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 ments to this effect. 
 
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 both for Schools and Private Study, which shall be accurate and complete text-books, 
 and at a price within the reach of every one. 
 
 The old system of instruction, by which the names of things only were presented 
 to the mind of the pupil, has jjeen long admitted to have been imperfect and unsuc- 
 cessful. With the young it is necessary to speak to the Eye, as well as to the Mind — 
 to give a picture of an object as well as a description; and the adoption of such a, 
 plan of tuition is not only far more effective than that which is confined to words, but 
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 reading-books, and trpatises on the "Sttani Engine," "Mechanics," "Geometry," "Drawing," " Architec- 
 tural Drawing," "Optics," and "Astronomy."— ^o?vitn(7 Advertiser, September 28lh, 1853. 
 
 {Extract qf a letter from the Rev. T. Wilkinson, Iler Majesty's Inspector of Schools, addretsed to the lali 
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 Stanwix Vicaeage, Carlisle, Jan. 19th, l^ob. 
 Dear Sirs, — I beg to offer you my sincere acknowledgment of your kindness in sending me 
 the parcel of Books. They are indeed valuable additions to our EduciUioual. Helps, aud I shall 
 uot fail to recommend them throughout my various tours of insjjection. 
 
 1 am, Dear Sirs, yours very truly, 
 
 T. WILKINSON. 
 
 THE ROYAL PICTURE ALPHABET 
 
 Of Humour and Droll Moral Tales ; or, Words and their Meanings Illustratod Imperial IGmo, 
 beautifully illustrated -witli 24 Page Engravings by Luke Limner. Coloured letters, aud 
 wrapper in two colours, Is. Coloured plates, 2s. 
 
 tSSS" LciCK LiMNCB, the celebrated Designer, has here produced a most charming Alphabet Book, that will 
 
 quite enchant our youug friends. 
 
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JOHN^ON AMi WALKER SUPERSEDED. 
 
 Containiug 10,000 more AVords. thaa Walker's Dictionary 
 
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 POCKET PROXOUXCING 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ; 
 
 Condensed from the Original Dictionary by Noah Webster, LL.D. With Accented Vocabularies 
 of Classical, Scriptural, and Modern Geographical Names. Revised Edition, by Willlajni 
 G. Webster (Son of Noah Webster). Koyal 16mo, cloth, gilt, 2s. 6d. ; or strongly bound 
 in roan, gilt, 3s. 
 
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 nients in reference to " Sr. "^^eliister's " principle of pronunciation by 
 accents. Xlie old. system of pronunciation by uiis-siiellicg' itords bas become 
 obsolete — aud tSr. ~%Vebster's -methotl is universally ackuofrledg-ed and 
 adopted. 
 
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 Language" stands pre-eminently before any other : — 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
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 which it contains all the most valuable features, after having undergone revision to make it tiuly represent the 
 effect of national usage in speaking and writing. The task has been carefully performed by AViiiiAii G. 
 Weesiek (the Son of Xoah Webster)."- --Jiorn/njr Advertiser. 
 
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 without this excellent Dictionary. It is a desideratum to all who are engaged in correspondence. The book 
 should have a place in everj' household." — Educational Gazette. 
 
 " This little book is perfectly unique. It is a carefully condensed epitome of the celebrated work of 
 Dr. Webster, printed in a fine clear tj-pe, specially cast for the purpose ; and, while every word is cleai' and 
 distinct, the volume may be easily canied in the pocket." — United Service Gazette. 
 
 " Ages wili, elapse before any other Dictionary of the language will be required." — Lord Beougham. 
 
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 was an American. The present volume is d revised edition of that great work — for such it strictly is — 
 published in a cheap form." — Observer. 
 
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 people who are to inhabit the United States."— 6i^ned by 104 Members of Congress. 
 
 " Washington, Jan. 31, 1650. — I possess many Dictionai'ies, and of most of the learned and cultivated lan- 
 fmages. ancient and modern; but I never feel that I am entirely armed and equipped, iathis respect, without 
 Dr. VVebstee at command." — Daniel Webster. 
 
 LONDON: WARD AifD LOCK, 158, FLEET STREET. 
 
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 have remained unaltered for }-ears, — has induced Messrs. Wai:d axi> Lock to issue a 
 ClIKAPKR EDinON FOR THE MILLION, price onlv ONE SHILLING AND 
 
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 *^* The New Edition at Is. 6d. will, of course, be printed on thinner paper, but still the type 
 will appear perfectly distinct. It is almost unnecessary to state, that only an enormous sale can 
 reimburse the Publishers in issuing an edition at so low a price as Is. 6d. ; still, Messrs. Waiu) and 
 Lock feel assured that then- good intentions will be appreciated b}- an extensive and continually 
 increasing sale. " Wi;bstkk" is now the only reliable authority on the English Language, and 
 it is only right that every Englishman, however humble his sphere, siiould be able to purciiase 
 the best English Dictionarj-. Whilst the Cheaper Edition, at Is. 6d., is well adapted for National 
 and i;ritl?li Schools, the Half-Crown Edition, on superior paper, and bound iu cloth, gilt let- 
 tereil, will be always in demand for Schools of a higher grade. 
 
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 upon the princii)le of " Webster's Dictionary of the English Language." Cloth, gilt lettered, 
 price Is. ; coloured, 2s. 
 
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 Eminent English Sclndar, who is daily engaged in the tuition of youth, and, therefore, itnows ex- 
 actly what is really useful in a Spelling-Book. The Heading Lessons are arranged upon a new 
 progressive principle, exceediiiglj' simple, and well adapted for the purpose. The Accented Type 
 has been adopted so as to ensure correct pronunciation. The old sj-stera of mis-spelling words is 
 dangerous in the extreme, and, therefore, very justly, has now fallen into disuse. In a word, the 
 " Im.'stkatei) Webstei: Stklung-Bodk," whetlier considered in respect t^i its Typographv, 
 Piiiding, or Beautj- of its IHustrations, must talce the highest position as a School-Book, entirely 
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Digitized by tine Internet Archiye 
 
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% 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 AECHITECTUEAL, ENGINEERING, & MECHANICAL 
 
 DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 .^tlmols, ^tu^tnts, u^ pthm. 
 
 UPWARDS OF 300 ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 BY ROBERT SCOTT BURN, 
 
 EDrrOR OF THE "ILLUSTRATED DRAWING-BOOK," "MECHANICS AND MECHANISM," "PRACTICAL 
 GEOMETRT," " STEAM-ENGINE, TTS BISTORT AND MECHANISM," BTO.. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED. 
 
 LONDON: WARD AND LOCK, 158, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1856. 
 
LOITDON : 
 
 PEIJJTED BT TETTER AND GALPIX, PLATHOrSE YABD, 
 
 ADJOINING THI "HUES" OFFICE. 
 
THE 
 ILLLUSTRATED 
 
 -^rcbltcrtwral, Engineering, anb Ulccljanital 
 DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 IXTEODUCTIOX. 
 
 Ix the work on Practical Geometry, in the Series of Educational Books of 
 which this treatise forms a part, we have given simple definitions and con- 
 structions of the various forms and figures which may be said to constitute 
 the foundation of all drawing. We have there endeavoured to show that 
 a knowledge of geometrical construction is necessary, before a thorough 
 appreciation of the principles of outline sketching can be obtained, and" a 
 ready facility acquired in performing its operations. However much this 
 position may be controverted as regards its application to an art which is 
 generally looked upon as independent of, rather Jhan dependent on, strict 
 and formal rules, there can be no doubt, we think, that it holds «-ith all 
 completeness in reference to that which it is now our duty to illustrate 
 and describe. In fact, so much do the various branches treated of in the 
 following pages depend upon a knowledge of geometry, that many class 
 them under the generic title of "geometrical drawing." Those com- 
 mencing the study of these arts— so useful to the architect and the 
 mechanic — without this knowledge of geometry, will be disappointed as 
 to their speedy proficiency, and will labour under great disadvantages, 
 from not understanding the principles upon which the constructions are 
 founded. 
 
 In carrying out the objects of the present work, we purpose strictly 
 to adhere to the plan followed in The Ilkistrated Drawing-Book, of 
 adopting a series of progressive lessons, leading the pupil from the con- 
 sideration of simple examples up to those more complicated in their con- 
 struction. So that the simple steps are well understood, the more difficult 
 ones will be easily mastered by the pupil who attends to the various 
 gradations of examples. We have endeavoured, as far as the discursive 
 
6 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 nature of the sulyect has admittod, to preserve a distinct classification of 
 objects, and a unity in the examples, so as to make the pupil thoroughly 
 conversant with one department before proceeding to the consideration of 
 another. Where this has been departed from, and an apparent mixing up 
 of examples has resulted, considerations involving obvious advantages have 
 suggested the change. On the whole, however, we trust that the classifi- 
 cation so desirable has in some measure been obtained. 
 
 Although aware that architectural and mechanical drawing has for some 
 time taken its place in many scholastic establishments as a branch of ordi- 
 nary education, we are nevertheless anxious to see it still more extensively 
 adopted. We conceive it likely to be of more general use — even to those 
 who may not at all contemplate following up any of the professions to 
 which it is more specially useful — than may at first sight be acknowledged. 
 Apart from the habit of method, which, if it does not create, it will at least 
 foster and encourage, we see many advantages accruing to those desirous of 
 having a knowledge of science by an acquaintance with its practice. And 
 there are few, we think, in these days of practical science, who are 
 not likely to be interested in its progress. Geometrical drawing — taking 
 the term in its widest sense — is an art which will enable those acquainted 
 Avith its principles to understand a scientific exposition with greater readi- 
 ness than those can do who are ignorant of it. To convince the reader of 
 the truth of this, we have only to remind him, that few expositions of im- 
 provements or inventions in practical science, in its widest range, are ever 
 made without the aid of sketches, — these ranging from the simple diagram 
 up to the more complicated drawing ; and the ready understanding of these 
 is open only to those acqwainted with drawing. This consideration should, 
 we think, weigh very forcibly with those who are doubtful of the propriety 
 <jf following the example of so many educational establishments, in intro- 
 ducing geometrical drawing as an ordinary branch of education. To those 
 desirous of following out the profession of architect, engineer, or mechanic, 
 an acquaintance with the art is as indispensable as a knowledge of sketching 
 from nature or objects is to the artist or painter. Without it, the practical 
 man, however ingenious, will inevitably fail in perfecting, unaided, his 
 ideas with that facility available to the accomplished draughtsman. Its 
 usefulness in the workshop, moreover, is no less conspicuous than in the 
 study or bureau, in enabling the inventor or improver to connnunicate his 
 ideas clearly and readily to the workman. To the latter also it is equally 
 important and indispensable, — we mean to those who are desirous of 
 raising themselves above the level of the mere operative, the handler of 
 the hammer or the mallet. In short, to him who, in the exercise of his 
 important avocations as architect or engineer, wishes to render himself inde- 
 pendent of extraneous assistance in planning and working out his original 
 
M^ 
 
 ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAAVING-BOOK. < 
 
 ideas, and capable of communicating their results to others with facility, a 
 knowledge of the art is absolutely indispensable. To those who have ar 
 all considered the subject, further comment on its value to the practical 
 man is altogether unnecessary. 
 
 One cause probably of the art not being so generally adopted in educa- 
 tional establishments, is the extreme paucity of books treating exclusively 
 on the subject ; and of those calculated to serve as guides, the price is 
 nearly prohibitive, at least to the generality of purchasers. A work taking 
 up all the departments of the subject, treating them methodically diadi fully, 
 yet issued at a price absolutely within the reach of all, has long been a 
 desideratum ; which we venture to hope the present volume may possess 
 some claim to having supplied. As to its method, we have followed the 
 same plan which, adopted in the Illustrated Draioing-Booh, met with 
 
 considerable amount of success. If we have failed to attain in this 
 the same clearness of exposition and attractiveness of illustration, this may 
 be attributed, in some degree, to the nature of its subjects, which are not 
 in themselves so attractive as those contained in the above work. At all 
 events, we may lay claim to a strong desire to make it, in all its depart- 
 ments, as attractive and useful as possible. As respects the fulness or 
 completeness of the work, a mere glance at its pages will show that, even 
 should fault be found with the method of the lessons, none can be alleged 
 on the score of the meagreness of their illustrations. The present volume 
 is strictly a " drawing-book," showing how drawings — whether architec- 
 tural, engineering, or mechanical — may be copied and laid down. The 
 {esthetic principles and technical rules which dictate the proportions, the 
 style, and the methods of planning structures — whether these be archi- 
 tectural or mechanical — are not treated upon, excepting in some few in- 
 stances. These rules and principles, we conceive, belong to more strictly 
 professional treatises. A work which is contemplated in this series — on 
 •' Ornamental and Architectural Design " — will, in one department, provide 
 a guide to the pupil, desirous of going into the principles of one art, of 
 which we here give lessons useful in delineating its examples. A work 
 giving a clear exposition of the principles and practice of the other de- 
 partments, namely, " Civil and Mechanical Engineering," is yet a deside- 
 ratum among educational books. Should it be thouglit advisable, such a 
 treatise may probably be included in the present series. 
 
 K. S. B. 
 May, 1853. 
 
TEEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The Author feels gratified that the demand for another Edition of this 
 Work has enabled him, by a careful revisal of every example, to render the 
 description by which it is elucidated as clear and explicit as possible, and 
 to expunge many errors and crudities which encumbered the first issue. 
 Various improvements in the plan of the book have been suggested to him, 
 some of which he has endeavoured to embody in the present issue. The 
 majority of these, however, are more intimately connected with the de- 
 partment of a work to which frequent reference is made in this volume, 
 namely, that on " Ornamental and Architectural Design," and the utility 
 of which is adverted to in the Introduction above given. This work was 
 suggested to the Author during the preparation of the present volume, 
 some years ago ; and since that period he has had numerous evidences 
 afforded him of its probable utility in an educational course. From these 
 the work is considered a desideratum, which it is deemed desirable to 
 supply. For this purpose, the Publishers of tlie present volume have 
 kindly entrusted its preparation to the Author,; and it is hoped that in a 
 short time it will be ready for publication. The treatise is intended to 
 embody a variety of examples in the ditt'ureut styles of Ornamentation, and 
 of the methods by which they are drawn ; together with notes, historical, 
 cTsthetical, and practical, on Architectural Design ; the whole having an 
 immediate aim to their application to the general purposes of utility, as 
 well as being calculated to atford a variety of useful ' information to the 
 general reader. 
 
 E. S. B. 
 March, 185G. 
 
THE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 3ircbitcrturat, drnqiuccring, antr ||Urbanicai 
 DRAWING BOOK. 
 
 APtCHITECTUEAL DRAWING. 
 
 Ix this department the first lessons will be those which require for their 
 construction nothing but the arrangement and combination of right or 
 straight lines. It is scarcely necessary here to state, that the instruments 
 requisite for the various operations are the same as those required for the 
 constructions described in the Illustrated Practical Geometri/, the ' draw- 
 ing-board,' ' square,' and ' triangle,' these being absolutely indispensable. 
 As this work is strictly designed to be a sequel to that on Greometry, we 
 beg to refer the reader thereto for a description of these, and the readiest 
 methods of using them. 
 
 Example 1. To draw the portion of ^lapped roof shown in fig. 1. 
 
 On the drawing-paper, properly fastened to the board, mark any point 
 a ; parallel to the side of the drawing-board, draw from this point any 
 line, and make it equal to a h. Bisect this in the point m ; at right angles 
 to a 6 draw from this point a line to e, and make this equal to m e in the 
 copy. Join ea, eh. At right angles to a b, from these points draw to 
 c d, making the length of these equal to 6 c in the copy. Draw the lines 
 cc, dd, parallel to a h. The example given in fig, 1 will thus be copied. 
 The pupil should be very careful to take the measurements in his ' com- 
 passes,' or ' dividers,' equal to those in the copy. 
 
 ExAiiPLE 2. To draw the part plan of the wall of a house, showing the 
 projection of one side of fireplace, with the internal fine, in fig. 2. Divide 
 the thickness of the wall g g by the centre line a b, bisect fe, and draw at 
 
10 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 right angles to a 6 a line cm dn n'. These lines are to be drawn on the 
 copy in lii^ht pencil lines, as also the line g produced to d and h. These 
 preliminary operations being performed on the paper on the drawing-board 
 on which the copy is to be made, draw any lines a b, c n, corresponding 
 to tliose made on the copy in fig. 2. Prom the point c of intersection, 
 with the measurement c«' taken from copy, lay off from c to n' ; witli 
 distance n'f, from copy, lay off on a line drawn through n' at right angles 
 TO cu', to the points e and/; from e draw a line at right angles to ef to 
 the point g, and make it equal to e(/ ; do the same at/, and make the line 
 equal tofv. Lines drawn from (/ and v, parallel to ab, will represent 
 the internal line of wall ; the external, or external line g 1, will be put in 
 by measuring its distance on the copy from the centre line ab, and trans- 
 ferring it to the paper on the board, and thus drawing the line ^1 parallel 
 to a b. The next portion to be copied is the internal flue. Take the 
 measurement dn from the copy, and transfer it to the corresponding line 
 on the board ; in like manner put the measurement nm; with wo or ms, 
 on lines drawn at right angles to en', measure to s, o, and join the points 
 .«o, so; the example is completed. Another method of copying this 
 figure may be adopted as follows : — Assume on the paper on which the 
 drawing is to be made any point e fig. 2 ; parallel to the side of the board 
 draw a line ff e, and make it equal to tlie line y e in the copy. At right 
 angles to this draw ef, and make it equal to ef ; from /, parallel to <?^, 
 draw/v ; from g and v draw lines, as in the co})y, parallel tofe ; jiarallel 
 to these, and at the proper distance, put the line ^1. With the distance 
 nn' from e lay on the line eg, and through this point draw a line o no, 
 parallel tofe. At the point m, the distance of which from the point n is 
 easily obtained from the copy, draw another line sms; from the line g e 
 measure to the line so, and transfer it to the board ; parallel to ^ e draw 
 s 0, meeting the lines m s, n o. Measure the breadth of the flue from 
 to 0, transfer it to the board, and join the upper ends of the lines m s, 
 on, by a line so. We have here shown two methods, chiefly to enable 
 the pupil, by a ready exercise of his reasoning powers, to decide as to the 
 quickest method of copying any figure presented to him. 
 
 g 
 
 C' Tn\ 
 
 
 h 
 
 jp 
 
 s i 
 
 <? 
 
 
 .J*. 
 
 ^i 
 
 M 
 
 •1* 1 
 
 
 
 
 rf 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 C" 
 
 
 H- -i 
 
 
 
 J^rL 
 
 ^e^ 
 
 Ti^' 
 
 ^if- 
 
 fig. '^' 
 
 Example 3. To drmo one jamb zvith two internal Jlues. Lot ah, fig. 3, 
 be the internal line of wall, a b ccZ the outline of jamb. Produce the sides 
 h g, hf, to meet the line c d, in the points e e, and m g, nf to meet b c, a d 
 at the points o, o. Having fastened the paper properly on the board, and 
 
EXGIKEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 11 
 
 proceeded with the copy as directed above, the produced lines being 
 marked in light pencil lines, the first operation is to draw any line, as a h, 
 on the most convenient part of the paper on the board on which the draw- 
 ing is to be copied. From a measure to b ; and from these points, at right 
 angles to a b, draw lines to c and d ; make be, a d, equal to the corre- 
 sponding lines in the copy ; join d c. Next take from the copy the measure- 
 ment from d to e (the point found by producing A/), and lay it from the 
 point d in the board on the line dc. Do the same from c to e ; parallel to 
 b c draw lines eh, eh; measure next the distance from d to o, and transfer 
 it on ad, b c, to ; parallel to a 6 draw a line o o. From g and/ measure 
 to hh; transfer these, and from the points obtained draw a line hh parallel 
 to 0. With distance h s, or nf, measure from h to s, from p to m. from 
 n to/, and from t to h ; join the points. In inking the lines, the points 
 be, da, h g, s m, t n, hf, will be their terminations. In the examples given 
 in the figures the lines not dotted show the complete design. 
 
 Example -1. Todraic the outlines of an ordinary sash icindow. Make 
 any line c d on the paper on the board equal to the corresponding line in 
 the copy, fig. 4. At the points c d draw lines perpendicular to cd of an 
 indefinite length. "With the measurement c a, from the copy, cut the lines 
 c a, db, in a, b; join a b. Divide the line c d into three equal parts in the 
 points n, n ; parallel to a c, from these draw lines meeting a b. Divide 
 the line a c into four equal parts in the points m, e,g ; parallel to a b, from 
 these draw lines meeting b d in m , /, A. The parallelogram aide is 
 divided into twelve lesser ones, representing each a pane of glass. 
 
 m\- 
 
 
 71 11 
 
 fi-. 4. 
 
 ^Wf 
 
 lily 
 
 tl 
 
 &S. 0. 
 
 Example 5. To draw the diagonal li)ies repres^kting the panes in a rustic 
 window, fg. 5. Draw c d, making it equal to c d in the copy ; cc? is the 
 side of the square ab d c, which describe. Divide the sides c d, a c, each 
 into six equal parts ; join the corresponding points, as 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6. 
 
