblong or oblong- obovate, the upper more distant, smaller and lanceolate; umbels 3-6, 6-9- flowered, the stout peduncle and pedicels nearly equal, pubescent; flowers largo, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, incurved, twice as long as the gynoste- 31* 366 ASCLEPIADACEiE. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) gium, with their rounded summits connivent over it. — Wet pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. June and July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, some Avhat fleshy. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. * * Leaves alternate. 3. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Closely pubescent ; stem angular, often brandling ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, short- pctioled ; umbels corymbose, often compound ; corolla large, greenish, spread- ing or nearly erect ; leaves of the crown oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than the nearly sessile gynostegium. (Podostigma viridis. Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem 1°- 1^° high, leafy to the summit. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 1' Avide. 4. A. longifolia, Ell. Pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves linear and linear- lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly petioled, rough-margined, the lowest com- monly opposite, sometimes whorled ; umbels pubescent, slender-peduncled, many-flowered, alternate, opposite or whorled ; flowers small, pale purple ; corolla reflexed ; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter than the gy- nostegium, and adnate to its stalk; follicle lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longi- folia, Michx. in part.) — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 4" wide. 3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, with the lobes erect. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn, ascending, incmwed-beakcd at the apex, united with the base of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. Seeds comose. — A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with opposite lanceolate sessile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles. 1. P. pubescens, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves erect, l'-2' long. Umbels of 4 - 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" - 5" long, as long as the pedicel, longer than the short peduncle, the oblong lobes wavy on the margins. Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long, many-seeded. Seeds oval, winged. 4. METASTELMA, R. Brown- Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the lobes mostly hoary -pubescent within. Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gynostegium. Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twining shnibs, with smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white. 1. M. Schlectendalii, Decaisne. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong or obovate, cuspidate, rather acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, as long as the petiole, shorter than the pedicels ; sepals obtuse, ciliate ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, incurs'-ed, densely pubescent within; leaves of the crown oblong, inserted on the summit of the slender gynostegium, as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves ^' - 1|' long, the margins rev- olute. Corolla 2" long. Gynostegium 5-winged at the base. ASCLEPIADACEiE. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 367 2. M. parviflorum, R. Brown. Herbaceous'? stem very slender, pubes- cent in lines ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, drooping ; umbels sessile or short-peduncled, 4 - G-flowered ; sepals smooth, acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex, veiy jiubescent within; leaves of the crown inserted on the base of the sessile gynos- teo-ium, linear, erect, exceeding the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6"- 8" long. Corolla 1 " long. 3. M. Fraseri, Decaisne. Branches slender, pnl)esccnt in lines ; leaves oval or round-ovate, mueronate ; umbels sessile ; i)ediecls sliort, smooth ; lobes of the corolla ovate, acute, thickish, pubescent on the margins ; leaves of the crown linear, as long as the corolla, longer than the gynostegium. — In Caro- lina, Eraser. ( * ) 5. SEUTERA, Reich. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow acute smooth lobes. Crown simple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of the sessile gynostegium ; the lobes ovate, flattened. Stigma conical, longer than the anthers. Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, with fleshy linear drooping leaves, and long-peduncled umbels of greenish flowers. 1. S. maritima, Decaisne. (Lyonia, Ell.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches twining around rushes and saline grasses. Leaves 2' long. Peduncles com- monly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, imbricated in the bud. Lobes of the crown obtuse, as long as the stigma. 6. CYNOCTONUM, Meyer. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Stamincal crown simple, enclosing the base of the sessile gynostegium, 5-lobcd or 5-crenate. Anthers membranaceous at the apex. Stigma flattish. Follicles linear, spreading or reflexed. Seeds comose. — Perennial or shrubby twining plants. Leaves mostly cordate. Umbels lateral. 1. C. '^ SCOparium. Stems much branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, linear, cuspidate, tapering into a petiole, smoothish ; um- bels nearly sessile, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, pubescent like the pedicels ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceo- late, obtuse ; crown crenately 5-lobed, shorter than the gynostegium ; follicles very slender, widely spreading ; seeds linear, wingless. (Cynanchum scoparium, Natt.) — Dry rich soil, near the coast. West Florida to Key West. — Leaves ^'-1' long. Flowers green, less than a line long. Follicles 1' long. 7. SARCOSTEMMA, R. Brown. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Crown double ; the exte- rior forming a ring at the base of the corolla; the interior longer, 5-leaved Stigma pointed, notched. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Erect or 3G8 OLEACE.E. (olive FAMILY.) twining slirubs. Leaves often cordate. Flowers yellow or white, in lateral umbels. 1 . S. crassifolium, Decaisne. Stem smooth and twining ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, mucronate, rounded at the base; peduncles stout, 8 - 12-flowere(l, 2-3 times as long as the leaves and pedicels ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading ; the outer surface, like the calyx and pedicels, pubescent ; leaves of the inner cro^^^l oval, rather exceeding the stigma and anthers. — South Florida. — Leaves somewhat fleshy, 9"- 12" long. Corolla 3" wide. Ovary villoua. 8. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla Avheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the corolla, Gynostegiura flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft spines Seeds comose. — Twining herbs, with opposite petiolate cordate leaves, and yel lowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels. 1. G. macrophyllus, Michx. Hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading, unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull-purplish, conical in the bud ; the lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; folli- cle strongly ribbed. — Low thickets, Florida, and northward. July and Aug, — Leaves 2' - 6' long, 2. G. flavidulus, Chapm. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly acute ; umbels about as long as the petioles ; corolla yellowish-green, ovate in the bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft spines. — Light rich soil, Florida, and northward, — Leaves 4' -6' long. 3. G. prostratUS, Baldw. Stem dividing at the base into many divari- cate branches, 6'- 12' long, hairy; lower leaves often reniform, the upper cordate, generally acute, all slightly hairy on both sides, and ciliate ; umbels axillary, 3-flowered ; flowers small, purplish ; petals ovate, obtuse ; follicles oval, smooth. — Sand-hills near the Altamaha River, Georgia, Baldwin. ( * ) Order 104. OLEACE7E. (Olive Family.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and perfect polygamous or ditEcious flowers. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-7. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each cell. Style single or none. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo straight, in hard albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. OLEIIVEjE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers with both calyx and corolla Leaves simple, entire 1. OLEA. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes. 2. CHIONANTHUS. Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes. OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) SCO Tribe II. PRAXIHTE^. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetaJous. Leaves pinnate. 3. FRAXINUS. Flowers in lateral and terminal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want- ing. Trees. , Tribe III. PORESTIERE^. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, aputa- lous. Leaves simple. 4. FORESTIERA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs. 1. OLEA, Tourn. Olive. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobcLl. Stamens 2. Style short. Stigma globose or 2-lobcd. Drupe mostly 1-scedeil, oily. — Trees or shrubs, Avith opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant flowei-s, in axillary racemes or panicles. 1. O. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, nar- rowed into a petiole ; racemes compound, shorter than the leaves ; flowers polygarao-dioecious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — Light soil, near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large as a pea, bitter and astringent. 2. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-Tree. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-partcd, witli long and linear lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short : stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and delicate white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves. 1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Shi-ub 6° -10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a petiole. Panicles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender drooping pedicels. Corolla-lobes linear, 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple. 3. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asii. Flowers dioecious and (in our species) apetalous. Calyx 4-lobcd or toothed, minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter than the large anthers. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit (samara) dry, winged above, 1 -2-sceded. Co- tyledons elliptical. Radicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, deciduous. * Fruit naked and terete or barely margined and 2-edged at the base, winged al)Ove : leaflets 7-9, stalked. 1- F: Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit terete, striate, dilated at the apex into a cuncate-lincar or lanceolate obtuse or notched wing, (F. acuminata and F. juglandifolia, Lam.) — Swamps, Florida to Mis- 370 OLEACE^. (OLIYE FAMILY.) sissippi, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Fruit 1J-' long. '4- F. pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, briglit green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flattish and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilated upwards into a long lanceolate and often notched wing. (F. tomentosa, Miclix.) — Swamps, Florida and north- ward. March and April. — A small tree. 3. F. viridiSj Michx. (Greex Ash.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides ; fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. * * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion : leajlets 5-9, short-stalked. 4. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when young pubes- cent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Tennessee, and north- ward. May. 5. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Water Ash.) Branchlets terete, smooth or pubescent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often pubes- cent beneath ; fruit broadly winged, oblong-oboA'ate or oblong with a tapering and acute base, sometimes 3-winged. (F. triptera and F. pauciflora, Nutt.) — Deep river-swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. 4. FORESTIERA, Poir. (Adelia, Michx.) Flowers dioecious or polyg-amous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none. Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of im- bricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3-7. Fertile flowers peduncled. Styles slender. Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded, black or blue. — Slirubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, greenish, pre- ceding the leaves. 1. F. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the margins entire and revolute ; drupe short-ovoid. — Coast of East Florida, Michauz, Leitner. 2. F. ligUStrina, Poir. More or less pubescent ; the branchlets rough- ened with fine tubercles ; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovate- oblong, mostly obtuse, sen-nlate (I' long), contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 3. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous or slightly pubescent when young ; branchlets sometimes spinescent ; leaves membranaceous (2' - 3' long), ovate- lanceolate or ovate and tapering-acuminate at both ends, somewhat serrulate, slender-petioled ; drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — Wet grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and northwestward. AlUSTOLOCniACEiE. (bIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 371 Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a. calyx only, or alto- getlier wanting. Order 105. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. (BiRxnwoRT Family.) Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and entire leaves, and solitary peduncled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx adherent to the 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the styles : anthers adnate, extrorse. Fruit G-celled, few - many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. ASARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. Calyx regular, 3-lobed. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the style, and usually prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, open- ing irregularly — Aromatic perennial herbs, with creeping stems, long-petioled cordate or kidney-shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. § 1. AsARUM. — Calyx hell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, S-parted : Jilaments free or nearly so : stigma 6-lobed. — Leaves deciduous. 1. A. Canadense, L. (Wild Ginger-root.) Pubescent ; leaves 2, kid- ney-shaped; calyxdobes acuminate; filaments as long as the style. — ^Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Flowers short-peduncled, purple within. § 2. Heterotropa. — Calyx inflated, nearly free from the ovary, 3-clef : flla- ments united with the ovary : styles 6 : stigmas 2-cleft. — Leaves evergreen, smooth, mottled. 2. A. Virginicum, L. Leaves round-cordate ; calyx inflated-bell-shaped, widi rouncled lobes; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Leaves single or 2-3 together, 2' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles, greenish without, dull purple within. 3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate; calyx pitcher-shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-cleft. — Shady woods in the lower dis- tricts, Florida to North Carolina. March and April — Leaves 3'- 4' long, auriculate at the base, long-petioled. Calyx 1' long, distinctly peduncled, con- tracted above the middle, dark purple within. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. Calyx tubular, commonly bent and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 6. ses- sile, adnate to the 3 - 6dobed or angled stigma. Capsule 6-valvcd. — Erect or 372 NYCTAGINACEJ2. (fOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, cordate at the base. Flowers long- peduncled, axillary, or near the base of the stem. * Low herbs. .1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stems single or clustered, pubescent, zigzag and leafy above ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate to linear-lanceolate, cor- date or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the stem, on bracted spread- ing peduncles ; calyx tortuous, 3-lobed, dull purple. (A. hastata, Nittt.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Calyx shaped like the letter S. * * Woody vines : capsule oblong, six-angled, 3' - 4' long. 2. A. Sipho, L'Her. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordate, slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, with a roundish clasping bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading brownish- purple border obscurely 3-lobed. — Eich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 6'- 12' broad. Calyx shaped like a Dutch pipe, 1|' long. 3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent; leaves cordate; peduncles opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish rugose unequally 3-lobed border reflexed, thickened and dark brown at the nearly closed throat. — River-banks, Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- lina, and westward. May. — Stem very long. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Calyx similar in shape to the preceding, but smaller. Order lOG. NYCTAGTNACE^. (FouR-o'cLOClt Family.) Herbs or shrubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, petioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla, tubular-bell-sbaped or funnel-shaped, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuIed ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the upper por- tion deciduous. Stamens 1 -several, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, round- ish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or branclied. Achenium enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often glandular base of the calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious mealy albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy, liadicle inferior. Synopsis. * Flowers surrounded by a calj'x-like involucre. 1. OXYBAPIIUS. Involucre open, membranaceous, 5 lobed. Herbs. * * Flowers without an involucre. 2. BOERIIAAVIA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled Herbs. 3. PISONIA. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs. 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Flowers perfect, 1 - 5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped 5-lobed involucre. Calyx-tube very short; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous. NYCTAGINACEJE. (fOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 373 Stamens 3, exserted. Style slentkr : stigma capitate. Achcnium enclosed in the indm-ated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color. 1. O. angUStifolius, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base ; the upper ones distant, acute ; flowers loosely panicled ; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4"- 5" long, whitish, veiny. 2. O. albidus, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular, pubes- cent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough ish ; peduncles oppo- site, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base of the calyx 5-6-angled, almost hispid. (AUionia albida, Ell.) — Near Columbia, S. C, Elliott. 2. BOERHAAVIA, L. Flowers perfect. Involucre none. Calyx-tube cylindrical or obconical, 5- ribbed; the limb colored, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 1-4: anthers minute, roundish. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Embryo folded.— Annual herbs, with diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded leaves. Flowers small, in soUtary or panicled clusters. 1. B. erecta, L. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth, tumid at the joints ; branches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate, often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dot- ted with black beneath ; clusters 3 - 5-flowered, in ample panicles ; stamens 2 ; fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' long Flowers small, purple. 2. B. hirsuta, Willd. Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubes- cent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins ; clusters 3 - 6-flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle ; flowers minute ; calyx- limb hairy at the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs gland- ular-viscid. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 3. B. Viscosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ; branches opposite ^ leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary, 2-clcft, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers capitate, minute ; stamens 3 ; fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1'- 1|-' long. 3. PISONIA, Plum. Flowers dioecious. Involucre none. Calyx 5- or 10-toothcd, funnel-shaped in the sterile flowers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted : 32 374 PHYTOLACCACE^. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) anther-cells distinct. Style mostly lateral : stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or ribbed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around the albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly rose- colored flowers in corymbose cymes. 1. P. aculeata, L. Spiny; stem smooth; branches widely spreading; leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, smooth ; cymes terminal, peduncled, pubescent, many-flowered ; calyx of the sterile flower 10-toothed; stamens?; fruit club-shaped, 10-striatc, and beset with 5 rows of shining viscid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines short and recurved. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. P. obtusata, Swartz. Smooth, spineless ; leaves oblong, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base, short-petioled, revolute on the margins, rigid ; cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered, the branches horizontal ; fertile calyx 5-cleft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many-fur- rowed, glandless ; capsule truncate. — South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2' long, light brown beneath. Flowers 1"- 2" long. Order 107. PHYTOLACCACEJE. (Pokeweed Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and apetalous S-bracted racemed or spiked flowers. — Calyx composed of 4 - 5 nearly equal sepals, more or less united at the base, unchanged in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the sepals and alternate with them, or numerous, free, or united at the base ; sterile ones none : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary simple or compound. Ovules amphitropous or campylotropous, solitary, erect. Styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit of 1 -many carpels. Albu- men copious or none. Embryo annular, rarely straight. Kadiele inferior. Synopsis. Suborder I. PETIA^'EEIE^. Fruit simple. Cotyledons convolute. Leaves stipulate. 1. PETIVEUIA. Fruit an achenium with reflexed spines at the apex. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. 2. RIVINA. Fruit a berry. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. Suborder IL PHYTOLACCEiE. Fruit compound. Cotyledons flat. Leaves exstipulate. 3. PHYTOLACCA. Fruit a berry, composed of numerous carpels arranged in a circle. 1. PETIVERIA, Plum. Calyx 3-bracted, 4-parted, herbaceous. Stamens 4-8: anthers linear. Ovary simple, 1 -celled. Ovule single, erect, amphitropous. Stigma many- cleft. Achenium wedge-shaped, compressed, 2-lobed at the apex, each lobe CHENOPODIACEiE. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 375 armed with 2-3 reflexed spines. Albumen almost none. Embryo straight. Cotyledons unequal, convolute. — Shrubby tropical plants, with entire stipulate leaves, and small greenish flowers in an elongated and slender spike. 1. P. alliacea, L. — South Florida. — Stem 20-3° high, closely pubes- cent. Leaves 3' -4' long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole, pubescent beneath. Spikes filiform, single or by pairs, 6'- 12' long. Calyx-lobes linear, incurved at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Achenia erect, ap- pressed to the rachis, with two spines at each lobe. Stipules subulate, minute. 2. RIVINA, Plum. Calyx remotely 3-bracted, 4-parted, colored. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary simple. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Berry nearly globose, at length dry. Embryo forming a ring around the copious albumen. Cotyledons somewhat leafy, convolute. — Shrubs, with alternate minutely stipulate petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts deciduous. 1. R. humilis, L. Closely pubescent; stem with spreading branches; leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, tapering but obtuse at the summit, on long filiform petioles ; racemes slender, longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes obovate, pale rose-color ; berry rounded, compressed. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves l'-3' long. Flowers and berries 1"- U-" long. 3. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokew-eed. Calyx 3-bracted, 5-parted ; the lobes petal-like, rounded. Stamens 5 - 2.5, the filaments subulate : anthers elliptical. Ovary compound. Styles .5 - 12, short, distinct, recurved at the apex, stigmatic within. Fruit a depressed globose berry, containing .5-12 one-seeded indehiscent carpels united in a circle. Embryo forming a ring around the central albumen. Cotyledons linear. — Erect branch- ing herbs, with entire petioled leaves. Flowers in racemes opposite the leaves. 1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers white, turning purplish; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — Margins of holds and uncultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. % — Boot large. Berry black. Order 108. CHENOPODIACE^. (Goosefoot Family.) Unsightly herbs, with exstipulate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and tlie characters mostly of the preceding family ; but the green calyx often becoming succulent in fruit, 5 (rarely 1-2) stamens opposite the sepals, a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, two short and spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, and the embryo forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled with little or no albumen. 376 CHENOPODIACE^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Synopsis. Tribe I. C YCIiOIiOBE,^. — Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. 1. CIIENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal, rarely vertical. 2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted, of the fertile flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts. Radicle inferior. 3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior. 4. SALICORNIA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the leafless stem. Tribe II. SPIROLiOBEJE. — Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen. Seed horizontal. 5. CHEXOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, not keeled. Leaves terete, fleshy. 6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny. 1. CHENOPODIUM, L. Pigweed. Goosefoot. Caljrx 5- (rarely 3-4-) parted, bractless, the lobes mostly keeled. Stamens 5, the filaments filiform. Styles 2-3, distinct, or united at the base. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the globose or 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal (rarely vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring around the copious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, with alternate leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in panicled spikes. ^ Annuals. 1. C. Boseianunij Moq. Stem erect, WMth angular branches; leaves small, spreading, lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, or the lower ones some- what toothed, more or less mealy and whitened beneath ; spikes loose, leafy ; seed acute on the margins, slightly roughened, shining, enclosed in the acute- angled calyx. — Carolina, Bosc. — Stem slender, 2° high. Leaves 5"- 12" long, on petioles 2" - 3" long. Calyx-lobes elliptical-ovate, acutish. 2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched, slightly furrowed ; leaves ascend- ing, rhombic-ovate, acute at the base, toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate and entire, more or less coated with a white powder; spikes panicled; the small clusters scattered or crowded, nearly leafless ; seed enclosed in the .5-angled calyx, acute on the margins, smooth and shining. — Varies (C viride, L.) with nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 6° high. Petioles long and slender. 3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate- rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed not shining, acute on the margins, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste places, Florida, and northward. — Stem 6'- 18' high. 4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat pinna- tifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse and glandular-pubescent, the upper ones minute ; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cyraose ; seeds with rounded CHENOrODIACEiE. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 377 raargins, not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — Waste places, Columbia, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. — Stem C- 12' high. * * Perennial. 5. C. Anthelminticum, L. (Worm-Sefd ) Stem stout, erect, branch- ing ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; flowers in narrow panicles terminating the branches ; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds, Florida, and north- ward.— Stem 2° -3° high. 2. ATRIPLEX, L. Orache. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or the fertile flower destitute of a calj^x, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic sep- arate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo forming a ring around the copious mealy albumen, Kadiclc inferior. — Herbs, commonly coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener has- tate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 1. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched ; leaves petioled, com- monly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like the Ijranches, more or less scurfy; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhomboidal, cntu-e or toothed below,, smooth or muricate within. (A. patula, El I.) — Sea- shore, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June -Sept. — Stems l°-2° long 3. OBIONE, Gsertn. Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated bracts more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, and the radicle superior. 1. O. arenaria, Moquin Plant coated with silveiy scales ; stem branch- ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, tapering into a petiole, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, wavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile ones in axillary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly toothed knobs at the sides. (Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. (i)-^Stem l°-2° high. Leaves I'-l^' long, 2 O. cristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green; stems diffusely branched; leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath ; bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and with 2-4 roundish knobs at the sides.— Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem lo-l.V° high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Flowers clustered. 4. SALICORNIA, Toum. Samphire. Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and sur Pr7 * 378 AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) rounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens 1-2. Styles united below. Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — Smooth and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers three together ; the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute. 1. S. herbacea, L. Annual ; stem erect, much branched* the joints thickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to the summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 2. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrubby, prostrate or creeping ; tlie branches herbaceous, erect ; joints truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2-tootlied ; spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the uppermost approximate, sessile, the lateral ones pedun- cled. — Sandy marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Stem 2° -3° long, the branches 4'- 6' high. 5. CHENOPODINA, Moquin. Flowers perfect, bracted. Calyx 5-pai-ted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete alternate leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. 1. C maritima, Moquin. Annual; stem diff'usely much branched; leaves linear, acute ; calyx-lobes obtuse, keeled ; stamens exserted. — Low sandy places along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers minute. 6. SALSOLA, L. Salt^vort. Flowers perfect, 2-bracted. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes at length transversely winged. Stamens 5, slightly united at the base. Style slender : stigmas 2. Utricle flattened at the apex, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo conical- spiral. Albumen none. — Saline plants, with alternate and fleshy leaves, and axillary flowers. 1. S. Kali, L. Smooth; stem spreading, ascending; leaves subulate, spine- pointed, like the ovate bracts ; flowers solitary ; calyx-lobes connivent, with the dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. (S. Caroliniana, Walt.) — Sandy shores, Georgia, and northward. Aug. ® — Stem 1° - 1|° high. Order 109. AMARANTACE.IC. (Amaranth Family.) Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous searious- bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or heads. — Sepals 3-5, free, or united at the base, scarious, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united below, often with AMARANTACEJE, (aSIARANTH FAMILY.) 370 sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-cclled, introrse. Ovary single, ovate, compressed, 1 - many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-3. Utricle closed or circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around tlio central albumen. Synopsis. TRrnE T. CEIiOSIE^. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovulcd. 1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the base. Utricle circumscissile. Teibe 11. ACHYRANTHEiE. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter- nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none. ♦ Utricle circumscissile. 2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5. * * Utricle indehiscent. 3. EUXOLUS. Flowers all aUke, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3-5. 4. AMBLOGYNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the pistillate flower 5-parted, funnel-shaped. 5- SCLEROPUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3. Fruiting pedicels indurated and deciduous with the fruit. 6- ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none. Stamens 5. Tbibb III. GOMPHRENEiE. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. Stamens united below. 7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments none. 8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a cup. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like. 9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments clefl or fimbriate at the apex. 10. FRCELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila- ments entire. 1. CELOSIA, L. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens .5, united at the base into a cup. Sterile filaments none. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated. Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smooth lierbs or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or panicles. 1. C. paniculata, L. Stem shrubby, erect; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, abruptly petioled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas 3 ; utricle many-seeded. — South Florida, Dr. Blod(jetL Leaves 2' long. Seeds minute, lenticular, shining. 2. AMARANTUS, Toum. Amaranth. Flowers polygamo-moncecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, rarely 3, smooth, erect. Stamens 5 or 3, free. Sterile filaments none : anthers oblong, 2-celled. Style none: stigmas 2-3, slender, spreading. Utricle 1 -seeded, ovate, 2-3-toothed at the apex, circumscissile, commonly included in the calyx ; pericarp mostly membranaceous. Radicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, with erect or dif- 380 AMAKANTACEiE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) fuse stems, alternate mostly petiolcd entire mucronate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or clusters. Bracts longer than the sepals. * Flowers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3. 1 . A. albUS, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth ; leaves small, long-petiolcd, oblong-obovate, A-ery obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. May- Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves ^'-l' long. * * Flowers {green) crowded in terminal and axillary spikes: sepals and stamens 5 : leaves long-petioled. 2. A. clllorostach.ys, Willd. Stem erect, fuiTowed, pubescent ; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, short-mucronate, the veins beneath, like the petiole, pubescent ; spikes \cy\ numerous, foi-ming a long leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarcely half as long as the subulate bracts, shorter than the rugose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, twice as long as the petiole. 3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, branching ; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, notched, or tapering at the apex, long- mucronate, the pale veins prominent beneath ; spikes numerous, paniclcd, the terminal one elongated, the lower axillary ones short and roundish , sepals ob- long, acuminate, rather shorter than the subulate bracts, and equalling the slightly nigose utricle. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. 4. A. spinosus, L. Smooth ; stem stout, succulent, often purplish ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, long-petioled, often blotched with purple, spiny in the axils ; terminal spike elongated, bending, the lower axillary ones short, and roundish; sepals, bracts, and rugose utricle nearly equal. — Fields and waste places, Florida, and northward. July -Oct. — Stem l°-30 high. 3. EUXOLUS, Eaf. Chai'acters chiefly of Amarantus ; but the somewhat fleshy utricle indehiscent, and the (green) sepals longer than the bracts. 1. E. lividus, Moquin. Stem erect, branched, succulent, green, red, or purple ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse or notched at the apex ; spikes dense-flowered ; the terminal one longest, acute, with several shorter ones crowded near its base, the lowest axillary ones much shorter than the petiole ; sepals 3, shorter than the roundish acute rugose utricle, and 3 times as long as the bracts. (Amarantus lividus, L.) — South Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. ® — Stem 10-3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 6' long AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 381 2. E. pumilus, Raf. Stem low, somewhat fleshy; leaves small, mostly crowded near the end of the branches, ovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers in small axillaiy clusters ; sepals 5, half as long as the ovate ol)SCurely 5-ribbcd utricle. ( Amarantus pumilus, Nutt.) — Sandy sea-shore, South Carolina, and northward Aug. and Sept. 4. AMBLOGYNA, Eaf. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers 3-sepalous, triandrous. Pistillate flowers round-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with spreading spatnlatc scarious lobes, enclosing the indehiscent utricle. Otherwise like Amarantus. 1. A. polygonoides, Raf. Stem slightly pubescent, slender, branching from the base ; leaves small, rhombic-ovate or obovate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded in axillary clusters, shorter than the petiole ; bracts subulate ; calyx of the pistillate flowers twice as long as the bracts, with a finely ribbed tube, and a spreading white border ; utricle ovate, rugose above, 3-cleft at the apex. — South Florida, (i) — Stem 1°-U° long. Leaves |'-1' long. 5. SCLEROPUS, Schrad. Flowers moncecious, 3-bracted, triandrous. Calyx 5-sepalous. Utricle inde- hiscent. Staminate flowers solitary, sessile in the upper axils. Pistillate flowers clustered in the lower axils, on flattened pedicels which become indurated, and foil away with the mature fruit. Otherwise like Amarantus and Euxolus. 1. S. crassipes, Moquin. Smooth; stem erect, branching; leaves obo- vate, obtuse, notched, tapering into a slender petiole ; clusters shorter than the petiole ; sepals much longer than the strongly keeled bracts, spatulate, obtuse, enclosing the granular-roughened utricle. — South Florida, (i) — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. 6. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of the staminate flower 5-sepalous, of the pistillate flower none. Stamens 5, free. Sterile filaments none : anthcr-cclis united only in the middle. Stigmas 3-5, spreading, shorter than the 1-ovuled ovary. Utricle fleshy, 3 - 5-angled, indehiscent. Seed obovate. Radicle infe- rior. — A smooth marsh annual, with long lanceolate alternate entire leaves, and thin scarious white flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. 1. A. australis, Gray. — Marshes and river-banks, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem stout, branched, 2° -8° high. Leaves long- petioled, 3^-6' long, obtuse or acuminate. Spikes cylindrical, panided. Sepals pointed. Bracts of the pistillate flowers subulate. 7. IRESINE, Browne. Flowers perfect or dioecious, o-bractcd. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united into a cup at the base. Sterile filaments none : anthers 1-celled. ovate. Style very 382 AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) short: stigmas 2-3, slender. Utricle roundish, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. Seed vertical, lenticular. Eadicle ascending. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and scarious glossy flowers, disposed in single or panicled spikes or heads. § 1. PiiiLOXERUS. Flowers perfect, crowded in axillary and terminal heads. 1. I. vermicularis, Moquin. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate or creeping ; leaves club-shaped, fleshy, semi-terete ; heads mostly sessile, ovate or globose, at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse ; flowers white ; sepals obtuse, longer than bracts, the two exterior ones woolly at the base. — Sandy sea-shores. South Florida.— Stems 1° -2° long. Leaves j'- 1' long. Heads 3" -8" long, mostly terminal and solitary. § 2. Iresixastruji. Flowers dioecious, disposed in loosely-panicled spikes. 2. I. diffusa, H. & B. Stem erect, somewhat 5-angled, smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, slightly denticulate-ciliate on the margin, smooth ; panicle narrowly p}Tamidal, much branched ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, straw-color ; sepals 3-nerved, smooth, acute, twice as long as the ovate bracts ; rachis slightly pubescent. (I. celosioides, Ell. ?) In Florida, Michaux. Saline marshes. South Carolina, Elliott. — Stem. 2° -3° high. Leaves 1^' -2' long, the upper ones lanceolate. Branches of the panicle alternate. 8. ALTERNANTHERA, Mart. Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, smooth or villous. Sta- mens 5, united into a short cup at the base. Sterile filaments minute, tooth-like : anthers 1-celled. Style short : stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed vertical, lenticular. Eadicle ascending. — Herbs. Leaves op- posite. * Flowers dioecious : heads or spikes loosely panicled : stigma 2-lobed. 1 . A. flaveseens, Moquin. Stem erect, smooth, furrowed, simple or spar- ingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, rough- ish with short scattered hairs, short-petioled ; panicle oblong, the branches alter- nate, nearly leafless ; spikes oblong, lengthening, straw-color ; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, nerveless, smooth, twice as long as the ovate persistent bracts ; those of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-nerved nearly to the apex ; the pedicels clothed with long white wool. — Margins of fields, Middle Florida. July -Sept. ® — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, the upper- most alternate and lanceolate. Panicle 8'- 12' long. Sterile filaments tooth- like, minute. * * Flowers perfect : heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered : stigma capitate : stems prostrate. 2. A. Achyrantha, R. Br. Stems forking, pubescent ; leaves smoothish, oval or obovate, narrowed into a petiole ; heads dense, oval, white ; sepals lance- olate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the two inner ones much smaller ; sterile filaments subulate from a dilated and obscurely denticulate AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 383 base, as long as the fertile ones. (Achyranthes repcns, Ell.) — Along roads and places much trodden, Florida to South Carolina. June - Oct. \— Stems C - 12' Ions:. Leaves 1' lone:. 9. TELANTHERA, R. Brown. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect. Stamens 5, united into a tube below the middle. Sterile filaments elongated, flattened, fimbriate at tlic apex : anthers 1-celled, oblong. Style short: stigma capitate. Utricle indchisccnt, 1 -seeded, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Radicle ascending. — Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers capitate. * Calyx sessile, the 3 exterior sepals longer : heads sessile or nearly so. 1. T. polygonoides, Moquin. Stem erect or prostrate, pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate, hairy ; heads sessile, roundish, single or 2 - 3 together, axillary and terminal : sepals thin, ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the bracts, the outer ones 3-nerved, woolly at the base ; sterile filaments as long as the fertile ones, 3 - 4-cleft at the apex. — ' On the coast of South Carolina, Moquin. 2. T. maritima, Moquin. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate, branching, angled ; leaves wcdge-obovate, very obtuse, mucronate ; heads roundish or ob- long, axillary and terminal, dull straw-color, rigid ; flowers crowded, 3-anglcd ; sepals smooth, rigid, ovate, acuminate, 5-ribbed, with the margins membrana- ceous, one third longer than the ovate keeled bracts ; sterile filaments longer tlian the fertile ones, 4-6-cleft at the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Heads 4" -6" long. * * Calyx raised on a short b-angled pedicel ; the sepals nearly equal, cylindrical, hairy : heads long-peduncled. 3. T. Floridana, n, sp. Shrubby; stem slender, elongated, forking, remotely jointed ; the young branches and leaves roughened with appressed scattered hairs \ leaves distant, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, acute or ucuminate, tapering into a short petiole ; peduncles terminal and in the forks, 4-6 times as long as the leaves ; heads white, ovate ; sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute, 3-5-nerved, hairy, 2-3 times as long as the ovate acute bracts; sterile filaments longer than the fertile ones, 5-6-cleft; utricle crowned with a narrow toothed margin. — South Florida, along the coast. — Stem 2° - 4° long Leaves r long. 4. T. Brasiliana, Moquin. Herbaceous, rough-hairy; the young loaves and branchlets hoary ; stem erect, forking ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, tapering into a short petiole, longer than the internodes, rather shorter than the slender peduncles ; heads and flowers as in No. 3 ; utricle crowned with a narrow entire margin. — South Florida. — Stem apparently tall. Leaves 2' -4' long. 10. FRCELICHIA, IMcench. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, indurated and spiny-crcstcd in fruit. Stamens 5, united into a long tube. Sterile filaments entire anthers 384 POLYGONACE^. (liUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) sessile. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Utricle indeiiiscent, 1-scedcd, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Radicle ascending. — AYooily or haiiy annuals. Leaves opposite. Spikes opposite, and terminating the naked peduncle-liko summit of the stem. 1. F. Floridana, Moquin. White-tomcntose or woolly ; stem erect, sim- ple or branched ; leaves varying from linear to oblong ; spikes ovate or oblong, lengthening with age ; bracts mostly blackish, shorter than tlie woolly calyx ; style short ; stigma capitate ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, compressed, toothed along the margins, and minutely tubercled at the base. (Oplotheca Floridana, Nidt.) — Dry sandy places, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem ^°- 3° high. Spikes solitary, few, or numerous. Order 110. POLYGON ACE^. (Buckwheat Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or (tropical) trees, with simple . mostly alternate and stipulate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 3 - 6-cleft, or 3 - G-sepalous, persistent. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the calyx : anthers 2-ceUed. Ovary single, 1 -celled, with the solitary ortho- tropous ovule erect from the base of the cell. Styles 2-3, distinct or partly united. Fruit (achenium) lenticular or 3-augled, rarely ovoid. Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen. Kadicle pointing upward. — Stipules sheathing, annular, or wanting. Synopsis. Suborder I. POLYGONE^. Involucre none. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-sepalous. Stamens 4 - 9 (mostly 5-8). Ovules sessile. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen, rarely straight in its centre. Stipules sheathing. * Calyx 5-sepalous, the inner sepals erect, mostly enlarged in fniit. 1. RUMEX. Calyx green, often grain-bearing. Stigmas many-cleft. 2. POLYGONELLA. Calyx corolla-like. Stigma entire. * * Calyx 5-sepalous, the sepals all erect, unchanged in fruit, free from the achenium. 3. POLYGONUM. Sepals entire. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. 4. TIIYSANELLA. Inner sepals fimbriate. Embryo straight at the side of the albumen. * * * Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and fleshy in fruit, and partly united with the achenium. 5. COCCOLOBA. Achenium ovoid or globose. Trees. Suborder II. BRUNNICHIEiE. Involucre none. Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and indurated In fruit. Stamens 8. Ovule borne on a slender stalk. Embryo at the margin of the albumen. Stipules none. 6 BRUNNICIIIA. Pedicels winged in fruit. Climbing shrubs. i POLYGONACEJE. (bUCKWHKAT FAMILY.) 38j Suborder III. ERIOGONEiE. Flowers surrounded l)y an invo- lucre. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Ovule sessile. Embryo included in scarce albumen. Stipules none. 7. ERIOGONUM. Involucre 5-toothed. Woolly or silky herbs. 1. KUMEX, L. Dock. Flowers perfect or dicecious. Calyx herbaceous, 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes spreading or recurved, the inner ones (valves) mostly enlarged in fruit, and enclosing the 3-angled achenium, often bearing grain-like prominences on the outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Styles 3 : stigmas many-cleft. Achenium 3-angled. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. — Herbs, with aUcr- nate leaves, smooth truncated sheaths, and small green flowers in racemed or pauicled clusters. * Flowers perfect or polygamous. -<- Valves entire. 1. R. crispus, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, wavy-crisped, acute at both ends, or the lowest truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and long petioled, the uppermost linear ; panicle leafy at the base ; whorls crowded in fruit ; valves broadly cordate, obtuse, one or all grain-bearing, — Waste ground around dwellings, Florida, and northward. June and July. 1]. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. 2. R. verticillatUS, L, Smooth ; lowest leaves oblong, obtuse or cordate at the base, flat, the others lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, looso- flowered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves ovate, obtuse, rugose-veined, each bearing a large grain, which is half as wide as the valve. (R Britannicus, J5J//.) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. May and June. H. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1^° long. 3. R. Floridanus, Mcisner. Smooth ; stem stout, branching ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, dense-flowered ; pedicels a1)out twice as long as the valves, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves deltoid- ovate, obtusely pointed, each bearing a narrow grain, which is much narrower than the reticulate valve. — Deep river-swamps, West and Soudi Florida. June. U — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves i° - 1 ^ long. 4. R. sanguineus, L. Lowest leaves oblong, cordate, acute or obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute, obtuse or cordate at the base, wavy-margined ; ])an- icle leafless ; lower whorls distant ; pedicels very short ; valves oblong, lonjfer than the pedicel, one only prominently grain-])eariiig. — Around Cbarleston, Elliott. New Berne, (7?-oom. Introduced. June and July. Ij.— Stem 20-3° high. Lowest leaves large, variegated with red veins. •*- •*- Valves toothed or bristly on the manjins. 5. R. obtusifolius, L. Stem roughish ; lowest leaves large, ovate-oblonqr, cordate, mostly obtuse, the middle ones oblong, the uppermost laiu-eolate, acute at each end; panicle large, leafy below; lowest whorls scattered, the upjier somewhat crowded; valves triangular-ovate, toothed near the base, nearly as 33 386 POLTGONACE^. (bUCKAVIIEAT FAMILY.) long as the slender rccnrvcd pedicels, one or all more or less prominently crain- bearing. (R. divaricatus, Ell.) — Waste ground, around dwellings. Introduced. June - Aug. % — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 1 ° - 1 p long, 6' - 9' wide, slightly crenate, and wavy on the margins. 6. R. pulclier, L. Branches rigid, spreading ; lowest leaves cordate- oblong, somewhat fiddle-shaped, the upper lanceolate, acute ; whorls remote ; valves longer than the thick pedicels, ovate-oblong, rigid, strongly toothed, more or less prominently grain-bearing. — Around Charleston, Elliott. Introduced. June and July. 7. R. maritimus, L. Pubescent ; stem low, diffusely branched ; leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lower ones somewhat cordate or hastate at the base, the upper linear ; whorls compactly crowded in leafy spikes ; valves small, bristly on the margins, nearly covered by the large grain. (R. pcrsicarioides, L.) — Sea-shores, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (i) — Stems 6' - 12' high. Spikes yellowish. * * Flowers dioecious. Herbs with sour juice. •*- Calyx not enlarged in fniit. 8. R. Acetosella, L. Root creeping; stems low, erect or ascending; leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, entire or hastate-lobed ; panicle slender, leaf- less; whorls scattered, few-flowered; valves ovate, grainless, appressed to the achenium. — Old fields and sterile soil, common. June and July. 14. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves and flowers small. ■*- -t- Inner calyx-lobes dilated in fruit. 9. R. hastatulus, Baldw. Stems clustered, erect; leaves glaucous, lance- olate or linear, or the lowest oblong, entire or hastate-lobed ; whorls few-flowered, scattered, or the upper ones crowded ; valves round-cordate, entire, membrana- ceous, reticulated, red or white, grainless. — Dry sands, along the coast and in the middle districts, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long, the upper ones mostly entire. 2. POLYGONELLA, Michx. Flowers perfect ordioeciously polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply .5-parted or 5-sepalous ; the three inner sepals mostly enlarging and enclosing the 3-angled achenium, glandless. Stamens 8 : anthers roundish. Stigmas 3, ca})itatc. Em- bryo straight, or nearly so, in the centre, or at one side of the mealy albumen. — Srnooth and commonly glaucous herbs or shrubs, with slender branching stems, small alternate leaves, and small flowers in spiked racemes. — Sheaths smooth. Bracts imbricated, top-shaped, mostly 1 -flowered. Pedicels nodding in fniiL § 1. EurOLYGONELLA. Filaments all olilce, suhulute : stigmas nearly sessile: Flowers diaciously polygamous : embryo in the centre of the albumen. 1. P. parvifolia, Michx. Shrubby and diffusely branched at the base; leaves wedge-shaped or linear-spatulate, vertical ; those on the sterile shoots im- bricated ; sheaths obliquely truncate, pointless ; racemes short, very numerous, somewhat crowded in an oblong or corymbose panicle ; bracts truncate ; flowers POLYGON AC E.E. (bUCKAVUEAT FAMILY.) 387 white, yellownsh, or rose-color ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves orbicular, equal, longer than the ovate achcnium. — Dry sandy soil, near tiic coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Racemes j'- 1' long. 2. P. gracilis, Meisner. Annual; stem tall and slender, paniculately branched above ; leaves remote, wedge-oblong, obtuse, often wanting ; sheaths truncate, pointless : racemes slender, scattered, forming a large and spreading panicle on the sterile plant, more crowded on the fertile ; bracts truncate ; flow- ers white or pale rose-color, the fertile ones greenish ; sepals all erect ; valves oval or elliptical, unequal (the interior longer), shorter than the ovate-lanceolate acuminate achenium. (Polygonum gracile, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° liigh. Leaves 1' long. Racemes linear, l'-3' long. 3. P. brachystachya, Meisner. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves linear, tapering from the obtuse apex to the base ; sheaths obliquely truncate, somewhat pointed ; panicle compound, leafy ; racemes short, oblong, nearly ses- sile ; bracts truncate ; exterior sepals keeled, reflexed ; valves oval, strongly 1-nerved, longer than the rhomboidal achenium, nearly equal. — South Florida. Branches straight, 1° - H° long. Leaves 3"- 5" long. Racemes ^' long. 4. P. Croomii, n. sp. Stem shrubby at the base ; branches slender ; leaves very small, narrowly linear, obtuse, crowded or imbricated on the sterile shoots ; sheaths obliquely truncate, subulate-awned ; racemes slender, scattered in an open oblong panicle ; bracts of the filiform rachis obliquely truncate, pointed ; flowers minute, white ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves unequal, the 2 exterior roundish, the interior oblong, longer than the rhombic-ovate achenium. — In Carolina or Georgia, probably in the middle districts, Croom. — Stem apparently 1°-1|^° high. Leaves 2" -3" long. Racemes 3" -5" or the sterile ones at length 9" long. 5. P. ciliata, Meisner. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple ; leaves subulate, very acute, sheaths fringed at the throat with a few long bristles ; panicle simple, short, leafy at the base ; spikes nearly sessile, filiform ; bracts minute, pointed ; pedicels very short; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading longer than the achenium. — South Florida, near the Manatee River, Ruyd. — Stem 2° high, slender. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. ^ 2. GoNOPYRUM. Filaments unlike, the 3 interior dilated at the base : styles manifest: flowers perfect: embryo at one side of the albumen. 6. P. Meisneriana, Shuttl. Stem shrubby, much branched ; leaves mi- nute, filiform, obtuse ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes long, forming small panicles at the end of the branches ; bracts loose, oblique, with tlie points spread- ing ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves equal, roundish, often emarginate, longer than the ovate acuminate achenium ; three interior filaments inversely sagittate below the middle. — Alabama, Ruc/el, and near Macon, Georgia. — Stem 1° - 2° high, with filiform branchlets. Leaves numerous, 2" -3" long. Fruiting spikes rigid, 1'- 2' long. Valves largest of all. 3SS POLYGOXACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 7. P. artieulata, Meisner. Annual ; stem much branched, slender ; leaves narrowly liucar, obtuse, deciduous ; sheaths truncate, pointless ; racemes numer- ous, erect, slender ; bracts truncate, open, the lowest ones pointed ; flowers bright rose-color ; sepals oval or roundish, nearly equal, unchanged in fruit ; interior filaments rhombic-ovate at the base. (Polygonum articulatum, L.) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. Racemes l'-3' long. 3. POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, corolla-like, the lobes nearly equal, erect and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 - 9 : anthers roundish. Styles 2-3, distinct or partly united : stigmas entire. Achenium 3-angled or lenticu- lar, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. Radicle slender. — Herbs, wuth alternate, simple leaves, and sheath- ing stipules. Flowers commonly white or rose-color, variously disposed. § 1. Ambltogonon. Flowers in closehj-hracted spikes: stamens'! : style 2ering at the sum- mit, but rather obtuse, rough on the margins and veins ; spikes racemed or somewhat panicled, linear, erect, dense-flowered, the peduncles minutely glan- dular ; bracts obliquely truncate, obtuse, shorter than the pedicels ; stamens mostly 6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenium round-ovate, black and shining, with the sides convex. — Muddy banks, Florida, and westward. Sept. and Oct, ® — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' - 10' long. Spikes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white. 4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem smooth below, the branches and pe- duncles roughened with short glandular hairs ; leaves short-pctioled, lanceolate, POLYGONACEiE. (iJUCKAVIIEAT EA.AIILY.) 389 rough on the margins and veins ; spikes erect, oblong, ol>tuse, close-flowcrcd ; flowers rose-color ; stamens mostly 8, exsertetl ; style 2-clcft ; acheuium orbic- ular, with the sides concave. — Wet places, Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 10-3° high, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes I'-U' long. Flowers much larger than those of the two preceding species. * * Sheaths fringed with bristly hairs: achenium 3-angIed, or {in No. 5) somciimcs lenticular : stayyiens most!// 8. 5. P. Persicaria, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base, erect or diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, the margins and veins roughened ; sheaths short, nearly smooth, fringed with a few short bristles ; spikes short, oblong, obtuse, dense-flowered ; flowers rose-color ; stamens 6 - 7 ; style half 2-cleft ; achenium lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. — Low places around dwellings and along roads, Florida, and northward. Introduced. July. ® — Stem 1°- Ip high. Leaves 2' -4' long, often with a dark trian- gular spot in the middle. Spikes j'-V long. 6. P. acre, Kunth. Stem slender, smooth, creeping at the base ; leaves lanceolate, rough on the margins and veins, and, like the white calyx, dotted with pellucid glands ; sheaths smoothish, long-fringed at the thi'oat ; spikes 1-3, filiform, loose-flowered ; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted ; achenium 3-angled. (P. punctatum, Ell.) — Ditches and margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. )\. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves 2' -4' long, very acrid. Spikes 2' - 3' long. 7. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, ascending from a floating or creeping base ; leaves linear or lanceolate, roughened with short rigid hairs on both sides, or only on the margins and veins ; sheaths his]»id, long-fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, rather close-flowered ; calyx pale rose-color, and, like the leaves, glandless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 3-angled. (P. mite, Pe?-s.) — Ditches and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. IJ. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long, not acrid. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 8. P. setaceum,, Baldw. Stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth below, the upper portion, like the peduncles and lanceolate glandless leaves, rough witli appresscd hairs ; stipules appressed-hirsute, copiously fringed with long bristles ; spikes filiform, by pairs, loose-flowered ; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-clcft ; achenium 3-angled. — Low ground, Georgia and Florida. July - Sept. U — Stem 20-3° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Spikes l'-2' long. 9. P. hirsutum, Walt. Stem erect, densely hirsute with spreading ful- vous hairs ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, rounded at the base, hirsute, partic- ularly on the veins and margins ; sheaths hirsute, copiously fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, erect, rather close-flowered ; peduncles smooth above ; bracts naked; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8; achenium 3-anglcd. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. U — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spikes 1' long. 33* 300 rOLYGOXACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) § 3. AvicuLARiA. Flowers axillary, single or 2 - 3 together : stamens 8, rarely fewer: stigmas Z, nearly sessile: acheniian 3-angled : cotyledons incumbent : albu- men horny : sheaths scarious, 2 - ^-parted, lacerated : leaves small. 10. P. aviculare, L. Stem prostrate, diffuse, short-jointed; leaves sessile (\' long), oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, longer than the 3<'left sheaths ; flowers clustered, nearly sessile, greenish-white, longer than the dull achenium ; stamens mostly 5. — Waste places and along roads, common. — Var. erectum. (P. erectum, L.) Stem stouter, erect or ascending, leaves larger (1'- 1^' long), o'jiong. — With the preceding. — Var. littorale. (P. maritimum, L. P. glaucum, Nutt.) Stem long (l°-2°), prostrate, rigid, short-jointed; leaves small (4" -6"), oblong-linear, glaucous; the uppermost imbricated and scarcely longer than the more conspicuous silver}^ sheatlis ; calyx reddish-white, shorter than the smooth achenium. — Sea-coast sands, Georgia, and northward. 11. P. tenue, Michx. Smooth; stem erect, branched, sharply angled, slender ; leaves scattered, linear, acute ; sheaths small, fringed ; flowers mostly solitar}', greenish-white ; achenium smooth and shining. — Diy rocks in the upper districts. July -Sept. (i) — Stem 6'- 8' high. Leaves 6"- 12" long. § 4. TovARiA. Flowers scattered in a long and slender spike: calyx 4-parted: stamens 5, included: styles 2, exserted, persistent: achenium lenticular: cotyledons accumbent. 12. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below ; the upper portion, like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lance- olate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers greenish, curved ; styles at length hooked at the apex. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. ^ — Plant 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long, 1 i' - 2i' wide. Spike 6' - 1 2' long. § 5. EcHixocAULOX. Fowers in tci-minal clusters: calyx 4 - 5-parted : stamens 6 or 8 : styles 2-3 : achenium lenticular or 3-anglcd: cotyledons accumbent. — Stems weak, branching, armed on the angles, petioles, ^c. with recurved prickles. 13. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, membranaceous, mi- nutely dotted and hairy, long-petioled, the lobes acute ; peduncles rather short, bristly ; flowers white, somewhat spiked ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; achenium len- ticular. — Rice fields and wet places, South Carolina, and northward. June- Oct. ® — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Calyx often 4-parted. 14. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, smooth ; peduncles elongated, smooth ; flowei-s white, capitate ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; achenium 3-angled. — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June - Oct. (Ip — Stem 1 ° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. § 6. TiNiARiA. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes: calyx greenish white, b-parted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the back : stamens 8 : styles 3, very short: achenium 3-angled: cotyledons accumbent. — Annuals, with twinii^g stems and cordate leaves. 15. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, prostrate or twining, or when small erect ; leaves long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes acute or POLYGONACEiE. (bUCKWUEAT FAMILY.) 391 obtuse ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary clusters, or forming long interrupted and leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, minutely puberulent, closely invest- ing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. In- troduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° -3° long. 16. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent; stem twining; leaves ovate, cordate or somewhat hastate at the base, acuminate, petioled ; sheaths with a row of reflexed hairs at the base ; flowers in loose simple axillary and panicled racemes ; fruiting calyx smooth, nearly including the smooth and shin- ing achenium, the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 9° long. 17. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth; stem twining; leaves ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, cordate or somewhat sagittate at the base ; sheaths naked ; flowers in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; fruiting calyx somewhat spatulatc, emarginate, much longer than the smooth and shining achenium, the outer lobes winged and decurrent on the pedicel. (P. scandens, L.) — Low margins of fields and thickets, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem G°-12° long. 4. THYSANELLA, Gray. Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in fruit ; lobes erect, unequal ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base ; the inner ones smaller, pectinate-fimbriate. Stamens 8, the filaments filiform. Styles 3, fili- form : stigmas entire, obtuse. Achenium ovate, 3-angled, nearly included in the persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of the albumen. — An erect smooth and branching annual, with long linear acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, fringed with long bristles, and white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted spikes. 1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, £'W.) — Dry pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem branching above, 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Sheaths smooth, adnate to the leaves, not longer than the fringe, the lower ones imbricated. Spikes 2' -3' long, panicled, erect, the upper ones pistillate, the lower staminate. Bracts pointed with a long and slender awn Outer calyx-lobes oblong, entire in the staminate flowers, fimbriate, like the inner ones, in the pistillate ones. 5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-partcd, the tube enlarged and more or less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas entire. Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the persistent calyx. Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shnibs, with alter- nate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowei-s in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. C. uvifera, Jacq. (Sea-Grape.) Smooth ; leaves short-petiolcd. cori- aceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect ; pedicels 392 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) single ; stamens included ; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, along the coast. — A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3' - 5' wide, very thick. Racemes 6' long. 2. C. Floridana, Meisner. Smooth ; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end ; racemes slender, terminal and on short lateral bi-anches, recurved ; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the calyx ; stamens exserted ; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Sheaths loose, brown. Racemes 2' - 3' long. Ache- nium 4" -5" long. 6. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, the tube enlarged in fruit and enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender : stigmas entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pendulous. Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal tendrils. Leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths obsolete. Flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels, which become indurated and flattened in fruit. 1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem shmbby, 10° -20° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Racemes 3'- 6' long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3 - 5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Ache- nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or more or less curved. — ^ Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various. 1. E. longifolium, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy below ; leaves smooth or villous above, white-tomentose beneath, the lowest clus- tered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, the upper scattered, the uppermost bract-like ; involucre stalked, many-flowered, obtusely .5-toothed ; calyx herba- ceous, equal, woolly without. — Sand ridges, East Florida. IJ. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. 2. E. tomentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, leafy throughout ; leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath, the lowest clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the others in whorls of 3 - 4, elliptical, sessile ; involucre sessile, obtusely 5-toothed ; calyx white, unequal, woolly with- out — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. U — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers very numerous on one side of the spreading branches. LAURACE.E. (laUREL FA^ITLY.) 303 Order 111. LAURACETE. (Laurel Family.) Aromatic trees or shrubs (except Cassyta), with alternate simple mi- nutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous clustered flowers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens G or more, in 1-4 rows : anthers adnate, 2 - 4-celled, opening by lid-like valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended o\'ule. Style simple, thick : stigma obtuse. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seed without albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior. Synopsis. Tribe I. liAURINE^E. Fruit naked. — Trees or shrubs. * Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner ones sterile. 1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Trees with evergreen leaves. * * Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 2. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 3. BENZOIN. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 4. TETRANTHERA. Involucre 2 -4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled. Tribe IL CASSYTE^. Fruit enclosed m the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par- asites. 5 CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-celled. 1. PERSEA, Gsertn. Red-Bat. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 1 2, in 4 rows, the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrsc, of the inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shmhs, with evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axillary pc- duncled clusters or panicles. 1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish; leaves oblong or lance- olate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely veined ; flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx- lobes unequal, persistent; drupe blue. (Laurus Carolinensis, L.) — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carohna. July. — A tree 20° -40° higii. Leaves 2'- 3' long. Var. palustris. Shrubby; the branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, anil flowers densely tomentose ; leaves strongly veined, pale green, varying from oval to lanceolate; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds and pine-barrcn swamps. July. — Shrub 40-10° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers larger than the preceding form. 2. P. Catesbyana. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, reticulate, shining, on short margined petioles ; flowers minute, in narrow axillary panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves ; calyx white, pubescent within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost 394 LAURACE.E. (lAUREL FAmLY.) bearded at the apex ; drupe black. (Laurus Catesbyana, WcJix.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 6° - 9° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Involucre none. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-partcd, spread- ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones biglandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile : anthers linear, 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. St}-le subulate : stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, on thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2 - 3-lobed deciduous leaves, and greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 1. S. ofB-Cinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2-3-lobcd, smooth or pubescent; racemes short, silky; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassafras, L. ) — Dry open woods and old fields, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with spicy bark. 3. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice-Bush. Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fertile flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular at the base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse. Style short. Drupe obovoid, red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and dull yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 1. B. odorifermn, Nees. Branches slender, smooth ; leaves oblong-obo- vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters numerous, smooth. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Banks of streams and low woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A shrub 6°- 10° high, with spicy bark. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 2. B. melisssefolium, Nees. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branchlets and clusters, at length smooth above ; drupes obovoid, (Laurus melisssefolia, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — Ashi-ub 2°-3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Involucre 2 - 4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Sta- mens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; those of the fertile flowers numerous and rudimentary : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. Drupe globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in clustered umbels. 1. T. genieulata, Nees. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spreading; leaves small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous ; involucre 2 - 4-flowered ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Laurus genieulata, Walt.) — Shallow pine-barren ponds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A THYMELEACE^. (mEZEREUM FAMILY.) 395 large shrub, with numerous spreading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, j'-l' long. 6. CASSYTA, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile: anthers 2-celle(l, the inner ones extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy persistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 1. C. flliformis, Miller. — South Florida. — Spikes 2- 4-flowered. Calyx- lobes thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. Order 112. THYMELEACE^. (Mezereum Family.) Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with- out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped 4 - .5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the calyx-lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim- ple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle superior. 1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels. Drupe small, red. Order 113. SANTALACE^. (Sandalwood Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent witli the ovary. Stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their base, anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-ccllcd, with 2-4 anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1-seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical. Kadicle superior. 896 SANTALACE^. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) Sj'nopsis. * Flowers perfect. 1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al' ternate. * # Flowers dicecions. Shrubs. 2. DARBYA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled. 3. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate. Flowers spiked 4. BUCKLEYA. Calyx-limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shapccl, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nnt-like, 1 -seeded. — Smooth peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, in axillary and tenninal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3 - 5-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; style slender; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium umbellatum, L.) — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves ^' - 1' long. 2. DARBYA, Gray. Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4-5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 - 5-lobed disk : filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, with oppo- site oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Near Millcdgeville and Macon, Georgia, Dr. Doijkin, Prof. Darby. Lincoln ton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3 - 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 3. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-Nut. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed-capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al- ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal s])ike. 1. P. oleifera. Gray. (Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl ) — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent, 3' -4' long. Drupe 1' long. I SAURURACE^. (lIZARD's-TAIL FAMILY.) 307 4. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-partcd ; the exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior trian<,rular-ovate, slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile tlower 4. Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short : stigma 4-lobed. Drupe oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely pctioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter- minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitarj'. 1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina, /?mc/%.— Shrub 6° -7° high. Leaves thin, I'-l^' long. Calyx-tube 4" -.5" long, scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner ones. Drupe ^' long. Order 114. LORANTHACEiE. (Mistletoe Family.) Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with- out stipules, and perfect or dioeeious flowers. — Calyx of 2 - 8 sepals, dis- tinct or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta- mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular, 2 -4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celIcd. Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 1 -seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary spikes. 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscumflavescens,P(/rsA.) — Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yellowish, 2° - 3° long. Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. Order 115. SAURURACE^. (Lizard's-tail Family.) Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Calyx and corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 3-5, more or less united. Ovules few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded. 34 398 CALLITKICHACE^E. (WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.) 1. SAURURUS, L Lizard's-Tail. Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com- posed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stigmas. — Flowers white. 1. S. cernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow- ers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. May - Aug. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Spikes 4' -6' long. Order 116. CERATOPHYLLACE^. (Hornwort Family.) Submerged aquatic herbs, witb filiform jointed and branching stems, finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2 - 3-toothed, sessile. Ovary solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. 1. C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6 - 9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, with the lobes spiny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender spines. — In Stillwater, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 1°- 4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much croAvded. 2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed ; ovaries warty, unarmed ; ache- nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Isl- and, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 3. C. SUbmersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with rounded margins, unarmed. — South Florida, Dr. Blodyett. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Order 117. CALLITRICHACE^. (Water-Starwort Family.) Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2- bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender: anther reniform, the PODOSTEMACEiE. CrIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 390 rolls confluent. Styles 2, slender : stigmas acute. Capsule 4-anL'li'(l, 4- celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indcliiscent. Euibryo straight, in copious fleshy albumcu. lladiclu long, superior. Consisting of the single genus 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Water-Starwort. 1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovatc, crowded, tho lower ones distant, linear; fruit nearly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. (C. hcterophylla, Ell.) —Yar. terrkstris. Smaller (2' -3' long); stems much branched, creeping on damp earth ; leaves (!"- 2" lon-j:) all linear. — Ditches and sliallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several, G'- 12' long. Leaves ^' long. Order 118. PODOSTJEMACE^. (River-weed Family.) Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5-12: anthers 2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles. Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weed. Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, home on one side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther. Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by diskdike expan- sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath- ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbod. — Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, l'-4Mong. 2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hairdike seg- ments ; flowers 2-3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, lO-ribbod. — Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River, iV««a//. — Plant larger than the last. Order 119. EUPHORBIACE^. (Spurgi-: Family.) Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or di(x.H'ions often petalous flowers. — Calyx 2-8dobed, mostly valvatc.in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 -several, simple or divided. Fruit of 2 - several (mostly 3) 1 -2-seeded carpels united around a central axis, sejv arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended, anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. -400 EUPHOKBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILOT.) Synopsis. § 1. Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. Flowers monoecious. ♦ Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre. 1. EUPHORBIA, Fertile flower solitary in the 4 - 5-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers sev- eral, each reduced to a single stamen. * # Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, the lowest fertile. •t- Flowers apetalous. ++ Stigmas and cells of the capsule 6-7. 2. mPPOilANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Spikes termmal. Staminate flowers clus- tered. ++ 4+ Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3. 3. STILLINGIA. Calyx 2 - 3-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flo. vers clustered. 4. EXCGiCAlUA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single. 5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers leafy, toothed. 6. TRAGIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. ^- t- Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 7. CROTON. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, (li,«tinct. 8. CROTOXOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens 5, distinct. 9. APIIORA. Pistillate and staminate flowers 5-petaUed. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 10 monadelphous. * * * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. 11. mCINUS. Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. ^ 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. * Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 12. PIIYLLANTIIUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 13. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. * * Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2 -celled. Shrubs. 14. DRYPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1 celled, 1-seeded. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the single pistillate, and several monandrous staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4-5- toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, 3-celled : carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded. — A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice. § 1 . Leaves without stipules. * Stem erect, umhellately branched above : involucres solitary, terminal and in the forks of the branches: leaves of the stem alternate, those of the branches opposite or ichorled. ■*- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages : leaves entire: peren- nials. 1. E. corollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent; branches 4 - 6, twice or thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse, pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the (green) .:^XJPHORBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 401 glands orbicular, showy ; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) — Var. ANGUSTiFOLiA, Ell. Stems slender; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, spreading; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered; appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the var. in sandy jjiue barrens. July - Sept. — Stem lo_2o high. 2. E. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent; branches commonly 2, divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres on slender pedicels; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages; seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. Aug. -Oct. Plant 6'- 18' high; the stem mucli shorter than the branches. leaves 2'- 3' long, 1"- 2" wide. Involucres scattered. 3. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth; stems filiform; branches mostly 3, erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti- oled, spreading or recurved ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary pedicels ; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages ; capsule erect, short-stalked, round-angled; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6' - 9' high, sometimes branching from the base. Leaves ^' -Ij' long. -»- -i- Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. ■*-*■ Annuals. 4. E. cominutata, Engelm. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, urabel- lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti- oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-honied ; cap- sule smooth, round-angled; seeds OA^oid, pitted. — Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida, and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, L., which has a wing-crested capsule. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves g-'-l' long. Plant pale green. 5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect ; branches 3 - 5 ; leaves sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ; involucre nearly sessile ; glands oval ; capsule round-angled, warty ; seeds smooth. (E. Helioscopia, EIL?) — Shady woods. South Carohua, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. ■*-*■ •«-»- Perennials. 6 E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall ; branches 5 - 8, forking ; leaves entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of tiic stem oblong, of the branches oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands obliquely oval ; capsule obscurely warty ; seeds smooth. — JNIouutains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 7. E. Eloridana, n. sp Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forkiii-: ; leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, niosily aeuti-, reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres sliort-i)eili- celled, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, muf-h shorter than the truncate crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seeds, smooth. — Dry 34* 402 EUPHORBIACEiE. (srURGE FAMILY.) pine barrens, Middle Florida. June -Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Branches of the more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 8. E. inundata, Toit. Smooth ; stem erect, 3-branchcd or alternately branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceokte, entire, acute, sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-pedunclcd^ reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. April -June. — Stems 6' -12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3' long. 9. E. telephioides, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem thick ; branches 3, short, forking ; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovate, obtuse, erect, with membi-anaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp- ing ; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, incurved ; glands peltate, roundish, entire ; capsule acute-angled, smooth : seeds smooth. — Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant light-green, 2' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2' - 3' long, often longer than the branches. Floral leaves 4" -6" long. * * Stem erect y successively forking : leaves common!)/ opposite : involucres in the fori: s dark purple : glands ,5, tcithout appendages : perennials. 10. E. Ipecacuanh.88, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root, slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and branches similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, varying from lin- ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2' - 12' high. Leaves ^'-V long. 11. E. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth ; stems slender, forking above ; leaves minute (^" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alteraate, those of the branches opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles ; glands top-shaped. — Low pine barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1^ high. Capsule and seeds unknown. * # * Branches and leaves alternate: involucres terminal, clustered or single : glands without appendages. 12. E. cyathopliora, Jacq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching fi-om the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, fid- dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base; involucres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule smooth ; seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graininifolia, Michx.) has the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro- duced. May - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. 13. E. trichotoma, H. B. K. Shrubby ; stem irregularly much branched, very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" - 4" long. EUPIIORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 403 § 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite : glands of the involucre 4 : annuals. * Stems erect or ascending : seeds 4-angled, transversely rugose. U. E. hyperieifolia, L. Smooth throughout ; stem (^°- 1° high) erect ; branches alternutc, 2-ranked ; leaves (^'-1' long) petioled, lanceolate-oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ; stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, smooth; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — Var. communis, Engelm. Stem often pubescent, ascending (P-l^*^ high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower margin, entire below the middle on the upper ; clusters terminal ; appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; capsule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. 15. E. pubentissima, Michx. " Perennial, erect, veiy pubescent ; stem somewhat dichotomous ; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse ; peduncles solitary; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white." Mi- chaux. — " Pine barrens in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina. — Leaves nearly 1' long. Flowers in the forks ; peduncles nearly as long as the leaf." Elliott. ( * ) 16. E. glabella, Swartz ? Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo- lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel- tate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3" -5" long. Stipules fringed. 17. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo- lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appen- dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. — Stem 4' - 6' high. Leaves 5"- 8" long. * * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small : involucres small and mostly crowded near the summit of the branches. 18. E. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute- angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- angled, smooth, fiiintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. deprcssa, Torr.) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June - Oct. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 19- E. insequilatera, Sonder. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblicpio and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and faintly wrinkled on the sides.— South Florida. May - Oct. — Stems G'-12' long. Leaves 2" -5" long. 404 EUPHORBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 20. E. cordifolia. Ell. Smooth ; leaves pctiolcd, oval or roundish, entu-e, obtuse, cordate or truncate and oblique at the base ; stipules slender, deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous, oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth and even. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — July- Sept. — Stems 6'- 18' long. Leaves 4" - G" long, pale green. 21. E. polygonifolia, L, Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, petioled ; stipules by pairs, 2 - 3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northwai-d. July - Oct. — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves ^' long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish. 2. HIPPOMANE, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta- mens 2, exserted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-bracted. Ovaiy sessile, 6 - 7-celled. Style short and thick : stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fmit fleshy, of few woody 1-seeded indehisceut carpels. — A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate, acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti- oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 1. H. Maneinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with the scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves l'-2' long, pi )ikes 2' long, terminal, solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract ou each side. Fruit re- sembles an apple. 3. STILLINGIA, Gard. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped, 2-4-toothed or crenate. Stamens 2-3, exserted: anthers erect. Fertile flow- ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short : stigmas 3, entire, spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1 -celled 1-seeded 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, Avith milky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Bracts with a fleshy gland ou each side. 1. S. sylvatiea, L. (Queen's Delight ) Herbaceous ; stems clustered, erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched : leaves some- what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks of the stem, longer than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2 , capsule roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Spikes 2' - 3 long. EUPHORBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 405 2. S. aquatica, n. sp. Shrubl^y ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy- root, umbellatcly or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate, the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves, terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; stamens 2 ; capsule smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery-coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 3. S. ligustrina, Michx. Shrubby; branches alternate, slender; leaves petiolcd, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat- eral and terminal ; stamens 3 ; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May- Aug. — bhrub 0°- 12<^ high. Branches spreading. Leaves l'-3' long. 4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent ; leaves long-pctioled, rhomboidal, acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ; calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seeds white. — Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast ; introduced from China. June and July. — A tree 20° - 40° high. 4. EXCGECARIA, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical spikes, sessile. Calyx 3 -parted. Stamens 2-4, partly monadclphous : anthers pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous ; style 3-parted : stigmas entire, spreading. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves. 1. E. lucida, Swartz. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, petiolcd, obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long- peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South Florida. — Tree 30° - 40° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1^' long. 5. ACALYPHA, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate leaves. * Staminate and pistillate Jlowers on the same spike. 1 . A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrato above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large 5 - 9-lobed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent. — 406 EUPHORBIACEiE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Fields and around dwellings, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 4' -5' long. 2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend- ing; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire; staminate spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves I'-l^' long. 3. A. eorchorifolia, Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short- petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenatc, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded by a round-ovate haiiy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly terminal. * * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes. 4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-petioled ; stami- nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pcdicelled ; pistillate spike terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule bristly; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 6. TRAGIA, Plum. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa- rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 5 - 8-partcd. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved cai-pels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with wateiy juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and terminal. Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much branched; leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be- neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, Ell., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. % — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, spar- ingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid -ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun- cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath f racemes shorter than the leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly, — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. 1|.— Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 407 7. CROTON, L. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6- cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and oi)posite them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8<'left or 5 - 8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once -thrice 2-clcft. Capsule of 3 (rarely 1-2) 1-celled, l-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx- lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem. * Styles very short: stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12 : capsule ^■celled. 1. C. maritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umljellutely branched ; leaves thick, long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, few-flowered, the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July -Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous. * * Styles 3, twice "^.-parted or 2-cleft : stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile Jloivers 5-6, of the fertile none : stamens 8-15: capsule 3-celled. 2. C balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulate, sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young ; spikes woolly, at length elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-partcd ; the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 15; capsule much longer than the calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves thin, 1'- Ij' long. 3. C. EUiottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ; stamens 8- 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 -8-parted, with oblong obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted: seeds oval, smooth, flattened on the inner face. (C. ellipticum. Ell.) — Vmc barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ^' - 2' long. 4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes sessile, oblong, obtuse; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded; calyx 5-6- parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender, 4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx - Dry sandy pine 408 EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) barrens, Georgia and Florida. June- Sept. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves I'-l^'long. * * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : stic/mas 6 : petals of the sterile floivers longer than the calyx, of the fertile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8 : capsule 3-cc-Ued. 5. C. glandulosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umbel- lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- lar at the apex ; spikes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. * * # # Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in the fertile: stamens 5 - 10 : capsule 1 - 2-celled. 6. C. monanthogynuni, Michx. Annual ; stem erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose; the fertile (1-2) nodding. — Dry sterile soil, South Florida to North Carolina. June - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. 8. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward. Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — A low and slender branching annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers minute. 1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves ^' - 1 ' long, alternate or opposite. 9. APHORA, Nutt. Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer- tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three l-cclled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 1. A. Blodgettii, Torr. Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap- pressed hairs, abniptly short-petioled ; sterile liowerii a - 5, fertile mostly solitary; EUPnORBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 409 calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish-white; capsule rough-hairy; sccil globose, -svi-inklcd. — South Florida. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, cymose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of tho sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with mona- delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 1-cellcd, 1-secded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. 1. C. StimuloSUS, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate iu outline, pal- mately 3 - 5-lobed , or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, often discolored ; calyx showy ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong, smooth, spotted. (latropha stimulosa, il//c^:c.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - Sept. 1|. — Stem ^° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes dioecious. 11. RICINUS, Touni. Castor-oil Plaxt. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, tlie upper ones fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved cai-pels. — Herbs, or (tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral and terminal. 1. R. communis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline, jialmately 7 - 9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally seiTate, smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny. — Waste places. Introduced. June - Oct. aii's, one sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx 6-parted, the lobes oblong, obtuse, strongly 1 -nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth ; seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Lca>'es i'- I' long. 35 410 EMPETRACE.E. (CROAVBERUY FAMILY.) 2. P. Niruri, L. Annual ? branches short, very slender, recurved ; leaves crowded, oval (2" -4" long); calyx 5-parted; seed white, smooth, 6-furrowed on the back and 3-furrowed on the sides ; otherwise mostly like No. 1.— South Florida. — Stem 6' high. 13. PACHYSAWDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Calyx bract-like, 4-parted. Sterile flowers numerous. Stamens 4, w-ith club-shaped exserted filaments. Fertile flowers few, at the base of the sterile spike. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, thick, recun'ed. Capsule of three 1 -celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — A pubescent creeping perennial herb, with erect simple branches, bearing at the summit several large ovate toothed alternate abruptly long-peti- oled leaves, and near the base several thick bracted spikes. 1. P. procumbens, Michx. — West Florida, and westward, in rich shady woods. Feb. and March. — Flowering stems 1° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, often discolored. Flowers odorous. 14. DRYPETES, Vahl. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-6-parted, lined in the centre with a wavy-lobed disk. Stamens 4-10, inserted under the disk : anther-cells distinct. Ovary resting upon the disk, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Styles 2, short, spreading. Fruit drupaceous, 1- 2-celled, 1 -2-seeded. — Trop- ical trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous entire smooth petioled leaves, and minute many-bracted flowers. 1. D. eroeea, Poit. Branches smooth ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, somewhat coriaceous, finely veined ; clusters many-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; calyx 4-parted, and like the ovary and slightly 4-angled 1-seeded drupe, tomentose ; stamens 4, exserted ; styles thick, obtuse. South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long, smooth and shining. Flowers greenish-white. 2. D. glauea, Vahl. Branches whitish, warty ; leaves glaucous, oblong, obtuse or gland-pointed, coriaceous ; clusters few-flowered, as long as the peti- oles ; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; drupes oval, tomentose. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Euphorbia Lathyrus and marginata. Dr. Curtis informs me, are nat- uralized in North Carolina, and Mercurialis annua is spontaneous around Charleston. Order 120. EMPETRACE.^:. (Crowberry Family.) Shrubs, with evergreen linear alternate or whorled leaves, without stipules, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers. — Calyx bract-like, of 2 - 3 sepals, imbricated. Corolla of 2 - 3 petals similar to the calyx, hypogynous. Stamens 2-3, alternate with the petals, exserted : anthers BATIDACE^. (bATIS FAMILY.) 411 2-eelleJ, cxtrorse. Ovary 2 - 9-celled, the cells l-ovulcd. Style short or none : stigma lobed or incised. Drupe berry-like, globose, of 2 - 9 one- seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. 1. CERATIOLA, Michx. Calyx bracted, of two fringed sepals. Corolla 2-pctallcd. Stamens 2 : an- ther-cells globose. Ovary resting on a fleshy disk, 2-cellcd, 2-ovuk'(l. Style short: stigma many-cleft. Drupe 2-seedcd. — A heath-like erect vorticilhitely much branched shrub, with small linear shining whorlcd leaves, and axillary (whorled) reddish flowers. 1. C. erieoides, Michx. Dry barren sands, Florida to South Carolina. November. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 in a whorl, 4" - 6" long, the margins revolute. Petioles yellowish, appressed. Drupe yellowish, somewhat persistent. Order 121. BATIDACE^. (Batis Family.) Represented only by 1. BATIS, P.Browne. Flowers dioecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the sterile flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat compressed, unequally 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, partly exserted : anthers oblong, introrse. Fertile flowers consoli- dated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-cellcd, with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, broad, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, without albumen. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle inferior. — A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of Salicomia. Leaves opposite, fleshy, club-shaped, semi-terete. Stipules none. Petals white. 1. B. maritima, L. — Salt marshes, Apalachicola, and southward. June - Sept. — Plant pale green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° lonL', the short branching flowering stems erect. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 3" -5" long. Order 122. URTICACEiE. (Nettle Family.) Herbs, with watery juice, often armed with stinging hairs. Leavc.