.tiys-:.; :;■ .■J ■ >■• ■, (Flip i.ll lill iOtbrary Nortli (Earoltna Btutt QloUfo? NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNl'.tRSlTV LIBKARIES S00645216 O iTmh^::> WkR 96 «3 This book must not be taken from the Library building. 2SM JAN 54 FORM 2 fa o fo i < ^ > 73 ^ to 3 Q o o Pi Qi . < < o 3 a: c s >. _) C ci -p a s S c S o j= ■* c cj 5 o a; +J S£ rt Cm THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION STATE OF INDIANA W. A. GUTHRIE, Chairman STANLEY COULTER JOHN W. HOLTZMAN RICHARD M. HOLMAN, Secretary Publication No. 7 Volume I RICHARD LIEBER DIRECTOR OF CONSERVATION I N Dl AN APOL I S: WM. B. BuRFORD, Printer 1 920 LAKE MAXINKUCKEE A PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, A. M., Ph. D. Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences AND HOWARD WALTON CLARK, A. B., A. M. Scientific Assistant U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa VOLUME I PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION STATE OF INDIANA 1920 Foreword The Department of Conservation presents this monograph to the pubHc in the belief that it is a notable addition to the scien- tific works of the present day. It is especially valuable because Maxinkuckee is typical of thousands of lakes in the glaciated re- gions of North America. It will be invaluable to future students because here are authentically reported numerous species and con- ditions which are rapidly disappearing because of the increased use of all available lakes for summer resorts and their destruction by drainage. The actual work of investigation was financed by the U. S. Bu- reau of Fisheries. Although they spent thirteen years of work and much money, when the report was finally complete an insufl^i- cient printing fund prevented publishing. When The Department of Conservation was inaugurated, April 1, 1919, the question of printing the Maxinkuckee report was placed before the Conservation Commission. The great scientific value of the work, the unquestioned authenticity, and the fact that the lake is in Indiana led the Commission to approve of its publication. The illustrations used in this monograph have come from vari- ous sources. The halftones showing Lake Maxinkuckee scenery (except that of Shady Point, which is from a photograph by Mr. Clark) , were supplied by the Culver Military Academy. Most of the text-figures of fishes are chiefly from Jordan and Evermann's "Fishes of North and Middle America" ; the others, as well as the three figures of frogs, were furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The Bureau of Fisheries very kindly supplied elec- tros for all these text-figures. The halftone plates of the large- mouth black bass, small-mouth black bass, rock bass, bluegill, red- eared sunfish and yellow perch, are from photographs of live fishes in the water, taken at Lake Maxinkuckee by A. Radcliffe Dugmore for use in Jordan and Evermann's "American Food and Game Fishes," published by Doubleday, Page & Company. For the col- ored plates of thirty-three species of fishes we are indebted to Dr. Stephen A. Forbes, Director of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. The Conservation Commission wishes to express to these vari- ous gentlemen and institutions its appreciation of the courtesies ^^'^1','t'^ 19890 19858S Lake Ma.rinknckce, Physical and Biological Survey which they have so generously extended. Their kindly co-opera- tion has added materially to the attractiveness and value of this report. To Dr. Evermann, Mr. Clark and their collaborators is due praise and honor for the work. It is truly a scientific classic and without peer in its field. RICHARD LIEBER. Director, The Department of Conservation. April 7, 1920. Contents INTRODUCTION 13 Scope of the Investigations 15 Acknowledgments 18 Special localities often referred to in various chapters of th - report. 19 PHYSICAL FEATURES 22 Location 22 Elevation above sea-level 22 Size, form, etc 23 Character of surrounding country 23 Soil 24 Tributary streams 27 Culver Creek 27 Aubeenaubee Creek 27 Norris Inlet 28 Overmyer's Brook 28 Flowing wells 28-35 Shore and beach 35 The ice-beach 39 HYDROGRAPHY 40 Depth 40 Topography of lake bottom 42 The Deep Hole 42 The Sugarloaf 42 The Weedpatch 42 The Kettlehole 43 The lake bottom 45 Soils 45 Sand 45 Gravel 45 Boulders 46 Marl 46 The lake level 49 Stage of water 49 Volume of outflow 53 The Outlet 54 Lost Lake 55 Outlet Creek " 56 METEOROLOGY 57 Introduction 57 Sky 58 Air 60 Pressure 60 Temperatures 62-135 (7) 8 Lake Max'uikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey METEOROLOGY— Continued Page Winds 1^^ liitrodiiftioii ^''" CharacttM- 1^^ Rain. ^"^j Frost 1^^ Snow 145 Introiluction 1*^ Depth 147 Direct ion 148 Form 148 Relation to lake 149 Fo.. 150 Dkw ■152 Watkk Tempek.vtures 152 At surface of laki- 152-194 At various depths 195-214 The turninfi over of the hike 214 Condition ok tiik water 216 Clearness 216 Chemical coiulit ion 218 Deficient in Oxygen for only a brief period each year 221 Ice 223 Introduction 223 { )n Lake Maxinkuckee 226 On Lost Lake 232 Thickness 233 Bl( )L( )(;Y 236 Inthoduction ■ 236 The Fishes 238 Introduction 238 Methods of collecting 239 Conditions favorable to fish-life 260 Fish and fish protection 263 Angling 264 The long cane pole 266 Trolling 267 Bait-casting 267 Baits and lures 268 Lake Maxinkuckee as an angling resort 271 Ice-fishing 275 Fishes planted in Lake Maxinkuckee 278 Mortality among fishes 281 Commercial fishing 282 Observance of fishing laws 282 MuiRATIONS and SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF THE FISHES 284 From one depth to another 284 From Lake Maxinkuckee to Lost Lake 287 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 9 BIOLOGY— Continued Page Food and Parasites of the fishes 291 Introduction 291 Species studied 293 Insect larvae 302 Leeches 304 Annotated list of species 306 The Mammals 452 Introduction 452 List of species 453 The Birds 481 Introduction 481 List of species 486 The Reptiles 580 The snakes 580 List of species 581 The turtles 591 List of species 592 The Amphibians 620 List of species 620 List of Illustrations HALFTONE PLATES Page 1 Large-mouth Black Bass Frontispiece 23 Calico Bass 383 23 Rock Bass 383 24a Warmouth Bass 392 25 Bluegill 398 25 Red-eared Sunfish 398 27 and 28 Small-mouth Black Bass 410, 412 32 Yellow Perch 426 COLORED PLATES Facing page 2 Dogfish 318 3 Yellow Bullhead 324 4 Speckled Bullhead 324 5 Tadpole Cat 332 5 Grass Pike 332 6 Common Sucker 334 7 Hog-sucker 336 8 Chub Sucker 338 9 Stone Roller 340 10, 11 and 12 Carp . 342 13 Golden Shiner 348 14 Cayuga Minnow 350 14 Straw-colored ^Minnow 350 16 Common Shiner 358 16 Blackfin 358 17 Mud Minnow 366 17 Grayback Minnow 366 18 Brook Stickleback 376 18 Skipjack 376 19 Fundulus dispar 372 20 White Crappie 380 21 Black Crappie 382 22 Rock Bass 388 24 Green Simfish 394 26 Bluegill •*02 (11) 12 Lake Maxiukv.ckef, Physical and Biological Survey Facing page •29 Largi'-nu.uth Black Bass 416 30 Wall-eyed Pike. 422 31 Yellow Perch . 424 33 Log Perch 430 33 Black-sided Darter 430 34 CJreen-sided Darter 436 34 Johnny Darter 436 34 Iowa i)arter 436 35 Short-nosed Gar . ^16 35 Brook Lamprey. ^^^ 3(5 K<'d-nioiith Buffalo ^30 TEXT FIGURES Page Paddlefish 309 Short-nosed Gar 316 Black Bullhead 330 Common Buffalo-Fish 333 Blunt-nosed ^Minnow 344 Common Chub 346 \'ariable-toothed Minnow 350 Sijot-tailed Minnow 354 Silver-fin ^Minnow 356 ( 'averii-jawed Minnow 360 Black-nosed Dace 361 River Chub 363 Common Eel 365 Common Pike 370 Long-eared Sunfish 395 Pumpkinseed Simfish 406 ' Maxinkuckec Darter • 426 .Vubeenaubee Darter 445 Rainbow Darter 448 Least Darter 450 Spring Frog '. 632 Green Frog 642 Bullfrog 644 Map of Lake Maxinkuckee In back of book LAKE MAXINKUCKEE A Physical and Biological Survey By Barton Warren Evermann, A. M., Ph. D., Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, and Howard Walton Clark, B. S., A. M., Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Introduction Though the United States Fish Commission (now the Bureau of Fisheries) was organized in 1871, it was not until 1888 that any definite attempt was made to study either the biological or physical characters of any of the streams and lakes of the United States. In that year and the two or three years following, a beginning was made toward working out the distribution of the species of fishes in the streams of certain regions, and some little attention was given to the larger crustaceans and to water tem- peratures. Beginning with 1891, one or more field parties from the Division of Scientific Inquiry of the Commission have been in the field, usually for a brief period each summer. These par- ties usually gathered data for each stream examined, upon the following points : character of country through which the stream flows ; the volume of water which it carries ; general character of the water as to clearness and purity, and its temperature; the fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, reptiles, batrachians and other ani- mals inhabiting the stream or found about it, and the abundance, distribution and habits of each ; also, the species of aquatic plants, their distribution, abundance, and relation to the fishes of the same waters. The primary and immediate objects of these investigations were to determine what fishes each stream already contains and whether the conditions, physical and biological, are favorable for the introduction of other species. Since 1890 inves- tigations of this kind have been carried on in a number of States, among which may be mentioned California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, Florida, Tennessee, New York, (13) mfem imAxr 'f- ^- State Collegg 14 Lake Maxiy^knckee, Physical and Biological Survey Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and perhaps others. As many of these investigations were made in response to resolutions of Congress calHng upon the Commission to determine the desirabil- ity of establishing fish-cultural stations in certain States, it can be seen that a wide area had to be covered and that the investi- gations were necessarily hurried and incomplete except for the specific purpose in view. Occasionally, however, it was possible to confine the season's investigations for a longer period to a lim- ited area, and more thorough work resulted ; as, for example, upon the Redfish Lakes in Idaho in 1895 and 1896, the Connecticut Lakes in 1904, and the Rangeley Lakes and Sebago Lake in Maine in 1905-1913. The need of exact knowledge of the physical and biological conditions obtaining in the various types of lakes and streams became increasingly evident. In the direct interest of fish cul- ture, there was great need of more complete knowledge of the habits not only of our most common food fishes, but also of the animals and plants associated with them, and of the physical and biological conditions under which they thrive. Not until 1899, however, was any such work undertaken under really favorable conditions. It was in that year decided to select a small lake and make such a study of it as might serve as a model for the investigation of all similar lakes. There are, in the upper Mississippi Valley, particularly in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa, many thousand lakes of glacial origin. With scarcely an exception, these lakes teem with food and game fishes of the finest quality, besides many other species of greater or less importance. Many of these lakes are inhabited also by a large number of species of turtles, batrachians, mollusks and crustaceans, some of which are already used for food or otherwise utilized by man. They are the home also of many other species of aquatic animals and many species of aquatic plants which are known to serve an important purpose in the economy of the lakes in their relation to food fishes, and of still many other species whose status we do not yet know. The value of exact knowledge concerning this type of lake and the inhabitants thereof is appreciated by all biologists and fish- culturists and can scarcely be overestimated. In making selection of a particular lake for study along these lines it was important that the lake chosen should meet certain essential conditions. It must not be too large; it must be suffi- ciently compact to enable any or all parts to be reached readily from a central station ; there should be no inlets or connecting Lake Maxinkuckec, Physical and Biological Survey 15 waters of a size great enoug-h to complicate the problems ; in other words, the conditions should be bunched and the environmental unit should be a fairly homogeneous one ; furthermore, the lake should be one where there are fishing and angling interests and which would afford a field for fish-cultural studies and operations. Lake Maxinkuckee, in northern Indiana, was believed to meet all these conditions. It was assumed to be typical of the class of small glacial lakes. It was selected for study primarily because of these facts. Its accessibility and the fact that the field expenses there would be exceptionally small were also factors in determin- mg the selection. Scope of investigations: — In planning the investigations to be made, it was desirable to make them as comprehensive as pos- sible, that the report, when published, would be really a mono- graph of the lake. Among the more important purposes to be considered were the following: 1. To gain a fairly good understanding of the physical and biological conditions obtaining in a typical glacial lake. Accurate knowledge of one lake of a type enables a study of other lakes of that type to be made more readily and easily. 2. To study carefully and fully the habits of as many species of animals and plants of the lake as time permitted. This field is practically inexhaustible and the opportunities infinite. The writers know of no place where one can study more problems of interest to fish-culture and general biology than at Lake Maxin- kuckee. This is because of the unusual abundance of aquatic animals and plants in that lake. There are now known from Lake Maxinkuckee 64 species of fishes, 9 species of turtles, 18 species of batrachians, about a dozen species of crustaceans, more than 130 species of mollosks, and more than 100 species of aquatic plants. Each of these groups is represented by a greater number of species than is known from any other lake of similar or even considerably greater size in the world; and most of the species are each very abundant as to individuals. 3. To study carefully the physical and biological conditions under which the more important of these species thrive. In short, Lake Maxinkuckee was utilized as a biological station where scores of interesting problems were studied and where many more problems can be studied more eff'ectively than at any other lake with which the writers are acquainted. In the spring of 1899 the senior author submitted to the Hon- orable George M. Bowers, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, a memorandum setting forth reasons why an 2—17618 16 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey investigation of this kind should be made in the interest of fish culture and the biology of freshwater fishes. Mr. Bowers approved the recommendation and ordered the investigation to be entered upon in the summer following. The actual study of Lake Maxinkuckee by the U. S. Fish Com- mission was begun in 1899. On July 5 of that year a station was established at the Duenweg cottage (known now as Shady Point) on the west side of the lake at the base of Long Point and in front of the Arlington flag station of the Vandalia Railroad. The party consisted of the following: Dr. Barton Warren Ever- mann of the U. S. Fish Commission, in charge ; Dr. Josiah T. Scovell, teacher of biology, Terre Haute, Ind., high school, botany; Thomas Large, teacher of science, Evansville, Ind., high school, hydrography; Chancey Juday, teacher of biology, Evansville, Ind., high school, plankton ; and T. Bronte Evermann, student Cornell University, general assistant. During a portion of the season, H. Walton Clark of Fort Wayne, Ind., and Harry Warren of Evans- ville, Ind., were present as volunteer assistants. The field work of 1899 was carried on from July 5 to Sep- tember 5, though certain lines were continued until October 18, and during the time from then until July, 1900, temperature and various other meteorological observations, as well as notes on the appearance and behavior of the water birds, fishes, etc., were recorded by S. S. Chadwick, then resident on Long Point. On July 1, 1900, the work was resumed by a regular field party consisting of the following: Dr. Evermann, in charge; Dr. Scovell, botany and general assistant; Leonard Young, teacher of biology, Evansville, Ind., high school, plankton ; Wm. F. Hill, U. S. Fish Commission, surveyor ; T. Bronte Evermann, assistant to surveyor and draughtsman ; Millard Knowlton of Sims, Ind., general assist- ant ; Robert G. Gillum, professor of physics and chemistry, Indiana State Normal School, physics and chemistry; H. Walton Clark, botany. Regular investigations along a number of lines were car- ried on until about the middle of September. Dr. Evermann re- mained at the lake until December 12, and Mr. Clark continued the investigations continuously through the entire winter of 1900-1901 and to July 11, 1901. In 1902. Dr. Evermann was again at the lake from June 19 to July 4, and again in 1904 most of the time from October 22 to November 11. Mr. Clark was there in 1904 from October 17 to November 29 and again from December 1 to January 5 following, and Dr. Scovell from November 28 to 26. In 1906, Mr. Clark carried on observations from July 19 to November 25, and Dr. C. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 17 B. Wilson of Westfield, Mass., studied the parasites of the fishes of the lake during the summer. In 1907, Dr. Evermann was again at the lake from August 3 to 8 and from September 7 to November 6, and Mr. Clark from September 12 to November 6. In 1908, Mr. Clark was at the lake from August 19 to Sep- tember 11, Dr. Wilson from August 19 to September 7, Donald Earll of Washington, D. C, from August 19 to September 4, and Dr. Evermann from September 6 to 10. In 1909, Mr. Clark and Dr. Wilson carried on work from July 21 to 28, on August 1 and 2, and from August 31 to September 13. In 1910, Dr. Evermann was at the lake September 27 to 29, and October 1, 2 and 6 ; and from October 31 to November 4 in 1912. In 1913, Dr. Evermann was at the lake from September 2 to October 20, and Mr. Clark from September 9 to November 9. In addition to the observations made by the above named in- vestigators, a great many observations were made and recorded by Mr. Chadwick, particularly in the winters from 1898 to 1914. It will be observed from the foregoing that more or less field work was done in each month, but that most of it was done in the summer and fall months. The longest continuous period of obser- vation was that from June 19, 1900, to July 11, 1901. The longest continuous period by any one observer was that covered by Mr. Clark from August 27, 1900, to July 11, 1901. During the winter of 1900-1901, Mr. Clark spent the entire time alone at the lake devoting all his time to field observations. Practically the only other winter observations we have are those communicated to us by Mr. Chadwick. Perhaps the most satisfactory records are those for the fall months, September and October, as those months have been cov- ered, in part at least, in more different years. The spring records are most incomplete and unsatisfactory, practically the only obser- vations foi" those months being those made by Mr. Clark in 1901. It is much to be regretted that a more thorough study of the lake could not have been made in those important months. While our studies of the lake have been quite unevenly dis- tributed throughout the year, while many observations have not been verified as often as might be desired, and while many phases of lake study have barely been touched, and others not at all, nevertheless, it is hoped that the studies have added materially to our knowledge and understanding of the physics and biology of small glacial lakes, such as are found so abundantly in the upper Mississippi Valley states. 18 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey It is regretted that the publication of this report has been so long delayed. Much of it was written in the winter of 1901-1902, but before it could be completed other duties so engrossed the attention of the senior author as to render its completion at that time impossible. This, however, has not been wholly without com- pensating advantages, in that opportunity occurred from time to time to revisit the lake and make new observations, verify former ones, or to study phases previously neglected. As a result, it is now possible to write on some of the problems more fully and with greater confidence, and to make the report somewhat more com- prehensive. It also enables us to omit certain discussions and conclusions which later observations failed fully to support. There still remains a multitude of problems which should receive further study and which the writers would like very much to consider, but they feel the report should not be longer delayed. Even so, they feel that more is probably known of Lake Maxin- kuckee, particularly of its biology, than of any other lake in the world. It may be thought by some that the scope of the report is too broad, that subjects are included which do not bear any relation to fish-culture. Such is not the case. There is probably not a species of animal or plant in or about the lake that does not bear some relation, more or less important, to the fish-life of the lake. The truth of this impresses itself more and more evidently upon one as he becomes more and more fully acquainted with the rela- tions and inter-relations of the multitude of species of animals and plants in and about the lake, and their dependence and inter- dependence among and upon each other. The field naturalist is constantly observing facts and phenomena, climatic and biologic, which impress upon him the great principle of the dependence of the varied forms of organic life upon climatic conditions and of the inter-dependence of the various species among themselves and upon each other. One who has never made any special study of these problems in the field may find it difficult to discover the rela- tions or to appreciate their significance. That is to be expected. Some of the relations and the significance of others may not always be evident even to him who has given them consideration ; but he feels that all available facts are worth recording and that the rela- tions and the meaning thereof will in time appear. Acknowledgments: — To mention the names of all those from whom the writers have received assistance in their study of Lake Maxinkuckee would be impossible. Nearly every cottager about the lake, and scores of the anglers who visit the lake from time Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 19 to time, have extended courtesies in various ways, such as giving: information regarding their anghng experiences at the lake, per- mitting their catch to be measured and weighed, and furnishing fish to be examined for a study of their food or parasites. Similar favors have been shown by a number of persons who come to the lake in the fall to hunt ducks. We are under special obligation to Mr. S. S. Chadwick, formerly of Long Point, Lake Maxinkuckee, now of Ithaca, Mich., Mr. George E. Farrington and other officials of the Vandalia Railroad, and Captain Eisenhard of the Culver Military Academy, for assistance of various kinds. To the Lake Maxinkuckee Association, particularly to its some- time secretary, Mr. W. T. Wilson of Logansport, we are indebted for courtesies of many kinds. Mention should be made also of the late Colonel A. F. Fleet, for many years Commandant of the Cul- ver Military Academy; Colonel L. R. Gignilliat, the present Com- mandant of that flourishing institution ; of Mr. Brownell of Peru ; Mr. Clement Vonnegut of Indianapolis; and Mr. J. H. Vajen of Indianapolis ; also of Judge A. C. Capron and Colonel Daniel Mc- Donald of Plymouth. All these gentlemen rendered us real service for which we desire to express grateful appreciation. To Mr. Chadwick we are indebted for the air and water tem- perature records from October 18, 1899, to June, 1900, and for other briefer periods, also for a vast amount of useful informa- tion regarding the fishes, birds and mammals, and regarding weather conditions. Mr. Chadwick's long and intimate acquaint- ance with the lake, keen powers of observation, and skill as hunter and fisherman, enabled him to supply us with much valuable data which could have been secured from no other source. To Mr. Farrington we are indebted for material assistance in enabling the Bureau to keep the lake stocked with bass and wall- eyed pike. To these gentlemen and to all others who co-operated so effect- ively with us in our work we take this opportunity to express, not only for ourselves but for the Bureau of Fisheries, grateful appreciation. Special Localities often referred to in Various Chapters OF this Report In the chapters which follow frequent references are made to various particular localities or places about the lake. In order that these references may be readily understood, the locations of the places referred to are here definitely described : 20 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Arlington Hotel: — On the west side of the lake at the base of the east side of Long Point, and within a few yards of the Arlington railroad station. Assembly grounds: — On the west side of the lake about 1,000 to 2,000 feet north of the Outlet. These grounds are across the railroad from the lake and are high and sparsely wooded. Bardsley cottage: — On the northeast shore of Lost Lake in the west of Green's woods. Known also as Sunset cottage. Birch sivarnp: — On west side of railroad near Walley's, about a mile south of Arlington. Chadwick house: — Near the end of Long Point on the west side of the lake. Cidver Academy grounds: — On the north side of the lake near the east side, fronting on the west part of Aubeenaubee Bay. Cidver Creek: — Entering the lake at Aubeenaubee Bay in the east part of the Academy grounds. Belong: — On Tippecanoe River, 3 miles south of Lake Maxin- kuckee. Drained lake: — About 2^ miles west of the Outlet. Edivards' hoathouse: — On the east side, at the mouth of Au- beenaubee Creek. Farrar's tvoods: — A heavy forest of many acres along the south end of the lake from Murray's east to the neighborhood of Over- myer's brook. This wood consists chiefly of oaks, hickories, elms, willows, poplars, sassafi-as, and dense underbrush. It is fully de- scribed elsewhere. Fish Commission station: — The Shady Point (formerly the Duenweg) cottage on the west side of the lake in front of the Arl- ington railroad station and adjacent to the Arlington hotel. (See plate 34.) Gravelpit: — Just west of the railroad on the west side of the lake, 600 to 1,800 feet south of the Arlington station. Green hoathouse: — On the lake shore at the west edge of the Norris Inlet marsh — the large marsh at the head of the lake. Green's marsh: — Sometimes called Green's flat, a tract of about 11 acres of low, marshy ground, on the west side' of Long Point, between it and the railroad and just south of Outlet Bay. This marsh is covered with a rich growth of blue-joint grass (Calama- grostis canadensis), sedges (Carex), a large clump of button- bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) , low willows (Salix bebbiana) , and a little Cornus. During times of high water this marsh be- comes flooded so that a boat can be rowed about over it. In dry weather it can be walked over. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 21 Green's ivoods: — Between Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake. Hawk's marsh: — At the southwest bordei- of the town of Cul- ver, or just west of the Assembly grounds. The marsh comprises 3 or 4 acres. It is a sphagnum bog with a dense thicket of poison sumac, mountain holly, winter holly, chokeberry, and the like. In the middle of the marsh is a small pond around which are cran- berries, pitcher plants, high bush huckleberries, leather leaf, marsh rosemary, cotton grass, etc. Ice-houses: — On the west side of the lake at Outlet Bay and north of the Outlet about 500 feet. Indiana hoathonse: — On the east side about half a mile north of the Maxinkuckee road. Indiaympolis pier: — On the east side about 2500 feet south of the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek. Jenks' cottage: — East side of Long Point near the McSheehy cottage. Lakevieiv Hotel: — On the north shore of the lake about 1,000 feet east of the Culver railroad station. Lapaz Junction, 18 miles north of Culver. McOiiat cottage: — On east side of lake north of the Indianapolis pier. McSheehy cottage: — East side of Long Point near the tip. Murray's: — A small farm bordering the southwest part of the lake, south of the Gravelpit. Nor) is pier: — At the southeast corner of the lake about 1,200 feet from Norris Inlet. Outlet: — At the base of the north side of Long Point. It is crossed at its beginning by a concrete bridge on the public high- way and also by the Vandalia Railroad a few feet further down. Sometimes referred to as the Thoroughfare. Outlet marsh: — The low, marshy ground along the Outlet be- tween the railroad bridge and the upper end of Lost Lake. This marsh is mostly under water and is covered with a rank growth of bluejoint grass, sedges and cattails. It is a favorite resort for bitterns, rails, long-billed marsh wrens, and red-winged blackbirds. Outlet stream: — The stream connecting Lost Lake with the Tippecanoe River; sometimes called Outlet Creek. Overmyer's ivoods: — On the south shore of the lake between Farrar's woods and Norris Inlet. This has the same general char- acter as Farrar's woods, except that much of it is on higher ground in which there is a good deal of clay. Palmer house: — On the north shore just west of the Academy grounds. 22 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Scovell cottage: — On the east side of Long Point. Shady Point: — In front of the Arlington station and adjacent to the Arhngton hotel grounds. This was formerly known as the Duenweg cottage and was occupied by the U. S. Fish Commission party in 1899-1901. (See plate 34.) Tamarack sivamp: — About two miles west of the Assembly grounds. Thoroughfare: — The Outlet or stream connecting the two lakes. Va Jen's cottage: — On northeast side of lake, Walley's woods: — Just west of the railroad and bordering Out- let Creek, about a mile southwest of the lake. Walter Knapp cottage: — East side of Long Point just north of the Scovell cottage. Win field's cottage: — On the west side of the lake north of the Outlet. PHYSICAL FEATURES Location: — Lake Maxinkuckee is situated in about 41° 12' north latitude, and 86° 24' west longitude, in northern Indiana, on the Terre Haute and Logansport Railroad (Vandalia Line). It is 34 miles south of South Bend, Indiana, 94 miles southeast of Chicago, 32 miles north of Logansport, 121 miles north of Indianapolis and 149 miles north of Terre Haute. It is easily reached by the Penn- sylvania Line fromi any of the places above mentioned. It lies wholly in Union Township in the southwest corner of Marshall County ; the distance westward to the Starke County line being 2.25 miles, and to the Fulton County line on the south, but 1 mile. The Vandalia Railroad runs north and south along the west shore of the lake. Near the north end of the west side of the lake is the town of Culver, with a population of about 1,500, which is the principal railroad station for Lake Maxinkuckee. One mile south from Culver is a flag station called Arlington. On the east side of the lake, and about a half mile back from it, is the little village of Maxinkuckee with a population of about 100. Near the middle of the north shore are the buildings and grounds of the Culver Military Academy, a flourishing institution. Elevation above sea-level: — The surface of the lake at the aver- age stage of water, is 734.5 feet above sea-level of the Gulf of Mexico at Biloxi, Miss., 150 feet above Lake Michigan, and 130 feet below the summit of the divide between Lake Michigan and the Wabash drainage. It is 15 feet above Tippecanoe River 4 miles south, into which it drains, and 75 feet above English Lake 20 miles west. The lake itself, therefore, is situated on a south and west slope. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 23 Size, form, etc.: — Lake Maxinkuckee lies in a north and south direction and its greatest length is 2.6 miles. The maximum width from east to west is 1.6 miles. The lake covers parts of sections 15, 16, 21, 28, 32, and 34 north, range 1 east of the second prin- cipal meridian, and has a total area of 1,854 acres. The average length of the shore line is 7.3 miles. The distance around the lake by the road which goes around it at some distance from the shore, is about 12 miles. The form of the lake, as may be seen from the map, is quite regular. The major axis lies in an approximately north and south direction, but about one-quarter east of the middle of the lake. The longest line from east to west is about the same distance north of the middle of the lake. In the north half of the lake the east and west shore lines are approximately parallel, but in the south half they converge considerably, and that part of the lake is much narrower than the north half. There are not many bays or indentations of importance. At the northeast corner of the lake is Aubeenaubee Bay, the most pronounced of any. On the east the shore-line sweeps eastward in a long regular curve, making a long but narrow bay. At the south end, as already stated, the lake narrows greatly, producing a considerable bay extending somewhat toward the southeast. Near the middle of the west side is a point of land known as Long Point, projecting into the lake toward the northeast. This is the most pronounced and conspicuous irregularity in the shore-line of the lake. The north line of Long Point runs approximately east and west and at the Outlet the shore-line turns to the northward again, resulting in a considerable indentation known as Outlet Bay. Character of the s^ir rounding country: — The country surround- ing Lake Maxinkuckee lies wholly in the glacial region of Indiana. The lake is near the southwestern angle of the Saginaw Moraine, and deep borings in the adjacent soil indicate that at its greatest depth it does not reach the bottom of the drift. The topographic features are somewhat varied, as shown on the accompanying map. There are numerous small hills with gentle slopes, and among them are a good many kettle-holes, some of considerable depth, and with more or less water during wet seasons, while others are less deep and fairly dry. While the surface irregularities are con- siderable, they are, as a rule, not abrupt. The highest land any- where about the lake is a hill just east of the village of Maxin- kuckee about one-half mile from the lake. Its elevation above the surface of the lake is 136 feet. 24 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Soil: — It is desirable to give some consideration to the char- acter of the various kinds of soils of the region about the lake; for the soil determines in some measure many of the physical and biological factors which influence the lake more or less directly, such as the topography of the country, the flora, fauna, clearness and purity of the water, and the lake bed. The Lake Maxinkuckee region is highly favored in that it con- tains many kinds of soils, which the glaciers brought down and deposited about the lake. Speaking broadly, it may be said that the soil about Lake Maxinkuckee is composed chiefly of sand. There are a few isolated areas of clay, usually of small extent, and even they usually have a considerable proportion of sand mixed with the clay. The west and south sides of the lake are more sandy than the east and north. Long Point is a high sand ridge underlain with gravel, and is continued out into the lake a considerable distance beyond the shore in a long sandbar in shal- low water. In somie places, at the southeast corner of the lake, there is considerable gravel and clay mixed with the sand, and at a few places on the north and east sides, and one place at the southwest corner, there are a good many boulders of moderate size. There are only six places about the lake where there is any marsh; two of these are on the north end, two on the south, and one each on the east and west. The west one of those on the north is in the vicinity of the Morris boathouse and is of small extent, the other is on Aubeenaubee Bay at the northeast corner of the lake. This is of. considerable extent, but the western part of it has been filled in by the improvements at the Culver Academy grounds. The marshy tract on the east side lies about the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek and extends eastward to near the head of that creek. At the southeast corner of the lake is the largest and lowest area of marsh ; this lies along Norris Inlet, and several acres are entirely too marshy to permit walking over. Near the middle of the south end is another small area of low ground which at times is under water. The remaining patch of marsh is on the south of Outlet Bay and west of Long Point. This is known as Green's marsh and is in the shape of a narrow strip on the north- west side of Long Point, widening to the westward and covering several acres just south of the Outlet. The soils of the catchment basin of Lake Maxinkuckee have been classified by the United States Bureau of Soils^ as Miami 1 Soil Survey of Marshall County, Indiana, by Frank Bennett and Charles W. Ely, Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1904, pp. 689-706, with map. Lake Maxlnkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey zo gravelly sandy loam, Marshall sandy loam, Miami sand, Miami clay loam, and muck. The first of these, as described by Bennett and Ely, is usually a light or dark brown sandy loam, containing a high percentage of gravel and, frequently, small glacial boulders. The subsoil is a gravelly or sandy clay w^ith numerous small stones scattered through it. This is the type of soil found bordering lakes or old lake basins as a chain of rounded knolls or hills, which are gen- erally composed of stratified and unstratified sands, clays and gravels. There is a large area of this soil, the largest in the county according to Bennett and Ely, on the east side of Lake Maxln- kuckee. It borders the lake from the mouth of Culver Inlet on the north to the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek near the middle of the east side, and extends east and southeast from the lake about IV2 miles or to the head of Aubeenaubee Creek. The Marshall sandy loam borders the lake from the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek south to Norris Inlet, thence across the south end and up the west side to Arlington station. There is also a small area between the mouth of Culver Inlet and the Academy grounds. This type of soil usually presents a rolling topography and generally occurs in irregular ridges composed of rounded knolls. The soil in the intervening depressions is a heavy black sandy loam. On the rounded knolls the soil is often quite gravelly. Granite boulders often occur scattered over the knolls and ridges. The entire north end of the lake and all of the west side south to beyond the Gravelpit is Miami sand. A narrow tongue of the same runs southward along the lake shore to the extreme southern end. The town of Culver and the entire region for some distance to the northwest is of this character. The surface to a depth of about 9 inches is a slightly loamy grayish or yellowish sand of medium texture, while the subsoil is a yellow or orange- colored sand of about the same texture. In the depressions the soil is more loamy, much darker, and extends to a greater depth. The Miami sand presents a very rolling topography and much of it resembles sand dunes in form and appearance. In all prob- ability a large portion was formerly old sand dunes on which plants obtained a foothold and checked the action of the wind. Some of it is even now shifted about by the winds. This soil has been, and still is, a more important factor than any other in deter- mining the character of the lake. Miami clay loam is found near the lake in only one place, namely, in a narrow ridge across the south end of the lake and 26 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey some rods back from it. This is a yellowish white loam, almost white when dry, but dark gray when damp, composed of about equal parts of sand and silt. There is usually some gravel scat- tered through this soil or left on the surface by erosion. Muck is found only in a few places about the lake and in lim- ited areas along the creeks. The largest area is that about the lower course of Norris Inlet. The low ground along the Outlet between Outlet Bay and Lost Lake (including Green's marsh), a narrow strip on either side of the creek below Lost Lake, and a similar narrow strip along the lower part of Aubeenaubee Creek, are of muck. There is also a small amount about the mouth of Culver Lilet, and west of the lake about a mile is a large area. This soil usually represents deposits of partly decayed organic matter, and occurs in low, wet places, commonly known as "marshes". The muck is usually several feet deep and is black or brovvmish-black in color. It has much to do in determining the character of the water and the vegetation of the parts of the lake where it occurs. The relation of the soils of the country surrounding the lake to the lake itself is an intimate one. In the first place the kind and amount of soluble salts in the soil will determine the mineral character of the water. In certain places there appears to be con- siderable iron in the soil. This is particularly noticeable at the Gravelpit where large masses of post-glacial conglomerate are found resulting from the cementing of pebbles together. There is a smaller area of similar material on the east side. There is also some lime in the soil and no doubt much is leached out and carried into the water of the lake from which it is again removed by the various mollusks, and by certain plants. The water of the springs and flowing wells also contains considerable iron and lime. Erosion: — Not a great amount of eroding is now going on about the lake. Although heavy and frequent rains occur, the soil is sufficiently sandy to take up most of the water readily and the run off is not great. Most of the abrupt slopes are still covered fairly well with vegetation. A few hills or ridges, especially along roadsides, are rather deeply grooved and channeled, but the eroded material is largely deposited before reaching the lake. The fall in the inlets is so slight that comparatively little detritus reaches the lake and the deltas and sandbars formed at their mouths are insignificant. The largest delta is at the mouth of Overmyer's Creek at the south end of the lake where a hilly region, chiefly of Miami clay loam, near the lake, has long been cleared and is most eroded. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 27 Trihutary streams: — Lake Maxinkuckee is a body of watei- in which the physical and biological conditions are bunched ; the lake is only of moderate size and regular in form ; its catchment basin is quite limited, it being hardly more than three times as large as the area of the lake itself, and there are no important connect- ing streams or other waters which complicate the conditions. The streams flowing into the lake are few in number and inconsider- able in size. There are only three deserving any special descrip- tion; these are known as Culver Creek, Aubeenaubee Creek, and Norris Inlet. Culver Creek: — This creek enters Aubeenaubee Bay at the northeast comer of the lake. It rises in a small marsh about 2 miles from the lake, and pursues a winding course in a general southwesterly direction, entering the lake in the eastern part of the Culver Military Academy grounds. Just before entering the Academy grounds, this creek turns abruptly to the west, and, after flowing a few rods in that direction, turns southward to enter the lake. At the first bend mentioned, the stream, on August 21, 1900, was about 4 feet wide, and with a maximum depth of three feet, though the average depth was not more than two feet. From this point it increases in width and depth through the Academy grounds where the banks have been improved by sodding. Much marsh gas comes up when the bottom is disturbed. There is everywhere an abundance of aquatic vegetation, chiefly Philotria canadensis, Ceratophylhini demerstim and Potamogeton. An effort is made by the Academy authorities to keep the lower portion of this creek free of vegetation by dredging it out with rakes (as explained elsewhere). Aiiheenauhee Creek, named for the Pottawattomie chief who at one time owned the land on the east side of the lake, rises in a small marsh some two miles east of the lake. This creek flows through a low level meadow or prairie region. It averages about four feet wide and from a few inches to a foot in depth with occasional deeper holes. The bed in the upper part of its course is usually of fairly compact sand with some admixture of muck, and its banks are sodded and rather firm. In the lower portion of its course, the shores are more marshy, the banks less stable, and the bed has an increasingly larger percentage of muck. Throughout most of its length this creek is overhung by bushes and briars and is full of sticks and brush. It enters the lake at the Edwards boathouse near the middle of the east side of the lake, or 31-4 rods south of section line No. 28. 28 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey N orris Inlet has its sources in some small springs southeast of the lake and about two miles distant. It flows in a northwesterly direction and enters the lake through the marsh at the southeast corner. Though this creek does not carry much, if any, more water than either of the others just described, it is usually spoken of as ''the inlet". The upper part of this creek flows through fields and other cleared land, and the banks are usually well defined and sodded. The marsh about the Norris Inlet is about 80 rods wide and 14 mile long, and is a flat, level, quaking bog full of holes. The lower portion of the creek is through a wet marsh with an abundance of marsh-grass and sedges but with scarcely any woody vegetation except a few bushes of Decodon verticillata, scattered low clumps of pussy-willow, and an occasional button bush (Cejjhakinthus). There is but little vegetation in the upper part of this stream, but the lower part is well filled with horn- wort (Ceratophylhini) , milfoil (Myrio'phyllurn verticillatum), spat- terdock (Nymphaea advena), and various species of duckweeds. Overmyer's Brook: — A few rods west from the mouth of Nor- ris Inlet is a small brook about a mile long which usually contains some water. This may be called Overmyer's Brook or Creek. Be- sides this there is a very small brook a few rods long near the south- west corner, another small one coming from the Peebles' flowing well on the northeast part of the lake, and two or three very small streams from flowing wells at the north end. The total volume of water carried into the lake by these vari- ous little streams cannot be conveniently nor accurately deter- mined ; but from observations and experiments made at various times, the total daily flow during July and August, 1900, probably did not exceed 400 gallons per minute. Floiving wells: — There are on the immediate shores of the lake more than 100 wells, of which about 50 are flowing wells, i.e., wells in which the water rises above the surface of the ground without being pumped. With the exception of one or two recently dug along the south shore, these wells are all located on the east and north sides of the lake. Beginning just north of Norris Inlet, flowing wells have been secured at irregular intervals all along the east shore and across the north end, the last one being at the Vandalia Railroad station at Culver. These wells vary greatly in depth ; some are only 27 to 30 feet deep, while others are as much as 138 feet deep. The depths of all were not learned, but the majority seem to be between 50 and 80 feet. In driving these wells it often happened that flowing water could be obtained at a certain depth, and, by going deeper, a stronger flow would Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Stirvey 29 be secured. The deep wells seem to have the strongest flow, though this is not invariably the case; indeed, the "Wise well" at the Maxinkuckee road is said to be 110 feet deep and flows only a trifle over one g-allon per minute, while the Sheerin well on the north side is only 38 feet deep, flows 50 gallons per minute, and is the strongest well about the lake. The flow of the difl'erent wells ranges from three-tenths of a gallon to 50 gallons per minute, and the total flow of all is about 400 gallons per minute. In some the water barely rises to the surface of the ground, while in others it will rise from 10 to 18 feet above. The temperature of the water as it leaves the pipes is usually 52° F., the variation being from 51.5° to 54.5°. This variation is probably due chiefly to the length of pipe on or above ground, and to the difi'erence in rapidity of flow. The coldest of all the flowing wells is the one at the cottage of Mrs. Judge A. R. Heller, on the east side. This well is 103 feet deep, flows 25 gallons per minute, and has a temperature of 51.5°. The warmest is that of Otto Stechhan, also on the east side, flowing only two-thirds of a gallon per minute and with a temperature of 54.5°. The water in several of the pump wells is colder than in any of the flowing wells, the coldest being that at the cottage of Judge John Mitchell on the east side, the depth being 36 feet and the temperature 50.5°. All the wells about the lake were examined August 25 and 26, 1900, and the temperatures and volumes given were obtained on those dates. List of Wells on Shore of Lake Maxinkuckee The following table gives the most important facts about the wells in the vicinity of the shore of the lake. The temperatures were taken with a Queen & Company's protected thermometer, and the volume determined by noting the time required to fill a bucket holding 2.5 gallons. Several tests were usually made at each well for temperature and for volume. The work began at the well of H. R. Norris, at the southeast corner of the lake, and proceeded northward. The temperatures and depths of the pump wells as w^ll as those of the flowing wells, were recorded. The list is as of August, 1919. In order that the table may be useful in various ways we have given a complete list of all the lots on the shore of the lake whether there is thereon a flowing well or not. In column 1, we have numbered the lots consecutively begin- ning with the Vandalia Railroad land at the Culver station and proceeding around the lake on the north side, then south, then west, thence north to the starting point. In column 2, we give the 3) Lake Maxinkuckee , Physical and Biological Survey owner of each lot; in 3, the frontage; in 4, whether there is a cot- tage or not ; in 5, the depth of the well ; in 6, the size of pipe ; in 7, the flow in gallons per minute, if it is a flowing well ; and in 8, the temperature of the water of the well. It is difficult to prepare a table of this kind that will remain accurate very long. Lots are changing hands, new wells are being driven, old wells deepened, pipes changed, etc., etc. It is believed, however, that this list will be found useful and interesting. For much of the data we are under obligations to the Culver Military Academy. No. Owner Front Feet Cottage Well Depth feet Size of pipe, in inches Number of gallons per minute Temperature of water, degrees Fahr. 1 ? Vandalia Railroad Lakeview Hotel Ed. Morris S. P. Sheerin Carrie B. Waldorf Albert F. Schad Fred Thompson Helen Albreeht 2,500 1,000 213 313 100 50 50 50 50 187 No Hotel No 67 65 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 . 1 73 54 53 3 06 50 52 4 Yes., Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 38 65 65 65 65 .53 5 6 8 3.53 7.5 3 Pump Pump 53 q Adolph Herz 52 in Palmer House Hotel 65 63 11 52.5 12 IS L. H Scheurman (^ : i Wm. F. Kuhn and Oscar D. Bohlen. . 65 50 Yes J 60 i65 52.5 52 14 2.5 3.35 Pump 4.41 52 1,5 53 16 Theophilus Gonzelman 45 65 65 65 65 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 52 17 52 18 Culver Military Academy 4,500 40 40 40 3 3 3 3 1 52 1A ''t 64 ''6 E. R. Culver. . . 124 Yes . . ?7 Culver-Bell Yes (2) ''S Laura Culver 245 50 100 110 100 100 no 68 92 214 400 93 70 30 Yes 90 Mary L. Forman George Vonnegut No m Yes 2.5 1.01 54 31 Bernard Vonnegut Clement Vonnegut Yes 52 8? Yes 65 3 2 ' 2 3 52 5 S3 Mueller Inv. Co Maude F.Wolfe Mary Y. and Josephine Robinson Lillian Ketchum Lillian Deming (Brownell) 34 3,T 3fi Yes . . . 37 Yes Bayview Hotel... Yes 65 104 2 2 2 2 2.5 38 J. W. Smith George E. Miller 39 40 M. M.Milliken Yes Yes Yes 107 103 41 Wm. E.Wheeler 8.33 Pump 52.5 4? 53 43 Gideon W. Blane 156 Yes Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 31 No. Owner Front Feet Cottage Well Depth feet Size of pipe, in inches Number ot gallons per minute Temperature of water, degrees Fahr. 44 Anna R Heller 272 173 Yes Yes Yes 103 104 104 2 2 2 25 5.55 1.22 21.43 51.5 52 52.5 52 4^ D. W. and E. Marmon 46 47 48 Elizabeth Marmon 115 410 49 Charles C. Perry Yes 70 105 65 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 ■in H. R. Bliss 6 52.5 51 Elizabeth B. Crawford 190 Yes 5^ John H. Vajen 24.17 .40 1.25 52 53 52 53 Jos. Strong 75 54 L. B. Martin 60 50 55 Worth B. Steele Yes 65 5fi C. R. Green 59 57 Milton Shirk ^208 ^ 96 Yes "Wise well" 70 105 78 27 Spring 98 10.29 1.07 16.67 .3 3.75 24.75 52 53 52 53 53 5 58 Guv T Biglev 5Q fiO Mrs. S. R. A. Rector 61 Rector Yes (2),... Yes Yes 6? Jennie Capron 69 50 50 70 140 'iO 63 Clarence Carson 64 Jacob Cramer 65 Emma Rhodhammel Yes Yes 100 100 110 to 115 100 40 2 2 2 66 67 A B. Gates 1.16 68 Edward Hazeldine 140 Yes 53 69 Mrs. C. Maus Pump Pump Pump Pump 51 5 70 52 5 71 R. T. Daggett 52 79. Dr. Charles Benepe 140 213 71 71 71 71 71 212 110 70 50 356 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 75 100 104 10(j 110 IIG 120 2 2 2 2 2 2 53 73 Charles E. Coffin 74 Francis W. Jones (Dr. Parsons) Jacob V. Stimson 75 76 Eleanor Y Hoard 77 Florence B. Halliday 78 79 Magdelina Favre W. W. Wilson SO Yes 81 Alfred M. Glosbrenner F M. Harwood Yes 120 47.5 130 14 2 83 Yes Yes Pump 53 83 Richard A. Edwards (boathouse) 53 84 Pump 53 85 50 100 58 143 148 86 John Mitchell Yes Yes 36 Pump 50.5 87 Francis A. Helm 88 Harvey Bates Ves 89 Martha L. Wilson T. H. Wilson Yes 9n Pump 52 91 Frank M Rice 50 Yes 92 Pump Pump Pump Pump Pump 52.5 93 Mary J. Snider 101 Yes Yes 48 51.5 94 W. T. Wilson 51 95 96 Mary Judah 107 125 100 100 Yes Yes Yes 48 40 51.5 97 Harrv C Adams Pump Pump Pump 52.2 98 99 Rice and Vaughn Yes 37 52 52 inn Henrv Mordhiirst 52 Yes ini Mrs W E Shedd Pump Pump 51.4 102 L. T. Van Schoiack 30 52 3—17618 32 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey No. Owner Front Feet Cottage Well Depth feet Size of pipe, in inches Number of gallons per minute Temperature of water, degrees Fahr. 103 E. B. McOuat 207 454 100 50 125 120 Yes 104 Lavina Walker No 105 Sidney A. \'aughii Yes infi Mary Van Schoiack No 107 J. D. Ferguson Yes lOS Fred Gompf Yes (3).... 101 J. A. Maxwell Pump 52 110 Walter Twiname 50 100 75 50 Yes 111 Marion Ellsworth Yes 52 5 IP C. D. Snoeberger Yes 113 Anna B. Bramen Yes 114 A. Curtis 40 Pump 52 5 IIS W. F. Christian 100 70 75 Yes llfi Wm. Wallace Yes 117 Pierce and Ward Yes lis M. V. McGilliard Yes Pump Pump 53 11<^ J. M. Dresser 50 200 514 61 78 163 127 65 77 77 Yes Yes (3) . . . . 63.5 53 6 1?0 Mary L. Taylor n\ Lavina Walker No Yes 100 2 ^n Eva Sherman i?3 Richard Irwin Yes Yes 100 2 2 1?4 Otis Hann l?.") Cordelia Edwards Yes 1?6 Marvin T. Loudon No m EfKeCrabb Yes 1?S Chester Edwards Wm. Daggett Yes n^ Pump 66 75 3.57 51 8 130 H. C. Chandler 37 (104) 64 (100) 71.6 2 (2) 1 2 53 4 131 Daniel W. Gardner 90 372 200 143 M mile 1,200 100 548 101 500± 50 50 140 50 50 \4. mile 172 47 100 45 42 50 400 Yes Yes (3) . . . . Yes 52.5 132 Edwin Fulton 52.5 133 Jes?e Hey wood 134 William J. Wood Yes 135 Harvey R . Norris (No) Yes Yes . . (104) 66 2 1.2 53 8 136 Daniel Easterday 137 Adolph Muessel Yes 13S Samuel Medbourn Yes 139 William Rankin Yes 140 John W. Cromley 141 L & H. Faulkner 142 Washington Overmeyer Boathouse . Yes Boathouse . Yes 143 Daniel McDonald 60 60 2 2 144 William Cline 52.8 145 Lewis McDonald . . 146 Ada F. Daugherty (Col. Farrar estate) (John Murray plot:) Ida Walker Pump Pump 51 147 51 148 Ida Rovell Yes 149 David C. Jenkins Yes 150 James E. Hillis 151 Lloyd Rovell.'. Yes 152 Maude Abbott (end of Murray plot). . Catherine Duenweg No 153 Yes 154 James Green (Wm. O'Keefe) . . Yes Pump 155 Bardsley Cottage (Lost Lake) Yes Pump 156 SchrofT (Shadv Point) 160 160 100 Yes Pump Pump Pump 52 157 William H. Holland (Arlington) George W. Barnes No 52 52 158 Yes 52.1 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 33 No. Owner Front Feet Cottage Well Depth feet Size of pipe, in inches Number of gallons per minute Temperature of water, degreesFahr. \m W.C. Routh 50 50 Yes 1 ifin Cordelia C. Shafer (Scovell) Yes ■| ifii Frank C. Murphy (Walter Knapp) 1 16? Jane A. Fisher (Green's plot) 30 50 50 75 25 100 50 50 5b 100 100 37.5 37.5 75 75 80 80 92 83.25 55.5 55.5 55.5 27.75 450 274 191 440 50 1,000 80 140 130 100 100 100 163 Loretta Z. Heilman Yes 1 164 Charles Monninger Yes Yes 50 Pump 52 8 165 Henry Meyer 166 Mary B. Reitemeier Yes 167 Mintie A. Holman Yes. 168 Arthur H. Springer Yes 16"^ Frank B. Murphy (Plank) Yes 170 Fred A. Seeburger Yes... ... 171 John J. Campbell Yes 17? Jacob W. Miller Yes Pump 52 5 173 Otto E. Hornung Yes 174 Webster & Folrath 175 Keller, Florin & Retz Yes 176 Jessie Uhl and Mary Traut Yes 177 Maude C. Goldsmith Yes 17S H.J. McSheehy Yes Pump Pump 52 17P Ivathrvn Duenweg Yes.... 52 isn A. J. Shepherd Yes . . . 181 Weinstein & Dahlen Yes 18? Edward W. Johnson Frances J. Duenweg Yes 183 Yes 184 Jane A. Fisher (Judge Slick) (Chad wick plot:) John H. Himmelberger Yes... . 185 Yes 186 187 Melvin T. Anderson (Chadwick) Isador Hessel (Chadwick) Hotel Yes 29 Pump 54 188 Charles E. Holbrunner Yes i8q C. C. Durr and George Green Maurice Win field . No.... ipn Yes Yes 36 Pump Pump 53 ipi Daniel Wolf 1 51 w> M. R. Cline Yes 1P3 Samuel Medbourn. . Yes 1(14 Helen M. Outland Yes 2 Wi iq6 Ed Morris No 1 There are a few small springs along- the shores, and probably a good many in the bottom of the lake, but how much they con- tribute to the supply of the lake, there is no means of knowing. The water of the springs and wells in several cases contains a considerable amount of iron. In some wells the iron is per- ceptible to the taste and discolors the drain troughs. The water in all contains some lime, the well-water being about three times as hard as that of the lake. In some instances boards exposed to it become coated with lime. In addition to the wells given above, numerous others have been constructed since our observations were made. Weak flowing wells have been obtained at the McDonald cottage between Farrar's and 34 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the south spring. Many of the wells which are not flowing have the water within a few feet of the surface. President W. W. Parsons of the Indiana State Normal School, who has built on the east side since the census of wells was taken, has a flowing well 116 feet deep which remains at 52° the year round ; now owned by Francis W. Jones. The sum total of water entering the lake from the flowing wells actually measured, is, therefore, about 400 gallons a minute, which equals 24,000 gallons an hour or 576,000 gallons, or considerably over a half million gallons, every day of 24 hours. Add to this another 400 gallons per minute from the various tributary creeks and we have a total of 1,152,000 gallons daily. This large amount. The Duenweg- or Shady Point Cottage, useci as headquarters by the investigators in 1899- 1901. The Arlington station seen in the baciiground at the right. added to the unknown amount from under-water springs, must exercise a great influence on both the character and temperature of the lake water the year round. The Outlet: — The outlet or thoroughfare of Lake Maxinkuckee is near the middle of the west side just north of Long Point, through a small stream which, after flowing sluggishly for about 3 rods to the west and south, enters Lost Lake. Just as the Outlet leaves the lake it is crossed by a wagon bridge, and 27 feet west of this the Vandalia Railroad bridge also crosses it. Immediately below the railroad bridge the stream turns southward and con- tinues nearly due south through a somewhat artificial channel for 800 feet, and then through a wet marsh about 1,000 feet to Lost Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 85 Lake into which it gradually widens. The banks are low and the adjacent ground is of soft black muck over which one cannot pass, except in the driest season, without danger of miring. At the lower end the marsh along its edges is continually under water. The bed of the stream at the bridges is artificially 16 feet wide and the water about 18 inches deep in dry weather. There is usually a fairly strong current at the bridges, but below them it is barely perceptible. Shore and Beach: — The shores of Lake Maxinkuckee are in most places several feet above the lake level ; there is very little marsh ground anywhere. The beach is usually of compact sand or fine gravel ; with the exception of a few rods at Norris Inlet and a few yards in 3 or 4 other places, it would be possible to drive a team and wagon entirely around the lake in shallow water without any danger of miring. Beginning at the Outlet and proceeding southward the shore and beach may be described in detail as follows: From the Outlet to the middle of the north side of Long Point the shore is low and continuous with Green's marsh. During extreme high water the public highway is sometimes flooded. Recently the western portion of this section has been materially modified by filling in and is now firmer ground than it was orig- inally. The beach is of fine yellow sand, usually quite firm and free of vegetation. Long Point rises abruptly to a maximum height of 35 feet above the lake. The distal end of this point has recently been cut down considerably but still remains several feet above the lake. The crest of Long Point from near the extreme end to the Arlington station is 20 to 35 feet above the water line. The shore is abrupt and bluff -like. The beach along the east side of Long Point and southward to Arlington is of clean yellow sand with a considerable propor- tion of pebbles and fine gravel just below the water line. Toward the south the gravel becomes rather more evident. From Arlington to the Gravelpit there is a narrow low strip ex- tending back to the railroad west of which the shore rises abruptly to an extreme height of 40 feet, the highest point being at the Gravelpit. Opposite the Kettlehole and just south of the Gravel- pit the high ground again approaches very close to the water's edge, so that we have a quite narrow beach, and the bare beach patches are not sandy, but both shore and bottom are covered by very coarse gravel, the component pebbles of the gravel being about the size of a goose's or hen's e^^. There are also quite large rocks 36 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey of a granitoid nature projecting out on the narrow beach from the base of the hill. From Murray's to Farrar's there is a rather broad and toler- ably bare sandy or gravelly beach, with moderately coarse gravel in the bottom. The shore is low and level, the ice-beach being the highest ground. The next section of about 1,000 feet east of Far- rar's presents a strong contrast to the preceding, the immediate shore being a low marshy woodland with a well-defined ice-beach near the water's edge. The ridge is narrow, 2 or 3 feet high, and practically cuts off a strip which otherwise would be a part of the lake. In some places there is a second, similar ice-ridge paral- lel to the first and some distance back of it. Both of these ice- ridges bear trees of considerable size, some of them 6 inches or more in diameter and 20 feet high. The shore is flat and mucky and full of muskrat holes. It is thickly covered in some places by the three-cornered bulrush (Scivpus americanus). It is too miry to walk on between the water-line and the ice-ridge ; one has to walk on the ridge in places. Following this flat shore is a stretch of 110 feet of fine sandy beach, where a hill comes down to the shore. This is in line with a public road, and is used for a boat-landing. There is a broad beach of fine yellow sand, and a gravelly shelly bottom, bare and sandy a distance out from shore. The break in the rush patch is probably due to boats going over this region. Then occurs a stretch of about 850 feet reaching from the end of the sandbar mentioned above to the place where the forest comes to the shore. In general this shore is a good deal alike throughout its extent, is nearly flat, and has behind it most of the way an ice-ridge sepa- rating it from a large swamp behind ; all of the shore is soft, and it extends out into the lake as a long broad cape. The apex point of the cape is sand, but both sides, especially the northern side, are tolerably black on top from a scum of decaying vegetation. The hill which fonns the border of the swamp approaches the lake, but does not reach it, so that there lies a flattish, rich, but dry and elevated plain between it and the lake. This plain is well forested. At this place the hill is cut in two by a deepish and rather wide gully with moderately steep, but well rounded sides, cut by Overmyer's Brook which enters the lake at this point and forms a large flat sharp delta of sand which projects out for a considerable distance into the lake. The delta holds a sort of lagoon, and at the northeast edge of the delta the stream and waves have combined to form a sandbar with a sharp apex and an almost Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 37 regular and equal slope on each side. The shore is quite irregular here, with sandy capes and mucky gulfs. The bottom of the north- ern half of this stretch is of fine sand ; the southern part is a solid platform of firm black dirt. The hill or bluff here comes down to the lake and there is a well- wooded, high slope coming down nearly to the water-line. In most places there is no beach at all, or only a very narrow one. The hill is made up of a yellowish clay full of boulders. At about the middle of the hill a torrent bed cuts somewhat into the hill and makes a small sandbar off shore. There are many quite large boulders along the v/ater's edge. Toward the southern half of this stretch the shore becomes broader. The shore is gradual in its slope; for the northern half it has coarsish gravel out for a little way under water; farther out it is fine sand with ripple-marks. Scirpus validus, the common bulrush, forms a large patch 15 feet from shore and farther. Toward the southern end the bottom is filled with gravel, the pebbles of which are about the size of goose eggs. The next stretch reaches from this place to near Norris Inlet. Back of the shore is a flat, dense willow and red osier dogwood jungle. There is a broadish beach with a very gradual slope all the way. The shore changes gradually from a flat soft fine white sand with considerable vegetable intermixture to a flat miry black or brown stretch of muck. The Scirpus, Potamogetons, cattail, etc., grow so densely in the water that the bottom can be seen only in a few places. It is quite flat and mucky and marly. There is a good deal of Spirodela (duckweed), dead and white, and much green algae may usually be seen washed up on this flat miry shore. At the end of this stretch there are back of the flat beach two low, broad, flat ice-ridges, very close together and side by side. The region about the mouth of Norris Inlet is a flat sedgy plain with a low ice-ridge near the water's edge. At the west end this ice-ridge is quite high and well-marked; at the east end nearer the creek it is less distinct. The Inlet is tolerably narrow and deep where it enters the lake ; farther up it becomes very crooked and shallow, and its bot- tom is full of rootstocks of the yellow pond-lily, or spatterdock, Nymphaea advena. It is surrounded by about 40 acres of flat, wet marsh, overgrown with sedges, reeds, cattails and various grasses, with bushes of red osier dogwood, or willow here and there. Much of it is tussocky. Near the lake it is quaky and full of holes. Along the sides of the Inlet are many lagoons. On both banks near the water's edge is a thick, narrow growth of Decodon verti- 38 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey cillata. This plant forms a fringe on each border some distance upstream about a quarter of a mile. Besides the spatterdock already mentioned as growing in the bottom, the water of the Inlet contains much vegetation on its surface along the edges — the various duckweeds in great masses, and great quantities of the floating liverwort, Riccia fiuitans. The duckweeds thrive in great abundance at the mouth of the Inlet. From Norris Inlet to the Norris pier — about 1,000 feet — the shore, except for the last few yards, is low and boggy. The ice- ridge is pretty plainly marked for much of this distance. At Nor- ris's the low flat country ceases and the hill slopes gently down to the water's edge. The ice-ridge stops and the beach is composed of a strip of gravelly sand. Then the ice-ridge reappears and is overgrown with tall willows and sycamores. From the Norris pier northward the shore is low, but rises near the Indianapolis pier and continues high until Aubeenaubee Creek is reached. The beach is mostly of fine firm sand with con- siderable gravel in places and a number of large granite boulders sparsely scattered near shore. At the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek the country has been modi- fied somewhat by dredging and straightening the stream. The stream now flows through the center of a marshy tract about 200 feet wide. This marsh is of flat black miry ground covered with a rank growth of marsh vegetation. From Aubeenaubee Creek northward to beyond the Maxin- kuckee road is a long stretch of low, level ground extending back to beyond the public highway. The hills or high ground recede gradually from the lake, leaving broad, dry greenswards of gentle slope. Just north of the Maxinkuckee road the high ground again approaches the lake and forms an abrupt bluft' 20 to 50 feet high for a distance of about three-fourths of a mile, or to the southeast corner of Aubeenaubee Bay. The only considerable break in this line is the narrow canyon of Spangier Creek just south of Brownell Point. There is another small gully north of the Indiana boat- house. Throughout this entire distance the shore rises abruptly from the water line and much of it is protected by a stone break- water. There is, consequently, no beach. In the shallow water near shore are a good many granite boulders of various sizes, and a few masses of post-glacial conglomerate. This shore is the highest and most abrupt of any about the lake; it is also the most considerable section of high shore. At Aubeenaubee Bay the high ground recedes from the lake front and turns suddenly almost at a right angle from the lake. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical mid Biological Survey 39 There is, therefore, facing on this bay a broad area of low, almost marsh, ground. The beach is broad and of fine sand with a con- siderable admixture of muck which induces a rank growth of aquatic vegetation. The eastern part of the ground at the north end of the lake is occupied by the Culver Military Academy. This ground has, of course, been greatly modified in response to the needs of this insti- tution. The gi-ounds are relatively level and are bordered in the rear by the usual ridge of higher ground. West of the Academy grounds and extending to the Vandalia Railroad station at Culver, the shore is somewhat higher, espe- cially at the Lakeview Hotel where it ascends abruptly to a height of 30 feet or more. Along this shore there is not much beach, the shore-line being for the most part artificial. There are, how- ever, a number of short stretches of sandy beach with boulders scattered here and there. From the railroad station at Culver southward to the Assembly grounds the shore is relatively level and elevated 5 to 15 feet above the lake. This section has undergone many modifications incident to the development of the town of Culver and the construction of the railroad which, in the main, parallels the shore. There are two or three small marshy areas, and at one place there is a small cape with lower ground between it and the higher land in the background. Beginning with the Assembly grounds and extend- ing to the Outlet the shore rises abruptly as a sandy hill to a height of 30 feet oi' more, there being only a narrow strip of low ground scarcely wider than needed by the railroad. The beach along this side of the lake is usually of very fine sand with but few boulders except at the cape, and but little gravel. It has a sufficient percentage of muck and marl to support a luxuriant growth of aquatic vegetation. The Ice-beach: — One of the most interesting phenomena at Lake Maxinkuckee is the ice-beach or ice-ridge so well-marked on many parts of the shore. In many places where the shore is low and moderately firm, an ice-beach is more or less evident. Start- ing at Long Point and proceeding southward the ridge is but faintly or not at all marked until in the vicinity of the Farrar cottage. There are slight evidences at the base of Long Point and also between Green's pier and Murray's and just west of Farrar's. It is probable ridges form periodically along this shore, but soon become obliterated through various agencies. Just east of Farrar's is a very definite ridge, high and narrow, and much resembling an artificial dam or towpath. It juts up against the 40 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey shore and partially cuts off what was originally part of the lake. In some places there is a second similar ridge parallel to the first and some feet back of it. Both of these ridges have growing on them trees of considerable size, some of them about 6 inches in diameter and 20 feet high. East of this the ice-ridge is for a distance old and worn away on the lake side, so that many of the trees growing on it have been more or less undermined and now lean out over the water. The commonest species of tree on the ridge is the water-beech ; there is an occasional willow, soft maple, elm and kinnikinnik (Cornus sericea). From this point east to Norris Inlet, an ice-ridge is more or less evident and back of it a second, and sometimes a third, older ridge appears for short reaches. These ridges, even the last and most evident one, are usually not continuous for more than a few rods without interruption. The wearing away most often takes place on the lake side and is the result of undermining by the waves. After passing the miry ground at the mouth of Norris Inlet some 500 feet the ice-ridge reappears and is overgrown with tall slender willows, weeds and grasses. Just before reaching the Norris pier it stops, but soon reappears again as a high broad ridge overgrown with tall willows and sycamores. The ridge then disappears and is not seen again until just south of the Indianapolis pier where it is quite pronounced and separates a small pond from the lake. The rest of the lake shore from this point on north and around to Long Point, seems to be entirely without any ice-ridge. HYDROGRAPHY Dejoth: — In determining the depth of the lake several thousand soundings were made. The method followed in taking soundings was essentially as follows : Two different sounding machines were used during this work. The first consisted of a brass reel with a grooved rim on which was wound piano wire of sufficient length. The circumference of the reel or wheel was just 3 feet, so that in sounding, each revo- lution of the wheel reeled off exactly 3 feet of wire. The sounding lead consisted of a 2V2 lb. piece of lead shaped like a truncated pyramid with a cupshaped base in which was placed a small quan- tity of lard and beeswax for the purpose of securing samples of the bottom. In the end of the axle was placed an ordinary cyclom- eter which recorded the revolutions made by the wheel. The reel thus equipped was installed in the bow of a rowboat. In taking Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 41 soundings 3 people were employed, — one to row the boat, one to operate the sounding machine, and one to record the readings. A smaller machine was sometimes used when sounding in shal- low water. This consisted of a wooden reel cut out of a thoroughly seasoned piece of oak and then boiled in oil and paraffin to pre- vent splitting. This reel was just two feet in circumference, and on its grooved rim was wound piano wire. A similar but lighter sounding weight was used and the reel was installed in the boat in essentially the same manner as was the larger one. Usually a sounding was taken at the end of every 15 oar strokes. An effort was made to have the same person do all the rowing. Before entering on the work he endeavored, through practice, to acquire a uniform stroke, to the end that 15-oar-stroke intervals between soundings might be approximately equal. Quiet days with little or no breeze and with the lake surface undisturbed and smooth were selected for this work; under these conditions the drifting of the boat was reduced to a minimum and it was easy to follow a definite line. In order to do this, range signals were placed on shore; these were always visible to the rower. Lines of soundings were run across the lake on all section, half- section and quarter-section lines, both east and west and north and south, and in a number of places lines were run at even closer distances. In order to determine the location and extent of bars, deep holes, or other topographic features of special interest, a buoy was established on the bar or other special feature, from which radi- ating lines of soundings were run in sufficient number and with the soundings at sufficiently short intervals to determine the de- sired facts. The locations of these buoys were determined by sextant readings based on shore marks of known position. During the winter of 1900-1901, a number of lines including several hundred soundings were run by Mr. Clark when the lake was covered with ice. The exact position of each of these sound- ings was determined from known shore positions by measure- ments on the ice. It is believed that the care taken at all times while carrying on this work, the great number of soundings taken, and the fre- quent verification of questionable results, justify the belief that the hydrography of this lake has been pretty accurately deter- mined and that the contour lines on the map showing the depths may be depended upon as showing the actual depths with reason- able accuracy. 42 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Tojoography of the lake bottom: — There are many striking features in the topography of the lake bottom ; in fact, it is quite diversified and the contour Hnes, as may be seen by an examina- tion of the map, are very irregular both as regards direction and spacing. There are a number of low hills and plateaus with gentle slopes, others of smaller area and rising abruptly from deep water, numerous long, narrow troughs or valleys running between bars, and a number of holes where the depth over a limited area is noticeably greater than in the surrounding region. Only a few of the more salient topographic features need be described in detail. The Deep Hole: — The greatest depth known in Lake Maxin- kuckee is 89.5 feet. The locality where this sounding was gotten is knowai as the "Deep Hole". It is about midway on a direct line between the tip of Long Point and the J. H. Vajen cottage, a short distance north of the Maxinkuckee road. It is also on a direct line drawn from the Palmer House to Overmyer's spring at the south end of the lake. Located more precisely, its center is 3,426 feet (about 2/3 of a mile) from the end of the Maxinkuckee road, 3,140 feet (nearly 2 3 of a mile) from the end of Long Point, 4,568 feet (or about 5/6 of a mile) from the Palmer House, and 8,000 feet (or 1.5 miles) from the Overmyer spring. This so-called "deep hole", in which the depth is 70 feet or more, is quite irregular in shape. Its greatest length lies north and south and is about 2,500 feet; about 1,000 feet of this, how- ever, is a narrow trough (400 feet wide) of 70-foot water extend- ing northward from the main body. The average width of the main part is between 700 and 800 feet. The total area of 70-foot water and over is close to 40 acres. The Sugarloaf: — At the northern edge of the main body of deep M'ater is a small area (about 100 feet long by 75 feet wide) known as the "Sugarloaf". over which the depth is but 10 feet. The sides of this little hill are very steep, the distance to 40-foot water in any direction being only 50 to 100 feet. The Sugarloaf is on a direct line from the end of Long- Point to the Indiana Boathouse and almost midway between the two points. It is also on a direct line drawn from the Maxin- kuckee road to the tabernacle in the Assembly grounds ; also be- tween the Lake-view Hotel and Norris's pier ; also between the depot pier at Culver and the Indianapolis pier. The Weedpatch: — This is an east-and-west bar about 1,200 feet long and 500 feet wide, on a direct line between the Arlington Hotel and Van Schoiack's place and just midway between these Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 43 two points. A line drawn from the Palmer House to the mouth of Overmyer's brook passes over the east end of the Weedpatch ; one from the Lakeview Hotel to the same point passes over the west end of it ; and a line from the tip of Long Point to the Chan- dler cottage passes over the center of the Weedpatch. This bar rises rather abruptly from 40-foot water, the mini- mum depth on the bar being about 10 feet, of which there is an area of about 4 acres. The Weedpatch is remarkable because of the very luxuriant growth of the large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius, found there. The Kettlehole: — This is a deep hole about 1,000 feet off the shore between Murray's and Farrar's, in the southwestern corner of the lake. Over the greater part of this portion of the lake the depth is less than 10 feet. At the Kettlehole the depth increases rather abruptly to 20 feet, 30 feet, and then to 40 feet. The area over which the depth is 20 feet or more is ovoid in shape, the major axis being about 1,000 feet, east and west, while the north and south line is about 700 feet. The area of 40-foot water is about 600 feet long (from east to west) and not much over 100 feet wide. While the above are the only topographic features of the lake bottom which have received definite names there are several others worthy of special mention. Among deep holes are the following: In front of the Arlington Hotel, or little south of it, and about 1,200 feet off shore is an oblong area of 60-foot water, about 1,000 feet long from southwest to northeast, and about 200 feet wide. This is surrounded by much shallower water. A short distance ^9t^^*^ t» -a7--^W* % i> 4 ¥k The Cadets of the Culver Summer Cavahy School occasionally take their horses along for the afternwm swim. 44 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey east of this are two smaller deep holes, of 50 feet and 60 feet re- spectively, and between them and the Deep Hole is another with a depth of 70 feet. While that portion of the lake north of Long Point is mostly- shallow, there are in it a few deeper areas. About 1,200 feet north from Long- Point is a hole 35 feet deep. Just off the Assem- bly grounds is a small 20-foot hole ; off Winfield's cottage is a 45- foot hole, while some distance farther out and 1,400 feet south- east from the Lake view Hotel is another of about the same depth. Northeast from the Sugarloaf are 3 or 4 small areas in which the depth reaches 50 to 70 feet. Among bars of special interest are the following: Just east of the Deep Hole and the Sugarloaf is a considerable bar rising out of deep water and extending northeast and southwest on which the minimum depth is less than 10 feet. North of it some 1,300 feet is another small bar with a depth of 20 feet. A long, narrow bar extends north and east from Long Point for nearly 2,500 feet before the depth exceeds 10 feet, and a sim- ilar but broader bar extends west from the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek nearly 3,000 feet before a greater depth than 10 feet is reached. On the other hand, a deep, broad trough of 30 to 50-foot water comes from a little north of west to near shore at the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek, and a similar trough is found off the Arling- ton Hotel, and another off the Indiana Boathouse. There is no deep water at the shore in Lake Maxinkuckee ; the depth everywhere increases from shore so gently or gradually that there is scarcely any probability of even a small child ever getting beyond his depth when wading in the lake. There are no sudden irregularities or increases in depth; the increase in depth is so uniform and gentle that several steps would be necessary to make any appreciable difference. Small children can therefore wade about along shore with perfect safety. But beyond the 5-foot con- tour line the irregularities are greater and well-marked. If the water level of the lake were lowered 10 feet, the result would be the formation of at least 3 islands (Weedpatch, Sugar- loaf and the large bar east of Sugarloaf). At the same time the Kettlehole would become detached from the main lake and become a small independent lake. Another small lake would be formed north of Long Point; another would be formed off the Assembly grounds, and perhaps others would be made. The peculiar distribution of deeps and shallows, the abundance of shallow bars and deep holes closely associated, taken together Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 45 with the favorable character of the bottom, present a combination of conditions remarkably favorable to fish life, and distributed in such a way as to make practically every part of the lake attractive to the angler. The very gradual slope and absence of stepoffs in the shallower portion of the lake near shore which make the lake so admirable as a bathing resort is due in large measure to the waves, and espe- cially the undertow which rolls the fine sand near the shore dowii to lower levels and thus produces a marked levelling action. The effect of waves upon bottom topography is quite marked and well- formed ripple marks which are formed in water to a depth of 5 feet or more are often left when the lake freezes over, where they remain until spring and can be observed to an advantage through the clear ice. The depths at 10-foot intervals are shown by the contour lines on the map which accompanies this report. Most of the topo- graphic features mentioned are indicated on the map. The Lake Bottom Soils So far as we have been able to determine, there is no bedrock anywhere on the bottom of the lake. Several hundred tests in different parts of the lake, and the fact that wells about the lake drilled to depths of 100 to 150 feet pass through only sand, gravel and clay without reaching bedrock, indicate that the original bed of the lake was composed wholly of morainic materials, chiefly sand and gravel with a few boulders and some boulder clay. Over the greater part of the original bed has been deposited a more or less thick coating of marl and mud. The morainic or drift material of the original bed is composed essentially of the same materials as those that make up the drift of the surrounding land. Sand: — Along most portions of the shore, particularly on the west, north and southeast, there is considerable compact fine sand out to a depth of 2 to 6 or 8 feet. Gravel: — On the east, and in limited stretches elsewhere, there is mixed with the sand considerable gravel . This is especially true on the north and east sides. This gravel ranges from very fine, almost sand, to rather coarse. The most conspicuous gravel areas are across the north end from the Lakeview Hotel eastward, and off the east shore, particularly near the Indiana Boathouse. There is a 46 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey little gravel along the east side of Long Point, and between the Kettlehole and the shore. The Sugarloaf appears to be made up largely of gravel. Dredging on the north and south sides of it re- vealed considerable gravel ranging up to the size of hen eggs. This gravel was usually not round but rough and angular. Doubtless there is much gravel in the lake bed that is not apparent, it is so mixed with or covered by sand or other fine material. Boulders: — There are not many boulders on the lake bottom. There are a few on the north end and a few scattered ones on the east side and south end. The more or less mythical "split-rock", of which some of the older fishermen and boatmen speak, is said to be somewhere in the south end of the lake, perhaps near the Flatiron or the Weedpatch bars. Although we made frequent search for this alleged rock, and asked many people about it, we never succeeded in finding it, or, in fact, in finding but two men who claim to have seen it. It must therefore remain as one of the mysteries of Maxinkuckee. Marl: — The most interesting and important component of the lake-bed is marl. The hard compact sandy bed usually extends out to a depth of but a few feet — on the west side from 2 to 4 feet, on the east to a somewhat greater depth. Beyond this border of hard bottom the marl begins. The depth to which it extends varies considerably. Off Long Point it is first met in water about 2 feet deep. On the north and east the depth is usually greater, and in some places is as much as 6 to 8 feet. From these depths the marl extends inward and covers practically all the lake bed. It is most evident on the bars, but is present everywhere. The thickness of the marl bed varies considerably. Along the outer edge it probably nowhere exceeds 6 or 8 feet in thickness. In deeper water and on the bars it is probably thicker. The greatest thickness determined by us was about 22 feet which was in the southern part of the lake, off the Gravelpit. The color and purity of the marl seem to vary in different parts of the lake. It appears to be composed chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with more or less decaying vegetable matter and fine sand of aeolian origin. Samples from the surface are usually quite dark; those from deeper in the bed are much lighter in color. The color and purity are doubtless related to the amount of decaying vegetable matter present. Analyses of several examples of marl from different parts of the lake were made by Dr. Wm. A. Noyes, formerly of the Rose Polytechnic Institute, now of the University of Illinois, with the following results: Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 47 Sample No. 1, from a bar east of the Long- Point bar, just south of the center of the northeast quarter of Section 28 : Calcium carbonate (CaCOa) 85.02 Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) 3.85 Ferric oxide (Fe^-Os) 0.33 • Alumina ( AUOa) . 12 Calcium sulphate (CaSO,) 0.17 Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 5.67 Organic matter 3 . 21 98.37 Sample No. 2, taken 5 feet down in a bed in 8-foot water: Calcium carbonate (CaCOs) 85.38 Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) 3.50 Ferric oxide (FeiOs) 0.33 Alumina ( AI2O3) . 05 Calcium sulphate (CaSd) . 17 Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 6.40 Organic matter 3.15 98.98 Sample No. 3, from the surface of a marl bed in deep water off the Gravelpit : Calcium carbonate (CaCOs) 75.07 Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) 4.18 Ferric oxide (Fe203) 0.51 Alumina (AUO^) 0.09 Calcium sulphate (CaS04) 0.11 Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 15.26 Organic matter 3 . 65 98.87 The last of these shows too high a percentage of magnesium carbonate and insoluble elements to render it satisfactory in cement making. The first and second samples are much purer, and would make a good cement. The origin of marl is a question of popular interest. The marl of Lake Maxinkuckee, as well as of the other lakes of northern Indiana, is evidently a secondary deposit on the original bed of glacial drift. The water of all the wells and springs of the region contains more or less lime and is usually regarded as hard, while the water of the lake, although containing considerable calcium carbonate, is relatively soft. That certain species of animals and plants dwelling in the lake have been important, perhaps the only 4—17618 48 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey important, agents in separating the lime from the water, is quite certain. Chief among these agencies are the various molhisks, especially the Unionidse and Vivipara contectoides, and certain plants, such as the Charas and Potamogetons. These have the power of separating out from the water the soluble calcic com- pounds and converting them into insoluble compounds which con- stitute the basis of the marl. The most abundant and most widely distributed mollusk in the lake is the univalve, Vivipara contectoides. This rather hand- some and beautifully marked shell occurs throughout the lake, apparently at all depths and on all kinds of bottom, but it is most noticeable in the great windrows of dead shells that are so often seen lining the beach, particularly at low water. These mollusks evidently die by the million every year. Their shells are fragile and disintegrate rapidly. The total annual limy accumulation on the lake bottom from this source alone must be quite considerable. Next to Vivipara contectoides is the species of mussel known as fat pocket-book, Lampsilis luteola. As set forth elsewhere in this report, this is the most abundant species of freshwater mussel in the lake. It is pretty generally distributed and is very abundant. There are several very extensive beds, particularly off Long Point and in the south end of the lake. Then there are at least 13 other species of mussels and no fewer than 30 or 40 species of gastero- pods, some of them represented by myriads of individuals. Be- sides such of the mussels as naturally die, the muskrats make considerable onslaughts upon them, leaving their shells strewn over the bottom to decay, and millions of the gasteropods die every year, and their decaying shells go to augment the lime deposited in the bottom of the lake. And there are several species of plants which have the power of separating the lime from the water. The most notable of these are the various species of Chara, some of which are so heavily encrusted in lime that when dried out on shore they become a chalky brittle mass and are accordingly known among fish-culturists as "lime-plants". These grow in depths up to 15 or 20 feet, and most of the plants grow in thick carpets on the bottom, the older portions becoming so thickly encrusted that they are hardly recognizable. Besides the Charas there are not fewer than 14 species of pond- weed or Potamogeton, all of which, in varying degrees are lime gatherers. Their leaves, particularly those of Potamogeton ampli- folius, P. compressus, P. robbinsii and P. americanus, are often encrusted with lime, the first mentioned species so heavily that the Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 49 leaf coatings often drop off as casts and are to be found lying heaped up about the bases of the plants. The so-called ditch-moss, Philotria, is an energetic lime gatherer; indeed, all the other sub- mersed plants in the lake possess this same property and contribute in the aggregate in no inconsiderable degree to the amount of marl in the bottom of the lake. In addition to the mollusks and plants there are still other organisms which play a part in the formation of marl; among these are the various species of crustaceans, particularly the craw- fishes, whose shells contain calcic compounds. The rate of deposition of lime in the lake is quite difficult to estim.ate. It was probably more rapid during the early life of the lake when the amount of calcium carbonate in the water was greater than it now is. Even at best the rate must be very slow, indeed. An annual deposit of one-hundredth of an inch has been estimated. A deposit of 10 feet would therefore require 12,000 years as the age of the lake. But this is scarcely more than a mere guess, and signifies very little. The Lake Level Stage of water: — The mean elevation of the surface of the water of Lake Maxinkuckee above sea level at Biloxi, Mississippi, is 734.5 feet. Records kept by the Office of Engineer, Maintenance of Way, of the Terre Haute and Logansport Railway Company, from October 18, 1895, to May 7, 1900, totaling about 50 observa- tions, show that the lowest water in that period occurred on Octo- ber 18, 1895, when it stood at 733.30 feet. The highest, 735.21 feet, was recorded March 13, 1899. The extreme variation was therefore 1.91 feet or 22.92 inches. Our party began making observations on the stage of the water in the lake on August 14, 1900. On that date a three-foot rule, graduated to inches, was properly installed at the side of the wagon bridge which crosses the Outlet just as it leaves the lake. The position of this gauge was correlated with that of the up- stream girder of the railroad bridge, which crosses the Outlet 27 feet below the wagon bridge. Readings were taken from time to time from that date up to October 22, 1913. The lowest water was recorded November 3, 1908, and the highest July 8, 1902. Starting with the extreme low water of November 3, 1908, as "zero" and reducing all observations to that basis, we have the following table: 50 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IN LAKE MAXINKUCKEE. Height in inches Date above extreme low- water mark Remarks 1900 August 14 20.25 20 22.25 Lake rose 2 inches. Heavy rain yesterday. 27 22.00 September 13 19.00 17 18.00 21 17.50 28 17.25 October 10 16.75 18 15.50 24 14 75 November 5 14.00 11 14.00 15 13.25 17 14.25 Rained all night of the 17th. S. E. wind. Heavy rain on the ISth.day and night, with S. wind. ^Rain also on 19th. 25 18.75 27 18.50 29 19.50 December 9 18.50 6 18.00 9 17.75 11 18.00 1901 August 13 10.75 1902 January 27 Lake very low. June 30 26.50 A good deal of rain last night. N._E. wind. July 1 27.00 1 27.25 2 27.00 2 28.00 3 28.25 7 27.50 Heavy and almost continuous rain for more than a week. 7 28.25 8 28.50 Highest water yet recorded. 17 24.50 20 26 50 Rain 24 24. 50 27 23 50 Rain. 28 25.75 August 11 22.50 13 21.50 Rain. 16 21.00 19 20.50 24 19.50 30 17.00 31 19.00 Rain. September 5 18.50 14 19 50 21 17.00 22 17.00 28 19.00 Rain four days October 16 17.00 — ' 20 17.25 November 1 15.75 30 14 00 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 51 TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IX LAKE MAXINKUCKEE— Continued, Height in inches Date iiljove extreme low water mark 1902 December 9 12.50 20 17.00 21 17.50 1903 February 1 15 50 4 17,50 14 19.50 26 18.00 27 19.50 March 1 20.50 8 21.00 9 21.50 14 20 00 17 19,50 29 10 50 April 16 21.50 May 1 20 50 10 16.50 13 15,50 17 15 00 20 14 50 June 7 16.50 29 13.50 July 1 13.00 2 21.00 3 21.50 4 22.25 11 21.50 16 20 50 19 22 75 August 8 19.25 26 16 00 September 16 23,50 17 24 25 26 22 00 October 22 22 00 1901 June 18 12 25 July 4 11 25 August 1 6 25 October 18 8.50 29 8.25 31 8.25 November 3 7.00 12 8.50 1906 January 22 10 50 August 20 October 3 50 1907 September 12 10 50 21 10.20 October 1 9.00 3 9.50 5 9.50 11 9.50 Remarks Exceedingly heavy rains. Heavy rains. Screen put in at railroad bridge, raising the lake. Rain for several days. Recently rose 3 inches Lake rose P4 inches. 52 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IN LAKE MAXINKUCKEE— Continued. Height in inches Date above extreme low water mark Remarks 1907 October 14 8,50 15 9.50 24 9.50 25 9.50 30 9.50 November 2 10.00 1908 October 1 Very low. November 3 0.00 Lowest wafer yet recorded. 1911 November 18 8.50 1913 September 9 7.50 21 7.00 28 6.00 30 6.50 October 1 6.80 2 7.00 3 7.00 4 6.50 5 6.50 6 6.75 7 6.50 8 6.75 10 6.75 11 7.00 13 7.00 14 6.75 15 6.50 - 16 6.00 19 6.80 20 6.50 22 6.00 As shown by the above table, the water was continuously and quite uniformly low during the fall of 1913. There were no rains sufficient to produce any effect on the lake. The slight variation of an inch in September and October was doubtless due to winds. A southwest wind continuing for any length of time would blow the water back from the Outlet, thus slightly lowering the water at the gauge, while a northeast wind would blow the water into Outlet Bay and slightly increase the depth at the Outlet. It will be observed that our observations were not taken at regular intervals. They were usually taken whenever we were at the lake and occasion seemed to require ; records were also made from time to time by Mr. Chadwick, especially at times of sudden change and of unusually high or low water. It is believed that Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 53 the extremes for the period from 1899 to 1914 have been recorded in the table. Although the catchment basin of the lake is small (less than 8,000 acres) the lake is very sensitive to rains and responds promptly. Every heavy rain causes an almost immediate rise in the lake. High water will therefore be correlated with heavy continued rainfall and low water with the dry season. The early spring rains and melting snows put the lake up somewhat above the winter conditions, and the heavy rains that usually come in June and early July produce the highest water. The lake is there- fore apt to be highest in June and July, after which it begins to fall until minimum low water is reached toward the last of Octo- ber and early in November. As already stated the lowest water recorded was that of November 3, 1908, and the highest that of July 8, 1902, when it was 281/0 inches above extreme low water. This extreme high water of 28 V2 inches followed three weeks of heavy and almost continuous rains. As early as June 15 the water was higher than old residents about the lake had ever seen it. It kept on rising until July 8. The ice-beach on the west and south shores was entirely covered; it was impossible to walk along the beach between Long Point and Arlington ; the swamps were full of water and the low country generally flooded ; nearly all the piers were under water, and a portion of the public road near the Outlet was flooded. Green's marsh was flooded so that one could go about all over it in a boat. One old resident says that the lake was equally high in June or July, 1896, and quite high in May and June, 1892. The extreme low water of November 3, 1908, followed a rather dry summer and fall. Our records show very little rain in August, September or October of that year. Volume of outflow: — The volume of water flowing from Lake Maxinkuckee varies greatly from time to time. As already stated, at times of high water, the depth at the bridge is 3 to 3i/o feet. The current, however, is never strong, and does not vary much. The water surface in the two lakes varies synchronously and the current therefore does not vary greatly. Measurements of the outflow were taken at various times. The results are recorded in the following table. It will be observed that the variation in number of gallons is considerable. The mini- mum, 1,168 gallons per minute, was recorded on September 25, 1899, at which time the average width was 15 feet, the depth 14.7 inches and the current 1.7 feet per second. This would mean an outflow of 1,681,920 gallons per day. The greatest volume of out- 54 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey flow was recorded July 8, 1902, when the width was 15 feet, the depth 42.5 inches and the current 1.4 feet per second. This indi- cated an outflow of 33,915 gallons per minute or 4,883,184 gallons per day. Number of gallons flowing out of Lake Maxinkuckee as deter- mined on various dates: Aug. 8, 1899 4,424 gallons per minute " 11, 1899 2,576 gallons per minute " 27, 1899 3,347 gallons per minute Sept. 7, 1899 2,512 gallons per minute " 25,1899 1,168 gallons per minute July 1, 1902 32,288 gallons per minute 8, 1902 33,915 gallons per minute Sept. 10, 1913 2,618 gallons per minute The Outlet Lake Maxinkuckee drains into Lost Lake through a short but very interesting little stream or thoroughfare known locally simply as "The Outlet." This stream leaves the lake at the north side of the base of Long Point or at Outlet Bay, which is on the west side about one-third the distance south of the north end of the lake. Just as it leaves the lake it is crossed by the wagon bridge on the public highway which follows the lake shore closely from the southwest corner of the lake to the Arlington station, then cuts across the base of the broad peninsula known as Long Point, and again approximating the shore along the north side of Long Point, only to leave it again immediately after crossing the Outlet. Twenty-seven feet below the wagon bridge the Outlet is crossed by the Vandalia Railroad bridge. Lender and between these two bridges the stream flows nearly west, then turns southwest and south through the marsh until it finally loses itself in Lost Lake. Under the bridges and for a few yards below, the stream has a maximum width of 16 to 20 feet and a depth varying with the stage of water in the lake. During the period of our observations it has varied from about 6 inches to something more than 3 feet. Early in July, 1902, at the time of highest water, the depth was about 31/2 feet and the water rushed through with a good strong current. In September and October, 1913, the lake was quite low, only 6 inches above extreme low water mark, and the depth under the bridges was only 6 inches or less, which made it very difficult to get a row boat through. The bed of the Outlet at the bridges is of fine sand. Formerly this bed was overgrown sparsely with certain aquatic plants, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 55 chiefly wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis) and floating pond weed (Potamogeton americanns), which prevented washing and gave the bed a permanent character. In August, 1913, the old wooden wagon bridge was torn down and replaced by a concrete structure. In the work incident to this change the vegetation was destroyed and the bed torn up, since which it has silted up with clean sand in which the vegetation has not yet re-established itself. The distance that the stream pursues through the marsh below the railroad bridge and before losing itself in Lost Lake is about 1,500 feet. Through the upper part the course has been dredged and the banks are well defined; but lower down, the banks are scarcely evident, the stream widens out through the dense growth of Carex, cattail, bluejoint grass, etc., and finally loses itself com- pletely in a large area of spatterdock at the head of Lost Lake. The water in tlie Outlet is always very clear. The current does not vary much, the rate being about the same whether the water be high or low. Lost Lake Lost Lake, on a cursory examination, might be regarded merely as an expansion of the Outlet, but such is not the case. It is a real lake occupying a considerable hole probably of independent, though synchronous, origin with that of the large lake. There is considerable evidence to show, however, that the high sand ridge separating the two lakes and terminating in Long Point with the long shallow bar extending out into Lake Maxinkuckee from the tip of Long Point, is largely of aeolian origin, built up in part at least by the strong southwest winds. The open part of this lake, that is, the part not obscured by rank vegetation, is about 2,500 feet long and 1,500 feet wide, the major axis or length extending northeast and southwest. On the southeast side is a high sandy hill or ridge heavily timbered over its northern half and a cultivated field at the southern end, which slopes gradually down to the lake. The shore on this side is in most places a few feet above the water and is dry and firm. There is high ground at the northwest comer of the lake and for most of the distance along the southwest side, bordered by a narrow strip of marsh but rising rather abruptly into a high sandy ridge. At the upper and lower ends are the large areas of lily-pads, etc., already mentioned. Lost Lake is very shallow. Many soundings were taken. One line of soundings, taken every 10 oar strokes, from the Bardsley 56 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey cottage on the east side toward the north end of Hawk's house on the west side, gave the following depths in feet: 2f, 4^, 5, 4, Sf, 3-J, 3, 3, 3f, 3^-, and 1^. The greatest depth found was 5 feet. The bottom everywhere was covered with a dense bed of Chara, patches of Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, etc., with white and yel- low pond-lilies at the west end, all growing in deep mud. In most places the sounding pole could be pushed down 2 to 8 feet in soft muck. At the lower end of the lake just where it narrows, the depth varied from 5 to 9 feet, and the bottom was more firm in some places. A little farther north and west is a considerable area over which the depth is uniformly 9 feet, which is the greatest depth found in this lake. A line run from the lower to the upper end of the lake gave 9 feet along the southwest end and 8 to 4 feet toward the northeast. Along this line there was an abundance of Chara, Myriophyllum, etc., and the bottom everywhere was of very soft muck; in fact, the bottom everywhere is of this character and in some places it is so thin as to be almost impalpable. In front of the Bardsley cottage is a "floating island", probably a detached portion of a pond-lily patch that has floated away from shore, or possibly material that has been built up around a musk- rat home. This lake is so shallow that a lowering of the water 15 feet would convert the entire lake-bed and many acres of marsh into tillable land. The margin of Lost Lake outlet is a wide plain bordered by a gravelly hill; then an inner margin of a broad belt of Bidens comosa and B. laevis, then sedges. Many of the sedges in the former portion are annually cut for hay, chiefly for the Calamagros- tis they contain. Outlet Creek At the lower end of Lost Lake is another marsh similar to that at the upper end but larger, in which the outlet stream again gradually becomes definite and well defined. The upper portion may be regarded practically as a continuation of the lake, so over- grown with water-lilies, spatterdock and other water plants as to obscure its lake character as well as the channel. This marsh- lake gradually narrows, however, and finally becomes a well-defined creek, filled in places with patches of long-stemmed Ceratophyl- lum, Potamogeton, and some wild rice. Then the stream becomes a quite definitely defined creek with low grass-grown banks pur- suing its way with many windings and turns through low grassy Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 57 meadows dotted here and there with clumps of slender black oak trees growing on little hummocks which were doubtless little islands when the whole region was a lake or river. The stream averages perhaps 5 feet wide and one to three feet deep, with occasional holes that are much deeper. The banks are low everywhere and are of rich black loam ; the bed is usually of fine white sand, with a little gravel in places. The water is always very clear and pure and cold enough for rainbow and black-spotted trout. Although the distance in a direct line from Lost Lake to the Tippecanoe River does not exceed 4 miles the sinuosities of the stream increase its length to at least 12 miles. At times of low water it is difficult to get a boat down the creek to the river but when there is moderately high water an ordinary clinker-built row- boat passes through nicely, and no more delightful trip can be taken than that through the outlet from Lake Maxinkuckee to the Tippecanoe River. METEOROLOGY Introduction The remarkable development of animal and plant life in and about Lake Maxinkuckee is undoubtedly due in large measure to the unusually favorable geologic and climatic conditions of the region in which the lake is situated. The geological features are discussed elsewhere in this report; the climate may be considered here. The cold winters and the warm summers, together with favor- able winds, adequate rainfall advantageously distributed through- out the year, and the varying conditions of sunshine and clouded sky, make up an environment peculiarly favorable to the develop- ment and maintenance of an abundant and varied flora and fauna. Many correlations between certain climatic conditions, such as tem- perature, direction of wind, character of sky, and rains, and the habits of the fishes, turtles, ducks, coots, certain insects, etc., readily suggest themselves to any one interested in such problems and a number of them can be demonstrated. The distribution of the fishes in the lake, with reference to depth and nearness to shore, is particularly influenced by such factors as those men- tioned. This fact is well understood by the experienced anglers familiar with this lake. During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee considerable attention was given to meteorological conditions. Early in the work arrangements were made for making regular observations 58 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey regarding the more important meteorological phenomena, such as the temperature of the air, the direction and strength of the winds, the character of the sky, rainfall, snow, fog, frost, dew, storms, etc. Our first records of air temperatures taken at the lake were made in November and December, 1898, by Mr. S. S. Chadwick. These records, few in number, were of the readings from an ordi- nary thermometer, hung about 6 feet above the surface of the lake on the north side of a house-boat on the east side of Long Point. Following these are a few records for January, February and March, 1899, also made by Mr. Chadwick. On July 5, 1899, the recording of temperatures was regularly begun by our party and continued without serious interruption until July, 1901, since which date records have been kept for vari- ous periods from then to the end of 1913. Sky Along with the other weather observations kept at the lake, the condition of the sky as to clearness and cloudiness was also recorded. Generally, the condition of the sky was noted whenever temperatures of the air and water were taken, that is, three times a day. In addition to this, however, any sudden clearing off or clouding up that was observed and noted, and for each day's journal was entered a general summary of the day's weather. The state of the sky was usually written out in considerable de- tail; much more than would be desirable in a general report. In looking over the records it was observed that the various days could be described as clear, cloudy clearing, clouding and partly clear, and partly cloudy. These terms are generally relative. Days without the sign of a cloud are not very frequent. Days without a patch of blue sky anywhere are not very common, but more common that absolutely cloudy ones. Accordingly, by days with clear sky is meant days when clouds were relatively few, and gen- erally speaking such days are very bright and cheerful, although absolutely clear days, so far as clouds are concerned, may be hazy or very smoky, and relatively dull, while days entirely overcast by thin clouds may be fairly bright. The terms "clearing" and "clouding" are self-explanatory. Partly cloudy and partly clear mean, of course, throughout the day the clouds and blue sky have so evenly balanced that neither greatly prevailed. During the period from November 2, 1899, when the record begins, to September 17, 1908 — with considerable gaps from time to time — the state of the sky has been observed for 1,223 days ; of Lake Maxinknckee, Physical ami Biological Survey 59 these, 393 were clear, 530 cloudy, 151 clearing, 104 clouding up and 49 about evenly balanced between cloudy and clear. In a discussion elsewhere of the conditions of the sky for vari- ous months, the conditions were given for periods of observation, so that the observations along that line could fit in well with the temperature records taken three times daily. In the present con- sideration they are given by days. Taking the year extending from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901, the year for which the i-ecord is most complete, there are repre- sented in the record 361 days (4 days in December having no record). Of these 361 days 79 were clear, 168 cloudy, 53 clearing, 46 clouding, and 15 partly cloudy and partly clear. Taking this year by months, the days were distributed as shown by the fol- lowing table : CONDITION OF SKY FOR 1 YEAR FROM JULY 1, 1900, TO JUNE 30. 1901 Month Clear Cloudy Clearing Clouding Partly cloudy partly clear Total July 1—31, 1900... 14 9 9 14 6 5 3 6 1 6 6 7 15 12 11 14 16 16 19 13 18 9 5 3 4 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 7 4 5 1 3 2 5 1 6 1 3 6 5 8 31 Aug. 1—31, 1900 .. Sept. 1—30, 1900... Oct. 1—31, 1900... Nov. 1—30, 1900... 3 2 3 31 30 31 30 Dec. 1—27, 1900... Jan. 1—31, lyOl... 27 31 Feb. 1—28, 1901... 28 Mar. 1—31, 1901... April 1—30, 1901... 3 31 30 May 1—31, 1901... June 1—30, 1901.. 1 3 31 30 Although the records of no other year are full enough to make the giving of the full year satisfactory, the records of a number of months are almost complete, and those of a few months fully complete. A table for such months as have complete records is given below for the sake of comparison : Month Year Clear Cloudy Clearing Clouding Partly cloudy; partly clear Total April February ISOO 1902 1902 1902 1P04 1907 14 1.5 11 14 5 9 6 6 14 14 17 14 6 1 6 1 4 4 4 2 30 4 28 31 April December October 1 2 3 30 3 1 31 31 60 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The Air Pressure: — The data concerning air pressure at Lake Maxin- kuckee were obtained by readings taken 3 times daily, at 6 a. m., noon, and 6 p. m., from a compensated aneroid barometer kept hanging on a porch of the cottage used as our laboratory. The readings were continued from July 25, 1900, to June, 1901. The average pressure during that time was 29.291 inches. The mini- mum pressure recorded during that period was 28.62 inches, taken at noon of March 8, 1901, and the highest pressure noted was 30.26 inches on January 3, 1901, about 6 a. m., giving a range of 1.64 inches. A self-recording instrument would in all probability have given a lower minimum, a higher maximum, and larger range. The average pressure did not vary greatly during the different months of the year. The month having the lowest average was October, with an average of 29.005, and that having the highest was February, with an average pressure of 29.583. The month having the least range was August, in which the pressure varied from 29.42 to 29.85, exhibiting a variation of .43 inch, and the month showing the greatest range was January, with a range of from 28.82 to 30.26, or 1.44 difference. The greatest change of the barometer noted within the space of 6 hours was a fall of .9 inch between noon and 6 p. m. on May 2, 1901, and the greatest change in the same direction for a single period of 24 hours was from 29.85 on the evening of September 14 to 28.88 on the even- ing of September 15, making a fall of .97 inch. The greatest increase of barometric pressure between two consecutive observa- tions was from 28.91 at noon of May 21 to 29.77 at 6 p. m., a rise of .86 inch, and this was followed by an almost equal fall within the next 12 hours. It not infrequently happened, espe- cially during the month of August, 1900, that 2 successive read- ings were the same, or nearly the same, and in nearly all cases where this occurred the two nearly equal or equal readings were those of noon and evening, there being usually little change during the afternoon. The period of 24 hours showing the least change was from noon August 14 to noon August 15, during which the change was only .08 inch. In the study of the barometric readings at the lake these were plotted in a graph (the time periods being represented by abcissas and the height of the barometer in inches by ordinates) and the graph so constructed exhibited at a glance the most striking features of the barometric record. Of these the following may be noted : Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 61 The pressure for August, 1900, was remarkably uniform, the graph for this month standing in marked contrast with all the other months considered. There were no rapid or violent changes whatever. The average for the whole month is just a trifle below the average for the whole period, and the pressure for the middle third of the month is somewhat lower than that for either end. While there are no violent changes in pressure whatever there is a remarkably regular daily pulse of variations. With only two exceptions the morning reading is the highest; from this time there is a fall of about .16 inch (varying from about .09 to ,2 inch) until noon, after which there is usually very slight change toward evening, after which it rises back to nearly its original morning reading. We have then for this month a rather constant daily mode. This mode is of quite frequent occurrence through- out the whole year, and there are all degrees of approximation to it and divergence from it ; during the autumn, winter and early spring months its appearance is somewhat less frequent. Rather strictly interpreted, this mode occurs with the following coefficient of frequency for different months: August, 21; September, 4; October, 13; November, 5; December, 2; January, 2; February, 5; March, 4; April, 9; and May, 4. The average height of the barometer is determined by the alti- tude of the place, and the great barometric changes are due to the passage of general storm centers. The small daily changes, however, are quite probably due to local conditions, and even the large changes are due to conditions which are represented on a small scale in the area immediately about the lake. Among these causes are difference in nature of the surface of areas of land and water and the presence in the atmosphere of clouds, vapor, dust, etc. Generally speaking, the air mass over a water area is com- paratively stable in relation to daily changes of temperature, while that over land areas is subject to much larger changes. We have differences somewhat analagous to differences of potential between different elements in a galvanic cell. The air above the land sur- faces becomes superheated during the day and during the after- noon represents areas of low pressure, while the air mass above them becomes cooled during the night and becomes areas of high pressure during the latter part of the night. Again taking up land surfaces in detail, these differ consider- ably among themselves. Large areas of sand have a greater daily amplitude of temperature than areas of loam or muck, and these more than clay, so that, continuing the analogy of the galvanic 62 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey cell, we have a greater difference of potential between areas of sand than between muck, loam or clay. No marked tendency is shown to congregate in the vicinity of the maximum. While the morning readings appear to have a pretty distinct mode, no such feature is apparent in the other two readings, although it cannot be said that a long and diligent scrutiny might not yield some results. For the month of August they are usually close together, but rather indifferent as to position, although in a small majority of cases the evening reading is the lower and when the reverse is true the difference is usually less. On several occasions they were equal. Of 22 observations where the maxi- mum reading was not represented by the morning, however, 15 were represented by evening readings and 7 by morning, so there is quite discernible a tendency for these readings to differentiate in this regard. It is worthy of note, too, that of these 22 observa- tions, 7 (4 of the noon and 3 of the evening) represent strong and sudden changes in the barometer at the time, so that the de- parture from the mode may be explained in these cases, quite markedly when all are taken together, as a result of a sort of inertia carrying the barometer beyond its normal reading, and the advantage of the one additional abnormality in favor of the morning reading is, taken altogether, of almost equal value in explaining the abnormality there. Am Temperatures During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee considerable attention was given to air temperatures. Beginning with July 5, 1899, the temperature readings were from a Wilder protected thermometer which had been tested by the U. S. Bureau of Standards. This thermometer, from July 5, 1899, to May 31, 1901, was hung about 10 feet above the surface of the lake on the shaded side of a cottage near the Arlington station on the west side of the lake. After May 31, 1901, it was hung about 15 feet above the surface of the lake, on the north side of the Chadwick House on Long Point. Temperature readings were usually taken three times daily, at 6 a. m., noon, and 6 p. m. During the year 1900-1901 a set of standardized maximum and minimum thermometers was installed on the shaded side of the cottage at Arlington and readings from these are given in the appropriate accompanying tables. The temperature observations were made and the record kept by various persons, as follows: Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 63 Period. Observer. November, 1898, to July 1, 1899 S. S. Chadwick July 5, 1899, to September 1, 1899 T. Bronte Evermann September 1 to October 18, 1899 Barton W. Evermann October 18, 1899, to June 19, 1900 S. S. Chadwick June 19 to July 15, 1900 J. T. Scovell July 15 to December 11, 1900 Barton W. Evermann December 11, 1900, to May 31, 1901 H. Walton Clark December 8, 1901, to October 10, 1903 S. S. Chadwick October 18, 1904, to January 4, 1905 H. Walton Clark January 5, 1905, to July 22, 1906 S. S. Chadwick July 23, 1906, to October 24, 1906 H. Walton Clark October 25, 1906, to September 6, 1907 S. S. Chadwick September 7, 1907, to October 31, 1907 H. Walton Clark November 1, 1907, to August 26, 1908 S. S. Chadwick Aug-ust 27, 1908, to September 26, 1908 H. Walton Clark September 27, 1908, to August 31, 1913 S. S. Chadwick September 1, 1913, to October 31, 1913 Evermann and Clark November 1, 1913, to February 1, 1914 S. S. Chadwick January Temperatures: — The total number of records for January is 485, as follows: 5 for 1899; 93 for 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903 and 1914 each ; 12 for 1905 ; 3 for 1906, and 1 for 1907. The lowest temperature recorded for this month was — 12° on the 27th and again on the 28th, in 1902. The highest was 65° on January 20, 1906. The extremes for each year were as follows: 1900, -8° January 31, and 42.5° January 18; range 50.5°. 1901, -1.3° January 1, and 45° January 21; range 46.3°. 1902, -12° January 27 and 28, and 38° January 2; range 50°. 1903, -4° January 12, and 50° January 29; range 54°. 1914, 4° January 12, and 56° January 29; range 52°. Records of temperatures at or below freezing were made as follows : In 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 8th, 29th, 30th and 31st, the only dates on which temperatures were recorded ; in 1900, at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 4th, both inclusive; 8th, 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 16th, 17th, 21st, 22d, 23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive, and at 6 p. m. on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 10th to 13th, both inclusive; 16th, 20th, 23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive. From this it appears that, in January, 1900, the temperature was at or below freezing on 21 days at 6 a. m., at noon on 11 days, and on 18 days at 6 p. m. The average temperature for the month is shown in a table elsewhere in this report (page 70). In 1901, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 6th, both inclusive; 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 17th, 18th. 19th, and 22d to 31st, both inclusive, and 6 p. m. on the 1st, 2d. 3d, 5th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 16th to 19th, both inclusive. In 5—17618 64 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey other words in January, 1901, the temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 24 days, at noon on 17 days, and at 6 p. m. on 20 days. In 1902, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 3d to 6th, both inclusive; 8th to 17th, both inclusive; 19th to 25th, both inclusive, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive; at noon on the 3d, 4th, 5th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 23d, 24th, 25th, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive ; at 6 p. m. on the 1st to 5th, both inclusive; 10th to 16th, both inclusive, and 18th to 31st, both inclusive. The temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 27 days, at noon on 17 days, and at 6 p. m. on 25 days. In 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 2d, 4th to 26th, 30th and 31st, at noon on the 4th to 14th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st to 25th, both inclusive, and 30th, at 6 p. m. on the 1st, 3d to 15th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 29th and 30th. The temperature was therefore at or below freezing on 27 days at 6 a. m., on 20 days at noon, and on 23 days at 6 p. m. In 1905, we have records for only the first 4 days of January. On the 2d, the temperature was below freezing at noon and at 6 p. m,, while on the 3d and 4th it was below freezing all day. In 1914, at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 8th, both inclusive, 10th to 14th, both inclusive; 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 25th, 26th, 30th and 31st; at noon on the 1st, 4th, 6th, 10th to 13th, both in- clusive; 18th, 21st to 25th, both inclusive, 30th and 31st; at 6 p.m. on 4th to 7th, both inclusive, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 18th, 23d, 25th, 26th, 29th, 30th and 31st; or at or below freezing at 6 a.m. on 22 days, at noon on 15 days, and at 6 p. m. on 17 days. The greatest daily range in January was as follows : January 24, 1900, from 33° to 56.5°, or 23.5°. January 2, 1901, from 1.5° to 24°, or 22.5°. January 28, 1902, from -12° to 10°, or 22°. January 1, 1903, from 16° to 40°, or 24°. January 29, 1914, from 32° to 56°, or 24°. The average temperature for the month was as follows: In 1900, 24.2° at 6 a.m., 33° at noon, and 29° at 6 p.m., or 28.7° for the day; in 1901, 23.8° at 6 a.m., 31.3° at noon, 29.2° at 6 p. m., or 28.1° for the day; in 1902, 19.3° at 6 a. m., 29.9° at noon, 24.7° at 6 p.m., or 24.6° for the day; in 1903, 22.1° at 6 a.m., 31° at noon, 27.1° at 6 p.m., or 26.7° for the day; in 1914, 29.2° at 6 a.m., 34.4° at noon, 32.8° at 6 p.m., or 32.1° for the day. Sky: — The records show that clear and cloudy periods in Janu- ary, 1901, were about equally divided, with the clear periods some- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 65 what in excess. This month for 1901 was markedly cloudy, the sky being obscured about f of the time. In 1902 it was again about equally divided as to clearness and cloudiness, with only 1 extra period in favor of cloudiness. In 1903 it was again markedly cloudy. Taking the entire period observed under consideration, there are almost twice as many cloudy days as clear ones. In 1914, the first clear day was on the 8th; the next two cloudy, the 12th very clear; 13th, 15th and 17th clear; 14th, 16th, 18th, and 31st, cloudy; no record for the other days. Winds: — North and east winds are relatively infrequent. Winds from other directions are so evenly distributed that we cannot speak of any as a prevailing wind. Taking the period as a whole, indeed, the southwest winds are considerably in the lead of the others but a consideration of the several years shows that on some years other winds predominate, for example, the west winds in 1900 and 1901, so that a different series of years would yield some- what different results. The southwest winds, especially those of winter and autumn are usually chilling, and frequently bring storms. Calm periods were fairly common in 1900. The January of 1901 was unusually calm, the calm periods being considerably in excess of any wind from any particular direction and, indeed, ag- gregating nearly I of the entire month. The months of January, 1902 and 1903, were unusually boisterous, no periods of calm being recorded for either. Snow: — Rainstorms are only occasional, 3 or 4 for the month being the usual number. Snow storms are more frequent. The unusual number of 23 were reported for 1901, but a number of these were rather light snow flurries. In 1914, there was snowing all day on the 2d, snow and rain on the 3d and 4th, rain on the 14th, and snow all day on the 18th and 31st. The following tables represent briefly and comprehensively the weather phenomena for January during the periods when the lake was under observation : Sky Winds Rain Snows Snow- fall in inches Year Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1914 17 26 16 9 14 12 69 17 22 27 5 23 1 1 1 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 6 12 4 3 2 13 7 9 14 13 9 1 11 16 1 2 6 13 9 6 4 4 3 9 3 23 5 8 14 7 7.5 66 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1899 Date 6 a. m. 1 0° 8 30° 29 —1.3 30 31 -9 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 0° 18° 10° 9.3° 2 12 28 . 15 18.3 3 10 30 22 20.6 4 22 37 37 32 5 38 44 37 39.6 6 33 40 37 36.6 7 42 44 40 42 8 22 34 30 28.6 9 25 42 42 36.3 10 35 36 32 34.3 11 30 32 31 31 12 29 31 31 30.3 13 30 33 32 31.6 14 34 38.5 34 35.5 15 34 44 40 39.3 16 32 33 32 32.3 17 31.5 36 39 35.5 18 42.5 46 44 44.1 19 40 45 49 44 6 20 35 40 32 35.6 21 21 41 5 34 32.1 22 29 43 34 35.3 23 31 43 5 32 35.5 24 33 56.5 50 46.5 25 27.5 18.5 13 19.6 26 8.5 20 13 13.8 27 13 30 32 25 28 8 8 2 5 6.1 29 16 18 11.3 30 10 13 3 8.6 31 —8 —2.6 Average 24.2 33.0 29.0 28.7 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Sitrvey 67 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 -13° 16.1° 7.9° 7.6° 16.9° -1.9° 2 1.5 24 17.9 14.4 24.6 1. 3 6.5 23.1 23,5 17.7 27.6 5.3 4 20,8 39.9 32.1 30.9 40.1 16.5 5 25 25.2 25.8 25.3 29 9 24.5 6 25 38.9 37.9 33.9 41.2 21.5 7 34 34 32 33.3 • 39.2 32 8 38.9 47.9 50 45.6 51.7 31.5 9 31 33 33 32.3 39.1 30.5 10 36.2 35 33 34.7 45.8 32.1 11 31.5 34 31 32.1 33.9 30 12 26.4 33.7 27 27.3 34.3 24.4 13 24 32 31.7 29.2 33 23.5 14 36 3 42 .39.8 39.3 44.7 28.3 15 30 1 44 48.2 40.8 48.5 29.1 16 34 9 36 31.9 34.2 51 31 17 20 3 20.7 18.9 19.9 28.5 18.3 18 10.1 24.1 25.1 19.8 . 25.6 9.1 19 13.6 19.5 24.8 19.3 27.5 13.1 20 34.7 50.5 48.5 44.5 54.9 22.9 21 45 42.7 34 40.5 47.1 33.6 22 24.8 31 32 5 29.4 34.8 21 9 23 31 35 38.3 33.7 41 27.9 24 28.5 29.3 20 25.9 41 19.8 25 18.5 23 24.8 22.1 25.3 14.5 26 24 5 26.3 27 25.8 27.5 22.6 27 29.5 28.9 24.2 27.5 30 23.9 28 20.3 28 21.5 23.2 28.1 18.2 29 11.3 22.1 23.5 18.9 25.1 5.3 30 20 5 27 15 1 20.8 29.7 15 31 3 2 24.5 24 5 17.4 27.5 -3 2 Average 23.7 31.3 29.2 28.1 68 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 20° 36° 32° 29.3° 2 38 35 26 33 3 10 20 20 16.6 4 12 29 26 22.3 5 10 29 30 23 6 23 38 38 33 7 33 40 36 36.3 8 30 43 34 35.6 9 29 48 38 38.3 10 29 44 32 35 11 20 26 23 23 12 19 24 20 21 13 15 22 IS 18.3 14 16 33 30 26.3 15 18 34 32 28 16 29 29 20 26 17 17 36 40 31 18 35 30 28 31 19 14 30 29 24.3 20 20 40 30 30 21 28 36 29 31 22 27 35 26 29.3 23 28 31 27 28.6 24 25 32 29 V 28.6 25 21 28 32 27 26 36 40 27 34.3 27 —12 —8 -6.6 28 —12 10 -0.6 29 3 6 6 5 30 6 20 11 12.3 31 11 24 6 13.6 Average 19.29 29.94 24 74 24.6 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 69 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 16° 40° 32° 29.3° 2 30 34 34 32.6 3 34 34 30 32.6 4 26 28 26 26.6 5 26 32 30 29.3 6 13 27 21 20.3 7 30 25 25 26.6 8 17 14 10 13.6 9 3 15 10 9.3 10 1 20 15 12 11 15 19 10 14.6 12 —4 7 1 1.3 13 2.5 18 17 12.5 14 15 25 27 22.3 15 27 37 30 31,3 16 22 40 38 33.3 17 28 24 23 25 18 11 20 18 16.3 19 15 30 20 21.6 20 16 40 35 30 3 21 28 28 22 26 22 18 32 35 28.3 23 20 27 23 23.3 24 20 28 21 23 25 22 30 28 26.6 26 30 50 40 40 27 39 47 40 42 28 38 43 45 42 29 50 46 22 39.3 30 18 22 23 21 31 28 38 39 35 Average 21.11 29.68 25.48 25.4 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1905 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Ma.ximum Miniinuiu 1 36° 50° 42° 42.6° 50° 35.1° 2 35 28 22 28.3 46 22 3 9 19 17 15 25 9 4 9 24 21 18 28 6 5 23 Average 22.5 30.3 25.5 26 Air Temperatures for January, 1906 There are only three records for this month, all at 6 a. m., viz, January 20, 65° ; 21st, 60° ; and 22d, 35°. 70 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey Air Temperatures for January, 1907 There are only two records for this month, viz. : January 19, 60° maximum, and January 20, 6° at 6 a.m. AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1914 D\TE 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Range Average 1 30° 32° 34° 4° 32 ° 2 30 35 33 5 32.7 3 31 39 36 8 35.3 4 30 32 32 2 31 3 5 27 37 32 10 32 6 29 29 29 29 7 29 33 30 4 30.7 8 29 40 37 11 35.3 9 38 40 36 4 38 10 26 27 25 2 26 11 18 24 20 6 20 7 12 14 21 15 7 16.7 13 14.5 30 28 15.5 24.2 14 26 39 40 14 35 15 35 48 42 13 41,7 16 35 42 37 7 38 17 30 36 34 6 33.3 18 30 30 32 2 30 7 19 32 35 37 5 34.7 20 36 38 34 4 36 21 18 25 33 15 25.3 22 19.5 24 35 14,5 26.2 23 25 30 31 6 28,7 24 33 30 34 4 32.7 25 25 28 30 13 27.7 26 30 33 31 3 31.3 27 38 50 45 12 44.3 28 40 46 42 6 42.7 29 56 56 32 24 48 30 26 31 30 5 29 31 25 30 30 5 28 3 Average 29.2 34.4 32.8 32.1 AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1900 24.2° 33,0° 29,0° 28.7° 1901 23.8 31.3 29.2 28.1 1902 19.3 29.9 24.7 24.6 1903 21.1 29.7 25.5 25.4 1914 29.2 34 4 32 8 32 1 For five years . . . 23.5 31.7 28,2 27 8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 71 February The weather conditions for February during the time when this month was under observation are given in brief form in the following table : Year Sky Winds Rains Rain- fall in inches Snows Snow- fall in inches Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E.I E. 1 S.E. S. s.w. W. N.W. 1900 1901 20 34 20 12 10 50 11 17 1 28 2 1 4 4 7 4 1 8 2 8 7 2 2 4 2 5 6 1 11 5 6 7 1 9 19 6 4 5 8 14 20.2 1902 1903 7 11 5 7 Sky: — February of 1900 was a relatively clear bright month, the records for clearness being twice those for cloudiness. That month for 1901 on the other hand was considerably more gloomy, the records for cloudiness exceeding those for clearness. 1902 was similar to 1900 in weather conditions prevailing during this month, it being a bright cheerful month, while in 1903 it was just a trifle more frequently cloudy than clear. For the whole period of the 4 years this month was under observation there is a remarkable balance between clear and cloudy periods, these being very nearly equal, the total number of clear periods being exceeded by cloudy periods by only 2. Winds: — North winds are the least frequent, being almost rare. Northwest winds are the most prevalent not only for the greater number of years but rather markedly so for the whole period ob- served, being on the whole twice as frequent as any wind from any other direction but not by any means equalling the sum total of the other winds combined. Generally speaking, February is a rather blustery month, periods of calm being rare. The February of 1901, however, was unusually calm, the number of calm periods exceeding considerably that of any particular wind, and giving for the entire period a very respectable sum total of calm periods. Storms: — Rainstorms are of rather infrequent occurrence. Snow flurries and snow storms are common, there being usually a foot of snowfall for this month. Temjieratures: — The total number of records for February is 438, as follows : 13 for 1899 ; 84 each for 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1914; 1 for 1905; 3 for 1906; and 1 for 1908. The lowest temperature recorded for this month was — 22° on February 18, 1905. The highest was 56° on February 8, 1900. The extremes for each year were as follows : 72 Lake Mcixinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1900, -8° February 1 and 17, and 56° February 8; range 64°. 190.1, -14.5° February 6, and 37.5° February 17; range 52°. 1902, -13° February 3, and 52° February 27; range 65°. 