 Example 6. To draw the central pilaster in Jig. 6. Divide in the copy 
 the line a b into two equal parts at c, and through this, at right angles to 
 a b, draw the line c c ; bisect the part o o by a line sfs. On the paper on 
 which the drawing is to be made, draw any line representing c c, and an- 
 other at right angles to the first, representing a 6 in the copy, fig. 6. The 
 intersection of these two lines will give the position of the point c. Take from 
 the copy the measurement cf; transfer it from c to/; draw parallel to a 6 
 through this point a line, representing the line sfs in the copy. With ac 
 
12 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 from c lay off" on a 6 to a, b; draw indefinite lines from these points perpen- 
 dicular to ab ; measure a d, b e equal to a d in the copy ; join e d. With 
 measurement /<, lay oft' from/ to t and u, and on the line c c as many times 
 as necessary ; through these several points draw lines parallel to a 6 ; these 
 will be the centre lines of the parts corresponding to o o. With a/ from the 
 points of intersection of these with the line c c, lay oft' equal to o o ; through 
 tlie points draw lines parallel to a 6 ; produce a 6 to 7^. The terminations 
 of tlie parts ccjual to o 'vUl thus be formed, as represented in fig-. G. In 
 the copy, as in fig. 4, produce the internal lines h h, to meet the line a b in 
 mn; from c, with cm lay oft" on a 6 to m,7t, and parallel to cc from these 
 points, draw lines »>i //, n/<. These lines will terminate the alternate in- 
 ternal portions. Another method of copying this figure will be as fol- 
 lows : — Draw any line a b, and at right angles to it another, bg ; the point 
 where they meet will correspond to the point b in the copy, and thus a 
 datum point will be obtained from which to take measurements. With 
 b a from the copy, set oft" a b parallel to d e ; from a draw d g ; make a d, 
 be each equal to the corresponding lines in the copy; join de. From e 
 measure to the line above it, and transfer it to the paper on the board ; 
 from the same point measure to the next line ; and so on in succession. 
 Transfer these measurements to the corresponding points on the paper on 
 the board, and through the points obtained draw lines parallel to ab; 
 these will form the under and upper lines of the parts 0. The lines 
 representing the boundary-lines of the alternate inner portions can be 
 obtained by measuring from e or d to the lines as m h, n h, in the copy, 
 and transferring them ; thereafter through the points obtained drawing 
 lines at the parts required parallel to b </. 
 
 \0 
 
 \\/v 
 
 
 Tt\ \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 H ■ 
 
 ;m- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . 1 
 
 
 '-^W- 
 
 J?.- 
 
 — -1- 
 
 i.. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 IE 
 
 ..vT. J..— 
 
 -■Jr.. 
 
 .-■.. 
 
 ^ X- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 fis. 6. 
 
EXGIXEERING, AND MECH-VSICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 13 
 
 Example 7. To draio the quoins of a house hi jig. 7. Produce in the 
 copy the external line/ to meet the base line ag produced in e; next, on 
 the paper on the board draw 'any lines ac, ah, at right angles to each 
 other ; then the point of intersection will correspond to the point a in the 
 copy. Measure the distance ag from the copy, and transfer it to the 
 board ; do the same with a e. From these points draw lines parallel to 
 a h, as g h.fc. The line a b will represent the corner line of house, the line 
 g h the internal line of quoins, and ef the external. Suppose a 6 to be the 
 lieight on which the quoins are to be disposed, make a 6 on the board equal 
 to a 6 in the copy : and on the supposition that there are to be twelve 
 quoins in a b, divide a b into twelve equal portions, and through the points 
 thus obtained draw lines parallel to ac, as bh, fd, Is, 2t. Finish as in 
 the copy. Another method is as follows : — Draw lines a c, ab as before ; 
 measure from a tog, and draw from this a line parallel to ab; measure 
 from a to 1, and draw through the point a line 1 5 ; measure 1 s, transfer 
 it to the paper on the board : measure s t, and draw it at right angles to 
 a e ; join t 2 by a line parallel to a e. The first quoin Is, t2 will then be 
 drawn, and afford datum points from which to finish the others ; thus the 
 line st produced towards/ will give the external line of all the others ; and 
 the distance al, transferred in succession to the line ab, will mark the 
 horizontal distances. 
 
 Example 8. To draw thefgure in Jig. 8, which represents the plan of 
 the roof. of an outbuilding, or external addition, projecting from the main 
 wall/n s. The dotted line c d must be first drawn in the copy, di\-iding 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 tL 
 
 ~n 
 
 ' 
 
 X- 5 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 P/ 
 
 c 
 
 
 A 
 
 Tt 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 Oy 
 
 a b into two parts at c ; next, on the paper on the board draw any two 
 lines at right angles corresponding to those in the copy, as c d, fdns. 
 To avoid unnecessary repetition, we wish the reader to understand that, 
 when we give directions to measure any part or distance,- as "measure from 
 c to 6 and a," we mean that the distance c 6 is first to be taken from the 
 copy in the figure, and transferred to the corresponding point on the 
 
]4 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAIi, 
 
 l)oard — thus ascertaining the position of the points b, a corresponding to 
 those in the copy. The copy, as in the figures, is, in all instances, the only 
 source from wliich measurements are to be taken : nothing in this species 
 of drawing is to be left to the eye, — all must be tested by the instruments. 
 Inaccuracy of measurement in any one point will inevitably result in 
 throwing the whole drawing wrong. Thus, for instance, supposing the 
 distance a 1, in fig. 7, was taken with the smallest possible error in 
 measurement — say too much — it would be found that the distance would 
 not go twelve times between a h, but would go beyond 6 to a much greater 
 distance than would be supposed. Where an erroneous measurement is to 
 be transferred from one point to another in succession, the original error 
 increases in a remarkably quick ratio. But to proceed with the consider- 
 ation of the construction of figure 8. Measure from c to 6 and a, and 
 draw achd ; from a b parallel to c d draw lines to/ and e ; measure from 
 c to A ; through h draw a line parallel to ab ; from h measure to m, m. 
 Or these points may be obtained by measuring from the lines af, he. 
 From m, m draw lines parallel to cd to In ; from n measure to o, and 
 l)arallel tol 3 draw a line to p. Measure from n to 5 ; join s p. From 
 c measure to g ; draw the linos g d, and join // m, g m. A line from .3 
 parallel to sp, joining a line from e parallel to o j), will complete the figure. 
 Example 9. To draw the plan of part of roof in jig .% . Bisect in the 
 copy the line between c c in the point 6, and draw a b. On the board 
 draw any line a b corresponding to a 6 in the copy, and, at right angles to 
 
 'O' 
 
 it, another, representing the lines c c?, J e, c c?. At c.,c drop the perpen- 
 diculars, as in the copy, and join them by a line parallel to c d. From c 
 measure to d, and parallel to a i draw lines d h, dh ; measure from d to 
 h. From c measure to e, and parallel to a 6 draw eg, eg; measure from 
 e to g, and draw aline g g parallel to cd. On eg, eg, measure to mm ; 
 draw'W m parallel to c d. From b measure to o, and put in the lines o o, 
 1 1 ; join o 1, o 1: this represents the cistern in the roof for rain water. 
 Join ^1,^1, m 0, m o, these representing the sloping lines of roof. From 
 m measure to 2, and put in the plan of chimney Hues. — [See Jigs. 1, 2.) 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 1.5 
 
 Example 10. To draw the windoio in jig. 10. Bisect in the copy a b in 
 
 c. and draw a line cf; draw lines on the board corresponding to a h, cf. 
 From c measure to a and 6, and draw lines a e, he. From c measure to n, 
 
 d, m, s, h, and/, and through all these points draw lines parallel to a b, — 
 that drawn through d deciding the length of the lines e e. From n measure 
 to n n, a distance equal to half n n in the copy. Do the same at the ))oints 
 /"and tn to m m, g g. Parallel to f c from n, n draw to i, i, and join hi, hi. 
 From g, g parallel to c^/'draw to m, in. From (/lay off to o o, and from these 
 draw Unes to m m, parallel to cf, meeting the linem m ; join these with the 
 jwint s by lines parallel to h i, h i. From i measure to k', and make k'k at 
 right angles to o i. At right angles to k' k make k j) ; fromp measure to 
 r, and di-aw r t parallel to ^' k. Measure tx; and put in the line 1 1. 
 
 o ^JJ 
 
 fZ 7TV 
 
 p^ — :' 
 
 ^"r 
 
 ^ 
 
 fiar. 10. 
 
 fiff. 11. 
 
 Example 11. To draw the window in fig. 11. Bisect ahmc in the 
 C0()y, and draw c d. On the board draw any two lines corresponding to 
 ah, c d m the copy ; measure from c to a and h, and draw from these 
 points to ^^ lines parallel to cd ; measure to g g, and join g g g. From c 
 measure to e and d and/; through these draw lines parallel to a h. From 
 /measure to //" and from e to ee; join fe,fe by lines parallel to c d. 
 From e measure to h, h and to ??, n; from d measure to in, m, and join in n, mn. 
 From h h parallel to c J draw lines to o o ; measure h o, and parallel to h h 
 draw lines from o o meeting in n, in n. Draw the parallelogram within 
 ee, ff, and from c measure to 5 and t, and through these draw lines parallel 
 to a h ; these represent the divisions of the glass. Put in the lines 1 1 
 parallel to c d, joining g g, hh : the drawing is complete. 
 
 Example 12. To draw the form of window in fig. 12. Draw the centre- 
 line c c, as in preceding examples. Corresponding to the lines ah, c c draw 
 
16 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 two on the board. From c measure to a h, and from the same point to 
 /, m, and c; through c draw a line parallel to a 6, as e e, and through/,//, 
 and in, gg. Measure from / to / / and from m to g, g ; join gf, gf. from 
 c measure to x, and join g x, g .v. Parallel to a b put in the lines dd, h r, 
 h V. From v, h, parallel to gf, draw lines to meet g, g, and from the points 
 0, lines to meet these, parallel to gx. From e measure to n, and put in 
 n t, n t ; put in the square ss ss by lines parallel to m o, g x. Draw the 
 external ' dressings ' by the method described in fig. 10. 
 
 7^1 
 
 if 1 i 1 
 
 \ \ \ \ \hy 
 
 JP.L--. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ...L.....\m. 
 
 — __ — ■ ; i' 
 
 \_. r , .-■-.■ , ■- 1 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 .f 
 
 f 
 
 
 e- 
 
 ......^.p. 
 
 \J 
 
 ^ 
 
 \J 
 
 ^ 
 
 S\ 
 
 1/ 
 
 \-^ 
 
 fig 1?. <ij;- 13. 
 
 Example 13. To draw the chimney-shaft in fig. 13. Bisect the line ah, 
 draw a line doc through this ; draw corresponding lines to a 6, c d on the 
 board ; measure from c to c^ 5, x, and h h ; measure from o to g g, and put 
 in the part gg, as well as those receding parts under it. Through 5 draw 
 a dotted or occult line* ese, divide og, og into two parts at pp, with the 
 half of op, from 5 lay off four times to ee, on both sides of the line c d, 
 join 5^ e, and from t, t lines meeting//. Produce the lines ep t and s be- 
 yond the line hh; measure from 1 to n, n, join » m, nm, vx, and x 1, and 
 put in the remaining portion as by preceding lessons. 
 
 Example 14. To draw the steps of a staircase as in fig. li. Let dg be' 
 the height from one line of floor to the other, represented by the upper and 
 under lines ; and c d the distance in which the steps are to fall. The height 
 of each step is 7 inches, technically called a 'riser;' the breadth being 
 usually 1) inches ; this part on which the foot rests is called the ' tread.' 
 The measurements in tlie figure are taken from a scale one-fourth of an inch 
 to the foot. Sujipose the width c d to be G feet, allowing 1) inches for the 
 tread, this will give eight divisions ; divide c d therefore into eight equal 
 parts, and from these points draw lines perpendicular to c d. Taking the 
 
 • For definition of tlie various kinds of lines see Illustrated Practical Geometry. 
 
EXGINEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 17 
 
 
 ...■■ s — Id 
 
 -1^ 
 
 6 7 cZ' 
 
 height d g, from one landing to nnother, 
 to be 5 feet 3 inchi-s, this will give nine 
 divisions of 7 inclics each ; divide dg, 
 therefore, into nine equal parts, and from 
 the points thus obtained draw lines pa- 
 rallel to c d. From the intersection of 
 the line 1 on cd, and 1 on a 6 at a, , , . 
 draw to the point of intersection of 2 ,\.--\.-.y:^i—iJili.\- — ^ 
 
 the line from 1, with that from 2 on dg ; .■,;-^--;-:.-.!g£^|. j : 
 
 from the point n, the intersection of the . 
 
 lines 2 2, draw a line meeting the inter- . 
 
 section of tlie vertical line 2 with the o :l -^ iy ^ 
 
 horizontal 3. The intersection of the *'=^'" ^^' 
 
 lines. 3 3 gives the point of next step, and so on, each time proceeding 
 
 nearer the line ay. 
 
 Example lo. To delineate the plan of the stairs in the preceding lesson. 
 The distance a h, fig. 15, corresponds to d g in fig. 1-i ; the breadth a b being* 
 that between the side walls or balustrades. The height a 6 is divided into 
 1) equal parts, each part representing a step. If a line be drawn from 
 the point 9, fig. 14, to the left-hand top corner of the front step at c, it 
 will be found to touch the corners of all the steps ; this forms the founda- 
 tion for another method of delineating the profile of the steps in a stair- 
 case, as described in 
 
 Example 16. Let 1 2, fig. 16, be the breadth, and 2 b the height from 
 one landing to another, as before ; draw the line 1 3, and join b 3. From h 
 on the perpendicular b 2, mark off' to c a distance equal to the height of one 
 
 II 9 ?-JI 
 
 15. 
 
 li-;. 1(J. 
 
 riser equal to a 1 3. From c draw a line exactly parallel to a 2, or perpen- 
 dicular to b 2, meeting the diagonal line 63 in. d ; from d drop a perpen- 
 dicular d e, equal 7 inches, or 6 c : from e draw parallel to c d a line meethig 
 5 3 as before; from /'drop a perpendicular to h, and proceed thus till 
 finished. Great care must be taken to draw the lines truly parallel to the 
 proper lines ; also to drop the peri)endiculars, as de, exactly from tlie point 
 where the horizontal lines, as c d, join the diagonal b 3. The least deviation 
 from accuracy in the beginning will inevitably result in throwing the ope- 
 rations towai-ds the end far wrong. The lines should be drawn very finely, 
 so that the exact points of intersection will be easily observable. The 
 
18 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCIIITK( TDKAL, 
 
 jnethod sliown in iig. 14 will be least liable to error. We give the two 
 inethods, as attbrdiug opportunities of extended practice to the pupil, and 
 ftS suggestive of jjlans he may himself adopt. 
 
 Example 17. To delineate the 
 plan of a staircase having ' returns,^ 
 by which the direction of the steps is 
 changed. Assume any point in fig. 
 17, as a; draw a b: perpendicular to 
 it draw a c. Measure from a to e 
 \^ and <7, draw from these points cf, 
 gh parallel to ac ; from a measure 
 to d, and draw d m parallel to a 6 ; 
 measure from d to c, and draw the 
 line 1 ; divide d c into seven equal 
 parts. From d measure to n, and 
 from a to o; join s n, s o. We give 
 another lesson similar to this in 
 
 Example 18. Draw ab, b d at 
 right angles to one another ; from 
 b measure to c and e, and draw e h, 
 c h at right angles to b (7, b a. Di- 
 vide e d into two equal parts, and 
 fig. 17. ca into seven. Measure from c to 
 
 /, and from b tog; join hf, h g. 
 Example 19 shows plan of cellar-steps having a return at head which is 
 entered from p, and another at foot entered from s. A party-wall is between 
 the two houseS; the steps of the adjoining house being shown in dotted lines. 
 
 ./• 
 
 
 
 h ( 
 
 •• < 
 
 
 / ,,--'' 
 
 '\. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 \ 
 
 a-/ , 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i^ 
 
 liti-. \^. 
 
 Iig. 10. 
 
 Draw a c, a b at right angles ; from a measure to e ; draw c c7, representing 
 the inside line of external wall, parallel to a b. From a and c measure ofi' 
 the thickness of ])arty-wall, dividing the two staircases, and draw a line d b 
 parallel to ac. From d and h measure to e and/; from these ])oints draw 
 lines parallel to « b. From c measure to m, and from a to n : join e ?», nf. 
 Mcasju-e from d to h, and from b to g ; join fg, c h. Divide, the distance 
 between ef into as many equal parts as in the drawing ; from these ])oints 
 draw lines parallel to ab; these represent the steps in the stair parallel to 
 the party-wall. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 19 
 
 Example 20. In fig. 20 we give a sectional vertical sketch, showing a 
 flight of stairs c, reaching to the first lancUng-place d', from the ground-floor 
 ab, Avith return steps e, leading to the first-floor/; the landing-place d, 
 counts as one step, a step d', rising into the room of which d'd is the door ; 
 a a is the door of a room on the ground-floor, g g oi. one on the first-floor. 
 The ground-plan of this is shown in 
 
 •A 
 
 fig. 20. 
 
 Example 21, fig. 21, the letters of reference in -which correspond -witlj 
 those of fig. 20. The first flight, c c, is drawn in full lines, the return 
 being dotted. The chamber or first-floor plan is shown in 
 
 Example 22, fig. 22. The steps of the first flight are shown in full to 
 where the landing reaches and the banisters begin ; the dotted lines repre- 
 sent the steps, which are hid by the flooring-boards of the chamber floor. 
 
 
 1! 
 
 'Y 
 
 1 ■■■ 
 
 
 
 I.... 
 
 \^- 
 
 
 
 fiff.2]. 
 
 fig. 22. 
 
 We now proceed to the consideration of lessons in Avhich a combination of 
 straight and circular lines are met with. The first lesson is given in 
 
 Example 23, fig. 23. Let a h be the ground-line of a house, and with 
 part of the circular-headed window of apartment in basement seen above it ; 
 divide the width into two equal parts at c, draw c d perpendicular to a h. 
 b2 
 
20 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ABCHITECTORAL, 
 
 fig. 23. 
 
 Draw lines on the board corre- 
 sjionding to a b, c d ; the centre 
 of the curve will be found some- 
 where on the line de. By trial 
 on the copy, it will be found to 
 be at e ; measure from c to e, and 
 from e as centre, with e das radius, 
 draw the curve, joining the short 
 perpendicular lines from a h. The 
 centre from which the part of the 
 circle in the copy is described can 
 easily be found by adopting any 
 of the methods described in Prac- 
 
 tical Geometry, one of which is here shown in fig. 25. 
 
 Example 24. To draw the circular-headed fire-place in fig. 24. Let a h 
 be the width, bisect it in c, draw <7c/ perpendicular to ah; draw correspond- 
 ing lines io ah, c d on the board ; measure from c to a, h, from these draw 
 lines perpendicular to a h, and equal to a f. From c as a centre, with c /"as 
 radius, describe the arch/cZe. Measure from a and h to A, h to get the 
 width of jambs, and perpendicular to a h draw lim, h m; measure to m, and 
 draw mn parallel to a 6 ; measure to o, and parallel to c d draw lines oo, oo. 
 
 TnA 
 
 Example 25. To draw the circular-headed loindow in fig. 25. Let abhc 
 the width, bisect it in c, draw eg perpendicular to a b. From a, h parallel 
 to eg draw linos to d and e, the termination of the curve. To find tlie 
 centre from which the curve dfe is described, take any points e' and /in the 
 copy, and from tliese points, with radius greater than half the distance be- 
 tween them, describe arcs cutting in g, h. From d and e in like manner 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 21 
 
 describe arcs cutting in n m ; through n m, g h draw lines meeting in c ; c 
 is the centre from which the curve is described. The centre may be 
 found also by trial on the line c d, as described in fig. 23. The 
 sketch may be copied by transferring the various points found, to the 
 paper on the lioard, proceeding as in the foregoing lessons. 
 
 Example 26. To draw part of cellar-plan of house in fig . 26, shoicing 
 walls, top of ' copper,^ and flue of furnace connected therewith. The sketch 
 without any of the dotted lines is supposed to be given to copy from. By 
 trial in the copy find the centre of the circle, which will be at o ; from o 
 draw a perpendicular to a h, parallel to a s, and another line at right angles 
 to this, as e, touching the line c a in the point e. On the paper on the 
 board draw any two lines intersecting each other at right angles, the point 
 of intersection at o will represent the point o of the copy. Measure from o 
 to d, and from o to e; draw at these points lines at right angles, meeting 
 in the point a. From a measure to h, draw bf parallel to d a ; in the copy 
 
 lig. 2li. 
 
 bisect the side n m of the flue, and draw the line g h at right angles to m n. 
 From h measure to m, n, and from these points draw lines meeting c a in 
 c, s. From o, with proper radius, describe the circle, and from same point 
 with of describe part of a circle, joining/ with side of flue mn. 
 Another method of copying this may be adopted. Draw any two lines 
 ca, ah at right angles, meeting in a ; from a measure to s, at right angles 
 draw from this point a line and measure sm ; from m parallel to c a draw 
 a line m n ; from n parallel to s m draw a line meeting ca in c. The 
 internal flue can be put in, as shown in fig. 2. From a measure to h, draw 
 hf. Find by trial the centre of the circle, measure the distance of this 
 from the two sides, as, ah, transfer these to the board, and describe the 
 circle as before. 
 
22 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 27. To draio the toalls and cellar-flues given infij. 27. In the 
 copy continue the line d across a, the line g g across f, tt across m. By 
 trial find the centres of the circles p, p, join them by a line pop. On the 
 board draw any line a b, representing the centre line of the \vall/«2, and at 
 right angles to it another d d. From a measure to e and c, c, from these 
 draw lines forming a parallelogram, as in the copy. Froma measure to/, and 
 through/ draw a line parallel to dd; from/ measure to g g, put in /<,/<, and 
 join g, h by lines perpendicular to gg. From a measure to o ; draw a line 
 
 through this parallel to dd; from o measure to pp; these points are the 
 centres of the circles. From a measure to m ; draw a line as before, and 
 measure to 5, s. From m measure to t, t, and draw lines to 1, 2 ; put in the 
 thickness of the wall mf. 
 
 Example 28. To draw the 'hull's ei/e' in fig. 28. Bisect ee in d,ff'm 
 d, and from these draw lines intersecting at a. On the board draw lines 
 
 corresponding to these. From 
 a, with a h as radius, describe 
 the circle ah. From a measure 
 on the four radial lines to dd, 
 from d measure to e, e, &c. ; join 
 ede. From the points where 
 the circle ah cuts these lines, 
 measure from /; to m ; join J'm; 
 do this at all the radial lines. 
 From a, with a s as radius, de- 
 scribe the parts of a circle join- 
 ing the key-stones, as 1 1, &;c. 
 From a, with a h, describe in like 
 manner a circle, as m o. Fi'om 
 a measure to c, c, and from c to 6 ; 
 from a, with radius a b, describe 
 parts of a circle, joining both 
 ends of the lines c, c ; finish as in 
 the sketch. 
 