«? un^ divided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous, clustered, cpnose, spiked, or panicled. — Calyx of the sterile flower 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments inflexed in the bud, expanding elastically : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Calyx of the fertile flower 2 - 4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1-cellcd, 412 URTICACEiE. (XETTLE FAMILY.) with a single erect orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Ache- nium commonly enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Plants armed -with stinging hairs. 1. URTICA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted- Aclienium straiglit. 2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Aclienium oblique. * * Plants destitute of stinging hairs. •»- Flowers in cymose clusters. 3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx-lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 4. PARIETARLi. Clusters involucrate. Calyx-lobes equal. Leaves alternate. -I- •(- Flowers in spiked clusters. 5. B(EHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate. 1. URTICA, Toura. Kettle. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. Sta- mens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepa- lous, unequal ; the inner ones dilated in fruit, and enclosing the acheniura. Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in panicled spikes or close clusters. * Flowers in panicled or simple spikes. 1. U. gracilis. Ait. Stem tall, 4-angled, smoothish, slender; leaves long- petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 3-5- nerved, smoothish, the petioles bristly ; spikes very slender, loosely panicled. (U. procera, Willd.) — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. Ij. — Stem 3° - 4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4' -6' long. 2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout ; stem 4-angled, pubescent above, branching ; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely ser- rate, pubescent beneath ; spikes much branched ; flowers often dioecious, — "Waste places. In Carolina, P«rsA. Introduced. June -Aug. )\. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers larger. 3. TJ. eapitata, Willd. Stem 4-angled, roughish ; leaves large, long- petioled, rough, oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved ; those on the branches alteniate ; spike solitary, leafy at the summit. — "Wet shaded places, North and South Carolina, Curtis, Elliott. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 5° high. * * Flowers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles. 4. U. urens, L. Stem 4-angled, hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely seiTate, 5-nerved, hairy ; clusters by pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled. — Damp soil. Introduced. Dec. -Feb. (f —Stem 1° high. 5. TJ. Chamsedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth ; leaves small, nearly ses- sile, ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy beneath, hairy and bristly above; clusters nearly sessile, globose, dense ; calyx hairy. — St. Simon's Island, Georgia, Elliott. Feb. and March. — Stem 4' - 6' high. URTICACE^, (nettle FAMILY.) 413 2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-partcd. Stamens 5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-sepalous, the 2 inner ones larger. Stigma subulate, hairy on one side. Achenium oblique, tubercular-roughened. — Herbs, with stinging hairs, alter- nate long-petioled serrate leaves, and minute flowers in spreading cymes. 1. L. Canadensis, Gaudich. Stem hispid ; leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base ; the veins and petioles hispid ; cymes very slender, single or by pairs, the upper mostly fertile, the lower sterile. (Urtica Canadensis and U. divaricata, Z.) — Low shaded places, Florida, and north- ward. July and Aug. % — Stem 2° - 4° high. 3. PILEA, Lindl. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 3 - 4-parted. Stamens 3-4. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-lobed, the lobes unequal or nearly equal, commonly with an inflexed scale-like sterile stamen at the base of "each. Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight. — Low herbs, destitute of stinging hairs. Leaver, oppo'^itp, lonrr-petiolcd. Flowers in axillary cymose clusters. 1. P. pumila, Gray. Stem angular, simple, smooth, pellucid ; leaves membranaceous, ovate or ellipjical, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, slight- ly hairy above ; cymes much shorter than the petiole. (Urtica pumila, L.) — Wet shaded places, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. (T) — Stem 6'- 12' high. Upper leaves 1'- 2' long, the lower not longer than the petiole. 2. P. herniarioides, Lindl. Stems erect or creeping, branched, tender, pellucid ; leaves small, round-obovate, entire, opaque, transversely marked on the upper surface with white raised lines ; clusters shorter than the petiole ; flowers minute. — Shaded moist places, Key West. November. — Stems 2' -4' long. Leaves l"-2" long, rather longer than the petiole. Achenium very minute, oblong, terete. 4. PAmETARIA, Tonm. Pellitort. Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymose clusters, supported by a brnct-liko involucre. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - 5-sepalous. Stamens 4 -.5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-parted. Stignm tufted. Ovary surrounded by four sterile, or sometimes pcifect, stamens. Adio- nium ovoid. — Weak downy herbs, -without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, long-petioled. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. P. Pennsylvaniea, Muhl. Pubescent with straiglit liairs ; stem sim- ple or sparingly branched ; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, roughened with minute elevated dots; clusters dense; flowers shorter than the iiivdlucrc. — Shaded rocks in the upper districts. May - July, (i) — Stem 4' - 1 2' high. Leaves 6" -9" long. 35* 414 CANNABINACE^. (hEMP FAMILY.) 2. P. debilis, Forst. Pubescent with straight and hooked hairs inter- mixed; stem much branched, pellucid; leaves ovate, mostly acuminate, but obtuse, roughened with elevated dots ; clusters loose, spreading ; tlowers as long as the involucre. (P. Floridana, iVw^.) — Damp shaded sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. (1)—- Stem |^°- 1^° long Leaves 6" - 9" long, about the length of the slender petiole. 6. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False-Nettle. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spiked clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, 4 - .5- toothed or entire. Stigma subulate, hairy. Achenium elliptical, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Rough herbs with alternate or opposite petioled leaves. 1. B. eylindrica, Willd. Pubescent and rough with straight and hooked hairs ; leaves opposite and alternate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, on long or short petioles ; spikes axil- lary, mostly leafy at the summit, the fertile ones compactly flowered, short ; the sterile interrupted, and sometimes longer than the leaves. (B. lateriflora, Muhl.) — Swampy thickets, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. 1]. — Stem l°-3^ high, mostly simple. Leaves 2' -5' long. Order 123. CANNABINACE^. (Hemp Family.) Erect or twining herbs, with opposite incised or lobed and stipulate leaves, and dioecious flowers. Sterile flowers racemose or panicled. Ca- lyx 5-sepalous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, not inflexed in the bud. t'ertile flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx 1-leaved, embracing the 1-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigmas 2, subulate, pubescent. Fruit in- dehiscent. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or curved. 1. HUMULUS, L. Hop. Sterile flowers panicled. Fertile flowers in short axillaiy and solitary spikes. Bracts leafy, imbricated, 2-flowered, forming in fruit a membranaceous cone. Calyx enlarged in fruit. Embryo spirally coiled. — A rough perennial twining herb, with cordate 3 - 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 1. H. Lupulus, L. — Low grounds along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 6° -10° high. Leaves petioled, serrate. Achenium covered with resinous yellowish odorous grains. Order 124. MORACE^. (Mulberry Family.) Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, with large decidu- ous stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, crowded in spikes or MORACE.E. (mULBEREY FAMILY.) 415 heads, or enclosed in the fleshy receptacle. — Calyx of the sterile flowers S - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Filanit-nta inflexed in the bud, elastic. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3 - 5-sepalous. Ovary 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Styles 2. Achenium 1-seeded. Embryo curved, in fleshy albumen. 1. MORUS, Tourn! Mulberry. Flowers moncecious, spiked ; the sterile and fertile flowers in separate S])ikcs. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celIed. Styles tiliforin. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx. — Trees, with rounded leaves, and axillary spikes. 1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled, rough above, white tomentose beneath, on young shoots 3 - 5-lobe(l ; stipules linear ; sterile spikes slender, drooping ; the fertile ones ovoid or oblong, resembling a blackberry in fruit. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward, Mareh. — A small tree. 2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, oblique at the base, smooth and shining, sometimes lobed ; fruit whitish. — Around dwellings. In- troduced. — A small tree. 2. FICUS, Tourn. Fig. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, lining the inside of the fleshy closed recep- tacle. Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fertile flowers 5-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. Embryo hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire or lobed leaves, and lai-ge convolute stip- ules. Flowers axillary. 1. F. aurea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, entire, narrowed but obtuse at each end, stout-petiok-d ; re- ceptacle orange-yellow, globose, bracted, on short and thick pedicels. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit about 4" in diameter. 2. F. pedunculata, Willd. Branches terete, uneven ; leaves ovate or oval, coriaceous, entire, smooth, obtuse, rounded or sligluly cordate at the base, slender-petioled ; receptacle yellowish, globose or obovate, slightly bractod, as long as the slender pedicels. — South Florida. — Tree 2UO-4U° high, multiply- ing by means of aerial roots. Leaves 2' - 2^' long, 1^' wide. Receptacle rather smaller than in No. 1. 3. F. brevifolia, Nutt. Branches smooth; leaves cordate-ovate, entiiv, olttuse, smooth, on short petioles ; receptacle purplish-red, depressed-globose, single, shor^peduncled, with 2-cleft bracts. — South Florida, Dr. Blodijdt. — A small tree. Leaves 2' long, with impressed veins. F. Carica, L., is the commonly cultivated Fig. Broussonetia papyrifera. Vent., the Paper Mcluerry of our yards, belongs to this family. 416 ULMACE^. (elm family.) Order 125. ULMACE^. (Elm Family.) Trees, with watery juice, alternate undivided stipulate leaves, and per- fect or polygamous apetalous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-lobed. Stamens 4-9, inserted on the base of the calyx, erect in the bud. Ovary 1 - 2-celled. Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit membranaceous or drupaceous. Embrj-o straight or curved, without albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy. Synopsis* * Fruit dry. Anthers extrorse. 1. ULMUS. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged. 2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit wingless. * * Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse. 3. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons curved. 1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, ex- serted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, suiTounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Embryo straight. — Trees. Leaves sliort-petioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight-veined. Stipules deciduous. Flowers greenish or purplish, clustered, appearing before the leaves. 1. U. fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly oblique at the base, very rough above, pubescent beneath ; calyx and short pedicels pubescent ; fruit orbicular, pubescent on the sides, smooth on the margins, with the obtuse teeth erect ; expanding buds rusty-tomentose. — Rich woods, "West Florida, and north- ward. Feb. and March. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Fruit 8" -9" wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous. 2. U. Floridana, n. sp. Branchlets smooth ; leaves thick, oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat racemose, and, like the calyx, smooth ; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, with the short and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Marianna, AVest Florida. Feb. and March. — A tree 30° -40° high, Avith brittle branches. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Bud-scales downy on the margins. 3. U. Americana, L. (Elm.) Branchlets and buds smooth; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, or oval, oblique at the base, sharply serrate, abruptly acu- minate, smooth above, pubescent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels clustered, slender, smooth, like the calyx ; fruit oval or obovate, downy on the margins, with the sharp teeth connivcnt. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. Fruit 6" long, Var, 1 aspera. Leaves larger (3'-G') on shorter petioles, oval-oblong, acu- minate, very oblique or half-cordate at the base, very rough above, pubescent PLATANACE^. (pLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 417 beucAth; pedicels and calyx smaller. — Swamps of the Apalacliicola Tuver, Florida. Jan. and Feb. — A small tree. 4. XJ. alata, Michx. (Whahoo ) Branches corky-winged ; leaves small, ovate-ianceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at the base, rough ftbove, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile , flowers clustered, on slender pediceltj; fruit oval, downy on the margins. — Rich soil, Fh^ridu to North Car- olina. — A small tree. Leaves 1'- l^' long. 2. PLANERA, Gmel. Planer-Tree. Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-cieft. Stamens 4 - 5 : anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles short. Fruit nut-like, coriaceous, wingless. Embryo straight, without albumen. — Small trees, with the foliage of the Elm. 1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, short-petiolcd, acute, serrate, rough- ish ; flowers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves ; nut ovate, covered with warty scales. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — A tree 20° - 30° high. Leaves 1 ' - U' long. 3. CELTIS, Toum. Nettle-Tree. Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5 : anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, slender, pubescent. Drupe globose. Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons wrinkled. — Trees Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at the base. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, or few in a cluster, greenish. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Young leaves and branchlets silky; leaves (2' long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly conti-acted at the base, soon smooth, ferrugineous beneath ; fertile flowers mostly solitary, on drooping pe- duncles ; the sterile ones 2 -4 in a cluster ; drupe dark pur])le, with a thin sweet pulp. — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March. — A tree 40° - 60° high. — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA. (C intcgrifolia, Nutt.) Leaves ovate or ovate-lanccolatc (2' -3' long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the lower ones cordate at the base, roughened with minute elevated points. — Sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida (perhaps introduced), and westward. — A small tree. Branches and leaves 2-ranked. — Var. pumila. (C. pumila, Pursh.) Shrubby; leaves (I'-U' long) ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at tlie base, pale beneath, very rough above: drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. —Stem 5° -10° high. Order 126. PLATANACEja. (Plane-tree Family.) Large trees, with alternate palinately-lobed petioled stipulate leaves, and monoecious flowers, in axillary long-peduneled glol)Osc heads. — Caly.x and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped filaments, numerous, 418 JUGLANDACE^. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 2-celled, adnate to the truncated connective. Ovaries numerous, obconi- cal, hairy at the base. Ovules 1-2, orthotropous, pendulous. Style sub- ulate. Nut 1-seeded. Seed cylindrical. Embryo in the axis of scarce fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with copious club-shaped scales. — Consisting of the single genus. 1. PLATANUS, L. Plane-Tree. Sycamore. 1. P. OCCidentalis, L. — Leaves (4' -9' wide) round-cordate, angularly Iol)ed and toothed, covered when young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ; stipules toothed ; heads pendulous (8"- 12" in diameter). — River-banks, Flor- ida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with the white bark separating in thin plates. Order 127. JUGLANDACE^. (Walnut Family.) Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monoecious apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous aments. Calyx 2 - 6-parted, the steimens few or numerous. Fertile flow- ers single or clustered. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the tube adherent to the incompletely 2 - 4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony endocarp. Seed 4-lobcd, without albumen, orthotropous. Cotyledons oily, 2-lobed. Radicle short, superior. 1. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. Pignut. Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle, lateral. Calyx unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-6. Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Nut smooth, 4 - 6-angled, incompletely 4-celled ; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or completely 4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fmit roundish. * Epicarp very thick, 4-valved : seed thick, edible. 1. C. alba, Nutt. (Shell-bark Hickory.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5), lanceolate-oblong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent be- neath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, thin-shelled, compressed, 4-angled, slightly pointed. — Rich woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark. 2. C sulcata, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneatli ; fruit oval, 4-angled above ; nut oblong, thick-shelled, conspicuously pointed, slightly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with scaly bark. 3. C. Olivseformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate- oblong, serrate falcate, acuminate ; nut olive-shaped, smooth, thin-shelled, some- what 4-angled. — River-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. — A large tree with smoothish bark. JUGLANDACE^. (wALNUT FAMILY.) 419 =* * Epicarp partly 4-valved: seal thin : bark not scali/. 4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hickory.) Leaflets 7-9 (mostly 7), large, oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath ; sterile aments tomcntose ; fruit large, globose; epicarp thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base; nut tliick-sliclka, oval, somewhat 6-angle(l. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree with rough bark. 5. C. glabra, Torr. (Pig-nut.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth ; fruit obovate, obcordate, or pear-shaped ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle, coriaceous ; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. (C. por- cina, Nutt.) — Woods, Florida, aud northward. March and April. — A largo tree with smoothish bark. 6. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5 - 7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glan- dular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth ; fruit roundish ; epicarp thin ; nut thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — A large tree. Fruit |' in diameter. 7. C. myristicseformis, Michx. " Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile ; fruit oval, rugose, rough ; nut oval, slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard." — South Carolina, at Goose Creek, Michaux. Berkeley District, Ravenel. Nuts resembling nutmegs. 8. C. araara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smoothish ; fi-uit globular ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle ; nut thin- shelled, obcordate ; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground, Florida, and north- ward. March and April. — A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark, and very bitter and astringent seeds. 9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9 - 13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ser- rate, smooth ; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4-parted to the base ; nut compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled; seed much wrinkled. — River-swamps, Flor- ida to South Carolina. March and April. — A small tree with rough bark. Seeds very bitter and astringent. 2. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. Butternut. Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens numerous. Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long, rccurs^ed. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehisccnt. Nut incompletely 4-celled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees with naked buds. Leaflets serrate. 1. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or obli(jue ; fruit globose, rough-dotted; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. —A tree 300-50° high. 2. J. cinerea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base, pubescent ; the petioles, fruit, &c. viscid ; fruit obloni: ; init deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods iu the upper districts. Muich aud April. — A tree 30° - 40° high. 420 CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) Order 128. CUPUL-IFER^. (Oak Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight-veined stipulate leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 4 - 6-lobed. Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, furnished with an invo* lucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Ovary 2 - 7- celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Albumen none. Cotyle- dons thick and fleshy. Radicle superior. Synopsis. * Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster. 1. QUERCUS. Nut solitary, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre. 2. CASTANEA. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in a 4-Talved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elongated, erect. 3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 3-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre : sterile aments capitate, pendulous. 4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. * * Fertile flowers spiked. 5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1 - 2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 6. OSTE-YA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. Sterile amcnt slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6-8-parted. Stamens 6-12, slender: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to tlie 3 - 4-celled ovary. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (Acorn) oblong or hemispherical, partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly involucre. Cotyledons very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves. Stipules caducous. § 1. Fruit biennial. =* Leaves entire, short-petioled ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed. 1. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves (2' -3' long) lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, becom- ing smooth on both sides ; fruit small, sessile; cup flattish, enclosing the base of the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — A slender tree, 40° - 50° high. Var. laurifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3' -4' long), oblong-lanceolate; cup deeper and more pointed at the base. — Light uplands, Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding. Var. arenaria. (Q myrtifolia, Willd ?) Shrubby (4° - 8° high) ; leaves small (^'-1^' long), rigid, oblong or obovate, obtuse or barely pointed, with the margins revolute. — Dry sand ridges, along the coast of Florida and Georgia. 2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Shingle-Oak.) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, mucronate, pale and downy beneath, deciduous; CUPULIFER^. (oak family.) 421 fruit middle-sized ; cup narrowed at the base, enclosing one half or one third of the nearly hemispherical nut, the broad and whitish scales closely appressed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tree 40° - 50° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. 3. Q. einerea, Michx. (High-ground Willow-Oak.) Leaves peren- nial, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronatc, wliitc tomentose beneath ; fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enclosing one third of the hemispherical nut. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree, fruiting abundantly. Leaves 2' -3' long, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young. Var. pumila, Michx. (Q. pumila, Walt.) Shrubby (10-3° high); branches slender; leaves lanceolate, wavy, at length smooth on both surfaces. — Flat or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Roots creej)ing. 4. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Branchlets tomentose; leaves coria- ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smooth and sliining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; fruit long-peduncled ; cup top- sha])cd, hoary, enclosing the base of the oblong chestnut-brown nut. — Dry or wet soil, in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a large tree with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. Var. maritima. {Q, msLiitima, Willd.) Shrubby (4° - 10° high) ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute; fruit larger. — Sand ridges along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd.l) Dwarf (l°-2°high); earliest leaves flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronatc, toothed, at length smooth, the others lanceolate and entire ; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clustered. — Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile. * * Leaves 3-lobed at the summit, hristle-awned. 5. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (Water-Oak.) Leaves perennial, short-petl- oled, obovate-oblong or wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides, obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, often entire, or on young shoots pinnatifid-toothed or lobcd, mostly awnless when old ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup shallow, flat, en- closing the base of the hemispherical downy nut. — Swamps and wet banks, Florida, and northward. —A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' long, with tufts of down in the axils of the veins when young. Var. hybrida. Smooth, with ash-colored branchlets ; leaves oblong or wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, tapering or abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; fruit very small, closely sessile ; cup shallow, flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut.— Rocky banks of Schurlock's Spring, West Florida, and of the Flint River at Albany, Georgia. — A lofty tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Fruit 4" - 5" long. 6. Q. nigra, L. (Black Jack.) Leaves short-petiolcd, coriaceous, broad- ly wedge-shaped, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, bristlc- awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle-sized, on short and thick peduncles ; cup top-shaped, with coarse tmncate scales, enclosing one third or one half of the oblong-ovate nut. (Q. ferruginea, Micfix.) 36 422 CUPULIFER^. (oak family.) — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 4'- 9' long. Intermediate forms between this and No. 7 are not uncommon. * * * Leaves long-petioled, siniiate-pinnatijid, hristle-awmd, deciduous. -t- Leaves smooth or nearly so. 7. Q. Catesbsei, Michx. (Turkey-Oak.) Leaves somewhat coriaceous, broad, naiTOWcd into a short petiole, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes very acute from a broad base, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather large, short- peduncled ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclosing half of the ovoid nut; the upper scales inflcxcd and lining the inner edge of the cup. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree. Leaves 6'- 9' long. 8. Q. tinctoria, Bartr. (Black Oak.) Leaves obovate-oblong, with deep or shallow open sinuses, and about 6 sharply-toothed lobes, obtuse or trun- cate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the veins beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the round- ish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, ^zV.) —Dry woods, chiefly in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. — A large tree, with the outer bark dark-brown, the inner thick and yellow. Leaves turning light-brown after frost. Nuts 6" - 8" long. 9. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Leaves long-pctioled, oval or oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6-8 entire or sparingly toothed lobes, truncate at the base, smooth and shining on both sides ; cup top-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing one half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dr^-- woods, Florida, and noithward ; more abundant in the upper districts. — A large tree, not easily distinguished from the preceding, and probably only a form of it. Leaves turning bright scarlet after frost. 10. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses, and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler beneatji ; fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of the ovate or oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large tree. Leaves turning dark red after frost Nut 1' long. 11. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby; leaves small, very smooth, somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open sinuses, and 3-5 triangular-lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes ; fruit short-podun- cled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the oval- globose nut. — Stone Mountain, Georgia, Ravenel. — Shrub 6° -8° high, grow- ing in clusters. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit abundant. Nut |' long. -(- -I- Leaves tomentose beneath. 12. Q. faleata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves oblong, rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the terminal one commonly narrow and elongated ; fruit rather small ; cup somewhat top- shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut. — Yar. pagod.e- FOLiA, £■//., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spreading lobes. — Dry woods, Florida, and nort^iward. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -5' long, entire near the base. Nut ^' long. CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 423 13 Q. ilicifolia, Wang:. (Bear-Oak.) Shrubby ; leaves o])Ovatc, with 3- 5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, wliitc- tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green above ; fruit short-pedunclcd ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. (Q. Banisteri, Mirhx.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — A slirub 3"^ - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruit abundant. § 2. Fruit annual: leaves awnless, deciduous. * Leaves sinuate-lohed. 14. Q. obtUSiloba, Michx. (rosT-OAK.) Leaves with 5-7 broad rounded or notched lobes separated by wide open sinuses, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third or one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A tree 40° - 50° high. Nut ^' long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (1^'- 3' long), oblong, obtuse, entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the branchlets, wlien young ; nut larger. — ISand-ridges near the coast, West Florida. — A shrub or small tree. 15. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with 7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar- rowed into a petiole, densely tomcntose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cup hemispheri- cal, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut. — Damp woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — A large tree with white bark. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Nut about 1' long. 16. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup Oak.) Leaves thin, obovate- oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petiolcd, slightly or strongly few -many-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely toothed ; fruit large ; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns ; nut ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river-lianks, North Carolina, and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves G'- 15' long. Nut I'-li'long. 17. Q. lyrata, Walt. (Over-ctjp Oak.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7 - 9-lobod, white-tomentoso beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, and entire ; fruit sessile : cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost covering the roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large tree. Leaves 5'- 8' long, short-petioled. Fruit 1' long. * * Leaves toothed. 18. Q. Prinus, L. (Swamp Chestxut-Oak.) Leaves oblong or olw- vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, acute at the base, sliort-petioled ; fruit large, short-peduiu-kd ; cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of the roundish or oblong-ovate nut. — Low grounds/ Florida to Mississippi, and uorth- "ward. — A large tree. Nut about 1' long. 424 cupuLiFER^. (oak family.) Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnct-Oak.) (Q. montana, Willd.) A smaller tree (30° -40° high), with more compact and durable wood ; fruit smaller ; nut oblong. — Rocky woods along the mountains. Var. Michauxii. (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) Leaves smaller (4' -5' long), rather rigid, velvety beneath, often obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; nut ovate (1^^' long). — Low ground, Florida to South Carolina. — A large tree. Var. discolor, Michx. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, coarsely and obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark-green above, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit long-peduncled, cup tubercular, hemispherical; nut oblong-ovate (1' long). (Q. bicolor, Willd.) Swamps along the mountains. — A large tree. 19. Q. Castanea, Willd. (Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves oblong, varying to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, with the points incurved, mostly acute at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, en- closing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, West Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Nut 7" -9" long. 20. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin-Oak.) Shrubby ; leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; fruit small, mostly sessile; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, enclos- ing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Nut 8" -9" long. 2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical aments. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1 -3, enclosed in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. Calyx 5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading Nuts 1-3, roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — Trees or shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply-serrate straight-veined leaves. 1. C. vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth on both sides ; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flattened, the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown. — Dry woods, West Florida, and northward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 7' long. 2. C. pumila, Michx. (Chinquapin.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse, finely serrate, hoary-tomentosc beneath; nuts solitary, nearly globular. (C nana, Muld., a form with larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April - May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, involucre, and nut smaller than those of the preceding. 3. FAGUS, Tourn. Beech. Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous bracts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 6-cleft. Stamens 8 -12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flow- I CUPULIFERiE. (oak FAMILY.) 425 ers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded Avith numerous linear l)ra(ts and a 4-lobcd involucre. Calyx of 4 - 5 subulate lobes. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, acutely 3-anglcd, en- closed in the soft-spiny 4-valvcd involucre. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees, with whitish bark, and straight-veined leaves expanding with the flowers. 1. F. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. April. — A large tree, with widely spreading branches. 4. CORYLUS, Toum. Hazel-nut. Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, partly united with the bract. Stamens 8 : anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers clustered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular at tiie base, leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) nut. — Shrubs, with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled. leaves. Flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Americana, Walt. (Hazel-nut.) Branchlets glandular; leaves round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent ; involucre roundish at the base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular hairy ; nut roundish, some- what flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, West Flor- ida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 5° - 6° high, tough and flexible. Leaves 4' -6' long. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, rather thin, pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and toothed at the summit ; fruit nearly globular. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 5. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Stcrilo flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8-14 : filaments short: an- thers 1-celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filifonn. Nut solitary, an- gular, sessile in the axil of an open 3-lobcd leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. Flowers expanding before the leaves. 1. C. Aniericana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) Branchlets smooth and slen- der; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser- rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, long-peduncled, 6 - 12-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-Iobed, the middle lol)0 longer and serrate on one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with luxrd and close- grained wood. 426 MYRICACE^. (wax-myrtle FAMILY.) 6. OSTKYA, Michcli. Hop-Horxbeam. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale-like bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. Fer- tile floM'crs in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a membranaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, enclosing the solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate short-petioled deciduous leaves. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 1. O. Virginiea, Willd. (Hop-Horxbeam.) Leaves ovate-oblong, sharp- ly and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubes- cent ; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated involucres oblong, mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood. Order 129. MYRICACE^. (Wax-Mtrtle Family.) Chiefly shrubs, witli simple alternate leaves, with or -without stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed In aments, destitute of calyx or corolla, each In the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - 10 ; the short filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celled. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, surrounded at the base with a row of scales. Ovule solitary, orthotropous or amphitropous. Involucre none. Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 1 -seeded drupe. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. Synopsis. * Seed orthotropous. Plants dotted -with resinous glands. 1. jrYRICA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments united below. Leaves serrate or entire. Stip- ules none. 2. COMPTONIA. Flowers monoecious. Filaments forking. Leaves pinnatifid. Stipules half -cordate. * * Seed amphitropous. Plant destitute of glands. 3. LEITNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Filaments distinct. Stigma solitary. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. MYRICA, L. Wax-Myrtle. Bayberrt. Flowers in short axillaiy aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2 - 10, with the filaments united below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3 - 5 rounded scales. Ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely spreading. Nut glo- bose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees, dotted with minute resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves short-petioled, serrate or entire. Stipules none. 1. M. cerifera, L. ("Wax-Myrtle. Bayberry.) Branchlets pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, entire, or with a few sharp I MTRICACEiE. (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY.) 427 porrfittirof? ncir the apex, smooth, or pubescent on the veins beneath, t.iperinj^ into a petiole ; sterile aments very numerous, ohlonjj ; bracts wcdge-shupcd ; stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; bracts rounded, obscurely 3-lobod ; scales of the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2 ; fruit abundant, ■white. — Margins of swamps, mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves persistent along our southern limits, but northwardly deciduous, 1|' - 4' long. Var. media, Michx. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; Icnvos lnr"-or, obovate- oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or cmarginate at the summit ; aments and nuts larger ; scales of the sterile flower rouiuiish. — Wet pine barrens. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves mostly deciduous. Var. pumila, Michx. Low (10-2° high), much branched; leaves smaller ih'-^' long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near tlie ajicx ; amenta minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy pine barrens. 2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli- tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the coast. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long. 2. COMPTOIHA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. Flowers moncecious. Sterile araent cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovaiy surrounded by 5 - 6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules. 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods. North Carolina, and north- ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3' -4' long, resembling those of a fern, 3. LEITNERIA, N. Gen. Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Cn]yx and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-cellcd, introrse. Fertile ament few- many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap- proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly smooth, viith the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, chauucUed. 428 BETULACE.E. (bIRCH FAMILY.) Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth : endocarp crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- ledons oval, compressed. Radicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2° - 6° high, with soft wood and smooth light-bro-wTi bark, without resinous dots. Branches short and thick, hoary -pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (4'- 6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, hoary-tomentose beneath, straight-veined, on long spreading or recurv'ed hoary petioles, decidu- ous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, from the axils of the preceding year, the sterile ones 1'- H' long, the fertile 6" -8" long. Drupe ^' long, green, slightly curved. 1. L. Floridana. — Salt or -brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Feb. and March. Order 130. BETULACE^. (Birch Family.) Trees or slirubs, witli alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2-3 together in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 2, elon- gated. Fruit a Avinged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, forming, with the imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. «. 1. BETULA, Toum. Birch. % Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx scale-like. Stamens short : anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin- drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly winged. Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often separable into thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, serrate. Fruiting bracts membranaceous. 1. B. nigra, L. (Black Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like the short petioles and branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ; the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with reddish-brown bark, and long spreading branches. 2. B. excelsa, Ait. (Yellow Birch.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and hairy, acute* (B. lutea, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. March and April. — A tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish bark. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 3. B. lenta, L. (Cherry Birch.) Branchlets smooth; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young, at SALICACEiE. (willow FAMILY.) 429 length only on the petioles and veins beneath ; fruiting amcnts oblong ; IoIjcs of the bracts widely spreading, acute, smooth. — Cool shady banks in the upper parts of Georgia, and northward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with dark brown rugged bark, and close and fine-grained wood. Young twigs spicy and aromatic. 2. ALNUS, Toum. Alder. Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-l)ractcolate, 1 - ."^-flow- ered. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4 : antlicrs 2-ci.'lI(.'d. Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting amcnt woody, persistent. Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the Stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed. 1. A. Serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointwl, serru- late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled ; fruit ovate, wingless. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan. -March. — Shrul) 3° -12° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. 2. A. viridis, DC. Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique at the base, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ; -fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Order 13L SALICACEJE. (Willow Family.) Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - many. Ovary 1-celled or im- perfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 2, very short, more or less united: stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. Radicle point- ing downward. 1. SALIX, Toum. Willow. Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1 - 2 small glands. Stamens 2- 6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmjis short, 2-lolR-d.— Leaves commonly naiTow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Amcutd luosdy erect, appearing with or before the leaves. 430 SALICACE^. (willow FAMILY.) * Aments small, sessile : ovary silky: stamens 2. — Low canescent shrubs, with small leaves. Aments developed hefm-e the leaves. 1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, cov- ered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; Stipules minute, caducous ; flowering aments small, globular ; the oval bracts hairy on the margins ; style short ; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil, in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. S. huinilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, naiTOwed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often slightly serrate near the summit ; stipules small, serai-cordate or lunate, entire or toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate bracts villous ; style conspicuous ; ovary slender. (S. conifera, Muhl. S. Muh- lenbergiana, Willd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences. 3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat, pubescent above, silky beneath ; ovary lanceolate, villous ; styles elongated. — Swamps and low ground, Florida ? and northward. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Branches silky. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Stipules subulate. Bracts oblong, obtuse, hairy on the margins. * * Aments large, cylindrical, sessile, silky-villous, developed before the leaves : ovaries woolly. — Large shrubs. 4. S. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent; leaves oblong, petioled, acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ; stipules semi-lunar, toothed ; aments woolly, with glossy hairs ; sta- mens 2 ; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina, Pursh, and north- ward. April. — Shrub 8° -10° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Aments I'-l^' long. * # * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing with the leaves : ovaries smooth, stalked. 5. S. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves. ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, glaucous beneath, finely seirate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ; stipules small, caducous ; fruiting ament oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceolate, smooth. — Rocky banks. West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thin, 2' -3' long. Fruiting aments 2' -3' long, 1' in diameter, enveloped in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen. 6. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, peti- oled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both surfaces ; stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and persistent; aments elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered ; bracts deciduous ; sta- mens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the conspicuous style. (S. Houstoniana, Pursh.) — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. A shrub or small tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2' - 3' CONIFERS, (pine family.) 431 long, sometimes pubescent at maturity, like the branchlets. Fertile amenta ., 3' -4' long. 11 The Weeping- Willow (S. Babylonica, Tourn.), and the Yellow Willow or Golden Osier (S. vitellina, Smith), are introduced species. 2. POPULUS, Tourn. Cotton-Wood. Toplar. Aspen. Bracts of the aments toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblique cup-shaped disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated, 2-parted. — Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally com- pressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated scales. Aments slender, drooping, appearing before the leaves. 1. P. angulata, Ait. Branches thick, smooth, and sharply angled ; leaves large, smooth, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, truncate at the base, obtusely serrate with incurved teeth ; the conspicuous veins and compressed peti- ole yellowish. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 8' long, longer than the petiole. 2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete; leaves round-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomentose when young, like the branchlets, at length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole ; fruiting aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts, and northward. March and April. — A middle-sized tree, with smooth gray bark. Leaves 3'- 5' long, and nearly of the same width'. 3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete ; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, serrate, with obtuse, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base, hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath ; fruiting aments smooth. — River-swamps in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. March and April. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. • The LoMBARDY Poplar (P. dilatata, Ait.), and the White Poplar (P. alba, Zy.), are introduced species. Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM.E. Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized l>y the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. Order 132. CONIFERiE. (Pine Family.) . Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or disk- bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or needle-shaped 432 CONIFERS, (pine family.) mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious amentaceous flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. Fruit a cone or drupe, Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons 2 or more. Synopsis. Suborder I. ABIETINE^. Fertile flowers consisting of numer- ous bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted ovules at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 1. PINUS. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. Suborder n. CUPRESSINE^. Fertile flowers consisting of few bractless mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect ovules at their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fi-uit a drupe or cone. Buds naked. 3. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 4. CUPRESSUS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, persistent. 5. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender deciduous branchlets. 6. THUJA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- cated on the flattened branches, persistent. Suborder m. TAXINE^. Fertile flower solitary, without a car- pellary scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly. 7. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 8. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 1. PINUS, Toum. Pine. Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- ous on the axi^s, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments terminal, single or clustered. Car- pellary scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral in- verted ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and forming a cone ; the apex commonly thickened, angular, and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excava- tion at the base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Trees. Leaves ever- green, needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a thin scarious sheath. * Leaves two in each sheath. 1. P. pungens, Michx. (Table-Mouxtain Pine.) Leaves from a short sheath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed ^vith a very stout spine, j which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. — Mountains, | rarely west of the Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward. — A CONIFERiE. (pine FAMILY.) 433 tree 40° - 50° hiiih, with i Igifl and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long. Cones 3' long, yellowish-brown. Buds resinous. 2. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrub Pixe.) Bninchlets smooth and glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the inner tlice ; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-peduncled ; scales armed with a straight subulate rigid spine. — Dry sandy or gravelly ridges in the middle districts, South Carolina, and northward. — A tree 15° -30° high, with rough blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves l'-2' long, dark green. Coues light brown, about 2' lung, opening at ma- turity. 3. P. glabra, Walt. Branches and branchlets smooth, whitish ; leaves slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylindrical ; spines nearly obsolete. — In close rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina, Ravenel. — A tree 40° -60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching from near the ground. Leaves 3' -4' long. Cones about 2' long. "Wings of the seed lighter colored, more tapei-ing, longer and less gibbous than those of P. niitis." This species of Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr. Ravenel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hummocks of this State, and is distinguished here, as in South Carolina, as the Spruce-Pine. 4. P. mitis, Michx. (Short-leaved PixE.) Leaves from a long sheath, crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green ; cones small, mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong ; the thin scales flattened at the apex, and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A large tree, with rough bark, and fine-grained valuable wood. Leaves 3' - 5' long, sometimes three in a sheath. Cones light brown, about l^-' long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed reddish. * * Leaves three in each sheath. 5. P. rigida, Miller. (PiTCH-PiNE.) Leaves crowded, from a very short sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face ; cones single or clustered, sessile, ovate, the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved s])inc. — Sandy ban-en soil in the upper districts, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick bUickish rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid, rough with the persistent bases of the leaf-bracts. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Cones 2' -3' long, light-brown. 6. P, serotina, Michx. (Poxd-Pine ) Leaves somewhat crowded, from a short sheath, elongated ; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile ; the scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. — Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. — A small tree, with rough bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5' -8' long. Cones 2' - 3' long. 7. P. Tseda, L. (Loblolly or Old-field Pixe.) Branches scaly; leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated ; cones large, solitary, oblong- conical, with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light 37 434 CONIFERS, (pine family.) and mostly damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a lofty tree, with very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable, but sparingly resinous wood ; but in old fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6'- 10' long, rarely 2 or 4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3'- 5' long. 8. P. australis, Michx. (Long-leated or Yellow Pine.) Leaves very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very scaly branches ; cones lai^e, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. palustris, L., the prior but inappropriate name.) — Sandy soil, constituting almost the entire growth of the Pine Barrens. — A lofty tree, with thin-scaled bark, and very valuable resinous wood, dividing near the summit into few spreading branches. Leaves 10' -15' long. Leaf-bracts sca- rious, fimbriate. Cones 6'- 10' long. * # # Leaves jive in each sheath. 9. P. StrobUS, L. (White Pine.) Leaves slender, from a very short and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the loosely im- bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white wood. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Cones 4' - 6' long. 2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. Chiefly as in Pinus, but the aments mostly solitary ; anthers opening length- wise or transversely ; scales of the cone not thickened at the apex, nor spiny ; wings of the seed persistent. — Leaves single, short. * Cones lateral, erect / with the scales deciduous at maturity : anther-cells opening transversely. 1. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Silver or Balsam Fir.) Leaves somewhat distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long, oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexed at the summit. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A small tree. Leaves 6" - 8" long. Cones l'-2' long. * * Cones terminal, pendulous, with the scales persistent : anther-cells opening lengthwise. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock-Spruce.) Leaves distichous, flat, linear, obtuse, dark green above, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North Car- olina, and northward. — A large tree with the horizontal branches gradually diminishing upward, foi-ming a pyramidal spire. Leaves |^' long. Cones 8"- 9" long. 3. A. nigra, Poir. (Black Spruce.) Leaves scattered on all side*; of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green ; cone ovate or ovate- CONIFERS. (pine FAMILY.) 435 oblong ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves ^' long, rigid. Cones I'-l^' long. 4, A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves inserted on all sides of the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones oblong-cylin- drical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than those of the preceding. Cones l'-2' long. 3. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. Flowers mostly dioecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered. Stamens several : anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath tlie peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1-3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and forming in fruit a berry-like drape containing 1-3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 1. I. Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar.) Branches terete; leaves opposite or by threes, minute, i-hombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the back ; those on young shoots subulate and spreading; drupes small, blue, 1 -2-sceded. — Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March. — A small tree, with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous wood, and spreading branches. Leaves dark green. 4. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cypress. Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther-cells 2-4, inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengtlnvise. Carpel- lary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming woody in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each end. Cotyledons 2-3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves. 1. C. thyoides, L. (White Cedar.) Branchlcts compressed, crowded, distichous ; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish gland on the back ; anther-cells two under each scale ; cones small. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. April. — A middle-sized tree, with fibrous bark, and liglit durable wood. Branches spreading. Cones 3" - 4" in diameter, borne on short scaly stalks. 5. TAXODIUM, Richard. Cypress. Bald-Cypress. Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked panicle. Scales peltate. Anther-cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales very thick, angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, wingless. Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves. 1. T. distich.11111, Rich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorlcd, on very numerous short and slender deciduous branchlcts, linear, acute, 2-rankod or im- 436 CONIFERS, (pine family.) bricated. (Cupressus disticha, L.) — Ponds and deep swamps. Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark, light durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Cones |' - 1' in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical knobs called Cypress-Knees. 6. THUJA, Tourn. Arbor-Vit^. Flowers monoecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther-cells 4, with a scale- like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect ovules at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at maturity, persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with scale- like imbricated persistent leaves. 1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (Arbor- Vit^.) Branches flat, distichous ; leaves ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows ; cones oblong, nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse ; seeds broadly winged, emarginate at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Carolina, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree. Cones ^' long, 7. TAXTJS, Toum. Yew. Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the sterile ones in globular few-flowered aments. Anther-cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which becomes large and berry-like in fruit, and suiTounds the nut-like seed. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, linear rigid distichous leaves, and scaly buds. 1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicuously petioled (about 9" long), the outer margin revolute; fruit abundant; the fleshy disk of the seed bright red. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. — A small tree, 10° -20° high. 8. TORRE YA, Amott. Flowers dioecious, axillary; the sterile ones in globose or oblong aments. Anther-cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con- sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated albu- men. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves distichous, rigid, persistent. Buds scaly. 1. T. taxifolia, Am. Branchlets opposite, 2-ranked ; leaves linear, spiny- pointed, nearly sessile, light green ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed ovoid, drupe-like. — Rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, with durable strong-scented wood, and horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, 1' long. Seed smooth and glaucous, similar in shape and size to a nutmeg. CYCADACE^. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 437 Order 133. CYCADACE^. (Cycas Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, like the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody bundles or plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Leaves pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers dioecious, destitute of calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1-celled anthers inserted under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. Fertile flowers consisting of naked ovules inserted under the scales like the sterile flowers, or on the margins of contracted leaves. Seed nut-like. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Radicle ending in a long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2. 1. ZAMIA, L. Flowers in cone-like araents, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of the common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, ])endulous. Seed round- ish, drupe-like, — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the petioles, with numerous simple veins. 1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (Coontie.) Stem short, globular or oblong ; leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaf- lets entire, or serrate near the apex ; aments oblong, obtuse, short-pedunclcd. — Low grounds, South Florida. — The stem abounds in starch, from which the Florida Arrowroot is obtained. Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposi- tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel- veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledons single. Order 134. PALM^. (Palms.) Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a tenninal bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, and a spadix of small perfect or polygamous flowers. Sepals and petals 3, free or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly H, hypogynous or pe- rigynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary a-cellcd, couunonly with a 37* 438 PALM^. (palms.) single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule in each cell. Styles 3, mostly united : stigmas entire. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo cylin- drical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the circumference of the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long-petioled. Spadix axillary. 1. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto. riowers perfect, sessile, bractcd. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-clcft. Corolla 3- petalled. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers cordate-ovate, horizontal. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united, 3-angled : stigma capitate or obtuse. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe. Embryo dorsal. Albumen ho- mogeneous, horny. — Stems simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves fan-shaped, long-petioled, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with long thread-like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing spathes at the joints. Flowers small, whitish, rigid. Drupe oblong or globose. Sheaths of the leaves commonly composed of dry interlaced fibres. 1. S. Palmetto, R. & S. (Cabbage-Palmetto.) Stem erect, tall, sim- ple, leafy at the summit; leaves large, cordate in outline, pinnatifid-fan-shaped, recurved at the summit, mostly shorter than the smooth concave petiole ; the very numerous divisions deeply cleft, and with thread-like filaments at the si- nuses ; spadix smooth and spreading, commonly shorter than the leaves ; petals slightly united at the base ; style thick; drupe globose. (Chamcerops Palmetto, Michx. ) — Sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Stem 20° - 40° high. Leaves 5° - 8° long, their bases long-persistent. Drupe black, 4" - 5" in diameter. 2. S. serrulata, R. & S. (Saw-Palmetto.) Stem creeping, branching ; leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, bright-green, shorter than the slender plano-convex more or less spiny-edged petiole; the numerous (15-30) erect divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like filaments in the si- nuses ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves ; petals scarcely united; style slender; drupe ovoid-oblong. (S. minima, A^wf/. ? Cliamcerops, Pursh.) — Sandy soil in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June. — Stem 4° - 8° long. Leaves 2° - 4° high. Drupe black, 8" - 9" long. 3. S. Adansonii, Guems. (Dwarf Palmetto.) Stem short, buried in the earth ; leaves circular in outline, glaucous, fan-shaped, slightly pinnatifid, longer than the stout concave smooth-edged petiole; the numerous (20-30) divisions slightly cleft at the apex, sparingl}' filamentose at the sinuses ; spa- dix erect, smooth, slender, much longer than the leaves ; petals united at the base ; style thick ; drupe globose. (S. pumila. Ell.) — Low grounds in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Leaves 2° -3° high. Spadix 3° - 6° high. Drupe 4" in diameter, black. Nut hemispherical. 2. CHAM-ZEROPS, L. Flowers polygamous, bracted. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 6-9, with the filaments connate at the base : anthers oblong. Ovaries 3, more ARACE^. (arum family.) 439 or less united. Stigmas acute, stiirmatic on the inner face. Drupes 1-3, one- seeded. Embryo dorsal, in horny somewhat ruminated albumen. — Low palms, with fan-like long-petioled leaves, destitute of thread-like filaments. Sheaths soon dry and net-like. Spadix dense-flowered, branching. Spathe 2 - 4-leaved. Flowers yellowish. Drupe globose or ovoid. 1. C. Hystrix, Fraser. (Blue Palmetto.) Stem short, proliferous; leaves circuUir in outline, Avith numerous 2 - 4-toothcd divisions, on triangular rough-edged petioles ; sheaths persistent, composed of oblique fibres interwoven with numerous erect strong spines ; spadix small, short-peduncled ; spathes about 4, oblong, woolly, acutely 2-lipped ; petals ovoid; drupe ovoid. — Low shady woods in the lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 2° - 3° long, erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° - 4° high. Spadix 6'- 12' long. Partial spathes none. Drupe G"-9" long. Order 135. ARACE^. (Arum Family.) Acrid chiefly stemless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, with entire or divided often veiny leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — Calyx and corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. Stamens short, hypogynous : anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the thick connective. Ovary 1 - several-celled, with 1 - several ovules in each cell. Stigma ses- sile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo straight. Albumen mealy or fleshy, sometimes wanting. Synopsis. * Calyx and corolla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious, ■t- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 1. ARIS^MA. Spathe thin, convolute at the base, arching above. Spadix barren above. Leaves 3 - several-lobed. 2. PELTANDRA. Spathe (green) thick, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins. Spa- dix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. 3. XANTHOSOMA. Spathe convolute at the base, open and white above. Spadix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. M- -t- Fertile flower solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe. 4. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary. * ♦ Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect. H- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. Sepals and stamens 4. 4- -t- Spadix naked. 6. ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape. 7. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattt'ued leaf-like scape. 1. AHIS^MA, Mart. Indian Turnip. Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. Spadix covered below with monoecious flowers (the lower ones fertile), elon- 440 ARACEiE. (arum FAMILY.) gated and naked above. Cal}'*x and corolla none. Stamens 4 in a whorl, very short : anther-cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Root tuberous. Petioles of the com- monly divided and veiny leaves elongated and sheathing the scape. Fruit-clus- ters naked. 1. A. triphyllum, Ton-. (Wake-Robin.) Leaves two, trifoliate ; leaf- lets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spathe tubular, dilated, flattened and incurved above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer than the club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. (Arum triphyllum, Z.) — Low rich woods, Florida, and northward. March. — Plant 1° - H° high. Leaf- lets 3' - 6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely acrid. 2. A. polyrQOrph.Uin. Leaf solitary, 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets varying from oblong to obovatc, acute or slightly acuminate, nearly sessile, the lateral ones entire, 2-lobed or 2-parted to the base ; spathe, &c. as in the preceding. (Arum polymorphum, Buckley. A. quinatum, Nutt.?) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Plant 1° - 1^° high. 3. A. Draeontium, Schott. (Dragon-root.) Leaf solitary, pedately 9- 13-foliolate; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; spathe tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender spadix. (Arum Draeontium, L.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Plant 1°- Ig^^ high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis, 1 - 3-seeded. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow-Arum. Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curs-ed at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo- noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded in the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, with sev- eral orthotropous ovules. Berry 1 - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, without albu- men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stemless marsh herb, from a creeping rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of the spathe. 1 . P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves recurved in fruit ; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix, both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster, 1-seeded. (Arum Virginicum, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Plant 1° high. Spatbes 2'- 4' long. 3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott. Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate ARACE^. (arum family.) 441 connective, opening at the apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-cclled, with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded. — Herbs. Petioles of the sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape. 1 . X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathc hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo- late, white, longer than the spadix. — Marshes and springy places, near Savan- nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. 1|. — Root tuberous. Tetioles 12'- 15' long. Leaves 5' -7' long, the lobes somewhat spreading and generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles. 4. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers few, monoecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-shaped invo- lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3-8, opening transversely. Ovaiy 1-celled, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style thick: stigma disk-like. Berry few -many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of 'the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate, abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with the nerves projecting beneath (la- melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-pedunclcd, white. — In still water. East Florida, and westward. — Leaves l'-2' long. 6. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk-Cabbage. Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix pcdun- cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like in fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embni'o thick and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhiz.oma, with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be- fore the leaves. 1. S. fCBtiduS, Salisb. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-pctioled ; spatho ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow ; spadix dull-purple, much shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos foetidus, Michx.) — Bogs and swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March. — Leaves l°-2° long. Spathe 2' - 4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' - 3' in diameter. Seeds about the size of a pea. 6. 'ORONTIUM, L. Golden-Club. Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow perfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4- 6. Anthers 2-ccllcd, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 442 LEMNACEuE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed witliout allnimen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial aquatic herb, with oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix terminating the club- shaped scape. 1. O. aquaticum, L. Ehizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on stout terete petioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, sheathed below, commonly cur^^ed. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-20 long. Spadix V -2' long; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 7. ACOE-US, L. Calamus. Sweet Flag. Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per- fect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3- celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu- men. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in- troduced. April. — Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves lo-2° high, linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow- ish, 2' - 3' long, spreading. Order 136. L.EMNACE7E. (Duckweed Family.) Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds), and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monoecious, mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous, pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon vanishing, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments bearing a 2-ceUed anther, and a single sessile 1-celled ovary, which forms in fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricle. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed. Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigma funnel- form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. — Stems increasing by lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calyptre-like append- age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. 1. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; seed liorizontal. — Pools, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward ; common near the coast, and probably intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr. — Stems 1" - 2" long. 1 TYPHACEiE. (cat-tail FAMILY.) 443 2. L. polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovatc, flat and pale above, convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. Stems 2" -4" long. Order 137. TYPHACE7E. (Cat-tail Family.) Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved leaves, and monoecious fiowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti- tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or distant. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail. Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs ; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa- dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin- drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma, clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes bract-like and deciduous, or none. 1. T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below; leaves nearly as long as the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por- tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, -Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above. Leaves about 1' wide. Spadix about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, L., if found within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which are channelled near the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of the spadix. 2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reed. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bractod. Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut- like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic J)lants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 1. S. ramosum, Huds. ? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower siicathing and elongated ; heads 5-9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, Ell.) — Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8" -12" wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8" - 10" in diameter. 44:4: NAlADACEiE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) Order 138. NAIADACEiE. (Pond weed Family.) Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect monoecious or dicEcious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with scale-like sepals. Stamens 1-4: anthers 1-4-celled. Ovary 1-celled, forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al- bumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed in a spathe. Synopsis. * Flowi'rs monoecious or dioecious. 1. NAIAS. Stigmas 2-4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. 3. ZANNICIIELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. * * Flowers perfect. 4. RUPPTA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 5. POT AMOG ETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. 1. NAIAS, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co- rolla. Sterile flower monandrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, open- ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems filiform, fork- ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base. Flowers solitary, minute. 1. N. flexilis, Rostk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long); leaves 3 in a whorl, nan-ow-linear, membranaceous, spi'cading, minutely denticulate on the margins, the lower ones often remote ; stigmas 3 - 4 ; achenium elliptical, acute, smooth, yellowish. (Cauhnia flexilis, Willd.) — In ponds and Stillwater, South Caro- lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1' long. Var. ? fusiformis. Stem (6' -12' long) almost capillary, very leafy throughout ; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2" -4" long) ; achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish water along the coast. West Florida. July and Aug. 2. ZOSTERA, L. Eel-grass. Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine filaments instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen- dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig- mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in- flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo. — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. NAIADACE^. (POXDWEED FAMILY.) 445 1. Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed; leaves thin and tender, f.iintly 3-5-nerved; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. Flowers monoecious, axillaiy. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- posed of 2-6 sessile 1 -celled ovaries, sun-ounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended, orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. — Sub- merged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very iiarruw and entire alternate leaves, with sheathing stipules. 1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted, filiform, alternately branched; leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 1 -nerved ; anther 2-celled, on a long and slender filament ; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, commonly raised on a short common pe- duncle, each stalked, linear-oblong, somewhat cxjmpressed and curved, smooth and wingless, about one third longer than the persistent style. — Fresh or brack- ish water, West Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 4. RUPPIA, L. Ditch-grass. Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long-exseited. Stamens 2, closely sessile : anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single sus- pended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, obliquely ovate. Embryo pointed by the short plumule. — Salt-water herbs, with filiform branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing leaves. 1. R. maritima, L. — In shallow water, along the coast, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. — Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at the base. Leaves filiform, l'-3' long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths. Fruiting peduncles l'-4' long. Achenium pointed. 5. POTAMOGETON, Toum. Poxdweed. Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals: filaments short: anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none : stigma peltate. Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, with immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite, either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or the up^xir ones floating and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal. * Leaves all immersed and alike. -I- Lea ves ^filiform . 1. P. pectinatus, L. Stem slender, flcxnous ; the branches difTuscly "forking, distichous; leaves long, thickish, slightly channelled, approximate on 38 446 NAIADACE.E. (rONDWEED FAMILY.) the branches ; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the leaves ; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles ; achenium obovate, smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Spikes l'-2' long. 2. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile ; stipules free from the leaves, connate, sheathing; spikes short-peduncled, 4-6-flowered, globose in fruit; achenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Peduncles ^' - V long. ^- +- Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sh^thing. 3. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water, West Florida, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6" - 8" long. 4. P. lucens, L. ? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on the margins ; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back ; spikes cylindrical, many-flow- ered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium (immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh water, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. — Stems 2°-3° long. Leaves 2'-3' long, equalling the spikes. * * Leaves of iv:o forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones long- petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 5. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem simple ; leaves many-nerved ; the floating ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or cordate at the base; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly short- petioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the back ; peduncles stout, thickened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; achenium smooth, 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Lea ves 2 ' - 9 ' long. P. KATANS, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen specimens. It may be known by longer-pctioled (4'- 12') leaves, more slender peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia. 6. P. heterophyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed; peduncles thickened up- ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; achenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. — Shallow ponds. North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1'- 2' long. Immersed leaves 4' - 6' long. 7. P. hybridus, Michx. Small ; stems very slender, branched ; floating leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and strongly ALISMACK^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 447 impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform, sciittcrcd ; spikes oval or oblong, short-pcduncled ; achenium nearly circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tubcrculate, and 1 - 3-ndged on the back ; embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Parsh. P. heterophyllus, Ell. 1) — Shallow j)onds, Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Floating leaves 6" -8" long, com- monly 5-nerved. Order 139. ALISMACE^. (Water-Plantain Family.) Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like stems, bearing the pei-fect or monoecious flowers in spikes or v^rhorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous : anthers 2- celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceuu:>, 1 - 2-seeded. Em- bryo straight or curved, without albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. JUNCAGINEiE. Sepals and petals (when present) greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. Suborder II. ALISMEiE. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam- pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious. Achenia clustered in a head. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like tj)e sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united ^ound a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers small, bractless. 1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers very numer- ous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthei*s and ovaries 3; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed 3-ribbed achenia ; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida to North Carolina, Aug. - Sept. — Scape and leaves ^° - 1° liigh. 2. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in tho bud, deciduous. Stamens 6-12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style 448 ALiSMACE^. (water-plantain family.) short. Achcnium 1 -seeded, 2 - 3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers white. 1. A. PlantagO, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, 3 - 9-nervxd ; panicle large, lax, the whorled branches and elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 15-20 in a whorl. (A. trivialis, and A. parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and margins of ponds in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Panicle 1 ° - 2° long. 3. ECHINODORUS, Richard. Flowers perfect, mostly in whorled racemes. Sepals 3. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, im- bricated, forming ribbed achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, with petioled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like. 1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, mostly acute, finely nerved and somewhat pinnately-veined, commonly shorter than the single or clustered 1-6-flowered scapes; flowers mostly clustered or umbelled, on long bracted pedicels which are recurved in fruit, stamens 9 ; achenia few, shorter than the ovate sepals, obovate, flattened at the sides, and surrounded with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds. Middle Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Scapes l'-4' high. Achenia black and shining. 2. E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or rounded or cordate at the base, 5-ncrved, about as long as the petiole ; scape rigid, erect, longer than the leaves ; whorls few ; pedicels erect or spreading ; sepals ovate, many-nerved, shorter than the oval bur-like head ; sta- mens 12; style longer than the ovary; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on the back, with fainter lateral and intermediate ribs, beaked with the long persist- ent style. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3' -8' high, or oc- casionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 5" wide. 3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, obtuse, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape elongated, prostrate, rooting and proliferous ; whorls several, remote ; pedicels slender, spreading, or recurved ; stamens about 20 ; style shorter than the ovary ; heads globose, longer than the many-nerved sepals ; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly denticulate on the back. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 4° long Leaves 3' - 8' long. Flowers 8" -12" wide. 4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-grass. Flowers monoecious, in a whorled raceme, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many. Ovaries crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously-shaped nerved and ALISMACE^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 449 reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white, commonly 3 in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts. * Filaments long and slender. 1. S. falcata, Pursh. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, broadly lanceolate, acute at each end, pinnately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; scape longer than the leaves, often branching above ; pedicels of the sterile flowers slender, longer than those of the fertile ones ; bracts and sepals ovate, ol>tu.sc, granular-roughened; stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia obli(iucly ol)ovatc, wing-keeled, strongly beaked. (S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Lakes and rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. — Scape 2° -5° high. Leaves \°-2° long. Flowers 1'- 1^' wide. 2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or olitusc, vary- ing from linear to brondly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, and sepals, pubescent; bracts acute; flowers mostly large; pedicels of the sterile flowers twice as long as those of tiie fertile ones ; aclienia obovate, beaked ; fila- ments smooth. (S. sagittifolia, hastata, pubescens, Sac. of authors.) — Marshes, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape l°-3° high, an- gled. Leaves 2'- 12' long. * =* Filaments short, thickened at the base. 3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak; leaves linear or lanceolate, and acute at each end, or elliptical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base ; bracts obtuse ; sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels ; the fertile ones nearly sessile ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-beaked. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scape few-flowered, the lowest whorl only bearing fertile flowers. 4. S. simplex, Pursh. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, simple or branched ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nervcd, erect, the earliest mostly destitute of a blade ; bracts membranaceous ; flowers small, all on long filiform pedicels; stamens 10-12, hairy at the base; achenia obovate, wing-keeled, beakless. (S. graminea, Michx.) — Shallow ponds in the pine bar- rens, Florida, and northward. May - Oct. — Scape 10' - 15' high, usually longer than the leaves 5. S. natans, Michx. Small; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse at each end or the lowest sliglitly cordate, 5-7-nerved, about as long as the few-flowered scape; bracts membranaceous, acute; pedicels of the fertile flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit ; stamens 7 or 8 : achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked. — Shallow ponds and streams, Florida to South Carolina. June -Sept. — Scapes 3' -6' long. Leaves l'-2' long. Var. lorata. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerveless ; scapes floating or erect; flowers sometimes dioecious; aclienia conspicuously beaked, pimpled. — Brackish water, along the west coast of Florida. May - Sept. — When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2° - 3° long ; when on muddy banks, only 3' -5' high, and the short leaves bear much resemblance to those of Crantzia lineata. In this state it is probably S. pusilla, Pursh. 38* 1 450 HTDROCHARIDACEiE. (fROG's-BIT FAMILY.) Order 140. HYDROCHARIDACE^. (Frog^s-bit Family.) Aquatic herbs, -with monoecious or dioecious flowers, from a membrana- ceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct in the sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent with the 1-9- celled ovary. Stamens 3-12. Ovules numerous, ascending, orthotropous. Stigmas 3-9. Frtdt indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, without albumen. Synopsis. * Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3- 1. ANACHARIS. Flowers polygamo-dicecioas. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short, opposite or whorled. 2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Spathe peduncled. Stamens 3. Leaves long, linear. * * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9. 8. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 6-9, monadelphous. Leaves cordate, petioled. 1. ANACHARIS, Eich. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. Fer- tile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very long and slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovarj' 1 -celled, with three parietal placentse, few-ovnled. Style capillary, adnate to the tube. Stig- mas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Frait oblong, coriaceous. — Perennial herbs, with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and small and very numer- ous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected by the sterile flowers breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the surface among the floating stigmas. 1 . A. Canadensis, Planch. Stem much branched ; leaves 3-4 in a Avhorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1 -nerved, pellucid and minutely serrulate. (Udora Canadensis, Nutt.) — In slow-flowing streams and ponds, Cherokee, North Carolina, Curtis, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 3"- 6" long. 2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix, which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular spathe, and borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small petals 3, united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentae. — Aquatic herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. Fertilizatiou effected mostly as in Anacharis. ( BURMANNIACE^. (bURMANNIA FAMILY.) 4.H 1 . V. spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and ponds, I'lorida, and north- ward. July - Sept. H. — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, 5-9-nerved, sharply serrulate, lo-3° long, 6"- 12" wide. Scape of the sterile flowers l'-4' long, of the fertile ones 2° -5° long. Fruit l'-3' long, often curved. 3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled. Sterile spathe entire, 2-3-flowered; the fertile 3-leuvcd, 1-flowercd. Sepals and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Stamens 6-12, monadelphous : anthers linear. Ovary 6 - 9-cellcd, with as many central placentae, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas G - 9, each 2-parted. — A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent roots, long-pctioled round- cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. I. L. Spongia, Richard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon vanish- ing ; the fertile ones commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit ; petals oblong, alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. (Hydro- charis spongiosa, Bosc.) — Still water, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. U — Leaves 2' - 4' wide. Order 141. BURMANNIACE.E. (Burmannia Family.) Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular perfect flowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 6-clefl corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1 or 3-celled many- ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of the perianth : anther-cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style slender : stigmas 3, dilated. Placentas 3, central or parietal. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 1. BURMANNIA, L. Tube of the pei'ianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, 6-cleft, withering-persist- ent ; the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, inserted opposite the interior lobes of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, witli three thick 2-lobed cen- tral placentae. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule splitting at the apex into 3 valves. — Radical leaves crowded and grass-like, or none ; those of the stem minute, scale-like. Flowers racemose or clustered. 1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - se\Tral-flowei-cd ; leaves subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged, the exterior lobes erect, ovate, acute, the interior linear and incurved; seeds oblong, striate. (Tripte- rella ccerulea, Michx.) — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stem l'-5' high. In this and the following species the seeds escape through irregular fissures at the sides of the capsule. 452 oPvCHiDACE^. (orchis family.) 2. B. capitata. Stems setaceous, simple ; leaves subulate, scattered ; flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; perianth 3-angled, wingless, the interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. (Tripterclla capitata, Michx.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. -Nov. — Stems 2' -6' high. 2. APTERIA, Nutt. Perianth terete, tubular-bell-shaped, 6-cleft, with the 3 interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short, opposite the interior lobes of the perianth, the filaments flat and orbicular at the apex : anthers ^ losely adhering to the globose stigmas. Ovary 1 -celled, with three 2-winged parietal placentce. Capsule obovate, split- ting from the base into three valves, which remain attached to the apex of the pei-sistent placentae. Seeds ovoid. — A small perennial herb, with subulate bract-like leaves, and scattered nodding flowers. 1. A. setacea, Nutt. Deep shady woods, along the margins of swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem erect or ascending, purple, filiform, simple or branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers few, distant, on nodding pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long. Order 142. ORCHIDACE^. (Orchis Family.) Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6-parted, united below with the 1-celled ovary ; the three outer divisions (calyx) and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; but the third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one (Labelhim or Lip) differs from the others in form, and oflen bears a spur or prominence at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the style into a column, one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2-celled anther. Pollen- grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery masses {Pollinid). Cap- sule with three parietal plaeentas, splitting at the sides into three valves. Seeds very numerous, minute, covered with a loose membranaceous testa. Albumen none. — Plants mostly smooth and more or less succulent. Leaves almost always alternate, sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or scape-like. Flowers bracted, solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remark- able for their various and singular forms. Synopsis. I. Anther solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. Tribe I. M AIi AXIDE^. — Pollen in smooth waxy masses, without stalks or connect* ing tissue. — Roots tuberous. * Stems leafy. 1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. 2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. ORCHIDACEiE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453 « * Stems sheathed. 3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, toothed. 4. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two soUd connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. Tribe IL EPIDENDRE^. —Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic tissue. 5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen-masses 4. Claw of the spuriess lip adnate to the column. 6. TIPULARIA. Pollen-masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed. 7. BLETIA. Pollen-masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless. Tribe III. ARETHUSEJE. — Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 8. CALOPOGON. Pollen-masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 9. POGONIA. Pollen-masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 10. ARETHUSA. Pollen-masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. n. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. Tribe IV. OPHRYDE.aE. — Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells sep- arate. Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue into a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. 11. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a common hood-like fold of the stigma. 12 GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked. 13. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 14. HABENARIA. Anther-cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished with variously shaped appendages. Tribe V. NEOTTIE^SE. — Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. * Pollen-masses 2. 15 SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse. 16. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 17. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. * * Pollen-masses 4. 18. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column. III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. Tribe VI. CYPRIPEI>IE,aE. —Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 19. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. 1. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER's-Monrii, Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire or nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. Anther lid-Hkc. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Stem 1 - 2-leaved, sheathed below. Flowers racemed or spiked, minute, greenish. 1. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near tlie middle of the 5-angled stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short, with the unexpandcd flowers crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, mui-h longer than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. (Malaxis ojihi- oglossoides, MnhJ.) — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaf 1 ' - 2' long. Flowers ^" wide. 454 ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 2. M. Floridana, n. sp. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled stem, unequal, ovate, or elliptical, mostly acute, sheathing; raceme slender, acute, elono-ated in fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the flowers ; sepals ob- long, spreading, with the margins revolute ; petals filifonn, reflexed, twisted ; lip round-auriculate-cordate, abruptly nan-owed and entire at the apex, depressed at the sinus ; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Apalachicola, Flor- ida. July and Aug. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves l'-4' long. Flowers 1" wide. 2. LIPARIS, Richard. Twatblade. Sepals -spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip entire, flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi-terete, incurved, margined at the apex. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, united by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing the base of the scape-like stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish. 1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base ; scape 3-angled, 10 - 20-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals linear, whitish ; petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly pointed, brownish-purple. (Malaxis liliifolia, Swarlz.) — Low shady woods and banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 5' - 10' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Lip ^' long. 3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged near the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. Pol- len-masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like roots, sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. 1. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem tumid at the base, slender above ; sheaths 3, elongated ; racemes 10 - 15-flowered ; sepals and the rather shorter spotted petals erect, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip entire, longer than the sepals, distinctly clawed, the spreading limb oval, concave, 3-nerved, with two tooth-like ridges in the throat, white spotted with purple ; the margins crenulate below the middle and involute above ; margins of the col- umn thickened and incurved at the base ; capsule oval, nodding. — Shady woods, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem 8' - 16' high. Lip 4" long. 2. C. micrantha, n. sp. Root toothed ; stem low, rigid ; sheaths 2, abruptly pointed; raceme 6 - 1 2-flowered ; flowers verj' small (1''- 1|^" long), erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, erect ; lip short-clawed, entire, oval, concave, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the sepals, white spotted with purple ; capsule obovate, nodding. — Shady woods, Florida and Georgia. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' high. 3. C. innata, R.Brown. Root branching; stem slender; sheaths 3; the upper one elongated and often leaf-like at the apex; raceme 5- 12-flowered; lip { ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 4;">5 somewhat hastate, 3-lobed above the base, with two distinct ridges on the face, white spotted with crimson ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, brownish ; cap- sale oval or elliptical. — Damp shady woods, Georgia, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — A vernal species in the Northern States. 4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Putty-root. Sepals and petals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed, 3-lobed and 3-ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther lid-like, slightly lateral. Pollen-masses 4. — Root tuberous, proliferous, very glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited and petiolcd leaf, which is persistent through the winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme of yellowish flowers at the summit. 1. A. hiemale, Nutt. (Corallorhiza hiemalis, £"//. Limodorum trifidum, Michx. ) — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts, and northward. April and May. — Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4'-6' long. Scape 12'- 15' high, 10-15-flow- ered. Sepals and petals yellowish, tipped with brownish purple. Lip whitish, spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule re- flexed. 5. EPIDENDRUM, L. Tree-Orchis. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, en- tire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or adnate to the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate cup. Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen-masses 4, lenticular, stalked. — Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark of trees by thick and matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 1. E. conopseum, Ait. Scape few - many-flowered ; leaves 1 - 3, coria- ceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat leafy ; sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse ; lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and crenulate, the middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the slightly margined column. — On various trees, but chiefly on Magnolias, Florida to South Caro- lina. Aug. — Scape 2' - 8' high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Flowers 4"- 5" long, green tinged with purple. 2. E. venosum, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5-7-flowercd; leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed; bracts short, ovate; sepals and petals spatulate-lanceolate, acute ; lip 3-parted, 2-crestcd in the middle ; the lateral lobes oblong, acute; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, the claw partly adnate to the 2-winged colunm. — South Florida, Dr. Bhxhtt. — Scape 1° high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4' -5' long. Flowers 8" long. 4o6 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 6. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, stalked, waxy. — Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of numer- ous greenish flowers. 1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Scape about 1° high. Leaf 1'- 2' long, acute, somewhat plaited and many- nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur about 1' long. 7. BLETIA, Ruiz and Pavon. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed, 3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther lid-like, fleshy. Pollen-masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, many- flowered. Leaves sheathing the base of the scape, nan-ow, plaited, sometimes wanting. Flowers spicate or racemose, mostly showy. 1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape stout, terete, tapering into the many-flowered spike ; sheaths several, short, the upper ones passing into the ovate acuminate bracts ; flowers spreading, brownish, striped with purple ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique ; lip concave, emarginate, with a 6-ridged crest along the middle, the lateral lobes erect. — Rich shaded soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Root consisting of horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape l°-\^° high. Perianth %' long. 2. B. vereeunda, Swartz. Scape leafy at the base, many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, plaited, strongly nerved ; petals and sepals greenish, the former con- nivent ; lip saccate, wavy and furrowed, emarginate. — Open pine barrens, Middle and East Florida. July. — Scape 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. 8. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the untwisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at the apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pollen- masses 2, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base, bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with a loose spike of showy flowers. 1. C. pulchellus, R.Br. Scape 2-8-flowered; leaf linear-lanceolate, erect, keeled, many-nerved ; flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the lanceolate obtuse petals ; lip broadly obcordate, acutely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of the crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united ; ovaiy ORCHiDACE^. (orchis fa^iily.) 457 straight, 2-3 times as long as tho lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps, riovida, and northward. June. — Scape l^°-2° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long, riowers 1 ' - 1 5^' wide. 2. C. pallidus, n. sp. Scape 10-20-floM-crcd ; leaf linear, erect, keeled, few-nerved; flowers scattered, white tinged with puri)lc; lateral sepals oljHquely oblong, shorter than the linear-lanceolate acute petals ; lip wedgc-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, obtusely 2-eared at the base ; filaments of the crest mostly united and purple at the base ; ovary straight, scarcely longer than the subulate bract. — Wet pine barrens. West Florida, near the coast, to North Carolina. May. — Scape 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 6'- 9' long. Flowers 9" - 12'' wide. 3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3 - 6-flowered ; leaf linear, concave, appressed to the scape ; flowers approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals oblong, curved, acute, longer than the oblong-lanceolate, obtuse petals; lip wedge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base ; filaments of the crest all yellow and distinct ; ovaiy curved, four times as long as the ovate-acuminate bract. (C. pulchellus, var. graminifolius. Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Flow- ers 8"- 10" wide. 4. C. multiflorus, Lindl. Scape 7 - 1 4-flowered ; leaves mostly two, linear, rigid, concave, erect ; flowers approximate, deep pnrple ; lip wedge- shaped, pointed, winged at the base, bearded in the middle with uniform, filiform hairs; sepals and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers of the size of the preceding. 9. POGONIA, Juss. Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked. Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers nodding, showy. * Sepals and petals nearhj alike, erect. 1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Eoot fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo- late, the upper one terminal and smaller; flower mostly solitary, terminal, sessile, pale rose-color ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ; lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the margins, U)nger than the petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers i' long. 2. P. pendula, Lindl. Root tuberous ; leaves several, short, alternate, ovate, clasping ; flowers 3-7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lol)od, roughened but not crested, rather shorter than the petals, longer than the column. (Tri- phora pendula, Nutt.) — Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves G" - 9" long. 39 458 ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) * * SrpaJs (hrown) linear, spreading, much longer than the erect petals : Up crested, 3-Iobed. 3. P. divaricata, R. Bi*. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary terminal flower; sepals purplish-brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- colored lanceolate petals, recui-ved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple ; crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Sepals 1'- 1^' long. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower ; sepals linear, spread- ing, 3 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-lobed wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 10. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells approxi- mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular tuber, sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 1 . A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina, Michaux, and northward. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing a linear late-developed leaf. Flower l'-2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and fragrant. 11. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. 1. O. speetabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 3 - 5-flowered 5-anglcd scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire, crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, and northward. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 12. GYMNADENIA, R. Brow. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 459 adnate to the batsc of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. * Ovary twisted; the lip therefore anterior. 1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4'-(i' long) lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the subulate bracts of the short (l'-2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; flowers orange-yellow; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, depending, shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.) — Open grassy swamps in the pine baiTcns, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9'- 12' high) scape-like above; lowest leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (l'-2'long) loosely 4- 12-flowered; flowers yellowish-green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upwar or ob- long, acute, very rough above, the sheaths fringed with brown hairs ; spathes 42* 498 MAYACACE^. (mATACA FAMILY.) crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base; sterile peduncle included; petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller; seeds transversely oblong. (C. hirtella, Vahl. C. longifolia, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. U — Stem 1 o - U° high. 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. Sta- mens all fertile, the filaments hairy : anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with naiTow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those of the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding in the morning. Fruiting pedicels recur\Td. 1. T, Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless hairs ; leaves linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and termi- nal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowei-s closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, each with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and densely l)earded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March -May. — Stems |o-2'^high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 2. T. pilosa, Lchra. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villous or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, nan-owed at the base, pubescent on both sides ; clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; tlie pedicels and oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs ; seeds transversely oblong, pitted on the back ; petals blue. — Light soil in the upper districts. May- July. — Stem lo_iio high. Leaves I'-lj' wide. Flowers %' in diameter. 3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3' -6') terminal peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Light fertile soil, Georgia to North Carolina. June - Aug. — Stem 6' - 8' high. Flowers ^' in diameter. Order 15G. MAYACACE^. (Mayaca Family.) Creeping moss-like marsh herbs, with very numerous narrow and pel- lucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by 1. MAYACA, Aublet. Flowers regular, perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, obovate, deciduous or withering-persistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the base of the sepals, persistent • anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 2-celled, emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules few, orthotropous, fixed to three parietal placentse. Style single, terminal, persistent : stigma mi- nutely 3-lobed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved ; the valves bearing the placentae in XYRIDACE^. (yELLOW-KYED GRASS FAMILY.) 499 the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and pitted, pointed at the apex. Emhrj-o minute at the apex of the albumen.— Stems branching, tender. Leaves alter- nate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or purple. 1. M. Michauxii, Sehott&Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the leaves, recm-vcd ; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3" -4" wide) white or pale purple. (Syena fluviatilis, PMn<;/i.) — Springy places, Florida to North Caro- lina. June and July. — Stems 2' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. Order 157. XYRIDACE^. (Yellow-eyed Grass Family.) Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped equi- tant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected iu a dense Imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3 ; the two lateral ones glumaceous, keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the bud, the petals an^ caducous stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by their long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws of the petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and commonly bearded with jomted hairs : anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary free, 1 - 3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albu- men. — Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged near the summit, with a spathe-like sheath at the bas(i. Spikes mostly solitary. 1. XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, commonly bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the contiguous petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, the valves bearing the pla- centae in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed. — Spikes ovoid or oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, closely imbri- cated, convex and discolored on the back ; the lower ones empty. Keel of the lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flowers yellow. § 1. Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials^ 1. X. brevifolia, Michx. Scape nearly terete, smooth ; leaves narrowly- linear, smooth on the edges ; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts soon lacerated at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the wingless keel; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — I'lant light brown. Scape 6'- 12' high, clustered. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Spike 2"- 3" long. Petals 2" long. 2. X. flabelliformis, n. sp. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, slightly compressed above ; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spreading like a 500 XYRIDACE^. (yellow-eyed GRASS FAMILY.) fan, laterally curved ; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, angular ; bracts light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on the wingless keel ; petals obovate; sterile filaments often beardless. — Low pine barrens, near the coast, West Florida. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. Leaves ^' - 1' long. Spikes 2" -4" long. Petals 2" long. § 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaves. Perennials. * Sterile filaments bearded : sepals included. , -t- Lateral sepals fringed on the heel. 3. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape Vigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edgcd above, 1 -angled below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges ; spike ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, oval, not crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at each end, shining, narrowly winged ; petals round obovate ; seeds ovoid. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to Xorth Carolina. July - Sept. — Scape 2° - 3° high, mostly solitary. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Spikes 9"- 15" long. Petals ^' long. 4. X. stricta, n. sp. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough-edged above, smooth and 1 - 2-angled below, slightly striate ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, oi-bicular, crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals broadly winged above the middle, narrowed below ; petals small, wedge-obovate ; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, "West Florida. July - Sept. — Scapes slender, clustered, 2° -3° high. Leaves l°-\\° long. Spikes 9" -12" long. Petals 2" long. 5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous ; scape smooth, 2-edged above, nearly terete below ; leaves linear, smooth ; spikes globose, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunth.) — Swamps in the upper dis- tricts of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape 6' -12' high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Spike 3" - 5" long. -1- H- Lateral sepals broadly loinged, and variously toothed or fimbriate. 6. X. EUiottii. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged throughout, or I- edged below, roughish and mostly spiral ; leaves narrowly linear, sharp-edged, twisted ; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse ; lateral sepals linear, the wing cut-toothed above the middle ; petals obovate. (X. brevifolia, Ell. ex descr.) — Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Scape 1°-1|^*^ high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Petals 3" long. 7. X. difformis, n. sp. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2-edged above, terete or 1 - 2-angled below ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; spikes many-flowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2 - 4-cleft ; lateral sepals lanceolate, with the broadly winged keel incised-fimbriate ; petals obovate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Spikes 6" - 9" long. Petals small. 8. X. serotina, n. sp. Scapes clustered, twisted and mostly spiral, rough- angled and 2-edged above, striate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough on the edges; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, evenj bracts round- XTRIDACE^. (yellow-eyed GRASS FAMILY.) 501 obovate, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged above, fim- briate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, pulverulent. — Varies with shorter leaves (2'- 3'), and smaller globose or ovate heads. — Tino- barren swamps, West Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long. Spikes 6' -9' long. Petals 2" long. 9. X. elata, n. sp. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2-cdged above ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often acute, many-flowered ; scales dark brown ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed on the narrowly winged keel ; petals wcdge-obovate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, "West Florida. July and Aug. — Scapes 30-40 high. Leaves lp-20 high. Spikes ^'-1' long. Petals 2" long. 10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1-2-angled below, compressed and 2-edged above; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth; spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light brown, thick, the margins thin and soon lacerate ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the narrowly-winged keel cut-fringed above the middle ; petals obovate; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Scapes 10-2° high. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Spikes 6"- 12" long. 11. X. iridifolia, n. sp. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, terete or 1 -angled below, dilated and 2-edged above; leaves long, strap-shaped; spikes oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very thick, strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbriate and at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, angled, pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Scape 2° -30 high, 2" -3" in diameter. Leaves 2o - 2^0 lo^g^ |'-l'wide. S})ikes I' long. Petals 3" long. 12. X. platylepis, n. sp. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular below, 2-edged above, roughish ; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth ; spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts pale brown or whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel nar- rowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, smooth. (X. flexuosa. Ell.) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. — Scape 2o - 30 high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Spikes 5 ' - 1 .^' long. * * Sterile Jilaments bearded: sepals exserted. 13. X. fimbriata, Ell. Not bulbous ; scape tall, furrowed, rough, 2-cdged above ; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth ; spikes ovate, acute, many-flowcrcd ; lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle; petals small. — Ponds and miry places, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Scapes 30 -40 high. Leaves 1^0 _ 20 long. Spikes 9" - 1 2" long. Petals 3" long. 14. X. torta, Smith. Bulbous ; scape nearly terete, 1-cdged, smooth, mostly spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; spikes pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute ; lateral sepals winged and fimbriate above the middle; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape l^o_20 high. Leaves few, 6' -12' long, 502 ERIOCAULONACE^. (PIPEWORT FAxMILY.) tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes 1' 1^' long. Petals 9" long, ex. panding at midday. * * * iSterile Jihanents beardless : leaves Jilifonn. 15. X. tenuifolia, n. sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1-angled ; leaves filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate ; seeds linear- oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Scapes clustered, 10'- 12' high. Leaves 4'- 6' long. Spikes 2" -4" long. Petals 3" long. 16. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. (X. juncca., Baldw.) "Root perennial; scape terete, sheathed at the base, 6' -12' high ; leaves 4' -8' long, terete, hol- low, acute; head oval; bracts nearly round ; calyx about as long as the bracts, the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked." Baldwin in Ell. — Damp pine bar- rens, near St. Mary's, Georgia. May and June. ( » ) Order 158. ERIOCAULONACE^. (Pipewort Family.) Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufled leaves, and minute monoecious or dioecious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chaff)'- bracted head. — 8tam. Ft. Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bilabiate or 3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 6 : anthers introrse. — Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a single orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2 - 3-parted. Capsule loculici- dally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex of the albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. Scape furrowed and connnonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at the base. Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers fringed with white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white. Synopsis. 1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped. 2. P^PALANTHUS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3-parted, the lobes entire. 3. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-celled. Style 2 -3-parted, the lobes entire, or 2-cleft. 1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co- rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the pistillate flowers 2-3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6 : anthers 2-celled. Style 2 -3-parted: stigmas 2 -3. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 1- 3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous, mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly bearded with club-shaped hairs. — The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 2-celled capsule. ERIOCAULONACE^. (piPEWORT FAMILY.) 503 1. E. decangulare, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creei> ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10- 12-furrowed; head (2" -7" in diameter) com- pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small, oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which arc loii-cr than the flower. (E. gnaphalodes, Eli, not of Michx.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scapes 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 12' long, 2" - 6" wide. 2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, verj- acute, rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 - U-furrowed; head hemispherical (4" -8" wide) ; scales of the involucre few, ob- long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color ; bracts shorter than the flower, spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate- pointed, turning blackish. (E. compressum. Lam.) — Swamps and shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. April -June. — Scapes 1|°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -6' long, concave at the base. 3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; root fibrous ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid ; scapes low and slender, clustered, slightly furrowed ; heads small {!"- 2" in diameter), globose, few or many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob- tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless ; flowers naked, or with few hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple; seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John's (Berkeley) Parish, South Car- olina, H. W. Ravenel. — Scapes weak, l'-6' high. Leaves I' -2' long. 2. P^PALANTHUS, Martius. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre- ceding. 1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (l'-2'long), subulate, smooth, or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowcd, and like the sheaths hairy; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth and shining ; flowers slender, pedicelled ; sepals linear, acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovary; stamens and styles exserted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michx.) — luow sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6' - 12' high. 3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube: anthers 1- celled. Pistillate Fl Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs. Style club-shaped, 2 - 3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2-6. Cap- 504 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) sule 2-3-oellcd. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals blackish, fringed with club-shaped hairs. 1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (1'- 2' long), hairy, becoming Bmoothish; scapes slender, hairy, 4-furrowed (l°high); heads globose; bracts and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs ; divisions of the style 3, each 2-cleft. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2" wide. 2. L. glabrum, Komicke. Leaves linear, smooth (1' long); scapes numer- ous, smooth, 5-furrowed (3' -5' high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An- drews Bay, West Florida. Oct. — Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3" long, not unlike those of Eleocharis obtusa. Order 159. CYPERACE^. (Sedge Family.) Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms), and grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenium (nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (Whercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft or parted. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. Teibe I. CYPEREjE.— Flowers perfect: spikelets 1 - many -flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth none : nut beakless. 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few - many-flowered : inflorescence terminal. 2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate. * ♦ Perianth bristly : nut beaked. 3. DULICHItTM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many -flowered. Tribe II. LiIPOCARPHE^. — Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4 to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none. 4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 6. LIPOCAIIPHA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. Tribe m. SCIRPE^. — Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many -flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty : perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. * Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales. 6. FUniENA. Nut pointed : scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. » * Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal spike. CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 505 8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes com- monly few or many : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. 9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Sclrpus. * * * Perianth none : style tumid at the base, -t- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : nut lenticular or globose. 11. TRICIIELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. 12 ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 3: nut 3-anglcd. •t- ■*- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed, 13. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut Tribe IV. RHYNCHOSPORE^E. — Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few -several rows, the lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile : perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base : nut lenticular or globose. 15. CERATOSCH(ENUS. Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent : nut flat. 16. CH^TOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. * * Perianth none. 17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect. 18. DICHROMENA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 19. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. Trke V. SCLERIEJ^. — Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many -flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few rows : fertile spike l-flowered, with two or more scales: perianth none. 20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. Tribe VI. CARICE^. — Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious: sterile and fertile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few - many rows : nut enclosed in a s&c : perianth none. 21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 1. CYPERUS, L. Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-angled. — Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. 4 1. PYCREUS. Style 2-cleft: nut lenticular: spikes more or less umbelUd. Annuals: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, flat, many- (10-40-) floioered : rachis narrowly margined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved. * Spikelets clustered on the common rachis. 1. C. flavescens, L. • Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets 3 - several in a cluster, oblong-lincar, acute, spreading, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth and shining; culms clustered, 4'- 10' 43 506 CTPERACE/E. (SEDOE FAMILY.) high ; leaves and S-lcaved involucre narrowly linear. (C. fasciculatus, Ell. ?) — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. C. rivularis, Kunth. Umbel of 3 -4 rays, one or two of them longer than the spikelcts ; spikelcts 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow- ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; sta- mens 2; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining; culms 6'- 12' high, slender; leaves and 3-leaved involucre linear. — Marshy banks of streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. 3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the longer ones longer than the spikelcts ; spikelcts lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on the keel ; rachis margined; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull gray. — "Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Culms 4'- 10' high. Invo- lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding are probably only diandrous forms of No. 1. * * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 4. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, l'-2' long; spike- lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20-flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob- long-ovate, acute or mucronate, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4' -15' high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens. Ell. C. holosericeus, Link.?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Plant commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelets rarely crowded in a terminal head. 5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12-30-flowered ; scales loosely imbricated, yel- lowish, round-obovate, emarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3° high; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May - Sept. — Involucre 3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets 6" - 9" long. 6. C. microdontus, Torr. Umbel of 4 - 8 rays, simple or somewhat compound; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 15 -25-flowered, pale brown ; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2 ; nut linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, shox't-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6' -12' high; leaves and elon- gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Rays 1 ' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7 " long, § 2. CYPERUS Proper. Style 3-cleft : nut 3-angled: Joints of the rachis loinged by the adnate decurrent scales, tarely wingless. 1. Spicati. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets few - many-Jlowered, distinct, spreading, forming loose or compact spikes at the summit of the rays : scales rigid, 7 -U-nerved: joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. CYPERACE^. (SE^GE FAMILY.) 507 * Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rarhis, forming oblong or cylindrical spikes. 7. C. strigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4- 8-rayo(l, simple or compound, much shorter than the involucre; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong spikes; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 - 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, dosclv appressed, much longer than the linear-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (10-30 high) tumid at the base, as long as the broadly linear leaves.— Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Kays 4' -G' long. Spikelets ^' - |' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 8. C Stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-raycd, shorter than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristlv, shorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com- pressed, .5-8-flowered; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut; culms smooth (2o - 30 high) ; leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath.— Swamps and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem rather slender, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 6"- 8" long. 9. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-6-rayed; rays short Avith the sheaths pointed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in- volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10-12-flow- ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly- winged rachis, oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed ; nut oblong, compressed-3-angled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled; involucre 4 -6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Vahll) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. ® — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 6" - 8" long, flexuous in fruit. Var. ? elongatUS, Torr. " Culm tall and slender ; rays elongated ; spike- lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute." Torr. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3' - 5' long. Spikelets crowded, 6 - 8-flowered. 10. C. tetragonus. Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6-12 slender rays; spikes cylindrical, loose; spikelets horizontal, short (2" -3" long), oblong, 4-angled, 4- 6-flowered; scales ovate, mueronate, appressed, 9 - 11 -nerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, lo -20 high, acutely rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves ; invo- lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. Aug. and Sept, U — Spikes 1'- 1|^' long, 5" wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. Rays 3' - 5' long. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 11. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays ; spikes ovate or ob- long, dense ; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, compresscd-4-an- gled, 8 - 10-flowered, acute ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9 - 11-ncrvcd, thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse- angled, shorter than the (30 -40 long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy shores at Key West. Oct. U — Culm 2° - 30 high. Leaves rough-edged. Rays 2' - 3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 508 CYPEIIACE.E. (sedge FAMILY.) * * Spihelets compressed, somewhat 2-ranked, mostly few and scattered on the com- mon rachis : perennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks : flowers mostly alwrtive. 12. C. repens, Ell. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5- 6-rayo(l, shorter than the 3-5-lcavcd involucre; spikclcts linear, spreading, 12- 24-flowered, the lower ones often clustered ; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, com- pressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut ob- long, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culms 1°- l|-° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect smooth leaves. Rays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6" - 8" long. Whole plant yellowish. 13. C. lutescens, Torr. & Hook. Umbel simple, large, 5-7-rayed, short- er than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikelets horizontal, flat, linear, 30 - 40-flow- ered, the lowest 2 - 3 in a cluster ; scales light brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded on the back, slightly spreading at maturity ; nut obovate-oblong ; culms stout (2° - 3° high), acute-angled, shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Key West. Nov. — Leaves 3" -6" wide, very smooth. Rays 4' -8' long. Spike- lets 1' long, \^" wide, serrate, the lower ones with a bristly involucel. 14. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3-8-rayed, mostly longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3 - 9 scattered linear flat 20 - 30-flowered spikelets ; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms smooth, slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough leaves. (C- Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept.— Culm 9' -18' high. Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets |'-1' long. 2. Sparsiflori. Umbel compound : spikelets compressed, many-flowered, scattered in loose spikes at theflliform siunmit of the rays: scales thin, 5-nerved, separate; joints of the rachis slightly margined: stamens 2. 15. C. Iria, L. Umbel 6 - 8-rayed, erect, shorter than the 3 - 4-lcaved in- volucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12- 24-flowered ; scales spread- ing, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved on the green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted; nut oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed; style very short ; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, longer than the smooth narrow leaves. — Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel. Probabl} introduced from Eastern Asia. 3. Palmati. Umbel compound or decompound, diflTuse: spikelets 2-ranked., com-^ pressed, many-flowered, 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the general and par. tial rays: scales closely imbricated, 3 ~ 7-nerved, decurrent on the rachis: sta^- mens 3. * Cidms terete, knotted, leafless : involucre very short : nut oblong. 16. C. articulatus, L. Umbel compound, many -rayed, spreading or re cun'ed ; involucre of three bract-like pungent leaves; spikelets long (^'-1^' long), linear, spreading, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales whitish, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved CTPERACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) 509 on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rhizoma creeping, bearing tuber-like buds; culms stout (30-5° high), tumid at the sheathed base! ^ Marshes near the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. - Sept. Ij. — Flowers mostly abortive, * * Culms Z-angled, knotless : involucre leafy : nut ohomte. 17. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the fili- form rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre; spilcelets small (4" -5" long), 3-5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 - 40-flo\vcred ; scales li;rht irdilish- brown, very small, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved, free at the apex ; nut white, round-obovate, granular-roughened ; culms tender, sliarj)ly angled ; leaves lin- ear, smooth, shorter than the culms (1° - l^o), often reduced to membranaceous sheaths. (C. gracilis, J/a/i/. C. leptos, Schultes.) —Vom\s, and ditches, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 18. C. dentatus, Torn Umbel compound, erect, 4- 7-rayed, shorter than the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3"- 7" long), ovate-ob- long, obtuse, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 7-nerved on the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, round-obovate, whitish ; rhizonva creeping, bearing tubers ; culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — Sandy swamps and banks. South Carolina, Torrey, and northward. Sept. IJ. — Rays l'-2' long. 19. C. Lecontii, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-raycd, shorter than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30-7()-flowei'ed (^'- I'long); scales closely imbri- cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the apex; nut minute, round-obovate, blackish; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long as the rigid leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast. East and West Florida. July- Sept. U — Rhizoma creeping Culms 6'- 12' high. Rays 2'- 6' long. Rachis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color. 4. Glomerati. Umbel simple or compound : spikelets many-Jlowered, compressed, numerous in a cluster, forming more or less dense heads at the summit of the cotn- mon and partial rays : rachis wingless : stamen solitary. =* Umbd compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, flat : scales 3-nerved, concave on the back, acute : nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 20 C. Virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed ; invo- lucre 4 - 6-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets (4'' - 6" long, and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30 - 40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong- lanceolate, straight; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4° high), rough-angled above ; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated, rough on the margins. Miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. U— Plant pale green. Rays 3' -4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 21 C. vegetus, Willd. Umbel often decompound, many-niyed. widely spreading ; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umlx'l ; spikelets short (l^"-2" long), ovate, 10-15-flowered, verj- numerous in the beads ; scales 43* 510 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) lanceolate, incun-ed, spreading at the apex , nut minute, linear-lanceolate, slen- der-pointed ; culms slender (2° -3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly terete ; leaves narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low pine barrens and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. % — Culms tumid at the base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light brown. 22. C. Drummondii, Torr. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets (10-20 in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40 - 50-flowered ; scales yellowish, ovate, straight, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at the base, minutely wrinkled; culms (6' -15' high) obtuse-angled, very rough, longer than the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, JVIiddle Florida, and westward. Septem- ber. (1) * * Umbel simple or sessile: spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed: scales 8-10- nerved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point : nut obovate-ohlong : low tufted annuals. 23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1 -2 short rays or sessile, much shorter than the 2-3-leaved involucre; spikelets very numerous in the clusters (green), oblong-linear (2" long), 10-20-flowered; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu- ally pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as the smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently introduced,) to North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves green. 24. C. confertus, Swartz. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12-20-flow- ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed ; culms acute-angled (l'-4' high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths dark bro^vn. — South Florida. November. Spikelets less crowded than in the preceding. 5. Capitati. Umbel simple or sessile: spikelets inserted on all sides of the common rachis, forming clusters or heads: joints of the rachis mostly winged: scales rigid, • 5-11-nerved: stamens 3. * Spikelets few in loose clusters. 2.5. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6 - 1 2, erect, terete, subulate, 6- 12-flowered ; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely nerved; rachis very slender, flcxuous; nut oblong, acute; culms tufted, filiform, acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves; involucre 2-leaved, the lower one elongated and erect. — Key West. November 1]. — Culms 4' - 10' high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4" - 6" long. 26. C. COmpreSSUS, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter than the 4 - 6-leaved involucre ; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 1 2 - 30-flowered ; scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovate, acute- angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green leaves. — Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. (J) — Culms 4' -12' high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 511 spikelcts or a single one. Spikelets somewhat, glaucous, 4" - G" long, scn-atcd by the projecting points of the scales. 27. C. trachynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3-5 short erect rays; in- volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 12-20-flowered; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely angled nut ; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the slender keeled leaves, — Dry sandy soil. South Florida. May -Nov. — Culms y'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets -^-' long. * * Spikelets numerous in compact globular or oblong heads. -t- Perennials : culms tumid or tuberous at the base. 28. C. fuligineus, n. sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-leavcd involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; scales (black) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate ; nut oblong-obovate ; culms filiform, obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key West. No- vember. — Culms ^°-l° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 5" in diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 29. C. fllieulmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1 - 2 spreading rays or none ; invo- lucre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate, 6-10-flowered; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; culms ( 10' - 1 5' high ), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. ( C. mariscoides, Kll. ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Heads ^' in diameter. 30 C Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged ; scales (brownish) closely im- bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'- 12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 31. C. OVUlaris, Torr. Umbel 3-6-rayed, rarely wanting; heads small, globose or oblong; spikelets (l|^"-2" long) angular, obtuse, 2-4-flowcred; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated ; nut oblong ; culms filiform, smooth; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves. (Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus. Ell.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms |° - 2° high. Heads 2" - 3" in diameter. 32. C. retrofraetus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long) rays, longer than the involucre ; heads obovate ; spikelets subulate, reflexcd, terete ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute ; nut linear-oblong: culm tall (20-4°), downy and roughish. like the broadly linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofraetus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Leaves much shorter than the culm. •t- •*- Annuals: roots fibrous. 33. C. Baldwinii, Torr. Umbel 6- 12-rayed, shorter than the involucre; heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6-12- 512 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) flowered; scales (greenish or yellowish) ohlong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im- bricated ; nut oblong; culms (l°-2°higli) obtuse-angled, longer than the linear leaves. (Mariscus cchinatus, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets 3" - 6" long. 34. C. divergens, Kunth. Umbel none; head globose, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 5 - 7-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly dccur- rent; style deeply 2- 3-parted; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu- lar or 3-angled; culms low (2' -3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. August. — Head 3" - 4" in diameter, composed of 3 - 4 compact clusters ; spike- lets 1" long, white. §3. PAPYRUS. Style 3-deft : nut 3-artgled : scales of the rachis at length free and deciduous. Inflorescence as in No. 7. 35. C. e'rythrorhizos, Muhl. Umbel 3- 12-rayed, simple or compound, shorter than the 3 -10-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, compressed, spreading, 1 2 - 50-flo wered ; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossy on the sides ; scales of the rachis lanceolate, acute ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smooth and shining ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ; involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. (C. tenuiflorus. Ell.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. (1) — Culms ^° -4° high. Leaves 1// _ 14'/ wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long. 2. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikelets compressed, mostly 1 -flowered. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth im- perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic- ular. — Culms jointless, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous. 1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike- lets 1 -flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; scales 3, the lowest minute, the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en- closing the upper one ; nut obovate ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute-angled ; leaves and 3 - 4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet places, Florida to North Caro- lina. July - Sept. ® — Culms tufted, 4' - 10' high. 2. K. sesquiflora, Torr. Heads (white) 1 -3, ovate or oblong; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, 1-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fifth en- closed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves and 3 - 5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed places and along roads, Middle Florida. Aug. -Sept. 1|.— Culms 4' -12' high. Plant pale green, pleasant-scented. CTPERACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) 513 3. K. monocephala, L. " Heads single, globose, compact ; spikclets 1 -flowered, monandrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate ou the keel, the 2 inferior minute ; nut somewhat orbicular ; im^olucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori- zontal." Torr, — Low moist places near Daricn and Sunbury, Georgia. — lihi- zoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves abruptly pointed. 3. DULICHIUM, Richard. Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, decurrent on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 -9 downwardly hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed, long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8- 14, 2-ranked, spreading, 6 - 10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated. Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut. 1. D. spathaceum, Richard. —Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. - Sept. — Culms 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Spikelets 6" - 12" long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral) cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single, behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and au erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre. 1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2'- 4' high); leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; involucre I - 2-leaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes 2 (rarely one), seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout and greenish midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point ; stamens 2 ; style deeply 2-parted, smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2" -3" long. 5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulatc, imbricated in many rows, deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones, membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2 - 3-clcft. Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointlcss, leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete; leaves mudi shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2 - 6-leaved, spreading 514 cypERACEj!:. (sedge eamily.) or recurved ; spikes small, ovate, 3-9 in a cluster ; scales spotted ; scales of the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below ; nut ob- long, contracted into a short neck. (Kvllingia maculata, Michx.) — Springy or miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Culms 4' - 8' high. Spikes l"-2" long, green. 6. FUIRElSrA, Rottb. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awned at the apex. Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 1. F. SCirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping; culms slender; leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup- ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-neryed, pointed with a short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer than the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia. May Sept. Ij.— Culms 1° high. 2. F. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near the summit ; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins, like the lower sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong- obovate, Avith the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; bristles as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. hispida. (F. hispida, £"//.) Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like scales acuminate; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. July -Sept. H. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Terminal cluster occasionally compound. 7. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-Rush. Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent. Perianth of 3 -8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style 2- 3-cIeft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercled). — Commonly perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing at the apex a single spike. § 1. ELEOCHARIS Pkoper. Sptkes ma 77y -Jlowered : scales imbricated in several rows. * Spikes cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms : nut biconvex, pitted or wrinkled in longitudinal lines. ■^ Scales rounded, thick and faintly nerved : style S-cleft : bristles 6, sjyarinyly bearded or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 1- E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti- tions, roughish ; scales pale, round-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Olo the margins j bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, shining, crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisetoides, 7:^//.) — Ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 1|.— Culms l°-2° high, 3" in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long. 2. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, with the angles acute ; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious on the margins ; bristles slen- der, bearded, unequal ; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. (Scirpus quadrangulatus, Michx.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. U— Culm 20-30 high, l"-2" in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes 1' long. 3. E. Cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above; scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi- cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Rootstocks creeping, slender. Culms l°-2° high, 1|" in diameter. Upper sheath elon- gated. Spikes ^' -I' long, spirally twisted. •*- -t- Scales oblong, nerved on the hack, thin on the margins : style 2 - Z-cleft : bristles 7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut. 4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, intermixed with hair-like abortive ones ; spike 6 - 8-flowered, acute ; scales greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style 2-cleft; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) deeply pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds, near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olney ; but not as yet de- tected at any intermediate point. Aug. — Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6' - 12' high. Spikes ^' long. 5. E. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair- like abortive ones; spike 12 -20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some- what 3-angled faintly pitted nut ; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala- chicola. July. \ — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2° - 3° long, all but the summit immersed. Spikes 6"- 9" long. Nut ^" long. * * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-cleJl : nut 3-angled. -t- Bristles 6, as long as the nut arid tubercle: nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted. 6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and wiry; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1 -nerved; nut obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, his- pid. — Varies with larger spikes and pubescent bristles. (Scirpus tubcrculosus, Michx.) — "Wet places, chiefly along the coast, Florida, and northward. March -Sept. U — Culms 6' - 12' high. Spikes 3" -4" long (6" -8" in the var.). Nut shining. 516 CYrERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 7. E. simplex, Torr. Culms unequally 3-sided, acute-angled ; spikes short, ovate, acute ; scales ovate-oblong, whitish, with brownish sides ; nut obovate, flat on the inner face, twice as long as the conical-beaked compressed acute tubercle; bristles rigid. (E. tortilis, Schult. Scirpus simplex, A7/,) — Miry places along streams, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. 11. — Culms l°-li° high, very slender, twisted when dry. Spikes 2" -3" long, angular, few-flowered. 8. E. prolifera, Torr. (Cyp. p. 315, not of p. 442). Culms filiform, dif- fuse or prostrate, compressed ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or rooting ; scales whitish, thin, oval, obtuse ; nut obovate, compressed -3-angled ; tubercle half as long as the nut, conical, 3-angled, free at the base ; bristles stout. (E. vivipara, X/rt^.) — Marshy banks of ponds and sti'eams, Florida to North Carolina. May -Sept. )\. — Culms 10' -20' long, tough and wiry. Spikes 2" - 4" long, very rarely fruiting. -t- -t- Bristles 4-6, longer than the smooth nut. 9. E. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle-form, diffuse, furrowed ; spikes oblong-ovate, acute, 8- 10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin, brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the inner face, beaked with the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, stout, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and northward. — Culms ^° long. Spikes 2" -3" long. Nut minutely striate. 10. E. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, white or brownish ; nut broadly obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining ; tubercle minute, free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut. — Wet sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May -Sept. ']\. — Rhizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 2'- 6' high. Spikes 2" -3" long. 11. E. rostellata, Torr, Culms compressed, fuirowed, Aviry ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 -20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ; nut obovate, flat on the inner face, tapering into the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1° - 1 ^° high. Spikes 3" - 4" long. H- -t- -«- Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting. 12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, tough and wiry; spikes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, many-flowered; scales thin, ovate, obtuse, white on the broad margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut black, obconical, 3- angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want- ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. U — Culms 1°-1^° high. Spikes 4" -5" long, 2" thick, occasionally proliferous. 13. E. arenicola, Torr, Rhizoma long and creeping ; culms slender, slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiiy ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the summit, white on the margins ; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angIed, CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) oil contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-boaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-shore, West Florida to South Carolina. May -Sept. H — l^hizoma and sheaths black. Culms G'- 15' high. Spikes 3" - 6" long, occasionally 2 -3-clcft. Nut minutely pitted. 14. E. tricostata, Torr. Rhizoma stout, creeping ; culms nearly terete, striate, wiry ; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical tubercle ; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May - Sept. Ij. — Rhizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°- 1^° high. Spikes 2" -4" long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed short-pointed tubercle ; bristles 2 -3, much shorter than the nut,' fugacious. — Wet places. North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8'- 12' high, almost bristle-form. Spikes 3" -4" long. Nut pale brown. 16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 -many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, with white margins ; nut very minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally wanting. Var. 1 filiculmis, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown ; nut obovate- oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May -Sept. — Culms tufted, 3' -9' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Lowest scale larger and per- sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled. * # * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 2 - ^-cleft : nut lenticular. •t- Culms 4-angled, bristle-like. 17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erector procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ; spikes ovate, obtuse, 8 - 1 2-flowered ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob- tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga- cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as tho nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. Aug (i" — Culms tufted, l'-6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes U" long. 18. E. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-fuiTowcd, the sheaths dark brown; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-) flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar- gins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tubercle ; bristles 44 518 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) none. — Margins of ponds and streams, West Florida. June -Aug. — Culms 3' -5' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long, the lower scales deciduous as nevr flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and shining. ->- -t- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 19. E. capitata, R. Brown. Rhizoma slender, creeping; culms com- pressed; spikes short, ovate, 12-16-flowered ; scales membranaceous, whitish, oblong, obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex, tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June - Sept. 1]. — Culms 1'- 4' high. Spikes 1"- 2" long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very small. 20. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse ; spikes ovate, acutish, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides, green on the keel, the margins white ; nut obovate, dull, dark olive ; tubercle distinct, conical-beaked; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — "Wet sandy places. North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2' -5' long. Spikes 3" long, 20 - 30-flowered. 21. E. palustris, R.Brown. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, striate; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many-flowered; scales oblong, membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute ; nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- ovate, compressed; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus palustris, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. % — Rhizoma black. Culms 1 o - 3° long. Spikes 3" - 5" long. 22. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins ; style 2-3-cleft; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely wider than the short compressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus. Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. Common. June - Sept. — Culms 6' - 18' high. Spikes 2" - 4" long. ^ 2. CH^TOCYPERUS. Spikes few-Jlowered, compressed: scales membranaceous, imbricated in 2-3 rows: style 3-cleft. Culms capilkn-y. 23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2' -12' high) angled; spikes ovate, 5-6-flowered, acute; scales oblong, with reddish sides; nut oblong, white, nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de- pressed tubercle ; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scir- pus trichodes, Muld.) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June- Sept. 24. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short (l'-2' high), grooved on one side; spikes ovate, 3 - 6-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently 3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle ; bristles 6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.) — Muddy CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 or sandy hanks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April -July. — Rhi/oma very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes l"-2" long. 25. E. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms (4' -6' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry ; spikes oblong, flat, 3 - 5-flowered, proliferous and rooting ; scales 4-6, 2-ranked, lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer; nut smooth, oblong, strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles 4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, June - Sept. 1|. — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long. 8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by a 1 -many-leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut obtuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo- charis. — All perennial except No. 2. § 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical. * Spike solitary, terminal. 1. S. CSespitOSUS, L. Culms tufted (6' -10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3-8- flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Spike 1" -2" long. * * Spikes 2 -many, apparently lateral: the l-leaved involucre erect and continuous with the culm. •*- Spikes in sessile clusters. 2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless; spikes 2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical ; involucre elongated ; scales round-ovate, obtuse mucronate; style 2-3-clcft; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, South Carolina, and northward. (J) — Culms |°-U° high. Spikes 3" -5" long. 3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely 3-anglcd, two of the sides concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slender (3' -4' long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed ; style 2-clcft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3 - 5 hispid bristles. (S. Americanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast. West Florida, and northward. June- Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4" -6" long. 4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; invo- lucre short (l^'-l'long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scales 520 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate ; anthers obtuse ; style 2-clcft ; nut round- obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish marshes, West Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° lii^-h. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Spikes 2" long. H- H- Spikes umbelled. 5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3° -8° high), terete, leafless, or the radical sheaths Icafv-pointcd ; involucre 1 -leaved, pungent, shorter than the decompound umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, emarginate, rough- awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and green keel ; style 2-cleft ; nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 3-6 strongly hispid bristles. (S. validus, Vahl.) — Varies, with the broader keeled and fimbriate bristles rather shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. 6. S. leptolepis. Culms 3-angled, leafy at the base (2° - 3° high) ; leaves long, sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the immersed ones flat and pellucid; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered, acute ; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely spotted ; style 3-parted ; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed, shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. maritimus, var. cylindricus, Torr.f) — Lakes and ponds. Middle Florida, and westward. Dr. Hale. September. § 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2 -several-leaved, spreading. * Bristles hispid downward. 1. S. maritimus, L. Culm sliarply 3-angled, rough above ; leaves longer than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, 1 - 3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 spikes in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 - 4-leaved, much longer than the umbel ; spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull broAvn ; scales thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, plano- convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak bristles. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -' 3° high. Spikes 6"- 10" long, 4" in diameter. 6. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long, rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a cluster, ovate, yellowish-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6, slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale compressed-3-anglcd pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps. North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 2° -5° high. Spikes I'Mong. 9. S. divarieatus, Ell. Culm round-angled, many-jointed; leaves flat, broadly linear ; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, longer than the 3-leaved involuci-e ; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered ; scales ovate, obtuse, 3-nervcd. brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather roughened than hispid, crisped at the summit, longer Ihan the obovate pointed equal-sided CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 521 acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of Flat Creek, near Aspalaga, Florida, to South Carolina; not common. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high, often proliferous at the joints. Umbel 6'- 12' long. Spikes 2"- 3" long. * * Bristles 6, capillary, smooth, crisped and entangled. (Trichophorum.) 10. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints remote ; leaves linear, elongated, keeled; umbel terminal, decompound, spreading or recurved, shorter than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikes single or clustered, ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer than the oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exsertcd, and covering the spike with woolly down. (Trichophorum cypcrinum, Pers.) — Swamps and low grounds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2° - 4° high. 11. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate; umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, raucronate ; bristles barely exsertcd ; nut as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June - Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3" - 4" long. 9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cottox-Grass. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth composed of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the scale, and forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, in our species, and clustered or umbelled spikes. 1. E. Virginicum, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid ; leaves narrowly linear, elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect; involucre 2-3-leavcd; wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut comjiressed-3-angled, acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June -Aug. — Culm 2°- 3° high. Leaves 10' -18' long. 2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete ; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding peduncles ; involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times longer than the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. — Meadows and bogs in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. Stamens 1 -3. Style 2-cleft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointlcss, lonfy at the base. Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. * Spihes umbelled. 1. F. Spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid (2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins; umbel simple or compound, erect; involucre 2-3-leavcd; spikes ovate or ob- 44* 522 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) long, dark l)rown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovatc, acute, slightly furrowed and pitted. (Scirpus castaneus, ^l/«'c/ix. S. ferruginous, Z^//.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. Var. puberula. (Scirpus puberulus, il/«cAx.) Culms single, slender (1° - 2° high) ; leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubescent and somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens. 2, F. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6' -18' high) slender, and, like the narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4- leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly fun-owed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scii-pus sulcatus. Ell.) — Low grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. * * Spikes clustered, sessile. 3. F. COngesta, Torr. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris- tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes 5 - 10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or cylin- drical, pale, or at length yellowish brown ; involucre 4-leaved, erect-spreading, longer than the culm; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender spreading point; nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Spikes 2" - 3" long. 11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4-8) rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 1. T. autumnalis. Culms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6'- 12' high, tufted ; involucre 2-leaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or decompound umbel ; spikes linear-lanceolate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, imbricated in 4 rows ; stamens 2 ; nut white, obovate, obtuse, often warty. (Scirpus autum- nalis, L.) — Low grounds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, very common. July - Oct. ® 12. ISOLEPIS, R. Brown. Spikes few - many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few - several rows. Peri- anth none. Style 3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the apex of the 3-angled nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filifoi'm or bristle-form culms and leaves. Spikes umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical. <» * Spikes umbelled. {Scales pubescent.) 1. I. capillaris, R. & S. Culm (4' -6' high) smooth, furrowed, and, like the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like ; spikes 3-4, in a simple umbel, oblong, 6-8- flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, strongly keeled, brown on the sides, imbricated in 4 rows; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly. equal-sided, transversely wrinkled ; sta- mens 2. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3- leaved, scarcely longer than the umbel. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) ^23 2. I. eiliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, nnjrlcfl (6'- 12' hiirh) ; leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths boarded at the throat ; um- bel compound; spikes several (l"-2" long), 6 - 12-flo\vered, linear-oblong; scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides ; nut obovate, very obtuse, nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. (Scirpus ciliatifolius, EIL) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 3. I. eoarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform; leaves bristle- form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded ; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes (3" long) linear-oblong, 10 - 15-flowered; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 4 rows ; nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. (vScir- pus coarctatus, EH.) — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast. Sept. and Oct. — Rays of the umbel ^' long. ^ * Spikes clustered in a terminal head. 4. I. Stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2' -4' high) densely tufted, 3-anglcd, and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much longer than the head, 3 - 4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base ; spikes 4-6, oblong-linear, 8-10-flowered; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on the 3-nerved keel ; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. (Scirpus stenophyllus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. 5. I. Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (lO-l^o high), smooth, 3-anglcd, much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves ; sheaths bearded at the throat with long silky hairs ; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as the head, orbicular and cut-fringed at the base; spikes 8-10 in a head, ovate, many-flow- ered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved ; nut obovate, obtusely angled, obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, West Florida. Sept. — Heads ^' in diameter. 13. ABILDGAARDIA, Vahl. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-anglod. — Culms jointl§ss, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or urabelled. 1. A. monostachya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6'- lO' high) ; leaves shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave; spikes solitary (rarely by pairs), ovate, acute, compressed, 8- 12-flowered, much longer than the bract-like mu- cronate 1 -leaved involucre ; scales broadly ovate, acute or mucronate, compressed- keeled, with broad and white margins ; stamens 3 ; nut somewhat pear-shaped, 3-angled, warty, yellowish-white. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rusii. Spikes 1 -several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest empty, the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 (rarely 12-20) hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Stylo 2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persistent base 524 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) of the style (tubcrclcd). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. Spikes small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters. § 1.. ERIOCH^TE. Bristles of the perianths, plumose. 1. R. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6' -12' high) and leaves filiform; spikes few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm ; nut nearly globu- lar, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bristles rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Var. intermedia. Culms taller (l°-2° high); leaves naiTowly linear; clusters 4-6, forming an inten-upted spike at the summit of the culm ; nut obo- vate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle ; bristles plumose only at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often dry places, Florida. 2. R. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal head, or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, pointed with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle ; bristles exceeding the tubercle, plumose below the middle. — Dry sandy ridges, near the coast. West Florida. July and Aug. — The leaves, like those of the preceding species, have a joint- like contraction near the middle. 3. R. oligantha, Gray. Culms (6' -12' high) and smooth leaves bristle- like, reclining ; corymb terminal, of 3 - 6 large (4" long) ovate-lanceolate whitish stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated at the base, conical, flat ; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, plumose below the middle. — Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. § 2. RHYNCHOSPORA Propek. Bristles of the perianth 3-20, smooth, scabrous, or hispid. * Nut transversely torinlded or uneven : bristles denticulate or hispid upward. +- Bristles shorter than the nut. 4. R. rariflora, .Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 2-3, re- mote, spreading ; spikes few and scattered, ovate ; nut broadly obovate, bicon- vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristles ; tubercle flat, broadly conical, J as long as the nut. — Low grassy pine baiTcns, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Culms 1°-1^° long, commonly reclining. Spikes pedicelled. 5. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1-3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, flat, about twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated at the base, J the length of the nut. — Wet ground, South Carolina, and northward. July. — Culm 1°- 3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat spreading, or few-flowered and capitate. 6. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3 -angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted ; spikes ovate, clustered, light brown ; scales mucronate ; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled, twice as long as the 3-6 bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, \ as CYPERACEiE. (sEDGE FAMILY.) 525 long as the nut. — Var. globularis Smaller (C- 15' high) ; corymbs nduccd to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes ; nuts smaller, and deeper fur- rowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June and July. 7. R. eompressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2° -3° high) ; leaves lin- ear, rigid j corymbs 3 - 5, remote, spreading ; spikes ovate, numerous, in dense bracted clusters ; scales acute ; nut obovate ; the flat or somewhat depressed sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles; tubercle conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins of pine- barren ponds. West Florida. June and July. — Radical leaves numerous, 1° long. •\~ -t- Bristles equalling or longer than the nut [in No. 9 variable). 8. R. stenophylla, n. sp. Culms and leaves setaceous; corymbs 1-2, small, erect ; spikes 5 - 7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, slen- der, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, Apala- chicola. June and July. — Culms tufted, 1° long. 9. R. mieroearpa, Baldw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly terete ; leaves narrowly linear : corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; spikes small, round-ovate, scattered ; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly wrinkled, tipped with the very short and broad tubercle ; bristles 5-6, as long as the nut. — Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half the length of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. 10. R. inexpansa, Vahl, Culms nearly terete, slender (2°- 3° high) ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping ; spikes scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length of the nut. — Swamps and banks of streams, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. 11. R. decurrens, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) erect, nearly terete, very slender and bending near the top ; leaves linear, elongated, flat and somewhat glaucous ; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches spreading or drooping ; spikes (1" long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled ; nut obovate, lentic- ular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent-shaped, with the edges decurrent, J the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June and July. 12. R. patula, Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; leaves linear; corymbs 3-5, remote, compound, widely spreading; spikes scattered, ovate, on slender stalks ; nut round-obovate, lenticular ; tubercle flat, conical, half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather longer than the nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut contracted at tlic base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut. — Banks of pinc-ban-en streams, Florida and Georgia. June and July. 13. R. EUiottii, Dietr. Culm (20-3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear (1"- 2" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote ; spikes small, ovate, crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle broadly conical, flat, i as long as the nut; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long as the nut and 526 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) tubercle. (R. multiflora, Graij. Scirpus sclioenoides, Ell.) — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Kuts ^" long, several on a spike. 14. R. caduca, Ell. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled; leaves broadly linear (3" -4" wide) ; corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and short pedicels erect ; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, con- ical, ciliate, \ as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender twice as long as the nut, — Swamps and wet banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Spikes 2" long. Nut twice as large as in No. 13. 15. R. miliacea. Gray. Culms tall (30-4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat (3"- 4" wide) ; corymbs 6-8, distant, compound ; the branches and slender pedicels spreading horizontally ; spikes ovate ; scales caducous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, round-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical ; bristles 6, slender, as long as the nut and tubercle. (R. sparsa, Ell.) — Bogs and deep miry places, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — The nuts of this and the preced- ing species remain on the spike after the scales have fallen away. 16. R. punctata, Ell. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves short, linear-lanceolate ; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, the lateral ones simple, dis- tant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate ; nut obovate, compressed, with transverse pitted furrows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; tubercle conical, compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott. May and June. 17. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culm solitary, 3-angled (2° -3° high); leaves lin- ear, rigid, shining ; corymbs 3-4, distant, capitate ; spikes few, large, ovate ; nut round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated at the base; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle; stamens 3-6. (R. distans, Ell. R. Elliottii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. * * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid upward. 18. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2° -3° high), 3-angled; leaves rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat contract- ed ; spikes (3" long) ovate, single ; nut large (2" long), orbicular-obovate, biconvex, light brown, turning blackish ; tubercle short-conical from a spreading base; bristles 6-10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. (R. dode- candra, Baldw. ) — Dry sands along the coast of West and East Florida, and Wilmington, North Carolina. May -Aug. 19. R. Baldwinii, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-anglcd, rough; leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1-3, contracted or nearly capitate ; spikes ovate, dark chestnut ; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as the flat conical tubercle; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut; stamens 6. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June and July. 20. R. ciliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (1° - 2° high) ; leaves short, glau- cous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly solitary, capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate ; nut oval, lenticular, minutely roughened ; CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 527 tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, J the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -Aug. — Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lat- eral corymb (when present) remote. 2L R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely S-anglcd, commonly slender, (2° -3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear; corymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, or sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate, densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, J - ^ the length of the nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the length of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and Julv. Var. distans. (R. distans, Nutt.) Every way smaller ; culms (6' - 18' high) erect ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the summit of the culm, and often with a third rather distant lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as long as the nut, rarely twice as long. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Var. trichoides. Culms (6' - 12' long) prostrate, and, like the leaves, bristle- form ; corymb solitary, capitate ; spikes few ; nut orbicular, three times as long as the 3-6 bristles. — Open pine barrens, West Florida, 22. R. filifolia, Gray. Culms (lo-2° high) filiform, erect; leaves seta- ceous ; corymbs 2 -4, distant, capitate; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; nut minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the compressed triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thickened edges. 23. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous- green, rough above; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; coiymb terminal, capitate, compact; spikes Very pale-ferruginous, lanceolate, 1 -flowered ; nut obovate, smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle very short, de- pressed, apiculate ; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft. — Wilmington, North Carolina. Curtis. June. — Culm 12' -20' high. Nut 1" long. 24. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous ; cor- ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceolate ; nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle; bristles 6, twice as long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 1°- 2° high. * * * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid downward. 25. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (l°-2o high) slender, 3-angled above ; leaves narrowly linear or setaceous; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, l-flowered ; nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base.— Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 26 R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2° -3° high). 3-anglcd; loaves narrowly, linear; corymbs 4 -12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes ovatc-lanceo 528 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) late ; nut obovatc from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle subulate, as long as the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 6, stout, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Yar. paniculata. (R. paniculata. Gray.) Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat (2" -3" wide) ; corymbs compound, paniculate, with the very numerous spikes clustered at the summit of the branches. — Bogs and springy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. 27. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear; corymbs 4-8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes numer- ous, lanceolate-oblong, dark brown ; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and much wider than the base of the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. § 3. HALOSCHCENUS. Perianth none. 28. R. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12' high) and leaves bristle-form ; corymbs 2-3, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes minute, ovate, mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered ; scales ovate, brown ; nut white, oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June. 29. R. diver gens, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12' high) and leaves filiform or bristle- form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pedicelled, 3- flowered; scales brown, ovate ; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June. 30. R. Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12' -20' high) densely tufted, erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1 -flowered; scales 5, the uppermost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining ; tubercle short, ses- sile, broadly conical ; stamens 1 -2. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina. July and Aug. 15. CERATOSCHCENXJS, Nees. Horned-Eush. Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4-6 bristles, which are dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly 2-cleft at the apex. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head. 1. C. corniculatus, Nees. Culms stout (30-4° high), 3-anglcd; leaves flat, scabrous on the edges (6"- 10" wide) ; corymbs 3 -5, erect, compound; spikes brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely dotted ; bristles 5-6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut ; tubercle subulate, 3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, JEJ//. ) — Ponds CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 529 and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Leaves 1° - jo luii^. Nut and tubercle nearly 1 ' long. 2. C. macrostachyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large, decompound, diffuse ; style minutely 2-cleft; nut broadly obovatc ; bristles slen- der, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° in diameter. 3. C. eapitatUS, n. sp. Culms {20-3° high) nearly terete, straight, like the long narrow erect and channelled leaves; spikes densely clustered in 1-6 globular heads, the lateral heads long peduncled and somewhat corymbose ; scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft ; nut obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl shaped, twice as long as the nut. — Pine-barren ponds, Middle and West Florida. June - Aug. — Leaves 2" - 4" wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and tubercle 3" long. 16. CH^TOSPORA, R.Brown. Spikes few- (1 -8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows ; the lower ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or plumose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous. Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2-leaved in- volucre. 1- C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the margins, shorter than the culms ; sheaths black ; involucre 2-leaved, the lowest longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 6-8-flowered; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate ; rachis zigzag; bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward, longer than the globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schoenus nigricans, L.) — Damp soil, near Marianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St. Mark, Middle Florida. May. %— Culms 1°- H° high. Although diff'ering in some particulars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the eastern hemisphere. 17. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana- ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal corymbs. 1. P. rhynchosporoides, Ton-. Culms nearly terete (^-2° high); leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm ; corymbs 2-3, widely spreading, the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicelled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut 45 530 CYPEEACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, sessile, but not decuiTcnt on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — Shallow pine- barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. ® — Culms commonly root- ing at the lower joints. P. sciKPOiDES, Torr., if within our limits, may be known by its nearly smooth nut, and slender beak-like decm-rent tubercle. 18. DICHROMENA, Kichard. Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur- rounded by an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist- ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (1°-1^° l^igl^) slender, 3-angled ; leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4 - 7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ; tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Involucre unchanged in drying. 2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete; leaves broadly linear, elongated ; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad (3"- 4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May - July. — Heads larger than those of the preceding. 19. CLADIUM, Browne. Spikes ovate, 1 - 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2 - 3-cleft, the divisions often 2- 3-cleft, de- ciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme- like panicles. 1. C. effusum, Torr. (Saw-Grass.) Culms (4°- 8° high) nearly terete; leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, difi^use ; spikes small, 3 - 4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed, wrinkled. (Schoenus effusus, Swa7-tz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. 20. SCLERIA, L. Nut-Rush. Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricated in 2 - 3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the sterile spike. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms. Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531 § 1. SCLERIA Proper. Nut supported hij an annular or 3 - ^-Idbed disk. * Nut smooth : stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (20-30 high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy ; spikes disposed in 3 - 6 clusters at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose- ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- August. 2. S. oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, shai-ply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3-5, sin- gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles 5 bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. * * Nut reticulated: dish of 3 flattened lobes : stamens 2. 3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1°- U° high), scabrous below ; leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. 4. S. laxa, Torr, Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut glol)ose, wrinkled and somcAvhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the nut. (S. reticularis, £"//.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Culms 1° - 1^° long. Nut \^" - 2" in diameter. * * * ]\[iit warty : disk hearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3. 5. S. ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (1|°- 2° high), smooth below, sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (I" wide), rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter- minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry pine bar- rens. Florida to South Carolina. June - Aug. — Ehizoma thick and creeping. 6. S. EUiottii. Culms stout (^°-l° high), densely rough-fringed on the angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2"-3" wide), closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath; sheaths pubescent; clusters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobes of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell., Mic/ix. ? not of Smirtz.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. 7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout; culms (6'- 12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters small, of 1 -few spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect pcduncl." ; ster- ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute 532 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) warts, those at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. (S Carol iniana, Willd., the villous form.) Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at the summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves ; clusters terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. This also varies, with longer (2° -2^°) diffuse culms, and Avith 1-2 distant axillary clus- ters on long (5'- 10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - Aug. ^ 2. HyPOPORUM. Disk none : nut concave and often pitted at the sides of the triamjular base. * Clusters of spikes terminal, leafy -bracted. 8. S. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms rough above (2° -3° high) ; leaves mostly 2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base, slightly pointed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. June and July. 9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform leaves; nut small (1" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina June and July. — Plant brownish, tufted, * =* Clusters of spikes {small) numerous, scattered near the summit of the culm, form- incj an intemipted compound spike : bracts mostly short. 10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (l^°-2° high), smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ; scales lanceolate, rough-pointed ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled, smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6' -12' high), smooth, like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths ; clusters 3-5, erect ; scales smooth ; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- ous (6 - 9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. 12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6'- 12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4-6, nodding; scales bristle-awned ; nut globose- 3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. interrupta, Michx., not of Richard.) — Low pine baiTcns, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. 21. CAREX, L. Sedge. Flowers monoecious, rarely dicecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few- many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, e.xserted from a sac {perigynium) which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. — Peren- CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533 nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or kaf-like bracts, simi^le or compound. § 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas two: nut lenticular, or more or less compressed. A. Spikes bearing both sterile and Jlrlile /lowers. * Spikes with the sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed. 1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in a long flat rougli- margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted, weak and slender, 1° - 1|^° high. Leaves narrowly linear Spikes occasionally wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked. * * Spikes with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. H- Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle. •^ Perigynia sessile. 2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike-like branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading ; perigy- nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the ovate pointed white-margined scale. — Wet margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high. Panicle 4' - 6' long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at maturity. 3. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect ; clusters of spikes 8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded; perigynia small, ovate, compressed, short-beaked, 2-cleft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base ; scales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, Muhl.) — Swamps, South Caro- lina, and northward. May. — Culms l^°-2° high. Panicle 2' -3' long, cylin- drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity. ++ ++ Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base. 4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River- swamps, West Florida, and westward. May. — Culms thick and spongy, sharp- angled, and, like the broad {\'-%' wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4'- 9' long, oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity. 5. C. stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong; the short ovate branches densely clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yel- lowish. Culms P- 2° high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4" -9" broad. 45* 534 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) -«- -»- Spikes 4-10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or {in No. 6) the lowest ones compound. 6. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6- lO, ovoid, the ujiper ones crowd- ed, the lower scattered and often compound ; i)erig-viiia flattened, ovate, acute at the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. Common spike 2' -4' long. Perigynia yellowish. 7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr. Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd- ed in an oblong head; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved, with a short and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil. South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 12'- 18' high, rigid, rough above, twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or spike 1' long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes. 8. C. eephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as long as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 9'- 15' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar- row. Head ^' long. Bracts bristle-like. 9. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, 8- 10-flowered, the two upper ones ap- proximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked, spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate scale. (C. radiata. Dew., a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowered spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves. Common spike 2' - 3' long. Bract of the lowest spike commonly exceeding the culm. 10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4 -5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth-beaked, 2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than the ovate long- pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike about 1' long. * =* * Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 11. C. steUulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost club-shaped at the base , perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high, weak. Leaves narrow and tender. Spikes small. Var sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, and grow- ing in similar places. (C sterilis, Willd.) Var. conferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more crowded ; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps. CYPERACE^.. (sedge FAMILY.) 035 12. C. canescens, L., var. vitilis, Carey. Spikes 5-7, small, scat- tered, roundish, 6- 10-flowercd ; periaUZOPYRUM. Spikelets dioecious. Lower palea rigid. ++ -H- ^-(• Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled. 31. POA. Paleae falling away together, the lower one 5-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at the base. Spikelets 3-6-flowered. 32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy. 33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-pointed. Panicle contracted, composed of l-sided clusters. * * Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex. 34. FESTUCA. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed. 35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2-cleft, awned between the teeth. * * * Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect. 36. UNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Paleae coriaceous. 37. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3 - 6 flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Palese thin. Tribe V. HORDEACEiE. — Spikelets 2 -several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Paleae 2. 38. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets 2 - 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none. 40. LOLIUM. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1. Tribe VI. AVENACEJE. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow- ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea with a twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex. 41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, rounded on the back, awned below the middle. 42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several -flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex. 43. DANTHONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many -nerved, bearing a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex. 44. ARRHENATIIERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a long bent awn below the middle. Tribe VII. PH A liARIDE^. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles 3 flowered, the upper or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2. Paleae 2, indurated in fruit. 45. ANTIIOXANTIIUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower diandrous. 46. PIIALARIS. Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous. Tribe VIII. PANICE.E. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting. Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower paloa membrana- ceous and similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Palea' of the perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers in spikes or panicles. * Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet appearing like a single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 palea;). 47. PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, plano-convex, in l-sided spikes. 548 GRAMIXE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 48. AMPmCARPUM. Spikelets of two kinds ; one disposed in a terminal panicle, perfect but seldom fruiting ; the other fruitful, on long solitary radical peduncles. * * Glumes 2, the lower one often minute, rarely wanting. 49. PANICUM. Spikelets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre. 50. SETAllIA. Spikelets crowded in spike-like panicles, subtended by a bristle-like involucre. 51. CENCIIRUS. Spikelets single, or few in a cluster, enclosed in an indurated and spiny in- volucre. Spikelets spiked. 52. STENOTAPHRUM. Spikes and spikelets mostly as in Rottboellia, but the flowers as in Panicum. Tribe IX. ROTTBCEIiLiIACE.E. — Spikelets 1-2-flowered, by pairs, imbedded in an excavation of the thick and jointed rachis, one stalked and imperfect, the other sessile and perfect ; or the upper spikelets all staminate and the lower pistillate. Lower glume coriaceous or cartilaginous. Paleae awnless. 53. ROTTBCELLIA. Spikelets 2 on each jomt, one stalked and sterile, the other sessile and perfect. 54. MANISURIS. Spikelets 2 on each joint, the one at the top of the joint sterile, the other at the base globose and fertile. 55. TRIPSACDM. Upper spikelets by pairs, all staminate ; the lower ones single, and pis- tillate. Tribe X. ANDROPOGONE^. — Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the slender hairy or plumose rachis. Glumes more rigid than the thin-awned paleae. 56. ANDIIOPOGON. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the plumose or hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other stalked and imperfect or rudimentary. 57. ERIANTIIUS. Spikelets 2 on each joint of the rachis, both fertile and surrounded by a hairy involucre. 58. SORGHUM. Spikelets panicled, 2-3 together, the lateral ones rudimentary. 1. LEERSIA, Swartz. False Rice. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, ^vith the leaves and sheaths roughened with minute recurved points, the 1 -flowered (whitish) spikelets crowded in 1-sided panicled racemes. Pedicels jointed. Glumes none. Palege 2, cliarta- ceous, strongly compressed, fringed on the keel, the lower one much wider. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas 2. Grain compressed. 1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle large, diffuse; spikelets oblong, flat, loosely imbricated ; stamens 3. — Ditches and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culm 3° - 4° long, commonly prostrate at the base. Leaves spreading. Base of the panicle mostly enclosed in the sheath of the subtending leaf. Spikelets strongly fringed, about 3" long. 2. L. Virginica, Willd. Panicle nearly simple, the lower branches spread- ing; spikelets small, concave, sparingly fringed, closely imbricated; stamens 1-2. (L, imbricata, Lam.?) — Swamps and margins of streams, Florida, and northward July and Aug. — More slender than the last, and with spikelets half as large. 3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets oval, flat, strongly fringed, closely imbricated ; stamens 2. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° long. Leaves widely spread- - ing, somewhat glaucous. Spikelets 3" long. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 549 4. L. hexandra, Swartz. Panicle contracted, erect, simple ; spikclets lanceolate or oblong ; stamens 6. — In lakes and ponds, often in deep water, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, 10-6° long, mostly branching. Leaves narrow, rather rigid. Panicle 2' - 3' long, cxscrtcd. Spiko- lets short-fringed, 2" long, loosely imbricated. 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of mo- noecious 1 -flowered spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes none, or reduced to a cup-shaped ring at the base of the spikelct Paleae 2, membrana- ceous, the lower one rough-awned in the pistillate spikelet. Stamens 6. Stig- mas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 1. Z. aquatica, L Lower portion of the panicle staminate and widely spreading, the upper pistillate and erect, with straight branches ; awn straight, elongated ; styles 2 ; grain linear. — Deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves rough beneath. Panicle 1°- 2° long. 2. Z. miliaeea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike- lets intermixed ; awns short ; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with rough edges ; grain oval. — With the preceding. April and May. — Culms 4° - 6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. 3. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and simple spikes of small moncecious 1 -flowered (white) spikelets, mostly included in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Spikelets 3-4 in a spike, the upper one staminate and exserted. Glumes none. Paleae 2, hyaline, the lower one emar- ginate, the upper acute. Stamens 6. Styles 2 ; stigmas elongated. Grain ovoid, free. 1. H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, il//c/jx.) — Floating in still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm filiform, branching, ^o - 2° long. Leaves I ' - 2' long. 4. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail Grass. Flat-leaved grasses, with the 1 -flowered spikelets closely crowded in a simple spike-like cylindrical panicle. Glumes 2, compressed, boat-shaped, sharply keeled, united below, awnless. Lower palea compressed, awned on the back below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rarcly united be- low. Grain free, smooth and lenticular. 1. A. geniculatUS, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower joihts ; awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, Florida and . northward. April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, with the sheaths shorter than the joints. Spikes 1' - 1 ^' long. 650 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) The Meadow Foxtail (A. pratensis, Z.), a taller species (2° -3° high), with acute o-lumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observation applies to the Timothy or Herd's-grass (Phleum pratense, L.), which differs from Alopccurus in having two palea and awned glumes. 6. SPOROBOLUS, Brown. Drop-seed Grass. Tough wiry and tufted or creeping perennial grasses, with narrow leaves, and 1-flowered awnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Paleaj 2, mostly longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain oval or globose, loose in the thin membranaceous pericarp, deciduous. Panicles exserted. * Panicles open. 1. S. junceus, Kunth. (Wire-Grass.) Panicle narrow, the short and spreading branches whorled; spikelets on one side of the branches, short-stalked ; glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about equal to the obtuse paleje ; culms (1° - 2° high) erect ; leaves chiefly radical, fili- form and elongated, involute, those of the culm short and remote. (Agrostis juncea, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, common. April and May, and often in October. 