1903, -6° February 19, and 49° February 10; range 55°. Temperatures at or below freezing were recorded as follows : In February, 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 2d, 7th to 15th, both inclusive ; 25th and 27th, the only days on which observations were I'ecorded : Zero weather was recorded on the 1st, 2d, and 7th to 13th, both inclusive. In 1900, on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th to 20th, both inclusive, and 22d to 28th, both in- clusive, at 6 a. m. ; on the 1st to 5th, both inclusive ; 9th, 13th to 19th, both inclusive, and 24th to 28th, both inclusive, at noon ; and on the 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th to 19th, both inclusive; 22d and 24th to 28th, both inclusive, at 6 p. m. The temperature was therefore do^\^l to freezing- on 23 days at 6 a. m., on 18 days at noon, and on 20 days at 6 p. m. Zero weather was recorded on the 1st, 16th, 17th, 24th and 25th. In February, 1901, the temperature was down to freezing on every day at 6 a. m. ; on the 1st to 17th, both inclusive, 19th to 24th, both inclusive, and 26th to 28th, both inclusive, at noon ; and on the 1st to 24th, both inclusive; 16th, and 18th to 28th, both in- clusive, at 6 p. m. The temperatui-e was therefore at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on every day of the month, at noon on every day but the 18th and 25th, and at 6 p. m. on every day except the 15th and 17th. Zero weather was recorded on the 6th, 7th, and 21st. In February, 1902, freezing temperature was recorded at 6 a. m. on every day except the 27th and 28th, at noon on every day except the 21st to the 28th, both inclusive, and at 6 p. m, on every day but the 23rd to the 28th, both inclusive. In this month records of zero or below at 6 a. m. were made on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 18th, 19th and 20th,— 13 days in all. In February, 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 3d, 5th to 10th, both inclusive, and 13th to 26th, both inclusive; at noon on the 4th, 5th, 8th and 13th to 22d, both in- clusive ; at 6 p. m. on the 3d to 8th, both inclusive, and on the 28th. The temperature was at freezing or below on 21 days at 6 a. m., on 13 days at noon, and on 21 days at 6 p. m. Zero weather was recorded on the 17th, 18th, and 19th. We have no record for February, 1904, and only one for 1905, when on February 18, 22° below zero was recorded, the coldest temperature that has been noted during the period covered by these observations. In 1906, only 3 observations were recorded for this month, namely, 50° Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 73 on the 12th, 42° on the 13th, and 18" on the 14th, all at 6 a. m. The only record for February, 1908, is 4° at 6 a. m. on the 22d. In February, 1914, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on all the days except the 3d and 28th ; at noon on all the days except the 2d, 3d, 6th, 17th, 26th, 27th, and 28th ; and at 6 p. m. on all days except the 2d, 4th, and 27th. The temperature was therefore at or below freezing on 26 days at 6 a.m., on 22 days at noon, and on 25 days at 6 p.m. Zero weather was recorded on the 8th, 9th, and 15th, The greatest daily range was as follows : February 17, 1900, from -8° to 18% or 26°. February 6, 1901, from -14.5° to 15.9°, or 30.4°. February 22, 1902, from 4° to 44°, or 40°. February 25, 1903, from 13° to 40°, or 27°. February 9, 1914, from -2° to 28°, or 30°. AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1899 Date 6 a. m. 1 — S" 2 —10 7 8 — 9 9 —20 10 11 —20 — 1 12 —15 • 13 — 8 14 7 15 19 25 35 27 16 Average —1.07 74 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 — 8° 12° 13° 5.6° 2 4 19 10 11 3 18 28 35 27 4 35 20 33 29.3 5 20 80 32 27.3 6 32 34 32 32.6 7 40 40 41 40.3 8 » 56 42 27 41.6 9 8 25 20 17.6 10 20 34 28 27.3 U 27 40 36 34.3 12 33 40 37 36.6 13 23 19 13 18.3 14 10 30 26 22 15 17 16 8 13.6 16 — 3 15 4 17 — 8 18 9 6.3 18 10 28 15 14.3 19 7 25 17 16.5 '20 22 37 36 31.6 21 35 36 35 35.3 22 30 33 30 31 23 18 42 38 32.6 24 8 8 — 4 4 25 — 2 10 17 8.3 26 5 20 15 13.3 27 10 20 17 15.6 28 19 22 20 20.3 Average 17.4 26.5 22.7 22 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 75 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 12,5° 23 ° 15.2° 16.9° 23.9° 9.5° 2 2.5 25 5 27.3 18.7 27.5 — 1 3 29.5 31 31 30.5 31.3 25 4 26.5 28.5 27.8 27.6 29 22.2 5 12.7 23.9 14.8 17.1 23.5 12 6 —14.5 15.9 14.5 5.3 18.3 —16 7 — 4 19.1 18 11 22.9 —11.2 8 22.1 23.9 26.5 22.5 27 8 9 22.8 25.8 26 24.8 29.9 21 10 8.5 21 18.2 15 9 29.9 4 11 13.5 28 21.8 21.1 32.1 — 4 12 9.5 27 20 5 16.6 27.6 7.5 13 11.1 22.9 24.5 19.5 25 5 6 14 14.9 20.3 17.5 17.5 23.1 9.5 15 4 28.1 32.5 21.5 36 1.6 16 18.1 28.5 28 24.8 30.1 14.5 17 25 31.3 37.5 31.2 38.1 24 18 27.8 35.5 31.8 31.7 37 27 19 11.9 17.3 11.9 13.7 27.2 9.5 20 6 21.5 16.5 14.6 24 5.1 21 — 0.1 23.2 19.9 14.1 23 — 0.1 22 2.5 14.7 5.5 7.5 15 0.1 23 4 21 12.1 12.3 19.7 — 0.1 24 11.2 26.1 26.9 21.4 27.9 4 25 28 32.9 27.5 29.4 36.5 22.6 26 4.9 25.9 16.1 15 6 24.6 4.8 27 5 29 18.5 17.5 28 18 28 5 25.6 26.3 18.9 30.3 — 0.9 Average 11.3 24.8 22 19.3 76 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon I p. m. Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Average. 6° 2 —13 —12 —12 9 — 3 — 6 12 3 9 — 3 — 1 17 19 — 7 — 3 7 4 23 26 25 25 39 41 7.4 22° — 4 — 4 9 21 13 14 20 31 32 23 27 27 27 27 31 27 27 28 38 44 49 47 43 48 52 40 27.1 12° 13.3 - 6 — 2.6 - 6 — 6.6 - 8 — 8 7 1.3 27 19 6 5.3 2.6 13 11 20 21 18 16.6 23 16.3 13 16.3 9 11 20 15.3 22 24 21 23.6 19 13 18 14 19 14.3 25 23.3 28 25.3 37 36.3 36 36.3 35 34.3 40 37.6 44 45 40 ■ 40.3 19.7 17.8 Lake MaxinkMckee, Physical and Biological Survey 77 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1903 Date 6 a. in. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 39° 40° 43° 40.6° 2 45 47 38 43.3 3 32 33 32 32.3 4 33 29 23 28.3 5 15 28 26 23 6 20 35 28 - 27.6 7 25 33 31 29.6 8 24 32 26 27.3 9 19 40 33 30.6 10 30 49 37 38.6 11 35 37 36 36 12 35 37 32 34.6 13 31 32 30 31 14 24 30 31 28.3 15 32 28 29 29.6 16 10 14 8 10.6 17 — 4 6 0.6 18 — 3 2 — 0.3 19 — 6 16 12 7.3 20 3 28 21 17.3 21 18 28 20 22 22 7 28 26 20.3 23 20 36 32 29.3 24 18 35 28 25.6 25 13 40 30 27.6 26 20 45 38 34.3 27 35 45 43 41 28 39 38 27 35.6 Average 21 7 31.8 27.2 26.8 78 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1914 Date 6 a. m, Noon 6 p. ni. Average 1 14° 30° 27° 23.7° 2 30 40 38 36 3 33 46 30 36.3 4 14 32 36 27.3 5 22 30 32 28.0 6 28 34 30 30.7 7 14 20 8 14 8 — 2 14 4.0 9 — 2 28 28 18.0 10 20 24 27 23.7 11 10 20 20 16.7 12 7 14 9 10 13 9 11 15 10.7 14 9 24 22 18.3 15 15 18 11 16 9 20 10 13,0 17 20 38 30 29.3 18 27 ' 32 30 29.7 19 22 30 20 24.0 20 14 31 24 23.0 21 9 28 ■27 21.3 22 21 22 12 18.3 23 8 14 12 11.3 24 1 26 23 16.7 25 3 28 28 19.7 26 17 34 31 27.3 27 27 43 36 35.3 28 36 41 32 36.3 Averac^e 14.6 27 46 23.39 21.9 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR FEBRUARY Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1900 1901 1902 1903 1914 17.4° 11.3 7.4 21.7 14.6 26.5" 24.8 27.1 31.8 27 5 22.7° 22 19.7 27.2 23.4 22.0° 19.3 17.8 26.8 21.8 Average for five years.. . 14.5 27.6 23 21.5 March March is prevailingly a cloudy month. Of thirty observations in 1900 as to condition of the sky, 12 showed clear and 18 cloudy ; of 90 observations in 1901, 18 were clear and 72 cloudy; in 1902, 33 observations w^ere made of which 15 recorded the sky as clear, and 18 as cloudy; while in 1903, of 41 recorded observations, 19 report the sky as clear and 22 as cloudy. March is generally a boisterous month, with very little calm. Of 46 observations in 1900 no period of calm was observed ; of the 46 winds observed nearly every direction was represented, there Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 79 being 5 winds from the north, 6 from the northeast, 5 from the east, 4 from the southeast, 4 from south, 8 from the southwest, 6 from the west and 8 from the northwest, the winds from the southwest and northwest being slightly in the majority. In 1901 the month was considerably more calm than during the preceding year. Of 91 observations 18 were calm, 1 north wind, 9 from the northeast, 3 from the east, 6 from the southeast, 13 from the south, 25 from the southwest, 2 from the west, 14 from the north- west, showing again the southwest and northwest winds slightly in the majority. In 1902, of 33 observations, there was recorded no period of calm, 1 north wind, 8 from the northeast, none from the east, 3 from the southeast, 6 from the south, 8 from the southwest, 1 from the west and 6 from the northwest. In 1903, of 50 observations, there were 2 periods of calm, 6 north winds, 11 from the north- east, 4 from the southeast, 10 from the south, 8 from the south- west, 5 from the west and 4 from the northwest. A considera- tion of all these records shows that there is no especial direction from which winds come during this month; it varies from day to day and year to year. March is generally a rather stormy month with a trifle more snow than rain. In 1900 there were 5 rainstorms, 6 snow storms with a total snowfall of about 7 inches, and 2 sleet storms. In J 901 there were 13 rainstorms. During 15 periods snow was re- corded as falling but these were usually light snow flurries, the total depth of snowfall registering only about 2| inches. 4 fogs were recorded, 15 hazy days, one electrical storm and 1 frost. In 1902 there were 5 rainstorms and 4 slight snow storms, the total snowfall being 3 inches. 2 fogs and 1 frost were recorded. In 1903 there were 7 rainstorms, 3 snowstorms, 3 fogs and 1 frost. There was a cold snap at the end of the month during which ice was frozen on pools. The month is marked by rather sudden up- ward changes of temperature, one hour changes of 25° being common. General weather conditions for March are given briefly in the following table: Year Sky Winds Rains Snows Snow- fall in ijiches Clear Cloudy 1 Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.VV. 1900 1901 1902 1903 12 18 15 19 18 72 18 22 18 2 5 1 1 6 6 9 8 11 5 3 4 6 3 4 13 6 10 8 25 8 8 6 2 1 5 8 14 6 4 5 13 5 7 1 15 4 3 7 2k' 3 6—17618 80 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Sky: — As shown by our records, March, in all the years rec- ords have been kept, has shown an excess, sometimes inconsider- able, sometimes considerable, of cloudy weather. During the years 1900, 1902 and 1903, the excess was not great, the month being pretty evenly divided as to periods of cloudiness and clearness. In the spring of 1901 this month was unusually cloudy, there being 3 times as many cloudy periods as clear ones. It is the abnormal condition of this particular spring that makes the periods of cloudi- ness during the 4 years studied sum up to more than twice as fre- quent as the clear ones. Winds: — North, east and south winds are relatively infrequent. The winds from other directions vary from year to year in fre- quence, but, taken as a whole, are so evenly distributed that none can be called the prevailing wind. Most years this is rather a rude boisterous month with few periods of calm. Storms: — Rainstorms, the first of the spring rains, and snow storms, are quite frequent. Temperatnres: — The total number of records for March is 370, as follows : 8 for 1899 ; 93 for 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903. The lowest temperature recorded was zero, on March 17, 1900. The highest was 73° on March 19, 1903. The extremes were as follows : 1900, 0° March 17, and 52° March 9; rang-e 52°. 1901, 5.5° March 6, and 64.8° March 25; range 59.3°. 1902, 10° March 17, and 65° March 19; range 55°. 1903, 18° March 1, and 73° March 19; range 55°. Temperatures at or below freezing were recorded as follows : In March, 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 12th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 28th, 29th and 31st. The only other record was 50° on the 11th. In 1900, March furnished freezing temperatures at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 5th, both inclusive; 7th to 10th, both inclusive; 12th, 14th to 18th, both inclusive; 20th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 25th, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive ; at noon on the 1st, 5th, 6th, 12th, 14th to 17th, both in- clusive ; 20th, 21st, and 29th ; at 6 p. m. on the 3d to 8th, both inclusive; 11th, 13th to 17th, both inclusive; 19th, 20th, 21st, 25th, 29th and 30th. The temperature was down to freezing at 6 a. m. on 25 days, at noon on 11 days, and at 6 p.m. on 19 days. In March, 1901, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a.m. on the 1st, 5th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 21st, 22d, 27th, 28th, 29th and 31st ; at noon on the 5th, 6th, 20th and 21st; at 6 p.m. on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 15th, 20th, 21st, 27th, and 28th. The temperature was at or below freezing on 16 days at 6 a. m., on 4 days at noon, and on 8 days at 6 p. m. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 81 In March, 1902, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 2d to 6th both inchisive, 10th, 14th, 17th to 20th, both in- clusive, and 31st ; at noon on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 17th and 18th ; at 6 p.m. on the 2d to 5th, both inchisive; 16th, 17th, and 18th. The temperature was at or below freezing on 12 days at 6 a. m., on 5 days at noon, and on 7 days at 6 p. m. In March, 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 13th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 25th and 29th; at noon on the 1st and 24th, and at 6 p. m. on the 1st and 24th. The tem- perature was therefore at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 9 days, at noon on 2 days, and at 6 p. m. on 2 days. For March, 1907, we have but three records, these showing that the maximum on each of the three days, March 21, 22, and 23, was 84°. The greatest daily range for March was as follows: March 3, 1900, from 7° to 43°, or 36°. March 23, 1901, from 40° to 62.2°, or 22.2°. March 26, 1902, from 40° to 60°, or 20°. March 31, 1903, from 35° to 60°, or 25°. AIR TEMPERATURES FOR "MARCH, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. Average 1 20° 23° 40° 27.6° 2 23 40 27 30 3 7 43 25 25 4 30 42 31 34 3 5 16 23 27 22 6 40 27 23 30 7 12 37 20 23 8 19 40 31 30 9 32 52 34 39.3 10 28 40 39 35.6 11 35 38 30 34.3 12 17 32 37 28.6 13 37 42 32 37 14 24 30 25 26.8 15 18 19 14 17 16 18 10 4 10.6 17 19 20 13 18 31 40 41 37 19 42 43 30 38.3 20 19 28 26 24.3 21 30 32 30 30.6 22 32 39 47 29.3 23 33 50 38 40.3 24 27 42 35 34.6 25 27 40 32 33 26 35 35 33 34.3 27 27 40 38 35 28 31 34 33 32.6 29 30 30 30 30 30 32 37 32 33.6 31 27 43 40 36.6 Average 25.8 35.2 30.5 30.4 82 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average . Maximum Minimum 1 28 " 36 ° 34.5" 32.8° 37 ° 20.2° 2 34.2 38.8 35.1 36 40.6 33.8 3 38.4 51 . 38 42.4 53 33.4 4 33.5 41 27 33.8 4.9 31.4 5 8.5 16.9 7 10.8 23 7 6 5.5 24.5 26.4 18.8 28.6 3.1 7 26.1 40.8 36.2 34.3 42.4 21.4 8 38.1 41.8 43.7 41.2 44.5 34.4 9 36.8 35.2 34.5 35.5 45 33.9 10 34.5 42.5 39.9 38.9 47.5 31.8 11 28.1 33 33.6 31.5 35.5 27.3 12 28.2 36.3 38.5 34.3 38.9 37 13 41.6 37.5 34.7 37.9 43.5 34.2 14 30.7 35.5 33.1 33.1 37.3 30.4 15 28 35 28.5 30.5 34.9 26.6 16 19.6 39.5 35.2 31.4 40.6 17 17 31.1 53 49,5 44.5 54 30 18 39.3 66.5 62 55.9 69.3 39.3 19 47.8 57.1 49.2 51.3 58.5 44.4 20 32.5 30 26.1 29.5 53.9 25.3 21 22.9 22.9 29.5 25.1 29.5 21.9 22 25 40.1 43.1 36 47.8 21.5 23 40 62.2 49 5 50.5 65 35 24 44.5 56 52 1 50.8 58.5 43 25 46.6 64.8 50.8 54 67.3 46 26 41.9 46.1 41 1 43 47.5 40.5 27 32 36.2 32 33.4 40.3 31.7 28 30 34.5 32 32.1 37.9 29.1 29 29.9 35.2 37.9 34.3 38.1 22.9 30 33 32.5 32.8 32.7 36.5 31 31 30.1 35.1 38.2 34.4 43 29.9 Average 31.8 40.5 37.2 36 5 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 83 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 35° 23 25 27 25 27 35 35 40 32 53 53 35 32 42 39 12 13 20 32 35 36 40 40 35 40 50 53 40 42 32 36° 32 30 31 38 48 50 35 42 62 60 63 43 54 52 46 10 26 46 50 50 45 57 55 56 60 65 58 55 36 42 34° 25 30 30 31 40 40 36 40 55 63 43 45 44 54 24 12 25 40 43 43 44 53 42 46 54 65 50 52 37 39 35.0° 27.3 28.3 29.3 31.3 38.3 41.6 35.3 40.6 49.6 58.6 53 41 42.6 49.3 36.3 11.3 19.3 35.3 41.6 42.6 41.6 50 45.6 45.6 51.3 60 53.6 49 38.3 37.6 Average. 34.8 46.2 41.3 40. 84 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 18° 29° 27° 24.6° 2 25 40 36 33.6 3 25 37 36 32.6 4 35 41 38 38 5 40 38 38 38.6 6 36 44 45 41.6 7 45 55 57 52.3 8 37 45 38 40 9 35 43 41 39.6 10 43 42 40 41.6 11 38 43 45 42 12 40 30 47 55 43.5 *13 45 43.3 14 37 50 44 43.6 15 35 51 46 44 16 43 52 56 50.3 17 53 65 63 60.3 18 55 72 66 64.3 19 60 73 62 65 20 60 54 40 51.3 21 30 45 40 38.3 22 32 55 , 40 42.3 23 35 55 34 41.3 24 30 32 32 31.3 25 32 45 45 40.6 26 33 56 55 47.6 27 40 56 42 46 28 33 44 37 38 29 27 44 43 38 30 34 54 45 44 3 31 35 60 46 47 Average 37.1 49.1 42.6 43.4 * — The maximum for the 13th was 70°. AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the montli 1900 1901 1902 1903 25.8° 31.8 34.8 37.1 35.2° 40.5 46.2 49.1 30.5° 37.2 41.3 42.6 30.4° 36.5 40.7 43.4 32.4 42.8 37.9 37.7 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 85 April Sky: — Of 39 observations of the sky made in April, 1900, we have 24 records of clear and 15 cloudy ; of 89 in 1901, 33 recorded the sky as clear, 56 as cloudy; of 31 in 1902, 15 noted clear, and 16 cloudy; and of 71 in 1903, 39 records gave clear and 32 cloudy, making- a total of 111 records clear and 119 cloudy, the weather being pretty evenly divided in this particular, there being a few more cloudy periods than clear ones. Generally, this month shows a very even balance between pe- riods of clearness and of cloudiness, the month for 1900 showing a greater number of clear periods than cloudy, the spring of 1901 showing the reverse, and April of 1902 and 1903 being very little different. For the whole 4 years there are 8 more cloudy periods than clear ones. Winds: — Generally speaking, calm periods are rare in April, none at all being recorded in 1900, 1902 and 1903. In 1901 it was, however, unusually calm, there being 19 periods of calm recorded. As to direction, winds are pretty equally divided ; so much so that taking year after year, one cannot speak of any marked tendency toward a prevailing wind from any particular direction; the rec- ords are as follows : Year N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. 1900 6 5 8 2 6 4 5 3 1901 3 26 10 9 1 IS 1902 4 5 2 2 3 5 1 S 1903 8 1 8 12 38 5 1 1 There are fewer west winds than any other, and more north- east than any other, the others being well distributed. The north- east winds generally bring cool weather and storms. It is gen- erally a boisterous month, with but few calms. Storms: — Both snowstorms and rainstorms are rather frequent. As compared with other months, rain storms are usually rather infrequent; we have a lecord of 3 rainstorms for 1900, of 6 for 1901, of 4 for 1902. In 1903 it was unusually wet, there being 11 periods of rain recorded for April of that year. There are occa- sional snowstorms; we have 4 recorded for 1900, 1 for 1901, and .75 inch for 1902. There was one sleet storm in 1900. Five records of frost in 1901, and one hailstorm in 1903. The following table shows the general weather conditions for April : 86 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Sky Wind Snow- Year Rains Snows fall in Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. inches 1900 24 15 6 5 8 2 6 4 5 3 3 4 6 1901 33 56 19 3 26 10 9 1 18 6 1 M 1902 15 16 4 5 2 2 3 5 1 8 4 4 1 1903 34 32 17 28 8 18 9 2 5 11 2 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for April is 362, as follows : 90 for 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903 each, and 1 each for 1907 and 1909. The lowest temperature recorded was 18° on April 10, 1909. The lowest recorded in years of full records was 25° on April 5, 1900, and again on April 4, 1903; the highest was 88° on April 29, 1900. The extremes were as follows: 1900, 25° on April 5, and 88° on April 29; range 63°. 1901, 30.1° on April 1, and 85.1° on April 30; range 55°. 1902, 22° on April 8, and 86° on April 21; range 64°. 1903, 25° on April 4, and 75° on April 12; range 50°. The temperature was at or below freezing as follows: In April, 1900, at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 3d, 4th, 5th and 10th to 14th, inclusive; at noon on the 11th; and at 6 p.m. on the 3d, 11th, and 13th. The temperature was freezing at 6 a. m. on 9 days, at noon on one day, and at 6 p. m. on 3 days. In April, 1901, it was at or below freezing at 6 a.m. only on the 1st, and at no time at noon or 6 p. m. In April, 1902, it was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th and 8th; at noon on the 1st and 7th; and at 6 p. m. on the 1st, 7th and 8th. In this month it was down to freezing on 6 days at 6 a. m., on only 2 days at noon, and on 3 days at 6 p. m. In April, 1903, the temperature was down to 30° at noon and 6 p. m. on the 3d; to 25° at 6 a. m., and 32° at noon and 6 p. m. on the 4th, to 28° at 6 a.m. on the 5th, and to 32° at 6 a.m. on the 23d. In April, 1909, when only one observation was recorded, it was 18° at 6 a.m. on the 10th. The greatest daily range was as follows : April 26, 1900, from 46° to 77°, or 31°. April 30, 1901, from 62.9° to 85.1°, or 22.2°. April 21, 1902, from 48° to 86°, or 38°. April 1, 27, and 28, 1903, from 40°, 40° and 50°, respectively, to 60°, 60° and 70°, respectively, or 20°. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and BJolocjical Survey 87 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 30° 55° 47° 44° 2 37 42 43 40.6 3 27 44 32 34.3 4 27 55 40 40.6 5 25 60 51 45.3 6 38 70 55 54 3 7 49 75 60 61.3 8 47 60 50 52.3 9 38 57.5 37 44.1 10 26 47 40 37.6 11 29 32 30 30.3 12 30 40 34 34.6 13 30 46 32 36 14 30 60 44 44.6 15 48 78 65 63.6 16 58 60 55 59.3 17 52 60 58 56.6 18 55 60 52 55.6 19 49 69 53 57 20 43 73 60 58.6 21 53 64 60 52.3 22 58 65 51 58 23 45 76 65 62 24 51 74 60 61.6 25 45 74 60 59.6 26 46 77 56 59.6 27 51 67 65 61 28 64 80 63 69 29 60 88 65 71 30 50 67 60 50 Average 43 62.5 51.4 52.3 88 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. 111. Average *1 30,1° 44.2° 45.7° 40.3° 2 39 34 36 36 3 34.1 49 44.5 42.5 4 35.1 53 5 54 47.5 5 43.1 51.5 47.2 47.3 6 43.8 44 9 41 43.2 7 38.9 50 41.5 47.1 8 34 40.1 40.9 38.3 9 34 48.8 48 43.6 10 35.8 51.9 51.9 46.5 11 40.3 52.5 51.9 42.8 12 40 6 49 51.5 47.1 13 47.2 48 48.8 48 14 43.5 59.8 57.8 57 15 43 9 58.2 52 51.4 16 41.9 60.2 49.4 50.5 17 53.7 51 5 40.5 48.6 18 32.5 37.9 38 36.1 19 32 2 41 1 39 37.4 20 33 3 47.1 38.2 39.5 21 35.3 42 6 -36.8 38.2 22 41 4 44 5 50.1 45.3 23 46 51.9 52 2 50 24 44 58.9 56.5 53.1 25 49.5 52 59 53.5 26 52.7 64.1 62.5 59.8 27 57.9 70.5 63.3 63.9 28 58.6 78 71 69.2 29 60.2 77.5 71.3 69.7 30 62.9 85.1 71.5 73.2 Average 42.9 53.3 50.4 48.9 * — Maxinmrn air temperature for the 1st was 48.4°; minimum, 26. 1°. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 89 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APPRIL, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 32° 32° 32° 32° 2 31 35 36 34 3 28 47 40 38,3 4 30 50 42 40.6 5 36 56 50 47.3 6 45 60 50 51.6 7 32 26 25 27.6 8 22 38 36 32 9 35 58 45 46 10 35 65 60 53 3 11 48 55 50 51 12 46 45 44 45 13 35 41 39 38.3 14 36 44 42 40.6 15 38 50 45 44.3 16 42 58 52 50.6 17 42 60 56 52.6 18 48 68 56 57.3 19 47 56 50 51 20 40 68 53 53.6 21 48 86 77 70.3 22 67 80 78 75 23 42 50 48 46.6 24 38 58 64 53.3 25 50 62 70 60.6 26 50 46 50 48.6 27 50 60 62 57.3 28 56 76 65 65.6 29 54 78 66 66 30 56 62 60 59.3 Average 41.9 55.7 51.4 49.7 90 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6p.m. Average 1 40° 60° 50° 2 55 70 65° 63.3 3 36 30 30 32 . 4 25 32 32 29.6 5 28 35 45 36 6 45 55 56 52 7 43 55 61 53 8 45 57 60 54 9 48 65 56 56.3 10 45 53 47 48.3 11 55 65 70 63.3 12 65 75 65 68.3 13 53 48 48 49.6 14 45 50 47 47.3 15 43 48 41 46 16 38 54 46 46 17 37 55 50 47.3 18 42 60 55 52.3 19 41 55 50 48.6 20 43 57 57 52.3 21 43 43 43 43 22 36 42 42 40 23 32 50 48 43.3 24 46 58 48 50.6 25 45 46 48 46.3 26 35 55 56 48.6 27 40 60 63 54.3 28 50 70 71 63.6 29 60 74 72 68.6 30 63 36 32 43.6 44.1 53.8 51.9 49.9 AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1900 1901 1902 1903 43.0° 42.9 41.9 44.1 62.5° 53.3 55.7 53.8 51.4° 50.4 51.4 51.9 52.3° 48.9 49.7 49.9 Average for four years . . 43 .56.3 51.3 50.2 May Sky: — Of 35 observations made in 1900, 21 record the sky as clear, and 14 as cloudy; of 95 in 1901, 23 record the sky as clear and 72 as cloudy; of 31 records in 1902 we have 15 clear and 16 cloudy; and of 76 records for 1903 we have 49 clear and 27 cloudy, making- a total of 108 records for clear and 129 of cloudy, the cloudy periods being somewhat in excess of the clear ones. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 91 May is generally a bright sunny month, most of the records showing a preponderance of bright days. Many of the periods marked "cloudy" in 1901, were bright and pleasant, either because of thinness of the clouds or broken rifts in them. Winds: — As with April, this is a month of comparatively few calms, none being reported for 1900, 1902, or 1903. In 1901. for which our records are much fuller, we have recorded 15 periods of calm. West winds were rather few; all others were pretty well dis- tributed, those from the south being on the whole, the most abund- ant. For the year for which we have the fullest records we have a goodly record of periods of calm. The following is a record of the winds for the time observed : Year N. . N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W, W. x.w. 1900 7 5 8 6 10 2 1 1901 5 31 2 12 1 3 1 16 1902 1 1 4 4 1 5 2 1903 8 1 8 12 38 5 1 I Storms: — Rainstorms are frequent, just about as frequent as in April. Two rainstorms were recorded for 1900, 4 in 1901, none in 1902, and 6 in 1903. Of other atmospheric phenomena there was one thunderstorm in 1901, and there were 2 cases of noticeably heavy dewfall. It may be observed that "dew", as commonly observed, especially on grass, is as much a biological as an atmospheric phenomenon, being the result of transpiration by herbage, although peculiar atmospheric conditions favor its manifestation. The general weather conditions for May are shown in the fol- lowing table : Year Sky Wind Rains Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. 1 S. S.W. W. N.W. 1900 21 14 7 5 8 6 10 2 1 2 1901 23 72 15 5 31 2 12 1 3 1 16 4 1902 15 16 1 1 4 4 1 5 2 1903 49 27 8 1 8 12 1 38 5 1 1 6 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for May is 310, as follows: 90 in 1900, 91 in 1901, 53 in 1902, and 76 in 1903. 92 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The lowest temperature recorded was 30° on May 1, 1903. The highest was 93° on May 14 and again on May 16, 1900. The extremes were as follows : 1900, 35° on May 3, and 88° on May 25; range 53°. 1901, 42.5° on May 30, and 89° on May 23; range 46.5°. 1902,* 43° on May 15, and 88° on May 18; range 45°. 1903, 30° on May 1, and 90° on May 17 and 19; range 60°. In the 4 years for which records were made the temperature in the month of May fell as low as freezing only once, which was at 6 a. m. May 1, 1903, when it stood at 30°. The greatest daily range was as follows : May 10, 1900, from 37° to 77°, or 40°. May 23, 1901, from 60° to 89°, or 29°. May 3, 1902, from 62° to 90°, or 28°. May 10, 1903, from 54° to 83°, or 29°. AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 D. m. Average 1 46° 80° 64° 63.3° 2 60 82 54 65.3 3 35 55 45 45 4 45 56 48 49.6 5 45 70 60 58.3 6 50 78 67 65 7 53 79 66 66 8 65 75 55 65 9 40 56 42 46 10 37 77 58 57.3 n 50 77 65 64 12 60 88 70 72.6 14t 79 93 76 82.6 15 70 90 80 80 16 76 93 72 80.3 17 50 65 60 58.3 18 56 60 51 59 19 50 63 51 54.6 20 50 67 63 60 21 46 70 60 58.6 22 50 70 64 61.3 23 61 80 74 71 6 24 61 85 76 74 25 63 88 76 75.6 26 70 85 83 79.3 27 68 80 70 72.6 28 64 80 70 71.3 29 68 78 70 72 30 70 88 80 79.3 31 70 80 70 73.3 Average 56.9 76.3 64.7 66 *No record after May 18. t Maximum air temperature, 93° Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Stirvey 93 AIR temperatures] FOR MAY, 1901 Date 6 a. ni. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 62° 83.8° 80° 75.3° 2 85.9 66 73.1 65.4 79 5 3 51.5 61 4 48.9 67 62.9 59.6 5 58.9 74 3 70.5 67.9 6 62 73.2 62.3 65.8 7 57.8 61.8 57.8 59.1 8 55 60.3 58.8 58 9 49.5 62 63.9 58.5 10 53.2 59.5 66 59.6 11 50.5 64.1 61.8 58.8 12 51.6 55.5 53 53.4 13 46.5 66.1 55.8 56.1 14 46.6 59.8 60.5 55.6 15 42.9 70.3 83 65.4 16 54 82.6 64.5 67 17 55.1 83 5 80,5 73 18 62.3 79 2 70 4 70.6 19 54 2 64.9 61 60 20 53.5 67.9 59 60.1 21 52.8 57.4 59 6 56.6 22 55 62 66.6 61.2 23 60 85.9 89 78.3 24 60.9 57.5 52 5 57 25 47.6 45 51,1 47 49.4 26 51 5 47.8 27 46 56 9 54.9 52.6 28 52.2 65,2 62.6 60 29 43.9 57.9 54 5 52.1 30 42 5 58.9 57.9 53.1 31 45 66 68,9 60 Average 52.2 66.9 63.7 61 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 48° 63° 61° 57.3° 2 60 80 67 69 3 62 90 78 76.6 4 67 88 76 77 5 60 72 70 67.3 6 56 66 63 61 6 7 50 58 60 56 8 46 52 50 49.3 9 43 50 54 49 10 45 48 49 47.3 11 45 50 56 50.3 12 50 78 76 68 13 59 60 60 59.6 14 58 62 54 58 15 43 56 58 52.3 16 50 66 68 61.3 17 51 73 fiO 61.3 18 65 88 76 5 Average 53.2 66.7 62.4 61.2 94 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 30° 55° 50° 45 0° / 2 37 60 58 51.6 3 43 43 40 42 4 37 60 54 50.3 5 47 68 60 58.3 6 55 70 60 61.6 7 45 65 60 56.6 8 45 70 62 59 9 55 82 65 67.3 10 54 83 60 65.6 11 62 81 68 70 3 12 60 84 73 72.3 13 64 84 60 69.3 14 50 80 64 64.6 15 57 78 63 66 16 60 84 65 69.6 17 63 90 66 73 18 65 85 74 74.6 19 66 90 70 75.3 20 70 78 65 71 21 68 78 70 72 22 66 75 70 70 3 23 68 80 78 75.3 24 70 80 68 72.3 25 65 70 81 80 73 27 75 Average 56.6 75.5 63.5 65 4 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR MAY Year a . Ill . Noon Op. m. For the month 1900 1901 1902 1903 56.9° 52.2 53.2 56.6 76.3° 66.9 66.7 75.5 64.7° 63.7 62.4 63.5 66 0° 61 61.2 65,4 Average for four years . . 54.7 71.4 63.6 63 3 June Sky and Winds: — We have complete records for June for only 2 years, 1900 and 1901, the records of other years being too frag- mentary to tabulate. Of 36 records in 1900, 23 record the sky as clear and 13 as cloudy; of 78 for 1901 we have 33 records of clear sky and 45 of cloudy, leaving the month for 1900 with an excess of clear records and that for 1901 with a somewhat similar ex- cess of records for cloudy. The total observations for the 2 years Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 95 are 56 clear periods and 58 cloudy, which is a remarkably even balance. In 1900 there were 10 more observations marked "clear" than cloudy, while in 1901 cloudy periods were somewhat more frequent than clear. Taking observations for both years, we have the pe- riods pretty evenly divided. These observations show that, taken as a whole, the cloudy pe- riods and clear periods are about equally divided, the clear periods being more prevalent in 1900 but less so in 1901. North and west winds are relatively infrequent ; winds from other directions are so evenly balanced that none can be called the prevailing wind. This is an evenly tempered uneventful month and the minor weather phenomena such as fog, haze, electrical storms, etc., were not suf- ficiently marked to attract especial attention. Rainstorms are not especially frequent during this month. The results of our observations are given in the following table : Year Sky Winds Rains Rain- fall in Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. 1 S. S.W. W. N.W. inches 1900 1901 23 33 13 45 4 17 5 9 8 9 5 7 16 4 5 8 16 3 4 11 8 9 1.5 Tem'peratures: — The total number of temperature records for June is 202, as follows: 90 in 1900, 90 in 1901, 10 in 1902, and 12 in 1903. The lowest temperature recorded was 45.5° on June 1, 1901. The highest was 95° on June 28, 1901. The extremes were as follows: 1900, 49° on June 3 and 88° on June 16; range 39°. 1901, 45.5° on June 1 and 95= on June 28; range 49.5°. 1902,' 50° on June 21 and 22, and QQ° on June 30; range 16°. 1903% 62° on June 27 and 86.2° on June 30; range 24.2°. Our records show no freezing temperature for June. The greatest daily range was as follows : June 9, 1900, from 54° to 80°, or 26°. June 16, 1901, from 65° to 90°, or 25°. June 28, 1902S from 56° to 61°, or 5°. June 29 and 30, 1903% 72° and 73° to 85.2° and 83.2°, or 13.2°. * Records for only G days. - Records for only 4 days. 7—17618 96 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2) 3) 76° 68 49 58 67.5 68 66 68 54 65 68 63 70 63 64 60 66 65 65 76 63.5 65 64 68 67 84 71 68 76 5 fO 86° 65 66 75 80 78 79 79 80 80 79 77 81 80 75 88 82 80 76 74 69.5 68 82 84.5 84 85.7 84.7 85 79 68 73° 60 60 70 73 68 70 60 60 70 65 75 76 65 63 78 68 63 74 63.5 67.5 60 70 70 73 76 5 79.5 79 69 72 78.3" 64.3 58.3 67.6 73.5 71.3 70.3 69 64.6 71.6 70.6 71.6 75.6 69.3 67.3 75.3 71.3 69.3 71.6 70.5 66.8 64.3 72 ■70.8 74.6 82 78.4 77.3 74.8 66 6 Average. 66.2 78.3 69 Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Survey 97 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1!»U1 Date 6 a. in. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 45.5° 66.1° 64 0° 58 5" 2 52.2 66.1 79.5 65.9 3 57.3 79.5 81.2 72.7 4 60.1 84 82.1 75.4 5 69 65.9 73.9 69.6 6 65 72 76 5 71.2 7 52.5 56 52.9 53.8 8 46 63.9 58 56 9 55.2 78.5 77.1 70.3 10 62.1 71.3 79.6 71 11 73.8 91.5 93.5 86 3 12 70 94 75.1 79.7 13 70 89.8 80 79.9 14 73.8 91.6 82.5 82.6 15 72 82.5 80 78.2 16 65 90 83.8 79 6 17 66.1 71.5 73.5 70 4 18 62 9 83.6 73.5 73 3 19 68 85.9 79.5 77.8 20 . 63.9 77.1 74.9 72 21 69.9 75.8 79 3 75 22 72 87.8 87.9 82.6 23 67.8 81.9 83.3 77 7 24 73.0 90.1 85 83 25 76,1 94.5 83.8 84.8 26 74 91 88 84 27 76.5 93.4 81 83.6 28 71 95 91 • 86 29 76.5 88 82.5 82.3 30 79.5 94.2 92 9 88.9 Average 66.3 81.8 79.2 75.7 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. Rang-c .A verage 21 50° 50 55 58 56 64 22 23 24 28 30 61° 66 59° 52 5° 14 58 7° 60 7 Average 55.5 63.5 55.5 59.7 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon p. ni. Averape 27 28 29 30 62° 63.5 72 73 75° 75 85.2 86 2 71° 78 82.5 SI 70.3° 72 2 79 9 80 Average 67.6 80.4 78.9 75.6 98 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1900 1901 1902 1903 66,2° 66.3 55.5 67.6 78.3° 81.8 63 5 80.4 69 0° 79.2 55.2 78.9 71 0° 75.7 59.5 75.6 Average for four years . . 63 9 76 70.6 70.4 July Sky: — The records for July are fairly complete for only 3 years and accordingly do not admit of the cheeking up and balancing which is possible where we have more years to compare. It may briefly be observed that the clear periods were somewhat in ex- cess of the cloudy ones for the years under observation and that the south winds were somewhat more common than those from any other direction. The calm periods were surprisingly few. Winds: — Northeast, west and northwest winds were the least frequent, the prevailing wind being from the south. Periods of calm were rather infrequent. Storms: — Compared with other months, showers were rather frequent; of fairly complete records of 34 months, we have only six that equal or exceed that of this particular month. Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for July is 330, as follows : 93 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 26 in 1902, 93 in 1903, 24 in 1906, and 1 in 1910. The lowest temperature recorded for this month was 54° on July 1, 1902; the highest was 103° on July 1, 1910. The extremes for each year were as follows : 1899, 58° on July 8 and 89° on July 21; range 31°. 1900, 60.5° on July 1 and 9, and 92° on July 4; range 31.5°. 1902S 54° on July 1 and 90° on July 7 and 27; range 36°. 1903, 60° on July 15 and 16, and 91° on July 3 and 4; range 31°. 1906= 60.5° on July 31 and 94° on July 23; range 33.5°. Our records show no freezing temperature for July. The greatest daily range was as follows : July 12, 21 and 24, 1899, from 71°, 73° and 71°, respectively, to 87°, 89° and 87°, respectively, or 16°. July 14 and 28, 1900, from 71° and 64°, respectively, to 88° and 81°, respectively, or 17°. July 24, 1902, from 65° to 88°, or 23°. July 2, 1903, from 68° to 88°, or 20°. July 31, 1906^ from 60.5° to 84°, or 23.5°. ^ Records for only 11 days. - Records for only 9 days. ' Records for only 9 days. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 99 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1899 Date 6 a. 111. Noon 6 p. ni. Average 5 69° 73° 70° 70.6° 6 65 77 77 ■ 73 7 69 80 78 75.6 8 58 70.5 68 65.5 9 65 76 76.5 72.5 10 69 80 80 76.3 11 71 83.5 81 78.5 12 71 87 86.5 81 5 13 74 86 74 78 14 70 74 73 72.3 15 69 71 77 74 73 16 77.5 77.1 17 66 72 70 69.3 18 66 79 80 75 19 69 83 82 78 20 74 86 85 81.6 21 73 89 84 82 22 73 87 84 81.3 23 72 87 85 81.3 24 71 87 85 81 25 71 86 80 79 26 68 83 82 77 6 27 69 69.5 78 81 73 5 28 76 75 5 29 72 77 68 72 3 30 64 74 71 69.6 31 62 75.5 75.5 71 Average. 68.9 80.2 77.9 to. 6 100 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey AlK I'KMPEKATLKES FUK JULV, 190;) Date 6 a. m. 60.5° NOOT 6 p. m. Average 1 73.0- 76.5° 70 0° 2 68.4 86.5 85 80 3 70 5 88 86 81.5 4 85 92 85 87.3 5 81 90.5 85 85.5 6 77.3 89.5 85 83.9 7 71 86 76.5 77.8 8 6;» 68 67.5 67.5 9 60 5 75 70 68.5 10 64 79 76 73 11 76 89 67 77.3 12 67 64 77 69.3 13 64.5 75.5 74 5 71.5 14 71 88 85 81.3 15 7S 88 84.5 83.5 16 71 71.5 79 73.8 17 71.5 78.5 71 73.6 18 67 74 76 72.3 19 72 84 78 78 20 72 87 66 75 21 62 71 75.8 72.8 22 67 83 81 77 23 72 86 85 81 24 75 70 71 72 25 67 78 76 73.6 26 67.5 75 70 69.1 27 66 74 75 71.6 28 64 81 79 74.6 29 73 82 78 77.6 30 70 82 76 76 31 70.5 85.5 79 78.6 Average 70 80.4 77.3 75.9 AIR TEAIPER.ATURES FOR JULV, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 54° 71° 63° 62.6° 2 64 84 70 72.6 3 75 84 7 80 90 75 81.6 9 76 79 58 65 82 81 79 80 1« 21 24 88 79 77.3 25 70 85 83 79.3 27 75 90 70 78.3 Average .... 6.(6 83.9 73.4 76.4 Lake Maxinkvckee, Physical and Biological Survey 101 AIK TEMPERATURES FOR JILV, 1903 Date Average. ti a. in. 1 73.5' 2 68 3 75.5 4 79 5 78 6 73 7 73 8 75.2 9 73 10 75.2 11 70.5 12 70 13 63 14 63 15 63 16 63 17 68 18 63 19 73 20 67 21 73 22 73 23 72 24 81 25 82 26 72 27 B7 . 5 28 71 29 70 30 65 31 58 72.5 Nooi 89^ 88 91 91 83 79 84 90 87.5 85 82 78.5 78 76 71.5 75 78 68 73.5 75 8.5.5 76 78 83 86.5 89 78 91 81 73 63 83.9 () p. 111. 71° 84 87 75 76 81 82 86 88.5 83.2 77.5 tiS 73.5 6S 68 74 69 73 73.5 77 78 70.5 72 83 83 77 80 79 76 5 68.5 07 , 5 Average 77.8° 80 84.5 81.6 78 77.6 79.6 83.7 83 SI.l 76.6 72.2 73.2 69 66.5 69.6 71.6 68 73.3 73 77.1 73.1 74 82.3 83.8 79.3 75.1 80.3 75.8 68.8 63.8 76.6 75.9 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 23 74° 94° 88° 85.3° 24 66 74 73 71 25 63.9 66 71.9 78.5 87.9 84 71.2 26 76.9 27 83 79.6 28 78 92.2 71.8 80.6 29 70 73.9 75 73 30 67 83.9 79.9 76.9 31 63.3 84 82 75.5 Average 68.6 83.6 78.9 76.9 102 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH OF JULY Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1899 1900 1902 1903 1906 63.9° 70 69.6 72.5 68.6 80.2° 80.4 83.9 80.9 83.6 77.9° 77.3 73 4 76 6 78,9 75.6° 75.9 76.4 75.9 76.6 Average for five years . . 69.9 81.8 76.8 76.1 August Sky: — For August we have fairly complete records for only 2 years, 1900 and 1906. We have pretty full temperature records for 1902 but few records of other weather conditions. Our records show an abundance of cloudy weather, and for the summer of 1906, a considerable excess. In many cases of cloudy weather, however, the clouds were much broken up, permitting many bright days and clear bits of sunshine. "Winds: — August is notably a month of calms and it is due to the placid untroubled surface of the lake that the plankton scum, which begins either at the end of the preceding month or the be- ginning of this, forms on the surface and reaches its maximum de- velopment. West winds are the least frequent; east winds the most so. Storms: — In keeping with the prevailing calm, storms are rela- tively infrequent. The following is the record in tabular form : Year Sky Wind Rain Cll Cloudy Calm N. N.E, E. S.E. s. s.w. W. N.W. 1900 1906 14 19 19 48 8 34 4 5 3 3 5 12 2 4 7 5 4 2 1 2 4 7 5 3 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for -August is 382, as follows: 93 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 23 in 1902, 74 in 1906, and 15 in 1908, The lowest temperature recorded was 51% on August 28, 1906; the highest was 98°, on August 2, 1906. The extremes for each year were as follows : ' Lake Maxlnkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 103 1899, 58.5° on August 15 and 88.5° on August 19; range 30°. 1900, 62° on August 31 and 92.1" on August 10; range 30.1°. 1902,^ 54° on August 23 and 90° on August 5; range 36°. 1903, 55° on August 12 and 86.5° on August 23; range 31.5°. 1906, 51° on August 28 and 98° on August 2; range 47°. 1908,' 62.5° on August 27 and 87.4° on August 31; range 24.9°. Our records show no freezing temperature for August. The greatest daily range was as follows : August 3, 1899, from 69° to 88°, or 19°. August 19, 1900, from 70' to 91.5°, or 21.5°. August 5, 1902, from 65° to 90°, or 25°. August 21, 1903, from 59° to 79°, or 20°: August 29, 1906, from 56° to 77.5°, or 21.5°. August 28, 1908=, from 63° to 81°, or 18°. AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 67.0° 73.5° 82.5° 74.3" 2 75' 82 76.5 74.5 3 69 80 88 79 4 73.5 83 80 78.8 5 70 73.5. 73 72.2 G 69.5 74.5 76.5 73.5 7 64 76 70 70 8 62 72 73.5 69.2 9 65 80 71 72 10 70 82.5 80.5 77.6 11 .71 87 86.5 81.5 12 72.5 83.5 76.5 77.5 13 64.5 71 68 67.8 14 62 70 74 68.6 15 58.5 75.5 76 70 16 60 75 78.5 71.2 17 65 SO 81.5 68.8 18 69.5 81 81 77.2 19 71 88.5 85 81.5 20 72 71.5 80.5 83 76.2 77.2 21 77.5 22 65 79 80 74.6 23 72 80 82.5 78.2 24 - 67 83.5 82.5 78 25 67.5 80 81.5 76.3 26 68 82.5 82.5 77.0 27 62.5 82.5 83 76 28 70.5 84 82 78.8 29 69 75 74 72.6 30 70 83.5 83.5 79 31 72 81 82 78.3 Average 67.9 79.5 79 75.1 ^ Records for only 12 days. ^ Records for only 5 days. 104 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Alii TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1900 Date 6a. m . NOOT 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum Range 1 65.8° 76.5° 78 0° 73.1° 79.4° 64.5° 14.9° 2 69.5 76 76 73.8 79 67.2 11.8 3 69 78 81.1 76 82.8 67.2 15.6 4 73.2 89.8 87 82.3 90.5 67.4 23.1 5 75 89.8 88 84.2 91 73.6 17.4 6 76.5 - 87.5 86.8 83.6 89.8 74 15.8 7 ' 75 89.5 86.5 83.6 80.6 71.8 8.8 8 76 88 85.1 83 90.4 70.6 19.8 9 74.5 90.2 87.5 84 91.5 70.4 21.1 10 77.4 90.8 88.4 85.5 92.1 75.2 16.9 11 77 91 78 82 92 73.5 18.5 12 69.5 77 76.4 74.3 81.8 69.5 12.3 13 68 80.2 81 76.4 84.5 65.6 18.9 14 67.6 68.5 77 71 80 63 17 15 71 70.1 72 71 73.2 68.5 4.7 16 65.8 71 77 71.3 78.5 64.6 13.9 17 73.9 77 75 75.3 80.5 67 13.5 18 73 86.6 87 82.2 90.4 69.8 20.6 19 77 90 68.5 78.5 91.5 70 21.5 20 71.5 88.5 81 80.3 90.5 69.6 20.9 21 64.8 80.9 75.5 73.4 83.8 63.2 20.6 22 71.9 79 79 76.6 82.8 70.5 12.3 23 69.4 71 78 72.8 82 69.4 12.6 24 71.5 83 81 78.5 86 70.2 15.8 25 72 84 77 3 77.7 86.5 70.6 15.9 26 70.5 80 75.5 75.3 80.6 69.8 10.8 27 18.5 79.8 78 75.4 82.2 65.2 17 28 65.5 79 78 74.1 ^ 81.8 64.5 17.3 29 69.5 81 7S 76.1 82.6 67 15.6 30 61 82.5 81 74.8 84 65 19 31 63 83 82 77.3 85.2 62 23.2 1 Average 70.8 81.9 SO 77.5 1 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1902 Date 6 a. m. NOOT 6 p. m. Average 5 65° 56 56 72 76 65 56 54 60 62 91° 74 75 77.5° 65 10 11 19 20 86 80 74 79.3 75 21 22 23 66 65 62.3 24 28 , 30 " 76 81 88 70 73 68.6 72 Average 62,2 79.5 1 72.4 71.4 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 105 AIH TEMPERATUKE.S F(JK Al'Gl.ST, l'JU3 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. in. Average 1 57° 70° 73° 66.6' 2 64 83 69 75.3 3 72 87 70.5 77.1 4 66 73.5 75 71.5 5 68 78.5 78.5 75 6 68 74 68 70 7 55 73 67 65 8 60 76 68 68 9 62 75 68 68.5 10 60 75 75 70 11 56 70 64 63.3 12 55 67 67 63 13 60 72 70 67.3 14 61.5 74 73 69.5 15 60 68 65 64.3 16 63 75 74 70.6 17 63 75 71 69.6 18 65 81 77 74.3 19 63 64 69 65.3 20 58 75 70 67.6 21 59 79 75 71 22 67 81 78 75.3 23 69 86.5 82.5 79.6 24 73 86 85 81.3 25 76 86 72 78 26 60 71 75 68.6 27 68 78 69 71.6 28 65 75 76 72 Average 63.3 76 72.7 70.7 106 Lake Maxiukuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1906 1 Maximum for the day, 77.8°. ' Maximum for the day. 74°; minimum, 51.9° » Maximum for the day, 89°; minimum, 79°. Date 6 a. m. Noon 1 6 p. m. Average 1 65.5° 83.5° 83.9° 77.6" 2 71 88 98 85.7 3 65.9 85.5 75.9 75.8 4 72.9 91.5 72.9 79.1 5 75 87 5 71.9 78.2 6 70.9 88 69 76 7 68.8 • 80 73.4 74.1 8 68.5 79 83.5 77 9 70 10 67.5 78 76.9 74.1 11 66.4 79.5 74.9 73.6 12 59 70.1 70.1 66.4 13' 59.9 75 72.5 69.1 14^ 15^ 65 80.9 80.5 16 72.5 87.8 80.3 17 71 76.5 74.1 73.9 18 68 81.8 72.6 74.1 19 20 75 5 90.5 73 81.8 21 80 5 22 89 90 78.5 79 84 84 23 87 24 70.5 74.5 25 26 82 5 89.5 65 9 66.5 61 78 27 58.9 61.9 28 51 66.9 65.5 61.1 29 ' 56 77.5 75 69.5 30 61.5 68 68 65.8 31 50 Average .... 67.4 81.1 75.1 74.9 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1908 Date' 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 27 62.5° 80° - 76° 72.8° 28 63 81 76 74.3 29 69 73 75 72.3 30 70.5 83 82.1 78.5 31 73 87.4 86 82.1 67.6 80.9 79 75.8 Records only for the last five days of the month. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Bioloyical Survey 107 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR AIGUST Year 6 a. m. Noon 1-^ 6 p. III. I'or t lie niont li 1899 67.9° 79.5° 79.0° 75.1° 1900 70.8 81.9 80 77.5 1902 62.2 79.5 72.4 71.4 1903 63.3 76 72.7 70.7 1906 67.4 81.1 75.1 74.9 1908 67.6 80.9 79 76 Average for six years . . . 66.5 79.8 76.4 74.3 September Sky: — The month of September generally contains a good pro- portion of fair bright days. Our table for 1900 shows a consider- able excess of cloudy days, but the conditions are reversed in 1903, when, however, we have only about a third of the month repre- sented. In 1906, the records cover only the first 19 days and are expressed in too general terms to easily adapt themselves to tabu- lar form, but which, of the 19 days, record 16 days as "fine" or "fair weather" and 3 as cloudy or showery. The only fairly com- plete record for September is that of 1900. In 1902 we have scattered records covering 6 days, too fragmentary to be tabulated. In 1903 we have continuous records only from the 21st to the 30th, but as these are pretty full records they are entered. Winds: — Calm days are frequent. In September, 1900, south winds were the most prevalent. In September, 1906, northeast winds were frequent ; these are usually cold disagreeable winds. Storms: — Rainstorms are rather frequent most years and are accompanied by cool weather. Fogs are occasional, and this is the month of the first frosts. The following is the table for the two years : Year Sky Wind Rains - Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. 1900 21 31 8 3 2 2 5 10 6 1 3 13 1903 12 6 2 1 3 7 1 1 1 1 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for September is 452, as follows: 84 in 1899, 88 in 1900, 11 in 1902,25 in 1903, 52 in 1906, 61 in 1907, 47 in 1908, and 84 in 1913. The lowest temperature recorded was 37° on September 29 and 30, in 1899 ; the highest was 95° on September 1, 1913. 108 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surveij The extremes for each year were as follows : 1899, 37° on September 29 and 88° on September 2; range 51°. 1900, 37.3° on September 18 and 90.3° on September 10; range .53°. 1902,' 42° on September 14 and 80° on September 21; range 38°. 1906," 51° on September 14 and 90" on September 12; range 39°. 1907,' 39° on September 25 and 86° on September 17; range 47°. 1908,' 50° on September 3 and 88° on September 11; range 38°. 1913, 39° on September 22 and 23, and 95' on September 1; range 56°. ^ Records for only 6 days. - Records for only 19 days. ■'' Records for only 22 days. ••Records for only 17 days. Our records show no freezing temperature for September. The greatest daily range was as follows : September 16, 1899, from 50.5° to 86 , or 35.5°. September 5, 1900, from 59.5° to 88.8°, or 29.3°. September 5 and 21, 1902,' from 51° and 60° respectively to 71° and 80° respectively, or 20°. September 22, 1903,= from 56° to 76°, or 20°. September 11, 1906,= from 65.5° to 88.1°, or 22.6°. September 14, 1907,' from 62° to 80°, or 18°. September 3 and 11, 1908,% from 50° and 64° respectively to 72° and 88° respectively, or 22°. September 10, 1913, from 51° to 75°, or 24°. ^ Records for only 3 days. - Records for only 7 days. ^ Records for only 16 days. ^ Records for only 19 days. ^Records for only 15 days. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 109 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. in. Average 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Average. 73" 73 76.8 59.6 71.5 75 68 60 59.5 62 63 58 47.5 51 59.5 69 65 56 47 46.5 57 55.6 62 49.5 44 42 55 37 37 58 81.5° 84.7 78.5 79.1 73 70 63 69.5 70 68 58.5 70 86 84.6 66 56.4 61.6 68 72 61 71.6 55 54.5 60.2 57 46.5 47.5 67.9 79° 84 72.4 80 77 68 63 71 67.5 58 60 71 ^2 70 63.2 55.5 54 66 59 65.5 59 51 48 60 50 41 39 63.5 77.8° 81.6 77.9 76.6 77 69.6 65 61,8 67.5 66.8 61.3 55.3 62 75 b 74.5 64.7 55.9 54.2 60.1 62.6 60.7 64.2 51.8 48.8 54 54 41.5 41.1 63.1 110 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1900 D.i;e 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 71.8° 85 0° 74 0° 76.9° 85.0° 71.8° 2 71 82 75 76 82.5 71 3 70 76.5 71,5 72.6 78 67.5 4 61 76.2 75 70.7 79 59.8 5 64.2 87 84.5 78.5 88.8 59.5 6 74 88 75 79 88 73 7 66 . 73 75 71.3 77 63 8 64.5 78.8 71.6 82.9 63 •9 71 85.2 74 76.7 86 66 10 69.5 88.2 77 78.2 90.3 69.5 11 73 87.5 79 79.8 88.6 71.5 12 63 71.5 67.8 67.4 78 58.5 13 58.5 74 73 68.5 77.3 53 14 62.2 79 76.5 72.5 80.6 60.5 15 62 81.9 80 74.6 85.5 61.5 16 53.6 57.6 55 55.4 71.6 53.5 17 45 52 17.5 57 44.5 18 38.5 63 64 55.1 66 37.5 19 57 58.8 60.4 58.7 61.6 55 20 62 5 74.5 71 69.3 77 60.5 21 52 62.2 61.5 60.2 70 51 22 51.5 68 65.5 61.6 70 48.6 23 55 72.7 65 64.2 75 54 24 56.5 72.5 63.5 64.1 76 51 25 71 87.5 83 80.5 88.8 70.5 26 70 75.9 66.5 70.8 80.5 65.0 27 58.5 69.5 58.7 59.2 64.5 58 28 56 65 67.5 62.8 69.5 55.2 29 59 61.5 57 59.1 66.2 55 39 59.5 62.8 63.1 58.8 63.1 44 Average 61.3 74.2 69.7 68.1 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 5 51° 43 42 60 66 60 71° 61° 13 14 21 23 80 72° 70.6 28 64 60 61.3 Average 53.7 71.7 66 64.3 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 111 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1903 Date 6 a. ni. Noon 6 p. m. Average 21 55.5° 60° 57.7° 22 56 76° 64 65.3 23 59 50 46 60 24 25 70 78 58 26 60 66 27 46 50 46 47 28 44 65 59 56 29 56 70 65 60 30 60 71 68 66.3 Average 53.3 67.1 60.2 59.5 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER. 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 51° 73° 71.5° 65.2° 2 71.1 71 66 69.4 3 62.5 70 65 65.8 4 59.5 56.2 73 68 66.3 5 75 66.4 6 62 79 70 70.3 7 63.9 80.9 73.9 72.9 8 80.5 81 72 75 76.3 9 69 75 10 63 65.5 67 74.9 65 11 88.1 76.2 12 66 90 69 71.7 13 67.5 68 69 68.2 14 51 58.6 63.1 57.6 15 52 69 59.8 60.3 16 61 77 70 69.3 17 63 83 74 73.3 18 66 83.5 82 77.2 19 70 Average 62.2 76.7 70.2 69.3 7618 112 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1907 Date 6 a. ni. Noon 6 p. m. Average 7 63° 69 8 62° 69° 66.7° 9 68 68 61 65.7 10 55 57 56.5 56.2 11 52 66 64 60.7 12 56.5 75 79.5 70.3 13 62 79 73 71.3 14 62 73 80 86 71 17 72 77 18 68 70 79 72.3 19 72 85 79 78.7 20 72 78 73 74.3 21 56.9 70 64 63.6 22 47 60 59 55.3 23 55 65 60 24 58 63 54 58.3 25 39 51 49 46.3 26 43 58 58 53 27 52 51 57 53.3 28 58 61 58 59 29 54 55 55 54.7 30 51 54 52.5 Average 58 67.5 03.9 62.9 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1908 Average. 63.3 77.8 73.2 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 74° 63.5 75° 70.5 74.5° 2 60° 64.7 3 50 72 66.5 62.8 4 58.1 75 67 66.7 5 61 69 80 66 70.5 6 77 70.7 7 54 70 69.5 64.5 8 59 62.5 9 79.5 80 74 10 65.5 82.8 78 75.4 11 64 69 68 88 83.5 83 76 12 76.8 13 77.9 76.3 U 65 78 75 72.7 15 67 73 75 71.7 16 60 78 79 72.3 17^ 66 81 78 75 71.5 ' At 6 a. m. on tha 2Sth ths air wa? 43°, and the maximum for that rlay was 92° Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 113 AIR TEMPERATUKK8 FOR SEPTEMBER, 1913 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 95° 94 93 2 3 81° 87 0° 4 65° 79 72 5 64 76 79 73 6 67 86 87 80 7 73 87 76 78.7 8 69 76 71 72 9 53 73 68 64.7 10 51 75 74 66.7 11 58 81 69 69.3 12 60 67 62 63 13 49 65 63 59 14 50 69 64 61 15 49 65 63 59 16 63 69 70 67.3 17 67 67 62 65.3 18 55 65 60 60 19 51 71 67 63 20 62 54 49 55 21 44 49 43 52 22 39 49 47 45 23 39 60 62 53.7 24 56 78 70 68 25 55 76 72 67.7 26 50 52 53 51.7 27 41 60 60 53.7 28 48 66 60 58 29 61 70 67 66 30 59 73 63 65 Average 55.3 71 65.8 64.1 AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. For the month 1899 58.0° 67.9° 63.5° 63. r 1900 61.3 74.2 69.7 68.1 1902 53.7 71.7 66 64.3 % 1903 53.3 67.1 60.2 . 59.5 1906 62.2 76.7 70.2 69.3 1907 58 67.5 63.9 62.9 1908 63.3 77.8 73.2 71.5 1913 55.3 71 65.8 64.1 Average for eight years. 58.1 71.7 66.6 65.4 October Sky: — The records are fairly complete for October in the years 1899, 1900, 1903 and 1913. We have also a fragmentary record for 1902 which is too incomplete to tabulate. 114 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey October is singularly blest with bright, sunny days, the clear periods having outnumbered the cloudy periods every year obser- vations were taken, and in the sum total of our records exceeding the cloudy periods by nearly 50 per cent. Winds: — It is also a month of calm, the number of calm pe- riods generally exceeding that of any other month. October is made up largely of pleasant hazy Indian summer days. When the calms are broken it is usually by pleasant southeast or southerly winds, winds from the north, northeast, west and northwest being the least frequent. Storms: — Storms are not frequent, and such rains as fall are usually gentle drizzles such as weight down the loosened leaves and bring them to earth. Fogs are common in low places, especially in the morning. There are few records of frost, probably on ac- count of the fogs. The following table gives the general weather features : Year Sky Winds Rains Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. 1899 1900 ^1903 8 46 22 5 32 20 4 27 8 4 1 2 1 2 10 2 3 19 3 6 10 9 2 3 14 1 2 3 2 5 6 9 3 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for October is 507, as follows: 88 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 27 in 1902, 24 in 1903, 42 in 1904, 45 in 1906, 93 in 1907, 1 in 1908, 1 in 1912, and 93 in 1913. The lowest temperature recorded was 28.5° on October 11, 1906; the highest was 84° on October 5, 1900. The extremes for each year were as follows : on October 1 and 82° on October 15; range 46°. ♦ ° on October 17 and 85° on October 5; range 51.3°. on October 29 and 93° on October 26; range 60°. on October 10 and 80° on October 3; range 34°. on October 28 and 72° on October 18 and 19; range ° on October 11 and 68° on October 17; range 39.5°. on October 19 and 78° on October 2; range 45°. on October 21 and 31 and 83° on October 10; range 'Records for only 11 days. ^ Records for only 8 days. ' Records for only 14 days. 1899, 36° 1900, 33.7 1902,' 33° 1903,= 46° 1904,= 30° 42°. 1906, 28.5 1907, 33° 1913, 30° 53°. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical ayid Biological Survey 115 Freezing temperatures were recorded as follows: In 1899, 1900, 1903, and 1907, none; in 1904, October 27, 32" and October 28, 30° ; in 1906, October 10, 28.9° and October 11, 28.5° ; in 1913, October 21, 30°, October 22, 32°, and October 31, 30°. The greatest daily range was as follows: October 15, 1899, from 60.5° to 82% or 21.5°. October 4, 1900, from 62.5° to 84.5°, or 22°. October 26, 1902,^ from 63° to 93°, or 30°. October 10, 1903,- from 46° to 64°, or 18°. October 28, 1904,^' from 30° to 51°, or 21°. October 20, 1906^ from 42° to 63.8°, or 21.8°. October 19 and 22, 1907, from 33° and 40° respectively to 54° and 61° respectively, or 21°. October 9, 1913, from 50° to 77% or 27°. AIR TE.MPERATL-RES FOR OCTOBER, 1899 Date 6 a. in. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 36° 53° 54.5° 47.8° 2 49 60 59 56 3 50 71 5 66.5 62.6 4 50 65 59 58 5 48 61.6 56 55.2 6 45 62.5 58 55.1 7 47 81.5 55 54.5 8 44.5 55 53.2 50.6 9 42.5 64 63 56.5 10 58 75.2 63 65.4 11 59.5 61.5 63 61 3 12 60.5 69 67 65.5 13 64 72 77 71 14 65.5 75 89 69.8 15 60.5 82 76 72.8 16 64 78.8 60 67.6 17 50 52 52 51.3 18 44 19 60 20 46 21 44 22 49 59 65 78 57 23 67 68 24 57 75 65 66 25 57 77 62 65.3 26 56 73 59 62.6 27 54 51 43 53 51 50 53 5 2S 51 29 56 49.6 30 38 57 54 49.6 31 42 59 43.5 48.2 Average 51. G 66.4 59.8 58 1 ^Records for only 11 days. - Records for only 8 days. ^ Records for only 14 days. ^Records for only 14 days. 116 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 54.3° 67.0° 66 0° 62.4° 69 0° 53.6° 2 58.5 77 73 69.5 78.5 58.5 3 62.5 81.5 72.5 72.1 83 62.2 4 62.5 83.5 76.9 74.3 84.5 62.5 5 67 84 79.8 76.9 85 64.9 6 65 79.5 74 72.8 84.8 63 7 58 56.5 53.5 59.3 72.5 52.8 8 50.8 57.5 51.5 53.3 59.8 50.2 9 40.5 59.5 54 51.3 61 39.4 10 44 61.5 60.5 55.3 62.4 41.5 11 49 62 62 57.7 64.5 46.5 12 51.9 64 61.1 59 65 51.3 13 54.2 63.9 63.3 60.5 67.2 51.7 14 48.7 67.5 61.9 59.4 70.6 46.5 15 48.9 70.1 68 62.3 73.4 47.2 16 55.3 55 51.8 54 62 47.3 17 35 54.5 52.5 47.3 58.4 33.7 18 38.1 64 58 53.4 67.1 37.4 19 46.3 60 59.5 55.3 63 46 20 48 67 61.9 59 68.5 47.6 21 61.1 65.1 66.6 64.3 69.5 54.4 22 65.8 69.2 65.2 66.7 70 60.3 23 57.9 65.3 61.5 61.6 66.4 57 24 43.7 64.5 62.5 56.9 66.2 47.5 25 55.3 70 66.2 63.8 72.5 55.1 26 59.3 76.3 59.9 65.2 77.5 58.3 27 . 47.3 64 61.8 , 57.7 67.7 46.2 28 53.9 69.5 67 63.8 73.2 51.2 29 61.5 71.3 69.5 67.4 74.7 61.1 30 62.7 68 65 65.2 71.7 62.3 31 61 71.5 70.1 67.5 75 61 Average 53.8 67.4 63.8 61.5 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 16 48° 53 19 65° 55° 57.6° 20 43 59 53 51.3 21 43 58 54 51.6 22 50 68 65 61 23 58 70 65 64.3 24 60 75 70 68.3 25 60 73 64 65 26 63 93 63 73 29 33 31 55 Average. 51.1 70.1 60.4 61.6 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 117 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 66° 74° 67° 69 ° 2 61 73 68 67.3 3 65 80 76 73.6 4 64 76 70 70 5 67 69 66 67.3 6 66 70 68 66 /■ 66 68 61 65 III 46 64 60 56.6 Average 62.6 71.7 67 67.1 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1904 Date 6 a. ni. Noon 6 p. m. Average 18 55 = 72° 66° 64.3° 19 53 72 66 63.6 20 50 50 47 49 21 43 47 43 44.3 22 39 46 40 41.6 23 33 50 44.6 42.5 24 46 57.5 52.5 52 25 40 43.5 42 41.8 26 37 50 43 43.3 27 32 42 40 38 28 30 51 48 43 29 38.2 60 53.9 50.7 30 40 53 50.5 47.8 31 37 58 53.9 49.6 Average 40.9 53.7 49.3 48 118 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, ISiOB Date 6 a. 111. Noon 6 p. ni. Average 5 51.0° g 39 0° 10 28.5 33.5 11' 28.5 40 0° 34 0° 12 34.9 51.8 49.8 45.5 13 53 65 60.5 59.5 14 44 65 58 56.5 15 47.8 63.7 57.8 56.4 16 50 62 61.5 57.8 17! 54 68 62.1 61.4 18 56 64.9 62.8 61.2 19 48.8 62.8 57.5 56.4 20 42 63.8 52 52.6 21 43 61 59 54.3 22 50 55 54.5 53.2 23 56.6 56 56.9 56.2 24 59 56 49 .54.7 27 46 37.5 37 40.2 28 32.5 31.5 32 32 29 30.5 41 43.5 38.3 30 38.5 49.5 36 41.3 31 28 37.6 37.2 34.2 Average 44.2 54.3 49.5 49.8 ■Minimum for the 11th, 28.5° 'Minimum for the 17th, 44°. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 119 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1907 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 50° 69° 65° 61.3° 2 60 78 71 ' 69.7 3 67 74 69 70 4 57 63 57 59 5 48 63 56 55.7 6 49 69 64 60.7 7 62 66 57 61.7 8' 42 53 50 48.3 9 47 61 54 54 10 42 61 60 54.3 11 41 50 43 44 7 12 38 44 43 41 7 13 39 46 46 43.7 14 36 55 52 47.7 15 44 53 51 49.3 16 52 61 58 57 17 54 69 65 62.7 18 47 49 44 46.7 19 33 54 51 46 20 47 48 43 46 21 36 53 48 45.7 22 40 61 60 53.7 23 45 54 46 48.3 24 37 56 53 48. Y 25 46 55 44 48.3 26 36 44 42 40.7 27 44 45 39 42.7- 28 36 41 38 38.3 29 38 45 45 42.7 30 43 46 47 45.3 31 42 57 52 50.3 Average 45.1 56.2 51 1 120 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1913 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 54° 66° 64° 61.3° 2 52 63 58 57.7 3 43 64 64 57 4 50 74 66 63.3 5 56 70 64 63.3 6 62 76 69 69 7 61 81 68 70 8 61 77 69 69 9 60 77 71 69.3 10 63 83 78 74 7 11 49 56 51 52 12 47 63 55 55 13 46 62 59 55.7 14 51 72 66 63 15 55 72 58 61.7 16 54 60 59 57.7 17 59 63 52 58 18 43 50 48 47 19 42 53 47 47.3 20 40 43 38 40.3 21 30 34 36 33.3 22 32 39 39 36.7 23 39 45 43 42.3 24 45 54 50 49.7 25 40 51 49 46.7 26 37 58 49 48 27 43 44 43 43.3 28 40 46 44 43.3 29 40 50 35 41.7 30 34 40 37 37 31 30 39 32 33.7 Average 47 58.9 53.6 53.2 AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. For the month 1899 51.6° 66.4° 59.8° 58.1° 1900 53.8 67.4 63.8 61.5 1902 51.1 70.1 60.4 61.6 1903 62.6 71.7 67 67.1 1904 40.9 53.7 49.3 48 1906 44.2 54.3 49.5 49.8 1907 45.1 56.2 52 , 51.1 1913 47 58.9 53.6 51.1 Average for eight years. 49.5 62.3 56.9 56.3 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 121 November Sky: — Unlike October, November is prevalently a cloudy month, there being more cloudy periods than clear for every year for which we have a record, the cloudy periods for the entire time ex- ceeding the clear by nearly 50 per cent. Air: — Calm periods are still frequent, east winds are the least frequent, but the others are pretty well distributed. Storms: — Storms, both rain and snovv' are common. It is usually a foggy month, the fogs generally being dissipated during the day but forming again during the night. Eleven fogs were observed during this month in 1900. Frosts are very frequent, 13 having been recorded for November in 1900. It is the month in which the pools first freeze over. There are fairly full records for November for four years, which are given in the following table: Sky WiNDj Snow- Year Rains Frosts Snows fall in Fog Clear Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. 1 S. S.W. W. N.W. inches 1899 6 35 10 52 1 24 3 2 10 8 2 12 12 5 5 2 15 2 18 1 7 1900 14 13 10 3 11 1902 3 6 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 5 2 5.5 1904 28 43 16 14 1 1 5 11 6 5 6 9 7 5 Temperatures: — The total number of temperature records for November is 402, as follows: Three in 1898, 90 in 1899, 90 in 1900, 52 in 1902, 90 in 1904, :l in 1906, 3 in 1902, 1 in 1910, 3 in 1912, and 67 in 1913. The lowest temperature recorded was 5° on November 26, 1898. The highest was 70° on November 1, 1900, and again on November 2, 1902, and November 20, 1913. The extremes for each year were as follows: 1899, 30° on November 4 and 61° on November 17; range 31°. 1900, 15.9° on November 16 and 70° on November 1; range 54.1°. 1902,' 22° on November 28 and 70° on November 2; range 48°. 1904, 19° on November 27 and 64° on November 3; range 45°. 1913,= 20° on November 11 and 70° on November 20; range 50°. Records of temperatures at or below freezing were made as fol- lows: In 1898, at 6 a.m. November 24, 26 and 27 (the only rec- ' Records for only 17 days. - Records for only 24 days. 122 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey ords for that month in 1898) ; in 1899, at 6 a.m. on November 4, 5, 12, 26, 27 and 28, none at noon or 6 p. m. ; in 1900, at 6 a. m, on November 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 23, 26, 27, 29 and 30, at noon on November 14, 15, 16 and 29, at 6 p. m. on November 8, 13, 14, 15, 28 and 29. In other words, there were 10 days in November, 1900, when the temperature fell to or below freezing. In 1902 it was below freezing at 6 a. m. on November 25, 27, 28, 29 and 30 ; at noon on no day, at 6 p. m. on November 29. In 1904 it was at or below freezing at 6 a.m. on November 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 27, 28 and 30, at noon on November 26, 27, 29 and 30. There were, therefore, 10 days in November, 1904, when the temperature fell to or below freezing. In 1907, our only records are for November 18 and 27 when the temperature was 20° and 30° respectively, at 6 a. m. Our only record for 1910 is for 6 a. m. November 6, when it was 20°. In 1912 we have only 3 records, all taken at 6 a.m., viz., November 1, 37°, November 2, 25°, and November 3, 25°. In 1913, the temperature fell to or below freezing at 6 a. m. on Novem- ber 1, 9, 10, 11, and 12; at noon on November 9; and at 6 p.m. on November 8, 9, and 11. The greatest daily range was as follows: November 9, 1899, from 40° to 59.5°, or 19.5°. November 22, 1900, from 36° to 67°, or 31°. November 28, 1902,' from 22° to 38°, or 16°. November 18, 1904, from 34° to 64°, or 30°. November 12, 1913,= from 32° to 52°, or 20°. Air Temperatures for November, 1898 We have only three records for this month, viz. : November 24, 20° ; 26th, 5° ; 27th, 20°, all at 6 a. m. ' Records for only 17 days. - Records for only 24 days. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 123 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 40° 48.5° 44° 44.1° 2 34 40 36 37 3 34 38 34 35.1 4 30 40 37 35.6 5 27 44.5 42 37.8 6 33 44 42 39.6 7 37 56 48 43.6 8 40 56 45 47 9 40 59.5 50 49.8 10 43 55 57.5 51.8 11 43 53 40 45.3 - 12 32 42 38 37.3 13 33 51 50 44.6 14 48 51 48 49 15 46 48 46 46.6 16 47 56 54 52.3 17 49 61 55 55 18 56 57 50 54.3 19 42 56 50 49.3 20 42 61 51 51.3 21 49 59 54 54 22 51 55 50 52 23 41 41 42 41.3 24 38 41 40 39 25. 38 41 36 38.3 26 32 46 36 38 27 32 42 36 36.6 28 32 50 56 46 29 36 43 42 37.3 30 40 56 52.5 47.5 Average 39.5 49.7 45.4 44.6 124 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. 51.8° Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 51.5° 50 0° 51.1° 70.0° 49.7° 2 37.2 55.1 52.3 48.2 56.8 36.5 3 37.9 60.5 53.4 50.6 61.3 36 4 45.3 64.1 58.9 56.1 66.3 44.8 5 38.8 57 51 48.9 58.2 37 6 33 36 48.5 47.5 40.8 42 52 49 32 7 42.5 31.7 8 29.6 34.5 30.8 31.6 37.5 29.2 9 32.2 38.1 37.6 35.9 41.4 27.8 10 33.5 34.9 36.8 35.1 36.8 27.9 11 33.9 39.6 36 36.5 41.8 33 12 28.2 42.8 41 37.3 45 28.2 13 37.3 39 27.8 34.7 45.7 26.8 14 16.5 28.6 27.5 24.2 30.2 16 15 27 30 27.5 28.2 32.5 16 16 19.5 31.5 34 28.3 34.5 15.9 17 34.1 42 48.5 41.5 49.1 30.3 18 32 52.3 55.5 53.3 56.1 42 1 19 55 57.5 57.7 56.7 60.5 55 20 59.4 67 61.2 62.5 64 55 21 42.6 38.4 37.2 39.4 62 35.5 22 41 63 61 55 67 36 23 29.5 38.5 40 36 43.2 28.6 24 38 38.5 37.5 38 40.1 36.5 25 33.8 33.5 32.7 33.3 35 32.1 26 28.3 40.1 34.8 34.4 42.1 26.9 27 28.3 44.3 46.8 39.8 49.9 26.1 2S 32.5 35 31.1 32.9 39 31.3 29 29.1 30.3 29.1 29.5 31.5 27.8 30 27.3 44 42.9 38.1 47 24 Averao^e 35.6 44.3 44.2 40.7 1 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 56° 67° 61° 62° 2 66 70 65 67 4 57 5 55 38 7 50 42 43.3 1(1 40 52 48 46.6 11 60 67 62 63 12 60 69 60 63 13 61 70 64 65 14 63 68 56 62.3 15 45 48 45 46 16 45 45 44 44.6 21 60 68 61 63 24 48 30 40 25 44 40 37 26 40 40 27 30 34 30 31.3 28 22 38 33 31 29 30 40 32 34 30 30 40 35 Average 46.3 53.5 50 49 1 Lake Maxiukuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 125 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1904 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Mininiuni I 40.0° 43 43 40.5 41.9 32 35 36 36 35.5 27.8 25 30 34 29.9 31 38.1 36 45 51 30 35.5 38 40 35 24 19 25 37 19.5 62 0° 64 64 61 48 42 52.2 40.2 40 39 40 40 38.4 39 48.8 52 53 58 63.2 45.5 49 52 55 42 38 28.2 27 34 57,0° 54 56 52 42 41 49 40.1 40 33 35.9 36.2 34.9 36 42.6 45 50.5 52 56 42 43 41 48.5 38 34 27 25 33.8 25 25 53.0° 53.6 54.3 51 2 43.9 39 45.4 38.8 38.6 35.8 31.2 33.7 34.4 36.3 39 42.6 47.2 4S.6 54.7 46.2 40.6 42.8 47.2 40 35.6 26.4 23.6 30.9 31 25.8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 21.5° 12 23 5 13 27 14 33.2 15 29.2 16 17 18 19 56.5° 57 64 64 57 50.1 54 30.5 33.9 34 20 21 42 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 49 46 35 42 35.4 38 33 23 18.5 22 34 30 33 Average 34.4 46.2 41.2 40.4 126 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 31.5° 44.9° 41.8° 39.7° 2 32.1 48.6 46.1 42.2 3 42 53 41.6 45.5 4 40.5 38 43.9 49 42 2 5 61.1 49.3 6 39 55 42 7 8 ■ 54 51 49 9 46.5 46.5 39 44 10 34 44 37 38.3 11 36 39.9 34 36.6 12 29.5 35.1 29.2 31.2 13 28 32.5 32.5 29.5 14 27.9 41 36.9 35.2 15 30 40 35 35 16 32.5 42.5 46.5 34.4 17 50.5 46.5 43 46.6 18 43 31.5 42.1 36.5 42.5 19 35.5 34.5 20 34 33.9 33.9 21 41.5 34 30 35.8 23 Average 37.2 43.7 39.2 39.2 Air Temperatures for November, 1909 Our only records for this month are: November 18, 20°, and November 27, 30°, both at 6 a. m. Maximum for November 27, 45°, 6th. Air Temperatures for November, 1910 The only record for this month is that of 20° at 6 a. m. on the Air Temperatures for November, 1912 There are only three records for this month, all at 6 a. m., viz., 37° on the first, 25° on the second, and 25° on the third. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 127 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1913 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 25° 42° 32 28 8 9 29 25° 27.3° 10 27 20 11 34 32 28.7 12 32 52 52 45.3 13 55 56 46 52.3 14 42 45 45 44 15 38 37 36 37 16 38 43 40 40.3 17 42 52 53 49 18 54 60 62 58.7 19 60 64 62 62 20 65 70 60 65 21 59 65 67 63.7 22 58 69 65 64 23 40 44 43 42.3 24 34 38 40 37.3 25 33 45 48 42 26 42 46 49 45.7 27 45 46 48 46.3 28 48 56 60 54.7 29 54 60 58 57.3 30 57 60 58 58.3 Average 43.3 49.7 49.9 48.6 AVER\GE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1899 1900 1902 1904 1913 39.5° 35.6 46.3 34.4 43.3 49.7° 44.3 53.5 46.2 49.7 45.4° 42.2 50 41.2 49.9 44.6° 40.7 49.1 40.4 47.3 Average for five years. . 39.8 48.7 45.7 44.5 December Sky: — We have an unusually full record for December, cover- ing the month for 1899, 1900, 1902, 1904, 1913, and a good part of 1901. December is generally a cloudy month, our observations for every year except 1899 showing more cloudy periods than clear, the excess of cloudy periods usually being considerable. Winds: — Periods of calm are generally frequent, the weather being as a usual thing pretty well settled and steady. North winds are the least common, those from the southeast the most frequent. 9—17018 128 Lake Maxinkuckee , Physical and Biological Survey Winds from other directions are common and pretty evenly dis- tributed. Storms: — Rainstorms are generally pretty frequent, but not so much so as snowstorms. We have a record of 2 sleet storms in 1904, and of several fogs. The various elements of weather are exhibited in the following table : Sky Wind Rain- Snow- Year Rains fall in Snows fall in Fogs Clear! Cloudy Calm N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. inches inches 1899 19 11 1 1 1 3 11 1 8 8 6 4 6 4 1 1900 28 63 24 6 4 13 5 13 10 10 5 9 IKs 5 1901 12 17 1 1 4 4 6 4 7 3 3 4 1 1902 8 19 3 1. 4 3 12 1 3 6 3 14 1904 32 17 59 19 20 4 6 1 i5 5 11 10 13 3 1 4 3 11 4 1913 1 Tempeixihires: — The total number of temperature records for December is 528, as follows : 4 in 1898, 93 in 1899, 83 in 1900, 72 in 1901, 88 in 1902, 93 in 1904, 2 in 1907, and 93 in 1913. The lowest temperature recorded was -13° on December 19, 1901 ; the highest was 54° on December 18, 1901. The extremes for each year were as follows : 1899, -1° on December 31 and 54° on December 8; range 55°. 1900, 10.4° on December 29, and 50.1° on December 22; range 39.7°. 1901,^ -13° on December 19 and 54° on December 18; range 67°. 1902, 4° on December 9 and 47° on December 1; range 43°. 1904, 3° on December 29 and 55° on December 23; range 52°. 1913, 17° on December 7 and 62° on December 3; range 45°. Records of temperatures at or below freezing are as follows: In 1898 at 6 a. m., December 7, 8, 9 and 14 (the only records made for that month in 1898). In 1899 at 6 a.m. on December 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 ; at noon on December 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 ; at 6 p. m. on December 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31. The temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 21 days, at noon on 14 days, and at 6 p. m. on 19 days. In 1900 it was at or below freezing at 6 a.m. on December 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 30, and 31 ; at noon on December 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, ^ Records for only 24 days. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 129 24, 28, 29, and 31 ; at 6 p. m. on December 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 28, 29, and 31. Thus the temperature in December, 1900, was at or below freezing- at 6 a. m. on 19 days, at noon on 11 days, and at 6 p. m. on 9 days. In 1901, observations began on the eighth and records at or below freezing were made at 6 a.m. on the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 14th to 24th, both inclusive, and 28th and 31st, both in- clusive; at noon on the 14th to 21st, both inclusive, and 29th and 31st; at 6 p. m. on the 9th to 12th, both inclusive, 13th to 23d, both inclusive, 25th, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive. In 1902 freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m, on the 1st, 2d, 4th, 6th to 9th, both inclusive; 12th to 19th, both inclusive; 23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive; at noon on the 4th, 7th to 9th, both inclusive; 11th to 14th, both inclusive; 16th, 17th, 18th, and 24th to 31st, both inclusive ; at 6 p. m. on the 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 11th to 14th, both inclusive; 16th to 18th, both inclusive, and 24th to 31st, both inclusive. It will thus be noted that in this month the temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 23 days, at noon on 19 days, and at 6 p. m. on 19 days. In 1904 freezing temperatures w^ere recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 22d, both in- clusive ; 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th and 30th ; at noon on the 1st to 6th, both inclusive; 9th to 21st, both inclusive; 24th, 25th, 28th, 29th and 30th; at 6 p.m. on the 1st to 21st, both inclusive; 24th, 25th, 27th, 28th and 29th ; from which it is seen that in December, 1904, the temperature was down to freezing at 6 a. m. on 28 days, at noon on 24 days, and at 6 p. m. on 26 days. In 1913, the tem- perature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on December 8, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 ; at noon on December 7, 29, 30 and 31; and at 6 p.m. on December 7, 8, 18, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 and 31. The greatest daily range was as follows: December 8, 1899, from 29° to 54°, or 25°. December 12, 1900, from 14° to 35.3°, or 21.3°. December 18, 1901, from -13° to 54°, or 67°. December 9, 1902, from 4° to 23°, or 19°. December 13, 1913, from 34° to 54°, or 20°. Air Temperatures for December, 1898 For this month there are only 4 records of air temperatures, all at 6 a.m., viz.: 16° on the seventh, 5° on the eighth, 10' on the ninth, and 5° on the fourteenth. 130 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER. 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 40° 46° 37.5° 41.1° 2 38.5 44 38 40.1 3 36 38 31 35 4 24 33 25 27.3 5 9 27 23 19.6 6 19 43 32 31.3 7 37 46 34 39 8 29 54 38 37 9 36 41 40 39 10 46 50 48 42 11 48 53 50 50.3 12 30 30 30 30 13 20 30 20 25 14 25 27.5 24 25.5 15 7 17.5 10 11.5 16 14 22 25 20.3 17 39 46 44 43 18 39 44 48 43.6 19 28.5 32.5 30 30.3 20 22 45 30 32.3 21 26 46 38 36.6 22 26 42 38 35.3 23 34 40 35 36.3 24 30 26 20 25.3 25 5 16 12 11 26 4.5 20 20 14.8 ' 27 9 20 13 14 28 5 18 15 12.6 29 3 14 7 8 30 11 3.6 31 — 1 17 10 R.6 Average 23.5 33.5 27.9 28.2 Lake Maxinkuchee, Physical and Biological Survey 131 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. Average Maximum Minimum 1 36.1° 39.7° 40.0° 38.6° 42.0° 34.1° 2 29.8 40 45.7 38.5 48.5 28 3 34.2 41 39.6 38 3 48.5 33 4 36.1 36 35.7 35.9 38.7 34.9 5 34.5 35.5 35 35.2 37 33.9 6 27.5 40 41.9 36.5 43.9 27 7 37.9 37.5 35.6 37 39.1 35 8 30.8 35.3 33.8 33.3 37.2 30 9 28.7 24.4 21.3 24.8 37.2 20.6 10 16 25.8 24.5 22.1 27.5 13 11 20.3 26 22.5 22.9 27.7 19.9 12 14 35.3 34.6 28 39.2 13.3 13 29.8 32 25.1 29 36.2 24 14 15.9 20 24 16.6 24.5 14.8 15 20.6 26 25.5 24 26.5 19.3 16 20.5 27.5 32.5 26.8 32.6 19.4 17 35 42.1 40.5 39.2 43 31 18 36.8 39.9 38.8 38.5 43.9 33.4 19 26.8 42 35.7 34.8 45 23.9 20 23.1 34.3 33 30.1 37.4 21.4 21 29.8 43.5 41.5 38.3 45.4 28 22 38.2 49 49 45.4 60.1 37.2 23 43.3 36.7 32.2 37.4 49.5 32 24 26.3 28.6 30.5 28.1 28.4 26.3 32 33.8 26 28 22.2 13.4 29 11.1 30.1 25.8 22.3 30.8 10.4 30 29.3 33 32.5 31.6 33.9 20.9 31 30.5 31.5 20.8 27.6 34.5 19.4 Average 28.3 34.4 31.8 31.7 132 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 8 40° 48° 36° 41.3° 9 30 34 28 30.6 10 26 34 24 28 11 27 40 32 33 12 28 46 38 36.6 13 48 54 32 44.6 14 7 — 7 15 —12 — 2 — 4 — 6 16 — 5 9 8 4 17 — 5 10 8 4.3 18 — 3 8 5 3.3 19^ — 9 8 8 2.3 20 — 8 — 5 — 4.3 21 — 8 13 10 5 22 18 35 31 28 23 31 36 32 33 24 32 38 35 35 25 34 37 32 34.3 26 33 36 34 34.3 27 33 36 32 33.6 28 30 34 32 32 29 30 31 29 30 30 28 34 32 31.3 31 27 32 27 ■ 28.6 Average 18.8 27.1 22 22.6 -Minimum, — 13°. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 133 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1902 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m Average 1 30° 47° 40° 39° 2 30 40 41 37 3 40 40 38 39.3 4 28 30 30 29.3 6 29 34 39 34 7 23 19.5 18 20 8 7 18 12 23 9 4 23 25 17.3 10 35 37.5 35 35.8 11 34 32 30 32 12 28 28 27 27.6 13 22 22 23 22.3 14 12 26 28 22 15 28 38 36 34 16 32 28 26 28.6 17 20 32 29 27 18 22 32 32 28.6 19 32 41 38 37 20 37 41 39 39 21 38 40 37 38.3 22 37 38 35 36.6 23 30 24 37 18 12 22.3 25 9 12 8 10.6 26 10 16 15 13.6 27 14 22 16 17.3 28 14 30 27 ^23.6 29 25 29 26 '26.6 30 8 20 13 13.6 31 11 31 26 22.6 Average 24.2 29.8 27.6 27.5 134 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1904 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average Maximum Minimum 1 22° 29 32° 26 30° 23 28° 26 2 32° 9° 3 22 25.2 23 23.4 28 21 4 22 30 25 25.6 34 17.5 . 5 23 32 29 28 37.5 21.5 6 19 30.5 30 28.5 36 16.1 7 24 33 31 29.3 37 23 8 26 36 32 31.3 40 26 9 26.8 25 22 24.6 32 22 10 19 25 26 23.3 30 19 11 20.5 26 24 23.5 36 19 12 23 27.2 20.5 23.5 33.2 20 13 9 20 17 15.3 24.5 4.2 14 9 20 16 15 20 7.5 15 7 20 16 14.3 22 14.5 16 11 22 21 18 30 10 17 22 27.5 20 23.1 29.5 18.3 18 20.5 29.9 30 26.8 31.5 12 19 22 23 17 21.6 31 15.1 20 27 28 21 25.3 33 13.9 21 11.9 26 23 20.3 30 8 22 28 43 44 38.3 50 20.1 23 50 54 36 46.6 55 36 24 28 26 24 26 37.2 24 25 25 28 28 27 29 23.9 26 30 36 39.8 35.2 41 27.5 27 36 38 10 28 47 29 28 7.8 10 7 8.2 10 6 29 8 17.6 21 25 23 41 30 42.9 3 30 37 23 31 34.3 36 48 41.3 50 35.2 Average 21.9 28.4 25.7 25.2 Air Temperatures for December, 1907 Only two records : December 7, 42°, and December 8, 52°, both at noon. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 135 AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1913 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. • Range Average 1 56° 57° 56° 1° 56.3° 2 53 58 57 5 56 3 56 62 60 6 59.3 4 45 50 42 8 45.7 5 35 45 43 10 41 6 42 50 47 8 46.3 7 34 22 17 17 24.3 8 27 38 26 12 30.3 9 35 40 37 5 37.3 10 35 45 • 35 10 38.3 11 35 46 39 11 40 12 39 50 4S 11 45.7 13 34 54 41 20 43 14 36 52 40 16 42.7 15 30 40 38 10 36 16 38 46 36 10 40 17 38 40 37 3 38.3 18 36 42 31 11 36.3 19 26 43 34 17 34.3 20 32 38 34 6 34.7 21 28 38 30 10 32 22 22 33 36 14 30.3 23 32 36 35 4 34.3 24 36 39 36 3 37 25 33 36 31 5 33.3 26 34 37 30 7 33.7 27 30 33 35 5 32.7 28 28 34 30 6 30.7 29 30 31 30 1 30.3 30 30 30 29 1 29.7 31 29 31 32 3 30.7 Average 35.3 41.8 37.1 3S 1 AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER Year 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. For the month 1899 23.5° 33.5° 27.9° 28.2° 1900 28.3 34.4 31.8 31.7 1901 18.8 27.1 22 22.6 1902 24.2 29.8 27.6 27.5 1904 21.9 28.4 25.7 25.2 1913 35.3 41.8 37.1 38 Average for six years . . 25.4 32.5 28.7 28.8 136 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey THE WINDS Introduction Of the more obvious relations of the winds to the lake, little need be said. Their effect upon the lake surface is evident to every- one. Their effect upon the plankton-scum, the calm days allowing the minute organizations to ascend to the surface and the more windy days keeping them, churned up with the upper layers of the water, and the effect upon the temperature of the water of differ- ent depths — the calm days allowing the surface layers to heat gradually downward while the windy days mix up waters of dif- ferent temperatures and break up definite stratification — are effects more keenly appreciated by students of these special problems. It is due to the winds, also, that we have more or less fine sand of a peculiar sort in the bottom, this having been blown in from the neighboring hills. It is doubtless due to the winds that the lake owes the presence and peculiarities of its plankton, many of the organisms consti- tuting the plankton being carried to the lake by winds, a fact which accounts for the worldwide distribution of some of the species. In the matter of keeping records, no instruments were used, and the manner of recording the observations varied somewhat from time to time and with different observers. At the beginning of the work, and for some time after the practice of taking the temperatures of air and water three times a day had been estab- lished, only a general weather record for the day was made; such as, for a certain date, "northeast wind, changing to southeast, and rain" or "wind changing to north" ; "clear" ; "first pleasant day of spring, though snowing" ; "has been cold with east wind all week," etc. Later on, although the general observations were continued, the habit was formed of observing and recording along with the temperature observations, the condition of the sky and the direc- tion of the wind. In summing up results and arriving at conclu- sions, both the journal and the periodic observations have been con- sulted and taken into consideration. In the absence of instru- ments of precision which give in definite units the force and di- rection of the wind, the general method which gives in general terms the prevailing "atmosphere" of the day is about as good as any, and is certainly in any case indispensible in giving data for a just estimate of the weather. It has the defect of taking into consideration only the more remarkable and striking weather Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 137 phenomena, leaving the gentler or less obvious processes pass by unobserved. The method of periodical observations on the other hand is likely to present weather as a series of disconnected events, to ignore even important intervening phenomena, and to force into prominence unimportant and insignificant details. Moreover, so far as minor weather events are concerned, the position of the observer in regard to the lake is of importance. In the sheltered location of the cottage just below Arlington, where many of the observations were made, it would be difficult to ap- preciate the force and keenness of west and northwest winds, though the position of elevated vanes would show well enough in which direction the wind was blowing; on the other hand, the slightest northeast, east, south or southeast wind would be im- mediately manifest. At Long Point, on the other hand, where many of the observations were taken, one was protected and kept from a full realization of the force of southeast and southerly winds. Even with insti'uments which gave unbiased records, a wind on the leeward side of the lake would give somewhat different effects than the same wind after it had passed to the windward side and had been tempered by the water surface ; a dry wind taking up some moisture and a hot wind losing some of its heat. As a basis for the wind record, where only the journal method was used, this has been of necessity the basis for calculation. Where three daily observations were made, these have been used for the basis, but have been so modified by the journal records that the number of records for each month is exceedingly variable; winds shown by the journal as having occurred between observa- tion periods have been counted in, while on the other hand when the records show the same wind to have continued throughout sev- eral periods of observation the records have been fused into one count so that the number of observations for any one month is usually more or fewer than 93, generally fewer. A prominent feature of IMaxinkuckee weather is the frequent occurrence of light, fitful breezes that last for only a short time and die away, winds that do not belong to the general weather of the country but are purely local phenomena. That such should be the case could naturally be expected from the nature of the country, for we have closely juxtaposed on a small scale as high a "difference of potential", to use an electrical phrase, as could well be imagined : a lake of considerable depth and withal spring-fed, so that the mass of water does not heat up like shallow ponds, but remains comparatively cool, and, not a great way to the west. 138 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey barren stretches of wind-blown sand which on hot days overheat the layers of air above them just as the tendency of the lake is to keep the air above lower than the surrounding air. Severe wind-storms, however, are rare, and tornadoes almost unknown. In the record of August 19, 1900, occurs the entry: "Warm this morning but a breeze came up about 2 p.m. from south, then changed to north and about 3 p. m. heavy rain came up from the north with strong wind, thunder and lightning, changing more or less to all points of the compass and continuing until about 7 p.m. Brilliant lightning in the south until late at night; lake the roughest I have seen it: steamers had difficulty making land- ings, excursionists got drenched, one small sailboat capsized — two boys — no damage. During p. m. temperature fell from 91.5° to 68.5°, a drop of 23°." Again in the journal record of September 11, 1900, occurs the note: "Cloudy; barometer fell rapidly during morning; strong southwest wind began about 9 a. m. and continued until 8 or 9 p. m. Severest wind known here for many years ; several trees blown down ; lake very rough, rain followed the wind at night." A pretty severe windstorm occurred early in the sum- mer of 1908 and blew down the large ice-houses on the west side of the lake. This appears to have been an unusually strong wind ; none of the dwelling houses in the immediate vicinity, however, was injured and the destruction of the ice-houses was due to their being empty at the time and offering much surface and little resist- ance to the wind. On July 8, 1913, there was a very severe storm soon after noon from the northwest, a small tornado, lasting 30 minutes. It be- gan as a severe windstorm, the wind being full of cutting sand. It did trifling damage to some buildings and a great deal to forests, the woodlands around the lake being strewn with fallen timber — many trees being uprooted, and many twisted off from 10 to 20 feet above the ground. The storm was accompanied by some rain, and by thunder and lightning, the lightning striking one or more trees on Long Point. A few miles north of the lake there was at the same time a severe hail-storm which cut the corn into ribbons. On the other hand, though local calms are frequent, periods of widespread calm when the entire surface of the lake lies like an unruffled mirror, are rather rare; and pretty rough conditions when the lake is covered with white-caps and it is very unpleas- ant, though not especially dangerous, to be out on the lake with a rowboat, are not rare, particularly during the spring and autumn. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 139 Character of various poinds: — Everybody has pretty definite no- tions concerning the character of different winds, and associates the north and northwest winds with storm and cold; east winds with raw, disagreeable weather; south winds with balmy, pleas- ant weather, etc. An attempt was made by collecting data con- cerning each wind with the accompanying weather, to get more precisely at the character of each wind. The same associations were not found together nearly so uniformly as expected; it is only the general and long continued, persistent winds that have deep-seated influence on the weather. The light local surface winds are more or less characterless. Calms: — These are generally associated with pleasant w^eather, although there are not infrequent instances where they are noted during cloudy and sprinkling or rainy weather. Calm may be associated with exceedingly cold weather, and in some cases the cold of calm fogs is rather depressing. Generally during the win- ter, calm weather is much to be preferred to wind from any di- rection whatever. In the hot, sultry days of midsummer, however, which are fortunately rather few, the calms are very oppressive, and light winds from almost any direction are welcomed as a relief. During the summer the calms are usually associated with fine, hazy mornings. During the autumn and spring they are usually associated with low fogs on the marshes and certain parts of the lake and with heavy frosts. The heavy hoar-frosts which are at times such a striking feature of the region, in which the various trees are surrounded by a halo of long needle-like white crystals standing at right angles to the trunk and branches, are formed only during periods of almost perfect calm, and are quickly blown off by the first breeze that springs up. Calms are generally character- istic of the mornings and evenings of fine days during settled weather, and on only rather rare occasions do they persist through- out the entire day. It is rather unusual for the winds to die down to a calm during the middle of the day. North ivinds are relatively infrequent at the lake. The lighter winds may be associated with either clear or cloudy sky. The stronger winds, especially in summer, are usually though not al- ways accompanied by clouds, and frequently storms. During late autumn and winter and early spring, they are usually character- ized as "raw, cold, and disagreeable," especially when accompanied by dampness, drizzle or rain. 140 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Northeast winds: — Some of the lighter northeast winds, even as late as October and November, are recorded as warm and pleas- ant, and accompanied by bright, clear weather. These, however, are exceptional cases, and generally speaking, are among the most disagreeable winds at the lake. Northeast winds are usually raw, cold and disagreeable, and are noteworthy for their persistency, usually lasting from one to several days when well under way, and during the colder season often accompanied by cutting sleet. They often bring heavy snowstorms. In April and May they fre- quently bring disagreeable and persistent drizzles. East winds are relatively infrequent at the lake and are almost always associated with cloudy skies, and during the winter are often accompanied by a heavy fall of snow. Most of those occur- ring during the summer are simply noted without any special char- acterization ; those mentioned during winter records are usually noted as ''cold, stormy, disagreeable." Winds from the southeast are among the most com_mon about the lake; however, they rarely attain to the dignity of winds, and are almost always referred to in the notes as "breezes" — light, brisk or stiff, as the case may be, but very rarely winds. They are, indeed, the next thing to a calm, and, in the fairest and best sorts of weather, if it is not actually calm in the morning the calm is usually replaced by a light south- east breeze. They are usually characteristic of fine mornings. They are less frequent in the evening and not common at noon. Rarely they persist through the day. The stronger breezes or winds from the southeast may be accompanied by clouds or rains in summer or by snow in winter, but this is rather exceptional. Usually they are more pleasant than winds from any other direc- tion. One noted December 18, 1900, is characterized as a "cold, penetrating raw wind" and one of March 12 is mentioned as hav- ing "become almost a gale, cold, raw and disagreeable" ; but these are highly unusual cases. Sonth winds are much like southeast winds in character, but are not so common. They are generally gentle breezes and when they rise to the dignity of strong winds, are frequently accom- panied by mild sprinkles or in extreme cases by thunder, lightning and heavy showers of rain. It is doubtless on account of the gen- tleness of the south and southeastern breezes that the great ma- jority of the duckweeds of the lake find their harbor in that por- tion of the lake, only a few, being the progeny of individuals driven out at rare intervals by southern storms, finding harbor in other portions of the shore behind sheltering rushes. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 141 Southtvest winds: — The southwest wind from our point of ob- servation was always a land wind, and the fact that it always came from stretches of solid earth, whispering through grasses, rustling through leaves, or roaring through trees, made it impossible to mete out to it the same measure of judgment as is given to the other winds above mentioned which came across stretches of water. It is frequently mentioned in the notes as noisy, or howling, and was associated with the moaning or roaring winds which presage the coming of winter. This, however, was merely accidental, and from the opposite side of the lake would apply with still greater Cutter Drill, Culver Summer Naval School. Lake Maxinkuckee covers an area of 1,854 acres, which is ample for Naval drills, and yet small enoush for safe supervision. force to northwest winds. Disregarding the point of observation, however, southwest winds have certain pretty constant character- istics. They are generally a good deal stronger than those from the southeast or south, and in the notes taken at the time of obser- vation are usually referred to as "winds" instead of breezes — light, brisk or strong, as the case may be. They are frequently asso- ciated with clouds and rain, often with heavy storms. They are not limited to any pai'ticular time of day but are liable to spring up at any time. They do not have the persistency of the northeast winds and usually do not last much more than a half day or day. 142 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey They are generally more prevalent during the colder seasons than during the summer, but even in the winter are not often referred to as being particularly raw, cold or disagreeable. West winds: — These are relatively infrequent at the lake and are much more prevalent during the winter than in summer. They are usually moderately strong winds. They are not generally of great duration, though they occasionally last from 12 to 18 or 24 hours, and they are not especially associated with any particular time of day. They are often associated with clouds and storms, and in the winter, with snow. In cold weather they are often raw and searching. Northivest ivinds are rather frequent at the lake and vary greatly in strength, sometimes being light breezes but more often rather brisk to strong winds. They are rather infrequent in the morning but usually spring up some time during the day. When strong winds they are usually markedly disagreeable and are often associated with clouds and rain or snow. In the winter they are cold and chilling but not so persistent and depressing as winds from the northeast. Relative duration and frequency of winds: — The direction of the wind during the summer of 1899 was observed 223 times, morning, noon and night, as follows: Easterly 90, southerly 47, northerly 34, westerly 31, calm 21. During the summer of 1900 the result of 200 observations was as follows : Southerly 66, east- erly 60, westerly 31, northerly 22, calm 21. During the summer of 1903 the result of 172 observations was as follows: Easterly 59, westerly 45, northerly 32, southerly 21, calm 15. Summary of 595 observations during three summers, 1899, 1900 and 1903 as follows: Easterly winds 209 Southerly winds 134 Westerly winds 107 Northerly winds 88 Calm 57 Total 595 Observations so far made show that the easterly winds prevail during the summer at Lake Maxinkuckee. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 143 Winds for a year: — In order to get data for the winds of an entire year, the period extending from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901, was chosen, this being the period during which the fullest records were kept. The tables will explain themselves : Calms North Noi ^THEAST East Southeast Month c '3 S i "S > < •3 a g o g o 1^ s e > < "3 M '3 o § o M S > & TS ^ O M c •3 O § o bt B > < 1 .S a o 8 M B '3 a > 3 o July, 1900 3 1 5 2 2 4 2 2 3 1 1 5 6 3 1 3 13 August, 1900 2 1 3 7 4 2 6 3 1 1 5 2 2 4 1 1 September, 1900. 1 1 3 6 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 5 October, 1900.... 3 7 9 20 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 3 1 9 7 3 2 3 15 November, 1900. 6 6 10 23 1 1 2 1 3 2 5 4 3 3 10 December, 1900. 4 5 5 15 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 8 2 3 2 15 January, 1901 6 3 7 16 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 4 6 3 13 February, 1901... 10 2 6 6 24 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 6 2 4 1 7 March, 1901 7 3 1 4 15 3 1 1 5 3 3 3 9 2 2 2 3 3 8 April, 1901 7 3 6 4 20 3 1 4 4 7 7 4 22 2 1 3 6 4 1 1 3 9 May, 1901 7 2 5 2 16 2 3 3 8 5 5 5 6 21 2 2 4 1 1 3 9 June, 1901 7 2 11 20 1 1 5 3 3 24 1 17 12 96 2 18 2 11 1 9 10 5 48 4 1^ 4 30 6 24 2 17 16 Total 60 18 55 54 187 7 10 13 4 34 30 25 1?1 South Southwest West Northwest Month M B '3 § o .5 E O > c3 -a < bl B '3 O a 1 bl ^B '3 ■a "s 1 bC 'g u c 8 bD E '3 o > < "^ 1 bC _B '3 o B 8 bC B '3 > >> ci July, 1900 5 5 6 16 3 4 3 10 2 1 3 3 3 August, 1900 4 6 10 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 5 September, 1900 1 1 2 2 6 3 2 3 1 9 2 2 4 2 1 3 October, 1900 1 4 1 4 10 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 5 November, 1900 1 2 3 6 8 4 1 1 14 5 6 3 1 15 2 5 2 9 December, 1900 1 3 1 5 3 4 5 1 13 3 3 3 1 10 3 8 4 1 16 January, 1901 5 4 3 12 4 3 8 15 2 1 9 2 14 4 6 4 1 15 February, 1901 1 1 2 6 5 2 13 1 4 3 2 10 4 4 7 2 17 March, 1901 2 1 6 3 12 7 7 4 4 22 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 6 3 12 April, 1901 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 16 May, 1901 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 4 2 10 June, 1901 1 1 1 3 7 6 3 1 17 1 1 2 3 5 6 13 Total 23 17 19 24 83 43 40 31 8 122 19 20 20 7 66 32 40 40 12 124 10-^17618 144 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TABLE OF WINDS FROM JULY 1, 1900, TO JUNE 30, 1901 Month Calms N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. Total July, 1900 5 7 6 20 23 15 16 24 15 20 16 20 4 6 2 2 1 1 5 4 8 1 2 5 3 6 5 4 4 3 9 22 21 12 5 4 2 9 4 3 6 2 6 2 5 13 1 5 15 10 15 13 7 8 9 9 16 16 10 6 10 6 5 12 2 12 1 3 10 3 - 14 13 15 13 22 1 3 17 3 1 4 2 15 10 14 10 4 1 2 3 5 3 5 9 16 15 17 12 16 10 13 61 August, 1900 42 September, 1900 October, 1900 November, 1900 December, 1900 January, 1901 February, 1901 Maroh, 1901 April, 1901 40 69 84 83 93 82 89 79 May, 1901 June, 1901 70 89 Total 187 34 96 48 121 83 122 66 124 881 Per Cent 21.2 3.8 10.8 5.4 13.7 9.4 13.7 7.5 13.7 RAIN The number of rains observed from July 1, 1899, to September 15, 1909, is 277. This number is of Httle significance, however, as there are numerous gaps or periods during which the weather at the lake was not under observation. Taking the year from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901, the year for which we have a complete set of observations, the following is the record of rains at the lake : July, 7 ; August, 5 ; September, 9 ; October, 5 ; November, 8 ; December, 3 ; January, 3 ; February, 0; March, 10; April, 10; May, 11; June, 9; total, 80. From this it appears that May is the most showery month, and February the least. Of these rains, 40 are marked as ''rains", 31 as ''sprinkles", and 5 as "drizzles", the character of the 4 others not being designated. Twenty are reported as occurring during the forenoon, 25 in the afternoon, and 25 during the night. The 10 others are continu- ations of other showers, or parts interrupted by brief periods of calm. None of the rains recorded for this year was continuous for 24 hours but each usually more or less fitful. Among the especially heavy rains was one from the southwest on July 24, from 10 a. m. till noon, and again from 4 to 9 p. m., very hard from 5 to 6 p. m. and from 7 to 8 p. m. This storm raised the lake 2.5 inches. Outside of the particular year under discussion there is a record (Oct. 27, 1899,) of a continuous rain of "all day and all night, 36 hours, raised the lake 5 inches" ; and another on Dec. 11, of the same year of a rain 24 hours. There is another record of a severe thunder-storm on July 1, Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 145 1903, during which at least 3 inches of rain fell, raising the lake 8^ inches. In July of the same year there was a severe rainstorm with a total fall of fully 2 inches. Again on August 27, 1903, there was a heavy fall of rain during the night which caused the lake to rise about 2| inches. Rain was abundant during this season so that the level of the lake was higher than usual. On May 11, it rained 5 inches in 12 hours and on January 22, 1906, it is recorded that it "has been raining for a week but that the lake is 18 inches below high water mark, al- though it has raised 3 inches." We have few data in regard to the directions from which storms come. Of 35 records one storm is recorded as having oc- curred during calm weather, 5 storms came from the north, 1 from the northeast, 3 from the east, 6 from the southeast, 3 from the south, 10 from the southwest, 2 from the w^est, and 4 from the northwest. The following is a table of the rainfall in inches at Logansport for the year 1902 : January 1 . 00 July 4 . 84 February 1.10 August 2 . 55 March 2 . 64 September 5 . 02 April 2.13 October 2 . 37 May 4.27 November 3.92 June 10 . 54 December 3 . 48 This makes a total of 43.86 inches of rainfall for the year. As Logansport is only 32 miles distant from Lake IMaxinkuckee the rainfall at the two places is probably approximately the same. FROST Economically considered, one of the most important questions concerning any particular region is the average date of the last killing frost of spiing and the first of autumn. This question is of importance not only to the farmer and gardener but also to the lover of flower-beds and house-plants as well, and it has a direct and important bearing upon the aquatic life of a region such as Lake Maxinkuckee. Taking the weather records for the whole period under observa- tion, the number of frosts recorded is not many, there having been only 99 noted. This is largely due to the fact that it is only the first and last killing frosts that are of especial importance or in- terest to people in general, and also to the fact that a frost is not 146 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey an especially attention-arresting phenomenon like a rain or a thunder shower, and is likely to be overlooked, especially in the dead of winter in snowy weather. In considering frosts, especially first and last frosts, it is nec- essary to distinguish between local and general frosts, or to be specific, as to locality ; for there is a remarkable difference between closely neighboring areas in regard to susceptibility to frost. The low, flat, extensive peaty or mucky plains, and various sphagnous bogs, such as Hawk's marsh, usually have their early fall frosts from three weeks to a month before the upland, and quite possibly the tender, succulent herbage that they produce is much more sus- ceptible to the efi'ect of light frosts than the firmer growths of more solid soil. Certain plants such as cucumber vines, touch-me-not, fireweed, etc., often succumb and turn black at the touch of a frost so light as to escape ordinary observation. The upland, just about the lake, is especially favored by its freedom from killing frosts in late spring and early autumn, and peaches and other delicate orchard fruits, where planted and properly cared for, do exceed- ingly well. The first autumnal frost noted about the lake in 1900 was on October 17; the first in 1901 was November 23, the first in 1902 was September 14. In 1904, the first record was October 23, but the lake had not been under observation for some time and there were quite certainly frosts much before this. In 1906, a frost was reported on August 28, but this was in the flat lowlands back from the lake. The lake was under constant observation at the time, and no frost, nor sign of any, was observed at the lake until Ocotber 29. In 1907, again when the lake was under constant ob- servation, the first frost was reported for the region on Septem- ber 25, but none was actually seen at the lake until October 10. The first frost in the fall of 1913 was noted on the morning of Sep- tember 23, killing sweet potato vines and other delicate vegetation. Of the late frosts of spring there are fewer records. In the spring of 1901, for which we have complete records, the last frost occurred April 20. In 1903 there is a record of a frost on May 2. In the winter of 1900-1901, for which we have complete rec- ords, 39 frosts were observed; 1 for October; 7 for November; 11 for December; 7 for January; 3 for February; 3 for March, and 7 for April. Frosts were liable to occur any clear, calm night dur- ing the winter. In addition to the ordinary frost known every- where, several modifications were common about the lake. Vapors arising from airholes in the ice were often congealed at the edge Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 147 of the airhole in the form of long plume-like or feathery objects. Indeed, on one occasion after Lost Lake had entirely frozen over, a dense steam arose from the surface of the ice and much of it congealed in the shape of long, feathery crystals. Hoar-frost, which is frequent in all locations where there are large, exposed bodies of water such as near Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River, is of rather frequent occurrence at Lake Max- inkuckee and occasionally appears in great beauty, coating trees thickly and entirely with long, needle-shaped crystals almost an inch long. The rising sun melts the bases of the crystals first and the awakening morning breezes stirring among the bejewelled branches shake the frost crystals down in great multitudes, reduc- ing the tree in a moment from one of the most magnificent spec- tacles to one quite commonplace, but producing for the moment a cataract of sparkling crystals as indescribably splendid as it is evanescent. Frosts affect the life of the lake in various ways and through various channels. One of the first and very interesting effects is that of a decided change in the methods of the anglers. During late summer and early fall grasshoppers constitute the principal and most popular bait used by the anglers. As the season ad- vances grasshoppers gain in popularity so long as readily obtain- able. It is only when the first frosts have come and chilled the grasshoppers so that they can no longer be easily found that the anglers abandon their use and turn to other lures. Then, again, the early frosts kill down the patches of delicate vegetation such as touch-me-nots, Eleocharis interstincta, etc., and aflfect the Scirpus and other aquatic plants that extend above the surface of the water thus killing or driving away the various in- sects that live upon or frequent such plants. The same frosts act in the same way on the marsh vegetation along the shore and the trees and shrubs which overhang the banks. The quantity of in- sect life living upon, in, or with this vegetation and which falls into the lake with the falling leaves or on account of the chill, or which is driven away every year, is enormous. SNOW Introduction Our record of snowstorms, extending from March, 1899, to February 1, 1914, with important omissions for some years, makes mention of 194 snowstorms, varying in all degrees of intensity from 148 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey light flurries to blinding storms. The earliest snow recorded in any year was that of October 10, 1906, and the latest, at the ending of winter, was a light snow, sufficient, however, to whiten roofs, of May 4, 1907. The last snow of the winter of 1898-1899 was on March 31; the snowy period of the winter of 1899-1900 was from November 2 to April 12 ; that of 1900-1901 from November 7 to April 21. Records for the fall of 1901 are incomplete, the first snow recorded being on December 9, and the latest of the spring of 1902 on April 12. The first snow of the winter of 1902-3 was November 26, and the latest April 3. The record for the winter of 1904-1905 is incomplete; the earliest snow in the fall was on November 8, but there are no records for the following spring. For the autumn of 1905 an especially heavy snow occurred Novem- ber 25. In the fall of 1906 a very heavy snow began October 10, and continued until 10 inches fell. This is the earliest and most noteworthy snowfall shown by our records. The latest snow in the spring of 1907, as already stated, was on May 4. The winter of 1906-1907 is, therefore, noteworthy in that it had both the earliest and the latest snowfall in the years covered by our records. The first snow in the fall of 1913 came on the night of October 21 ; the next on the evening of October 29. It snowed again on November 8 and 10, a total of 12 inches falling, and drifting con- siderably, but all disappearing by the 18th. No more fell until December 7 when it snowed all day. On the 20th about one inch fell, and on the 22d there was snow and rain. On January 2, 1914, it snowed all day but melted as rapidly. Snow fell on the 3d and 4th and again all day on the 31st, when the first sleighing was possible. Depth of snow: — Most of the snowstorms recorded were rather light flurries, with less than ^ inch of snowfall. Records of 1, 2, and 3 inches of snowfall are fairly frequent. There are 2 rec- ords of 4 inches each, one each of 5^, 6, and 7 inches, 2 of 10 inches, and one of the maximum snowfall of 18 inches, which was recorded for March 5 and 6, 1899. Direction of snoivstorms: — Record of the direction from which the heavier snowstorms came was kept. Of such a record for 33 storms, 5 came from the north, 7 from the northeast, 3 from the east, 2 from the southeast, 1 from the south, 5 from the south- west, 1 from the west and 9 from the northwest, thus showing the northwest to be the prevailing direction from which snows come, the northeast being a rather close second. The northeast storms hang on longer, and the snows they bring are generally sup- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 149 posed to stay on longer, most likely because the snowstorms from that direction are more persistent and heavier. Forms of snoiv: — One of the most common forms of snow at the lake is that of firm, white, little pellets like minute snowballs, a sort of form somewhat intermediate between genuine snow and sleet, and coming down with considerable force and directness; this may harden at times into genuine icy cutting sleet. This pellet snow contains more water and less enmeshed air than the feathery flakes, and it packs more tightly, an inch of it being equivalent to 2 or 3 inches of the lighter snow. The feathery flakes are common, especially in little snow flurries. The loose flakes, sometimes adhering in large masses, are the common forms in the great snowstorms which result in the deeper snows. The following is the record of the snows for the winter of 1900-1901, the year for which there is a complete set of observa- tions. The first snow of the winter, as given above, was on the night of November 7, when a rain, which began at 8 o'clock in the evening, changed into snow. It snowed the next night nearly all night giving a total snowfall of 3 inches. From this time on, snow- storms were of frequent occurrence, there being 11 in November, 9 in December, 16 in January, 13 in February, 11 in March and 2 in April. The last well-marked storm, that of April, was un- usually unseasonable; the hazel and many other plants were fully in bloom, and the tender verdure of spring, just beginning to put forth, was covered f of an inch with fluffy, sticky snow. No harm to vegetation was caused, however, as the weather was fairly warm and the snow soon melted off. The early snow of October 10, 1906, was still more unseasonable and striking in its effects, though not so much damage resulted as would have been the result of a single light frost. It had snowed heavily during the night and continued until 10 a. m., part of the time the snow coming down in remark- ably large masses composed of adhering flakes. It took the birds entirely by surprise. A flock of tree swallows twittered musically from the snowclad telephone wires, and crickets were chirping underneath the snow. The houseflies, which were still present in considerable abundance out of doors, settled thickly on the windov/ screens of the hotel, and the yellow-rumped warblers, then migrating, alighted on the screens and ate the flies. At one time there were 3 of the warblers on a window screen at the same time. About all the unoccupied cottages around the lake these warblers took refuge on the porches underneath the roof as if semi-domesti- cated. The golden-crowned kinglets, like the warblers, took refuge 150 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey in porches, and late dragon-flies flew about over the snow. The evening of the day closed in dark and snowy, and it snowed pretty hard all night, leaving 10 inches of snow on a level on undisturbed places. The snow settled thickly on the leaves of poplar trees, which were still green, and the weight in many instances broke off the boughs. Relation of snoiv to the lake: — During the parts of early winter before the ground is covered with snow, a considerable amount of sand from the dry, barren sand hills about the lake is driven on to the ice and subsequently finds its way to the lake bottom. A cov- ering of snow over the surrounding country of course puts a stop to this process. A still more marked effect is that produced by a thick blanket of snow upon the ice of the lake. Among the most striking of the phenomena of the ice is its expanding and contracting on the clear, warm days and cold nights of winter ; great cracks opening in cer- tain places by the contracting of the ice, and the ice being heaved up in others, because of the expansion, until it forms high rooflike ridges. All these movements are accompanied by sharp cracking and booming like the firing of distant cannon. These movements are the cause of the shoving up of the ice-beach, and are said to have been quite striking during the winter of 1899-1900. They were well under way during the winter of 1900-1901 when a heavy blanket of snow covered the ice, the great weight of the snow weighing heavily on the ice, and by protecting it from alternate contractions and expansions, put a stop to its movements. FOG General fogs are rather uncommon about the lake; they are very local in their nature and are confined to certain localities for the greater part. The dry, sandy soil, so common in the higher ground, warms up readily during the day and is unfavorable to the formation of fog. On the other hand, the extensive level, peaty tracts lying in the country west of the lake are especially favorable to the formation of fogs ; so are Green's marsh and the marsh at the north end of Lost Lake, Inlet marsh, and the region along the outlet. Lost Lake, which warms up more readily on account of its shallowness, and also cools more readily at night, is more favorable to the formation of fogs than Lake Maxinkuckee, and when small, local fogs are formed on the lake they are usually formed over stretches of shallow water, such as Aubeenaubee or Outlet bay. The fogs of the flat, peaty plains are generally very chilly and de- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 151 pressing. How many fogs one would record in any given length of time would depend much upon the point of observation. Those herein recorded were observed from Long Point, and of these many were seen at a greater or less distance. Fogs are almost or entirely absent during the summer, most common through the autumn and spring months and in early winter. One of the conditions neces- sary for their formation is a calm or very little movement of air, as winds blow forming fogs away. During the year between July 1, 1900, and June 30, 1901, twenty-nine fogs were observed, distributed according to months as follows : July, ; August, 1 ; September, 2 ; October, 8 ; November, 3 ; December, 5 ; January, 1 ; February, ; March, 4 ; April, 1 ; May, 4 ; June, 0. From October, 1899, to August, 1906, a period in which there are considerable gaps in observation, there is a total record of 59 fogs. The appearance and behavior of the fogs vary somewhat. Usually they are low, heavy blankets of uniform density covering limited areas, the form in which fogs are generally kno\^^l, but sometimes on the lake they assume the form of tall, vertical col- umns which glide over the water in a peculiar, ghostly fashion. Usually the fogs form in the evening or some time during the night, and remain until morning, imperceptibly dissipating in the heat of the morning sun. Sometimes they condense on sticks, grass and other objects, or uniting to form drops, fall to the earth as a sort of rain. On December 3, 1900, a fog was noted rising from the lake, passing gradually into the far-off sky and assuming the form of immense and imposing thunderheads, the passage from fog to cloud being complete. This transition from fog to cloud was subse- quently frequently seen on the upper Cumberland but never on so magnificent a scale. Among the most noteworthy fogs observed about the lake may be mentioned the following: Some time in December, 1896, when a thin ice extended out a considerable distance fi'om shore, there appeared an extremely dense fog on the lake which, according to Mr. S. S. Chadwick, was the heaviest fog he has ever seen here. A large flock of wild geese was on the lake and were unable to leave on account of the fog. A party went out after the geese and, becoming bewildered in the fog, had great difficulty finding a place to land. On October 18, 1900, a heavy fog set in about 8 o'clock and con- tinued until about 10 the next day. A steamer got lost on the lake and did not get in until 2 or 3 o'clock the next morning. 152 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey DEW As might be expected dews are so frequent in the mornings of the warmer portion of the year that their absence rather than their presence is generally commented upon. Yet the dews of the up- lands immediately about the lake are not drenching and quickly dry up in the mornings so that one can walk about without getting wet almost any morning after 8 or 9 o'clock. The dews of the mucky or peaty lowlands are much heavier and more persistent. It may be worth while to remark here that much that is gen- erally taken for dew, such as the sparkling drops at the tips of spears of grass, is not condensed vapor, but water of transpiration which has passed through plants and has not evaporated from the leaves as it exuded. This might be termed organic dew, and is particularly noticeable on the leaves of strawberries, muskmelons, etc., where it is found in prominent drops at the water-pores of the leaves. This "dew" is always abundant at times when evapora- tion is checked in the atmosphere surrounding rapidly growing plants. Dew proper is common on all calm nights during the summer. The dews first become noticeable about the end of April and con- tinue until freezing weather. When fogs appear on the land they usually leave a good deal of moisture on the herbage. WATER TEMPERATURES Temperature of the surface of the lake: — Considerable time and attention were devoted to a study of the temperature of the lake water. Regular observations regarding the temperature of the water at the lake surface were begun July 5, 1899, and continued daily, practically without interruption, to July 1, 1901. An observation station was established at the pier in front of the cot- tage now known as Shady Point, on the west side of the lake at the base of Long Point, and at that time occupied by the Fish Commis- sion party. A copper- jacketed Wilder protected thermometer was used. Observations were made and temperatures recorded three times daily — at 6 a.m., noon, and 6 p.m. In getting tempera- tures, the thermometer was placed in water to a depth of a foot to 18 inches. When there was ice a hole was cut, through which the thermometer was lowered into the water beneath. From July 5 to October 19, the observations were made and recorded by a member of the Fish Commission party. From Oc- tober 19, 1899, to June 25, 1900, the readings were taken and Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 153 recorded by Mr. S. S. Chadwick. Up to April 5, 1900, the tempera- tures were taken at the Chadwick houseboat on the east side of Long Point; after April 5 they were taken on the north end of Long Point in the south side of Outlet Bay, but sometimes at the wagon bridge across the Outlet. From June 25, 1900, to June 30, 1901, the temperatures were again taken at the pier in front of the Shady Point cottage, and usually by Mr. Clark. Besides these regular observations, a large number of miscel- laneous records were made; a few in November and December, 1898, and at various odd times since 1901, by Mr. Chadwick; and a large number by the present writers during the various times when one or both of them have been at the lake since 1901. And many more were taken in various places in the lake during the regular investigations of 1899-1901. In addition to the surface temperature observations at the regu- lar station, many other records were made in various parts of the lake, particularly in connection with the seining and other collect- ing operations, and in connection with the serial temperature work. Surface temperatures were also taken as a part of the plankton studies. Since July 1, 1901, surface temperatures have been re- corded at intervals by Mr. Chadwick, also by Dr. Scovell, and by the present writers when any of them happened to be at the lake. The total number of water surface temperature readings taken and recorded exceeds 10,000. Most of these are given in the tables on pages 160 to 215. It was felt tnat the large amount of attention given to tempera- ture observations was justified because of the very intimate re- lation which the temperature of the water bears to aquatic animal and plant life. It was desired to learn the relation between temperature and the feeding, breeding, and other habits, and the distribution of the different species of fishes, turtles and other animals in the lake, also of the various species of aquatic plants. It is believed that a number of interesting and important correlations have been es- tablished. The details of the records may now be considered. For the month of January, there are 5 records for 1899, 93 for 1900, 93 for 1901, and 12 for 1905. As might be expected, there is but slight variation in January in the temperature of the water at the surface of the lake. The temperature of the air is at, below, or near, freezing during most of the days of the month, and, as the water-surface temperature, 154 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey until it reaches the freezing point, varies directly with that of the air, the water temperature will usually be close to freezing. In January, 1899, only 5 records were made (on the 1st, 8th, 29th, 30th, and 31st) , all of which were 32°. These were all taken through the ice. In 1900, the variation was from 32° to 38° at 6 a.m., from 32° to 40° at noon, and from 32° to 39° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 32°, the highest was 39°, and the average for the month was 33.8°, the average for the air for the same period being 28.6°. In 1901, the variation was from 33° to 39.5° at 6 a.m., from 34° to 41° at noon, and from 33.5° to 40.6° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 33.7°, the highest was 42°, and the average for the month was 36°, the average for the air for the same period being 27.9°. In 1905, records were made only on the first 4 days of January. The variation was from 32° to 34° at 6 a.m., from 32° to 34.9° at noon, and from 32° to 34.8° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 32°, the highest was 34.3°, and the average for the 4 days was 33.8°. Any discussion or interpretation of these January water tem- peratures is difficult. Any consideration given them must be in connection with the air temperatures. The observations in 1899 and 1900 were before the regular beginning of our work and were made by a volunteer observer whose records must be regarded as only approximately accurate. On all the days (9 in number) cov- ered by records in January of those two years, the air was at or below freezing, and on most of the days the water temperature was taken through the ice. This will account for the large number of records of 32° or slightly above. In January, 1901, the air was at or below freezing on 24 days. The water temperatures were taken perhaps with somewhat greater care. It is interesting and significant to note, however, the close approximation of the aver- ages for the Januarys of the 2 years, 33.8° in 1900 and 36° in 1901. Notwithstanding the almost freezing temperature of the water near shore in January and other winter months, it was interesting to observe that various species of small fishes such as grayback minnows, straw-colored minnows, and skipjacks, gathered up in large schools under the ice in shallow water, particularly on bright sunny days. This phenomenon is considered more fully elsewhere. In February, 1899, only 7 records were made, on the 1st, 2d, 7th, 10th, 13th, 15th and 27th, on each of which dates the air was Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 155 below freezing*. All these were 32° except that on the 27th when it was 36°. In 1900, the record is complete for the month. The variation was from 32° to 35° at 6 a.m., 32° to 34° at noon, and 32° to 34.5° at 6 p.m., the lowest daily average for the air during the same period being 22.6°. In 1901, the record is also complete for the month. The varia- tion was from 32.5° to 35.5° at 6 a.m., from 32° to 34.5° at noon, and from 32.9° to 34° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 32.5°, the highest 34.3°, and the average for the month was 33.1°, that of the air for the same period being 19.3°. For March, 1899, the only record is for the 11th when the water was 33.5°. In 1900, the record is complete. The variation was from 33° to 37° at 6 a.m., from 33° to 37.5° at noon, and from 33° to 38.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 33.1° on the 17th, the highest 37.5° on the 31st, and the average for the month was 35.4°, that for the air in the same period being 30.1°. The record for March, 1901, is complete. The variation was from 32.3° to 39.8° at 6 a.m., from 33° to 49° at noon, and from 32.9° to 43.4° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 33° on the 1st and 3d, the highest 42.4° on the 29th, and the average for the month was 36.4°, that for the air in the same period being exactly the same, 36.4°. The average for March of the 2 years was 35.9°, that of the air 33.25°. For the month of April, the record is complete for 1900 and 1901. In 1900, the variation was from 39° to 67° at 6 a.m., from 44° to 67° at noon, and from 45° to 67.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 42.6° on the 1st, the highest 67.1° on the 30th, and the average for the month was 49.8°, that for the air in the same period being 52.3°. In 1901, the variation was from 36° to 60.1° at 6 a.m., from 38.5° to 65.5° at noon, and from 39° to 69.8° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 38.6°, the highest 64°, and the average for the month was 47.9°, that for the air in the same period 48.9°. The average for April of the 2 years was 48.8°, that for the air, 50.6°. For the month of May, the record is approximately complete for 1900 and 1901. In 1900, the variation was from 56° to 72.5° at 6 a. m., from 57° to 74° at noon, and from 57° to 74° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 57° on the 10th, the highest 73.3° on the 30th, and the average for the month was 64.74°, that for the air being 66°. In 1901, the variation was from 51.9° to 66° at 6 a.m., from 50.5° to 70.1° at noon, and from 51.1° to 68° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 52.8°, on the 2d, the highest 156 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 68.4°, on the 18th, and the average for the month was 60.93°, that for the air being 61°. For the month of June, the record is complete for 1900 and 1901. In 1900 the variation was from 70° to 78° at 6 a.m., from 71° to 78° at noon, and from 71° to 78° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 71° on the 4th, the highest 77° on the 26th and 28th, and the average for the month was 74.6°, that for the air being 71°. In 1901, the variation was from 58° to 79.2° at 6 a. m., from 64.5° to 86.2° at noon, and from 62.9° to 84.6° at 6 p. m. The low- est daily average was 61.8°, on the 1st, the highest 83.2° on the 28th, and the average for the month was 74.11°, that for the air being 75.7°. For the month of July, there are complete records for 1899, 1900, and 1903, and partial records for 1906. In 1899, the variation was from 70° to 79° at 6 a. m., from 75° to 88.5° at noon, and from 73.5° to 85.5° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 74.1° on the 9th and 10th, the highest 84.2° on the 23d, and the average for the month was 78.2°, that for the air being 75.6°. In 1900, the variation was from 71° to 80° at 6 a.m., from 72° to 83° at noon, and from 75° to 82° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 74.6° on the 1st, the highest 80.3° on the 5th, and the average for the month was 78.4°, that for the air being 75.9°. In 1903, the variation was from 71° to 81.5° at 6 a.m., from 73° to 87° at noon, and from 71° to 87.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 73.1° on the 1st and 2d, the highest 83.3° on the 9th and 11th, and the average for the month was 77.86°, that for the air being 75.9°. The records for July, 1906, cover only the last 7 days of the month. The variation was from 62.5° to 75° at 6 a. m., from 72.5° to 82° at noon, and from 73° to 83.3° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 67.5° on the 25th, the highest 74.5° on the 26th, and the average for 6 days 74.3°, that for the air being 76.9°. For the month of August, the records are nearly complete for 1899, 1900, 1903, and 1906. In 1899, the variation was from 67° to 77.5° at 6 a.m., from 77° to 84.5° at noon, and from 75° to 84.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 74.5° on the 9th and 15th, the highest was 82° on the 27th, and the average for the month was 78.4°, that for the air being 75.1°. In 1900, the variation was from 74° to 79.4° at 6 a.m., from 72.1° to 83.6° at noon, and from 78° to 83.6° at 6 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 157 p.m. The lowest daily average was 75.4° on the 15th, the highest 81.7° on the 22d, and the average for the month was 79.7°, that for the air being 77.5°. In 1903, the variation was from 68" to 77.1° at 6 a.m., from 71° to 78.5° at noon, and from 70.5° to 78° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 70° on the 15th, the highest 76° on the 5th, and the average for the month was 73.8°, that for the air being 70.7°. In 1906, the variation was from 67° to 76.4° at 6 a. m., from 71° to 85° at noon, and from 72° to 84.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 72.5° on the 30th, the highest was 81.8° on the 26th, and the average for the month was 76.2°, that for the air being 74.9°. There are 14 records for the last 5 days of August, 1908. The variation was from 65° to 72.9° at 6 a.m., from 70.5° to 81° at noon, and from 73.5° to 80° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 69° on the 27th, the highest was 77° on the 30th, and the aver- age for the 5 days was 73.2°, that for the air being 75.8°. For the month of September, the records are practically com- plete for 1899 and 1900, and there are partial records for 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1913. In 1899, the variation was from 54.8' to 80° at 6 a.m., from 60° to 84.2° at noon, and from 56° to 81.2° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 56.9° on the 30th, the high- est was 81.3° on the 3d, and the average for the month was 68.1°, that for the air being 63.1°. In 1900, the variation was from 59.3° to 77.5° at 6 a.m., from 65.5° to 83° at noon, and from 66.5° to 81° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 65.6° on the 28th, the highest was 80.5° on the 1st, and the average for the month was 72.4°, that for the air being 68.1°. For September, 1906, the record is nearly complete for the first 18 days. The variation was from 60° to 76° at 6 a.m., from 67° to 80° at noon, and from 67° to 80° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 65.1° on the 14th, the highest was 75.4° on the 11th, and the average for the 18 days was 71.2°, that for the air being 69.3°. For September, 1907, the record is partial for the 13th, 14th, 23d, and 30th, and complete for the 19th to 29th both inclusive. The variation was from 57° to 70° at 6 a.m., from 60° to 74° at noon, and from 59° to 73° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 59.7° on the 29th, the highest was 72.2° on the 19th, and the average for all the records was 64.5°, that for the air being 62.9°. For Septem- ber, 1908, the record is practically complete for the first 17 days. The variation was from 61.5° to 75° at 6 a.m., from 72° to 81° at noon, and from 70° to 78° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 67.8°, on the 3d and 7th, the highest was 76° on the 12th, and 158 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the average for the month was 72.2°, that for the air being 71.5°. For 1913, there is only one record, which is 62° at 6 a.m. on the 13th. For October, there are nearly complete records for 1899, 1900, 1907 and 1913, and partial records for 1904 and 1906. In 1899, the variation was from 48.5° to 60.5° at 6 a.m., from 58° to 70.5° at noon, and from 55° to 65° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 53° on the 21st, the highest was 65.3° on the 15th, and the average for the month was 59.5°, that for the air being 58.1°. In 1900, the variation was from 54° to 69.8° at 6 a. m., from 62° to 73.5° at noon, and from 60° to 71° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 59.3° on the 20th, the highest was 71° on the 6th, and the average for the month was 64.4°, that of the air being 61.5°. For 1904, there are records only for the last three days of the month, when the morning range was from 47.9° to 50.2°, the noon range from 53° to 58°, and the evening range from 52.8° to 53.5° ; the lowest daily average was 50.5° on the 29th, the highest 53.6° on the 31st, and the average for the 3 days 52.5°, the average for the air being 48°. For 1906, there is one record for the 5th (57° at 6 p.m.), one for the 10th (47° at 6 p.m.), and nearly complete records for the 11th to 24th both inclusive. The variation was from 44.5° to 59° at 6 a.m., from 52° to 65° at noon, and from 49.5° to 62.5° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 43.3° on the 28th, the highest was 62° on the 19th, and the average for the 14 days was 53°, that of the air being 49.8°. For 1907, the varia- tion was from 43° to 63° at 6 a.m., from 45° to 65° at noon, and from 46° to 65° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 49° on the 27th and 30th, the highest was 64.3° on the 4th, and the average for the month was 54.8°, that of the air being 51.1°. In 1913, the variation was from 43° to 65° at 6 a.m., from 45° to 70° at noon, and from 44° to 68° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 44.7 on the 31st, the highest was 67.3° on the 9th. The aver- age for the month was 54.9° at 6 a.m., 58.2° at noon, 57.6° at 6 p. m., or 56.7° daily average, that of the air being 53.2°. For November, there are 3 records for 1898 (40° on the 24th, 35° on the 26th, and 34° on the 27th, all at 6 a.m.), nearly com- plete records for 1899, 1900, and 1904, and 3 for 1906 (43.5°, 44.5°, and 43.5° on the 16th) . In 1899, the variation was from 42° to 54° at 6 a.m., from 42° to 56° at noon, and from 43° to 52° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 43° on the 29th, the high- est was 55° on the 1st, and the average for the month was 47.6°, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 159 that for the air being 44.6°. In 1900, the variation was from 32.9° to 59.8° at 6 a.m., from 39.6° to 63.8° at noon, and from 39.3° to 60.5° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 38.7° on the 30th, the highest was 62.6° on the 3d, and the average for the month was 47.6°, that of the air being 40.7°. In 1904, the variation was from 37.5° to 51.5° at 6 a. m., from 38.5° to 53.9° at noon, and from 38° to 53° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 38.5° on the 27th, the highest was 53° on the 4th, and the average for the month was 45.4°, that of the air being 40.4°. In 1906, the variation was from 35.5° to 53.5° at 6 a.m., from 37° to 53.2° at noon, and from 37.2° to 50° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 36.2° on the 20th, the highest was 48.8° on the 1st, and the average for the month was 44.6°, that of the air being 39.2°. For December, there are 3 records for 1898 (32° at 6 a. m. on the 7th, 9th and 14th) and nearly complete records for 1899, 1900 and 1904. In 1899, the variation was from 32° to 46° at 6 a.m., from 32° to 48° at noon, and from 32° to 47° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 32° on the 16th, 29th, 30th, and 31st, the high- est was 47° on the 11th, and the average for the month was 37.2°, that of the air being 28.2°. In 1900, the variation was from 32° to 40.9° at 6 a.m., from 32° to 42° at noon, and from 32° to 42.6° at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 32° on the 14th, the highest was 41.5° on the 1st, and the average for the month was 36.8°, that of the air being 31.7°. In 1904, the variation was from 32° to 37° at 6 a. m., from 32° to 37.8° at noon, and from 32° to 36.5° at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 32° on the 10th, 12th, 13th, 15th, and 16th, the highest was 36.1° on the 2d, and the average for the month was 33.8°, that of the air being 25.2°. In the following tables are given the detailed records of the water temperature observations : 11—17618 160 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Water Temperature Tables WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. 111. Average 1 32° 32° 32° 32° 2 32 32 32 32 3 32 32 32 32 4 32 32 32 32 5 32 32 33 32.3 6 33 33 33 33 7 34 34 34 34 8 34 35 35 34.6 9 33 33 33 33 10 33 33 33 33 11 33 33 33 33 12 33 34 33 33.3 13 33 33 33 33 14 33 33 33 33 15 33 34 34.5 33.8 16 35 35 35 35 17 34 34 35 34 18 35 35 35.5 35.1 19 35 35 35 35 20 35 35 35 35 21 35 35 35.5 35 1 22 35 35.5 36 5 35.6 23 36 37 37.5 36.8 24 38 40 39 39 25 37 36 35 36 26 34.5 34 34 .34.1 27 33.5 33 33 33.1 28 33 32 32 32.3 29 32 32 32 32 30 32 32 32 32 31 32 32 32 32 Average 33.7 33.8 33.9 33.8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Snrveij 161 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, I90I Date 6 a. 111. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 33.6° 34.1° 33.5° 33.7° 2 33.2 34 34 33.7 3 33.5 34.5 33.9 33.9 4 33 34.7 34.3 34 33.5 35.1 34.8 34.4 6 34 35 34.8 34.6 ( 34.1 35 34.8 34.6 8 34.5 34.9 34.2 34.5 9 34 35 34 34.3 10 34 34.5 35 34.5 11 35.2 35.8 35.5 35.5 12 35.1 36 35.9 35.5 13 36 36.9 37 36.6 14 37 38.9 38.5 38.1 15 37.9 40.1 38.2 38.7 16 36.8 38.5 38.5 37.1 17 38.1 38 1 38 1 18 37.9 38.7 38.2 38.2 19 37 38.5 37.3 37.6 20 37.3 39 39.5 38.6 21 37 37.1 37.9 37.3 22 38.1 41 39 39.7 23 39.5 40 40.6 40 24 39.1 38.8 38.1 38.6 25 37.6 38.2 38 37.9 26 37.2 37.3 36.1 36.8 27 36.8 37 36.5 36.7 28 36 36.9 37.5 36.8 29 35.5 35.9 36.1 35.8 30 34.9 35.2 35.7 35.2 31 34.5 35 34.5 34.6 Average 35.4 36.7 36.8 36 4 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1905 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p m. Average 1 2 3 4 33.5° 34 34 32 34.9° 34.5 34.8 32 34.5° 32 34.8 32 34.3° 33 5 34.4 32 Average 33.4 34.1 33.3 33.6 162 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1899 - - Date 6 a. m. 1 32° 2 32 7 32 10 33 13 32 15 32 25 32 27 32 Average . . 32.7 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 32° 32° 32° 32° 2 32 32 32 32 3 32 32 32.5 32.1 4 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 5 32 32 32 32 6 32 32.5 33 32.5 7 33 33 33.5 33.1 8 33.5 34 34 33.8 9 33 33 33 33 10 33 33 33 33 11 32.5 33 33 32.8 12 33 33 33 33 13 33 32.5 32 32.5 14 32 32 32 32 15 32 32 32 32 16 32 32 32 32 17 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 32 19 32 32 32 32 20 32 33 33 32.6 21 33.5 34 34 5 34 22 35 34 34.5 34.5 23 34 34 35 34.3 24 34 33 32 33 25 32 32 32 32 26 32 32 32 32 27 32 32 32 32 28 32 33 33 32.6 Average 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 163 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 19U1 Date 6 a. m. Noon ti p. 111. Average 1 34° 34.1° 33.5° 33.8" 2 33.3 35.5 3 33.5 34 34.3 4 32.8 33.8 33.5 33 5 33.8 34 34 33.9 6 33.3 34.5 33.4 33.7 7 33.2 33.8 ' 33.1 33.3 8 33 33.5 33 33.1 9 32.5 32 33 32.5 10 32 5 33 33.1 32.8 11 33.2 33.1 33.1 33.1 12 32.5 32.9 33 32.8 13 33 33 33.5 33.1 14 32.9 32.9 33.1 32.9 15 32.9 33.5 33.3 33.2 16 33 33.5 33.2 33.2 17 33 . 1 33.2 33 33 I 18 33 33.2 33.2 33.1 19 33 33.7 33.3 33.3 20 33 33.4 32.9 33.1 21 32.8 33.5 33.2 33.1 22 33.2 33 32.9 33 23 33 33.2 33 33 24 32.9 33.1 32.9 32.9 25 33 33 33 33 26 32.5 33 32.9 32.7 27 32.5 33.1 32.9 32.7 28 33 33 32.9 32.9 Average 32.7 33.3 33.2 33.1 164 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1900 Date 6 a. m . Noon 6 p. m. Averrce 1 33° 34.5° 34° 33.8° 2 34 34.5 34 34.1 3 34 34 34.5 34.1 4 34 34 34 34 5 34 34 34 34 6 34.5 35 35 34.8 7 35 35 35 35 8 35 35.5 35.5 35.3 9 35.5 36 36 35.8 10 36 36 36 36 11 36 36 36 36 12 35 35 35 35 13 36 36 36.5 36.1 U 36 36 36.5 36 1 15 35 35 35 35 16 35 35 34 34.6 17 33.5 33 33 33.1 18 33 5 34 34 33.8 19 35 35 36 35.3 20 - 36 36 36 36 21 36 36 36.5 36.1 22 36 36.5 37 36.5 23. 