EXGDfEERIXG, .VXD MECHANICAL DRAWIXG-BOOK. 
 
 23 
 
 Example 29. To draw the bracket of a cornke in fig. 29. Let a a be the 
 line of wall ; from ex di-aw a h perpendicular to a a. Measure from h to c, 
 and draw 6 c. Measure from a to the point o, and draw from it a short line 
 
 5i-« 
 
 '^' 
 
 -d^ 
 
 fiir. 29. 
 
 perpendicular to a a, as in the diagram. 
 <z a to 1 ; from these draw indetinite lines, 
 from the line 6 c to the point -3. By 
 trial find the centre of the circle c e 
 in the copy, as d, and transfer it to the 
 board ; join by an are ce. 
 
 ExA^iiPLE 30. To draic another form 
 of hraclcet-cornice. Draw a line a 6, put 
 in the part a dl. Draw c d parallel to 
 a h. From a measure to h, and from d 
 to c. By drawing a line exactly through 
 these points, the angle of the line of roof 
 €ch will be obtained. From c measure 
 to e ; by trial find in the copy the centre 
 from which the curve e d is described, as 
 m; with the radius thus found, from 
 the points d and e on the board, describe 
 arcs cutting in m : with same distance 
 still in the compasses, from this point 
 describe a curve joining d e. From d 
 and e measure to h h, and put the other 
 arcs in as shown. 
 
 Example 31. To draw the tcindoic 
 in fig. -31. Draw two lines, ah, cd at 
 right angles to one another, intersecting 
 in the point c. Measure from c to a 
 and h, and also to d ; through d draw 
 a line e de parallel to ab: measure from 
 <l to e, e : join a e, be. Measure from c 
 
 tig. 30. 
 
 From a h measure to 2, and from 
 Measure from 5 to e. Measure 
 
24 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITEOtURAL, 
 
 to m, and draw througli this a line parallel to ab : measure also to n, and 
 draw nn. From vi measure on both sides the distance ?» o ; m n also from 
 n to ti, n; these points are the centres of the circles shown in the sketch, 
 . the method of putting in of ■which is still further elucidated by 
 
 Example 02, Let the line c d, fig. 32, correspond to o m n in fig. 31, a h 
 to nvi, and fe to nn. From the jioint of intersection of these lines with 
 c d, describe the circles as in the drawing. On each side of c d draw the 
 
 lines m, m ; and parallel to same lines, lines s, s touching the circles. From 
 J^e, ab, lay ofi'to nn lines equal to m ; and from m, to ss equal to the 
 distance of the line m s from c d ; join j^ s and the points corresponding. 
 Example 3-'). To draio the basement arch beloio the principal entrance to 
 a house, as in Jig. 33. Draw the line a b, and at right angles to it a lino 
 from c, the centre of a b. Measure from c to a and b. From same point, 
 
 ■with c/as radius, describe the semicircle//. From c measure to d, draw 
 a line througli this parallel to a b. Measure from d to e, e; join ae, be; 
 l)ut in the key-stone d(j. Divide b e into five e(iual parts, and from these 
 ])oints, parallel to a b, draw lines through d c to the line a e. From ^<r 
 measure to t, and draw lines on each side the key-stone dg, ])arallel to it.^ 
 sides. From t measure to h. Divide kf into five equal parts. From / 
 measure to h ; froni c, with c //, describe a dotted semicircle passing through 
 the ]>oiuts n n, h vim ; this Mill give the termination of the lines drawn 
 from the points on be. Join these -with lines to the points found in the 
 jpart of the circle If. 
 
EXUIXEEEIXG, -VXD MECU-VXICAL DRAWIXC-BOOK. 
 
 Ex.viiPLE 34. To describe tlie ornament (part of a verandah) infy. 34. 
 Let a 6 be the breadth ; bisect it in c, draw cdvit right angles to a h. Draw 
 on the board lines corresponding to these ; the line c d will be that on which 
 the centres of the complete circles are found. From c measure to a and h ; 
 draw af, be ; the centres of the parts of circles tcithin the complete ones will 
 be found on these lines. At any distance on a 6 draw a line g mh parallel 
 
 a, c 
 
 fi-. 34. 
 
 fig. 3i 
 
 to a h. "With a c, from the point m, describe a circle g ?« h. With g h, the 
 diameter of the outer circle, lay otf on c d from the point m to the points n 
 and 0. Through these draw lines parallel to a 6, as 5 n t. From n, w-iih 
 radius a c, describe a circle snt. Through the point where the two circles 
 touch, draw a line v v parallel to a h, cutting af, b c. TVith radius a, c, from 
 T,v, describe semicircles as in the sketch. The centres of the remaining 
 circles will easily be found fi'om the foregoing instructions. 
 
 Example 3-5. To draw the icindow infg. 35. Bisect a hiuc; draw c cT;;. 
 join gg and o o by dotted lines as in the copy. On the board draw lines 
 corresponding to a b, c d. From c measure to a, b, and put in the cill a l? h,'as 
 described in tig. 10. From c measure to h, e, and n. From h mcasureto 
 
26 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 <] rj, and from these points draw linos parallel to c d ; draw g m, // m. From 
 e with ('/ describe the semicircle ; and from n, with n o, o n o. Perpen- 
 dicular to ?i draw lines to p, p ; with the radius of the circle ono nwu- 
 mrc to p,p; from these points with same radius describe the quadrants 
 
 s, OS. From s draw s t parallel 
 to a h. Finish tl .e circles as in the 
 copy. The metnod of putting in 
 the part from ^ to v will be more 
 fully described in 
 
 Example 3G. Let m, p in fig. 3G 
 represent similar points in fig. 35, 
 s the inner circle, and s t the hori- 
 zontal line at termination of drip- 
 stone. From the point m draw a vi 
 parallel to t s p ; at a draw a h equal 
 and ])erpendleular to a in ; from h, 
 he; from c, c d ; and from d, d e : 
 all equal to a m, and at right angles 
 to one another. Join c to i 5 by a 
 line parallc .t> jj n, as ef. Let </ o 
 be the distance of the circle f/Ji 
 from so; from p, with pg, describe 
 a quadrant to h, making the point 
 h distant from the line s t equal to 
 fl 0. In like manner describe n r. 
 From h and /• draw lines h m, r x parallel to s t. From the points m t, 
 with radius greater than half the distance, describe arcs meeting in v ; 
 from V, Avith same radius, describe the arc m t ; join x m. 
 
 Example 37. To draw the Elizabethan gable in fig. 37. Divide a b in 
 the point c ; draw c d. Corresponding to these draw lines on the board. 
 From c measure to a, and put in the part below, as in the sketch. From c: 
 
EXGIN'EERIXG, ASD ME( HAXICIL DRA\VIXG-B30K. 
 
 27 
 
 measure to d, and draw/c// parallel to a b. From d measure to ee and 
 //; from c measure to g, and from g, with g h, describe the quadrant h m. 
 From m draw mi parallel to cd: from/, with radius fn, describe the arc 
 meeting the line i. Finish as in tlie part to the left of the sketch. 
 
 . Example 3S. To describe thefiutes and fillets in fig. 38. Let a6 be the 
 diameter of column, bisect it in c ; draw c d. Draw on the board lines cor- 
 responding to these, and from the point c, with c b, describe the semicircle 
 adb, representing half of the column. Bisect the quadi-ant a d in the point 
 
 e, and divide the arcs a e, e d, by points g.f, h, m. Mark the position of these 
 by radial lines from c, as in the copy. Divide the part a g into eight equal 
 parts ; and with three of these as radius, from the points in the quadrant, 
 as g.f, &c., describe semicircles. Six parts will thus be given to each flute, 
 and two to each fillet : and the column will have twenty-four flutes. 
 
 Ex.i:MPLE 39. To describe thefintes in a Doric column without the fillets, 
 as in fig. 39. Proceed, as in last example, by dividing the quadrant bee into 
 
 ^i' 
 
 QZ. oO. 
 
28 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 six equal parts, as e, m, n, &c., giving to the entire column twenty-four 
 flutes as before. Draw radial lines from h. Divide a /"into four equal parts, 
 and lay one of these on a b produced to e; from h, with b e, describe a semi- 
 circle as c m n, cutting tlie radial lines. Bisect f f in o, and Avith /"o as 
 radius, from the points — where the dotted semicircle intersects the radial 
 lines — as centres, describe the arcs as in the copy. Another method is 
 shown in 
 
 Example 40, fig. 40. Describe a semicircle a d e, and divide the quad- 
 rant b ad into five equal parts, so as to give twenty flutes to the column. 
 Produce a b to/; bisect a e in h, and from clay oft' c// to m ; join h m, and 
 
 fig. 40. 
 
 with distance h e lay ofi" on the radial line b e to «. From b, with b n, de- 
 scribe the dotted semicircle,/ li o. Thecentres of the flutes are placed where 
 the radial lines intersect this semicircle. From n, with n m, describe the 
 curve m h, and draw the otliers in the same manner. 
 
 Example 4J. To describe thejf'/tjlutes and fUets as in f</. 41. Describe 
 the semicircle a d c, and divide the quadrant b a d into six equal parts ; 
 
 tig. 41. 
 
 divide a e into five equal parts. With two of these[from the radial line, lay 
 
EXGINEERIXG, AXD MECH-iXlCAL DR-V^VIXG-BOOK. 
 
 29 
 
 off" on each side, as /, h. With one part lay off" from c to m^ and from h, 
 v.-ith b m, describe a semieii'cle c d a; complete the diagram as shown. This 
 ■will give the depth of the flutes, one ; the width, four ; and the width of 
 fillets, one. ♦ 
 
 Example -42. To descrihe the called moxddinft in fiij. -42. Di\ ide the 
 semicircle a c d in the same proportion as in fig. 3S, giving an equal number 
 
 as in that example. From h, with h e, describe the semicircle eff. From 
 the points where the radial lines intersect this, as centres, with radius a e, 
 describe the cui'ves as in the copy. 
 
 Example 43. To delineate the flutes in a pilaster, fig. 4:3. Let a h be the 
 breadth ; divide it into twenty-nine equal parts : each flute is three parts 
 in breadth, and each fillet one. This gives to the pilaster seven flutes and 
 
 iig. 43. 
 
 eight fillets. Draw a c, h d at right angles to a h ; and parallel to these 
 lines, from the first point next these, as at e ; at the fifth of these points, as 
 at/; the sixth, at g, draw lines. The first fillet is a e, the first flute, ef; 
 fg the second fillet, g h the second flute, and so on. The centres from 
 which the termination to the flutes are described will be on the line 5-J,~ 
 this being intersected by Unes drawn parallel to a e, drawn through a point 
 bisecting the fillet ef, g h, S:c. 
 
 Example 44. To describe the curves in the twisted Doric column in fig. 
 44. Proceed as in 
 
 Example 45, fig. 45. Draw the centre-line a h, and the line of base c c, 
 the width d d being that below astragal in capital; join d c, d c. With dis- 
 tance c c, lay off* on a b from a to e, and draw through this point the line 
 g h, parallel to c a c. With half c c, as a c, lay oft' on a b tot. From/' as 
 centre, ^^■ith fg as radius, describe the arc g c; with /A as radius, from the 
 
30 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 points c and h as centres, describe ares cutting in m ; from m as centre ih 
 m A as radius, describe the arc h c. Make e n equal ;i h ; \{\i\\ e q, or e A, lav 
 
 V 
 
 X 
 
 'f-'f 
 
 fiff. 44. 
 
 C rt/ o 
 
 fig. 45. 
 
 ofl'to i. From i, with ip as radius, describe ihe arc f h ; from the points 
 <j,o, -with same radius, describe arcs cutting in s; from s, with same radius, 
 describe the arc o g. Next make n t equal to o p, and proceed as already 
 described. The various centres are shown by the intersection of the arcs. 
 
 We now proceed to describe the method of laying out complete plans of 
 houses. The first example of which Ave give in 
 
 fiis.iG 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECUAXICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 31 
 
 Ei-i_. PLE 46, fig. 46, which is the ' ground-plau ' of a pair of cottages, 
 the division or party-wall being at mn, a a the living-rooms, D the kitchen, 
 E the sculler^', F the back lobby, B the front lobby : a a are fire-places, 
 l> windows, d doors. The method of copying this is given in 
 
 Example 47, fig. 47. Draw the line o p, fig. 46, and bisect it, drawing 
 from the point of bisection another line m n at right angles to op: next, as 
 in fig. 47, draw the lines c (/, a h at right angles, corresponding to p o, in n in 
 
 ^ 
 
 ; U: 
 
 riii 
 
 y 
 
 _j 
 
 B 
 
 iU J 
 
 y 
 
 1L 
 
 fig. 47. 
 
 fig. 46. Measure o s, fig. 46, and lay it off" from c to e, fig. 47 ; at right 
 angles to this draw ef, and make it equal to ^ c in fig. 46. Draw c g at 
 right angles to c e, and make it equal to o f in fig. 46 ; make the short ' re- 
 turn ' at g equal to that at t in fig. 46. Parallel to g c draw g h, and make 
 it equal to f m in fig. 46 ; make the return h o at right angles to g h, and 
 equal to that at u in fig. 46. At right angles to this draw o m, equal to u v :■ 
 
32 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTUUAL, 
 
 make the return at m n equal to that at v, lig. 46 ; tlraw, parallel to ah, the 
 line n o : make o h equal to x d, fig. '16. The other half, which is exactly 
 similar, should be drawn in simultaneously with the first. After the outline 
 is thus obtained, the thickness of the walls should next be put in, as shown 
 by the dotted lines in fig. 47. The example in fig. 47 is also designed to 
 show the method of drawing a ' bedroom plan,' or floor above the ground 
 one, from the data given by the lines on the latter. Suppose the upper 
 figure (in 47) to be filled in Avith the partitions, fire-places, &c. &c., as in 
 fig. 46, thus representing the ground-plan finished. By means of the T 
 square produce all the boundary-lines of the upper figure to an indefinite 
 distance on the paper below it, as shown by the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; then 
 proceed as before described in copying fig. 47 from the outline of fig. 46. 
 The diagram \vill, it is hoped, be sufiicicntly exjilanatory of the method to 
 be adopted, bearing in mind the lessons previously given. The pupil, in 
 copying the various lessons given, should use a much larger scale than the 
 limits of our pages will admit of. J n the lower part of the figure 47, a is the 
 principal bedroom, B the back bedroom, c the children's bedroom, d a 
 small wardrobe, and e a small closet or bath room. 
 
 Example 48. To drmo the plan of cellar mf(j. 48. Bisect a b in c, 
 draw c d ; corresponding to these, on the board draw lines a h, c d. From 
 c measure to a b. Draw from these, at right angles to a b, to e e; parallel 
 
 to ah draw ef, and parallel to c (/,./"//. Parallel to ef draw (j h ; parallel 
 to c d, hi. Join ii ; the outline of the plan is thus obtained. Put in the 
 thickness of the walls, the hoi'izontal lines 1 1 first, the vertical 2 2 there- 
 after ; and the central partition in n, with fii'c-jambs o o. Put in also the 
 ■windows s s, and stairs, as in the diawing. 
 
 Example 49 is designed to show the method of getting the position ot 
 the doors and windows in the front elevation, from the data afforded by the 
 plan A p P E, fig. 49. The plan below rei)resents the ground-plan of a row 
 of four cottages, of which one-half is the counterpart of tlie other ; we have, 
 therefore, only shown the one-half fully drawn. The line a F, dividing the 
 length into ctpial parts, is prolonged to ii ; the line a b r is drawn at right 
 angles to this, and represents the ground-line : the distance of this above 
 the plan will be decided according to circumstances, size of paper, &c. 
 The openings of doors a, b, and E, are each bisected, and from the points 
 lines are drawn parallel to G F, cutting the ground-line in the jioints u, r, 
 and 3. In like manner, the windows c and D are bisected, and lines from 
 the points drawn parallel to G F, cutting the ground-line in the points 1, 2. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING -BOOK. 
 
 33 
 
 The line 3 is the centre-line of end-Joor p r, the line 2 centre-line of win- 
 dow n 0, line 1 centre-line of second window li m; the line h, of the wim'o v 
 d e; c, oi'f;/. The sizes of doors, &;c., being previously ascertained, and 
 
 the scale known, the centre-lines obtained will enable the various parts to 
 be drawn. In like manner, supposing the front elevation correctly drawn 
 to scale given, also a rough sketch of ground-plan, with sizes, divide tlie 
 length of front into two parts, and draw a line g at right angles to the 
 ground-line. Draw any line parallel to the, ground-line, at any distance 
 below the elevation ; this will form the back line of wall. Produce G to f; 
 tliis will form the centre-line of the houses. Next bisect the breadth-line 
 of doors in the points a, u, v, and 3 ; and from these points, parallel to G F, 
 draw lines to A, b and e ; next divide the windows h m, n o in the points 1, 2, 
 and draw as before lines to c, D. From the points thus given, if the pupil 
 c 
 
34 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 has carefully attended to the foregoing lessons, he will have no difficulty 
 in drawing tlie various parts accurately. In the plan here given B and E 
 are the principal doors, 1 1 the lobby, K the stairs to bedrooms, H the 
 living-room, L the kitchen, m the scullery, p the back entrance. 
 
 In the work on Practical Geometry we have amply illustrated the 
 method of reducing irregular figures by means of squares ; to that work, 
 therefore, as introductory to the present, we refer the reader for infor- 
 mation ; we here content ourselves with giving, in 
 
 Example 50, fig. 50, an architectural subject, having a series of squares 
 
 1 2 .'i 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 IS 
 
 ! i ! i — r ! i . ; — r-i— i — r Fl 
 
 » ■ » t . _, 1 ■ . « , . *- /' ' n 
 
 
 
 r-T~i' 
 
 ! : i ; • i i ; i i • 
 
 I.L.U 
 
 : i ; i i i i : ; i ; 
 
 '• i !■« 
 
 r-f-t-; '-^-^-■. ■ -■■ 1 i^ 
 
 M 12 
 
 
 T"'Tif~^/^£\ ^r)^5;?v^>^^^'^)X 
 
 ' ' i 
 
 felt^^^^^^ 1 i i i I 
 
 
 '. '. : l\j.~" i-^^^l 1 1 
 
 i i i 
 
 
 fi 7 8 9 10 11 1213 
 
 fig. 50. 
 
 fig. 51. 
 
 drawn over its surface, preparatory to its being reduced one-half, as shown in 
 Example 51, fig. 51. Should it be required to enlarge fig. 50, all that 
 is necessary is to draw the same number of squares, but of double the size, 
 when, the various points being transferred to the proper places, an exact 
 copy of fig. 50, but of twice the size, may be obtained. 
 
 In architectural drawing it is sometimes necessary to delineate the 
 material of which the walls, &c., are constructed. Thus, in 
 
 Example 52, fig. 52, a series of bricks built on one another is deli- 
 neated. The bricks are so disposed as to ' break joint,' as it is termed ; 
 
 \S 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 c- 
 
 C- 
 
 
 f*y 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 that is, the solid part of h is placed over the joint formed l)y the juxta- 
 position of the bricks a and c. In ordinary work, bricks are used in two 
 ■ways — as ' headers' and ' stretchers' — the ' headers' being placed across the 
 wall, the * stretchers' running along in the direction of its length. Thus, in 
 Example 53, fig. 53, suppose a h to be the line of wall, the bricks ccc 
 are * stretchers,' and d a ' header.' The size of a brick of the ordinary 
 dimensions is 9 inches long, 4-o- inches wide, and 3 inches thick. Brick- 
 work is generally laid in two kinds of bond, termed 'English' and 'Flemish' 
 bond. ^By tlie term 'bond' is meant the tie between the various members 
 of a br^ek wall, and which is generally secured by the proper disposition 
 of the bricks ; this is eflected by the arrangement of the ' headers' and 
 ' stretchers.' Thus, in 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AND MECH.VXICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 35 
 
 Example 54, fig. 54, wliich is a specimen of an elevation of a brick wall 
 in ' English,' or as it is sometimes termed, ' old English bond,' where it eon- 
 
 
 c 
 
 ^ i 
 
 i ^Z' 
 
 
 V. 
 
 <^ 1 
 
 1 
 
 b 
 
 • 
 
 T) 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 a 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 b 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 / 
 
 
 a^ 1 
 
 
 - ! 
 
 > a 
 
 
 fisr. 54. 
 
 sists of alternate layers of brick 'headers' and 'stretchers,' a a being the 
 ' headers,' and h h the ' stretchers/ 
 
 EsAjNiPLE bb, fig. bb, shows a Specimen of ' Flemish' bond, in which 
 each row is made up of ' stretchers' and ' headers' laid alternately ; a a are 
 
 
 ct^ 
 
 1 5 
 
 a. 1 "5 
 
 €U 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 _ i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 CLr 
 
 3 
 
 1 «^ 
 
 5 1 a. \ -b 
 
 
 the former, h h the latter. In delineating plans, various methods are in use 
 for filling up. Thus, in 
 
 Ex.uiPLE 56, fig. bQ, a represents the method of filling up walls in a 
 
 fig. 5G. 
 
 plan bv means of cross lines h where the whole is dark, all openings, at 
 C 2 
 
3G 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 doors and windows, being left unshaded. The method of showing a chim- 
 ney flue in the thickness of a wall is shown at c ; another method in d. 
 Stone work may be classed into three different kinds, as generally adopted ; 
 these are * rubble,' ' coursed,' and ' ashlar.' 
 
 Example 57, fig. 57, shows the method of delineating ' rubble work,' 
 jn which the wall is composed of stones of all sizes and shapes. 
 
 / i \ 
 
 ■ I 1 
 
 -^^ :^;?l. 7^^- y-^^ 
 
 fig. 57. tig. b><. fig. 59. 
 
 Example 5S, fig. o^, shows the method of delineating ' coursed work,' 
 in which the stones are, to a certain extent, squared and set in courses : 
 hence the term. 
 