2. S. Floridanus, n. sp. Panicle diffuse, large; spikelets (purplish) on long hair-like stalks ; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse paleae, the upper one a third longer; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough on the edges. — Low pine barrens, Middle and West Florida. September. — Culm 2° - 4° liigh. Leaves 1 o - 2° long. Panicle 1 ° - 1^° long. * * Panicles spiked. 3. S. Indicus, Brown. Culms erect ; panicle elongated, linear ; leaves long, flat ; paleee twice as long as the glumes, the upper one truncated. (Agrostis Indica, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. May- Sept. — Cuims 2° -3° high. Leaves with bristle-like summits. Panicle 6' -18' long, turning blackish. Spikelets crowded on the short appressed branches. 4. S. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms creeping, short-jointed, the short and mostly clustered branches erect; leaves 2-ranked, soon convolute, short and rigid ; panicle small, lanceolate ; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather longer than the paleae. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Saline marshes and banks along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Flowering stems 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Panicle 1 ' - 2' long, pale or purple. 6. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. Panicles contracted or spiked, more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves. Grain oblong or linear, adherent to the closely investing pericarp. Otherwise as in Sporobolus. 1. V. aspera, Beauv. Perennial; culms tall and slender; leaves elon- gated, rough above, bristle-like at the summit ; panicles partly included in the GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 50 1 upper sheaths ; palese rough-hairy, unequal, awl-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the rough-keeled glumes and linear grain. (Agrostis aspcra, Michx. A. clan- destina, Spreng.) —Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2°- 3° high. Sheaths hairy at the throat. 2. V. vaginseflora, Torr. Annual ; culms low, clustered, bearing con- cealed panicles at every joint, the terminal one partly cxsertcd ; leaves short, smoothish ; paleas ovate, smooth, one third longer than the smooth glumes and oval grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl. Crypsis Virginica, iVw^.) — Dry bar- ren soil. North Carolina, and northward. September. — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 7. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. Tufted usually tender grasses, with flat and narrow leaves ; the small 1 -flowered spikelets racemose on the hair-like clustered branches of the open panicle, on thickened pedicels. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the paleie. Paleaj 2, the lower one commonly awned on the back, 3 - 5-nei-ved, the upper 2-nerved, occasionally minute or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles or stigmas 2. Grain free. § 1. TRICHODIUM. Upper palea minute or wanting, the lower aivnless, shorter than the unequal acute rough-keeled glumes. 1. A. elata, Trin. Culms stout, erect; leaves flat (1"- 2" wide) ; branches of the panicle flower-bearing above the middle. ( A. dispar, Michx. 1 ) — Swamps, North Carolina, Curtis. September. \ — Culms 2° - 3° high. Panicles large and diffuse. 2. A. perennans, Gray. Culms slender, decumbent at the base ; leaves flat (l"-2"widc); branches of the panicle short, flower-bearing from below the middle ; spikelets whitish. (T. perennans. Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. \ — Culms 10-2° high. 3. A. seabra, "VYilld. Culms slender, erect ; leaA^es short ; branches of the panicle long, hair-hke, hispid, bearing the purple spikelets near thoir summits. (T. laxiflorum, ^//. ) — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. (i) — Panicle usually as long as the culm. § 2. AGEOSTIS Proper. Upper palea manifest : the Iowa- commonly au-ned on the bach. 4. A. alba, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base ; panicle spreading in flower, contracted in fruit; glumes (whitish) nearly equal, rough-keeled; pa- lese hairy at the base, the lower twice as long as the upper one, awnlcss or short- awned. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Culms l°-3° long. 5. A. rupestris, All. Culms slender, erect ; panicle small, oblong, with erect smooth branches ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, rougli-kodcd ; lower palea one third shorter than the glumes, short-awncd below the middle, the upper one minute. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms 1° high. 552 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 6. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms and leaves very slender; panicle con- tracted, weak and drooping ; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, rough on the keel and margins ; upper palea minute, the lower with two minute bristles at the truncated apex, and a long and very fine awn on the back above the middle. — Near Orangeburg, South Carolina, Elliott, and westward. April and May. 1|. — Culms 1° high. 8. POLYPOGON, Desf. Beard-Grass. Flat-leaved chiefly annual grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets stalked, and crowded in close clusters into a termirwil spiked panicle. Glumes 2, equal, awned, and much longer than the paleae, of which the lower one is truncated and toothed at the apex, and often short-awned. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain elliptical,. free. 1. P. maritimus, "Willd. Culms simple (6'- 8' high); glumes pubescent, hispid on the keel, one third as long as the slender awns ; lower palca 4-toothed, unawned. (Phleum pratense, Ell., Herb) — Sea-shore of North and South Carolina. Introduced. 9. CINNA, L. Tall perennial grasses, with broad leaves, bearing the 1-flowered compressed spikelets in a large compound terminal panicle. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, the sharp keel hispid-serrulate. Paleee 2, raised on a stalk, smooth, the lower one short-awned on the back below the apex. Stamen 1. Grain linear- oblong, free. 1. C. arundinacea, L. Culms (2° -7° high) simple; leaves linear- lanceolate (^' wide) ; branches of the panicle in fours or fives, erect in fruit; spikelets often purplish (2^" -3" long). — Shaded swamps, Georgia, and north- ward. — Panicle 6' - 1 5' long, rather dense. — Var. pendula. Gray. Culms and branches of the drooping panicle more slender; pedicels very rough; spikelets smaller; glumes and paleae thinner. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. 10. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes persistent, pointed or awned, equal, or the lower one smaller. Paleae 2, sessile in the glumes, commonly hairy at the base, deciduous with the enclosed grain ; the lower one 3-nerved and mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. § 1. MUHLENBERGIA Proper. — Spikelets commonly much crowded, in lat- eral and terminal panicles, short-staJked : culms branching : leaves flat. 1. M. Mexieana, Trin. Panicles oblong, dense ; glumes unequal, lance- olate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the upper one as long as the awnless paleae. ( Agrostis lateriflora, Michx.) — Damp soil. North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Culms ascending, much branched. 2. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms sparingly branched, erect; panicles linear ; spikelets scattered ; paleas twice as long as the nearly equal short-pointed GRAMINEiE. (gRASS FAMILY.) 5.>3 glumes, the lower one with an awn 3-4 times as long as the spikclct. (Ajrros- tis tenuiflora, Willd.) — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July and Au-.— Culms 3° high. 3. M. dififusa, Schreb. Culms diffusely branched, low ; panicles long and slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the palea twice as long as the spikelet. — Shaded waste places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 1 o - 1 io high . § 2. TRICHOCHLOA. — Panicle terminal, diffuse : spikelets on long and hair, like stalks : culms tall and simple. 4. M. eapillaris, Kunth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute; panicle erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping ; glumes nearly equal, half as long as the paleoe, the lower one awned ; palca? unequal, the up- per one barely awned, the lower 3-awned, with the middle awn many times longer than the spikelet. — Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes, Curtis.) — Sandy soil along the coast, and sparingly in the interior, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. 5. M. trichopodes. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; panicle erect, oblong ; spikelets linear, on spreading stalks ; paleaj twice as long as the nearly equal a%vnless glumes, ribbed ; the lower one tipped with a short awn, and with the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the base. (Agrostis tricho- podes, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. H. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat. 11. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. A perennial erect grass, with a simple slender culm, flat lanceolate leaves, and a loose lanceolate simple panicle of large (^' long) 1-flowered spikelets. Lower glume obsolete, the upper minute, persistent and awnless. Paleie rigid, rough with short bristly hairs, the lower one concave, 5-ribbed, tapering into a long straight aAvn, and enclosing the shorter 2-pointed upper one. An aum-like pedicel of a second flower is applied to the back of the upper palea. Stamens and long stigmas 2. Grain linear. 1. B. aristatum, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb.) — Dry rocky places, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms solitary, 2° -3° high. 12. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent-Gkass. Perennial grasses, with rigid erect simple culms, bearing a loose or contracted panicle of 1-flowered spikelets, with the hairy pedicel of a second flower at the back of the upper palea. Glumes 2, nearly equal, keeled, longer than the palctc. Palese 2, bearded at the base with long hairs, the lower one awned on the back. Stamens 3. Grain free. § 1. CALAMAGROSTIS Proper.— CA^m^s and palerc manbranaceous, the former boat-shaped : panicle open or loose. 1. C. COarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, lanceolate; plumes lance- olate, awl-pointed, rough-keeled, with a purple stripe near the margins ; lower 47 554 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) palea 5-ncrved, rough-keeled, about as long as the awn, much longer than the hairs at the base. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. Panicle ^° long, purplish. § 2. AINIMOPHILA. — Glumes and palece somewhat coriaceous: panicle spike-like. 2. C. arenaria, Roth. Culms and elongated convolute leaves rigid ; pan- icle long (5' -9'), cylindrical; lower palea 5-nerved, obscurely awned, 3 times as long as the hairs at the base. — Sandy sea-shore, North Carolina, and north- ward. Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets, like the whole plant, whitish, j' long. 13. STIPA, L. Feather-grass. Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1 -flowered spikelets, with very long awns. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awn- less and persistent. Palese coriaceous, involute, raised on an obconical bearded stalk, the lower one with a twisted or contorted awn jointed with its apex. Sta- mens 3. Grain terete, enclosed in the palece. 1. S. avenacea, L. Culms ( 1° - 2° high) clustered ; leaves narrowly linear, rough, the lowest elongated ; awn pubescent, bent in the middle, many times longer than the dark-brown palea. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. April. 14. STREPTACHNE, R. Brown. Grasses with the habit of Aristida. Spikelet 1 -flowered ; flower stalked. Glumes 2, loose, awnless. Palea 2 ; the exterior cylindrical-involute. Awn terminal, simple, jointless, twisted below ; the inner palea included, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Stigmas plumose. 1. S. ? Floridana, n. sp. Culms (2° high) simple, slender, erect; leaves long, filiform, convolute, smooth; sheaths hairy at the throat; panicle (1° long) narrow, erect, the rough branches by pairs, scattered ; spikelets short-stalked ; glumes equal, linear, purple, l-nei-ved, the lower one awn-pointed, hispid-serru- late on the back, the upper smooth, truncated, mucronate-awncd ; palea? raised on a slender bearded stalk, smooth, shorter than the glumes ; the lower one lin- ear-subulate, gradually tapering into the long compressed curved awn, convo- lute, and enclosing the capillary inner one. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. 15. ARISTIDA, L. Wire-Grass. Dry and harsh perennial grasses, growing in barren soil, with narrow leaves, racemose or spiked-panicled l-flowered spikelets nearly as in Stipa, but the lower palea ending in a triple awn, which is continuous with its apex (except in No. 9). Upper palea minute. Grain linear. =* Glumes unequal, the upper one shorter. 1. A. lanata, Poir. Culms stout (2°-3° high), simple; leaves flat, rough on the upper side, the sheaths, like the axils of the loose panicle, woolly ; lower palea (4" long) as long as the upper glume and lateral awns, and one half as GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 555 long as the middle one. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Lower palea spotted with purple. 2. A. purpurascens, Poir. Culms (1^-2° high) slender, sparingly branched ; sheaths smooth ; glumes sometimes nearly eijual, purple ; lower palea (3" long) ^-J as long as the nearly equal awns. — Dry .soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. — Panicle slender, 1° long, with the branches ai)i)ressed. * * Glumes equal, or the upper one longer. 3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms much branched at the base, verj- slender; leaves flat ; panicle very narrow, with distant appressed branches ; middle awn rather longer than the rough and spotted lower palea, the lateral ones much shorter ; glumes nearly equal. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Culms (with the panicle) 6' - 12' high. Spikelets purple. 4. A. virgata, Trin. Culms (2° -3° high) branched near the base; leaves flat, rigid; panicles (1° long) loose; glumes nearly equal; middle awn spread- ing, twice as long as the erect lateral ones, and four times the length of the short (2" long) lower palea. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Var? palustris. Every way larger (3° -5° high), with the panicle 1^°- 2^° long, and the straight awns nearly equal. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, West Florida. Aug. and Sept. 5. A. Strieta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) tufted, simple, straight; leaves chiefly radical, filiform, involute, rigid, hairy at the base; panicle (1° long) spiked ; lateral awns as long as the lower palea, the middle one one third longer. — Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, very common. June and July. 6. A. dichotoma, Michx. Culms low, fork-branched ; leaves filiform, erect; panicle (2' -3' long) spiked; glumes purple, longer than the paleie and the very short and erect lateral awns, the middle awn shorter than the palea;, spreading. — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 6'- 12' high. 7. A. spiciformis, Ell. Culms simple, rigid, erect (l°-lp high); leaves rigid, erect, convolute, smooth ; panicle spiked ; glumes much shorter than the long (1') very slender paleae, the upper one twice as long as the lower ; awns nearly equal, widely spreading, the middle one as long as the paleoe. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicles 2' - 4' long, at length twisted. 8. A. Oligantha, Michx. Culms (1°- 2° high) branched, slender; leaves filiform, convolute; spikelets scattered, single or by pairs, in a simple terminal raceme ; glumes nearly equal, longer than the paleai ; middle awu very long (2'), rather longer than the lateral ones, and 2-3 times tlie length of the palese. — South Carolina or Georgia, Nuttall. Sept. 9. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culms rigid, branching (1°- 1^° high) ; leaves flat; glumes nearly equal, longer than the palere, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long) equal, jointed with the paleie, twisted below, then widely spreading, several times longer than the palea. — Dry ridges, in the middle districts of Georgia. Sept — Panicle simple. 556 GR AMINES. (grass FAMILY.) 16. SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh-Grass. Rigid perennial grasses, growing chiefly in saline marshes, with simple culms, concave or convolute leaves, and flattened 1 -flowered spikelets, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the triangular rachis, forming appressed or spreading alternate spikes. Glumes 2, unequal, acute or short-awned) commonly bristly- serrulate on the keel ; the upper mostly longer than the unequal awnless paleae. Stamens 1-3. Styles long, united below, or nearly distinct. Grain free. * Leaves convolute, rush-like. 1. S. juncea, Willd. Spikes 3 - 9, remote, erect ; glumes hispid-serrulate on the keel, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; lower palea, and sometimes the upper also, rough above. — Sandy or marshy places along the coast, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms l°-3° high. Leaves pungent. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Stamens 1-3. 2. S. gracilis, Hook. Spikes 15-30, closely imbricated in a cylindrical spike, the lowest rather distinct ; glumes hispid on the back, the upper one third longer than the lower one, obtuse, mucronate ; palece obtuse, the lower rough on the back, the upper smooth. — Sandy saline SAvamps, West Florida. July and Aug. — Culms (l°-2°high) and rush-like leaves very rigid. Common spike 4' - 6' long. Proper spikes 4" - 6" long. * * Leaves concave or flat. 3. S. polystachya, Willd. Spikes numerous, spreading ; upper glume and nearly equal palese slightly roughened, 2-3 times longer than the lower one; leaves broad (j'-lf')j concave, very rough on the margins. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culms stout, 4° - 8° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, racemed. 4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common rachis ; upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, and, like the paleae, very smooth ; leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Leaves nar- rower than the last, elongated. 17. GYMNOPOGON, Beaur. Low perennial grasses, with short and crowded distichous spreading leaves. Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflexed branches of the simple panicle, consisting of one perfect flower, and the awn-like pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. Paleae 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamens 3. 1. G. raceraosus, Beauv. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate (l^'-2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the base to the summit ; awn 2-3 times the length of the paleae and the pedicel of the sterile flower. ( Andropogon ambiguus, Michx.) — Var. filiformis has nar- rower leaves, the spikelets borne above the middle of the branches, and the awns and sterile pedicel shorter than the paleae. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. GRAMINEiE. (gRASS FAMILY.) iJo7 18. EUSTACHYS, Dcsv. Chiefly tropical grasses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat or folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikclcts 2 -.3-flowere(l, imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; the lowest flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and stalked. Glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) one short-awncd. Palece coriaceous, the lower one boat-shaped, mucronate-awned under the apex, the upper (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. E. petrsea, Desv. Culms (l°-2°high) clustered, erect; leaves glau- cous ; spikes 3 - 5 ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the ui)per ohlung, deeply emarginate ; lower palea dark brown, hairy on the keel and margins, bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — Damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. IJ. — Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes ei'ect. Spikelets roundish. 2. E. glauca, n. sp. Culms stout (3° -5° high), and, like tlic broad (6" -8" long) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about 20; spikelets roundish, 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire ; paleaj dark brown, smooth ; upper flower obovate, short-awned. — Brackish nnrshes, "West Florida, Aug. and Sept. (l) — Culms ^' wide at the base. Leaves 1^°- 2° long. 3. E. Floridana, n. sp. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2' -4' long) glaucous ; spikes single or by pairs ; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the mid- dle flower staminate ; glumes smoothish, truncate, oblong ; lower palea of the perfect flower hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly awned ; sterile flowers obovate, smooth, the lower one short-awned. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Flor- ida. July - Sept. li — Spikelets larger than in the two preceding. 19. CYWODON, Richard. Bermuda-Grass. Diffusely creeping grasses, with short and erect flowering stems, and flat leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets crowded, awnless, 2-flowcred ; the lower flower perfect, the upper an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Paleas 2, membranaceous, the lower one larger and keeled. Sta- mens 3. Grain free. 1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough, keeled ; paleae longer than the glumes, the lower one boat-shaped, and hairy on the keel ; anthers and stigmas purple. (Digitaria Dactylon, Ell.) — Waste places. Introduced. — Culms perennial. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Spikes 1'- 2' long, filiform. 20. CTENIUM, Panz. Flat-leaved grasses, with the erect culms terminated by a single falcate spike. Spikelets 4- 5-flowered, crowded in two rows on the lower side of the flattened rachis ; the two lower sterile, of 1 - 2 paleaj which are awned under the apex, and similar to the third perfect one; the upper ones (1-2) abortive and awn- 47* 558 GRAMINEiE. (gRASS FAMILY.) less. Glumes 2, mem1>ranaceous, very unequal ; the larger upper one with a spreading awn or tubercle on the back. Paleoe of the perfect flower membrana- ceous ; the lower one awnecl below the apex, and densely ciliatc on the margins. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth. Styles terminal : stigmas elongated, plumose, with simple hairs. Grain free. 1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Root pungent; culm (2° -3° high) rough, like the narrow leaves; spike at length recurved or coiled (3' -4' long) ; upper glume granular on the back ; the stout awn spreading horizontally. (Monocera aromatica, Ell) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. U- 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Crowfoot-Grass. Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side of the flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, membranaceous ; the upper (exterior) awn-pointed. Paleae 2, boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, with branching hairs. Grain round- ish, rugose, free. 1. D. -3Egyptiacuni, Willd. Culms ascending from a creeping base; leaves fringed ; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed ; spikelets 3-flowered. (Eleu- sine ? cruciata. Ell. ) — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms nu- merous, 1° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 22. ELEUSINE, Ga^rt. Characters chiefly of Dactyloctenium, but the naiTOwer glumes and palese obtuse and awnless. Stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Spikelets closely imbricated. — Low annuals. 1. E. Indiea, Goert. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. Culms (6' -18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower ones sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flowered. 23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. Flat-leaved grasses, with the numerous spikes disposed in a terminal raceme. Spikelets sessile, loose on one side of the elongated filiform rachis, 3 - many- flowered. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, keeled. Palese 2, membrana- ceous ; the lower one longer than the upper, 3-nerved, awned or unawued. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. \ 1. LEPTOCHLOA Proper. — Loiver palea unowned. 1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Culms 20-30 high; sheathg of the broad (4"- 6" wide) rough leaves hairy ; spikes numerous, in an elongated raceme, 2/ - 4' long, spreading; spikelets minute, 3-4-flowered; glumes raucronate, longer or shorter than the flowers ; lower palea smooth, emarginate. (Eleusine mucro- nata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. ^ GRAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.) 559 2. L. dubia, Necs. Culms 2° high, slender; leaves elongated, filiform, with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6 - 10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets di.>tant on the fihform rachis, 6-flo\vered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on the keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading flowers ; palea) fringed ou the mar- gins, the lower one truncate or emarginate. — South Florida. § 2. DIPLACHNE. — Lower palea 2-chft, 1 - 3-awned. 3. L. polystaehya, Kunth. Culms ^°-4° long, mostly prostrate and rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the sheaths of the elongated leaves; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3'-:/ long; spikelets lanceolate, 8- 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea hairy on the margins below, 3-awned ; the lateral awns minute, the middle one about as long as the palea. (Festuca polystaehya, Michx.) — Brackish swamps along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept (i) 4. L. Domingensis, Link. 1 Culms erect, simple, straight and slender ; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm ; spikes 6-12, scattered, exserted; spikelets lanceolate, 6-8-flowered; glumes unequal, acute, rough- keeled ; lower palea hairy on the margins, much longer than the single rough awn. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms 1° - 1^° high. 24. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly root- stock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spike- lets, disposed in. a simple or compound open panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- ginate, shorter than the crowded flowers. Paleae 2, 2-cleft, the lower one shortly 3-awned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. Grain obovate-oblong, free. 1. T. sesslerioides, Torr. Panicle ample and diflfuse, or contracted and erect, bearded in the axils ; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple ; lower palea with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. (Poa quinaniclc, dis- tinct pale spikelets, and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste places and along roads, Florida to South Carolina ; the var. at Key West. — Culms 6' - 12' long. Spikelets purple. 4. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the base, 6'- 12' long; leaves narrowly linear, with the sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle 3' - 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches wliorlcd ; spikelets linear, 5 - 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appirsscd, and mostly longer than their pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 3-nerved. (P(»a pectinata, and P. tenella,o/aw«Aors.) — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. June - Sept. 5. E. eonferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, 2° - 3° high ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated (10-2° long), linear or lanceolate, the very numerous clustered branches and small oblong 8 - 10-flowcrcd spikelets erect or 564 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) appressed , flowers minute, membranaceous, rather distant on the rachis ; lower palea obtuse, 3-nerved. (Poa eonferta, Ell.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle whitish. Spikelets 1"- Ij" long. * * * Calms simple, erect, shortei' than the large and spreading panicle. 6. E. tenuis, Gray. "Panicle virgatcly elongated (lo-2^° long), very- loose, the spreading branches bearded in some of tiie lower axils, their remote divisions and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7- 12-) flowered, pale or greenish; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l^"-2" long), membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers; lower palea distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper, ciliate-scabrous." Gray. (Poa te- nuis, Ell.) — Greenville, South Carolina, Elliott; North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. U "? — LeaA-es { 1|^° - 2° long) and sheaths smooth or hairy. 7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly bearded : spikelets very small (1"- U" long), 2-4-flowered, mostly purple, on long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute ; lower palea obscurely 3-nerved. (Poa, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Dry uncultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. Panicle 1° - 2° long. 8. E. nitida. Panicle (l^°-30 long) reclining, the bristle-like or capil- lary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3" -4" long), 8-12-flowered, on erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long; lower palea acute, 3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth and shin- ing. (Poa nitida, £■//.) — Low grassy places along the coast, West Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Ij. — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than the short (6' -9' high) culm. 9. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the rather rigid and hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets purple, flat, about 8-flow- ered, shorter than the erect or slightly spreading pedicels ; lower palea ovate, acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough-keeled. (Poa pectinacea, Michx. P. hirsuta, Ell., Sj^c, not oi Michx.) — Diy sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle 1°- 1|^° long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long soft hairs. Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ; spikelets sessile or nearly so, 1 5 - 20-flowered ; lower palea faintly 3-nerved. (Poa refracta. Ell.) — Damp soil, Florida to North CaroUna. — Spikelets about 5" long. 33. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard-Grass. Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowered spikelets crowded in a 1 -sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. D. glomerata, L. — Near Charleston, Elliott, and northward. Intro- duced. May and June. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 5G5 Spikelets in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered. Glumes and flowers lanceolate. 34. FESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. Grasses with flat or setaceous leaves, and panicled 3 - many-flowered mostly awned spikelets. Rachis jointed as in Glyceria. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Paleae nearly coriaceous ; the lower one naked, rounded on tlie back, 3-5-ncrved, acute or bristle-awned ; the upper commonly adhering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1-3. * Flowers awned: panicle contracted: annuals. 1. F. MyurUS, L. Culms erect, very slender, concealed in the sheaths of the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1-sided, partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spikelets com- pressed, 6-flowered; awn 3-4 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy palea. Stamen 1 . — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long. 2. F. tenella, Willd. Culms (2'- 12' high) erect or ascending; leaves narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, spiked, or the branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, oblong, 8- 12-flowered ; awn not longer than the subulate hispid palea. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. 3. F. duriuSCUla, L. Culms erect, 1°- 1|° high ; leaves filiform ; panicle simple, 1-sided, mostly bending, spreading ; spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered ; awn shorter than the smooth lanceolate palea. — Around dwellings, Florida, and northward. Introduced. April - May. 4. F. parviflora, Ell. " Panicle equal, slender, appressed ; spikelets terete, subulate, 5-flowered, awned; calyx (glumes) unawned." Ell. — Near Orangeburg, South Carolina. April. 1|. ? — Culms, 12'- 18' high. Awn as long as the palea. ( * ) * * Flowers awnless : panicle spreading : perennials. 5. F. elatior, L. Culms l°-2° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long, narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5 - 10-flowered spikelets throughout; palea oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 6. F. nutans, AVilld. Culms 2° - 4° high, and, like the broadly linear leaves, rough, or the latter hairy; panicle 1-sided, simple, erect or bending, tho branches mostly by pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spikelets near their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; lower palea ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. 7. F. grandiflora, Lam. "Panicle simple, erect; spikelets very few, generally 7-flowcred ; flowers acute, distant." — Carolina, Frazer. ( • ) 8. F. unioloides, TViUd. Panicle contracted ; spikelets compressed, 8-flow- ered, awnless ; sheaths of the leaves bearded at the summit. — Carolina, Willd. — Panicle nodding, expanding. Spikes oblong-lanceolate. Root fibrous. ( • ) 48 566 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 35. BROMUS, L. Brome-Grass. Grasses with flat leaves, and long-stalked spikelets in loose panicles. Spike, lets large, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, unequal, commonly keeled. Lower palea usually awned under the apex, convex on tlie back, about 7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner face, and adherent to the upper palea. 1. B. ciliatUS, L., var. purgans, Gray. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the slender drooping branches mostly by pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 10-12-flowered; lower glume 1-ncrved, the upper 3-nerved; lower palea convex on the back, 7-nerved, hairy, about as long as the awn ; culms 2° - 4° high ; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — River-banks and rich soil, Florida, and northward. June. 2. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Annual; panicle spreading, with clustered, at length drooping branches ; spikelets (^'- 1' long) 8-10-flow- ered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; paleas smooth, the lower one convex, 7-nerved, awnless or short-awned ; culms l°-2°high; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain-fields, &c. Introduced. 36. TJNIOLA, L. Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, fi*om creeping rootstocks, and mostly broad, flat many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with one or more of the lower flowers glume-like and neutral, and the upper imper- fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea rather rigid, strongly compressed-keeled, nerved, awnless, much larger than the 2-keeled upper one. Grain free. Stamens 1-3. * Spikelets long-pedlcdled, drooping : Jioxvers appressed. 1. U. latifolia, Michx. Culms 20-3° high ; leaves flat, lanceolate i^- 1' wide) ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10- 15-flow- ered ; lower palea one third longer than the upper, fringed on the keel, acutish ; stamen 1 . — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Spike- lets 12'' -15" long. 2. IT. paniculata, L. Culms stout, 3° - 5° high ; leaves very long, rigid, soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong-ovate, about 12-flowered; palese equal, the lower one notched at the apex, serrulate on the keel ; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast, West Florida, and north- ward. July and Aug. — Plant pale. Leaves 2° - 4° long. * * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : flowers at length spreading. 3. IT. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, with the branches ap- pressed ; spikelets small (2"- 3"), wedge-shaped, 4-6-flowered; lower palea longer than the upper one, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen 1. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 6'' wide. Sheaths smooth or downy. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 5G7 4. U. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches ; spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, C-8-flowercd; palea) equal, the lower acute, serrulate near the apex ; stamen 1 . — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Aug. — Culms slender, l°-2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. 37. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad and flat leaves and panicled spike- lets. Spikelets 3 -6-flowered, with the rachis bearded with long and silky hairs. Lowest flower with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, the others triandrous and perfect. Glumes unequal, pointed. Lower palea narrowly awl-shaped, 2-3 times as long as the 2-cleft upper one. Stigmas 2. Grain free. 1. P. communis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, V-2' wide ; panicle diffuse, nodding ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. 38. ELYMUS, L. Lyme-Grass. Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single spike of 2 - 7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2 - 4 in a cluster at each joint of the zigzag rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, unequal-sided, mostly awned. Palese of the same texture as the glumes, the lower convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn ; the upper enclosing the linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually included in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets 2 -3 in a cluster, 2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug.— Culms 20-3° high. Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth. 2. E. Striatus, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' long), long-peduncled ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 -3-flowered, hairy, long-awned; glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky woods and banks in the upper districts, and northward. July-Scpt. — Culms slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Spikelets 2 -3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk. Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Othenvise as in Elymus. 1. G. Hystrix, Schreb. Spike erect, 3' - 6' long, lax-flowered ; spikelets yellowish, 3 - 4-flowered, smooth or rough-hairy, long-awned ; leaves and sheaths smoothish. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. July. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Rachis 2-cdged. 568 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 40. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. Rigid flat-leaved (introduced) grasses, with spiked many-flowered compressed spikelets, with one edge applied to the jointless rachis. Glume 1, rigid, awnless. Lower palea concave, awnless, or short-awned, herbaceous. Stamens 3. Grain adherent to the upper palea. — Spikelets distant on the elongated rachis. 1. L. temulentum, L. Culm tall (2° high) ; rachis (1° long) flexuous ; glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the 5-flowered spikelet, lower palea awned under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain-fields, North Carolina. 2. L. arvense, Withering. Culms low (6' -12'); rachis (6' -8' long) straight; glume rigid, many -nerved, shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet; lower palea awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Streets of Apalachicola. July. (I) 41. AIRA, L. Low and slender tufted grasses, with the small 2-flowered stalked spikelets in a loose panicle. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, longer than the flowers. Pa- leae hairy at the base ; the lower one 3 - 5-nerved, and awned on the back. Sta- mens 3. Grain oblong, smooth. 1. A. flexuosa, L, Culms nearly naked, 1°-1|^° high; leaves short, bristle-like ; panicle small, capillary, spreading ; lower palea toothed at the apex, much shorter than the slender awn ; grain free. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. IJ. . 42. TRISETUM, Pers. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Lower palea compressed-keeled, usually bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex. Otherwise as in Aira. Spikelets in open or spiked panicles. 1. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; culms weak (1°- 1^° long) ; leaves flat, linear ; panicle long and narrow, loose ; spikelets 2 - 3-flowered ; the lower flower awnless, the upper with a spreading awn and an awn-like rudiment at the base, or rarely both flowers awnless. (Aira pallens, Muhl. A. triflora. Ell. 7) — Swamps, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Panicle pale, 4' - 8' long. 2. T. moUe, Kunth. Soft downy; culms short (6'- 8'); panicle (2' -3' long) contracted, dense and spike-like; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower palea of both flowers with a spreading awn. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward. 43. DANTHONIA, DC. Tufted grasses, with racemose or panicled spikelets, and rough or bearded flowers. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, longer than the flowers, awnless. Lower palea rigid, concave, many-nerved, bearded below, sharply 2-toothed at the apex, beai'ing an intermediate awn, which is flattened and twisted near the base. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 5 GO 1. D. spicata, Bcauv. Spikelets 4 - 8, racemose, 7-flowercd ; lower palca rough with short rigid hairs, much longer than the lanceolatc-suhulate teeth ; culms (10' - 18' 'high) slender ; leaves short and narrow, soon involute. ( Avena spicata, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida, and nortinvard. June and July. — Ka- ceme l'-2' long. 2. D. sericea, Nutt. Spikelets numerous, paniclcd, 7-flowcred ; lower palea white with long silky hairs, as long as the slender, a^vn-pointcd teeth ; culms 2° high ; sheaths'of the linear leaves woolly above. (Avena spicata, Ell.) — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April. 44. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. Tall grasses, with flat leaves, and spreading panicles with clustered or whorled branches. Spikelets 2-flowered, with the awn-like rudiment of a third flower ; the lower one staminate, the upper perfect. Glumes membranaceous, concave, the upper one as long as the flowers. Paleae herbaceous ; the lower one of the perfect flowers slightly awned near the apex, that of the staminate flower bearing a long bent awn below the middle. Stamens 3. 1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Culms smooth, 2° - 3° high ; leaves broadly linear; panicle narrow, whitish, 8' -10' long; glumes scarious. — North Caro- lina, Curtis. Introduced. May. 1].. 45. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet-scented Grass. Grasses with flat leaves and 3-flowered spikelets, crowded in a spiked panicle ; the two lower flowers neutral, and consisting of a single hairy palea awned on the back ; the upper flower perfect, of two smooth awnless palese, and two very thin glumes, the upper one 3-nerved, longer than the flower, and twice as long as the 1-nerved lower one. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed in the paleoe. 1. A. odoratum, L. Culms 1° high; leaves linear, hairy; panicle l'-3' long. — Low grounds around the larger cities. Savannah, Charleston, &c. In- troduced. April and May. 46. PHALARIS, L. Spikelets crowded in a densely spiked panicle, 3-flowered ; the two lower flow- ers reduced to hairy scales ; the upper perfect, consisting of 2 boat-shaped awn- less, at length coriaceous palese, the lower one longer and enclosing the upper, and two nearly equal broadly keeled glumes which are longer than the flower. Stamens 3. Styles elongated. Grain enclosed in the palea). 1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Culms ascending, slender, 6'- 12' high; leaves short, with the uppermost sheath inflated; spike (^'-1' long) oval, compact; glumes lanceolate, slender-pointed, broadly keeled, twice as long as the hairy ovate flower. (P. Americana, Ell P. microstachya, DC.) — Sandy places along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. (T — Leaves broadly linear, l'-2' long, somewhat glaucous. Spike white or purplish. Var. angUSta. (P. angusta, iVees.) Culm stout (2° -3° high) ; spike cy- • 48* 570 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) lindrical (2' -4' long), somewhat interrupted at the base ; glumes short-pointed, rather narrowly keeled, J longer than the ovate hairy flower. — South Carolina, and westward. ® — Leaves not glaucous, 4' - 10' long. 47. PASPALUM, L. Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, apparently 1 -flowered, awnless, borne in 1 - 4 rows on one side of the flattened or triangular jointless raehis. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Paleae 2, ovate or roundish, coriaceous ; the lower one larger, concave, and partly enclosing the flattened upper one. Sta- mens 3. Grain included in the indurated palese. Such is the apparent structure of the spikelet, but theoretically it is 2-flowered, as in Panicum, with the lower glume and upper palea of the lower flower undeveloped. * Spikes racemed: spikelets partly enclosed by the recurved margins of the broadly winged membranaceous raehis. 1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Spikes very numerous ; spikelets in two rows, mi- nute {^" long), oblong, pubescent; glumes pointed; culm branching, ascending from a creeping or floating base; leaves flat, broadly linear (4"- 8" wide). (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. ® — Culms smooth, lo-3° long. 2. P. Walter!, Schultes. Smooth; spikes 3 - 7, the lowest ones included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets in two rows, ovate, smooth ; glumes obtuse, 5-nervcd. (P. vaginatum. Ell.) — Low cultivated grounds, Florida to Korth Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms decumbent, creeping, l°-3° long. Leaves linear, short. * * Spikes mostly by pairs, divaricate: spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-rowed on the slender wingless raehis : glumes smooth, longer than the palece. 3. P. Digitaria, Poir. Peduncles elongated, lateral and terminal, often 2-3 together from the upper sheath; spikes (3' -4' long) filiform, spreading horizontally; glumes even, 7-nerved, J longer than the obtuse perfect flower; culms ascending from a creeping and branching base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, flat, mostly fringed on the margins, the sheaths compressed. (Milium paspa- lodes. Ell ) — Open swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. U — Culms 10-2° high. 4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Peduncles single, terminal, spikes (rarely 3 or 4) short ( 1 ' - 1 1' long), erect or horizontal ; glumes rugose, 5-ncrved, rather longer than the acute flower ; culms diffusely creeping, short-jointed ; the flowering branches (4'- 10' long) erect; leaves (1'- 3' long) subulate-convolute, their dilated imbricated sheaths persistent. (P. furcatum, Fluegge.) — Saline swamps. West Florida, and southward. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Culms 2° - 4° long. Sheaths compressed, bearded at the throat. * =* * Spikes solitary, or few and racemose: spikelets ovate or rouyidish, in 2-4 rows: raehis mostly fattened andflexuous: glumes and palece nearly equal. 5. P. distichum, L. Spikes 2, rarely 3 or 4, spreading (I'-l^' long); spikelets in 2 rows, single, ovate, acute, as wide as the straight raehis ; glumes GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) .-,71 3-nerved, more or less pubescent ; culms diffuse, creeping ; leaves flat, glaucous, rough above, and, like the sheaths, smooth or hairy. (P. tristacliyum', Uconte'^.) — Swamps and low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. U — Flowering stems 1° high. 6. P. prsecOX, Walt. Spikes 3-6; spikclets by pairs, in 3 rows, orbicu- lar, compressed, as wide as the straight and flat racliis ; glumes smooth, 3-nervcd, often discolored; culms erect (30-4° high), simple; leaves long and narrow i sheaths purple, smooth or hairy. — Pine-barren swamps. May and June. \. 7. P. laeve, Michx. Spikes 3-5, long (3' -4') and slender; spikclets single, in 2 rows, orbicular, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth and even, 5-nerved ; culms simple, erect (30-4° high); leaves (deep green) and sheaths smooth, or the latter hairy. — Dry woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. U — Spikelets 1^" long, larger and thicker than the last. 8. P. Floridanum, Michx. Spikes 2-3, thick, erect; spikclets large (2" long), mostly in 3 rows, broadly oval, tumid, wider than the flexuous rachis ; glumes smooth, 5-nerved, more or less rugose; culms rigid, erect (2° high); leaves narrow, rigid, and, like the sheaths, rough-hairy. (P. macrospermum. Fluegge.) — Damp soil, near the coast, Florida. Aug. and Sept. i; — Plant glaucous. 9. P. racemulosum, Nutt. Spikes 2-3, slender, erect (4' long); spike- lets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and somewhat flexuous rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, 7-nerved ; culms simple, erect (20-3° high) ; leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, and, like the sheaths, sprinkled with long white hairs. (Panicum Alabamense, Trin.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. IJ.. 10. P. undulatum, Poir. Spikes 2-12, spreading (2'-3'long); spikc- lets small (1" long), oval or roundish, crowded in 3-4 rows under the broad and flat rachis ; glumes smooth, 5-nerved ; paleaj of the neutral flower often ru- gose; culms erect or ascending, mostly branching; leaves deep green, broadlv linear, flat, mostly fringed on the margins or near the base, and, like the smooth or hairy sheaths, often purple. (P. purpurascens. Ell. P. plicatulum, Michx. P. confertum, Leconte. P. Boscianum, Fluegge. ) — Low cultivated grounds, Flor- ida to North Carolina. Sept. ® — Culms ^° -3° high. 11. P. Blodgettii, n. sp. Spikes 4, filiform ; spikclets minute {\" long), in 3 rows, elliptical, as wide as the straight rachis; glumes 3-ncrved, minutely pubescent and granular; culms tufted, simple, erect (I°-l^° higb) ; leaves flat, fringed on the margins. — Key West, Dr. Blodgett. 1]. — Spikes 1' long. 12. P. ciliatifolium, Michx. Spikes slender, mostly solitary, rarely 2 - 3, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, of which 2-3 often project from the upper sheath ; spikclets orbicular, in 2 - 3 rows, wider than the narrow flexuous rachis; glume 3-nerved, commonly pubescent ; culms tufted (l°-2° long), ereet or spreading, simple or branched ; leaves 2"- 9" wide, flat, wavy and fringed on the margins, or, like the sheaths, hairy all over. (P. sctaccum, and P. dcbile, Michx. P. dasyphyllum, AV/., ^x.) — Wet or dry soil, very common. Juno- Sept. ® and 1|.. 572 GRAMIXE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 48. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. Perennial flat-leaved grasses, with the spikelets nearly as in Panicum, but of two kinds ; one perfect, but rarely fruitful, disposed in a simple terminal panicle or raceme ; the other larger, pistillate or perfect, and borne at the summit of long runner-like radical peduncles. Lower glume minute or wanting. 1. A. Purstlii, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect from fibrous roots, naked above ; leaves lanceolate, rather thin, clothed, like the sheaths, with spreading rigid hairs ; upper flowers in a strict panicle ; those at base of the culm perfect ; grain ovoid or oblong, terete. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Culms l°-3°high. Glumes of the upper flowers 5-nerved, of the lower one white, many-nerved. 2. A. Floridanum, n. sp. Culms subterraneous, diffusely creeping j flowering branches erect (l°-3° high), branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth ; sheaths fringed on the margins ; upper flower abortive, panicled or racemed, oblong (3" long), acute; glumes 5-nerved; anthers of the radical flow- ers imperfect ; grain compressed-globose, pointed. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Plant pale green. Palese of the radical flow- ers crustaceous at maturity. 49. PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass. Inflorescence spiked, racemose or panicled. Spikelets 2-flowered, naked (no involucre). Glumes 2, herbaceous; the upper one usually as long as the flow- ers, the lower smaller, often minute, or occasionally wanting. Lower flower staminate or neutral, of 1-2 palese ; the upper palea, when present, small and hyaline, the lower herbaceous and resembling the upper glume. Upper flower perfect, coriaceous, awnless, enclosing the free grain. Stamens 3. § 1. DIGITARIA. — Inflorescence spiked: spikelets 2-3 together^ imbricated on one side of a filiform rachis : lower flower of one palea, and neutral : glumes shorter than the flowers : annuals. 1. P. sanguinale, L. (Crab-Grass.) Culms ascending from a diffusely creeping base ; leaves thin, spreading, the lower part, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 5-10, spreading; spikelets oblong, pointed; glumes hairy on the mar- gins, the upper half as long as the flowers, the lower minute, or in var. villosum (Digitaria villosa. Ell., a smaller and moro hairy form) wanting. — Cultivated grounds and waste places everywhere. May -Oct. 2. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, sparingly branched (2° -3° high) ; leaves linear, erect, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 2-5, alternate, erect, filiform ; spikelets oblong, acute, scattered ; upper glume half as long as the acute black- ish palea, the lower wanting. — Dry sandy soil, common. Aug. and Sept. § 2. PANICUJM Proper. — Glumes 2, unequal^ awnless : spikelets in panicles or racemes. * Spikelets croicded in simple or panicled racemes. -t- Sterile flower of one palea, neutral. 3. P. tenuiculmum, Meyer. Culm filifoi-m, erect, simple ; leaves chiefly radical, linear (2" Avide) ; racemes 8-12, remote, 3 - 6-flowered, forming a long na sp.|> lot CO roo € GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) o73 m-ow and simple panicle ; rachis flexuous, naked and bristle-like at the apex ; ikelets ovate (1" long); upper glume 9-nerved, twice as long as the obtuse wer one. — South Florida, — Culms 1^0-2° high. Racemes distant on the I, mmon rachis, ^' long. -I- -t- Sterile Jloiver of two palece, staminate or netitral. '4. P. gibbum, Ell. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, 3' -5' long; spikelets ^^ long, obtuse; upper glume oval, strongly 11-ncrvcd, tumid at the base, ice as long as the smooth fertile flower, the lower one minute ; sterile flower Jindrous ; culms branched, slender, reclining ; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth : hairy. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Plant deep '^en. Spikelets caducous. -S. P. Curtisii. Panicle slender, spike-like (6'- 8' long), the apprcssed l^^'Ver branches remote ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ; glumes slightly keeled, the ^ "per 5-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and rather shorter than the litish flower ; sterile flower 3-androus ; culms and smooth linear-lanceolate I ^ves rigid; sheaths smooth or hairy. (P. Walteri, EIL, not of Poiret nor p^-jsh. P. carinatum, Torr., in Curtis's Plants, Wilmington, not of Prest.) — p inds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 3° -4° high, often ;ting at the lower joints. \. P. hians, Ell. Panicle small, the few scattered and spreading branches r'ted below ; spikelets in small distinct clusters, ovate ; upper glume 5-nerved, „ _ 4 times longer than the lower ; sterile flowers neutral, longer than the perfect n , ver, the upper palea rigid, obovate, involute, gaping at the apex ; culms , ider (6'- 18' high), simple; leaves linear, smooth. — Low grounds in fields , along roads, Florida to North Carolina. 7^- !*• gymnocarpum, Ell. Panicle large, pyramidal, the rigid expand- . • branches mostly clustered or whorled ; spikelets 3 - 6 in scattered clusters ,„// long), lanceolate; glumes lanceolate-subulate, rough-keeled, 2-3 times , ^er than the perfect flower ; sterile flower neutral ; the lower palea as long he lower glume, and much longer than the upper palea; culms rigid, erect ; , ^^es (1' or more wide) lanceolate, cordate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers, ■p, 'ida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. % — Culms 2° -3° high. Sheaths . , Vicated. imbi r. P. anceps, L. Panicles lateral and terminal, diffuse; spikelets 3-10 lostly scattered clusters, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; glumes smooth, keeled, .pressed at the apex, the upper 7-nerved, twice as long as the lower one, and 'third longer than the fertile flower; culms flattened. — Var. strictum. p , "ns strict and rigid, like the erect leaves ; panicle filiform, of few apprcssed , 2hes, 2' - 3' long, — Damp sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Common and variable. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Plant mostly pale. Spikelets often purple. ^ ^ Spikelets mostly by pairs, on short oppressed pedicels {except Nos. 13 niid 14), scattei-ed on the ultimate branches of the usually ample open panicle. -I- Sterile Jlower consisting o/tuv palece. '.P. virgatum, L. Culms tall (20-4° high) ; branches of the large dif- «. " yanicle whorled or clustered ; spikelets (1" long) on rough pedicels, ovate ; 574 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) glumes long-pointed, the upper T-nervecl, one third longer than the obtuse pt' >r. feet flower; sterile flower 3-androus. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northwarjj-d. Aug. and Sept. U — Culms several in a cluster. Leaves smooth, flat (green,; ), 1° or more long. Glumes purplish. j^ 10. P. amarum, Ell. Glaucous ; culms stout ; branches of the slend er contracted panicle smooth, appressed ; leaves long and rigid, soon convolut^je ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long), short-stalked ; upper glume pointed, strong,} ly 7-ncrved, one third longer than the oblong obtuse perfect flower, and equallifyig the 3-androus sterile flower. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and nonj.;h- ward. Sept. U — Plant salt and bitter to the taste. 11. P. fasciculatum, Swartz. Smooth; culms erect (1° high), brant h- ing ; leaves membranaceous, linear-lanceolate; panicle contracted, 3'- 4' loq.ig^ with the mostly simple branches erect ; spikelets deep green, obovate, acutj.e ; glumes smooth, the upper one strongly 7-nerved and reticulated, 2-3 times (\ as long as the lower one, barely longer than the tumid rugose perfect flower; steip-ile flower neutral. (P. fuscorubens, La?n.) — South Florida. Oct. U ;, -1- -i- Sterile Jlower of one palm, neutral. 1 12. P. proliferum, Lam. Smooth; culms thick and succulent, ascendii ig, branched, geniculate ; panicles lateral and terminal, diff'use ; spikelets lanceok ite- ovate, acute, somewhat crowded on the straight branches ; upper glume 7-nerv ed, 3-4 times as long as the lower ; perfect flower pointed. (P. geniculatum, Mu- hi.) — Wet places near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (T) — Culms Ip.o - 3° long. 13. P. capillare, L. Culms erect, simple or branched; leaves and sheuths hirsute ; panicles lateral and terminal, the very slender branches at lengtht re- flexed ; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, scattered on long and capillary pedic^als ; upper glume .5-nerved, pointed, twice as long as the lower; perfect flower obtuise. (P. strigosum. Ell. 1) — Sandy fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. (i) — Culms 10-2° high. 14. P. divergens, Muhl. Culms slender, fragile, sparingly branched; leaves subulate, rough on the upper surface and margins ; the smooth she;aths longer than the joints ; panicle diffuse, bearded at the axils ; spikelets snnall, spindle-shaped, solitary at the summit of very long (2' -4') and rough pedun- cles ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong, acute, nearly as long as the upper glume and neutral palea. (P. autumnale, Bosc.) — Dry sPndy soil. South Carolina, and northward. Aug. l^, — Culms 1° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 15. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms very slender, branched; leaA-es linear-lanceolate ; panicles terminal, pyramidal, the slender scattered and often simple branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, obtuse ; glumes obtuse, roughened with fine warts, the upper one at length shorter than the perfect flower, the lower minute. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. 1|. — Culms 2° - 4° long. Spikelets ^" long, 16. P. angustifolium, Ell.'^ Culms weak, diffusely branched; leaves linear; panicle simple, the few elongated and scattered branches bearing 2-4 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 575 ^ )long-obovate acute spikelcts near the summit ; glumes papillosc-hisj)i(l, the "l)pcr one 5-nerved, longer than the pointed granular-roughened perfect flower ; ^^e lower minute, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 1°- ^^ long. Spikelets 1|" long. * * Spikelets single, on a spreading pedicel, disposed in open panicles : sterile floiver consistit^g of two unequal palece, neutral {except No. 17) : perennials: culms at length much branched. 17. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanccolatc, ™Sstly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly sim- l^S; spikelets large (2" long), obovate; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the upper "'- 3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil, 'orida, and northward. May. — Culms 1°-1^° high. Leaves and paniciea '- 4' long, the latter exserted. 18. P. Clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1° high), branched, naked at ^' joints ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute ; panicles ^"^all, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spikelets o\>- "g, pubescent (1|" long) ; lower glume half the length of the 7-ner\'ed ui)per *^°^!. — Dry sterile soil, North Carolina, and northward. Sept. IJ. — Varies ^y ,h the sheaths smooth, or merely pubescent, and the terminal panicle some- ,es exserted. !9. P. SCOparium, L. Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper sur- '^^^i of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (1°- 1^° high), mostly ^^"'^•ple ; panicle terminal, exserted ; spikelets obovate {\^" long), obtuse, pul)os- ^^^\ 5 upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile ^^-er neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil, Florida to ^o^;th Carolina. May. D. P. pauciflorum, Ell. "Panicle expanding, few-flowered; flowers "^^rji. jjjj.gg . leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy." Ell. — ■^" *>fose damp soils, Georgia, Elliott. May. — Culm 12'- 18' high, roughish ^"^ ' branching at the joints. Leaves 3' -4' long, 3" - 4" wide, smooth above. P^ .elets oval, the lower glume very small. Resembles P. scoparium in fruit, ^^^ P. villosum somewhat in habit. ( *) ^^ . P. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth; culms reclining, with short ^ 'spreading branches; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the P®''^''stent sheaths ; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the branches ; ^P "ilets (2" long) obovate, tumid, nodding ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, and, the lower palea of the sterile flower, tipped with a tuft of down ; paleic of ^^^ ^'Wile flower nearly equal. — South Florida, Z)r. Z^/w/r/cW. — Leaves U'-2' long.: Branches of the panicle short and diverging. ^^' P. viscidum, Ell. Soft-hairy or downy all over, except a narrow ring ^^^^^7 each joint of the culm ; leaves lanceolate ; sheaths viscid ; panicle (4' -6' •^"SP compound, diff'use ; spikelets (1" long) ovate, pubescent; upper glume ^■"^''Ved, many times longer than the minute lower one. — Varies with the leave: '^^ gj^eaths, and purple spikelets smooth. — Wet swamps and bogs, near tlie 576 GRAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) coast, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms 3° - 4° high, soon much branchc^.d. Leaves 6'- 10' long. Branches of the panicle smooth. — In the smooth form o{ this species I notice a remarkable deviation from the generic character. The two glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower are as usual in the genus, while the upper palea of the latter is developed into an apparently perfect flower, in all respects similar to the upper one. 23. P. scabriusculum, Ell. Culm (30-4° long), sheaths, and lo\ver surface of tlie linear-lanceolate leaves rough and more or less pubescent ; panicle ample, compound, diftuse, pubescent below, the divisions smooth ; spikelets small, ovate, rough, but not pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, the lower minijte. — Pine-barren SAvamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Probably a form of the last. 24. P. microearpon, Muhl. Culm and leaves smooth ; the latter lance- olate, tapering from a broad cordate base, strongly nerved, fringed on the mar- gins near the base ; panicle compound, diff"use ; spikelets very numerous, sujall (i" long), oval, pubescent; upper glume 5-nerved, 3 times the length of the mi- nute lower one. (P. multiflorura, EIL, not of Poir. P. ovale. Ell. ?) — Dry ^oil, South Carolina, and northward. May. — Culms 2° - 2^° high. Leaves 4' _ 6' long, 8" -10" wide. 25. P. dictLOtorQum, L. Culms at length much branched; panicle nearly simple, few-flowered ; leaves linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base, or vil- lous all over. (P. villosum. Ell.) — Var. 1. Panicles compound, difFi^se ; spikelets small ; leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like culm, sheaths, and panicle, soft haiiy (P. lanuginosum. Ell.), or only at the joints of the culm (P. barb^la- tum, Miclix.), or smooth throughout (P. nitidum, EIL, spikelets purple and very minute). — Var. 2. Culms weak; panicle loose, compound ; sheaths and pale-green thin leaves soft hairy (P. pubescens, EIL), or the margins of the otherwise smooth leaves fringed with long hairs (P. ciliatum, £"//.). — Vai-. 3. Culms (2° high) smooth ; leaves large (6' -8' long), lanceolate, rough or downy above, margins near the base and sheaths fringed ; panicle large, diffuse ; spike- lets (1" long) oblong, nearly smooth. (P. nervosum, EIL ?) — Var. 1 4. Ciilms smooth and rigid (1°- 1|° high) ; leaves pale, rigid, lanceolate, fringed; paviide oblong, diff"use ; spikelets minute, oval, very hairy. (P. sphaerocarpon. Ell.) — Woods, fields, and swamps, everywhere, in some one of its numerous farms. March - May. 26. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms low (2' -12' high), simple, erect, like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, often shorter than the subtending leaf; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly at^ute ; upper glume 9-nerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate lower one. (P. strictum, Pursh.) — Dry sandy soil. North Carolina, and northward. June. — Leaves rigid, 2' - 6' long, smoothish or hairy. 27. P. rQelicarium, Michx. " Culm weak ; leaves narrow ; panicle con- tracted ; glumes membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal ; rudiment of a fjower stalked. — In Carolina and Georgia. Very smooth. Leaves long. Punicle slender, long, with few branches." Michx. ( * ) GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577 § 3. AULAXANTHUS. — Spikelets awnless, single, loosely racemose on the erect branches of the compound contracted panicle : lower (jlume icaiUimj, the upj>er one b-rihbed, very hairy : perennials. 28. P. ignoratum, Kuuth. Culms erect, simple, smooth ; leaves linear- lanceolate, pungent, strongly nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones widely spreading ; panicle racemose ; spikelets ohovute; sterile flower 3-androu8 ; anthers and stigmas yellow. (Aulaxanthus ciliatus, Ts//.) — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Leaves and spikelets pale. 29. P. rufum, Kunth. Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated; sterile flower neutral ; anthers and stigmas purple ; otiierwise like the i)rece(liiig. (Au- laxanthus rufus, Ell) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Leaves and spikelets purplish. § 4. ECHINOCHLOA. — Spikelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pani- cled spikes : glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower hispid-pointed or awned. 30. P. Crus-galli, L. Culm stout (20-40 high), branching ; leaves very long, broadly linear, rough; sheaths smooth, rough, or hi.spid ; spikes (l'-2' long) very numerous, crowded in a long raceme; spikelets clustered; glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower strongly hispid on the nerves, awn-pointed or long-awned ; fertile flower rough-pointed. — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. (J) — Awns pale or purple. 31. P. Walter!, Ell. Culms (10-00 high) branching; leaves linear, smooth, like the sheaths; spikes 5-12, distant, erect or appressed (^'-1' long), bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes and lower palea his- pid on the nerves, pointed; fertile flower barely pointed ; rachis rough. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. — Spikelets purplish. 32. P. ? moUe, Michx. " Spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, flower- ing on one side ; spikelets approximate, pedicillate, on one side, awnless," Ell. — Sea islands of South Carolina, Elliott. Aug. and Sept. 1|. — Culm 40-6° high, smooth below, downy above. Leaves 12'- 18' long, smooth, fringed at the throat. Spikelets 2-3 together on a villous rachis, hairy. Plant salt and bitter. § 5. ORTHOPOGON. — Pa?i/c/e simple, spiked: spikes fewflowered, distant: glumes equal, hairy, the lower one long-awned : upper and lower paleoe of the sterile flower short-awned. 33. P. hirtellum, L, Culms slender, ascending from a creeping base; leaves (1'- 2' long) ovate-lanceolate, thin; sheaths hairy; spikes about 5, dis- tant, 5 - 8-flov/ered ; awns (often purple) clammy. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. % — Culms IO-20 long, branched, the erect portion 6' -12' high. 50. SET ARIA, Beau v. Erect annual grasses, with flat leaves and the si)ikclets of Panicum proper, but crowded in cylindrical spike-like panicles ; the short pedicels bearing one or more bristles, which usually exceed the spikelets. 49 578 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) * Bristles roughened downward. 1. S. verticillata, Bcauv. Culms sparingly branched; leaves linear- lanceolate, rough above ; spike cylindrical, compact, somewhat interrupted be- low (2' -3' long) ; bristles short, single or by pairs. — Around dwellings, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Culm 2° high. * * Brisdes roughened upward. 2. S. glauca, Bcauv. Culms smooth, slightly compressed ; leaves linear- lanceolate, rough above; spike nearly simple, cylindrical; bristles 6-10, in 2 clusters, longer than the spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Var. L^viGATUM (Panicum Isevigatum, Ell.) has a more flattened culm, longer, nar- rower and smooth leaves, and the perfect flower obscurely wrinkled. — Culti- vated ground, the var. in damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-3° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, pale or purplish. 3. S. viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, terete ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, rough ; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense ; bristles 1 - 3 to each spikelet ; perfect flower finely striate and dotted lengthwise. — Around dwell- ings. Introduced. June - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 4. S. eorrugata, Schult. Culms, narrow (2" wide) leaves, and sheaths rough: spikes compound, cylindrical, dense, erect or bending; spikelets 6*- 10 in a cluster ; bristles one to each spikelet, elongated ; perfect flower obtuse, strongly Avrinkled. (Panicum corrngatum, Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 3' - 6' long, purple. 5. S. COmposita, Kunth. Culms smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, the fringed sheaths rough-hairy at the throat; spikes loose, compound, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles single or by pairs, many times longer than the spike- lets ; perfect flower acute, with faint transverse lines. — Dry sandy soil along the west coast of Florida, Apalachicola to Key West. June -Aug. — Culms 2° -4° long. Leaves 1° or more long. Spikes 6'- 12' long. 6. S. Italica, Kunth. Culms tall (4° -8° high), smootli, branched; leaves (^'-1' wide) very rough; spikes compound (6'- 18' long), cylindrical, dense, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles 1 - 2 to each spikelet, elongated ; fertile flower smooth and even. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — This, and Penicillaria spicata, Willd., axQ commonly cultivated, under the name of Millet, as green food for cattle. The latter seems to be the Panicum cenchroides, Ell. 51. CENCHRUS, L. Cock-spur. Prostrate or creeping grasses, with the spikelets of Panicum proper, but en- closed, 1 -several together, in spiny or bristly, at length indurated and decid- uous involucres ; the latter burr-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. Stamens 3. Styles united below. 1. C. echinatUS, L. Spikes cj'lindrical, composed of 20 or more globular involucres (3' -4' long) ; involucre downy, spiny above, and with a row of rigid barbed bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered ; culms ascending. — Fields and GRAMINE^E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 579 waste grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. CD — Culms 10-2° long. Involucre purplish. 2. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres whitish, 10-15 in a spike, wedge-shaped at the base, armed above with stout compressed broadly subulate erect or spread- ing spines ; bristles none ; spikelets mostly by pairs. — Sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. (J) — Culms prostrate, 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves linear. Spikes l'-2' long. 62. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. A creeping and branching grass, with the awnlcss spikelets sunk in excavations of the continuous flattened rachis. Spikelets by pairs, one pedicelled and imper- fect, the other sessile, and with the structure of Panicum. 1. S. Americanum, Schrank. (RottboeUia dimidiata, 7s//.)— Damp sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. Ij. — Smooth throughout. Culms flattened, creeping, the branches nearly opposite ; flowering culms erect, 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -6' long, linear, obtuse, flat or folded, contracted at the base. Spikes lateral and terminal, peduncled, 2' - 5' long. Sterile spikelet neutral or rudimentary. Fertile spikelet sessile; the up- per glume 7-nerved, 3 times the length of the lower one. Palea of the sterile flower coriaceous, like those of the perfect one. 53. ROTTBCELLIA, Brown. Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves and spiked inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, borne by pairs at the base of each joint ; one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed ped- icel ; the other sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2-flowered. Glumes 2, the exterior one flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression at tlie base, the interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. PaleiB hyaline, 1 -2 in the staminate or neutral lower flower, and 2 in the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and terminal jkhIuucIcs or branches. 1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches clustei-cd, short, included in the sheaths of the elongated upper leaves ; spikes spreading, slightly compressed ; sessile spikelet shorter than the joint ; lower glume lance- olate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neutral. — Pine-barren swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green, lj'-2' long, 1" in diameter. 2. R. COrrugata, Baldw.? Culm stout, compressed; peduncles mostly single, elongated; spikes slightly compressed, erect; spikelets longer than the joint ; lower glume longitudinally grooved and somewhat reticuhited, ovate ; sterile flower staminate. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida, near the coast. Sept. and Oct. — Culm 20-4° high. Spikes 4' -6' long, 2" in diam- eter, purplish. 3. R. cylindrica. Culm slender, terete; leaves narrowly linear ; i>edunclcs gingle, elongated; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved; spikelets as long as 580 . GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) the joint ; lower glume ovate, obtuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; sterile spikelet rudimentary, (Tripsacum cylindricum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida. July -Sept. — Culms lo-2° high. Spikes 2' -6' long, 1" in diameter, purplish. 54. MANISUEIS, L, Annual grasses, with branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, clustered, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in spathe-like sheaths, Spikelets 1-flowered, placed one at each end of the joints of the spike ; the upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly equal hispid mem- branaceous glumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave, the lower reticulated, the upper smooth, Palese 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain included, 1 . M. granularis, Swartz, Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the sheaths, hairy; spikes 6" -10" long; spikelets minute, turning black. — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Introduced. — Culms 1°- 2° high. 55. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. A tall perennial grass, with soHd culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikelets awnless, monoecious, in jointed spikes, the upper ones staminate, the lower fertile, 2-flowered. Staminate flowers by pairs on each short triangular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; palege hyaline. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of the thick and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner membranaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both with hyaline palese. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Stigmas elongated. Grain free. 1. T. dactyloides, L. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms erect, from tufted creeping rootstocks, 3° -5° high. Leaves 1' wide. Spikes 4' - 8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, 2-4 in a cluster or sometimes solitary. (T. monostachyum, Willd.) 56. ANDROPOGON, L, Broom-Grass. Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose rachis ; one of them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary ; the other sessile, 2- flowered, the lower flower consisting of one palea, and neutral ; the upper of 2 paleae, mostly perfect, shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the lower one mostly awned at the apex (except No. 1). Stamens 1 - 3. Grain free. § 1, ANDROPOGON Proper, — C^3/?er/oi^er Joer/ec^ * Peduncle solitary, hearing a single spike. 1. A. Nuttallii. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth, like the long linear leaves ; spikes rigid, long-peduncled, the rachis and pedicel of the sterile GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 581 flower fringed with closely apprcssed white hairs ; spikelcts awnlcss ; glumes hispid above ; sterile flower of 2 paleae, 3-androus. (Rottboellia ciliata, Nutt.) — Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — Spikes 3' -6' long. 2. A. oligOStachyus. Culms rigid, erect ; leaves linear, smooth, glau- cous ; spikes 3-4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary with short spread- ing hairs; lower glume pubescent, ^- J as long as the contorted awn ; sterile flower neutral, short-awned. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long. 3. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute leaves ; spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smootli ; spikelcts ap- pressed, half as long as the bent awn ; glumes rough above ; upper i)alea minute ; pedicel of the awnless neutral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassv pino barrens, Georgia, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° -3° long. Spikes slender, 1'- 2' long. Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat. * * Peduncles clustered, each bearing a single spike. 4. A. SCOpariuS, Michx. Leaves smooth or rough-bairy ; spikes numer- ous, on exserted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned or awnless staminate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per- fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with elevated points. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long. * # * Peduncles or branches mosdy clustered, bearii^g 2-4 rigid [green) digitate spikes : rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower fringed with scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 5. A. furcatus, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° - 5° high ; leaves rough, fringed at the base ; peduncles or branches commonly several at each upper joint ; spikelcts appressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent awn. — Open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long. * # * # Peduncles or branches 1 - several from each upper joint, often included in the dilated sheaths : spikelets slender, hoary with long silky spreading hairs : sterile flower reduced to an awn-like glume at the apex of the very slmder pedicel, or obsolete: stamen 1. 6. A. tetrastachyus, Ell, Culms 3° - 4° high ; leaves and sheaths very hairy ; branches short, the lower ones by pairs, the upper single ; sjiikcs 4 ; glumes bristly-serrulate, one fourth as long as the straight awn ; pedicel of the awn-like sterile flower barely exceeding the fertile flower. — Var. distachtds. Leaves and sheaths less hairy or smoothish ; spikes by pairs, morc rigid, on long-exserted branches ; pedicel of the sterile flower much longer than tho smoother glumes. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 7. A. EUiottii. Culms 10-2° high, bearded at the upper joints; leaves purplish, narrow, hairy at the base ; sheaths hairy, the upper ones inflated and often crowded or imbricated ; branches single or by pairs ; spikes by pairs (rarely 49* 582 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 3-4), exsertcd, or included in the upper sheaths; awni 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; hairs of the very slender rachis long and glossy. (A. argenteus, EIL, not of DC.) — Wet or dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept and Oct. — Somewhat variable, but distinguished by the dilated clustered sheaths, and by the silvery hairs of the spikes. 8. A. Virginicus, L. Culms mostly tall, erect or bending, with tbe joints remote and bearded ; branches 1-2 fi-om the upper dilated sheaths, compound and forming a long and loose panicle; spikes by pairs (rarely by fours), shorter than the sheaths ; awn straight, four times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower none. (A. vaginatus, EIL, the short branches or peduncles included in the more inflated sheaths. A. dissitiflorus, Michx. 1 A. gracilis. Carpenter, the spikes borne at the summit of elongated simple branches.^ — Barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 9. A. maerourus, Michx. Spikes by pairs, exceedingly numerous, crowd- ed in a large and close panicle ; awns 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower an awn-like glume. — Varies with the whole plant glaucous and more slender, branches and spikes more scattered. — Low barren soils, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° - 5° high. 10. A. ternarius, Michx. " Branches remote, alternate, solitary, simple, bearing mostly three distant alternate 2-cleft spikes ; hairs of the involucre shorter than the glume; flower;s 3-androus ; paleoe somewhat villous; awn long, con- torted." Michx. In Carolina. ( * ) § 2. HETEROPOGON. — Upper flower staminate or pistillate. 11. A. melanocarpus, Ell. Culms tall {4°-8° high) panicled above; leaves elongated ; spikes numerous, approximate, 1 -sided, shorter than their slender filiform-pointed sheaths ; spikelets large, the two lowest pairs glume-like, persistent, sterile, the others deciduous ; sterile flower 3-androus, with the lower glume lanceolate, membranaceous, twisted, much longer than the fertile spikelet and the smooth and short pedicel ; fertile spikelet rusty bearded ; the coriaceous glumes obtuse, many times shorter than the very long (4') contorted and hairy awn. — Indian old fields, Florida and Georgia. Introduced? — Glume of the sterile spikelet, like the sheaths, rugose on the back. Perhaps identical with A. polystachyus, Roxb. 57. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Tall reed-like grasses, with long and flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other ses- sile, both with a hairy involucre at the base. Lower flower of one palea, neutral ; the upper of two palese, perfect, shorter than the membranaceous nearly equal glumes, the lower one awned. Stamens 2-3. 1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4°-10° high; sheaths of the broad (6" - 12") very rough leaves woolly above, rough below ; panicle (1° - 2° long) woolly, expanding, pyramidal; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as the sparsely hairy glumes ; awn straight. — Var. contortus. (E. contortus. Ell.) GRAMINE/E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583 Smaller (20-4° high); leaves and sheaths smooth ; panicle (f)'-12'lonf^) ohlonj; ; awns short and twisted. — Var. nREVinARuis. (E. breviharhis, Michx.) Smooth or nearly so; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; hairs of the in- volucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. 2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly roughened; panicle (10'- 15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; glumes rough ; awns straight. — River-banks, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves 3" -6" wide. Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 58. SORGHUM, Pers. Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle ; the lat- eral ones sterile or a mere pedicel ; the middle or terminal one fertile. Glumes coriaceous or indurated, closely bearded, sometimes awniess. Otherwise Uke Andropogon. 1. S. avenaceum. Panicle erect; glumes yellowish, lanceolate, the lower one hairy ; one palca to each flower, linear, ciliate ; awn rough, slender, twice as long as the glumes ; sterile flowers reduced to one or two slender hairy pedicels. (Andropogon avenaceus, Michx. A ciliatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 1].— Culms (2^-4° high) and leaves smooth. Panicle oblong, 6' - 12' long. 2. S. nutans, Gray. Panicle long and narrow, nodding ; glumes dark brown, the upper sparingly, the lower densely hairy ; palese of the upper flower 2, unequal ; awn 4 times the length of the glumes, bent in the middle, rough above, twisted and hairy below ; sterile spikelets mostly rudiments. (A. nutans, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida and northward. Sept. U— Culms 2° - 4° high. Panicle l°-20 long. 3. S. secundum. Panicle erect, contracted, 1-sided; spikelets nodding; glumes light brown, very hairy all over ; otherAvise like the last, and prol)ably a variety of it. (Andropogon secundus, ^//.) — Dry sand-ridges in the pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Culms 2° - 3° high. S. vuLGARE, Pers., is the Dcrra Corn; S saccharatum, the Broom Corn ; S. cernuum, Willd., the Guinea Corn. S. halapense, Pers., is sometimes cultivated under the name of Cuba Grass. 59. LUZIOLA, Juss. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- icled monoecious flowers ; the pistillate and smaller staminate spikelets borne on separate panicles. — Spikelets scattered, on jointed pedicels, nearly teivtc, 1-flowered. Glumes none. Palese 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, concave, obtuse, strongly nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 5-11: anthers linear, 2-lohcd at the base, much longer than the short filaments. Styles 2, short : stigmas plumose. Grain free, ovoid. Pericarp crustaceous. 584 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 1. L. Alabamensis, n. sp. Smooth throughout; culms low (4' -6' high), simple, jointed near the base ; leaves mostly two ; the lowest one 3-4 times the length of the culm ; the elongated pui-ple sheath enclosing the short membrana- ceous upper one, and the stalk of the simple few-flowered panicle ; spikelets pale, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the erect or appressed capillarj'^ pedicels ; the staminate and pistillate ones borne on separate culms ; palea; of staminatc spikelet lanceolate, 7-nerA^ed ; those of the pistillate ovate-lanceolate, 11-13- nerv^ed, much longer than the smooth grain. — Brooklyn, Conecuh County, Alabama, J. F. Beaumont. 60. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. A low maritime branching grass, with very short rigid crowded leaves, and dioecious flowers in solitary terminal sessile spikes. Glumes none. — Spikes short, 3 - 5-flowered ; the lowest flower, or the two lower ones, neutral, of 1 - 2 palese ; the uppermost abortive ; the intermediate ones, composed of two palece, triandrous in the staminate, digynous in the pistillate spike. Palese convolute, scarious and obtuse at the apex ; the lower one rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 9 - 12- nerved above ; the upper rather longer, 2-keeled or 2-winged on the back. Squamulse none. Anthers longer than the short filaments, 2-lobed at each end. Ovary lanceolate-linear, 3-angled. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated, plumose with simple hairs. Grain 3-angled, free. 1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores. South Florida, and west- ward. — Culms much branched, 5' - 8' high, smooth and somewhat woody, erect, or at length prostrate and rooting. Leaves 3" long, very rigid, ob- tuse, many-nerved, rough on the margins, mostly crowded at the summit of the short branches, and enclosing the short (3" -4") sessile spikes. Flowers pedicelled. FiLiCES. (ferns.) 585 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Vegetables destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in the pl^e of seeds, minute homogeneous bodies (spores) containing no embryo. Class III. ACEOGENS. Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels. Order 161. EQUISETACEJG. (Horsetail Family.) Comprises only the genus 1. EQUISETXJM, L. Scouring Rush. Fructification terminal^ spiked or cone-like. Spore-cases {sporangia) 6-7, borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, 1-celled, opening on the inner side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped ehistic filaments (elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed joints a toothed sheath. 1. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly simple, the obtuse ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appresscd, with numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil. North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l^°-4° high. Order 162. FILICES. (Ferns.*) Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), wliich in this climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes ascending, but in the tropics oflen grow many feet high, with a diameter of several inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (Tree-ferns). Leaves (fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation (except the last Suborder), and raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporanr/ia) one- * By Daxiel C. Eaton. 5SG FiLiCES. (ferns.) celled, borne on the under side of the fronds or along their margins, often covered by a membrane of various shape (indusium or involucre)^ contain- ing numerous exceedingly minute spores. Synopsis. Suborder I. POLYPODINE^. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit-dots)^ or in indefinite masses, cellular-reticulated, mostly pedicelled ; the stalk running into a vertical incomplete elastic ring, the straightening of which ruptures the ripe sporangium on the inner side, discharging the spores. — Fronds simple or variously divided. Tkibe I. ACROSTICHE^. — Sporangia collected in large or indefinite masses on the back of the frond : indusium none. 1. ACROSTICIIUM. Sporangia covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins retic- ulated. *-0^ Tribe II. POLiYPODIEjE. — Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, destitute of indusium, borne on the back of the frond. 2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit-dots scattered variously on the back of the frond, borne at or near the ends of the veins. Tribe III. — VITTARIEJE. — Sporangia borne in a continuous elongated marginal or sub-marginal furrow. 3. VITTARIA. Fronds simple, narrowly Unear. Tribe IV. PTERIDEJE. — Fruit-dots marginal, separate or continuous. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the frond or its lobes, opening toward the midrib. * Indusium thin and membranaceous, continuous around the margin of the fertile pinnae. 4. PTEPiIS. Sporangia borne on a transverse intramarginal veinlet. 5. PELLiEA. Sporangia borne on the ends of the veins, at length confluent. * * Indusium rarely continuous, mostly formed of the reflexed ends of the lobes or divisions of the pinnae or pinnules. 6. CHEILANTIIES. Sporangia borne on the veins beneath the reflexed margin of the frond. Pinnules with a midrib. 7. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the indusium. Midrib none or eccentric. Tribe V. BliECHNEJE. — Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, borne on transverse veins parallel to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, and opening at the inner one. 8. BLECHNUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, covered by a continuous indusium. 9. WOODWARDIA Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in a series near the midrib, covered by sep- arate indusia. Tribe VI. A SPLENIE.3E. — Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, oblique or at right angles to the midrib. Indusium fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the other. 10. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the more or less reticulated veins, or facing each other in pairs. Fi-ond simple. 11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots oblique, on the upper side of the veins, rarely on both sides of them. A'eins free. FiLiCES. (ferns.) 587 Tribe VII. A SPIDIE^. — Fruit-dots at or below the ends of the veins, round, or somewhat oblong and then placed across the vein. Indusium round or nearly so, fixed in the middle and opening at the margin, or reniform and fixed at the Kinua. * Fertile and sterile fronds alike. 12. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium on the back of the veinlet, hood-shaped, fixed at the base partly under the fruit-dot, opening toward the apex of the segment. 13. ASPIDIDM. Indusium mostly on the back of the veins, orbicular or round-rcniform, fixed in the middle or at the sinus, opening all round the margin. 14. NEPHROLEPIS. Indusium at the end of a free vein, reniform, fixed at the sinus or by the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of the frond. * * Fertile and sterile fronds different. 15. ONOCLEA. Fertile fronds contracted, the divisions rolled up and berry-like. Tribe VlII. "WOODSIE-Si. — Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of a free vein. In- dusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped, or globose and bursting at the top. 16. WOODSIA. Indusium divided into irregular lobes, or a capillary fringe. Tribe IX. DICKSONIE^E. — Fruit-dots marginal, roundish, borne at the ends of the free veins. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, its outer part composed of a rcllcxed lobe of the frond, or more or less united with it. 17. DICKSONIA. Indusium (in our species) small, nearly globular, membranaceous. Suborder II. HYIVIENOPHYLLE^. Sporangia borne on a seti- forra or slender receptacle, cellular-reticulated, surrounded by a complete transverse ring. Involucres marginal, at the ends of the veins, cup-shaped or two-valved. Fronds delicately membranaceous and pellucid. 18. TRICHOMANES. Involucre cup-shaped or funnel-shaped, sometimes 2-lippecL Suborder III. SCHIZ^INE^. Sporangia large, borne on narrow- segments of the frond, oval, cellular-reticulated, crowned by the converg- ing strias of a complete apical ring, opening longitudinally. 19. LYGODIUM. Sporangia attached laterally in two rows to the narrow divisions of the pinnae, each one covered by a scale-like indusium. 20. ANEIMIA. Sporangia attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled fertile branches of the frond. Indusium none. Suborder IV. OSMUNDINE^. Sporangia large, nearly sessile on the back or margins of the mostly contracted fertile fronds, two- valved, opening vertically at the apex. Ring rudimentary or none. 21. OSMUNDA. Sporangia globular, covering the contracted fronds or portions of fronds. Suborder V. OPHIOGLOSSEiE. Sporangia very largo, sessile, spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not reticulated, on narrow divisions of the frond, destitute of a ring, transversely two-valved. Fronds not circiuate in vernation. 22. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond pinnat4?ly di- vided. 23. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia ia a simple spike. Sterile part of the froud simple in our species. 588 FILICES. (FERNS.) 1. ACROSTICHUM, L. Sporangia entirely covering the lower surface of the upper pinnae. Veins finely reticulated with oblong hexagonal meshes. — Tall Ferns, with pinnate fronds. 1. A. aureiim, L. Fronds coriaceous; pinna short-stalked, lanceolate- oblong, entire. — Coast of South Florida. — Fronds 4° - 8° high, dark green, shining. 2. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. Fruit-dots round, naked, mostly at the ends of the free or reticulated veins. — Eootstocks creeping. Sterile and fertile fronds alike. § 1. POLYPODIUM Proper. - Veins free. 1. P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, smooth on both sides, oblong, simply and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed ; fruit-dots large. — Mossy rocks, &c., in shady woods, in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' high. 2. P. Plumula, Willd. Fronds linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid to the black and somewhat chaffy midrib ; the divisions very numer- ous, narrowly linear, entire, wider at the base ; fruit-dots small. — Tampa Bay, Dr. Leavenworth. — Fronds 12' -18' high, 18" -24" wide. 3. P. hexagonopterum, Michx. Fronds annual, broadly triangular, bipinnatifid ; pinnse lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin- nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire; fruit-dots numerous, minute. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — A foot or more high from an elongated creeping rootstock. Pinnte decurrent, forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis. § 2. MARGIN ARIA, Bory. — Veins obscure, sometimes reticulating near the margin. Stipe and lower surface of the frond covered with chaffy scales. 4. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, beneath thickly beset with peltate chaffy scales, smooth and green above, pinnately parted; the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots near the margin. — On trunks of trees, Florida to Mississippi, westward and northward. — Rootstock chaffy, creeping. Fronds 3' - 8' high. § 3. CAMPYLONEURUM, Presl. — Fe/ns paraM, pimmte from the midrib: veinlets reticulated, forming a series of parallel angular arcs with shoit ve inlets pro- ceeding from their angles. Fronds simple. 5. P. Phyllitidis, L. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, of a thin chartaceous texture, semi-pellucid ; fruit-dots rather large, in two rows between the veins. — South Florida. — Fronds 1° -2° high. § 4. PHLEBODIUM, R.Br. — Veins pinnate from the midrib, furcate: veinlets reticulated in mostly elongated meshes. Fruit-dots large, commonly at the extremities of two converging veinlets. 6. P. aureum, L. Fronds smooth and glaucous, broadly ovate, pinnately FiLiCES. (ferns.) !i89 parted; the divisions lanceolate, acuminate, entire; fruit-dots mostly in a dou1»Ie series in each lobe of the frond, near the midrib. — South Florida. — Rootstook large, creeping, copiously beset with lanceolate brown chaffy scales. Stipe smooth, 8'- 10' long. Fronds 10' - 15' long, two thirds as wide. 3. VITTARIA, Smith. Sporangia on a continuous receptacle immersed in a fuiTow open outwardly at or near the margin of the frond. Veins obscure, simple, connected at their extremities by the receptacle. Fronds simple, linear, elongated. 1. V. lineata, Swartz. Fronds nearly sessile, narrowly linear, elongated ; midrib inconspicuous, lines of fructification near the margin. (V. angustifrons, Michx. ) — On trees, South Florida. Fronds many from the short scaly root- stock, 10-2° long. 4. PTERIS, L. Sporangia borne on a transverse marginal receptacle connecting the ends of the veins. Indusium continuous, formed of the membranaceous margin of the frond, at first reflexed, at length pushed back and disclosing the ripened fructifi- cation. Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate or decompound. 1. P. longifolia, L. Fronds lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae numerous, nar- rowly linear, acuminate, obtuse at the base, the terminal one elongated, the lower ones gradually smaller. — Key West. — Fronds l°-2° high, smooth. Stipe more or less chaffy. 2. P. Cretica, L. Fronds smooth, ovate, ternate or pinnate ; the lower pinnee 2 - 3-parted, sessile, the upper ones decurrent ; sterile ones lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, finely serrate ; fertile ones narroAver, entire, or spinulose- serrate at the acuminate apex ; veins straight, simple or forked, close together, almost at right angles to the midrib. — Shady woods, Middle and East Florida. — Frond 6'- 10' long. Stipe smooth, very long and slender. 3. P. aquilina, L. (Brake.) Fronds large, glabrous or somewhat hairy beneath, broadly triangular, tripinnate ; pinnules oblong or linear, entire or has- tate or pinnately parted ; ultimate segments obtuse, oblong or linear, the termi- nal ones often elongated, the margin reflexed or revolute ; veins simple or forked ; indusium narrow, ciliated. — Common everywhere. — Stipe stout, G'- 2° high. Frond 10-2° long. Var. caudata (P. caudata, L.), with very narrow segments, the terminal ones elongated, and both surfaces of the frond glabrous or even glaucous, occurs in South Florida and along the Gulf coast. 5. PELLJEA, Link. Fruit-dots oblong or linear at the ends of the veins, conflnent in a broad marginal line of fructification. Indusium as in Pteris. Veins free, forked or pinnate. Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate, smooth, mostly coriaceous. 1. P. atropurpurea, Link. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, ovnte-lanrpolate, pinnate or below bipinnate ; pinnae opposite, rather distant, the lower ones 50 590 FiLiCES. (ferns.) stalked ; pinnules sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, truncate or subcordate at the base, obtuse or rarely somewhat mucronatc ; indusium formed of the reflexed and little-changed margin, at length pushed back and showing a broad marginal band of ripened sporangia. (Pteris atropurpurea, L. AWosoms, Kunze, Gray.) — Mountains of Alabama and northward, mostly on lime-rock. Frond 2'- 12' high. Stipe and rachis black and shining, smooth or somewhat rusty- pubescent. 6. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Fruit-dots at the thickened ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent, covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of the lobes. Veins free. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate ; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly. 1. C Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower ones again pin- nate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the upper side of the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continuous mem- branaceous involucre. (Pteris Alabamensis, Buckley.) — Limestone cliffs oft the Tennessee and French Broad Rivers, Alabama, &c., Buckley. — Fronds 4' -6' long, on slender black and polished stipes 2' -4' long, pulverulent along the upper side, and somewhat chafiy at the base. 2. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds broadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinnae triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, more or less incised ; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herbaceous involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia, Kunze, and northward. — Fronds 4' - 8' long, becoming smooth above. 3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath densely tomentose with brownish- white wool ; primary pinnae ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round- obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed forming a continuous somewhat membranaceous involucre. (C. Bradburii, Hook., at least as to Lind- heimer's plant.) — French Broad River, North Carolina and Tennessee, and south westward, — Frond 6' -12' long. Stipe and rachis whitish with long paleaceous hairs. 7. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and altered portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under side at the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly free. Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining. 1. A. pedatum, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods. North Carolina, and northward.— Stipe 8' -12' high. The most graceful of all our Ferns. FILICES. (ferns.) OOI 2. A. Capillus- Veneris, L. Frondovatc-lanccolate, 2-3-pinnatc; pin- nules very delicate, oblique, broadly wcdfre-shaped or sometimes rhoniboiinnate above, iMpinnate below, the divisions stalked, obovate-cuneate, toothed at tlie apex ; veins forked from the base ; fruit-dots few, indusia laciniatc at the margin. — Rocks along the mountains, and northward. — Fronds 2' -4' high. 8. A. myriophyllum, Presl. Fronds delicately membranaccou'?, lan- ceolate, narrowed below, 2-3-pinnate; ultimate segments obovate-lus, variously toothed or incised; indusium ovate, acuminate. (Aspidium tenuc, Swartz.)— Moist rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward.— Fronds 4'- 8' long, on slender brownish stipes as long as the frond, rinnulcd varying greatly in shape and size. 50* 594 FiLiCES. (ferns.) 2. C. bulbifera, Bemh. Fronds lanceolate, very long and attenuated at the apex, often bearing bulblets beneath, bipinnate; pinna triangular-lanceolate; the lowest pair largest, distant; pinnules oblong, crenately incised or toothed, obtuse ; indusiura roundish, truncate. ( Aspidiura bulbiferum, Swartz.) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° long. The bulblets fall to the ground, and fonn new plants, which are about two years in coming to maturity. 13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the depressed centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins and 1 -3-pinnate fronds. § 1. LASTREA, Bory. Indusium round-kidney-shaped, fixed at the sinus. * Fronds thin and delicate, decaying in autumn ; ultimate segments entire or nearly so; veins simple or oncefi)r/ced. 1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs rather smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones with a strongly revolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusium minute, smooth. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 10' -18' long, with an elongated stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked rootstocks, which creep several inches in advance of the fronds. 2. A. Noveboracense, Willd. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways from the middle, pinnate ; pinniE lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib ; the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant and deflexed ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire ; veins simple ; indusium minute, smooth. — Low grounds, North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds 1° - 2° long, on rather short stipes. 3. A. patens, Swartz. Fronds ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent, espe- cially on the veins beneath, pinnate ; pinnae lance-linear from a broad base, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest pair a little smaller and reflexed ; segments oblong, often falcate, entire, or the upper basal one enlarged and pinnatifid ; veins simple, free, or the basal ones meeting at the sinus between the segments ; indusium small, pubescent. (A. molle, Kunze in Sill. Jour.) — Low shady woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Fronds 1° - 3° high. * * Fronds thicker; ultimate segments more or less serrate or toothed; the lowest veins more than once forked. 4. A. spinulosum, Swartz, Fronds ovate-oblong, thin, smooth ; bipin- nate or below tripinnate ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones broader, triangular-ovate ; ultimate segments oblong, or linear-oblong, closely set on a narrowly winged partial rachis, variously incised or serrate with spinulose teeth ; fruit-dots small ; indusium deciduous, sparingly glandular at the margin. (A. intermedium, Muhl.) — Shady woods in the upper districts of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. — Fronds lo-2° long, 5' -9' wide, varying greatly in outline, and in the shape of the segments. FiLiCEs. (ferxs.) yjj Var. dilatatum, Gray. Fronds wider in outline, of a rather firmer text- ure ; the pinna? fewer and set farther apart, the lowest pair largest, with the 2-3 lower basal pinnules elongated ; segments larger and more distant ; fruit-dots larger; indusium smooth. (A. dilatatum, Stvartz. A. campylopterum, Kurne.) — Summits of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, /%e/. — Fronds 10-2° long, 10'- 16' wide. 5. A. Ludovicianum, Kunze. ''Fronds membranaceous, rather rigid, finely glandular-pubescent beneath on the midribs, ovate, acuminate, bipinnate ; pinna distant, petiolcd, ovate or oblong, acuminate ; pinnules ovate, deeply pinnatifid; the lowest divisions sessile with a narrowed base; the upper ones adnate, oblong, obtuse, crenately appressed-serrate ; serraturcs acute, sometimes denticulate ; fruit-dots half-way between the midrib and margin, on the upper branches of the forked veins ; indusium reniform, thickish, entire, smooth, per- sistent." Mettenius. — Florida to Louisiana, Kunze. — " Rootstock oblique ; fronds 2° - 3° long ; stipe straw-color, sparsely chaffy " — I have not seen this Fern, which has more recently been referred by Mettenius to A. Canariense, Al Br. 6. A. Floridanum. Fronds thickish, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; lower pinnae sterile, triangular-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with closely set oblong, obtuse divisions ; upper pinnae fertile, narrower and longer, again pinnate, with oblong obtuse pinnules, distant on the narrowly winged secondary rachis ; fmit- dots large, half-way between the midrib and margin ; indusium round-rcniform, smooth, (Nephrodium Floridanum, Hook.) — Wet woods, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds l°-2° high, the sterile ones shorter, growing in a crown from a thick and scaly rootstock. — The plant has much the appearance of large forms of A. cristatum, Swartz, and may prove to be an extreme state of that species. 7. A. marginale, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, smooth, thickish and al- most coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnas lanceolate from a broad base ; pinnules oblong or linear-oblong, attached by a broad base to the nar- rowly winged secondary rachis, entire or crenately toothed ; fruit-dots large, very near the margin ; indusium round-reniform, convex, thickish, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds bluish-green, l°-2° long, on a short stipe, which, like the short thick rootstock, is shaggy with largo brown chaffy scales. § 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth, Schott. Indusium orbicular, fxed by the de- pressed centre. 8. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, thickish, smooth and shining, lanceolate, the fertile ones tallest, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, short- stalked, oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, cuncatc at the lower, obtuse or acute, finely serrate or incised with spinulosc-pointcd teeth ; the upper pinnae of the fertile frond contracted and covered with the copious fruit-dots ; indusium round, peltate, smooth and entire. — Shady and rocky woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Fronds 10-2° high. Root- stock and stipe very chaffy. O'JG riLicES. (ferns.) 14. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinnse. Indusiuni rcniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or by the arcuate base, open obliquely toward the margin of the pinnae. Fronds pinnate, elongated ; the pinnai articulated to the rachis. Veins free, forked from the midrib, their apices thickened. 1. N. exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding numerous pinnte, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate ; fruit-dots large ; indusium reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblique sinus narrow and deep or broad and shallow on the same pinnte. — South Florida, Dr. Cooper. — Fronds l°-6° long, 2' -3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees. 15. ONOCLEA, L. Fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules strongly revolute and berry-like ; fruit- dots on the back of the free veins, with an elevated receptacle ; indusium attached partly to the receptacle and partly to the intervenular surface. Sterile fronds foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones, 1. O. sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds on a long smooth stipe, broadly deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid almost or quite to the rachis ; the divisions lanceolate, entire or crenately incised ; veins finely reticulated with oblong-hexagonal areoles ; fertile fronds shorter, bipinnate ; pinnae erect, appressed to the rachis ; the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Rootstock nearly naked, creeping. Fronds varying from four inches to three feet in height. 16. WOODSIA, R. Brown. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the fruit- dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a delicate fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with many fronds from a short scaly rootstock. * Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia. 1. "W". Ilvensis, R- Brown. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous be- neath and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff", lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate. Fruit-