36 37 37 36.6 24 37 37 37.5 37.1 25 36.5 36 36 36.1 26 36 36 36 36 27 36 36.5 36 36.1 28 36 36 36.5 36 1 29 36 36 36.5 36.1 30 37 37.5 36.5 37 31 37 37 38.5 37.5 Average 35.3 35 5 35.6 35.5 Lake Maxinhiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 165 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 33' 33° 33° 33° 2 32.8 33.3 33 33.1 3 32.6 33 33.1 33 4 33.5 33.8 33.5 33.6 5 • 33.1 33.6 33.6 33.4 6 33 33.9 33.9 33.6 7 33 33.9 33.1 33.3 8 32.9 33.4 32.9 33 9 33.2 33.2 33.8 33.4 in 32.3 33.8 33.8 33,3 11 33.9 33 34.8 33.9 12 35.1 34.3 34.5 .34.6 13 34.3 35.3 34.5 .34 7 14 35 34.9 34.9 34.9 15 33.8 34.9 34.6 34.1 16 .35.4 36 34.5 35.3 17 35.2 37 38 36.7 18 36.9 37.1 37.8 37.2 19 34.8 .38.5 .39.5 37.6 20 37.9 38 37.5 37.8 21 37 40.9 38.9 38.9 22 37.9 44.9 43.4 42 23 38.1 45.6 41.5 41.7 24 36.3 39.5 39.6 38.4 25 35 49 42 42 26 39.6 41.4 40.1 40.7 27 38.9 41.2 40.3 40.1 28 37.4 41 40.5 37.6 29 39.8 44.7 42.7 42.4 30 37.5 38.3 37.7 37.8 31 37.1 40.1 41 39.4 Average 35.4 37.4 36.9 3u.o 166 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 39° 44° 45° 42.6° 2 44 44.5 46 44.8 3 45 45.5 45 45.1 4 46 47 47.5 46.8 5 47 48 48 47.6 6 48 49 49.5 48.8 7 48 49 49.5 48.8 8 49 49 50 49.3 9 50 50.5 50 50.1 10 48 48.5 48 48.1 11 48 48 47.5 47.8 12 47 47.5 46 46.8 13 47 47 46 46.6 H 44 45 46 45 15 45.5 46 46.5 46 16 46 46.5 48 46.8 17 48 48.5 48 48.1 18 48 48 48 48 19 48 48.5 49 48.5 20 48 48 49 48.3 21 50 50 51 50.3 22 50 51 51 50.6 23 50 51.5 51 50. S 24 51 51.5 52 51 .5 25 50 51 51 50.6 26 50 50 54 51 3 27 56 54 54 55.3 28 54 58 64 58.6 29 60 66 66 61 30 67 67 67.0 67 ' Average 49.1 49.9 50.5 49.8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 167 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 36° 46.2° 45.5° 42.5° 2 38.5 38.5 39 38.6 3 38 44 43.9 41.0 4 40 50 47.9 45.9 5 42.5 45.5 45.5 44.5 6 44 43.9 43.5 44 I 7 42.1 47.6 45.6 45.1 8 40.5 48 45.5 44 6 9 40.8 48.9 47.9 45.9 10 41.9 50.5 49.9 47.4 11 42.5 53.5 50.9 49 9 12 43.9 46.7 48.7 48.4 13 45.3 46.3 47.5 46.7 14 43.4 49.3 47.2 46 6 15 44.5 48.6 48.5 47.2 16 44.5 51.1 49.6 48.4 17 52.3 47.5 46.5 48.8 18 42.5 46.5 46 45 19 41 48.1 45 44.7 20 41 5 48.3 46.9 45.6 21 42.4 45.5 43.7 43.9 22 43.5 44.5 47.3 45.1 23 45.5 47.1 49 47.2 24 46 52.1 51.7 49.9 25 46.8 55.5 51.5 51.3 26 47.5 59 57 54.5 27 51.5 57.1 61.8 56.8 28 52 59 64.9 58.6 29 56.8 65.5 69.8 64 30 60.1 55.5 56.7 57.4 Average 44.6 49.7 49.5 47.9 168 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1900 Dite 6 a. m. NooTi 6 p. in. Average 1 60° 62° 61° 61° 2 56 58 60 58 3 58.5 58 59 58.5 4 60 60.5 60 60.1 5 60 61 60 60.3 6 59 60.5 60 59.8 7 59 60 61 60 8 59.5 60 59 59.5 9 58 58 57.0 57.8 10 57 57 57 57 11 58 60 60 59.3 12 62 64 65 63.6 14 66 69 69 68 15 69 71 70 70 16 71 73 70 71.3 17 63 64 63,5 63.5 18 62 62 62 62 19 62 62.5 62 62.1 20 61 60 60 60.3 21 59 60 60 59.6 22 60 61 62 61 23 61 65 70 65.3 24 68 70 71 69.6 25 70 71 73 71.3 26 72 73 74 73 27 72 73 73.5 72.8 28 72 72.5 73 72.5 29 72 72.5 73 72.5 30 72 74 74 73.3 31 72.5 73 73 72.8 Average 63.71 65.41 65. OS 64.74 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 169 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1901 Date 6 a. m . Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 57,5° 58.3° 54.5' 56.8° 2 50.5 68.2 55 65.3 52.8 3 51.9 61.8 4 56.9 67 62.3 62.1 5 58.9 65.1 65.3 63.1 6 60.1 68 63.6 63.9 7 61 63.6 62 62.2 8 60.4 62.1 62.6 61.7 9 60.1 64.5 64.1 62,9 10 61.9 63.9 64.9 63.6 11 60.9 64.1 61.8 62.3 12 56 59 59.5 58.2 13 55.5 61.8 60 59.1 14 55 61.3 63.5 59.9 15 57.1 61.8 68 62 16 61.5 68.5 66.3 65.4 17 63.1 70 71 68 18 66 70.1 69 68.4 19 20 63 65.2 64.1 58.5 65 63.5 62.3 21 58 60.5 61 59.8 22 59 62.5 63.8 61.8 23 59.5 67.1 65.5 64 24 61.5 65.4 63.2 63.4 25 55 56.9 56 26 55 57 51.1 54.4 27 55 57.9 56.5 57.8 28 55 59 59.5 61. ? 29 55 57.8 57 56. ft 30 53.1 59.5 58.9 57.2 31 55.5 62.9 63.9 60.8 Average 58.23 62.92 61.98 60.93 170 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 73° 74° 73.5° 73.5° 2 72.5 72 72 72.1 3 71.5 72 71 71.5 4 70 71 72 71 5 71.5 72 74 72.5 6 73 5 74 73.5 73.6 7 73.5 74 76 74.1 8 76 76.5 77 76.5 9 76 76 77 76.3 10 76 76.5 75 75.8 11 74 74.5 73.5 74 12 74 75 77 75 13 76 76.5 77 76.5 14 76 77 77.5 76.8 15 77 77 76 76.6 16 75.5 77 77 76.5 17 75.5 76.5 76 76 18 75 76.5 77 76.1 19 73 76 76 75 20 70 72 72 71.3 21 71 73.2 72 73 22 70 72 70 70.6 23 71 74 73 72.6 24 72 78 75 75 25 72 78 75 75 26 78 78 75 77 27 73 77.5 78 76.1 28 75 78 78 77 29 75 78 76 76.3 30 6S 78 77 74.3 Average 73.21 75.32 74.9 74,6 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 171 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 58° 64.5° 63° 61.8° 2 58.1 65.5 65.5 63 3 60.5 69 68.9 66.1 4 63.3 71 68.8 67.7 5 65 66 68.9 66.6 6 64.5 68.3 68.8 67.2 7 62.6 64.8 62.0 63.4 8 58.9 66.8 63.9 63.2 9 57 68.5 70 65.2 in 65 69.6 70.2 68.3 11 66 74.5 70.5 70.3 12 67 80 75 74 13 70.9 78 74.2 74.4 14 72.1 80.9 80 77.7 15 75 78.2 78 77.1 16 70.5 80.5 80 77 17 74 78. 1 75.5 75.9 18 70.1 79 75.5 74.9 19 72 80 78 76.7 20 73 77.5 73.5 74.7 21 74.3 76.4 78 76.2 22 74.8 82 80.9 79.2 23 73.9 81 81 78.6 24 76.2 83.5 82 80.6 25 77.9 83.2 81.3 80.8 26 77 84.5 83.9 81.8 27 78.5 75 84.6 79.4 28 79.2 85.7 84.6 83.2 29 78.8 86.2 82.3 82.8 30 78 85.9 84.3 82.7 Average 73.07 74.13 75.13 74.11 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE. 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 27 65° 76° 75° 72° 28 70 77 75 74 29 71 73.2 72 72 30 72 75.2 75 74 Average 69.5 75.4 74.3 73 172 Lake Maxirikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURE.S FOR JULY, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 5 73.5° 75° 77° 75.1° 6 73.5 80 77 76.8 7 72.5 77 75.5 75 8 72 77 73.5 74.1 9 70 77 77 74.6 10 72 76,5 74 74.1 11 72.5 77,5 77 75.0 12 74.5 80.5 79 78 13 77 79 5 75.5 77.3 14 75 77 77 76.3 1.5 74 76 75 16 75 77.5 76 76.1 17 75 79 78 77.3 18 74 79 77 76.6 19 74 79 78 77 20 76 81 78 78.3 21 75 82 83 80 22 79 86 85 83.3 2,3 79 88.5 85 84.2 24 78 86 85.5 83.2 25 79 85.5 82 82.6 26 78 84 80 81.6 27 78 78.5 83 83 80.5 28 82 81.2 29 78 81.5 79.5 79.6 30 77 82.5 80 79.8 31 75 82.5 80 79.2 Average. 75.3 80.5 78.9 7S.25 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 173 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, liliK) Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 71° 76° 77° 74.6° 2 73 80 80 77.6 3 75 79 78.3 77.4 4 78 82 80 80 5 78 83 80 80.3 6 78 81 80 79.6 7 71 82 80 77 6 8 77.5 77 75.5 76 6 9 73 78 77 76 10 71 77. 76 74.6 U 73 77.5 77 75.8 12 77 72 78 75.6 13 71 78 77 75.3 14 71 79 78 76 15 75 81 79 78.3 16 75 77 77 76.3 17 74.5 77 76 75.5 18 72 79 78 76.3 19 75 79 78 77.3 20 75 80 75 76.6 21 73 80 80 77.6 22 75 80 82 79 23 78 81 80.5 79.8 24 80 78 78 78.6 25 75 80 79.5 78. 1 26 75 80 79 78 27 73 80 78 77 28 75 80 78 77.6 29 75.5 79 78 77.5 30 75 80.5 79 78.3 31 76 80 78 78 Average 74.6 79 78.3 78.4 174 Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1903 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 71.5° 77° 71° 73. r 2 71 73 75.5 73.1 3 74 77 78 71.3 4 76 79 78 77.6 5 78 80 80 79.3 6 77 . 83.5 84.5 81.6 7 78.5 86.5 81.5 82.1 8 79 87 81.5 82.5 9 79 83.5 87.5 83.3 10 80.5 85 85 83 11 81.5 84.5 84.5 83.3 12 81 84 81 82 13 78.5 81.5 78.5 79.5 14 78 80 78.5 78.8 15 74 77 78 76.5 16 75.5 79 79 77.8 17 75 78 75 76 18 73 73 5 74.5 73.6 19 73.5 74 74 77.8 20 72 75 75 74 21 72 75 73.5 73.5 22 72 75.5 75.5 74.3 23 72 79 77 76 24 75 81 80 78.6 25 78 78 77.5 77.8 26 76 79 78.5 76.8 27 76 81.5 81.5 79.6 28 77 80 78 78.3 29 72 80 78.5 76.8 30 76 78 77,5 77,1 31 71 77 10 74.3 Average 75.6 79.4 78.5 77.8 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. ni. Average 25 62.5° 75 72.5° 75.5 67 5° 26 73° 74.5 27 68.5 76,8 77.9 74.4 28 70 77,9 74 74 29 68.1 74 80 74 30 63.5 82 82.5 76 31 83.5 Average 67.9 76.4 78.5 74.3 Lake Maxinkiickee , Physical and Biological Survey 175 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1899 Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6 a. m. Average. 74° 76.5 76 75.5 77.5 71.5 72.5 73 71 73 73.5 74.5 70 67 67 70 73 73.5 76 76 75 75 75 75 74 75 77 70.5 75.5 75 77 73.7 Noon 82 80 84.5 78.5 82.5 SO 77 77.5 79 81.5 80 80 80 80 80 81 79 84 78.5 82.5 82 82 80 83.5 81.5 86 84 84 84 81.5 81.1 6 p. ni. 76.5 78° 80 79 81 78 80 80 77 75 7( 80 78.5 75 77 76.5 80 80 78 78 77 80.5 82 78.5 80.5 82.5 83 82 84.5 82 81.5 79.4 Average 76.6° 79.5 78.3 80.3 78 78 77.5 75.6 74.5 76.2 78.3 77.6 75 74.6 74.5 76.6 78 76.8 79.3 77.2 78.2 79.2 79.6 77.8 79.3 79.3 82 81 81.3 80.5 80 78.4 12 1761.S 176 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 74.° 81° 81.5° 78.8° 2 76.5 78 77.2 3 75 79 80.3 78.1 4 76 80.8 78.5 78.4 5 77.4 81 81 79.8 6 79 83.5 79.8 80.8 7 79.2 81.8 81.8 81 8 78.8 83 81 80.9 9 79.4 83 82 81.4 10 78.9 83.5 80 80.8 11 79 83.6 80.5 81 12 78.3 81 81.5 80.2 13 78 82 80.5 80.1 14 79 79 79 79 15 76.2 72.1 78 75.4 16 75.7 77 80 77.5 17 75.5 80 79.2 78.2 18 76 80.5 79 78.5 19 78.5 83.5 78.5 80.4 20 77 81 79 79 21 76.2 83.5 83.6 81.1 22 78.2 84 83 81.7 23 78.9 80 82 80.3 24 77.5 82.5 81.5 80.5 25 77.2 76 79 81.5 78.1 26 79.5 79 27 76.5 80 79.5 78.6 28 76.5 82 81.8 80.1 29 78 83.5 81.5 81 30 76 83 83 80.6 31 78 83.5 83 81.5 Average 77.2 81.3 80.6 79.7 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physiccd and Biological Survey 111 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1903 Date 6 a. ni. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 70° 71° 71° 70.6° 2 72 77 75 74.6 3 77,1 74 78 75.3 4 73 . 5 75 77 75.1 5 74.5 78.5 75 76 6 73.5 76 74 74.5 7 70 72 71 71 8 72.5 76.5 74 74.3 9 74 75 75 74.6 10 71 75 75 73.6 11 72 74 74 73.3 12 68 72 74 71.3 13 71 74 74 73 14 69 76 76 73.6 15 68.5 71 70.5 70 16 68 75 74.5 72.5 17 70 76 75 73.6 18 73 78 76 75.6 19 73 74 72.5 73.1 20 70 76 75 73.6 21 71 74 77 74 22 71 74 74 73 23 72 75.5 73.5 77 24 73 78 74.5 75.1 25 73.5 78 76 75.8 26 72 77 77.5 75.5 27 73 76 75 74.6 28 73 76 75 74.6 Average 71.7 75.2 74 6 73.8 178 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 71.5° 77.5° 84.5° 77.8° 2 76.4 81 78.9 78.8 3 71.9 77 78.9 75.9 4 73.9 78 79 77 5 73.5 78.1 77.5 76.4 6 73 81.9 77.8 77.6 7 73.1 75.4 77 75.2 8 73 82.2 84 79.7 9 73.9 73.9 83.5 81.5 78.7 10 75.5 77 11 72 83 79 78 12 68.8 75.1 76.5 73.5 13 69 73.8 75.9 72.9 14 75 71 15 76 72.5 73.2 16 72.5 77 81 76.8 17 74 79 77.5 76 8 18 72.5 77 78 75.8 20 79.5 78 78.8 21 74.5 22 80 80.8 23 80 80.4 24 75.5 74.8 80 77.8 25 81 77.5 73.5 77.9 26 85 73.5 81.3 27 70 72.3 28 68.5 74.1 76 72.9 29 70 73.5 79 74.2 30 74.5 71 72 72.5 31 67 67 Average 72.5 77.7 78.5 76.2 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 190S Date' 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 27 65 0° 65 69 70 72.9 73.0° 74 70.5 81 78.5 69 0° 28 29 30 31 74.0° 73.5 80 79 74.1 11 77 76.8 Average 68.4 75.4 76.6 73.2 ' Records onlv for the last five davs of the month. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 179 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 77° 82.5° 81.2° 80.2° 2 76.2 82.8 80 79.6 3 80 84.2 79.8 81.3 4 73.8 72.5 6 82 79.5 78 7 73.5 79.2 78.5 77 8 75 79 75 76.3 9 67 68 67.5 10 67 69 69.5 68.5 11 69.5 77 74 73.5 12 69 77 71 72.3 13 66 75 70 71 14 57 72.5 68.5 66 15 64 73 69.5 68.8 16 64 74.5 72 70.1 17 66 76 70.8 70.il 18 62 70.5 66.2 19 63.1 64 63.5 63.5 20 61.5 68.5 65 65 21 61.5 71 67 66.5 22 62 69 60 65.6 23 63 65.5 67 65.1 24 64 66 65 65 25 61 66 63.5 63.5 26 57.5 65.5 61 61.3 27 57 63 62 60.6 28 55 61.5 60 58.8 29 56 62 57 58.3 30 54.8 0(1 56 56.9 Average 65.6 71.6 68.9 68.1 180 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 77 5° 83° 81° 80.5° 2 76 81.2 77.2 78.1 3 76 80.5 79 78.5 4 75 81 81 , 79 5 75 80.5 77.5 77.3 6 76 79.5 77.5 77.6 7 75 78 78 77 8 75.5 80.3 77.6 9 76.5 81.2 78.6 78.7 10 75.1 80 77 77.3 11 75.8 79 76.3 77 12 72.9 72.5 76.1 73.8 13 72 79 78 76.3 14 72.1 79 72.7 74.6 15 68.8 77 74.9 73.5 16 70.1 71.1 71.8 71 17 68 59.3 67 71.9 67.5 18 73 67.7 19 65 65.5 69.9 66.8 20 65 71 67 67.6 21 63.5 70 67.5 67 22 63.5 71 69.5 68 23 64 70.2 67.8 67.3 24 62.8 68.5 69 66.7 25 67 75.2 71.8 71 3 26 62 69.9 69 66.9 27 66 67.3 66.5 66.6 28 61.9 68 67 65.6 29 66 67.5 67.5 67 30 63.5 71 69.5 68 Average 69.6 74.6 73.2 72.4 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1906 Date 6 a m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 2 3 4 64° 66 67 69 63 66.1 71 73° 68 72.5 70.9° 69 70.1 69.5 71 73 75 75 76 74 75.2 76 70 68 67 72 73 80 69.3° 67.7 69.9 69.3 5 6 7 8 69 71 73 73 75 67.7 70 73 74 9 10 71.3 76 71 72 74.1 75 11 12 13 80 76.8 78.2 67.2 67 70.9 75.4 74.9 74.1 14 15 60 65.1 67 16 17 65 69.3 18 68.5 74.9 74.5 Average 67.8 72.6 72.4 71.2 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 181 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1907 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 13 70° 69° 14 67° 70 19 74 72.5 72.2° 20 70 73 73 72 21 67 72.5 70 69.8 22 62 70 70 67.3 23 65 61 66 63 65 5 24 66 63.3 25 58 62 62 60.7 26 60 62 03 61.7 27 61 61 61 61 28 61 62 62 61.7 29 60 60 59 59 7 30 57 62 59 5 Average 63 66.6 65.6 64 5 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1908 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 75° 75° 75° 2 71.3 73.5 70.5 71.8 3 61.5 72 70 67.8 4 65 72 70 69 5 67 71 75 70 71 6 78 73 7 64 66 71.5 67.8 8 9 66.5 73.5 75 71.7 10 69 76.5 75.4 73 6 11 77 81 12 71 76 13 73 76 78 75.7 14 71 74 73 72.7 15 68.5 72 73 71.2 16 66.5 73.8 76 72.1 17 74 75 74.5 Average 68 74.1 73.3 72 2 182 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 48.5° 59.5° 56° 54.6° 2 52.5 61 59 57.5 3 52 63.5 60.5 58.6 4 55 61.5 61 59.1 5 55 61.2 60 58.7 6 54 62 62 59 7 54 63.5 61 59.5 8 52.5 64 61 59.1 9 58 64.5 60 60.8 10 54.5 62 60 58.8 11 58.5 60 60 59.5 12 58.5 65 62 61.5 13 60 64 64 62.6 14 60 68 65 64.3 15 60.5 70.5 65 65.3 16 59.8 67 61 62.5 17 58.5 58.5 57 58 18 58 50 60 22 58 66 54 23 60 62 24 60 66 60 62 25 60 55 62 64 61 26 60 59.6 27 56 57 56 57 57 59 56.5 28 57 29 59 58 30 53 59 56 56 31 52 60 55 55.6 Average 56 62.8 59.9 59.3 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 183 WATER TEMPERATURES FUR OCTUliER, I'JOO Date 6 a. m. Noon (i p. 111. A\oiage 1 63.5° 70° 68° 67.2 ° 2 62.5 71 68 67.2 3 64.5 72.5 68.9 68.6 4 65 73.2 69 69.1 5 64.9 72 70.1 69 6 67 73.5 71 70.5 7 67.5 68.5 66.8 67.6 8 65 69.5 67 67.7 9 62.5 69.5 66.5 66.2 10 69.8 68.5 67 68.4 11 62 68.5 66.9 65.8 12 65.5 66.5 65 66 13 60 65.5 64 63.2 14 62 68 66.9 65.6 15 62.3 69.3 65.5 65.7 16 61.5 65 60 62.2 17 57.6 64.8 61 61.1 18 57.2 65.5 63 61.9 19 54,5 63.6 61.2 59.8 20 54 63 61 59.3 21 61.8 62 61.9 61.9 22 60.1 62.5 63 61.9 23 58.9 63.9 61.2 61.3 24 58.1 63.5 65 62.2 25 58 64.7 63 61.9 26 58.8 64 61.5 61.4 27 58.5 66.1 64 62.9 28 57.5 64 62.8 61.4 29 60.1 65 61.7 62.3 30 61.5 65.2 62.5 63.1 31 59.9 64.9 63.9 62.9 Average 61.4 66.9 64.8 64.4 184 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1904 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 28 52.8 = 29 47.9° 50.2 50 53° 54 58 50 5° 30 31 53.5 52.9 52.6 53.6 Average 49 4 55 53.1 52.5 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 5 57° 47 49.5 10 11 44.5- 53.5° 49.2° 12 47.2 52 52 50.4 13 55 55 55 14 51 55.8 55.5 54.1 15 51.6 55 . 5 56.7 54.6 re 51.8 51.5 57 58 54.8 17 58 55.8 18 56 58 61 58.3 19 58.5 65 62.5 62 20 51.9 63.3 53 56.1 21 56 59 60 . 58.3 22 56.3 57.6 56 56.6 23 59 60.5 58 59.2 24 57 5 49.5 50 45.5 53.8 27 47 47.3 28 44 43 42.8 43.3 • 29 41,1 50 44.5 45.2 30 46 47.5 45 46.1 31 42 52 48.5 47.5 Average 51.1 54.9 53.1 53 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 185 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1907 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p ni . Average 1 57° 61° 63° 60.3° 2 60 65 64 63 3 62 64 63 63 4 63 65 65 64.3 5 59 63 63 61.7 6 59 62 63 61.3 7 59 62 60 60.3 8 54 59 61 58 9 57 58 58 57.7 10 54 57 58 56.3 11 54 57 55 55.3 12 52 53 53 52 7 13 60 52 53 51.7 14 51 54 54 53 15 55 55 55 55 16 55 55 56 55 3 17 54 57 58 56.3 18 54 56 56 55.3 19 50 54 55 53 20 53 54 53 53.3 21 51 55 54 53.3 22 51 55 56 54 23 52 55 53 53.3 21 51 53 54 52.7 25 50 53 50 51 26 50 49 50 49.7 27 49 50 48 49 28 46 46 47 46.3 29 43 45 46 44 7 30 49 49 49 49 31 4S 51 51 49 3 Average 53.3 55.6 55.6 54.8 186 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1913 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 61 66° 66° 64.3° 2 60 62 61 3 56 65 64 61.7 4 60 65 65 63.3 5 60 64 64 62.7 6 62 65 65 64 7 62 67 67 65.3 8 62 67 67 65.3 9 64 70 68 67.3 10 65 69 67 67 11 61 63 61 61.7 12 57 58 50 55 13 56 61 62 59.7 14 57 62 61 60 15 56 63 62 60.3 16 59 62 62 61 17 60 62 52 58 18 56 56 56 56 19 51 59 55 55 20 51 52 48 50.3 21 45 46 46 45.7 22 50 46 50 48.7 .23 48 52 50 50 24 51 54 54 53 25 48 55 54 52.3 26 50 54 55 53 27 50 51 50 50.3 28 47 49 50 48.7 29 49 50 46 48.3 30 45 45 45 45 31 43 47 44 44.7 Average 54.9 58.2 57 56.7 Lake Maxmknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 187 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER. 1S99 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. in. Average I 54° 56° 55° 2 45 48 46° 46.3 3 45 44 43 44 4 42 42 47 43.6 5 44 52.5 50 48.3 6 47 51 48 48.6 7 48 50 49 49 g 50 48 50 50 50 9 52 50 10 48 50.5 50.5 49.6 11 50 53 50 51 12 46 48 46 46.6 13 42 50 49 47 14 46 49 48 47.6 15 48 50 49 49 16 48 51 50 49.6 17 47 50 52 49.6 18 50 51 50 50.3 19 48 51 50 49.6 20 47 51 47 48.3 21 46 49 50 48.3 22 50 51 50 50.3 23 47.5 45 45 45.8 24 45 46 45 45.3 25 43 47 45 45 26 42 47 44 44.3 27 43 46 44 44.3 28 43 47 44 44.6 29 42 44 43 43 30 42 46 47.5 45.1 Average 46.2 48.9 47.0 47 6 188 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 59.8° 59° 58.3° 59° 2 57 63.8 60.5 63.4 3 56.3 63.5 58.1 62.0 4 51.1 62 59.5 57.5 5 55.3 61 57.5 57.9 6 52 49.5 55 56 53 . 5 7 54 53.2 8 50 55 51.2 55.1 9 50 51.3 52.5 51.3 10 45.5 45.8 47.8 46.4 11 4S.9 51.5 49.9 59.1 12 46.5 49.7 50.5 48.9 13 41.5 49.8 45.9 46.7 14 42 45.8 45.5 57.8 15 42.8 47 45 44.9 16 3S.9 42.9 41 40.9 17 38.5 43 42.1 40.2 18 44.9 47 47.5 46.5 19 48.2 49.5 46.2 48 23 48.9 50 42 47 21 45.8 47.2 45.6 46.2 22 43.1 47.5 46.5 45.7 23 43.5 45.1 44.5 44.4 24 43 43 43 43 23 39 39.6 39.3 49.3 28 35.9 40.5 40 38.8 27 38 41.8 42.8 40.9 28 40.3 41.5 41.5 41.1 29 41.1 41.8 41.7 41 5 33 32.9 41.? 42 38.7 Average 45.8 49.2 47.7 47.6 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 189 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1904 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. in. Average 1 50° 52.5° 53° 51.8° 2 50 53 53 52 3 50.5 53.9 52.9 52.4 4 51.5 53.5 54 53 5 49.9 50.2 49.2 49.8 6 42.2 48.5 47.9 46.2 7 47.8 48.2 50.5 48.8 8 47.9 48.3 45.1 47 1 9 43.9 43.9 47.5 45 1 10 47.5 44.7 44 46.3 11 42 41.8 43 42.3 12 40.3 43 43.3 42.2 13 42 44 42.9 43.3 14 41.8 43 43.5 42.8 15 41.3 42 44.8 42.7 16 42.5 44.5 47.5 41.5 17 43 9 45.3 45 44.7 18 44 45.5 46.7 42.9 19 44.9 46 47 49.9 20 46 47 45.5 46.2 21 43.6 45.5 45.5 44 9 22 43 46 45.2 44 7 23 43.5 44 44.8 44.1 24 43.5 44.2 44.5 44.1 25 42 43 42.5 42.5 26 39.8 39.9 40 39.9 27 37.5 38.5 39.5 38.5 28 43 39 3S 40 29 39 Average 44.3 45.6 45.9 45.4 190 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1906 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. 111. Average 1 2 3 4 45.5° 45 48 45.2 47 43 53.5 45 47.5 41.5 45.2 42.5 41.8 41 43 43.5 43.5 45 42.5 35.5 39.5 43.5 50.5° 45 51 50° 50 45 46 46.5 48.8° 46.6 48 45 6 5 6 52.5 48.6 7 8 9 10 11 49 48 53.2 48.9 45.1 43 46.6 48.6 46 44.5 47.5 47.1 46.4 12 13 14 15 45 42 44.5 44.2 42.2 44 16 17 44.5 43.5 40 43.8 41.1 18 45 . 5 37.5 37 45.2 19 20 37.2 39 36 2 21 39 39i2 23 Average 42.9 46.5 44.5 44.6 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 191 VVATEIl TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1899 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 44° 46° 43° 44.3° 2 42 46 43 43.6 3 42 43 42 42.3 4 41 42 37 40 ^5 35 39 38 37.3 6 38 41 39 39.3 7 37 40 38.5 38.5 8 38 42 40 40 9 40 40 40 40 10 44 42 42.6 42.6 11 46 48 47 47 12 40 40 40 40 13 40 38 35 37.6 14 35 36 36 35.6 15 30 36 36 36 16 32 32 32 32 17 32 35 . 3" 34.6 18 34 39 38 37 19 38 38 38 38 20 36 36 36 35 21 34.5 37 38 36.5 22 37 38 38 37.6 23 34 36 34 34.6 24 34 34 33 33.6 25 32 34 33 33 26 33 34 34 33.6 27 32 34 32 32.6 28 32 34 32 34.6 29 32 32 32 32 30 32 32 32 32 31 32 32 32 32 Average 36.6 37.9 37 37.2 13—17618 192 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1900 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. Average 1 39.9° 42° 42.6° 41.5° 2 38.9 40.9 41.5 40.4 3 40 41.2 42 41.1 4 40.9 41.3 41 41 1 5 40.9 41 40.5 40.8 6 38.5 41.1 41 40.2 7 40.1 40.9 , 39.9 40.3 8 37.8 38.9 38.9 38.5 9 37.5 38.5 37.7 37.9 10 38.4 39.2 39 38.9 11 37.1 39.5 39 37.5 12 35.1 37 36.5 36.2 13 36.6 37.3 37.8 37.2 14 32 32 32 32 15 32 32.9 32 32.3 16 32.1 32.5 33.2 32.6 17 33.5 33.8 33.5 33.6 18 33.5 34.7 34.8 34.3 19 33.9 36.5 35 35.1 20 33.8 36 36.7 35.5 21 35 37.8 36.4 36.4 22 34.7 36 35.9 35.5 23 37.2 36.7 34.7 36.2 24 33.9 33.5 36.3 35 35.1 28 36.7 35.1 29 34 35.9 35.4 35.1 30 33.9 35 34 34.3 31 33.8 34.8 33.6 34.1 Average 36 37.3 37.1 36.8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 193 WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER. 1901 Date 6 a. m. Noon 6 p. m. A \erage 1 35° 35° 35° 2 37 37,8° 33.5 36.1 3 32 33 32.5 32.5 4 32 32.9 34 31.9- 5 33 34.5 34.5 33.5 6 34.9 33 35.2 35 7 34.5 36 35.2 35.2 8 34.5 34.8 34.9 35 9 34 34.6 10 32 32 32 32 11 34 33.8 33.8 33.8 12 32 32 32 32 13 32 32 32 32 14 32 32.8 32 32.2 15 32 32 32 32 16 32 32 32 32 17 33 32 32 32.3 18 33 33 33 33 19 32 33 33.1 32.7 20 33 34.5 35 33.1 21 34.9 34.9 35.2 35 22 35 37 36.5 36.1 23 36.4 35.5 35 35.6 24 35 34.9 35 34.9 25 35 36.2 35 35.4 26 35 35 36 35.3 27 35 34.5 34 34.5 29 34.5 34 32 35. 1 30 35 31 34 34.8 34 34.2 Average 33.8 34.1 33.8 33.8 194 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey m < •A W a H H o < « CO CJ IS.-S. CO CO r-^ -^ ^ O £ o 1-1 o C3 c3 QO !D '-f ■^ -^ CO Ci ^ CO Ci W CO -^ "^ CO ■* '^ "" '" ■n +-< CO c^ CO »0 ^ "-ti OJ Oi CO o r- Oi -^ oo o CO t^ to pooooooooo iC lO »o o ,_, Tt* r- Ci r- u^ •^ o -r}^ '^ CO CO CO CO -* c:-' o p o o o c O p o R o ' ' ' 2 »o lO C^l ■^ fM m n>\ CO CO -^ 00 r^ o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 't** t^ (3 iM CO CO 1:01 t^ CO 00000000000 (M CO 01 *M (M CO (M CS CO CD 1— f COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO*OlO O— 'lOO^^O'— 'O^Or^ OiOOOOOOOOOO OSOiCiCSCSClCiCiCSdO >^ ^ >» r* -1 _■ J ^c3 cj i_ t- c;'0-2:73 -^kJ CC C'^'TiC3c3Q,cC5 C3 lAike Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 195 w Pi < H W o fa CO o bC > < < c 03 Q o iC 2C CO r* •-"^ t^ r^ I' CO (M CO CO iC rfi O CO Tf 00 X CC I>- CO lO C ^ I^ 'M ».0 1— ' :C •— ' iC *o f M' -t* CO r— ** ic o t^ t-- !>. -o r-- t-- t^ c3 "-^ ^ t^ O Oi o o o IC CO iC O oooooooooooooooo .)J> -fd -4^ -+J -4^ ~«J .)^ -M -4^ -4^ ■+-> t-< oa CO lO — CO i-O 00 O (M CO t-^cot^t^b-t^t^b-t^r^t^ lO o »c pocccococcc lO -— 1 — . -^ lo oi CO ■M t^ oi — — o o 'f? r^ o o-j t^ ;:;: i^ t- r- r- r- r- t— r- r- ::; o :c cr i^ OO C5 CS r^ r^ t^ o o o o coooooooopp G T^ cr. O O C: Oi CT. 'X; ro ts :r- O o o ^r. o _ to 00 ci O 02 r- cc _ _OOCiOOOO Cl CT. asCiOCCiCiCiO J2 ^ ^ ^ ^ c = o ■^ -^ *^ ■ X £ X ».■ '/i "-■" ir 3 3 3 3 SJIjw — *-^ b£bCMMMc.c.C.CC. 33333QjajCJOt) 196 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 02 W < 'A o < m 'A W H CO d oo lO CO r^ ■ to E W3 lo lO -* • CO u ,** f> H <: >■ Q H iti B ■4-i +^ -G -^ ■ '^ S o d M X '. ^^ O CO '"' Tf •^ K d <:0 lo X^ c S o CO oo Ol ■ N lO ■^ CO CO • CO ca H u > < ij ^ Q o CO . CO -o 03 o ^^ ^" C 1 i CM '^' i-1 CJD 1 ;|S »C iC lO CD IC ir ;i-Hcoc^iO(MOcct^ c^ o =£ = t^iotoco»ocoir3'* ■<*■ CO S c ;oooooooo === 5 -^+i^+-.-t-H--^+^ -*-- -*J d o 00 »0 CO tC 5OCQ0s'r>ccclG0'^^ ■ a « Z c u •? CC C-l CC lO C5 C :>ooc;cO'rt-c:^co O t^ CJ ^cDifOiOOiOiCiO"^ ^ CO ^5 r^ DOOOOOOOO o o c -• ^+_.^^^-fj+j-*-'-i^-^- ■^ -4-^ c3 1. ■5 C5 lO Ci »0 ^ C -^ l>. '^ CO C^l (M t— d C-J CJ X J'lO'^'^'^'^COCOCO CO CO t-> c nO"^tot^c:<3-^c; O -rt^ C3 C :;ooooc;>>^ O CJ o D C ) !l II Q Q c3 > Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 197 Serial water temperatures : — In addition to the observations on the temperature of the surface of the lake, many serial tempera- tures were taken. On July 18, 1899, a regular observation station was established at the deepest place in the lake, known as the Deep Hole, where the water is 89 feet deep at the ordinary stage of water. A buoy was placed to mark the station. Readings were taken daily i'rom July 18 to September 30, 1899, and from July 17, 1900, to June 28, 1901, not daily but usually two to three times a week. Readings were taken at the surface and usually at 5-foot intervals from the surface to the bottom. Usually the temperature of the air also was recorded, and the condition of the sky and direction of the wind noted. From July 18 to August 14, 1899, a self-registering Negretti- Zambra deep-sea thermometer was used. From August 15 to Sep- tember 21, a Ritchie thermophone was used, with not wholly satis- factory results, after which the deep-sea thermometer was again used. A similar serial-temperature observation station was estab- lished July 30, 1899, at the Kettlehole, in the southwest corner of the lake, in which the maximum depth is 40 feet. Seven sets of records, at 5-foot intervals, were made there in July, August and September, 1899, and 12 sets in July, August and September, 1900. More than 150 water-temperatures were recorded at the Kettle- hole, and over 4,200 at the Deep Hole. The total number of water- temperatures taken and recorded is therefore about 10,000. Most of the surface temperatures are given in the tables on the preceding pages and the serial temperatures will be found in the following tables. Temperatures at the Deep Hole: — Many serial temperature records were made at the Deep -Hole. These are set forth in the tables on the following pages. An examination of these vari- ous tables reveals some very interesting facts, particularly with reference to the position of the thermocline, that is, the line or depth of most rapid change in temperature. During the winter months, when the lake is covered with ice, the temperature of the water from top to bottom is quite uniform, the variation sometimes being nil, and usually not more than 2 or 3 degrees. When the ice goes off in the spring, the sun's rays begin to affect the upper strata of the water to gradually increasing depths. From a mean surface temperature of 33.1^ in February, it rose in March to 34.8°, in April to 45.8 \ in May to 62% and so on, until in August it reached 80.1°. By INIay the water had 198 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey warmed up perceptibly to a depth of 25 to 30 feet, and a well-de- fined thermocline was established. This is shown by the marked diff'erence between the mean temperatures at 25 feet and 30 feet, 5.4°, which is 3.4° greater than for any other 5-foot interval in May. By the end of July, in 1899, it had moved down to 35 to 40 feet, the difference in temperature in that 5-foot interval being 6°. In 1900, it moved down only to the 30 to 35-foot interval by the end of July and showed a difference of 8.4°. In August, 1899, and again in 1900, it stood in the 30 to 35-foot interval. In Sep- tember, it moved down to the 40 to 50-foot stratum in both 1899 and 1900. In October, it went down to the 50 to 60-foot level, and in November to the 60 to 70-foot interval. The difference, how- ever, was only 1.9°. In this month it disappeared altogether in 1900 (the only year in which late fall observations were made), and did not reappear until in May following. Pictures cannot do full justice to the beautiful views of Lake Maxinkuckee from the Academy buildings. One of the most attractive vistas shows a glimpse of the main lawn and flag in the foreground. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey H)9 02 fj 'y-> pa < W H h-l o H w W Cm U W H w <; p w 2; H l-H 2; « H H w H *II < H ^ 02 « 02 S w H hJ . - to »o lO C-l to '-t fM OO t^ »0 C^ <>) lO lO t^ --. 1— ' c^ »o M o o o c; -o CO o CO cc cc t-- i>- r- o »o r — lO CO t^ >o c>^ (>• t^ 1— I -H »0 C-l QO lO l^ »0 - O O C5 OO CO 1^ lO to to »o *o ■^^^C^-^CO^OOOO r^oototototototo ^ « re lOfMCi'^OCC — '-''— t^-t^aDcDtotoictoio . r- t^ I>. -.O -rf to t^ CO c^ 1^ r^ h- o '^ iM C5 i^ 1^ r- i-^ t-* t-* !0 3 t^ CO cq »0 >re »f5 ira CO >n 5 -rf 'M Ci CO r^ iM .^ o o o - 1^ t^ -S o o "5 IC W5 >o lo to »0 W3 CO -4^ .!-> -^ < ai .^iootco«rao»oo .— *M CJ 200 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST, 1899 Depth D.\TE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Air 74.5 78.5 78.8 79.3 78.3 78.5 74 69.5 77.3 79.5 79.5 79.5 78 77.2 74 70 74 79 79.2 79.2 79.2 78 74 70.2 74 5 78.5 78.2 78.2 78.2 77 7 75,5 69.8 77.5 77.5 77.5 75.5 77.5 75,3 70.2 66.6 77 77 77 77 77 74.8 70.5 71 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76,2 70.5 72 75.7 75.7 76.2 75.6 75,6 76 70,7 78.5 76.5 76.5 76.5 76.5 76 75.2 70.2 71.5 77 77 77 76.5 75.5 72 76.7 76.7 76.7 77 76.5 74.4 71 64.5 75 75.2 75.2 75.2 74.9 72.3 68.5 66.7 77.4 74.5 74.5 /75.1' ^74.5 74.3 73.6 [72.11 \70.5 64 78 78.2 78 77.5 74 73 70 78.3 78.3 78.3 78.3 78 75 69.7 74 5 ft 10ft .... ... 74.2 74.3 15 ft 74.3 20 ft 74.3 25 ft 73.8 30 ft . . . . 32 5 ft 69.3 66 35 ft 40 ft 64.5 59.2 54.6 52 52 51.5 51.5 64.7 59.1 55 52 51.8 51.3 51 63.7 59.2 54.8 52.5 51.7 51.7 51 3 64 60 5 55 52 51 51 51 64.5 59.5 54 52.5 52 51.5 51.5 65.5 59.5 54.5 52.5 52 51.7 51.7 63.7 59.7 54.7 52.7 51.8 51.8 51.5 64.2 58.7 54.5 52.4 51.7 51.7 64 2 59.8 54.5 51.6 50.7 50.7 65.6 60.1 54.7 52.5 51.7 51.7 51,7 64.7 59.7 54.8 52.3 52 51.7 52 64,7 59.2 54.6 51.5 52 51.9 51.9 66 60 55 53 52.2 52.1 52.2 61 57.5 52.5 51.5 51 50.7 50.5 62.5 57.2 /55' \52.5 51.3 50.8 50.7 50.2 62 57,2 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft 80 ft 85 ft 52.7 51.3 51 .50.7 50 7 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST 1899 Depth D.\TE 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ' 27 1 28 29 30 31 Air 71.5 75.4 74.5 74.5 74.5 74.7 73.5 71.5 65.5 61.5 57.2 53.1 51.5 51 3 51 50,7 71.5 76.7 76.7 75.1 74.4 74 73.5 70.5 61.5 57.2 53 51.5 51 - 50.5 50.5 76.5 77.3 77.3 74.7 74 73.4 72.2 69.5 64.5 61 56.8 51.3 50.3 50 50 49.7 76 77.7 77.7 77.6 74 73 71.7 69.4 64.5 61.5 57.2 52 50.5 49 5 49.5 49.3 72 77 77 77 76.5 75 73 70.5 66 59.5 56 52.4 50.5 50 50 50 83 76.5 76.5 76.3 76.5 74.7 73 70.2 64.8 60.8 56.5 52 50.4 50 49.9 49.5 71 76.5 76.7 76.7 76.5 75 73.3 70 65.7 62 57 52.7 50.7 ,50.4 50,2 50.2 83 76.5 76.5 76,3 76.5 74.7 73 70.2 64.8 60,8 56.5 52 50.4 50 49 9 49.5 72.5 76.5 76.5 76,5 76.5 75 73.2 70 66 5 62.7 58 52.4 51 50.5 50 50 72.3 76.3 76.3 76.3 76.3 75.5 73 69.2 65 62 57.6 52.2 50.8 50.4 50.2 50 71.7 75.5 76.5 76.3 76.3 75.1 73.7 69.5 66.7 61.2 57.6 52.5 51 50.5 50.2 50 74 77 77 77 76.5 75 73.3 69,5 66.3 63 2 57 52,5 50.7 50.5 50.5 50 72 76.5 76,5 76.7 76.5 76 73.5 70. 66.5 63.2 56.7 51.7 51 50.7 50 5 50.2 74.2 77.2 77.2 77 77 76.5 73.5 70.7 65.5 62.2 57 52.5 51.5 51 51 50.5^ 73 Surface 5 ft 75.7 75 10 ft 75 15 ft 74.7 20 ft 73.5 25 ft 71 30 ft 67.3 32,5 ft 35 ft 63.2 60.3 40 ft 55.8 50 ft 50.7 60 ft 49.5 70 ft 49 80 ft 49 85 ft 48.7' ' Thermometer. 2 Deep sea thermometer gave surface 76° and bottom 52.° ' Deep sea thermometer gave surface 78.5° and bottoni 52° Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 201 « w H di W CO H 1-1 O W H Q H X H H c lO iC iO »o ir:; lO o »o un lO « s § CO CO CO CO CD cc CO cc CO cc CO s to s 40 o »o o tp iC lO iC iC >o 4C (M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO »o CO ■CO s WD WD CC WD ■* cq ^ :::::::::::::: : CO ; ." ! ! CO WD iC »o c^ 00 CO »o CO (M 00 GO 00 00 00 GO lO CI CC WD CO CO CO CO CO CO »o CO CO »o CO CO CO CD cc CD s WD WD >o 1 lO lO ira cc 00 r- WD (M 1— > to CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD CO cc CO CO «3 »o WD WD WD o e^ CO WD W ^ WD WD WD C<1 o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO cc CO WD WD WD WD CO CO I^ r^ WD WD crs CO § Cs CO CO CO C3 CO cc CD OO CO CO CO CO CO CC WD WD WD WD WD t^ Ci WD WD WD ■* ^D CC t^ CI CO Ci CD CI CD CD oo CO OO CO 00 CO CO CO CO 00 WD CO WD WD WD WD WD CDCOCDCOWDWD WD -^CC 0000CC00000000C»t^C0OCCiM-^-H.-« COcOcOcOcOCOCDCDCDCDWDWDifDWDWDWD WD r- i>. cooooooooGcr- WDI>.t^t^t— O-t-^t^COCO t- t^ f^ r-- CO WD WD WD WD WD WD WD WD WD WD c: CD CD OS CD § g § CC CD CD WD WD O WD O lO -i" CI CJ WD WD WD WD WD w; WD WD CC CO QC CO g g § CO CD CC CD oc CD CO CD CC CD WD WD WD O WD C: C5 WD WD WD C^ WD C^l Cq '-«C^C- t-- WD WD WD ifD WD WD WD p C5 00 00 00 ^^ ^* ^^ ^^ CCWDWD'^"*'CC. t^ ^^^^^^^-r^cococo WD WD WD WD C^ 00 t^ WDWDWDWD^rfC^l-^"^ CD I>- t^ t^ t-^ t^ t^ CD "^ WD WD C^ CO C^I WDt~-t-^COWDCCOCO (-,£-- t^ t^ t^ r^ i^ CO t^ CO CO CO t^ t^ (^ h- WD WD WD C: CI Ci Ci ^< ^1 ^^ ^^ Ci CI t^ 00 CO CD '^ - X 00 OO 00 ^* ^^ "^^ ^J* WD 00 OO 00 < C/l CI ifD 202 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, JULY, 1900 Depth Air Surface. 5 ft.... 10 ft.... 15 ft.... 20 ft.... 25 ft. . . . 30 ft .. 32.5 ft.. 35 ft.... 40 ft.... 45 ft.... 50 ft. . . . 55 ft... 60 ft.... 65 ft. . . . 70 ft. . . . 75 ft.... 80 ft.... 85 ft. . . . D.tTE 17 77.1" 77.1 77.1 72 62 57.3 52.3 50.5 50 50 49.5 18 69.. V 76.3 76 3 76 3 76.3 76 3 75.8 74 67 63 58.5 55 5 52.8 51.8 51 50.9 50 49.9 49.9 49 19 72° 77 77 77 77.1 77 76 74 69 64.5 57.7 55 53.8 51.5 50.9 50.8 50.3 49 9 49.7 49.2 20 21 22 76.3° 65° 77° 78 76.6 77.5 78 77 77.5 78.5 77 78 77.9 77 77.2 77.1 77 76.9 76 75 75.5 73.2 72 73,1 70 70 69 63.5 66.5 65,6 57.4 58 58.8 55.5 55.8 55 54 53 53 3 52 51.6 52.3 51 50.7 51.1 50 50.9 51 50 50 50 49.9 50 50 49.9 49.9 50 49,7 49,5 49.2 "6.8 79. 79 79. ,78. 77 7( 76 72 68.6 66 58.3 55 53 52 50.9 50.1 50.2 50.2 49.8 49.1 24 26 78° 78.1 78.1 78.1 78 76.3 76 72.8 67 62.2 56.6 54 52 51 50 50 50 50 50 49. I 68° 77.2 77.5 78 77.8 77.5 76 71.5 68 61.5 57 54.6 52.3 51 50.5 50.5 50.5 50 50 50 69.5 77 77 77 77 77 76.2 71 68.5 63 57 54.5 52.5 51 50.6 50 6 50.4 50,2 50 49.4 28 29 69° 77 77 77 77 76.8 75.2 72.1 68 64 56.8 53.9 52 51 50.5 50.5 50.4 50 1 50 49.3 76° 78 78 78 77.6 76.1 75.5 73 67.5 62.8 57 53.8 52 51 50.5 50.3 50 50 49.8 49.5 30 74° 78 78 78 78 76.4 76 71 67.3 65 57 54.3 52.6 51 50.5 50 50 50 50 49.2 31 79° 78.7 78.8 78.5 78.3 77 75.6 72.2 68.8 63.2 57.1 54.6 52.8 51 50.5 50 3 50 51 49.8 49.5 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST, 1900 Air Surface . 5 ft ... . 10 ft.... 15 ft.... 20 ft.... 25 ft ... . 30 ft ... . 32.5 ft.. 35 ft ... . 40 ft ... . 45 ft ... . 50 ft.... 55 ft ... . 60 ft ... . 65 ft ... . 70 ft ... . 75 ft ... . 80 ft ... . 85 ft ... . D.VTE 1 73° 78 78.1 78 78 76.5 75.6 73.2 67.6 64 1 58 54.6 .52.6 51 51 50.1 50.2 50 49,9 49,5 11 13 15 73° 73° 83.5° 78 78.1 81.8 78 78.1 81.8 78 78.1 79.8 78 78 78.2 77 77.6 77.5 76.4 76 76 73 72.5 72 68.6 68.5 68 63.2 64 63.9 57.2 57.9 57 55.5 55 54.5 52 53 52.5 51.2 51 51.3 51 51 50.8 50.8 50.1 50 3 50.5 50.1 50.1 50.2 50 50 50 50 50 49-5 49.8 49.8 84° 82.4 82.4 82.2 79.2 77.5 76 70. 68. 62. 58 54. 52. 51.1 50 6 50 5 50 50 50 49, 82° 82.8 82.8 82.8 79.5 77.5 76.2 70.1 I 69 64 58 54 52 51 50 50 4 50 50 50 49.9 85° 83 83 82.5 82 77.6 75.7 70.5 69.5 63.5 58 55 52.8 51.2 50 6 50.5 50 5 50 50 49,9 77° 73.2° 81 79.8 81 79.8 81 79.8 80.8 79.8 80.3 79.8 75.7 76.8 72.3 68 64 59 55 52.6 51.5 51 50.8 50.3 50.3 50 49.8 78 78 78 78 78, 78 77 72 67 64 58, 55 53 52 51, 51 51 .50 '50, '49. 68 63. 60 56 54. 51. 5 51 ;50. 50 5 50, 3 50 8 49. 8 20 22 24 25 2° 80° 80° 76.5° 85° 2 80 80.8 80.2 80.1 2 79.7 80.8 80 80.1 2 79.5 80.5 80 80.1 2 79.8 80.3 80 80 2 79.1 79.2 80 80 6 77.2 76.9 77.5 79.5 1 71 71.5 73 71.5 68.3 68 68.5 3 65.7 64 64 66.9 59.8 59.9 60.3 61 56 56 57 57 2 53.5 54 54.2 54.1 5 52.5 52.8 52.8 52.5 52 52.3 52 52.5 7 51.5 51.8 51.5 52 6 51.2 51.7 51.2 51.8 3 51 51.3 51.3 52 51 50.8 51 51.6 9 50.1 50.2 51 51 30 79.8° 80 80 80 79.5 78.8 78 73 70 66 59.8 56 54.3 53 52 2 51 51.8 51.6 51 51 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 203 SERIAL TE.MPER.\TURE3 TAKEN IX THE DEEP HOLE, SEPTEMBER, 1900 Date Depth 1 3 5 12 14 22 24 26 28 Air 82.5° 77.5° 86.5° 68° 79° 68° 63° 76° 70 5° Surface 80.1 79.8 79 76 75 67 4 67 2 70.2 68.5 oft 80 79.8 79.1 76 75 67 4 67 2 70 68.5 10 ft 79.9 79.2 79 76 75 67,4 67 2 69 68.2 15 ft 79.7 78.5 79 75.8 75 67 2 67,2 69 68.1 20 ft 79.4 78.2 79 75,8 75 67 2 67 2 68 7 68 25 ft 78 78.2 79 75.6 74,9 67 67 69 67.8 30 ft 73 75.4 75.6 74 5 74,5 67 6(i S 68 67.8 32.5 ft 69 65.2 71 65.2 70.5 65 73.9 73.5 74 73 67 66.9 6ti 8 66 , 8 35 ft 67.9 67 40 ft 60.3 60 60 1 64.5 64.2 66.5 66,6 67 6 67 45 ft 57 54.8 57 54.3 57 54.5 64.5 58 5 66 50 ft 54.6 54 5 55 1 56 5 57.9 52.5 ft 55 53 3 54 1 53 5 55 ft 53 53.2 53.5 53.6 53.2 60 ft 52 52.5 52.5 52.9 52 4 52 9 52.7 53 3 52 5 65 ft 51.5 51.5 51.8 51.6 52 52 51.7 51.7 52 51.5 51.3 51.1 52 51 6 52 52 52 51,5 5'' 4 70 ft 51.9 51.9 51 7 51 7 52 75 ft 51 6 80 ft 51.4 51 5 51 4 85 ft 51.5 50.8 51.5 50.9 51 50.8 51 1 51.9 ] 51.5 51.3 51 4 89 ft bottom ten nperatures SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, OCTOBER, 1900 Depth D.\TE 1 3 5 8 10 12 15 17 19 22 24 26 29 31 Air 72.5° 73 67.9 67.8 67.5 67.5 67.4 67 67 66.5 66 59 55 54.5 72° 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.3 67.1 66.9 66.7 66 5 66.1 57.6 55 53.5 75.9° 68.8 69.5 69.1 67.8 67.2 66.9 66,9 66,8 66.4 65,5 58 55.3 54 54.1° 67.6 68 67.9 67.9 67.9 67.8 67.6 67 66.7 66 6 60 6 57.1 54.9 54.5° 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 61.7 57.5 54.3 59.5° 65.2 65,3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.2 65.2 65 65 62 56.9 54.4 63° 64.9 64.9 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.6 64.5 64.5 64.3 64 62.7 58 54.1 47.6° 63 63.5 63.4 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.1 62 61 56.9 52° 61 62.5 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62 61.5 61.2 59 62.9° 61.5 61.4 61.3 61.3 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61,2 56.6° 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.1 61.1 61 64,5° 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.4 61.4 61.3 61 61 61 61 61 64° 61.8 61.8 61.8 61.8 61.7 61.7 61.3 61.3 61.1 61 60.7 62° Surface 5 ft 62.5 62 5 10 ft 62 5 15 ft 62.5 20 ft 62.5 25 ft 62.3 30 ft 62 35 ft 61 9 40 ft . . ' . . . . 61.2 45 ft 50 ft 61 60 7 52 5 ft 55 ft 61.2 58.3 53.2 53.1 52 52 51.9 51.5 60.7 54.2 52.3 52 52 51.8 51.7 51.2 60.8 59.4 57.4 52.3 52 52 51.8 51.6 60.4 60.1 58 52.3 52 52 51.7 51.5 60.3 59 5 ft 59.9 60 ft 52.5 52.5 52 51.5 51.5 51.5 53 52 52 51.6 51.6. 51.5 52.3 52 51.9 52.2 51.3 51.9 52.9 52.2 52 52 51.6 51.6 52.9 52.1 52 51.9 51.9 51.8 52.9 52.1 52 51.9 51.9 51.5 53 52.2 51.9 51.9 51.8 51.1 52.8 52.3 52 52 51.9 51.6 53 52.1 52 52 51.8 51.5 56 8 65 ft 70 ft 52 5 52 75 ft 51.9 80 ft . . 51.7 85 ft 51.5 204 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, NOVEMBER, 1900 Depth D.\TE 2 5 9 19 23 26 29 Air Surface 5 ft 10 ft 75° 62 61 3 61.3 61 61.3 61 61 60.9 60.5 60.5 60 60 59.8 58 56.5 52.4 52 52 51.5 52.9° 49.9 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59.3 59 2 59.1 59 1 59.1 59.1 59 58.8 58.5 58.4 54 52 51.9 51.9 45° 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.7 51° 45.9 45.9 45.9 45.9 45.9 45.9 45.8 45.5 45.8 46 46 45.8 45.7 36.8° 46.7 46.7 46.7 46.6 46,5 46,5 46.5 46.7 46,4 46.3 46.2 46.2 46.2 36.2° 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 31.5° 42.9 42.9 43 15 ft 42 9 20 ft 42.9 25 ft 42.9 30 ft 35 ft 42.9 42.9 40 ft 42.9 45 ft ' 42.9 50 ft 42 9 55 ft 42.9 60 ft 42.9 62 5 ft 65 ft 53.7 53.3 53.3 53.1 53 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.8 46.3 46.2 46.2 46.2 46 2 46.2 44 44 44 44 44 42.9 70 ft 42.5 75 ft 42 5 80 ft 42 5 85 ft 42 5 SERIAL TEMPER \TURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, DECEMBER, 1900 D.\TE E .\TE 1 3 5 8 11 13 15 17 Air 39.9° 41.7 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.9 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 47° 41.7 41.8 41.6 41 6 41.6 41.7 41.3 41 3 41.2 41.3 41 3 41.4= 41.3 41 3 41 3 41.2 41.3 42 36.5° 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41.1 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 36.2° 40.3 40.3 40 5 40 1 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.8 40 3 41 40 2 41 41.3' 29.5° 38 38 38 38 38 37 37.2 37 37.5 37.4 37.6 37.7 38 38.1 37.8 38 37.9 39 30° 36.2 36.1 36 1 36.5 36.1 36 1 36.1 36.5 36.1 36.3 37 37 36 4 36.5 37.5 25° 34.9 35 35 35 35 35 35.5 35.7 35.3 36 35.5 36 35.6 35.7 35.7 38.8 36 37 38 9° Surface 5 ft 34 34 10 ft 34 15 ft 34 20 ft 34 1 25 ft 34 4 30 ft 34 4 35 ft 34 4 40 ft 35 45 ft 34 8 50 ft 34 8 55 ft 35 60 ft 35 1 65 ft 34 9 70 ft 35 75 ft 35 80 ft .... 35 85 ft ... 36 1 Bottom at 62 feet. ■ Certain slight anomalies in the temperature readings occur in our records, but we believe the records as here given cannot be far from correct. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 205 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IX THE DEEP HOLE, JANUARY, 1901 Depth D.VTE 1 4 7 9 18 26 30 Air 23.1° 34 34.1 34 34.2 34.2 34 6 34 5 34.6 34.8 34.9 34.9 34.9 35 35 35.3 35.4 35 37 41° 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 35 34.5 34.5 34.7 34.9 34.6 35.2 35.5 35.4 35 5 35.8 35.3 35.4 37 32.1° 33.7 34.6 34.6 35 35 35.2 35.1 35.2 35.7 37 36 36 36 36 35.3 36.3 37.6 37.2 32° 34 34.8 35.1 35.3 35.4 37. 35.5 35 37.5 37.2 37.3 35.5 36.1 36.2 36.2 37.2 36 37.5 16.5° 33.1 35.1 35.7 36 35.5 35.4 35.5 35.8 35.9 36 36 36 36.2 36.4 36 5 36.9 36.8 38.1 23.9° 34.2 36.2 36.3 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.5 36.7 36.9 37 37 37.1 37.2 37.2 37.3 37 37 38.8 24 9° 33.4 5 ft 10 ft 36.7 36.2 15 ft 36.5 20 ft 36.5 25 ft 37 30 ft 37 35 ft 37,4 40 ft 37.7 45 ft 37.8 50 ft 38 55 ft". 38 60 ft 37.8 65 ft 37.9 70 ft 37.3 75 ft 37.5 80 ft 37.5 85 ft 38.3 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, FEBRUARY, 1901 Depth D.\TE 5 8 16 25 27 Air 24.9° 33.7 36.9 37.9 37 36.7 37 37 37.2 38 38 37.5 37.7 37.5 37.4 38 37.7 38.2 38.2 26.8° 34 37 36.5 36.5 38.2 37 37.1 37.3 37.5 38 38.1 37.8 38 38.1 37.5 37.7 38.5 39 22.5° 32.3 36 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1 37.2 37.2 37.3 37.8 37.8 38.2 37.9 37.9 37.9 38.4 38.8 39 36.8° 33 36.3 36.4 36.5 37.3 38 38 37.7 38 3 37.9 38.5 38.3 38.6 37.9 38.1 38.1 38.8 38.9 27.5° Surface 32.3 5 ft 36 10 ft 37 15 ft 37.5 20 ft 37.9 25 ft ... 37.4 30 ft 38 35 ft 37.7 40 ft 38 45 ft 38 50 ft 38 55 ft 38 60 ft 38 65 ft 37.9 70 ft 38 75 ft 38.1 80 ft 38.9 85 ft 41.3 206 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IX THE DEEP HOLE, MARCH, 1901 Depth D.\TE 1 4 7 9 14 26 28 Air 31.9° 32.9 36.9 36.8 37.3 37.9 38 37.6 37.7 37.9 38 38 38 38 38 38 38.2 38.4 40.1 36° 32.9 37 37.5 37.6 37.3 37.3 38 37.7 38.1 38 38.5 38.2 38.1 38.5 39 38.1 39 40.4 36.5° 32 3 37.3 37.5 37.5 37.7 37.6 37.7 38 38 38 38 38 38 38.1 38.4 38.1 39 40.1 34.5° 33.1 37.9 37.8 37.9 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.7 39 38 38 38.3 38 39.3 39 40.2 30° 32.8 38.5 38.9 38 38 38.1 38 38 38 .38.9 39 38.1 38 39 38.8 40 42.3° 40.1 40.1 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40 40.3 40.4 40 40.3 40.1 39.9 40.4 39.9 40 40.4 31 5° .Surface 5 ft 10 ft 39.8 40 40 2 15 ft 39 9 20 ft 40 25 ft 39 9 30 ft 40 35 ft 40 40 ft 41 8 45 ft 40 50 ft 40 1 55 ft 42'3 60 ft 40 65 ft 70 ft 39 40 75 ft 80 ft 40 40 85 ft 40 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, APRIL, 1901 D.\TE Depth 1 3 8 10 15 22 24 26 29 Air 37° 39.2° 42° 49.5° 49° 50° 57.7° 63.8° 77,5° .Surface 39.3 39.5 42 42.9 45 45 46 49.8 59 oft 39.3 39.5 42 42.8 45 45 46 49 55.1 10 ft 39.3 39.6 42.2 42.8 45.9 45 45.1 47.6 52,8 15 ft 39.9 40 42.2 43 46.5 44.9 45.8 46.9 50,1 20 ft 39.9 39.5 42 42.5 45 44.8 46 46.8 47.5 25 ft 39.5 40 42.2 42.6 44.3 44.8 45.6 46.8 47 30 ft 39.5 39.5 42.6 42.6 46.2 45 45 46.1 46.5 35 ft 41.2 39.5 42 42.9 45.9 45.1 45.6 46 46 40 ft 41.7 39.4 42.2 43 44.2 44.8 45.7 46 46 45 ft 41.7 39.6 42 42.9 44.3 45.1 45.6 45.8 45.9 50 ft 39.4 39.5 42 42,5 44 44.8 45.9 45.5 46 55 ft 39.3 39.5 43 44 44.7 45.1 45.5 45.3 60 ft 39.4 39.4 40 40 42.9 42.4 44 43.3 44.7 44.6 45.1 45.5 45.4 45.3 45 2 65 ft 45.2 70 ft . . 39.4 39.2 41.5 39.6 39.5 40 40 40 42,4 42.3 42,7 39 43.5 43.1 43,4 43 45 44.7 45 45.1 45.5 45 45.8 45.1 45.1 45 45.6 75 ft 45.7 80 ft 45.2 85 ft 44.8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 207 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, M.W, IdOl D.VTES Depth 4 7 13 15 17 22 24 28 30 Air 76.9° 67° 61° 78° 77.6° 58° 58° 56.5° 57° Surface 61 63 60 66 68.5 61 62.5 58.2 58 5 ft 61 63 1 60.1 61 63,9 61 62.5 58.9 58.3 10 ft 60.9 63.4 60 60 62 61.4 63 58.2 58 15 ft 60.4 62 59.5 59.4 60 61.4 63 58.8 57.8 20 ft 56.1 56.5 60.6 59.4 59 61.3 63 58.8 57.9 25 ft 50.5 56.4 56.8 58,1 57.2 61.2 63 58 57.4 30 ft 47.5 48.6 49.9 50.1 51,3 52,3 54 58 57 35 ft 47.1 47.3 49 50,2 49 49,2 50,6 54 5 56 5 40 ft 47 47.4 48 49.7 48.2 48.9 49.9 50.3 50.9 45 ft 46.6 46,5 49 47.9 47.3 47,9 49 49 48.9 50 ft 46 46,1 46.8 47.5 47.5 47,9 47,5 48.5 48 55 ft 46 46,2 46.4 46.8 47 47.1 47,5 47.5 47.9 60 ft 45.5 45.5 47 46.3 46.5 47 47 47,1 47 65 ft 46 45 5 46,5 47 47 46.9 46,8 46.9 47 70 ft 45.3 45,9 46,5 46.1 46 47 46.9 46.5 47 75 ft 45.9 45.4 46 46,5 46 46.6 46.8 46.5 47 80 ft 45.3 46 46 46.3 46.5 47.6 46.7 46,5 46.9 85 ft 45.1 45.6 45.9 46 46.3 46,2 46.5 46 6 SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, JUNE, 1901 Depth D.\TES 1 3 6 8 10 12 17 19 21 24 26 28 Air Surface 5 ft 10 ft 66° 59.5 59.5 60 59.7 59 58.3 57.9 57 49.9 49 48.4 48 49 47 47 47.5 47 65.3° 60.9 61 61.1 61 60.2 58.8 57.3 55.9 52.3 50 48.1 47.9 47.8 47.1 47,5 47 47 46.9 67° 65.5 65.5 65.7 64.2 64 60 58 56.2 53 52.1 51.6 51 48.2 47.8 47.5 47.5 47.5 47 54.5° 63.5 63.5 64 63.4 63.2 61.9 57.6 54.8 52 50,9 49.3 52.8 48.2 48 48.2 48 47,8 47.3 66.2° 65 64.8 65.1 64.9 64 62.8 59,4 54,1 52 50,2 49.8 48.6 48.3 48.2 48 47.9 47.9 47.3 89.5° 79.6 72.5 69 66,5 64,5 62 58,7 54,8 52.3 51 50 49 48.3 11.5 48 48.3 48 48.1 74° 76 76.1 76 68,6 66,1 62,8 59 54.9 53.5 50.9 50 50 49 48.8 49 48.2 48.1 48.5 83° 80 75.5 74.9 71,5 66 62 58.1 54.5 52 51 51 49.5 49 48.6 48.4 48.2 48.1 48 77.9° 76.9 77 77 75.9 66.5 62.3 58.1 55.6 53.2 50.9 50 49.3 49.9 49 48.8 49 49 48 83.5° 78.8 78.3 78.2 78 67.1 61.6 58 55.6 53 52 50.2 49.9 49.2 49 48.9 48.8 48.5 48.4 83° 82 82.5 80.8 77.4 68 63 58 55.5 54 51.9 50.1 50.5 49 5 49.1 49 49.1 49 48.8 88.2° 83 83 83 15 ft 82.9 20 ft 67.2 25 ft 62 30 ft 58.9 35 ft 55.6 40 ft 53.0 45 ft 52 50 ft 51 55 ft ... 50 4 60 ft 49.7 65 ft 49.2 70 ft 49 75 ft 49 80 ft 49 85 ft 49 14—17618 208 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIAL TEMPERATURES AT THE DEEP HOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCKEE, JULY— SEPTExMBER, 1899 July August September Depth ^lax. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean . Surface 80.5° 77.0° 79.2° 79.5° 74.0° 76.7° 77.0° 66,0° 72 1° 5 ft 80.8 77.0 79.3 79.5 74.2 76.8 77.0 66 72.0 10 ft 81.0 77.0 79 2 79.5 74.3 76.7 76 5 66 71.9 15 ft 80.2 76.5 78.3 79.2 74.0 76.3 75 5 66 71.3 20 ft 78.0 74.7 75.7 78.2 73.0 75,6 74 5 66 71.0 25 ft 74 72.0 72.8 76.2 71.0 73.8 73 5 66 70.5 30 ft 71.0 69.0 69.7 72.0 67.3 70.0 71 64.8 68.2 32 5 ft 66.7 66.0 63.2 60.3 65 4 62.9 69,0 67,0 63 58.7 65.7 35 ft 69.5 63 61.7 63.1 40 ft 63.0 57.3 58.7 60.5 55.8 58.1 63,5 54.8 57.9 50 ft 57.5 52 5 53 2 55.5 50.7 53 3 54 5 50 52 1 60 ft 52.5 50 5 51.7 53.0 49.5 51 5 53 48.8 50.8 70 ft 51.8 50.5 51.2 52.2 49.0 51.0 52 48.5 50.3 80 ft 51.7 50.3 50.9 52.1 49.0 50.8 52,0 49.5 50.2 85 ft 51.3 50 5 50.8 52.2 48.7 50.6 52,0 48,4 50.1 Moonlight on Lake Maxinkuckee. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 209 03 »0 »C »0 >f? -^ lO ■^ o o o o — ■* •^ ■* o 00 oo o _< C5 o o o o •^ •^ '0 'Tt^ CO M CM o CC) CO CO ms CO o ?o Ooou:;ir^^^oo— ' CI cs oo o r- o r^ o ol lo o cs c: CI c; t^ r^ t^ i^ CO CD CO CO CO c3 Of l>.t--.Tj*COOJCi'^CO00'— 'CiCOCOCDOGOI--»OTt* CO iM ^ O t^ -rt* t^ t-- t^ t^ :C CO O(MC<103iMO00CCCSOOC0OOi0iCC0'—'O — ocit---^ocoo»or-oiocociTj«oor-.C5 OOCSCiCiCiiO"^ |s- t^ t^ t^ ir^ t^ r^ S 03 c3 (M — . C5 O O Oi 00 CO t^ roior^Ci-^cocctO'— 'CCcocii-^cO'^'-' C5 00 CO ■— ' oo -^ t^ t^ t^ I-- CO CO OOOOiO"^*— '^HiOO»C>OOcO^-OOCiU5 ooooooaDco«oot^d t^i^i>-t--t^t:--t^oco o o GO O CO lO c^ o CI o o CO o U5 o 00 o CO o C-1 o rr: fe o CO ^H r^ ^ CO (M c^ ^H .t-»t--t^I>-COcOiOiOiO*C»OiO»OiO"- r- t^ r^ i>- c: C5 Cs CO »IT ■— ' CO lO M c c: o 00 t^ CD 00 00 00 r^ t^ t>- O CO Cl oo-^eo-^oioc^e^o ^ iO O to O 'C O C-l «c o »o o »o O iC O iC o »o X -H — 7^qcjCOCOCO'^rr'tC»O-0000 210 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey CI — — CI !>• r^ t^ ;o t^ t-- t-- t— !>. t^ O OOOCiOOOOO'-HCOoOCiC^lO—i oo OS o o o> c^ 2; I < H M o Pi < w ►J w o w (In H H Q H H W S H 32 0^-t^C^(MO(MT**OOcOCi»OCOCOC^'<**0 C^l ^ O O O CO CO o t^cOOCOOCOCOCO 03 t^ t>- r^ CD ^ci o 'C ic >o »o, *o lo lOOiOOOOOiOOiO cc t^ t^ r- i^ CO (M 00 o c:> oc Tj* -^ -^ CO c5COc:c:tP'^coc^ico'Mcoco cococomcocccoccccim o eo CO c; iC ^ »c »c '^ 5C ■^ CO -* '* '^ (M o O m Cl cr. m c; (Ti -m m en Ci Cl cr. C: CI cr. C: o Ci cc CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO rf o — cc -H lO o »o o o c; o CO •n^ iC cz; r- "-'^ o Ot^t-— OOCO»00<0»iT»0»f?iO»OiO rf^-r}*':f^'<**'fj<-rt- *^ ^f ^p ^f 03 « & K n 03 c3 00CS»0-^»0i0»C<:0O00OC:OC(0Cii— 'COiM eocaoococococor^c. oooooO'— 'T^o 1— "1— lOiCiCiOOcOOC'O o t^ o o -^ O'^OOC^OOOOOO "— '•*t*c;c:'^iciO'+'c/:c;o ■w (X' C: O -^ CO CO CO o o t^ CO CO CO CO CO C0OT}-"^t^OO01C000i0I^»CTf»0t^'MiM eo^pcocccocococococococococococococo OOCl^CMOOb-OOiOCOO^-'— '"^OSCO C<0'-HOt--.t01--iCO- — (»— (OC^C- t-- r^ CO CO c^ i> oo oo r^ t^ CO CO CO CO CO co t^ t^ oc 6 c c3 +- ^ +i *i -^ -t-> -tai +i CC' •— ' — I 0-] O] CO CO -^ ■^ Lake Maxhikiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 211 The Kettlehole: — Similar observations were made at the Kettle- hole in July, August, and September, 1899, and again in the same months in 1900. The records are shown in the tables on the fol- lowing pages. The highest surface temperatures recorded at the Kettlehole was 83.2° on August 7 and 22, 1900, the lowest tempera- ture 48.5° at 40 feet on September 8, 1899. The maximum differ- ence between surface and bottom was 31.9°. SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCKEE D.\TE Depth July 28, July 30, Aug. 3, Aug. 7, Sept. 4, Sept. 8, Sept. 19, July 16, 7:15- July 17, 10:40- July 21, 3 p. 111. ICOO 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. ICOO lEOO Air £0° 76.5° 70.5° 74 57.5° 68 Surface .... 80.7" 79" 79.2° 78° 77° 76° 78.9° 5 ft 80.5 80.5 78.5 78.5 79.5 78.4 77.5 77.5 76 5 74 5 74 74 68 68 10 ft 76.5 76 76.8 15 ft 78,3 71.5 77.3 72.5 77.2 73.6 76,8 74 73.5 70 5 74 72 5 68 67.5 20 ft 72 74 74 2.5 ft 66 57.3 64.3 56.5 64.2 56.7 66 57.1 60 5 53.5 61 53.5 66 56,3 30 ft 56.5 59 59 35 ft 53 52.5 51 2 /52.5" (50 f51.5' \5O.5 )54> 151.7 40 ft 50.6 50.5 50 7 50.5 49 48.5 50.5 53 50 51 44 ft 49.6 Light 50 Light 49.7 Wind tain and North from S.E. breeze North; wind. lake strong very at times. rough. ■ At 32.5 feet. 212 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERI.\L TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCIvEE Date Depth July 23, 4:10- 5 p. m. 1900 July 27, 1900 4:00- 4:45 p. July 30, 1900 10:00- 10:50 a. July 31, 1900 10:10- 10:50 a. Aug. 7, 1900 3:05- 3:40 p. Aug. 16, 1900 7:30- 8:40 a. -■^ug. 22, 1900 3:55- 4.30 p. Sept. 14, 1900 1:30 p. Sept. 22. 1900 4-5:30 p. Air 76° 79.5 83.0° 79 70° 78 86° 76.5 76 75.4 75 74.3 73 63.3 f58i \54 52.8 Hazy; threat- ening rain; S. E. breeze. Surface 5 ft 83.0° 79° 83.2° 83.2° 69.3° 67 5 10 ft 15 ft 77.9 77 77 78.5 79.2 77.9 80.8 67 66.6 20 ft 25 ft 74.2 73.3 66.7 58 75 67.4 58 74.5 68.4 58.8 75 76.5 67.1 59 50.5 77.6 66.6 65.2 30 ft 35 ft 59 58.2 59.2 65 56 40 ft 51.1 50.9 Sky hazy; wind S. E. slight waves. 50 7 50.4 50.8 Scattered Clouds; S. W. wind; slight waves. 51.3 Scattered clouds; S. E. wind; moderate waves. 54 Cloudy N. E. wind; slight waves. Very light S. W. breeze. 1 At 32.5 feet. MISCELLANEOUS TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, JULY 25, 1899 Depth Temperatures Surface ... 79 5° 1 ft • 79 5 2ft...^ 79.6 3 ft 79.7 4 ft 80 5 ft . 79 9 6 ft 7 ft 23 ft • 621 35 ft ■■ 50.5 = 52.0' 42 ft oO.o* ' 20 oar strokes northwest of Kettlehole. 2 10 oar strokes northwest of the Ivettlehole. ' 10 oar strokes north of the Kettlehole. < 10 oar strokes west of the Ivettlehole. Temperatures taken at the Sugarloaf: — A few temperatures were taken at the Sugarloaf. On Algust 26, 1899, the surface was 76.5°, and the bottom 76.3° at 10 feet. On August 9, 1900 (9:55 to 10:15 a. m.), the water on the Sugarloaf was 9.75 feet deep. The temperature at the surface was 82.8°, and at the bot- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 213 torn 82.2°. On August 13, at 10:45 a. m., when the air was 79.8°, the surface was 81.2°, and the bottom 80.8 at 10 feet. On August 20, at 10:30 a.m., the surface was 80.7° and the bottom 80° at 10 feet. Miscellaneous temperature records: — On July 18, 1899, the fol- lowing records were made at a plankton station by Messrs. Scovell and Juday, at certain places having the depths indicated: Temperatures Depth in Feet Surface Bottom 30 77° 70° 50 77 67 70 77 52.5 70 77 51.5 On July 18, 1899, a series of surface and bottom temperatures was taken on a line from near the end of Long Point toward the Maxinkuckee road, the last being in the Deep Hole where a regular observation station was then established : TeMPER.\TURE3 Depth in Feet Surface Bottom 14 75.2° 75.7° 19 75.2 29 75.2 73 35.5 75 . 5 69.5 37 75 62 45 75.2 55 58 75.2 52 7 69 75 52 74 75.1 51 75 75.2 51.1 69 76 51.5 89.5 76 51 On August 26, 1899, the following temperatures were obtained with the thermophone on a line between Long Point and the ice houses: surface, 76.8°; at 10 feet, 76.3°; at 20 feet, 75.2°; at 30 feet, 69.5°; at 38 feet (bottom), 59.8°. On August 19, 1899 (from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.), the fol- lowing thermophone readings were obtained on a line starting op- posite the Gravelpit and running east, making a station every 15 oar strokes : 214 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TE.MPER.\Tt-RE Depth in Feet Notes Surface Bottom 0.5 77.5° 77.5° Began at 8:30 a. m.; air in sun 82°. 4,5 77 76.5 7.5 76 76 21.0 77 72.5 9.0 77 75 4.5 77 76.5 6.0 77 76.5 6.0 77 76.5 6.0 77,5 76.5 6.0 l( .r> 76.5 6,0 11. b 76.5 6.0 lib 77 7,5 77,5 77 6,0 77,5 76,75 6,75 77.5 75,5 7.5 77.5 76 45 77.5 56 45 78 58 55 78.5 52.5 ,10:40 a. m. 55 78.5 54.5 55 78 55 57 78 56.5 51 78 53.5 54 77,5 53.2 11:30 a. m. 57 78 52.75 3:15 p. m. 52.5 78 53 48 78 54.5 10,5 78 74.5 10,5 78.5 74 10,5 78.3 74 9.0 78.5 74.5 9.0 79 76 6.0 79 78 5.0 79.5 79 2.75 80 79 .50 83.5 83.5 4:00 p. m. East shore, 570 strokes. TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT PLANKTON STATION No. 3 Depth in Feet Temperature July 30, 1900, 11-11:45 a.m. ^ Temperature August 16, 1900, 8:20-9:30 a. m. Air 82.8° 79.8 78 76.5 74 69,5 61.1 58.6 56 74° Surface 78 5 10 ft 78 9 20 ft 78 1 30 ft 72 32.5 ft 35 ft 63 8 40 ft 59 1 42.5 ft Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 215 THE FOLLOWING TEMPERATURES WERE RECORDED SEPTEMBER 28, 1899 Station Depth in Feet Temperature Notes 1 6 59° Air at 8:15 a. m. 63°. 2 36 59 Surface temperature at noon, 62°. 3 30 59 4 34 59.5 5 28 60 6 6 59.5 7 12 60 8 56 60.5 9 50 60.5 10 50 61 11 50 60 On August 14, 1900, the following temperatures were taken in Aubeenaubee Creek, between 2:30 and 4 p.m.: Near head of creek, 63° ; 10 rods lower down, 66.2° ; 50 rods lower down, 68°. On August 21, 1900, between 8:10 and 11 a.m., the following temperatures were taken in Culver Creek: At bend of creek just east of the Academy grounds, 69'' ; at bridge at east edge of Acad- emy grounds, 70.2° ; just below the bridge, 70.5°, at bridge in Acad- emy grounds, 71.5° ; at mouth of creek, 76.5°. Turning over of the /aA:e ;- -Perhaps the most interesting phe- nomenon connected with such bodies of water as Lake Maxin- kuckee is the "turning over" which may occur each fall. This can be understood from a consideration of a selected few of the daily serial temperatures. The greatest density of fresh water is reached when the water has attained a temperature of 39.2°. When the temperature goes below 39.2° it begins to expand, and freezes at 32°. When the temperature rises above 39.2° it also begins to expand and continues to do so, however warm the water may become. As water expands its weight decreases. In other words, above the point of greatest density, the weight of water varies inversely with its temperature, the higher the temperature the lighter the water. A cubic foot of water at a temperature of 80° weighs less than a cubic foot of water at 50°."= On July 24, 1900, the surface temperature was 80.3°. From the surface down- ward the temperature was successively lower until, at the bottom, it was 49.3°, or 31° colder than the surface. A column of water in that part of the lake on that date, one inch square and equal in length to the depth of the lake, 89 feet, may be likened to a column of metal which increases slightly and uniformly in size and weight *A cubic foot of fresh water at 50^ Fahr. wci.uhs li2.:!ol8!t:i pminils : at S0° it \vci;J:h!; 62.186012 pounds, a difference of 2.334096 ounces. 216 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey from surface to bottom. So long as the upper end is lighter than the lower, the column will remain upright. But if the metal column should be reversed, bringing the heavy end up and the light end down, any slight disturbance would cause it to reverse itself and again assume the more stable position with the heavier end down. The same is true of the column of water. So long as the colder, heavier water is at the bottom, it will so remain ; but let the upper end of the column become the colder and, consequently, the heavier, it will go down, and the lighter bottom water will come up. That is precisely what does happen. If the series of temperatures from July 24 onward be examined it will be observed that the difference between the surface and bottom temperatures becomes successively less. By the 23d of November, 1900, the difference was only .5 of a degree, the surface being 46.7° and the bottom 46.2°. Some- time between the 23d and the 26th, probably on the night of the 24th, the temperature throughout the upper half of the column fell below 46°, or lower than that of the lower end of the column. The upper half of the column then being the heavier, it of necessity went to the bottom, the bottom half came up, and the temperature of the lake became uniform throughout. This is shown by the serial temperature readings of November 26, which show that the temperature at all depths from top to bottom was 44°, a condition which practically continued until the ice went off. It can there- fore be safely assumed that, in 1900, Lake Maxinkuckee "turned over" some time between the evening of November 23 and the morning of the 26th; and what occurred then, in all probability, occurs every November or December. The highest surface temperature recorded at the Deep Hole was 83° on August 11, 1900, the bottom temperature at the same time being 49.9°, the difference between surface and bottom being 33.1°. The lowest summer bottom temperature obtained in the Deep Hole was 48.7° on August 31, 1899; the lowest recorded at the Kettle- hole was 48.5° on September 8, 1899. CONDITION OF 'THE WATER Clearness: — The water of Lake Maxinkuckee is generally com- mented upon by visitors, and boasted about by the natives, on ac- count of its clearness and purity. After a long sojourn at Winona Lake, Indiana, paying particu- lar attention to the lake, a visit to Lake Maxinkuckee excited a marked sensation of surprise at the clearness of the water; in Winona Lake it was somewhat tea-color; at Lake Maxinkuckee, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 217 at considerable depths, it exhibited an indescribable play of trans- parent green, something like that of an opal in some lights. Unfortunately, we have not a long series of records taken under different conditions the year round which would give an absolute test, and if there were such records, it would be diflicult to find a large number of other lakes with records with which it might be compared. On September 20, 1907, when the sky was well clouded over, a secchi disk was visible at 9 feet. The same disk at Holem Lake, of the Twin Lakes, Indiana, on September 23, 1907, when the sky was bright and clear, was visible at 13 feet, and at Cook Lake, another of the Twin Lakes, under the same conditions, at the same depth. At Lake Mendota, Minn., September 18, 1907, with a cloudy sky, the same disk was visible at a depth of 6^ feet. One might, indeed, take as a measure of the clearness of the water, the depth at which green plants grow in the lake, the chief limiting factor in this case being the depth to which light pene- trates. The lower limit of plant life in the lake is about 25 feet. A remarkable feature of the water is its freedom fi'om mud. Even after heavy rains the inlets bring in but little water, and be- cause of the general absence of clay, they bring in but little mud even when they have the swiftest current. Strong winds may make the water turbid near shore, and on one occasion, in the autumn of 1900, the whole lake was rendered slightlj^ turbid by a long continued wind and rough lake, but in all cases the lake soon settles clear. During the winter of 1900-1901, the Chara and Potaviogeton rohhinsii showed up so clearly through several feet of water and clear ice that they impressed a very excellent image on a photographic plate, and the experience of traveling over this clear ice and seeing the fine meadows in the bottom, with the turtles and gars and dogfish resting quietly or moving slowly about, impresses one with the great opportunity offered along the lines of a new field of photography, that of subaqueous landscapes. Any one looking down in the water on a calm, bright day and studying it attentively will note small flecks or motes, the number of these differing in different seasons of the year and in different lakes. These motes usually represent low algal forms which make up the phyto-plankton of the lake. In Winona Lake this suspended matter was so abundant that the sun's rays lighted up the particles in long lines, as in the familiar phenomenon of the light entering a" slit in a dark, dusty room, or the "sun drawing water." In some cases the algse forming these motes have colonies of sufficiently characteristic shape to be recognizable, but generally not. Lyngbi/a has the appearance of short hair clippings; Clathrocystis has the 218 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey appearance of minute smoke rings ; Aphanizomenon, which is rare in our Indiana lakes but is common in some northern Minnesota lakes and in the Mississippi River, is easily recognizable, as rather large, green colonies, acute at each end, much like the little duck- weed, WolffieUa. Anabaena, the most common alga of Lake Max- inkuckee, has no definite form. In Lake Maxinkuckee it is rare that great areas are covered with algal scum, though there are sometimes rather long stretches in sheltered bays. The plankton scum usually makes its first appearance about the end of July and continues on calm days until freezing. The entire lake surface is not frequently calm for longer in- tervals than a day ; June, July and August are generally the calmer months. The surface is generally rippled, usually pretty rough, during the spring and later autumn. Periods of calm during the morning and evening are frequent the year round during fine weather. Chemical condition: — An important feature of the water is its chemical condition. A chemical examination of the water was made by Prof. Chancey Juday of the University of Wisconsin. The test for hardness used was Siler's method, in which a coal tar prod- uct, methyl orange, is used to color the water. The amount of hydrochloric acid necessary to turn it faintly pink indicates the hardness. The test used for oxygen was Winkler's method given in Sutton's Volumetric Analysis, and is as follows : 1. Add manganous chloride. 2. Add KOH -^ KT = a precipitate with brown, if oxygen is present. 3. Add Cone. HCl. — dissolves precipitate. If oxygen is not present the liquid is clear. If oxygen is present it is yellowish or brownish. It may now be lefc several days. 4. To determine amount of oxygen, titrate with hypo, 1/80 normal, using (cooked) starch as an indicator. The amount of hypo re- quired to clear up the blue caused by addition of starch is an index to the amount of oxygen. In the following tables, prepared by Prof. Juday, is shown the character of the water. Both the CO. and the oxygen are expressed in cubic centi- meters per liter of water. The full face figures indicate the amount of the alkalinity, i. e., it would require that number of cubic centimeters of free CO. to make the water neutral. The light face figures in the column marked free CO. indicate the acidity. Cal- cium and magnesium are found in water almost entirely as bicar- bonates, and chemists regard the CO. as half-bound or bicarbonate CO., and bound or carbonate CO., so we have indicated them in this way on the tables. In neutral or acid water they are regarded as Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 219 equal in amount, but in alkaline water the bound or carbonate CO. is in excess of the half-bound. The results of the investigation showed that the water of the lake was softer than that of the well (Chadwick's) with which it was compared; also that the difference between the Kettlehole and the main lake is a curious and inter- esting thing. They differ as widely as if they were separate lakes and not connected in any way. A further study of them would prove very interesting. In the main lake the excess of alkalinity extends to a depth of 8 meters (26] feet). At 9 meters (29.1 feet) the water is neutral, below which point it is increasingly acid. The Kettlehole shows less alkalinity at the surface and a much more rapidly increasing acidity at the bottom. In the lake the oxygen decreases rapidly from the surface down to the 13 (43^ feet) meter depth below which there is no free oxygen. In the Kettle- hole the free oxygen disappears at 10 meters (32* feet). The free oxygen is more abundant in the surface water of Lake Maxin- kuckee than in any of the Indiana lakes with which it was com- pared, and extends to a considerably greater depth, being found down to 12 (39.'i feet) meters in Lake Maxinkuckee, 9 meters (29^ feet) at the Kettlehole, 8 meters (26 [ feet) at Cook Lake, 6 meters (19^ feet) at Holem Lake, and disappearing at the 13 meters (43^ feet) in Lake Mendota, Minn. , CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Station I, in the Deep Hole, Sept. 20, 1907, 2:30 to 4:40 p. m. Sky chiefly cloudy. Wind, rather strong southwest, falling toward evening; a few whitecaps. Secchi disk visible at depth of 9 feet. Meters Depth in Feet Temperature C.\RBON Dioxide Oxygen Free Bicarb. Carb. 3 10 17 23 26.25 30 33 36 39 42.5 46 49 57.4 67.6 74 82 84 72° 3.8 20,7 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.8 25.8 25.8 25.9 26.8 28.0 30.9 31 3 31 3 31.4 6.3 6 3 5 7 8 9 ' 72 71 67.5 3.6 3 11 Neutral 0.4 1.4 2.5 2.9 20 9 21 5 23.7 25.8 25.8 25.9 26.8 28.0 30 9 31 3 31 3 31.4 6 1 5.5 4.0 2 7 10 11 66 O 1.3 12 13 14 64 59.5 4 0.0 0.0 15 20 22M 25 59 3.2 3.7 3 9 4.7 5.3 0.0 0.0 58 0.0 0.0 31 6 31 6 25y2 57 0.0 220 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Station, Kettlehole, September 24, 1907, a. m. Sky, cloudy in west. Wind, fresh, south; moderate waves. C.\RBOX Dioxide Meters Depth, feet Temperature Oxygen Free Bicarb. Carb. 65° 2 3 24,5 26.8 4.9 5 17.4 64 6 2 1 24.7 26,8 4.9 23.0 29.5 64 6L7 9 3.7 32.2 n.2 06 10 32.8 58.6 7.8 38.2 38.2 11 36.0 57.5 8.6 40.0 40 0.0 nVi 37.7 56.6 For purposes of co.Tipa"ison we give the results of similar oxygen tests made by Professor Juday, at certain other lakes. CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IN COOK LAKE, INDIANA Saptember 23, 1907, 10:30—11:30 a. m. Sky, clear. Wind, brisk, w»jt breeze. Seochi disk visible at depth of 13 feet. Meters "Depth in feet Temperature C.\RBON Dioxide Oxygen Free Bicarb. Carb. 4 13 16.4 19.7 23 26.25 29.5 33 39.4 46 47 68,5 68,7 67,3 64 7 62 57 55.6 49.5 5 0,7 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,8 5.3 34,6 34 6 5,07 5,1, 5 6 34,9 34 9 4.4 3,8 7 8 9 10 35,2 35,9 35.9 37 6 40,7 41.0 35,2 35.9 35 9 37 6 40.7 41.0 1,8 13 12 7.5 7.5 14 HJ^ 47.5 0,0 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IN HOLEM LAKE, INDIANA September 23, 1907, 1:45—2:30 p. m. Sky, clear. Wind, strong, west breeze. Secchi disk visible at depth of 13 feet. Meters Depth in feet Temperature C.\RBOX Dioxide Oxygen Free Bicarb. Carb. 3 10 16,40 19.68 23 26 27 69° 1.2 35.5 35.5 4,7 4,7 5 6 7 8 69 65.5 59 2 6 10,0 18,7 35,6 40,6 41,0 58,8 35,6 40 6 41.0 58.8 4.75 04 m 53 Lake Maxhiknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 221 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IX LAKE MENDOTA, WI SCON SIN Station II, September 18, 1907, 9-11 a. in. Sky, cloudy; rain. Wind, light breeze from the south. Secchi disk visible at depth of 6.5 feet. Carbon Dioxide Aletprs Depth in feet Temperature 0.\ygen Free Bicarb. Carb. 68° 50 28.1 33.1 6.0 5 16 40 26.25 67.6 67 4.3 3.7 5 8 8 29.6 33.3 5.5 10 32.80 36.00 66 11 2 31 6 33 6 4.0 3.5 12 39.36 65.3 15 32.1 33.6 13 45.64 63.5 75 33.6 33.6 1.8 14 49.0 59 3.00 34.9 34.9 0.0 15 52 00 57 3.50 35.7 35.7 0.0 17 56.00 56 4.30 35.7 35.7 0.0 20 65.60 5 80 36 4 36 4 0.0 21}-^ 70 5 7 00 37 9 37 9 22 72.2 54 DEFICIENT IN OXYGEN ONLY FOR A BRIEF PERIOD EACH YEAR Investigations have shown that Lake Maxinkuckee is deficient in oxygen only during a period of perhaps two months in the fall. The reason for this deficiency is a very interesting one and not dif- ficult to understand. It may be briefly stated as follows : Lake Maxinkuckee furnishes an environment exceptionally favorable to the rapid growth and development of a multitude of species of minute animal and plant life which together constitute the plank- ton of the lake. These animals and plants, entomostracans and other minute animals (zoo-plankton), and alg^e of many species (phyto-plankton) , literally swarm in the lake, reproducing with such marvelous rapidity that they would soon fill the lake, convert- ing it into a thick soup, were it not for the fact that millions upon millions of individuals die every day, their dead bodies slowlj^ sink- ing to the bottom of the lake where they slowly oxidize and dis- integrate. This accumulation of dead plankton goes on during the spring and summer ; oxidation is doubtless most rapid in later sum- mer and early fall ; the oxyg'en required in the process must neces- sarily come from the supply contained in the water nearest at hand. This drain upon the absorbed oxygen of the waters in the deeper parts of the lake must inevitably, sooner or later, exhaust the sup- ply, and this condition of exhausted or reduced oxygen content will remain until the winds and storms of late fall and early winter and temperature changes result in thoroughly mixing the waters 222 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological S^irvey -^ the lake and carrying of oxygen to the deepest parts. In this manner the entire lake will become fully supplied with oxygen early in the winter and so remain until the next fall when the accumulation on the lake bottom of dead animals and plants which have been showering from the upper layers all spring and summer again exhausts the supply and the lower strata again become de- void of oxygen. This matter has been quite thoroughly worked out on several lakes by Messrs. Birge and Juday of the University of Wisconsin, and the importance of the knowledge thus obtained can scarcely be overestimated. The important fact disclosed is that the waters of some lakes at certain periods in the year are practically without oxygen below certain depths. ' As fishes are dependent for the oxygen they require upon the absorbed oxygen contained in the water it is evident that water containing no absorbed oxygen cannot support fish life. In order that a lake may be suitable for the deeper freshwater fishes it is necessary that the v/ater in the depths shall contain an adequate supply of absorbed oxygen at all times. A lake may have an abundant supply of oxygen at all depths for ten or eleven months of the year, but if the supply is inadequate for one month or even a briefer period, the deepwater fishes will perish unless, perchance, Ihey are of species that can adapt themselves to shallower depths. But few, if any, of our important freshwater fishes possess that ability. Keeping that fact in mind it is now easily understood why certain lakes, otherwise suitable, do not contain any deepvv^ater species such as lake trout, whitefish or lake herring. During the past 30 years the Federal Government and various States have spent thousands of dollars in making plants of white- fish, lake herring and lake trout in lakes many of which we now know to be deficient in oxygen during at least a portion of the year. Lake Maxinkuckee is included in this list, four large con- signments of lake trout having been placed in it in 1890 to 1894. We now understand why nothing was ever seen of the fish after they were liberated in the lake. In the past millions upon millions of fish have been planted in the lakes and streams of the United States and usually without any scientific investigation whatever for the purpose of determining whether the waters were suitable for the fish which it was proposed to plant in them. The result is that hundreds of thousands of dol- lars have been spent and millions of fish wasted without any results of value being obtained. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 223 No stream or lake should be stocked with fish until it has been carefully studied by a competent biologist and found to possess the conditions or factors of a favorable environment for the fish which it is proposed to introduce. Fish culturists should adopt this principle and adhere to it as an invariable policy. The rule- of-thumb, cut-and-try method so uniformly followed has brought no credit to fish culture in America. ICE Introduction It is not until one has watched the coming of the ice over the lake several times and during several winters, that he realizes how much variety there can be in that apparently simple process, and how far from correct it would be to judge the behavior of the ice one winter from having seen it during another. The freezing over of Lost Lake is always about the same. That body of water, being of comparatively small size and shallow depth, readily freezes over the first severe night after the whole mass of water has become chilled down to near the freezing point, and we usually have a smooth clear sheet of ice spread over its surface rather early in the winter. This sheet being transparent, does not greatly alter the appearance of the lake ; indeed, on one occasion we saw a duck in the middle of this lake on the slippery ice one evening after it had frozen over, it probably having mistaken the clear ice for open water. Lake Maxinkuckee, with its greater area and volume of water, cools down much more slowly, and usually has ice simply skirting its edges by the time Lost Lake is completely frozen over. If the weather continues steadily calm and cold, the lake freezes over rather quickly, although it usually takes several days even of the most favorable weather for the lake to freeze entirely over, as its surface is always more or less disturbed by winds, some pools in various places toward the center usually persisting open for a few days. If, on the other hand, the weather in early winter is rough and windy, the freezing of the lake is much delayed and is a slow and long continued process — full of interesting details, resembling in many respects the freezing of large lakes, such as Lake Michi- gan. The winter of 1900-1901 was just such a blustery winter and gave opportunity to study the ice formation in great detail. The ice first forms in sheltered calm places and any object that breaks the wind or tends to calm the water tends to the formation of a sheet of ice. Thus ice appears early not only along the shore 15—17618 224 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey in sheltered bays, but also around any projecting body in the water — a stake, or a patch of bulrushes or pondweeds. Usually the for- mation of ice proceeds from day to day in a more or less orderly manner from these nuclei to the middle of the lake until the whole is frozen, but in the above-mentioned winter, the ice sheets formed in sheltered places during moments of calm. Our lirst regular observation of the ice phenomena at Lake Maxinkuckee began in the fall of 1899. Previous to that time, however, occasional observations, made and recorded by Mr. S. S. Chadwick and by Mr. Samuel B. Medbourn of the Medbourn Ice Company, have been kindly communicated to us by those gentle- men. The remarkable clearness and purity of the water of Lake Max- inkuckee and the thickness to which the ice freezes, give a very high quality to the ice made from it, and Lake Maxinkuckee ice has always had an enviable reputation for purity and enduring qualities. The operations required in taking out the vast quantities of ice each winter keep a changing portion of the lake on the w^est side more or less open for brief intervals in different places, and this has its effect on the plant and animal life of the lake. Our original plans contemplated a careful study of the ice in all its more important relations to the various species of animals and plants inhabiting the lake, but lack of time prevented such study of many of the phenomena as the importance of the subject justi- fied. 'I The KT-ounds of the Culver Military Academy sFsirt the i;nithern shore of Lake Maxinkuckee, covering a ti-act of 500 acres. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 225 The ice phenomena of the lake, incUiding the formation, thaw- ing, expansion and contraction, forming of ice-beaches and so on, present more or less variety from year to year. In the two yeai's the phenomena were studied there was a wide difference in them, so that different details confidently looked for from previous ex- perience were surprisingly discounted. Every year, the small body. Lost Lake, freezes over much sooner than the larger lake, and usually freezes over as a smooth sheet of ice, in a single night. During the winter of 1900-1901, cold weather came on rather suddenly and the weather was rough and windy, so that, though the surface water became quite cold, the wind kept it from freez- ing except in the form of ice-needles which drifted up at first on the shore in high, conical snow-white masses, which at a distance looked like frozen foam, but which revealed on closer examination an entirely different structure from foam. The surface of the water near shore on the windward side of the lake, was covered with slush ice, composed of long needle-shaped crystals, which, as they were jostled together by the choppy waves, made a cheerful musical sound, like the rustling of dried hay. At other times during momentary bits of calm, or in protected bays, a thin sheet of clear solid ice would be put out from shore, soon to be broken into bits by the wind. These, constantly moved among each other by the waves, produced a musical continuous clinking, like glasses struck together, or at other times larger masses in more violent motion produced a far-heard rumbling like a heavy farm wagon rattling along a road. The bits of ice blown up against the shore gouged the shore considerably and shoved considerable sand before them in places, although finally the result of such gouging was neither conspicuous nor permanent. As to the final freezing over of the lake, in 1900-1901, the first stage from shore was formed by the needle-shaped crystals already mentioned, these forming concretions around centers, making cir- cular patches from about the size of a dinner plate to several feet across, and these finally drifted together and the becalmed water of the interstices froze, thus cementing the whole together into a solid mass. From this time on, during moments of comparative calm, stretches of rather smooth clear ice would form out toward the center of the lake, the inner margin of which would soon be more or less chopped up and broken by waves during more windy pe- riods, and then would occur another advantage of calm and cold, another concentric ring of ice would be formed, another attack of 226 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey storm and wind on the weak-edged with a Hne of chopped ice, so that finally the limit of each freezing period was marked by a ring of choppy ice, and the stages of freezing could be counted, like the growth-rings of a tree as seen on a stump. Apparently a sud- den coming on of cold reduces the surface temperature greatly without allowing much chance for convection and the water under the ice continues tolerably warm all winter. The large lake was very slow in freezing over, and a few holes remained open quite late, being kept open by winds and by the flocks of ducks which congregated there in great numbers. Ice on Lake Maxinkuckee: — The earliest appearance of ice as noted in our records was on October 12, 1907, when ice was ob- served on boards in low places. This was evidently merely frozen dew. On the 22d, ice was seen on Green's marsh and on the boat slip at Outlet Bay. This was observed again on the 23d, 27th, 28th and 29th. In 1906, on October 31, ice was seen in a leaky boat and along the south shore in shallow quiet water. These are our only October records. For November, in 1899, the first ice was noted on the 12th, when it remained all day in favorable places. In November, 1900, there was a thin fringe along the shore on the 14th, and on the 16th it was frozen out from shore about 4 feet. On the 30th there was a fringe along the south shore, i to ^ inch thick and extending out usually 10 to 30 feet. Just west of Norris Inlet two broad points ran out about 200 feet. From this and subsequent obser- vations it is believed that it is on that part of the lake that perma- nent ice first forms. In 1902, the first freeze was on November 25. In 1904, ice was first noted on November 6, and on the 11th and 21st there was some along the south shore of Outlet Bay, re- maining in the boat slip all day. On the 13th, 14th and 16th it was on the boat slip all day; on the 17th there was a thin skirt along the shore, and a little appeared each morning thereafter until the 27th when there was a good deal off the ice houses and in simi- lar situations. On the 28th ice skirted the shore pretty generally, but not far out. In 1898, in December, the ice was one inch thick all over the lake except at the Deep Hole ; on the 8th and 9th it was all over the lake and 3 inches thick, and on the 14th it was frozen solid and 7.5 inches thick. In 1899, in December, it was 1.25 inches thick on the 26th along shore. In December, 1900, on the 10th ice extended out about 50 feet from the end of the Chadwick pier, and about 200 feet out on east side of Long Point. At many places there was only a narrow irregular fringe, with occasional air holes. In places the Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 22.1 ice was choppy. On the 11th snow covered the ice which was grinding and tolerably loud at the south end. On the 12th there was considerable ice, particularly in Outlet Bay and off the ice- houses where it extended out in long sharp points, an unusually long sharp blade extended off Long Point to the northeast. There was a broad fringe along the east side of Long Point and large ice islands around stakes in Outlet Bay and southeast of Shady Point cottage. A brisk wind ground up all the ice except that near the shore north of Long Point, the breaking up being accompanied by considerable rattling and clinking. Ice-chips, small and clear, were thrown up on the north shore near the railroad station with a great roar. By noon all the ice in front of Shady Point cottage had dis- appeared. Before breaking up the ice was ^ inch thick at the shore and f inch thick at end of pier at Shady Point. The next day a peculiar slush ice formed in front of Shady Point, consisting of circular or oval discs of needle-shaped crystals drifting together and freezing. On the 15th this ice, very rough but weak, extended out more than 100 feet. By the 19th the lake was frozen entirely over except a considerable area in the center and extending well toward the south end. On the 20th the lake was frozen nearly all over — only a con- siderable pond in the middle. The ice all around the lake, espe- cially on the west side, was very rough, and would hold one up only 60 to 70 feet out. There was a great deal of clear drift ice, the thickness of window glass, piled up along the east shore. It plowed and heaped up the sand a good deal, making a small ice- ridge. This was not caused by expansion but by the ice being blown up against the sand. On the 21st the ice was pretty solid out for some distance. The only open water was in parallel north and south strips near the center. In Outlet Bay one could walk out about 400 to 500 feet, but the ice was weak on the east side of Long Point. On the 22d there was a good deal of water on the ice, and the open spaces enlarged appreciably. On the 23d a strong wind began breaking the ice and piling it up on shore at Culver Bay on the 24th. On the 28th the lake was again frozen irregularly, with open spaces toward the center. One could walk out in front of the Gravelpit about 600 feet. At one place one could walk within a foot of the open water, so strong was the ice. On the 29th the ice was moving and jamming up some against the shore. At night it was somewhat noisy. In 1901, the first record in December re- garding the condition of the ice was made on the 15th, to the effect 228 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey that the lake was frozen nearly over. On the 16th the ice was 3 inches thick ; on the 18th, 4.5 inches ; the 19th, 5.5 to 6 inches, and entirely frozen over; the 20th, 6 inches; the 21st, 7 inches; the 22d, 8.5 inches ; and the 23d, 9 inches. On the 24th it began melt- ing and by the 31st was only 8 inches thick. In 1902, the only December records are for the 10th, the lake freezing, and the 14th, when the air at 6 p.m. was 20 \ Lost Lake frozen over, but Lake Maxinkuckee still open.. In 1904 there are several December rec- ords. On the 1st to 3d, the lake was rough and ice cakes were forming. On the 4th and 5th considerable stretches along the shore were frozen, but none along the north shore. On the 6th it was drifting up on the east side and on the 8th it softened and melted some, though it was strong enough to bear up in Outlet Bay. On the 9th it was torn up by waves at the south end. On the 10th Outlet Bay was firm enough to walk over, and by the 13th the lake was all frozen over except several scattered pools filled with ducks and coots. On the 14th, only three or four long open pools left, and these were filled mostly with coots, only a few ducks being left. The ice was clear, only one-half inch thick some distance from shore. On the 15th all the lake except two small pools was frozen over. These pools were full of coots which no doubt helped to keep them open. There were many cracks in Outlet Bay. On the 16th only one pool was left open. The next day the ice company had teams on the lake, scraping the snow off the ice, which was 5 inches thick. On the 18th the last open pool closed. The heavy snow on the ice weighed it down and forced a good deal of water to come up through a large crack that ran from Long Point southeast. On the 21st the ice was cracking and pushing up the shore at Long Point. On the 23d the ice was rotten and melted a good deal; there were many small air holes, and on the 25th there were many open places north and east of Long Point. We have one record for January, 1893. On the 5th the lake was frozen over 9 inches thick except in a few air holes and cracks caused by expanding ice. In January, 1899, the ice was 8 inches thick on the 1st. 9 on the 8th, 10 on the 29th, 10.5 on the 30th and 11 on the 31st. In January, 1900, it was 7 inches thick on the 1st, 8 on the 2d, 9 on the 3d, 9.25 on the 4th, 7 on the 12th, 6 on the 16th and 17th, 7^ near the ice-houses, 8 at the Norris pier and 4.5 in front of Shady Point on the 21st and very rotten, 6 on the 30th, and 8 on the 31st. On the first there were several cracks, one running off from Murray's, one off mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek, one from ice-houses to Lakeview hotel, one from the ice- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 229 houses to Long- Point, and one from Long Point northeast, this last being cooped up like the- roof on a house. There was a large crack from the south end of the lake near the Farrar cottage northward to the shore near the Academy along which the ice buckled up and then fell back by overlapping, a phe- nomenon which old residents had never observed before. On the 22d the lake was open in deep water and on the 24th the ice was breaking up. In 1901, on January 1, it was cold and the ice grew very fast; on the 2d the lake was frozen over except one pool near the Deep Hole. Teams were cleaning snow off the ice near the ice-houses. On the 3d the pool was still open; this vv^as between Long Point and the McOuat cottage and was only 18 or 20 feet in diameter. The ice was "cracking" a good deal all day and shoving up on shore and booming and rumbling at night. On the 6th there were 3 or 4 inches of water on the ice and again on the 8th when the ice was full of holes; on the 9th it was dry and clear; on the 10th it was getting rotten and breaking into cakes and by the 12th it was unsafe, but was firmer on the 13th ; rotted again on the 14th, but on the 15th again became firm and showed beautiful mosaics. It sang much and loudly nearly all morning, but rotted in the afternoon. On the 18th it was 4!^ inches thick, solid and singing much. On the 19th it was 7.5 inches thick at the ice-houses. There was much noise, a sort of groaning, at night, and many new cracks were noted the next morning. On the 21st the ice was very rotten, and at night a good deal of noise, ringing sharp cracks as if the ice were giving and falling. On the 23d it melted a good deal on top, and was about 5 inches thick. On the 27th the big hole was still open ; on the 28th it was 5.5 to 7 inches thick on the east side, but v^eak. On the 29th, 7.75 to 8 inches thick and covered with water in some places. The January record for 1902 is brief. The ice was 8.5 inches thick on the 1st, 9 on the 3d, 10 on the 6th, 11.5 on the 16th, 12 on the 17th and 18th, 12.5 on the 20th, 13 on the 21st, 14 on the 27th and 28th, and 15 on the 31st. The lake was very low. On the 27th the ice was shoving up some on the north and east shores but not much on the west side. In January, 1903, the ice was 5 inches thick on the 7th, 10 on the 12th, 12 on the 19th, and 13 on the 23d. The ice company began to put up ice on the 13th. In January, 1905, the records are few. On the first, the ice was rotten and rapidly disappearing, and there was a large hole 230 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physiccd and Biological Survey near the center of the lake. On the 2d, it was nearly all gone east of Long Point and south to Murray's, but Outlet Bay was still cov- ered. On the 4th the lake was again pretty well frozen over, it having grown cold on the 2d and 3d. In January, 1906, the lake was not frozen over on the first. Later it froze over but ice was all gone by the 22d, following a week of rain. Our first February records are for 1899, when the ice was 11.5 inches thick on the 1st, 12 on the 2d to 7th, 13 on the 8th, 16 on the 10th, 18 on the 13th, and 15 on the 27th. The next are for 1901. On the 1st the ice was groaning some; on the 4th and 5th it was much sunken by 8.5 inches of snow on it ; on the 8th it was groaning again ; on the 9th it was still sagging and covered with water in many places ; on the 20th it was somewhat noisy and much flooded in the middle ; covered with slush on the 23d and still sink- ing on the 24th ; on the 25th much slush and ice groaning a good deal, continuing for the next two days. There was much noise again on the 28th, continuing all day. In 1902, on February 4th the ice M^as about 18 inches thick; 17 inches on the 6th and 18 on the 21st. On the 25th the ice began to get dark where the snow had blown off, and in some places slush snow covered it. In 1903, the ice was 8 to 10 inches thick on February 15, but it had been about 14 inches thick. In 1906, on February 14, the lake was frozen over, the ice 4 to 6 inches thick, and the ice cutting beginning. Our March I'ecords begin with 1899, when the ice was 10 inches thick on the 11th. On the 12th there was a high west wind driving the ice out from the west shore and piling it up 10 feet high on the east side. On the 22d the ice was rotten; by the 25th it had become so honeycombed that it practically all went off the lake, piling up high on shore in various places ;^ on Long Point it was about 10 feet high, but did no damage. In 1900, on March 1. the ice was 12 inches thick and 16 inches on the 19th. On the 22d it w^as open near the center of the lake. On the 25th the ice began to break up, drifting to west and north- west shores, and by 6 p. m. it was all gone. In 1901, on March 3, the ice was free from snow and there was some water on the surface. On the 4th the air holes that were present on the 3d froze up. On the 6th there was a long crack along the west shore and on the 7th the ice was heaving and push- ing on the shore on the east side. On the 8th and 9th it was quite soft and flooded; on the 11th very rotten around the edges. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 231 tightening up again at night, and alternating weak and firm until the 25th when it all disappeared, simply breaking up and melting without piling on shore. In 1902, the only records for March are: On the night of the 12th the ice moved southeast and piled up 10 feet high on the north- west side of Long Point, and about as high on the east shore at the Edwards cottage. All the west side was open on the 13th. On the 13th the ice left the lake with a southeast wind which piled it on shore at the depot grounds and east to the Palmer House. On the 18th some ice had frozen and piled up some on shore. In 1903, in March, the 13th was the first warm, calm day of spring, and the ice went off very fast ; all gone from Outlet Bay by 6 p. m., and all gone from shore from there to depot. The next day the wind shifted to the south and piled the ice 6 feet high at the tip of Long Point. On the 15th the wind shifted to the northeast and drove the ice into Outlet Bay and along the west shore, but doing no harm. That portion of the lake north of a line from the tip of Long Point to the Edwards cottage and east of a line from the tip of Long Point to the Assembly grounds was free of ice. Then the wind shifted again to the south and drove all the ice to the north end of the lake. By 6 p. m. the ice was all gone. As the ice was very thin no harm was done. Air at 3 p. m. 70°. On March 29 there was some ice again. In 1905, in March, on the 25th, ice covered about three-fourths of the lake. The surface was very much decayed and broken. It went off rapidly all day and by the evening of the 26th there was only a little left in Culver Bay. In 1907, the ice left the lake on March 17. Several days of warm rain had rotted it thoroughly and a strong southwest wind on the 16th set it in motion, broke it up, and drove it toward the northeast part of the lake, where it melted. In 1908, the ice left the lake March 13, the day being very warm and the frogs singing. In 1910, on March 1, it turned warm, and there was no snow or rain thereafter. On March 22 the ice left the lake. It was 20 inches thick and just rotted out. It did not drift much and no harm was done. It opened as usual on the west side from the Outlet to the depot. Air about 60°. There are only a few ice records for April, The senior author spent April 6 and 7, 1885, at the lake, and recorded the fact that the ice was still on the lake, with a narrow strip open around the edges, especially along the south shore and at the inlet mouths. In 1900, on April 1, the ice moved north ; on the 3d it moved 232 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey southeast and piled high on shore ; on the 5th it moved south ; and it was all gone by the 6th. The 7th was the first pleasant day of the season, although it snowed some ; it had been cold, with an east wind for a week. In 1901, on April 1, there was some old ice and new ice had formed on the pools the previous night. On the 4th overflow water was frozen, and there was ice on the pools on the 9th. Even on the 19th and 20th there w^as ice on the pools. In 1913, the ground was frozen on April 23, and on May 2 the ground and pools were frozen. Ice on Lost Lake: — Considerable attention was paid to ice con- ditions on the small lake and the results are here given, in the thought that comparisons between the two lakes may prove in- structive. Ice was observed on Lost Lake in each month from October to April, both inclusive. In October, 1904, a little ice was noted on the 23d and 28th. In November, 1899, a narrow fringe was seen about the edge of the lake. In 1900, ice froze about 4 to 7 feet out from shore just above the Bardsley cottage on the 14th, and on the 16th the lake was frozen over but not strong enough to bear one up. In front of the Bardsley cottage it was ^ to 2^ inches thick, but was thinner elsewhere. On the night of the 17th the ice went off, but the lake was nearly frozen over again by the 27th. In November, 1904, there was a narrow fringe of ice around the lake, most of which had disappeared by the 13th. On the 28th the lake was more than half frozen over with ice strong enough to permit one to walk out a short distance. On November 14, 1906, the lake was frozen nearly over. In December, 1899, Lost Lake was frozen over on December 6, but the ice left the lake on the 11th after 24 hours of rain. It froze again on the 15th. In 1900, it was frozen entirely over on the 10th when the ice was 1 inch thick and would bear up some dis- tance out. Near shore the ice was choppy in places. On the 11th it was strong enough for skating. On the 12th it was 2 13 16 inches thick 30 feet from shore, and did not crack when walked across. The next day it was 3 inches thick, and loud noises were caused by the expansion in the forenoon. On the 17th the ice was about 51 inches thick and beautifully stratified. On the 19th thin ice had frozen on top of the other, from flooded water. On the 23d the wind tore up the ice at the south end. There were many large bubbles under the ice nearly everywhere, evidently blown under by the wind. The ice was dry on top and apparently solid. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 233 On the 28th the ice was frozen irregulai'ly, with numerous air holes. In December, 1901, the lake was frozen over on the 11th, and solid on the 19th, the ice being 6 inches thick. In December, 1902, Lost Lake was frozen entirely over on the 14th. In December, 1904, Lost Lake was frozen over on the first, the ice being quite opaque. On the 2d it was 1^ inches thick and would bear up, but cracked some on the west side where it was not so thick. On the 3d the Outlet was partly frozen below the railroad bridge. On the 9th the stream below the lake was pretty well open. In January, 1901, Lost Lake was solid on the first and 2d; on the 3d the ice was 10 inches thick and contained 9 planes of bub- bles, one of which, 5.5 from the bottom, seemed to divide the whit- ish upper ice from the lower clearer layer. On the 10th the ice was 8 inches thick, and men were cutting it; on the 18th it was 9 inches and showed a hexagonal structure. On the 19th Lost Lake was open at the north end and remained so for several days. On the 20th all the stream below the lake was open. We have no February records. In March, 1901, Lost Lake was all open on the 25th, but it was almost frozen over again by the 29th. In March, 1902, the lake M-as nearly open on the 13th but frozen over again on the 18th. THICKNESS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES Date Remarks Jan. 1893 5 1898 Dec. 8 9 14 1899 Jan. 1 29 30 31 Feb. 1 2 7 10 13 27 Mar. 11 12 22 Entirely covering lake except a lew air holes and cracks. Over entire lake except the Deep Hole. Over entire lake. Iliiih west w ind drove ice out from west shore and piled it up 10 feet high on east side. Ice dangerous. 234 Lake Maxiyikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey THICKNESS OF ICE UN LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES— Continued Date Jan. Feb. 1,93 Mar. 25 Dec. 6 II 15 26 27 28 29 30 31 1900 1 2 3 4 10 12 16 17 21 22 24 30 31 I 2 3 15 16 17 18 19 1 19 22 . April 1 .3 5 6 Nov. 14 16 18 27 30 Dec. 10 10 12 13 14 17 17 19 20 21 22 Mar. Thickness in inches 1.25 2 3 4.5 5.5 6 9 9.25 ♦ 7 6 5.8 4.5 9 11 11 6 6 7 8 8. 12 16 Vi to 2li 2 13-16 Remarks Ice left lake, it ha\'ing become honeycombed, piling up in various places 10 feet high on Long Point, but doing no damage. Little Maxinkuckee frozen over. Ice went off of Litt'? Ma.rinkuckee. Little Maxinkuckee frozen over again. On Little Maxinkuckee near shore. Deep water still open. 4 inches on Lake Maxinkuckee and 8 inches on Little Maxinkuckee. Very rotten. Ice rotten. Ice open in deep water. Ice open in deep water. Ice breaking up. Ice open near the Split Rock. Ice moving north. Ice moves southeast and piles up high on shore. Ice all gone except where piled up on south shore. Ice all gone. Coldest day of season, so far, 16°. Ice 1.5 in shallow water; Little Maxin- kuckee frozen 4 to 7 feet from shore. Little Maxinkuckee frozen over; frozen out on Maxinkuckee 4 feet from shore. Ice went off Little Maxinkuckee. Little Maxinkuckee again frozen over. Thin ice started around shore. Little Maxinkuckee frozen entirely over, 1 inch thick. Ice extending out 200 feet from shore on Maxinkuckee. Most of the ice broken up. Ice on Little Maxinkuckee strong enough to bear one. On Little Maxinkuckee. Outlet nearly frozen over. A broad fringe of ice around shore. About '4 inch of water on top of ice on Little Maxinkuckee. Lake frozen over except a large area in center and extending toward south end. Outlet Bay all frozen over. Open area still present. Lake frozen nearly all over. Water covering ice, and open area increasing. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey 235 THICKNESS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES-Continued Date Thickness in inches Remarks Dec 1900 23 28 1901 1 1902 27 4 26 31 1903 7 12 13 19 23 1904 28 1905 20 1909 17 1911 18 1914 15 Much of tlie ice disappeared. Ice cracking. Ice extending over lake very fast. Ice company has filled all its houses. Jan. Jan. Feb. Dec 14 18 Patrolman made first trip over ice Ice-men began to put up ice. Ice heaved up some. Best ice ever harvested; has been good in all places, and 10 to 18 to 24 inches thick. Snow 12 inches deep; ice all over trees and bushes, many trees broken down. Thickest ice this winter about 9 inches and the ice-men got about half a crop; lake frozen over four different times. Lake open from Long Point to Palmer House, wind in the north, ice very thin and rotten. Air 38°. Rained all night and wind shifted from south- east to north at 6 p. m. Air at zero in morning. Jan. 5 10 Dec 12 13 ■ ; \ Feb. Feb. Nov 24 2J^ Feb. 10 CONDITIONS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Year When first noted When lake practically froze over. Thickness Maxi.mum Thickness When went ofT. Date Thickness 1883 22 9 7.5 18 16 1893 January 5 December 9 9 3 January- December February March 5 14 13 19 1898 1899 November 12 November 14 November 25 March 25 1900 Decern l:)er 20 March 25 1901 3 March 25 1902 February 4 18 March 15 1903 March 15 1904 November 6 1905 February 20 24 March 26 1906 October 31 October 12 1907 March I" 1908 March 13 1909 March 3 1910 20 March 22 1911 March 12 1912 April 6 1913 13 14 March 14 1914 February 23 March 27 236 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey BIOLOGY Introduction More attention was naturally given to the biology of the lake than to the physical features. The scope of the investigations as originally planned contemplated as careful study of the vertebrate animals of the lake as time and facilities at command would per- mit. It soon became evident however, that no very satisfactory progress could be made with those groups without consideration of the plants and the various groups of invertebrate animals of the lake. It also became increasingly evident as the work pro- gressed that no hard and fast line could be drawn between the species directly related to the lake and those only indirectly so related. This fact was strongly impressed upon us when we came 10 study the habits of the mammals, reptiles, batrachians, and birds of the lake and vicinity, and the distribution of the trees and shrubs and other shore vegetation in their relation to the various species of insects upon which fishes and other aquatic animals feed. Many illustrations could be given of the ways in which various species of purely land animals and plants are related eco- logically to purely aquatic species inhabiting the lake. A few examples may be mentioned. One might think that the common house mouse and field mouse bear no relation to the life of the lake ; but we have found both in the stomachs of large-mouth black bass. We have found the raccoon feeding on the mussels of the lake. The larvae of certain species of dipterous insects of the genus Chironomus, are exceedingly abundant in the lake and constitute a very important part of the food of the fishes, also of several species of birds such as the various snipes, plovoi's, phalaropes, and even of rusty blackbirds, red-winged blackbirds, and crow black- birds. And in September and October, when these larvae com- plete their metamorphoses and the air and the trees along the shore about the lake become filled in the evening and on quiet days with vast swarms of the large mosquito-like insects, making the evening vocal with the constant humming of the millions on the wing, they then are fed upon by various species of birds, among which have been observed nighthawks, swallows, yellow-billed cuckoos, yellow-rumped warblers, and even red-headed woodpeck- ers and song sparrows. But the story does not end here. After the nuptial flight has been made, these insects, myriads upon myriads in number, and all about the lake, return to the surface of the water upon which they lay their eggs, and there fall a prey to various species of fishes from the tiny top minnow to the blue- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 237 gill, yellow perch, and lai'ge-mouth black bass. And the eggs laid by those which succeed in escaping all their enemies furnish enor- mous quantities of food to the multitude of little fishes hatched during the previous summer, while the eggs that escape, hatch sooner or later, and in their new form as Chironomus larvse, sup- ply even greater quantities of delicious food to the fishes of a some- what larger growth, and also to the turtles and young water-dogs in the water and to various species of birds which feed along the beach. But even this is not all the story. The millions of Chironomi, after having accomplished their only purpose in life by laying billions upon billions" of eggs, die, and their dead bodies, falling upon the surface of the lake or upon the land, are eaten by the fishes, birds, and small insectivores. One more illustration must suffice. When we came to study the shore vegetation we were struck by the number of trees, shrubs and other plants growing on the immediate lake shore, so close to the lake that their branches overhang the water more or less. The total number of species was not fewer than 50. Insects and in- sect eggs and larvae were observed on a great many of these trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants ; doubtless every species is fed upon or is the home of one or more species of insects. These insects fall upon or are blown out upon the water now and then. Many of them lay their eggs upon the leaves and these may fall off and into the water, carrying the eggs with them. The eggs that hatch produce caterpillars and other larvae which feed upon the leaves of the plant, and many, while feeding, drop into the water where, along with the adults and eggs that had fallen in, they become a prey of the fishes. This is one reason why many fishes come in near shore in the evening and at night; they are attracted there by the abundant and varied fish-food con- tributed to the lake by the plants along the shore. With interesting and important inter-relations such as these constantly forcing themselves upon our attention, the evidently proper thing to do was to make our study of the lake sufiiciently comprehensive to include all such problems as fully as possible; and this we have done. We therefore endeavored to make such observations as time would permit, not only of the physical features of the lake and immediately surrounding country, but also of most of the groups of animals and plants in and about the lake of which any of us possessed any knowledge. Unfortunately, and very naturally, our acquaintance with some groups was very limited indeed, and concerning those v/e are able to contribute little or nothing. 238 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surveij While considerable time has been devoted to the study of this lake, and while the amount of knowledge and information now pos- sessed and made available regarding it is probably greater than that possessed regarding any other lake in the world, there are many gaps in the record, many of them large and important. No one can realize this more fully or regret it more keenly than the writers. Nor can any one realize more fully than they the in- completeness and inadequacy of many of the observations, and how desirable it would be to have them repeatedly verified. A word of explanation regarding the arrangement of subjects in the following pages is perhaps necessary. As the investigations upon which this report has been based were made primarily in the interest of fish-culture, more attention was necessarily paid to the fishes than to any other group ; in fact, such studies as were made of other animals and of the plants were made only because it was believed such investigations would contribute some knowledge of value to the main purpose in view. In view of this fact we thought it best not to adhere too closely to a strictly systematic zoological and botanical arrangement of the various subjects. We have treated the fishes first, and the other groups have been presented in the order which we believe best for the objects in view. The various species considered have been presented from the natural history point of view rather than from that of the sys- tematist. We have even emphasized this thought by giving un- usual prominence to the common or vernacular names by making the scientific or binomial names subordinate to them, and by making the text as non-technical as seemed necessary. It is hoped and believed this treatment will contribute materially to the use and value of the publication. THE FISHES Introduction During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee, very naturally more attention was given to the fishes than to anything else. It was desired to know not only what species are represented in the local fauna but an effort was made to study each species from many points of view. Observations were therefore made regard- ing the abundance, distribution, breeding and feeding habits, pe- riod and rate of growth, age, and size at different ages, parasites, diseases, enemies, relation to other species, food value, commercial importance, importance to the angler, seasons and methods of cap- Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 239 ture and places where found, and many other problems the study of which was necessary to a full understanding of the life history of the species. Field observations and collecting were carried on in all available and possible places, in all sorts of weather, at all times of day and night, and at all seasons of the year, chiefly, how- ever, in the summer and fall months. Methods of Collecting Seining: — Seine collecting was, of course, the method most fre- quently used and the one yielding the largest collections and re- sults. The seines used were Baird collecting seines. When the physical conditions permitted a 45-foot seine was used; where the character of the bottom or any other factor prevented the success- ful use of so long a seine, a shorter one was used — sometimes one 15 feet long, at other times one 25 feet in length, and occasionally seines 20. 35, and 150 feet were used. Seining operations were begun July 5, 1899, the initial point being in front of the Duen- weg cottage (now known as "Shady Point"), which is on the lake shore just in front of the Arling-ton station. This cottage was rented by the Fish Commission and used as headquarters by the field party from July, 1899, to July, 1901. (See p. 34.) From the Duenweg cottage as the starting point the seining pro- ceeded southward along the west shore, eastward across the south part of the lake, then northward along the east side, and on around to the place of beginning. Each succeeding haul began where the preceding one ended, thus every yard of seinable water near shore was covered. Each haul of the seine was called a station and the hauls or stations were numbered consecutively beginning with No. 1. The following data were recorded for each station : Num- ber of station, location, length of seine, date (including hour), con- dition of sky, direction and strength of wind, temperature of air, temperature of water, maximum depth of water, character of bot- tom, vegetation as to character and extent, species of fishes caught and number of each, species of other animals caught (as turtles, batrachians, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.), and the number of each. Only a sufficient number of specimens of each species were pre- served for future study ; all others were returned to the water after being counted and their sizes and other readily observable char- acters determined. After some little experience in measuring the fishes we were able to estimate their lengths quite accurately. During the first part of July the entire circuit of the lake was made; and this was repeated during the corresponding part of 10— : 7618 240 Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Siirvey August and again in September. The principal objects in repeat- ing the work were to secure data on rate of growth, change in dis- tribution, abundance, habits, spawning condition, food, etc. A brief summary of the seining operations and results follows: July 5, 1:45 to 3:18 p. m. Stations 1 to 11, from Duenweg cottage southward to IMurray's; seine, 45 feet. Sky cloudy; no breeze; air 74°; water 76" to 78. 5^ All these hauls were made over a sandy bottom, thinly coated with marl in places, covered more or less with mussels (mostly dead), dead Vivipara con- tectoides, and two species of live gastropods which fasten to rocks and other objects. The bottom nearly everywhere was covered with a good growth of Chara, not tall but enough to cause the seine to roll a good deal. There was also a considerable growth of algse, and except in the first four or five hauls, there was a fringe of tall Scirpus (S. americanus near shore and S. valklus further out) , 20 to 40 feet wide and in water up to 18 inches in depth. Catch : Log perch, many ; yellow perch, 69 ; bluegill, about 50 ; grayback minnow, 10 ; rock bass, 8 ; straw bass, 9, mostly young ; small-mouth black bass, 7, young ; straw-colored minnow, 4 ; pump- kinseed, 2 ; skipjack, 1 ; and blunt-nosed minnow, 1. The majority of the bass were young-of-the-year, each about one inch long. The sunfish and perch were also small, and mostly one year old. July 6, 2 :48 to 5 p. m. Stations 12 to 29, from Murray's to 15 yards west of Farrar's pier; seine, 45 feet. Air 76°; water 77° to 79.5°. Bottom of sand and fine gravel with thin coating of marl in some places, covered with a good growth of Scirpus to the westward, but rare near Farrar's. This of course interfered with hauling the seine. Catch: Bluegill, 1,227; small-mouth black bass, 23; yellow perch, 30; log perch, many; skipjack, 27; blunt- nosed minnow, 11; grayback minnow, 2; pumpkinseed, 2; Iowa darter, 1 ; straw-colored minnow, 1. The bluegill was by far the most abundant species, the Scirpus patches literally swarming with them. They were nearly all young-of-the-year or of the preceding- year. Crawfishes, mussels, gastropods and algje were fairly com- mon. July 7, 1:40 to 4:03 p.m. Stations 30 to 52, from Farrar's pier eastward to the high wooded shore on southeast part of lake on Easterday's place; 45- and 15-foot seines used. Air 74°; water 76°. Bottom sandy with slight admixture of gravel to the west- ward with more or less mud or marl overgrown with Potamogeton, Scirpus and Chara in the last eight or ten hauls. A considerable bed of mussels off the McDonald cottage, and many gastropods. Lake Maxinlaickee, Phi/sieal cdkJ Biological Survey 241 Catch: Yellow perch, about 150; straw bass, 95; bluegill, about 200; small-mouth black bass, 36; grayback minnow, 113; skipjack, 13 ; straw-colored minnow, 12 ; log perch, 9 ; blunt-nosed minnow, 29 ; Notropis heterodon, 1 ; rock bass, 8 ; Johnny darter, 10; Iowa darter, 6; pumpkinseed, several; long-nosed gar, 6; creek chub, 2. July 8, 1 :40 to 3 :00 p. m. Stations 53 to 71, beginning at sta- tion 11 and working north to Arlington station ; 15-foot seine. Air about 73° ; water 76° to 78°. Hauls all in shallow water, near shore, and most productive where bottom was free from Scirpus. Catch: Yellow perch, 185; straw bass, 121; skipjack about 500 ; grayback minnow, 209 ; Johnny darter, 61 ; small-mouth black bass, 36; Notropis heterodon, 21; log perch, 33; low^a darter, 13; rock bass, 2 ; bluegill, 24 ; straw-colored minnow, 1 ; in the last five or six hauls the skipjack was quite abundant, most of the indi- viduals being young-of-the year. July 10, 1 :05 to 4:05 p. m. Stations 72 to 90, in southeast part of lake at station 52 and proceeding east and north to Norris's pier, omitting about 200 yards at mouth of Norris Inlet where the softness of the bottom made seining impossible. The bottom at the first stations was sandy with some slight growth of Potamog- eton in places. Nearing the Inlet the bottom becomes more and more composed of decaying vegetable matter and very soft, until finally for a few rods adjacent to the Norris Inlet on either side it is too soft for seining operations. Near the Norris Inlet the bottom was full of deeper mud holes 3 to 10 feet in diameter. Here also occur small patches of lily-pads — mostly Nymph?ea, but a few Castalia. The 15-foot seine was at first used, then a 45-foot seine was utilized. At station 82 near the little green boathouse 40 gar-pike {Lepisosteus osseus) were secured. Depth G feet or less; air temperature 80° ; water temperature 78° to 82°. Catch: Bluegill, about 400; yellow perch, 269; grayback min- now, 101 ; straw bass, 102 ; long-nose gar, 41 ; blunt-nose minnow, 40; log perch, 14; skipjack, many young; pumpkinseed, 14; small- mouth black bass, 9 ; straw-colored minnow, 23 ; rock-bass, 5 ; yel- low cat, 1 ; Johnny darter, 9; brook stickleback, 1 ; mad torn, 1. Young skipjacks were taken in great numbers at stations 76, 77 and 78, but only a few in any other hauls. Yellow peixh were usually abundant at every station, especially at No. 80. Bluegills were common in nearly every haul, especially at No. 79. There were added to the list in this series of hauls three species which had not been previously taken, namely, the yellow cat (sta- tion 77) ; mad torn (station 81), and the stickleback (station 89). 242 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey July 11, 2:00 to 4:45 p.m. Stations 91 to 110. Air 84°; water 81° to 84°; sky cloudy, showery late in evening; depth 3 feet and under; 45-foot seine. Began at Norris's pier and pro- ceeded up the east side to the McOuat cottage. For most of this distance the bottom is of sand and fine gravel, usually covered with a matting of Chara. In many places, stones, old tin cans, broken bottles and the like made seining difficult. Catch: Bluegill, C25 ; log perch, 190; skipjack, very many; small-mouth bass, 40 ; stiaw bass, 17 ; yellow perch, 101 ; rock bass, 45 ; grayback minnow, 17 ; pumpkinseed, 4 ; yellow cat, 1 ; silver- side, 1 ; and blunt-nose minnow, 1. The bluegill was by far the most abundant fish taken, 419 being in haul 109. Young skipjacks were very common, especially in hauls, 93, 104 and 106. The log perch was remarkably abundant, 58, 51, 40 and 64 being taken in hauls 101, 105, 107 and 110, re- spectively. In the last few hauls the water appeared roily, caused chiefly by the presence of much plankton, crustaceans and algae. July 12, 2:15 to 4:10 p.m. Stations 111 to 120. Air 87°; water 79° to 89°. These stations were in Norris Inlet. Begin- ning at the bridge where the road crosses, stations 111 to 117 fol- lowed up the creek to the heavy woods about its head, while sta- tions 118 to 120 were from the bridge down stream until the creek became lost in boggy ground. Seine, 15-foot. Catch : Straw bass, 79 ; bluegill, 22 ; mud minnow, 17 ; grass pike, 35 ; creek chub, 8 ; pumpkinseed, 4 ; and dog-fish, 3. The straw bass were all young, as were also most of the grass pike. The bottom was usually black soil, sand or decaying peaty matter. In shallow stagnant places the water was very warm. July 13, 1:45 to 2:55 p.m. Stations 121 to 131. Air 86°; water 76° to 80° ; depth 5 feet and under. Same ground seined over July 5, stations 1 to 11, but under different atmospheric con- ditions. A storm came from the northwest and swept across the north end of the lake while the work was in progress. Some rain fell and strong waves came in from the north. Catch : Bluegill, 331 ; yellow perch, about 325 ; rock bass, 52 ; grayback minnow, 35 ; log perch, 28 ; small-mouth bass, 13 ; straw bass, 7 ; pumpkinseed, 6 : Johnny darter, 3 ; hog sucker, 1 ; yellow cat, 1 ; blunt-nose minnow, 3. In haul 129, which was through a thick patch of Scirpus ameyncanus, young rock bass were very abundant, 28 being caught. Young yellow perch and bluegills also were abundant. July 17, 1:30 to 3:40 p.m. Stations 132 to 147, from the end Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 243 of Long Point to Arlington, connecting with station No. 1. Air 73° ; water 80° to 82° ; depth 2 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bot- tom sand, covered in most places with a more or less thick mat of Chara contraria, with a good deal of Vallisneria spiralis, Naias fiexilis and Potamogeton pectinaUis. Just off the end of Long Point is a large bed of mussels. Catch: Bluegill, 1,224; yellow perch, 432; pumpkinseed, 244; skipjack, 101; blunt-nose minnow, 21 ; rock bass, 10 ; yellow cat, 2 ; silverfin minnow, 6 ; log perch, 13; Notropis heterodon, 1. As may be seen from the above, blue- gills, skipjacks, pumpkinseeds, and yellow perch were very abund- ant. The vast majority of each of these species were young fish, either of-the-year or one year old. July 18, 1 :35 to 4 :25 p. m. Stations 148 to 168, beginning at the McOuat cottage (where station No. 110 ended) and proceeding northward to the Shirk cottage just north of the Maxinkuckee road. Air 80° ; water 80° to 84^° ; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Rocky shore and gravelly bottom, then sand and gravel bottom with some mud in places, with areas of Chara here and there. Catch: Bluegill, 1,430; log perch, 366; yellow perch, 202; skipjack, several hundred; small-mouth black bass, 114; silver-fin minnow, 29 ; silverside, 19 ; grayback minnow, 16 ; rock bass, 13 ; hog sucker, 6; straw bass, 11 ; blunt-nose minnow, 7. Young blue- gills were remarkably abundant, as many as 300 being taken in one haul. Log perch also were very abundant, 151 being taken in a single haul. Young skipjacks were exceedingly numerous. July 19, 2 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 169 to 184, beginning at the Shirk cottage and proceeding northward to near the Indiana boathouse. Air 84°; water 82° to 84°; depth 3 feet and under; seine 15-foot. Sky clear, wind from northwest, lake choppy. Catch : Yellow perch, 430 ; bluegill, about 250 ; grayback min- now, 124; skipjack, many young; small-mouth black bass, 38; straw bass, 45; log perch, 54; rock bass, 87; blunt-nose minnow, 10 ; pumpkinseed, 139 ; Johnny darter, 2 ; rot-gut minnow, 1 ; straw- colored minnow, 3. July 20, 1:42 to 4:05 p.m. Stations 185 to 202, northward from just south of Indiana boathouse to Aubeenaubee Bay. Air 87°; water 81° to 84°; depth 4 feet and under; seine, 15-foot at stations 185 to 187 and 202, 45-foot at all others. Sky broken cloudy, moderate breeze south by east. Catch: Bluegill, 669; log perch, 275; yellow perch, 160; skipjack, many young; small-mouth black bass, 69; straw bass, 19; pumpkinseed, 24; rock bass, 54; grayback minnow, 17; blunt-nose minnow, 4; long-nose gar, 1. July 21, afternoon. Stations 203 to 228, from northeast corner 244 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey of lake westward to The Roost. Air 89° ; water 79° to 88° ; depth, 2 feet and under; seine. 45-foot. Bottom at first mud then sand and some gravel. Much Chara, Pontederia, Scirpus and Potamog- eton. Catch: Skipjack, young, very abundant; bluegill, 267; straw bass, 203; yellow perch, 211; blunt-nose minnow, 84; log perch, 15 ; grayback minnow, 190 ; pumpkinseed, 50 ; rock bass, 43 ; yellow cat, 4 ; long-nose gar, 3 ; green sunfish, 1 ; small-mouth black bass, 26; Notrojns umbratilis, 12. July 22, 2 :00 to 5 :00 p. m. Stations 229 to 247, from The Roost westward to Kreutzberger's pier. Air 87° ; water 81° to 87° ; depth, 3 feet and under ; seine, 45-foot. Bottom unusually varied, ranging from mud and sand through gravel to boulders; much Chara and some Potamogeton. Catch: Bluegill, 1,187; log perch, 371; skipjack, numerous young; small-mouth black bass, 66; yellow perch, 158; straw bass, 17; rock bass, 27; pumpkinseed, 13; grayback minnow, 14; blunt- nose minnow, 5 ; silverside, 2. July 24, 2:15 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 248 to 263, from end of Long Point west and north to ice-houses. Air 87° ; water 83° to 86°; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom mud or marl, very little sand and no gravel. Usually a heavy growth of vegetation consisting chiefly of Vallisneria spiralis, Philotria canadensis, Potamogeton pectinatiis, P. amplifolms, Megalodonta beckii, Heteranthera dnbia, Naias flexUis, Chara contraria, and Potamogeton lucens. Right at the Outlet is a small patch of Nymphaea advena and a few plants of Castalia odorata. Just off the ice-houses diatoms are more abundant than at any other place in the lake. Catch: Yellow perch, 280 ; 'bluegill, 211; skipjack, numei'ous; pumpkinseed, 81 ; rock bass, 41 ; log perch, 38 ; warmouth, 6 ; straw bass, 21; small-mouth black bass, 9; bullhead, 4; Johnny darter, 2; grayback minnow, 2; short-nose gar, 1; grass pike, 1. In the series of hauls were secured the first specimens of short-nose gar and w^armouth. Most of the fish taken were young, as usual ; how- ever, some large fish were caught, among them a straw bass weigh- ing 4^ pounds and another of 2^ pounds. July 25, 2 :20 to 5 :00 p. m. Stations 264 to 280, from Kreut- berger's pier southward to the Assembly grounds. Air 86° ; water 81° to 86° ; depth 4 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom usually of sand, sometimes mud or marl in the deeper places. Vegetation, Eleocharis interstincta (the only patch in the lake), Scirpus validus and S. americanus, Vallisneria spiralis, Potamog- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 245 eton amplifolius and pectinatus, Myriojjhyllum verticillatum, Cera- tophyllum demei-sum, Philotria canadensis, Hydrodyction, etc. Catch: Bluegill, 67o plus many young; yellow perch 369 plus many young; rock bass, 147; pumpkinseed, 118; straw bass, 29; blunt-nose minnow, 18; skipjack, many young; grayback minnow, 13 ; small-mouth black bass, 6 ; silverside, 4 ; Notropis heterodon, 3 ; bullhead, 1 ; dogfish, 1 ; Johnny darter, 2 ; rotgut minnow, 2 ; warmouth, 1 ; chub sucker, 1 (first one caught of this species) . July 26, 2 :30 to 4 :45 p. m. Stations 281 to 293, from Assembly grounds pier south to ice-houses connecting with station 263, and completing the circuit of the lake. Air 83° ; water 84° and 86° ; depth 5 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom sandy, with some mud, covered with considerable Potamogeton, Chara and Scirpus. Catch: Yellow perch, 250; bluegill, 120; rock bass, 82; pump- kinseed, 81; skipjack, numerous young; straw bass, 20; grayback minnow, 11; log perch, 10; blunt-nose minnow, 4; grass pike, 4; Notropis heterodon, 13; small-mouth black bass, 2; warmouth, 2; Johnny darter, 1 ; yellow cat, 1. July 27, 1 :05 to 3 : 30 p. m. Stations 294 to 312, all but the last eight in lagoons in the Military Academy grounds the remaining eight in Culver Inlet from the upper lagoon into the woods about three-fourths of a mile above. Air 80° ; water 65° to 84° ; depth 5 feet and under; seine, 15-foot. Bottom of soft mud near shore, gravelly nearer center in the lagoon ; creek mostly muddy bottom and marshy shores. Catch : Straw bass, 186 ; creek chub, 69 ; bluegill, 52 ; chub sucker, 29 ; rotgut minnow, 14 ; Notropis heterodon, 10 ; grass pike, 8 ; yellow perch, 5 ; mud minnow, 3 ; warmouth, 3 ; small-mouth black bass, 4; pumpkinseed, 5; yellow cat, 7; rock bass, 2; mad tom, 1, July 28, 2:25 to 3:55 p.m. Stations 313 to 327, in the Outlet from Lake Maxinkuckee to Lost Lake. Air 81° ; water 82.5° to 83°; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 15-foot. Bottom gravelly for a few feet in upper portion, then sandy, then of soft muck. Catch : Bluegill, 514 ; straw bass, 43 ; warmouth, 16 ; pumpkin- seed, 16; skipjack, several; rock bass, 4; grass pike, 4; big-eared sunfish, 2 ; yellow cat, 1 ; Fundidus dispar, 1 ; calico bass, 1 ; chub sucker, 1. July 29, 3:05 to 3:50 p.m. Stations 328 to 341, east side of Lost Lake from Sunset cottage south to muck bottom at southwest end. Air 77° ; water 82° to 83.5° ; depth 2 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom sandy or muddy, with much Chara, some Scirpus and some lily-pads. 246 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Catch: Bluegill, many, mostly yomig; Notropis heterodon, 78; pumpkinseed, 7 ; skipjack, several ; straw bass, 11 ; small-mouth black bass, 3 ; grass pike, 3 ; blunt-nose minnow, 2 ; grayback min- now, 1 ; red-eared sunfish, 1. July 31, 1 :40 to 3 :45 p. m. Stations 342 to 363, north and west shores of Lost Lake. Air 76° ; water, 81° to 86° ; depth 4 feet and under; seines, 15-foot and 45-foot. Bottom sand or mud with much vegetation, such as lily-pads (Nymph^ea and Castalia), Scirpus, Myriophyllum, Chara, etc. Afternoon pleasant, growing hazy toward evening; very little breeze. Catch: Bluegill, abundant, mostly young; Notropis heterodon, many; skipjack, many; red-eared sunfish, 22; straw bass, 32; pumpkinseed, 24 ; Fundidus dispar, 6 ; small-mouth black bass, 2 ; blunt-nose minnow, 4 ; mud minnow, 1 ; grass pike, 1 ; warmouth, 3; chub sucker, 2. August 1, 1:37 to 3:30 p.m. Stations 364 to 379, west side of Lost Lake from Hawk's barn south to where the lake narrows, then a few hauls in the outlet and two hauls (Nos. 378 and 379) on east side of outlet. This entire stretch of shore was not seined, as patches of Castalia, etc., made it impossible in some places. The water was very clear and the sunfish could be seen swimming about in large numbers. Air 82° ; water 78° to 79° ; depth 3.5 feet and under; seines, 15- and 45-foot. Bottom mostly of mud and muck. Rank vegetation. Catch : Bluegill, about 200 ; red-eared sunfish, about 50 ; Fundulus dispar, 66 ; Notropis heterodon, about 30 ; straw bass, 16 ; warmouth, 19 ; chub sucker, 4 ; grass pike, 2 ; yellow perch, 2 ; small- mouth black bass, 6; least darter, 3; skipjack, 1; Johnny darter, 1. August 2, afternoon. Stations 380 to 390, in the Outlet be- tween the two lakes, over the same grounds as Nos. 313 to 327. Air, 82° ; water, 83.5° to 84° ; depth 2 feet or less; seine, 15-foot. Catch : Bluegill, 307 and many young ; straw bass, 152 ; small- mouth black bass, 17 ; warmouth, 15 ; red-eared sunfish, 12 ; rock bass, 8 ; grass pike, 4 ; mud minnow, 2 ; calico bass, 1 ; least darter, 1 ; Fundidus dispar, 1 ; green sunfish, 2. August 3, afternoon. Stations 391 to 395, beginning in front of Arlington thence southward. Air 84° ; water 80° ; depth 4 feet and under ; seine, 120-foot. Catch : Yellow perch, 243 ; bluegill, 85 ; log perch, 125 ; small- mouth black bass, 49 ; rock bass, 36 ; grayback minnow, 41 ; straw bass, 46; blunt-nose minnow, 2. August 4, afternoon. Stations 396 to 422. First 6 hauls southward from Green's pier, the next in the marsh about Norris Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 247 Inlet, and the remaining ones (Nos. 411 to 422) in Aubeenaubee Creek. Air 83°; water, 84.5° to 85.5° in the lake, 72° to 73 in the creek; depth, 2 feet and under; seine, 25-foot in lake, 15-foot in creek. Catch in the lake : Yellow perch, 52 ; log perch, 30 ; bluegill, 25 ; straw bass, 21 ; small-mouth black bass, 12 ; grayback minnow, 46 ; blunt-nose minnow, 8; skipjack, 1 ; pumpkinseed, 1 ; Johnny darter, 1; yellow cat, 2. In marsh: Mud minnow, 11; grass pike, 2. In creek: Creek chub, 57; mud minnow, 10; grass pike, 9; chub sucker, 1 ; silverside, 1 ; straw bass, 2 ; Maxinkuckee darter, 1 ; Aubeenaubee darter, 11: rotgut minnow, 7. Crawfish and frogs abundant. August 7, 2 : 15 to 3 :00 p. m. Stations 423 to 426, the first two hauls between Norris pier and Norris Inlet, the other two near Fulton's pier. Air 76° ; water 80° ; depth 6 feet and under; seine, 125-foot. Catch : Bluegill, 401 ; log perch, 576 ; yellow perch. 111 ; small- mouth black bass, 147 ; straw bass, 48 ; skipjack, 73 ; grayback min- now, 50 ; calico bass, 7 ; rock bass, 10 ; pumpkinseed, 3 ; Johnny darter, 1. August 10, 9:30 to 10:00 a.m. Stations 427 to 433, on east side of Long Point from the Armstrong to the Scovell cottage. Air 83° ; water 79° ; morning foggy following heavy rain the day be- fore ; depth, 2 feet and under ; seine, 15-foot. Catch: Grayback minnow, 74; skipjack, about 100; rock bass, 23 ; bluegill, 16 ; yellow perch, 40 ; Notropis heterodon, 11 ; Iowa darter, 12; Johnny darter, 12; straw bass, 8; log perch, 8; straw- colored minnow, 6 ; blunt-nose minnow, 1 ; small-mouth bass, 1. August 11, mornmg. Stations 434 to 439, on east side of Long Point from the Meyer to the Armstrong cottage. Air 87° ; water 81° ; depth 2 feet and under; seine, 15-foot. Catch: Skipjack, about 1,000; bluegill, 135; yellow perch, 108; grayback minnow, 58; straw bass, 30 ; Iowa darter, 38 ; rock bass, 29 ; Johnny darter, 4 ; small-mouth black bass, 4; log perch, 1. September 6, afternoon. Stations 440 to 447, in Outlet between the two lakes. Air, 70° ; water, 74° ; seine, 15-foot. Catch: Blue- gill, about 250; least darter, 26; straw bass, 22; warmouth, 24; Fundulus dispar, 25; skipjack, 6; green sunfish, 3; yellow cat, 2; pumpkinseed, 1 ; Notropis heterodon, 2 ; grass pike, 1. July 17, 1900. 1:00 to 2:30 p. m. Stations 448 to 451. also 460, from Fish Commission pier south to below the first Scirpus patch, 452 to 459, from Arlington pier north to the linden tree. Air, 77° ; water, 77° ; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 25-foot. 248 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Catch : Yellow perch, 196 ; bluegill, 141 ; grayback minnow, 96; skipjack, 81; Notrojris heterodon, 64; small-mouth black bass, 84 ; straw bass, 34 ; pumpkinseed, 25 ; Johnny darter, 7 ; log perch, 5; rock bass, 3; mad tom, 1. The 'oass ^small- and large-mouth) were each about 2 inches long (some only 13/16 inch) and were doubtless present year brood : The yellow perch, bluegills, rock bass, log perch and skip- jacks were nearly all of the present year's brood. July 18, 2 :30 to 3 :30 p. m. Stations 461 to 467, at south end from Overmyer's spring west to small brook coming out of Over- myer's woods. Air, 74° : water, 79°. Seine, 30-foot. Catch : Bluegill, 58 ; small-mouth black bass, 39 ; straw bass, 25 ; yellow perch, many ; grayback minnow, many ; Notropis heter- odon, several ; rock bass, 4 ; Johnny darter, 2 ; Iowa darter, 1 ; skip- jack, 1 ; blunt-nose minnow, 6 ; common bullhead, 1. The small-mouth bass were all approximately of the same size and averaged 1^ inches long. The one straw bass saved measured IJj inches long. The two rock bass measured were Ij and 1.06 inches long, and the yellow perch averaged lij inches. All of these were evidently of the 1900 brood. The graybacks averaged 2.34 inches and 6 examples of Nofropis heterodon, 2.34 inches. The examples of these two species were probably 2 or 3 years old. July 19, 2 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 468 to 481, from Murray's to Farrar's. Air, 80° ; v/ater, 79° ; seine, 30-foot. Catch : Small-mouth black bass, 175 ; log perch, 25 ; straw bass, 18 ; grayback minnow, 13 ; yellow perch, 12 ; rock bass, 3 ; skipjack, 2 large schools of young (hauls 473 and 474) ; straw-col- ored minnow, 46 ; Iowa darter, 2. August 7, 11:30 to 12:00 m. Stations 482 and 483, at Fish Commission pier. Air, 89°; water, 82°; seine, 45-foot. Catch : Bluegill, 50 ; yellow perch, several ; log perch, many : straw bass, few ; small-mouth black bass, few. Some of the blue- gills weie large. August 9, 9 :00 p. m. Stations 484 and 485, at Fish Commis- sion pier, with 45-iOot seine. Air, 85° ; water, 82°. Catch: Blue- gill, many ; rock bass, common ; yellow perch, common ; straw bass, small-mouth black bass, log perch, straw-colored minnow, blunt- nose minnow, skipjack and grayback minnow, few ; walleyed pike, one 10-inch example. August 10, 9:00 p. m. Station 486, at Fish Commission sta- tion, with 120-foot seine. Air, 85°; water, 80°. Catch: Bluegill, abundant ; rock bass and yellow perch, few large and many young ; straw bass, small-mouth black bass, log perch, straw-colored min- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and BioUxjical Survey 249 now, blunt-nose minnow, skipjack and grayback minnow, few ; and one 10-inch walleyed pike. August 14, 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 487 to 506, in Aubeenaubee Creek from near source to mouth, with 15-foot seine. Air, 70°; water, 63° to 66°. Catch: Creek chub, a few in nearly every haul; mud min- now, from 1 to many in each of 6 hauls; yellow perch, from 2 to a few in each of 5 hauls; rotgut minnow, a few in each of 9 hauls; Aubeenaubee darter, a few in each of 2 hauls ; straw bass, 4 young ; small-mouth black bass, 2; bluegill, 1 young; silverside, 1; blunt- nose minnow, 1 ; grass pike, 1 ; black-nose dace, 2. August 16, 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 507 to 528, in Norris Inlet beginning near its source and proceeding down stream, with 15-foot seine. Air, 72°, Catch : No record was kept of the number of specimens taken ; the record shows only the species taken at each haul. In the following summary the figure following each species name in- dicates the number of hauls at which one or more specimens of that species were taken: Bluegill, 6; silverside, 11; mud minnow, 8; straw bass, 7 ; creek chub, 4 ; yellow perch, 4 ; yellow cat, 6 ; pump- kinseed, 2; small-mouth black bass, 1; grass pike, 3; crawfish, 6; frogs, 5; shells, 2. August 17, 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 529 to 539, in Culver Inlet from near its source to first lagoon. Air, 91°. The following species were taken in the number of hauls indi- cated : Bluegill, 2 ; straw bass, 3 ; silverside, 8 ; yellow cat, 3 ; yellow perch, 1 ; long-nosed gar, 2 ; black-nosed dace, 1 ; white sucker, 1 ; mud minnow, 2 ; hornyhead chub, 1 ; chub sucker, 1 ; rotgut minnow, 1. At 8 p. m. on August 18, two hauls were made at the Fish Com- mission pier with the 15-foot seine, catching many skipjacks, sev- eral straw bass, black bass, bluegills, log perch, Iowa darters, Johnny darters, grayback minnows, rock bass, and yellow perch. August 21, 3:10 to 5:00 p.m. Stations 540 to 563. Air, 65° to 81°; water 76° to 84°. Nos. 540 to 554 were in Culver Inlet from the bend east of the Academy grounds to the mouth at the Academy pier. Mud bottom everywhere with much marsh gas. Vegetation abundant; Potamogeton natans, Ceratophyllum. Phil- otria, and water-cress. The species gotten in this part of the creek were, in order of abundance, bluegill, straw-colored minnow, roach, yellow perch, straw bass, pumpkinseed, chub sucker, warmouth, rock bass, yel- low cat, grass pike, white sucker, small-mouth black bass, silver- 250 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey side, creek chub, blunt-nose minnow, skipjack, stone-roller, com- mon bullhead, and Johnny darter. There were also crawfish, painted turtles, snapping turtles, map turtles, and water-dogs. Nos. 555 to 559 were in the Outlet between the railroad bridge and Lost Lake; Nos. 560 and 561 in northwest corner of Lost Lake at the boat landing; Nos. 562 and 563 on west side of Lost Lake just south of Hawk's barn. The following is the list of fishes obtained, in order of abund- ance: Bluegill, skipjack, rock bass, pumpkinseed, warmouth, chub sucker, straw bass, small-mouth black bass, yellow perch, grass pike, common bullhead, least darter, red-eared sunfish, Fimdulus disyar, and several painted turtles. August 23, 7 :00. to 8 :45 a. m. Stations 564 to 575, from Fish Commission station southward, with 35- and 20-foot seines. Air, 70° to 78°; water, 80°. Cloudy, calm and threatening in morn- ing, strong puffy wind at 10 a. m. and lake rough. The species obtained, in order of abundance, were: Bluegill, straw-colored minnow, blunt-nose minnow, satinfin, log perch, Iowa darter, Johnny darter, yellow perch, small-mouth black bass, straw bass, grayback minnow, rock bass, skipjack, and pumpkinseed. The Iowa darters and Johnny darters were near shore, the log perch a little farther out, quite abundant and very fine. August 25, 3 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 576 to 585, in the outlet below Lost Lake at the old millsite. Air, 84° ; water, 77°. Catch : Bluegill, 80 : pumpkinseed, 29 ; Fimdidus dispar, 20 ; Iowa darter, 11; chub sucker, 9; straw bass, 4; skipjack, 4; com- mon bullhead, 3 ; roach, 3 ; small-mouth black bass, 2. September 20, 8 :30 to 9 :30 p. m. Stations 586 to 595, in front of Fish Commission station with 25- and 45-foot seines. Air, 71°; water, 67°. Fish very abundant, the following species taken: Bluegill, numerous small ones ; yellow perch, many small and a few large ; skipjack, many small; rock bass, a few large and many small; calico bass, 5 ; straw-colored minnow, few ; grayback minnow, few ; mad torn, few; walleyed pike, one very large and 2 smaller ones; white sucker, 2 large ones; dogfish, one large male; a few small crawfish; one large bullfrog; one large map turtle. September 22, 6 :45 to 7 :35 a. m. Stations 596 to 600, between Fish Commission station and first Scirpus patch south. Air, 52° ; water, 65°. Sky with light clouds; slight northwest breeze; lake smooth. Seines, 15- and 25-foot. Catch: Log perch, many; small-mouth black bass, several; skipjack, straw bass, rock bass, yellow perch, bluegill and Iowa Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 251 darter, a few young of each ; Johnny darter, 1 ; map turtle, 1 young; crawfish, 5. October 23, forenoon. Stations, 601 to 607, in upper half of Outlet, in open water with 25-foot seine. Air, 65° ; water, 64°. Catch: Straw bass, a great many (75 in first haul), each 4 to 6 inches long, a few larger ; bluegill, many small ones ; warmouth, several ; red-eared sunfish, many, medium size ; pumpkinseed, 3 small ones; rock bass, 5 young; grass pike, 2 young; mud min- now, 1; Fiindidus dispar, 3; Johnny darter, Iowa darter, and least darter, several of each ; yellow cat, several young. Also a few larval salamanders and cricket frogs. November 28, morning. Stations 608 and 609, with 15-foot seine, in front of Barnes cottage just north of Arlington pier, for skipjacks of which about 2 gallons were caught. With them were a few small straw-colored minnows and blunt-nose minnows. Besides the more or less regular seining operations detailed in the preceding paragraphs, considerable miscellaneous seining was done at odd times for diverse specific purposes, among which may be mentioned getting material for studies of structure, fish-food, parasites, growth, spawning, enemies, coloration, variation, asso- ciation and distribution. In these cases the seine hauls were not recorded in the regular series and, usually, only those matters especially under consideration were noted. This miscellaneous seining, however, yielded much valuable data on many of these questions. Late in the summer and early fall many hauls were made at night, chiefly with a short seine and in shallow water along the east side of Long Point. These operations demonstrated that there is a general inshore movement at night, not only of the carnivorous species but of other kinds as well; and many of the fishes caught were of large size. Among those that were frequent in these night catches were large-mouth bass, small-mouth black bass, dogfish, walleyed pike, white sucker and water-dogs. All of these except the sucker evidently come in shore at night to feed on the smaller fry abundant in shallow water, as was demonstrated by an exam- ination of many stomachs. Late in the fall and early winter considerable seining was done with a small seine in shallow water both in the day time and at night for the purpose of securing study material of the small min- nows which it was discovered congregate in vast schools at that season. Some of these great schools, consisting of thousands of fish, were found to be made up chiefly of straw-colored minnows with fewer of the variable-toothed minnow, a few of the Cayuga 252 Lake Maxinkvckee, Physical and Biological Siirveij minnow and a few grayback minnows ; other schools would be com- posed of grayback minnows almost entirely, and still others of skipjacks. Gill-nets: — Several g-ill-nets were used in July, 1899. but, as the results were chiefly negative, their use was discontinued at the end of that month. Nets of 2, 2-i and 3^ inch (bar) mesh were used. The nets were tried in various places, in water of different depths, at dif- ferent depths (sometimes at the surface, and again at intermediate depths), and under diverse conditions. The conclusion reached after a month's trial was that the results obtained did not justify the time and labor involved. Only 4 different species of fishes were taken in the gill-nets ; these, in order of numbers taken, were straw bass, yellow perch, walleyed pike and long-nosed gar. The bass were of moderate size (from | to 1\ lbs.), the perch were all of good size, the single walleyed pike weighed 2 pounds, and the single gar was 27 inches long. The coarse-mesh net caught nothing ; the 2-inch mesh was most effective. The majority of the fish caught were in nets set in shallow water; none was caught as deep as 25 feet. The nets set at the edge of bars or deep holes were the ones in which fish were most often taken. Those set near the surface yielded more than when set deeper in the same water. More fish were caught at night than during the day. One of the principal objects in using gill-nets was to determine whether the Tippecanoe Cisco (Leucichthys sisco) inhabits this lake. The tests seemed to demonstrate that it does not. Set-lines: — A number of tests were made with set-lines, chiefly in the south part of the lake and in Lost Lake. It was desired to know what species could be taken in this manner, the most suitable places for each, the best kinds of bait, the best season, etc. Only negative results were obtained in deep water, and usually in all other places except on muddy bottom. The only species caught were yellow cat, common bullhead cat, dogfish, rock bass, water-dog, snapping turtle, soft-shell turtle, map turtle and musk turtle. The catfish could generally be taken in considerable num- bers on mud or marl bottom, especially in Lost Lake. Many water- dogs and turtles also were taken in the same and similar places. Only a few dogfish were caught. Various kinds cf bait were used, the principal ones being beef, liver, mussel, crawfish, and cut fish. Liver seemed bost, though all were effective. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 253 The interesting fact is that none of the basses (except rock bass) or perches was taken by this means. Traps: — Various sorts of minnow traps were used to some ex- tent. The results were unimportant. Necessarily only small fishes could be caught in this way, and, as the traps were set at some pier, only those shallow water species frequenting such places entered the traps. These, approximately in order of abundance, were the straw-colored minnow, blunt-nosed minnow, grayback, young yellow perch, skipjack, Johnny darter, young bluegills and young rock bass. Dredging: — One of the most important parts of the investiga- tion of the lake was the dredging. It is to the work of the dredge that we owe much of our knowledge of the character of the bot- tom ; indeed, all our knowledge of the deeper parts except what could be inferred from such portions of mud as adhered to the sounding-lead. It is also to the dredge that we owe all our knowl- edge of the character and distribution of the flora of the lake ex- cept in the very shallow portions about shore, and all we know about many animals^ — mollusks, insect larvse and crustaceans — which escape other means of capture, such as the seines near shore and the plankton nets at the difi'erent plankton stations and at the surface. The dredge covered a greater amount of territory and yielded a larger assemblage of objects and data than was furnished by any other implement except the seine. It is not only material, but also conditions that are revealed by the opera- tions of the dredge ; and what was learned of the winter behavior of the plants and animals of the lake was obtained chiefly by the use of this valuable instrument. Indeed, so multifarious are the lines of investigation in which the dredge is used, that the instrument is to a considerable extent concealed behind its work, and, unlike those instruments used but for a single end, such as the thermometer to take temperatures, the seine to capture fishes, the plankton nets to collect minute organ- isms, etc., it is not always recognized at its full value or associated in mind with all the results it accomplished or helps accomplish. It is, therefore, well to call attention to the fact that not only this brief chapter on dredging, but also the greater part of what has been written concerning the lake bottom, nearly all relating to lake botany, and much concerning food of fishes, and of the ecology of the lake, are due to the operations of this useful instrument. Of the immense number of dredge hauls made, many need not be specifically considered in this discussion, either because the re- sults obtained have been fully treated elsewhere in connection with 254 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the consideration of the lake bottom or of aquatic botany or the various other subjects mentioned above, or because they are so similar to others given as general types that their repetition would be monotonous without giving any additional information; they serve the important but not spectacular function of confirming and witnessing to the facts presented in the typical hauls. A good deal of the dredging in shallow water in such places as Outlet Bay, the Norris Inlet region, the Weedpatch, etc., was ac- complished by means of a common garden rake, which was used principally during the winter through holes cut in the ice. The rake is not well adapted for use from a boat during the summer, as the manipulation of it requires the use of both hands, and the boat answers too readily to any pull to enable one to get much pur- chase on objects in the bottom. Two men in a boat, one at the oars and one with the rake can, however, accomplish a good deal in shallow water. When operated either through holes in the ice or from a boat, the rake is useful only in rather shallow water. By fastening a splice to the handle one can work 10 to 12-foot depths fairly well, but beyond this the rake becomes too unwieldy; the handle is too buoyant to allow one to force the rake-head down to the bottom, and too flexible to work the rake satisfactorily when down. The rake was used extensively during the winter of 1900-1901 and again in 1904. By its means the condition and behavior of the lake plants during the winter were observed, the kinds of soil adhering to their roots noted, and, by washing the plants out in water and straining the resulting liquid, numerous important forms, amphipods, isopods, crawfishes, small mollusks, caddis cases with the enclosed larvae, damsel- and dragon-fly larvae, leeches, worms, and protozoa were obtained. Various species of darters (Etheostoma ioivx; Boleosoma nigrum) mad toms (Schilbeodes gyrinus), Sticklebacks {Eucalia incoustans) , and the young of many of the game and food-fishes (bluegill, rock bass, etc.) which were among the weeds feeding upon the insect larvae and amphipods were also captured in the entangled masses of weeds. For deep water and for summer work various forms of dredges were used, one of the most effective consisting of a sort of double- toothed comb made by fastening together a series of parallel pieces of moderately heavy strap-iron (like that used for tires of light wagons). The pieces of strap-iron, about 18 inches long, with a hole drilled through the center of each, and 2 crosspieces of simi- lar strap-iron, one on each side, were riveted to these parallel Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 255 pieces, which became the teeth. The teeth were sharpened and bent in the form of a half circle. A ring was fastened to each end of the crosspieces and to these the dredge-rope was fastened. The resulting dredge, let down to the bottom, was certain to land on one side or the other, and, like the cant hook of the logger's camp, was sure to take hold of whatever it touched, and almost al- ways brought up something. Below is given, in tabulated form, a record of various dredge hauls and their results. In the first table, an attempt is made, by selecting from a large series of records and arranging in sequence of depth, to give the results obtained by hauls at different depths, proceeding from 1 to 3 feet deep to water 85 feet, close to the greatest depth to be found in the lake. These tables serve to show in detail what, of course, was well known in a general way, that the greater number of forms, both plant and animal, are most abundant in the shallow water, the first few feet near the surface containing the great majority of organ- isms in the lake, the deeper waters being comparatively tenantless. Only 2 living forms descend to the greatest depths ; one a "red- worm" or Chironomus larva, which comes up to near the surface during the night to obtain air. This is one of the most attractive and highly prized tidbits of the various fishes of the lake, and can retire into the depths beyond the pursuit of the most adventurous. The other organism is a species of Sphserium. How it can live in these depths where the water is devoid of oxygen is a mystery. In this connection attention may be called to the habits of a species of Sphserium found in the woodland ponds near the lake. These ponds are dry during the greater portion of the year, and at this time the Sphserium remains among the moist leaves of the bottom, apparently in the condition of suspended animation. The two hab- its, — one manifested above the lake surface and the other far below, are apparently quite similar. The following is a brief resume of the life at difi'erent depths, as shown by the dredging and tables: From 1 to 14 feet, the great mass of life, both plant and animal, of the lake; 24-25 feet, lower limit of plant growth, Nitella being the only plant found in any abundance at 25 feet ; 30-35 feet, lower limit of nearly all animal life except the 2 organisms mentioned above ; lower limit of Vivipara contectoides, one of the most abund- ant and widely distributed organisms of the lake. 17-17618 256 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TABLE OF DREDGING AND RESULTS Depth in feet No. of haul Date Locality Apparatus Results 1-3 Oct. 22, 1904 Off from ice- houses Rake Bottom; dark, soft, marl. Plants; winter buds of ditch moss (Pliilotria), hornwort (Ceratophyllum), and stolonsj of wild celery. (Vallisneria), much green algae, and Chara, the Chara mostly brown but with bright green bits here and there. Animals; isopods abundant; leeches common; amphipods numerous; large dragon-fly larvae common; various mollusks, such as Ancylus, Vivipara contectoides, old and young, Plan- orbis ezacutus; there were a[few crawfishes, (Cambarus propinquus). 1-3 1-3 Oct. ;_31, 1904 Jan. 12, 1901 Off from ice- houses Outlet Bay Rake Rake Bottom; dark, soft, marly. Vegetation; much as above; chiefly Chara and leaves of wild celery. Animals; Pisidium, Spheerium , Planorbis, and Isopods in abundance; some Hydrachnids; Ancylus found attached to the leaves of wild celery. Bottom; dark, soft, marly. Plants; Stout Naias (Naias flexilis robusta), hornwort, milfoil, shining pondweed (Pot- amogeton liicens), large-leaved pondweed (P. amplifolius), all green; Chara, mostly brown and dead-looking but with bright | green shoots. Animals; Iowa darteis, various gastiopods, several crawfishes and numeious leathery caddis-cases, the latter elongate and attached to weeds. 3-4 Many hauls. . Various times (Novembei and December.) Winter of 1904. Near Norris Inlet Rake Bottom; black, peaty. Plants; principally Chara. Animals; gastropods of vaiious sorts — Gonio- basis, Planorbis, etc.; fishes — Iowa darteis, mad toms (Schilbeoda gyrinus), young cat- fishes (Ameiurus nebulcsus), a few stickle- backs (Eucalia inconstans), and numerous young bluegills {Lepcmis pallidus), about IH to 2 inches long, and crawfishes, the animals being all tangled up in the weeds. 5 14 Aug. [I4,'l899 Near Murray's. . Dredge Plants; Chara. Animals; 2 crawfishes, 1 banded snail (Vivi- para contectoides), Bryozoan [Plumatella polymorpha), 2 gastropods. 10 Nov._18,'j904 Off Depot Pier Rake Plants; water marigold (Megalodonta beckii), green; Philotria with dense winter buds, Cer- atophyllum loo.se (not compacted into winter buds). Small Potamogeton amplifoliiis. Animals; Plumatclla polymorjjha attached to the Potamogeton. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 257 TABLE OF DREDGING AND RESULTS— Continued Depth in feet No. ot haul Date Locality .Vpparatus Results 10 12 Aug. 14, 1899 Bulrushes from off Murray's. . Dredge Animals; 14 living, dead, Vhipara contecloides, 4 living Sphariuni, 4 Physa, 2 Planorbis, 5 long gastropods (Goniobasis'), 2 crawfishes, 2 unios. 10 13 Aug. 14, 1899 Near Murray's . . Dredge Animals; 4 crawfishes; 11 V. contecloides; 6 liv- ing gastropods, 2 living Spharium; 1 young living Phiisa; 1 Iowa darter. 10 33 Aug. 24, 1899 Top of Sugar- loaf Bar . . . Dredge Plants; much vegetation, weeds, etc. Animals; many living Viripara and other gas- tropods. 12-18 24 Aug. 16, 1899 End of Bar Buoy Dredge Plants: Chara; much weed. LlO-20 28 Aug. 23, 1899 South side of Sugar- loaf Dredge Bottom; some fine marl. Animals; 11 large mussels, 5 of them alive. Haul chiefly of broken shells, representing all the common species, V. contecloides, long black gastropods, and Planorbis being very common. 16-14 Aug. 6, 1900 South end of lake east side of Kettlehole. Dredge Plants; Potomogeton and y'aias. Animals; mud minnow (Umbra limi). Two other Umbra were obtained a few days earlier in a similar place. 18 18 Aug. 15, 1899 "25-ft. hole". Dredge Plants; much weed (Myriophyllum). Animals; a few decayed shells of Planorbis and Sph(erium. 20 1 Aug. 14, 1899 Hole off Gravelpit. Dredge Bottom; muil. Plants; weeds. Animals; nothing living; a few dead shells. 20 7 Aug. 14, 1899 Bar north of 85-ft. hole.. Dredge Animals; The lollowing shells, all dead and more or less deca>ed: Viiipara conlectoidis; many Sphcrnum; Planorbis, Phyxa; 1 Anodonta. Living animals 6 ret! worms (Chironomvs larva) and 1.5 living Sphwrium. 26-24 21 Aug. 10, 1899 Flatiron bar buoy . . Dredge Bottom; marl. Animals; 1 Unio, empty andj broken shells representing all varieties; numerous red worms; some living Spharium. 258 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey TABLE OF DREDGING AND RESULTS— Continued Depth in feet No. of haul Date Locality Apparatus Results 27-26 26 Aug. 16, 1899 Station where Far- rar line crosses bar. Dredge Chiefly broken shells. 20-30 32 Aug. 24, 1899 North side of Sugar- loaf bar Dredge Bottom: chiefly gravel (rough, not rounded), ranging from stones the size of hen's eggs down to very small sand. Annuals; 1 red worm, some broken V. contec- toides, several S-pharhim . 31 15 Aug. 14, 1899 Near Kettle- hole Dredge Animals; dead V. contectoides, Spharium and black sharp gastropods; 1 living Spharium. 35 11 Aug. 14, 1899 Kettlehole. . Dredge Bottom; much mud. Plants; none living; a few leaves. Animals; a white worm; 3 dead V. contectoides. 33-38 25 Aug. 16, 1899 Along bar from buoy Dredge Animals; chiefly dead and broken shells; dead and empty V. contectoides, Planorbis, Physa, Sphwrium , and black sharp gastropods. Some living Spharium; 7 red worms. No plants but a few bits of leaf. 40 10 Aug. 14, 1899 Kettlehole.. . Dredge Animals; dead shells, V. contectoides, Planorbis, and Physa. 40-50 9 Aug. 14, 1899 W. of 85-ft. buoy, off Long Point. Dredge . Plants; none; several dead leaves. Animals; dead Sphcerium; 1 dead V. contect- oides; 28 living Sphitrium; 2 red worms. 50 17 Aug. 15, 1899 Channel in front of Arlington Dredge Plants; none, some dead oak leaves. Animals; numerous Sphcrrium, some dead V. contectoides: 4 red worms. 60 8 Aug. 14, 1899 W. of 85-ft. buoy Dredge Plants; none; a few dead leaves. Animals; 1 dead gastropod; 1 red worm; 25 li\'ing Sphcerium. 70-85 5 Aug. 14, 1899 Near Deep Hole Dredge Plants: none; some black, dead leaves. Animals; living Sphcerium several; 6 red worms. 80-85 4 Aug. 14, 1899 Near Deep Hole Dredge Animals; Spharium, many dead; a few dead V. contectoides and Planorbis; 1 red worm. 80-85 3 Aug. 14, 1899 Near Deep Hole Dredge Animals; many dead Sphcurium. 2 living ones; 1 red worm. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 259 Series of correlated haids: — In addition to the above tabulated hauls, the records of which were selected out of a large list and so arranged as to show as far as possible gradually increasing depths, the following table is given of certain sets of hauls made in series, beginning in deeper water and gradually working toward shal- lower places. On account of irregularities of the lake bottom there are, of course, certain numbers in the series which appear out of place. SERIES I The hauls of Series I were made by using drag-hooks between bars on a line 40 rods north of the center of Section 22, August 22, 1900. Haul Depth in feet Results 1 25-22 Nothing. 2 25-24 A little Nitella. 3 24-20 Nitella and several Vivipara contectoides. 4 22-18 Nitella abundant; Vivipara, especially young ones, abundant. 5 18-16 Some Nitella; some Potamogeton robbinsii; a few Vii-ipara. 6 16-12 Potamogeton robbinsii; P. rompressus; Philotria; Vallisneria and a good deal of Vivipara. 7 10-8 Chara. 8 10-8 Potamogeton robbinsii; Ceratophyllum; Chara; few Vivipara. 9 7 On a bar; marl bottom; little vegetation; some short Chara anil a little Pota- mogeton lucens. SERIES II A second series of dredge-hauls, made on the same date and in the same general locality, is represented by the following table : No. of haul Depth in reet Results 20 26-22 A little Nitella. 21 22-13 Potamogeton robbinsii; Chara; a little Naias; a little Vallisneria; Virii>ara con- tectoides. 22 20-16 Potamogeton robbinsii; P. lucens; Philotria; Vivipara, 2. 23 10 Chara abundant; Potamogeton robbinsii abundant; P. ampltfolius a little; Val- lisneria, Myriophyllum, and Naias a little; Potamogeton lucens; Vivipara con- tectoides several. 260 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SERIES III This table records a series of hauls made with a drag on east and west half section line, section 22, and east of the middle of the same section in water between shore bar and lake bar. dragging toward the lake bar. No. of haul Depth in feet Results 1 25-22 Mud bottom, Nitella abundant, covered with young gastropods, probably Vivipara contectoides: 1 large T'. contectoides and 1 small bivalve. No plants except the Nitella. 2 22-18 Mud bottom, chiefly Ceratophyllum and some Nitella; no other plants; several moderate sized V. contectoides and a few small ones. 3 20-18 Mud bottom, Nitella plentiful, with several plants of Ceratophyllum and 1 of Potamogeton; several young gastropods, some evidently V. contectoides. 4 22-19 Mud bottom, chiefly Ceratophyllum; a good deal Nitella and 2 stems Potamo geton compressw; plenty of V. contectoides; 1 red worm. 5 18-17 Chiefly Ceratophyllum; some Nitella; a little Potamogeton compressus and P. robbinsii; V. contectoides common. 6 17-15 Ceratophyllum, abundant; Potamogeton sp., a good deal; P. robbinsii, common; Naias, Philotria and Chara, a little; plenty of V. contectoides; 1 red worm. 7 15-14 Stem of Potaynogeton sp. 8 14-12 Plenty of P. compressus; some ValUsneria; a little Myriophyllum; two other species of Potamogeton. 9 12 P. compressvs, plentiful; Naias flezilis robusta, plentiful; ValUsneria, little; P. robbinsii, little; Myriophyllum, little. 10 12-10 P. compressus, common; P. perfoliatus, few plants, in fruit; Potamogeton sp,' few. 11 10 Nearly all P. compressus. Conditions Favorable to Fish-life The physical and biological conditions obtaining at Lake Max- inkuckee are favorable in an unusual degree to the development of fish-life ; they are sufficiently diversified to provide suitable environ- ments for species possessing widely diff'erent habits. The lake- bed varies, in different places, all the way from soft black mud and decaying vegetation through clay, marl, fine sand, coarse sand, and fine gravel to coarse gravel and glacial boulders. In the littoral the bottom, though usually of hard, compact sand and gravel, is, in places, of softer material or very boggy. The depth of water ranges from a few inches to 89 feet. There is a considerable area of water exceeding 40 feet in depth, and there is a very great area Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 261 of bars on which the depth is 20 feet or less, and these are dis- tributed about the lake most advantageously. The water appears to be of the best, as to purity, clearness, and temperature; it is warm enough to meet the needs of many species which thrive in warmer water, and cold enough for cold water species. The only important known limitation lies in the absence of absorbed oxygen in the depths, which necessarily bars the lake to deepwater species, such as the lake trout. The biological environment appears to be equally well adapted to support a varied and abundant fish life. The plankton (both holophytic and holozoic) is adequate both in quantity and quality; its composition seems almost ideal, and its distribution appears to be that which will meet the needs of the fishes in the highest measure. The larger plants are also well selected as to species and abund- ance; most of them are certainly helpful in one way or another. Animals of various kinds, many of them useful to fishes and few of them harmful, are present. There are many species of mollusks, many of crustaceans, and a good number of batrachians and rep- tiles. Aquatic birds, as ducks, coots and grebes, are common, and to be sure, not always helpful to fish-life, but, on the other hand, not wholly harmful. Natural enemies of fishes are not numerous nor very destructive. The purity of the water probably has much to do v/ith keeping the fishes resistant to disease. Favorable situations for spawning grounds are numerous. There are reedy shallows for pickerel, pike, yellow perch, and the like ; sandy and gravelly areas near shore for darters, various min- nows, and sunfishes of various kinds ; bars of moderate depth well suited to bass, bluegills, walleyed pike and yellow perch; and a great range of situations in which most of the other species find conditions favorable to their eggs and young. In the following systematic account of the fishes of Lake Maxin- kuckee, we have endeavored to treat each species somewhat fully, so that anyone using this report will be able to acquire the general facts in its life history and to be able to distinguish the different species, one from another. A statement as to the known geogra- phic distribution of each is given, followed by remarks on its dis- tribution and habits in Lake Maxinkuckee as made known to us through our studies in that region, and finally by a relatively non- technical description which, it is believed, will enable anyone using the book to identify the species occurring here. The total number of species of fishes known from Lake Maxin- kuckee and its immediately connecting waters is 64. Of this num- 262 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Smn-ey bar, 59 are known to occur in the lake proper and its small inlets, the remaining 5 species being found in Lost Lake and the outlet immediately below. This is a considerably greater number of species of fishes than is known from any other small lake in the world. For purposes of comparison, the following figures are given : There are known from the entire basin of the Great Lakes 152 species ; from Lake Ontario, 73 ; from the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries, 71 ; from Lake Champlain and tributary waters, 54 ; from Chautauqua Lake, 31 ; from Cayuga Lake, 59 ; from Tur- key Lake, Indiana, 29; from Eagle Lake, Indiana, 41; from Clear Lake, California, 13 ; Colorado River basin, 32 ; Klamath River basin, 15. The great variety of fish-life in Lake Maxinkuckee is due to the unusual assemblage of favorable factors, constituting an environ- ment, both physical and biological, that conduces in a remarkable degree to the development of a varied aquatic fauna. The 64 species of fishes known to inhabit this lake are distrib- uted among 15 families and 41 genera. There are representatives of nearly all the families of American freshwater food-fishes — only the salmon, sturgeon, mooneye, grayling, dallia, blindfish, pirate- perch, trout-perch, and sculpin families being unrepresented. And nearly all those families containing species which are useful as food for the food-fishes have numerous representatives here. The fami- lies having large representation are the Cyprinidse (minnows) with 17 species, the Centrarchidse (basses and sunfishes) with 11 species ; the Silurid^e (catfishes) with 4 species; the Catostomidse (suckers) with 5 species; and the Percid?e (perches and darters) with 13 species. Of the 64 species inhabiting the lake at least 30 may be re- garded as food-fishes of greater or less importance. The most im- portant of these are the two species of black bass, the yellow perch, the bluegill and the walleyed pike. And at least 16 species are re- garded as game fishes of greater or less interest. Among these are the small-mouth black bass, the large-mouth black bass, wall- eyed pike, bluegill, crappie, yellow perch, rock bass, and pike. Fishes in this lake are not only unusually numerous as to species, but equally so as to individuals. Many of the species are found in very great abundance, some of them swarming in myri- ads. Even the game fishes are usually abundant. This is par- ticularly true of the yellow perch, bluegill and the basses. When one considers the vast amount of fishing that is done at this lake, it is little less than marvelous that the supply keeps up so well Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 263 as it does. The plantings made from time to time by the Bureau of Fisheries doubtless contribute in great measure to the mainte- nance of this satisfactory condition; nevertheless, the conditions for natural reproduction must be exceptionally favorable. Of the 64 species of fishes inhabiting this lake, at least 29 are used more or less for food and may therefore be properly regarded as food-fishes. Named approximately in the order of their import- ance as food, they are the following: Yellow perch, bluegill, rock bass, straw bass, small-mouth black bass, walleyed pike, calico bass, common sunfish, crappie, long-eared sunfish, warmouth, red-eared sunfish, pickerel, pike, eel, white sucker, redhorse, black sucker, chub sucker, carp, common bullhead, yellow bullhead, black bull- head, dogfish, river chub, creek chub, silverside, buff"alo and spoon- bill cat. Col. Daniel McDonald, in his interesting "History^ of Lake Max- inkuckee," states that little or no attention was given to the fish of the lake by the early settlers until about 1840. "There are yet living in Marshall County a few of those who as boys fished with their fathers in those early times, and the stories they tell of the schools of fish to be seen and the quantities caught are enough to make the modern fisherman green with envy. With fish poles cut from the grubs, homemade linen lines, and hooks of antique make, a couple of farmers would man a canoe, paddle to the first bar, and with worms and grubs for bait, an evening's fishing would bring in a bushel of as fine fish as ever swam in lake or river. It was not many months before a longer, a trolling line, with bucktail bait, was used, and a pull across the lake was all that was needed to fur- nish a small neighborhood with a hearty fish meal." That this lake was early known to the Indians and resorted to by them on account of the abundance of its fishes, is well known. The Indian villages on its shores and in its vicinity were among the most populous in northern Indiana, and they depended in large measure on this and neighboring lakes for their supply of food. FISHING AND FISH PROTECTION In the early days the methods of fishing were primitive and had as their sole object the taking of fish for food. The spirit of the meek and honest Isaak Walton had not as yet penetrated any of those sturdy pioneers ; they had other more important, more serious things to do. They caught fish only when needed as food. They caught them in their own way and in such * History of Lake Maxinkuckee, by Daniel McDonald Indianapolis, 1905. 264 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey quantities as the condition of the larder in their cabins de- manded. It was purely a matter of food supply with them. Forunately for us, as well as for them, fish were abundant and the supply was not easily exhausted. Little or no thought was given to methods of fishing except as related to immediate, tangible results. There was no apparent danger of depleting the supply; fish were abundant and, it seemed, would always remain so. That a time would ever come when the fish would need pro- tection probably never occurred to any one; the fish protection idea was of later birth. According to Mr. McDonald, spearing fish at night very early became a favorite method of fishing and "if the occupants of a boat got less than a hundred pounds of fish during a night they considered themselves in bad luck." A little later, between 1850 and 1860, the use of seines be- came common and great quantities of fish of various kinds were caught each year in this way. The sentiment favoring the protection of the fish of the lake has developed slowly, but it has developed. It has developed not only in the minds of the regular summer cottagers, but it has grown also in the minds of the casual visitors, the farmers roundabout and the local villagers. There are some exceptions to be found in each of these classes, perhaps as numerous in one as in another, while willful law breakers are rare; those who do all the destruc- tion they can under a liberal interpretation of the law, are more numerous. On the whole, however, the law is well respected and the attitude of the people toward fish protection is wholesome. ANGLING According to Mr. McDonald, "it was not until in the '60's that the sporting fraternity — the fishermen with rod, reel and line — began to visit Lake Maxincuckee. By that time a few fairly comfortable row boats had been put on the lake and a small visiting party could find accommodation for a day or two with some of the farmers near by, and the fame of the lake as a fisher- man's paradise began to spread abroad. The completion of the I. P. & C. Railroad (now the Lake Erie & Western) brought the cities along its line within eight miles of the lake, and parties from Rochester, Peru and Logansport began to camp upon its shores, and their white tents could be seen all through the fishing sea- sons beneath the shady groves of Long Point, Edwards' Landing and Peebles's Point. And after the completion of the Vandalia Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 265 Railroad to South Bend the Terre Haute people came in goodly numbers. The good qualities of the lake were first made known to the Indianapolis people by Hon. Martin H. Rice, who had known the lake since 1855, and when the railroad was completed the fish- ermen from the capital city came up, first singly, then by twos and threes, and finally by the dozen, to try their luck in the clear waters of our beautiful lake. They found good quarters at the Allegheny House, and they brought along their finest fishing tackle, their well-tried fly rods, their Frankfort reels, and the most ap- proved artificial baits, and they all caught fish — all kinds of fish — and enough to make a goodly show in their fish baskets, and nearly every man of them had a bundle of smashed fishing tackle to take home to prove the truth of his story of the big fish he had hooked, but which got away. And the men from these cities came again and again, and they caught something besides the fishes; they caught a vision of the glory of the lake, with its clear waters, its tree-lined shores, its wooded bluffs, its clean sandy beaches over which gurgled the cool waters of its crystal springs, and the vision went with them to their homes, to their business rooms, and it would not depart, and they began to long for a portion of bluff, of ^■.U .»v:--J':^i- The charm of Maxinkuckee rests jiaitly on its brilliant water above a clean gravel floor, and partly on the elevated shore line covered with grass and grove down to the water edge. 266 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey shore or beach, where they might abide for days or months and take into their souls all the beauties that vision had revealed to them, and shortly after they became possessors of jutting points, of stretches of beach, of tracts of wooded shores, of acres of the shady bluffs, and there they built the row of artistic cottages that now encircle the lake like rich tinted gems set around a luminous pearl." And thus the angler has come more and more in evidence as the years have passed. At first the fishing was done wholly with live bait. The usual method — still largely in vogue among the farm- ers of the region — was by means of the long cane pole and angle- worms, grubs, grasshoppers, mussels, or cut fish for bait. Min- nows and artificial lures were not popular nor much appreciated. Later, a greater refinement of method gradually developed. Jointed split bamboo, lancewood and Bristol steel rods came into use, the lightness and cost of the rod varying with the experience, skill and professional pride of the angler. The grasshopper has continued a favorite for summer fishing and it is likely to ever so remain. The live minnow has grown in use and is now indis- pensible to fall fishing. Artificial lures of various kinds have come into use, some to be discarded, others as the frog and the Dowagiac, to remain in favor. A brief description of these various methods of angling will, it is believed, prove of interest and value. The long cane "pole: — This primitive and very efi"ective method is still popular and will doubtless remain so. A good long stem of the giant cane {Arundinaria macrosperma) is selected. The length may vary from 10 to 25 feet. The longer the pole the bet- ter, as the areas over which one may fish vary as the squares of lengths of the poles. The devotees of this method of fishing usually go out in pairs and each with two poles. One fishes from the bow of the boat, the other from the stern. The line used is as long as can be properly handled without the use of a reel, and thus the fisherman is able to reach water 30 to 50 feet distant on either side, in front, or behind. He whips first on one side and then on the other until the fish are found when he anchors and settles dowai to steady fishing. A cork or wooden float is almost invariably used and it is adjusted from time to time to suit the depth of water. The line is usually inexpensive. The bait used consists chiefly of angleworms, cut bait and grasshoppers. Angleworms (and grubs when they can be had) are always popular. From early spring until midsummer they are the chief bait. In July, when Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 267 grasshoppers appear, they largely take the place of worms and con- tinue to be the principal bait until fall when they can not be easily obtained. Cut bait is always resorted to when other kinds fail, and by some is even preferred. Various species of fishes, mussels and even meat are utilized. Sometimes a stringer is used on which to keep the catch, but usually a gunny sack is preferred. The sack, securely fastened to the boat, is allowed to hang in the water, by which method the fish are kept alive and in excellent condition. The species most often caught are bluegills, yellow perch, rock bass, calico bass and catfish, though an occasional bass or wall- eyed pike is taken. A hundred fish to the boat is not an un- usual catch. This method is very effective and, on occasion, appeals to many an angler who usually uses more expensive tackle. Trolling: — Trolling has long been, and still is, a popular method of fishing. It can be practiced any time in the year when the ice is ofi" the lake, and it seems to be about equally effective at all times. The rod used varies from a short stiff cane pole to a high-priced split bamboo. The line is usually of better quality than that used by the long cane fisherman. It may vary in length from 50 to 200 feet. Among the popular lures are the Hildebrandt spinner, the Skinner fluted spoon, and other spoons, phantom minnows, and the Hke. Perhaps the most effective is the Hildebrandt spinner. When this method is employed the angler usually throws out his line im- mediately after putting out from shore and free of weeds, and then rows slowly to some favorite bar across or along the edge of which he will carefully row, doubling and recrossing as occasion requires. The species most often caught are the straw bass, small-mouth bass and the walleyed pike in the order named. Now and then a rock bass, calico bass or yellow perch is taken. The straw bass, however, is, above all, the species most frequently caught by trolling. Bait-casting: — This method has grown in popularity greatly during the last few years, whereas it was little practiced 10 years ago. A short rod, either of split bamboo, steel or lance wood, 3^ to 6 feet long, and a good 60-yard quadruple reel, with 50 yards of light, flat raw silk line, of 10 to 14 pounds tension, together with surface artificial lures such as the Dowagiac, pork rind, or pork chunk with weedless hooks or frog, constitute the proper outfit. Sometimes live frogs are used and with commendable success. 268 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The boat is slowly rowed over what is thought to be likely water, the angler casting the meanwhile, on either side or from the bow, 50 to 75 feet, depending upon the skill he happens to pos- sess in the art. Many of those who come to the lake are quite successful and easily reach the lawful limit. The species taken are large-mouth bass, small-mouth black bass, and walleyed pike. Oc- casionally two bass or a bass and a walleyed pike are taken at one cast. A favorite and usually successful method practiced by those who are seeking large-mouth bass is to row slowly late in the evening or very early in the morning along near the shore and cast into the edges of the patches of weeds. Fly-casting: — Not many fly fishermen come to Lake Maxin- kuckee and not much fly casting is seen there. Those who do come use a 9 to 10-foot rod, and a very light oiled or Japan waxed silk line of 10 to 14-pounds tension. The small-mouth bass is the species usually taken ; rarely a large-mouth bass or a walleyed pike is secured. But several other species will rise to the fly on occa- sion; among them may be mentioned the rock bass, yellow perch, pumpkinseed, bluegill, calico bass, crappie, and the warmouth bass. Baits and lures: — The baits and lures used by the fishermen who visit this lake have a very wide range. They include, among live bait, minnows, frogs, grasshoppers, crickets, grubs, angleworms; among cut bait, mussels, meat, cut fish, crawfish, etc. ; and among artificial lures, Dowagiacs of all patterns, Hildebrandt spinners, Skinner fluted spoons, buck tail, squirrel tail, pork rind, pork chunk, and doubtless others. Beginning in the spring live minnows are used. The principal bait minnows are the following: creek chub, river chub, blunt- nosed minnow, Storer's chub, common shiner, silverside, young goldfish, mud minnow, straw-colored minnow, grayback minnow, mad tom, darters of various kinds, and various other small fishes. For large bass and walleyed pike, creek and river chubs of moder- ate size are preferred; for smaller bass any of the other species mentioned are good; and for bluegills, rock bass and perch, small minnows of almost any kind are suitable if not too large. The value of any particular kind of minnow depends largely upon its ability to live on the hook; if the minnow is delicate and dies promptly, it is not of great value, however attractive it may other- wise be. For this reason the common mud minnow ( Umhra limi) is popular. Its dark, somber color, however, prevents it from being very attractive to bass and walleyed pike. The mad tom Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 269 and other small catfish, so popular with bass fishermen on the Susquehanna River, are not much used at this lake. Unfortunately good bait minnows are not abundant in the streams about Lake Maxinkuckee. The nearest streams from which good minnows can be obtained are the Yellow River, about two or three miles north of the lake, and the Tippecanoe River at Belong, four miles south. Most of the minnows used at the lake come from a distance, mostly from Bachelors Run, Wild Cat Creek, and Deer Creek in Carroll County, and from the Wabash River and small creeks near Logan sport. Many of the anglers who come to the lake for a few days' fishing bring a bucket of live minnows with them. Minnows will be used in the spring and early summer until the water becomes so warm that they will not keep well; then they give way to grasshoppers which constitute the principal live bait from the middle of July until in September or the first frosts, after which they can no longer be found in any abundance. As soon as grasshoppers become scarce and the water becomes cool, minnows again become popular and continue so throughout the late fall and winter. After the temperature of the lake water gets down to 45° most any of the minnows can be kept alive in minnow buckets all winter. Grasshoppers become popular as a bait just as soon as they are abundant enough to be caught in any numbers. At Lake Max- inkuckee this happens in the first half of July, and they continue in demand as long as they can be obtained. About the last of September, after a few good frosts have come, grasshoppers dis- appear. Most of the grasshoppers used at this lake belong to one or the other of two species, Melanophis differentialis and Melanop- lus bivittatus, more of the former than of the latter. Both species are abundant in the meadows and fields about the lake, particu- larly on the west and south. In 1898, a boy living 2^ miles south of the lake sold $25 worth of grasshoppers to anglers about the lake, and in 1899, $43.35 worth. He charged only 5 cents a dozen. Several other boys supplied grasshoppers more or less regularly during the season, and the total amount of money received by them per season for hoppers has been conservatively estimated at $200, which would represent 4,000 dozen grasshoppers. Perhaps another 1,000 dozen were caught by the fishermen themselves, thus mak- ing the total number used each season at the lake not fewer than 5,000 dozen or 60,000 grasshoppers. Considerable numbers of ivhite griibs also are used. In 1899, 270 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the grasshopper boy sold 140 dozen white grubs at 5 cents a dozen, or $7.00. The grubs are a very kilHng bait as long as they last for any fish with mouth large enough to take them. Of all species perhaps the rock bass is the one that likes them best. Angleworms are always in demand and can usually be depended on to appeal strongly to rock bass, crappie, calico bass, yellow perch and bluegills ; and, when properly impaled, they are not without attraction to bass and walleyed pike. Perhaps they possess the greatest charm to the goggle-eye and yellow perch, and it is a poor angler, indeed, who, when armed with a liberal supply of angle- worms, can not reach the lawful limit of these species. Fortu- nately for the fish, the region about Lake Maxinkuckee is entirely too sandy for angleworms, and those who wish to use this old familiar bait must bring them from other more favored localities. Frogs are not much used for bait at this lake. Small examples of the common leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and the little cricket frog (Acris gryllus) , are the species most used. At times good catches of straw bass have been made with these by casting along the edges of patches of Scirpus or lily-pads, particularly in Lost Lake. In the fall of the year when it is a little too cold for grass- hoppers and a little too Vv^arm for minnows, black crickets (Gryllus abbreviatus) are sometimes used with good results. These crick- ets can be had late in the fall after grasshoppers have practically disappeared. Favorite places to find them are in tiles lying on the ground or under pieces of old canvas or tarpaulin lying spread out on the ground. By examining such situations early in the morning large numbers may often be found. Crickets are most attractive to bluegills and goggle-eyes. Of the various kinds of cut bait cut fish is probably most used and most popular, as well as most easily obtained. An eye, a pectoral fin, or a piece of flesh of a yellow perch, is quite attractive to goggle-eyes, yellow perch and sometimes, to bluegills ; occasion- ally good catches of crappie, calico bass, and even small-mouth bass can be made with this sort of bait. Mussels or freshwater clams are not much used except by the long cane pole fishermen who are after goggle-eyes, bluegills and yellow perch. The "foot" is the part of the mussel generally used. Crawfish are frequently used for bait. Small soft ones are often used whole; larger ones are cut up and only the fleshy part of the tail made use of. This sort of bait is of course used only in still fishing. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 271 Of artificial lures the kinds are many and diverse that one may see about the lake. Among a few of the more popular are the Hildebrandt baits of various kinds, particularly the double tandem and single spinners, Skinner's new casting spoon No. 2, various weedless hooks such as Bing's, Mayer's, Maloney's, Hasting's and McCurdy's, buck tails, reverse double-blade spinners, vacuum bass- baits, moonlight floating bait, weedless porkers, Hedden's surface and minnow baits, and Dowagiacs of various patterns. All these and many others are more or less popular. Aberdeen hooks, Ken- dall sneck, Cincinnati bass, sproat and Pennell, are popular. No. 4 for bluegills, yellow perch, redeyes and crappie, and Nos. 1 to 4/0 for bass and walleyed pike. Reels of many kinds are in use, and rods of many styles from the long cane pole to the most expensive split bamboo and lance- wood and green heart ; an 8 J-f oot rod for bass, 7^-f oot for walleyed pike and 10-foot No. 4 for bluegills and perch. LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AS AN ANGLING RESORT No very close estimate can be made of the number of anglers who visit Lake Maxinkuckee annually, or of the quantity of fish of each species annually taken from the lake. There are now about the lake about 175 summer cottages. Each of these is occupied from two to five months each season. There will probably be at least one person at each cottage who does more or less fishing. Then a great many more come and spend from one to several days fishing. In the spring, and more particularly in the fall, farmers and farmers' boys from the surrounding country make frequent fishing trips to the lake. Then many of the permanent residents about the lake and in the town of Culver do more or less fishing throughout the year. It is believed that 2,000 is a conservative estimate of the number of people who fish at Lake Maxinkuckee for an aver- age of twenty days each year, and that the average daily catch is five fish for each person. This would make an annual catch of 200,000 fish. Putting the average weight at one pound, this would make the annual catch 200,000 pounds. The species caught, in order of number, are yellow perch, bluegill, rock bass, straw bass, black bass, and walleyed pike. Considered by weight the order would be straw bass, bluegill, walleyed pike, rock bass, yellow perch, and black bass. The following table will give some idea of the angling possibil- ities at this lake. 18—17618 272 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey FISH BY SPECIES AND NUMBER CAUGHT BY ONE ANGLER AT LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Date 1899 Small- mouth Black Bass Large- mouth Black Bass Rock Bass Bluegill Walleyed Pike Yellow Perch Catfish Remarks Aug. 18 1 3 2 4 5 2 2 1 6 1 24 12 20 9 12 3 3 10 12 8 14 12 6 Grasshoppers and 19 minnows were used 21 4 1 1 as bait up to Sept. 23 30. After then min- 25 nows alone were 26 2 1 2 2 used. 27 28 2 1 30 1 31 Sept. 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 5 1 1 12 6 2 2 15 4 4 3 1 5 2 2 4 1 17 18 21 6 5 2 4 3 1 22 1 10 1 24 1 Date 1899 Small- mouth Black Bass Large- mouth Black Bass Rock Bass Bluegill Walleyed Pike Yellow Perch Catfish Calico Bass Remarks Oct. 1 3 6 1 2 5 7 2 1 6 2 6 4 1 8 1 9 1 12 14 15 3 1 4 6 7 10 1 7 These 16 thirty-six 17 walleyed 18 2 3 pike 19 weighed 20 100 pounds. 22 23 1 1 1 1 2 24 25 26 30 1 1 Nov 5 7 1 9 7 10 1 1 12 13 14 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 273 FISH BY SPECIES AND NUMBER CAUGHT BY ONE ANGLER AT LAKE MAXINKUCKEE— Continued Date 1899 Small- mouth Black Bass Large- mouth Black Bass Rock Bass Bluegill Walleyed Pike Yellow Perch Catfish Calico Bass Remarks Nov. 15 10 4 2 12 1 1 16 2 5 1 2 1 17 18 2 20 99 9 1900 Jan. ,3 55 4 3 9 16 15 4 2 4 24 36 lbs. 11 2 4 5 9 3 8 12 8 1 9 3 5 5 2 6 2 7 1 13 1 14 2 3 15 Feb. 6 7 2 1 6 9 1 9 10 3 6 10 3 2 1 11 9 1 23 April 22 27 29 2 3 May 4 6 12 3 2 5 3 4 5 2 16 1 9 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 13 July 10 1 11 12 1 1 1 2 19 1 2 22 23 25 98 200 66 166 64 160 2 16 274 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Some idea can be gotten of the amount of fishing at Lake Maxinkuckee by noting the number of anglers' boats observed on the lake from day to day. A few records of this kind were made and they are here summarized in the following table: A. M. P. M. Date Sky Lake surface No. of boats Sky Lake surface No. of boats July 14 15 Cloudy Rain Choppy Rough Choppy Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Rough .... 33 2 12 15 13 11 6 7 6 8 17 20 12 3 3 11 5 14 1 7 21 18 Few Few 7 Cloudy Rain Cloudy Fair Fair Fair Rough Rough Choppy Rough Very smooth. . Choppy Rough Smooth Rough Rough Smooth Rough Choppy Choppy Smooth Smooth Rough Smooth Rough 18 17 16 17 Partly cloudy.. Fail 15 17 IS Fair 9 19 Fair 9 20 Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair 5 21 99 Fair, east wind Fair, east wind Fair 5 11 23 Rough Choppy Smooth Choppy Smooth Rough Smooth Smooth Smooth Very rough. . . . Smooth Smooth Rough Rough Smooth Rough 5 24 Fair . . 11 25 26 Rain Fair Fair Fair Fair Cloudy Fair 12 7 27 28 29 Fair Rain Fair 5 7 13 30 Fair 7 31 August 1 Fair Rain Fair Partly cloudy then fair Partly cloudy. Cloudy Clear Clear Partly cloudy. Cloudy Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair 3 2 3 4 Choppy Smooth 5 7 5 6 7 8 Clear Cloudy Partly cloudy. Rain Fair Fair Fair Cloudy Partly cloudy. Smooth Rough Rough Rough Choppy Rough Choppy Rough 7 5 3 9 10 11 12 Rough Choppy Smooth Smooth Rough 4 9 7 9 5 11 16 20 18 20 Few Good many Good many 15 12 11 15 13 Fair 3 July 17 Smooth 18 18 19 13 20 13 21 11 21 August 10 15 Rain 18 7 28 11 September 3 15 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 275 Ice- fishing: — One of the most interesting- methods of fishing practiced at Lake Maxinkuckee is that known as ice fishing, or fishing through the ice. A rather careful study was made of this method during the winter of 1900-1901, and a large amount of in- teresting and valuable data secured. The apparatus and the method may be described as follows: The apparatus consists of a small stick about 15 inches long, I inch thick, 2 inches wide at the reel end and tapering to one inch at the smaller end. On the larger end is placed a spool, usually If inches in diameter and If inches long, upon which the line is wound. The axis of the spool projects on one side as a handle, bent to the shape of the handle of the ordinary reel. About 4 or 5 inches from the spool is a hole through the stick through which a round stick somewhat smaller than the hole is placed. An oblong hole is cut in the ice, through which the lower end of the stick is placed until the cross-stick rests upon the ice, adjusted so that the stick stands at an angle of about 40 degrees from perpen- dicular. A piece of red flannel is tied to the handle of the reel which is adjusted so as to stand up. Live minnows are used for bait. Each fisherman will have several, sometimes 15 to 20, spools arranged in a circle in the center of which he stands, keep- ing watch on all. When the red signal of any reel is observed to be turned down he assumes that a fish has taken the minnow of that line and, going to it, he takes the spool in his hand, gives it a jerk to hook the fish, then winds it in. Another somewhat similar contrivance used to some extent by ice-fishermen is the tip-up. This consists of a board 24 inches long, f inch thick and about 2 inches wide. A hole is bored through the board from edge to edge about 8 inches from one end. This detached piece, upon the outer end of which the spool is placed is supported by a wooden pin passing through the hole already mentioned and is so balanced that, when the tip-up is properly placed, a slight pull on the upper end brings it down. Usually a small leather flap is fastened upon the frame at the lower end so as to aid in holding the movable piece in place until pulled upon by a fish. The tip-up is set in the ice at an angle of about 45 degrees and the hook is let down through a hole underneath. Live minnows are used for bait. When the bait is taken the movable piece tips, the spool end going down. Sometimes the tip-up is simply laid flat on the ice over the hole. The inner (or base) end of the movable piece is painted red so that it may be seen the more readily when it tips up. 276 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Ice fishing usually begins as soon as the ice is strong enough to bear up well, and continues as long as it remains safe. In the winter of 1900-1901, it began on December 13 and continued until March 22. Fishing is best when the ice is covered with snow or has become sulficiently opaque to prevent the fish from seeing the fishermen. As Lost Lake freezes over earlier in the winter than the large lake, ice fishing begins there first. On the first fine morning after the ice has become strong enough to be safe and sufficient snow has fallen to render it opaque, the ice fishermen will be found out in force. Usually there are about a half dozen who make ice fishing a regular business in winter. Besides these there is a varying number of others who fish irregularly. The fishermen usually ar- rive upon the scene early in the morning and, unless the weather becomes too disagreeable, continue until evening, and every day until the ice becomes so rotten as to be unsafe. The number of ice fishermen will vary from 2 or 3 to 20 or 80; perhaps the average daily number would be about 6. The species of fishes that are caught in this way at this lake are the following : Straw bass, black bass, bluegill, rock bass, wall- eyed pike, yellow perch, warmouth, crappie, calico bass, grass pike, and catfish. Water-dogs and turtles are also occasionally taken. The straw bass is the principal fish caught, though large num- bers of the other species are sometimes taken. The method is a very successful one and on favorable days large catches are made. The following table shows by species the number of fish caught by certain ice fishermen in the winter of 1900-1901 : Date 1900 No. fishing Yellow Perch Crap- pie Cat- fish Straw Bass Grass Pike War- mouth Black Bass Blue- gill Rock Bass Wall- eye Water- dog December 14 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 4 2 16 1 1 1 8 17 1 2 18 11 2 19 1 5 22 8 39 8 60 30 12 28 29 1 30 1 31 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 211 Date 1901 No. fishing Yellow Perch Crap- pie Cat- fish Straw Bass Grass War- Pike mouth Black Bass Blue- gill Rock Bass Wall- eye Water- Dog- dog fish Jan. 1 4 6 3 5 6 7 9 1 3 4 5 1 6 1 3 2 2 1 5 1 5 2 1 1 2 2 25 22 4 2 1 3 1 4 16 13 17 65 9 13 7 3 5 6 4 5 1 1 7 1 8 9 6 10 11 1 1 1 4 12 13 10 21 24 2 6 1 40 1 54 2 14 15 16 1 1 18 1 19 3 3 21 2 22 23 30 1 2 30 Feb.. 7 1 11 1 7 13 Date 1901 u M a a S in 3 « .2 'S. §■ O J3 03 m a) a .J3 1 pq o 3 1 s any. 25—17618 384 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey about the end of April. Veiy good fishing is also had in October. We have records of good catches made on October 18 and 30, and on November 3, 4, 7 and 9 ; also in January, February, June, Aug- ust and September. The largest catch of which we have a note was made late in October or early in November, 1894, and con- sisted of 42. pounds, representing not fewer than 100 fish. It is fair to say that this catch was made by a party of several persons. It is said that the Calico Bass will bite readily at spawning time, but that only the males will do so. They will take a worm, small minnow, or a piece of fish. In the winter and late fall they bite readily at a small minnow, such as the straw-colored minnow (Notrojns hle^inius) , the blunt-nosed minnow (Pimephales no- tatus) or the skipjack (Labidesthes siccidus) . This fish will take not only a small live minnow, but it will take a dead minnow, a worm, a piece of fish or a grub. It is often taken with a small trolling spoon and we have occasionally taken it with a small artificial fly. And we recall one instance when it was taken in Lost Lake on the Harris floating meadow-frog. Ordinarily during the summer months not many of this species are caught, but in September they begin to bite more freely, and by October, one who seeks them in their proper haunts is quite sure to meet with reasonable success. The species is usually taken by still fishing, though at times it may be gotten by trolling. Dur- ing the summer months it frequents the deeper paiis of the lake, coming on to the edges of the bars and into shallow water near shore in the night. In September and early October it remains about the edges of the bars where the water is 8 to 20 feet deep. Late in October it generally moves down into deeper water until the lake freezes over. It can most readily be taken at a depth of from 30 to 40 feet. The largest October catches that we recall were at a depth of 40 feet. About the middle of November, 1906, a great school of this species, averaging about 6 inches in length, collected under the Merchants pier at Culver. They presented a beautiful spectacle shining up through the water like a great flock of guinea fowl. When the lake freezes over, the Calico Bass leaves the deeper water and comes out upon the bars where the water is 6 to 25 feet deep. Its favorite haunts are the small channels be- tween the bars, leaving more shallow ridges between. The cool- ing of the temperature has a markedly paralyzing eff'ect upon them. When first seen under clear ice they attempt to swim away, but in a cramped fashion. They are unable to swim faster than one can walk and, instead of warming up and becoming more active, they soon become exhausted, give up trying to swim and lie on their Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 385 side among- the weeds and appear to be actually panting. It is in the shallow channels that they are caught when fishing through the ice. In fishing for Calico Bass one must be careful not to select too large a hook. For this lake the best size is No. 1 or No. 2 hook, and a hook with a long barb has advantages, as it is not so easily thrown out when the mouth tears, which it is very apt to do on account of its extreme tenderness. While it is true that this fish will take several kinds of bait, it takes some of them only rarely or reluctantly. .As already stated, it has been taken with the fly, and in Lost Lake with the artificial frog, but for lakes like Maxinkuckee such lures are not recommended. Trolling with a small spoon late in the evening or in the early fall is usually fairly successful. They will also now and then take a small live minnow that is being slowly trolled, but they are best taken by still fishing, and the best bait is a small min- now, the more silvery species, such as the Straw-colored minnow {Notropis hlennius) , the Red-nosed minnow (A^. mbrifrons) or the satin fin {N. whiirplii) being preferred. A small minnow should be selected, and 2 very small ones put upon the same hook will often prove quite attractive. Sometimes the Calico Bass is a greedy biter, taking the hook much as does the straw bass, but after a short quick run it is apt to drop the bait unless it is well hooked. Usually it bites less vigorously than the straw bass, and does not make much of a fight until it is brought near the surface, when it turns upon its side and flaps quite vigorously until brought to net; and it should be mentioned that the landing net is an essential with this fish ; for, owing' to its delicate mouth it is not safe to attempt to lift it out of the water by the hook. As a pan-fish the Calico Bass is far superior to the rock bass but not equal to the bluegill or yellow perch. Its flesh is white, flaky and firm, but rather coarser than that of the bluegill ; it is, however, sweet, and is, by most persons who are familiar with it, highly esteemed. The following, written by Professor Jared Potter Kirtland more than half a century ago, though placing somewhat too high an es- timate upon the food value of this fish, is a reliable and interesting account of its habits. "The 'Grass Bass' has not hitherto been deemed worthy of con- sideration by fish culturists; yet, from a long acquaintance with its merits, I hesitate not to pronounce it the fish for the viillions. It is a native of our western rivers and lakes, where it usuallv resorts 386 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey to deep and sluggish waters ; yet in several instances, where it has found its way into cold and rapid streams, and even small sized brooks, by means of the constructing of canals or by the hand of man, it has adapted itself to the change, and in 2 or 3 years stocked to overflowing these new locations. As a pan-fish for the table it is surpassed by few other freshwater species. For endurance and rapidity of increase it is unequaled "The Grass Bass is perfectly adapted to stocking ponds. It will thrive without care in very small ponds of sufficient depth. It will in nowise interfere with the cultivation of any number of species, large or small, in the same waters. It will live harmoni- ously with all others, and while its structure and disposition re- strain it from attacking any other but very small fry, its formid- able armature of spinous rays in the dorsal and abdominal fins will guard it against the voracious pike." The operations of the United States Fish Commission and those of some of the state commissions have considerably extended its range by its introduction into waters which it did not previously inhabit. Its spawning time is usually during the last half of June, though some individuals may begin spawning a little earlier and occasion- ally the spawning season will be prolonged into July. The place selected is on the tops and near the edges of the bars in 8 to 10 feet of water or shallower. The particular place selected is apt to be on a small ridge in a clean patch of sand surrounded by short Chara which abounds on most of the bars at these depths. It is known to spawn in considerable numbers on the bars off" Long- Point and it probably spawns on all such bars in the lake. The nest is usually somewhat circular in form and is about 8 or 9 inches in diameter. The nest is composed usually of coarse sand and fine gravel, with occasionally a few dead shells of Vivipara contectoides. So far as observed the nests are not very close to each other, but are usually separated by a distance of 5 or 6 feet, thus giving each nest or pair of fish from 6 to 8 square feet of space. We have not, as yet, been able to make any satisfactory obser- vations as to the number of eggs which this species lays or the period of incubation, nor are we aware that these facts have been determined by any one. The Calico Bass reaches an average size of 5 pound in the lake and rarely exceeds 1^ pounds in weight. One 12 inches long weighed 1 lb. 1^ oz., and one 10| inches long weighed 9i oz. The Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 387 greater number measured were 10, 11 and 12 inches long. Most of the stomachs examined were empty; one contained many flies. Like the bhiegill, the CaHco Bass dies in considerable numbers in the spring. Head 3; depth 2; eye 4i ; snout 4^ ; D. VII or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or 18 ; scales 6-40 to 45-15, 6 rows on the cheek. Body oblong, elevated, and much compressed ; head long, its profile not so strongly double-curved as in the Crappie proper, the projection of the snout and the antedorsal region and the depres- sion over the eye being less marked ; mouth smaller than in the Crappie, the maxillary reaching about to the posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than the pectoral ; fins very high, anal higher than dorsal, its height 4 to 5 times in length of body. Color, silvery-olive mottled with clear olive-green, the dark mottlings gathered in small irregular bunches and covering the whole body ; vertical fins with dark olive vermiculations surround- ing pale spots ; anal marked like the dorsal ; dusky opercular spot. The Calico Bass and the Crappie resemble each other very closely and are not always differentiated by anglers and fishermen. They are, however, perfectly distinct and may be easily distin- guished hj means of the number of dorsal spines, the Crappie having only 5 or G while the Calico Bass has 7 or 8. The diflfer- ences in coloration, particularly of the anal fin, is also an important diagnostic character. 44. ROCK BASS AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Rafinesque) (Plates 22 and 23) The Rock Bass is one of our best known and most familiar fishes. Every angler in the upper Mississippi Valley began an intimate acquaintance with it during his boyhood days when a water-beech or iron-wood pole, a cotton line, a limerick hook and a can of fish-worms were all the outfit the boy found necessary to insure a goodly string of "red-eyes" and "pumpkinseeds". From Vermont to Manitoba, and southward west of the Alleghenies to Louisiana and Texas, this fish is found ; "rock bass" in the north, "goggle-eye" in the south, and "red-eye" with the boys wherever he is known. This fish is found in all sorts of waters ; it is abund- ant in all the Great Lakes and their tributary streams. In the small lakes of the upper Mississippi Valley states it is one of the most common species, and in the rivers, creeks and smaller streams it is equally common. It prefers clear, cool water and is therefore 388 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey not so abundant in sluggish lowland streams and bayous, or in the shallow, warmer lakes. In Lake Maxinkuckee it is abundant and well known. People living about the lake, and most of the anglers who visit it, know this fish as the "goggle-eye" or "red-eye". The name "rock bass" is not so often heard and is used chiefly by those who speak by the book or who are from further north. As a game fish the Rock Bass is, in most places, regarded with considerable favor, though at this lake it is usually regarded merely as a good fish to get when all the gamier species fail. It is a fish which can be captured at almost any time and with any sort of bait. They begin biting in the early spring as soon as the ice goes ofi", and can be taken at any time until the ice forms again; indeed, it is often taken through the ice. Perhaps August is usually one of the best months. They bit phenomenally in the latter part of April and the first half of May in 1901. In 1899, not many were taken in July, but during August many fine catches were made. Any one who cared to fish for redeyes seldom failed to get a good number. In 1900, perhaps the largest catches were made in August, but July fishing met with better success than in the previous year. In the spring of 1901, from about April 28 to the middle of May, they bit almost everywhere in shallow water. One of the favorite places was off the Ice-houses, and here a considerable num- ber of men, women and boys congregated with long cane poles and pulled out Rock Bass almost continuously. On April 28, 7 boys who had been fishing only a little time had 79, and the fish- ing continued in that manner for some time. These Rock Bass also bit well in various other places in the lake. Two men camping near Murray's and fishing from boats got considerable numbers. A favorite fishing place for them was the rock pile off Lakeview Hotel. The fishes hid among the crannies in the rocks and bit eagerly at worms. Most of those got here were rather small. A number were caught on set-lines about the same time. The Rock Bass can be taken on any kind of bait. Perhaps the most attractive baits are small minnows, w^hite grubs and angleworms, all of which are best used in still-fishing. Grass- hoppers, pieces of mussel, pieces of fish, in fact, almost any ani- mal substance, will prove effective. Trolling with live minnow, phantom minnow or spoon at times proves -very successful, and they have been taken on the artificial fly and the artificial frog. It is a voracious 'fish and will bite viciously even when its stom- ach is filled with crawfishes or other food. >3 o n CO > u Eh 3 n> «3 C .>^ 'Hinm : I ; Lake Maxbikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 389 Though not one of the greatest of game-fishes, it nevertheless holds a respectable rank in that category. Its manner of taking the hook is full of energy, and the fight which it begins has in it the promise of better things, but it soon wholly or partially sub- sides and does not renew the fight until brought near the surface of the water, w^hen it fights very prettily until landed. Using light tackle and casting with the fly, the Rock Bass will afford the angler a great deal of genuine sport. It can be taken at any time of day, and there are records of some very good catches made late at night and others early in the morning. Although the Rock Bass is pretty generally distributed through- out the lake, it is usually found in greatest numbers about the patches of Potamogeton in 5 to 15 feet of water, and in water some- wiiat more shallow than the bluegill frequents. In our seining operations we usually found young Rock Bass in considerable num- bers. The largest number taken at any one haul was 38. The great majority were young-of-the-year, and were found in greatest numbers in and about the patches of Scirpus and Eleocharis and also among the depauperate Chara and Naias flexilis. Young Rock Bass were also frequently raked up in winter near shore among weeds. The Rock Bass in this lake reaches a length of about 12 or 13 inches and a weight of a little less than one pound. The great majority of those caught weigh | pound or less; occasionally one of 2 of a pound is taken and still more rarely one weighing 14 or 15 ounces. The following are the measures and weights of in- dividuals taken at various times: 11 inches, 13 oz. ; 10 inches, 10^ oz. ; 8 in. 6^ oz. ; 8^ in. 8^ oz. ; 9 in. 8f oz. ; 9| in. 9i oz. The Rock Bass is a voracious feeder, and may usually be found pretty well gorged with crawfishes, shells, insect larvje, and occa- sionally minnows. Its diet dilTers with age and somewhat with the season. Small examples 1.56 to 3.06 inches long raked up with Chara near the Inlet in December, 1904, nearly all contained insect larvae. During the spring of 1901 the chief food of this, as well as of bluegills, was a species of Asellus which was very abundant in the Chara at that time. Beetles, minnows and a few leeches and crawfishes were also found in the stomachs examined then. Most of the large ones examined during the summer of 1906 contained crawfishes. One contained a mad tom, a spine of which had pene- trated the walls of the stomach. The Rock Bass is afflicted with parasites, perhaps to a greater 390 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey extent than any other species of this lake. Parasitic Copepods were abundant on the gills. Late in autumn the gills were fre- quently well crowded with small free-swimming Copepods. Disto- mids and Acanthocephali were frequently found in the stomachs, and leeches were frequently found attached in the axils of the fins. The Rock Bass is one of the earliest spawners. They begin about the middle of May and are usually done by June 15. They come out into shallow water and make the nest among the rushes, or by a stick, chunk, stake, rock or any similar object. The nest resembles that of the calico bass, being made in clean coarse sand or fine gravel, and 8 or 9 inches in diameter. The eggs of the rock bass are about the size of small shot, and are very numerous. The young Rock Bass is a quite handsome fish, the sides being beautifully mottled and clouded with irregular patches of brown. As it grows older the color markings become dark lines along the rows of scales and it becomes much less attractive. The young seem to grow quite rapidly. Young of the year taken July 18, average 1.15 inches in total length. Cold water has considerable influence in benumbing these fishes. Some large examples seen in shallow water near shore seemed to have lost the power of coordination ; they had a tendency to swim on their sides. As to the edible qualities of the Rock Bass, not much can be said in its favor. In cold running streams or waters where better fish are not common it will pass as a fairly good pan-fish, but in a lake like Maxinkuckee where so many better fish are found, it is not held in high esteem. Its flesh is white and flaky, but rather soft and insipid and sometimes tastes of mud. Next to the war- mouth it is the poorest of the food-fishes of this lake. Head 2.75 in length; depth 2 to 2.5; eye 3.5 to 4.5; snout 4; maxillary 2.3; D. XI, 10; A. VI, 10; scales about 6-39-12, 6 to 8 rows on cheek ; gillrakers 7 to 10 ; coeca 7 ; vertebrje 14 + 18 ; body oblong, moderately compressed; head large, profile in adult somewhat depressed above the eyes; mouth large, 'the maxillary reaching middle of pupil ; gillrakers developed only on lower part of arch; preopercle serrate near its angle. Color, olive-green, conspicuously tinged with brassy, and with much dark mottling; the young irregularly barred and blotched with black and with very little brassy, the adult with a dark spot on each scale, these f oi-ming interrupted black stripes ; a black opercular spot ; dark mottlings on the soft dorsal, caudal and anal ; eye more or less red. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 391 The following are life color notes made on an example 8 inches long, caught at the Weedpatch September 12, 1907 : Back light olive mottled with darker; side olivaceous above, more brassy below, the olive of middle of side in 9 broken bars; belly white, dusted with brassy; breast and under part of head finely speckled with dusky ; opercle dark ; side of head brassy with a darker bar downward from eye; dorsal, anal and caudal oliva- ceous yellow, the dorsal and anal spotted with darker ; ventral pale lemon, the tip of the first ray and all of last ray white; pectoral pale lemon. 45. WARMOUTH CH^NOBRYTTUS GULOSUS (Cuvicr & Valenciennes) (Plate 24a) The Warmouth is found throughout the eastern United States in suitable waters, chiefly west and south of the Alleghenies, from the Great Lakes, Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. It is a fish of the warmer, shallower lakes, and the sluggish lowland streams, ponds and bayous. In the small shallow lakes with mud bottom and abundant vegetation, particularly among the spatter- dock, Potamogetons and lily-pads, the Warmouth abounds. We know it from lakes such as those in northern Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, southward in the overflow ponds along the lower Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi, to the bayous and shallow lakes of Missis- sippi, Louisiana and Texas. It is not a common fish in Lake Max- inkuckee ; this lake is too clean and there is not enough mud bottom. In seining entirely around the lake between July 4 and July 27, 293 hauls were made, in only 3 of which were Warmouth taken. One of these was in the Outlet just above the railroad bridge where 6 were gotten. The other two hauls were between the Outlet and the Ice-houses, and only one Warmouth was gotten in each. A few were seined in Culver Inlet. Occasionally one is caught on a hook, but not often. Two or 3 were caught in the summer among the Potamogetons oft" the Gravelpit and 2 or 3 in Outlet Bay ; and each winter a few are taken through the ice at these 2 places, minnows being the bait used. We have a record of only 6 or 8 so taken in the winter of 1899-1900. Although the Warmouth is uncommon in Lake Maxinkuckee it is rather abundant in Lost Lake, into which Lake Maxinkuckee empties. It is particularly abundant in the channel connecting the two lakes where from one to 10 were caught at each haul with a 15-foot seine. It loves to bask in the dense weeds along the edge of the lake, and it can be sometimes raked out in a bunch of tangled vegetation. V o So 3 P >l ,0 0. M o -(-> o 3 O 3 O 2 ■^1 r^^ V---^J Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 393 This fish is not well-known to many of the anglers who come to Lake Maxinkuckee. Only those who wet a line occasionally in Lost Lake or who fish through the ice there are apt to know much about it. Knowledge of it is therefore practically limited to the local fishermen who call it "Lidian Fish" or "Mud Bass". Its game qualities are not unlike those of the rock bass. It is most easily taken with a live minnow and it bites with considerable energy. It fights vigorously, after the manner of the rock bass. As a food-fish the Warmouth is inferior even to the rock bass, though when caught in the winter its flesh is firm and sweet and entirely devoid of the flavor of mud which it may possess in sum- mer. If it could be kept in clear, cold water its flesh would doubt- less lose all its objectionable qualities. The Warmouth, with its rich coppery color, is easily distin- guished from the other fishes of the lake. It resembles the rock bass more than any other fish of the lake, and can be distinguished by the following description : Head 2i to 2| ; depth 2 to 2\ ; eye 4 to 4i ; snout 4 to 4^ ; D. X, 9 or 10 ; A. Ill, 8 or 9 ; scales 6-40 tcf 46-11 or 12, about 40 pores, and 6 to 8 rows on cheek; gillrakers 8 or 9 besides rudiments. Body shaped very much as in the rock bass ; head and mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior edge of orbit ; opercular spot about as large as eye; dorsal spines low, the longest equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of eye; pectoral not reaching anal fin; ven- trals reaching anus. Color, dark olive-green, or sometimes rich brick-red and brassy, clouded with darker, usually with red, blue and brassy; a dusky spot on each scale; ventral fins mottled with dusky; a faint spot on last rays of dorsal bordered by paler; 3 oblique dusky or red- dish bars radiating from eye; belly yellowish or brassy. Length 8 to 10 inches. 46. BLUE-SPOTTED SUNFISH; GREEN SUNFISH APOMOTIS CYANELLUS (Rafinesquc) (Plate 24) This beautiful little sunfish is found wholly west of the Alle- ghenies and from the Great Lakes to Mexico; it is usually abund- ant in all suitable waters from central Ohio and Indiana to the Rio Grande. It is not often found in lakes or large streams but in the smaller streams, brooks and ponds it is an abundant and well-known little fish. It is very rare in Lake Maxinkuckee, and the statement by 394 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Evermann and Jenkins in "Notes on Indiana fishes"* that it is "very common" in Lake Maxinkuckee appears to be no longer the case; only a few individuals were obtained in the two seasons de- voted to the study of that lake, and not exceeding 6 or 8 were seen in Lost Lake. It is probably the rarest member of the fam- ily in these waters. On September 11, 1906, two examples, each about 2,5 inches long were seined in the Outlet of Lost Lake near the old mill-site. These are the only specimens recently obtained by us. The Blue-spotted Sunfish does not attain a greater length than 6 or 8 inches and a weight of 4 or 5 ounces, but it is a sprightly little fish and excellent for the pan. Like the pumpkin-seed, it is, where common, a favorite with the small boy. It takes readily a hook baited with grub or angleworm, and would make a vicious fight for liberty if it were only larger. A specimen at hand from Bruce Lake is quite difi'erent from the specimens of Lepomis and Eupomotis in the collection. It is characterized by the large number of scales, the large number of rows of scales on the cheek, the low fins and a conspicuous black spot on the posterior base of the dorsal and anal fins. Head 3; depth 2i; D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; scales small, 6 or 7-45 to 55-16, 40 to 48 pores, 8 rows on cheek; gillrakers moderate, X -]- 13. Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, becoming stouter with age; head large, the snout projecting; mouth quite large, maxillary broad and flat, reaching middle of eye; a small supplemental maxillary above; lower jaw projecting; dorsal spines quite low ; pectoral short, not reaching anal, 1^ in head ; ventrals not reaching vent. Color variable, the pi'evailing shade green, with strong brassy luster on sides which becomes nearly yellow below; each scale usually with a sky-blue spot and more or less of gilt edging, form-" ing pale lateral streaks, dusky or obscure vertical bars often pre- sent and the sides sprinkled with dark dots ; vertical fins marked with blue or green, the anal edged with pale orange in front ; usually a conspicuous black spot on posterior base of dorsal and anal fins, these often obsolete ; iris red ; cheek with narrow blue stripes; opercular spot smaller than eye, broadly margined with bronze, the black confined to the hard or bony part of the opercle, a character which readily distinguishes this from all other species of sunfishes. * Proc. U. S. N. M. XI, 55. o w z (75 CI -t. V a Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 395 47. LONG-EARED SUNFISH LEPOMIS MEGALOTIS (Rafinesquc) This is another of the small sunfishes that abound in all suit- able waters in the Mississippi Valley and southwestward. From Minnesota and northern Ohio it ranges southward to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. It is subject to great variation and has been described as new no fewer than 14 times. Although it occurs in lakes and large streams, it most delights in the smaller creeks and brooks. In Lake Maxinkuckee it is more common than the blue-spotted sunfish, but it is not by any means abundant, only a few examples having been obtained by us. In Lost Lake, however, it is more numerous and was frequently taken in the seine. ^'^mMw^m 'Of^^^m Long-eared Sunfish {Lcpomis incgalotis) In these waters it does not seem to reach a greater length than 5 or 6 inches and a weight of 2 or 3 ounces. It is, however, a sweet pan-fish, and in game qualities it is not particularly^ different from the green-spotted sunfish and the pumpkin-seed. Head 3 (without flap) ; depth about 2, varying with age; eye 3^ to 4; D. X, 10 to 12; A. Ill, 8 to 10; scales 5-36 to 45-14, 31 to 40 pores, about 5 rows on cheek; gillrakers X -|- 8 or 9 ; pectoral l.l to 1.1 in head. Body short, deep, and compressed, the back very strongly arched in the adult, the profile steep, usually forming an angle above the eyes; mouth small and oblique, the premaxillary rather below the eye, the maxillary reaching middle of eye; gill- 396 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey rakers very short and soft, weaker than in any other species; dorsal spines very low, the longest little longer than snout, 3 in head; opercular flap in the adult very long and broad, with a broad or narrow pale blue or red margin, the flap half or more longer than the eye in the adult, much shorter in the young, its develop- ment subject to much variation. Color, brilliant blue and orange, the back chiefly bluish; belly entirely orange, the orange on the sides in spots, the blue in wavy, vertical streaks ; lips blue ; cheek orange, with bright blue stripes ; blue stripes before eye; soft parts of vertical fins with the rays blue and the membranes orange ; ventrals dusky ; iris red. One of our most brightly colored freshwater fishes ; extremely variable, the young often elliptical in form, and the size at which the characteristic ear-flap is developed varies greatly with differ- ent individuals. As compared with the other sunfishes of the lake, most of our specimens are characterized by having the ventral fins very dark, almost black, and, although this feature is probably not enough to identify them with certainty, it is very helpful in making up a preliminary assortment of species. 48. BLUEGILL "LEPOMIS PALLIDUS (Mitchill) (Plates 25 and 26) The Bluegill is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the sunfishes. It is known from the Great Lakes southw^ard throughout the Mississippi Valley and to Florida and the Rio Grande. It is found in N.ew York and Pennsylvania, the Caro- linas, and west to Minnesota and Kansas. It occurs in quiet streams, but is, above all, the sunfish of the lakes, whether large or small, though it is decidedly more abundant in the smaller ones. It is very common in all the lakes of northern Indiana and of all the food fishes found in Lake Maxinkuckee, it is, next to the yel- low perch, certainly the most abundant species. In our seining operations along the shores we found it exceed- ingly abundant. In seining around the lake in July and August we sometimes used a 45-foot seine, but usually a 25-foot one, and occasionally one only 15 feet long. In covering the entire peri- meter of the lake the seine was hauled about 612 times, and the Bluegill was the most abundant species caught. The total num- ber caught exceeded 12,000. Occasionally a haul would be made without taking any bluegills but usually there were from a few up Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 397 to many in each haul ; several hauls contained several hundred each, the largest number being 419. Most of those caught in this way were 1 or 2 years old; not many young-of-the-year were taken and not many adults. A good many 3 years old were taken, but by far the most abundant were those 1 and 2 years old. It is scarcely necessary to state that only a few of these fish were re- tained for specimens and that practically the entire catch was in- variably returned to the lake. The young-of-the-year are found in great abundance in shallow water near shore but, except when the smallest seine was used, they would pass through the meshes and we were thus unable to de- termine their number. In Lost Lake the Bhiegill seems equally abundant. More than 2,000 were caught in 100 hauls with a 25-foot seine. At Lake Maxinkuckee this fish is known almost exclusively as the "Blue- gill"; Blue Bream, Blue Sunfish, Copper-nosed Bream, Dollardee, and the various other vernacular names by which it is known in other localities are never heard there. In this lake the bluegills spawn during the last half of June, their spawning beds being usually located on shallow bars where the water is 4 to 8 feet deep. They clean off the rubbish from a circular area 6 inches to a foot in diameter and, like the pumpkin- seed, will defend the nest with much bravery. The Bluegill is the "gamest fish for its weight in the lake", so says one of the most observant and successful of the anglers who come to Maxinkuckee ; and not many who have had experience with the large individuals in the clear, cold waters of this lake will be disposed to question the estimate. In the first place, the bluegills of Lake Maxinkuckee are un- usually large; they reach a length of 12 to 14 inches, a weight of a pound, and are broader than one's hand. Even their average size at this lake is from a half to three-quarters of a pound, while in Bass Lake, 10 miles west of Maxinkuckee, they do not average more than 2 or 3 ounces. Then the water of Maxinkuckee seems conducive to a high development of game qualities, not only in the Bluegill, but in all other fishes — the temperature, clearness, depth, and quality and quantity of food all seem most favorable. This fish can be taken at any time in the year. Excellent catches can be made early in the spring, but during July and August the largest catches are probably made, it being no unusual occurrence in those months for two men in one boat to take 75 to 100 pounds in an afternoon. It bites well during the entire fall, also, though it is not fished for so assiduously after grasshoppers Plate 25 BLUEGILL SUNI1.-.H \i.>i>omis palliflns! ■ygtu^^sf^m^i^^m^ffi^^-'^im- RED-EARED SUNFISH {Eupomotis heros) These photographs were taken from life at Lake Maxinkuckee by A. Radcliffe DuKmore for Jordan and Ever- mann's "American Food and Game Fishes," published by Doubleday, Page and Company. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 399 begin to fail. And in the winter time the Bkiegill is taken in con- siderable numbers fishing through the ice. The Bluegill can be taken with almost any kind of lure. Angle- worms are probably the best, though grasshoppers are nearly as good. White grubs, small minnows and pieces of fish or clam are all good. The senior author has taken it also on small craw- fish, with the fiy, on the trolling spoon and with a small buck-tail. It may be taken either by still-fishing or by trolling. The most popular method at Lake Maxinkuckee seems to be to fish from an anchored boat, using two long cane poles projecting over the stern at a divergent angle. A cork or fioat is placed upon each line, its position being determined by the depth of water, the hook being made to hang about a foot above the bottom. More expert or skilled anglers will use a rod and reel but will probably not catch any more fish. The Bluegill can be caught in various places, as from the piers and elsewhere in shallow water near shore, from in and about the bulrush patches in water 2 to 5 feet deep, from the Vallisneria beds, or from the tops and slopes of the deeper bars where the various species of Potamogeton abound. Probably the best places are on the edges of bars where there are good growths of Pota- mogeton amplifolius. The most noted place in the lake for blue- gills is the well-known "Weedpatch". Other good places are in the Potamogeton patches off the Gravelpit, off the Ice-houses, and at the Sugarloaf. The Bluegill is a dainty biter, taking the hook slowly and de- liberately, sucking it in rather than biting it. Not until after the bait has been sucked in and the fish starts away with it is the angler aware of what is going on ; but when once securely hooked then the fight really begins, to continue without cessation or abate- ment of energy until the fish is landed. The Bluegill rarely jumps out of the water as does the black bass, but by turning his side toward the angler he is able to offer a resistance which makes the sport very fascinating. Excepting the yellow perch, there is no other species in the lake which is equal to the Bluegill as a pan-fish. The flesh is firm and flaky and possesses a flavor of which one does not soon tire, and the size of the fish is the ideal one for a pan-fish. As to feeding habits, the Bluegill appears to be by all means the most omnivorous fish of the lake. Its dietary never offers in- deed such a violent juxtaposition of unrelated materials as ex- hibited by the shark, bowfin or goat; and does not so much re- mind one of a world's museum or valley of Hinnom as a biological 26—17618 400 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Siirvey epitome of the lake. One is not likely to find as great an assort- ment of food articles in its stomach as in a shark's ; but there is to be fomid in its stomach at various times bits of almost every- thing found in the lake. Morover, it is not generally in the habit of mixing its food, but generally feeds chiefly on one thing now and another at another time. It is choicy, indeed, after a fashion as to the quality of its food, insisting that what it eats be fresh and wholesome, but cheerfully eating whatever is set before it and asking no questions for conscience sake. This suggests that it would be as easy fish to rear, not easy in the sense that it would thrive in any place planted, but so far as food is concerned it would thrive in small, well-kept ponds, not demanding wide range or special crops of food. A large number of stomachs were examined ; more, probably than of all the other species of the lake put together, and the re- cital of the contents of dift'erent individuals one by one, while valu- able as a matter of record, would be tedious reading. It will suffice to say here that the food of younger individuals appears to be mainly of an animal nature, consisting of various entomostraca, such as Cypris, waterfleas, Cyclops, Bosmina and various insect larvse. The adult fishes eat also various mollusks, such as Physa and operculate mollusks, Sphaerium and Pisidium. Among other occasional elements of their food are water mites, beetles and caddis cases with the larvae. During the spring of 1901, they, along with the other sunfishes, seemed to feed almost exclusively on the common isopod of the lake, Asellus. On August 12, 1906, the stomachs of 21 specimens examined were all gorged with the tender tips of weeds, either one of the narrow-leaved Potamogetons or Heteranthera ; they seemed to be wholly vegetarians at the time. Strangely enough, and much to the Bluegill's credit, we do not find among our records oi the numerous stomachs examined, mention of a single fish. So far as our examinations go, the Bluegill is quite free from animal parasites; its freedom' from intestinal parasites is prob- ably due in part to its abstinence from eating other fishes ; carni- vorous fishes in general appear to be more subject to such aff'ec- tions than others. In spite of these advantages, however, the Bluegill is one of the most delicate fishes of the lake and succumbs quickly to various maladies. During the winter of 1900-1901, these fishes massed in immense numbers in Culver Inlet and most of the winter through could be seen packing that stream almost as close as they could be crowded. The reason of their crowding into this particular Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 401 spot was in all probability because of the warmer temperature of the water there. For some reason, partly perhaps because of sub- aqueous springs, and possibly because of exhaust pipes from the heating plant of the Military Academy, the water there was always several degrees warmer than that of the lake, and did not freeze at all. It is barely possible that the bluegills which crowded into this inlet were unhealthy individuals, and had chosen the warmer waters out of a general sensation of discomfort or exceptional sen- sitiveness to cold ; it was noted that all about the edge of the lake where springs ran in and raised the temperature of the water, that fishes which usually appeared more or less sick crowded about ; at any rate, Saprolegnia soon broke out among the crowded fishes and in a short time wrought great havoc, and before long, fishes could be found dead and in all stages of disease. The fungus attacked especially the tail and eyes. Even healthy bluegills exhibit in a marked degree the paralyz- ing influence of cold water. While cold water appears to benumb all fishes more or less, the greater number are able to swim away with reasonable speed when frightened. On December 21, 1904, some bluegills, as fine and large as are usually seen at the lake, were observed through the thin ice in Lake Maxinkuckee. Some simply stuck their heads down into the Chara and tried to hide ; others tried to dart away, but appeared very numb, and moved with diffi- culty. If chased they soon tired, often showing their sides upward, and one soon lay down on its side and refused to move, although attempts of all sorts to frighten it were made on the ice above. During the early spring the young bluegills of the year before, flock in rather large schools along shore. From April 26 to I\Iay 18 they were seen almost every day. The young frequently hide among Chara and weeds near shore in shallow water during the winter, and are among the most common fishes raked up with weeds through the ice. The Bluegill affords perhaps more sport and food to resident anglers about the lake than any other species. It bites all the year round, and is sometimes even taken on the set-line. One of the best times to fish for it is during the early spring, when large catches can be made fishing from piers with the ordinary bamboo pole and cork bob. The crowd of anglers who lined the shore by the Ice-houses from about the middle to the end of April, 1901, got goodly numbers of these fishes. On April 16, one fisherman caught 54; on April 18, another got 23. In general, catches of from 25 to 40 in a day or less seemed rather common about this time. 402 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Later in the season they were generally caught from boats and fre- quently bit freely. About the end of August, 1903, one fisherman made a catch of 85, on worms. The next two days 2 men caught 56, and a few days after, they caught 42 in one day. Quite good catches were made late in September, 1906. In addition to the Saprolegnia, there is a periodical occurrence every spring of some sort of malady which causes great mortality among this species. In the spring of 1901, this contagion broke out about May 19 and 20, when 16 of these fishes were found dead along shore between Knapp's and Farrar's. On May 24, 26 ex- amples, all of good size, were found dead on the shore of Outlet Bay. On May 31, 40 large ones were found dead in a little strip on the southwest shore of the lake. On June 4, 34 of good size were found between the Fish Commission pier and Long Point, and on June 5, 73 dead ones were found on the north side of the lake be- tween the old Vandalia pumping station and Lakeview Hotel. No certain cause could be discovered that would explain the deaths. The smaller fishes seemed exempt. There was a general impres- sion among the dwellers about the lake that it was due to gorging on the great number of May-flies which appeared about that time. The bluegills begin nesting early in June. Several nesting fishes were found in Lost Lake June 8, and they were quite dark in color. Their dark coloration may have been due to an abundance of pigment characteristic of the mating season, or to the dark waters of the lake ; fishes of Lost Lake usually being considerably darker than those of the same species in Lake Maxinkuckee. The nests were very close together, the rims nearly touching, and were found in black bottom in shallow water (4 or 5 feet) in rushes southwest of the Bardsley cottage. They were shallow, bowl-shaped depressions about a foot in diameter. They usually contained several small gasteropod shells and often a larger mussel shell, in the bottom. They were quite conspicuous. On June 12, four days after the nests were first observed, a visit was paid to the nests. The boat was anchored over a particularly large fine nest. The fish were very shy and on the first approach of the boat left in numbers. After some time they returned. The nest over which the boat was anchored contained a very large dark mass full of moving lively bright points — the eggs well advanced toward hatch- ing. The parent Bluegill, a large fine one, came and stayed on the nest, moving its tail and fins. It would make dashes at and chase away the other bluegills which seemed to have nothing to do but visit ; they seemed inquisitive. No such dark mass was found OS r a w O r r*-^ ■■i %. •^ a n 3- ,-»*V '^sk X Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 403 in any other nest, and it was thought that they were empty or deserted. A closer investigation revealed a sort of granular bot- tom, consisting of the eggs covered over by some silt raised by the current caused by the parent's fanning. On account of their being covered with silt the eggs were very inconspicuous. There was a constant restless watchfulness on the part of the parent fish. The bluegills did not look much worn by the labor of nest building, though some of the caudal fins were frayed. Eupomotus gibbosus nested with the bluegills, and elsewhere by itself nearer shore. On June 15, several bluegills about 10 inches in length greatly distended with roe, washed up dead in front of the Fish Commis- sion cottage. The eggs had a higher specific gravity than water, were very numerous, clear in color, and 21 to the inch. The Bluegill apparently bites while guarding the eggs and young, and can be caught off" the nest. This matter however re- quires further investigation. Head about 3^, without flap ; depth 2 to 2] ; eye 4 in head with- out flap; snout 4; maxillary 3i ; D. X, 11 or 12; A. Ill, 10 to 12; scales 7-46-14, about 44 pores, 5 rows on cheek. Body short, deep and compressed, the young slender, the adult more nearly orbicular; caudal peduncle rather slender, its least depth 2 in head; head not large, the projecting snout usually form- ing an angle above the eye; mouth quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, maxillary not reaching eye ; gillrakers moderately long, nearly round, bent slightly downward ; dorsal spines strong and high, the longest about half head, usually longer than snout and eye; ventral fins reaching origin of anal; pectorals pointed, longer than head, reaching origin of anal ; opercular flaps very short in the young, rather long and broad in the adult. Color, rich greenish-olive on back, becoming paler on sides ; belly sometimes coppery or brassy ; top of head dark greenish ; opercle and cheek bluish ; opercular flap rich velvety black, without pale border, a small whitish spot near its base above; side some- times with 3 or 4 more or less distinct broad darker greenish crossbars ; fins all greenish, the pectoral palest, reddish at base ; a large dark blotch near base of last rays of dorsal, and usually a similar blotch on anal ; anal membranes darkish, a slight rosy wash along base of fin. 404 Lake Maxifikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 49. RED-EARED SUNFISH EUPOMOTIS HEROS (Baird & Girard) (Plate 25) The Red-eared Sunfish is found from northern Indiana to Flor- ida and the Rio Grande, It is an inhabitant of lowland streams and ponds. Although usually regarded as rare, it is not especially uncommon at Lake Maxinkuckee. Among the fishermen in gen- eral it is probably confused with the other sunfishes, although one of the fishermen of the lake pointed one out as "Green Sunfish" a name generally applied to Apomotis cyanellus where that species is well known. During the seining operations about the lake, in the 612 hauls, 75 specimens were taken, the maximum number in 1 haul being 8. Specimens were taken in 29 of the hauls. The shortest specimen obtained was 2.25 inches long, from which they varied in length to about 10 inches. The habits of this species do not difi'er greatly from those of other members of the genus. Its food consists of worms, larvse, small crustaceans, small mollusks and the like. Its parasitic ene- mies do not appear to be many. Only one example was examined with parasites ; these were found in the region of the vent and resembled Gordius. The spawning season of this sunfish is in May and June. Little distinctive can be said as to its game qualities ; they are essentially the same as those of the common pumpkinseed. It takes the hook readily if baited with angleworm, grub or cut bait. It takes hold cautiously but dashes away promptly and fights well for so small a fish. It is a delicious pan-fish. Our specimens disagree in some respects from current descrip- tions of E. heros; the maxillary does not reach fully to the eye, the longest dorsal spine does not reach to the posterior border of the pupil, and the pectoral does not reach beyond the middle of the anal. The following is a description of one of our specimens : Head 3 in length ; depth 2.3 ; eye 4.5 in head ; snout 3.25 ; max- illary 3.3; mandible 2.6; preorbital 6.2; interorbital 3.25; dorsal X, 11, the spines very stout, the longest, (6th) 2.5 in head, longest ray 1.8 in head; base of dorsal 2.25 in length, its base extending over 25 rows of scales; anal III, 11, the spines, especially the third, very stout and much longer than the others, 2.5 in head ; longest anal ray 2 in head ; pectoral long, rather narrow and sharp, reach- ing somewhat beyond origin of anal, and contained 1.1 times in head; ventral rather acutely rounded, its stout spine 2.8 in head, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 405 the length of the entire fin 1.6 in head, its tip reaching halfway between vent and origin of anal ; caudal lobes 1.5 in head ; scales 6-41-11, with 38 pores in the lateral line; scales on the cheek large, in 4 rows ; membrane of dorsal and anal scaled at base. Color in alcohol, brownish, of a nearly uniform tint all over the body, except the black opercular spot, the diameter of which is con- tained 1.2 times in the diameter of the eye; color in life pale olive- greenish, mottled with darker; cheek bluish but without lines; flap blue-black, with a red posterior border, silvery anteriorly above and below ; some lemon wash. 50. COMMON SUNFISH EUPOMOTIS GIBBOSUS (Linnaeus) This handsome little fish, also frequently known as the Pump- kin-seed and Butter-belly, is one of our best known fishes and is found in clear brooks and ponds from Maine westward to the Great Lakes and southward east of the Alleghenies to Florida. In the Mississippi Valley it is found only in the northern portion, being fairly abundant in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois and north- ward, but it is said to be rare south of Virginia. At Lake Maxin- kuckee it is fairly common ; out of the 612 hauls made during the seining operations in and about the lake, one or more examples were taken in each of 144 hauls ; 860 specimens in all were secured ; the greatest number taken in one haul being 100. It is found in both lakes, also in the short stream connecting them. Favorite places which they frequent are the chutes and piers at the Ice-houses, Outlet Bay and the Outlet about the bridges, and under the piers at the numerous cottages. In such places as these they may be seen, sometimes in considerable numbers, resting quietly near some piling or other protection. Exceptionally fine examples are sometimes caught at the Weedpatch, the Flatiron and the Sugarloaf. The Pumpkin-seed is one of the first, if not the very first, fish that the average country boy in the Eastern States and the Upper Mississippi Valley learns by name, and the ceremony of initiation into the art of angling usually consists in landing a Pumpkin-seed from a brook. It is one of those fishes which does not require a complete angler's outfit and an exhaustive study of bait. A pin- hook, a piece of string, any sort of pole, and a fishworm, are all that is necessary. Although fairly abundant at Maxinkuckee and possessing some attractive qualities as a game-fish, the Pumpkin-seed is apparently 406 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey not caught in any considerable numbers by those who go a-anghng. A few are taken about the piers by children and other amateur anglers, and one now and then by anglers who are fishing for larger game. The greatest number and the finest examples are doubtless caught by the long cane pole fisherman. The favorite places are about the various bars where the bluegills congregate. They usually bite quite well during April and May. From April 16 to May 3, 1901, several people were fishing almost daily at the Ice-house piers, and many good Pumpkin-seeds were taken. One fisherman caught 26 on April 16, and 16 on the next day. On April 24, a small boy fishing from a boat took 10. &:*? Pumpkin-seed Sunfish (Eupomotis gihbosus) Although the Pumpkin-seed reaches maturity at a small size in Lake Maxinkuckee, good-sized examples are often taken. Per- haps 6 to 8 inches is the usual size, but larger examples are some- times taken. A fine male 7.5 inches long weighed 5.75 ounces. Those caught in Lost Lake were very dark, almost black in color, due doubtless to the dark color of the water and the bottom of that lake. All the fishes of whatever species from that lake seem in general to have a darker color than those of the same spe- cies from Lake Maxinkuckee. The Pumpkin-seed is preeminently a boy's fish. It takes the hook readily, and promptly begins a fight which bears much re- semblance to the way a small dog handles a rat ; its movements are rapid, erratic, and uneven, at times quite vigorous, then again life- Lake Maxinlaickee, Physical and Biological Survey 407 less as if the fight were given up. Any sort of small bait will answer but there is nothing else so good as the common angle- worm. As a pan-fish the Pumpkin-seed has no superior, and the mature roe nicely browned is a tidbit that is not easily excelled. The food of the Pumpkin-seed is nearly the same as that of the other sunfishes. During the spring of 1901, the principal food was Asellus^ — the common isopod crustacean of the lake. They fed pretty largely also on small thin-shelled snails. Some con- tained minnows and darters. The stomach of one 7.5 inches long and weighing 5.75 oz. caught at the Weedpatch September 12, 1907, contained two leeches, fragments of Physa, a thin operculum of some snail and one Pisidium. An example 2,5 inches long- caught August 3, 1906, contained what seemed to be fragments of a freshwater sponge, the sponge spicules being abundant ; another 2.75 inches long contained insect larvse, 2 ostracods (Cypris) and 1 water mite ; another 3 inches long contained the opercle of a snail and a very small crawfish. Among other food elements (in early spring of 1901) were dragon-fly larvse, minnows and one darter. This species begins nesting early in June and continues nesting throughout the summer. Several nests were found in Lost Lake June 12. They were first found near the shore south of the Bardsley cottage and later others were found among those of the bluegills at the north end of the lake. Those near the shore were shallow, bowl-shaped afl'airs, worn out of the fibrous turfy bottom and containing no shells, pebbles or anything foreign or trans- ported. They contained great "numbers of small clear eggs which appeared to stick fast to the fibres projecting from the bottom of the nest. The fish behaves much as the bluegill, fanning the water over the eggs with its fins, and chasing away intruders. They are braver than the bluegill, do not nest so closely together, and do not flee at the approach of a boat. Somewhat later, nests were found in the Outlet, just west of the railroad bridge and in Lake Maxinkuckee. On June 23, two small nests with the parent fish on were noted in the Outlet, and nests were still noted in July in the big lake. In these latter locations the nest consisted of a bowl-shaped depression scooped out of the sand. On account of its bravery while on the nest, the breeding habits of this fish can be studied to good advantage. On July 7, 1901, the actions of the parent fish at a nest at the head of the Outlet 408 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey were observed for some time. The young were quite minute, transparent objects, the eyes being the most conspicuous part of them. They hugged the bottom quite closely, but were pretty active. Now and then one of them appeared to take a notion to leave the nest, and would swim up toward the surface. Quick as a flash the parent fish would snap it up, and it appeared at first glance as if it were devouring its young, but it was soon discovered that each time it had taken in a young fish it immediately went down to the bottom of the nest, head downward, and spat the young out into the nest near the ground. In 1906, numerous nests were seen in shallow water near Chad- wick's pier, with the parent fishes guarding, and two individuals were seen mating. The nesting fishes appeared to be remarkably small ; specimens only 2.5 inches in length were fully mature. Young of this species were frequently caught while seining for minnows along shore. On June 19, 1901, examples 1.5 inches long were caught, probably young of the previous year. Head 3 to 3.25 in length; depth 1.75 to 2; eye 4 to 4.5 in head; snout 4.5 ; D. X, 10 to 12 ; A. Ill, 10 or 11 ; scales 6-40 to 47, pores 35 to 45, 4 rows on cheek; body short and deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex, usually an angle above the eye; head rather small; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary scarcely reaching verti- cal with front of eye; dorsal spines rather high, the longest 2 to 2.5 in head, as long as eye and snout, the soft rays higher; pec- toral long, as long as head ; scales large ; gillrakers short and soft, smaller than in any other sunfish except Lepomis megalotis, X + 8 to 10 ; pharyngeal teeth all bluntly rounded, paved, the bones very broad, somewhat concave. One of the most brilliant of our fresh- water fishes, the colors somewhat variable. The following are color notes taken from a specimen 7.5 inches long (male) and weighing 5.75 ounces, caught at the Weedpatch September 12, 1907: Back and upper part of sides with 8 vertical bars of dark blue green alternating with the same number of lighter golden bars; bars of each set, especially the latter, with scattered old-gold spots; cheek brassy or golden, with about 6 irregular pale blue oblique bars; opercle jet-black, edged with blood-red; belly rich orange or brassy ; caudal and dorsal dusky with some iridescent green ; anal pale wine; ventrals pale orange; pectoral pale; colors exceedingly brilliant. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 409 51. SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEU Lacepede (Plates 27 and 28) The Black Bass is found in most suitable waters from Lake Champlain westward to Manitoba and southward on both sides of the mountains from James River, Virginia, to South Carolina, and from the Great Lakes to northern Mississippi and Arkansas. It has been planted in many places where it was not native, both in this country, and in England, France and Germany, and has usually thriven wherever planted. It is a fish of clear running streams and of the clearer, colder lakes. In the southern part of its range it is confined to cool flowing streams, but in the north it is equally abundant in streams and in the larger, cooler lakes. It is absent, however, from many of the smaller, shallower lakes, such as Bass, Fletcher, Cicott, Manitou, and others in northern Indiana. In Lake Maxinkuckee it is a very abundant fish. In the sein- ing operations of 1899-1900, 1,127 specimens were taken, the maxi- mum number secured in one haul being 62. In the summer of 1906, the young of this and the straw bass were phenomenally abundant ; and people seining for minnows along shore were usually troubled by getting large numbers of young black bass and noth- ing else. While seining for minnows near Murray's over a hun- dred examples of this species were taken in two hauls. Some idea of the rate of growth can be obtained from the fol- lowing data: Numerous young of this species measured July 18 and 19, ranged in total length from 1.3 to 2,8 inches, the usual size being 2 to 2.25 inches. Others examined August 1, measured 1.7 to 2.7 inches, the usual size being about 2.3 inches. All these were probably hatched toward the first of June, as we have a number of fry, just hatched, taken from a nest June 1, 1901. They are each about one-third of an inch in length. This is the fish most sought after by anglers who visit the lake. It can be caught almost the whole year round, and minnows are the best year-round bait. The best fishing, however, is early in August, and again in October and November. During the sum- mer they are usually caught in rather shallow water. The best way to fish for them in August and early September is to use grass- hoppers for bait, casting or trolling with a light oil line. In Oc- tober and November, the best method is to troll with a live minnow, fishing deep by means of a heavy sinker. It is about the only 3 a fa o o fa c S ■"^ 0) ^ > o W o fl ■B CC i- C c« c. O ^ •-S «=^ c: ^^ "^ M o yj T CJ < c J h ra bo 3 « Q H n D to o ;:2 S "O rt -J « <; < § '« >> ^ : £ O o •3 ^ E C p rt _ M 1^ - K ct -a c Cj -0 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ' 411 kind of black bass caught in July and August, the large-mouth not coming until September. Besides grasshoppers and minnows the spoon, spinner and fly are occasionally used. Rarely the craw- fish makes a good bait. Generally one does not anchor, but trolls slowly with 75 to 100 feet of line out. Sometimes however, good catches are made while still-fishing. Sometimes they are caught through the ice; in the spring of 1901, just as the ice was going off there were 2 or 3 days when this was the principal fish caught ; generally, however, it was the straw bass that was taken in winter. The usual weight of this fish as got in the lake is from 2 to 2.5 pounds ; 3-pounders are occasional, and the maximum size seems to be about 5 pounds. There is a record of an angler hav- ing caught one which weighed 7 pounds (April 7, 1900), but the fish may have been wrongly identified. A large number were measured, and a good number were measured and weighed. The following table gives the lengths and weights of 21 specimens of this species: Length Circumference Weight 10 inches 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 2 pounds 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 1 pound 2 pounds 3 po:n 's 4 pounds 3 pounds 4 pounds 3 pounds 9.25 8.75 10.5 1 13 3.5 6.25 6.75 7.25 15 15 15 12 5 11.75 8 8 (very 9.75 inches 11.5 inches 12.5 inchfs ouncG 12.75 inches oimops 13 inches 13 .25 inches 13.5 ounces 14 ounces 14 . 5 ounces 15.5 inches ounrps 15.5 inches 15.5 inches l.j inches 15.25 inches ounces 17 inches 17.5 inches ounces 18.75 inches 18.5 inches 12 inches ounces 19 inches 20 inches 12 inches ounces The Black Bass exhibits some variations in color, though not so marked or striking as the straw bass. Some examples are irregu- larly spotted. A marked variation is brownish rather than green- ish, with reddish eyes. Some of the fishermen speak of these as the "red-eyed bass". By far the greater number of stomachs examined contained crawfishes, and the indications are that these form the chief food Plate 28 SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS (Micropterus dolomieu) SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS {Micropterus dolomieu) The same individual fish as above, showing the interesting changes in color markings occurring within a brief time. Photographed at Lake Maxinkuckee by A. Radclifle Dugmore for use in Jordan and Evermann's "American Food and Game Fishes," published by Doubleday, Page and Company. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 413 of this species. Crawfishes, however, do not make very good bait as a usual thing. A few examples contained Vivipara co7itectoides. The Black Bass begins spawning about the middle of ]\Iay. The nest consists of a bowl-shaped depression in sandy or gravelly bottom. Most of those seen were in about 6 feet of water. The fish appear to bite rather well while preparing the nests and per- haps also while watching the nests. A fisherman was seen May 16 who reported that he had gotten 6 on the east side where they were preparing their nests. A few were caught during the nesting season and many were reported taken off the nests, but the reports could not be verified. Besides being more gamy, the flesh of this fish is regarded as quite superior to that of the straw bass. Head 2.5 to 3.5 ; depth 2.75 to 3 ; eye 5 to 6.5 ; D. X, 13 to 15 ; A. Ill, 10 to 12; scales 11-72 to 85-25, 67 to 78 pores, about 17 rows on cheek. Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age; mouth large, but smaller than in the large-mouthed black bass ; maxillary ending considerably in front of posterior border of orbit, except in very old examples ; scales on cheek minute, those on body small ; dorsal fin deeply notched, but less so than in the other spec- ies, the ninth spine being about half as long as the fifth, and not much shorter than the tenth ; soft dorsal and anal each scaly at the base. General coloration, dull golden green, with bronze luster often blotched with darker, especially on head; young with darker spots along the sides, which tend to form short vertical bars, but never a dark lateral band; 3 bronze bands radiating from eye across cheek and opercle; a dusky spot on point of opercle; belly white; caudal fin yellowish at base, then black, with white tips; dorsal with bronze spots, its edge dusky. In some waters the fin-markings are obsolete, but they are usually conspicuous in the young. yThe little-mouth has little scales. There's red in his handsome eye, The scales extend on his vertical fins. And his forehead is round and high. "His forehead is round and high, my boys, And he sleeps the winter through; He likes the rocks in the summer time — Micropterus dolomieu." 414 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 52. STRAW BASS MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lacepede) (Plates 1 and 29) The Large-mouthed Black Bass is everywhere abundant in suit- able waters from Canada and the Red River of the North, south- ward to Florida, Texas, and even into Mexico. It prefers lakes, bayous and other sluggish waters, and in the small lakes of the Upper Mississippi Valley it is most abundant in those of moderate or shallow depths. It is one of the best known game fishes and re- joices in a great number of vernacular names, among which may be mentioned bayou bass, slough bass, lake bass, cow bass, large- mouth black bass and Oswego bass. In the south it is absurdly called trout, green trout, chub and welchman. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is very abundant and is the game- fish most frequently caught by anglers. It is caught the whole year round, and is the principal species taken in ice-fishing. Dur- ing the seining operations in 1899-1900, 1506 specimens were taken, the greatest number secured at one haul being 100. In 1906, the young of this bass were exceedingly abundant, so much so that they crowded along the shores, and made up the larger por- tion of catches obtained by fishermen seining for minnows. On August 10 of that year people seining along the south shore of Outlet Bay with a common minnow seine got 150 young straw bass at one haul. The Straw Bass is well distributed throughout the lake. Dur- ing the summer the large ones are often seen near shore where they spend their time over the shallow weedy bars. They are also found on various bars out in the lake, the Weedpatch, the Flatiron and Sugarloaf, being favorite fishing grounds. With the approach of cold weather, after the water has cooled down con- siderably, they may often be seen in shallow water not far from shore. They come up to shore in considerable numbers at night when the weather begins to get cold. There appear^ to be a slight tendency in this fish to migrate down to Lost Lake during the win- ter, and to return to the larger lake in the spring, as occasionally schools of large fish may be seen — usually late at night or early in the morning — drifting down stream in September and October and coming up stream m the spring; and there are almost always dur- ing fall and spring good schools of young bass in the Outlet. This migration is relatively unimportant however, when it comes to considering the main mass of fish in the lake. The schools of fish in the Outlet are never so large nor continuous as to form what Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 415 might be called a run ; the movement down the stream in autumn is an easy drifting*, and the ascent in the spring has nothing in it of a purposeful run or migration. Ice-fishing during the winter is quite as good or better- in Lake Maxinkuckee than in Lost Lake. Frequently in Lake Maxinkuckee great schools of large bass may be seen through the clear ice, that would cause the angler who has fished through relatively fruitless days in the summer-time to marvel at their size and abundance. These fish under the ice are pretty lively and swim before one at a good rate of speed, in this respect diff'ering from many of the sunfishes. Although the young Straw Bass are common along the shore of the lake during the summer time, they are also distributed all over the lake in the upper waters. On September 9, 1906, and on a few other occasions, thousands of them were seen far out on the lake sporting on the surface, swimming about in circles much like whirligig beetles, and with the dorsal fin sticking up out of the water. It was supposed that they were feeding on plankton at the surface. A towing was made near where they were feeding and the lake was found to consist mainly of Daphnias. The food of the Straw Bass is quite varied, and so far as exam- ined, appears to exhibit a much wider range than that of the black bass, changing with the size of the fish and with the season. Of 5 small ones examined July 23, 1906, one 2i inches long contained one copepod ; one 3 inches long was empty ; one 2 J inches contained beach fleas ; one 2 inches contained Cypris, great numbers of Daphnia and one Chironomus larva; and another 2 inches long contained entomostraca and a species of alga not identified ; one 1^ inches long taken November 16, 1904, contained insect larvae. The young bass of somewhat larger size (about 3 inches long) are quite voracious, and frequently eat other fishes. On August 20, a small one caught at Long Point had a small skipjack not much shorter than itself halfway down. This, however, may have been an accident, as in seining where fishes are crowded they may snap at each other while gasping. On August 23, a young one was seen to dash from shore with a silvery fish, apparently a young blue- gill, in its mouth. The fortunate bass was followed by a crowd of smaller ones, much as a flock of chickens chase one that has a choice morsel. On the next day precisely the same phenomenon was observed again. The food of the larger Straw Bass is quite as varied as that of the young. Of 3 examples, weighing about 1^ pounds each, examined April 28, 1901, one contained 4 craw- fishes, one had 2 darters and 4 crawfishes, and the third contained 2 crawfishes. Numerous others contained crawfishes, which seem 27—17618 416 Lake Maxirikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey to be the most important element of their food. One example con- tained several darters ; another 19^ inches long contained the spines of another fish; several contained Vivipara contectoides ; one 5 inches long contained a backswimmer; and another, a medium- sized minnow. On August 7, 1906, a fisherman reported finding a young musk turtle in the stomach of a straw bass; another ex- ample contained a minnow, a johnny darter and several Sphserium shells ; another contained a grasshopper — probably bait ; and a large bass 19 inches long was found dead on shore with a good- sized bluegill lodged crossways in its mouth — a victim of its own greed. Although the bass bite eagerly in the winter, they appear to eat very little then ; all the stomachs examined caught by ice- fishing being empty except for parasites. The Straw Bass is the most abundant game-fish in the lake, and one of those most frequently caught. They are considered a good deal more loggy than the black bass and the flesh is coarser and not so finely flavored. The best season for catching the Straw Bass is in May and June, by trolling along the edge of bars; one observant fisherman claims that only males are obtained at that time. In fishing for the Straw Bass, almost all sorts of methods are used except fly-fishing, which is not much in vogue at Lake Maxinkuckee. In early summer the fish are caught on bars among the weeds in from 3 to 8 feet of water; later in the year they are often caught in deeper water; some were caught in 30 to 40 feet on October 17. Minnows are the best all-year-round bait — gray- back and blue-nosed chub, etc., for warmer weather, and shiners for cold weather. During late summer and early fall the grass- hopper is favorite bait. Bass are also caught on the spoon, spin- ner, artificial frog, meat-rind, pork-chunk, etc. A few anglers are not ashamed to use the Dowagiac minnow, but the better sportsmen regard it as a barbarous device, fit only to be used by a clumsy fish-butcher. This fish is the species most frequently caught by ice-fishers. Just what might be considered a good catch at the lake depends upon the circumstances, the fisherman, the methods of fishing, etc. With the old methods of ice-fishing wiiere there was no limit to the number of hooks, more could be obtained than in summer fishing. This varied greatly with the individual, as some men who fished a great deal through the ice got very few fish, and for a just com- parison it would be necessary to have the records of the same per- son fishing both winter and summer, and having ample opportunity to fish the whole season through. One of the best ice-fishers got 21 Large-mouth Bass in one day (January 15, 1901) ; another, > > •1 >j r u r; re. ■a a- \ - 'V 'fm.W' I Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey All hardly so good an angler, fishing after the ice had gone, got 13 one forenoon. The true sportsman who comes to the lake, however, is little concerned with the number of fish he catches. He would wish for some probability — not quite a dead sure certainty — that he would get a strike from some big gamy bass. He would wish that bass so full of maneuvers and tactics as to test his skill to the utmost, and make the issue of the battle uncertain. He would like per- haps another boat in the distance, but not too near, to help tell the story of the fight, and to tell it as a disinterested spectator. And if a really big bass is landed, it is perhaps with a twinge of regret that he finds it necessary to take the fish along as a proof of his veracity instead of turning it loose with the hope that he or some one else may'meet it again in battle. During the autumn the young bass can be caught in the Outlet by the crude method of the old long cane pole and worm bait. On October 22, a boy was seen fishing from the railroad bridge with worms. He had caught 2 Straw Bass each about 5 inches long. The Straw Bass begins spawning about the middle of May. On May 30, 1901, about a dozen nests were found. They consisted of circular depressions filled in with pebbles from about the size of a hen's egg down ; some of them being finer, others of coarser, gravel, and they were from one foot to about 2| feet across in a depth of about 6 feet of water. The nests were found off" Kreutz- berger's, in front of the Palmer house and east of Lakeview hotel, also off the stone breakwater near the northeast shore of the lake. At the time the nests were found they were filled with little black young which looked much like carpet tacks scattered over the bot- tom. It is claimed by some of the fishermen about the lake that the bass will bite from the nest, and that during the nesting season it is easy for one who knows where the nests are to go from one to another and catch a numbei- of fish. The Straw Bass caught in the lake average from 3 to o\ pounds or less. The largest specimen, so far as verified records go, weighed 8 pounds. One fisherman in June, 1895, caught an 8- pounder which weighed 5i pounds when dressed. Another fish- erman, fishing from a pier, caught one weighing 8 pounds and just 24 inches long; one man claims to have got one of 8i^ pounds. A great many fishes were weighed, and a number were both meas- ured and weighed, occasional weights are 5, 5] and 6] pounds. The following table gives the weights and measurements of a num- ber of Straw Bass taken at the lake : 418 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Length Circumference Weight Length Circumference Weight 9k inches 16 inches 8oz. 2 lb. 15 oz. female; plump 12 oz. 2 lb. H oz 1 lb. 8 oz. 3 lbs. 3 lbs. 4 lbs. 2 lbs. 1 + 19 inches 17 inches 1834 inches 12 inches 4 lb 8 oz 2 lb. 12K oz. 3 lb. 2k oz. Ilk inches IhH inches 14 inches 173'2 inches 17k inches 19 inches 17 inches 12H inches The following table taken from Report State Fish Commission- ers of Penn., 1897, p. 159, may be of interest for weights and measurements of smaller examples : Inches VA'eight of each Fish in Ounce.? 5k m. m. 2, 2, 2k, 2, 2, 2k, 2, 2, 2k. 3, 3, 3, 3, 2k, 3, 3, 3k, 2, 2, 2k. 4, 3k, 3k, 4, 4, 332, 3, 4, 33 2, 4, 3k. 4, 4k, 4, 43^, 5. 5, 5, 5k, 5, 5, .532, 5, 6. 6, 6, 5k, 7. 7, 8, 7, 7, 8, 9, 7, 7. 10, 9, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 8, 8, 8, 10, 9, 9, 8, 10, 9, 8, 8, 9. 6 ... 6k 7 7k... 8 8k 9 10 . lO'i. . . 11, 10, 9, 10, 10, 9, 9, 11, 11, 10, 11, 9. 11 1132 n, n, 11, in, n, 12, 10, 12, n, 12, 11, 11, 12. 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 12. The Straw Bass reaches a larger size farther south than here. Mr. Willard Nye of New Bedford, has given us the following note: "On or about February 20, 1902, I caught a female Large- mouthed Black Bass in the uppermost of a long chain of small lakes in Pasco County, Florida. The fish weighed 11^ pounds, measured 26^ inches in total length, 214 in circumference, and 7^ across the mouth from side to side. The eggs were pretty well developed, but not ripe; the stomach contained one small fish too far digested to be identified. The fish was caught trolling with a phantom minnow of the blue-back variety, 3i inches long, which is the best bait for all sorts of fish in the fresh waters of Florida ; even very small bass and sunfish will take this lure." The large bass referred to jumped once entirely free from the water. Mr. Nye says that he has heard of other bass in Florida weighing as much as 12 pounds, but this is the largest he ever saw. Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Survey 419 On another occasion he caught one not much shorter in length than this, but weighing only 5 or 6 pounds. As to rate of growth in the lake, this is found to vary a good deal with individuals in the same waters. The young of the year were about 1 inch long on July 5, 1899, and in September and October, 1906, the smallest Straw Bass seen were about 2^ or 3 inches long and were supposed to represent the young of the year. The Straw Bass about the lake seem to be quite free from parasitic copepods. leeches, etc. Internal parasites are not rare. During the winter of 1900-1901, nearly all the stomachs examined were empty of food but almost all contained a few distomids, one lot examined averaging about 8 distomids apiece. The young are sometimes afflicted with numerous parasites. Some examined July 24, 1906, contained a few distomids ; a small one examined July 30, had one distomid; and of 3 small examples studied July 23, all contained parasites ; one about 3 inches long, contained the usual distomids, the second 2 inches long contained 1 Acanthoceph- alus, and another 2^ inches long contained 4 different kinds of in- ternal parasites. Head 3 to 3^ in length; depth 3 to 3{ ; eye 5 to 6 in head; D. X, 12 or 13; A. Ill, 10 or 11; scales 7-65 to 70-18, about 58 to 67 pores, 10 or 11 rows of scales on cheek. Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately compressed ; head large ; mouth very wide, the maxillary in adult reaching beyond the eye, shorter in the young; scales on body comparatively large; teeth sometimes present on tongue; gillrakers longer than gill-fringes; dorsal fin very deeply notched, its fifth spine 3| in head. General color, dark green above, sides and below greenish silvery; young with a blackish stripe along the side from opercle to middle of caudal fin ; 3 oblique dark spots above and below lateral line ; caudal fin pale at base, then blackish, and whitish at tip ; belly white. As the fish grows older the black lateral stripe breaks up and grows paler and the color becomes more and more uniform pale dull green, the back being darker. 53. WALL-EYED PIKE STIZOSTEDION VITREUM (Mitchill) (Plate 30) The Wall-eyed Pike is a species of wide distribution. It is found from Lake Champlain westward throughout the Great Lakes region and to Assiniboia. It is native also to the small lakes of New York and the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, east of the 420 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey Alleghenies. In the Mississippi Valley it occurs in many of the larger streams and small lakes as far south as Georgia and Ala- bama. Though found in many streams, it is preferably a fish of the lakes, and it reaches its greatest abundance in the Great Lakes, particularly in Lake Erie. In difi'erent parts of its range it is known by different names. Among the Great Lakes it is called the Wall-eyed Pike, YelJow Pike, or Dore by the French-Canadians, and Pickerel in the places where the true pike (Esox luciiis) is found. In the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, and in the small lakes of northern Indiana, it is known as Salmon or Jack Salmon, names absurd and wholly without excuse. Southward in the Mis- sissippi Valley it is the Jack. Elsewhere it is called Okow, Blow- fish or Green Pike, In fish cultural books it is called Pike-Perch. The Wall-eyed Pike is rarely seen in Lake Maxinkuckee, al- though it is not uncommon there. During the warmer weather they keep in deep water. When the weather first gets cold in the fall they come in to shore in some numbers at night, doubtless to feed on other fishes. Illegal fishermen who ply their work on dark nights and chiefly during the autumn and spring, sometimes get these fish. One man claims to have speared a two-bushel sack full of these fish early in the spring near the Inlet, where they had doubtless come to deposit their spawn. They do not appear to stay near shore or in shallow water during the winter, for they are not seen through the clear ice, and it is not known whether they go in schools like the perch does or not. From the fact that only one or a few are usually caught at a time, it would seem that they are rather solitary. The V'/all-eyed Pike is never caught in large numbers ; usually only 1 or 2 are taken at a time. On October 27, 1900, one man caught 4 large ones one forenoon, and on the next day he caught 3. This would be regarded as exceptionally good luck. On No- vember 3, 1900, 2 fishermen fishing together got 5, and on May 26, 1901, two men fishing together caught 4 in the forenoon and 7 in the afternoon; this would be regarded as quite remarkably good success. A very good fisherman who visited the lake for a week about October 16, 1905, got 10 of this fish in addition to a few of other species. Another sportsman who visited the lake had taken a particular fancy to this fish, and made it the special object of his search. He caught about 21 in 8 weeks and regarded him- self as having been quite successful. The Wall-eye bites almost any time during the year, but the best season is in June and during October and November. They are occasionally taken through the ice. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 421 As to bait and manner of fishing, they take readily to both grasshopper or minnow, and are sometimes taken trolling with the spoon. They are usually caught slowly trolling with a live min- now, the hook being sunk with heavy sinker to a depth of 25 to 50 feet. They are regarded as one of the most desirable game- fishes of the lake. Perhaps one feels a greater pride in having landed a good-sized "salmon" than with any other fish, not except- ing even the small-mouth black bass. In many respects the Wall-eye is one of the most desirable of the fishes of the lake. The fact that very few are caught as compared with the bass, makes it difficult to compare them with that fish as many who have fished for bass never caught these. They are generally regarded by those who catch them as exceedingly gamy, making a good fight and affording a great deal of sport. As a food fish they are far superior to the bass, approaching their rela- tive, the perch, in this regard, and greatly exceeding it in weight. They are the largest game fishes in the lake. The average weight is 3 to 5 pounds, and they are rarely seen under 1 pound in weight. They have been reported up to 8| pounds and there is an account given by an old resident of the region of one obtained a good many years ago which weighed 11 pounds. The Wall-eye does not weigh as heavily for its length as the bass ; one 19^ inches long weighed 3 pounds, another 20 inches long weighed the same, and one 22 inches long weighed 3 pounds 12 ounces. We have the lengths of examples 8, 10, 12| up to 19 inches, measured but not weighed, and of examples from 2 to 6^ lb. weighed but not measured. Dr. G. Brown Goode in his "American Fishes" has the follow- ing interesting remarks concerning the flavor of the pike-perch, "Wherever the pike-perch is known it is very highly prized. In the Great Lakes region, S. vitreiim ranks next in value to the white fish and lake trout." He further says, "The flesh is hard, white, flaky and easy of digestion, and has a distinctive flavor of its own, which renders it especially available for boiling, though often stuff"ed and baked. Its capabilities are equal to those of fresh-caught cod or turbot." Concerning its gaminess and method of capture he says : "A correspondent of the American Angler wrote sometime ago to that journal that he had fished the streams and lakes of south- ern Wisconsin for twelve years, and had found no fish which af- forded him better sport than the pike-perch. It will take the fly as readily as the brook trout or the black bass and while it will not fight as long as the bass, it furnishes the fly-fisher with a fair 422 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey amusement, and as a table fish is infinitely its superior. With a light rod, weighing from five to nine ounces, a four-foot leader, and a bass-fly, this fish may be readily taken. The angler should whip the white foaming water below a dam, on some frosty morning using a dark fly or cast upon the same water toward evening with a light fly. He will learn that there are new possibilities for him in the way of sport with a rod." One of the most interesting historical notes concerning the lake relates to this fish. A resident of the place writes : ''As for the salmon (wall-eyed pike) they are a native to Lake Maxinkuckee, also to Yellow River, Mr. tells me he speared them in both places 30 years or more ago. Other parties tell me the same. I met a Mr. Cobin at Rochester in 1892, and he told me that in 1838 or '39, he and Attorney Entline came by our lake on a return trip from Illinois, and found a band of Indians camp- ing on a hill west of the lake and that the bucks were killing fish with clubs and bows and arrows ; that he never saw the like of fish, and that the squaws were smoking and drying some for winter use." The Wall-eye is one of the principal fishes planted in the lake ; they have been planted in large numbers on several occasions; on May 14, 1902, 10,000,000 fry were planted in the lake. A sudden chilling of the water seems to benumb these fishes even more than the other fishes of the lake. In the winter of 1900 (December 10) when the first skirt of thin ice was formed about the edge of the lake, a large Wall-eye was seen swimming along under the ice on its side. It was easy to kick a hole through the ice and take the fish out. It made very little resistance. On No- vember 14, 1904, which was about the time the lake began to freeze, while rowing to the Weedpatch a fine Wall-eye was seen floating belly up. It was able only to flop feebly when lifted into the boat. The nature of the food of the Wall-eye can be best judged by its sharp strong teeth. No other fish in the lake equals it in this respect. Nearly all the stomachs examined, however, were empty or nearly so; a few contained half digested minnows and some contained crawfishes or their remains. One specimen contained 6 crawfishes. It is claimed that this fish while being brought through warmer surface water during the process of capture gets sick and disgorges its food. Nothing was learned of their spawning habits at the lake. Its habits are, however, well known in this respect, as it was one of the first fishes experimented upon by American fish culturists. > r I w k; 7", Si. ^ -^'1 \ Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 423 The following account of its spawn and spawning habits are given in Goode's American Fishes (Revised edition) : "The eggs are from 1 to 14 millimeters in diameter and light golden yellow in color, and are adhesive like those of the sea-her- ring, clinging to stones, roots, and the stalks of water plants where they are deposited at a depth of from three to ten feet. They begin to spawn when less than a pound in weight, and each female deposits from two or three hundred thousand ova. This great fertility is serviceable, for no freshwater species is more subject to the fatalities incident to the spawning season. After storms the shores of lakes are said to be often bordered by windrows of the stranded ova of the pike-perch. Dr. Estes well describes the destructive inroads of sturgeon, catfish and suckers upon the spawning beds in Lake Pepin. He estimates that 'not one-fourth of the eggs remain to be hatched.' He quotes Dr. Estes as say- ing that 'Just as soon as the lake is well closed over with the ice, they leave the deep water and resort to the sand-bars where they remain until spring. It seems a fact that they select and take possession of the spawning beds fully three months before they are needed for use. I have carefully observed this habit for more than twenty-five years, and each year's observation is confirmatory. In the first place we do not take them on these bars in summer, and again two-thirds of all that are taken from the beginning of winter to spring are females, proving conclusively that they thus early select these bars as spawning grounds. I have often visited them as early as May (the spawning season in Lake Pepin is from the first to the fifteenth of April or even earlier) but failed to find the fish, while, from the closing of the lakes to March, they are often found in great numbers.' " Dr. Goode further says that "The pike-perches are never taken in large numbers for use in commerce except during the spawning season, or immediately before it, and like the perch, they are in the finest condition when full-roed." The Pike-perch is very free from parasitic copepods or fish- lice, although a few examples contained Ergasilus on the gills. One or two examples seen had leeches attached to the fins. They seem to be nearly or wholly free from distomids and Acanthocephali. They are, however, subject to infection with tapeworms to a re- markable degree, and nearly all of the individuals examined had the stomach and intestines swarming with multitudes of these parasites. Head 3.6 in length; depth about 4.5; eye shorter than snout, 4.5 in head; D. XH to XVI-19 to 21 ; A. H, 12 to 14; scales 10-110 424 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey to 132-25, 83 to 95 pores ; bodj^ slender, becoming compressed with age ; the back somewhat arched ; cheeks and upper surface of head nearly naked; dorsal spines high, more than half length of head; dorsal fins well separated, the interspace between them greater than diameter of eye; the last dorsal spine scarcely erectile; soft dorsal nearly as long as spinous dorsal; anal longer than high; pyloric coeca 3, rather long. Color dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indistinct oblique lines; sides of head more or less vermiculated ; lower jaw flesh-colored ; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large jet-black blotch on the membrane of the last 2 or 3 spines, otherwise nearly plain ; sec- ond dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish ; base of pectoral dusky, without distinct black blotch. 54. YELLOW PERCH PERCA FLAVESCENS (MitchiU) (Plates 31 and 32) The Yellow Perch is found throughout the eastern United States, chiefly northward and eastward. It is abundant in the Great Lakes and in the larger coastwise streams and lakes from Nova Scotia to North Carolina ; also in most of the small lakes in the upper Mississippi Valley, especially in northern Indiana, Illi- nois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. It is also found in some of the streams of this region, but is by preference a lake fish. It is not known from the Ohio River nor from the lower Missouri. In most of the New England lakes and those of New York it is an abundant and well-known fish. At Lake Maxinkuckee the Yellow Perch is the most abundant and best known fish. It is simply called "perch" here, as there is no other perch present from which it is necessary to distinguish it. The Perch seem to be less abundant and of smaller size than formerly. During the seining operations of 1899-1900, the total number caught was 4544, one or more examples were caught in each of 282 of the 612 hauls, and the greatest number taken in one haul was 141. Perch are found in abundance in all parts of the lake, though they live by preference in the shallower water and about the weedy bars. One of the pondweeds (Potamogeton americanus) of the lake is known as "perch weed" from the fact that Perch are frequently to be found in especial abundance where it grows. In rowing about the lake this is the fish most often seen in the shallow water, and it is frequently seen in large schools under the o o "I &> & o # w ^%i ^ //^/f Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 425 clear ice. The Perch ai-o quite lively under the ice and dart away at a good rate of speed. There is no other fish of Lake Maxinkuckee so well known or held in such universal favor and esteem as the Yellow Perch. It is known to, and appreciated by, every one who comes to the lake, from the expert and professional angler to the casual visitor who only sees the fishes in the clear shallow water as he saunters along the shore. The angler does not disdain it because it will take the fly and possesses some qualities of gameness; the amateur likes it because it enables him to make good when better fish refuse to bite; the novice is pleased with it because he can usually catch more of it than he believed it possible for him to catch of any species; the women and children are delighted with it because all fish are good that come their way and they can catch them from the ends of the piers ; it appeals to the farmer-fisherman with the long cane pole because it shares with the bluegill the honor of making up the bulk of the bushel of fish in the gunny-sack which he usually takes home at the end of the day's fishing. It appeals to everybody because it will bite when all else fails ; because it is gamy enough to suit anyone except the most exacting, and be- cause there is none more delicious. The Perch can be caught almost every day in the year and by all manner of bait and methods of fishing. They can be caught trolling, still-fishing or casting, and can be taken in great numbers through the ice. In the matter of bait, they will take fishworms, mussels, minnows, the spoon, the fly, grasshoppers, cut bait, or probably anything else offered. The Perch is a fearless fish and by letting down a baited hook over the edge of the boat in clear water, one can look down and see these fish come up and take the bait. They usually take a small minnow with a dash and gulp and in such cases are caught deep. If cut bait is used, especially if it is large, they come somewhat with a dash and then nibble about the edges of the bait, frequently catching hold of it and shaking it as a terrier does a rat. In angling with the cork float, the characteristic "perch nibble" consisting of a rapid bobbing of the cork, separated by short intervals of rest and terminated by a long pull when the fish is hooked, is easy to learn and recognize. The Perch are usually in schools ; often several perch, especially if they are small, can be seen wrestling with the same bait at the same time. The Yellow Perch is known in various localities by diff"erent names, such as Yellow Perch, Red Perch, Ringed Perch or Ring Perch, and Raccoon Perch. Wherever it is found it is the perch 0; 3 > 2 c ?- c X o c Q a Sfcl 1-3 C OS & S o O p C3 O QJ >■. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 427 par excellence. It is one of the most abundant and best known of freshwater fishes. Its usual length is 10 to 14 inches and its weight I to 2 pounds. Examples of 3 and 4 pounds, however, have been recorded. The largest examples of which we have a definite record are one of 4\ pounds recorded by Dr. Goode, caught in Delaware Bay, by Dr. C. C. Abbott, and another reported to us by Dr. F. A. Lucas, taken at Morey's Hole, Massachusetts, and weighing 3 pounds and 2 oz. The Yellow Perch of Europe seems to grow much larger, examples of as great as 8 and 9 pounds hav- ing been recorded. The European perch is not so brightly colored as ours. As a pan-fish v/e do not know of any better among American freshwater fishes. The senior author has experimented with the Yellow Perch and several other species, including both species of black bass, the bluegill, wall-eyed pike and rock bass, eating each for several days in succession, and has found the Yellow Perch the sweetest and most delicious of them all. One does not tire of it so soon as of the other kinds. Several other persons who tried the same experiment reached the same conclusion. In most parts of its range it is highly esteemed, and in many places it is of very considerable commercial importance. In the Great Lakes, the Potomac River and the small lakes in the upper Mississippi Val- ley, large quantities are taken, which always find a ready sale. The diet of the Perch is exceedingly varied. In late autumn when they come near shore they subsist almost entirely on craw- fishes, and these form the greater portion of their food the year round. They also were found to contain minnows, the larvae of May-flies, dragon-flies and caddis-flies, and quite frequently small mollusks of various sorts, such as Physa and Sph?erium. They also occasionally contain small worms, young of other fishes such as sun- fishes, and one contained a stickleback. One was found dead choked on a Johnny darter. The Perch of Lake Maxinkuckee seem to be quite free from diseases and parasites. One found dying on shore contained what appeared to be cysts in the liver; this was the only diseased one seen. A large number caught in the fall at the edge of Lake Michigan in 1903 were examined, and nearly every one had one or more white cyst-like objects imbedded near the eye, probably due to Myxosporidia, but no such phenomenon was noted at Lake I\Iax- inkuckee. In some other lakes, particularly in New England, New York and Wisconsin, the Yellow Perch are frequently infested with tapeworms or other parasites which are found in the flesh. This condition is most apt to occur in ponds in which the water 428 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey becomes rather warm and foul in the summer or early fall and in which the fish are crowded. The presence of the parasites is usually only temporary and need cause no particular annoyance, and none whatever, if the parasites escape observation. The spawning time of the Yellow Perch is early in the spring-, soon after the ice has disappeared. The egg-masses are among the most remarkable among those of freshwater fishes. The spawai is in a single piece or mass, a "much-elongated ribbon-like structure, of a semi-transparent light grayish color. One end, corresponding to the anterior part of the roe, is larger than the other, and is bluntly forked. The spring is very long, but may be compressed lengthwise by virtue of an arrangement into regular transverse folds like the sides of a bellows or accordion. When deposited the eggs are in a loose globular form, and after being fertilized and be- coming 'water-hard', their mass rapidly becomes many times larger than the fish which laid them. The length of the strings is from 2 to more than 7 feet, depending on the size of the fish. One fish in an aquarium at Washington deposited a string of eggs 88 inches long, 4 inches wide at one end and 2 feet at the other, whose weight after fertilization was 41 ounces, while the weight of the fish before the escape of the eggs w^as only 24 ounces. A cavity extends the whole length of the egg mass, its walls being formed by the delicate membrane in which the eggs are em- bedded. The cavity is almost closed, small apertures occurring irregularly, which have the appearance of being accidental, but may be natural, in order to permit the circulation of water on the inside of the mass. The egg-string is quite light and resilient or springy, the least agitation of the water causing a quivering motion of the whole mass. The diameter of the egg is 1 13 inch. The quantity can not be easily measured, but the number is approximately 28,000 to a quart. Head 3.25 ; depth 3.25 ; D. XIII to XV, 13 to 15 ; A. II, 7 or 8 ; scales 7-74 to 88-17, 54 to 62 with pores ; back highest at origin of spinous dorsal, which is more or less behind insertion of pectoral ; profile convex from dorsal to occiput, thence concave anteriorly, the snout projecting, a little longer than eye; mouth somewhat oblique, maxillary not quite reaching opposite middle of orbit ; gill- rakers X -f 15, the longest I to | length of branchial filaments ; cheeks closely scaled throughout, the scales imbricated; opercular striae and rugosities on top of head well marked; first anal spine longer than first dorsal spine ; first dorsal spine inserted above Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 429 or a little behind base of pectoral ; pseudobranehise quite small. Back dark olivaceous ; sides golden yellow ; belly pale ; side with 6 or 8 broad, dark bars, which extend from the back to below the axis of the body ; lower fins largely red or orange ; upper fins olivaceous ; the spinous dorsal dusky, usually with a narrow color- less triangle behind each spine, and with or without a distinct black spot on its anterior or posterior part. 55. LOG PERCH PERCINA CAPRODES (Rafincsque) (Plate 33) The Log Perch is abundant almost everywhere in the Great Lakes and streams of the south and west from Quebec to Lake Superior and Iowa and south to Mississippi and the Rio Grande, chiefly in swift gravelly streams of some depth. This species, represented by the subspecies zebra or the Mani- tou darter, was very abundant in the lake in 1899-1900. In the seining operations one oi' more examples were obtained in 143 out of the 612 hauls made — 2,310 were obtained altogether, the great- est number taken in any single haul being 310. During the prog- ress of the work after 1900, however, not so many were obtained. They ordinarily remain in shallow water near shore. They are often seen during April and the early part of May. The first one seen in 1901 was on April 6 ; this was found dead and was quite full of eggs. From this time on till early May these fishes crowded up in immense schools at the mouths of the various inlets of the lake. Large schools were noted at the mouth of the ditch by Far- rar's, at the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek, and even at the mouth of a tile by the depot grounds. When the fish were frightened they darted rapidly up stream. On April 11, 1901, 29 were caught with a dip-net at the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek, and were measured. The longest was 4.25 inches long and the shortest 3i inches; the greater number were 3| and 3|- inches long. The females were quite plump, and contained large numbers of eggs. The eggs were rather pale in color, about 22 to the inch, and were very numerous ; in one case the number of eggs in a single fish was estimated at 8,172. In darting up the streams they sometimes went with such an impetuous rush that some would get stranded on the shore. On April 29, a few were seen along the north shore and they were abundant where springs entered the lake. Although they are not ordinarily seen in small creeks, some were seen in the small creek on the noi'th shore of the lake west of the Palmer House on 430 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey May 3. Quite a number were seen May 17, resting on the top of rocks in about 6 feet of water, and they were occasionally seen on rocks in the bottom through clear ice during the winter of 1904. A few were obtained while seining for minnows along Long Point and the Gravelpit in 1906. They are quite active during the win- ter, and not torpid as many fishes are. This fish subsists chiefly on small animals. Five examples from 2.5 to 3.75 inches long, captured August 3, contained the remains of insects or insect larvae; of two 2.25 and 2,75 inches long, one contained several Bosminia, 1 Daphnia, Chironomus larvae, and a beach flea, the smalle]' one contained 12 beach fleas. The Log Perch is infested to some degree by trematodes which form small black spots in the skin, but it is not so susceptible to the attacks of these parasites as some of the other darters. The Log Perch, although one of the largest of the darters, probably never exceeds 9 or 10 inches in length. It is scarcely large enough to be of any value as a food-fish. It will occasionally take the hook, but its small size precludes the exhibition of any considerable game qualities. "The Log Perch is the giant of the family*, the most of a fish, and therefore the least of a darter. It may be readily known by its zebra-like colors. Its hue is pale olive, silvery below, darker above. On this ground color are about 15 black vertical bars or incomplete rings, alternating with as many shorter bars which reach only halfway down the side. The hindmost bar forms a mere spot on the base of the tail, and there are many dots and speckles on the fins. The body is long and slender, spindle-shaped, and firm and wiry to the touch. The head is flat on top and tapers into a flat-pointed snout which is squared off at the end like the snout of a pig, and this resemblance is heightened by the form of the small mouth underneath it. From this pig-like snout has come the scientific name caprodes. This is a translation of the older name of 'hogfish', which Rafinesque heard applied to it in his time and which is still used in the same regions, Percina reaches a length of 6 or 8 inches and it may readily be caught on a small hook baited with a worm. We often meet an urchin with two or three of them strung through the gills on a forked stick along with the 'red-eyes', 'stonetoters', 'hornyheads', and other 'boys' fish'. We find Percina usually in rapid and rather deep water. We rarely find them small enough for ordinary aquarium purposes; and the living specimen before us, though wonderfully quick and graceful in its movements, has shown little that is note- * Except the laie Percina rr.r, describerl after the above was written. > 'J-. 7i k '^^^d o I ^ d o Si ?0 u 3-. s CO C Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and. Biological Survey 431 worthy, save his courage, his fondness for angleworms, and a possible disposition to bury himself in the sand. There is some- thing in the expression of his face, as he rests on his 'hands and feet' on a stone, that is remarkably lizard-like, suggesting the Blue-tailed Skink (Eumeces fasciatus) ." — Jordan and Copeland, 1876. Head 4 to 4,25 in length ; depth 6.5 to 7 ; eye 4,3 in head ; snout 3; maxillary 3.75; D. XV-14; A. II, 10; scales 9-90-9, the nape naked, the middle cf the belly with a row of enlarged stellate scales which are finally shed leaving a naked strip ; body elongate, com- pressed ; head long and pointed, depressed and sloping above, the interorbital space rather broad and concave; mouth small, quite inferior, maxillary not reaching to the front of the eye; cheeks naked or with a few rudimentary scales ; nape naked ; opercles scaly ; chest naked ; fins rather low, pectoral somewhat shorter than head; caudal truncate. Ground color yellowish, with about fifteen transverse dark bands from the back to about the lateral line, these usually alter- nating with shorter and fainter ones; a black spot at base of caudal ; fins barred. Length 6 to 8 inches. 56. BLACK-SIDED DARTER HADROPTERUS ASPRO (Cope & Jordan) (Plate 33) The Black-sided Darter is found from the Great Lakes region to the middle Missouri, northward to Minnesota and southward through Missouri, Indiana and Kentucky to Arkansas, and is es- pecially common in the Ohio Valley, and is usually abundant in clear gravelly streams. It has not so far been found in Lake Max- inkuckee or any of its inlets ; several specimens have, however, been taken from the Outlet of Lost Lake. In the summer of 1906, one of the fishermen residing near the lake spoke of some queer fishes he had seen on several occasions while seining in the Outlet, and which he regarded as of no value for bait. It was thought from his brief description that the fishes mentioned were probably the blob (Cottus ictalojjs) no specimens of which had been obtained in the region. The fisherman was therefore accompanied on his next seining trip (September 11, 1906) and a number of the fishes were se- cured. They proved to be darters of various species ; among them were 11 which proved to be the Black-sided Darter. Associated with these 11 Black-sided Darters were 7 of its near relative, H. 28^17618 432 Lake Maxhikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey scierus. On a later visit to the same place (October 7, 1907), two large fine darters were secured, one H. aspro, and the other H. scierus. The separation of these two species was made with some diffi- culty, and the indications are that they intergrade ; this indeed was suggested long ago by Jordan and Gilbert in their description of the subspecies Hadropterus scierus serrula. In nearly all the features in which this subspecies differs from the species to which it is assigned — the smaller scales, the naked breast, and relatively weaker serrulations of the opercle — it approaches the general type of H. aspro. So far as descriptions go it would be difficult to say whether the subspecies in question belonged to aspro or scierus. We have divided our specimens according to the presence or ab- sence of stellate processes along the ventral line. This is a vari- able feature, as these structures differ both in number and degree of development. All other characters separating the species are equally or even more variable. The fishes identified as H. scierus seem in general to have the gill-openings more broadly united, al- though this is not invariably the case. The scales seem somewhat more regular along the dorsal line in aspro than in scierus. In scierus there are frequently small rudimentary scales intercalated along the sides of the dorsal fins, breaking up the diagonal series and making it difficult to follow them. This does not appear to be so pronounced in aspro. The distinguishing character of the serrulate preopercle is qualified in current descriptions by the expression "more or less" and is said to vary with age. Our specimens of scierus vary con- siderably in this respect. None is so distinctly or closely serrulate as in the type ; some are almost entire ; some rather rough, the roughness being rather crenulate than serrulate, and the preopercle on one side may be considerably more roughened than that of the other side in the same specimen. A pretty constant difference between the species is the presence or absence of scales on the breast; however, one of our specimens which on account of the sum total of other characters we have placed with aspro, has the breast scaled ; the mouths of our specimens average about the same in both species ; they may average somewhat larger in our aspro lot ; however, both the largest mouthed and smallest mouthed indi- viduals in the collection belong to those identified as aspro. The dorsal fins are about equally separated in both species, or rather about equally close together there is usually hardly the width of a scale between them ; the two specimens which have these fins far- thest apart belong to the aspro series. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 433 "The fine gentleman of the family is the Black-sided Darter (Hadropterus asjjro) . Him we may know by his colors.* The ground hue is a salmon yellow ; the back is regularly and beautifully marbled with black in a peculiar and handsome pattern. On the sides, from the head to the tail, runs a jet-black band, which is widened at intervals into rounded spots which contrast sharply with the silvery color of the belly ; or we may say that on each side is a chain of confluent round black blotches. Sometimes the fishes seem to fade out ; these blotches grow pale and no longer meet, but in an instant they may regain their original form and shade. This latter change can be induced by the offer of food, and it is of course due to muscular action on the scales which cover the darker pig- ment. A male in our aquarium underwent almost instantly an en- tire change of coloration upon the introduction of a female fish of the same species recognized by him as his affinity. Although the two have been together for some weeks, the novelty has not yet worn off, and although his colors vary much from one hour to another, he has never yet quite reverted to his original hues. The form of the Black-sided Darter is more graceful than that of any other, and his movements have little of that angular jerki- ness which characterizes his relatives. The fins of Hadropterus, like those of Percina, are long and large, the number of dorsal spines being about 14. A notable peculiarity in both species is the presence of a row of shields, or enlarged scales, along the middle line of the abdomen. These may help to protect that part from the friction of the stony bottom. They seem to be shed some- times, but when or why this happens we do not know. Hadi'op- terus delights in clear running water and may be found in most streams south and west of New York. It is especially desirable for aquaria, being hardier than any other fish as pretty, and prettier than any other fish as hardy, and withal with 'a way of his own,' as an Irish laborer, Barney Mullins, once said to us of Thoreau." — Jordan and Copeland. 1876. 57. DUSKY DARTER HADROPTERUS SCIERUS Swain No specimens seen in the lake ; found only in Outlet Creek below Lost Lake. Attention has already been called to the close relationship of this species and the preceding, and to the probability that they are connected by intermediate forms. This opinion is the result of an * This is no lonccr the case since H. scicrus and //. iiia.ii)tl:iickicttsis have been described. 434 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey examination of the type of H. scierus and a comparison of it with numerous specimens both of H. asvro and H. scierus. The type of H. scierms has faded so that little can be judged concerning its colors. It is still in a perfect state of preservation, though some- what soft. The mouth does not differ greatly in size from those of our specimens of both species. The maxillary extends almost to the vertical of the anterior of the orbit, and the statement in the original description "maxillary not reaching the eye by about the width of the pupil", evidently does not refer to the vertical from the anterior edge of eye, but to the width of the preorbital. The statement that the "spinous dorsal [is] separated from the soft dorsal by the length of the snout" is true only if the spinous dorsal is supposed to end at the base of the last spine; the mem- brane of the spinous dorsal is attached very nearly to the origin of the soft dorsal, there being barely more than the width of a scale between them. This is well shown in the very good figure of Hadropterus scierus in Jordan and Evermann's Fishes of North and Middle America. As has been said, the union of the gill-membranes is a variable feature. The following is a description drawn up from an examination of 5 Outlet specimens : Head 4 in length ; depth 6.1 ; eye 3.9 to 4.8 in head ; snout 3.9 to 4.6 ; maxillary 3.5 to 4 in head, almost or wholly reaching to a vertical with anterior of eye; mandible 2.5 to 3; interorbital 5.1 to 5.5, preorbital 7.1 to 9.1; dorsal XI to XIII-11 to 13; scales 6 to 9-62 to 69-10, 5 to 7 rows of minute scales on cheek; 6 or 7 larger scales on opercle ; 12 to 15 rows of scales before dorsal ; no row of scales along median dorsal line, but a row along each side; scales small and crowded in front of dorsal, the scales in the lateral line somewhat smaller than the other scales of the body, thus break- ing the alignment of the diagonal rows; small intercalated scales along base of dorsal, breaking up the regularity of the series ; snout and interorbital space naked ; occiput naked, this portion fre- quently transparent so that the outlines of the underlying brain can readily be seen; scales rather small, each scale with 2 or 3 fine concentric lines around the center, the whole margin of the scale, about i of the way to the center, rough, the roughness con- sisting of radiating faintly beaded ridges terminating in small stout spines which project from the entire free circumference of the scale, the scale somewhat irregularly beaded in front of the center ; throat, chin and fin membranes naked ; breast with minute embedded scales; one to 3 large stellate chevron-like scales be- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 435 tween ventrals; median line of belly between ventrals and vent with from a few to 14 stellate projections, these projections vary- ing in degree of development and finely granular at base, the granulations probably representing the beading of normal scales. Distance between dorsals very short, from one to a few scales in width; longest do]'sal spine (one of the median spines, varying in different specimens) 1.8 to 2.2 in head, base of spinous dorsal longer than head, 3.75 in length and extending over from 21 to 30 rows of scales; longest dorsal ray 1.3 to 2.1 in head; base of soft dorsal 1.4 to 1.75 in head, covering about 15 rows of scales; pec- toral rather acute, with 12 to 15 rays, length 1.2 to 1.4 in head, the tip not reaching tips of ventrals ; ventrals 1, 5, acute, spine 3.3 in head, longest ray 1.4 in head, reaching about I way to vent ; caudal lobes 1.3 to 1.6 in head, the fin slightly emarginate, the lobes broadly rounded. Color in spirits: Upper part of head to middle of eye dusky, rather coarsely punctulate ; upper part of back with black bands of uniform width (about 2 scales wide) arranged in regular festoons; interspaces whitish or yellowish ; under parts whitish, rather re- motely punctulate under magnification, the punctulations somewhat more crowded along ventral line, especially near the vent, and still more so along the base of the anal fin and occasionally in spots along the caudal peduncle, causing these portions to be somewhat decidedly darker. A black band along middle of side, expanding at intervals forming a row of about 7 round confluent blotches, the largest of these being about 6 scales in width by the same distance along lateral line; dorsals and anal dark at base with irregular dusky mottling near margin ; pectorals and ventrals somewhat dusky; caudal with a marginal and 2 submarginal dusky bands parallel with the edge of the fin and separated by similarly shaped paler interspaces. 58. MAXINKUCKEE DARTER HADROPTERUS MAXINKUCKIENSIS Evermann So far as general appearance and coloration go, the ]\Iaxin- kuckee Darter very closely resembles H. uspro and H. scierus. There are, however, a few diagnostic marks that enable one to distinguish it at once. The larger scales, the free gill-membranes, the smooth preopercle and the united dorsal fins are all diagnostic characters. The large mouth, with the maxillary extending back- ward to the vertical of the anterior edge of the pupil, is the most striking. In the color pattern, this fish differs from the species mentioned, in having the caudal irregularly mottled instead of 436 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey barred. It also has a distinct black line projecting from the eye downward across the cheek, a feature sometimes hinted at by ob- scure markings in the other species, but never as distinct and broad. Head 3.75 ; depth 6 ; eye 4 ; snout 4.2 ; maxillary 3.25 ; mandible 2.75; interorbital 6; pectoral 1.25; ventral 1.3; D. XIV, 13; A. II, 8; scales 7-61-10. Body rather long, slender and subterete ; caudal peduncle some- what compressed, its least width one-half its least depth ; head rather long, snout pointed; mouth moderately l-arge, oblique, maxil- lary reaching past anterior part of eye, lower jaw included; pre- maxillaries not protractile ; eye rather large, slightly above axis of body ; interorbital moderately wide, nearly flat ; gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus ; opercle with a rather long flap and stout spine ; fins rather large ; distance from origin Maxinkuckee Darter (Hadropterus maxinkuckietisis) of spinous dorsal to tip of snout slightly greater than base of spinous dorsal or nearly twice base of soft dorsal ; longest dorsal spine 2.25 in head ; soft dorsal higher than spinous portion, 2 in head, the free edge gently curved; origin of anal under that of soft dorsal, its base 2.1 in head; caudal rounded or slightly emarginate. Scales firm and strongly ctenoid ; lateral line complete and straight, beginning over opercular spine; top of head and an ob- long area on nape naked, space in front of spinous dorsal with small embedded scales ; opercle with about 7 rows of scales ; cheek with a few small, embedded scales; breast naked, except 2 or 3 partially embedded scales on median line; one large scale between ventrals ; belly naked anteriorly, but with about 10 enlarged, stel- late scales posteriorly ; space between ventrals broad, equal to width of base of ventral ; preopercle smooth. Color essentially the same as in H. scierus; mottled and ver- GREEN-SI DEi:) DARTER, Diplrsian hlrumnuirs (Rafinesqii esqiie) JOHNNY' DARTER, Boleosoma nit/rum ( Rafiiiesque) i* • --->fil\% •c s 9 ?■! IOWA DARll-.K, Ethrnstomn ior,v,e (Jordan & Meek] Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 437 miculated with light and dark brown or blackish, the middle line of back with about 9 large roundish dark confluent areas each sur- rounded by a wav\^ whitish line; middle of side with about 7 large, confluent dark spots, the anterior 2 largest and longest, the third small, the fourth large and the remaining 3 progressively smaller ; under parts yellowish white; top of head dark; a narrow whitish line around upper, posterior part of orbit ; a broad black line down- ward from eye, much more distinct than in related species; upper part of preopercle and nearly whole opercle dark, each dusted on lower part ; cheek dusted with fine dark specks ; an irregular pale area at anterior end of lateral line; spinous dorsal ashy, the first 3 spines black on the middle portion, the other spines dark but not so distinctly so, tips of last few spines dark; soft dorsal light brownish or grayish, crossed near the base by a series of dark spots and above by 2 series of whitish spots ; caudal spotted or mottled with white and brown, not barred as in related species ; anal white, dusted with brownish ; ventrals whitish, with fine dark dustings ; pectoral whitish, yellowish at base, followed by 2 alternating series of dusty and whitish spots. This species is related to H. scierus, from which it diff'ers chiefly in having the dorsal fins united, in having the maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit, in the larger scales, the free gill- membranes, and in the smooth preopercle. Of this species we have but 2 specimens, the type, a specimen 3.5 inches long, taken in Aubeenaubee Creek about one-half mile from the lake, August 4, 1899, and another, the locality label for which has been lost, but probably from the same stream. 59. JOHNNY DARTER BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM (Rafinesque) (Plate 34) This little fish is abundant almost everywhere in the eastern United States, and is especially common in small streams among gravel and weeds. At Lake ]\Iaxinkuckee it is not very abundant; occasional examples are seen lying on the bottom near shore or are raked up with weeds. During the seining operations 127 examples were obtained. One or more specimens were procured in each of 45 of the 612 hauls ; the greatest number gotten in one haul being 12. Occasionally people seining along shore for minnows catch a few examples of this species. Looked at from above while lying on the bottom, the Johnny Darter, with his slender body and spread fins, ready to go at a 438 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey touch, reminds one of nothing else so much as a drawn arrow. His long broad pectoral fins are the tense bow-strings, and at a touch he darts through the water like a shot shaft; his motion through the water resembles rather the leap of a frog than the swimming of a fish. The black on his back is arranged in about 6 short transverse bars — one a little distance in front of the dorsal, one about the middle of the spinous dorsal, one between the two fins, one about the middle, one at the posterior of the soft dorsal, and one at the base of the caudal. These marks remind one of several other bot- tom-lying fishes — the black sucker, the blob, and one of the mad toms (Schilbeodes exilis) . Looked at sideways — a view one never gets of him out in nature — he shows a very short blunt nose, even shorter and blunter than that of the green-sided darter. The ends of the dorsal cross-bars are visible as a series of dark blotches, and along the middle of the side is a row of blotches, irregular in size and shape, but in general more like W's than anything else. The stomachs of several examples showed that this species feeds on small animals; beach fleas were found in an example 2 inches long, and another of the same size contained, in addition to the beach flea, a Chironomous larva, and a parasitic distomid. In spite of their spiny armament, darters are frequently found in the stomachs of other fishes, and the Johnny Darter is quite ef- fective for perch bait. Head 3.75 to 4.5 in length ; depth 5 to 7 ; eye 5 to 5.5 in head ; snout 3 to 3.5; maxillary 3.5; D. IX-11 or 12 (VH to X-10 to 14) ; A. I, 7 to 9 ; scales 5-44 to 55-9, rarely 35 to 40 ; tubes of the lateral line sometimes obsolete on the last 4 or 5 scales ; body fusiform, slender, not compressed, caudal peduncle slender, its least width 1.75 in the least depth ; head rather short ; snout a little longer than eye, decurved; mouth small, horizontal, maxillary reaching eye; premaxillaries protractile; lower jaw included; interorbital space rather wide ; gill-membranes rather narrowly connected, free from the isthmus ; fins moderate ; origin of spinous dorsal nearer origin of soft dorsal than tip of snout; origin of soft dorsal somewhat anterior to that of anal ; spinous and soft dorsals separated by a space -J- to f diameter of eye ; longest dorsal spines about 2 in head ; longest dorsal rays 2 in head ; longest anal ray 2.5 in head ; pec- toral large, pointed, nearly as long as head, reaching past tips of ventrals; ventrals short, 1.3 in head, widely separated, the space between them as wide as base of either fin ; caudal rounded. Scales rather large, strongly ctenoid; lateral line never complete, usually 15 to 30 pores with 2 or 3 interruptions then a few scattered ones. Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 439 the line thus broken in several places, chiefly posteriorly; region in front of spinous dorsal, cheeks and breast naked ; opercles al- ways partially, sometimes wholly, scaled ; middle line of belly with ordinary scales, sometimes naked anteriorly; no enlarged humeral scale; opercular spine small. Color in life: Pale raw umber above, tending to olive, and marked with dark brown along scale margins, darker and forming distinct cross-hatching in 7 blotches ; about 13 irregular patches of dark brown or black cross-hatching along lateral line, separated from the markings of the back by a narrow line of whitish ; nape and back mottled and colored by minute black dots fading to brown posteriorly; pectoral rays very faintly barred with brown; caudal fin more distinctly black-barred, showing plainest in the closed fin ; a black line downward and one forward from eye. The Maxinkuckee representatives of B. nigrum diflter from typical specimens in some important particulars, the principal of which are the following: The less complete lateral line, the naked ante-dorsal region, the less .complete squamation of opercle, and the smaller fins. This description is based on 19 specimens 40 to 44 mm. long, taken on east side of Long Point in July and August. The following is an interesting account of the habits of this little fish : "We never grev/ tired of watching the little Johnny (Boleoso:)ia nigrimi Rafinesque). Although our earliest aquarium friend — and the very first specimen showed us by a rapid ascent of the river vv^eed how 'a Johnny could climb trees' — he has still many resources which we have never learned. Whenever we try to catch him with the hand we begin with all the uncertainty that characterized our first attempts, even if we have him in a two quart pail. We may know him by his short fins, his first dorsal having but 9 spines, and by the absence of all color save a soft yel- lowish brown, which is freckled with darker markings. The dark brown on the sides is arranged in 7 or 8 W-shaped marks, below which are a few flecks of the same color. Covering the sides of the back are the wavy markings and dark specks, which have given him the name of the Tessellated Darter', but Boleosoma is a braver name and we even prefer 'Boly' for short. In the spring the males have the head jet-black, and this dark color often extends on the back part of the body so that the fish looks as if he had been taken by the tail and dipped into a bottle of ink. But with the end of the nuptial season this color disappears, and the fish regains his normal strawy hue. The head in Boleosoma resembles 440 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey that of Diplesion, but the habit of leaning forward over a stone, resting on the front fins, gives a physiogomy even more frog-Hke. His actions are, however, rather bird-Hke, for he will strike atti- tudes like a tufted titmouse, and he flies rather than swims through the water. He will, with much perseverance, push his body be- tween a plant and the side of the aquarium and balance himself on the slender stem. Crouching cat-like before a snail shell, he will snap off the horns which the unlucky owner pushes timidly out. But he is often less dainty, and seizing the animal by the head, he dashes the shell against the glass or a stone until he pulls the body out or breaks the shell." — Jordan and Copeland. 60. GREEN-SIDED DARTER DIPLESION BLENNIOIDES Rafinesque (Plate 33) Only 5 specimens of this handsome darter were secured; of these, one, an example 3.25 inches long, was secured down the out- let of Lost Lake near the old mill on September 11, 1906, and 4 others, ranging in length from 2.5 to 2.75 inches, were secured about the same place, on October 7, 1907. The markings of these specimens (in spirits) are quite contrastive, the dark markings being jet black; this being probably partly due to the black bottom of the stream in which they were found. The Y-shaped figures mentioned in current descriptions as occurring on the lower part of the side, are united in our specimens, so that the color pattern of that portion of the body resembles a series of arches, usually with a black spot underneath each arch. The following description is from the largest of our specimens : Head 4.3 in length; depth 5.6; eye 3.2 in head; snout 3.1 ; mandible 4.2 ; interorbital space very narrow, 7.1 in head, the eyes being high up and close together ; mouth small, horizontal, overhung by the blunt heavy snout; physiognomy peculiar, the profile being short and rounded, a condition best described by the expression "bull-nosed" ; D. XII, 13 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 5-61-8. Body fusiform, elongate, but stouter than that of many of the darters;- snout, occi- put, throat and breast naked ; gill-membranes broadly connected. Spinous dorsal quite low, the longest spine 2.3 in head ; soft dorsal quite high, the longest ray 1.6 in head; anal about as long as soft dorsal but quite low; pectorals quite long and large, longer than head and reaching to tips of ventrals; ventrals quite large, about 1.1 in head, well separated at base and reaching about § of the distance to the vent. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 441 Color in spirits : Ground color pale straw-yellow, upper part of sides irregularly splotched with black, the splotches tending to form black spots along the dorsal line as follows : One small spot just behind occiput, a large one just in front of origin of spinous dorsal, an ill-defined one about the center and another about the end of the spinous dorsal, two similarly placed in regard to the soft dorsal, and one on the caudal peduncle; lower parts of side with a series of black arches, and small spots in the center of arches; belly unspotted; head dusky, irregularly blotched, a dis- tinct spot above each eye and 3 blotches on occiput, these latter forming a sort of trefoil or fleur-de-lis mark ; dorsals somewhat irregularly splotched ; in the spinous dorsal there is a tendency for the black to aggregate in the membranes between the spines ; in the soft dorsal this is definite, the interspaces between the rays being black and the intervals between the forks of the rays being dusky ; caudal somewhat irregularly blotched, the blotches tending to form in bars ; pectorals with spots arranged in bars ; ventrals irregularly spotted ; anal with a few dark dashes. In life this fish, especially during the mating season, is one of the most beautifully colored of our fishes ; the bright colors which are removed by alcohol seem to be laid on over the ground colors just described. The follow- ing is given as the life colors : Color olive green tesselated above ; side with about 8 double transverse bars, each forming a Y-shaped figure ; these sometimes joined above, forming a sort of wavy lateral band ; in life these markings are of a clear deep green ; sides sprinkled with orange dots ; head with olive stripes and the usual dark bars ; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above, becoming pale at tip ; sec- ond dorsal and anal of a rich blue green, with some reddish ; caudal greenish, faintly barred ; young and females more or less dull, but the pattern is peculiar. All our specimens of both sexes were very dark in color, a feature probably associated with the black bottom of the stream from which they were taken. Many of the specimens died in the water and faded considerably ; the unfaded alcoholic specimens have quite contrastive black and white markings. These specimens were quite badly infested with leeches, which were attached to the various fin-membranes ; a number of the specimens had 2 leeches attached. This species is so vcrj^ like //. sciems that the same general description will serve for both, by bearing in mind the few points in which they differ. "One of the most simply beautiful of all fishes is the Green- 442 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey sided Darter {Diplesiov hlennioides) . He is not like the Etheo- stoma coeruleiim, an animated rainbow, but he has the beauty of green grass, wild violets, and mossy logs. As we watch him in the water, with his bright blended colors and gentle ways, once more, with Old Izaak, 'we sit on the cowslip banks, hear the birds sing, and possess ourselves in as much quietness as the silent silver streams which we see glide so quietly by us.' During the ordinary business of the year, Diplesion, like most sensible fishes and men, dresses plainly. It is not easy to get time for contemplation when the streams are low and food is scarce. Besides, a plain coat may ward off danger as well as facilitate attack. At all times, how- ever, he may be known by these marks : The fins are all large ; the back is covered with zigzag markings, while on the lower part of the sides are 8 or 9 W-shaped olive spots; these are more or less connected above, and sometimes form a wavy line. The eyes are prominent; the snout is very short and rounded; while the little inferior mouth is puckered up as if for saying 'prunes and prisms, prunes and prisms.' But when the first blue birds give warning by their shivering and bodiless notes that spring is coming on, then Diplesion puts on his wedding clothes and becomes, in fact, the Green-sided Darter. The dorsal fins become of a bright grass green, with a scarlet band at the base of each ; the broad anal has a tinge of the deepest emerald; while every spot and line upon the side has turned from an undefined olive to a deep rich green, such as is scarcely found elsewhere in the animal world excepting on the heads of frogs. The same tint shines out on the branch- ing rays of the caudal fin, and may be seen struggling through the white of the belly. The blotches nearest the middle of the back become black, and thickly sprinkled everywhere are shiny specks of clear bronze orange. In the aquarium Diplesion is shy and retiring, too much of a fme lady to scramble for angleworms or to snap at the "bass feed." She is usually hidden among the plants or curled up under an arch of stones or in a geode." — Jordan and Copeland. 61. IOWA DARTER ETHEOSTOMA lOW^ Jordan & Meek (Plate 34) The Iowa Darter is a common species in the upper Missouri Valley from Iowa and Nebraska north to Assiniboia, and eastward to Indiana. It is found farther northward and farther westward in the Missouri basin than any other darter. At Lake Maxin- kuckee it is represented by a closely related species, the Aubee- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 443 naubee Darter, which is there the most common of the darters ex- cept Percina caprodes. Not a great number were obtained during the seining operations, but nearly every rakeful of Chara brought up during the winter through the ice contained 1 or more of these fishes. This darter probably spends most of its time among the Chara and thus escapes the net. It prefers hiding under weeds to lying on open bottom, and is commonly not seen before being cap- tured. In the short matted Chara found so abundantly in the shallow water of the lake, it is doubtless abundant. In the open places it may frequently be seen lying still on the sandy bottom, or occasionally darting to cover. The Iowa Darter probably spawns late in April or early in May. Females taken April 27, 1901, were examined and found to be full of spawn. The ovaries of the specimen examined were each a club-shaped mass narrowed sharply behind, truncate and concave in front, its anterior margin adjusted in outline to that of. the well-filled stomach, and surrounded by a firm membrane. The length of the fish examined was 50 mm., the length of the egg-mass 10 mm. The mature eggs, which may have been shrunken some, but probably little by the preservative, were bright yellow, 32 to the inch, and 115 in number in one ovary; probably about double that number in the whole fish. Mixed in with them was a large number of minute ova, probably representing the next year's product. More than any other species of fish in the lake, except some of the minnows, this fish is afi'ected with the affliction known as Diplostomiasis characterized by small round black spots in the skin, each indicating the cyst of a distomid which is said to reach its mature form in the stomachs of water birds. The only food found in the stomachs examined consisted of in- sects and insect larvje. These darters are occasionally found in the stomachs of other fishes. The bass sometimes eat them. On comparing our Lake Maxinkuckee material with specimens of E. iowR', from Creighton, Nebraska, and with current descrip- tions, the Maxinkuckee specimens appear to be less fully scaled on the cheeks and opercles. The squamation of these parts is exceedingly various as re- gards degree of development as well as number of scales. The skin of these parts may be entirely smooth or naked ; the scales in their simplest form are represented by raised tubercles, which are usually rather numerous and regularly arranged, which show well on a wet specimen by reflections. In a more developed stage they consist of embedded smooth circular scales which bear some re- 444 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey semblance to pores, and which show best when the specimen is somewhat moist. Finally we have the more or less fully devel- oped ctenoid scale, more or less free at the posterior margin and inclined to curl up, which is best seen on the specimen when some- what dry. A specimen taken at random from our reserve series had the scales on opercles and cheek 34-19, well developed and ctenoid. The number found in the best developed of our specimens in this respect, out of a series set aside for their special development in this particular, was 23 on the cheek, and 11 on the opercle, from which it varied to 8 on the cheek and 3 on the opercle, and the scales on the cheek are always imbedded and hard to make out. There is no correlation between the number of scales on the cheek and those on the opercle. 62. AUBEENAUBEE DARTER ETHEOSTOMA lOW^ AUBEENA,UBEI Evermann In making a critical study of the large series of darters which in our preliminary studies were regarded as two distinct species, E. iowse and E. aubeenaubei, and now greatly augmented by later collections, we find that the two extremes are connected by inter- grading forms. In so far as the squamation of the cheeks, which is one of the most important features, is concerned, they vary from one extreme, the type of E. auheenauhei, with wholly naked cheeks and opercles, to a form with these parts moderately well scaled ; although none of our specimens seems to be so distinctly or heavily scaled on these parts as the specimens of E. iowse in our reserve series, from Creighton, Neb. The typical Etheostoma anheenavhei differs from typical E. iowse in the almost naked cheek, the less complete scaling of the opercle, the somewhat longer maxillary, more oblique mouth, the general coloration and much closer approximation of the dorsal fins. In a series of 30 specimens examined critically in regard to the points above enumerated, the number of scales on the cheek varies from none to about 15 which could be definitely counted, or, in some examples, to a good many small scales difficult to make out satisfactorily. The scales on the cheek vary from none through 2, 3, 5 to 15 or more, often imbedded and difficult to make out. The squamation appears to proceed from above downward; when these parts were only partly scaled the scales were on the dorsal portion. The length of the maxillary varies from 3 through Lake Maxlnkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 445 various intermediate values to 4.4 in head, and the end varies from reaching to the anterior edge of the pupil, and the tip of the upper jaw was on various levels, from the lower edge of the pupil to the lower edge of the orbit. The number of scales covered by the space between the spinous and soft dorsals varies from 1 to about 4, and the space varies from 2 in ey€ through many inter- mediate values to a trifle larger than the horizontal diameter of the eye. Among our specimens is one which has the spinous and soft dorsals continuous, the membrane being quite high throughout. The dorsal formula of this specimen is XI, 10, and the cheeks and opercles are naked. The color pattern is extremely variable; full notes on colors of specific individuals are given below ; the following general re- marks will serve to call attention to the great diversity : Aubeenaubee Darter (Ethcostoma aubeinuubei) A dark line downward from the eye and a dark heart-shaped occipital spot (which is so frequent among fishes in general), ap- pear to be always present. The color pattern of the caudal fin also appears to be constant, at least so far as general effect is concerned, though a study of more material might show a number of vari- ations in detail ; it consists of a series of dark blotches, arranged in irregular broken zig-zag bars. These probably vary somewhat in number and position, their irregularity making it diflicult to cor- relate them, giving thus a semblance to uniformity. The unit of the pattern usually consists (in small, and presumably young, indi- viduals) in its simplest form of a pair of parallel lines like the arith- metical sign of equality — a bar on each side of the rays, the whole making an elongate blotch from 2 to 4 times as long as wide, fol- lowed by a colorless space of about equal length. Where the rays fork there are likely to be three parallel lines; in the next stage of development a row of dots is intercalated between the parallel lines; these finally close up to form an entire line, and finally the whole 446 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey space between the lines becomes colored, making a solid rectangle. In its simplest form the soft dorsal is colored similarly to the caudal, but in most cases it is also more or less densely punctulate with exceedingly minute and quite close punctulations on the mem- branes between the rays. The spinous dorsal varies greatly in coloration and may be simply blotched^ something after the fashion of the caudal, or may also have a distinct black bar at the margin, at the base, or both places. It is probable that the latter differ- ence is sexual and is accentuated during the breeding season. Of two individuals contrasted in this particular, that with the ornate dorsal proved to be the male, and the other the female. The color pattern of the body is also an exceedingly variable feature. In one extreme the back is a sort of uniform olivace- ous brown above, with a very faint diffuse paler streak along be- low the dorsal line, this general brown color breaking up below into irregular blotches leaving the belly colorless except for a few large irregular blotches along the base of the anal fin. In addition to this general color there may be vague dusky bars across the side, varying greatly in distinctiveness. They may be so dim as to tease the imagination or in the extreme form they may become so decided as to be the first feature to catch the eye, and remind one strongly of the colorations of Perca or Percina. In one set of examples these were distinct short blotches on a pale olivaceous yellow background so that the fish bore some general resemblance to Boleosonia nigntni. On a single example they were a series of elongate lateral dashes,, so that the fish looked considerably like Percina caprodes. It was thought at first that this was a sexual difference, but on examining two individuals rep- resenting each extreme of color pattern both proved to be females full of spawn. Head 3,6 to 4 in length; depth 4,32 to 6; eye 3 to 4 in head; snout 3 to 4; maxillary 2.66 to 3; dorsal VII to IX-10 to 12; anal II, 6 to 8 ; scales 4-50 to 60-7. Body moderate in length, short and stout, somewhat compressed ; head long, snout blunt pointed, not greatly decurved ; mouth moderate, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching eye; gill-membranes scarcely connected, free from the isthmus ; premaxillaries not protractile ; caudal peduncle com- pressed, rather long; dorsal outline abruptly arched at nape; fins moderate; distance from snout to origin of spinous dorsal slightly greater than -\ length ; dorsals well separated ; spinous dorsal rounded, the longest spines about 2.5 in head ; soft dorsal also rounded, the longest rays about 1.9 in head; pectoral rather long, 1.3 in head, the tip reaching tips of ventrals; anal small, the rays Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 447 about equalling- those of soft dorsal ; first anal spine stronger and somewhat longer than the second ; scales strongly ctenoid ; top of head naked, nape densely scaled ; cheeks and opercles only partially scaled, sometimes naked ; breast naked ; median line of belly with ordinary scales ; ventrals close together, the space separating them scarcely as wide as base of fin ; lateral line incomplete, usually 20 to 30 pores. Color of male, in life, light yellowish brown above, with broad bars of pale olive brown ; side with alternating blotches of bright vermilion and pale bluish green, the vermilion follow- ing the margins of the scales and giving the efi'ect of cross-hatch- ing, the green bai's deeper and more distinct below lateral line on the caudal peduncle but anteriorly they are most distinct above middle of body; a small clear vermilion spot at base of pectoral; opercle golden and greenish iridescent; dorsals and caudal with series of dark spots on membranes ; other fins pale ; a dark line downward from eye and one forward. Color of female in life, light olivaceous above, side with about 10 rather distinct, irregular vertical green bars or blotches, narrower than the interspaces, which are rusty straw-color ; caudal barred with white and 5 light brown bars ; pectoral similarly barred but more f aintlj^ ; spinous and soft dorsals with small brownish spots in irregular series, the spinous dorsal narrowly green-edged; back olivaceous, with about 8 indistinct greenish blotches alternating with the green lateral bars ; head light brownish ; under parts whitish ; a small darkish spot on base of last dorsal spines. There is considerable variation in the coloration, some showing considerably more red than others. We are not now able to recog- nize E. aiibeenaubei as a distinct species. If distinguishable at all, it must be merely as a subspecies of E. iowse, with which it seems to intergrade. Typical specimens of the Aubeenaubee Darter were found only in Aubeenaubee Creek. This discussion is based upon numerous specimens each about 36 to 44 mm. long collected on Long Point, August 11, 1900, and several from Aubeenaubee Creek. 63. RAINBOW DARTER ETHEOSTOMA CCERULEUM Storer This gaudy little fish is generally abundant in gravelly streams of the Mississippi Valley. At Maxinkuckee it is not very common in the lake itself, only a few having been obtained. They were more common in the Outlet, particularly near the railroad bridge, where there was a pebbly bottom and swift current. Here several 29—17618 448 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey could be observed, especially in the spring. Here they live in the crevices between some boards which form a dam. They may also be found about the wagon bridge. One was captured near Farrar's on July 6, one was caught at Long Point June 2, 1901, and another was found under a board in shallow water near Murray's, Novem- ber 12. They are also found in the outlet of Lost Lake, 3 being ob- tained about 2 miles down the outlet on Nov. 7, 1907. These, like the other fishes obtained in the vicinity, were very dark, almost black. "Gayest of all the Darters, and indeed the gaudiest of all fresh- water fishes, in the Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma cceruleum) . This is a little fish, never more than 3 inches long, and usually about 2. Everywhere throughout the northern parts of the Mississippi Valley it makes its home in the ripples and shallows of the rivers and in the shady retreats of all the little brooks. The male fish is Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma cceruJrum) greenish above, with darker blotches, and its sides are variegated with oblique bands alternately of indigo blue and deep orange, while the expanded fins are gorgeous in scarlet, indigo, and crim- son. The female, as is usually the case when the male of the species is resplendent, is plainly colored — a speckly green, with no trace of blue or orange. When the war of the rebellion broke out there were some good people who were anxiously looking for some sign or omen, that they might know on which side the 'stars in their courses' were fighting. It so happened that in a little brook in Lidiana, called Clear Creek, some one caught a Rainbow Darter. This fish was clothed in a new suit of the red, white, and blue of his native land, in the most unmistakably patriotic fashion. There were some people who had never seen a Darter before and who knew no more of the fishes in their streams than these fishes knew of them, by whom the coming of this little "soldier fish" into their Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 449 brooks was hailed as an omen of victory. Of course these little fishes had really 'always been there.' They were there when America was discovered and for a long time before, but the people had not seen them. The warblers lived, you remember, in Spald- ing's woods at Concord, but Spalding did not know that they were there, and they had no knowledge of Spalding. So with the Darters in Spalding's brooks. Still, when the day comes when his- tory shall finally recount all the influences which held Indiana to her place in the Union, shall not among greater things, this least of little fishes receive its little share of praise? The Rainbow Darter is a chubby little fish, as compared with the other Darters. In its movements it is awkward and ungraceful, though swift and sav- age as a pike. One of the mildest of its tricks, which we have noticed, is this : It would gently put its head over a stone and catch a water boatman by one of its swimming legs, release it, catch it again and again release it, until at last the boatman, evi- dently much annoyed, swam away out of its reach. It will follow to the surface of the water a piece of meat suspended by a string. It is more alert in discovering this than a hungry sunfish or rock- bass, and it can be led around like a pet lamb by a thread to which is fastened a section of a worm." — Jordan and Copeland. Head 3f in length ; depth 4] ; eye 4 to 4^ in head, little shorter than snout; D. IX to XII-11 to 14; A. II, 7 or 8; scales 5-37 to 50-10, usually 5-45-10, pores 18 to 35 ; body robust, rather deep and compressed, the back somewhat elevated ; head large, compressed ; mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat in- cluded, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; opercular spine moderate ; gill-membranes not connected ; palatine teeth in one row ; cheeks naked or nearly so ; opercles scaled ; neck and breast usually naked ; fins all large ; dorsal fins usually slightly connected ; anal spines subsequal or the first a little the longer; caudal rounded; pectoral nearly or quite as long as head. Males olivace- ous, tesselated above, the spots running together into blotches, back without lengthwise black stripes ; sides with about 12 indigo-blue bars running obliquely downward and backward, most distinct be- hind, separated by bright orange interspaces; caudal fin deep orange, with deep blue in front and behind ; soft dorsal chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinous dorsal crimson at base, then orange, with blue edgings ; ventrals deep indigo ; cheeks blue ; throat and breast orange ; females much duller, with little blue or red, the vertical fins barred or checked; young variously marked; no dark humeral spot. Length 2^ inches. 450 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 64. LEAST DARTER MICROPERCA PUNCTULATA Putnam This pigmy among fishes is common in clear, cold, weedy streams and ponds of the Northwestern States from Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota, south to Arkansas. It is not well known except to collectors and naturalists as it usually escapes observation on account of its small size. It is occasionally found in Lake Max- inkuckee, usually in the neighborhood of Norris Inlet, where sev- eral specimens were raked up through the ice. It is still more abundant in Lost Lake, and is quite frequent in the Outlet between the lakes. Specimens Vv^ere taken in the outlet of Lost Lake at various places, some of them a mile or so below the lake. Those raked up in Lake Maxinkuckee were associated with the Iowa darter, from which they could be distinguished at once by their smaller size, comparatively larger scales, absence of lateral line, and general coloration. 4i -gis^- Least Darter (Microjierra puncttdata) This interesting little fish most delights to dwell where the water is cold and quiet and the bottom of that loose material which accumulates on the floors of small lakes and sluggish streams from the disintegration and slow decay of aquatic vegetation. In such situations the water is apt to be vegetable stained to the appear- ance of very weak cofi'ee, and the vegetable debris black in color and with a specific gravity but little greater than the water which permeates it. Here the Least Darter is at home quietly resting on the surface of the unstable mass and ever ready to burrow in it on the least alarm. A favorite place for these pigmies was in the Outlet well down toward Lost Lake. We have in our collection 81 specimens, ranging in length from I to 1.44 inches. Of these, 21 were obtained in Lake Maxin- kuckee at various places, 47 in Lost Lake, and in the outlet of Lost Lake. The 4 specimens in our reserve series were obtained in Lake Maxinkuckee in 1890. All appear to be adult. Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 451 The following is the description of a specimen 1.31 inches long raked out of the weeds near Norris Inlet, December 12, 1904 : Head 3.6 in length ; depth 5 ; eye 4 in head, snout shorter than eye; mouth moderate, the cleft reaching to anterior of orbit, and somewhat oblique, upper lip on a level with lower margin of orbit; under jaw somewhat the shorter; D. VI-8 ; A. I, 5; scales 10 in transverse series, 36 in longtudinal series ; no lateral line, but the head with a well marked series of mucous pores in 2 rows, be- ginning each side near tip of snout and passing up over eyes and terminating a little above top of gill-cleft, each giving rise to a short branch projecting upward along the posterior margin of the occiput; body rather deep and compressed, resembling that of the yellow perch or species of Etheostoma ; fins rather high but with a narrow base, the slender ventrals rca-rhing beyond the origin of the anal ; pectorals reaching to vent. Ground color yellow, each scale more or less punctate with rather large punctulations so tliat each scale stands out distinctly, giving the whole fish a checquered appearance; punctulations gath- ered into a row of about 10 small elongate dots along middle of side; a dark line downward from eye; upper fins checked and barred; caudal finely barred; lower fins plain. The Least Darter varies considerably in intensity of coloration, but the pattern remains about the same. The specimens obtained in the outlet of Lost Lake are generally considerably darker than the others. These fishes are aft^ected, to a very slight extent how- ever, by the immature trematodes which produce small round black spots in the skin. 452 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey THE MAMMALS Introduction Very few local lists of the mammals occurring in the different counties of Indiana have ever been published ; even brief published notes and references are rare, and as a consequence, the geographic distribution within the State of the species found within its borders has not been carefully worked out. Indeed, data are wanting for the correct identification of several of the forms inhabiting the State. During the survey of Lake Maxinkuckee no special effort was made to collect or study the mammals native to the region, any ob- servations made or notes taken having been entirely incidental to the regular work of the survey, except with those species whose habits bring them in relations more or less direct with the life of the lake. Among these are, of course, the muskrats, minks, otters and coons ; and observation of the habits of these naturally led to recording any chance observations concerning the other species of the region. No trapping was done by us, except on one occasion when a few deer mice were caught. The present list is therefore far from complete, especially as to the bats and mice and others of the less conspicuous species, but it is believed it may prove use- ful and interesting. It will serve as a nucleus around which addi- tional data may be gathered and it will prove helpful to the cot- tagers about the lake who take an interest in nature and who wish to know the animals that they meet. Great changes have doubtless taken place as regards the abund- ance and species of mammals of this region since the country was first settled. The deer, wolf, wildcat, fox, otter, and beaver were doubtless then abundant, and most of the species were more com- mon than now. Many of these are now practically exterminated, and others, as the wolf and otter, are found only very rarely and in the wilder region west of Maxinkuckee and in the Kankakee marshes. Such species as the muskrat, rabbit and coon have probably not been seriously affected by civilization, albeit they are hunted and trapped incessantly. Besides the 30 native species listed in this paper, at least 2 in- troduced species — the common rat {Epimys norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus) are all too common. None of the native mammals is so abundant as to be a pest and none should be killed except the rabbit for food, the muskrat for its fur, and the mink and weasel for their fur and in the interest of the poultry yard. The bats, moles, and shrews, are useful and Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 453 interesting and should never be killed; and the squirrels should be protected at least until more abundant. In nomenclature and sequence of species we have followed Mil- ler's "List of North American Land Mammals in the United States National Museum, 1911," Bull. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1912, except in the name of the Wildcat, for which we have adopted Lynx rufa Schreber, following Dr. Allen (Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 91). LIST OF SPECIES 1. COMMON OPPOSSUM DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA Kerr According to old settlers the Opossum used to be common as far north as northern Indiana, but disappeared from there many years ago. In recent years they have been returning northward and are now tolerably common throughout the northern part of the State. About 1887 an old trapper near Fort Wayne caught one and reported that it was the first he had seen for 20 years. No more were seen in that region until about 1900, when they began to be captured occasionally. In October, 1903, three were cap- tured in Walley's Vv^oods southwest of Lake Maxinkuckee and three others were trapped at Norris Inlet. It was not seen by us at the lake until the summer of 1906, when on August 5, an adult ex- ample was found dead on the lake shore just north of the Outlet. On October 30, 1906, another was seen in the possession of a boy at Culver, who reported the capture of three on the previous night. One is reported to have stayed under the Barr Cottage on Long Point during the winter of 1906-7. About September 3, 1907, boys living in Culver got an old Opossum with a number of young in her pouch. They did not count the young, but let her go. The northward movement of the Opossum seems to have been general over the State. They are occasionally taken in Marshall and adjoining counties. They are frequently seen at Fort Wayne, Indiana, a few being captured every winter. 2. COMMON MOLE SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINl'S (Rafinesquc) The Mole is very common about this lake. Its burrows may be seen in all suitable places. The loose, sandy soil is particularly well adapted to their habits. They are usually abundant on Long- Point, also along the railroad, in the fields and open woodlands about the lake, in the Academy grounds, and in fact in all situ- 454 Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ations in the country where the conditions are favorable. Their burrows are often seen along the railroad, and frequently they are seen to pass from one side of the track to the other, passing under the rails between the ties. Several of their burrows were noted in various places about the lake in September and October, 1913. Several were caught during our stay at the lake. When a cap- tive mole is released it does not attempt to escape by running away but at once begins to dig or burrow, and in an incredibly short time it has sunk into the ground and entirely disappeared. The popular prejudice against the mole based on the belief that it is injurious to vegetation is entirely unjustified. Moles are in- sectivorous in their habits and do not eat garden plants or vege- tables at all. The only possible harm they cause is the slight in- jury they sometimes do to lawns by their burrows. This, how- ever, is infinitesimal in comparison with the great good done by ridding the fields, gardens and lawns of noxious worms, insects and larvse. 3. MOLE SHREW BLARINA BREVICAUDA (Say) On account of its nocturnal and underground habits the Mole Shrew is not often seen and is therefore not very well or generally known even to those living in localities in which it is really com- mon. It is probably not uncommon about Lake Maxinkuckee. We have records of 10 specimens, of which nine were found dead as follows : One in road south of Arlington, in August, 1899 ; one on lake shore October 20, 1900 ; one south of Arlington, October 9, 1906 ; one at ice-houses, October 22, 1906 ; one on Long Point, October 29, 1906; one on Long Point, September 25, 1907; one in road on Long Point, October 13, 1907. One was caught in a trap on west side of lake, November 1, and another on Long Point, October 22, 1906. One was caught by a cat, October 3, 1906. Special search would no doubt have enabled us to find many more specimens of this curious little creature. The stomach of the one caught October 22, contained many parasites resembling tapeworms. The one found October 29 was lying at the edge of the water and was covered with leeches. Why these little creatures are so often found dead is not well understood. It has been suggested that the fetid odor of this ani- mal, particularly the male, causes it to be rejected by animals which would otherwise prey upon it, and that those found dead are in- dividuals which have been caught by hawks or owls and dropped Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 455 after discovering* the disagreeable odor possessed by the Httle ani- mal which the hawk or owl at first thought would prove a delici- ous titbit. The carnivorous, bloodthirsty nature of the Mole Shrew has been noted by many observers. On two different occasions we put a Mole Shrew in a box with a white-footed mouse and in each case the shrew killed and ate the mouse. Others have recorded similar experiences. One observer records the fact that a Mole Shrew ate three times its own weight of meadow mice in 24 hours. 4. LITTLE BROWN BAT MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS (LeConte) The Little Brown Bat is quite common about the lake. They first appear early in April and remain out at least until November. We have definite records of April 10, June 23, September 17, Oc- tober 9, and November 1. On still evenings from May to October, just as the twilight deepens and objects at a distance become indistinct, these little creatures come out from their hiding places and may be seen cir- cling in and out among the cottages and trees, and now and then out over the lake in their search for food. Rarely are they seen before sundown, but on moonlit nights we have seen them out over the lake as late as eleven o'clock. 5. TIMBER WOLF CANIS OCCIDENTALIS (Richardson) The Timber Wolf or Big Gray Wolf was doubtless very abund- ant throughout the wooded portion of Indiana in the early days. It still occurs in some numbers in the more wild regions. IMr. Anton Meyer tells us that he got a few pelts each winter up to 1905-6, from the region northwest of Plymouth toward the Kanka- kee marshes. During a visit to Starke County in 1906 we heard statements to the effect that large wolves are occasionally seen and heard in the vicinity of Knox. Dr. Hahn in his "Mammals of the Kankakee Valley" states that the reports of the occurrence of the Timber Wolf in that region are conflicting and that it may be that only the Prairie Wolf is found there. Mr. Meyer, however, states positively that he gets pelts of two different species, a "large gray timber wolf" and a "smaller prairie wolf." 456 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 6. PRAIRIE WOLF CANIS LATRANS Say The Prairie Wolf, or Coyote as it is more commonly known in the West where it is abundant, is not known to occur in the im- mediate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee. It is a species of the prairies, occurring in some abundance in the prairie counties in the northwest corner of the State, particularly in Benton, Lake, Newton, Jasper and Starke counties. Dr. Hahn records a large number from these counties. He also states that a pack of mod- erate size was seen near Leesburg, Kosciusko County, in the win- ter of 1906-7. On May 16, 1906, two examples, a male and a female, were killed near McCoysburg, Jasper County, by Mr. Charles W. Bussel, who forwarded them to the U. S. National Museum. This place is about 25 miles southwest of Lake Maxin-* kuckee. Mr. Anton Meyer of Plymouth, Indiana, already quoted, informs us that he usually gets a few small prairie wolf pelts each winter, chiefly from Starke and Jasper counties. As the prairie of this portion of the State reaches Lake Maxinkuckee it is quite probable that this wolf occurs there. Dr. Hahn expresses the be- ^^f'f that the Coyote has doubtless increased greatly in numbers in recent years in the northwestern portion of the State and that its range is gradually extending eastward. 7. RED FOX VULPES FULVA (Desmarest) Formerly common throughout the State but now not often seen. A few burrows believed to be those of Foxes were observed in Walley's woods and near the outlet, southwest of the lake. The only Foxes actually seen by us about the lake were a family of three young and their mother found April 18, 1901, in a den in Green's field southwest of the lake. The old one was shot, and the three young taken as pets. One of them promptly escaped, but the other two were kept for several weeks when a second one escaped. The remaining one for som 5 unknown reason became paralyzed in its hind legs. It was permitted to go about as best it could, and finally took up its residence among the bushes in Green's marsh. Here the dog would occasionally go to tease it, but the young fox was always able to keep the dog off. Late in the summer it dis- appeared and was not seen again. On the morning of October 16, 1913, as the senior author of this report was coming up the E ankakee River from the Warden's Island, a fox was seen standing- on a soft maple tree that leaned out Lake Maximkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 457 almost horizontally from the bank over the river. As our boat ap- proached the fox watched us a moment then turned about and disappeared among the bushes on shore. 8. RACCOON PROCYON LOTOR (Linnaeus) The Raccoon appears to be somewhat common, especially in the large stretch of heavy woodland east of the lake. It also occurs west of the lake as well as north and south of it, as evidenced by its depredations in the cornfields at roasting-ear time, and, later in the year, by the piles of shells it leaves from its feasts on fresh- water mussels, a habit it shares with the muskrat. In the spring of 1901 they were often heard at night — a shivering call not unlike that of the screech owl. In January, 1904, one was caught near Monterey and another was taken east of the lake in November. In 1906 one was seen on east side, October 30. On September 7, 1907, five young Coons about two-thirds grown were got from a tree on the east side. The old ones escaped. Five days later three others were caught. Mr. S. S. Chadwick says that the largest coon he ever saw weighed 18 pounds ; this was in Pennsylvania. In the Delphi Journal was recently noted the capture of a coon near Russiaville, Howard County, Indiana, which weighed 34 pounds. Raccoon tracks were seen on the south shore of the lake east of the Farrar cottage October 5, 1913. Raccoons are said to be com- mon along the Kankakee. In 1912 their pelts brought $1.50 to $2.00 each. One trapper at Maxinkuckee secured two raccoons in the winter of 1911, two in 1912, and one in 1913. The pelts sold for $1.00 to $2.50 each. Another secured about 12 in 1911-12, worth $1.50 to $2.75 each, 16 in 1912-13, worth $1.50 to $3.00 each, and eight in 1913-14, which he sold at $1.50 to $2.50 each. 9. WEASEL MUSTELA NOVEBORACENSIS (Emmons) The Weasel is generally common throughout Indiana. It is not rare about Lake Maxinkuckee, although it is not often seen. Augaist 3, 1899, one was found freshly dead at the edge of the lake near Green's pier. An adult male was killed August 19, 1901. on Long Point, where it had taken up a temporary residence under the floor of a tent. Another fine large example was found dead near the railroad, south of the lake, in December, 1904. In the 458 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey winter of 1912-13 one trapper got two pelts which he sold for 20 cents each. About July 15, 1902, Mr. S. S. Chadwick saw a weasel chasing a rabbit. The rabbit came out upon the road on Long Point, turned back toward the lake, and then ran south. Just then a Weasel came along on the rabbit's trail. When it reached the road and saw that it was being watched it stopped a moment, then, not at all frightened, stai-ted on after the rabbit. Losing the trail the weasel came back and hunted about until it was recovered, then again followed it by scent just as a dog would. The rabbit ap- peared greatly frightened, its eyes popped and shining. The Weasel was very quick and alert. It is said to occur in limited numbers on the higher ground back from the Kankakee River. 10.' MINK MUSTELA VISON LUTREOCEPHALA (Harlan) The Mink is not common in the immediate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee, but it is said to be more plentiful a few miles to the westward and along Yellow and Tippecanoe rivers. One was killed in February, 1898, near the Winfield cottage; others were obtained about the lake December 18, 1899, January 19, 1900, and November 9, 1900. On April 5, 1901, a skull of a female mink was picked up near Lost Lake. A few were trapped in the winter of 1903-4 ; three at Norris Inlet in October, and one at the ice- houses December 14. On December 17, 1901, a mink dragged three ducks from the ice on the lake to a hole under a stone wall on Long Point. In the winter of 1906-7, a mink track was observed on the shore at the Shady Point cottage. The mink had gone south toward Murray's until opposite the Gravelpit when it went out on the ice several rods to an open place where it evidently fed for a time, after which it returned on the ice to the shore and then followed the lake shore on south nearly to Murray's, where it was found under the edge of the ice and killed. It was in some respects an abnormal mink, the head and shoulders being unusually heavy, the body short and thick like that of a coon, and the color jet black. The pelt sold for $3.50. On September 7, 1907, a very large mink was seen in Outlet Bay between Chadwick's Hotel and the north end of the icehouses. It was watched for some time and was evidently feeding. It would dive and remain under a few seconds, then come up not far from Lake Maxinlaickee, Physical and Biological Survey 459 where it went under. After remaining at the surface a minute or two, swimming and turning about in a narrow area, apparently eating what it had brought up, it would dive again. Often the entire length from nose to tip of tail could be seen just above the water surface. When it dived it humped its back, going under head first, the entire length of the tail (except the tip) which seemed to be quite long, often coming entirely out of the water. After feeding for more than 20 minutes it swam to its burrow on shore near the steamer slip. What it was feeding on was not determined. In July, 1907, Dr. J. T. Scovell found a family of young minks on the Tippecanoe River, below Delong. They were on a mass of drift in the stream. Tliey were moving about on the drift from one part to another. As the boat approached, the two old minks swam out toward it, and as the boat floated by they made a wheezy noise which they continued until the boat was some distance below them when they returned to the drift, into which the young had disappeared. 11. SKUNK MEPHITIS MESOMELAS AVIA (Bangs) The Skunk or Polecat is not common in this region, but it is apparently becoming more frequent. We saw none in 1899 and 1900, but that the country was not wholly deprived of this inter- esting animal was on several occasions made evident by the pres- ence of the well-known diagnostic odor. On September 16, 1906, the mangled remains of one were found on the railroad track near the Gravelpit; it had evidently been run over by a passing train. On September 20, 1907, a freshly skinned skunk was seen in the possession of a hunter at Culver. The skin was 22 inches long, and the tail 10 inches. The roots of the hairs show through the skin so that the skin looks black under the black parts and white under the white dorsal stripe. 12. BADGER TAXIDEA TAXUS (Schicbei) Never more than veiy rare in Indiana and now probably ex- tinct in this part of the State. In 1893, Mr. S. D. Steininger, then of La Grange County, reported that the Badger has been louiul in Elkhart, La Grange, Steuben, De Kalb, Noble and Kosciusko counties; that four had been caught in La Grange County within the last 10 years, the last in 1887 ; that three were caught in the 460 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey northeast part of Elkhart County in 1888, and a black one in Noble County in 1880. Various old residents say that it was for- merly found in Marshall County. IS. OTTER LUTRA CANADENSIS LATAXINA (F. Cuvier) The Otter was formerly not uncommon in this region, but it is now very rare. One was caught on the Tippecanoe River just below Belong about 1895. Mr. Anton Meyer, a fur buyer of Ply- mouth, Ind., tells us that he gets 10 or 12 Otter skins each year, chiefly from the Tippecanoe and Yellow rivers. 14. WILD CAT LYNX RUFA Schiebcr The Wild Cat or Lynx was probably not uncommon in this country up to about 1850. They are now rarely seen. We have unauthenticated accounts of their occurrence west of Lake Maxin- kuckee as late as 1870, or later. Dr. Hahn records the killing of one near Oxford, Benton County, in 1905. 15. MICHIGAN WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS BAIRDII (Hoy & Kennicstt) This species is not as abundant as the Common White-footed Mouse, It does not appear to venture into woodlands or swamps, but seems to prefer dry, open situations such as the edges of fields and grassy pastures. Its general distribution is more northern than that of its near relative P. lencopns noveboracensis. It is very abundant in the sand dunes that border Lake Michigan. At Maxinkuckee it is probably not uncommon, though we have seen only three examples. One was found dead on the railroad track November 3, 1904. Another captured at the Gravelpit October 29, 1906, gave the following measurements : Length 118 mm. ; tail 48 ; hind foot 9 ; ear 10 ; girth 55. A third example was cap- tured November 3, 1906, in a cornfield east of the lake. The young of this mouse differ from the adult in being drab in color instead of yellowish-brown. On one occasion when trapping these mice for specimens it was observed that they were quite seri- ously infested by fleas. The examples thus afllicted could usually be recognized at once by their having the hair gnawed or scratched out from about the root of the tail. This mouse can be distinguished from its more common relative Lake Maxiukuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 461 (the Common White-footed Mouse) by its smaller size, smaller ears and feet, and shorter tail, the tail being more thickly hairy and more sharply bicolor. The adult is yellowish-brown, with a sooty dorsal band; belly white; feet not quite white; tail bicolor. Length 4^ inches, tail 1^ inches. - 16. COMMON WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE; DEER MOUSE PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Fischer) This is the common wild mouse of Indiana. At Maxinkuckee it is abundant not only in the fields and woods but also about the cottages around the lake. Any old pile of wood, boards, logs or brush, stack of straw or hay, or shock of fodder, is almost sure to contain at least one family of these beautiful and interesting little animals. They ijiay also be found in almost any old dead tree, whether in open woods or dense forest, in which there are natural hollows or deserted woodpecker holes. Several examples were trapped in July at the cottage occupied by us on Long Point. A male was captured October 20, 1906, at the pond below Farrar's woods. These mice feed largely upon beechnuts of which they often store up considerable quantities for winter use. We have on vari- ous occasions found more than a pint of beechnuts stored in a hole in some old tree, evidently by these mice. They do not hibernate, but remain quite active during even the most severe winters. Their tracks may be seen in abundance in the snow. They also feed on small snails and other small, delicate mollusks such as Physa, Limnsea and Sphserium. We have frequently found shells, with the apex bitten off, in and about the nests of these mice. They breed probably several times each season, as we have seen young as early as March and as late as November. The number of young produced in a litter ranges from four to six. We have frequently caught old females with the young hanging to the teats and carried them many rods before the young dropped off. On two occasions when one of us put a shrew {Blarina brevi- cauda) in a box with a Deer Mouse the shrew killed and ate the mouse. The Deer Mouse is readily distinguished from related species. It attains a length 6.5 inches including the tail which is 3 to 3.25 inches long. In color it is yellowish brown, grayish, or fawn- color ; belly and feet pure white ; tail less distinctly bicolor than in the Michigan White-footed Mouse. 462 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 17. FIELD MOUSE; MEADOW MOUSE; VOLE MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS (Ord) The Meadow Mouse is abundant in all suitable situations about the lake. The extensive areas of semi-marshy grassy land supply an ideal habitat for this noxious but interesting little animal. Wherever there are meadows or marsh ground covered with grasses there these mice will be found, their labyrinthine runways forming an intricate network under the dead grass where their nests are numerous and usually quite conspicuous. These run- ways are very common in the low marshy meadows such as are usually submerged during the winter and spring, during which time the mice must retreat to higher ground. They do not hiber- nate but continue very active throughout the winter. In the spring when the snow melts away their runways that were under it be- come quite conspicuous. ♦ This species is very destructive to grasses and other cultivated crops. When the corn is cut and left in shocks in the field these mice establish themselves in nearly every shock, building a nest near the center and feeding destructively upon the corn. The amount of damage done in this way to the average field of corn is very considerable and far in excess of that done to the poultry yard by the hawks which, if not destroyed by the farmer, would do much to hold the Field Mice in check. The Marsh Hawk, Sparrow Hawk, Pigeon Hawk and Cooper's Hawk, as well as the various owls all prey on these mice. On October 24, 1904, a Meadow Mouse was found on the lake shore, beheaded, possibly by some bird of prey. November 1, 1904, a cat was seen with one. December 11, 1904, one was seen near a muskrat house in Norris Inlet marsh. 18. PINE MOUSE PITYMYS PINETORUM SCALOPSOIDES (Audubon & Bachman) Probably not common. We know of only one specimen taken at the lake. It v/as secured November 29, 1913, and sent to the National Museum where it was identified by Mr. N. Hollister. 19. MUSKRAT ONDATRA ZIBETHICA (Linnseus) The Muskrat is a familiar and well-known animal throughout North America wherever there are marshes, ponds or streams. Among the hundreds of small lakes and smaller ponds in northern Indiana there is probably not one that is not the home of one to Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 463 several pairs of these interesting rodents. At and about Lake Maxinkuckee it is quite common, albeit not often seen except by the few elect who know when and where to look for it. In the autumn and early winter, especially in the evening and early morn- ing, they may be seen swimming about or heard splashing among the weeds near shore. It is at this time that they begin to build their houses, and day by day those who pass along the shores of the lakes or about the ponds and marshes may notice the increase in size of the piles of Chara and rushes of which they build their winter homes. These homes or houses are built almost anywhere along the shore in shallow water or even well out in small shallow ponds wherever there is suitable building material conveniently at hand. Every Scirpus patch is likely to contain one or more of these houses. On the west side of the lake we usually found one in a small pond by the side of the railroad just north of the Assem- bly grounds, two or thiee in the edge of the lake between there and Culver, one near the Winfield cottage, one or more in Outlet Bay, two or three between Long Point and Murray's, six or more from Murray's to Norris Inlet, a score or more about Norris Inlet, several along Aubeenaubee Creek and perhaps a dozen in the northeast corner of the lake and along Culver Creek. A great many are seen each year about Lost Lake and along the Outlet throughout its entire length, even to Tippecanoe River. Each of the marshes and ponds west of the lake has its share of nests and each old kettle hole that is not too dry will have one or more. While these are the usual places where the muskrats build their houses, now and then a house is found in some quite unusual and unexpected place. Among them are the cross-timbers under the piers at the cottages about the lake. December 24, 1900, a com- pleted nest was found lesting cosily on cross-timbers under the pier at the Lakeview Hotel. Though not large this nest was com- pactly built. It was composed almost wholly of Chara and was a foot or more above the surface of the water. November 2, 1904, another nest was found in a similar situation on cross-timbers at the distal end of the Culver depot pier. This nest was quite large and composed chiefly of Chara. When disturbed the owners of these nests would drop quietly into the water and swim away. Toward the last of October, 1904, a nest was found on the seat of an abandoned boat near Murray's. This nest was newly built and consisted chiefly of Chara and Scirpus stems. Later, when the lake froze over it was deserted. Still another nest was found on the top of a tree that had fallen into the lake, and yet another on the boughs of a broken tree that extended into the water. 30—17618 464 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The most interesting and unique situation selected by a musk- rat for its house ever seen by us was a large dry-goods box which a duck-hunter had anchored in Outlet Bay for use as a blind from which to shoot ducks. The box was anchored some distance from shore with the open side toward the shore. Bushes with leaves still on were stuck in the lake about the box to aid in concealing the gunner and his boat, a half-inch manila rope being used to hold the box at anchor. On visiting the blind one morning in October more than a peck of fresh wet Chara was found in the box. The amount was increased each night for the next few days until it consisted of more than a bushel of material, almost wholly Chara. One morning the box was missing and the next day it was found on the east side of the lake where it had evidently been drifted by the wind. An examination of the anchor rope disclosed the fact that it had been gnawed in two by the Muskrat itself which thus set its own home adrift. The materials which the Muskrat uses in constructing its winter houses are chiefly various aquatic plants such as Chara, water lilies (both white and yellow) , Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Cera- tophyllum, Scirpus, Typha, Iris, and the like, and our observations lead us to believe that they utilize at least some of this material as food. Along with these various plants will often be found stems and sticks of various sizes. In Lost Lake some of the houses contain a considerable proportion of mud. During the summer the muskrats appear to subsist almost wholly on vegetable matter. In the early fall they sometimes make foraging trips to nearby gardens where they commit depredations on the carrots, parsnips, beets, turnips and other succulent vege- tables. They also eat the seeds as well as the stems and roots of the yellow and the white pond lilies. They gnaw the bark from the roots and stems of Swamp Loosestrife {Decodon vertic Hiatus) and the Buttonbush (CejJhalanthus occidefitalis) . Later in the fall and during the winter animal food enters more largely into their menu. We have found them feeding on dead coots and ducks that had drifted ashore or which, wounded by some gunner, had escaped among the weeds and sedges fringing the lake. They also feed on turtles of various species which they find dead or which they themselves may kill. On several occasions we have found partly devoured turtles under circumstances which left no doubt as to what had been feeding on them. December 11, 1904, several dead painted turtles and a few musk turtles were found near Nor- ris Inlet lying on their backs on the snow or ice, with the flesh wholly or partly devoured, and Muskrat tracks leading to and from Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 465 them and all about. The most important element of the winter food of the Muskrat, however, is the freshwater mussels or Union- idse. At various places along the shore, wherever an object pro- jects out into the water, such as a log or pier, or fallen tree-top, there will be found in autumn or early winter a pile of mussel shells where muskrats have been feeding. These piles are fre- quently of considerable size, containing sometimes a bushel or more of shells. September 24, 1907, one of these piles on Long Point was examined. It was off shore several feet and in water 18 inches deep. About one-half of the shells were examined criti- cally and counted. There were 532 shells, representing 4 species as follows: Lampsilis luteola, 358; Unio gibbosus, 167; L. iris, 6 ; and L. multiradiata, 1. During the fall these operations are probably confined to mus- sels which they find in shallow water near shore. In winter, how- ever, when ice-cracks form and extend well across the lake, the Muskrats go far out on the ice, dive through the cracks and bring up mussels which they cat sitting on the ice. At such times they get mussels at considerable distances from shore. In the first days of January, 1905, a broad crack formed in the ice from Long Point to the Norris boathouse. On January 4, a Muskrat w^as seen at the edge of this crack about 1,000 feet from shore eating mussels. It would dive through the crack and after a little while reappear with a mussel. Sometinies it dived five or six times before secur- ing one. It would then sit up on its haunches, holding the mussel in its paws and, by much clawing and chewing, finally succeed in opening the shell and removing the meat, which it usually licked out quite clean. In some cases the muskrat failed to get the shell open. Usually the shells are but little or not at all broken; even the hinge still holds and the shells are scarcely injured. It is our observation that the Muskrat, by inserting its claws or teeth be- tween the valves succeeds in cutting or tearing loose the adductor muscles so as to permit the valves to spring open. Another Musk- rat was observed further out on the same crack, a long distance from shore, and the ice along the crack between the two was pretty thickly strewn with shells. The Muskrats apparently do not care so much for mussel-gills filled with eggs or glochidia, as these are usually rejected. The stomach of a Muskrat examined at Wash- ington, D, C, late in the spring was found well-filled with mussel remains. Muskrats also feed to a considerable extent on fish, crawfish and frogs. We have on more than one occasion found partly devoured fish at their feeding stations, and remains of fish, frogs and crustaceans in their kitchenmiddens. We have never 466 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey seen a Muskrat catch a live fish, but have no doubt they do so. They certainly pick up freshly dead fish which they chance to find. At Lake Maxinkuckee the Muskrats raise at least two litters, and probably three, each season, the first litter being born about the first week in May. About the middle of June, 1901, young muskrats about half-grown were seen swimming about or sitting on their haunches on shore eating bits of lily roots. These were probably of the first litter. ^ On June 15, 1903, a nest with five young was found in a pile of brush on marshy ground on Long Point. The young were evidently not more than a few days old, as their eyes were not yet open. On May 31, 1901, we caught one about one-third or one-half grown on south shore of lake. Sep- tember 5, 1906, saw two young not more than half grown. On another occasion, a young one was seen on the shore near the Cul- ver depot pier and was almost caught before it took alarm. On another occasion, a young one was seen to dive in shallow water south of Green's pier. Upon wading out to where it dived a hole was seen in the bottom out of which the Muskrat soon came and was captured. From these data it is evident that at least two litters per season are raised in this vicinity. In the early winter, after ice has formed some distance out from shore, Muskrats are often seen swimming under the ice. They move along quite rapidly, and present a peculiar appearance, a bubble of air at each nostril expanding and contracting as they breathe, and a number of small bubbles on the fur giving them a silvery color. Apparently the Muskrat before diving fills its lungs with air, portions of which it exhales and rebreathes again. During the time the air remains as a bubble at each nostril it is purified through its contact with the water and rendered fit for breathing again. This peculiar habit would seem to account for the ability of the Muskrat to remain under water so long. On one occa- sion (in December, 1904) when standing on the ice a peculiar sound was heard beneath our feet. Upon investigation it was found to be caused by a Muskrat gnawing at the under side of the ice. The sound was like that made by a rat gnawing under a floor. At times the Muskrats make various noises. September 5, 1906, two half-grown young were observed chasing each other and singing a long, shivering note, followed by mewings and squeak- in gs and other noises or calls. The shivering, singing noise was heard on other occasions. The Muskrat is the most valuable fur-bearing animal in the Maxinkuckee region ; indeed, it is the most valuable in the State. Considerable numbers are trapped each year about the lake, the Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 467 best gi'ounds being Norris Inlet and Lost Lake together with the Outlet. We have been unable to obtain complete figures of the catch, but have enough to show that it is important. In the winter of 1896-1897 one trapper secured between 60 and 70 skins. One who trapped only at Norris Inlet in the fall of 1900 had secured 30 pelts by November 9, and another at Lost Lake had 50 by the same date. Up to November first, 1903, two men trapping chiefly at Norris Inlet had secured 103 pelts. They got 28 one night. Their entire catch for the winter was 264 Muskrats. 4 mink and 3 opossums. The muskrat pelts brought them 10 to 15 cents each. The prices now are much higher, ranging from $1.50 to $3.50. Black pelts, which constitute a small proportion of the catch, bring much higher prices. It has long been suspected that the Muskrat is the intermediate host of certain parasites which are concerned in the production of pearls in the Unionidje or freshwater mussels. The Muskrat stomachs and intestines examined by us at Lake Maxinkuckee did not enable us to demonstrate the truth of this theory. One stom- ach examined contained no parasites of any kind. Another exam- ined at Washington, D. C, contained a few parasites but none that could be identified with the distomid which induces pearl-forma- tion. A species of parasite. Monostoma affine Leidy, closely re- lated to the distomids was described from the gall-bladder of the Muskrat. It is the intention to examine a considerable number of stomachs at the first opportunity with a view to determining the facts in this matter. 20. JUMPING MOUSE ZAPUS HUDSONIUS (Zimmcrmann) This is another northern animal whose range southward reaches northern Indiana. It is freciuently reported from this part of the state, particularly from the vicinity of Yellow River. It is also said to be seen occasionally about Rochester a few miles southeast of the lake. Our only definite records for the lake are a weather-worn skull found on Long Point in 1906, and one found dead near the ice houses on the west side of the lake August 26, 1906. This example gave the following measurements: length of body, 80 mm.; tail 108 mm.; ear 5 mm.; hind foot 28 mm. 21. PORCUPINE ERETHIZON DORSATHM (Linniniis) According to accounts given by old settlers in Indiana, the Porcupine was at one time not rare throughout the northern part 468 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey of the State. It was not uncommon for the inquisitive cow or the dog to come home with its nose full of spines of the Porcupine. It was the custom to hold the afflicted animal and pull out the spines with pincers, as they stuck very tightly, while the suffering crea- ture announced to the neighborhood the discovery it had made that day. Troubles like this caused the settlers to wage a war of ex- termination on the Porcupine, with the result that it is now rarely or never seen. We have only one record of its recent occurrence in this vicinity. According to Mr. S. S. Chadwick one was killed a short distance west of Culver in the fall of 1887. 22. GROUNDHOG MARMOTA MONAX (Linnaeus) The Woodchuck, Marmot or Groundhog as it is usually called ,in Indiana, is fairly common in most parts of the State. It most delights in the more hilly districts covered with open forests or grassy meadows, particularly those near fields of red clover. It is not rare about Maxinkuckee. One or more pairs can usually be found on the hillsides about Lost Lake, others in or at the edges of the fields along the Outlet, several north and east of the lake, and a few in most other suitable situations. In 1900 one had its home in a burrow under one of the buildings on Long Point. In the fall of 1904 some burrows were observed in the middle of a level field, the holes going vertically downward several feet. This is rather unusual, as the Groundhog almost invariably selects a hillside or bank in which to dig its burrow. In May and early June, 1901, five were shot in Green's field near the Gravelpit, two of which were old females, and three were young.* About the last of June, 1901, a half-grown young was caught near Lost Lake. When pursued it ran until overtaken, when it turned and showed fight. August 25, 1906, several were noted in fields near the railroad south of the lake. They sat up erect and watched us go by. September 13, 1906, one was killed near Lost Lake. September 22, 1907, several burrows, evidently of this animal, were seen along fences between the lake and the tamarack swamp, and on September 25, one was seen near the Gravelpit. On September 15, 1913, we saw one that had just been killed near the lake, and on October 7 one was seen south of the Gravelpit. It is said to occur in the high ground back from the Kankakee River. In the early spring, soon after the first warm days have come and the only remaining reminders of the passing winter are a few snow banks in protected places or occasional little flurries of snow, Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 469 and when the first green blades of grass are just peeping through the matted dead grass of the previous year on warm hillsides and along fence-rows, the fii'st Groundhog of the season is apt to be seen. He will most likely be found out in the open in some old meadow, preferably a clover-field, and near his den. Here he ap- pears early in the afternoon when the sun shines warm on the hill- side. He comes out not only to feed upon the young and tender stems and leaves of the clover and other early spring plants, but he also delights to lie in the warm sunshine or to sit upright near his burrow looking about over the fields and renewing his ac- quaintance with the scenes which have remained only as a memory since he went into winter-quarters the previous fall. Later in the spring and in summer and fall, if you should be abroad in the early morning when the sun is just showing and the dew still hangs heavy and sparkling on the tender new grass, you will al- most certainly be rewarded by seeing one or more Woodchucks in any cloverfield you chance to pass. Then they come out for their morning repast of red clover stems and leaves, and the tender shoots of windflower and cinnamon fern. At this time they will be quite busy. When done feeding they will return to their bur- rows where they probably sleep until one or two o'clock when they reappear, not so much for feeding as to bask in the warm sun or to look about over the country. Again late in the evening, between sundown and dusk, they come out again to feed. Then they usually remain out until nearly dark when they are apt to retire to their burrows. They are, however, to some extent nocturnal and may remain abroad well into the night. The Groundhog is a pretty strict vegetarian, his food consisting chiefly of red clover and the tender stems of grasses and other plants. He will sometimes do damage to the young corn plants and will on occasion, feed upon the leaves of pumpkin, squash and bean vines. They will sometimes visit the kitchen garden and do more or less damage to the cabbage heads and celery. They have also been known to visit apple orchards near their burrows and feed upon such fruit as they could find on the ground. The only real damage they do that is serious is that done to the clover-field ; all the rest is only occasional and may be regarded as negligible, ex- cept perhaps the inconvenience caused by the holes they make in the meadows and fields. Dr. Merriam has observed that in the fall the Woodchucks tend to leave the burrows in the open fields and go to those in the woods in which they spend the period of hibernation, and our observations lead us to the same conclusion. Certain burrows in Walley's and 470 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey other woods which appeared to be deserted during the summer showed evidences of being used early in the fall and those in the fields had the appearance of having been abandoned in September or early October. On May 3, one was observed sitting at the mouth of his bur- row, which was under a large stump. One of us slipped up from the opposite side, and, looking over the stump, watched him for some time at very close range. He was very quiet and seemed to be looking out across the field. When a small object was dropped upon his nose he quickly turned his head sidewise and looked up with an expression of curiosity, if not astonishment, on his face. Not until the observer moved did he become frightened, when he quickly disappeared in the burrow. The Woodchuck produces three to six young in a litter, usually about the last of April. We have some evidence indicating that two litters may be produced in one season. On September 10 a young Woodchuck not more than one-third grown was seen on an open hillside where it was feeding on fresh grass. When chased it ran quite swiftly. When overtaken it would change its course from time to time. Finally when tired out it crouched down in the grass, apparently attempting to hide from its pursuers. l,ts small size suggested that it was born not earlier than the middle of July or later. The Groundhog as yet possesses little or no economic value. Its pelage is coarse and contains little fur. The hide is tough and ought to make a good quality of leather. The flesh is abundant in quantity, sweet, palatable and very nutritious; it ought to be more extensively utilized as an article of food. 23. STRIPED GOPHER CITELLUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS (Mitchill) This gopher is an intrusion from the prairie fauna to the west- ward of Maxinkuckee. It appears to be gradually extending its range eastward. Thirty years ago it was very rare or entirely unknown in Indiana except in the prairie counties along the west- ern border of the State. During 1883-1885 the senior writer of this report had exceptional opportunities to become quite familiar with all parts of Carroll County, which lies some 50 to 80 miles south and a few miles west of Maxinkuckee, and in those years he saw a total of only three or four pairs of Striped Gophers within its borders and they were al' in the extreme western part of the county where the land is largely prairie. During many years of almost continuous residence in that county (1858 to 1885) the species Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 471 was never seen east of the Wabash River, but recently it is said to have appeared there. In Vigo County it was common from 1886 to 1891 and has so increased in abundance since then as to have become a serious pest. In 1899 when our field work began at Lake Maxinkuckee the Striped Gopher was rare in that region ; in fact, only one or two pairs were seen during that season. They had their home at the Gravelpit and were observed most frequently in August. In 1900 they were more numerous. Besides the colony at the Gravelpit. one or more were seen occasionally further south along the rail- road, several about the sandy hills southeast of the lake, and now and then one was noted on Long Point. In 1904 they had still fur- ther increased. On July 3 one was found dead on the railroad near Murray's where it had evidently been killed by a passing train, and several others were seen at the Gravelpit. One or more were seen on Long Point, and in the autumn of 1906 several were ob- served there. In 1907, soon after corn-planting, these little ro- dents were found to have increased greatly in numbers about the Gravelpit. They became very destructive to the young corn in a field nearby. They would pull up and eat the young plants. One individual was seen to pull up 20 stalks. The owner of the field shot 20 of them in May and early June. Many of them were old ones while others were small and apparently young of the year. The gophers of this color^y had their holes or burrows in and about the Gravelpit. The colonies on the sandy farms south and south- east of the lake had also increased considerably in numbers, as had also that on Long Point. One was caught by a cat on Long Point in June of that year. In 1910 it was learned that they were be- coming more and more abundant every year. Several were seen on Long Point. Observations made in the fall of 1913 indicate that they are still increasing. On September 17, one was seen at the Gravelpit, and one or more were noted near Murray's on Oc- tober 4 and 6. On the farms south, southwest and southeast of the lake they are getting to be a pest. They are probably now found west, north and east of the lake in suitable situations, but we have not observed them there, as our field work has not re- cently extended into those regions. The Striped Gopher feeds upon young corn, wheat, oats, grass and other tender plants, also upon grain and other seeds of vari- ous kinds. It is very prolific and, once it has secured a foothold in any locality, it is quite certain to become a serious pest sooner or later unless drastic measures are taken to hold its numbers in check. 472 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 24. GROUND SQUIRREL TAMIAS STRIATUS (Linnseus) The Ground Squirrel or Chipmunk is an interesting and famil- iar little animal in all suitable situations in Indiana. Every farm- er's boy in the State knows it well. Wherever there are open woods or pastures and old decaying trees, rocky ledges overgrown with vines, fallen timber and brush piles, and Virginia rail fences that have not been well kept, there the Chipmunk is quite sure to be found. Though still abundant in most parts of Indiana they are less so than formerly. At one time they were so numerous as to be regarded as a serious pest and bounties were paid for their scalps. About Maxinkuckee they are still rather common and may be seen almost anywhere about the lake and on adjoining farms. Nearly all portions of the lake shore are favorable. Wherever there are old trees on the north, east and south sides, there you may find Chipmunk families. The old oaks at the southwest corner of the lake and those on Long Point have never, since our ac- quaintance with the lake, been without their Ground Squirrels. The open woods between the two lakes and Walley's woods are also favorite situations. A visit to any of these regions would almost certainly be rewarded by a glimpse of a pair or more of thesp merry creatures. On Long Point several pairs usually have their homes, and from May or June until late in October they may be seen chasing each other along the fences or sitting at the root of some hollow old oak where they often remain chirping hours at a time. During the winter of 1900-1901, one had its home under the cottage in which we lived. During the fall it was seen daily gathering nuts, seeds, and grain which it stored for winter use. On bright sunny days it worked persistently from early morning until evening, usually stopping in the middle of the forenoon and again about two o'clock in the afternoon to sit on the south steps of the cottage or at the root of a gnarled old oak near by, where it would keep up an almost incessant chirping for an hour or more. Toward evening it gener- ally disappeared, not to be seen again until 7 or 8 o'clock next morning. On dark and gloomy days it sometimes failed to ap- pear. On November 27 it went into winter quarters and was not seen again until the twentieth of March following when it was seen scurrying about as lively as ever. From that date on it and others were noted occasionally on bright sunny days until warm weather, when they might be seen every day, usually near the edge of their Lake Maxinlaickee, Physical and Biolofjical Survey 473 burrows or other safe refuge into which they would scamper, on the shghtest alarm, with a rapid succession of sharp chipping noises. During the summer and early fall they are ever in evi- dence and are not easily frightened. As fall comes on and seeds and nuts mature, these interesting little animals become more ac- tive and very busy laying up their winter stores, stopping now and then to bask in the sun, their crammed cheek-pouches giving them a comical, mump-like appearance. At this time of the year they have a call or note quite different from the sharp chipping noise usually heard in the summer, it being a succession of hollow cluck- ing sounds, most interesting when heard at some distance through the autumn woods. A little later, toward the last of October, when frosts are frequent and the days are chill, they may be seen only on those days that are bright and sunny, usually sitting in the sun on the root of some old hollow tree, chipping merrily. Still later, as cold days become the rule, only the brightest days tempt them out; then they sit quietly where the sun shines warmest, chipping not at all or only now and then very mildly. Following are some of our notebook records: 1899. — October 3, still out and busy gathering food. 1900. — October 18 and 19, noisy about and under our cottage ; October 22, noted ; 24th, one seen going under cottage ; 25th, the one belonging to our cottage was' quite noisy for a while; 26th, 27th and 30th, still out and noisy; November 3, 5, and 6, seen; 27th, seen for last time. 1901. — March 20, the one under our cottage came out today and scurried about as lively as ever. October 19-21, very common on Long Point; at least 20 between our cottage and the end of Long Point, all very busy garnering their winter stores, but mixing a good deal of play with their work. 1902. — June 19, two seen on Long Point; 22d, one at tip of Point and several elsewhere. 1904. —October 18, several seen ; 19th, on early morning trip around the lake saw only one; October 20 and 21, one or more were seen on Long Point; November 5, one seen. 1906. — September 17, several seen on east side, all chipping merrily ; 25th, caught one in trap on Long Point; 30th, a very bright colored one seen. 1907. — Septem- ber 26, one heard and another seen on east side; 29th, one heard at Walley's birch swamp; October 4, one seen on Long Point filling its pouches with rag-weed seeds which it skillfully gleaned from the standing weeds; 10th, one seen on Arlington coal bin, and another with very full pouches basking on a rock near the Duen- weg cottage. Loud gunshots fired at coots near by did not frighten it; 14th, one heard clucking near the birch swamp. In some sections of its habitat the Chipmunk is said to be mi- 474 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey gratory, but our observations lead us to believe it to be non-migra- tory in Indiana. The Chipmunk feeds chiefly upon nuts and seeds of various kinds. In regions where beech trees are found their delicious nuts constitute its principal food. Hickory nuts, particularly the thin- ner shelled species, hazelnuts, acorns and corn are also highly prized. In the spring they may do some damage to the corn fields by digging up the newly planted grains ; but this is infrequent and apt to occur only when the field borders on open woods. As al- ready recorded, on October 4, we observed a Chipmunk going from one ragweed to another, stripping ofi" the seeds and cramming his pouches with them; from which it appears that they are of some value as weed-seed destroyers. On the whole, the Chipmunk is a harmless and very cheery little creature which, in moderate numbers, does little or no harm and adds much to the attractiveness of any region. 25. RED SQUIRREL SCIURUS HUDSONICUS LOQUAX Bangs The Red Squirrel, Pine Squirrel, Chickaree or Boomer, as it is variously called, is a northern species which is gradually extending its range southward in Indiana. Until within the last decade it was rare or wholly unknown in most parts of the state south of Logansport, though it was not uncommon in the more northern counties. On December 24, 1889, one was shot near Kewanna which is about 12 miles south of Maxinkuckee. It was regarded as a rarity in that region. About 1900 one was seen near Frank- fort, about 70 miles south of Maxinkuckee, the first ever noted in that county. We have learned from Mr. Sidney T. Sterling of Camden, Carroll County, that it has recently appeared in that county. When we began our investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee, the Red Squirrel was not common. In 1899 only one was seen, in Sep- tember, near old Lake Manitou. On September 24, 1900, a young one, just able to crawl about, was found on the ground in Farrar's woods. It had probably fallen from the nest. It was taken home and fed and soon became quite tame. It was not caged but was permitted to run about the room, and soon became quite playful and mischievous. One of its favorite positions was a seat on one's shoulder where it soon called attention to itself by a gentle nipping of the ear of the person on whose shoulder it was sitting. One or more were seen October 1, 14, 19, and 30. In 1904, they were Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 475 quite numerous ; several were noted October 19 and 27 and at vari- ous times thereafter until January 3, 1905, when we left the lake, until August, 1906, from which month until November 14, many were seen. On September 13, 1907, and at various times thereafter until the middle of November, one or more were seen on any day when we cared to look for them. One was seen September 27, 1908, On September 8, 1913, one was observed for some time on the grounds of the Chadwick Hotel, and again on the 17th. One seen in Wal- ley's woods October 7, 1913, and on September 30, two were shot in the same woods; one (a male) weighed 7 ounces, the other (a female) 6] ounces. According to Mr. S. S. Chadwick they have continued to increase up to the present time. Their favorite haunts about Lake Maxinkuckee are the heavier woodlands at the south end of the lake, Walley's woods, the timbered areas on the east side and the groves north and east of the Academy grounds. Only rarely have we seen it on Long Point, while on several occa- sions we have observed it on the Tippecanoe River near Belong. While the Red Squirrel is a merry playful little animal, there is little else to commend it to one's favor. While its principal food consists of nuts and seeds of various kinds, it is very destructive to birds' eggs and even young birds. It is also popularly thought to drive the fox squirrel out of regions which it formerly occupied, and there is probably a basis of fact in this belief. On account of its small size it is not much hunted for food, although it makes a delicious stew. 26. GRAY SQUIRREL SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS LEUCOTIS (Gappcr) Formerly the Gray Squirrel was very abundant throughout In- diana and southern Michigan. Forty to fifty years ago squirrel hunting was an avocation in which nearly everj^ farmer and farm- er's son, as well as many of those who dwelt in the villages and towns engaged, and a poor marksman indeed was he who did not return from a morning in the woods with the old muzzle-loader and anywhere from 6 to 20 squirrels. To be regarded as a real expert shot, however, it was necessary to be able to "bark" the squirrel, that is, to kill it simply by shooting through the bark of the limb on which the squirrel happened to be sitting without actually hit- ting the squirrel. There were in every community a number of such expert squirrel hunters. In southern Michigan a large pro- portion of the Gray Squirrels were black! while in middle Indiana a black squirrel was not often seen. In the ]\Iaxinkuckee region 476 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey this squirrel is now a very rare species. Mr. Chadwick says he knows of only two or three having been killed near the lake in the last six or seven years. The only one ever seen by us in that region was observed May 9, 1901. 27. FOX SQUIRREL SCIURUS NIGER RUFIVENTER (Geoffroy) Although formerly quite common in central and northern In- diana, the Fox Squirrel was never so abundant as was the Gray Squirrel when the country was new. But as the forests were cleared away, farms opened up, and open woodlands and pasture lots became more and more common features of the country, the Gray Squirrel became practically extinct while the Fox Squirrel was more nearly able to hold its own, albeit, even this species is far from being as abundcint as formerly. In the region with which the present paper deals the Fox Squirrel was very rare until re- cently. None was seen or heard of in 1899. In 1900 one was seen in Walley's woods on September 28, and one near Belong the next day. The first of these was killed by some one in October. Several were killed by a local hunter in the fall of 1902. In 1904, Fox Squirrels were occasionally seen. Two were killed November 29 ; one was seen in the Assembly grounds ; on December 15 a large oak on Long Point was cut down and was found to contain two Fox Squirrels, probably young of the year, but fully grown. In the fall of 1905 three or four were seen on Long Point. In 1906 two were killed south of the lake September 12 ; two days later one was seen in Farrar's woods, and on September 17 another was noted on the east side of the lake. In the autumn of 1907 one or more were observed in Green's woods. Doubtless it is no less frequent in open woods east of the lake. The Fox Squirrel prefers the open woods and is rarely seen in heavy, dense forests. Wherever there are large old trees with hollow limbs or trunks on the borders of cornfields, there these squirrels are apt to take up their homes if there be any in the neighborhood. Unless disturbed the same pair will occupy the same tree for several years, probably until they die or are killed. These squirrels feed upon all sorts of nuts and are very de- structive to the farmer's corn. In January, 1908, Mr. A. M. Ever- mann observed Fox Squirrels near Burlington (56 miles south of Maxinkuckee) feeding upon the seeds of the cocklebur, Xanthiiun strumarium. The squirrels would strip the burs from the plants and carry them to a nearby log on which they would sit on their Lake Maxinlmckee, Physical and Biological Survey 417 haunches while they gnawed the burs and removed the seeds. At the time the ground was covered with snow. So far as we have been able to learn this habit of the Fox Squirrel had not been previously observed. 28. FLYING SQUIRREL SCIUROPTERUS VOLANS (Linnaus) Wherever there are, about the lake, large old trees with hollow trunks or limbs, one or more pairs of Flying Squirrels are likely to be found. Striking such trees with an axe or maul will often in- duce the squirrels to come out, especially if the tree is of proper size and springy enough to vibrate well in response to blows. When striking the tree is stopped, the squirrels usually return quickly to their nest. By such devices as this, one is apt to discover that the Flying Squirrel is a much more common animal in the neigh- borhood than the number seen otherwise would indicate. On ac- count of its quiet, unobtrusive ways and its nocturnal habits it is not often seen except by those who know its ways. These squirrels usually make their nests in holes in old dead or decaying trees; they may utilize a hollow limb, a decayed and hol- lowed-out portion of the trunk or a deserted woodpecker hole. Late in the fall, after the cottagers have left the lake and the cottages have been closed for the winter, these resourceful little animals sometimes take up their residence in the loft, cupboard or some suitable box in the cottages. There they build their nests and dwell cosily until the warm days of returning spring tempt them to return to a hole in some scraggy old oak near-by, where thoy will spend the summer. Occasionally, in the evening twilight or on moonlight nights, a Flying Squirrel may be seen sailing in a gentle downward curve from one tree to another, the start being made from well toward the top of one tree and the place of alighting at a much lower point on the other. There is something ghost-like in this gliding flight; it is so unlike that of any other of our native creatures; there is not only an entire absence of fluttering wings, but perfect silence. While in their nests these squirrels do more or less squeaking. On the night of September 21, 1903, one or more were heard in trees in the Arlington hotel grounds. On November 27, 1904, the accidental burning of two cottages on Long Point ignited some of the surrounding trees, one of which contained a family of Flying Squirrels. They did not leave their nest until fatally burned, when 478 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey they leaped to the ground. On August 19, 1906, while riding along a road west of the lake a squeaking sound attracted attention to the base of a small scrub oak at the roadside. On examining the place four young Flying Squirrels were discovered. They were quite small and wholly naked. A storm had probably blown them from their nest which was a lai'ge, globular affair, made of fibrous material, situated in a crotch of the tree. While we were only a few feet away, one of the parent squirrels, presumably the mother, came down the tree and, taking the young in her mouth, carried them, one at a time, back to the nest. On April 16, 1890, one of us found a nest containing two young Flying Squirrels, south of Terre Haute. The nest was in a wood- pecker's hole about 20 feet from the ground in a maple. Upon striking the tree the mother squirrel came out of the hole and flew to another tree near-by, where she remained watching. Breaking the snag at the hole the two young were removed and placed on the ground. After a little time the old squirrel flew back to the snag and seemed much disturbed by the changed appearance of things. She looked all about and, finally discovering the young on the ground, she came down, and taking one in her mouth, carried it to the top of the snag from which she then flew with the young in her mouth to another tree about 30 feet away. She ran up that tree to a height of about 50 feet w^here she found a knot-hole in which she placed the little one. In a moment she reappeared and flew back to the snag for the other. In the meantime I had sta- tioned myself near the young. After several advances and re- treats she finally came mid seized the young in her mouth when I caught her in my hand. When released she returned to the knot- hole with the young squirrel. These dates (April 16 and August 19) , are of interest in showing so wide a range in the breeding sea- son of the Flying Squirrel. On December 16, 1890, a family of six Flying Squirrels was found by Mr. J. M. Beck near Burlington. They were all full- grown. On Thanksgiving day, several years ago. Prof. U. O. Cox, then of Farmland, Indiana, found 15 Flying Squirrels in a small rotten stump a little higher than a man's head. It is remarkable the number of Flying Squirrels that can be discovered in any wood by knocking on the old dead snags or trees, particularly in the spring. We have found them in old oaks, beeches, maples, ash, willows, sycamores and hickories, as well as in various old buildings. They seem to breed chiefly early in the spring, about sugar-making time. A second or third litter may be produced later in the season. Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 479 Flying Squirrels make very interesting pets. Several years ago one of us had two which were kept as pets for several weeks. They had the freedom of one room in the house. During the day they lay curled up in a box provided and made comfortable for that purpose. At night, particularly before midnight, they would come out to play about the room and to accept the nuts and other food offered them. One night a drawer containing a number of bird- skins was inadvertently left open. One of the squirrels got into it, ate one of the skins and as a result died of arsenic poisoning. 29. BEAVER CASTOK CANADENSIS CAROLINENSIS Rhoads The Beaver was at one time pretty common in the northern part of Indiana. There still exist vestiges of one or more beaver- dams in the Outlet between Lost Lake and the Tippecanoe River. 30. RABBIT SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MEARNSII (Allen) The Rabbit or Cottontail is an abundant and well known ani- mal of the Maxinkuckee region. The large areas of uncultivated swamp-land, abounding in tall grasses, sedges and small brushy shrubs, the tamarack and other swamps, and the considerable tracts of timber, often with heavy undergrowth, give a wide choice of location and refuge. In all these, Rabbits are usually quite abundant. Although apt to be found almost anywhere, there are choice places where they are particularly common. Among these are the thickets, fields, and Farrar's woods at the south end of the lake ; the shores of Lost Lake and the woods and fields from Green's to Walley's and beyond: the fields, swamps and prairie westward to Manitou and Houghton lakes, including the tamarack swamp; and the low ground along Aubeenaubee Creek on the east side. The following records made by us serve to indicate to some extent the abundance of Rabbits in this region. They are by no means complete, but simply show the observations of one or two persons for portions of each of several years. During the fall of 1899 up to January 21, one man who hunted only occasionally and only in the immediate vicinity of the lake, killed 76 Rabbits, In the fall of 1900 one hunter had killed 56 by December 31. In 1901 they were said to be plentiful in February and on December 10, one hunter shot 19. On January 2, 1903, hunters obtained 21 in the vicinity of Mud Lake near the head of Aubeenaubee Creek; December 14, four hunters got 20 and on December 30, one got 8. In 1904, 7 were killed December 8, 24 on December 13, and 2 on 31—17618 480 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey December 22. In 1905 two were gotten November 27. In 1906, two on January 22, one seen July 21 and 29, and October 9, sev- eral on the east side on October 31, 2 on November 13, one on the 14th and 4 gotten on the 20th. In 1907, a half-grown young one was seen September 11 and another September 20; another not more than one-third grown was seen September 22. On November 17, 1909, two gotten with ferrets under the Farrar cottage, were sent to the U. S. National Museum. In the fall of 1913, they did not seem to be very common. On September 17 a half-grown young one was seen on Long Point, and again on October 4. In this region the Rabbit is hunted rather persistently every fall and winter from October to February and the total number killed is great; nevertheless the animals are so prolific that the supply usually keeps up pretty well. During some years it is less abundant. The season of 1908-9 was a period of scarcity. Gen- erally these periods last only for a single season, and the next sea- son is one of usual abundance. They are in best condition in No- vember to January and these are the principal months when they ai-e hunted. Unfortunately a few local pothunters have been using ferrets, a method which affords no sport, is entirely unsportsman- like, gives the Rabbit no chance, and which cannot be too severely condemned. In this region the Rabbit breeds at least twice each season. The first litter is produced early in the spring, usually in May, and the young are half or two-thirds grown by the first or middle of July. The second litter is probably produced in July or even as late as September, as we have seen half-grown and one-third- grown young September 11 and 22. Heavy rains in the spring frequently flood the breeding grounds, with the result that many of the first litters are drowned. This was particularly the case in 1902 when there were unusually heavy rains in May and June, flooding all the lowlands. That many young Rabbits were drowned is evidenced by their scarcity in the fall and winter following. Here, as elsewhere, the Rabbit causes some damage to young fruit trees by gnawing the bark. The damage is greatest during the winters of heavy and long-continued snows which cover up other vegetation on which they would feed. The Lake Maxin- kuckee region, however, is not much given to orchards or horticul- ture and the injury wrought by Rabbits is therefore not serious. The Rabbit as an article of food is becoming more highly ap- preciated in recent years and there is also an increasing market for its fur. With proper laws providing adequate protection a large and valuable catch can be made every year. Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 481 THE BIRDS Introduction The scope of the investigation as originally planned included as careful study of the vertebrate animals of the lake as time and facilities at command would permit. It soon became evi- dent, however, that no very satisfactory progress could be made with those groups without consideration of the plants and of the various groups of invertebrate animals of the lake. It also became more and more apparent as the work progressed that no hard and fast line could be drawn between the species directly related to the lake and those only indirectly so related, or those thought to bear no relation. Many illustrations could be given of the ways in which various species of purely land animals and plants are related ecologically to purely aquatic species inhabiting the lake. Mention will here be made only of the birds. The larvre of certain dipterous insects of the genus Chirono- mus are exceedingly abundant at the lake and constitute a very important part of the food of the fishes, particularly of the young. We discovered also that several of the birds feed upon the adult insects. In September and October, when the larvae complete their metamorphoses and the adult insects emerge from the water, the air and the trees about the lake become filled in the evening and on quiet days with vast swarms of these mosquito-like insects. The air becomes vocal with the constant humming of the millions on the wing. They are everywhere, — in the air from the ground to a height as far as the eye can see, thickest perhaps at a height of 15 to 30 feet ; on the sides and roofs of the cottages, on the fences and on bushes ; and on the trunks, limbs and leaves of the trees. There were literally billions of them. Then it is that many species of birds which had not been thought to bear any intimate relation to the lake have a veritable feast. Among the birds which we saw feeding upon the insects were the nighthawks, swallows, yel- low-billed cuckoos, yellow-rumped warblers, red-headed woodpeck- ers, and even song sparrows. And along the shore vast quantities of casts of Chironomus larvae had been washed up and upon these were feeding phalaropes, snipes, plovers, and even rusty black- birds, redwings, and crow blackbirds. But the story does not end here. After the nuptial flight of the Chironomi has been made, these insects, myriads upon myriads of them, return to the surface of the water upon which they lay their eggs, and there fall a prey to various species of fishes, from the 482 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological S^irvey tiny top-minnow to the bluegill, yellow perch, and large-mouthed black bass. And the eggs laid by those which succeed in escaping all their enemies furnish enormous quantities of food to the multi- tude of little fishes hatched during the previous summer, while the eggs that escape hatch sooner or later, and in their new form as Chironomus larvse, supply even greater quantities of delicious food to the fishes of somewhat larger growth, and also to the turtles and young waterdogs in the water, and to various species of birds that feed along the beach. But even this is not all the story. The millions of midges, after having accomplished their only purpose in life by laying billions upon billions of eggs, die, and their dead bodies, falling upon the surface of the lake or upon the land, are eaten by the fishes, birds, small insectivores, or other animals. The total number of species of birds noted by us in the immedi- ate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee is 175. Doubtless if we could have been at the lake oftener during the spring migrations, the number would have been considerably increased. Only one of us was at the lake during an entire spring, and his time was then so largely taken up by other and more important investigations that little opportunity was left for noting the birds except those associ- ated directly with the lake. Of the 175 species, at least 50 are very directly and closely re- lated ecologically to the fishes and other life forms found in the lake. At least 23 other species are more or less directly so re- lated. Of these 73 species many feed directly upon the fishes; a yet larger number feed directly upon the food of the fishes, and still others feed upon insects, plants, etc., which in turn serve as food for other species upon which the fishes feed directly. All of these 73 species are closely associated with the lake itself; they are either strictly aquatic birds, such as ducks, coots, gulls, terns, and the like, or shore birds such as herons, snipe, plover, bitterns, and similar species; or else swallows and the like which fly over and about the lake, feeding upon the insects found there. Then there are the birds of prey, the hawks and owls, some of which prey directly upon the fishes, while others prey upon aquatic birds, such as the ducks and coots. As a matter of fact, it is doubtful if there is a single species of bird frequenting this lake or its vicinity that does not exert some influence, however small, upon the life forms of the lake itself. This w^ould be true of any body of water and the birds found about it. The number of aquatic and shore birds in the present list is Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 483 remarkably large. The total of their influence upon the life of the lake must be very great, indeed. There is probably no other lake in Indiana, if, indeed, in the Mississippi Valley, where ducks are so abundant as to species and individuals as at Lake Maxinkuckee. At least 21 species of ducks are known to visit this lake, and several of them in great numbers. The physical characteristics of the lake, its location, and the abund- ance of wild celery and other suitable food, all combine to attract the ducks during their migrations and to hold them for many days, especially in the fall and early winter. In the spring the ducks begin to appear just as soon as any open water is found in the lake. This will usually be in narrow strips along the shore, particularly at the south end where the water is shallow and where the ice melts readily. Soon after the ice has left the lake they appear in great numbers. In 1901, the only spring for which we have many records, the first arrivals were noted March 2. The next day a great many were observed. On the 4th, 8th and 9th, several large flocks were seen, although the ice was not yet off the lake and there was very little open water so that the ducks had to rest upon the ice. On the 12th the largest and most numerous flocks were seen, usually flying over the lake, but sometimes finding the open water where they alighted. After that date they continued to bo noted almost daily in considerable numbers until the last of April. They were noted as abundant on April 26. On the 27th only a few were seen and at no time after that date were they numerous, although a few were seen almost daily until May 18. After that date only a few scattering ducks were observed. There were 5, probably all little bluebills, that remained in the east and southeast parts of the lake at least up to July 10 when Mr. Clark left the lake. One of these seemed to be crippled and it may be that all of them were birds which were unable, on account of gun-shot wounds, to con- tinue their northward migration. A single canvasback was also seen July 10 in the southwest part of the lake. It and a pair of the little bluebills acted as if they had nests somewhere on the shore, and it is not unlikely that a few ducks that have recovered from wounds nest at the lake each season. Our fall and winter records are much more complete. Our earliest fall record is for August 21, 1906, when several ducks were seen at some small ponds north of Twin Lakes, a few miles north of Maxinkuckee. On Au- gust 31, 1908, a good many wood ducks, several mallards, and a few coots were reported from some small ponds just west of ]\Iax- inkuckee. It is usually not until well in September, however, that 484 Lake Maxiiikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ducks are seen. For each of several years the first were noted as follows : In 1899, the first flock was seen September 29. In 1900, on September 3, two flocks seen flying south. In 1906, on Sep- tember 11, they were said to be common at Lake Manitou, near Rochester, and the next day a flock was seen at Maxinkuckee. In 1907, the first flock was seen September 23. In 1913, on Sep- tember 4, two were seen flying from Lake Maxinkuckee toward Lost Lake. Usually by the middle of October, sometimes the first, they are abundant, although, in 1913, they were not yet very com- mon at the end of October when our stay at the lake ended. In 1899, they were noted as scarce on October 12, but five days later a large flock was seen at night, which was very foggy, on shore at Long Point. They were believed to be mostly little blue- bills. In 1900, a flock was noted October 16 and others on the 19th. Two small flocks seen flying over on the 26th, and several others were noted on the 28th, and again on the 29th when there was much shooting. Our only October record for 1903 is one for the 15th to 29th, during which fortnight two market hunters camp- ing on Long Point are said to have killed a great many ducks, mostly little bluebills. They used blinds and decoys, a method of pot hunting which should be made unlawful. It is said that these pot hunters received $6 a dozen for the ducks they killed. In 1904, ducks were reported to be numerous as early as Octo- ber 8, but there were not many on the 18th. On the 21st and 22d good-sized flocks were seen flying over. On the 25th there were a good many birds on the lake and a cottager from Peru was seen pursuing them in a motor boat; two days later he was caught in the act and, pleading guilty on two counts, was fined $72.00, including costs. On the 29th there were a good many ducks on the lake, mostly little bluebills but some canvasbacks, and there was a good deal of shooting. In 1906, a few were seen far out on the lake on October 9, and on the 13th there was much shooting on the lake, unlawfully continued long after sunset. We have no other note until October 28 when a flock was seen flying south. The next day there were many on the lake and there was a good deal of shooting. On the 30th they were common, two hunters getting 15. They were plentiful on the 31st. In 1907, two or three flocks were seen on October 7, chiefly on Lost Lake. Others were seen on the 13th, 14th and 15th. On the 19th there were thousands on the lake. Many were noted on the 21st, mostly little bluebills, whistlers, canvasbacks and redheads. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 485 November is the month of greatest abundance. Practically all that come from the north have arrived by the end of November and few, if any, have left. Our notes are quite full for this month in 1900, 1904 and 1906, and show that ducks were quite abundant throughout the month in each of those years. December is second only to November in the abundance of ducks. While there will normally be few or no new arrivals, there will be some departures for the south, and the numbers through- out the month will not differ greatly from those of November. In 1899, ducks were abundant and there was excellent shooting at the beginning of the month. In 1900, they were abundant and continued so throughout the month. In 1901, they were very abundant at the beginning and continued so; little bluebills, can- vasbacks, fish ducks, butterballs, mallards, ruddy ducks and red- heads all being common. In 1902, they were quite abundant. In 1904, up to December 8, one cottager on the east side had killed 60 ducks, mostly bluebills, canvasbacks and redheads. The ducks remain at the lake usually so long as there is open water and abundant food. This usually extends well into Janu- ary. Our only personal observations in January were in 1901. By the first the lake was entirely frozen over with the exception of 2 or 3 open pools. One of these was east of the Deephole and was only about 15 feet across. Another was oft' the Van Schoiack place and was even smaller. Still another, and the most important one, was at the Weedpatch, and was about 15 feet across. All these pools as long as they remained open were literally packed with ducks and coots, and many were often seen sitting on the ice. By the 27th nearly all had gone, and none was seen after Janu- ary 31. The best hunting is usually from about the middle of October until the middle of December, November being the best month. The open season for ducks in Indiana is from September 1 to April 15. This covers practically the entire period of their pres- ence at the lake, and affords them no protection whatever. Spring shooting should be eliminated entirely. The birds should be pro- tected then, not only because they are en route to their breeding grounds, but because they are not in prime condition as an article of food. The open season also begins too early in the fall. ]\Iany. indeed, most of the ducks arriving in the fall are young birds, more or less immature and so unsuspicious that they fall an easy prey to the pot-hunter. The closed season should be extended to the first of October. The most abundant species of duck visiting Lake ^Maxinkuckee 486 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey is undoubtedly the Little Bluebill (Marila affinis) , and the second in abundance is the Canvas-back (Marila valisineria) . Following these come the Redhead (Marila americana) , the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) , the American Merganser (Mergus americanus) , the Ruddy Duck (ErismaUira jamaicensis) and the Butterball (Charitonetta albeola) . The remaining fourteen species are each less common. The state law regarding hunting water-birds is not as well obeyed at Maxinkuckee as it should be. The most serious offend- ers are those who have launches or motor-boats of one sort or another. Not all those having such boats violate the law, but sev- eral of them do. They not only chase or pursue the ducks with their launches, but do it after sundown, and even without any sort of hunting license. The Lake Maxinkuckee Association should have their patrol- man made a special game warden and then see to it that he be active and fearless in enforcing the law against all pot-hunters. In nomenclature and sequence of species we have followed the third (revised) edition of the Check-List of North American Birds, issued by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1910. List of Species 1. holbcell's grebe COLYMBUS HOLBCELLI (Reinhardt) The only definite record we have of this species was made Oc- tober 12, 1913, when a single individual was observed in the lake 150 to 200 yards or more east of Long Point. Its larger size, long slender neck, and white color at once attracted our attention as in- dicating a species different from the horned grebe or pied-billed grebe. Considerable time was devoted to observing it. It was evi- dently feeding, as it dived very frequently, remaining under sev- eral seconds and usually coming up not far from where it went under. Occasionally it would stand up in the water and flap its wings. This species of grebe feeds on small mollusks, crustaceans and small fishes. 2. HORNED GREBE COLYMBUS AURITUS Linnaeus This little grebe is not common at Lake Maxinkuckee, but a few may be seen in the spring and again in the fall. We have observed it in April and June ; also in October, November, Decem- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 487 ber and Januaiy. It is evidently a spring and fall migrant. Dates on which we definitely recorded it are as follows : In 1899, on September 30 when two were shot at Long Point; in 1900, on September 14, on October 17 and 18, on November 1, 3, 4, 8 and 12, and December 8, ail off Long Point; in 1901, on January 2, April 19, June 11, September 30 and October 8; in 1902, on Oc- tober 19 ; in 1904, on October 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30 and 31, and on November 2, 3, 5, 9, 11 and 15; in 1907, on October 15 and 22; and in 1913, on October 3, 6, 17 and 20. It may have been seen at other times but at the distance observed and in the condition of plumage could not be positively distinguished from the more com- mon pied-billed grebe. Though it is said to breed at some of the small lakes in north- ern Indiana we have never found its nest here, nor have we seen the species in mid-summer. June 11 is the latest date in spring on which we have seen it, and the earliest date in the fall is Sep- tember 14. From then on until the lake freezes over it may be observed almost any day. A few^ usually linger until the last open spaces in the lake begin to close, then they disappear. The latest date on which it has been recorded is January 2 when one was seen in an open pool in the ice near the Weedpatch. The Horned Grebe is a solitary bird, rarely seen in flocks. Sometimes 2 or 3 may be together, and on rare occasions as many as 5 or 6, but usually only 1 or 2 may be seen. Occasionally they may be found mixed in with a flock of coots, the grebes sometimes surrounded by the coots ; at other times on the edge or outskii-ts of the flock. They prefer to stay near shore and in the nooks and coves and protected corners of the lake, although at times they may be seen out in the open, exposed places. These innocent birds are frequently shot in pure wantonness by irresponsible boys and others who, seeing them near shore, can- not resist the foolish desire to shoot at any bird seen on the water. Doubtless they are sometimes mistaken for ducks by the ill-in- formed. Dead grebes are often found along the shore. An examination of a number of stomachs showed that their food consists chiefly of vegetable matter, with an occasional small fish, mollusk or crustacean. No food or game fish was found in any grebe's stomach. The only species found were skipjacks (Labidesthes sic cuius) , graybacks {Fundulus diaphauits), and some of the Cyprinidse. The stomach of one examined November 3 contained vegetable fibers and possibly a few feathers. Another examined November 9 contained only a small quantity of feathers. They are, therefore, entirely harmless and should be protected. 488 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey They are very quiet birds, seldom uttering any note, although on one occasion (September 14), when one was surprised near the shore of Lost Lake, it uttered a succession of short, quacking cries as it scurried to deeper water in which it dived. Like its relative, the pied-billed grebe, the Horned Grebe is an expert diver. Usually when approached it swims slowly away, but when close-pressed it never takes flight but dives. It can re- main under water quite a time and usually comes up at some re- mote unexpected place. The Horned Grebe, when in full plumage, is a very handsome bird, especially when the sunlight glints on the rich color of the head. The only other species occurring at the lake that at all re- sembles the Horned Grebe is the helldiver. The two are readily distinguished, however, even by the novice, by the difference in the bill, that of the Horned Grebe being more slender, straight and rather acute, while that of the helldiver is stout and somewhat hooked. The difl"erence in the length of the bill is considerable, that of the helldiver being about an inch, while that of the Horned Grebe is over three inches. 3. HELLDIVER PODILYMBUS PODICEPS (Linnaeus) This curious little gi"ebe is known by many different names, among which may be mentioned Pied-billed Grebe, Thick-billed Grebe, Carolina Grebe, Pied-billed Dabchick, Dabchick, Dipper, Didipper, Didapper, Helldiver, Water-witch, and Devil-diver. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is known to those who know it at all, as the Helldiver. Most of these names refer to the ease and quiet mys- tery with which it disappears under water when approached. Every one who has ever spent any time about a lake or stream has often seen these curious duck-like birds and has been mystified by their elusive movements. From the horned grebe the Helldiver can readily be distin- guished by its short, stout, broad bill in contrast with the slender, straight, sharp bill of the former. At Maxinkuckee it is much more common than the horned grebe. It is seen in considerable numbers in the spring and more abundantly in the fall. A few remain throughout the summer and breed among the Scirpus patches about Lost Lake or in the marshes of Norris Inlet. A pair evidently nested in Lost Lake in 1908, as two immature young, unable to fly, were seen there September 6. A few dates on which it was definitely observed may be given : Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey 489 In 1900, almost daily from August 28 to December 8; in 1901, from April 15 to 28, and on December 18 ; in 1903, on September 21; in 1904, on October 31 and November 1; in 1906, on August 29, September 14, October 5, 6, 9, 11, 15 and 30, and November 8 ; in 1907, from September 7 to October 14 ; in 1908, on August 24 and September 6 ; and in 1913, from September 6 to October 26. Specimens were examined on October 27 and November 14, 19, and 20, 1900 ; April 15 and December 18, 1901 ; October 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, 30 and November 8, 1906, and October 10, 1913. The nest is usually a little semi-floating island made of decayed and decaying rushes, reeds and grass mixed with mud and various sorts of debris gathered from the bottom or from the nearby shore. The nest will be fastened more or less securely to reeds or rushes or other aquatic plants which have been pulled down and piled upon until the nest rises two or three inches above the water. The eggs number six to nine or ten and are a dirty yellowish or bluish white. During the day the grebes cover the eggs with decaying vegetation and trust to the heat of the sun to incubate them. At night it is said the rubbish is removed and the bird sits upon the eggs. The Helldiver remains late in the fall, even until compelled to leave by the freezing over of the lake. They appear in spring as early as April 15 and are common for about 2 weeks. Dur- ing the summer only rarely is one seen until about the last week in August when they reappear. They are most common from about the tenth of September to the first of December. The latest date on which any was observed was December 18. This bird is solitary in its habits though now and then 2 or 3 or even more may be seen together. We have observed small flocks of as many as five, particularly in Outlet Bay, at Norris Inlet, and in Lost Lake. Like the horned grebe the Helldiver de- lights most in the shallow water near shore, especially over mud bottom, and in the vicinity of patches of vegetation. Rarely is it seen far out on the lake. To find it one should look in the nooks and coves and other protected places. Here it swims about quietly, never uttering a sound, and escaping when approached, usually by diving and not coming up until some distance away. Sometimes when one of these birds is approached quietly and slowly, it will settle down quietly in the water, leaving only its bill and nostrils projecting. It normally rides much higher in the water than the coot, nearly all its body being above the water-line. A favorite resort for the Helldiver was in Outlet Bay. There one to 5 or 6 could be seen any day in late summer or during the fall, swimming about quietly, now and then diving for food. Some- 490 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Sitrvey times they associate with the coots or the Httle bluebills, but they are usually quite exclusive and stay apart. There is always a feeling of mystery about this curious little bird. Not only is its coming unheralded and unobserved but like- wise its departure. And while it tarries with us its actions are elusive and phantom-like. On one occasion in the fall of 1906, a Helldiver was cornered in a small shallow cove in Lost Lake where the water was scarcely deep enough to cover it when it attempted to dive, which it did when gradually approached with the boat. When the grebe at- tempted to dive it would strike the bottom and immediately come up again and, seeing the boat so near, it would give vent to a sort of surprised sneeze and dive again. It did this several times until finally it got by the boat and escaped to deeper water. The feeding habits of the Helldiver are interesting. Its food consists chiefly of small mollusks, crustaceans, vegetation and small fish. Usually when securing food it simply dives, picks up what it desires from the bottom, sometimes swimming along on the bottom searching for choice bits. Surface-swimming min- nows it may occasionally capture without diving. But it is when a school of small surface-swimming fishes comes near that its method becomes rather more exciting. On December 4, 1900, a Helldiver was seen near the shore so close that its movements could be carefully observed. It was keeping in touch with a large school of skipjacks (Labidesthes sicculiis) on which it was feeding. It would dive, swim rapidly under the school, then rising to the sur- face, seize one of the fish, the skipjacks the while leaping out of the water and scurrying excitedly about in their efforts to escape. On December 8, a Helldiver was caught on a set-line hook baited with a small minnow. Although this bird feeds largely on fishes, the species it preys upon are skipjacks, graybacks and various Cyprinidae, none of any value as a food fish but useful only as food for the Helldiver, or for other fishes. An examination of many stomachs did not re- veal a single food or game fish of any kind. It is frequently shot by hunters or boys who sometimes mistake it for a duck, but more often in pure wantonness. Many grebes found dead along the shore, especially in the fall, were examined that we might learn what we could regarding their food, with the result set forth above. Although sometimes eaten it is not esteemed as an article of food, the flesh being rather rank in both odor and flavor. It is therefore clear that the Helldiver is as innocent as it is at- tractive and should not be molested in any way. Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 491 4. LOON GAVIA IMMER (Brunnich) The Common Loon or Great Northern Diver is not a very com- mon spring and fall migiant at this lake. We have noted it in the spring- on the following dates : May 20, 1885; March 28 and 29, April 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 1(5, 18, 19, 21, 24, 28 and 29, May 9, 27, and 31, and June 8, 10, and 14, 1901 ; and April 23, 1909. In the fall we have observed it on the following dates: September 23, October 10, 17, and 18, No- vember 7, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22 and 23, and December 2, 4, 6 and 17, 1900; October 20, November 2, and December 21, 1902; October 27, 1904 ; October 15 and November 5, 1906, and October 14 and 28, 1907. The extreme spring dates are March 28 and June 14, and those for the fall are August 8 and December 21. Though our fall records are the more numerous, it is probably no less com- mon in the spring. Between the extreme spring and fall dates given, one or more, usually a pair, may be seen on the lake on al- most any suitable day. It does not nest at this lake although it probably did so formerly, as it is still said to do at some of the lakes in northeastern Indiana. The Loon is never seen in flocks ; it occurs singly, sometimes in pairs, or, very rarely, 3 or 4 together. It does not frequent shallow water near shore but most delights to stay well out in the open water far from shore. Its behavior in the water is interesting. On April 24, four were seen far out on the lake flapping their wings, raising their bodies out of the water, and stretching their necks. Then they would swim around one another, at the same time bowing, making strange sounds, and preening their feathers. Sometimes, par- ticularly in muggy weather, or when the sky is lowering and rain is approaching, they utter the wild, delirious laughter for which they are famous. There is nothing else like it, so wild and wierd and startling in its explosive suddenness. The Loon is the prince of divers. There is probably no other bird of our inland waters that dives so promptly and so gracefully on approach, or which will remain under water longer or swim farther than the Loon. It is diOicult to put a Loon to flight; they almost invariably depend on diving as the proper method of escape. Rarely is one seen on the wing, but occasionally one has been seen usually flying low over the lake. The Loon is one of our largest birds. One examined October 28, a young bird, was 29'; inches long and weighed 6 pounds. 12^ ounces. 492 Lake Maxbikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The food of the Loon doubtless consists chie,fly of fish. It is not often, however, that any food can be found in their stomachs. Two were examined May 20, one November 5, one October 15, and one October 28, but nothing identifiable was found in the stomach of any. One good observer at this lake states that he saw a Loon chase, capture and devour a helldiver, and he believes they prey upon other water birds such as they can capture. He observes that ducks, coots, etc., always give the loons a wide berth; but it may well be that the Loon is the one that keeps away. The Loon is a much persecuted bird. No sooner does one ap- pear on the lake and come under observation than some one in a rowboat or a motor-boat begins to chase it. And during the hunting season many thoughtless gunners take a shot at any Loon within reach. Fortunately the Loon is so prompt in diving that it is usually under water before the shot reaches it. While the Loon doubtless eats a few fish the damage it does in this way is so slight as to be negligible, and such a picturesque bird should receive full protection and encouragement to remain as long as it will at the lake when on its spring and fall migrations. 5. HERRING GULL LARUS ARGENTATUS Pontoppidan The Common American Herring Gull is a spring and fall mi- grant at this lake. In the winter and spring it has been noted January 10, 21, 25 and 28; March 7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29 and 30 ; April 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, and 25 ; and May 21. In the fall it has been recorded on October 12, 20 and 25; November 4; and December 6, 12, 14, 15, 18, and 21. As will be observed from these dates, this gull is most common in March and December; it is therefore a very early spring mi- grant and a very late migrant in the fall. They are sometimes seen in the middle of winter when the lake is wholly or partly cov- ered with ice. Those seen December 19, 1900, were standing on the ice, as were also these seen December 6 and 12, 1904. Those that came early in March sat around on the ice or swam in the open places. Those seen in January were doubtless arrivals from the north, tarrying for a few days on their way south. They apparently do not feed while at the lake and the stay of any individual is usually brief. Although this gull is a fish-eating bird it is a useful scavenger and should be protected. Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Savvey 493 6. RING-BILLED GULL LARUS DELAWARENSIS Ord In general appearance and habits mucli like the herring gull. and, though smaller in size, not readily distinguishable at a dis- tance except by the trained ornithologist. This is a regular migrant in Indiana, and winter resident on Lake Michigan, and perhaps elsewhere in the State. A flock of 6 seen September 28, 1900. In the spring of 1901 one or more were noted April 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, and 24. Several were seen April 7, 1885. Rarely were more than 2 or 3 seen at any one time. They were usually seen flying, but occa- sionally they were observed on the water. When flying, they circle about, often uttering their peculiar harsh cry. The one seen Api-il 6 was found dead. Like the herring gull this species is chiefly a scavenger and should be protected. 7. BONAPARTE'S GULL LARUS PHILADELPHIA (Ord) This handsome little gull is a common species throughout North America, not only on the coasts but in the interior. Its flight is light and graceful as that of a tern. Like the two preceding species it is with us onlj- as a spring and fall migrant. On Lake Michigan it is sometimes a winter resident. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is seen most often in the fall. Several were seen and two speci- mens secured April 7, 1885. In 1899, examples were seen Septem- ber 1, 2, 3, 21 and 29, and on November 1. In 1900, it was seen September 3; in 1904, November 4; in 1906, September 9; and in 1913, September 12, and October 11, 12, 21, 22, and 25. The largest number seen at one time was 11 on September 12, 1913. In their migrations these graceful birds tarry at the lake only a few days, during which they are usually seen circling about over the water, now and then alighting for a short time. They are most frequently seen in the north end of the lake and particularly on rainy or stormy days in September and October. 8. FORSTER'S TERN STERNA FORSTERI Nuttall Spring and fall migrant, not often seen at Maxinkuckee. Ex- amples were seen by us on the Wabash River, near Terre Haute, April 28 and May 19, 1888, and several specimens were taken at Lake Maxinkuckee by Mr. A. B. IHrey in 1895. We have no positive record based on oui- own observations. 494 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 9. COMMON TERN STERNA HIRUNDO Linnaeus This little tern is seen at the lake only rarely as a spring and fall migrant. We have observed it on the Wabash near Delphi, where we saw perhaps a dozen flying up the river May 2, 1884. We have examined a specimen shot near Adams Mill on Wild Cat Creek, Carroll County, Indiana, October 28, 1898. Our first ex- perience with this species at Lake Maxinkuckee was on May 11, 1885, when one specimen, a fine male, was obtained by Sam J, Huntsinger from a considerable number seen on the lake that day. One was seen September 3, 1913, flying over the south part of the lake. 10. BLACK TERN HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS (Gmelin) Rather common in spring; noted most frequently between April 27 and May 30 (1901). Not abundant every day, but some days in considerable flocks, flying, wheeling and dipping in grace- ful evolutions and giving fine effects as the sunshine catches dif- ferent parts of the plumage. Sometimes they are noisy, giving vent to sharp cries. Sometimes associated with them in their flights are bullbats, which, in their movements and general build, considerably resemble the terns while in flight. This species is often seen also on the larger rivers in the state, especially on the Wabash at Delphi and Terre Haute where we have frequently noted it in the spring. It is said to breed abund- antly in the Kankakee and Calumet marshes. In 1899, this species was frequently seen in August and Sep- tember. In 1900 a flock of about 17 was seen July 24, following a heavy rain in the morning, which raised the lake 2! inches. On the next day 10 were seen flying over the lake. One more seen on next day, and several on 29th. On August 7, six or seven were seen, and on August 9, four adults were seen. Two days later 12 to 15 were observed and again on 23d, 27th and 30th, after which date no more were noted. On August 27, a large flock of 18 was seen. In the spring of 1901, it was seen at the lake on April 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, and May 30, also June 8. On April 27 a flock of about 80 was observed swimming on the lake. During the entire month the species was quite abundant. In 1903 it was noted Sep- tember 21. In 1904 the Little Black Tern was common on the lake during Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 195 September 19-21, flying about in flocks of 1 to 6. The first noted in 1906 were seen July 29 ; others may have been present earlier but our notes do not mention it. This one sat nearly all day on a stake in the lake in front of the ice houses. Another was seen September 13. In 1907, one or more were noted September 8, 9, 10, 12, 22, 24, 25, and 30. On September 24, 41 were observed in the north end of the lake flying against the wind. In 1910, several were seen May 30, and more than a dozen on July 4. On September 21, 1913, a flock of 12 appeared at the lake and they were noted almost daily thereafter until October 2, after which none was seen. They frequented the north end of the lake and were often observed resting on a floating piece of timber in the lake off the ice-houses. They would sometimes remain there for an hour or more at a time, then they would circle about over the lake, now and then striking at a school of skipjacks or other small fish at the surface, sooner or later returning to the resting place where they would again remain for some time. This graceful little tern is one of the most interesting and at- tractive birds that visit this lake; usually quiet, but sometimes uttering a sharp cry, as if of alarm or anger; sometimes skimming low over the lake, now and then striking the surface where a school of skipjacks is swimming, at other times, particularly when a storm is approaching, circling high in air. All these terns are fish- eating birds, but they prey chiefly upon the small surface-swim- ming fishes such as the skipjack and the grayback minnow. They do no harm and add much to the attractiveness of the lake. The fact that this tern is seen about the lake in every month from April to September suggests that it may breed in this region. 11. FLORIDA CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX AURITUS FLORIDANUS (Audubon) The Cormorant is one of the rarest migrants at Maxinkuckee. Our only records are as follows: September 20, 1900, one seen flying over the lake ; October 8, 1900, 3 were seen perched on a tree at Long Point; another seen on Long Point, October 19, 1907; and 3 seen flying over the lake September 20, 1913. On October 16, 1913, one was seen on the Kankakee River near Hebron, some 10 miles west of Lake Makinkuckee. Although the Cormorant is a greedy fish-eating bird, its rarity at Lake Maxinkuckee precludes it from exerting any appreciable influence on the fish-life of that lake. 32—17618 496 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 12. FISHDUCK; MERGANSER MERGUS AMERICANUS Cassin The Fishduck, American Merg-anser, or Sawbill, is not com- mon at the lake. Several were seen in a narrow, open strip of water near the Farrar cottage, April 7, 1885. One of these, a fe- male, was killed; it gave the following data: Length 23 inches; wing 10 ; tail 5 ; bill 2^ ; tarsus 1% ; stretch 31 ; weight 2\ pounds. At that time the ice was still on the lake, there being only an open strip around the shore, usually widest at the mouths of the inlet streams. In this open water ducks were rather common, mergan- sers, butterballs, baldpates, and little bluebills being among the species noted. According to Mr. S. S. Chadwick, who has observed the water- fowl of this lake for many successive years, the Sawbill is the last to arrive in the fall and the first to leave in the spring. In 1900, one or more were noted on each of the following dates : November 2, 3, and 18 ; and December 5. In 1901, on January 2, March 7, and December 6 and 18; and in 1904, on December 15, when one was shot from, an open pool in the ice in which were mergansers, little bluebills, canvasbacks, a horned grebe, a few coots, a pair of hooded mergansers, two golden-eyes, and, perhaps, a few others. The stomachs of several examined were all practically empty. It is well known, however, that this duck, as its name indicates, feeds largely on fish. Its flesh is therefore rank and fishy and not esteemed as food. The young birds are not so objectionable. The comparative rarity of this magnificent duck at the lake prevents it from doing any appreciable harm to the fishes of these waters and justifies all efl'orts that may be put forth for its pro- tection. 13. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER MERGUS SERRATOR Linnaeus The Red-breasted Merganser or Sawbill, is not a common duck at this lake. Our notes contain only half a dozen references to it. One or more were seen October 21, 1900 ; several on December 5, and again December 6, 1900, when 4 or 5 were killed ; a few on January 2, and one on March 8, 1901 ; and 2, one of which was shot, on November 28, 1904. This example weighed 2 pounds, 2 ounces, and the oesophagal enlargement was packed full of small fishes, chiefly skipjacks, but with a few log perch and a few small minnows. Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Sun-eij 497 14. HOODED MERGANSER LOPHODYTES CI ( LJLLATUS (Linnwus) Occasional in winter. One was shot on November 21, 1900, 2 on December 9, 1901, both very fat, and 2 on December 15, 1904, a male and a female. They were both shot while in one of the open pools in the ice. A few were noted December 2, 1902, and 1 on March 9, 1903. This and the two preceding species are, of all the ducks, per- haps the most destructive to fish life. In Alaska and elsewhere in the West, where there are salmon streams, these fish ducks de- stroy great numbers of salmon fry. Fortunately the fishes on which they feed at Maxinkuckee are unimportant species, and these ducks are not sufficiently abundant, nor do they remain long enough, to do much damage. 15. MALLARD ANAS PLATYRHYN( HOS Linnaus The Common Mallard, or Greenhead, is one of the abundant ducks, particularly in the fall. We have only the following spring references: March 3 and 31 and April 1, 4, 6 and 11, 1901. In the fall we have noted it on various dates from September 22 to January 3. From October 1 to December 30 it is usually quite common. When on the lake they are usually seen some distance from shore or else in solitary pairs in secluded nooks or coves. Single individuals or pairs are often seen in protected places about Lost Lake. Formerly the Mallard bred at this lake but apparently few, if any, do so now. At night they come near shore or resort to the land, where they feed on seeds or stems of land or swamp plants. In the open pools left in the lake when it freezes over, the Mallard is one of the ducks most often seen. The ice about the pools is often covered with muddy tracks made by mallards that have returned from their nocturnal feeding grounds in the marshes. The Mallard is the most alert of all the ducks. When ap- proached in the open they will take wing long before one is within shooting distance. When come upon suddenly, they are up and away with a loud, quacking noise. They have the loudest voice of any and are the most noisy. They are particularly noisy on quiet, foggy or muggy nights, and their frequent quacking is almost identical with that of their domesticated kin. 498 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey On November 14, a female Mallard was caught in a steel-trap set for muskrats. Four examples measured and weighed gave the following data : November 1, a female, weight 2 pounds, 5^ ounces. November 1, a male, weight 2 pounds, 5^ ounces. December 2, a male, 22^ inches long, weight 2 pounds, 7 ounces. December 2, a female, 19^ inches long, weight 2 pounds, 2^ ounces. The Mallard is primarily a vegetable feeder. The stomach of one examined November 30 contained bits of a fine-leaved Pota- mogeton ; two examined November 1 contained stolons of wild celery. Others examined contained seeds of various plants, par- ticularly smartweed. 16. BLACK MALLARD ANAS RUBRIPES Brewster The Black Mallard or Black Duck is not common. Seven were seen September 18, 1899, several on November 3 and 4, and 3 or 4 on Lost Lake, November 15, 1900, and a female was shot De- cember 7, 1900. A fine flock was seen in a marsh near the tama- rack swamp early in the spring of 1901, and several were seen flying over Long Point, October 23, 1906. It is not known to breed here. 17. GADWALL CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS (Linnaeus) The Gadwall or Gray Duck is rare at Maxinkuckee. Our notes contain no definite records of its occurrence, but it undoubtedly does occur here occasionally as a migrant. 18. WIDGEON; BALDPATE MARECA AMERICANA (Gmelin) Apparently rare; several seen in the lake near Farrar's, April 7, 1885 ; none noted recently. A spring and fall migrant. 19. GREEN-WINGED TEAL NETTION CAROLINENSE (Gmelin) A spring and fall migrant, apparently not common. One ob- tained October 31, 1902, and several seen two days later; a fine plumaged male shot October 22, 1907 ; length 13 inches, weight 11 ounces; another (a female) shot October 25, 1907. Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 499 20. BLUE-WINGED TEAL QUKRQUEDULA DISCORS (Linnieus) A beautiful little duck, but rare at Maxinkuckee. Our only record is of a fine male, secured May 11, 1885, by Sam. J. Hunt- singer. It measured: length 16 inches; wing 7.75. 21. SHOVELLER SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linnaus) Apparently one of the rarest ducks of this region. Our only record is of a female shot November 17, 1906. 22. PINTAIL DAFILA ACUTA (Linnaeus) The Pintail or Sprig is not common, and is seen only as a spring and fall migrant. On October 26, 1900, Mr. Chadwick saw sev- eral on the lake and on March 2, 1901, 6 were shot and others were seen. On December 12, 1904, one, apparently a young male, was shot; this was 22^ inches long and weighed 1 pound, 12 ounces. On the Kankakee marshes northwest of Maxinkuckee this duck is more abundant. 23. WOOD DUCK AIX SPONSA (Linnaeus) This, the most beautiful of all our ducks, was formerly abund- ant as a summer resident at Maxinkuckee and throughout Indiana. Scarcely was there a small lake or pond that did not have at least one pair during the breeding season and a flock of a dozen or more in the fall. But now it is very rare. Several were seen ]\Iarch 20, 1901 ; a hunter got 4 on October 3, 1899 ; and one seen in an open pool January 2, 1901. Undoubtedly the Wood Duck is more abundant on the Kankakee, a few miles west of Lake IMaxinkuckoe. than any place else in the; state. The heavily timbered swamp land along that river furnishes an ideal breeding ground for these ducks. During a day in October (the 16th) 1913, spent on the Kankakee the senior author saw perhaps a hundred examples of this beautiful duck. This stretch of the Kankakee is the last remaining considerable breeding ground in Indiana not only of the Wood Duck but of sev- eral other species of birds. The region is unique in its biological interest and general charm and should be set aside as a state park or reservation. 500 Lake Maxinktickee, Physical and Biological Survey 24. REDHEAD MARILA AMERICANA (Eyton) The Redhead is one of the most abundant ducks at the lake. Though a spring and fall migrant, we have no spring records. We have noted it October 4, 9, 12, 24, 25, 27, 28 and 31, November 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, and 30; and December 14 and 29. They usually arrive from the north early in October and are abundant until in December. They are often seen associated with the little bluebills, canvasbacks and coots ; most often, per- haps, with the canvasbacks, which it much resembles, but from which it can readily be distinguished even at a distance by its high forehead. It is often seen in Outlet Bay, coming in near shore on fine mornings and quiet afternoons to feed on the wild celery which there abounds. It is a stout, heavy bird, a good diver, usually not very timid, and feeds chiefly on water vegetation of various kinds, such as wild celery, pondweed, and the like. As an article of food it is scarcely inferior to the canvasback. Several were weighed with the following results : 2 pounds, 9^ ounces ; 2 pounds, 7 ounces ; 1 pound, 14 ounces; 2 pounds, 6] ounces; 1 pound, 15] ounces; 2 pounds, 3 ounces; and 2 each of 2 pounds, 5^ ounces. On November 12, 1906, one hunter got 12, and another got 6. 25. CANVASBACK MARILA VALISINERIA (Wilson) The Canvasback is one of the most abundant as well as most interesting and valuable of the many species of ducks visiting the lake. A flock was seen March 24, 1901 ; one bird on June 10 and one on July 7, 1901, evidently a cripple left behind. From early October until the lake freezes over, the Canvasback is very com- mon. Our records are most numerous in November, and that is doubtless the month of their greatest abundance. Next to the little bluebill the Canvasback visits the lake in greatest numbers. They begin to appear in the fall as early as October 25 and by the middle of November they have reached their maximum which is maintained approximately for 2 or 3 weeks, after which the num- bers diminish. A good many remain, however, until compelled to leave by the freezing over of the lake. In 1901, several remained as late as January 9 and 10 when only one small open space was left. The Canvasback is the most unsuspecting and unprepared of Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 501 the ducks, the most easily baffled by any sudden emergency. When they first arrive in the fall they are quite unsuspicious and many fall an easy prey to the early gunners. Soon, however, they be- come m.ore wary, but never do they learn wisdom as do most other ducks. More Canvasbacks than any other species were found frozen fast in the ice in January. When a flock composed of sev- eral species was frightened the Canvasbacks were usually the last to take flight, and even then they rose not in a definite decisive way, but slowly, hesitatingly, and at a long winding slant. While feed- ing on the lake the Canvasbacks ai-e most often associated with redheads, little bluebills and coots ; usually the Canvasbacks and redheads would be somewhat segregated from the coots and blue- bills. Favorite feeding grounds are in Outlet Bay, along the east side of Long Point, off the Gravelpit, and about the south end. They at first frequent those parts of the lake where the wild celery is found. When it has all gone, and they have become somewhat more wild, they will be found farther out on the lake, particularly about the Flatiron and Weedpatch, where the broad-leaved pond- weeds abound. Opportunity was afforded to examine the stomach contents of several Canvasbacks. Most stomachs were empty or nearly so. One contained only a tapeworm. Several of those obtained when the pools froze over, contained little or no food, except fragments of pondweed leaves. Those examined earlier in the fall had been feeding chiefly on the stolons or winter-buds of Vallisneria. Those examined later contained fragments of the bases of the leaves of Vallisneria and some pondweed. No fish or other animal food was found and it is not believed they feed to any extent upon anything except vegetable food. Three obtained December 9, 1901, were very fat; one weighed 4 pounds, the other two 6 pounds. In the fall of 1902 they were quite common and many were killed. One hunter, shooting from a blind, November 5, 1911, got 15. During the season he got 12. Another got 51, and still another, 9, in the first week of November, 1904. 26. BIG BLUEBILL MARILA MAKILA (Linnaeus) The Big Bluebill, Greater Scaup Duck, Scaup Duck, oi- Big Blackhead, is apparently not common. It may be really more abundant than it appears, as it is difficult to distinguish it in mass from the little bluebill. Our notes record it on March 31, April 1 and April 7, 1901 ; October 31. 1902. when 3 were gotten, and 502 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey November 1, 1902 ; and on November 9, 1906, when a female 17 inches long, and weighing 4 pounds, 1^ ounces was taken. Usually no distinction is made between this and the smaller species ; they are both locally called bluebills. 27. LITTLE BLUEBILL MARILA AFFINIS (Eyton) The Little Bluebill, called in the books Lesser Scaup Duck, Little Blackhead or little Raft Duck, is known at Maxinkuckee simply as the Bluebill. It is the most abundant and, in many re- spects, the most interesting species coming to that lake. Our note-books contain records of this species as follows : 1885. — April 7, the senior writer shot a fine male in an open strip of water near the Farrar cottage. Length, 17^ inches ; wing, 8^ ; tail, 3| ; tarsus, 1| ; weight, 24 ounces. Several others were seen. April 18, a young male in immature plumage was received from the lake. 1899. — October 16, a good many noted. 1900. — October 17, one seen; 18th, a flock of 12 seen; 20th, a dead one found; 21st, a flock on Lost Lake; November 7, three or 4 flocks seen; 9th, good many in the south end of lake, 2 hunters got 5 in the forenoon ; found one dead on shore at south end ; 11th, 15th, and 20th, many ; hunters after them in motor boats ; found one dead at Norris Inlet on 20th; 22d, abundant; 26th, got one; December 2, good many ; 8th, many, some flying quite near Mr. Clark while he was taking temperatures at the Deep Hole; 12th, plentiful; 13th, very many far out; 14th, abundant; 15th, large flock in Outlet Bay ; 16th, big flock on lake ; 2 were caught on the ice ; 19th, many on lake ; 28th, a flock scared up from beach on Long Point; 29th, one got. 1901. — January 1, abundant in the open pool near the Deep Hole; 2d, one shot in north ice pool, and one caught on the ice; 3d, two males and one female in ice-pool, eating small mollusks ; February 7, one tried to alight near the ice houses where ice was cut. March 24, flock seen at south end. April 1, a hunter got 3 females on east side of Long Point; 4th, many, some flying over; 5th, noted ; 6th, one gotten ; 8th, noted ; 9th, many, mostly hugging the west shore in front of Shady Point both morning and evening; 10th, a large flock, mostly Little Bluebills, near shore all day in front of Shady Point; one found dead at Norris Inlet; 11th, many near shore; 12th, largest number yet seen near shore, the whole lake off east side of Long Point nearly black with them ; one hunter Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 503 got 6, another 1 ; stomachs contained shells and pebbles ; 13th, hunters after them; 15th, a wounded one at south end; Ifith, 17th, and 18th, some on lake, chased by a launch ; 19th, 2 Ith, and 25th, a good many scattered over the lake, some quacking; 26th, 27th, 29th, and 30th, good many except on last two days. ]\Iay 2 and 3, a few noted; 4th, a big flock seen flying southwest, low over the lake; 5th and 6th, some seen ; 7th, quite a large flock in Outlet Bay; 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th, some noted; 14th, noted every day; 16th to 20th, noted every day; 27th noted; one seen on shore on east side; 30th, a good flock seen; 31st some still on the lake, a dead one found on southwest shore. June 15, one seen in Norris Inlet swimming and making a sort of quacking noise; 19th, a flock of 5 seen; 25th, a flock of 5 seen. July 10, four seen, acted as if nesting. 1902. — February 2, one seen in lake off Chadwick's pier, where the ice company had cut off 2 or 3 acres, leaving open water. March 9, plentiful. June 19, abundant ; 20th, a flock of 25. Oc- tober 30, one adult and one young killed. November 1 and 2, two seen near Chadwick's pier. December 6, one got; 12th, many; 16th, caught two on the ice; 17th and 18th, got two; 21st, noted. 1903. — March 9, noted as plentiful. August, an old bii-d and 6 young still unable to fly were noted at south end of lake. Oc- tober 15, abundant ; many killed by pot hunters who sold them at 6 for a dollar. 1904. — October 10, two flocks seen; 25th, many on the lake; 27th, perhaps even more abundant, probably 1,000; saw at least 150 flying over at one time in the evening; 28th, still abundant; 30th and 31st, flocks seen flying and many more on lake. Novem- ber 2, some noted ; 5th, a hunter got 3 ; 6th, great many on lake ; 10th, a dead one, partly eaten, found at Long Point, stomach con- tained white ball-like masses composed mostly of Chara; 14th, a hunter got 2; 16th, another got 2; 17th, several seen flying. De- cember 1, a hunter got 1; 2d, another hunter got 2, length, 151 and 16 inches, weight, 30^ and 28] ounces, respectively; they had been eating Vallisneria; 3d, a wounded one caught on Long Point; 4th, noted ; 6th, one got on ice near ice-houses and one found dead near the depot; one found dead at south side, stomach empty ; 10th, one got; 11th, large flock near Knapp's pier; 14th, 2 found dead; 15th, several shot and one caught on ice; 16th, several seen, 2 shot; 23d, 2 or 3 flocks noted. 1906. — September 12. a few seen. October 12, a flock of about 20 seen; November 2, one found dead; 9th. two got, one measured 17 inches and weighed 19:[ ounces; 10th, got two; 12th. three 504 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey gotten ; 14th, got two, one 17^ inches long and weighing 2 pounds, the other 154 inches long and weighing 24^ ounces; 15th, an im- mature bird found dead; one, probably a cripple, was seen from time to time all summer about the lake. 1907. — October 21, several flocks seen ; 25th, common, hunters got two; November 2, one found dead on east shore. 1909. — April 23, this and other ducks said to be quite plentiful. 1913. — Up to the time of our leaving the lake (October 20 and November 9), few, if any. Little Bluebills had returned; none was actually observed. The records given above show that the Little Bluebill is one of the first ducks to appear in spring. It returns with the first open water and by the time the ice is off the lake it is usually present in great numbers. Our notes record it as early as March 9, and as abundant in April. It remains well into June, and flocks have been noted as late as June 25. Occasionally a few remain throughout the summer, but in all probability most, if not all, of these are cripples which were unable to resume the northern flight with their fellows. Some of these may mate and breed in the marshes at Norris Inlet or about Lost Lake. In August, 1903, an old bird and 6 young, still unable to fly, were seen at the south end of the lake. In the fall of 1906 an old nest with fragments of shells about it, evidently duck eggs and believed to be this species, was found in Overmeyer's woods near the lake. In the fall they begin to return about the first of October; in 1906 a few were seen September 12. By the middle or twentieth of October they are usually abundant, but the maximum is not reached until early in November, Fully a thousand were present October 27, 1904. They remain until scarcity of food or freezing up of the lake compels them to seek other feeding grounds. At times they are so abundant as to appear like a solid mass covering considerable areas of the lake. When unmolested and in calm weather, they usually stay not far from shore and in rather shallow water where they feed upon the wild celery. They mix quite freely with the coots with which they appear to be on the best of terms. They delight, perhaps more than any other duck, to gather in great flocks, hence the name Flocking-fowl which Audubon says was in his day applied to them in the lower Mississippi valley. During fair days in the fall they may be seen in great numbers near shore at Lake Maxinkuckee, diving and feeding in shallow water, 3 to 15 feet deep, all the time keeping up rather low, subdued conversations quite unlike the quacking of the mallard ; it is more conversational, like that of the Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 505 coots. At these times they present an interesting and attractive sight. The play of colors when the sunshine glints on the purple- black heads of the males as they bob up and down on the passing waves, makes them conspicuous objects easily recognizable from other ducks. In stormy weather, or when disturbed, they move farther out on the lake or seek the quiet protected places. When far out on the lake they often appear as a long black line. At night, especially in foggy weather, they frequently come ashore. Sometimes they remain in winter even after the lake is frozen entirely over. This was the case in 1904 when the lake froze sud- denly. Then these ducks were seen in considerable numbers walk- ing about on the ice. Six examples of this duck that were weighed and measured gave the following data: Date Sex Length in inches Weight Pounds Ounces April 7, 1885 December 2, 1904 December 2, 1904 Male Male Female 171^ 154 16 17 ITA 15J4 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 WA November 9, 1906 November 14, 1906 Female 3K November 14, 1906 8J^ A good many stomachs of Little Bluebills were examined. The results of these examinations and our observations lead us to the conclusion that their food consists chiefly of small mollusks (prin- cipally Vivipara contectoides at this lake) and vegetation. The stomach of one shot December 1, 1904, contained about 1,000 very small shells, probably the young of Vi\'ipara. While the wild cel- ery lasts they feed largely on it; later they will eat bits of Pota- mogeton leaves, Chara and even Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum. We have no evidence that they ever feed on fish. The Little Bluebill does not rank with the redhead and the canvasback as an article of food. However, during the early part of the fall when it is feeding on the wild celery, it is quite delicious. 28. RING-NECKED DUCK MARILA COLLARIS (Donovan) This little duck, known variously as Ring-billed Blackhead, Marsh Bluebill, Ringbill, and Ring-necked Scaup Duck, appears to be rare at Maxinkuckee. The difficulty of distinguishing it cer- 506 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey tainly from the little bluebill at a distance, whether on the water or on the wing may, however, indicate it to be less abundant than it really is. Our only records are as follows : Several were seen April 6 and 7, 1885, and one was obtained on each of the following dates : March 21, 1901 ; November 29, 1902, 4 shot by one hunter; Novem- ber 11, 1904; November 12, 1904; and November 12, 1906. Noth- ing distinctive was observed as to its habits. It can usually be known from other ducks by its broad bill and gray speculum, and the orange-brown ring around the neck in the male ; the female has no collar and the head and neck are brown. 29. GOLDEN-EYE CLANGULA CLANGULA AMERICANA Bonaparte The American Golden-eye or Whistler is a rather common spring and fall migrant, but never abundant. Our note books show the following records: In 1900, November 15, a flock seen; 20th, common; 21st, a fine but immature male shot in front of Shady Point, and two others (both females) got near same place; found them very good eating; 26th, seen; 28th, a flock seen; 29th, another young male shot in front of Shady Point. December 3, saw 2 or 3, and found a dead female on beach at south end of lake; 4th, a hunter using decoys got one female ; 6th, noted a small flock off Long Point ; 14th, a small flock near shore ; 28th, one seen flying. In 1901, January 3, one found dead frozen in ice; 19th, heard flying; March 4, a flock seen; 8th, a few seen; 12th, noted; 31st, noted oflF Long Point, a fine male shot. April 11, one got; 14th, one seen ; 15th, one seen at Norris Inlet. In 1903, March 9, several seen. In 1904, October 24, a pair seen ofl" the ice houses ; 29th, a flock passed over, whistling loudly. November 3, one found dead on shore; length 17 inches. In 1906, November 1. a flock flying over; 2d, found one dead; 14th, noted. In 1907, October 21, lieard flying over; 24th, saw four. The most considei-able flocks were seen and heard in the fall, but none was noted in October, 1913. These ducks fly very swiftly and attract attention by the loud whistling noise made by their wings. When on the lake they are rather unsuspicious and may often be seen near shore. Several specimens were obtained at different times by shooting from shore. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 507 As a food bird it is very good, ranking in this respect with the but- terball and the bluebill. It apparently feeds largely on vegetation and the smaller mollusks. 30. BUTTERBALL; BUFFLE-HEAD CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA (Linnteus) This pretty little duck is quite often seen in small Hocks of 5 to 10, in spring, autumn and early winter. We have the following spring records : In 1885, April 7, several seen in south end of the lake near the Farrar cottage. The lake was then covered with ice except a nar- row strip along the south shore. In 1901, March 22, two seen; 28th, a small flock on lake; 31st, several good flocks on each lake. April 6, one shot; 11th, four shot, two of them females; 14th, a pair noted off Shady Point. Our fall and winter records are as follows : In 1900, November 9, two or 3 good-sized flocks seen ; 20th, common, a hunter got one male and 4 females; 26th, a flock seen near shore, a hunter got a female under the McSheehey pier; 29th, a few seen; 30th, 15 to 20 seen. December 5, a large flock noted off Long Point ; 10th, some near shore south of Shady Point ; 14th, a few drakes in splendid plumage; 28th, one drake and 3 ducks noted, uttering a strange quacking sound just before rising to fly. In 1901, January 1, several huddled with bluebills and coots in small open pools ; 2d, several fine drakes in an open pool near the Weedpatch, were first to leave when approached ; 3d, one found dead on the ice, and one seen in an open pool. December 16, one caught on ice. In 1902, December 1, two got; 2d, one se- cured; 19th, one secured. In 1904, October 25, a pair in south end of lake. November 5, one seen off Long Point ; 12th, one shot ; 14th, a flock flying; 16th, a pair collected; 19th, two seen on Lost Lake, a hunter got one on Lost Lake and one at south end of Lake Maxinkuckee. December 4, four noted east of Long Point ; 5th, several seen flying; 11th, 8 seen in southeast part of lake. In 1907, September 10, a small flock seen ; 12th, 4 seen near the ice- houses. November 1, a flock observed flying; 10th. one collected. This species seems to be most common in November and De- cember, during which months small flocks or single individuals may be seen on almost any day. When on the water they are most often seen singly or in pairs. They come near shore to feed in shallow water. Their food at the lake appears to consist chiefly of small mollusks and vegetation and, to some extent, small fishes. In the winter of 1900-1901, when the lake was frozen over ex- 508 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey cept a few small open pools, these little ducks huddled together in the pools along with coots and other ducks, and one was found frozen in the ice. The Butterball deservedly ranks high as a food bird, especially in the early fall when it is fat. 31. OLD-SQUAW HARELDA HYEMALIS (Linnseiis) The Old-squaw or South-southerly is a rare duck at Maxin- kuckee. On December 1, 1900, about 4 p.m., when crossing the lake from the east side, a flock of five was seen flying almost directly overhead and very low down so that their colors could be plainly made out. In February, 1895, Prof. S. B. McCracken of Elkhart obtained 2 specimens (both females) of this duck near Burnetts Creek, Carroll County, Ind., about 30 miles southwest of Lake Max- inkuckee. About November 18, 1911, Mr. S. S. Chadwick shot a fine male at Lake Maxinkuckee. He says he has seen this species occasionally but never secured but one specimen. 32. EUDDY DUCK; WIRETAIL ERISMATURA JAMAICENSIS (Gmelin) This curious little duck has been noted by us at the lake but twice in spring. On March 30 and 31, 1901, one was observed on the lake near the Long Point shore. In the fall, however, it is not at all uncommon. Our earliest fall record is October 12 (1906), and our latest January 4 (1901). From the middle of October until the freezing of the lake com- pels them to leave, they may be seen almost daily. They are usually seen singly, either wholly by themselves or with a bunch of coots ; rarely are they associated with other ducks, except in mid- winter when one or more may be found with the miscellaneous lot of ducks and coots that come together in the few remaining open pools, when the lake is nearly frozen over. One was seen sitting on the ice on Lost Lake November 16. When approached, it was not able to rise from the smooth ice and fly away, but slipped along on the ice as best it could. On January 2 (1901), one was caught on the ice near an open pool ; when cornered it showed itself quite game and fought with energy and no small amount of skill. Of all our ducks these are the most cunning. If domesticated they would make very interesting pets. They are by no means stupid, as some writers have asserted. They are quite intelligent and alert, much more so even than the canvasback. At Lake Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 509 Maxinkuckee this duck is sometimes called the Brown Teal ; also Dipper Duck, probably on account of its skill as a diver; and as Sprigtail, because of its stiff tail feathers ; a name, however, which belongs properly to the Pintail, a very different species. In Cali- fornia it is often called Wiretail, which is a much more appro- priate name. They are only moderately esteemed as an article of food, being somewhat inferior to the whistler and the butterball. Of the many stomachs examined by us the majority were empty. In one case the stomach contained a quantity of seeds of some leguminous plant, probably Lespedeza, and some small gravel. The round-headed bush-clover, Lespedeza capitata, is abundant about this lake, and it is not improbable these ducks come ashore at timeS' and feed upon its seeds. No fish of any kind was found in their stomachs. Our definite date records are as follows : In 1900, October 27, one shot by a hunter who called it a "Brown Teal". November 7, a flock seen ; 8th, several observed among coots near shore, one quite red and in excellent plumage; 16th, one on ice on Lost Lake; 28th, a young male found dead on shore near the Gravelpit. In 1901, January 2, one caught on the ice; 3d, one wounded in pool, found dead and frozen the next day. March 30, one seen near shore at Shady Point; 31st, a few noted on lake. In 1904, Octo- ber 25, a wounded one found and another one reported ; November 13, a dead one found south of Shady Point; length 14 inches; weight 15 ounces; 19th, a dead one found under a telegraph wire near Arlington ; stomach empty. December 15, two seen, one col- lected. In 1906, October 12, a wounded one seen; 16th, one shot; 17th, found one dead; November 2, twenty found dead between Long Point and Norris Inlet, with them one golden-eye, one little bluebill, and a few coots ; 5th, found seven dead between the Gravel- pit and Long Point; 8th, found two dead off Assembly grounds; 12th, found one dead; 15th, another dead; 18th, two found dead. In 1907, October 25, several seen in Outlet Bay. one secured. It was at first thought that the ducks found dead had been killed by gunners who were at that time quite active on the lake, but an examination of the birds disproved this theory, as they showed no wounds of any kind. Nor had they starved, as was suggested; every one was found to be fat and in excellent physical condition. Nor did it appear that any parasite had caused their death. It is true that a few contained a good many intestinal parasites, par- ticularly tapeworms, but they could scarcely have had anything to do with the death of the birds which, as already stated, were fat 510 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey and plump, in no case emaciated. Moreover, if their dying were due to starvation or disease of any kind, it is improbable so many would have died at approximately the same time. No reasonable explanation of this very unusual phenomenon has as yet been suggested, and it must, for the present at least, re- main an unsolved mystery. 33. GREATER SNOW GOOSE CHEN HYPERBOREUS NIVALIS (J. R. Forster) This goose appears quite rare at Lake Maxinkuckee. The only record we have is of 10 to 20 seen by Mr. S. S. Chadwick, Novem- ber 6, 1902, They were mixed in with a large lot of Canada Geese which he estimated at 1,200 to 2,000 birds. They were on the lake all day but all left that night. 34. CANADA GOOSE; WILD GOOSE; HONKER BRANTA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus) Twenty to forty years ago Wild Geese were very abundant in Indiana during the spring and fall migrations. For several days in the spring, hundreds of flocks representing thousands of birds could be seen wending their way northward. The first flocks were usually seen during the "February thaw", with an occasional one in January, but the great flight came in March and early April. In the fall the flights were even greater. They usually began late in October and continued toward the last of November, with an oc- casional belated flock in December. Although the flights now are as nothing compared with those of two or three decades ago, the number of geese seen by us at Lake Maxinkuckee was surprisingly large. Because of the popular intei-est in this fine bird, we give our records with considerable detail. In the spring of 1899, the Wild Geese were first noted on March first and several flocks were observed during March and April. In 1901, a flock was reported January 22. Others were noted March 3, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28 and 29 and on April 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 25. A good many were seen March 3; two flocks were noted on the 10th ; on the 12th several flocks, one of them quite noisy, and some of them resting on the ice which still covered the lake; a flock reported on 13th and another on the loth flying southwest and honking; on the 16th a flock alighted in the lake, on the 17th a large flock was seen flying northwest, and on the 22d a large noisy flock stopped on the lake but soon left, going Lake Ma.rinlnickee, Plrifs-ical and Biological Survey 511 north; on the 23cl a Hock was seen in an open pool in tiic hike, another on 24th late in the evening heard going north ; on 'Joth a flock seen on the lake, and on 29th several were killed. On Ai^ril 1 a flock heard and another seen in the lake; on the evening of the 4th about 100 were seen in the lake off the Maxinkuckee road. They moved slowly southward until near Fulton's pier. Now and then they would flap their wings and occasionally a honk could be heard. At 5:40 p.m. they all rose, honking, and flew south in a long east-and-west-line. On April 6 (in the afternoon), a (lock of seven was seen flying low eastward from the lake; on the 7th a noisy flock alighted in the southeast part of lake, another flock seen and heard on 8th; on 11th two large flocks, one west of the lake in the morning flying about as if desiring to stop and honking a good deal, the other in the afternoon east of the lake, both finally leaving, going northeast; on 14th a very large flock seen lea\ing the lake, honking and going south; on 25th several heard both morning and evening. In the spring of 1902, the first flock (of 10) was seen March 3, coming from the northwest and going on southeast without stopping; on 13th a flock of 20 or 30 on the ice, leaving in the evening, going west ; on 20th fully 200 seen on the lake, with many ducks ; on 23d many geese and ducks on the lake ; no more seen until April 2 when 13 were noted going northwest. For 1903 we have but one record, March 7, when several hun- dred were seen on the ice. Our fall records are as follows: On October 17, 1900, a flock of 8 seen flying southwest and calling; November 7, about 5 p. m.. two large flocks (of 50 and 60 each) seen flying high across the lake from northeast to southwest and honking loudly; about same hour anothei- and larger one was seen flying south across the lake; on 9th, a flock of 5 flew over, one of which was shot; on 10th, a very large flock seen going south at 5:30 p. m. ; and on 19th a few were seen. Our only recoi'd for the fall of 1901 is December 9 when one flock was seen. They were evidently scarce this fall. In 1904 our first record is for October 27 when a flock was seen and anothei- heard at night. Two days later another was heard and seen ; others seen on October 30 and 31 and still others on November 15. In the fall of 1907 they were unusually abundant, from Octo- ber 19, when a flock of 50 was seen flying south, to October 'M when at least 15 large flocks were noted. This was i)erhai)s the most remarkable flight of Wild Geese that we have evei- observed at Lake Maxinkuckee. The flocks were each regularly arranged in systematic V-shaped order, all were going in a general south- erly direction and with much honking. They were rather common 33—17618 512 Lake Maxinkrickee, Physical and Biological Survey in the fall of 1913. On October 19 the first of the season, a flock of 20, was seen. Another large flock seen on 22d, honking as they flew. Usually the geese do not stop, or if they do, they do not tarry long. Sometimes they alight in the open lake, or, when the lake is frozen, they stop for a few hours in the open pools. At times they remain in the lake until evening when they go to nearby wheat fields where they remain until morning, when they resume their migration. 35. TRUMPETER SWAN OLOR BUCCINATOR (Richardson) A flock of five was seen on the lake November 19, 1900, and again the next day. On March 31, 1901, a flock was heard flying over early in the morning. On November 11, 1904, a flock of 36 alighted in the lake and remained three days, when they left, going southward. There are few sights in the bird world more impressive than that afforded by a flock of these magnificent birds whether a-wing or swimming on the lake. Their flight is in a long line much like that of geese. On a bright day the great white objects are almost brilliant in the sunlight; and even when the sky is overcast still they are easily seen and are notable bodies against the darker back- ground. When swimming the head and neck are held in a graceful curve and every movement is with a stately digTiity. They are quite alert, always on the qui vive. Upon the ap- proach of a boat the necks are stretched to their full length, and the great birds loom up immensely against the distant horizon or background. To approach a flock cautiously and see this sudden accession of tallness of the whole white sciuadron is a sight worth traveling a long way to witness, and too fine and wonderful to spoil with a gun. The Trumpeter Swan breeds from the Rocky Mountains to the western shore of Hudson Bay and from the Arctic Ocean to about latitude 60°. It formerly bred as far south as northern Indiana, and on the St. Clair flats in Michigan. It winters from southern Indiana to Texas and from southern British Columbia to southern California. The whistling swan {Olor columhianus) , although occurring in the Mississippi Valley during its migrations, has not been observed at Lake Maxinkuckee. The swans feed chiefly upon vegetation and small mollusks and are not in any way detrimental to fish-life. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 51 o 36. BITTERN BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS (MontaRu) This interesting bird, also known as Great Bittern, Stake- driver, Thunder-pumper, and Indiana Hen, is a fairly common summer resident at Lake Maxinkuckee. It arrives early in April and remains until about the last of October. Our spring records are April 15 and May 2, 1885; April 14 and May 1, 1901; and April 23, 1909. Following these dates it was seen almost daily. In 1899 it was obseived daily or whenever visits were made to localities which it frequents, during July, August and September, and it was frequently noted in October. In 1900 it was seen as late as October 28. In 1903 one was noted September 21. In 1906, a dozen or more were seen September 6 along Outlet Bay, In 1907 one or more were noted October 21 and 28. And one was killed August 31, 1908. The Bittern is a bird of the marshes and most delights in those bordering lakes. At Maxinkuckee its favorite haunts are the great marsh about Norris Inlet at the head of the lake, the Scirpus patches off the Gravelpit, the narrow strip of marsh fringing Outlet Bay, and, most of all, the splendid marshy borders of Lost Lake and the Outlet to below Walley's. In these situations Bit- terns may be seen any day during the spring, summer and fall. It may often be seen stalking sedately about on the sedgy flats or skulking mysteriously among the tall Typha and other aquatic plants. It doubtless breeds at this lake, though we have never found a nest. It does not breed in colonies as do most of the herons, and its nest is not easy to discover. It is placed by preference in the more impenetrable swampy places and on the ground or a mass of decaying vegetation. The eggs are brownish-drab or Isabella color, unspotted. 37. LEAST BITTERN IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS (Gmclin) This pretty little bittern is seen rather frequently about the lake throughout the summer. It has been noted every month from April to October. They doubtless breed in the patches of reeds and cattails that border the lake, but we have not found any nests. The birds are solitary and wholly quiet, and are rarely or no\-er seen except when frightened. Then they rise and fly in a rather awk- ward manner for a short distance, then drop among the reeds where they conceal themselves. Their protective colorati(Mi serves 514 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey them well; indeed, they are even more difficult to discover than the larger species. Following are our records of definite dates on which we observed the least bittern about Lake Maxinkuckee : 1899. — Noted in July, also on August 4 and September 11. 1901. — May 25, one near the Outlet; 26th, one on Lost Lake; 29th, one seen on the flat at north end of Lost Lake ; 30th, one near the Outlet ; 20th, one at the Outlet ; June 3, two near the Outlet ; 20th, one at the Outlet, 22d, one at the Inlet. 1902. — June 24, remnants of a nest near the water in a clump of grass and button-bushes in Green's marsh. 1903. — September 21, one noted. 1906. — July 30, one seen at Inlet. 1907. — September 9, one scared up in front of Chad wick's in afternoon, flew just west of the steamboat slip where it alighted in the rushes; 14th, one on Chadwick's lot in morning. At the Goose Pond, 9 miles south of Terre Haute, the least bittern formerly nested in considerable numbers. The senior author was wont to visit this interesting pond on Decoration Day each year. Then the woods about the pond were full of migrating warblers, and the pond itself was in its most attractive condition. Pond turtles and water snakes w^ere abundant, resting on broken- down patches of cattails and Scirpus and basking in the warm sun. Great patches of white waterlilies were at their best, the fragrance of the beautiful flowers filling the air. And, most inter- esting of all, the little bitterns were there in abundance and the nesting season was at its height. We are told that this beautiful pond is no more. It has been ditched and drained and converted into cultivated fields, more's the pity. There will now^ be more corn and cabbage and hogs, but less of nature and beauty and the appreciation thereof, 38. GREAT BLUE HERON ARDEA HERODIAS Linnseus Our definite dates are as foflows: 1899. — July 26, one seen. 1900. — July 24, one seen flying southward over Lost Lake. A Great Blue Heron, probably this same individual, had been seen previously on several occasions by others. Messrs. Young and Knowlton saw a flock of 14 west of the lake, August 24, and one with a broken wing seen on outlet stream below Lost Lake. Sep- tember 18, one seen below Lost Lake; 27th, one seen flying over Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 515 Lake Maxinkuckee. October 16, three seen on outlet bok)\v Lost Lake; November 14, one seen at Norris Inlet. 1901. — April 2-6, eight seen; May :U, two seen near the outlet in the morning, and one at the south end of the lake; June 10, one seen flying and heard in evening; 14th, one alighted at edge of lake near Murray's; 17th, one at south end of the lake; 26th, one on shore near Norris Inlet. 1906. — October 8, 9, and 18th, one seen each day about Lost Lake. 1907. — September 30 and October 1-3 and 5, one noted about Lost Lake. 1913. — September 19, one seen flying; 21st, one below Walley's; 27th, one seen ; October 25, several seen near Lost Lake. It may be seen from these records that the Great Blue Heron is not a very common bird at Lake Maxinkuckee. Rarely is more than a single individual seen at a time. This is partly due to the solitary habit of the bird, but partly also to the fact that not many visit this lake. An inspection of all the marsh places about the two lakes and all the shore would probably rarely disclose more than three or four of these magnificent birds. This is. no doubt, partly due to the fact that there are no suitable nesting places about the lake. No nest has been observed anywhere in this vicinity. Just where those nest that do come to the lake is not known to us. i\Iany years ago (1883-85) there was a considerable heronry of this species in the northern part of Carroll County, near Idaville, and another one of more than a hundred nests in a maple swamp near Cutler, in Carroll County, about 50 miles south ol Lake ^Maxin- kuckee. And a few years earlier a few pairs nested each year in the tops of some large cottonwood trees near where the senior writer spent his boyhood days. 39. GREEN HERON BUTOKIDES VIRESCENS (Linnseus) This is the most common heron of the region. It is found in a greater variety of places than any other heron about the lake. It occurs in the wet, sedgy plains as do the two bitterns; it is also found about the edge of the lake. It perches much mow frequently than the other herons, and, like the kingfisher, is particularly fond of sitting on the limbs of trees overhanging the shore. When frightened, it flies off with a loud startled squawk. It is the noisi- est of our herons, and frequently gives vent to a loud sneeze-like 516 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey call. Its flight is heavy and awkward, and the method of alighting on a tree is ludicrous. It drops its legs down preparatory to alighting and leaves them dangling in a peculiar manner some time before reaching the tree. The birds usually come early in the spring and remain until late in the autumn. They were seen at various dates every year spent at the lake. They probably nest somewhere in the region, but no nests were found. They nest, generally, throughout the state, their favorite nesting places being low dense woods, the water beech being one of their favorite trees in which to nest. They also nest in orchards. The nests are flat platforms built loosely of coarse sticks, and sometimes found in small colonies. The young remain in the nest till of good size, and a little before they leave are fierce-looking little creatures. Upon shaking the nest they catch hold of the boughs with chin and feet, climbing about somewhat after the manner of a parrot. The young attempt to escape capture by ejecting the contents of the crop upon the would-be captor. The Green Heron is more tolerant of civilization than any of the other herons and is often seen in orchards and about farmhouses and about the lagoons in public parks. Our notebooks contain the following references to the Green Heron : 1899. — Noted frequently during July and August. 1900.— Two noted July 17 and one July 18. 1901. — May 13, one seen at edge of lake north of the Winfield cottage ; 15th, one at south end of lake, 23d, one toward south end of lake ; June 8, one seen at Long Point ; 10th, one heard ; seen fre- quently from this date on to the end of summer. 1902.— June 19-20, one at Long Point. 1904. — November 12, one seen between Murray's and Farrar's. 1906. — July 30, several seen at Norris Inlet; August 19, sev- eral seen in the dune region southwest of the lake. 1907.— Noted on September 9, 12, 22, 24, 25, and 26, in various places about the lake. 1913. — September 3 and 4, one seen at Long Point. 40. SANDHILL CRANE GRUS MEXICANA (Mu'.ler) A pair were seen by the senior writer on the prairie west of Culver on April 6, 1885. It is said that they used to be common in that region where they were sought by hunters. None has been observed about the lake in recent years. Lake Maxinkiiclcee, Physical and Biological Survey 517 41. VIRGINIA RAIL RALLUS VIRGINIANIS Liniu-eus Apparently rare. Our only record is of one seen October 1.",, 1907, standing on a log in a small pond west of the railroad track. It walked along skulkingiy, apparently disliking to get in the water . which it finally did, however, and disappeared in the rushes. The Virginia Rail pi-obably breeds at the lake, but we have never found its nest there. The nest should be looked for among tufts of reeds or grasses in or close to shallow water. It is usually composed of dead vegetation and is rather compactly built. The eggs are cream or buff^', sparsely spotted with reddish-brown and obscure lilac. They usually number from 6 to 12 and measure about 1.25 X .92 inches. 42. CAROLINA RAIL; SORA PORZANA CAROLINA (L,innaus) The Sora is probably a common summer resident in the tall grasses and sedges along the Outlet and about Norris Inlet. They are not often seen, as they almost never fly, even when chased, but they spend their time skulking through the grass. They are very noisy, particularly when frightened, and one individual can give the impression of a whole swamp full of them. In 1901 the first was seen April 28, and they were heard or seen ciuite fre- quently from that time on, chiefly in Green's marsh, alor^g the Outlet, or in the adjacent marsh. On May 31, 1901, a nest with 10 eggs was found in the Norris Inlet marsh. About June 6, after a heavy storm, a small downy young, much like a small chicken, was found dead on Long Point. On June 8, an old bird was seen lead- ing her young along the south shore of Outlet Bay, very much like a hen leads her brood. One seen by the Outlet July 24, 190(i. was quite tame and sufl"ej-ed us to approach within about six feet of it when it skulked away through the sedges. Another was seen on the same day, which came squawking down to the water's edge and really appeared to be swimming in the shallow water. The latest date on which we have noted this rail at Maxin- kuckee was December 11, 1900, when one was seen at Norris Inlet marsh. The nest of the Carolina Rail is poorly constructed of grass and weeds, placed on the ground in a tussock of grass on boggy ground where there is a good growth of taller grass or weeds. The eggs are dark cream or drab with reddish-brown spots, most numei-ous at the larger end. They measui-e about 1.2(ix0.9() inches. 518 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 43. YELLOW RAIL COTURNICOPS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin) Apparently rare, although from the habit of these birds remain- ing concealed in the tall sedges, it is difficult to say how common it really is. The only specimen seen by us was brought in by a house cat March 3, 1901, and was caught in Green's marsh. The finding of this beautiful rail in northern Indiana and at so early a date is of especial interest. 44. FLOEIDA GALLINULE GALLINULA GALEATA (Lichtenstein) This bird seems to be a rare migrant, or perhaps summer resi- dent. The only record is of one seen in the flat along the Outlet west of the railroad May 7, 1901. These birds skulk through the tall grasses much as the rails do and are probably less rare than records indicate. This bird is known to breed in the State. A nest with five well incubated eggs was found May 31, 1890, at the Goose Pond, 9 miles south of Terre Haute. It was placed about 6 inches above the water on a pile of broken stems and leaves of Green Arrow-arum {Peltayidra virginica) , in a bunch of that plant. The eggs measure about 1.81 X 1.22 inches and are creamy or brownish buff" in color, rather thickly spotted and blotched with brown and umber. 45. COOT; MUD HEN FULICA AMERICANA Gmelin The Coot or Mud Hen is by far the most abundant of the water fowl at Lake Maxinkuckee. After it come the little bluebill, can- vasback, redhead, mallard, butterball, ruddy duck, merganser, and whistler, about in the order named. The Coot is not only the most abundant species, but it is in many respects the most conspicuous and most interesting. Because of these facts, and the further fact that it is economically the most important species of the water birds that frequent this lake, it seems worth while to give our records of its presence in some detail. This we will do for each of the years in which we made observations. 1885. — Our only observations in 1885 were made on April 6 and 7 when the senior author made a brief visit to the lake. The ice was still on the lake, the only open water being a narrow strip along the south shore. In this strip there were perhaps a hundred Coots. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 51*J 1899. — A few were noted in August but unfortunately the exact dates were not recorded. September 21, beginning to ari-ive; 22d, first large flock, about 100, seen, three killed; 28th, increasing iPi abundance; 29th, a groat many came last night, about 500 in oin flock seen oft" Shady Point this morning; 30th, very ainmdant, jna)i\ shot. October 1, abundant and becoming wildei-; 2d and .'ird. abundant; 4th, abundant, close in shore, the weather being fine and favorable; 5th, abundant, gunners out early, killing several; 121h, less plentiful; 16th, some noted. November 1, one hunter got 11. 1900. — September 16. saw several, the first of the season, near Shady Point; they doubtless came last night; 17th, several seen; they seem quite tame, probably young birds; 18th, a few noted; 22d, one near Shady Point and about 200 reported in south end of lake in afternoon ; a gunner got 4 ; 2ord, several seen ; 26th, about 4 p. m. A great many seen east of the Deep Hole; as they flew, six distinct flocks totaling 194 birds were observed, although only a small proportion left the water; 28th, many on east side of lake at 4 p. m.; 30th. many off the Gravelpit. October 1, pot-hunters in motor boat bombarding the Coots all afternoon ; 2d, on both lakes; 5th, noted; 8th, abundant; 10th, many; 12th, common; 13th, several flocks on west side and a good deal of shooting; 17th, saw 300 to 400; 18th, very numerous in afternoon in front of Shady Point; 21st, pot-hunters in launches pursuing coots and ducks; 24th, noted ; 25th, many and very noisy ; 26th, one hunter got 12 ; 27th, another hunter got 34; 28th, one found dead. November 5, many seen; 7th, about 1,000 a short distance off Shady Point, a few horned grebes among them ; 8th, abundant in front of Shad\' Point, from which they were scared by a passing train at noon ; three inches of snow; Coots most abundant, then little bluebills, redheads, ruddy ducks and helldivers, — no sprigtails ; in the after- noon, while a strong wind was blowing from the northwest and some snow was falling, the coots and ducks came in near shore, the coots and a few helldivers nearest, while the ducks remained out along the line where the 4nore quiet water protected by Long Point from the northwest wind joined the unprotected portion; 9th, in a trip along the shore from Long Point to Norris Inlet a great many coots were observed, all pretty well out from shore: two hunters in the foi-enoon got 7 coots, 5 little bluebills, and one redhead, while two others got 36 coots and ducks; lOth, one hunter got 6 coots, 2 others got 50, and 2 other pot-hunters in a launch bombarded the coots and ducks all afternoon until dark: 11th and 12th, many on lake; 14th, two pot-hunters in a launch got 12 coots, 520 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey one little bluebiil, and one helldiver; 10th-15th, many off Shady Point and Arlington ; 15th, two hunters got 2 each ; the coots came in near shore in the forenoon; 18th, noted; 19th, many on lake; 20th, many on lake, found 3 dead; 21st, not so numerous near shore, but many far out ; 22d, still abundant ; a good deal of shoot- ing; 23d, many coots and ducks, mostly well toward east side; much shooting all day ; 26th, still abundant but mostly far out ; 27th, com- mon ; 28th, common, very noisy in morning ; 29th, much less abund- ant; 30th, noted. December 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, good many noted each day ; 6th, today and yesterday in a thick flock not far from Outlet busy diving and seeming to find a good deal to eat; feeding voraciously in the forenoon ; often one comes up with a bit of food and another grabs it; they were somewhat noisy and kept pretty well out of range; 8th to 15th, noted as plentiful each day; one hunter got 170, anothei' got a large number, one man on skates caught 10 on the ice; a large number, perhaps 400 to 500, were on the ice and many persons participated in the slaughter; 17th, still a good many ; 18th. only a few left ; one man got 27 coots and several ducks, catching most of them on the ice; found 10 dead on the ice ; many people out picking up dead birds and those frozen in the ice; 19th, a great many have been killed, not many left; 23d, a few off Knapp's pier ; 27th, none seen for several days ; 28th, a few seen flying off Long Point. 1901. — January 1, a good many coots, together with butter- balls and little bluebills in a small open pool; 2d, caught one on the ice; they can run swiftly on quite slippery ice, flapping their wings to help them; many in a pool in south end of lake; when watched or approached, they get out on the ice ready to run ; 3d, four in pool near the Weedpatch ; when diving for food they remain under 9 to 16 seconds ; 4th, one still in the pool after all but can- vasbacks have left ; 5th, two seen ; 7th, two seen, one dead at the pool ; 8th, 9th, and 10th. one or more noted in the pool. March 24, and 29, several seen ; 31st, one seen in north end of Lost Lake and one seen flying south of Shady Point. April 1, one at north end of Lost Lake; 2d, two in Lost Lake; 3d and 4th, three near the Deep Hole; 5th, one at north end of Lost Lake; 6th, three in north end of Lost Lake ; three killed by a hunter ; 7th, fifty or more near the south end east of Farrar's ; a sick one found, died soon ; 10th, a good flock near the Inlet ; one found dead ; 15th, a flock near the Inlet; one found dead. May 16, a few seen. December 9, common. 1902. — October 19, many on the lake and feeding near the shore; many in Outlet Bay and another flock east of Long Point; Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 521 21st, many, three shot; P>lst, one shot. Novembei- 2. aljundaiil. especially south of Arlington; od, many in south pail ol" lake. De- cember 1, three shot; 2d, one killed; 17th, four got. 1903.— September 21, fifty to 100 seen. 1904. — October 20, several flocks seen; one shot in Outlet IJay; 21st, many noted, in straight east-and-west line; 2:]d, noted; 25th, about 2,500 in Outlet Bay, not fewer than 10,000 on entire lake; one flock of 236 counted near Outlet early in the morning; some shooting, perhaps 200 killed ; remains of about 100 noted at Green boathouse near Norris Inlet; 26th, apparently as many as yester- day, many near shore at noon in Outlet Bay; 27th, a good many in Outlet Bay ; some shot near ice-houses ; one found dead on north shore; 28th, many on lake, appearing much frightened, scattering in all directions even when a muskrat swims near them ; feeding and diving busily; some redheads among them; two dead coots found ; 29th, many in Outlet Bay, quite near shore, others well scattered over the lake; stomachs of three examined contained bits of Chara, Ceratophyllum, and small Potamogetons ; 30th, a good many, well scattered; 31st, many, but not so much crowded in Outlet Bay, better scattered over the lake. November 1, com- mon, three hunters got 103 ; 2d, one hunter got 9 ; two found dead ; 3d, a good many scattered over the lake, a few near shore at Long Point in the morning; two found dead; 5th, many on lake, a good many near Long Point and west shore ; 6th, many on lake, some near shore; 7th, common; 8th, three found dead; 9th, a number very near shore near Chadwick's pier, wading in shallow water, 3 canvasbacks among them ; many coots scattered over the lake, with several canvasbacks and bluebills; one dead coot found on south shore of Outlet Bay; 10th, good many near shore in Outlet Bay and east of Long Point; much shooting; 11th, a great maii\-. well scattered; in morning some near west shore; a good deal •>!' shooting; two boys on Long Point got 6 in morning and 17 in after- noon; 12th, duck hunters shot several coots by accident (sic), not even picking them up ; 13th, some in Outlet Bay and many elsewhere; near shore in mid-forenoon, some actually walking along shore; two seen appropriating food canvasbacks brought up; 14th, many; 15th, a good many noted, well scattered; one boy g(H 6 in morning; 16th, as numerous as yesterday; one hunter at Long Point got 3 ; 17th and ISth, a good number scattered over the lake ; 19th, pretty abundant, scattered over Outlet Bay and entire lake; near shore at Arlington in morning, some calling; good many killed during the day; 20th, still abundant; 21st, abundant, some near Knapp's pier in moi-ning; 22d, same conditions as yestei-day; 2.'>(1 522 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey to 25th, well scattered ; 26th and 27th, less abundant and well scat- tered ; 28th, rather plentiful but well scattered ; some near Knapp's pier, December 2 and 3, quite a number scattered over entire lake, some in Outlet Bay; 4th to 8th, quite a number in Outlet Bay and elsewhere in lake; 9th, apparently not so many; 10th, still common; 11th, a few in Outlet Bay, a good many on main lake; one dead at Inlet eaten by muskrats ; 12th, common ; 13th, in long rows in open places; 14th, not so many in the few open places; 15th, a good many in pools and on the ice; many shot and let lie; 16th, a few in a round open pool ; 3 or 4 shot off Farrar's, the rest scattering over the lake ; 17th, two scared up from the round pool. 1905. — January 1, two seen in pool, 1906. — September 9, a flock of 5 seen at south end of the lake, the first of the season ; after this date they gradually increased in number, October 5, one found dead ; 6th, rather large flocks now, gunners busy in morning; 7th, a dead one found; 9th, a hunter got 4; 10th, much shooting; 11th, much shooting; two boys got 14; one found dead; 12th, many on lake; hunters got good many; 13th, a flock off Knapp's pier; much shooting, even after sunset; 15th, heard strange cackling notes, believed to be made by coots; 16th, considerable shooting; 18th, two found dead; 28th to 30th, many; two hunters got 10 on 30th and 6 were found dead; 31st, good many near shore ; one man got 6, November 2, several found dead on shore ; 3d, noted ; 5th, found 5 dead on east side ; 8th, seen ; 10th, got one; 11th, seen; 12th, got 2; 13th, a good many noted; 15th, a big flock at south end. 1907. — September 8, five seen in forenoon well out toward middle of lake; seen again in afternoon; 10th, about 200 arrived last night; 12th, about 200 to 300 seen near the Weedpatch, 45 in one flock ; 13th, about 200 in two flocks at south end ; 20th, a flock of 100 or more east of Long Point; reported as common in the other parts of the lake; 21st, a man got 16, crippling 3 others; 22d, a flock of about 500 off Long Point in morning ; quite a num- ber in many detached flocks, one of about 242 near shore between Green's and Murray's; some shooting; one dead by Green's pier; 23d, noted; 24th, noted off Long Point early in morning, perhaps 500 or more ; those near shore allowed near approach ; some shoot- ing; 25th, many large flocks off Long Point, 400 to 500 feet off shore, rather wary, swimming rapidly ; 26th, a few flocks east of Long Point, 500 to 1,000 feet out; not so many as yesterday; quite a number in Outlet Bay; two dead near Norris Inlet; 27th, a flock of about 50 swimming northwest about 1,000 feet off Chadwick's pier early in the morning ; no others seen early ; do not seem to be Lake Maxmkuckce, Phi/fiiral and Iliolofjical Survey 523 feeding much; 28th, a few off Chadwick's piiT in OulkL liay; 2i)th, a number of large flocks off Murray's; 301h a good many (locks noted ; a good deal of shooting even before sunrise and after sun- set. October 1, a few seen in morning off Murray's, also in Out- let Bay, where there was some shooting; one seen in Lost Lake, busy feeding; 2d, a good many, especially in Outlet Bay and off Murray's, some shooting; od, some in Outlet Bay and some shoot- ing early in morning; 4th, some off Murray's and in Outlet Bay, two men got 17 ; 5th, thousands present, most abundant off Arling- ton, quite tame; 6th, abundant; 7th, many, especially ofl' Murray's; 8th, many near shore, feeding; one hunter got 3; one dead near ice-houses ; busy feeding off Merchants' pier at a Vallisneria patch ; 9th, a good many on lake, busy diving and feeding; they are more frightened by passing train than by hunters ; 10th, abundant, rather near shore; good deal shooting; one hunter got 10; 11th, much shooting, one hunter had 10 ; saw wounded one on Lost Lake ; 12th, much shooting ; coots pretty well scattered but feeding, keep- ing near shore; a few in north end of Lost Lake; 13th, many but well scattered, a few shot; 14th, much shooting; some in Lost Lake; 15th, many feeding very near shore, a few ducks among them ; much shooting at south part of lake, hunters got over 125 ; 16th, abundant, much scattered, much shooting; several dead ones found; 17th, many, scattered; 18th and 19th, a good many, con- siderable shooting; 21st, many, much shooting; 22d, well scattered, some near shore in Outlet Bay and off Long Point; one man got 3; 27th and 28th, abundant in Outlet Bay; 31st, abundant and wild, 2 men got 5. November 1, abundant, one man got 2; 1th, common near Chadwick's pier; 5th and 6th, good many near shore. 1908. — September 6, first ones arrived last night; 3 seen on Lost Lake, quite tame; in afternoon saw some off Long Point. 1909. — April 23, Mr. Chadwick reported the coots have been rather plentiful this spring, 1913. — September 13, first noted; two seen in morning in Out- let Bay and 40 later in the day; 14th, several, perhaps 50, in Out- let Bay and near Norris Inlet; 15th and 17th, noted; 21st. many, four big flocks; 23d, a large flock below Green's pier, diving and feeding; 24th, in big flocks; 25th, large flocks in a long i-ow below Arlington; 26th, in large flocks, some shooting; 27th. probably many on lake, but only a few near Long Point; 28th and 29th, many off Long Point and elsewhere along west side; 30th, noted. October 1 to 3, common ; 4th, many ; gunners after them by 6 a. m. : 5th, a fair flock noted; 6th, many and much shooting; Sth to 12th, noted; 13th, good deal shooting, some hunters got 12; 14th, a few 524 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey seen ; loth, a larg^e flock seen ; 16th to 26th, common, and some hunting ; 27th, abundant ; 28th, many ; 29th, plentiful ; 30th, abund- ant and a good deal of shooting. November 1, common. An examination of the above detailed data shows that the coots appear in the spring very soon after the ice goes off and that they remain until about the last of April when they leave for further north. They usually appear about the last days of April and re- main approximately one month. In the fall they make their ap- pearance usually in the first days of September. Occasionally a few may be seen in August, but they generally appear between the 6th and 15th of September. By the last of September they are present in large numbers and remain so until the lake freezes over or until persecution by the gunners drives them away. On October 25, 1904, the total number on the lake was esti- mated at 10,000. In the winter of 1900-1901, several remained until only one small pool was left open. The last was seen Janu- ary 10. The coots always migrate at night ; one never sees flocks either arriving or departing, or rarely sees them flying except when they have been scared up. When flying they do not rise directly from the water like a duck but at a low angle or incline, their feet work- ing frantically, as do their wings, as they rise out of the water, striking and kicking the water for some distance until they have got too high to touch it. They frequently have the curious and foolish habit of rising out of the water and flying close by the boat which has disturbed them. They are, at Maxinkuckee, as thoroughly a water bird as any species of duck with the one exception already mentioned. We never saw them walking on the shore as mentioned by Cooper, but observed that they might be found in any and all parts of the lake, though they were most apt to occur in large numbers nearer shore than most other water birds. The helldiver and grebes, as a rule, came somewhat nearer shore than the coots; and small flocks of butterballs and whistlers and solitary ruddy ducks were disposed to stay near shore. Bluebills would usually be a little farther from the shore than the coots, while the redheads, mallards, and canvas- backs would be still farther out. However, it often happened that nearly all, or quite all, of these species would be mixed together in a single flock, the coots and bluebills constituting the shore side of the miscellaneous group. When the coots first arrive in numbers in the fall they are not wild, but quite tame and unsuspicious, frequently coming near the Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 525 shore. One of their favorite feeding gTounds is off ArUngton sta- tion; another is in Outlet Bay where they can be easily observed from the Chadwick Hotel. In each of these places they remained day and night unless disturbed, or when those parts of the lake were made rough by winds, when they would fly to some protected corner of the lake. The depth of the water over these feeding grounds varied from 4 to 25 feet, and the bottom everywhere was well covered with various species of Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Nitella, Tolypella, Vallisneria, Naias, Chara, and other kinds of plants. Chara and Nitella grew in the more shallow water, and Tolypella in the deep- est, w^hile the tapegrass or wild celery {Vallisneria spiralis) grows in all depths from 2 to 24 feet. Watching the coots from shore with a pair of good field-glasses was an extremely fascinating pastime. There is, of course, no doubt about the Coot's ability to swim well. This they do quite as well and as gracefully as most ducks. They are also very noisy or loquacious, keeping up their calls and conversations during all hours of the day and night. They are particularly noisy w4ien feeding. In the spring they have a pecul- iar call much resembling that of the cuckoo or raincrow. Aiid contrary to some observers they are expert divers. They dive habitually and regularly when feeding, with the greatest ease and grace, also when wounded, to escape their pursuer. The Coot dives with greater abruptness than any duck we have observed. The body turns very quickly and is usually in a nearly vertical position before entirely submerged. There is, of course, great ir- regularity in the frequency of their diving. The character of the weather, whether they are disturbed or not, the success of their dives, and the extent of their hunger, are factors determining the frequency. Ordinarily, however, one dive follows another very quickly, so that when w^atching a flock of a dozen or more, one or more individuals can be seen going down and others emerging at any moment. The maximum deptii to which they can descend was not defi- nitely determined; but they reach bottom certainly in as much as 25 feet. In front of our cottage was a buoy marking a 25-foot hole, and we have often seen Coots close to this buoy diving and bringing up food from the bottom. ITsually, however, their choice feeding grounds are in depths between I and 18 feet. The length of time the Coot remains under water varies greatly, and is probably determined chiefly by the depth to which they dive 526 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey and the readiness with which acceptable food is found. The long- est time any individual was observed to remain under water was 16 seconds, and the usual time in water 4 to 10 feet was about 9 seconds. The Coots feed most industriously when the surface of the water is smooth and the air balmy. They feed actively also on calm, moonlit nights. On quiet mornings and again in the after- noon they gather on favorite grounds near shore and feed indus- triously until disturbed. During the early part of the fall they were most apt to feed near shore, doubtless because they were less timid and also because their favorite food was found in shallow water. Later, as a result of their being hunted and disturbed by gunners and others, they be- came more wary and would not ordinarily approach or remain so near shore. The depletion of the inshore feeding grounds also doubtless has much to do with causing them to seek food farther out in the lake. We soon discovered that the early arrivals were feeding on the wild celery (Vallisneria sjnralis) , but at first we were- not sure what part of the plant they ate. We had read in the botanies and the ornithologies that the great delicacy of the flesh of the canvasback duck is due to the fact that it feeds on "the roots" or the "leaves" of the wild celery. If a brisk breeze should spring up after the Coots had been feeding diligently for a few hours or a day or two, great quantities of wild celery plants would be washed up on the shore. Upon examining these plants, we were not able to discover that the roots or leaves of many of them had been removed. Nearly all of the plants seemed intact and perfect so far as these parts were concerned. One interesting part of the plant, however, we were unable to find on any of the plants washed ashore, namely, the modified stolon or so-called winterbud, which many, perhaps all, of the Vallisneria plants form late in the sum- mer. This is a short stem somewhat smaller than a lead pencil, about one-half to two inches long, somewhat enlarged at the distal end, white in color, very tender and crisp, and having quite a pleas- ant flavor. We soon found it was upon these winter buds that the coots were feeding, apparently exclusively, and they doubt- less, during the early fall, constitute the principal food of the Coots that frequent this lake. Later in the fall, after the supply of winter buds has become practically exhausted, the Coots, bluebills, redheads, and canvas- backs begin eating the bases of the wild celery leaves, and as choice Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 527 food becomes more and more scarce they cat other parts of Vallisneria, and other plants which at first they reject. In fact. when occasion requires, the Coots seem to be able to eat almost any aciuatic plant, and various kinds of animal food such as snails, small crustaceans, and the like. There is no evidence that they eat fish. Most of the stomachs examined in the fall containi'd Chara, some contained bits of fine-leaved Potamogeton (probably P. pectiruUiis) , also Ceratophyllum and Naias. Several stomachs examined October 12, 1906, contained a ([uantity of finely com- minuted light green material, probably leaves of Vallisneria. One examined April 7 contained some vegetable fibers and leaves of Potamogeton lucens mixed with white sand. Sixteen were exam- ined September 9, and Naias was found to constitute the bulk of the food. Two contained bits of Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum, two had some small seeds like clover mixed with some fine gravel. One examined November 4 contained fine fiits of Naias and a few small shells of Vivipara contectokles. On January 3, 1901, the lake was frozen over excepting one open pool near the Weedpatch, in which were several coots along with a number of various species of ducks. At this time food was particularly hard to get and the birds were disposed to rob one another. Generally when one dived the others watched for his coming up. They were able to see him some moments before he reappeared, and, hurrying to the spot where they thought he would emerge, would be on hand ready to appropriate for themselves as much of the food brought up as they could get possession of. Not only would the coots rob each other but the ducks also robbed the coots. Whenever a Coot came up with an unusually great amount of food, the little bluebiils and even the canvasback drake would be on hand ready to help themselves. In this way the coots fed not only each other but various ducks as well. It was observed that the ducks did very little i-obbing of each other. Usually a con- siderable mass of vegetation was brought up each time. In this particular place the principal food seemed to be one or more species of Potamogeton, P. pcclinatus predominating. The birds often came up with long stems hanging over their backs. Quite often the plant brought up looked like Chara, but of this we were not sure. It is certain the plants they were getting lu>r(> weiv not their favorite food, but such as they could utilize when necessary when better food was not to be had. Following is a tabular statement of the food found in a mnn- ber of coots examined. 34—17618 528 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Number of Date stomachs examined Contents April 7 1 White sand, some vegetable fibers, and some leaves of Potanwgelon liicens. October 29 3 Bits of Chara, Ceratoph.\]lum and small Potamogeton. November 2 2 Chara; opercula of Viripara contectoides; fragments of shells. 3 1 Chara; opercula of Viripara contectoides, fragments of shells. 3 1 Fragments of Naias flexil-s robiis'us. 8 2 Fine pieces of Naias, fragments of Viripara contectoides and perhaps other mollusks. 12 1 Chara. 28 1 Chara. December 8 1 Chara. October 9 4 Ceratopliyllum. 12 7 Fine green matter, probably Vallisneria. September 21 16 Chiefly Naias flerilis robiis'us, with some Potamogeton, Ceratophyllum, 2 contained some small seeds like clover, mi.\ed with gravel in crop. October 10 1 Naias fleiilis robus'.us. 31 1 All vegetable matter but not specificially identifiable. November 4 1 Naias in fine bits, and shells of i'liivaia contectoides. The Coot averages a little more than one pound in weight. Following is a record of 28 examples weighed by us : Date No. Weight Pounds Ounces November ^2 1 2 3 4 ■5 6 7 8 3 S 7 12 3 3 September 21 9 10 11 113^ 6 12 13 14 2 - 14 1.5 31^ 2 16 17 IS 19 20 21 5Vi 15 15 2H 4 22 23 24 25 26 15M VA 3 1 1 27 2S 1 1 83/4 5 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 529 The Coot is not genei-ally lield in high esteem as an article of food. Those who have put themselves on recoi-d in the books are ahiiost unanimous in the opinion that it is worthless for food. As a matter of fact, however, the Coot is scarcely infei'ior to most species of ducks. Coots, particularly young ones, skinned and fried, or even old ones parboiled, then baked, are quite as delicious as any duck. It is, however, doubtless true that the delicacy of flavor, not only of the Coot, but also of the canvasback and other ducks, is largely determined by the kinds of food they have been eating. The wild celery {Vallisnena siriralis) is suflicicntly abundant in Lake Maxinkuckee to give the Coot frequenting it a delicate flavor which has received high praise from all who are familiar with it. Beginning soon after their arrival in the fall the coots are hunted relentlessly until the constant persecution or the freezing over of the lake compels them to leave. Soon after they come in numbers certain local pot-hunters and temporary cottagers, and people from various parts as far away as Terre Haute, Indian- apolis and Logansport, who come to the lake for a few days shoot- ing, begin to bombard the coots from early morning until late in the evening. Unfortunately not all of these are sportsmen ; in fact the majority of them are not. Many of them are mere pot-hunters or butchers who possess none of the instincts of the true sports- man and who continue to pursue the birds as long as they are in sight. The methods of these pot-hunters are reprehensible in every way. They shoot everything in sight whether edible- or not, including coots, helldivers, grebes, tern, and loons. The Coot has a particular fascination for them, though few of them make any use of it ; they simply kill or cripple the coots, helldivers and grebes in pure wantonness and leave them to float ashore and decay. Some of these pot-hunters use naphtha or gasoline launches (contrary to the law), and keep up their fusilade until after sundown (also unlawful) ; and some of them have been known to pursue the fowl on Sunday, in violation of the law. On October 25, 1900, the remains of about 100 coots were found in a pile at the small green house at the south end of the lake. The next day one hunter shot 12 coots, and on the following day two pot-hunters got 34. On November 9, two other pot-hunters fi'om Indianapolis, men who ought to know better, killed 06 coots and ducks, and the next day they got 50. They did theii- bombarding from a small launch. Fortunately a few of these pot-hunters have been caught and fined heavily. Public sentiment in favor of fish and game protec- 530 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Siirvey tion is growing-, thanks to the interest and activity of the Lake Maxinkuckee Association and a number of appreciative citizens and visitors, and it is hoped and beheved that the fish and game laws will hereafter be better observed. The Coot breeds at this lake in very limited numbers; indeed, in most seasons it is not believed that any do so. Formerly a few pairs nested each season about Lost Lake or in the Norris Inlet marshes. The nest is made of dead reeds and grasses placed on the ground near the water, on a tussock, or on a mass of floating vegetation. The reeds or flags on which it rests are broken down and the nest sometimes rises and falls with the water. The eggs are clay- or creamy-white in color, uniformly and finely dotted all over with dark brown or blackish specks. The full nest comple- ment usually numbers from 6 to 15 and the egg measures 1.77 to 2.00 inches long by 1.40 to 1.45 in the shorter diameter. Their nesting season in this part of the State is in late May and early June. 46. NORTHERN PHALAROPE LOBIPES LOBATUS (Linnaeus) The only example of this species ever observed by us at Lake Maxinkuckee v/as seen September 21, 1913. It was at the water's edge on Long Point, where it was feeding. It appeared to be feed- ing on insects in or at the edge of the water. It was very tame and permitted very near approach so that it could be carefully ob- served. When approached too near it would wade out into the water, and if further pressed, it would swim away a short distance, then rise and fly out over the lake in a short circle, then come back and alight behind us on the shore. This bird remained on this stretch of shore all day but by the next morning it had gone. 47. WOODCOCK PHILOHELA MINOR (Gmelin) This bird seems to be quite rare ; indeed, almost unknown at the lake. It is significant that although hunting and game are matters of considerable interest in the region, one never hears of this bird being taken. We have only two records for this species at the lake: A pair were seen April 6, 1885, by the senior author in a marshy prairie just west of Culver, and about August 10, 1900, Dr. Scovell saw one on the west shore of the lake. Those seen on April 6, 1885, were evidently mating. One of the birds, presumably the male, would rise high in air by a kind of Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 5:31 rapid spiral flight, then return to the ground with a sort of boom- ing sound. Then the act would be repeated, accompanied by a peculiar note hard to describe. This was just before dusk of a warmish spring day, and the performance was repeated many times. There are a few places near the lake that would furnish almost ideal retreats for this bird. One of the best is a rather deep gully on the east side which is known locally as "the canyon" and which has patches of soft marshy bottom. Another is Green's marsh, and still others the marshy ground at the south end of the lake. The bird is not rare about the lakes of the adjacent county of Kosciusko. 48. WILSON'S SNIPE GALLINAGO DELICATA (Ord) This bird, known here as Jack Snipe, is much more common than the woodcock, which it resembles considerably in general habits. Our records are as follows : Sept. 29, 1899, one seen on Long Point; about April 7, 1901, 8 or 10 killed by a local hunter; April 3, 1902, one seen; Oct. 21, 1902, one seen in Green's marsh; Oc- tober 31, Mr. Chadwick says he has seen them in Green's marsh for a month; Nov. 1, 1902, one seen; Nov. 2, one or more heard in Green's marsh; Oct. 20, one seen in Green's marsh; Nov. 3, 1901, 3 seen, and one or more seen along west side of lake on Nov. 9, 13, 15, 20 and 21 following; Oct. 13, 1906. one seen in Hawk's marsh; Oct. 31, 1907, one seen at Norris Inlet; Apr. 23, 1909, one heard. In 1913, it was first noted on September 29; 30th. one shot on Long Point. October 3, one seen near the Chadwick cottage; 5th, 6th, and 7th, three seen near Chadwick's ; 8th, one on Long Point; 9th, one at Norris Inlet; 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th, one noted near Holbrunner's ; 11th, one found dead under a telegraph wire, stomach contained one angleworm; 16th, 17th, and 21st. seen on Long Point; 22d, two on sandy shore near Holbrunner's; 23d. noted in same place ; 26tli, two seen ; 28th, several seen. The Jack Snipe is usually seen alone, or sometimes 2 or :> to- gether, on the lake shore. They are one of the most interesting and delicious of American game birds, and there is uouc more erratic or eccentric. When frightened they rise with a cry and start off with a swift, zigzag flight that tests the skill of the sports- man. They are usually found in low mai-shy situations. They lie close and are rarely seen until they are up and away. 532 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey At Maxinkuckee they occur only as spring and fall migrants. Their food consists chiefly of worms which they find in the soft marsh ground. Among their favorite places at Lake Maxinkuckee may be men- tioned Green's marsh, the narrow marshy border of Outlet Bay from the wagon bridge to the tip of Long Point, the Scirpus-cov- ered shore from Shady Point south to Murray's and east to beyond Farrar's, and the Norris Inlet region. From the first of April to the first of May and again from the last days of September until the last of November, one or more can usually be seen in any of these localities. Within these dates and in these places we rarely failed to find them if we cared to look for them. They are, how- ever, much less abundant than they were a few years ago before ditching, draining and clearing up the land so greatly reduced their suitable feeding grounds. 49. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linnaeus) Apparently not common. Noted August 12 and at other times in August and September, 1899 ; on July 17 and 18 and August 7 and 11, 1900. Usually seen in pairs and most frequently along the shore at south end of lake. 50. YELLOWSHANKS; GREATER YELLOWLEGS TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmelin) Not very common, and only as a spring and fall migrant. In 1899, it was noted August 4 and September 23. In 1900, a pair, believed to be this species, was seen on July 18, at the south end of the lake ; one was seen October 2, and on the 24th, eleven were seen flying over and calling loudly ; they were heard again in the after- noon at Norris Inlet; and on the 31st, one was noted flying over the lake. In 1901, one or more were heard March 7. In 1902, one was heard flying over Lost Lake. In 1906, several large flocks thought to be this species were seen by Mr. Clark near Warsaw. One noted October 4, and one on Long Point on the 11th; noted again on the 28th. In 1907, on September 10, heard, and reported by Mr. Chadwick to have been heard several times this fall; 29th, one seen flying high and calling loudly ; November 2, one seen fly- ing over. In 1913, one seen at noon September 7 on Long Point ; 24th, a flock of five seen; October 15, heard by Mr. Clark. From this record it appears that this species may be seen at Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Bioloylcal Surrcij 533 the lake only for a brief period in spring, and again from the middle of the summer until at least the first part of Novembei-. October is probably its month of greatest abundance. The Greater Yellowlegs is one of our most interesting shore birds. It is a stately bird and may often be seen wading along the margin of the lake feeding upon small mollusks, crustaceans and fishes. It is a rather wary bird. Spying the gunner while yet at a long distance, it utters three or four rapidly repeated loud and shrill whistling notes, which serve as a signal to its feathered asso- ciates, when they all take wing and are off; for which reason "Tell-tale" is one of its vernacular names. 51. SPOTTED SANDPIPER; PEET-WEET ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus) This little bird is one of the most common and characteristic shore birds at this lake. It arrives early in spring and remains until late in October. We have records for April 24 and 30, and May 1, 1901; also for August 19 and September 16, 1906, Sep- tember 27 to 30, 1907, and October 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13, 1907. Between these extreme dates they could be seen at any time when suitable portions of the beach were visited. On almost any day during the summer and fall one or more may be seen running rap- idly for short distances along the water's edge, especially on sand- bars in sequestered places, stopping at intervals to balance them- selves with the peculiar teetering motion for which they are so well known, and to utter the characteristic call "peet-weet." When approached this bird takes a low flight, usually out over the lake, circling back to some point only a short distance down the shore from where it started. It feeds assiduously along the shore, jiick- ing up small crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and other small bits of animal matter, dead or alive. In this way this bird acts to some extent as a scavenger, as do many other shore birds, doing much to keep the beaches clean. This Sandpiper breeds at Maxinkuckee. Its nest is a simple aflfair, a mere depression in the sand, usually where there is some rubbish or drift material, often at a considerable distance from the w^ater. It may be composed of a small quantity of dead vege- tation, but is at best a mere makeshift of a nest. The eggs, usually 4 in number, are creamy, buflf or clay in color, blotched, spotted and dotted with blackish-brown. They measure about 1.31 by .94 inches. 534 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 52. KILLDEER OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS (Linnreus) One of the most conspicuous and interesting summer residents, although not abundant. It is one of the first birds to arrive in spring-, and one of the last to leave in the fall. Our definite date records are as follows : 1899. — Seen almost daily throughout July and August. Sep- tember 11 and 17, several seen on these dates and subsequently. 1900.— September 22, a large flock at Lost Lake; 27th to 30th, several seen and heard. October 2, noted; 6th, abundant and call- ing at Fletcher Lake north of Logansport; 21st, 24th, and 27th, several seen and heard. 1901. — March 1 and 3, heard; 13th, heard and 3 seen; 17th to 19th, seen or heard; 23d to 26th, seen and heard. April 2, heard and seen below Lost Lake ; 3d, seen calling on Green's marsh ; 4th, one heard at Lost Lake ; 6th, one heard west of lake ; 9th, one at the tamarack swamp ; 26th and 28th, heard at Lost Lake. May 4 and 29, heard at Lost Lake. 1902. — March 4, one seen flying over lake and calling; 10th, one seen by Mr. Chadwick. 1904. — October 21, seen; 24th, some heard calling over by the tamarack swamp. November 6, seen and heard at Lost Lake; 12th, seen flying and heard over by Lost Lake. 1906. — Seen off and on and no doubt present all summer. Sep- tember 5, constantly calling; 6th, seen. October 4 and 10, sev- eral seen and heard calling; 11th and 12th, seen along shore; 25th, one shot near Outlet Bay; 27th, one found dead under telegraph wires. 1907. — September 12, three seen flying high and calling; 14th, a good many noted along railroad between the lake and Logans- port, and many along the Wabash near Terre Haute; 23d, seen north of lake toward Twin Lakes. October 4, one heard at Hawk's marsh, flying and calling; 10th, heard very early in morning. 1913. — September 4, two on Long Point at 4 p. m. ; 14th, 21st, 25th, and 28th, one or more seen or heard each day ; 29th, a flock of 8 or 10 seen and heard; 30th, four seen on Long Point. Oc- tober 3 to 9, seen and heard every day ; 13th, several seen in morn- ing and heard at 9:40 p.m., a fine still moonlit night; 15th, 21st, and 22d, one or more noted each day. During the spring and especially during the summer the kill- deers are usually seen singly or in pairs ; in the fall they gather Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Diolof/ical Surrey oo5 up in small flocks. They frequent low ground, old pastures and sandy beaches. Among favorite places whei-e these birds were quite sure to be found may be mentioned the sandy shore at the northwest end of Lost Lake and the tip of Long Point. 53. PIPING PLOVER ^GIALITIS MELODA (!(i. none was seen or heard; the pot-hunters had succeeded in practi- cally exterminating them. In 1908, they had increased soint>wluil in numbers. One fine flock of 20 or more was seen August 2 1. In 1909, a covey of 11 was seen March 1 south of the old Manitou lake bed. In 1913, a good-sized flock of Ihiid-growu young was seen at the north end of the Gravelpit on October 5 ; one was heard near the Outlet on the 8th and 11th, and on the 2Sth a Hock was seen. 536 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey This valuable bird appears now to be increasing in numbers in the Maxinkuckee region. With proper protection it will soon become abundant. Public sentiment in this region needs educating. Every vio- lator of the game law should be prosecuted whether he be a tran- sient visitor or local business man or town official. 