 Example 59, fig. 59, shows the method of delineating ' ashlar work,' 
 in which all the stones are squared up to certain given sizes, and set in 
 regular courses. 
 
 Example GO, fig. GO, shows the method of delineating ' vermiculated ' 
 work, in which the surface of the blocl<s is left with rough projections, a 
 
 fig. CO. 
 
 narrow margin, tooled flat, being generally left round. This kind of work 
 is used for ' keystones,' rusticated basements, doorways, &c. 
 
 The department now to be considered is that of 
 
 THE FIVE ORDERS — THEIR PROPORTIONS AND METHODS OF DELINEATION. 
 
 Example G1, fig. Gl, is an elevation of the ' Tuscan' order as generally 
 received. The part from d to h is the 'pedestal,' from h to c the ' base,' 
 from c to '/ the ' shaft,' from d to e the ' capital,' from e tof the ' entabla- 
 ture,' — the ]>arts base, shaft, capital, and entablature, being termed a 
 * column.' The heights of the mouldings and the pi'ojections are all taken 
 from the standard of measurement of each column ; this standard being 
 the diameter of shaft immediately above the base. This is divided into 
 two equal parts, termed ' modules ;' each of these again into thirty equal 
 parts. The diameter is therefore divided into sixty equal parts; if neces- 
 sary, each part is di\idod into sixty parts, called seconds. The standard is. 
 
EXGIXEERLS'G, AND MliClIAXICAL DR.VWING-BOOK. 
 
 therefore, thirty parts equal one module; two modules equal one diameter, 
 or sixty parts. According to Palladio and other authorities, the height of 
 column (Tuscan) now under consideration is, r^ 
 including base and capital, equal to seven dia- 
 meters. To obtain, therefore, the diameter of 
 any column, its height being given, all that is 
 necessary is to divide the height into seven equal 
 parts, one of which is the diameter ; or where, 
 on the contrary, the diameter is given, seven 
 times this will give the height of column, in- 
 cluding base and capital. We may now proceed 
 to describe the laying out of the various mem- 
 bers of a complete ' order,' showing the propor- 
 tions of the mouldings, their height and pro- 
 jections. Although some writers discard the 
 pedestal as an integral portion or a correct fea- 
 ture of any of the orders, we follow the majority 
 of those who adopt it as a distinguishing feature. 
 It is not here our province to enter into a de- 
 tail of the aesthetic rides guiding the laying out 
 of the various orders ; we merely give exam- 
 ples of the parts as generally received. To those 
 of our readers anxious to go into the matter, we 
 refer to more technical works, or the treatise 
 in this Series entitled Ornamental awl Archi- 
 tectural Desigii. 
 
 Example 62. Suppose the line ah (fig. 62) 
 to represent the diameter of a ' Tuscan' column. 
 Dividing ab into two parts in the point c, ac, 
 c h will be the two modules ; dividing each 
 module into three equal parts at <J, e, f, and //, 
 and these again into five equal parts, a scale 
 will be constructed from which to measure 
 the various mouldings. TS' umber as in the - 
 drawing. 
 
 fi?. 61. 
 
 cL 
 
 15 ^ 20 25 SO 
 
 ■ I I ' I I I I I I I ! I I I I I ! 
 
 s 
 
 fifr. G-2. 
 
 Example 63, fig. 63, shows the method of proportioning the mouldings 
 of the ' Tuscan pedestal.' Every pedestal is divided into three parts, — the 
 ' base,' as A B ; ' die,' B c ; and the ' cornice,' c D. In the figure given the 
 whole height of the pedestal is four modules, or a h^ fig. 62. In ord'^r to 
 keep our sketches within the limits of the page, we take the proportions 
 from a scale, the divisions of wliich are only half the size of those in fig. 62. 
 At '^^fig. 63, draw a line, as iai, of indefinite length, and at right angles to 
 it a line a h; make a h equal to 2 diameters, or 4 modules, a c equal 26 parts, 
 cd equal 4 parts, d e equal 8. Make the ' die' en equal 2 modules i parts ; 
 make 6/ equal 3 parts, /</ equal 8, gh equal 2, gn equal 4 : the heights of 
 
38 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 the 'members' will thus bo found. The projections of the mouldings are 
 all set out from the central lino a h. From <t with 53 parts lay ofif to i, i, 
 and from these draw lines meeting that drawn from c; parallel to i a imake 
 
 D/T* 
 
 C)ie 
 
 B^- 
 
 ._.^.. 
 
 At 
 
 -^ 
 
 ct/ 
 
 ..49.2. 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 - itr^.-'zi/i »| 
 
 l7«^33^ 
 
 liff. G3. 
 
 tZwi equal 51 parts, or set back the line md 2 parts from the end of line 
 c: make eo equal 4H, and the die equal 40 parts; make h 1 equal 53 
 parts ; make (js equal 501, and si equal 7, and nv equal eo. 
 
 Example 64, fig. G4, shows the 
 'base' of the Tuscan order. Draw 
 the centre-line c (/, put the 'plinth' 
 ah, making ch equal 40 parts, and 
 c e equal 15 ; make the ' torus' 
 moulding in height equal 1 2^parts. 
 The centre m of the circular ter- 
 mination is found on the line f. 
 Make the fillet h equal 21 parts, 
 and its projection from centre-line 
 equal 33f, or nearly 34 parts. 
 To describe the ' apopliygee,' by 
 wliich the lines of shaft are con- 
 nected with the base, see work on 
 Practical Geometrj-, where also the various forms of mouldings mot with 
 in the Orders may be found described, and the methods of delineating 
 them. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AXD MECHANICAL DRAAVING-BOOK. 
 
 39 
 
 Example 65, fig. 65, is the Tuscan ' capital,' drawn to the same scale 
 as the others. Draw c d, a h at right angles ; make ca, cb equal 22| parts, 
 or ab equal 45 ; make the fillet of the astra- 
 gal e n equal 24^ parts, or nen equal 49 
 parts. Make g h equal 27 ; g i, the 'neck,' 
 equal a 5 or 45 parts, and the fillet m above 
 the neck equal e n. Make the diameter of 
 ' abacus' ii o equal 60 parts, or 1 diameter. 
 These are the projections ; the heights are 
 as follows : — The fillet ef equal 2 parts ; 
 fg equal 4 ; gm equal 8i ; the fillet above 
 this 1| ; the quarter-round m n' equal ]0; 
 the abacus or plinth li o equal 10. The 
 quarter-round begins at 1 division of the 
 scale from s. 
 
 ExAiiPLE 66, fig. QQ», is an elevation of the Tuscan ' entablature.' Every 
 entablature consists of three parts, — the ' architrave' A b, the ' frieze' b c, 
 the ' cornice' C D. Draw the line bd representing the centre line of column, 
 
 nf 
 
 fig. 66. 
 
 and a l at right angles to it. The connection of the entablature with refer- 
 ence to the column will be seen in fig. 61. In the present figure the position 
 is reversed. Make h c, the lowest ' fascia,' equal 12^ parts in height and '22\ 
 in width from the central line h d to a. The upper 'fascia' c e is 17 parts in 
 height and 24 in width ; the 'fillet' ef'is 5 parts in height and 27 1 in pro- 
 jection ; the height of the ' frieze' fg is 2(3 parts, and its projection 22^ ; 
 the first moulding in the cornice g n (the cavetto), equal 7|- in height, and 
 projection gli equal 24. Make the fillet equal 1|, and its projection no 
 equal 32 ; make the height of ' quarter-round' from n to p equal 9, And its 
 
40 
 
 ILLUSTRATKD ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 j)rojection p s equal b2\ ; make p t equal 40, and join o t ; make the 
 'corona' ^ju equal 10 in lieiglit, and the 'fillet' above it equal 2; its 
 projection equal 54;|^. Put in the ' cyma recta' to a', equal 10 parts, the 
 last fillet equal 3^, and its projection equal 6G. 
 
 Example 67, fig. 07, shows the elevation of the 'Doric column,' with 
 ' podc'^tal' (lb; be the 'base,' c J the 'shaft,' (ff the 'capital,' and je the 
 
 XZ 
 
 liii-. G7. 
 
 68. 
 
 ' entablature.' The height of the column, including base and capital, is 
 equal to seven diameters. 
 
 Example 68, fig. 68, is the elevation of half of the pedestal of the 
 Doric column to same scale as the last example. Draw ap ab at right 
 angles, make a h equal to 4 modules 5 minutes, or 4 modules 20 minutes. 
 Make the ' plinth' a c equal 26 parts in height ; the ' fillet' c d equal 1^ ; 
 the ' cyma recta' d e equal 6^ ; the ' fillet' e equal 1 ; the ' cavetto' / equal 
 4. Proceed now to put in the cornice ; make the top ' fillet' at b equal 2 
 parts ; the ' corona' below equal 65; the 'quarter-round' equal 6^; the 
 ' fillet' equal 1, and the ' cavetto' equal 4. Put in the breadth of the ' die' 
 
ENGIXliERING, AND MECIIAMC.VL DR.VWIXG-BOOK. 
 
 41 
 
 by measuring from/ 10 Ji, equal 40 parrs. From ?i, the face of the die, 
 measure otf to o, equal 16 parts ; through o draw a line to p parallel to 
 ah. From p' set oft' to s, equal 2 parts; from the line p'o to t, equal 11 
 parts. Make the projection of the cavetto at top of base and at cornice 
 equal to 1 part from line of die. From v lay back to 4, equal 12 parts; 
 from 2 to 3, equal o\. Put in the cyma at s t, and the quarter-round 
 from 4 to 3. 
 
 Example 69, fig. 69, represents the base of the column now under con- 
 sideration ; it is sometimes termed the ' Attic base ;' 10 parts are given to 
 the ' plinth ;' 7 to the ' torus ;' IJ to the ' fillet ;' 4 to the ' scotia ;' 1 to the 
 
 ,^ 
 
 V. 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 i ' i 
 
 1 • 1 
 
 b 
 
 15l'. go. 
 
 fillet above it ; 5^ to the second torus, and 1 to the fillet above. The 
 projections are set oft' from the centre-line a h, and are as follows, com- 
 mencing with the ' plinth ' equal 40 ; ' torus ' equal 40 ; ' fillet ' equal 36f ; 
 tiUet beneath the second torus 35 ; second torus 36f ; last fillet 34. 
 
 EiAiiPLE "0, fig. TO, is the ' capital ' of the Doric order. The various 
 ' heights ' and ' projections ' are as foUows, beginning with the fillet c d. The 
 tliameter of top of shaft is 52, or 26 parts on each side of the centre-line 
 <i h ; fillet c d is 1^ parts in height, and projection 28 : the astragal or bead 
 3|, projection 30 ; the neck 9 parts, projection 26. The three fiUets below 
 the quarter- round are together 3^ parts in height ; this is divided into three 
 equal parts, as in the drawing. The quarter-round is 6^ in height ; the 
 'abacus' 6f, and its projection 36 : the quarter-round below it begins at a 
 point 1 part back from end of abacus ; the last fillet is 39. 
 
 Example 71, fig. 71, shows an elevation of the Doric entablature. The 
 line X X is the centre-line of column (see fig.- 67), from which the projections 
 are taken. The architrave af is composed of two fasciai rr h, h d, with a fillet 
 df. The ' gutta- ' or ' drops ' in the upper fascia b d are 3f parts in height, 
 surmounted with a fillet 1^. The ' triglyph ' is over this in centre of 
 column, and its width is 30 parts ; the distance between the ' triglyphs ' is 
 exactly a square, the side of which is the depth of the frieze/ 5/; the dis- 
 tances between the triglyphs are called ' metopes,' and are generally filled in 
 with some ornament as in the drawing. The following are the heights of 
 the various mouldings, with their projections : a h il parts, projection from 
 X X equal 26 ; ^ c equal 9i ; cd equal 3f ; '/ e 1^, the projection of h and d 
 equal 27 ; of the fillet /'«/ equal 28, its height being 4 parts ; the height of 
 frieze/'^ equal 45 ; ^ A equal 5, projection of g h equal 27. Height of h k 
 
42 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 equal 5, the fillet 1 ; projection of ^ equal 32 ; of k 3C>h ; height of k m equal 
 6 ; projection of m equal 64^ ; oi vt equal 3dl. Height of in n equal 8 ; 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 
 
 tli/ 
 
 
 
 ■«■ 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 J 
 
 J ! y 
 
 7«1 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 r 
 
 ml 1 
 
 ii' F/ 
 
 
 fig. 71. 
 
 no^\\ the fillet f ; its projection 68. Height of o 5 equal 6| ; fillet equal 
 
 2\ ; projection 76. The method of 
 drawing the ' triglyphs ' and ' gutta; ' 
 of this order is further elucidated by 
 
 •nv. \nj 
 
 — 'rf-+-4~+— (— tr- + 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 Ti TiWn 
 
 fiff. 72. 
 
 Ift/ 
 
 -f- 
 
 -+3' 
 
 Example 72. Let a h (fig. 72) be 
 the height of ' frieze,' and c d semi- 
 diameter of column at base. Make 
 It e equal 4 parts ; the fillet e e beneath 
 this equal 2; and from e to /equal 
 4. Divide c l>, h d each into six equal 
 parts ; and i>arallel to a b, draw 
 through these lines as in the drawing 
 to the line </ h. On r/ c, h d, lay otf 
 equal 2^ parts to on, m; and ■with 
 m n from m, lay ort" to o ; join 7i o, 
 n 0. On the lines 4 4 draw to r? o, 
 and put in the angular Ihies. Bisect 
 the fillet ^ e in the line s s ; from 
 the points 1, 2, 3, &c. at f, draw 
 lines to s 5 where this line inter- 
 sects the vertical ones, dotted as 
 in the sketch. These angular lines 
 are only continued to the under side 
 of fillet e. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 43 
 
 Example 73 represents the elevation of the ' Ionic' order. A, fig. 73, 
 is the base of pedestal, b the die, c the cornice, D the base of column, e the 
 shaft, F the capital, G the architrave, H the frieze, i the cornice of enta- 
 blature. 
 
 Cl' 
 
 sr 
 
 CV 
 
 
 'n 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 5r 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 fig. 73. 
 
 fifC. 74. 
 
 Example 74, fig. 74, shows the elevation of half of Ionic pedestal ; the 
 line a h being that from which the projections are taken ; the plinth 5 c is 
 28| parts in height, and 57 in projection. The upper fillet a d is 2 parts 
 high, and 57 in projection. The Avidth of die is 42 parts. The whole 
 height of pedestal from « to 6 is two diameters 34 parts, or 4 modules 4 
 parts. The heights of the other mouldings and projections are as follows^ 
 
44 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCUITECTURAL, 
 
 coinniencing with the fillet at e above the plinth, wliicli is in height l.^ parts, 
 projection o4^ ; tlie cyma G3 in height, projection 48^ ; the astragal 2h 
 in ijeight, projection 50; the fillet 1, projection 48^; the cavetto, 3^, 
 projection 43. The height of die 87 parts ; tlie height of cavetto above die 
 4 parts, projection 43 ; the fillet 1, projection 4G ; the astragal 3^, ; pro- 
 jection 48 ; the quarter-round 6 ; the corona C, projection 55. 
 
 Example 75, fig. 75, is the Ionic base, the line a b being the centre-line. 
 The heights and projections are as follows : the plinth c d 10 in height, 42 
 projection ; the torus, 8 height, 42 projection ; fillet, 1 height, 37 projec- 
 tion ; scotia, height 5 ; second fillet, height 1, projection 34.^ ; second 
 torus, lieight 5, projection 37 ; astragal, height 2, projection 34| ; third 
 fillet, height 1| ; projection 33. 
 
 'v!,Ws'A''A-A-^ >'A'A7/A^'A'.>i'A.V\<AWAM^ ' 
 
 b 
 
 fm-. 75. 
 
 A 
 
 fig. 76. 
 
 Example 76, fig. 7(1, shows the elevation of Ionic capital drawn to same 
 scale as the others. The plan of the capital is shown in 
 Example 77, fig. 77, and the side view in 
 
 Example 78, fig. 78. The method of describing the scroll termed the 
 * volute' is explained in 
 
 Example 79, fig. 79. Draw a />, c d at right angles ; let ef be the dia- 
 meter of the eye of the volute corresponding to the breadth of the astragal 
 a (see fig. 76) ; with half ef from the point where a h, c d intersect, describe 
 a circle ; within this inscribe a square. In fig. 80 the centre of the volute is 
 drawn to a larger scale, to enable the pupil to mark out the centres used to 
 describe the scroll in fig. 79. From e, fig. 80, Avith radius ed, describe the 
 circle, and within it inscribe the square a h d c corresponding to the square 
 egfh in fig. 79. Through e, the centre, parallel to c a draw///, and parallel 
 to ab,i(j; join the extremities, and form a square ih(//. Divide the dia- 
 gonals i (/, fh each into six equal parts, at thepoints 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, G, 7, 8. At 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECn.VNICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 4o 
 
 these points draw lines at right angles, forming squares of which tlie corne r 
 are only given in the diagram to avoid confusion. Divide I k into four equal 
 parts ; from h lay one of these to jh ; from i to }i ; from /to o ; from r/ top; 
 from 8 to s ; from 1 to J ; from 5 to r ; from 4 to x ; from 7 to j/; and so 
 
 \a/ 
 
 on to the point of the square corner at 3. These various points thus ob- 
 tained are the centres from which the curve is described. Suppose the 
 point i, fig. 79, to be the under line of abacus of capital, as b (see tig. 70), 
 from the centre, on line e h, fig. 79, corresponding to the point c, fig. 80, 
 with radius h i describe an arc of a circle to the point ?«, meeting the 
 diameter of g h prolonged to a. From the point in the smallest square in 
 fig. 79, corresponding to the point a, fig. 80, with radius ern, fig. 79, 
 describe an arc m n, meeting the diameter ef prolonged to e. From the 
 point on the small square, fig. 79, corresponding to h, fig. 80, as a centre, 
 with (/ n as radius, describe an arc n o, meeting gh produced to h. From/ 
 as centre, with/o describe an arc to p, meeting line cd. From centre 1 
 (see fig. 80), with radius 1 p describe an arc to r. From centre 8 (see fig, 
 80), with 8 r as radius, draw an arc to s. From centre 4 (see fig. 8u), 
 with 4 s describe an arc to t ; from centre 5, with radius 5 t, describe an 
 arc to w ; from centre 2 (see fig. 80), with radius 2 to describe an arc to g, 
 and so on. To draw the interior curve proceed as follows : from the point 
 n (see line if, fig. 80), with radius m 1, describe an arc to the point 2 in the 
 
46 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 line a h, fig. 79 ; from the point m (see line i h, fig. 80) with the radius 
 m 2, an arc to the point 3 on the line c d, fig. 79 ; from the point p (line 
 
 fig. 80. 
 
 hg, fig. 80), Avith the radius p 3, an arc to 4 ; from the point o (line fff, 
 fig. 80), with radius o 4, an are 5, and so on from the centres correspond- 
 ing to the points 5, t, v, x, y, &c., describing curves to the points 5, 6, 7, 
 8, 9, &c. fig. 79. 
 
 Example 80, fig. 81, represents the ' Ionic entablature ;' a h being the 
 centre-line of column, and that from which the projections of the various 
 members are taken. In succession, beginning from the point b upwards, 
 the heights and projections of the various mouldings are as follows : — 
 
 1st hei 
 
 ght equal 
 
 6i 
 
 parts, 
 
 projection 
 
 equal 26.^ 
 
 2n(i , 
 
 
 2 
 
 )> 
 
 )» 
 
 
 27 
 
 3rd , 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 j> 
 
 
 27.1 
 
 4th , 
 
 
 2J 
 
 >> 
 
 j> 
 
 
 29 
 
 6th , 
 
 
 10 
 
 j» 
 
 )j 
 
 
 29^ 
 
 6th , 
 
 
 5 
 
 >> 
 
 >) 
 
 
 33 
 
 7th , 
 
 
 3 
 
 i> 
 
 >> 
 
 
 35 
 
 8th , 
 
 
 27 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 9th , 
 
 
 5 
 
 J J 
 
 ^> 
 
 
 27 
 
 10th , 
 
 
 1 
 
 )> 
 
 5> 
 
 
 32 
 
 11th , 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 36 
 
 12th , 
 
 
 o 
 
 )> 
 
 5> 
 
 
 37 
 
 13th , 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 proj. to e equal 38, to c equal 52 
 
 14th , 
 
 
 o 
 
 )> 
 
 )) 
 
 
 55 
 
 15th , 
 
 
 4 
 
 )> 
 
 >» 
 
 
 60 
 
 ICth , 
 
 
 4 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 63:V 
 
 17th , 
 
 
 1 
 
 J J 
 
 , » 
 
 
 64" 
 
 18th , 
 
 
 7 
 
 >> 
 
 -H 
 
 
 64 
 
 19th , 
 
 
 2 
 
 >» 
 
 ; J 
 
 
 72 
 
 ExAAiPLE 81, fig. 82, represents an outline sketch of the ' Corinthian 
 column,' with pedestal complete. The height of column is 92 diameters, 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWIN'G-BOOK. 
 
 47 
 
 including base and capital, A is the base of pedestal, B the die, c the 
 cornice, D the base of column, E the shaft, F the capital, G the architrave, 
 II the frieze, I the cornice. 
 
 Example 82, fig. 83, is the pedestal of the Corinthian order. The pro- 
 portions are as follows, taking them in their order from be: the plinth h c, 
 23^ parts in height, its projection from the central line b d to a 57 parts ; 
 
 KjM-^'Sf^i ^' 
 
 K^'x^ic^j!.^^ 
 
 -7 
 
 ~7 
 
 fiS. 81. 
 
 the torus, height 4, projection 56 ; fillet |, pro- 
 jection bb ; cyma o, projection 47 ; fillet 1, pro- 
 jection 47 ; cyma 3^, projection 42 ; die 3 
 modules 4^ parts ; projection of die, 42 parts ; 
 the cavetto in cornice 3|, i^rojection 43 ; fillet 
 |, projection 46; quarter-round 4|, projec- 
 tion 50 ; corona 4^, projection 53 ; cyma 3^, 
 projection 57 ; the "top-fillet 2|, projection 57. 
 
 Example 83, fig. 84, represents the base of the | — 
 order, of which ah is the centre line. The heights 
 in the progression of their order, commencing 
 with b c, are as follows : 10, 7, 2, 1, 4, ^, 2, 6, 
 2^, 2. The projections, beginning with b d, are 
 as" follows : 42, 42, 38, 37, 32, 37, 35, 32. 
 
 Example 84, fig. '^o, represents the capital of 
 the order. The diameter of shaft at the neck is 
 52^ parts ; the fillet 1 3, its projection 56 ; the 
 astragal 4, projection 60. The height from a to 
 h is 70 parts, the projection from 6 to c 46, the projection from b to e 60. 
 Join ef, prolong af, b c to g and h ; join g h by a line ]>arallel to b a, and 
 mark off on it from [/ /t, as in the sketch. From the points obtained draw 
 
 
 II. 
 
 fio-. 82. 
 
48 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 linos parallel to h c ; the intersection of tliese ^vit]l ef will rrive the position 
 of the acanthus leaves. The method of laying out tlie plan of this capital 
 
 'J, 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 =1 ^ 
 
 ^ — 
 
 ■^ 
 
 C ! '^ 
 
 1 
 
 \c 1 
 
 ivs. 84. 
 
 tig. 83. 
 
 liir. 8.-. 
 
 is shown in fig. %^), where nh is the (l-anioter of sliaft at neck, ce corre- 
 sponding to the distance h c, fig. 85. The centre of the circle of which 
 dd is a part, is found by the intersection of the lines at /. 
 
 Example 85, fig. 87, shows a form of 
 capital of this order, with the ornaments ^ 
 filled in. ^^ 
 
 Example ?^C), fig. 88, is the ' Corin- 
 thian entablature.' The heights of the 
 diftcrent mouldings, commencing with <■/ h, 
 are as follows: G, If, 8^ 1^, lO.i, 5, 2h, 
 
 3j f> ^^5 2J. The projections, beginning 
 with ac, are as follows: 26, 2(ii,27, 27'!, 
 28, 291 341, 2G, 2Gi,32, 34, 35, 40, 58 J, 
 60,62, G2yGG, 74. ' 
 
 ExA>[PLE 87, fig. 89, represents the out- 
 line of the Composite order with pedestal 
 complete : the letters and parts correspond 
 
 ficr. 87. 
 
ENGIXEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK, 
 
 49 
 
 ^Yith those given ia fig. 82, -where the pedestal is delineated. Its height, 
 including base and capital, is 10 diameters. 
 
 fi-. 8G. 
 
 -■Vl^VVV-^V 
 
 tss 
 
 Ea@r® 
 
 MM^}!3- 
 
 \n 
 
 XIMAIAW 
 
 mm^ 
 
 ;x xft) 
 
 TTTrt 
 
 li-. 88. 
 
 Y 
 
 / c 
 
 A 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ti-. SD. i 
 
50 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTLIIAL, 
 
 Example 88, fig. 90. The pedestal. The heights, commencing with h c, 
 arc as follows : 33, 4^, 1, 3, 1^ ; 1, height of die de 4: modules 5 parts. The 
 height of mouldings in cornice, beginning at e, are as follows: 1^, 3, 8.^, 
 1,5-^,3^,2^. The projections, beginuintc with ab, are 57, 57, 55,46, 
 45, 42, 44|,'47, 52i, 53 ; top-fillet 57. 
 
 fig. 93. 
 
ENGIXEERDTG, AND MECH.VNICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 51 
 
 Example 89, fig. 91, represents the base of the order. Heights, be- 
 ginning with h c, 10, 7, i, 2^, h, 2, 2, i, 2, i, 4^, 2, 1 ; projections, 
 beginning with h d, 42, 42,'38, 36,' 37, 37, 36, 36, 37, 36, 34. 
 
 Example 90, fig. 92, represents the capital of the order. The semi- 
 diameter of shaft at neck is 26 parts ; the fillet -g- in height and 27 in pro- 
 jection ; the astragal 4 in height and 29 in projection. The height from 
 h to a is 70, projection from a to c 45, and to d 60 ; the heights on the 
 line/c are used by the intersection of the line d c to find the height of the 
 ornament. (See example 84.) Another form, with the ornaments filled up 
 complete, is given in 
 
 Example 91, fig. 93. 
 
 Example 92, fig. 94, is the Composite entablature. The heights of the 
 mouldingSj beginning with h c, are as follows : 12, 2^, 15, 1-^, 3-5, 4, 2, 30, 
 
 / 
 
 zT^ 
 
 tig. 94. 
 
 2, 2, 5, 1 3|, If, 6i, 1^, 21, 9i, ^, 1, 8,2^. The projections, beginning 
 with h a, are 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 36, 32, 52, 5% 54, 55, 66, 67, 70, 78. 
 
 The next example shows the manner of delineating intercolumniation.s. 
 By this term is meant the distance between two columns, as a and h. 
 
 Example 93, fig. 95, which is the intercolumniation of the Tuscan 
 order. The distance between the columns is 6 diameters, the general dis- 
 tance, however, being 4 diameters. The pupil, at this stage of his pro- 
 ceedings, should make drawings to a large scale, as of that in fig. 62 of the 
 intercolumniation of all the orders, to assist him in which we here give 
 the various distances for each. The distance between the Doric columns 
 is equal to three diameters ; the distance in the Ionic is two diameters and 
 d2 
 
ILLUSTRATED AHCHITECTIRAL, 
 
 a quarter ; the distance between the columns in the Corintliian is two 
 diameters and a quarter ; and that of the Conq)Osite one diameter and a 
 
 7 
 
 fig. 95. 
 
 quarter to one diameter and three quarters. For the various species of 
 intercolumniation, with their distinguisliing names, see the work in this 
 Series on Ornamental and Architectural Design. 
 
 Where it is necessary to introduce doors, windows, (&e,, thus widening 
 the space between tlie columns to a greater extent than true proportion 
 requires, ' coupled columns ' are introduced^'the distance between them 
 being such as to allow of the proper projection of their ' capitals.' 
 
 Example !)4, fig. 96, shows coupled columns in the Corinthian order, 
 where the space between the two columns is a little over two diameters. 
 
 Pilasters bear a considerable resemblance in their elevation to columns. 
 The height of members and their projections are the same as the columns 
 of the same order ; the plan, however, instead of being circular as in 
 columns, is square, the external surfiice being flat. 
 
EXGIXEERINTG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 53 
 
 fig. 96. 
 
 Example 95, fig. 97, shows ' coupled pilasters' in 
 the Corinthian order. 
 
 Caryatides are sometimes used in place of columns 
 and pilasters. These are representations of the human 
 figure. When female, they are known by the name 
 as above ; when male, as ' Persians.' 
 
 Example 96, fig. 98, is an exemplification of a 
 caryatides. As a series of columns at proper dis- 
 tances form a colonnade, so columns with arches be- 
 tween them, are termed arcades. The Tuscan arcade 
 is given in 
 
 Example 97, fig. 99. The distance between the 
 columns a and h is six diameters ; A is termed a 
 ' pier,' B the ' impost,' C the ' archivolt,' and D the 
 ' keystone.' A semi-diameter of column is laid from 
 c to (/, which gives the line of pier h. d. The distance 
 from p to t is six diameters and three-quarters ; a 
 line through t parallel to (/ b gives the height of im- 
 
 fi?. 98. 
 
*54 
 
 ILLI'STRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 post ; the capital of impost is obtained by dividing fi h into seven or eight 
 equal parts, and giving one of these from m to n ; the width of archivolt so 
 is equal to one-ninth part of // h; the width of keystone at efis equal to 
 s. By drawing lines to e and /'from t, the centre of the circle, 9n efs, 
 the diverging lines will be obtained. To assist the pupil in making out 
 
 examples of arcades in the other orders, we quote the following directions 
 of a celebrated author on architecture as to proportions : — " The height of 
 arches to the underside of their crowns should not exceed twice their clear 
 width, nor should it be much less ; the piers ought not to be less than 
 one-third the breadth of the arch, nor more than two-thirds." The pupil 
 desirous of studying the principles of architectural design may consult the 
 work on Ornamental and Architectural Desi;/n, above noticed. 
 
 Example 98, fig. 100, is an elevation of the Tuscan impost, with the 
 heights and projections. The projections are set forward from b to k, in 
 the line b c, the line b c representing the face of pier corresponding to the 
 
EKGIXEERiyO, AND MECHANICAL DRAWIXG-BOOK. 
 
 55 
 
 line h d ia fig. 99. The scale from which the measurements are taken is 
 that in fig. 62. The figures 1, 2, and 3 denote tlie width of the mould- 
 ino-s on the archivolt C C (see fig. 99), and are set back on the line " k from b. 
 
 m- 
 
 ^ 
 
 l~^-3 ' 
 
 5 
 
 % 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 1 J 
 
 I ; r 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [^ 
 
 . — .^ 
 
 ng. 100. 
 
 
 Example 99, fig. 101, is the Doric impost. The heights are measured 
 from the point h on the line h c representing the line of pier, as in last ex- 
 
 v^^Yg^o^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ample, the projections being set forward from 6 to v: and t, the width of 
 mouldings of archivolt, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, being from h towards a. 
 
56 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 100, fig. 102, is the Ionic impost, the projections, heights, and 
 ■widths 1, 2, &c. of archivolt mouldings being set out as in last figure. 
 
 12 145 6 781 
 
 .^ 
 
 7 
 
 fig. 102. fig. 103. 
 
 Example 101, fig. 10-3, is the Corinthian impost. The projections 
 
 tt 
 
 ^ Z 3 jJi 5 \6 f '^ 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 ^ . : 1 
 
 
 : ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 — n 
 
 
 ■ > 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 ^ ) 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 fig. 101. 
 
 b 
 
EXGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRV\VIXG-BOOK. 
 
 57 
 
 being set out from the line c d towards e, the width of archivolt mould- 
 ings 1, 2, 3, &c., as a c, from c towards a. 
 
 Example 102, fig. 10-i, is the Composite impost, the projections being 
 set from the line b h. The scale from which the measurements should be 
 taken is the same for all the imposts, being that in fig. 62. 
 
 Example 103, fig. 105, shows a ' pediment.' c c, the tympammi, is 
 generally filled in with sculpture. In our work on Practical Geometry, in 
 
 fig. 105. 
 
 fig. 106. fig. 107. 
 
 the latter part, we have shown how geometry is made applicable to the 
 construction of the various forms of arches, vases, and balustrades. We 
 now give, in 
 
 Example 104, fig. 106, an elevation of the Tuscan balustrade ; and in 
 
 Example 105, fig. 107, an elevation of the Ionic. 
 
58 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 The reader desirous of becoming acquainted with the members of the 
 Grecian orders of arcliitecture, and of the principles which regulate the 
 proportions of various architectural features, of which the limits and nature 
 of the present work do not allow us to give even a passing notice, is re- 
 ferred to the work previously mentioned, treating of architectural and 
 ornamental design. 
 
 We now purpose giving examples of various architectural forms and 
 decorations, useful to impart to the pupil a correct general idea of the 
 method of proportioning doors, windows, &c. ; and also serving as copies 
 by which he may test his proficiency, and enable him to acquire that 
 facility so requisite for the architectural draughtsman to possess. We 
 shall first give forms of windows and doors. 
 
 Example 106, fig. 108, is the elevation of an ordinary sash-window, the 
 method of laying out of which was explained in Example 4. 
 
 tig-. 108. lig. lUit. 
 
 Example 107, fig. 109, is the elevation of a rustic window, with 
 lozenge-shaped panes of glass. For the method of laying this out, see 
 Example 5, fig. 5. 
 
 Example 108, fig. 110, is an elevation of a three-light (Venetian) 
 window, in the Italian style, drawn to a scale of one-fourth inch to the foot. 
 
 Example 109, fig. Ill, is a one-light window in the same style, to a 
 scale of one-eighth inch to a foot. 
 
 Example 110, fig. 112, is an elevation of a second-floor or bedroom 
 
 
 fiir. 110. 
 
 li-. 111. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 59 
 
 window in same style, with iron ornamental balustrade in front. As a 
 general rule, the proportion of windows should be, height twice the breadth 
 
 ^^ 
 
 AU^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 I 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 \. ; 
 
 lie. 11:2. 
 
 Hi 
 
 for those on the ground-floor ; those on the second floor the same bread tli, 
 but of less height. 
 
 Example 111, fig. 113, is an example of a circular-headed window, 
 with rusticated dressings. 
 
 Example 112, fig. 114, is the front elevation of a projecting window, 
 of which the side elevation is given to a scale of one-quarter inch to a 
 foot, in 
 
 ExA^iiPLE 113, fig. 115, which is of the same scale as the above. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^^^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 —1 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 
 Uc- 1^. ... 
 
 
 
 
 fig. 114. ' fig. 115. 
 
 We shall now give examples of windows placed over windows. 
 
 Example 114, fig. 116, is the front elevation of a bay-window in the 
 light Italian style, the plan of which shows the three sides of an octagon. 
 
60 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 with the bedroom-Avimlow over it ; the scale is one-fourth of an inch to the 
 foot. The side elevation of the bay-window is shown in 
 
 fig. 11 G. 
 
 Example 115, fig. 117, which is drawn to the same scale as above. 
 
 Example IIG, fig. 118, is the elevation of a bay-windoAv on the ground- 
 floor, in the Domestic Gothic style, with bedroom-window over it. The 
 scale is one-eighth of an inch to the foot. 
 
 Example 117, fig. 119, is another sketch, showing elevation of bay- 
 window in Italian style, with bedroom-window over ; same scale as above. 
 
 Example 118, fig. 120, shows the elevation of window over Avindow in 
 the Tudor style ; scale three-sixteenths of an inch to the foot. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWIXG-BOOK, 
 
 Gl 
 
 fis:. 117. 
 
 6s- 118. 
 
 1 
 
 v 
 
 
 ( 1 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 n 
 1 
 
 
 P i 
 
 1 — rf 
 ■ - 
 
 p — I 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
 ti-. IID. 
 
 fis. 120. 
 
G2 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 119, fig, 121, is the front elevation of a bay-window on 
 ground-floor, with projecting or oriel window over it on bedroom-floor, in 
 the Elizabethan or Jacobin style, drawn to a scale of one-eighth inch to a 
 foot. The side elevation of this drawing is shown in 
 
 Example 120, fig. 122, same scale as above. 
 
 Example 121, fig. 123, is a sketch, showing front elevation of Venetian 
 or three-light window on ground-floor in Italian style, with bedroom- 
 Avindow over, with ornamental dressings and segmental pediment. 
 
 v. - _. ^ ._- -.-^A 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 -1 
 
EXGI.VEERIXG, AN'D MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 63 
 
 We now proceed to give examples of doors, and windows over doors. 
 First, as to doors, of which, in 
 
 Example 122, 
 lig. 124r, we give 
 the elevation >ji' 
 one in the Roman 
 style. 
 
 Example 123, 
 fig. 125, is :he 
 front elevation of 
 another form in 
 the Italian stvle. 
 
G4 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 124, fig. 12G, is the elevation of a form 
 suitable for a public building, Avith verniiculatecl 
 dressings. Another form is given in 
 
 Example 125, fig. 127. 
 
 Example 12G, fig. 128, is front elevation of door, 
 ■with vermiculated dressings, in the Italian style (of 
 which fig. Ill is the window belonging to same de- 
 sign), Avith circular-headed window over it. Tlie 
 scale is one-quarter inch to the foot. 
 
 Example 127, fig. 129, is front elevation of door, 
 to the house of which fig. 11-1 is the principal window. The scale is one- 
 quarter inch. 1 
 
 li;;-. Vi:. 
 
 an 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 nm 
 
 lig. 128. fig. 129. 
 
 Example 128, fig. 13U, is front elevation of door at the end of house, 
 ■with Avindow on second floor over it. This example is in the same style 
 as fig. 123, Avhich is the principal Avindow to same house of Avhich this 
 figure is the door. The scale is one-eighth inch. 
 
 Example 129, fig. 131, Js front elevation of doorway to house of Avhich 
 fis:. 116 is the Avindow, having over it a circular headed Avindow in bed- 
 
EKGIXEERIXG, AXD MECHANICAL DRAWIXG-BOOK. 
 
 room-floor. The scale is one-quarter 
 inch. The side elevation of the door in 
 this drawing is given in 
 
 Example 130, fig. 132, the scale ot 
 Tvhich is the same as above. 
 
 Example 131, fig. 133, is front eleva- 
 tion of principal door to a house, with bed- 
 room-window over it, with ornamented 
 dressinsrs. Scale one-eighth inch. 
 
 Tlie ceivtral portion of house {of which jijs. 123 
 and 130 arepai-ts of the same design). 
 
 fi.or. 130. 
 
 fie-. 131. 
 
 lip. 102, 
 
G6 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 132, fig. 134, is front elevation of principal door to house, in 
 Domestic Gothic style (of which the drawing in fig. 118 is the window), 
 with closet-window over it on bedroom-floor. 
 
 fig. 134. 
 
 Example 133, fig. 135, is elevation of principal entrance to house, iu 
 Tudor style, of which the drawing in tig. 120 is the window. 
 
EXGIMEERING, AXD MECHANICAL DRAWING -BOOK. 
 
 67 
 
 Example 134, fig. 136, is elevation of principal entrance, with window 
 over it, of house of which fig. 121 is the window. 
 
 We now give the elevations of a few examples of fireplaces, the first of 
 which is in the Tudor style, and is shown in 
 
 Example 135, fig. 137. The part c shows the profile of the mouldings. 
 Another form, in same style, is given in 
 
 Example 136, fig. 13S. 
 
 Example 137, fig. 139, is in the Italian style ; a shows the profile of 
 
 e2 
 
 fig. 13G. 
 
G8 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 tliG skirtino^-board running round the room, of which tlie lines at n sliow 
 the front elevation. 
 
 Example 138, fig. 140, is in the Elizabethan style. In these examples 
 
 ]ou t*^ . 
 
 r 
 
 iig. 137. 
 
 liK- 138. 
 
 
 of fireplaces, we have only shown half, 
 the other being an exact counterpart. 
 The pupil should, however, draw them 
 complete, the line ah being the centre- 
 line. 
 
 M(^/^/^/^ 
 
 llLr. 13y. 
 
 iig. no. 
 
EXGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWIKG-BOOK. 
 
 G9 
 
 We now proceed to the more elaborate copies, in -which the pupil will 
 find ample exercise I'or the display of that facility for copying which the 
 foregoing lessons have been designed to impart. From the limits of the 
 page we have been compelled to adopt a small scale ; it is to be under- 
 stood, however, that the pupil is to copy them to a larger one, at least 
 twice as large as those we have adopted. 
 
 Example 139, fig. 141, is the fi-ont elevation of a sehcol-house, with 
 railings to the front. Another design is given in 
 
 EX.UIPLE 140, fig. 142. 
 
 
 irz] cz] 
 
 c 
 
70 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 141, fig. 143, is tlie front elevation of a row of cottages, dra\\-n 
 to a scale of one-eighth inch to the foot. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 71 
 
 Example 142, fig. 144, is the front elevation of a shop-front, drawn to 
 a scale of one-eighth inch to the foot. 
 
 fig. 144. 
 
72 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECT ORAL, 
 
 Example 143, fig. 145, is front elevation of a greenhouse, of which the 
 end elevation is given in 
 
 Example 144, lig. 140, and the plan in 
 
 Example 14.3, fig. 147 ; they are all drawn to a scale of one-sixteenth 
 inch to the foot. 
 
ENGIXEERIXG, AXD MECUAXICAL DRAWIXG-BOOK. «3 
 
 In order to give the pupil an idea as to the way in which a set of plans 
 are set out for the guidance of the artisan and workman, we have prepared 
 a series of drawings illustrative of the design for a town-house in the 
 Italian style. It is necessary to mention that the design when finished is 
 double that given in the drawings ; two houses being attached, the other 
 half of the di-awing (not shown) is the exact coimteriiart of that given in 
 the copy. The scale we have adopted is one-eighth inch to the foot. The 
 pupU, tu copying them, should make the scale at least double this, or one- 
 fourth inch to the foot. 
 
74 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 146, fig. 148, is the " basement plan" of the liouse; the line 
 « h is the centre-line. 
 
 li-. 148. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND ilECILVNICAL DRAWING -BOOK. 
 
 Example 147, fig. 149, is the ^^ ground plan." 
 
 lO 
 
 s 
 
 n 
 
 sr 
 
 Dinutsf Rohin^ 
 
 Iirn.win§\ 
 
 rJ^=i^=iH :S 
 
 Re 
 
 "M. 
 
 o 
 
 3s^zzzrMn^^, 
 
 'losel 
 
 —^ 
 
 Salt 
 
 D 
 
 u- 
 
 3-6 
 
 i^- 
 
 ^u-=u^' 
 
 i 
 
 lii;-. lia. 
 
76 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 148, fig. loO, is half plan o^ first bedroom floor. 
 
 —c- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 {• h 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Is 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 
 illLrri^ 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECIIANIC.VL DRAAVIN'G-BOOK. 
 
 77 
 
 Example 149, fig. 151, is the half plan oi second bedroom floor. 
 
 Example loO, fig. 152, is \\a.\i front elevation. From the minuteness of 
 the scale we give detail drawings, which will show the decorative portions 
 more fuUv than in the sketch. The first of these we give is the elevation 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ID 
 
 PI 
 
 fOl" 
 
 IDI 
 
 
 1^L^ 152. 
 
78 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 of the first bedroom-floor window, and its section drawn to a larger scale ; 
 
 it is shown in 
 
 Example 151, fig. 153. The front elevation of cornice is given in 
 Example 152, fig. 154 ; and tlie section sho^ving form of bracket in 
 
 M 
 
 IIS) 
 
 000 
 
 "^r 
 
 %. ir,n. 
 