55. RUFFED GROUSE; PHEASANT BONASA UMBELLUS (Linnreus) This is now a rare bird about Maxinkuckee, Our definite records are as follows: 1899. — October 12, two seen on Long Point. November 7, one shot; 15th and 27th, one seen. December 2, three seen; 20th and 22d, two got. 1900. — November 10, one shot in a swamp thicket in held be- tween Murray's and Farrar's; 15th, one shot; 25th, one seen in tamarack swamp. December 18, two seen, one got; 28th, one got. 1901. — January 1, one hunter got three. April 7, one seen among dead leaves at swamp south of Farrar's; 11th, one heard drumming east of lake. December 30, noted; 31st, Mr. Chadwick saw 10 to 12. 1902. — January 2, Mr. Chadwick saw 2 near Mud Lake; 15th, four seen; 22d, eight to 10 seen. 1904. — October 4, one Hushed at tamarack swamp ; one seen on Long Point. 1906. — September 17, one seen south of lake. October 7, heard one drumming near tamarack swamp, where one was flushed later; one heard drumming in Culver's woods on east side; 13th, one seen in Hawk's marsh ; 14th, one heard drumming on east side ; 16th, one flushed in Farrar's woods; 31st, one seen on east side. November 14th, one seen south of lake; 17th, one seen south of lake. 1907.— August 15, Prof. W. S. Blatchley saw one in Walley's woods, dusting. October 5, one seen in Farrar's woods. Novem- ber 15, one got south of lake. The Ruff'ed Grouse, or Pheasant as it is usually called in Indi- ana, was at one time an abundant bird in this part of the State. The heavy woods, tamarack swamps, and thickets occupying the old kettle holes, furnished a peculiarly favorable environment, and in such situations will it be found today, if at all. When our ob- servations at the lake began in 1899, pheasants were much more Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey oo7 numerous than now. Favorite places, where one or more mi^ht be flushed at any time were the swampy thicket at the eclKe of an old field between Murray's and P'arrar's, the old kettle holes in Walley's woods, the heavy woods northeast of the lake, and the tamarack swamp west of the lake. In the spring of the year, particularly in April, and aRain in October, they could be heard drumming. One was observed fight- ing off a black snake which was trying to get its eggs. The snake was shot and the grouse after a moment of astonishment, feigned lameness and hobbled slowly away. Only the most rigid enforcement of a closed period of several years can save this splendid game bird from extinction. With proper protection it can again become an abundant bird in this region where there yet remain many very favoi-able situations. 56. PRAIRIE CHICKP:N TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS (Reichenbach) At one time a common species in the prairie west of the lake, but now very rare. On April 6 and 7, 1885, one or more were seen. On February 9, 1901, one flew over Long Point, and two weeks later they were heard calling. One seen southwest of the lake October 12, 1913. In 1910, the Indiana State Legislature made it unlawful to kill prairie chickens at any time prior to 1915. The wisdom of this law is already evident. In all the prairie parts of the State prairie chickens are reported to have increased greatly; in many places they are very abundant. During our recent visit to Lake Maxinkuckee (September 2 to October 31, 1913), we did not visit the region west of the lake but we were told that praii-ie chickens are now quite plentiful there. 57. WILD TURKEY MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO SILVESTRIS Vioillot In all probability now wholly extinct in this region, as it is in most parts of the State. The late Mr. James Green, long a resident on the west shore of the lake, told us that he saw wild turkeys near the lake many years ago. On one occasion he observed a flock on Long Point. When they were frightened they attempted to fly across the ialvc to the east, but a portion of the flock found the distance too great and, falling into the water, were caught. 538 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 58. PASSENGER PIGEON ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS (Linn.-eus) The Wild Pigeon, formerly abundant throughout Indiana dur- ing the spring and fall migrations, is now probably extinct. None has been seen about Lake Maxinkuckee since 1885. On April 6 of that year the senior author saw 6 or 7 in Farrar's woods at the south end of the lake. These are the last he has seen in the State or elsewhere. 59. MOURNING DOVE ZENAIDURA MACROURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn:eus) The Dove is quite common in the region of the lake, and ap- parently remains during mild winters. Although it is often seen in late winter (December 3, 1900, December 13, 1904, January 4 and 6, 1905), it is usually not often noted until in February or March, and it is not until a few warm days have come that one hears its cooing. In the spring they are usually seen in twos or threes. In the spring of 1901 the first was noted February 11, in willows by Long Point. From this time on they were seen quite frequently. The first one was heard cooing March 19, and thereafter they were heard often. Nests were found in various places; two were noted in trees near Green's marsh, one 10 feet up and the other 30 feet up. They nested still more abundantly on the brush piles in Green's marsh, and also occasionally on the ground of the same region. On April 26 a nest with two eggs was found on a brush pile, and April 8 a new empty nest was found in a similar situation, the dove in leaving the nest feigning lame- ness. May 10 young birds were seen just able to fly. They were heard cooing in July. One was noted October 19, 1904. In autumn they usually flock together more or less. On August 12, 1900, a flock of about 20 was seen on ground northeast of the lake. On September 14, a very large flock was seen just south of Kewanna. On December 3, 1900, another flock of about 20 was seen. They often pass the winter in cornfields. In 1906 they were heard cooing throughout the summer, and seen quite fre- quently from July 20 to October 30, when they were frequently seen along the railroad track. In 1907, they were quite common and were noted almost daily from September 11 to October 7, the period of observation. One large flock was seen near Delong October 7. In 1913 they were noted practically every day from September 3 to the last of Oc- tober. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 539 60. TURKEY VULTURE CATHARTES AURA SEPTENTRIONALIS Wied The Turkey Buzzard, as it is invariably called in Indiana, is not common so far north in the State as Maxinkuckee. One was seen by us at Lapaz Junction, 18 miles north of the lake, Septem- ber 18, 1900. On December 10, 1904, two were seen on Tippe- canoe River, four miles south of the lake. A flock of six or seven were seen on Yellow River near Twin Lakes September 28, 1907. On October 15, 1913, seven were observed on the Kankakee River west of Lake Maxinkuckee, and five days later one was seen near Kewanna, 10 miles south of the lake. In Carroll County, 25 to 40 miles south of Lake Maxinkuckee, the Turkey Buzzard is a common summer resident, breeding in all suitable places, remaining late in the fall but rarely or never all winter. 61. MARSH HAWK CIRCUS HUDSONIUS (Linnwus) Not common ; but one or more may be seen at almost any time in the summer and fall flying over the marshes about the lake, perhaps most frequently about Lost Lake and Norris Inlet. In the fall, after the gunning season has begun, these hawks are often seen searching the shores for wounded ducks and coots. The Marsh Hawk doubtless breeds in this locality though we have never found its nest. Our definite records are as follows : 1899. — Occasionally seen in August and September. 1900. — July 22, one seen on the outlet of Lost Lake near Wal- ley's woods. September 28, one near Walley's. November 7, one at Outlet ; 10th, one southwest of lake. 1904. — October 28, one flying over Green's marsh. December 6, one in marsh at north end of Lost Lake eating a Microtus ; 10th, one along outlet below Lost Lake, latest date on which observed. 1906. — Occasionally seen during the summer flying low over the marshes. July 19, one near Lapaz Junction. August 3, a fine example that had been winged was caught at Hawk's marsh ; 23d, one at Lost Lake. 1907. — September 13, one seen flying from Green's across the lake; 22d, one flying about over Outlet Bay. 1913. — September 3, one near Norris Inlet in morning; 6th, one at 8 a.m. flying east across Outlet Bay; 29th, one flying east over Long Point. October 9, one at Norris Inlet ; 12th, one over Green's marsh. 540 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 62. SHAEP-SHINNED HAWK ACCIPITER VELOX (Wilson) Occasionally seen, usually in fall or early winter. Probably a summer resident. We have only a few records. In 1900, one was seen on Sep- tember 28, October 25, and December 6. In 1907, one was seen entering Green's woods September 29. 63. COOPER'S HAWK ACCIPITER COOPERI (Bonaparte) Apparently rare. Our only record is of one seen November 1, 1902, north of the Academy grounds. 6-1. RED-TAILED HAWK BUTEO BOREALIS (Gmclin) Seen nearly all the year round, but most common in spring. The greatest number were seen in March (24th and 31st,) 1901, when they were abundant, flying and circling about, quite noisy and giving vent almost constantly to their shrill, well-known calls. This is perhaps the most familiar hawk of the region. An old nest was noticed high up in a lai'ge tree in Overmeyer's woods, where hawks were often seen in the spring, doubtless preparing to use the nest again. Our definite records are as follows : 1900. — August 26, two or three seen by Mr. Knowlton near old Lake Manitou west of Culver. September 21, one heard in morning near Murray's ; 28th, a large black hawk, believed to be this, seen by Mr. Clark; 30th, one seen near railroad between lake and Belong. October 8, one seen. November 25, one seen by Mr. Clark near the tamarack swamp. December 3, a large black hawk, probably this, seen flying over the lake ; 6th, one seen. 1901. — January 20, one seen. February 2 and 3, a large whit- ish hawk, thought to be this, seen flying at a distance ; 20th, seen ; 24th, heard. March 8, one seen on east side; 11th, one near Nor- ris Inlet; 12th, one near the Gravelpit and another flying high; 17th, seen and heard; 24th, several seen flying and heard calling; 31st, one seen soaring; heard calling near the lake. April 2, seen; 7th, one observed flying southwest of the lake; 9th, one near the tamarack swamp ; 15th, one flying over Lost Lake marsh ; 18th, one flying over Green's field; 19th, one at Long Point; 26th, one at Lost Lake. 1904. — October 18, one at Lost Lake outlet; 24th, one seen. November 25, one in Walley's woods. December 19, one seen. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 541 1906. — August 31, one seen at Twin Lakes. 1907. — September 22, one seen in afternoon at the tamarack swamp much annoyed by crows; 29th, one seen rise from the road near Walley's. 65. RED-SHOULDERED HAWK BUTEO LINEATUS (Gmelin) Not common; our only record is of one noted April 2, 1901. 66. BALD EAGLE HALI^qSETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Linnseus) Occasionally seen, usually in winter. First noted November 12, 1899, when one was seen flying at south end of the lake. Octo- ber 21, 1900, one noted flying over the lake hunting for crippled coots and ducks. Another was seen January 4, 1901, flying low over the lake; one on Lost Lake January 12, 1902, and another No- vember 14, 1904, seen flying over south end of lake. During Feb- ruary and March, 1905, four bald eagles were frequently seen on Long Point. One had not yet attained the white head and tail. They frequented an old oak near the Barr cottage, where they were often seen. After one of them was killed the others disap- peared. One was seen October 5, 1907. The Bald Eagle is said to breed in Starke County, just west of Maxinkuckee. 67. PIGEON HAWK FALCO COLUMBARIUS Linnaeus Probably quite rare. Our only record is of one seen by Mr. Clark September 15, 1913, believed to be this species. 68. SPARROW HAWK FALCO SPARVERIUS Linna-iis Not common, but occasionally seen. We have the following records: September 27^ October 25 and December 6, 1900; April 4 and 7, June 11 and December 31, 1901; November 15, 1904; August 31 and November 13, 1906 ; September 23, 1907 ; and Sep- tember 11 and October 14, 1913. Seen oftener in the fields and along the roads some distance back from the lake than in its im- mediate vicinity. One or more could usually be seen any day from early spring to late fall on the road from Culver to Burr Oak. When the winter is mild it probably remains through the year. The Sparrow Hawk was observed preying on English sparrows about the grist mill at Culver. 542 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 69. FISH HAWK PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmelin) The Osprey or Fish Hawk is seen only rarely at this lake. We have noted it as follows: September 21, 1899, one seen on Long Point. A few days later an Osprey, probably this one, was found dead at the south end of the lake. It had been shot. August 30, Mr. A. Radcliffe Dugmore (now Major Dugiiiore of the British Army) saw one, and October 4, 1900, one was shot. November 4, one seen. April 23, 1901, one seen searching for fish in Lost Lake. December 12, one seen on Long Point. September 25, 1907, one seen flying over Long Point, then hovering over Outlet Bay into which it dropped, evidently for fish, but failed to get any ; then it flew high over the water toward Long Point where, after hover- ing and swooping some, it returned to near the Outlet where it skimmed low over the water, and finally disappeared down Lost Lake. October 11, 1907, one seen flying low over the lake. Oc- tober 19, 1913, one seen flying east across Outlet Bay. The Fish Hawk has the same habit as the marsh hawk of searching the shores and marshes for wounded birds. 70. LONG-EARED OWL ASIO WILSONIANUS (Lesson) A male in fine plumage taken by Mr. E. E. Slick and the senior writer December 30, 1890, in the large tamarack swamp near Kewanna, a few miles south of Lake Maxinkuckee. We never saw the species in the immediate vicinity of the lake. 71. SHORT-EARED OWL ASIO FLAMMEUS (Pontoppidan) Apparently rare. One seen December 27, 1902, two miles southwest of the lake near a tamarack swamp. 72. BARRED OWL STRIX VARIA Barton Not common. One shot on Long Point November 29, 1899, another December 10, 1901, and another heard on Long Point Oc- tober 17 and 18, 1902. 73. SCREECH OWL OTUS ASIO (Linnaeus) The most common owl about the lake. One or more pairs make their home among the old oaks on Long Point; others are constant Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 543 residents in the grove on the hill at the Outlet, and still others appear to stay in Farrar's woods at the south end of the lake. Wherever there are old oaks or other large trees with deserted woodpecker holes or hollow trunks or limbs suitable as nesting places or as hiding places during the day, one or more screech owls are apt to be found. They also sometimes take up their residence in the lofts of. cottages or in barns or stables, where they are very useful and effective in destroying the mice which infest such places. At Long Point and on the Outlet hill could be heard almost any night in spring or autumn the peculiar well-known shivering note of the Screech Owl, also at various other places such as in Green's, Walley's, and Farrar's woods, and at various places on the east side. During the nesting season they often become quite bold and will make dashes at anyone who comes near them in the twi- light, snapping the bill and uttering a short tremulous cry. Our definite records are as follows : In 1899 it was frequently heard at night in July, August and September. On October 12, one was seen on Long Point. Iw 1900, one heard on Long Point August 14, October 4, November 3, and another near Lost Lake November 10. In 1901, seen or heard January 22 and 23, April 16, May 28, June 10, 15, 16, and 23. In 1902 one heard on Long Point October 19. In 1904, noted on Oc- tober 18, 23, and 31, November 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19, and 21, and December 21. In 1905, one seen on Long Point January 1, August 6 and September 8, and one in December. In 1907, seen or heard September 20 and October 16. In 1913, one was seen or heard on Long Point, September 23, and October 8, 9 and 14. 74. GREAT HORNED OWL BUBO VIKGINIANUS (Gmelin) Not at all common. As a result of the cutting away of the forests and the ignorant shortsighted destruction of these use- ful birds, the owls are much less common than formerly. We have only a few records for this region. In 1899 one was seen No- vember 29. In 1900, one heard October 26. In 1901, one heard March 20 and another in Farrar's woods April 13, when it came within a few rods of the observer and hooted several times until crows drove it away. It returned, however, in the afternoon and hooted again. In 1901, one was heard October 21. In 1906, on November 7, one seen south of lake. In 1907 one heard Novem- ber 3. 35— 1761S 5i4 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 75. SNOWY OWL NYCTEA NYCTEA (Linnaus) This magnificent owl is a rare winter visitor to Lake Maxin- kuckee. On November 22, 1905, one was killed on Long Point. It had been seen several times flying about and across the lake. When shot it was attempting to fly from shore with a coot in its talons. Another was shot a few days later, and in February fol- lowing a third example was seen flying across the south part of the lake. 76. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO; RAIN-CROW COCCYZUS AMEBIC ANUS (Linnaeus) Rather common throughout the summer. Frequently heard on Long Point, especially in muggy weather preceding a rain. Noted on the following dates : July to September 20, 1899 ; July 17, 18, 19, August 18, 23, 27, and September 19, 1900; May 17, 18, 23, 24, and 27 and June 1, 3 and 9, 1901 ; June 19 and 20, 1902 ; Sep- tember 12 and 13, 1907; August 27, 1908; and September 12, 21, 22, 25, 29 and October 3, 1913. During the last days of September and the first days of October, 1913, one or more yellow-billed cuckoos were seen feeding on Chironomus insects that had just emerged from the water at Long Point. The black-billed cuckoo was not positively identified but it in all probability occurs here. 77. KINGFISHER CERYLE ALCYON (Linnaeus) The Kingfisher is one of the most interesting birds about the lake. Although never abundant, its constant activity and its far- reaching note at once command attention, and dull indeed must be the cottager or chance visitor at the lake who has not been at- tracted by this assertive bird. In the economy of the aquatic life of the lake the Kingfisher is one of the most important factors. These birds have their favorite perches, usually an old dead tree, tall stake, or some limb near or extending over the surface of the water, Vhich they will frequent for days, or even weeks, at a time. From this station they watch the water for any unsuspect- ing fish that may come too near the surface. They are always on the q^ii vive and may often be seen dropping into the water after some fish that has been observed. Usually the attacks are failures and the bird returns to its post, soon to repeat the per- formance, perhaps with better success. The bird usually strikes Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 515 the water with a splash ; sometimes two individuals strike at the same fish and, failing, one chases the other away, uttering its characteristic scolding note. Now and then the bird will change its base and go to some distant tree where it will remain some- time, returning, however, sooner or later to its regular station. The kingfishers appear quite early in the spring, even before the ice goes off the lake, and they remain until very late in the fall, at least until the lake begins to freeze over. Indeed, in mild winters, or when there is open water at the Outlet, one or more will probably tarry all winter. In 1899 a pair remained all season about the tip of Long Point, and another pair frequented the lake immediately in front of the Arlington station, using the trees nearby as resting and outlook stations. They were often observed to catch fish. One or more pairs nest each season in the cliff at the Gravelpit. In 1900, they were noted all summer and fall, even as late as December 30. In 1901, one was observed almost daily about the Outlet from January first until March 24, after which several were seen throughout the summer. In 1902, they were present in their usual numbers during the season. In 1904, they were noted almost daily during October and November, the period of observations. In 1906, they were noted almost daily during the season. In 1907, our observations covered September and October when they were noted almost daily; and in 1913, they were present during September and October, a pair using a small sycamore tree near the Chadwick hotel as their ob- servation station, 78. HAIRY WOODPECKER DRYOBATES VILLOSUS (Linnjeus) Not uncommon; seen every month in the year; probably resi- dent throughout the year. Often seen or heard tapping on some limb or tree trunk, much more rapid than that of the redheaded woodpecker, but less clear and sonorous. Definite date records are as follows : 1900. — September 30, one noted near Delong; October 12, 13, and 14; November 11, 20, and 22; and December 8, 13, and 30, one or more seen or heard, often quite noisy, 1901._January 7, 11, 20, and 27; February 4, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 20, and 26; seen or heard, April 7, two seen and heard tapping responsively, the tapping exceedingly rapid, not so sonorous as that of the redhead ; one seen tapping on a dead aspen stub ; 13th 546 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey and 18th, one seen near Delong; 19th, several noted in various places about the lake. May 7, one on Long Point; 13th, one at the willows near the wagon bridge across the Outlet, where it was often seen. 1902. — June 20, one seen in Chadwick's yard. 1904. — January 3, one noted on east side. October 18, 23, 24, 25, and 30 ; November 1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 18, 19, 24, and 25 ; December 10, 12, 13, 19, 21, and 30, seen or heard or both, often noisy. 1906. — October 6 and 13, and November 12, seen and heard. 1907. — September 29, first seen today, in swamp at side of rail- road across from the birch swamp. October 5, 13, and 15, seen in Farrar's woods, Walley's woods, and near Chadwick's. 1913. — September 14, three seen, 2 flirting. One noted on 28th and one October 4. The Hairy Woodpecker is evidently less common than the downy, especially near the lake. A little distance from the lake, particularly in Walley's woods and along Tippecanoe River near Delong, it was more often seen. 79. DOWNY WOODPECKER DRYOBATES PUBESCENS MEDIANUS (Swainson) Much more common than the last; seen or heard calling or pecking all the year round, usually in small trees. In bright weather one finds them more in open places, and when colder they take to more sheltered situations or deeper woods. They are more tolerant of civilized conditions than any other of the woodpeckers and are frequently found in orchards or trees along the streets of towns or cities, industriously pecking away, too busy to notice a quite near approach of people. Probably as common but not generally so evident during the summer as in the fall and winter. Among our definite records the following may be given : 1899. — Not often noted, but doubtless common. 1900. — July 19, seen at south end of lake. September 18, noted at Lapaz Junction. Noted at various places about the lake Sep- tember 30, October 3, 12, 13, 14, November 10, 11, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, and December 1 and 6. 1901.— Noted January 6, 11, 20, 27 and 28; February 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, and 23; March 12, 17, and 20; April 7, 13, and 18 ; May 7 and 13 ; and December 30. 1902. — Noted in Chadwick's yard June 19 and 20, October 20, and November 2. 1904. — One seen in tamarack swamp, October 24. 1906.— Noted October 25, 28 and 31, and November 12 and 13. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 547 1907.— Noted September 11, 13, 22, and 29, and October 14, 17, 21, 28, and 30; and November 1. 1913. — Observed or heard September 4, 11 to 15, 21, 23, and 29, and October 8, 12 and 28. 80. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS (Linnaeus) Apparently only a fall and spring visitant, and not often seen, although its presence is evidenced by transverse rows of holes in the linden and apple trees of the region. The senior author saw 3 or 4 at the lake April 6, 1885. One was noted on a trip to Belong, September 30, 1900, one thought to be this species was heard October 27, and another was noted east of the lake Novem- ber 2. In the fall of 1913 one was seen near Chadwick's on Long- Point September 5, 6, and 28. 81. EED-HEADED WOODPECKER MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Linnaeus) One of the most common and cheery birds of the region, delight- ing in the vicinity of cottages and farm dwellings about which are found old trees; frequenting also the borders of woods adjacent to fields or other open ground. It is a permanent resident and may be seen in any month of the year. During the winter of 1900-1901, throughout which the junior writer was at the lake continuously, the Redheads could be seen any day, and a few probably remain every v/inter. They are, however, not so abund- ant in winter as in summer, and, when the weather is particularly severe, they seek the more protected places such as are afforded by the timbered strips bordering the streams, and the denser forests. With the return of warmer days they are more in evidence. In the spring-time they are very active, flying about from tree to tree, uttering their call notes, of which they have several quite dis- tinct from each other. They then do a great deal of hammering on dead limbs and upon the roofs of houses. They evidently select limbs, shingles or other objects with considerable discrimination with regard to the sonorous effect of their tattooing. Certain shingles or boards in the roofs of buildings are used daily for a fortnight or more. One bird discovered that the end of a stove- pipe that projected from one of the cottages gave particularly fine results and it was utilized with unusual frequency, and apparently to the bird's great satisfaction. 548 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Ordinarily one would not suppose that the redheaded wood- peckers bear any direct relation to the aquatic life of lakes and streams, but that they do bear such a relation was determined by us in the fall of 1913. In the last days of September and the early part of October, certain species of Dipterous insects of the genus Chironomus, particularly the species Chironomus meri- dionaUs, appeared about the lake in untold millions. They com- pleted their metamorphoses and came out of the water in numbers innumerable, swarming through the air and literally covering the trunks and limbs of the trees and shrubs and the sides of houses, fences, and even the ground. They were particularly abundant on Long Point where we observed them daily. They were most in evidence in the late afternoon and evening and we were surprised to see feeding on them several species of birds which we had not previously known to do so. The following birds were observed feeding actively, chiefly on the flying insects, but sometimes pick- ing them from the trees and bushes: Redheaded Woodpeckers, song sparrows, yellow-billed cuckoos, barn swallows, yellow-rumped warblers, nighthawks, crow blackbirds, and rusty grackles. One of the most active species was the Redheaded Woodpecker, which usually caught the insects on the wing. This illustrates strikingly the futility of attempting to draw a line between the birds that sustain a relation to aquatic life and those which are supposed to bear no such relation. 82. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER CENTURUS CAROLINUS (Linnseus) Perhaps the rarest woodpecker of this region. In the fall of 1899 two or three were seen in the Tippecanoe River bottoms near Belong, and again on September 30, 1900. It was noted about the lake October 27, November 2, 11, and 14, and December 11, 20 and 31, 1900; on October 25 and 30, November 2, and De- cember 12, 1904; also on October 7 and 31, 1906. It was rarely observed on the west side of the lake. It was most often seen in the bottom land along the Tippecanoe River near Delong, and on the east side of the lake. 83. YELLOWHAMMER; FLICKER COLAPTES AURATUS (Linnseus) Quite common about the lake and in the neighboring fields and woodlands. Probably a permanent resident but rare in winter; our notes record it for every month except January and Febru- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 549 ary. It frequents the open places and is seen often on the gi-ound. One or more pairs could be seen at any time on Long* Point or in Farrar's and Walley's woods. Like the redheaded woodpecker, the the Yellowhammer often beats a tattoo on the shingles or metal roof of a house. 84. WHIPPOORWILL ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS (Wilson) The Whippoorwill does not seem to be at all common in the region of the lake, although conditions seem suitable. They are probably more common on the east side where there are stretches of rather dry, but dense, woodland. One was heard on April 25, 1901, and another was seen east of the lake May 3, 1901. Not heard at all during the summer of 1906. 85. NIGHTHAWK CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS (Gmelin) The Nighthawk or Bullbat is a common spring and fall mi- grant in this part of the state. They appear in considerable num- bers in May and early June, when they may be seen evenings and on gloomy days circling about over the lake much like the black tern with which they sometimes associate, skimming and dipping, evidently after the insects on which they feed. In June they all leave for farther north and none is seen again until about the middle of August (August 18, 1900). By the last week in August they are quite abundant, and large numbers may be seen circling about over the lake and meadows. By the first week in October all have departed for the south ; our latest record is October 3. 86. CHIMNEY SWIFT CH^TURA PELAGICA (Linnaeus) Common throughout the summer. Our definite records are as follows : 1902. — June 19, one seen circling about Long Point, and again noted on the 20th. 1907. — September 30, a number seen at Belong late in the even- ing, and the next day a like number at the lake. 1913. — September 13, 15, 21, and 29, many noted, and on Oc- tober 9, 3 or 4 were seen flying over Lost Lake. In 1882, the senior author found a nest of the Chimney Swift in a hollov,' hickory snag near Burling-ton, Indiana. 550 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey In 1883 and again in 1884 a pair built their nest on the inner side of the door of the outhouse at the Vandalia station at Cam- den, Ind. This outhouse was in daily use but the ticket agent gave instructions that the birds should be disturbed as little as possible. The birds entered the building through a hole cut in the gable. When anyone entered the building the bird would usually leave the nest, but when care was used, she sometimes remained on the nest. A brood of young was raised each year. In late summer and early fall the chimney swifts gather up in great numbers in the evening and roost in some chimney of the neighborhood. One such roost was in the chimney of the Baptist church on North Sixth Street in Terre Haute, at least from 1887 to 1891. A similar roost was in the chimney of the Methodist Church in Flora, Indiana, where the birds were observed in great numbers every fall from 1899 to 1903, and perhaps later. 87. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD ARCHILOCHUS COLUBRIS (Linnaeus) Not common. In 1899 they were noted through August and September. On July 22, 1900, two were noted below Lost Lake, one (a female) at a hickory tree, from which it was evidently se- curing sugar. The last one seen this year was on September 28, at work on the flowers of Nabalus. In 1901 the first was seen along the road north of Green's marsh May 14, and on June 2 one was seen working at the blossoms of Scrophnlaria leporella which seems to be one of their favorite flowers. In 1906 they were noted occasionally, when it was observed that they were fond of hovering over the flowers of the touch-me-not which grew along the edges of the lake. The last one of 1907 was seen Sep- tember 13 in Farrar's woods. In 1913, one was seen in the after- noon of September 4, near Norris Inlet. 88. KINGBIRD TYRANNUS TYRANNUS (Linnaeus) Rather common summer resident. In 1900 they were particu- larly abundant. On August 24 of that year a very unusual sight was observed on Long Point. The day was threatening and a storm was approaching, when a flock of about 50 Kingbirds ap- peared and alighted in the trees on the point. They remained to- gether until the storm abated when they scattered. The first ar- rivals in the spring appear at least as early as May 2, and the birds have been noted as late as September 19. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 551 89. CRESTED FLYCATCHER MYIARCHUS CRINITUS (Linnaeus) Apparently not common summer resident. Noted July 8, 1899 ; July 17, 1900 ; June 19 and 20, 1902 ; and August 9, 1906. Usually a pair could be seen at the edge of Walley's woods next the rail- road. One was seen in the woods on the opposite side of the track, with a cast-off snakeskin which it was evidently intending to use in its nest. 90. PEWEE SAYORNIS PHCEBE (Latham) The common Pewee or Phoebe is one of the most domestic and sociable little birds among the summer residents. They are among the first arrivals in the spring and among the last to leave in the fall. Our earliest spring record is March 14 (1902), and the latest date when observed in the fall is October 16 (1906). In 1901. they arrived on March 19. Several pairs nest in the porches of the cottages and a pair can always be found at the bridge across the Outlet. They begin nesting early in April. The nest at the Outlet bridge contained eggs May 13, and the young birds left the nest June 25. 91. WOOD PEWEE MYIOCHANES VIRENS (Linnaus) A fairly common sununer resident ; a few to be seen in suitable places at any time between May and October. Noted July 8 and October 2 and 3, 1899 ; up to September 29, 1900 ; June 19 and 20, 1902 ; October 23, 1904 ; July 25, 1906 ; Sep- tember 11, 12, 13, and 29, 1907; and September 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 13, 1913. A pair nested in a tree in Chadwick's yard in 1906. 92. ALDER FLYCATCHER EMPIDONAX TRAILLI ALNORUM Brewster A rare summer resident. One seen on Long Point August 4, and another in Farrar's woods September 13, 1907. Others noted September 15, 28 and 29, 1913. No specimens were collected and the identification is subject to verification. 93. LEAST FLYCATCHER EMPIDONAX MINIMUS (W. M. & S. F. Haiid) A rare summer resident. Noted in July and August, 1899, and July 20, 1900. 552 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 94. HORNED LARK OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS (Linnseus) A not very common spring and fall visitant, or probably resi- dent from fall to spring; apparently not present in summer. Our records are as follows: September 29, 1899, a flock of 12 seen flying over the lake. October 19, 1900, two seen flying southwest over the lake and calling, and on November 9, several seen flying. April 9, 1901, two seen in a road west of lake; February 20 and 21, three seen ; March 1 and 7, other seen ; November 4, 1906, one seen west of lake. 95. BLUE JAY CYANOCITTA CRISTATA (Linnaeus) One of the most common and conspicuous birds about the lake; heard or seen nearly every day in the year, and by all means the most noisy bird in the region. They are most noisy in autumn, mingling their various calls with the sound of dropping nuts. They were noted as particularly noisy October 4, 1904. They be- come very noisy whenever they find an owl. They have many voices and probably mock other birds. A very common call is one that sounds precisely like that of a red-tailed hawk. They have one really musical call, "linnet," "linnet," usually heard in the spring, and low confiding chats during the courting season. Some old nests were found in the woods along the east side of Long Point. In 1906 they were heard or seen almost every day about the lake. August 5, one appeared to be trying to mock a catbird ; and on Septem- ber 17 one was heard trying to vv^arblo. 96. COM]\ION CROW CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS Brehm Crows are a rather common permanent resident. In summer they rarely or never come very near the lake shore. Almost every day a few may be seen flying at some distance, in the vicinity of the cultivated farms lying back from the lake, or on fine mornings their far-off cawing may be heard. It is probable that they breed in the forest back of the lake. In the winter the birds are often seen walking about on the ice picking up any bit of dead fish that they may find. Where ice-fishing was carried on the fishermen fre- quently left dead bait-minnows or sometimes small perch they had caught, on the ice near the holes through which they had fished. The crows soon found these and ate them, picking into the sides and eating the stomach first. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 553 Although in some parts of the State the crow is regarded as a nuisance and is taccused of eating sprouting corn and roasting- ears, it does not appeal- to be so abundant here as to become an economic factor of importance. 97. BOBOLINK DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS (Linnaus) A rare summer resident. Noted August 5, 1899, when three or foui- were seen in a meadow west of Culver wiiere they were evi- dently nesting. Several were seen May 10, 1901, one near the Outlet and four or five near the Arlington station. It probably breeds in some numbers in the meadows west of the lake. 98. COWBIRD MOLOTHRUS ATER (Boddacrt) Not rare as a summer resident; arrives about the middle of April and remains until the last of October. Of all the birds that are summer residents at Maxinkuckee the Cowbird is the only species which does not mate. These birds re- main in flocks throughout the summer and small flocks may be seen at almost any time. We have noted considerable flocks on April 18, June 7, September 23, and October 15, 24, 25 and 30. 99. REDWINGED BLACKBIRD AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS (Linnaeus) One of the most abundant and interesting summer residents. They arrive from the south usually in the first week in March, the males preceding the females by a few days, and remain until the last of November. We have records of first arrival as follows: March 4, 1899; March 9, 1900; March 8, 1901; March 6, 1902; and March 5, 1903. Our latest records for the fall are November 29, 1900 ; November 21, 1904 ; and November 6, 1907. During the time between early March and late November they are much in evidence and may be seen in numbers in all suitable situations. They may usually be found in abundance about Norris Inlet, Green's marsh, the Outlet, Lost Lake, and in the marshy ground along the creek below the little lake. In September and October, 1913, they were unusually abundant and fed to some ex- tent on Chad wick's roasting ears. On September 21, a flock of 2,000 to 3,000 was seen in the evening flying southeast below Wal- ley's. They nest in the cattails, tules, brushes and tall grasses in all these places. The nesting season begins early in May (May 10. 554 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey in 1901) ; young birds have been observed leaving the nest May 24, and fresh eggs have been seen as late as June 24 (1902), when 15 nests were found on an area not exceeding one acre in Green's marsh. These birds are, of course, more or less musical at all times dur- ing their stay, but it is in the fall that they are most noticeable as musicians. Then they gather up in great flocks and on bright sunny days hold their "campmeetings." The first of these in 1900 was held on August 7 and thereafter for two months or more they were quite frequent. These meetings are in the nature of con- certs or choruses and are remarkable in many ways. The birds select a prominent tree, usually isolated from others, in the top of which they congregate and remain for hours pouring forth their soul in song. Sometimes they move to another tree or group of trees and continue the chiorus. 100. MEADOWLAEK STURNELLA MAGNA (Linnaus) A fairly common summer resident ; sometimes arriving as early as February 6 (1901), and remaining until October or November. 101. ORCHARD ORIOLE ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnseus) Summer resident but not common; noted only in April, May, July and August, in Academy grounds, about IMurray's, on Long Point, and in nearby orchards. Our definite dates are as follows: August 3, 1899; July 19, 1900 ; April 30, and May 5, 7, 9, 15, 21, 23, and 27, 1901. 102. BALTIMORE ORIOLE ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnseus) Summer resident, arriving late in April and remaining until in September. One of the most cheery birds of summer, frequent- ing the maples and other trees about the cottages. Its brilliant colors and musical note attract attention throughout the summer and its beautiful pendent nests may be seen in the late fall and winter when the leaves have fallen from the trees. We have definite records as follows : July and August, 1899 ; July 17 to August 27, 1900; April 29, 1901, first heard, first seen next day, and almost daily from then on until late in the sum- mer. A fine long nest was seen at the north edge of Green's marsh, and the young were frequently heard inside. Another nest near Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 555 Chadwick's. Two nests noted in 1902. Seen and heard July 28, and August 15 and 23, 1906. 103. RUSTY BLACKBIRD EUPHAGUS CAROLINUS (Muller) This beautiful blackbird is probably a rather common spring and fall migrant, although we have no spring records. In 1899, a considerable flock was noted October 15. In 1904, 3 or 4 birds were seen October 23. On November 1, 1912, a fine male in perfect plumage, unable to fly, was captured in Chadwick's garden on Long Point. It w^as brought into the house where it was kept for an hour. In this time it fully recovered except for a slight wing injury. It ""'as then let loose among the trees where it seemed quite able to take care of itself. On the same day a flock of perhaps a hundred blackbirds, believed to be this species, was seen at a distance in Green's marsh. In the fall of 1913, rusty blackbirds' were noted on September 27, and October 6, 7 and 9, only a few individuals, however, at any one time. On Oct. 6, a fine male was observed at the water's edge on Long Point feeding on the casts of Chironomus larvse that had washed up on the shore in great quantities. It was very busy feeding on the casts and upon water bugs and other small insects on the shore, and so in- tently was it engaged that it allowed us to approach it quite closely. Several others were observed in the trees nearby. The next day several rusty blackbirds were seen picking adult Chironomus in- sects from the limbs and trunks of the trees on Long Point on which many hundreds of the millions that filled the air had alighted. 104. BRONZED CRACKLE QUISCALUS QUISCULA ^NEUS RidRway The common Crackle or Crow Blackbird is moderately abund- ant as a summer resident; most often seen about the marshes. Arrives as early as March 24 and remains at least as late as Oc- tober 23. In September and October, 1913, they were particularly abund- ant. On September 3 and 4 at least 50 were seen feeding in Chad- wick's yard, and they continued to frequent the yard in consider- able numbers for some weeks. They fed to some extent on acorns that had been freshly crushed by people stepping on them. On September 24, they were very abundant and the majority were more or less bob-tailed and unable to fly well on account of their moulting condition. 556 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Forty and fifty years ago the crow blackbirds would settle down in the cornfields when the corn was in milk and in a few hours do great damage to the crop. So great was the destruction that farmers found it necessary to be on the qui vive and drive them from the fields whenever they appeared. With the clearing of the land, particularly with the reclama- tion of the wooded swamps in which these birds found their most congenial nesting sites, plus the continuous war of destruction that was waged against them, the crow blackbirds are now so reduced in numbers as to do practically no damage anywhere. And now that the swamps are largely gone they find their best nesting sites in the pine and other coniferous trees planted about the farmers' yards. 105. PURPLE FINCH CARPODACUS PURPUREUS (Gmelin) A rather rare spring and fall visitor. One heard November 22, 1900. February 13-24, 1901, a flock seen along the lake shore feeding on rose hips. November 9-11, 1904, a flock of several seen near the railroad station at Culver, seven on a telegraph wire and others in a pine tree. September 22, 1907, one noted west of the lake. September 6, 1913, saw and heard one flying northwest in front of Chadwick hotel, and on 11th, saw and heard six to eight flying over in the morning, going northwest. A beautiful bird and a delightful songster. 106. ENGLISH SPARROW PASSER DOMESTICUS HOSTILIS Kleinschmidt This disreputable bird is all too common, but fortunately it has not yet become established in numbers about the cottages around the lake. In the town of Culver, at the Academy, and about the icehouses, it is abundant. Common about many of the farmhouses of the surrounding country. Recent study of the European sparrow by a German ornitholo- gist led him to recognize several distinct forms for which he pro- posed subspecific names. The form occurring in England and the United States, he described as Passer domesticiis hostilis. 107. CROSSBILL LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (Bichm) A rare spring and fall visitant. Noted on November 22, 1900, October 31 to November 6, 1906, the latter record being of a flock Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 557 of six seen on the gTound along- the waterfront on Long Point, pick- ing among the shells and at intervals uttering call notes. They were quite musical and very tame, allowing one to approach quite near. 108. GOLDFINCH ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS (Linnfcus) The Goldfinch, Thistlebird or Wild Canary, is one of the com- mon cheery birds at the lake in the spring and fall and sparingly during the summer. In May they come in some numbers and may be seen in small flocks about the farms back from the lake or along the railroad. The males are then in their richest plumage of yellow and black. They do not nest until late spring or even summer. Then an occasional nest may be found perhaps in a willow near the lake or in some low bush at the edge of a marsh. The Goldfinch, however, is oftenest seen in October, after the males have moulted and taken on the winter plumage, the more modest coat which the females wear at all times. Then these birds may be seen in open places in small flocks about the lake, in orchards, along the railroad, and other suitable places, feeding upon seed of various kinds, such as thistles, milkweed, and the like. They appear to feed to a considerable extent on the seeds of the milkweed, ragweed and evening primrose, also the dandelion, thistle and sunflower. Occasionally they remain quite late in the fall ; large flocks were seen as late as December 23, 1904. In 1906, it was noted nearly every day during our stay at the lake from July 23 to October 14. On July 28 it was first heard singing the canary song. On August 19 they were beginning to flock, and their singing was heard throughout the autumn. In 1913, they were noted almost daily during the entire period of our stay at the lake — September 3 to November 1. 109. SNOW BUNTING; SNOWFLAKE PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS (Linnaeus) A rare and infrequent winter visitant. A flock of 12 to 15 seen by Mr. S. S. Chadwick on a road five miles southwest of tlio lake January 12, 1902, and six seen by him at his house on Long Point four days later. A flock of ten seen on Long Point Novem- ber 1, 1906. The charactei* of Long Point had been changed by the removal of the grove of trees, and millet had been sown. The Snowflakes evidently found the millet and the flock increased daily for several days until it finally numbered 50 to 60 individuals. 558 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey While on the ground feeding they scatter over considerable area but when frightened to wing they form a compact flock which circles about some time with musical cries, and then alight a little distance away. In flight they present a very pretty scene, remind- ing one not a little of a whirling flurry of snow. They were usually quite fearless or unsuspicious, rarely taking flight until ap- proached quite closely. They even paid no attention to gunshots only a short distance away on the lake shore. They remained until the 15th. On October 22, 1913, three appeared on Long Point. They were seen again the next day. On the 24th only one was seen, but two were noted on the 25th, after which they were not again seen. 110. VESPER SPARROW POOECETES GRAMINEUS (Gmelin) A moderately common summer resident, arriving early in April and remaining until late in October; nesting on the ground in the fields; noted at various times from April 11 to October 15. Fre- quently seen in public highways and easily known by the white outer tail feathers. Our definite dates are as follows : September 18 and October 15, 1899; March 27, April 11 and 20, and June 6, 7, and 18, 1901; July 3, 1904; October 13, 1906, when 40 to 50 were seen in a weedy field south of the lake ; September 22 and 23, 1907, when 15 to 20 were seen west of lake; and September 14, 25, 28, and 30, and October 5, 14, and 19, 1913. 111. SAVANNA SPARROW PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA (Wilson) A rare summer resident; noted only once, October 24, 1904, on road between the lake and the tamarack swamp. 112. GRASSHOPPER SPARROW AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM AUSTRALIS Maynard This little bird, one of the most dainty and attractive of the sparrows, is probably rather common in the meadows about the lake. As its haunts lie outside of the zone of constant observa- tion, and as it is not conspicuous either to sight or hearing at any great distance, records concerning it are rather few. About the only region suitable for it west of the lake is Green's clover field, and whenever this was passed during the summer, the Grass- Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 559 hopper Sparrow was usually seen and heard. It was noted August 5 and October 16, 1899. It was heard and seen May 5, 11 and 17, and throughout the summer of 1901. It often stays near the fences or margins of fields. It usually chooses a stone or a stump or other elevation as a perch while singing its shrill grasshopper- like song. It doubtless breeds in the region. The first one heard and seen in 1901 was on May 5, and they were noted whenever the clover field was visited after that. The Grasshopper Sparrow is probably not one of the aboriginal species of the lake region, but has apparently come in after the clearing up of the forests. It is one of the meadow birds which, originally dwellers of the open plains, extend their range with the removal of the forests, taking the place of the vanished forest birds. Its life is subject to many vicissitudes, as the hay is some- times cut during its nesting season, the nests destroyed, its whole landscape rendered unfamiliar, and the birds driven away to other fields. 113. LECONTE'S SPARROW PASSERHERBULUS LECONTEl (Audubon) Only one example of this pretty and interesting little sparrow has been observed by us at Lake Maxinkuckee. On the morning of September 29, 1913, one was seen on the north side of Long Point in a patch of Bulrush (Scirpus validus) . When disturbed it would run rapidly along the shore among the rushes. When too closely pressed, and only then, it would fly a short distance, alighting again among the rushes and at once running some dis- tance, so that it was often difficult to locate. It remained on this section of shore all day where it was observed by us several times. It was also seen the next day, but on the next it was not seen. This species is probably more common than the above record would indicate; its quiet, elusive movements render it difficult to see. 114. LARK SPARROW CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS (Say) A rare summer resident; seen occasionally along the railroad or the roadside at the edge of fields. Our notes contain no definite records. 115. WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS (J. R. F.Mster) Common spring and fall migrant. First seen in 1899, on Oc- tober 15; in 1900 on September 28 and 30, and on October 3, 12, 36—17618 560 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey and 14 ; in 1904, on October 25 ; and in 1913 on October 10. Most frequent along fence rows and the borders of fields. Much less common than the white-throated sparrow. 116. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW; PEABODY BIRD ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmelin) A common spring and fall migrant ; arriving in April and May in the spring, and in October in the fall. October 15, 1899 ; May 1 and 13, 1901; April 21, 1902, large flocks west of lake; October 18, 21, 23, and 25, 1904; October 14, 1906; October 13, 1907; and October 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16 to 21, and 24, 1913. This interesting sparrow, so well known in New England and other Eastern States, is not so well known in Indiana, although quite common as a migrant. Its rather plaintive song, which has been variously interprettd as saying: "I, I, peabody, peabody, pea- body," or "Hard Times, Canada, Canada, Canada," may be heard both in the spring and in the fall ; we have heard it at Maxinkuckee most often in the fall, perhaps because our opportunities have been best at that season. 117. TREE SPARROW SPIZELLA MONTICOLA (Gmelin) This is one of the interesting and cheery little birds that come down from the north in the fall and spend the winter with us. In October and later, as one wanders along the edges of fields joining woods or thickets, these birds may be seen in considerable num- bers, feeding on seeds of various kinds of weeds and flying up into the bushes and smaller trees at one's approach. On cold, quiet, sunny days their song may often be heard. They are often associated with snowbirds or j uncos. In 1900 they were first observed November 11, after which date they were seen regularly until April 4, about which time they left for the north. In 1904 they arrived on October 24, and in 1906 as early as September 16. In 1913, they were first seen Oc- tober 20. Just before leaving in the spring they perch high in the bushes or smaller trees and break out into a very musical little song, quite different from their winter twittering. 118. CHIPPING SPARROW SPIZELLA PASSERINA (Bechstein) A fairly common summer resident ; often seen about the farms. In 1899 noted in July and August; in 1900 noted July to Septem- Lake Maxlnkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 561 ber; in 1901 it was first seen April 3, after which it was frequently seen and heard. In 1902, it was noted June 19 and 20. It is a domestic liitle bird and may be seen about the cottages, and farmhouses, where its nests, constructed largely of horsehairs, may be found in the shrubbery. 119. FIELD SPARROW SPIZELLA PUSILLA (Wilson) Tolerably common summer resident. Noted July 8, 1899; Sep- tember 30, 1900; March 31, and April 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, and on to May 28, 1901 ; October 24, 1904 ; August 16, 1906 ; and September 22, 1907. 120. SLATE-COLORED JUNCO; SNOWBIRD JUNCO HYEMALIS (Linnasus) Abundant in flocks during winter, usually on upland, associated with tree sparrows. Our earliest fall records are : October 8, 1899 ; October 25, 1900 ; October 21, 1901 ; October 19, 1902 ; Oc- tober 14, 1906 ; October 12, 1907 ; and October 4, 1913. Our latest spring record is April 28, 1901. As the time for their spring departure approaches they become quite musical, and their cheerful spring song may be often heard in the last days of March and in April until they leave. That the black snowbirds change color in the spring and be- come song sparrows, and that song sparrows change back to black snowbirds in the fall, is a widespread belief among the non-orni- thological in northern and central Indiana. 121. SONG SPARROW MELOSPIZA MELODIA (Wilson) Abundant, especially in the jungly thickets and bushy places along the shore where it finds protection. It probably stays in the region the year round (it certainly did in 1900-1901, and in the winter of 1904-05 so long as observed, to January 3), and it sings all winter through. One can probably hear it every month in the year and on every bright day of winter. During the winter it finds a good deal of food scratching in the washed up piles of Chara and other weeds along the water's edge. At the end of September, 1913, one was observed eating Chironomus insects. Noted almost daily during our stay at the lake in 1906, singing almost constantly every bright day. It is susceptible to weather; 562 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey on cloudy cool days they hide, or scold, while the winter wren, hidden in a safe covert, warbles. They occasionally sing the night through in fine weather; August 4 they were heard singing at all hours of the night. They seem to have a variety of songs. July 20, one was noted singing a peculiarly sweet warble, and also on September 15. In October an albino was seen at Lost Lake. Green's marsh is a place where they can always be found and there their cheerful song many be heard on any day except the stormiest. This flat is also a favorite nesting ground for the Song Sparrow and many nests may be found any spring in the button- wood bushes and other shrubs. In June, 1902, several nests were found within an area of a few square rods. Other favorite places for this species that may be mentioned are the borders of Lost Lake, the bushes fringing the lake near the icehouses, and the lake shore from above Murray's to Farrar's ; and isolated pairs can usually be found in any and all suitable places. 122. SWAMP SPARROW MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA (Latham) Probably rare summer resident; a few records for July and September, 1899, the latter part of September, 1900, and March 24, 1901 ; often found in the low ground about Lost Lake ; seen Sep- tember 15, 1913. 123. FOX SPARROW ft PASSERELLA ILIACA (Merrem) Probably a common spring and fall migrant but not often ob- served by us. Noted October 1 and 15, 1899 ; October 2, 1904 ; and October 13 and 28, 1906. Most often seen in the edges of the woods. In Carroll County, some 50 miles south, this sparrow is a com- mon spring and fall migrant. 124. TOWHEE; CHE WINK PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Linnaeus) Rather common from early spring to late autumn, usually in brushy places and along old fences. Noted from July 17 to Oc- tober 14, 1900 ; first noted March 3, 1901, and last on October 21, 1902. Seen rather frequently during summer of 1906, the last one noted October 25, south of the lake in a sheltered copse, and as late as October 24, 1907, and October 21, 1913. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 563 125. CARDINAL; REDBIRD CARDINALIS CARDINALIS (Linnaeus) One of the most interesting permanent residents, though not very common. One or more pairs, however, can usually be seen in Farrar's woods, another down by Walley's, and others in suit- able situations on the east side. Our definite records are as follows : December 3 and 18, 1900, one among grape vines near Murray's. February 26, 1901, one heard, and on February 27, one seen at Shady Point; March 3, 4, 7, 17, and 24, seen or heard; April 19, a pair seen northeast of lake, and one heard near Farrar's pond April 30. January 15, 1902, two seen northwest of lake. November 15, 1904, one seen near mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek. December 10, a pair on Tippecanoe River; 13th, a pair near Farrar's; 14th, a male at swamp south of lake; 20th, seen; and 30th, seen near Tip- pecanoe River. July 29, 1906, one near Farrar's, and three seen near the lake on November 14. September 11, 1907, a male at small kettlehole in Walley's woods, two at south end of lake on 13th, three at pond near Far- rar's on 22d, and one south of lake October 5. October 6, 1913, two or three seen at fence south of Farrar's, and two seen October 12. 126. ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK ZAMELODIA LUDOVICIANA (Linnaeus) One of the rarest and most beautiful of our birds. Noted Sep- tember 20, 1899 ; and in spring of 1900 and September 18, at Lapaz Junction. In all probability a summer resident, though we have not found its nest or even noted it in the summer. In Carroll County, some 50 miles south, we have found it nesting. 127. INDIGO BUNTING PASSEKINA CYANEA (Linnseus) Summer resident, not rare. One or more pairs seen each sum- mer at the edge of Overmyer's field south of Farrar's and another in Van Schoick's orchard. Probably more common now than for- merly. One seen at Lapaz Junction July 19, 1906, singing from a telegraph wire. Heard singing all summer about the lake, from tops of low trees or telegraph wires. In 1900, four or five were seen July 26 south of Farrar's. On September 18 several young able to fly were seen at Lapaz Junction. On September 20 sev- 564 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey eral were noted in woods at edge of field south of lake. In 1901 the species was seen May 22 and often thereafter. In 1906 it was noted frequently. It is often seen perched on the telegraph or telephone wires and is one of the sweetest songsters. It is one of the earliest birds to leave in the fall. 128. DICKCISSEL SPIZA AMERICANA (Gmelin) Not very common summer resident; one is likely to find them in tolerable abundance in meadows, but they rarely or never stray from the boundaries of the fields they inhabit into other kinds of country, so that one may live at the lake the year round and be unaware of their presence unless he goes meadowward. In 1899 a few were noted in July ; and in 1901 from May 22 on, they were seen and heard whenever favorable localities were visited. 129. SCARLET TANAGER PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS Vieillot Summer resident, but rare; noted in July and on September 20, 1899; July 18, 20, and 22, 1900; and May 30, 1901. Most fre- quent in open woodlands, such as Green's woods. 130. PURPLE MARTIN PROGNE SUBIS (Linnaus) Summer resident; rare in 1899, but it has become more com- mon recently. In 1899 it was noted only at the south end of the lake when a pair apparently were nesting in a hole in an old elm that stood on the lake shore just west of Norris Inlet. They were observed again the next year (July 17 and 18) at the same place, the old birds feeding the young. On June 20, 1902, it was seen on Long Point. In 1906 it was often noted between July 20 and August 8. In 1907 two were recorded August 4. In 1910 several were seen May 30 and {?gain on July 4 about the town of Culver. On September 3, 1913, two or three were noted at Long Point, and four or five seen September 23. 131. CLIFF SWALLOW PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS (Say) A rather common summer resident. Noted July to October 4, 1899, July 19 to October 21, 1900, and September 9 to 24, 1913. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 565 132. BARN SWALLOW HIRUNDO ERYTHKOGASTRA Boddatrt An abundant summer resident, arriving as early as April 6 and remaining- at least until the middle of October. On October 12, 1900, a large flock observed flying southeast across the lake, skim- ming, dipping, turning and twittering. In 1913, noted almost daily from September 2 to 24. 133. TREE SWALLOW IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR (Vicillot) The Tree Swallow or White-bellied Swallow is a common spring and fall migrant and a few may possibly remain to breed. On April 6 and 7, 1885, they were abundant, flying about over the west edge of the lake, alightijig occasionally on the limbs of a dead tree on shore. It was noted almost daily from April 4 to 29, 1901, and June 20, 1902. In the fall, September 30 to October 15, 1899; October 12 to 18, 1900; October 9 to 24, 1906; October 15 and 16, 1907; and September 23 to October 13, 1913. On Septem- ber 23, 30 to 40 were seen flying over Green's marsh. Usually in large flocks in the fall. On October 12, 1906, an immense flock observed on southeast side of lake circling about high in air. The next day many were seen perched on dead trees at south end of the lake. 134. BANK SWALLOW RIPARIA RIPARIA (Linnseus) An abundant summer resident, nesting in holes in banks and cliff's, especially at the Gravelpit. July and August, 1899, abundant; many often seen sitting on telegraph wires, as does also the cliff" swallow. Noted July 8, and October 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 16. Noted September 30, and October 11, 1900; I\Iay 9, 10, and 14, 1901. June 19 and 20, 1902; July 7, 12, and 20, 1910; and Sep- tember 7 and 8, 1913. 135. ROUGH-WINCxED SWALLOW STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS (Audubon) Probably a common summer resident, but not always distin- guished from the bank swallow. Our notes contain references to it only in July and August, 1899, and September 3, 1913. 566 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 136. CEDAR WAXWING; CHERRY BIRD; CEDARBIRD BOMBY'CILLA CEDRORUM Vieillot Not usually much in evidence during the summer ; occasionally seen during the winter; usually pretty abundant at times in au- tumn; and often very abundant during the spring, at that season moving in large flocks among the treetops apparently feeding largely upon buds and perhaps to some extent on early insects. In 1901, on May 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, and 31, they were present in large numbers among the trees west of the lake, the flocks ap- parently consisting of between 200 and 300 birds, the treetops being full of them and the notes — weak and lisping from individual birds — were so continuous from the great number of birds present that the united eft'ect was conspicuous enough to attract even the most inattentive, and was by no means unmusical. It is, indeed, this lisping whisper that usually attracts attention to the birds when they travel about even in small flocks. The greater abund- ance of these birds in spring and autumn seems to indicate that, though a fair number are to be found the year round at the lake, the greater number are migrants, moving through to the north- ward in the spring and back to the south again in autumn. On their southward journey in autumn they are accompanied by their young, which they are frequently observed feeding on various wild fruits. In spite of their continuous large numbers, they do not appear to be the birds which make the greatest raids on the stores of wild autumn fruits such as grapes, Cornus ber- ries, etc., which are to be found on the bushes, vines, and trees about the lake ; their movements are rather too rapid. The glean- ing is mostly done by the delaying robins and bluebirds, by the passing thrushes and white-throated sparrows, and still more by the remaining tree sparrows. The following are our autumn records : 1899. — October 18, several seen near Culver cemetery. 1904, — October 23, one noted on the east side; October 30, a flock seen near the village of Maxinkuckee ; December 24, a good flock on a tree on Long Point, some seemed to be feeding on wild grapes. On December 31, two flocks were seen down by the Tip- pecanoe River. 1906. — September 8, one heard and seen at Culver ; September 9, seen. September 14, an old one noted by Farrar's feeding her clamoring young on wild grapes ; on the same date a dead one was picked up on shore, which was sent to the U. S. National Museum (No. 08746). Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 567 On one occasion in early autumn in a woods in Wisconsin the old waxwings were observed feeding the berries of the "pigeon oak" or white berried dogwood, Cornus femina, to their well- grown and feathered young which were perched on a bough in a row. 137. WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKIE LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITOUIDES Swainson Summer resident, possibly a permanent resident, though we have never observed it in this vicinity in winter. It frequents old hedges and fencerows along public highways. We have noted it October 3 and November 11, 1900 ; March 24, 1901 ; and August 9, 1906. It was most often observed along the roads northwest of the lake toward Yellow River. 138. RED-EYED VIREO VIREOSYLVA OLIVACEA (Linnteus) A not very common summer resident. Noted as common July to September, and on October 4, 1899 ; July 17 and 19, and Sep- tember 18, 1900 ; July 3, 1904 ; August 29 and Sept. 6, 1906 ; Au- gust 4 and September 12 and 22, 1907; and September 14, 1913. Probably more common than these few records would indicate. 139. WARBLING VIREO VIREOSYLVA GILVA (Vieillot) Common summer resident ; its sweet liquid warble heard nearly every day of summer from the leafy tree-tops. Noted on August 4, 1899. In 1900 it was common on various dates in July. In 1901 it was first heard April 27 on Long Point and on almost every day thereafter. June 19 and 20, 1902, two or three pairs seen on Long Point warbling merrily. On July 1 a pair was seen attacking a robin that was sitting on her nest in a tree just in front of the Chadwick hotel. The robin flew from the nest and out after them, with feathers ruffled and evidently very angry. She drove them into another tree some 20 feet away, then retui'ned to her tree, when one of the vireos followed and renewed the attack or4y to be driven away again. The vireos would always retreat when the robin got after them. They would attack the robin only when she was quiet or when flying away from the vireos. Why they at- tacked the robin was not evident; perhaps their own nest was near by. In 1906 this species was noted at various times between July 568 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 21 and September 9 ; in 1907 it was seen September 13 and 22, and in 1913, one or more were noted almost daily September 3 to 14, in the oaks and hickories about the Chadwick hotel warbling sweetly, often quite early in the morning before people were astir. 140. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LANIVIREO FLAVIFRONS (Vieillot) A rare spring and fall migrant. Several seen in Farrar's woods September 13, 1907. 141. BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus) Spring and fall migrant, or probably a rare summer resident; apparently not common. Noted in July, 1899, in Overmyer's woods at south end of lake, where it was again observed Sep- tember 17, 1906. One seen September 11, 1907, at a small kettle- hole in Walley's woods. One seen September 15, and another October 1, 1913, on Long Point. 142. NASHVILLE WARBLER VERMIVORA RUBRICAPILLA (Wilson) Probably a common spring and fall migrant. Noted October 10, 1900, when one was found dead at water's edge on east side of lake; September 29, 1907, one or more near the birch swamp; and October 1, 3, and 7, 1913, several busily feeding in the cotton- woods on Long Point. 143. TENNESSEE WARBLER VERMIVORA PEREGRINA (Wilson) Spring and fall migrant, probably not rare. Several noted September 11, 1907, at a small kettlehole in Walley's woods, and others two days later at south end of lake ; noted also September 29, 1907, opposite the birch swamp. 144. YELLOW WARBLER DENDROICA ESTIVA (Gmeiin) Our most abundant summer resident warbler. Daily observ- able throughout the summer, singing in numbers especially in the mornings before sunrise and nesting quite commonly in the low bushes which fringe the lake and the borders of marshes and kettleholes. Definite records are as follows: August 1, 1900; Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 569 April 26 to 30, May 1 and 15, and June 2 and 20, 1901; June 19, 20. and 24, 1902 ; July 3, 190 1 ; July 28 and August 1 and 8, 1906. Nests with eggs found May 15 and June 24 ; with young June 2 and 20. One nest with three eggs June 24, 1902, 2}, feet from ground in a buttonbush in Green's marsh. 145. BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER DENDROICA C^RULESCENS (Gmclin) Spring and fall migrant, but apparently rare. One seen Sep- tember 16, several October 9, 1906, in Overmyer's woods; a fine male September 11, 1907, at a small kettlehole in Walley's woods, and another October 4, 1907, on Long Point. 146. MYRTLE WARBLER DENDROICA CORONATA (Linnajus) The Myrtle or Yellow-rumped Warbler is the most abundant warbler found in this region. It is quite common during the mi- grations, arriving early in the spring but soon passing on north. Returning early in the fall it remains quite late, even into winter. Our fall records are as follows: September 28 and October 4 and 16, 1899; September 18, 28, 29, and 30, and October 17, 18 and 24, 1900 ; October 21 and 23, 1902 ; October 18, 23 and 25, 1904 ; October 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 23, 25, and 30, 1906; October 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1907 ; and September 14 to October 21, 1913. On most of these dates it was abundant. On October 10, 1906, just after a severe snowstorm, many of these warblers came about the cottages eating flies from the windows and porches, and were quite tame. They may usually be seen in the fall in considerable numbers, trooping through the bushes and low trees, especially those that skirt the lake. On October 5, 1913, these warblers were seen feeding greedily upon Chironomus insects that had just completed their meta- morphosis and emerged from the water. The warblers would pick them from the limbs and trunks of the trees. ]47. MAGNOLIA WARBLER DENDROICA MAGNOLIA (Wilson) Spring and fall migrant, not often seen. Noted by us only on September 17 and October 3, 5 and 9, 1906, and September 28, 29 and 30 and October 1 and 20, 1913. On these last dates they were frequent in the cottonwoods on Long Point. 570 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 148. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wilson) Probably not rare during the migrations. Our only records are September 30, 1900, when several were seen near Belong, and Sep- tember 29, 1907, when one or more were noted near the birch grove in Walley's woods. 149. BLACK-POLL WARBLER DENDROICA STRIATA (J. R. Forster) Probably a common spring and fall migrant. Our only rec- ords, however, are September 25 and October 1, 1913, on each of which dates several were seen feeding among the poplars on Long Point. 150. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER DENDROICA FUSCA (Muller) The only example seen by us at the lake was a fine male in per- fect plumage on Long Point, October 1, 1913. As it is a rather common spring and fall migrant in Indiana it is probably not uncommon about the lake during the migrations. 151. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER DENDROICA VIRENS (Gmelin) Probably a common migrant, most abundant in October. In 1900 it was noted October 2, 3, 5, 6, and 12 ; in 1906, on October 4, 5, 6, and 7; and in 1913, on September 14, 15, 17 to 20, and October 1 ; usually quite abundant. 152. PALM WARBLER DENDROICA PALMARUM (Gmelin) Apparently rare ; oui' only records are October 7, 1899, and Sep- tember 13, 1913, when several were seen along the fence rows at the northwest edge of Lost Lake. 153. OVEN-BIRD SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnaeus) Not common ; one seen in Farrar's woods Septembeer 13, 1907. 154. MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS (Linnaeus) One of the most common summer residents, breeding in the grass at the edges of the marshes. Noted July 8 to October 4, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 571 1899; July 17 to September 18, 1900; April 29 to July, 1901 (en- tire period of observation); June 19 and 20, 1902; September 17, 1906; September 22 to October 3, 1907; and September 9 to October 7, 1913. Several pairs nesting each year in Green's marsh and in other suitable places about the lake. 155. HOODED WARBLER WILSONIA CITRINA (Boddacrt) A rare spring and fall migrant. One seen October 12, 1900. 156. REDSTART SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnaus) Summer resident, apparently rare. Our only records are Au- gust 28, 1906, when one was observed in Overmyer's woods ; and in 1907, September 11, 2 females or young at the small kettlehole in Walley's woods ; September 13, a female at south end of lake ; and September 29, a female near Walley's birch swamp, 157. PIPIT ANTHUS RUBESCENS (Tunstall) The Pipit or Titlark is a somewhat erratic spring and fall mi- grant. November 2, 1902, several were seen near the tamarack swamp ; about a dozen seen October 24, between the lakes and about a hundred on Long Point, October 31, 1907. 158. CATBIRD DUMATELLA CAROLINENSIS (Linnaeus) This well-known bird is a common summer resident, found in all suitable places about the lake. Nest with eggs seen i\Iay 15, and young June 2 ; young able to fly June 16. The Catbirds arrive at least by April 29 and remain as late as October 11. On June 17, one was observed to stop in midsong and snap a medium-sized dragonfly. 159. BROWN THRASHER TOXOSTOMA RUFUM (Linnseus) Summer resident, but not common; a few seen nearly every day in summer when looked for. Noted as rare in July and August, 1899. On July 26, 1900, 8 to 10 were seen south of Farrar's; others seen up to September 20. In 1901 they were quite fre- quently heard and seen after April 5, the date of arrival, and one nest was found on the east side by Van Schoiack's. Noted June 572 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 20, 1902, September 11 and 22, 1907; and September 14 and 20, 1913. Most frequent along old hedgerows and edges of woods. 160. HOUSE WREN TROGLODYTES AEDON Vieillot Not very common summer resident ; usually seen near buildings or orchards. Noted September 29, 1899 ; April 9 and 13, and June 7, and often thereafter in 1901 ; also on September 20, 1913. 161. WINTER WREN NANNUS HIEMALIS (Vieillot) Probably a rare resident from October to April. Seen occa- sionally in gulleys and brushpiles in 1901, from April 5 to 11 ; also on October 30, 1906, and October 13, 1907. 162. PRAIRIE MARSH WREN TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS ILIACUS Ridgway This shy little wren is one of the most interesting and, in a sense, cheery members of the Maxinkuckee avifauna. It arrives from the south late in May or early in June and remains until the end of October or even for a few days in November if the sea- son be unusually fine. Though never abundant it is not a rare bird and one to several individuals may be heard any day in sum- mer or fall in the marshes about the lake, along the Outlet, and at the Inlet. It was most often noted in the rank growth of Typha, Scirpus, and Calamagrostis along the railroad just west of Green's marsh and along the Outlet and about the head of Lost Lake. We have noted it occasionally in the large marsh at Norris Inlet and at various places along the outlet below Lost Lake. At least one pair was found each season in a small pond just north of the As- sembly grounds, another near the Winfield cottage, another in a marsli on Aubeenaubee Creek on the east side, and still another in a marsh on the south shore just east of Farrar's cottage; and on one occasion a single bird was heard in the Scirpus patch in front of the Gravelpit. It may occur in other Scirpus patches about the lake but our notes make no mention of it elsewhere than in the places already enumerated. One does not easily see this bird, so shy is it and so easily can it conceal itself in the dense growths of tall Typha, Scirpus and Calamagrostis. One is generally first made aware of its pres- ence by a rather harsh, screeping, scolding note from near the tops Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 573 of the rushes, perhaps only a fev/ feet away, and then lower and lower among the reeds as the irritable little body seeks deeper cover. But if you remain quiet, inquisitiveness very soon gets the better of the bird's timidity, and you note that it is approach- ing you, evidenced by the less scolding note which comes nearer and nearer every moment until you soon get a glimpse of the curi- ous little brown object as it flits through some open space. After having come close enough to see what you are, the bird seems fairly reassured, and by short easy stages, goes again deeply into the tules, the while continuing, though with less evidence of concern, its curious screeping note. A little later, from farther away in the marsh, comes a merry little song perhaps from the self-same bird which was scolding you but a minute before, or, possibly, from one which your presence- has not yet disturbed. On choice days, you may, by stopping your boat in the Outlet just before reaching Lost Lake, be favored with cheery songs from half a dozen of these attractive little songsters in different parts of the tule-lands about you. The first songs heard will come from the remoter places and will divide your attention with the scolding notes from nearby birds. A little later the scolding ceases and the tinkling songs break out here and there in many places, some quite near, others far away. Their song may be heard on any suitable day during their stay with us, but we have heard it most often during the latter part of the season. Contrary to the habit of most song birds, but in com- mon with many other wrens, this species does not cease singing with the nest building or the rearing of the brood, but continues it long after the young have left the nest; indeed, more singing may be heard in the fall than at any other time. The wrens are most vocal, if we mistake not, on those calm, still days in August and early September, when the sky is overcast, and not a breath of air is stirring; or else later in September or during October when there is a chill in the morning and evening air, but the middle of the day calm, sunshiny and pleasant. Bright warm days of summer do not greatly inspire the bird to song as do similar days later when the air is cooler. On the other hand, calm overcast days with lowering clouds in late autumn do not provoke the wrens to song as do such days in summer. Our most distinct, and per- haps happiest, memories of the day song of the marsh wrens are of those delicious days in September just after the first frosts have given a shade of brown to the marsh plants, and the wrens have completed their preparations if any be necessarj', for their fall migration to the southland. They then seem to be simply waiting 574 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey for just the right amount of cold, or whatever it may be that starts them south and, while waiting, make the marsh joyous with their song. That the marsh wren sings at night is a habit to which we do not remember to have seen any reference. It does so habitually, and at all hours of the night, the song being the same as that sung in the daytime, except that it seems to contain a strain of sadness which renders it even more sweet. So far as we were able to determine, these birds sing at night only when the air is still and the moon or the stars shine brightly. We have heard the night song also at the little pond north of the Assembly grounds, and it can doubtless be heard in any of the marshes which these birds frequent. Our notes make mention of the sing- ing as early as May 6 and as late as October 8. The nesting habits of this wren are of unusual interest. The nest is a large globular affair with a small opening in one side supported by a number of reeds at a height of one to three feet above the surface of the water. Sometimes the nest is simply lashed to two or more reeds by blades of grass passing around them, the ends being woven into the nest ; at other times the reeds pass through the walls of the nest, which usually holds it more se- curely. The nest is made of long leaves of various species of grasses and of cattails and rushes, the lining being of feathers and other soft material. The great number of these nests which one may find is always a matter of wonder; there always seem to be many more nests than there are birds. This is due to the curious fact, it is said, that these little birds have the house-building habit so strongly de- veloped that after the one necessary nest has been completed and the female has entered upon her family duties, the male continues to build supernumerary nests. Occasionally some of these may be practically completed, but most of them are left in a more or less unfinished state. Usually at least two broods are reared in one season, and as a new nest is probably made for each brood, the number of observ- able nests would usually be greater than the actual pairs of adult birds. Few, if any, of these nests remain intact from one season to the next. Definite dates of observations of this species at Lake Maxin- kuckee are as follows : In 1899 they were noted quite frequently through July and September and were still present October 4. In 1900 they were heard singing July 17, and thereafter until October 8. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 575 In 1901, they were first heard singing- May 6, and after that very often. On June 8, many large globular nests were noted in cattails along the Outlet near Lost Lake. In 1906, between July 21 and September 16, they were on many occasions heard warbling low along the Outlet on cloudy days and at all hours of quiet, moonlit nights. In 1907 they were heard September 9, 22, 27, and 30, and October 1, 5, and 15. In 1913, they were seen or heard almost daily from September 5 to Octo- ber 7. 163. BROWN CREEPER CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA Bonaparte Fall and spring visitant, probably sometimes remaining all winter. Noted November 22, 25, 29 and 30 and Dece.mber 2, 3 and 28, 1900 ; January 22 and 26, April 18 and 25, 1901 ; October 18 and 29, 1904; October 9 and 30 and November 1, 1906; and October 23 and 28, 1907 ; and October 14, 19, 25, and 27, 1913. These little birds arrive from the north usually in October and may be seen, most often singly, running up the trunk of some tree searching closely in the cracks of the bark for insect eggs or larvse on which they feed. After ascending one tree to the branches or sometimes higher, the bird will fly to another, alighting on the trunk near the ground, where it enters upon an inspection of that tree. In this manner it examines many trees in one spot before flying to any distant tree. 164. WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH SITTA CAROLINENSIS Latham This little bird, often locally known as Pumpkin-seed, is one of the most interesting permanent residents of the Maxinkuckee re- gion. It is never present in great numbers, but several could be seen on any day that we cared to look for them. They prefer trees out in the open but may be found also in the denser woods. Our notes indicate their presence every month in the year. 165. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH SITTA CANADENSIS Linnaeus This bird appears to be rare in the region of the lake, it having been noted only on two occasions, one south of the lake in Farrar's woods about October 16. and two near the Assembly grounds No- vember 1, 1906, only a little distance from the lake. Their shrill hanking is quite characteristic. It appears to be present only as 37—17618 576 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey a fall and spring migrant, or possibly as a winter visitor. Those seen were very actively searching for insects. 166. TUFTED TITMOUSE B^OLOPHUS BICOLOR (Linnseus) A permanent resident, seen occasionally and heard frequently. The bird itself is both inconspicuous in color and shy in behavior, but its clear whistle 'Teeter, peeter", or "Cheevy, cheevy", is a familiar sound of the woodlands. It sometimes makes a call like that of the chickadee. In some parts of the State this is called the Sugar-bird, as it comes about maple camps when the sap is running, and is supposed to say "sweeter, sweeter, sweeter." Noted in 1899, from July to September; in 1901, from the first of January to July when observations ceased; in 1904, on Oc- tober 18 and 20, November 1 and December 9 ; in 1907, from Sep- tember 13 to October 21 ; and in 1913, from September 14 to Oc- tober 26. Not often seen in the immediate vicinity of the lake, but more common in the open woods near Walley's and east of the lake, 167. CHICKADEE PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS (Linnaeus) Much more common, and also much more fearless than the last, and seen the year round, but more abundantly in winter. It is usually busy hunting for insects in crevices, and it also eats hemp- seed in the woods. Besides its call it has a loud clear whistle which can be heard for a long distance, and which is most fre- quently uttered in spring or late winter, but is uttered occasionally almost any time of year. One heard whistling January 24, 1901, and frequently thereafter. It was still heard whistling March 25. In 1906 it was seen June 23, Sept. 6, and Nov. 13. On the last date a good-sized flock seen eating larvae from ragweeds near Lost Lake. In 1907 noted daily from September 11 to October 14; in 1913, from September 14 to October 26. 168. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET REGULUS SATRAPA Lichtenstein Fairly common spring and fall migrant, most abundant in Oc- tober. Noted April 18 and 22, 1901; October 25, 1904; October 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 28 and 30, 1906; October 5 and 11, 1907; and September 15 and October 11, 18, 19, and 26, 1913. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 577 169. RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET REGULUS CALENDULA (Linnaeus) A rare spring and fall migrant with the preceding. Noted April 18 and 22, 1901, October 23, 1904, and September 20, 1907. 170. BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER POLIOPTILA C^RULEA (Linnaus) Apparently a rare summer resident. Our only record is of one seen in Green's woods September 20, 1907. 171. WOOD THRUSH HYLOCICHLA MUSTELINUS (Gmelin) A rare summer resident. Occasionally heard in deep wood- lands about the lake. Heard north of the lake April 30, and east of the lake June 5, 1901. 172. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH HYLOCICHLA USTULATA SWAINSONI (Tschudi) A rare spring and fall migrant, doubtless more common than would be indicated by the number seen, so shy and retiring is this bird. Noted October 9 and 24, 1906, and September 13 and 20, in Walley's and Farrar's woods; July 20 and September 13, 1907; and September 25, 1913, when one was found dead under a telephone wire. 173. HERMIT THRUSH HYLOCICHLA GUTTATA PALLASI (Cabanis) In the swamp in secluded recesses, A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song, Solitary the thrush, The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements. Sings by himself a song. — WhitvKui. This spring and fall migrant and delightful song-bird of the deeper woods is probabb^ common, but not often seen. Its beauti- ful liquid notes, however, are often heard. We have noted it Oc- tober 15, 1899; September 12, 13 and 20, 1907; and September 14 and October 6 and 12, 1913. 174. ROBIN PLANESTICUS MIGRATORIUS (Linn»us) The Robin is one of the most common and cheery residents about the lake. It arrives early in the spring and remains late in 578 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the fall; indeed, it is probable that a few individuals remain all winter in favored places, particularly in the bottoms along Tippe- canoe River. A good many breed about the lake, and several nests were noted. The oak trees are favorite nesting sites. In 1902, a nest was seen in an oak at the Chadwick hotel, 25 feet up. By June 19 the brood reared in this nest had gone and the old birds had begun a second nest 25 feet up on the limb of another oak near by. The building of this nest was watched for some time. The robins got most of the building material at the side of the road just west of the hotel, or in the edge of a pool near by. Both birds worked very industriously ; the intervals between trips for building material were very short, usually not exceeding one minute. The nest was apparently nearly completed by June 20. Other nests were observed as follows : One in a willow on south shore of Outlet Bay; one 22 feet up in a red oak near the Miller cottage; one in a maple at roadside near the Moninger cot- tage; and one in a white oak just south of the Bardsley cottage. In 1904, and again in 1906, the robins seemed to be more com- mon than in former years. On December 8, many were seen in deep woodland and on January 3, 1905, one was seen in a wood- land swamp east of the lake eating berries of the winter holly, Ilex verticillata. In 1907, robins were noted almost daily from September 23 to October 23. In 1909, they returned from the south March 1. One was observed November 18, 1911 ; and in 1913, one or more were noted almost daily from September 5 to October 28. 175. BLUEBIRD SIALIA SIALIS (Linnaeus) Perhaps the best known and best loved of all our native birds. A common summer resident about the lake, arriving early in the spring, even before all the snow has disappeared, and remaining late in the fall and early winter; breeding in numbers in all suit- able places, but most abundant during the spring and fall migra- tions. Our definite records are as follows : In 1899, returned from the south March 4, and seen at various times during the period of observation, July to October. On Oc- tober 5, several were seen and heard flying over Shady Point early in the morning and again later in the forenoon; they were evidently migrating. Others were heard the next day. In 1900, a few were noted July 17; several were heard flying south early on the morning of August 16, and several were seen Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 579 on the 18th ; in September, they were noted on the 18th, 22d, 28th, and 30th ; in October, on practically every day, particularly large flocks on the 14th, 25th, and 29th; in November, they were noted on the 2d, 3d, 9th, 11th, and 20th. In 1901, the first was seen March 3, and they were observed almost daily thereafter up to July 7 when our observations ceased. In 1902, the first one was seen March 6, and they were noted again on June 19 and 20, October 19, November 1 and 2, and De- cember 31. In 1903, they were common as early as March 5. In 1904, they were noted almost daily from October 18 to De- cember 11. In 1906, they were observed throughout the summer and up to November 12. In 1907, our note books contain entries from September 7 to October 29. Our only record for 1909, is February 26, when Mr. Chadwick noted their arrival. Our only record for 1911, is November 17, when Mr. Chadwick saw four. In 1913, it was noted almost daily during the period of our stay at the lake, September 3 to October 26. A pair were seen copulating April 7, 1901. They were ob- served May 29, building a nest in a hole in a fence post on Long Point. On June 2, one egg had been laid, and on June 6, there were five. The old bird was observed on the nest June 14 ; on the 18th one egg had hatched ; on the 24th, four lusty young were ob- served and on the 26th they were well developed. In this region their favorite nesting places are abandoned wood- pecker holes in old fence posts and old dead snags, particularly in old orchards. During the period of clearing the timbered land in Indiana, say from 1850 to 1870, and before the farmers had done nnich in the way of removing the stumps, every field contained hundreds of stumps one to three feet high, of oak, maple, elm, sycamore, hickory, ash, walnut, tulip, and other hardwood trees. Many of these were hollow, the hole being often only three to six inches in diameter, and these holes were favorite nesting places for blue- birds. The senior author remembers distinctly one large 18-acre field in which stumps were particularly abundant and in which there were many bluebirds' nests every spring. An estimate of five bluebird nests per acre, or 90 for the field, would bo a very conservative one. 580 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS The number of species of snakes (10) is not large, but the number of turtles is unusually large. Although the total number of reptiles is only 19, nine of these are turtles, several of the species of which are found in large numbers. While the snakes arc of little importance in the biology of the lake, the same is not true of the turtles. All of the nine species but one inhabit the lake and constitute an important factor in their relations to the fishes and other animals dwelling in it. Their function is largely that of scavengers and the amount of dead ani- mal and vegetable matter which they consume is considerable. Dwelling as they do chiefly in the shallow parts of the lake near the shores, they readily find and quickly devour most of the dead fishes and crustaceans that drift in near the shore. The number of amphibians is large, there being 18 species. In nomenclature, but not in sequence, we have followed Stejneger and Barbour's Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, 1917. As our list was in type before the "Check List" was available, it was not practicable to change the sequence. THE SNAKES Introduction The total number of species of snakes knowni from the vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee is 10. This number is not large; doubtless more thorough field work would increase the number slightly. While the species are not numerous, several of them are fairly abundant in individuals. This is particularly true of the common Garter Snake and the Water Snake. The former of these may be seen in suitable situations on almost any warm day from early spring until late in the fall, while the latter is almost equally fre- quent from the middle of summer to early fall about the borders of Lost Lake and along the Outlet. Nearly all, perhaps all, of the species bear some relation to the life of the lake, some of them feeding on fishes when opportunity offers, and all feeding upon frogs. Only one of the species of snakes known from the Lake Maxinkuckee region is poisonous; that is the little Prairie Rattlesnake which, fortunately, is quite rare. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 581 LIST OF SPECIES 1. dekay's snake STORERIA DEKAYI (Hulbrook) This little snake occurs sparingly throughout the eastern United States and westward to Colorado and Wyoming. At Lake INIax- inkuckee it is one of the rarest species, only five examples having been seen by us during the entire period of our observations about the lake. One was obtained October 8, 1900, two were taken in 1906, and two October 17, 1907. This is a small species, reaching a length of only a foot or less. Color, grayish brown, with a clay-colored dorsal band bordered by dotted lines ; a dark patch on each side of the occiput ; under parts grayish. Scales in 17 rows; ventral plates 120-138. 2. RIBAND SNAKE THAMNOPHIS PROXIMUS (Say) This species is found from Wisconsin to Mexico. At Maxin- kuckee it is one of the rarer snakes. The only example in our col- lection was secured September 21, 1900, near Lost Lake, southwest of Mr. Green's house. It is a very slender, graceful snake. It is probably not rare in the weedy patches west of Culver, particularly about old drained lake beds where the ground is still wet and where there are occa- sional pools. In the spring of 1901 four were seen by Mr. Clark, two on April 9 west of Culver, one April 30 at Culver Inlet, and one May 20 in Hawk's marsh. In habits this species does not differ greatly from other garter snakes. It delights in marshy situations and is not averse to an occasional short stay in the water. Its food consists chiefly of small frogs, toads, and insects, with an occasional small fish. This snake may be known by the following characters : Lateral stripe on third and fourth rows of scales ; scales in 19 rows, little or not at all spotted ; color chocolate brown, with three yellow stripes ; light brown below lateral stripes ; ventral plates 150 to 160 ; tail about one-third the total length, which rarely ex- ceeds 36 inches. 3. COMMON GARTER SNAKE THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS (Linnaeus) This is the most variable as well as the most widely distributed of all the garter snakes. It and its subspecies are found in nearly 582 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey all parts of the United States, and it is by far the most abundant snake about Lake Maxinkuckee; it is probably more numerous than all other species combined. It may be found in all sorts of situations; in cultivated fields and gardens, about yards and barn lots, in grassy meadows and in open woodland, in marshy ground along streams and about lakes, and particularly along paths and public highways. It perhaps most delights in reedy, boggy places and lake margins. It is the first snake to be abroad in the spring and one of the last to go into hibernation in the fall. The first warm days of spring will rouse them from their winter's sleep and bring them forth to bask in the sun. Then they may be found usually lying at full length on a mass of dead grass along a fence row or in some such situation well exposed so as to get the full effect of the sun's warmest rays. Here they will lie quietly through the middle of the day soaking out the accumulated chill of the long winter. Thus they will pass sev- eral days before they begin to move about or to seek food. In the fall they appear to be active to the last, continuing to eat until they go into their winter quarters. At this season they seem to move about more than usual, perhaps because searching for suitable liibernacula. It is in this season that one so frequently ob- serves their tracks across the dusty highway and when so many are run over and crushed by wagons. Numerous examples were noted about the lake and many speci- mens obtained. Our earliest record is April 9 and the latest No- vember 22. The species was noted in all the situations mentioned above. This and all other species of the garter snakes are viviparous, bringing forth their young alive. A female 3 feet long was killed July 26 and 40 young each 6 to 7 inches long were taken from her body. Dr. J. Schenck, of Mt. Carmel, 111., reports that 78 young 3 to 7 inches long were taken from a female 35 inches long. The Garter Snake has quite a varied menu ; they are known to feed upon insects, insect larvse, small rodents, young birds and birds' eggs, toads, frogs, angleworms, small mollusks, tadpoles, salamanders, and small fish. Frogs, toads, fish, shrews and field mice doubtless constitute the major portion of their diet. One found dead on the railroad tracks near the elevator in the late autumn of 1906 was quite fat, as snakes are likely to be at that time of year. The stomach was empty of food, but contained a few ascarid-like parasites. On the whole, however, this snake is beneficial to the farm and should be protected. The disposition which most people have to Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 583 kill every snake on sight is entirely irrational and wholly un- justifiable. This creature, like many other snakes, is protected by an abominably sickening odor, not noticeable at a distance but as dis- agreeable a smell as one is apt to encounter. This odor, however, is noticeable only when the snake has been annoyed and has be- come angered. When angry it sometimes flattens out after the fashion of the blowing adder. There is great variation among the individuals of this species found about the lake, and two or more subspecies should probably be recognized. We, however, have grouped them all under the species. From all other snakes found about the lake, particularly the riband snake which it most resembles, this species may be readily known by its having the lateral stripe on the second and third instead of on the third and fourth rows of scales. This species is also stouter, the tail being one-fourth the entire leng-th. Color olivaceous, dorsal stripe narrow, obscure; 3 series of small dark spots on each side, about 70 between head and vent; side and belly greenish; lateral stripe rather broad, but not conspicuous; colors generally duller than in other species; ventral plates 130 to 160. Length 2 to 4 feet. 4. BUTLER'S GARTER SNAKE THAMNOPHIS BUTLERI (Cope) This is the rarest of the species of garter snakes which occur at the lake. The only example we have seen was found freshly killed just south of the Indiana boathouse July 23, 1900. 5. WATER SNAKE NATRIX SIPEDON (Linnaus) The Water Snake is a common and well-known snake through- out the whole eastern United States as far westward as Kansas, and is tolerably abundant throughout its range in wet places, such as streams, ponds and lakes. About Lake Maxinkuckee it is to be found along low bits of shore such as that about Norris Inlet and the various other inlets of the lake, and near the Outlet. One of its favorite haunts is that portion of the Outlet between the two lakes. Next to the common garter snake this Water Snake or "moccasin" is the snake most frequently seen about the lake. We have records of numerous examples seen, the earliest date being May 3 and the latest August 29. It is probably most abundant in June. Definite dates are as follows: In 1899, one seen July 11 584 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey and another August 29. In 1900, one seen July 13, 17 and 20, all on the west side ; one seen on east side of Lost Lake August 1, one at Fish Commission Station August 7, and one near the Inlet August 16. In 1£01, one in Culver Bay May 3; a large one on west side May 6 ; one near Farrar's May 23 ; a large one on Long Point June 2 ; another on Long Point June 16 ; one at Outlet June 19 ; one 3 feet 9 inches long on west side June 22 ; and a small one on Long Point June 24. In 1906 a large one found dead on Long Point August 15, a small one in Green's marsh, one at Outlet and one on Yellow River August 16. During the summer of 1906, after the dam was thrown across the Outlet at the railroad bridge the water in the Outlet below the dam became very low, and water snakes could be found along the edge of the water almost any time a visit was made to that place. Attempts were made to get some of them but they escaped, as they usually do, by diving. This is the species more often seen in the water than any other. It delights to lie coiled on some old log or root in or at the edge of the stream or on the timbers at the dam or the logs of the "drift." It inhabits rather open woodland ponds in great abundance, and in such places they often collect several together on projecting logs. In such situations it lies in wait, basking in the sun, mak- ing short excursions now and then into the water after fish or frog, or dropping quietly into the stream when disturbed by the near approach of anyone. Then it hides under the bank, only its head being out of the water, or else swims swiftly away and out of reach. While swimming it usually keeps its head above water, but when closely pressed or annoyed it will go entirely under and swim along on or near the bottom. The Water Snake is frequently called "moccasin", or "red-belly" and is by many believed to be deadly poisonous. Its bite is, how- ever, entirely harmless, and it is very different from the venomous "water-moccasin" or cotton-mouth of the south. Although the Water Snake is non-venomous, it has very little to commend it. It is repulsive in appearance and spiteful in tem- per. It is more destructive to fishes than any other of our snakes ; indeed, it seems to subsist chiefly c^\ fish. It will eat any kind of fish it can catch, though it doubtless prefers the soft-rayed species, such as the minnows, suckers and trout ; it surely finds them easier to handle than the spiny-rayed species such as the bass and perch. We have found many different fishes in the stomach of the water snake; among them we may mention suckers of various species, various minnows, bass, rock-bass, sunfish, eel, carp and catfish. One large Water Snake was found that had attempted to swallow Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 585 a large catfish but the catfish straightened out and set its pectoral spines, and the snake, being unable to get the fish either up or down, perished, a victim of his own greed. Besides fish the Water Snake feeds also on frogs, crawfish and young birds. The water snakes mate early in spring, soon after coming out of their winter quarters, and then sometimes congregate in num- bers of four or five together. The species is viviparous. In Au- gust, 1899, an old snake was found on the railroad track near the ice-houses. It had been run over by a train and 10 young which it contained were prematurely liberated. The Water Snake probably comes out and basks on bright days in autumn after it has ceased taking food. One found dead near Farrar's in the autumn of 1906, October 20, was cut open and the stomach found to be empty, except for some ascarid-like parasites. The mesenteries were well loaded with a supply of fat probably for the subsistence of the snake during its hibernation. It con- tained 30 ova, 15 on each side. Color, brownish; back and sides each with a series of large square, dark blotches alternating with each other, about 80 in each series ; belly with brown blotches ; rows of scales 23 ; ventral plates 130 to 150. Length 2 to 4 feet. 6. FOX SNAKE ELAPHE VULPINA (Baird & Girard) This large and beautiful snake ranges from New England west- ward to Kansas and northward. It does not appear to be com- mon about Lake Maxinkuckee, as our notes record but eight ex- amples, as follows: A fine example on west shore of Lost Lake early in July, 1900, and another large one near same place July 8 ; one seen near Lost Lake September 3, and a large one gotten on Long Point September 25; one in Walley's woods August 25; another on Long Point September 25 ; one about 6 feet long August 14, 1906, west of Culver near the beaver dam prairie on the road to Bass Lake; and a large one near the Gravelpit early in June, 1907. Individuals seem most frequent in late summer or early fall. The Fox Snake, often called the Pine Snake, frequents the dry, open woods and the neighborhood of briar patches and copses. We have never observed it in the water or on the immediate lake shore. It is often called the Pilot Snake and is supposed to have some mysterious connection with the rattlesnake. Though entirely harmless, it is one of the most viciously disposed snakes. When 586 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey provoked, as Dr. Hay observes, it shows its irritation by vibrat- ing the tip of its slender tail, which, when striking a crumpled leaf or any other small object, may produce a rattling noise very like that made by a rattlesnake under similar circumstances. The large example caught near Bass Lake August 14, bit Professor Wilson on the hand, causing blood to flow freely but producing no serious effect. While entirely harmless, its habits are not unlike those of the blacksnake and it doubtless destroys many eggs and young of ground-nesting birds. Besides these, its food consists of mice and other small rodents, the larger insects and their larvae. It probably feeds to some extent on frogs and toads, but we have no evidence that it ever catches fish. This is a large, light brown snake, with squarish, chocolate- colored blotches about 60 in number; scales in 25 rows; ventral plates 200 to 210 ; vertical plate broader than long. 7. BLUE RACER COLUBER CONSTRICTOR FLAVIVENTRIS (Say) This common and familiar reptile, also known as the Black- snake or Black Racer, is found pretty generally distributed throughout the eastern United States and southward. It fre- quents open woodlands, old fence rows and all places where dead leaves are common. It is the largest of the snakes of this region. It is an active, vigorous snake, moving over the ground with great rapidity. It is not a coward, as are most snakes, but will, on occa- sion, attack a person when disturbed, coming toward one rapidly and with head raised one or two feet. Cope says "the constrict- ing power of the black snake is not sufficient to cause inconvenience to a man, but might seriously oppress a child. The pressure exer- cised by a strong individual wound round the arm is sufficient to compress and close the superficial veins, and cause the muscles to ache, but it is easy to unwind the snake with the free hand and arm." The Blacksnake is harmless, and its bite, which it rarely inflicts, only amounts to a serious scratch. The Blacksnake's food consists chiefly of field mice, white- footed mice, and other noxious varmints. It also feeds upon frogs, toads, birds' eggs and young birds, and probably does more harm than good. The gi-eatest objection to it is its disposition to rob birds' nests of their eggs and young. Ground-nesting birds are particularly apt to suffer from the depredations of the Black- snake; and those species such as song sparrows, catbird, thrasher, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 587 robin, dove and redwing, which place their nests not far above the ground, and the bkiebird, chickadee, and downy woodpecker, which deposit their eggs in holes in trees or snags not many feet up, are often despoiled of their eggs or young by this snake. We have often seen blacksnakes coiled up on limbs of trees or crawling about among limbs several feet above the ground evi- dently searching for birds' nests. One of us remembers seeing a bluebird greatly disturbed by a large Blacksnake which was appar- ently about to climb to the bluebird's nest which was in a hole only 3 or 4 feet up in an old elm snag. The snake was coiled up at the foot of the snag, its head elevated perhaps a foot or 18 inches, and it watched the bird intently, its head moving this way and that, following closely the movements of the bird, which fluttered incessantly about the snake and was probably as com- pletely "charmed" or under the power of the snake as birds ever get. When approached the snake became frightened and crawled away among the bushes ; and then the bird flew to a limb near by. A friend who is a close observer of animals tells us that he once saw a ruffed grouse fighting a Blacksnake which was endeavoring to rob the grouse's nest. He shot the snake, and the grouse, after showing some astonishment, feigned lameness to lead him away from the nest. Another friend says that he once saw a chipmunk "charmed" by a large Blacksnake. The chipmunk was on a log about 12 feet long and the snake at one side near the middle of the log and with head elevated somewhat more than the height of the top of the log. The chipmunk when first seen was uttering the well-known chirp- ing note so expressive oi solicitude and running back and forth on the log, at first the full length of the log, then less and less until it ran but a few inches each way from the snake whose head all the time moved to the right and to the left, following closely the movements of the little rodent. At the same time the snake's tail, elevated and rigid was rapidly vibrating and making a noise not unlike that made by a rattlesnake. Unfortunately the observer shot the snake without waiting to learn if the chipmunk were really in any manner under the control of the reptile. The Blacksnake is not rare about Lake IMaxinkuckee. Our notes record seven or eight individuals seen at different times. The earliest record is the last week in May and the latest October 14. A large example seen east of Lost Lake on the latter date was quite stupid and declined to move. A 4-foot individual seen in Walley's woods was evidently blind, due to shedding its skin which was so loose that it slipped off when the snake was handled. The 588 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey eyes were white, and the snake instead of seeing, apparently listened. Another was seen in Walley's woods September 21, 1900. On August 13, 1906, a very large one was seen ha If -concealed in the briars near the ice-houses. When approached it made its tail rattle among the dry leaves precisely like a rattlesnake. On Au- gust 14, 1906, a large one was caught near Bass Lake. Another, 5 to 6 feet long was seen in Walley's cornfield September 20, 1907. It was coiled loosely at the base of a cornstalk and seemed disin- clined to move, though it stuck out its tongue repeatedly. This snake is usually lustrous blue-black or pitch-black above and greenish below; chin and throat white. Young olive, with rhomboid black blotches. Body very slender; eye large, scales in 17 or 19 rows; ventral plates 170 to 190. Length 4 to 5 feet. 8. HOUSE SNAKE LAMPROPELTIS TRIANGULUM (Lacepede) This is the Common House Snake or Milk Snake so abundant in most of the upper Mississippi Valley States. It does not appear to be very common, however, about Maxinkuckee. The only ex- ample seen by us was obtained July 28, 1899, at our station near the Arlington Hotel. It is one of the mildest and most useful of snakes and feeds largely upon the various species of small noxious mammals. Its habits, however, are not entirely beneficial, as it will, on occasion, not refuse to eat such hens' eggs and birds' eggs as it may find. We have never seen it swimming in the water and do not know whether it ever feeds on fishes or other aquatic animals. Color, grayish, with three series of brown, rounded blotches bordered with black, about 50 in the dorsal row; an arrow-shaped occipital spot; belly yellowish-white, with square black blotches; dorsal scales in 21 rows. In the young the dorsal blotches are bright chestnut red inside of the black margins, and the spaces be- tween are sometimes white or clear ash. 9. HOG-NOSED SNAKE HETERODON CONTORTRIX (Linnieus) This interesting reptile, also known as Spreading Adder and Blowing Viper, is found throughout the eastern United States. It is a common and well known species in most parts of Indiana. It frequents dry situations such as cultivated fields, old fence- rows, open pastures and roadsides ; also dry hillsides and the banks of streams. At times it may be seen along water-courses and the Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 589 shores of ponds and lakes. We have rarely observed it in mead- ows or on wet or marshy ground; nor have we noted it often about human habitations. Although not often seen in the immediate vicinity of this lake, it is probably not uncommon in suitable situations, especially in dry sandy regions. It appears to be very well known among the inhabitants of the region, and though entirely harmless, is held in great dread by most of them — even its breath is supposed to be fatal. From its method of defending itself by appearing very terrible, a habit which has perhaps given its evil repute, it is one of the most interesting snakes in the region. One was taken in Walley's woods on a bright day in the spring of 1901. When first approached it assumed a threatening attitude and gave vent to loud hisses ; it then broadly flattened out the neck, and the bright colors and color pattern, which had been more or less concealed by the scales, now stood out vividly, the color mark- ings on the back of the neck standing out with especial clearness. When the snake found that none of these tactics availed, it stiff- ened out and appeared to be dead, and was easily picked up and placed in the collecting can. During the summer of 1906 a large example of this species was seen on the shore of Lost Lake, but it escaped into a hole in the bank. In the autumn of the same year a young example about 5 inches long was captured near the ice office, and frequent re- ports of the species having been seen, were heard. The bite of this snake is entirely harmless — even if it could be induced to bite. From the nature of its food, it is one of our beneficial snakes; it eats very few fish, but subsists on frogs, mice, insects, their larvge, and grubs. Instead, therefore, of merit- ing the persecution which it seems almost everywhere, it is well worthy of protection. From all other snakes of this part of the State, this species may be known by its habit of flattening out both its head and body marvelously. In color, it is brownish or reddish, with about 28 dark dorsal blotches, besides lateral ones and half-rings on the tail ; sometimes the color is nearly uniform black. Vertical plate longer than broad, about equal to the occipitals; ventral plates 120 to 150; scales in 23 or 25 rows. Maximum length about 2 feet. 10. PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE SISTRURUS CATENATUS (Rafinesque) This species, known also as the Massasauga, is likely to occur in all prairie regions from Ohio to Minnesota and southward. In 590 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Indiana it is known only from the northern portions of the State. It is the only poisonous snake occurring about Lake Maxinkuckee, all the other species found in that region or elsewhere in northern Indiana being entirely harmless. Formerly the Massasauga was abundant throughout this part of the State, but, with the settling up of the country and the draining of the prairie grass land and the marshes, it has become wholly exterminated in many places and practically so in many others. About Maxinkuckee, however, and elsewhere in Marshall County, it is far from extinct. It is apt to be found in any and all suitable places such as prairie mead- ows, about the borders of vanishing lakes and in prairie marsh ground anywhere. In May, 1891, when the spring meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science was being held at Lake Maxinkuckee, several specimens were caught by members in attendance, chiefly in marshy ground about the lake. About 1896 a young man on the eastern side of the lake was bitten on the leg by one. The leg remained swollen for some time and complete recovery was very slow. On August 6, 1899, one was caught on Long Point between the Scovell and Walter Knapp cottages. It was 23 inches long and had five rattles. On August 3, 1900, one was killed 2^ miles south of Arlington sta- tion. It was 18 inches long and had two rattles and a button. Several weeks earlier near the same place a dog was bitten by one without fatal results. On August 26 a small one was killed on the east side of the lake near the T. W. Wilson cottage. On the same day one was killed in a field on the Hawk farm south of Culver. It was about 2 feet long and had nine rattles. Another young individual v.^as killed September 3 on the east side 2^ miles southeast of the Maxwell cottage, and one with nine rattles was killed September 26, 1907, in a meadow on the Newman farm four miles southeast of Culver. These are all the records we have of the occurrence of the Prairie Rattlesnake in the immediate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee. We have heard, however, of numerous examples being killed in marshy meadows northwest, west and south of the lake. In those regions there are numerous and considerable meadows of the wild grass or sedge, Carex stricta, which are cut in the early fall by farmers and others for hay or for use in the ice-houses, and other purposes. It is then that this venomous snake is met with most frequently. Though habitually dwelling in marshy situations it is some- times seen on higher, open ground. It is rarely seen in open woods or dry thickets. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 591 We know but little about the habits or food of this snake. It apparently does not wander far but remains close about the par- ticular marsh in which it makes its home. They are quiet and not easily disturbed or angered. When observed they will be still or quietly glide away unless interfered with. Then they will usually coil, assume a threatening attitude and rattle more or less. The rattling, however, soon ceases, to be renewed only when again provoked. The Massasauga is known to feed on frogs, crawfish, meadow mice and shrews. We do not know that it ever feeds on fish, but it is more than probable that it would not disdain to eat mud minnows or any other small fishes it might find in its swampy habitation. The one fact that this is a venomous snake is sufficient reason for its extermination. The species is viviparous, the young being brought forth alive. There are usually about six in a brood each 4 to 6 inches in length when born. The birth of the young generally takes place about the first of September. The Prairie Rattlesnake may be known from others of this region by the large, flat, triangular head on a slender neck, the presence of a deep pit between the eye and the nostril, the long, erectile, perforated poison-fang on each side of the upper jaw, and, usually, the presence of a rattle on the tail. Color, brown or blackish, with about seven series each of about 34 deep chestnut blotches, blackish exteriorly and edged with yel- lowish; a yellowish streak from pit to neck; body sometimes all black; scales in 23 or 25 rows; ventral plates 135 to 150. Length 21 to 3 feet. THE TURTLES Introduction Nine species of turtles are know^l from Lake Maxinkuckee and vicinity, a number probably greater than has been recorded from any other locality in the State. Five of the nine species are abundant, while each of the remaining four is rare. The turtles constitute an interesting and important branch of the local fauna. Several of the species are so abundant and easily observed as to attract the attention even of people who are little interested in nature. The great numbers that may be seen on any bright or quiet summer day, basking on timbers or boards in shal- 38—17618 592 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey low water, or on sandy reaches of shore, can not fail of observa- tion even by the least observing. The turtles are also among the most useful animals of the lake. All the species are scavengers and do much to keep the lake free of the dead fishes and other animals which at times are so numer- ous that they would prove a menace to the comfort, if not to the health, of the people about the lake, were it not for aid rendered by the turtles in removing them. Several of the species are valu- able as food for man, and considerable numbers are utilized at the lake for that purpose. All these turtles are entirely harmless except, possibly, the snapping turtle. We know of no harm that any of them does. They should all be protected. LIST OF SPECIES • 1. SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE AMYDA SPINIFERA (LeSueur) Compared with the other turtles of the lake, the Softshell has a rather northern distribution. It ranges from Canada southward to Kentucky and westward to Minnesota. It is very abundant in the upper Mississippi and its tributaries, great numbers being fre- quently seen on or about the sandbars which furnish them basking and nesting places. It is rather a river than a pond turtle, and rarely or never ventures into small isolated ponds. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is very abundant, much more so than would appear to the casual observer, as it is one of the shyest and most wary of turtles, quickly taking alarm and disap- pearing whenever it is approached. It is found everywhere in the lake. Its pointed, shapely head is often seen sticking up above the surface even over the deeper waters of the lake. Examples of all sizes have been taken from almost every part of the lake shore. It seems to be more common in the region of Norris Inlet, prob- ably because this is the most sequestered part of the lake, where it is less likely to be disturbed than elsewhere. The Soft-shelled Turtle is the last turtle to make its appearance in the spring, and the first to disappear in the fall. Very small ones, benumbed or dead, may often be seen along shore late in the autumn and early in the spring before the older ones appear. These have probably been unable to take care of themselves. Very small ones have been found in the spring as early as March 18, but no large ones were seen until April 29, and then they were very scarce. It is not until May or June that they appear in abundance. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 593 None has been seen in the winter, and we were uncertain where they spend that part of the year, until in the autumn of 1906 (Sept. 6) an example 5 inches long was found buried up to the eyes in mud at the edge of Lost Lake. It is probable that all of them bury themselves in the mud in the bottom of the lake. As none was seen moving under the ice, it is thought that they spend the winter in a quiescent state. The last one seen swimming about was noted in Lost Lake Sept. 7, 1906. This turtle is fond of basking during the hotter portions of the year. At this lake it generally prefers sandy or grassy bits of shore and is not often seen on stakes or boards. One of its favorite haunts was the sandy stretch of shore near Farrar's. They also basked in numbers at the edges of small pools in the Inlet marsh. Before the shore was cleared off, they used to bask in great numbers along the south shore of Outlet Bay. On June 11 many of these, with other species, were seen basking at this place and when a rush was made at them from a boat, they scattered in every direction, many of them hiding under a large, dense, floating mass of algae which was along the shore at that place. The Soft- shells that took refuge under the algse thrust up their heads now and then to see what was going on. Several were caught. Even when stationary they are hard to catch and hold by hand; the tail is too short and slippery to hold, and it is necessary to grasp them by the sides, but this permits them to claw one's hand severely. They are very pugnacious, and though the gape is not sufficiently large to allow them to get a very deep hold, even a small example is able to give a very severe pinch. In some places this species basks not only on the sandy shore, but also on any log, board or other object upon which they can crawl. In Wild Cat Creek just below the bridge near Stonebrak- er's mill east of Burlington, Carroll Co., Indiana, hundreds have been seen on the large boulders with which the bed of the creek was strewn. There they would remain for hours basking in the sunshine, sliding quietly into the water if a passer-by came too near, but soon returning to bask again until evening or until again disturbed. At Maxinkuckee they begin laying about the middle of June and continue until perhaps near the end of July. A large female killed June 14 contained 33 eggs of various sizes, but none fully developed; another killed on the same date contained several eggs in the large distended oviduct, but none was ready for laying. Still another examined June 17 had eggs ready to deposit. The next day a nest with about 30 eggs in it was found near the ice-houses. 594 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey On June 25 one was seen digging a hole in the sandy shore at the southwest side of the lake and the next day another was seen doing the same thing. Each of two examples caught June 27 con- tained mature eggs. On July 16, 1899, two eggs were found on the bottom in 2 feet of water. On July 18, 1900, at the south end of the lake just east of Murray's, two large soft-shells were seen hurrying into the water from the sandridge pushed up by the ice. Upon examination several nests were found. The sand showed evidence of recent distui'bance, and there was no difficulty in find- ing where the eggs were buried. There were probably 10 or 12 nests in a distance of a few yards along the ridge, though we did not dig into all of them. Some fresh holes into which we dug contained nothing; possibly the turtles had been trying different places and found some unsuitable. Each hole was usually at the edge of an abrupt ascent and was 2 to 4 inches in diameter at the mouth and generally sloped back somewhat. In one or two cases the eggs were uncovered but more often there was some sand over them. The eggs were generally at a depth of 4 to 10 inches and placed either on the bottom or on the sides of the hole which usually widened out somewhat toward the bottom. Five nests examined contained 4, 25, 3, 3, and 1 Q^g, respectively. The 25 eggs in the second nest evidently belonged to two different sets. In the bot- tom were 10 eggs that looked old. The yolk in each had settled into the lower half, giving it a pink tinge, while the upper half was opaque white. Above these, and partially separated from them by sand, were 15 other eggs that were uniform pink throughout and had evidently been deposited later. In and about this and other nests were a good many broken eggs, evidently destroyed by some animal, perhaps by the turtles themselves. The three eggs in the third nest were fresh, but those in the fourth and fifth were old and stale. Thirteen of these eggs and two others found elsewhere were taken to the station and placed in sand-boxes ex- posed to the sun, but none of them hatched. The eggs were quite uniform in size, most of them measuring 1.09 x 1 inch. On July 21, a large female was caught on her nest by the side of the railroad north of the ice-houses. Nineteen eggs were found in the nest, and two fully developed eggs were taken from the ovi- duct. These 21 eggs represented two different sizes, those taken from the turtle and a portion of the others measuring .93 x .93 inch, the others 1.07 x 1.07 inches and all were decidedly more nearly spherical than any of those obtained July 18. The female Soft-shell Turtle caught July 21 weighed just 7 pounds and gave the following measurements : Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 595 Length of carapace, 13 inches. Width of carapace, 10.5 inches. Length of head and neck, 9 inches. Length of fore leg and foot, 4.5 inches. Length of hind leg" and foot, 5.5 inches. Length of tail, 3.5 inches. Another example measured 11.75 inches long and weighed 5.5 pounds; another 11 inches, 4 pounds; another female measured, length of carapace 12.5 inches, width 11 inches; and still another was 12.5 by 10.25 inches. The eggs of the Soft-shell probably hatch in the autumn, and there is probably some range in the time of their hatching just as there is in the time of laying. The period of incubation doubtless varies somewhat with the season, whether such as to warm up the soil considerably or not, and also a good deal with the nature of the soil in which the eggs are laid, a warm sandy soil hatching them out sooner than a colder soil. In the late autumn of 1906, on November 16, a nest of eggs was found in the black mucky soil near the south shore of Outlet Bay, which contained well-formed young Soft-shells, the color-markings (spots on back) being dis- tinct. The egg-yolk was not yet absorbed, but occupied one-half the shell while the turtle occupied the other. It seems probable that the turtles would not have left the nest that year, but would have wintered there. It is possible that this was a belated nest. As an article of food the Soft-shelled Turtle is the most highly esteemed of any of the species found in Indiana, the soup made from it being delicious. Not many of the cottagers at the lake, however, seem to have acquired a taste for this or any species of turtle, and they are not much sought after. This turtle is the species most often caught in traps, on set- lines, and by anglers. On August 8, several were caught in water 14 feet deep east of Long Point on a hook baited with grass- hoppers. On June 27, six were caught on set-lines baited with meat, two others were obtained the same way August 1, and one on August 17. Set-lines placed in Lost Lake were always quite sure to take several any time from June to September. In 1906, a citizen of Culver who set out turtle traps caught numbers of these. This species probably devours dead fish or other animals found in the water. Its principal diet, however, as evidenced by a num- ber of stomachs examined, appears to consist of crawfishes. This turtle has few enemies and would be able to escape al- most anything that attempted to capture it. A good many young appear to perish during their first winter. The stomachs of some 596 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey examples studied were infested by a few parasitic round worms, but we have no evidence that these cause much injury. Unhke the scute-bearing turtles, this species is never covered with algje or other organisms, although one example was found in 1906 which had the plastron covered with a growth of Opercularia. This turtle may be readily distinguished from all other turtles of the lake by the flat body, covered with a smooth leathery skin flexible at the margins. Color, olive-green, with dark spots ; head and neck olive-green with light and dark stripes; legs and feet mottled with dark. The male has the tubercles on the front of the carapace smaller than in the female, the body longer, and the tail extending considerably beyond the carapace. 2. SNAPPING TURTLE CHELYDRA SERPENTINA (Linnaeus) The Snapping Turtle is of very wide distribution, its habitat extending from Nova Scotia to the equator and west to the Rocky Mountains. It is doubtless found in every stream and pond in Indiana. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is quite common, but not nearly so abundant as the Map, Painted, Musk, or Soft-shelled turtles. Al- though they may be seen almost anywhere in the lake, they do not often occur in the deeper, clear portions; they prefer shallow water with soft muddy bottom, especially water that is well w^armed up by the sun. They are more common, therefore, in Lost Lake than in Lake Maxinkuckee, and in the latter body of water prefer shallow bays with marshy shore, such as the region about Norris Inlet and Outlet Bay. They are fond of streams and occur in numbers in Norris Inlet, also in Aubeenaubee Creek, Culver Inlet and the Outlet. In the Norris Inlet region. Outlet Bay, or Lost Lake, they can frequently be caught on set-lines or in turtle-nets baited with meat. They are not often seen basking about the shores, but usually spend their time floating or swimming with only the head projecting above the surface of the water. Numer- ous examples of various sizes were captured in many places about the lake. They were captured in various ways, some in hauls of the seine, some on set-lines, and many by hand. A few were seen that had been taken in traps. The Snapping Turtle, Snapper, Mossback, or Mud Turtle, as it is variously called, is most frequent in and about muddy ponds, streams or bogs. It may often be seen long distances from water, however, when it is traveling from one pond to another, or in search of a suitable place for depositing its eggs. It walks along Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 597 with a slow, awkward, halting gait, often stopping, holding its head well up as if listening or looking about. When traveling about on the land, a great amount of mud may sometimes be seen on the back. The back or carapace is always rough and more or • less covered with mud, and there is often a heavy growth of fila- mentous algse on the back, the alga being generally some species of Chsetomorpha. The Snapper is a vicious brute. When attacked it neither re- treats nor withdraws into his shell as most species do, but shows fight at once, snapping viciously at any object held near it. It will even leap forward toward its tormentor. When its jaws have once closed on the enemy it holds on with dog-like persistence. Dr. Hay mentions a curious belief with which the writers have been familiar since boyhood days, viz., that a snapper, when a hold has once been secured, will not let go until it thunders. Another ver- sion of this superstition with which we are also familiar is that the turtle will hold on until the sun goes down. They may frequently be carried around for some time by the stick which they have seized. These turtles are carnivorous and very voracious. Their food consists of frogs, fishes, crawfishes, young waterbirds, and such other small animals as they can capture. Several stomachs exam- ined at the lake all contained opercula and fragments of Vivipara contectoicles , indicating that this mollusk is the principal food of this species of turtle at the lake during certain parts of the year. That they sometimes capture young ducks and goslings, catching them by the feet and pulling them under the water, seems well authenticated. They evidently bury themselves in mud in swamps, frequently some distance from the lake, and hibernate in winter. A single, rather large individual was seen under the ice (Lost Lake, Dec. 18, 1900). It was close up against the ice, which was chopped away, and the turtle, which was apparently too benumbed to i^ay any attention to what was going on, was taken out. It was kept alive over night in a coop and the temperature, which was some- what higher than freezing (35°), kept the turtle in such a be- numbed condition that it could hardly move by morning. These turtles begin coming out of the mud about the middle of March, the first one having been seen March 19. From then they came out one by one, and from that time on they continued to be seen on land until through the nesting season. In the fall they were to be seen about the lake as late as the end of September. It is possible that the young turtles spend their first wintoi- in the 598 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey water or near it ; they are usually seen about the water's edge and in pools early in the spring. On April 3, one about the size of a dollar was caught in a pool east of the railroad. The first winter appears to be a critical period in their lives; quite a number of small ones were found dead at the water's edge in early spring, be- tween April 3 and April 26. They begin laying about the middle of June. Several were seen on or about nests between June 14 and 20. The nests consist sim- ply of holes made in the sand, usually not very far from water. One of the favorite nesting places was the railroad embankment between the lakes. The eggs are quite spherical in shape and about an inch in diameter. The shell is calcareous, and, although not brittle, somewhat less flexible than in other species. The num- ber of eggs may vary from 20 to 60, and they hatch in August or September. According to Agassiz, the young will snap before they have left the shell. We have never seen one so small that it would not snap viciously. This turtle is often used for soups, though only the younger examples are suitable for that purpose. The older individuals have a strong disagreeable odor, and the flesh is tough. Accord- ing to Dr. Hay, Storer wrote that in Massachusetts many persons saved the oil of this turtle and used it for healing bruises and sprains. "As a therapeutical agent it is worthy to stand along- side of goose, rattlesnake and skunk oil." This turtle reaches a large size. Examples weighing 40 pounds each have been reported, although one of 12 or 16 pounds is gen- erally regarded as a large Snapper. The measurements of 3 of the larger examples taken at Maxin- kuckee are given in the following table: 12 3 Length of carapace (inches) 13.25 11 7 " Width of carapace 14 . 