 ~ L 
 
 :s 
 
 UJd 
 
 /vvv 
 
 '/ V V v' 
 
 fig. 1J.4. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 7f^ 
 
 Example 153, fig. 15a. The elevation of chimney is shown in 
 Example 154, fig. 156, and the elevation of cornice and finial to prin- 
 cipal entrance is given in 
 Example 155, fig. 157. 
 
 fig. 157 
 
80 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 15G, fig. 158, is end elevation. We give this in fiill, ns one 
 side is difterent from the other. The half bach elevation is given in 
 
EXGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 81 
 
 Example ir»T, fig. 150. The transverse section is taken across the plan. 
 The right-hand halt' of this is given in 
 
 'T 
 
 
 "^~ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n\ 
 
 I I 
 
 %. 15D. 
 
 ^ 
 
82 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 158, fig. 160 ; the left-hand half in 
 
 Example 159, tig. 161. The same letters of reference apply to hoth 
 drawings. The pupil should make tliis section in one complete drawing. 
 
 We have only shown one pai't 
 up to the roof-line, tlie other 
 Avithout the chiinney-sliafc, 
 hut showing the roof-timbers. 
 The pupil should be able to 
 finish these sections from the 
 other drawings. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 83 
 
 Example 160, fig. 162, is half plan of roof, showing timbers. Tlie 
 'Other half, showing the slated surface, and position of flues, is given in 
 
 tig. 1G2. 
 
 F 'J 
 
.Si 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCUITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 161, fig. 163. In setting out this, the pupil may copy it, by 
 drawing the line ah, and continuing it to c; measuring from d to c will 
 give the position of the end ab of tlie flue. From d to /the position of 
 the point e, <j h, the distance of line ag n from line dli. 
 
 Example 162, tig. 164, is a transverse section of a fireproof vaulted 
 ■\varehouse, where a, a are the retaining walls, a strong iron tie passing 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 85 
 
 through both, and secured by a screw bolt, nnd nut. The arches tn, m 
 are described from their centres <j, g on the lines /*, h, springing from the 
 pillars c, d ; the arch n is described from centre i. 
 
 fig. 164. 
 Example 1G3, fig. 165, is a transverse section of a fireproof cottage. 
 
 fig. 165. 
 
86 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 111 our work in the present scries, tlie Illustrated Dratoing-Booh, 
 we have given directions for delineating architectural subjects perspec- 
 tively. We now present a few additional examples, which will serve a3 
 copies with which the pupil may still further exercise himself in architec- 
 tural drawing ; premising that in this department he is supposed to have 
 the advantage of a knowledge of the rules by which objects are jnit in per- 
 spective, and a facility in copying such subjects as depend chietly on the 
 eye, aided by a readiness of hand in pencilling. These desiderata arc- 
 indispensable before the pupil can copy the examples which we are now to 
 jiresent to his notice ; for assistance as to the readiest means of attaining 
 them, we beg to refer the pupil to the above work. 
 
 Example 164, fig. 16G, is the perspective drawing of a public asylum, 
 in the Italian style, with a campanile tower. 
 
 I II N| R 
 
 ^ii'.'Tmp' 
 
 fig. 16G. 
 
EXGIN'EERING, AND MECHANICAL DRATVISG-BOOK. 
 
 87 
 
88 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTUUAL, 
 
 Example 165, fig. 167, is a perspective sketch of the interior of an 
 apartment, with carved })anels, &c., in the Italiaa style. 
 
 We now present a lew examples of churches perspectively delineated ; 
 the first of these, 
 
 Example 1G6, fig. 168, is a per.>pective drawing of a church in the 
 Early-English style. 
 
 h)d. 
 
 Example 167, fig. 169, whicli is in the Early -Decorated or Pure Geo- 
 metrical style. The peculiarities of the various styles of Gothic architec- 
 ture will be seen by an inspection of figs. 202, 203, &c. 
 
 Example 168, fig. 170, is in the Transitional from Decorated to Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Example 169, fig. 171, is in the Middle or Second Pointed Period. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AXD MECHAXICAL DUAWiyo-BOOK. 
 
 89 
 
 171. ^^^^::,.^ 
 
90 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 170, fig. 172, is iu the Early-Decorated style. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 9^ 
 
 Example 171, fig. 173, is in the Early-English style. 
 
 fig. 17J. 
 
92 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCniTECTURAL, 
 
 Example 172, fig. 174, represents in perspective the interior of part 
 of a church (the nave) in the Noi'man style. This is considered to be a 
 fine specimen of the architecture of the period. 
 
 fi?. 174. 
 
EXGINEEraXG, AXD MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 93 
 
 Example 173, fig. 17J, rej resents the interior of the Lady chapel in 
 Tynemouth Priory church; the architectural features of -which belong 
 somewhat both to the Decorated and Perpendicular styles. 
 
 Us. 17.3. 
 
 "We now proceed to give a few illustrations of architectural ornament ; 
 the drawings of which are nearly in all the instances produced by hand, 
 
94 
 
 ILDUSTRAT1-D ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 only here ami there aided l)y the drawing-board and instruments. A 
 knowledge of pencil-sketching is therefore necessary for these exauipies. 
 
 fiff. 177. 
 
 li-. 17(;. 
 
 li- 178. 
 
 
 Jic;. 179. 
 
 o'oC)o O 
 
 lig. 18U. 
 
 Example 174, fig. 17G, is the elevation and end view of a pierced 
 parapet in the Elizabethan style. 
 
 Example 175, fig. 177, is a side elevation of panelling, in the same 
 style as the last figure. 
 
 P:xample 176, fig. 17P, is another example of a pierced parapet, in 
 the same style as in fig 177. 
 
 Example 177, fig. 179, is the front elevation of a key-stone. 
 
 Example 178, fig. 180, is another example of raised panel, in the same 
 stvle as fiff. 177. 
 
ENOIXEEIUXG, AND JIECHAXICAL DUAWIXG-UOOK. 
 
 9.5 
 
 li-. 1.^1. 
 
 fiir. 182. 
 
 i^'^m^^i^^^immmmy 
 
 fi-. 184. 
 
 Example 179, fig. 181, is a (lesii?ii for a Gothic panel. 
 
 Example 180, fig. 182, is the Grecian oi-nament known as the 
 " honeysuckle." 
 
 Ex.\iiPLE 181, fig. 183, is pavt of an ornamented frieze for the Ionic 
 column. 
 
 Example 182, fig. 184, is an ornament sometimes used in filling up 
 the space called " metopes " in the Doric order. (See p. 42, ex. 71.) 
 
96 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 183, fig. 185, is a design for a frieze and cornice. 
 
 S ( 
 
 :^ 
 
 >x 
 
 ■^^?Si^ 
 
 
 I k 
 
 ^ I vV I ill 
 
 iilTfliliiliii^l/*^!! ^!^ 
 
 fig. 185. 
 
 
 EXAMPLE 184, fig. 18G, is the elevation of a sculptured pilaster forming 
 part of a cliimney-jamb. 
 
EKCaXEERIXG, AND MECIIAXICAL DRAWIXG-BOOIC. 
 
 1)7 
 
 Example 18-5, fig. 187, is a form of ornament sometimes used in place 
 of balustrades. 
 
 Example 186, fig. 188, is au example of bracket, of which the side 
 view is given in 
 
 Example 187, fig. 180. 
 
 fig. 18C. 
 
 Example 188, fig. 190, is a perspective view of a Grecian ' scroll truss.' 
 
 Example 189, fig. 191, is an elevation of an Elizabethan scroll truss. 
 
 Example 190, fig, 192, is an exemplification of the ornament called 
 the ' fret.' Another form is given in 
 
 Example 191, fig. 193. 
 
 Example 192, fig. 194, is an exemplification of the ornament termed 
 the ' guilloche.' Another example is given in 
 Example 193, fig. 195. 
 
 G 
 
ILLUSTRATED AUCHITECTrRAL, 
 
 J. 
 
 '.&<'. 188. 
 
 h'r. li'O. 
 
 fiff. IDl. 
 
 mmwwiiimw^'W^^^^ 
 
 fig. 189. 
 
 (iff. 192. 
 
 fiff. TOO. 
 
 fiff. 193. 
 
 fiff. 194. 
 
exgixe:;rixg, and mech.vxical drawing-book. 
 
 09 
 
 In the Avork on Practical Geometiy we have given examples of outlines 
 of vases, with the methods of describing their curves. We now present 
 a speciiueu with the outlines ornamented. 
 
 Example 19i, %. 196. 
 
 Example 105, fig. 197, is an example of ' vase and pedestal.' 
 
 fisc, 197. 
 
100 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 196, fig. 198. Another example of vase, with the outlines 
 ornamented. 
 
 Ex.\MPLE 197, fig. 199. Design for a Gothic monument. 
 
 liL'. 199. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECIIANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 101 
 
 ■ Example 198, fio;. 200. A design for a fountain. 
 Example 199, tig. 201, is tlie elevation of a stained window in tlie 
 geometrical style. 
 
102 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AUCIIITECTURAL, 
 
 We now, as concluding tliis department of our .treatise, proceed to give 
 a series of designs, exemplifying by inspection the peculiarities of the 
 various periods of Gotliic architecture as generally received. 
 
 ExAjiPLE 200, fig. 202, is an elevation of a Norman ^vindo■^v. 
 
 fig. 202. 
 
 Example 201, tig. 203, is the Early-English (or Lancet). This style 
 
 fi-. 20.^ 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECUAXICAL DR-i WING-BOOK. 
 
 103 
 
 succeeded the Norman, and was followed by the Decorated, the tracery of 
 which was distinguished by geometrical lines, as in 
 
 Example 202, fig. 204 ; and in the later instances by flowing lines, 
 termed curvilinear, as in 
 
 fig. 204. 
 
 Example 203, tig. 205. The Perpendicular is derived from the Decc- 
 
 =^-7-i- 
 
 
 
 fig. 206. 
 
104 
 
 IIJ.rsTKATED AlUHITKCTLRAl. 1>KAW1NG-I;00K. 
 
 rated ; its distinguishing- feature is the perpendicular lines of the tracery, 
 as seen in 
 
 Example 204, fig. 206. 
 
 For furtlicr information on the styles and peculiarities of Gothic Archi- 
 tecture, see the \vork on " Ornamental and Architectural Design." 
 
 rT 
 
 a^ 
 
 
 ?0(i. 
 
SECTION II. 
 
 E X G I X E E R I X G D E A W I X G. 
 
 Ix this section we purpose explaining, chiefly by appropriate illustrations, 
 the methods of delineating those subjects which are found more particularly 
 the branches of what is generally designated as Civil Engineering, wliether 
 these be shown in plans, maps, elevations, or sections. As the rules, or 
 more properly the methods, to be observed in copying subjects of pure 
 outline, where tlie drawing-board and instruments are available, will ob- 
 \ iously be very similar to those which we have already detailed in the 
 First Section, we do not consider it necessary to multiply examples of 
 outlines, such as bridges, &c. The pupil desirous of studying Civil Engi- 
 neering as a profession will find, numerous examples which may serve as 
 " copies " in the more technical and strictly professional works which it will 
 be his duty to consult. TTe shall content ourselves with giving one or two 
 examples of the method of setting out copies of bridges, &c. 
 
 Example ], fig. 1. Bisect any two of the piers, as a. h, c d, in the points 
 a and c. Draw lines am, cd ; put in the piers; divide a c into two equal 
 
 fiff. 1. 
 
 portions at the poirt h ; parallel to c d draw h i ; mersure to i. ^ his will 
 be the centre of thf arch. In like manner the aqueduct arches in 
 
106 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 2, fig. 2, may be drawn ; tlic lines d, c, a, h being the linos of 
 the piers; </ the centre of the under, and h that of the upper arclics. The 
 various parts of an arch are shown in 
 
 fig. 2. 
 
 Example 3, fig. 3, where a h is the ' span' of the arch ; c cZ its ' rise ;' 
 
 fiir. 4. 
 
 a (Z 6 the inside curve, called the ' softit,' or ' intrados ;' the key-stone is g. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 The exterior or upper curve of the arch is called the ' extrados/ 
 
 107 
 
 tig. 5. 
 
 Example 4, fig. 4, is an elevation of bridge vrith semi-elliptical arch. 
 For method of describing this form see Practical Geometry. 
 
 Example 5, fig. 5, is elevation of the timber framing or ' centering' of 
 a bridge. 
 
 The method of delineating tlie various features of a country or district 
 in a map is shown in 
 
 fiff. 6. 
 
 Example 6, fig. 6, where a represents a piece of inland water or lake ; 
 E E a river, proceeding from this ; B the garden attached to the mansion 
 
108 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AUCIIITECTURAL, 
 
 c a hill, with trees on its summit ; c c, near the river E E, represents rising 
 ground on its margin ; nil plantations of trees; a swamp or morass; 
 K K meadow-lands ; L L a public highway. In the following illustrations 
 the features are shown on a larger scale, as in 
 
 Example 7, fig. 7, which represents a hilly or mountainous ridge. 
 
 ''if^ 
 
 Example 8, fig. 8. Rising ground near a river. 
 Example 9, fig. 0. The same. 
 
 afi#^'%lfe,. 
 
 lig. 8. 
 
 Example ]0, fig. 10, represents a river, with small stream issuing from 
 it and traversing a meadow. In copying this, tlie pupil should fill up the 
 whole of the part repi'cseiiting the extent of meadow (within the boundary- 
 line) as in the corner of the illustration now given. 
 
 Example 11, fig. 11, represents swami)y ground with trees. 
 
 .^-^'^ 
 
 fig. 11. 
 
EXGISEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWIXG-1500K. 
 
 109 
 
 Example 12, fig. 12, represents a river entering the soa ; the coast is 
 delineated as in the sketch. 
 
 
 
 fiff. 12. 
 
 Example 13, fig. 13, represents part cf a sea-line of coast c c, with 
 sandy shoal h h, and swampy morass a a. 
 
 
 
 Example 14, fig. 1-4, represents the method of delineating a rock, used 
 in marine maps. A range of rocks is represented in 
 
 Example 15, fig. 1-5, and a rock surrounded by sand in 
 Example 16, fig. 1 6. 
 
 
 ut^ 
 
 7 
 
 
 h 
 
 %\ 
 
 
 %, 
 
 flL'. 15. 
 
 ^**^' 
 
 fijr. 16. 
 
 ■0 ^ 
 
 fig. 17 
 
 Example 17, fig. 17, represents a sandy shoal. The method of doli'ie- 
 atin^ water in a basin or harbour is shown in 
 
J 10 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AnciIITECTUUAL, 
 
 ExAMi'LK 18, fig. 18. The manner of representing blocks of liouses in 
 a town or suburban district map is represented in 
 
 ExAJii'LE 19, fig. 19. This example is also designed to show the use of 
 squares in reducing or enlarging maps. The principle of this method has 
 been fully described in Practical Geometry. 
 
 ">^ jiSO y8 010:BLi2161' 
 
 18. fig. 20. 
 
 ExAMi'LE 20, fig. 20, is the same subject as in the previous figure. The 
 pupil, aided by the letters of reference and the figures, should have no diffi- 
 culty in finding the various points in fig. 20 from fig. 19, and vice versa, if 
 
EXGIXEEUING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 Ill 
 
 the plan is fig. 20 to be enlarged twice, as in fig. 19 
 maps may be copied by adopting ofl'set lines, as in 
 
 Example 21, fig. 21, 
 which represents part of 
 a river, which is required 
 to be copied and enlarged 
 as below. Draw any line '37 
 c d ; from any scale set off' 
 distances, as c// = 50, g h 
 = GO, and so on. Next 
 draw a line, as p o, corre- 
 sponding to cd; fromp set 
 off distances correspond- 
 ing to those in c d, but 
 taken from a scale larger 
 
 than that o(cd. From %• 2^- 
 
 the same scale as that from 
 which the measure- 
 ments on c d were 
 taken, measure the 
 lines drawn at the 
 various points at 
 right angles to c '^ 
 to where they touch 
 the outline of the 
 lowest side of river, 
 as g = 40. Make 
 the line t the same 
 distance, but taken 
 from its proper 
 scale 5 by proceed- 
 ing thus, points 
 
 will be found, by 
 
 tracing through 
 
 which, an outline 
 
 will be obtained 
 
 equal to that of the 
 
 copy. The angle 
 
 <:?c6isequalto40'^. 
 
 The pupil should 
 
 extend this prin- 
 ciple of copying 
 
 irregular figures,by 
 
 which he will be 
 
 enabled to judge of 
 
 its utility in prac- aKEEiPr. 
 
 tico. 
 
 Irregular portions of 
 
 so liv 60 q 50c. 
 
 fiff. 22. 
 
 fis. 23. 
 
 We now give a 
 few examples of the 
 lettering attached 
 to maps and plans. 
 
 ILEXJ. 
 
 fig. 24. 
 
 F JLIi.X ^^ 
 
 O Ii' 
 
 fi-. 25. 
 
112 
 
 Il.IA'STRATED AltrHITnCTVRAL, 
 
 ExAMiM.!-: 22, fig. 20, shows the compass-mark in plans, by wliich the 
 directions are obtaincil. The Jleur-Je-i is always points to the north. 
 
 N 
 
 ExAMri,K 23, fig. 27, represents the plan of part of a district tlirough 
 ■which a road a h is to be cut. The section of this is in 
 
 SL%. l7-^—..f^SL 
 
 *■ '""lb,' 
 
 
 fig. 27. 
 
 Example 24, fig. 28. Thr* parts filled in with small dots represent 
 hollows filled up ; the cross-]. .us point where a cutting is made. The 
 horizontal line cd is termed the ' datum line.' See article ' Levelling' in 
 the work on Practlra/ Mathenvitits in this series. 
 
 fig. 28. 
 
 fiK. 2!). 
 
 ExAMri.i: 25, fig. 20, represents a section of road, showing method of 
 delineating it. 
 
ENGIXEERiyC, AND MECHANICAL DK AWINC-DOOK. 
 
 IL'5 
 
 Example 26, fig. 30, represents the rocks at the side of a section of a 
 railway cuttins:. 
 
 
 tin-. :;i. 
 
 Example 27, fig. 31, represents the method of delineating au emhank- 
 ment faced with rubble masonry. ^ 
 
 Example 28, fig. 32, represents a 
 breakwater formed of larg-e stones 
 thrown together, sloping outwards 
 to resist the action of the waves. 
 
 ExAMT'LK 29, fig. 33, is the sec- 
 tion of a stone pier, where a a is the 
 face toward harbour ; b h that to 
 the sea ; the interior is filled with ^j^ 
 round stones, as c c. The plan of a 
 retainino: wall is shown in 
 
 fig. 33. 
 
lU 
 
 ILLISTUATED AliCIIITKCTLIlAL, 
 
 . ExAMi'Li: 30, fig. 3-i, where her is tlie scono facing- ; d tlie stones used 
 for filling u]). 
 
 
 & j \ o 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 fc. 31. 
 
 ExA-Mi'Lic 31, fig. 3o, represents tlio footings i'. of a pier of a bridge 
 rcstina: on a saud foundation at A. 
 
 
 fiff. 35. 
 
 Example 32, fig. 3G, represents piles of wood driven into the ground, 
 sujiporting masonry. A section of a cofter-dani in a bed of ' beton' is 
 shown in 
 
 m 
 
 --^ 
 
 m 
 
 . _^;i 
 
 tt^-. 
 
 
 ;: ;;\'.';j\t 
 
 -mm 
 
 |i- 
 
 \. v; 
 
 m 
 
 ■'^:^s 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 f I'iMri 
 
 
 
 
 
 Js!''i|i|}|l,-'i^ 
 
 rf,:i'ij'l,l|jlli!^i'h 
 
 He 
 
 Bt:' 
 
 fig. 37. 
 
 ExA:.irLE 33, fig. 37, vrhere cc is the nia<s of masonry, resting on the 
 
 mass of beton; d d represents mud ; ee tlie main piles and ' wales,' and 
 
 // the cross-pieces; h represents the clay-puddling between the piles, 
 
 which sorvcs to keep out the water from the interior. For explanation 
 
exgin'eehinc;, and mechaxical drawixg-book. 
 
 llo 
 
 ot" the vat-ious terms here used, see treatise ou Mechanical and Civil Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 Example 34, fig. 3S, is elevation of factory-chimney, of which tlio 
 transverse vertical section is ffiven in 
 
 i 
 
 <S 
 
 fisr. 88. 
 
 fig. 39. 
 
 Example 35, fig. 39. The scale for both figures i; given with fig. 38. 
 H 2 
 
SECTION III 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 Is this department we purpose explaining, by the help of appropriate 
 diagrams, the easiest methods of delineating various portions of machinery. 
 In this, as in the others just treated of, a knowledge of the constructions 
 wliich we have given in Practical Geometri/ will be essential. Tiio pre- 
 liminary lessons also of the department of this work on Architectural 
 Drawing will be of use in enabluig the pupil readily to master the lessons 
 we now place before him. 
 
 Example 1, fig. 1. represents a ' bolt,' cb, with the solid head e' d, and 
 movable 'nut,* (/'^. Tliis is used for strongly fastening various portions 
 of machinery together. For examples of the method of 
 using this, see our work on Mechanics and Mechtnism in 
 this Series. To draw the figure now given : — Suppose the 
 copy to be without the centre-line ; bisect e e' in the point 
 a, draw a />'. On the paper on the drawing-board draw 
 two lines e' e', a l> at right angles to each other ; with ae' 
 from the copy measure from the point of intersection of 
 the above lines on the l>oard a to e' e' ; from a measure 
 to h ; from b with distance a e moasiu-e to dd ; join d e', 
 // e'. I'rom a measure to c and // ; from these points 
 with a e' measure to (j' g, //'//; join ;/ y', </(/. From b 
 measure to h h ; parallel to (/ />' from h, h draw lines 
 meeting ^r'y. 
 
 ExAMi'LK 2, fig. 2. Bisect the line b' b' of the copy in 
 the point a', and draw a'b. On the paper on the board 
 draw two lines corresponding to these, intersecting at 
 the point a'* From a' measure to //, //, from a' measure 
 to c ; with a' b' from this point measure toff; draw a line parallel to // // 
 through e ; join/' 6',///. From a or r measure tor/, and through this 
 draw a line parallel to ////. From c measure to g,rf : join y' // bv perpen- 
 
 * To avoid repetition, tiio pupil is requested to obserye that, in all the lessons, the 
 centre-lines drawn on the various diai^rams must be drawn on the paper on the board, it 
 beinj^ understood that where a cojiy is presented him in this book, or elsewhere, without 
 •■entre-lines being Riven on it, that these should be adopted and drawn in faint lines, so 
 that data may be obtained from which to take mcasurevnents. By dint of practice the 
 facility for copying without these will be attained, or, at least, they will be sparingly re- 
 •luired". As the pupil proceeds, he will the more readily decide as to the quickest method of 
 iiadiug datum points from which to take measurements. 
 
 P" 
 
 1 eL, 
 
 li;;-. 1. 
 
BNOINEKIUNG AND MECIIA Nl< A 1, i)i; A WIXG-COOK. 
 
 117 
 
 dicular lilies to // y on the line ,/■/. From k' measure to e; draw a line 
 through this parallel to <( !>• ; from e measure to e' e ; from d measure to It h 
 
 on the liney'// ; join he', he'. Where we 
 use the terms ' measure from' — as measure 
 from a' to h — we mean, in all instances, that 
 the measurement a h is to be taken from the 
 copy and transferred to the paper on the 
 board, from the point thereon corresponding 
 Y to the point a in the copy. Again, when 
 I ^ Ave say ' measure from a to h',' we wish the 
 * pupil to take the measurement a' U from the 
 copy, transferring it to the line on the paper 
 corresponding to the line 1/ a' />' in the copy, from the point on the paper 
 corresponding to the point o' in the copy. Hence the pupil will observe 
 the use of datum-lines — as a' h, U a' h' — from which to take the measure- 
 ments from the copy ; these to be transferred to the paper on the board on 
 which the fac-simile is to be constructed. As a means of enabling the 
 pupil readily to decide on datum-points from which to take measurements, 
 we explain another method of copying the last figure. Draw any line 
 //«' Z/', assume any point on it, and draw there a line at right angles to 
 U a' h'. The intersection of these lines will represent the point U in the 
 diagram just given. From h' measure to/ in the copy, and transfer it from 
 // to the lino whicli is at right angles to V a h' asto/",- from /draw a line 
 ])arallel to // a l>. From U measure to h', or from / to/'' ; join hf. '\ he 
 ])art y f,f^>' will thus be put in : the part up to if d [f may thus be put in 
 without the use of a centre-line. I'he part to e can be quickest put in by 
 using one ; however, it may be done as follows : — Measure from d to h : 
 from h draw a line to m, at right angles to (f d(J ; with de or ad measure 
 to e, and draw through this a line e' e parallel to a' />'. From m measure 
 to e', and from e' to e ; join h e', h e. In the following diagram the use of 
 the circle is shown. 
 
 Example 3, fig. 3. Draw any two lines on the board corresponding to 
 a e, <j' fi .'/ in the copy. From <j measure to l>, c, and (7 ; from g measure to 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 b' 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 -'( 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 n 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 9' 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 fl' (J', and from h to h' l> ; join f/' ;/ to // b' by lines at right angles to (/'(/'. 
 From c measure to c' c' ; join h' c, h' c'. From d, with d a' as radius, de- 
 scribe a semicircle do' a' ; by lines parallel to c h join n' a' with the line C c. 
 Example 4, fig. 4. Draw on the board two lines corresponding to ah, 
 hh in the copy. From the point of intersection c measure to a b, and h h : 
 through 'I h parallel to h h draw lines h' h', h' i ; through h h parallel to <( h 
 
118 
 
 ILLUSTRATED Ar.CIIITECTrnAI , 
 
 draw lines meeting tlioso in tlio points /*'/(', hi. From c with cr/ p"t in 
 the circle ; from c measure to c, e. From these points, with e e as radius, 
 describe the circles, and also the interior ones, as ef. 
 
 Example o, fig. 5. Draw on the board, lines a h, r r at right angles, in- 
 tersecting at e, corresponding to those in the copy. From e measure to u 
 
 o' 
 
 a' 
 
 \ 
 
 -r 
 
 
 a' 
 
 
 
 o' 
 
 \ 
 
 Ol 
 
 fiff. c. 
 
 and h ; from these points draw lines parallel to c c, from n h measure to 
 h y, e e. From e measure to c c : join c e, c V, c e', c V . The radius of the 
 circle in the centre is eg. 
 
 ExAMiLE 6, fig. G. Draw lines corresponding to h d c, hh in the copy. 
 From (/ measure to </ ; put in from <J as a centre, the circles d' d' and 
 e e'. From // measure to It, h, and parallel to A d from these <,lraw lines 
 touching the circle, d' d'. From // measure to </' and// from these points 
 measure to o' o' : through o o draw lines parallel to h h and to A d. 
 
 ExAMi'LE 7, fig. 7, represents a set of what are termed ' speed pulleys' 
 {^ee Mechanics and Mechnmm). Draw any two lines corresponding Xoa h, 
 
 cj' g. From c measure to (/, through this draw a line parallel to g (f ; mea- 
 sure from c and d to //', g. Bisect the distance d c in (/' ; from d' as a 
 centre, with (/' g as radius, describe the arcs joining the lines through g g , 
 g g. In like manner, measure from c to e and/": the points/', c' will be 
 the centres of the arcs joining tlie lines drawn tlirough e and/. 
 
EXGIXEEKIXG, AND MECHAXICAL DRAWIXG-HOOK. 
 
 119 
 
 Example 8. fig. 8, represents a projecting 'snug,' by wliieh two parts 
 may be joined by means of a bolt secured by a nut, passed tlirougli lioles 
 
 bored in each. Draw the line 
 I ah, and another at right angles 
 
 to it. From a measure to b, 
 and put in the various hori- 
 zontal lines and the base; from 
 b measure to c, and parallel to 
 a h dra\v a line from this point. 
 From c measure to d ; from d 
 'io- 8- as centre with radius d c de- 
 
 scribe the curve. From /measure to e ; a line drawn from this, parallel 
 to a h, gives the end-line. The centre g (as also d) is found by trial on 
 the copy, and tlie points transferred to corresponding parts on the board. 
 The line dc represents one method of transferring them. 
 
 Example 9, fig. 9, represents a side view of a 'pulley,' or 'drum,' 
 showing the arms and centre. Draw any two lines corresponding to ah. 
 
 -m 
 
 fis. 9. 
 
 fi-. 10. 
 
 c d. From 7 as centre, witli r/ b as radius, describe the circle, and also the 
 interior circle [/' r/ ,- from .'/ with r/h put in the small circle representing the 
 diameter of the centre or eye of the wheel. From the lines 1, 1 with 
 distance 1, 2 lay off on either side of all the centre-lines of the arms ; next, 
 from the points where the interior circle cuts these lines at the points//,//', 
 lay off on each side equal to half the thickness of the end of the arm as it 
 joins the inside of wheel. Join the points thus obtained with those pre- 
 viously obtained on the centre of the wheel, as 2, 2. 
 
 Example 10, fig. 10, represents the plan of a circular cylinder or re- 
 ceptacle, the small circles showing the position of the circular heads of the 
 bolts used for attaching the cover to the main body of the receptacle. 
 The method of finding the centres of the small circles is as follows : Draw 
 any two lines a e, b d ; from the point of intersection as centre, with radius 
 a b, a <; describe circles ; bisect the distance between these, as b r, in the 
 point/. From a ns centre, with f'/as radius, describe a circle fed : the 
 centres of the small circles will be found on this lino. Find tlie position 
 
120 
 
 n.Ll"f>TKATKI) AKIIIITECTURAL, 
 
 of any two of the circles, as/'e or e il : transfer these points to the board. In 
 the copy, the centres of four of the circles will be found where the 
 diameters e a, b d cut the circle drawn through /'</. Count the number of 
 circles between /"and e, or eaudd ; divide the circular line passing through 
 /, and between e and /or e and (f, into as many equal parts as will give 
 as many centres as there are circles in the co])y : these points will be the 
 centres of the circles. 
 
 Example 11, fig. 11, represents the plan of a small thumb-wheel at- 
 tached to the head of a screw-bolt, by which it may be easily moved by 
 means of the finger and thumb. From a with a h describe a circle, draw 
 the diameter d h ; divide the semicircle '/ // into four equal parts in the 
 points <?/; from a draw lines through e f; and continue these to cut the other 
 semicircle. From a measure to n, the centre of the circles forming the 
 ends. With 'i n describe a circle : the points on the radial lines, as n, 
 
 fi- II. 
 
 tifC. 13. 
 
 fig. 12. 
 
 where this intersects them, are the centres of the circles which terminate 
 each radial arm. From (t desciibe the small circle a c ; from the points 
 where tiiis intersects the radial lines, as c, lay ofi' on each side of these the 
 distance <o ; join the points thus obtained on the circle o ro with the ex- 
 tremities of the circular ends. Another way of joining the radial arms to 
 the centre or eye may be understood by inspection of the diagram in fig. 
 12, where « 6are the centres of the circles, part of which joins the arm with 
 the centre. 
 
 Example 12, fig. 13. Draw any two lines corresponding to <( i/, d d in 
 the copy ; from the point of intersection c measure to the points h, </ : 
 through these draw lines parallel to d d. From h, ;/ measure to m m, h h : 
 joinm/i; put in, in like manner, the internal parallelogram Z i /i. From 
 the i)oint '■, with radius c e , c o', and <■ a, describe tlie circles as in the copy, 
 meeting the line mm. 
 
ENGINKKUIXG, ANU MECIIAXICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 121 
 
 ExAMrLE 13, fig. 14, represents plan of part of a ' valve-plate' From 
 any centre a describe a circle c l>, and one within this, as « r ; continue 
 tliis last all round, the part from m to p being afterwards rubbed out when 
 
 the drawing is finished and 
 inked in. From n with f d put 
 in part of a circle e<l e. From 
 d measure to e, e, and through 
 these draw lines to the points, 
 as f/, on each side of the line/. 
 On each side of the line a h mea- 
 sure to p and m, also from n to 
 ; join m o. Put in the circles 
 at n and h : join tiiem as in the 
 drawing. 
 
 Example 1-4, rig. 1-5, repre- 
 sents the plan of a ' lever.' 
 Describe the circle a h, draw 
 through a the diameter !> n d : 
 from a measure to c ; put in the 
 circle c d. Bisect n c in e, and 
 through this draw a line at right 
 In the copy take the points/ (where ef intersects the 
 curve), h and ^ (where the curve hf/ touches or joins to the circles de- 
 scribed from c and d). By means of these points (see the problem in the 
 work on Practical Geometry, to find the centre of a curve, three points in 
 that curve being given), the centre ra will be found. 
 
 Example 15, fig. 16, represents the method generally employed of con- 
 structing the central part of a " spur-wheel." The circles '■, /' and m are 
 
 14. 
 
 angles to '/ (/, as//. 
 
 :3^-- 
 
 fig. Id 
 
 described from the centre d ; the circle in is divided into as many equal 
 parts as there are arms in the wheel, any central point of these, as m, 
 being adopted as the datum-point from which to take the measurements. 
 The space between any two of these arras, as a l>, is bisected, and a line, 
 
122 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AKCIlITECTUnAL, 
 
 as (//', drawn. By measuring from/ to (?, .7, the centres of the curves at 
 e and g Avill be ol)tainL'd ; the centre of the curve a l> is also on the line '//. 
 ExAMi'i,i: 16, fig. 17, rei)resents the plan of a pulley with curved arms. 
 The method of describing these is explained in 
 
 fig. 17. 
 
 fig. 18. 
 
 Example 17, fig. 18. The first operation necessary to be done is to 
 find in the copy fig-. 17, the centres of the circles forming the curves : 
 these must be found by trial. Next draw two lines at right angles, as in 
 fig. 18, intersecting in the point <t corresponding with the centre c, fig. 17. 
 From a describe circles representing the rim and the eye of the wheel in 
 last figure. From c, in fig. 17,. measure to the centre h, from which the 
 curve fHs described, and from fl, fig. 18, a circle ao: on this line the 
 other centres, as e, fig. 17, will be found. In like manner, from the centre 
 c, fig. 17, measure to a, from which the curve a s is described, and from 
 a, fig. 18, describe the circle <j li. On this will be found the second set of 
 centres. From d measure to h, from h to n, from n to f, and from / to // ; 
 these are the various centres. Or the curves next the eye may be drawn 
 in first, and the curves with radius <:( s be described, to meet these from the 
 circle // h. In this example the arms are of uniform breadth ; where they 
 get gradually less from the centre or eye of tlie jniUey outwards, the 
 method of describing them may be learned from 
 
 Example 18, fig. 10. The points from Avhich the curves are drawn 
 must be found, and corresponding points tran.-<forred to the paper, as in 
 last example. Two circles, as <f, 0, will tlrus 
 be obtained, in which tlic centres of the various 
 curves will be foimd. Put in the circle repre- 
 senting the eye of the pulley, and draw a dia- 
 meter a h ; draw a line in the copy correspond- 
 ing to this, and measure from h to the ]>oint 
 representing the centre of the circle from which 
 the curve c c is drawn, as d ; transfer this to 
 the copy, and from d with d c draw the curve 
 c c ; from c measure iof, thus giving the breadth 
 of arm at eye ; from /, with the radius of the 
 curvey taken from the copy, cut the circle in 
 o ; from this point with same radius describe 
 tiie curve///. The various points denoting tlie centres of the curves are 
 given in the circles, the points e e being those where the curves join the 
 central circle or eye of the pulley. 
 
EXGIXEERIXO, AND MECHAXICAL DUAWIXG-ROOK. 
 
 123 
 
 ExAMPLF. 19, fig. 20, represents the bottom part of foot of a cast-iron 
 fi-amino-. Draw a line c J : from c measure to a and h ; through these 
 
 fig. 21. 
 
 draw lines perpendicular to c d ; with a c from a describe the curve c o. 
 Erom 6 measure to e. Find the centre of the curve joining o e, at /. 
 Find by any of the methods already described the point in ; join m d by 
 the curve. 
 
 Example 20, fig. 21, represents part of the frame-work forming the 
 support for the bearings c in which vertical spindles revolve. Draw a h, 
 ad ; measure from a to d and c ; draw c e at right angles to a d. From e 
 measure to /, and from / draw to g parallel to a h ; from a measure to h 
 and m. The centre of the curve joining /m will be found at g on the line 
 fg. The method of filling-in the drawing is shown by the other half. 
 
 r-fis. 22. 
 
124 
 
 ILLCSTRATKD AlK'HITKrTri: A L, 
 
 ExA:\iii,r. 21, fig. 22, represents the outline of side elevation of frjuning. 
 Draw the line a f>, and at right angles to it 2' d ; measure from 2' to a' 'i', 
 and to 3'. Through these points draw lines d d, «'c', a' c ; join the points 
 c', d by the part of tlie circle, as in the diagram. From 2' measure to f, 
 and draw the line tf t : from / measure to t, t ; from these points draw 
 lines parallel to 2V/. From 
 t measure tow ,• draw nn, 
 and from ??,?«', with radius 
 n 7t',tlescril)e curves meet- 
 ing, as in the drawing. 
 From/ measure to/, and 
 drawA//i ; from h, h with 
 radius /t A describe curves 
 meeting in g on the line 
 V V. The curves 5, C and 
 3 are described from the 
 centres n, n, and 4-, G from 
 centre /t on the left hand 
 side of // The lines 
 mm, are joined by 
 curves described from 
 the centre 3, which 
 centre is found by de- 
 scribing arcs from the 
 points m, o with any 
 radius greater than half 
 m 0, and joining the in- 
 tersection of these arcs 
 by a line as in the copy. 
 
 ExAMi'i.K 22, fig. 23, 
 is another outline rei)re- 
 senting the side elevation 
 of framing. The curve 
 h is described from the 
 centre /on the centre- 
 line hf; the centre-lines 
 of the other parts are at 
 m, e, d, and c. 
 
 ExAMi'i.K 23, fig. 24, 
 is another form of fram- 
 ing. The centre of the 
 curve n, joining the lines 
 from m, m, is at /*, on 
 the centre-line o h : the 
 centres d, d are on the 
 line drawn through <• to 
 h b, parallel to 7n m ; the . 
 centre of the circle e is 
 aty. 
 
 fig. 24 
 
r.XGIXEEniN'O, AND MECHANICAL DUAWING-COOK. 
 
 125 
 
 Example 24, iig, 25, represents the front elevation of a ' cross head ' 
 and ' side levers.' The centre-lines are a <f, e h, v v. The plan is shown 
 
 fig. 25. 
 
 below, the lines of which are obtained by continuing those of the upper 
 
 figure, as in the drawing. 
 
 Example 25, fig. 26, represents 
 the front elevation of the cover for 
 a gas retort. The centre of the 
 parts b, c, and d is at a on the line 
 d e ; the centre of the curve joining- 
 op at w, on the line nm. 
 
 Example 26, fig. 27, represents 
 the ' transverse vertical section ' of 
 a boiler a h, and its brick ' setting.' 
 From a with a h describe the circle 
 a h : from a measure to c ; draw c (/, 
 and from d, d e. From d measure 
 to '/, from which point a line drawn 
 parallel to cd marks the point /' 
 where the curve fo' terminates at 
 the boiler. The point n' is the centre 
 of the curve fo' ; transfer this part 
 from /to n', and describe o'f. From 
 a measure to the lines o s, n in, and 
 draw lines through these parallel to 
 
 <• d ; measure from d to r and g. The centre of the curve o' h is at s, and 
 
 that of the curve h r at m. 
 
 ExA.AiPLE 27, fig. 28, represents an 'angular-threaded screw.' To copy 
 
 it, proceed as follows : Measure from a to (/, and from d to e, 1, 2, 3, &c. 
 
126 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AUCHITECTURAL, 
 
 These are the points through which the centre-lines of each thread arc 
 drawn. From a measure to f, and draw fij ; and from a to b and f, and 
 
 fi.'. 28. 
 
 draw h n. From /'on the line />/" measure to g, and from b to n ; through 
 d draw 11 d g, and parallel to this, through e, 1, 2, 3, &;c., draw lines. Next, 
 from d measure on each side of d g, equal to half the breadth of each 
 thread, to n. These lines terminate at the perpendicular b n : join the 
 angles as in the drawing. 
 
 Example 28, fig. 29, represents a ' square-threaded screw.' From e 
 measure to (/ ; a b, b c, c d, represent the thickness of each thread and the 
 
 fig. 20. 
 
 distance between tliem ; the line from g is the line of the inside of the 
 screw, the line /'the outside line of the threads. The last example shows 
 the method of copying this. 
 
 ExAMi-LE !iD, fig. 30, represents a 'helix' of wire, ad being centre- 
 line, (^ e being half the thickness of the coil, the lines from c, b intersecting 
 
EXGIHEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DnAWING-BOOK. 
 
 121 
 
 tli030 tlrawu parallel to d, giving the centre of the circles forming the ter- 
 mination of coils. 
 
 Example 30, tig. 31, represents another form of screw. 
 
 fi.?. 33. 
 
 tig. 32. 
 
 Example 31, fig. 32, represents the Archimedean, or endless ^screw ; 
 and another form is given in 
 
 Example 32, tig. 33, where a h is the central shaft round which the 
 helix or thread e e is coiled, according to a determined pitch. 
 
 Example 33, fig. 34, shows the method of drawing-in the teeth of 
 wheels. Let ex he the diameter of wheel from centre to outside of teeth. 
 
 The circle, of which part is shown, and of which ch \% the radius, is termed 
 the ' pitch-cu'cle or line.' It is on this line that the number of teeth are 
 marked oif. Having ascertained the diameter of pitch-line, the depth of 
 teeth, and the number of them, divide the pitch-circle into as many equal 
 parts as there are to be teeth in the "wheel, and proceed as follows : Let 
 a, hj 4, 5, (fcc, be the divisions on the pitch-circle representing the centres 
 
128 
 
 ILI.LSTHATED AUCIUTECTL ilA I., 
 
 of te t'th ; divide tlie distances between them into two equal parts, as at d. 
 From (I as a centre, with d I) on both sides of tlie point d, describe arcs of 
 circles us /V>, joining the pitch-circle and the outer circle, giving the ter- 
 mination of the teeth as the circle x 1. Proceed in this way till all the 
 arcs are made to join the circle x 1, 2'7. The bottom of the teeth are 
 formed by radial lines drawn as from ce to the centre r, as in the diagram. 
 The forms of teeth are various (see treatise on Mechanics in this series). 
 For the method of describing different curves, and of setting out teeth of 
 wheels and ])inions, see treatise on Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 
 The method of drawing the side elevations of toothed wheels may be seen in 
 ExAMi'LK 34, fig. '63. The small dotted circles show another method of 
 describins: the form of teetli. The manner of delineating bevil-wheels 
 
 
 fig. 35. 
 
 \t'or tlie nature and operation of these see treatise on ISIechanics in this 
 series, at pp. ol, ;32), may be gathered from the two following figures. 
 
 ExAMi'LK 35, fig. 36. Let n b represent the centre-line of the wheel, c d 
 the line of its greatest diameter or ' pitch-line,' /"the line giving termination 
 of teeth, d m being the breadth of the teeth. The teeth on the part be- 
 tween cr, d m converge to the point h ; those between k d, <■ n to the point 
 <f, on the line <f A//, efl>. It is foreign to the purpose of this work to go 
 into the subject of the teeth of wheels, belonging, as it does, to a strictly 
 teclinical department ; we cordially recommend, however, to the pupil anxious 
 to study this interesting and important department, Buchanan's work on 
 Mills and ]\IUI (iearin;/, edited by Sir John Reunie, and ])ublished by 
 Weale of Holborn ; and the Enijineers' <ind JJ(((hinists' AsslsUoit, bj" 
 Blackie of London and Glasgow. Botli of these works, although somewhat 
 high-priced, abound in valuable information. We may possibly, at some 
 future time, publish a companion to tliis treatise, which may serve as a 
 guide or introduction to the sciences of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 
 To proceed, however, with our explanation. The method of copying the 
 teeth of bevil-whecls may be seen in 
 
 ExAMri.E 30, fig. 37, where ah is the centre-line of wheel, eg the pitch- 
 line, c /( the line terminating the teeth on the back part of the wheel e ;/. 
 
ENGiyEERIN'O, AND MECHANICAL Dr.AWIXG-COOK. 
 
 120 
 
 The line x x gives the teniiination of the inside of the teeth, elf that of the 
 outside ; the lines //o, [/faro projected towards points on the line a b, cor- 
 
 <- 
 
 • 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 V' - - - - 
 
 N 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ \^ 
 
 
 p»-_ -. ,--' 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 - __ - . ,,--'^ 
 
 ->•« 
 
 
 respondintr to a h in fig". 36. The distances between the teeth are set off 
 on theline f A to m, h, p, s, i, &c. ; lines are drawn from these to the 
 point on the line a l>, to which og converges ; these lines are produced to 
 meet the line c <i in the points 1,^2, 3, 4, o, &c. From these points, lines, 
 as 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, !J, are di-awn to the point on the line a h, to which r/ r con- 
 verges ; these lines are terminated by the line df. From the points 
 A, s', V, &c., lines are drawn to the same point on a h, as 5, 9, &c., these 
 beino- terminated bv the line x x ; the points 6, 7, 9, &c., are then joined 
 to these, as 6 r, 2 f j &c. The pupil should put in the whole of the wheel, 
 of which only half is here given. 
 I 
 
130 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Mechanical drawings are reduced or enlarged quickest by means of 
 Avhat are termed * proportional compasses.' If these are not available, 
 ' scales' should be drawn from the different figures. Thus, to reduce the 
 drawino: in 
 
 ■fi 
 
 Example 37, fig. 38, of which . .« g o 
 the scale is given in fig. 39. Sup- *"" '''' ' 
 pose the drawing is to be re- 
 duced one-half, a scale half fig, 39 is to be made, as in fig. 40 ; and as 
 
 each measurement is taken in^ i^^— _, , , ; , =.=^,...^ .. — ij,, 
 
 the compasses from fig. 38, it ^^ '' ' ^ ^ ^~ ^ « •' <-' •'* 
 must be a])plied to the scale in 
 
 tig. 3y. 
 
 lig. 40. 
 
 fig. 39. Suppose this distance is found to be 6 feet, then the distance of 
 (> feet must be taken from the scale of fig. 40 ; and the line thus obtained 
 jiiust be drawn in a situation corresjionding to that in fig. 38. The result 
 will^ be a reduced copy, one-half of the size, as shown in 
 
 ExAMi'T,E 38, fig. 41. To reduce by means of the proportional com- 
 passes : Having previously set them at the desired mark on the scale 
 attached to each instrument, according to any proportioji as desired, all 
 that is necessary to be done is to take any measurement with one end ; the 
 distance corresjionding to this, reduced or enlarged, is given in the other 
 «id3. This being transferred to paper, the desired distance is obtained at 
 
EXGIXEEKINU, AND JIECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 131 
 
 once. To reduce by means of the ordinary compasses, without the use oi 
 a scale as just described in figs. 38-41, is a matter requiring greater time, 
 and accuracy of adjustment of the compasses is indispensable. Suppose 
 a h, fig. 41, to be the points representing the intersection of the centre-lines 
 
 liff. 41. 
 
 fis?42. 
 
 of the parts A, b -with the base-line a h, and that a line corresponding* to the 
 centre-line from a was drawn on paper, and that half the distance a h iix 
 the copy was to be transferred to the paper, half of (/ h would have to be 
 found in the first place on the copy and transferred. By proceeding thus, 
 a copy of fig. 41, but only half its size, would be obtained. The en- 
 largement of figures is exactly the convei'se of what we have described in 
 figs. 38-41. 
 
 Example 39, fig. 42, is a drawing which is reduced iialf in 
 
 Example 40, fig. 43. 
 
 M 
 
 fig. 45. 
 
 Mechanical drawings are delineated in three w^ays; as 'plan,' shown in 
 
 Example 41, fig. 44, which represents the 'plan' of a pulley or solid 
 drum. In ' elevation,' as in 
 
 Example 42, fig. 45, which is the elevation of fig. 44. Elevations may 
 be ' front/ ' back,' ' end,' or ' side.' In ' section,' as in 
 
 Example 43, fig. 46, which is a transverse vertical section of figs. 44 
 and 45. The same letters of reference denote the same parts in these 
 three sketches. Sections may be divided into ' transverse' and * lono-i- 
 tudinal,' these being either vertical or horizontal. 
 
 In finished outline-drawings, shadow-lines are made use of. Tlie light, 
 in the generality of examples, is supposed to come from the top and left- 
 hand side of the drawing, thus throwing the right hand and under lines 
 i2 
 
132 
 
 TLMSTRATEI) ARCHITECTrKAI., 
 
 in shadow. Tliese are therefore made darker in inking-in the drawing, 
 us oxeiiipliticd in 
 
 ExA:*iii.t: 44, tig. 47, which is the outhne drawing of 'front elevation of 
 high-pressure steam-engine,' the phin of sole-plate of which is given in 
 
 lig. 47. 
 
EXGIXEERIXG, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 Example io, tig. 48. 
 
 133 
 
 fig. -18. 
 
 We now proceed, as a conclusion to this department, to give a few 
 examples to serve as copies to the student, in copying which he will find 
 his operations much facilitated if he has paid full attention to the pre- 
 liminary lessons. The copies given in perspective are set out by the rule 
 given in the section on ' Perspective' in the Illustrated Dnadnj-Booky 
 to which we refer the reader. 
 
 fiff. 49. 
 
134 
 
 ILLUSTltATED AUfHITECTrnAL, 
 
 Example 40, fig. 49, is a transverse vertical section of Nasmyth's steam 
 ventilating-fan. 
 
 ExAMri,K 47, fig. oO, is a longitudinal vertical section of an aerated 
 Avater-machine. 
 
 fig. f'O. 
 
 Example 48, fig. 51, is a longitudinal and transverse vertical section of 
 A smoke-burning furnace. 
 
 (i-. :,i. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DItAWING-IJOOK. 
 
 13.; 
 
 Example 49, fig. 52, is 'side elevation and * end elevation' of Eoberts' 
 Alpha clock. 
 
 fijr. 52. 
 
 Example oO, fig. 53, represents a side-elevation of a corn-mill, with 
 section (vertical) through the grinding-plates. 
 
 Example 51, fig. 54, is a perspective view of another form of portable 
 corn -mill. 
 
136 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 lig. oL 
 
ENGINEERIXG, AND MECH.INICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 137 
 
 Example o2, fig. 55, is a transverse vertical section of the ' i^atent 
 •conical flour-mUl/ of which the perspective view is given in 
 
 fiir. 55. 
 
138 
 
 ILLUSTIJATED ARCIIITKCTURAL, 
 
 Example 53, fig. 56. 
 
EXGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 131f 
 
 Example 54, fig. 57, is front elevation of a fixed higli-prcsbure steau- 
 engine. 
 
140 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example oo, fig. 58, is a perspective sketch of a firc-cngiue. 
 
EXGIXEEIUNG, AND MECIIAXICAL DKAWIXG-noOK. 
 
 Example 50, fi-. GO, is a side ekn-iition of a 'diic-punj).' 
 
 141 
 
 lig. b'J. 
 
142 
 
 ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL, 
 
 Example 51, fig. 60, is a perspective sketch of a ' drug-griuding- 
 niaeliiiie.' 
 
 lie-. GO. 
 
ENGINEERING, AND MECHANICAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 143 
 
 Ex.viiPLE 58, fig. 61, is the side elevation of an 'American wood- 
 iburnins: locomotive.' 
 
 fis. CI 
 
144 ILLUSTRATED AnCIIITECTURAL DRAWING-BOOK. 
 
 In the various examples we have given, the pupil will perceive the 
 method in Avhich the various parts are shaded in order to represent round 
 parts, flat, and so on. Mechanical outline-drawings may be shaded by 
 means of lines, as in the examples Ave have given, thus imitating the 
 manner in which engravers give the desired shade. When this is care- 
 fully executed in tine ink lines, regularly drawn, the drawing has a fine 
 effect when finished, accurately presenting the appearance of roundness in 
 some j)ortions, and flatness in others, according as the subject requires. 
 When this method is considered too tedious, the shades may be put in 
 with Indian ink and a camel-hair brush, the a]>pearance of roundness 
 being imparted b}' first putting in a part of uniform depth in tint, and 
 washing the outside line of this with a brush moistened in pure Avater, 
 until tlie colour gradually blends into the tint of the surrountling paper. 
 The depth of tint towards th« outside part should be gradually got up to 
 the desired point by repeated operations, the colour used being of a light 
 shade. The addition of a little blue imparts a softness to the Indian ink, 
 Avhich is agreeable to the eye. Cast-iron surfaces are represented by a 
 bluish-gray tint, malleable iron by a light blue ; brass 
 surfaces by a livint yellow, brick by a reddish yelloAv, 
 faintly mottled Avith a shade darker of the same colour ;, 
 stones b}'- a faint yelloAv, Avith horizontal streaks of a 
 darker tint; Avood by yelloAv, Avith vertical streaks of a 
 faint black ; water by faint blue, with horizontal streaks 
 or lines of a faint black : these look best Avhen put in 
 carefully with the pen and square, as in the diagram 
 in fig. 62. These are the principal sliades of colours 
 required in mechanical draAvings. The colours generally required are 
 Indian ink, gamboge, Prussian blue, Indian red, lake, and sepia. 
 
 The reader desirous of extending the range of his copies Avill find 
 numerous excellent examples of machinery in the Avork on Mechanics in 
 this scries. 
 
 TUE END. 
 
 
 iijlii^p,j;^.j.j, j,y PEITEK AND GALPIN, n.AYUOVSE TACr, ADJOINING THE " I'lMEs" OrFICE. 
 
ILLUSTRATED EDUCATIONAL WORKS 
 
 PCELISHED BY 
 
 WARD k LOCK, 158, FLEET STREET. 
 
 Third Edition, Revised. 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED DRAWING BOOK. 
 
 Comprising a complete Introduction to Drawing and Perspective ; with Instructions for Etching on 
 Copper or Steel, &c. &c. By Robert Scott Burn. Illustrated with above 300 Subj.ecto for 
 Study in every branch of Art. Demy 8vo, cloth, 2s. 
 
 *** This extremely popular and us«ful " Drawing Book" has been thoroughly revised by the Author, and 
 many new Illustrations are added, thus rendering the Xliird Jb^flition the most perfect liandboolc of 
 Drawing for Schools and Students. 
 
 " This is one of those cheap and useful publications lately issued by AVard and Lock. It is what ir professes 
 to be — an elementary book, in which the rules laid down are simple and few, and the drawings to be coxiied 
 and studied are easily delineated and illustrative of first principles." — Globe. 
 
 " We could point to a work selling for twelve shillings not half so complete, nor containiag half the number 
 of illustrations. Perhaps of all the books for which the public are indebted to Messrs. Ward and Lock. 
 this one will be found most extensively and practically useful. It is the completest thing of the lund vhicli 
 has ever appeared.'' — Taifs ifat/azine. 
 
 " This is a very capital Instruction Book, embodying a complete course of Lessons in Drawing, from the 
 first Elements of Outline Sketching up to the most elaborate rules of the Art." — Bristol Mercury, 
 
 Just ready, Second Edition, Revised bv the Author. 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED ARCHITECTURAL^ ENOINEI-RJilO^ 
 
 AND MECHANICAL DRAWING BOOK. 
 
 By Robert Scott Burx. With 300 Engravings. Demy Svo, cloth, 2s. 
 " This Sooi should be given to every youth, for amusement as well as for instruction." — Taunton Journal. 
 
 Third and Revised Edition. 
 
 MECHANICS AND MECHANISM. 
 
 By Robert Scott Buex. AVith about 250 Illustrations. Demy Svo, cloth, 2:-. 
 
 " One of the best-considered and most judiciously-illustrated elementary treatises on Mechanic.? and 
 Mechanism which we have met with. The illustrations, diagrams, and explanations are skilfully introduced, 
 and happily apposite — numerous and beautifully executed. As a handbook for the instruction of yyutU, it 
 would be difficult to surpass it." — Derby Mercury. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised bv the Author. 
 
 THE STEAM ENGINE : 
 
 ITS HISTORY AND MECHANISM. / 
 
 B6ing Descriptions and Illustrations of the Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Eiigine. B-.- 
 RoBKRT Scott Burn. Demy Svo, 200 pp., cloth, 3s. 
 
 8^* A most perfect compendium of everything appertaining to the Steam Engine. MrjEcRN' treats hi.s svbjcc;' 
 in a thoroughly practical and popular manner, so that he who runs may read, and also understand. ^ 
 
 " Mr. BfRS's History of the Steam Enghie treats an interesting subject in an admirably intelligible nianno -. 
 and is Illustrated by some excellent Diagrams. This is a book for the general reader, and deserves a wide 
 circulation." — Leader. 
 
 ' Third Edition, Revised. 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED PRACTICAL GEOMETKV 
 
 Edited by Robert Scott Burx, Editor of the " Illustrated Drawing Book." Demy 8\ 
 
 " Suited to the youthful mind, and calculated to assist Instructors, filled as it is witli really t 
 
 and Drawings elucidatory of the text." — Globe. ' 
 
 WARD & LOCK, 158, FLEET STEEET; AND ALL BOOKSEL\ 
 
■ WARD AND LOOK'S ILLUSTRATED EDUCATIONAL WORKS, 
 
 SUITABLE FOR SCHOOL PRIZES AND GIFT BOOKS. 
 
 HOMER'S ILIAD. 
 
 Translated into English Verse by Ali£X.vnueu Pope. A New Edition, with Notes, Illustrations, 
 antl Introduction, by the Rev. Thkodore Alois Buckley, M.A. Crown 8vo, two vols., 
 cloth gilt, 7s. 
 
 ^^I* Tliis e'lition of Homek's Iliad contains the classical compositions of Flaxmas, beautifully drawn by 
 J. D. Scott, and engraved in the most careful manner by J. L. Williams. 
 
 " Universally acknowledged to be by far the best and cheapest illustrated edition of ' Homeu's Iliad.' It is 
 admirably adapted for School Prizes." 
 
 " The most notable new edition is Pope's Homkr, with Flaxman's desisrns, and a variety of other illustra- 
 tions; explanatory notes, witli 'parallel passages,' by the editor, Mr. Buckley; and an introduction which | 
 gives a judicious estimate of Pope, and enters sensibly into the iiuestion of whether there ever was such a man i 
 as Homer." — Spectator. 
 
 " We are glad to see the projectors of the 'National Illustrated Library' enriching their series with such 
 books as this. It is very nicely printed; the reduced designs from Flaxman are always graceful, even when [ 
 in their minuteness the expression of the original is occasionally lost; and the editorship is scholarly and i 
 sufticient. On the marvellous cheapness of such volumes at :js. 6d. a piece we need not say a word."— 
 Examiner. 
 
 " It also contains eighty-nine illustrations of the epic action, copied from the celebrated series of designs \ 
 by Flaxman. The moderate price of this book, combined with its great beauty, renders it one of the most 
 interesting productions of the cheap press recently issued in this countiy." — Observer. 
 
 New Edition in the Press. 
 
 HOMER'S ODYSSEY, 
 
 (uniform with the above.) 
 
 With Flaxman's Illustrations, &c. Edited by the Rev. Tueodoke Alois Buckley. Crown 8vo, 
 
 cloth gilt, 38. 6d. 
 
 New Edition, in th3 Press. 
 
 im WALDENSES; THE ISRAEL OF THE ALPS; 
 
 THEIR PERSECDTIOiSIS AND THEIR TPJUlMPilS. From the French of the Rev. 
 Dt. Alexis jNIustox: edited by Willlvjh ILv;«LirT. Illustrated with numerous engravings, 
 crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, .js. 6d. 
 
 " Tlie History of the Vaudois is one of those striking episodes in the history of mankind which cannot be 
 ■written too often, nor studied from too many points of view."— -U/icncBum. 
 
 " The volume is neatly printed, and illustrated with numerous and excellent engravings. Such of our 
 readers as may wisli to po.ssess a good book on this subject ^yUl do well to procure 'The Israel of the Alps.'" — 
 British Quartcrhj Jieview. 
 
 " ' The Israel of the Alps ' is translated from the French by William IIazlitt, and contains a spirited and 
 i -well digested history of tlint persecuted and primitive race of Cln-isti;ins known liy the name of Vallenses, 
 Waldenses, or Vaudois. The illustrations are skilfully executed and strikingly appropriate."— iSri^annia. 
 
 " The volume tran^lnted by Mr. Hazlitt (which is beautifully illustrated) commences with the earliest 
 known histoi-y of the Waldenses, describes the whole of their persecutions, and finally shows their present 
 condition in tliese peaceful times when martyrdoms are repugnant to the spirit of the age. The book will be 
 read with deep interest, and sincere symp.athy and admiration will be felt for a sunple-hearted people who 
 have through successive centuries braved everything in defence of a pure and holy faith."-i7am/on( 
 Mercur y. _ — 
 
 A WOMAN'S JOURNEY ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 i By Madcame Ida PraiFFER. Unabridged, from the Gorman of Ida Pfeiffee. With Twelve 
 " Page Engravings in Colours. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. 
 
 ■ - • ' • most deU-'htful Book of Travels ever written. Madame Pfeiffer is never dull, and the reader is 
 " hurried forward, completely fascinated by her powerful descriptions. 
 
 iii:i,p,,, 158, FLEET STREET; AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
T7AED AND LOCK'S ILLUSTRATED EDUCATIONAL WORKS, 
 
 VISIT TO THE HOLY LAND; EGYPT; AND ITALY. 
 
 By Madame Ida Pfeiffek. Uniform with a " Woman's Journey Round the World," and 
 " Visit to Iceland." Tinted engravings, crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. 
 
 I^S" It is di£5cult to say which is the most attractive of Madame Pfeiffer's books,— they are all so good,— 
 but many will prefer " The Holy Land." 
 
 " To those of our readers who have already perused the former volumes of Madame Pfeiffer's travels, it is 
 unnecessary to recommend this volume. It is distinRuished by the usual characteristics of the authoress, 
 being a faithful description of what she actually saw and passed through, and is, therefore, well deserving 
 perusal." — Hampshire Independent. 
 
 " When Madame Pfeiffek has passed away from this earth whose wonders she has explored with such a 
 grand enthusiasm, her life story will be a noble epic, reflecting honour upon the female mind, and forming a 
 conspicuous chapter in the romance of travel in the nineteenth century. The edition of the book on our table 
 is adorned with nicely tinted engravings, and in every respect it is a companion to the handsome series of 
 this lady's works issued by the same enterprising publishers." — Xottingham Journal. 
 
 VISIT TO ICELAND AND THE SCANDINAVIAN NORTH. 
 
 By Madame Ida Pfeiffek. Companion Volume to " A Woman's Journey Round the World." 
 With Twelve Page Engravings, printed in Colours. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 " The volume is printed uniformly with 'A Woman's Journey Round the World,' and is highly creditable to 
 the translator, the illustrator, and the printer." — Globe. 
 
 " Shrewd, observant, with great powers of generalisation, indomitable courage and perseverance, and, above 
 all, a firm confidence in the ever-present mercies of a protecting Prortdence, Madame Pfeiffek has travelled 
 the temperate, the torrid, and the frigid zones, not only to her own profit, but to the enlargement of the range 
 of human knowledge. The translation before us has been carefully made, and the numerous notes by the 
 editor add much to its value. This edition is further marked by a translation of an ' Essay,' by M. Bergmans, 
 on Icelandic Poetry, and a sketch of Icelandic History. Translations of ' Voluspa,' from the Icelandic, and of 
 ScnrLLEK's ballad, 'The Diver,' aid the completeness of the work." — Motning Advertiser. 
 
 " The translation now offered of this 'Visit to Iceland' will be a great acquisition to the traveller. 
 Several tinted engravings of more than common merit illusti-ate the work, which is further enhanced by the 
 addition of useful explanatory uptes, and an essay on Icelandic poetry, with some sketches of Icelandic 
 history.'' — Globe. 
 
 '• This volume supplies a large amount of interesting and valuable information, respecting a country 
 
 abounding in natural curiosities and exhibiting some of the chief wonders of the creative power of God." 
 
 M'esle i / Ban ner, 
 
 OEMS FROM ENGLISH AND AMERICAN POETS; 
 
 Being Selections from the best Authors of both Countries, with an Introductory Essay. Koyal 
 16mo, cloth, gilt edges, os. ; morocco elegant, gilt edges, 9s. 
 
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 most pare by the compiler, and not copied from other compilitions. It is tastefully done: and is what is called 
 a ' companion' to all lovers of poetry. The selections are chosen ft'om the eider and later masters of song, in 
 almost equal proportions; and we have been struck, in the perusal, at the kindred spirit breaking from the 
 Muse at these two distant periods. Moreover, the rea<ter has every reason to depend upon a taste so pure and 
 delicate as that of the compiler." — London Quarterly liei'ieiD. 
 
 Xew Edition. Just ready. ' 
 NEW FRENCH AND ENGLISH POCKET DICTIONARY. 
 
 BLANC'S NOUVEAU DICTIONNAIBE ANGLAIS-FRANCAIS 
 
 ET FRANCAIS-ANGLAIS. 
 
 984 pp., clear type, roan, - - - 3s. 6d. 
 
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 MAVOR^S ENGLISH SPELLING BOOK. 
 
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 the Reading and Spelling of the English Language. By WiLLiAii MavcJf., LL.D. Numeroua 
 Illustrations. Fcap. 8ro, 160 pp., strongly bound in cloth, Is. 
 
 158, FLEET STEEET; AND ALL BOOKSELLERS.