25 10 6 . 25 Length of plastron 9.12 8.5 5.25 Width of plastron 5 3 . 06 Length of head and neck 11 Length of hind leg and foot 9.5 Length of fore leg and foot 9 Length of tail 12 Weight 16 lbs. 13 lbs. 10 lbs. The Snapper has very few enemies. Very young examples may occasionally fall a prey to voracious fishes, but the larger examples are exempt from the attacks of anything except leeches, which are usually present on them in small numbers. A Snapper kept in captivity in a live box in the lake was badly infested with them. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 599 During- its confinement in the box it became much emaciated, and the alga on its back grew to extraordinary thickness and length. An immense bunch of leeches had collected in the hollow between the neck and front legs and would probably soon have caused the death of the turtle. Shell high in front, low behind, the body heaviest forward; head and neck very large, jaws strongly hooked and very powerful; tail long, strong, and with a crest of horny, compressed tubercles ; plastron small, cross-shaped, with 9 plates besides the very narrow bridge ; claws 5-4, strong, the web small ; color, dusky brown, head with dark spots. Size large. 3. MUSK TURTLE KINOSTERNON ODORATUM (Latreille) The Musk Turtle, also called the Stink-pot, ranges from the east- ern United States westward to northern Illinois. It is abundant in most parts of its habitat, particularly in the small lakes in the upper Mississippi Valley. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is one of the most abundant species, it being exceeded in numbers' only by the Map and, possibly, by the Painted, Turtle. On account of its not having the basking habit well developed it is, however, far less con- spicuous than either of those species. The Musk Turtles seem to spend most of their time walking about on the bottom of the lake, and are particularly fond of muddy places, the Outlet region. Green's marsh, Lost Lake and the Inlet being their favorite haunts. They are also found up Au- beenaubee Creek, a region well suited to them. This turtle is not built well for swimmiing, as it is quite deep in proportion to its diameters. There is, however, an immense amount of individual variation in this respect. It is a strictly aquatic species, and comes out on dry land, or even in the marshes, quite infrequently. It is not so much in evidence early in the spring as the Map and Painted turtles, and is rarely seen basking. The great majority of the numerous examples we have seen were observed in shallow water in such places as Outlet Bay, either walking slowly about on the bottom or partially concealed in the Chara ; very rarely have they been observed swimming freely. We have observed them during every month in the year except January and February. Our earliest record is INIarch 18 (1901), when one was obtained near the railroad and another was seen on the bottom in Culver Inlet. From that date onward they could be seen any day when the water was smooth and the conditions favor- able for observation. Even after the lake freezes over they may 600 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey be seen. Our latest record is for December 31 (1904), when one was observed through the ice in Outlet Bay. It is, therefore, active practically throughout the year. On December 20, five were found alive in a mink burrow. Although this species does not usually bask, it does so occa- sionally. Among a hundred turtles seen basking, probably there would be one or two Musk Turtles. They are quite disposed, how- ever, to rest quietly in the water with the head just above the surface. In disposition, this is the most vicious of any of our species ex- cept the Soft-shell and the Snapper. It is very sly and apt to take hold of one's finger when least expected. It holds on tenaciously and would be capable of inflicting a painful wound were its size not so diminutive. As to food, one was seen June 6, 1901, in company with a Painted Turtle, swimming along behind a floating dead fish, and nibbling bits out of it. Also, in the late autumn (Oct. 30, 1904), one was seen nibbling at the body of a grass pike 13 inches long that lay in the bottom at the head of the Outlet. This turtle or others stayed near the fish several days, but did not seem to make much progress in disposing of it, perhaps because the cold sea- son was coming on, when they probably eat little or nothing. On September 2. 3 or 4 were seen feeding on fresh cowdung in the edge of Lost Lake. Professor Newman says they often contain Vivipara contectoides. We have not been able to determine definitely the breeding sea- son of this species. Among many examples collected November 1 (1904), several pairs were copulating. On September 13 (1906), a pair were observed copulating, the female lying prone, as if dead. September 20 (1907) a female found crushed in the road contained eggs quite well developed. One was dissected November 27 (1904), which contained eggs the size of marbles. October 4, very small ones were abundant in shallow water near shore, some of them showing the placental attachment. These had probably hatched but recently. Early in June, a good many may be seen walking about on the land, and we supposed they were hunting nesting sites. Some very small ones were caught May 6 and 7, 1901, so they probably either hatch quite late in the year, or grow very slowly. This evidence is so conflicting as to render any positive statements regarding the breeding season hazardous. The enemies of the Musk Turtle do not appear to be many. On December 20 (1904), one was found at the Inlet turned up on its back and the soft parts almost wholly gone, probably devoured Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 601 by a muskrat, the tracks of which were in evidence. Another was found November 27, partly devoured. Apparently the muskrat occasionally catches one of these turtles or finds it torpid during the winter season, and feed on it. At any rate, we found them now and then (though not so frequently as we did the Painted Turtle) lying on the ice, usually belly up, with the flesh chewed out from the sides. The muskrats were not actually caught doing the work, but, as it took us some time to catch them actually catching mussels and cleaning out their shells, and as, on several occasions, muskrat tracks, and no other, were seen coming to the turtles, we are convinced we would have caught them at it if our observations could have been longer continued. Probably the muskrats pick up the turtles and lay them aside much as they do shells they are unable to open, and after the turtles are frozen, devour them. These turtles are often infested by leeches, which doubtless cause annoyance at least. Like the Snapper, the Musk Turtle is frequently covered with alg^ on the back, the algae often being quite long and thick. The proportion of turtles covered with algse varies with the season and conditions ; in early summer, before the scutes are shed, all or nearly all the turtles would probably be covered; with the shed- ding of the epidermal scutes the turtle comes forth clean of algae, and bright in color. During the late summer and early autumn of 1906, many small musk turtles were seen surrounded by a white halo which was con- spicuous at a distance, very much resembling the general appear- ance of Saprolegnia on fishes. It was found upon examination that the white growth consisted of a dense growth of a stalked branched protozoan, Opercularia. Later it was found that larger musk turtles harbored considerable masses of the protozoan on the plastron, this being frequently entirely covered, so that the turtles were practically botanical gardens above and zoological gardens below. Neither the alga nor the protozoan appears to do the turtles any injury. The alga above may assist the turtle in concealment; the protozoan below is self-supporting, feeding on minute organisms. The turtles in the muddy waters of Lost Lake are much more heavily overgrown than those of the clearer waters of Lake Maxinkuckee. The Musk Turtle is a harmless creature and certainly does some good as a scavenger. It should, therefore, be protected. So far as we are informed, it is never utilized as food by man ; its small size and disagreeable odor preclude such a possibility. It 602 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey is the smallest species in the lake. In the following table are given the weights and measurements of examples of the species, the first 53 of which were caught by us in the Outlet Bay, November 1, 1904, by means of a small dipnet, and afterward sent to the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History: No. Weight C.\R.\P.\CE Plastron in Length in Width in Length in Width in Date ounces inches inches inches inches 1 4.75 4.375 3.625 2.375 1.25 Nov.;^l,[l904 2 7.25 4.75 4.50 3.00 1.50 3 3.50 3.875 3.75 2.375 1.25 4 5.50 4.625 4.00 2.50 1.375 5 3.50 4.00 3.625 2.25 1.25 6 5.00 4.375 4.00 2.625 1.375 7 5.75 5.00 4.00 2.94 1.50 8 7.00 4.75 3.375 2.875 1.625 9 7.00 4.75 4.25 2.875 1.50 10 7.75 5.375 4.625 3.00 1.50 1] 4.25 4.25 3.75 2.25 1.19 12 7.00 5.00 4.50 3.00 1.50 13 4.50 4.312 3.625 2.625 1.44 14 6.00 4.75 3.875 2.625 1.44 15 7.00 4.75 4.50 3.25 1.625 16 5.50 4.625 4.00 2.69 1.44 17 6.00 4.56 4.25 2.625 1 375 18 5.50 4.25 4.00 2.69 1.375 19 4.50 4.25 3.625 2.50 1.312 20 7.00 4.56 4.375 3.125 1.375 21 3.75 4 3 2.375 1.125 22 7.00 4.50 4.625 3.25 1.75 23 8 5 4.563 2.875 1.563 24 4.50 4.06 3.802 2.25 1.125 25 3.75 3.802 3.375 2.50 1.375 26 2.75 3.6875 3.25 2.125 0.94 27 7 4.802 4.50 3.312 1.75 28 3.25 3.75 3.312 2.312 1 29 4 4 3.063 2.625 1.375 30 3 3.75 3.25 2.25 1.312 31 3 3.625 3.44 2.063 1.25 32 5 4.625 3.94 2.625 1.50 33 6 4.563 4.25 2.75 1.375 34 5.75 4.50 4.063 2.802 1.375 35 7 4.802 4.44 2.802 1.50 36 5.75 4.69 4.25 2.563 1.312 37 6 4.875 4.25 2.802 1.50 38 2.75 3.75 3:312 2.19 1.063 39 5 4.563 3.802 2.625 1.625 40 5.75 4.625 4.125 2.75 1.50 41 3.25 4.375 4.125 2.875 1.625 Nov. 3, 1904 42 6.50 4.875 4.312 2.75 1.50 43 6.50 4.75 4.25 2.625 1.563 44 6 4.75 4.50 2.50 1.375 45 4.25 4 125 3.75 2.50 1.375 46 3.75 4.063 2.563 2.50 1.125 47 4.25 4.25 3.802 2.50 1.44 48 3.25 3.875 3.50 2.25 1.187 49 2 3.25 3 1.75 1 50 3 3.50 2.187 2.187 1.187 51 4 3.94 3.687 2.50 1.44 52 3.75 3.312 2.50 2.50 1.687 April 29, 1901 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 003 No. Weight in Car\p.\ce Plastron Length in Width in Length in Width in Date ounces inches inches inches inches 53 6.375 4.25 2.75 3.375 1.875 54 5 3.687 2.563 2.94 1.687 55 7.25 5 4.75 3 1.375 Oct. 21, 1907 56 6 4.625 4.25 2.563 1.44 57 6.50 4.25 4.50 2.94 1.50 58 3.25 3.75 3.50 2.25 1.187 59 7 5.125 4.44 2.75 1.625 60 6.25 4.563 4.375 2.875 1.50 61 4.25 4.187 3.625 2.375 1.312 62 2.25 3.625 3.44 2.19 1.19 63 4 3.94 3.75 2.375 1.25 64 6.25 4.625 4.125 2.875 1.50 65 4.25 4.125 3.75 2.375 1.25 66 2.75 3.75 3.25 2.19 1.063 67 3.75 3.94 3.625 2.44 1.25 68 4.50 4 3.25 2.375 1.311 69 5.25 4.44 4.00 2.615 1.312 70 3.25 3.625 3.44 2.19 1.19 71 3 3.625 3.375 2.25 1.125 72 7 4.94 4.25 3.00 1.563 73 4.50 3.94 3.44 2.44 1.25 74 4.75 4.375 4.063 2.625 1.44 75 7 4.875 4.50 2.875 1.50 76 4.50 4.063 3.625 2.50 1.25 77 5.25 4.19 4.00 2.875 1.312 78 7 4.75 4.44 2.625 1.375 79 5.75 4.125 3.19 2.50 1.44 80 5.75 4.75 4.125 2.563 1.44 81 2.25 3.19 3 1.94 1 82 4.25 4.125 3.19 2.375 1.19 83 3 3.625 3.375 2.25 1.125 84 3 3.50 3.25 2.25 1.125 85 7.25 5.25 4.312 2.94 1.625 86 4 4 3.625 2.25 1.19 87 6 4.50 4.25 2.69 ! 1.375 88 6.25 4.75 4.25 2.75 1.563 89 6 4.75 4.25 2.75 1.375 90 4.25 4 3.625 2.50 1.25 91 3.25 3.50 3.25 2.125 1.125 92 6 4.69 4.312 2.625 1.375 93 6.75 5.063 4.312 3 1.563 94 3.00 3.563 3.375 2.25 1.125 95 5.75 4.50 4.00 2.802 1.312 96 3.00 3.625 3.25 2.25 1.125 97 4.25 4.44 3.875 2.625 1.50 98 4.75 4.25 4.19 2.50 1.375 99 3.00 3.625 3.25 2.125 1.125 100 4.50 4.19 3.75 2.625 1.312 101 5 4.375 3.94 2.50 1.25 102 4.50 4.375 3.875 2.44 1.375 103 3.75 3.94 3.50 2.375 1.25 104 7 4.75 4.69 2.875 1.50 105 6 4.50 4.25 2.75 1.625 106 7.50 5.25 4.50 2.875 1.50 Oc . 22. 1907 107 5.25 4.125 4 2.75 1.375 108 6.50 4.94 4.125 2.802 1.50 109 6.25 4.563 4.25 3.063 1 503 110 4 4.125 3.94 2.50 1.312 111 2.50 3.563 3.19 2.125 1.063 112 6.25 4.875 4.69 2.69 1 375 604 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey No. Weight C.\RAPACE Plastron in Length in Width in Length in Width in Date ounces inches inches inches inches 113 5.25 4.375 4.125 2.802 1.312 114 4.50 4.25 3.94 2.75 1.25 115 4.50 4.25 3.94 2.50 1.375 116 6.25 4,75 4.125 2.755 1.50 117 6.25 4.75 4.375 2.875 1.44 118 5.25 4.312 4.505 2.69 1.50 119 3.75 4.063 3.625 2.44 1.312 120 5.50 4.625 4.125 2.625 1.375 121 7 5 4.625 2.94 1.563 122 2.75 3.563 3.312 2.19 1.125 123 4.25 4.375 3.802 2.50 1.375 124 2.25 3.25 3.063 1.875 0.94 125 4.50 4.063 3.875 2.312 1.25 126 2.75 3.312 3.25 2.19 1.063 127 3.75 4.063 3.75 2.50 1.19 128 6.25 4.802 4.25 2.69 1.50 129 5 4.50 4.125 2.69 1.44 130 6.25 4.69 4.312 2.94 1.44 131 3.50 3.94 3.69 2.375 1.312 132 3.25 3.875 3.375 2.44 1.19 133 3.50 3.75 3.563 2.25 1.19 134 8.50 5.125 5.00 3.00 1.625 135 4.25 4.312 3.875 2.563 1.375 136 3.25 3.875 3.25 2.312 1.25 137 5.75 4.563 4.125 2.94 1.563 138 2.75 3.75 3.312 2.25 1.19 139 5.25 4.563 4.125 2.563 1.375 140 5.25 4.44 4 2.625 1.44 141 4.00 4.063 3.75 2.625 1.25 142 4 4.25 4.00 2.50 1.312 143 3.50 3.75 3.625 2.125 1.19 144 5.25 4.69 4.312 2.69 1.375 145 3.25 3.69 3.625 2.25 1.19 146 6.50 4.802 4.625 2.802 1.50 147 3.50 4.00 3.44 2.375 1.19 148 4.75 4.125 4.00 2.50 1.312 149 4.00 4.00 3.94 2.50 1.312 150 5.25 4.44 4.25 2.75 1.50 151 3 3.75 3.50 2.375 1.25 152 6.25 4.94 4.625 2.75 1.44 153 4 4.063 3.802 2.375 1.312 154 2.50 3.625 3.25 2.25 1.125 155 2.75 3.563 3.19 2.19 1.125 156 2 3.19 3.125 1.94 1.00 157 3.25 3.802 3.563 2,375 1.25 Oct. 21, 1907 158 3.50 3.94 3.563 2.44 1.375 159 4.75 4.312 4.063 2.50 1.50 160 3.00 3.802 3.375 2.25 1.375 161 5.00 4.312 4.063 2.62S 1.44 162 3.50 3.875 3.375 2.312 1.125 163 2.75 3.75 3.25 2.25 1.19 164 3.25 3.802 3.563 2.25 1.19 165 3.50 3.563 3.375 2.19 1.125 166 3.75 4 3.563 2.25 1.19 167 1.75 3.063 2.875 1.94 0.875 168 .50 2.19 2.25 1.25 0.69 169 .50 1.94 2.063 1.19 0.563 170 .50 , 1.94 2.00 1.063 0.625 171 .25 1.44 1.50 .802 .50 Average. 4.66 4.19 3.78 2.51 1.32 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 605 The Musk Turtle may be known from the following description : Carapace rather long- and narrow, the outline rising gradually from the front to a point beyond the center, then abruptly de- scending, the bulk of the body, therefore, thrown backwards; margin of carapace turning downward and inward rather than outward; shell dusky, clouded, sometimes spotted; neck with two yellow stripes, one from above the eye, the other from below it; head very large, with strong jaws; carapace with traces of a keel. Leng-th 6 inches or less. 4. MAP TURTLE GRAPTEMYS GEOGRAPHICA (LeSueur) The Map Turtle is found from the Mississippi Valley eastward to New York, but is more common in the western part of the range. It is common everywhere in the lakes and larger streams of In- diana. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is by far the most abundant turtle and is found in all parts of the lake ; the heads may often be seen stick- ing up above the surface even in the deeper portions of the lake. Like most of the other turtles of the lake, however, they prefer shallow bays. Examples have been taken almost everywhere about the shores of the Jake. It occurs in both lakes, in the lagoons be- tween them, in the Inlet and Outlet, and perhaps also in the smaller streams about the lake. It does not travel far from shore, and is not found in the pools and woodland ponds of the region. The Map Turtle makes its appearance swimming at the surface or basking, early in the spring; the first seen in 1901 was on April 27, and they were seen in gradually increasing numbers from that time on. They are very abundant from May to August or Sep- tember. They are essentially aquatic in their habits and are never seen away from the water except when laying their eggs. Though most numerous near the shore and in protected bays, they may often be seen far from shore out in the lake, slowly swimming about or quietly resting at the surface. When approached, they sink silently beneath the surface, swim slowly a short distance, again come up and rest with head above the water as before. In our seining operations about the lake small map turtles were taken at nearly every haul. They were particularly abundant in the patches of Scirpus and on sandy bottom covered with a growth of Chara. They were less common among the Potamogetons, Myrio- phyllum and Ceratophyllum. A few can usually be seen on any log, board or other floating object of sullicient size and stability, 606 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey but they most delight in low, sandy, somewhat grassy beaches. A favorite basking place of this kind is on the south side of Outlet Bay near the wagon bridge. Here a score or more could often be seen. They would crawl out upon the shore about 8 or 9 o'clock in the morning, or earlier if the day were bright and warm, and there they would remain for many hours. They usually rest quietly basking in the sun, occasionally moving about a little. From the amount of time they spend basking during the day, it is supposed that they feed principally at night. The basking ground along the south shore of Outlet Bay was so much used that the grass and weeds were much worn off by the turtles, and a great many shed scutes were to be found there. A dense growth of algae occurred near shore in which the turtles would hide when frightened. On April 23 a Map Turtle of medium size was seen basking, sitting crosswise on the back of a somewhat larger Painted Turtle. The time of mating was not positively observed. On October 4, and later in the fall, they appeared frequently in pairs walking about on the bottom of the lake, or a small one following a large one about. On April 27 small ones were also noted following large ones about as if about to mate. As a pair of musk turtles were observed actually mating in the autumn, it is probable that the other turtles, including this species, occasionally do so at that time. They begin laying their eggs at least as early as June 12. They do not go far from the water, but dig their nests in the sandy shores or banks near the lake. They even sometimes attempt to make nests in rather stiff clay, or in rather hard ground. On June 18 one was seen in the road back of the Miller cottage, digging a hole for a nest. The hind feet were used in digging. On June 23 one was seen on her nest between the ties of the railroad south of the ice-houses. After the turtle had left, the place was examined and 11 eggs were found. Occasionally an egg may be dropped in the water or on the shore where there is no nest. The eggs are ellipti- cal-cylindrical, about l^xf inch, the shell being quite soft and flexible. This turtle continues basking later in the fall than any other species. On November 2 and 3 quite a number were seen on the stones along the east side of the lake, and one was seen basking as late as November 22. Late in autumn when the air gets chilly these turtles, when basking on stones or boards, assume a pe- culiar position. The legs, instead of being drawn up toward the body, are stretched out straight and stiff and the turtle on being approached tumbles rather than scrambles into the water. The Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 607 cold of autumn benumbs thorn quite considerably. On November 30, while walking- along- the south shore of the lake, several turtles of this species were observed to leave shore and take to the water. They attempted to dive, but were unable to do so; they plunged their heads below the surface, tilting up the posterior part of the body, and finally succeeded in getting all under water except the hind legs, which, projecting above the surface, fanned the air frantically in the most ludicrous fashion. Seven of these turtles were caught ; four of them were quite large. They were placed in an open-bottomed live-box near the station where it was thought they would bury themselves in the soft sand for the winter. All, however, were soon frozen. In the autumn these turtles, along with the Painted, show a tendency to migrate from the larger lake into Lost Lake. They usually go down the Outlet, but in the autumn of 1906 a dam was built across the Outlet at the railroad bridge, and the turtles were seen in considerable numbers climbing over the dam or making the journey over the road by land. The Map Turtle does not hibernate, but many, if not all of them keep walking about on the bottom of the lake, where they can be seen through the ice whenever it is clear. Throughout the winter of 1900-1901 they could be seen any day when the ice was not covered with snow. 1\\ the early winter of that year these turtles appeared to congregate in considerable numbers in the northwest corner of Lost Lake, in shallow^ water near shore. On Dec. 15, 25 were counted in this place, and only one or two were seen elsewhere. Later on in the season they w^ere found in various other places ; a good many w^ere found in the bottom of Outlet Bay. On Christmas day, 1900, in walking out 119 steps from Chadwick's pier, 69 map turtles and one musk turtle were counted. They were also found in some numbers in the Norris Inlet region. Those turtles keep moving about more or less all winter, although they are not nearly so active as in the summer ; and they probably eat little or nothing. They do not appear to swim any or leave the bottom. They do not appear to take fright easily and would prob- ably be unable to make good time in attempting to escape even if they tried; one can walk above them and study their actions in de- tail through the clear ice. While walking about the motion of the limbs is quite jerky and irregular. Where they walked ovrr soft bare muddy bottom the tracks left by them could be plainly seen, two parallel rows of dots, the distance between the rows indicating the size of the turtle; by following these, the animal could fre- quently be tracked down. 39—17618 608 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The Map Turtle is unable to withstand a freezing temperature, at least in air. During the winter several were caught where the ice men had taken out ice, and were set out on the ice. They began to stiffen almost immediately, and froze solid in a very short time. They were very gradually thawed out by being placed in cold water, but did not revive. The Map Turtle is probably a scavenger and does much to rid the lake of dead animal matter. It also feeds largely on the smaller mollusks, particularly Viviixtra contectoides. It is never used for food, perhaps on account of its small size as compared with the two species here used for food, the Snapper and Soft-shell. So far as our observations go it has no enemies except, possibly, leeches. The Map Turtles reach only a moderate size. The largest ex- amples seen by us weighed 4 to 4| pounds. The following table gives weights and measurements of 24 in- dividuals examined: MEASUREMENTS OF MAP TURTLES No. \v „:„i,4. C.\R.\PACE Plastron Length (Straight ) Length (Cjrve) Width (Straight) Width (Curve) Length Width 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 lbs. 4.25 4 3 2oz. 2oz. 6 14 oz 10.25 10.75 10.40 8.75 4.20 4.07 4.75 3.94 3.63 3.43 3.25 2.19 2.13 8.00 3.38 3.43 3.81 3.67 2.13 2.125 2.125 3 4.434 4.744 10.75 11.00 10.60 9.20 4.27 2.25 7.50 7.50 7.12 6.37 3.25 3.20 3.63 1.13 2.94 2.81 3.06 2,00 1.94 9.75 9.00 9.33 8.37 3.80 3.88 9.12 9.25 9.00 8.00 3.63 3.50 3.88 3.43 3.13 2.43 3.00 1.94 1.81 5.00 5.00 4.88 4.50 2.00 1.88 "> 88 s 4 3 2 2 23 oz. 32 oz. 65 oz. 43 oz. 85 oz. ,(J1 nv 2 43 9 2 31 10 2 13 11 2 25 12 1 43 13 1 38 14 2 lbs. 3 oz. 2.5 oz. 3.5 oz. 3.25 oz. ■ 15 2.87 2.75 2.87 2.75 1.87 2.25 2,25 2.93 3.868 4.4.34 2.87 3.00 3 25 1 63 16 1 56 17 1 67 18 3 13 1.50 19 1.87 1.682 1 682 1.37 20 .75 oz. .75 oz. 1 . 50 oz . 4.50 oz. 6 00 m. .93 21 93 22 2.4.34 3.50 3.93 1 31 23 1 744 24 9 The Map Turtle is usually free from growths of alg£e or other organisms. The young differ from the older in being decidedly more strongly keeled, the portions of the carapace each side of the Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surveij G09 keel being rather straight, so that the shell of the young turtle looks somewhat like a roof. The young are covered with delicate reticulations which give pleasing color patterns, but which disap- pear more or less completely in the adult. This is one of the most inoffensive of the turtles and can hardly be induced to bite. Carapace ovate, broadest behind, the margins flaring outward, highest near the middle and not strongly convex; carapace strongly notched behind and usually decidedly keeled. Color dark olive brown, with greenish and yellowish streaks and reticulations, es- pecially distinct on neck, legs and edge of carapace; plastron yel- lowish. 5. ELEGANT TURTLE PSEUDEMYS ELEGANS (Wicd) This is the rarest as well as the most beautiful turtle occurring about Lake Maxinkuckee. Its habitat extends from the Carolinas to Mexico and in the Mississippi Valley northward to Indiana and northwestward to the Yellowstone. It was described originally from specimens taken near New Harmony, Indiana. According to Dr. Hay it has been found at Mt. Carmel, 111., and in the Tippe- canoe at Winamac. At the latter place Dr. Hay obtained a speci- men about July 1, 1892. There seem to be no other Indiana rec- ords until now. During our several seasons at Lake Maxinkuckee we obtained but one specimen of this turtle. This was secured by Mr. Clark June 13, 1901, at the south end of the lake near the small spring, where, about 200 feet from shore, the water was about 3 feet deep and the bottom covered with Chara. The specimen was a very fine one. The length was about 6 inches. We saw the shell of a sec- ond example in a shop in Culver. It had been caught in a trap in Lost Lake, and the carapace was 9.5 inches long and 7 inches across. We know but little of the habits of this fine turtle. It is prob- ably entirely aquatic. It may be known from the following description : Shell broad and depressed ; carapace serrated behind, a slight emargination in each scute and deeper ones between them. Color of carapace olive, with lines and spots of yellow and black, the lines running mostly lengthwise on the vertebral scutes, and transversely on the costals ; a yellow band of varying width down the middle of each costal scute, parallel with other lines and bands of black and yellow, some narrow, some wide ; on the upper and lower surfaces of marginal scutes are spots consisting of con- 610 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey centric circles of yellow and black; between them a yellow band crossing each marginal; plastron yellow, with a black blotch on each scute, these often ocellated with yellow ; spots on bridge usually confluent; head with numerous narrow stripes of greenish or yellow; a broad stripe from under eye extending backward on neck, being met at angle of mouth by a stripe from middle of lower jaw; another stripe, often blood red, from posterior corner of eye running back on neck; legs and tail striped with yellow. Length 10 inches or less. 6. WESTERN PAINTED TURTLE CHRYSEMYS MARGINATA (Agassiz) The Western Painted Turtle is found from central New York westward through the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley and southward to the Gulf. It is generally common and is abundant throughout Indiana. It is found in practically every stream, pond and lake in the state. While it is not rare in running streams, it is in the small lakes and ponds that it most delights to dwell. Choice situations are small muddy ponds in which are many old logs or chunks on which they may bask. Next to the Map Tui-tle this is the most abundant species in Lake Maxinkuckee ; and, excepting the Spotted Turtle and the Ele- gant Turtle, it is the most beautiful. In the spring they are first noticed about the middle of March in the small pools along the railroad between Green's flat and the Outlet. Here they become very abundant in April, sitting on logs, chunks, or other objects, sunning themselves. They do not ap- pear in numbers in the lake proper until later. By the first of June they can be found anywhere in shallow water about the lake. During the summer and until December they may be seen bask- ing in the sun. Wherever a log, post, board or other object af- fords support above the water there they will sit quietly all day long, sliding off into the water only when disturbed. A favorite place was on the boards and timbers in the lake off the ice-houses. From July to October hundreds could be seen at this place. The earliest and latest dates upon which we saw this species basking were March 17 and December 3. They were observed moving about under the ice as late as December 16. Near the end of Long Point on the north side was a portion of an old pier which had drifted ashore and grounded in shallow water. This was a favorite basking place for turtles throughout the summer and fall, and 40 to 50 could be seen there any time. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 611 When disturbed they would scurry into the water where they could be seen scattered about near the pier, their heads sticking out of the water, ready to crawl out again when the cause of their alarm had disappeared. The majority were painted turtles, though there were usually among them several maps and a few soft-shells, an occasional musk turtle, and now and then a snapper. On July 25, 1899, 280 painted turtles were caught at one haul with a 35-foot seine off the Assembly grounds. This turtle is a shallow water species and is not often observed out in the lake at any great distance from the shore; in this respect it differs markedly from the Map Turtle, the Soft-shell and the Snapper. We have no record of any Painted Turtle having been seen in the lake more than a few rods from shore. On the other hand it is seen oftener than any other species on dry land about the lake. Early in June they begin wandering about, apparently hunting for suitable nesting places. They probably wander farther from the lake than any other species (excepting the Snapper), and may be seen in the fields, pastures, along the railroad, and in the open woods. They laj^ their eggs about the middle of June in shallow holes which they dig in the sand with their hind feet. The eggs appear to hatch out late in the fall. On September 28 a nest of 10 young, each about an inch long, was dug up in a potato field on Long Point. Favorite nesting sites are the sandy slopes of the railroad grade and the Assembly grounds, the field south of Green's fiat, and the north shore of Long Point. Soon after hatching the young seek the nearest water, crawl into the mud, and remain until spring. In the fall they seem restless and wander about a great deal. They are often seen crossing the railroad between the main lake and Lost Lake. The number killed by passing trains is astonish- ingly great. It is probably within safe limits to say that not fewer than a hundred are killed at Maxinkuckee every year by passing trains. Many are also killed by wagons on the public highway. Along with the painted turtles killed in these ways there are killed a good many map turtles and a few each of the snapiiers and musk turtles, as well as a great many frogs, toads, and snakes. The Painted Turtle muds up and hibernates during the winter. We never observed many under the ice. Early in the fall those about Outlet Bay and along the west side of the lake tend to mi- grate to Lost Lake, or more definitely to Green's flat and the shal- low ponds along the railroad below the Outlet. 612 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Here they "mud up" for a brief period. The first warm days of March call them forth, however, and they may again be seen on the logs and chunks basking- in the sun. The food of this turtle consists chiefly of small mollusks, crusta- ceans, insect larvae, and dead fish. On June 6 a Painted Turtle and a Stink-pot were observed both feeding on a floating dead fish, and at other times we have seen the former species feeding upon dead fish. In every case the turtles began eating at the caudal end of the fish. We have no evidence that this species ever catches live fish. The stomach of one examined October 8 contained a quantity of Spirogyra. Others examined contained Spirogyra and quantities of another alga, Lyngbya ; another contained some Naias. This turtle is therefore largely a vegetable feeder. It is probably chiefly a scavenger and in this capacity serves a useful purpose in freeing the lake beaches of dead fishes, waterdogs, and the like, which wash up on the shore in considerable numbers. This turtle is not often used as food, although there is no rea- son why it should not be so utilized. It has no disagreeable odor and the flesh is doubtless tender, palatable and nutritious. The enemies of the Painted Turtle are not many. Among ani- mals doubtless the worst is the muskrat. On December 18 a large example of this turtle was found at Norris Inlet, turned on its back and partly devoured. Muskrat tracks were the only ones about, and it is evident that that animal had been feeding on it. It is this turtle more than any other that is found, back down, on tussocks in the winter along the Inlet and Outlet, and with the body more or less gnawed away, probably the work of muskrats. On another occasion (November 19), we found a small live Painted Turtle lying upside down on a log. It may have been left there by a muskrat or a raccoon. Leeches are often found on this turtle and doubtless cause it considerable annoyance. All the turtles of the lake, but this one especially, usually harbor the flat leech (Clejjsine) in considerable numbers. These are usually found on the bare skin along the sides and in the axils of the arms, at which time they are probably sucking blood. The leeches are also frequently found on the shell of the turtle, either on the carapace or plastron, but when in this situation, it is doubtful if they are obtaining any food. Winter seems to be the period of greatest mortality with them ; in spring, one occasionally finds them lying about dead in such places as they make their winter quarters, such as the pools in Green's flat. Men- tion has already been made of the great number that are destroyed Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 613 by being run over by trains on the railroad and by wagons on the pubHc highway. Many are destroyed and many more intolei-- ably annoyed by thoughtless men and boys who shoot them oi- stone them whenever they see them basking near shore. The claws of some of the painted turtles caught early in the spring of 1901 (Apr. 4) just after they came out of winter quar- ters, seemed to be remarkably long and sharp. Four examples were caught, and the length of the middle claw of the front feet was taken. The claw of the first was j inch long, that of the sec- ond I inch long, that of the third l inch and that of the fourth f inch. The turtles were only of moderate size, the carapace being about 4^ to 5 inches long. The Painted Turtle is easily distinguished from all other species of this region by its shiny black, blue-black or brownish-black color, and bright red on the neck. It may be described as follows : Shell broad and depressed, broadest behind the middle; shell flaring posteriorly, its surface very smooth, no trace of keel even in the young. Color of carapace dark green or greenish black, the hinder border of the costal and vertebral scutes narrowly bordered with black, the anterior border with slightly wider bright red lines lying immediately against the black margin ; the red or yellow lines not joining to form straight lines across the back; a very narrow red line along middle of back; upper surfaces of marginal plates with many crescent-shaped bright red marks; lower surfaces of the marginals black, with large splotches of blood-red and bright yel- low; plastron bright yellow or brownish red, with a large dusky blotch on central portion; soft skin of head, legs and tail dark olive, with red stripes; two large waxy yellow spots on back of head, nearly as large as eye, these prolonged backward as two narrow pale yellow stripes; another short yellow stripe from upper corner of eye and another from lower side of eye back on neck : two red stripes on front of each fore leg, and similar ones on posterior surfaces of thighs ; besides these, numerous small red spots all over soft parts. Sometimes, in the brownish-black indi- viduals, the sutures of the back are red. The red markings fade to yellow in alcohol. The Painted Turtle varies somewhat in color, the ground-color in most of the examples being a brownish-black. In some cases there is a considerable mixture of green in the ground-color, giving the whole shell a somewhat livelier hue. In some examples seen the lines between the scutes of the carapace were rod. and there were other markings of red on the back — sometimes a red dorsal 614 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey median line and a small red spot in the middle of each of some of the scutes. These color-markings were observable at some dis- tance while the turtles were in the water and made the turtles pos- sessing them objects of peculiar beauty. As the epidermal scutes of these turtles grow oM they occasionally become covered with various growths. An alga which appears to belong to the genus Chaetomorpha grows on the dorsal scutes, and, less frequently, a branched stalked protozoan, Opercularia, grows on the ventral scutes. Sometime during the year, usually in the late summer, the turtles shed these epidermal scutes, and can frequently be seen with some clean new scutes and old overgrown ones. At the end of the shedding period they come forth bright and new, their colors apparently much clearer. In the autumn of 1906 one of these turtles was caught with the alga on it in fruit, the base of the alga being green, while the fruiting tips had a reddish cast. There is considerable variation in the epidermal scutes of this turtle, one frequently being added irregularly. An example caught in 1906 had 2 additional triangular scutes, symmetrically placed at the anterior corners of the anterior dorsal scute. In some cases the anterior marginal scute, and those on each side of it are orna- mented with peculiar serrations. Excepting the musk and spotted turtles this is the smallest spec- ies found in this region. Its maximum length is about 6 inches and the maximum weiglit three-quarters of a pound. The follow- ing table gives the weights and measurements of a number ex- amined : MEASUREMENTS OF PAINTED TURTLES No Weight C.VR.\P.\CE Pl.\stron Length in inches Width in inches Length in inches Width in inches 1 4.87 4.37 4.25 4.5 4.67 5.37 5.63 3.13 4.87 3.5 3.13 3.13 3.25 3.25 2.93 3.87 2.57 3.87 4.37 4.00 3.87 4.00 4.19 4.87 5.13 2.79 4.00 3 2.5 2,5 2.5 2.13 3.31 3.25 2.06 2.00 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.75 oz. 12.00 oz. 12 81 oz. 2.65 o2. 6.25 oz. 11.00 oz. 10.75 oz. 11 5.94 5.19 4.87 2.37 Average 8.82 oz. 4.76 3.47 4.21 2.56 Several young seen May 22 were each about the size of a silver quarter. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 615 7. SPECKLED TURTLE CLEMMYS GUTTATA (Schneider) The Speckled Turtle is found from New England to North Carolina and west to Indiana. In this State it has been found only in the northern part. It has been recorded only from Kendallville, Rochester, English Lake and Lake Maxinkuckee. It is not a very common turtle at Lake Maxinkuckee. Two specimens were ob- tained at the lake in May, 1891, by members of the Indiana Academy of Science. The first example seen by us was got at the south end of the lake October 1, 1900. It was next seen April 1, 1901, when two were found on a tussock in Green's flat. The following is the record of all the remaining individuals seen by us: April 3, 1901, one found dead on Green's flat and another found dead in the elevator pond ; April 4, four caught and several others seen basking in Green's flat; April 9, several seen in a ditch in Green's flat and one in a tamarack swamp west of lake ; April 15, one caught in Green's flat; April 24, several seen in Hawk's marsh chasing- each other in a lively manner; thej^ were evidently mating; three pairs and one odd one were caught; April 25, caught one male in Green's flat; April 26, several seen in Green's flat; April 30, one seen in Green's flat; May 14, one found dead on the west edge of Long Point; May 22, several seen in a ditch near the tamarack swamp, four of which were collected. The only one seen in the fall was found in Hawk's marsh Sep- tember 3, 1906. One was obtained in a ditch near Fort Wayne, September 28. This interesting and beautiful little turtle is by preference an inhabitant of the small ponds, marshes and open ditches, and is less aquatic than any of the preceding species. We never saw it in Lake Maxinkuckee proper. The one found at the south end of the lake was south of the Farrar cottage at a small pond. As may be seen from the above, its favorite haunts are Green's flat. Hawk's marsh and the vicinity of the tamarack swamp. None was seen on the east side of the lake, but careful search in April and ^lay would doubtless reveal its presence along Aubeenaubee Creek and Norris Inlet, and possibly at Culver Inlet. Late in May, when the ponds have become pretty dry, these turtles disappeared. They began mating about the middle of April. Several were seen paired April 19 to 24. When mating, they are more active than we have observed any other species to be. The males chase the females rapidly and persistently until the female is captured. 616 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Then the male would immediately climb upon the female's back. Several pairs that were placed in a tub were continually assuming this position, although actual copulation was not observed. We have never found the eggs of this species and know very little about its nesting season or habits. Its eggs are said to be only three or four in number, about 1.25 by .75 inch in size, and to be laid in June. This turtle is apparently silent, as we have never heard any note which we could positively associate with it. A good many dead ones are found in the spring; the winter is probably a critical period with them. These turtles are entirely harmless and should be protected. Their food consists chiefly of crawfish, tadpoles, angleworms, and other weak animals found about the water and in the marshes. The Speckled Turtle may be readily distinguished from all others by the following description : Shell moderately to strongly depressed, oval, widest behind, no trace of keel in adult and scarcely evident in the young ; nuchal scutes very narrow; plastron large, the hinder lobe about three- fourths width of carapace, with a shallow notch in posterior border ; anterior lobe truncated, not movable on a transverse hinge ; plastron of male concave; snout not at all projecting; upper jaw notched, the edge nearly straight ; legs and feet covered with scales, those on front limbs large and overlapping; feet not large, claws rather short, the web not extensive; tail long, that of the male bringing the vent beyond the carapace. General color of carapace black, patches of reddish brown show- ing through the darker ; on each scute from one to 12 round bright orange spots, each larger than the pupil ; plastron red, orange and black, the black predominating, the orange usually occupying the center and the margin ; head black above, with orange dots ; usually a large orange spot just above the ear; neck black, with more or less red ; shoulders with much red or orange ; upper surface of limbs black, with yellow and red, lower surfaces red and orange ; tail black, red at base. Length of carapace 4 to 5 inches. Weights and measurements of 14 examples are given in the fol- lowing table: Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 617 C.\R.\P.\CE Plastron Weight No. in Length Width Length Width Sex ounces in in in m inches inches inches inches 1 3.87 3.56 2.69 3.00 1.87 2 4.13 3.50 2.13 3.19 1.94 3 3.87 3.75 2.50 3.00 1.75 4 4.13 3.81 2.69 3.13 1.94 5 3.75 3.50 2.69 2.94 1.87 6 4.50 3.56 2.75 3.25 1.94 7 3.50 3.44 2.56 3.00 1.81 8 4.37 3.63 2.75 3.37 1.94 9 4.00 3.75 3.00 2.87 3.50 3.25 2.63 2.50 male 10 male 11 • 4.00 3.87 3.00 2.87 3.63 3.25 2.50 2.37 female 12 13 4.30 3 63 2.75 3.31 2.25 U* 3.39 3.56 2.68 3.00 2.19 male Average 3.68 2.71 3.2 2.1 *In the last specimen the carapace haJ strong concentric strise and the^lastron parallel radiating striae • The tail was much larger than in the next preceding specimen. 8. BLANDING TURTLE EMYS BLANDINGII (Holbrook) This species occurs from New England westward to Illinois. It is found in southern Canada, but is not known from the south- ern states. It is nowhere abundant; indeed, in most parts of its range, it must be regarded as a rare species. In Indiana it is known only from the lakes in the northern part of the State. It has been recorded from Lagrange and Steuben counties (Levette), Lake Maxinkuckee (Hay), Rochester (Gould) and English Lake. Only one specimen has previously been recorded from Lake Maxin- kuckee; this was obtained by Dr. 0. P. Hay in May, 1891. It is apparently as common about Lake Maxinkuckee as any- where in the State. Our notes record more than eleven ex- amples as having been collected or observed by us in the neighbor- hood. The definite datts are as follows: March 29, 1901, one caught on west side of lake near the small pond at the elevator; April 4, one taken in Green's flat; April 9, one taken in a ditch east of Tamarack swamp ; May 17, one caught climbing the bank in front of Assembly grounds, and another near same place next day ; May 20, a large one found in Hawk's marsh ; May 22, two taken near Tamarack swamp ; July 29, 1906, a large one caught in a kettle hole swamp in Walley's woods; September 11, one seen in a ditch between Arlington and Belong; September 618 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 14, a large example in Hawk's marsh ; November 4, several large examples, some about 9 or 10 inches long, found dead on Yellow River west of Knox. They had been killed by pearl hunters. Those taken May 17 and 18 were walking about on dry land as if hunting for a nesting site. We have never seen this species in the lake ; it is, rather, an inhabitant of small shallow ponds, marshes and muddy ditches. Very little was learned regarding the habits of this turtle. As only one of our specimens was found in the water, all the others being out on the land, it appears that it is somewhat less aquatic than the Speckled Turtle. On May 17 and 18 those observed walk- ing about on the land had apparently come up out of the lake. They acted as if hunting nesting sites, though we found none. The species is described as follows: Shell elongate oval, widest just behind the middle, without keel ; carapace not serrated behind; plastron large, entirely closing the shell ; head long and wide ; limbs and feet scaly ; tail scaly, that of male about one-fifth length of shell, that of female shorter. Color dark green to black, each scute with several round, triangular or oblong spots of yellow or orange, the marginal ones largest, all sometimes wanting; plastron yellow, with the outer posterior por- tion with a brown blotch which sometimes covers the whole scute ; head and neck above and along sides dusky, with numerous yellow dots; chin, throat and under side of neck yellow; legs yellow, with brown mottlings ; tail striped longitudinally with yellow and brown. Length 9 inches or less. Dr. Hay states that the young of this species can be distin- guished by the absence of yellow or orange spots on the shell, in marked contrast with the young of the speckled turtle on which the spots appear even before the young are hatched. 9. BOX TURTLE TERRAPENE CAROLINA (Linn^us) The Box Turtle is found from New England to Texas and west- ward to Iowa and Kansas. Although occurring throughout In- diana, it is rare about Lake Maxinkuckee. The only record given by Dr. Hay for northern Indiana is Marshall County. During our observations there we saw only three specimens, as follows: April 13, 1901, a dead shell found near a small pond back of the Farrar cottage at the south end of the lake. May 22, 1901, one caught in a ditch near the Tamarack swamp west of the lake. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 619 July 10, 1902, one found in Walley's woods near the railroad south of the lake. We have heard of perhaps half a dozen others taken or seen within a few miles of the lake. The second and third examples listed above give the following measurements : Carapace Plastron Circumference in inches No. Length in inches Width in inches Length in inches Width in inches 2 3 5 6. 7a 3.87 7.25 4.75 5.5 3 3.5 15.5 This species is entirely terrestial in its habits and is the only strictly land tortoise found in the vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee. It is never seen in the water and only rarely in or about marshy situations. It most delights in dry, sandy open woodlands where there is some underbrush and where the ground has a thick cover- ing of dry decaying leaves. Favorite places are old overgrown fencerows along the borders of woodland, in blackberry and rasp- berry patches and in beech and oak forests where there are old decaying logs and chunks. The Box Turtle is a silent, solitary, and solemn creature; one rarely sees more than one at a time. During the mating season, however, two are sometimes found together. Very rarely is one seen moving about, and a person is not apt to find any of these turtles unless he direct his observations to the ground. And when one is found it will be seen resting perfectly still, with its head projecting from the shell and staring at you stupidly. When you pick it up it will draw in its head and feet and close its shell tightly. Occasionally it will make a slight hissing noise, the only noise we have ever heard it make. It is a wholly harmless, inoffensive crea- ture. It is easily domesticated and, as a garden pet, possesses many interesting and attractive characteristics, albeit not very exciting. Their mating season in this region is in late April and May, and the eggs are laid in shallow burrows in sandy soil. We know nothing about the number of eggs laid nor the period of incubation. The food of this species consists chiefly of grub^, angleworms and succulent plants and fruits. When kept as pets they will eat cabbage, lettuce, musk melon, tomatoes, mushrooms, angleworms and meat. They soon learn to take food from one's hand. 620 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Shell broadly oval, sometimes four-fifths as broad as long, high, very convex, and extremely solid ; plastron large, tightly closing the opening of the carapace, consisting of two lobes movable on each other and the carapace, the bridge entirely obliterated ; plas- tron rounded in front and behind ; head of moderate size, the snout not projecting; upper jaw with the cutting edge drawn down in front into a hooked beak, the hook not notched, the alveolar surface narrow; lower jav/ turned upward at the tip; legs and feet scaly; claws stout, the web between the toes narrow; tail short. Color of carapace yellow, brown and black, sometimes the darker color predominating, sometimes the yellow, ground color usually brown or reddish brown, the yellow appearing as spots of various shapes, often radiating from the point of growth of the scute; the ground color may appear to be yellow relieved with black spots ; plastron variously ornamented with black and yellow. Young with a single yellow spot on each scute of the carapace. Length of carapace 4 to 6 inches in full grown examples. THE AMPHIBIANS Eighteen species of amphibians are now known from the vicin- ity of Lake Maxinkuckee. These include one waterdog, seven salamanders, one toad, two tree-toads, and seven frogs. All of these are of some importance in their relations to the life of the lake, and several of them, such as the water-dog and the various species of frogs, of very considerable importance. Of all the animals inhabiting the lake perhaps the worst enemy of the fishes is the water-dog. And of the vertebrate animals about the lake, exclusive of the fishes themselves, frogs doubtless enter most largely into the menu of the large-mouth black bass. All of the species are more or less aquatic, all being found in or about the water. LIST OF SPECIES 1. WATERDOG NECTURUS MACULOSUS (Rafinesque) The Waterdog or Mudpuppy is one of the most common, and certainly the most interesting, of the several species of amphibians occurring in or about Lake Maxinkuckee. It is strictly aquatic in its habits and is found only in the water. It is found in both Lake Maxinkuckee and in Lost Lake and ap- parently approximately abundant in each. That it was seen more Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 621 frequently in the former is probably due to the fact that our ob- servations were more often directed to that lake. While pretty generally distributed throughout the lake, it is naturally most often met with in relatively shallow water near shore. It appears to prefer those locations where the bottom is of muck, marl or other soft material covered with a growth of short Chara. In such situations it makes considerable burrows in the bed of the lake or sometimes merely under the Chara or other covering. Here it rests when not moving about in search of food or for other reasons. The burrow usually has two openings, a few inches apart, one evidently for entrance the other for exit; and the animal, when in the burrow, is often seen with its head projecting from one of the openings as if watching for small fishes or other food that may approach. Thrusting an oar or pole into the burrow would frequently reveal the presence of the animal. They seem to occupy these burrows singly, as in no instance were two individuals found in the same hole. Whether they are more prone to remain in their burrows during the day-time or night our observations did not clearly disclose. Certain evidences, however, which will be presented later in this account, indicate that this curious batrachian is lai-gely nocturnal in habit, and the burrows, if they could be examined with equal facility at night, would prob- ably be found more frequently empty. While nearly all examples seen in the lake were in water one to ten feet deep, they doubtless on occasion go out to greater depths, evidenced by the frequency with which they are taken on hooks of set-lines placed at a depth of 10 to 35 feet. They are doubtless most abundant in water less than 15 feet deep, but extend out to more than twice that depth in some numbers. It is probable that their bathymetric distribution is practically coincident with that of the plant covering of the lake bottom. That the species is largely nocturnal is indicated by a number of habits which were observed. Frequently individuals were seen, or were caught with seines, at night when they had come near shore in shallow water evidently for the purpose of feeding on the small fishes which also come into shallow water at night to feed. Although large schools of the same species of fish were often seen in the same places in the daytime water-dogs were rarely noted and then usually in the winter and under the ice. Set-lines were much more apt to have water-dogs on the hooks when exam- ined in the morning than when inspected in the evening. That the species is, however, not wholly nocturnal is shown by the fact that individuals are often seen in daytime moving about 622 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey on the bottom, especially in winter under the ice, and the further fact that they are sometimes taken in the daytime by anglers or on set-lines. They also appear to be active throughout the year; there is no evidence that they hibernate. We have observed them moving about and have caught them at all seasons, practically in every month in the year. Actually, we saw them most frequently in winter, probably not because they were more abundant then or moving about more constantly, but because they were less active in their movements and therefore more easily observed, and especially because the presence of a sufficiently strong sheet of transparent ice on the lake gives an ideal condition for observation and study of the lake bed even in considerable depths. As already stated, the water-dogs make shallow burrows in the soft bottom or under the Chara mat, in wiiich they make their homes. They are also found under water-logged chunks or boards where they may be sometimes seen with their heads slightly ex- posed. Then again they may be observed now and then among the roots of the pond-lilies or the denser patches of Potamogeton, Myriophyllum and similar aquatics. In late autumn and early winter, when the water has cooled, and the straw-colored minnows, grayback minnows and skipjacks crowd to the shore, water-dogs may be sometimes seen coming in among them, evidently for the purpose of preying upon the fishes. Later, during the winter, on bright sunny days, these animals were frequently seen in some numbers crowded close to shore and lying motionless under the clear ice. Several were caught by cutting- holes through the ice above them. Occasionally one would take alarm while the ice was being chopped away, and swim off, rather slowly at first and then quite rapidly, with lateral flexions of the tail. Though not so rapid in their movements in winter as in sum- mer, they can swim quite swiftly when occasion arises. When not frightened, if moving at all, they walk along the bottom with great deliberation, moving their heads from side to side as if smelling their way along. In walking, diagonal limbs are moved in unison, that is, the right front with the left hind leg and the other two the same way, with a good deal of circular or }-otary motion at the hips and shoulders like one turning a crank. When one is caught in the hand or when a feint is made to take hold of one, it will make quick, vicious snaps at the hand. The jaws are strong enough to make the bite painful. This quick snappy motion offers a suggestion as to the manner in which the animal catches fishes. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 623 The Water-dog seems to feed chiefly on small fishes and craw- fishes. The stomachs of several examined December 10, 1900, and later the same winter, were literally packed with fishes. At various times in December one or more were seen among schools of skip- jacks near shore, apparently feeding on them. Examples exam- ined December 18 contained, in one instance, two small fishes each about 3 inches long, another the bones of the hind legs of a frog, and still another a fish hook baited with a piece of liver, — evidently from some fisherman's line. Of several stomachs examined De- cember 28, some were filled with full grown skipjacks, while others contained several small fishes each. Four examined February 27 contained several minnows evidently taken from fishermens' hooks. On March 2 several others examined contained a number of bait minnows and one a large crawfish. Three examined March 8 con- tained 6 shiners, 3 crawfish, 2 Aselli, 2 leeches, and several long flat worms; and a fourth contained 3 crawflsh and 3 snails (prob- ably Physa, One examined March 18 contained one small min- now and a large worm. The stomachs of four examined April 27 were all empty, as was another (a male) inspected May 9. On November 16, 1904, one was found with stomach empty and another with one long red leech. One examined January 1, 1905, contained 2 straw-colored minnows, 3 crawfish, 2 large insect larvse, and 1 large brown flat leech. The species of fishes which we have found in the water-dog stomachs are the skipjack (Labidesthes sicculus) , the straw-col- ored minnow (Notropis hlennius) , the grayback {Fundulus dia- 'phaniis) , and two or three species of bait minnows not indigenous to the lake and evidently stolen from fishermen's hooks. One fisherman reported that he had seen a water-dog trying to catch a sunfish, but we were not able to verify this observation. We have frequently observed these animals in shallow water near shore among schools of the small fishes named above and evidently in- tent on preying upon them; never, however, did we see one cap- ture a fish. As already stated, they were most disposed to feed near shore at night during the summer; but in winter when ice covered the lake they seemed habitually to come into shallow water under the ice in the daytime, particularly on bright sunny days. Sometimes they seem to congregate in considerable numbers under the ice. In the winter of 1899-1900 some boys found several bunched under the ice in a little cove of Lost Lake just north of the Bardsley cottage, and succeeded in killing 15 by hitting on the ice above them with a stout club. Crawfish also form an important and considerable element in 40—17618 624 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey the menu of the water-dog, while the smaller, softer-shelled mol- lusks, insect and other larvse, and perhaps other small aquatic ani- mals, are utilized to some extent. According to Mr. J. J. Stranahan, for many years Superintend- ent of the Fish Cultural Station at Put-in-Bay, the water-dog is very destructive to the eggs of the whitefish. He states that in Jan- uarJ^ 1897, many of these animals were pumped up with the water supply of the Put-in-Bay station and that the stomachs of a con- siderable number of them contained whitefish and cisco eggs, the contents of one stomach consisting of 288 whitefish eggs and four cisco eggs. From June to August, 1894, while Dr. H. F. Moore of the Bureau of Fisheries was engaged on investigations in Lake Erie he examined the stomach contents of a number of water- dogs at Sandusky and elsewhere and found fish eggs present in many cases. While writing this account (August, 1907), a specimen of water-dog was received by the Bureau from a lake near L-win, Colorado. Its stomach contained six or eight examples of Gan.- marus (a small crustacean) and several small bits of rotten wood, the latter taken incidentally along with other food. Carman* states that the water-dog subsists on crustaceans, in- sects and mollusks. It is undoubtedly a bottom feeder, and its habit of walking or crawling about over the bottom makes the finding of fish nests and the destruction of the eggs a particularly easy matter. The evi- dence, therefor, would seem to be conclusive that the water-dog is wholly carnivorous in its habits ; that its food consists chiefly of small fish, and in season, of fish eggs, along with a smaller propor- tion of crustaceans, mollusks, insect larvse, etc. Water-dogs may be caught quite readily in any season on hooks baited with minnows, crawfish, liver, bits of meat, or almost any animal matter. Setlines placed by us for experimental purposes at various depths and places in the lake usually yielded at least one water-dog every time examined. When the hooks were set at a greater depth than 35 or 40 feet, however, they rarely caught any. On hooks set in Lost Lake for catfish and dogfish, water-dogs were often taken. Anglers often catch them while still-fishing in the spring, sum- mer and fall, but it is during ice-fishing in the winter that they are most troublesome and most frequently taken. All fishing through *A Synopsis of Reptiles and Amphibians of Illinois. B\ill. Ill, State Lab. Nat. Hist., \'ol. Ill, Art. XIII, p. 383, 1891. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 625 the ice is iiecessarilj^ still-fishing and the fishermen are much an- noyed by the water-dogs stealing the bait from their hooks as well as being caught thereon. Their abundance in the vicinity of ice- fishing is doubtless increased to some extent by the practice of the fishermen of throwing dead minnows from their minnow buckets through the ice holes into the lake. While this attracts predaceous fish it serves also to atti'act the troublesome Necturus. Although the water-dog is entirely harmless, fishermen scarcely without exception firmly believe it to be poisonous and are in mortal fear of its bite. So strong is this fear that when a fisher- man finds a water-dog on his hook he never tries to dislodge the hook while the animal is alive but either cuts the line and lets it escape or mashes its head and then removes it from the hook with many misgivings as to whether it is safe to remove even a dead water-dog from the hook. When caught on the hook this animal squirms and thrashes about a good deal at first but soon becomes quiet and remains so until lifted out of the water when it again becomes very active, its squirming contortions, slimy touch and repulsive appearance all contributing to the fisherman's dread. The hreeding habits of the water-dog have not been fully studied by us, though a number of interesting observations were made. Several nests were found and the eggs and young seen at different times. The breeding season is in the spring. A nest was found June 12, 1901. It was under a submerged board in shallow water at Long Point. The eggs, which were not nuinerous, were about the size and color of yellow peas, and each was fastened to the board above by a small gelatinous cord. One of the parents remained near the nest, apparently watching it. The eggs, how- ever, disappeared one by one, probably taken by crawfishes. Ap- parently none of these eggs remained to hatch and we were unable to determine the period of incubation. In our observations of these animals we were struck by the fre- quency with which they were found dead in pairs. We are unable to say what significance, if any, lies in the observation that these animals are often found dead in pairs ; it is probably a mere coin- cidence. The condition of the examples found dead was such as to make it difficult if not impossible to determine the sex and the cause of their dying; nor could their stomach contents be satis- factorily examined. There seems to be a brief period of unusual mortality among them early in the spring when considerable num- bers may be found dead along the shore ; a phenomenon analogous 626 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey to that observed in the bhiegill. During the summer and fall occa- sionally dead individuals are found. The food value of the water-dog- has never been fully tested. Some years ago some experiments were made at Put-in-Bay by Mr. J. J. Stranahan which indicated that this batrachian might, through proper treatment, be made a very palatable and nutritious article of food. Its repulsive appearance, however, will to some extent militate against any extensive or general use of the animal for this purpose. Summing up, then, the water-dog does not appear to have any- thing to commend it or in favor of its preservation ; it seems to serve no useful purpose except that it is an interesting member of the local fauna. It is an animal feeder and is destructive to several species of fishes, in that it preys not only on the adults but upon their eggs as well. Following are dates on wiiich water-dogs were observed at the lake: April 6 and 7, 1885, the senior author was at Lake Maxin- kuckee, and saw a large number of dead water-dogs frozen in ice in what is now known as Green's marsh south of Outlet Bay. There was more water in that place then than we have ever ob- served there since. The water-dogs had apparently come out into the marsh and, the temperature suddenly dropping, were caught in the freezing ice; or possibly they had died from another cause and their bodies had been carried by the current on to the marsh. In October, 1898, Mr. Chadwick reported them as abundant and stated that they are often caught while fishing through the ice in winter; also that they are often seen in shallow water on muck bottom in winter. In 1899, one seen September 10. In 1900, one found under a board in shallow water on Long Point August 8 ; one found dead near Maxinkuckee pier August 11 ; one seen dead floating near Long Point August 15 ; one got in Culver Inlet August 21 ; one found dead near shore near Arlington Hotel August 22, and another at Outlet August 31 ; one seined in Lost Lake September 1 ; one very large example found dead in lake near Lakeview Hotel September 29 ; two found dead in Culver Bay October 11 ; two dead on south shore November 9, and two more November 17, also two on east side November 22 ; a small one dead in a pool near Farrar's December 3 ; one got with rake and another seen at Long Point among a school of skipjacks December 10 ; one seen near shore on Long Point among skipjacks, and Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 627 another seen throug-h the ice farther out, December 12 ; December 28 many of various sizes observed under the ice, crawled up as near shore as possible. In 1901, one killed and several others seen January 7 ; several seen under ice January 9 ; several seen near shore January 10 ; one seen in its burrow in front of station Janu- ary 16, 18 and 19 ; a dead one seen January 19 ; one seen under the ice swimming straig'ht for shore and later three others seen Janu- ary 21 ; one caught by a fisherman January 23 ; one speared Febru- ary 7 ; four caught February 27 ; six caught on hooks of set-line March 2, and about six others seen while looking down a hole in the ice where a fisherman was bobbing ; a dead one found March 7, and three others March 8 ; one caught on a hook March 10 ; two found dead March 13, evidently killed by fishermen ; a large one under a board lying on lake bottom and another caught March 18; one seen in Outlet, apparently going down toward Lost Lake March 20 ; one found dead April 1 ; a great many seen in Outlet Bay April 27 ; four seen April 27 and five dead at mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek, April 30 ; one seen under stones in Outlet April 29 ; a fisherman got two on a hook May 1; a dead one seen in Outlet May 4; one caught on outline May 7, and one May 9, the latter a male; three dead ones seen in Outlet May 13 ; five dead found along shore in various places May 20 ; also on May 23 and 31 ; a nest found June 1 ; several dead on shore June 4 ; one caught on hook from Chad- wick pier June 20. In 1904, one found near shore, and a small one under a board, November 16 ; one seen on bottom in about 4 feet of water off Long Point, December 15 ; one seen under ice near Inlet December 21; two seen near shore in south part of lake December 27. In 1905, a large example caught from under ice at Long Point, January 1 ; one seen under ice near shore January 3. In studying the feeding habits and food of the water-dog many stomachs were examined. Several dissected December 10, 1900, were literally packed with fishes. Two others were seen on the same day among a large school of skipjacks on which they were evidently feeding. Three were examined December 18; one con- tained two small fish each about 3 inches long, another the bones of the hind legs of a frog, while the third contained a fishhook baited with a piece of liver — evidently from some fisherman's line. One examined December 20 contained two strawcolored minnows, 2 and 3 inches long respectively. Seven water-dogs were caught and their stomachs examined December 28. The data obtained are given in the following tabulated statement : 628 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey FOOD OF WATER-DOGS Length No. in inches Sex Stomach Coitents 1 12 F. ? 5 skipjacks packed tight. 2 12}^ F. 7 large skipjacks, 1 small skipjack partly digested, 2 bluegills, 1 and 2 inches long, respectively, one small fish, not identifia- ble, one worm and a small quantity of vegetation. The water- dog's eggs were large. 3 9>^ M. 2 dragonfly larvae, 4 other small larvae, one fish much digested. 4 9H M. ? 1 large skipjack, one small bluegill, one crustacean and 2 larvse. 5 10 F. ? Homogeneous muddy mi.xture, some bits of plants, remains of 3 fishes and 2 dragonfly larvae. 6 m F. ? 3 small fishes (probably bluegills), 2 other fishes much digested, one isopod and 2 larvae. 7 Wi F- 6 small flat fine-scaled fishes, probably bluegills. On November 2, 1904, one caught under an old board in Out- let Bay contained only a small bit of weed. One was caught on same date in a minnow-trap w^hich it had doubtless entered for the purpose of feeding- on the minnows confined therein. One caught at Chadwick's pier November 6 contained 2 crawfish. Another taken at same place contained one crawfish and 2 Physa shells. Another taken under a board south of Green's pier No- vember 12 had the remains of one minnow. One examined 3 days later was entirely empty. In 1905, one examined January 1 con- tained 2 strawcolored minnows, 3 crawfish, 2 insect larvge and one flat leech. Two examined January 7 contained several small fishes each, and four dissected February 27 contained several small minnows evidently taken from fishermen's hooks. On March 2 several ex- amined contained a number of bait minnows and one large craw- fish. At various times in December one or more were seen among schools of skipjacks near shore, on which they were feeding. Three examined March 8 contained 6 shiners, 3 crawfish, 2 Aselli, 2 leeches and several flat worms. Another had 3 crawfishes and 3 snails, probably Physa. 2. SPOTTED SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA MACULATUM (Shaw) The Spotted Salamander has a rather wide range, extending from Nova Scotia to Nebraska and southward. It is not very com- mon about Lake Maxinkuckee, probably the soil is too sandy. One specimen was obtained at Culver in 1906, and one captured under a chunk in Farrar's woods on October 5, 1907. This one had a row of yellow spots along the middle of the back. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 629 In spite of its rather handsome coloration, the Spotted Sala- mander, with its blunt stubby head and slimy body, is a rather un- attractive creature. They spend the day hiding under logs, chunks or stones, in moist cool ground. They probably seek their prey at night. Although generally viewed with distrust, they are per- fectly harmless, and probably do good by devouring noxious insects. Costal grooves 10 or 11, usually 11 ; sole with one indistinct tubercle, or none ; black above with a series of round yellow spots on each side of the back; body broad, depressed and swollen; skin punctate with small pores from which exudes a milky fluid ; 2 or 3 clusters of enlarged pores on head; a strong dorsal groove; tail 2i in length ; length 6 inches. 3. TIGER SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM (Green) The Tiger Salamander does not appear to be common in this region. Our collections contain only two specimens, one obtained in 1906, and one in Farrar's woods October 5, 1907. 4. COMMON SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM (Green) The Common Salamander is frequent from Virginia to Indiana and northward. At Lake Maxinkuckee it does not appear to be common, only five examples having been taken. These were ob- tained under logs in damp ground on the east side of the lake in the autumn of 1906 (August 3 and October 14) ; all had small pale blue spots along the lower portion of the sides. None has been seen spawning here. In some parts of the country, one of the first signs of spring, soon after the ice has disappeared and the water is still frigid, and before the frogs have yet begun to sing, is the sight of a number of these creatures in the bottom of shallow pools, too stiff almost to move, preparing to lay their eggs. The eggs are small, shot-like, black objects, surrounded by a thick sphere of clear jelly, a num- ber cohering to form an irregular mass. As the water warms up, the eggs develop rapidly, first lengthening somewhat, then bending to a comma-like form, and finally the little fish-like larva, with gill-tufts on each side of the neck, wiggles through the jelly. On April 23, 1901, some larval salamanders were found swimming in Farrar's pond, which may have belonged to this species. The creatures develop rapidly into the mature form and leave the pool ; in a few weeks none can be found there. The mature form spends 630 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey its days under chunks and logs in moist places, and probably spends its nights in search of prey. This species can be distinguished by its 12 costal grooves, single indistinct tubercle on the sole of the foot, and the color, which is usually black or blackish, with pale bluish spots on the body. 5. FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER HEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM (Schlegel) This curious little salamander appears to be quite rare. Our collections contain but 4 specimens. These were obtained October 7, 1906, under logs in a dry woodland near the tamarack swamp west of the lake. The young, 44 mm. long, has the tail compressed laterally as if to fit it for aquatic life; the larger examples have the tail more nearly cylindrical. This species brown in color, the snout yellowish, whitish below and with small inky spots. 6. RED-BACKED SALAMANDER PLETHODON CINEREUS (Green) The Red-backed Salamander is common throughout the eastern part of the United States. It is not often seen, however, except by those who especially search for it. This graceful, slender sala- mander does not appear to be particularly rare about the lake, al- though it is not often seen. October 7, 1906, four were obtained a few miles west of the lake. On October 16, 1906, while turning over logs in Farrar's pond, 11 examples were obtained in a short while. On October 15, 1907, a search was made again for them in Farrar's pond, but none was found. It was much wetter this year than the previous year, and it was thought that the wetness of the pond may have driven them out. On looking under chunks on higher ground bordering the pond, about a dozen were secured in a little while. Some were still quite small; a few had a well- marked broad red stripe down the back, but in most this was wanting. Little is known by us of the habits of this salamander. It is said to be nocturnal in habit, and to lay its eggs beneath logs and moist leaves instead of in the water. The eggs are laid in the latter part of April. Costal grooves 16 to 18; palatine teeth not extending outward beyond inner nares ; plumbeous above, often with a broad brown- ish red dorsal band ; belly marbled ; body very slender ; tail cyl- indric ; inner toes rudimentary ; length o| inches. Lake Maxhikiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 631 7. TWO-LINED SALAMANDER EURYCEA BISLINEATUS (Green) Apparently rare. Our notes make mention of this species but there are no specimens in the collection, 8. COMMON NEWT NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS (Rafinesque) The Newt is found throughout the eastern part of the United States and is particularly abundant in the north and northeastern part of its range. At Lake Maxinkuckee only one example was captured; this was obtained in Farrar's pond June 11, 1901, while collecting crawfishes. In addition to the example captured another very small one seen in the swamp adjoining the lake below Farrar's, but it quickly hid among leaves in the bottom. This graceful and bright-colored little batrachian is probably common in the region of the lake in woodland ponds. It is so elusive, however, that it is difficult to capture. It is a graceful, rapid swimmer, quickly dodging under leaves when pursued. This salamander lays its eggs, single, round, clear objects, among the leaves in the bottom of brooks and ponds. They can frequently be found in late spring by lifting up the leaves, the minute yellow larv?e wiggling inside the clear envelope. Above olive green or reddish of varying shades ; lemon yellow below ; each side usually with a row of several rather large scarlet spots, each surrounded by a black ring; back with a pale streak; belly with small black dots; head with 3 longitudinal grooves; three large pores behind eye. Length 3.5 inches. 9. COMMON TOAD BUFO AMERICANUS Holbrook The Toad, familiar everywhere over the eastern LInited States, is not particularly common about the lake during summer and autumn. One occasionally sees them hopping about in the grass or along the road, usuallj^ one at a time. In the breeding season, however, they congregate in large numbers in pools and along the lake shore. Only a few examples were taken, but they could be captured almost anywhere about the lake. The last seen in 1900 was on October 6, at which time they were observed working their way backward into the ground, as if to hibernate. From March 31 to April 11, it was noticed that chickens were scratching them out of their winter-quarters and 632 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey eating them. They came out of winter-quarters about April 23, when they repaired to the water at once and began singing. By April 27 they were in full chorus in a pool by the railroad, and were busy mating and spawning. The height of the mating sea- son extended from about the last of April until well into May, al- though they continue mating until the fourth of July and per- haps even later. They have been heard singing as late as Au- gust 26. A great number were observed mating in Culver Inlet April 30. The males cling very tightly to the females; some captured and kept all afternoon in a botany can filled with plants did not relax their hold. The singing toads are usually unmated males. They sit at the water's edge and call with a tremulous, hardly muscial, note, beginning with explosive emphasis and dying down at the end, the loose skin under the throat being blown up into a hemispherical bubble while they call. A good many dead toads were found in the pool at the same time, indicating that the mating season is one of especial mortality among them. The female toads were noted spawning while clasped by the male. The eggs are laid in gelatinous strings, two strings laid at a time, each string of clear jelly, about 3/16 inch in diameter and containing 2 rows of eggs, black objects about the size of pinheads with a whitish point on each. While carried in a closed vessel the toads uttered a low, purring, humming noise, quite pleasing to the ear. Two were placed in a bucket over night and a number of eggs were found there in the morning. The toads of this region represent two distinct color phases, one type being more or less slaty blue and the other brick red. This difference in color is not usually noted when one sees single toads hopping about, but where numbers are congregated during the breeding season the contrast is quite noticeable. It appears to have nothing to do with age or sex, and toads of different colors are often found mating together. The toads spawn in the lake as well as in the shallow pools. The eggs soon hatch into small black tadpoles which, in warm water, rapidly develop into minute toads, which can be seen hop- ping along shore. Young toads were seen hopping about on July 27 ; they are almost black, much darker than their parents. After mating and spawning, the toads scatter again, and in the autumn one comes across them of various sizes, the variation in size being probably the result of the long breeding season. The toad is a decidedly beneficial creature, as it captures great numbers of insects. They frequently fall a prey to snakes, and Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 633 these, with the exception of thoughtless boys, appear to be their chief enemy. In addition to its mating song the toad appears to have a song it sings on land, a low, pleasing, tremulous strain. The singing is often prolonged late into the summer, and "its music in retired ponds and swamps, as darkness creeps over the face of nature, is both weird and somnific." 10. CRICKET FROG ACRIS GRYLLUS (LeConte) The Cricket Frog is common in swamps throughout the eastern United States. It is common along the shore of Lake Maxin- kuckee, but more particularly abundant along such parts of the lake edge as are low and swampy. It is abundant along the shores of the various inlets of the lake, and quite common about the Outlet and the shores of Lost Lake. Numerous examples were taken, rep- resenting all parts of the shore, and the various inlets of the lake. Although the cricket frogs are related to the tree-frogs, they never stray far from the water's edge, but remain along the shore ready to jump into the water at the slightest alarm. They are very alert and strong jumpers, and are therefore difficult to catch. When they jump into the water they do not dive to the bottom, as many of the water frogs do, but swim back to shore. They are very variable in appearance; some have a bright green y-shaped mark, but in others this is brown or obscure. The cricket frogs come out of their winter- quarters and remain out until late in the fall ; they have been seen on shore as early as March 7 and as late as November 30. Although the Cricket Frog comes out early in the spring it does not begin to sing until the water is well warmed up, which is some time after the Pickering Frog and the Swamp Tree-frog have begun their singing. They began singing as early as April 28 and continued until as late as August 5. After a short season of rest they sing again more or less in late autumn. One was heard singing September 12, and they were heard singing again October 22. During the height of the singing season the rattle of these frogs is almost continuous, and at times nearly deafening. The note resembles the rattling of pebbles. Toward the end of the singing season, the music was rather peculiar. After an interval of silence, one would start the song, then all the others would begin spasmodically and sing awhile. During the summer it is easy to 634 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey start one of these frogs singing by concealing one's self and strik- ing two pebbles together, thus imitating the note of the frogs. The first one seen singing was started this way. It had been difficult actually to see any of these frogs singing as they usually became silent when approached. By the means described above, one that was in sight was started, and the whole process observed. They sit fully out of the water, hidden in grass or rushes, inflate a large bubble under the chin, and work their flanks considerably while rattling. In raking out leaves and water weeds near shore in the late autumn these frogs are frequently brought out, torpid and stiff. In such places they doubtless spend the winter. On December 3, several dead Cricket Frogs were found in a cut-off east of Farrar's, and several were found hiding and in a semitorpid condition under leaves at the water's edge. The Cricket Frog probably subsists on insects, especially the small midges so abundant at the water's edge. They are some- times used for bait. The following brief descj'iption will assist in identifying the species : Toes broadly webbed, tipped with small disks, tympanum in- distinct ; hind legs very long ; brownish above ; middle of back and head bright green or reddish brown ; a dark triangle between the eyes ; sides with three oblique blotches ; a white line from eye to arm. Lengih 1| inches. 11. SWAMP TREE-FROG PSEUDACRIS FERIARUM (Baird) The Swamp Tree-frog is common throughout all parts of the eastern United States where there are ponds, swamps or creeks. Its presence is usually made known by sound rather than by sight, as the frog, though quite noisy, is both shy and inconspicuous and easily overlooked. At Lake Maxinkuckee this frog is probably common, scattered about in the marshy regions surrounding the lake. It is not often seen, however, and only a few examples were secured. One was obtained on Aubeenaubeo Creek July 8, 1899, three about the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee July 28, 1900, one in Norris Inlet August 8, 1900, and one in Farrar's pond at the edge of the lake below Farrar's October 8, 1907. A few days after the first high-pitched "peep, peep" of Picker- ing's Tree-frog has sounded from the marshes, the announcement Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 635 of the arrival of spring, the Swamp Tree-frog begins its chorus, and although it is not the first frog to be heard, it is its chorus coming from the woodland ponds and from the creeks and marshes, that announces to the world in general that "the frost is out of the ground." These frogs all seem to wake up at about the same time, so that the very first song is a pretty full chorus. They begin singing first in the pools and ponds surrounding the lake, and only later stray down to the lake shore. In 1901 they were first heard about March 23 ; at the beginning of their song season they sang only during the warmer parts of bright days. Inter- mixed with the chorus came at intervals the high piping of H. crucifer. From March 23 to about the middle of April they sang chiefly during the warmer part of the day, the chill of the night quickly silencing them. About April 24 till May 9, they sang chiefly dur- ing the evenings and mornings; later on they sang in diminishing numbers and chiefly on moist muggy nights. They were heard singing as late as June 22. The song is a rattle with a rising in- flection at the end, or like the scraping of a coarse-toothed comb. It was quite diflficult at first to catch this frog in the act of singing, as they become immediately silent on one's near approach. On April 5 some were seen singing near Hawk's pond. The frogs stuck their heads above the water, expanded the skin under their throat until it looked like a large yellow bubble ; this vibrated some- what, but did not collapse while the frogs were singing. All the frog out of the water was pretty well hidden behind the bubble, so that the animal itself easily escaped detection. Later on they were occasionally seen singing in a row at the edge of the pools. A pair were seen mating April 9 over by Hawk's pond. In a pond where many were heard singing a number of small bunches of eggs were found which probably belonged to this species. They were placed in an artificial pool and kept under observation, but did not hatch. The small tadpoles soon develop, and about June minute frogs of this species can be seen hopping about, leaving the water. The Swamp Tree-frog has a second season of song in autumn. This is usually sung by individuals rather than in chorus, and the singers are frequently found some distance from the water, any- where in damp situations. They are quite frequently heard in low copses or in cornfields on damp days in autumn, and one was known to have its abode in a damp cellar a good distance from any pond. One example found in autumn in a cornfield was quite plump, and was found to be full of well developed eggs. As these frogs are dormant during the winter it is probable that the ova reach their 636 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey full development in autumn, and that the brooding instinct devel- oped by this time, is held in abeyance until spring, when the frog wakes and recommences the song begun the autumn before. During the autumn of 1900 this frog was heard singing at the edge of the lake from October 28 to November 20. These frogs can usually be seen better during the autumn than any other time. They are then to be found on the ground in damp situations and are somewhat sluggish and inactive. They are quite handsome and elegant in appearance. These little frogs often fall a prey to the large-mouth black bass and pickerel and are sometimes used for bait by anglers. Fingers and toes ending in small disks; fingers not webbed, toes scarcely so. Tympanum distinct. Bluish ash, a dark dorsal stripe from snout backward, bifurcating above middle of body; a stripe on each side of this and one on side of head and body, the latter pale-edged below. Length 1 inch. 12. COMMON TEEE-TOAD HYLA VERSICOLOR Le Conte The Tree-toad is generally common throughout the United States east of Kansas. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is frequently heard in the evenings or in damp weather preceding a rain. Very few examples were seen, however, and it does not appear to be abundant. One was taken August 6; on September 13 one was found on the rushes near Lakeview Hotel. It was dark blue-green in color to simulate the rushes on which it was found. Three examples were obtained near the lake July 8. The first one heard in 1901 was on April 29 and the species continued trilling through the summer. In 1906, two examples were seen, both of the usual gray color it assumes when resting on bark. One of the favorite haunts of the Tree-toad in spring is in clumps of low willows growing in wet situations. Here they nestle in a crotch and trill almost continuously. Even when they can be heard everywhere they are difficult to find, as the sound is hard to follow, and they become silent at one's near approach. Their re- semblance in color to the object upon which they rest protects them, and by the time one gets close enough to distinguish them clearly they give a prodigious leap to safety, the bright colors of their under parts showing like a streak of yellow through the air. Green, gray or brown with irregular dark blotches; below yel- low, behind white ; tympanum § diameter of eye ; fingers } webbed ; skin with small warts. Length 2 inches. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 637 13. PICKERING'S TREE-TOAD HYLA CRUCIFER Wicd Although its range extends over all the eastern United States, there are comparatively few people who know Pickering's Tree- toad at sight. Its presence is manifest to the ear rather than to the eye. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is seldom seen, only two ex- amples having been obtained by us. These were captured in Aubeenaubee Creek, September 3. It appears, however, not to be uncommon. Its shrill peep is the first sound to waken the marshes in spring. It begins singing a few days before Pseudacris, and after that species has begun, the high-pitched "peep, peep" of the little Hyla can be heard above the rattling chorus of the swamp tree-toad. Pickering's Tree-toad does not sing in concert, but dif- ferent individuals appear to pipe to each other. It sings about the edges of flat shallow marshes, such as those by the Inlet, and by the tamarack swamps. It continued to sing from early April until about May 9. In autumn a sound much resembling the springtime note is frequently heard from forest trees or low shrubs on damp days. All attempts to find the author of the note were unavailing, but it is supposed that it is made by this toad. It is one of the charac- teristic sounds of autumn. The following description will assist in recognizing the Picker- ing Tree-toad: Yellowish or fawn-color, with dusky rhomboidal spots and lines, the latter usually arranged in the form of an ob- lique cross; head with lines; limbs barred; tympanum very ob- scure. Length one inch. 14. LEOPARD FROG RANA PIPIENS Schrebcr The Leopard Frog is the most widely distributed of the frogs found about the lake, its range extending over North America westward to the Sierra Nevada and southward into Mexico. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is to be found almost anywhere along the shore and in low grassy meadows and in the shallow ponds of the region. Examples were taken in Lost Lake, in Culver Inlet, in various places about Lake Maxinkuckee, in the shallow pond by Hawk's marsh, and in the woods northeast of the lake. The Leopard Frog is the least aquatic of the frogs. It does not spend much of its time in the water, but prefers to dwell in mead- ows and moist grassy places, and can even be found in quite dry 638 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey situations; for this reason it is often called the Meadow Frog or Grass Frog. After the tadpoles have transformed they quit the water and scatter everywhere through pastures and meadows, in this respect rather resembling toads than frogs. One of their favorite haunts in late summer is some meadow, where they sit at the edge of a burrow snapping up insects that come along, and quietly backing into the hole at the approach of danger. One such, that had become too plump with food to squeeze into the burrow, was caught and kept a captive. When undisturbed, it frequently uttered low tremulous notes, quite pleasing to the ear, Another favorite habitat is the prairie-like flats at the edge of ponds. It is only occasionally that they are found at the water's edge, ready to jump in at the sign of danger. Spring Frog or Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) There are occasions, however, when this frog seeks the water. They retire to the bottom of ponds or to the edge of the lake to hibernate, and frequently on lifting a stick or board from the bot- tom near shore in late autumn, one or more of these frogs can be found under it, straight and stiff, unable to move. In the spring a good many are often found dead under the ice of the thawing ponds, and it appears that the wintering-over process results in considerable mortality among them. Early in the spring as soon as the ice has left, they begin to be commonly seen about. One of the earliest records is March 18. As soon as the sun has slightly warmed up the pools in the neighborhood of the lake they appear in numbers. A dismal croaking can be heard in marshy places, but no singer can be seen, and although all heads in sight seem to go down under water, the croaking continues. For a long time this croaking was a mystery, and was attributed to some other creature, but on a trip along a Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 639 ditch west of the lake in the spring (April 9), two of these frogs were observed engaged in a Hvely tussle, like a boxing-match. They then sank to the bottom of the ditch and began croaking. Con- spicuous gular pouches projected from each side of the head, giving it a lance-like appearance, much more like that of a serpent than a frog. As the frogs croaked the pouches worked in and out like parts of a bellows. Although the frogs were entirely under water no bubbles escaped. In the spring when these frogs first come out of winter quar- ters, they are semitorpid and easily captured, but with the advent of warm weather they become active and are difncult to capture without a landing net. In some places these frogs are esteeuied as an article of diet. In Chicago they are hunted almost to extermination. The frog hunters go with sacks to the ponds where they breed, and catch them in great numbers. When placed in the sack they croak con- stantly, the sound being much like that which they make during the mating season. The saddles are seen in great numbers on the fish markets where they retail at 15 cents per dozen. The Leopard Frog mates and spawns throughout April and probably into the month of May. One of the favorite spawming places was a shallow temporary pool near Hawk's marsh. Here on April 8 (1901) a great many were seen mating. The male which usually appears to be the smaller, clasps the female closely around the waist and simply hangs on and squeezes. He prob- ably assists by this pressure in forcing out the spawn which he is at hand to fertilize. The eggs on being extruded rapidly absorb water in the gelatinous envelop and swell up to irregular masses as large as, or larger than, the parent frog. The eggs, which are black and resemble small shot, rapidly hatch out into rather dark tadpoles which are not so black nor so small as those of the toad. The tadpoles leave the water in the early summer of the same year, and can be seen about the beginning of July, crawling up into the grass, the shrivelled tail in some cases still persisting. The Leopard Frog has quite a number of enemies. In the water they are eagerly seized by fish, and are frequently used for bait. The larva of the water bettle, Dytiscus, attacks the tad- poles and devours them. Snakes catch a good many. At the edge of Bass Lake (Aug. 14, 1906), a pitiful crying, much like that made by a young chicken when caught, was heard in the grass, and it was found that a gai'ter snake had one of these frogs half-way into its mouth, while the frog was vainly trying to escape. 41—17618 640 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey The Leopard Frog is an entirely harmless creature, and is of great service in helping keep down hordes of insects. This frog can be easily distinguished from any other of the frogs about the lake except the Pickerel Frog, which it resembles considerably, but from which it can be told by the absence of yel- low on the under part of the hind legs, the absence of any marked color, the blotches being rather rounded than square, and black in color instead of dark brown. The following description will assist in identifying it : Brownish or green, with irregular black blotches edged with whitish, these mostly in two irregular rows on back, usually 2 spots between eyes; legs barred above, belly pale, glandular folds large; head rather elongate. Length 2.75 inches. There are two distinct shades of ground color among these frogs ; some are rather dark brown, while others are bright green. 15. PICKEREL FROG RANA PALUSTRIS Le Contc The Pickerel or Swamp Frog has a rather narrow distribution compared with its near relative, the Leopard Frog, it being con- fined to the eastern part of the United States. It is not common about Lake Maxinkuckee ; only 15 examples were collected. These were found in various situations, four of them being obtained at Lost Lake, one by Farrar's, three or four in Lake Maxinkuckee and four or five in Aubeenaubee Creek. One was found along the railroad between the lakes. Dr. Hay, in his report on the reptiles and batrachians of Indiana, reports two specimens in the State Normal School collection from Lake Maxinkuckee. Very little was learned about its habits. It probably has nearly the same habits as the Leopard Frog. Its rank odor probably protects it from some enemies that prey on the Leopard Frog, and would prevent it being used for food, even if it were common enough to be caught for that purpose. During the spring of 1901, a woodsman living near the lake gave information that he often heard proceeding from the forest ponds a tremendous quacking like that of many ducks. A visit was made to ponds east of the lake with the result that the same sound was heard, but the perpetrators of the noise were too shy to allow themselves to bo seen. It was thought that the noise was made by the Pickerel Fi'og, which may sing under the water like the leopard frog, and thus escape detection. The Pickerel Frog may usually be readily distinguished from Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 641 the Leopard Frog, which it much resembles, by the decidedly yel- lowish cast of the under part of the hind legs, and by its strong minky odor. The following brief description may assist further in its identi- fication : Light brown, with two rows of large oblong rectangular blotches of dark brown on back; one or two on sides; a brown spot above eye; a dark line from nostril to eye; upper jaw white, spotted with black ; head short, obtuse ; toes well webbed ; glandular folds low. 16. WOOD FROG KANA SYLVATICA LeConte The Wood Frog is somewhat common in damp woods through the eastern part of the Lnited States. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is not particularly common, only about 20 examples having been seen. Of these, four were taken on the shore of Lost Lake, and three on the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee, the others were obtained in the various inlets of the lake, a few in Culver Inlet, a few in Norris Lilet, but the greater number in or along Aubeenaubee Creek. The earliest date on vv^hich it was seen was May 24, the latest August 23. In general it prefers the neighborhood of creeks in low damp woods, and in such situations it is the most common frog in some parts of the State. It is too small to be used for food. This frog, with its slender, elegant form and rich coppery color, is one of the most handsome of our frogs. Side of head with a dark brown band, wider behind, from snout to shoulder, bordered below by a yellowish white line ; usually a black spot at base of arm. General color pale reddish brown ; arms and legs barred above. Head small, pointed ; femur and tibia about equal, the latter considerably more than half body ; a rounded outer metatarsal tubercle present. Length about 2 inches. This species can be easily distinguished from any other about the lake; farther north it has a relative much resembling it. 17. GREEN FROG RANA CLAMITANS LatreiUe The Green Frog is well known throughout the eastern part of the United States. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is common. Ex- amples are occasionally seen along the lake shore. It is much more common, however, about springs, pools and creeks. Of about 25 examples obtained four were caught at the edge of Lost Lake, five in Aubeenaubee Creek, three in Norris Inlet and four in Lake Maxinkuckee. 642 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey This frog is more aquatic than the Leopard, Marsh or Wood Frog, and does not often stray far from water. Its favorite haunt is the edge of some creek, spring or pool, where it phmges with a surprised "chung," at the first alarm. It makes straight for the bottom and usually a bit of stirred up mud shows where it has landed; or, where leaves are present in the bottom, it works its way under them. It can remain under water some little time with- out discomfort. As its tadpole does not develop during the first year, this frog does not spawn in shallow pools, but usually chooses some place where the water is permanent. The tadpoles — rather large grayish creatures — can be found in muddy pools and creeks. Green Frog or Spring Frog (Rana clamitans) The Green Frog makes its appearance early in the spring and can be seen until late in the autumn. A few dead ones were seen during the winter and early spring; the first live one was seen April 15, and they were seen as late as October 9. Many tadpoles were seen in Hawk's marsh which seems to be one of their favorite breeding places. The call of the Green Frog is a repeated "thrum, thrum, thrum," usually heard late in the evening or at night. They began thrumming about May 5, and continued until as late as Au- gust 26. The Green Frog is excellent as an article of food and grows larger than the Leopaid Fi-og. It is occasionally seen on the markets, not so frequently, however, as the Leopard Frog, because Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Sii7'vey 643 it is much move difficult to capture. In the autumn of 1906 large numbers of these frogs were seen to jump into pools in Overmyer's and Culver's woods, but though these pools were thoroughly dredged with a dip-net none of the frogs came to bag. This frog exhibits a marked variation in the color of the underside, — some of them being plain white, others a rich yellow color ; this difference seems to be merely an individual variation. They also vary greatly in the size of the tympanum. It is sometimes very difficult to dis- tinguish this species from the young of the Bullfrog, as they greatly resemble each other in general appearance. The Green Frog has the glandular folds on the back more or less distinct and the web of the foot not reaching the tip of the fourth toe, and can be al- ways distinguished by these characteristics. The following brief description gives the details more fully : Green or brownish, brighter in front; generally with irregular small black spots; arms and legs blotched, yellowish or white below; tympanum large; glandular folds large; toes well webbed; first finger not extending beyond second ; tibia and femur equal 1^ body. Length 3 inches, 18. BULLFROG RANA CATESBEIANA Shaw The Bullfrog was formerly rather common in sluggish streams and ponds throughout the United States east of Kansas. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is said to have been formerly abundant, but it has been hunted until it is now rare. The method of hunting them was by means of a bicycle lamp at night which so blinded them that they could easily be picked up. This is the rarest frog about the lake, only six examples hav- ing been seen, and of these only three were captured. One was ob- tained near the Fish Commission station while seining for min- nows at night. A lantern was in use which probably blinded the frog. A large one was seen November 20 down by Norris Inlet, at the edge of the water. It was somewhat torpid, but managed to escape. On January 7, 1901, one of the ice-fishers saw a large Bullfrog on the bottom in several feet of water off the Gravelpit. He cut a hole in the ice, let down a hook and pulled out the frog. It was too torpid to move. One was obtained April 15, 1901 (No. 35445, U. S. Nat. Mus.). On May 1, a large one was seen in the pond back of the Winfield cottage, and on September 30, 1907, one was seen basking on the shore of the Outlet about two miles below Lost Lake. 42—17618 644 Lake Maxinkuchee, Physical and Biological Survey The deep, sonorous, bull-like bellow of this frog can be heard about some portion of the lake shore throughout the summer. They usually are heard toward the southeast shore of Lost Lake where the miry shore and fringe of rushes give them good pro- tection. During the summer of 1906 one kept bawling almost every day from the neighborhood of the ice-houses. They keep up their bawling from May 1 to as late as August 26. Like the Green Frog, the Bullfrog rarely strays far from the water, but stays by the shore, ready to jump in at the slightest alarm. There are few animals hunted more persistently than these. They are captui'ed by several methods — by shooting, by Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) use of acetyline light, and by the use of red flannel on fishhooks at which they readily jump, so that in spite of the almost inaccessible bits of shore they frequent, they are unable to hold their own. The Bullfrog is said to be very voracious, and is reported to capture and swallow young ducklings. On account of its rarity at the lake, little was learned of its habits. The Bullfrog can usually be identified by its size and voice. The following short description will assist in identifying speci- mens : Greenish, of varying shades, with small faint dark spots above; head usually bright pale green ; legs blotched ; tympanum large ; toes broadly webbed; femur equal to tibia, not half body. Length 5 to 8 inches. Index to Volume I Abbott, Dr. C. C, 427. Accipiter cooperi, 540. velox, 540. Acknowledgments, 18. Acris gryllus, 633. Actitis macularia, 533. acuta, Dafila, 499. Abramis crysoleucas, 347. Adder, Spreading, 588. aedon. Troglodytes, 572. .^gialitis meloda, 535. aepyptera, Lampetra, 306. sestiva, Dendroica, 568. affinis, Marila, 502. Agelaius phoeniceus, 553. Air, The, 60-62. Aix sponsa, 499. albeola, Charitonetta, 507. albicollis, Zonotrichia, 560. alcyon, Ceryle, 544. Alder Flycatcher, 551. Allen, Dr. J. A., 453. alnorum, Empidonax trailli, 551. alpestris, Otocoris, 552. Ambloplites rupestris, 296, 387. Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 629. maculatum, 620. tigrinum, 629. Ameiurus melas, 330. natalis, 294, 324. nebulosus, 294, 325. American Golden-eye, 506. americana, Certhia familiaris, 575. Clangula clangula, 506. Fulica, 518. Mareca, 498. Marila, 500. Spiza, 564. americanus, Bufo, 631. Coccyzus, 544. Mergus, 496. Tympanuchus, 537. Amia calva, 293, 317. Ammodramus savannarum australis, 558. Amphibians, 580, 620. Amyda spinifera, 592. anseus, Quiscalus quiscala, 555. Anas platyrhynchos, 497. rubripes, 498. Angleworms as bait, 270. Angling, 264. Angling resort, Lake Maxinkuckee -as an, 271. Anguilla rostrata, 364. annularis, Pomoxis, 379. anomalum, Campostoma, 339. Anthus rubescens, 571. Antrostomus vociferus, 549. Ardea herodias, 514. argentatus, Larus, 492. Argulus americanus, 293. Artificial lures, 271. Asio flammeus, 542. wilsonianus, 542. asio, Otus, 542. aspro, Hadropterus, 431. Astragalinus tristis, 557. ater, Molothrus, 553. atricapillus, Penthestes, 576. atromaculatus, Semotilus, 345. atronasus, Rhinichthys, 361. Aubeenaubee Creek, 27. Darter, 444. aubeenaubei, Etheostoma iowae, 444. aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 539. auratus, Colaptes, 548. aureolum, Moxostoma, 338. auritus, Colymbus, 486. aurocapillus, Seiurus, 570. australis, Ammodramus savannarum, 558. avia. Mephitis mesomelas, 459. Azygia tereticolle, 293, 295. Bachelor, 380. Badger, 459. Bseolophus bicolor, 576. bairdii, Peromyscus maniculatus, 460. Bait-casting, 267. Baits and lures, 268. Bald Eagle, 541. (645) 646 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Baldpate, 498. Baltimore Oriole, 554. Bank Swallow, 565. Barred Owl, 542. Bass, Calico, 382. Cow, 414. Green, 414. Large-mouthed Black, 414. Mud, 393. Oswego, 414. Rock, 387. Small-mouthed Black, 409. Straw, 414. Bass Lake, 409. Bat, Little Brown, 455. Bay-breasted Warbler, 570. Beaver, 479. Beck, .J. M., 478. Bennett and Ely, 24. bicolor, Baeolophus, 576. Iridoprocne, 565. Big Bluebill, 501. Biology, 236. Birds, The, 480. bislineatus, Eurycea, 631. Bittern, 513. Bittern, Least, 513. Black Bass, Large-mouthed, 414. Small-mouthed, 409. Black Bullhead, 330. Duck, 498. Mallard, 498. Sucker, 335. Tern, 494. Blackbird, Crow, 555. Redwinged, 553. Rusty, 555. Black and White Warbler, 568. Blackburnian Warbler, 570. Black-nosed Dace, 361. Black-poll Warbler, 570. Black-striped Minnow, 348. Black-sided Darter, 431. Black-throated Blue Warbler, 569. Black-throated Green Warbler, 570. blandingii, Emys, 617. Blanding's Turtle, 617. Blatchley, W. S., 536. blennioides, Diplesion, 440. blennius, Notropis, 351. Bluebird, 578. Bluebill, Big, 501. Little, 502. Blue Bream, 397. Bluegill, 297, 396. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 577. Blue Heron, Great, 514. Blue Jay, 552. Racer, 586. Blue-spotted Sunfish, 393. Blue Warbler, Black-throated, 569. Blue-winged Teal, 499. Blunt-nosed Minnow, 295, 342. Bobolink, 553. Bob-white, 535. Boleosoma nigrum, 300, 437. Bombycilla cedrorum, 566. Bonasa umbellus, 536. Bonaparte's Gull, 493. Boomer, 474. Boot-leg Sucker, 335. borealis, Buteo, 540. Botaurus lentiginosus, 513. Boulders, 46. Bowers, George M., 15. Bowfin,,293, 317. Box Turtle, 618. brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 552. Branta canadensis, 510. Bream, 298, 347. Blue, 397. Copper-nosed, 397. Bridge Perch, 380. Bronzed Grackle, 555. Brook Lamprey, 306. Stickleback, 296, 374. Brown Bat, Little, 455. Brown Creeper, 575. Thrasher, 571. BroA\Tiell, C. H., 19. Bubo virginianus, 543. buccata, Ericymba, 360. buccinator, Olor, 512. Buffalo-fish, 294, 332. Buffle-head, 507. Bufo americanus, 631. Bullbat, 549. Bullfrog. 643. Bullhead, 294. Bullhead, Black, 330. Bunting, Indigo, 563. Snow, 557. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 647 Bureau of Fisheries, 13, 278. Burford, Miss, 312. Burlington, Ind., 593. Bussel, Charles W., 456. Butler's Garter Snake, 583. butleri, Thamnophis, 583. Buteo borealis, 540. lineatus, 541. Butorides virescens, 515. Butterball, 507. Butter-belly, 405. Buzzard, Turkey, 53i). cff-rulea, Polioptila, 577. caerulescens, Dendroica, 569. calendula, Regulus, 577. Calico Bass, 296, 382. Calms, 139. calva, Amia, 317. Campbellite, 380. Campostoma anomalum, 339. Canada Goose, 510. canadensis, Branta, 510. Lutra, 460. Sitta, 575. Canary, Wild, 557. Cane-pole fishing, 266. Canis latrans, 456. occidentalis, 455. Canvasback, 500. caprodes, Percina, 429. Capron, Judge A. C, 19. Cardinal, 563. Cardinalis cardinalis, 563. Carolina Grebe, 488. Carolina, Porzana, 517. Terrapene, 618. carolinense, Nettion, 498. carolinensis. Castor canadensis, 479. Dumatella, 571. Pandion haliaetus, 542. Sitta, 575. Zenaidura macroura, 538. carolinus, Centurus, 548. Euphagus, 555. Carp, 340. carpio, Cyprinus, 340. Carpodacus purpureus, 556. castanea, Dendroica, 570. Castor canadensis carolinensis, 479. Catbird, 571. catenatus, Sistrurus, 589. catesbeiana, Rana, 643. Cathartes aura .septentrionalis, 539. Catostomus commersonii, 295, 334. Cavern-jawed Minnow, 360. Cat, Wild, 460. Cayuga Minnow, 349. cayuga, Notropis, 349. Cedarbird, 566. Cedar Waxwing, 566. cedrorum, Bombycilla, 566. Centurus carolinus, 548. Certhia familiaris americana, 575. Ceryle alcyon, 544. Chadwick, S. S., 16, 19, 63, 319, .341, 457, 458, 469, 475, 476, 496, 499, 508, 510, 557. Chaenobryttus gulosus, 297, 391. Chsetura pelagica, 549. Charitonetta albeola, 507. Chaulelasmus streperus, 498. Chelydra serpentina, 596. Chemical character of the water, 218. Chen hyperboreus nivalis, 510. Cherry Bird, 566. Chewink, 562. Chickaree, 474, 576. Chicken, Prairie, 537. Chimney Swift, 549. Chinquapin Perch, 380. Chipmunk, 471. Chipping Sparrow, 560. Chironomus, 302. Chondestes grammacus, 559. Chordeiles virginianus, 549. Chrysemys marginata, 610. Chub, 414. Chub, Common, 345. River, 362. Steel-backed, 339. Chub Sucker, 295, 336. Cicott Lake, 409. cinereus, Plethodon, 630. Circus hudsonius, 539. Cisco, 354. Citcllus tridccemlinoatus, 470. citrina, Wilsonia, 571. clamitans, Rana, 641. Clangula clangula americana, 506. Clear Lake, 310. Clearness of the water, 216. 648 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Clemmys guttata, 615. Cliff Swallow, 564. clypeata, Spatula, 499. Coccyzus americanus, 447. coeruleum, Etheostoma, 447. Colaptes auratus, 548. Cole, Leon .J., 342. Colinus virginianus, 535. collavis, Marila, 505. Collecting methods, 239. Coluber constrictor flaviventris, 586. columbarius, Falco, 541. columbianus, Olor, 512. Colymbus auritus, 486. holloelli, 486. Commercial fishing, 282. commersonii, Catostomus, 334. Common Chub, 345. Eel, 364. Pike, 370. Rat, 452. Sunfish, 405. Tern, 494. White-footed Mouse, 461. Conditions favorable to fish-life, 260. of the water, 216. concolor, Ichthyomyzon, 306, 311. constrictor flaviventris, Coluber, 586. contortrix, Heterodon, 588. Cook Lake, 220. cooperi, Accipiter, 540. Cooper's Hawk, 540. Coot, 518. Copeland, Jordan and, 433, 440, 442, 449. Copepod parasites, 305. Copper-nosed Bream, 397. Cormorant, Florida, 495. coronata, Dendroica, 569. cornutus, Notropis, 357. Corvus brachyrhynchos, 552. Cottontail, 479. Cottus ictalops, 431. Coturnicops noveboracensis, 518. Cow Bass, 414. Cowbird, 553. Coyote, 456. Cox, U. 0., 478. Crane, Sandhill, 516. Crappie, 379. Crawfish as bait, 270. Crawl-a-bottom, 335. Creek Fish, 336. Creeper, Brown, 575. Creighton, Nebraska, 443, 444. Crested Flycatcher, 551. Cricket Frog, 633. crinitus, Myiarchus, 551. cristata, Cyanocitta, 552. Crossbill, 556. Crow, 552. Crow Blackbird, 555. crucifer, Hyla, 637. crysoleiicas, Abramis, 347. Cuckoo, Yellow-billed, 544. cucullatus, Lophodytes, 497. Culicidae, 303. Culver Creek, 27. curvirostra minor, Loxia, 556. cyanea, Passerina, 563. Cyanocitta cristata, 552, cyprinella, Ictiobus, 332. Cyprinus carpio, 340. Dace, Black-nosed, 361. Dabchick, 488. Dabchick, Pied-billed, 488. Dafila acuta, 499. Damsel-flies, 304. Darter, Aubeenaubee, 444. Black-sided, 431. Dusky, 433. Green-sided, 440. Iowa, 442. Johnny, 437. Least, 450. Maxinkuckee, 435. Rainbow, 447. Davis, George W., 333. Dean, Dr. Bashford, 319. Deep Hole, 42. temperatures, 197-210, Deer Mouse, 462. DeKay's Snake, 581. delawarensis, Larus, 493. delicata, Gallinago, 531. Delphi Journal, 457. Dendroica sestiva, 568. caeeulescens, 569. castanea, 570. coronata, 569. fusca, 570. magnolia, 569. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 649 Dendroica palmarum, 570. striata, 570. virens, 570. Depth of Lake Maxinkuckee, 40-41. of Lost Lake, 55-56. Devil-diver, 488. Devil's Lake, 310. Dew, 152. diaphanus, Fundulus, 371. Dickcissel, 564. Didapper, 488. Didelphis virginiana, 453. Didipper, 488. Diplesion blennioides, 440. Dipper, 488. Diptera, 302. discors, Querquedula, 499. dispar, Fundulus, 372. Dogfish, 293, 317. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 553. Dollardee, 397. dolomieu, Micropterus, 409. domesticus hostilis, Passer, 556. Dore, 420. dorsatum, Erethizon, 468. Doubleday, Page and Company, 5. Doughbelly, 339, Dove, Mourning, 538. Downy Woodpecker, 546. Dragon-flies, 304. Dredging, 253. Dryobates pubescens medianus, 546. villosus, 545. Duck, Black, 498. Ruddy, 508. Ring-necked, 505. Duckbill Cat, 308. Dumatella carolinensis, 571. Dusky Darter, 433. Eagle, Bald, 541. Earl, Donald, 17. East winds, 140. Ectopistes migratorius, 538. Edwards, Andrew, 310. Eel, Common, 364. Eisenhard, Captain, 19. Elaphe vulpina, 585. elegans, Pseudemys, 609. Elegant Turtle, 609. Elevation above sea-level, 22. Empidonax minimus, 551. trailli alnorum, 551. Emys blandingii, 617. English Sparrow, 556. Ephemerida, 303. Epimys norvegicus, 452. Erethizon dorsatum, 469. Ereunetes pusillus, 532. Ericymba buccata, 360. Erimyzon sucetta, 295, 336. Erismatura jamaicensis, 508. Erosion, 26. erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 547. erythrogastra, Hirundo, 565. erythromelas, Piranga, 564. erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 562. Esox lucius, 370. vermiculatus, 295, 368. Etheostoma cceruleum, 447. iowse, 300, 442. iowas aubeenaubei, 444. Eucalia inconstans, 296, 374. Euphagus carolinus, 555. Eupomotis gibbosus, 298. heros, 404. Eurycea bislineatus, 631. Evermann, A. M., 476. Evermann, T. Bronte, 16, 63. Evermann and Jenkins, 393. excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus, 567. exilis, Ixobrychus, 513. Falco columbarius, 541. sparverius, 541. familiaris americana, Certhia, 575. feriarum Pseudacris, 634. Farring-ton. George E., 19, 278. Field Mouse, 463. Sparrow, 561. Finch, Purple, 556. Fishduck, 496. Fish-food, 291. Fish Hawk, 542. Fish laws, Observance of, 282. Fish-parasites, 291. Fish protection, 263. Fishes, The, 238. List of Species of, 306-451. planted in Lake Maxinkuckee, 278. Fishing, 263. flammeus, Asio, 542. 650 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Stirvey flavescens, Perca, 424. flavifrons, Lanivireo, 568. flaviventris, Coluber constrictor, 586. Fleet, Col. A. F., 19. Fletcher Lake, 409. Flicker, 548. Florida Cormorant, 495. Gallinule, 518. floridanus, Phalacrocorax auritus, 495. Flowing- wells, 28, 29. Fly-casting, 268. Flycatcher, Alder, 551. Crested, 551. Lea.st, 551. Flying Squirrel, 477. Fog, 150. Food of fishes, 291. forsteri, Sterna, 493. Forster's Tern, 49.3. Four-toed Salamander, 630. Fox, Red, 456. Fox Snake, 585. Sparrow, 562. Squirrel, 476. Frog, Green, 641. Leopard, 637. Pickerel, 640. Wood, 641. Frogs as bait, 270. Frost, 145. Fulica americana, 518. Fundulus diaphanus, 296, 371.- dispar, 296, 372. , notatus, 373. fusca, Dendroica, 570. Gadwall, 498. Gage, Professor Simon H., 308. galbula. Icterus, 554. galeata, Gallinula, 518. Gallinago delicata, 531. Gallinula galeata, 518. Gallinule, Florida, 518. gallopavo silvestris, Meleagris, 537. Gar, Long-nosed, 312. Short-nosed, 315. Garden Snake, 580. Garter Snake, Butler's, 583. Gavia immer, 491. Geothlypis trichas, 570. georgiana, Melospiza, 562. geographica, Graptemys, 605. Gignilliat, Col. L. R., 19. Gilbert, .Jordan and, 432. Gillnets, 252. Gillum, Robert G., 16. gilva, Vireosylva, 567. gladius, Psephurus, 310. Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 577. Goggle-eye, 380, 387. Golden-eye, 506. Golden-eye, American, 506. Golden-crowned Kinglet, 576. Golden Shiner, 347. Goldfinch, 557. Goode, G. Brown, 421. Goose, Canada, 510. Greater Snow, 510. Wild, 510. Gopher, Striped, 470. Grackle, 555. Grackle, Bronzed, 555. grammacus, Chondestes, 559. gramineus, Pocecetes, 558. Grasshoppers as bait, 269. Grasshopper Sparrow, 558. Grass Pike, 295, 368. Graptemys geographica, 605. Gravel, 45. Gray Squirrel, 475. Grayback, 371. Grayback Minnow, 296, 371. Great Bittern, 513. Blue Heron, 514. Horned Owl, 543. Greater Snow Goose, 510. Yellowlegs, 532. Grebe, Carolina, 488. Holboell's, 486. Horned, 486. Pied-billed, 488. Thick-billed, 488. Green Bass, 414. Frog, 641. Heron. 515. Sunfish, 393. Warbler, Black-throated, 570. Green, .James, 341, 537. Greenhead, 497. Green-sided Darter, 440. Green-winged Teal, 498. Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 563. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 651 Ground Squirrel, 471. Groundhog, 468. Grouse, Ruffed, 536. Grus mexicana, 516. gryllis, Acris, 633. Gull, Bonaparte's, 493. Herring, 491. Ring-billed, 493. gulosus, Chagnobryttus, 391. guttata, Clemmys, 615. pallasi, Hylocichla, 577. gyrinus, Schilbeodes, 331. Hadropterus aspro, 431. maxinkuckiensis, 435. scierus, 433. scierus serrula, 432. Hahn, Dr. Walter L., 456, 460. Hairy Woodpecker, 545. haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, 542. Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 541. Hammerhead, 335. Harelda hyemalis, 508. Hatton, E., 341. Hawk, Cooper's, 540. Fish, 542. Marsh, 539. Pigeon, 541. Red-shouldered, 541. Red-tailed, 540. Sharp-shinned, 540. Sparrow, 541. Hay, Dr. O. P., 586, 617, 640. Helldiver, 488. Hemidactylium scutatum, 630. Hermit Thrush, 577. herodias, Ardea, 514. Heron, Great Blue, 514. Green, 515. heros, Eupomotis, 404. Herring Gull, 491. Heterodon contortrix, 588. heterodon, Notropis, 350. hiemalis, Nannus, 572. Hill, Wm. F., 16. Hirundo erythrogastra, 565. hirundo. Sterna, 494. Hog-molly, 295, 335. Hog-nosed Snake, 588. holbo?lli, Colymbus, 486. Holbcell's Grebe, 486. Holem Lake, 220. Hollister, N., 462. Honker, 510. Hooded Merganser, 497. Warbler, 571. Horned Grebe, 486. Lark, 552. Owl, Great, 543. Pout, 325. hostilis, Passer domesticus, 556. Hou.se Mouse, 452. Snake, 588. Wren, 572. Hudsonian Minnow, 354. hudsonius, Circus, 539. Notropis, 354. Zapus, 467. Hybopsis kentuckiensis, 362. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 494. Hydrography, 40. hyemalis, Harelda, 508. Junco, 561. Hyla crucifer, 637. versicolor, 636. Hylocichla guttata pallasi, 577. mustelinus, 577. ustulata swainsoni, 577. Hypentelium nigricans, 295, 335. Ice, 223. Ice-beach, 39. Ice-fishing, 275. Ice on Lost Lake, 232. Ice, Thickness of, 233. when went off the lake, 235. Ice on Lake Maxinkuckee, 226. Ichthyomyzon concolor, 306, 311. ictalops, Cottus, 431. Icterus galbula, 554. Ictiobus cyprinella, 294, 332. iliaca, Passerella, 562. Iowa Darter, 300, 442. iowae, Etheostoma, 442. inmier, Gavia, 491. inconstans, Flucalia, 374. Indian Fish, 393. Hen, 513. Indigo Bunting, 563. Insect larvae, 302. Intioduction, 13. 652 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Iridoprocne bicolor, 565. Ixobiychus exilis, 513. Jack Snipe, 531. jamaicensis, Erismatura, 508. Jay, Blue, 552. jeffersonianum, Ambystoma, 629. Jenkins, Evermann and, 393. John Demon, 380. Johnny Darter, 300, 437. Jones, Francis W., 34. Jordan and Copeland, 433, 440, 442, 449. Jordan and Gilbert, 432. Juday, Chancey, 16. Jumping Mouse, 467. Junco hyemalis, 561. Junco, Slate-colored, 561. Kendall, Dr. W. C, 348. kentuckiensis, Hybopsis, 362. Kettlehole, 43. Kettlehole temperatures, 211, 212. Killdeer, 534. Kingbird, 550. Kingfisher, 544. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 576. Ruby-crowned, 577. Kinosternon odoratum, 599. Kirtland, Dr. Jared Potter, 385. Knowlton, Millard, 16, 514. Labidesthes sicculus, 296, 376. Lake Bass, 414. Cicott, 409. Maxinkuckee as an angling resort, 271. Pepin, 423. Lake-bottom, 45. Lake-level, 49. Lampetra aepyptera, 306. wilderi, 306, 308. Lamplighter, 380. Lamprey, Western Brook, 306. Lampropeltis triangulum, 588. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, 567. Lanivireo flavifrons, 568. Large-mouthed Black Bass, 299, 414. Large, Thomas, 16, 364. Lark, Horned, 552. Lark Sparrow, 559. Larus argentatus, 491. delawarensis, 493. Philadelphia, 493. lataxina, Lutra caftadensis, 460. latrans, Canis, 456. Least Bittern, 513. Darter, 450. Flycatcher, 551. lecontei, Passerherbulus, 559. Le Conte's Sparrow, 559. Leeches, 304. lentiginosus, Botaurus, 513. Leopard Frog, 637. Lepisosteus osseus, 312. platostomus, 315. Lepomis megalotis, 395. pallidus, 297, 396. leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 541. leucophrys, Zonotrichia, 559. leucopus noveboracensis, Peromyscus, 461. limi. Umbra, 366. lineatus, Buteo, 541. Linton, Dr. Edward, 291. Little Bluebill, 502. Brown Bat, 455. lobatus, Lobipes, 530. Lobipes lobatus, 530. Log Perch, 429. Long-eared Owl, 542. Sunfish, 395. Long-nosed Gar, 312. Loon, 491. Lophodytes cucullatus, 497. loquax, Sciurus hudsonius, 474. Lost Lake, 55. lotor, Procyon, 457. Loxia curvirostra minor, 556. Lucas, Dr. F. A., 427. lucifugus, Myotis, 455. lucius, Esox, 370. lucotis, Sciurus carolinensis, 475. ludoviciana, Zamelodia, 563. ludovicianus excubitorides, Lanius, 567. lunifrons, Petrochelidon, 564. Lures and baits, 268. Lutra canadensis lataxina, 461. lutreocephala, Mustela vison, 460. Lynx rufa, 460. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 653 machrinus, Scalopus aquaticus, 453. macroura carolinensis, Zenaidura, 538. macularia, Actitis, 533. maculatum Ambystoma, 628. maculosus, Necturus, 620. Mad Tom, 294, 331. magna, Sturnella, 554. magnolia, Dendroica, 569. Magnolia Warbler, 569. Mallard, 497. Mallard, Black, 498. Mammals, 452. Mammy, 339. maniculatus bairdii, Peromyscus, 460. Manitou Darter, 300. Lake, 310, 409. Map Turtle, 605. marginata, Chrysemys, 610. Mareca americana, 498. Marila affinis, 502. americana, 500. collaris, 505. marila, 501. valisineria, 500. marila, Marila, 501. Marmot, 469. Marmota monax, 468. Marl, 46. Marsh Hawk, 539. Wren, Prairie, 572. Martin, Pui'ple, 564. Maryland Yellow-throat, 570. Massasauga, 589. Maxinkuckee Darter, 435. maxinkuckiensis, Hadropterus, 435. May-flies, 303. McCracken, S. B., 508. McDonald, Col. Daniel, 19, 263, 264. McGilliard, M. V., 309. Meadowlark, 554. Meadow Mouse, 462. mearnsii, Sylvilagus floridanus, 479. Medbourn, Thomas, 315. medianus, Drj^obates pubescens, 546. megalotis, Lepomis, 395. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 547. melanoleucus, Totanus, 532. melanops, Minytrema, 337. melas, Ameiurus, 330. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris, 537. meloda, ^gialitis, 535. melodia, Melospiza, 561. Melospiza georgiana, 562. melodia, 561. Mendota Lake, 221. Mephitis mesomelas avia, 459. Merganser, Hooded, 497. Red-breasted, 496. Mergus americanus, 496. serrator, 496. mesomelas avia, Mephitis, 459. Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 471. Meteorology, 57. Methods of collecting, 239. mexicana, Grus, 516. Meyer, Anton, 456, 460. Michigan White-footed Mouse, 460. Microperca punctulata, 456. Micropterus dolomieu, 298, 409. salmoides, 299. Microtus pennsylvanicus, 462. Midges, 303. Migration of fishes, 284. Migration from Maxinkuckee to Lost Lake, 287. Migration from one depth to another, 284. migratorius, Ectopistes, 538. Planesticus, 577. Milk Snake, 588. Miller, Gerrit S., 453. minimus, Empidonax, 551. Mink, 458. Minnow, Black-striped, 348. Blunt-nosed, 295, 342. Cavern-jawed, 360. Cayuga, 349. Grayback, 371. Hudsonian, 354. Mud, 366. Red-nosed, 358. Rot-gut, 339, 357. Spot-tail, 354. Straw-colored, 351. Variable-toothed, 350. Minnows, 283. As bait, 269. minor, Loxia curvirostra, 556. Philohela, 530. Minytrema melanops, 337. Mniotilta varia, 568. Mole, Common, 453. 654 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Mole, Shrew, 454. Molothrus ater, 553. monax, Marmota, 468. monticola, Spizella, 560. Moore, Dr. H. F., 624. Morris, Edward, 315. Mortality among fishes, 281. Mosquitos, 303. Mossback Turtle, 596. Mourning Dove, 538. Mouse, Common White-footed, 461. Deer, 461. Field, 461. House, 452. Jumping, 467. Meadow, 463. Michigan White-footed, 460. Pine, 462. Moxostoma aureolum, 338. Mud Bass, 393. Hen, 518. Minnow, 366. Turtle, 596. Mudpuppy, 620. musculus, Mus, 452. Musk Turtle, 599. Muskrat, 462. Mus musculus, 452. Mussels as bait, 270. Mustela noveboracensis, 457. vison lutreocephala, 458. mustelinus, Hylocichla, 577. Myiarchus crinitus, 551. Myiochanes virens, 551. Myotis lucifugus, 455. Myrtle Warbler, 569. Nannus hiemalis, 572. Nashville Warbler, 568. natalis, Amieurus, 324. Natrix sipedon, 583. nebulosus, Ameiurus, 325. Necturus maculosus, 620. Nettion carolinense, 498. Newlight, 380. Newt, 631. Nighthawk, 549. nigra surinamensis, Hydrochilidon, 494. nigricans, Hypentelium, 335. nigrum, Boleosoma, 437. nivalis, Chen hyperboreus, 510. Plectrophenax, 557. Norris, Harvey, 342. Norris Inlet, 28. Northeast winds, 140. Northern Phalarope, 530. Northwest winds, 142. norvegicus, Epimys, 452. notatus, Fundulus, 373. Pimephales, 343. Notophthalmus viridescens, 631. Notropis blennius, 351. cayuga, 349. cornutus, 357. heterodon, 350. hudsoniuG, 354. rubifrons, 358. umbratilis, 359. whipplii, 295, 355. noveboracensis, Coturnicops, 518. Mustela, 457. Peromyscus leucopus, 461. Noyes, Wm. A., 46, 47. Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 575. White-breasted, 575. Nye, Willard, 418. Nyctea nyctea, 544. Observance of fish laws, 282. occidentalis, Canis, 455. Odonata, 304. odoratum, Kinosternon, 599. Old-squaw, 508. olivacea, Vireosylva, 567. Olive-backed Thrush, 577. Olor buccinator, 512. columbianus, 512. Ondatra zibethica, 462. Opossum, Common, 453. Oriole, Baltimore, 554. oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 553. Osprey, 542. osseus, Lepisosteus, 312. Oswego Bass, 414. Otocoris alpestris, 552. Otter, 460. Otus asio, 542. Outflow, volume of, 53. Outlet, 34; 54. Outlet Creek, 56. Oven-bird, 570. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 655 Overmyer's Brook, 28. Owl, Barred, 542. Great Horned, 543. Long'-eared, 542. Screech, 542. Short-eared, 542. Snowy, 544. Oxyechus vociferus, 534. Oxygen, Lake deficient in, 221. Paddlefish, 308. Painted Turtle, Western, 610. pallasi, Hylocichla guttata, 577. pallidus, Lepomis, 396. Palm Warbler, 570. palmarum, Dendroica, 570. palustris, Rana, 640. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 542. Paper-mouth, 380. Parasites, Copepod, 305. Parasites of fishes, 291. Parsons, President W. W., 34. Passeng-er Pigeon, 538. Passer domesticus hostilis, 556. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna, 558. Passerella iliaca, 562. Passerherbulus lecontei, 559. Passerina cyanea, 563. passerina, Spizella, 560. Peabody Bird, 560. Peet-weet, 533. pelag-ica, Chastura, 549. pennsylvanicus, Microtus, 462. Penthesthes atricapillus, 576. Perca flavescens, 300, 424. Perch, Bridge, 380. Chinquapin, 380. Log, 429. Speckled, 380. Yellow, 424. Percina caprodes, 429. caprodes zebra, 300, 429. peregrina, Vermivora, 568. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, 461. maniculatus bairdii, 460. Petrochelidon lunifrons, 564. Pewee, 551. Pewee, Wood, 551. Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus, 495. Phalarope, Noi'thern, 530. Pheasant, 536. Philadelphia, Larus, 493. '^hilohela minor, 530. phoebe, Sayornis, 551. phceniceus, Agelaius, 553. Physical features, 22. Pickerel, 295. Pickerel Frog, 640. Pickering's Tree-frog, 634. Tree-toad, 637. Pied-billed Dabchick, 488. Grebe, 488. Pigeon Hawk, 541. Pigeon, Passenger, 538. Wild, 538. Pike, Common, 370. Grass, 368. Wall-eyed, 419. Pimephales notatus, 295, 342. Pine Mouse, 462. Snake, 585. Squirrel, 474. pinetorum scalopsoides, Pitymys, 462. Pintail, 499. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 562. Piping Plover, 535. Pipit, 571. Piranga erythromelas, 564. Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides, 462. Planesticus migratorius, 577. Plankton station No. 3, 214. platostomus, Lepisosteus, 315. platyrhynchos. Anas, 497. Plectrophenax nivalis, 557. Plethodon cinereus, 630. Plover, Piping, 535. podiceps, Podilymbus, 488. Podilymbus podiceps, 488. Polecat, 459. Polioptila casrulea, 577. Polyodon spathula, 308. Pomoxis annulai'is, 379. sparoides, 296, 382. Poa?cetes gramineus, 558. Porcupine, 468. Porzana Carolina, 517. Prairie Chicken, 537. Marsh Wren, 572. Rattlesnake, 589. Wolf, 456. 656 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Procyon lotor, 457. Progne subis, 564. proximus, Thamnophis, 581. Psephurus gladius, 310. Pseudacris feriaruni, 634. Pseudemys elegans, 609. pubescens medianus, Dryobates, 546. Pumpkin-seed, 405. Pumpkin-seed Bird, 575. punctulata, Microperca, 450. pusilla, Spizella, 561. pusillus, Ereunetes, 532. Purple Finch, 556. Martin, 564. purpureus, Carpodacus, 556. Quail, 535. Querquedula discors, 499. quiscala anteus, Quiscalus, 555. Quiscalus quiscala aeneus, 555. Pvabbit, 479. Raccoon, 457. Racer, Blue, 586. Rail, Virginia, 517. Yellow, 518. Rain, 144. Rainbow Darter, 447. Rain-crow, 544. Rana catesbeiana, 643. clamitans, 641. palustris, 640. sylvatica, 641. Rat, Common, 452. Rattlesnake, Prairie, 589. Red-backed Salamander, 630. Red-bellied Woodpecker, 548. Redbird, 563. Red-breasted Merganser, 496. Nuthatch, 575. Red-eared Sunfish, 404. Redeye, 296, 387. Red-eyed Vireo, 567. Red-fin, 357, 359. Red Fox, 456. Squirrel, 474. Redhead, 500. Red-headed Woodpecker, 547. Redhorse, 338. Red-nosed Minnow, 358. Red-shouldered Hawk, 541. Redstart, 571. Red-tailed Hawk, 540. Redwinged Blackbird, 553. Reed, Hugh Daniel, 332. Regxilus calendula, 577. satrapa, 576. Reptiles, 580. Rhinichthys atronasus, 361. Riband Snake, 580. Rice, Hon. Martin H., 265. Ring-billed Gull, 493. Ring-necked Duck, 505. Riparia riparia, 565. River Chub, 362. Roach, 347. Robin, 577. Rock Bass, 296, 387. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 563. rostrata, Anguilla, 364. Rot-gut Minnow, 339, 357. Rough-winged Swallow, 565. rubescens, Anthus, 571. rubricapilla, Vermivora, 568. rubrifrons, Notropis, 358. rubripes, Anas, 498. Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 577. Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 550. Ruddy Duck, 508. rufa. Lynx, 460. Ruffed Grouse, 536. ' rufiventer, Sciurus niger, 476. rufum, Toxostoma, 571. rupestris, Ambloplites, 387. Rusty Blackbird, 555. ruticilla, Setophaga, 571. Sac-a-lait, 380. Salamander, Common, 629. Four-toed, 630. Red-backed, 630. Spotted, 620. Tiger, 629. Two-lined, 631. Salmon, 299. Sand, 45. Sandhill Crane, 516. Sandpiper, Semipalmated, 532. Spotted, 533. sandwichensis savanna, Passerculus, 558. Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 547. satrapa, Regulus, 576. savanna, Passerculus sandwichensis, 558. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 657 Savannah Sparrow, 558. savannarum australis, Ammodramus, 558. Sawbill, 596. Sayornis phoebe, 551. scalopsoides, Pitymys pinetorum, 462. Scalopus aquaticus machrinus, 453. Scarlet Tanager, 564. Schenck, Dr. .J., 582. Schilbeodes gyrinus, 294, 331. scierus, Hadropterus, 433. Sciuropterus volans, 477. Sciurus carolinensis, Leucotis, 475. hudsonius loquax, 474. niger rufiventer, 476. Scope of investigations, 15. Scovell, Dr. Josiah T., 16, 63, 459. Screech Owl, 542. scutatum, Hemidactylium, 630. Seasonal movements of fishes, 284. Seining, 239. Seiurus aurocapillus, 570. Semipalmated Sandpiper, 532. Semotilus atromaculatus, 345. septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 539. Serial water temperatures, 197. serpentina, Chelydra, 596. serrator, Merg-us, 496. seriipennis, Stelgidopteryx, 565. serrula, Hadropterus scierus, 432. Setophaga ruticilla, 571. Shad, 380. Shad-flies, 303. Shannon, George D., 309. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 540. Shiner, 354, 357. Shiner, Golden, 347. Shore and Beach, 35. Short-eared Owl, 542. Short-nosed Gar, 315. Shoveller, 499. Shrew, Mole, 454. Shrike, White-rumped, 567. Sialia sialis, 578. sialis, Sialia, 578. sicculus, Labidesthes, 376. Silver-fin, 295, 355. silvestris, Meleagris gallopavo, 537. sipedon, Natrix, 583. sirtalis, Thamnophis, 581. Sistrurus catenatus, 589. Sitta canadensis, 575. carolinensis, 575. Size, form, etc., of lake, 23. Skipjack, 296, 376. Skunk, 460. Sky, 58. Slate-colored Junco, 561. Slick, E. E., 542. Small-mouthed Black Bass, 298, 409. Snake, Common Garter, 580, 581. DeKay's, 581. Fox, 585. Hog-nosed, 588. House, 588. Milk, 588. Pine, 585. Riband, 581. Water, 583. Snakes, 580. Snapper, 596. Snapping Turtle, 596. Snipe, Jack, 531. Wilson's, 531. Snow, 147-150. Snowbird, 561. Snow Bunting, 557. Snowflake, 557. Snow Goose, Greater, 510. Snowy Owl, 544. Soft-shelled Turtle, 591. Soil, 24. Song Sparrow, 561. Sora, 517. South winds, 140. Southwest winds, 141. Spade-fish, 308. sparoides, Pomoxis, 382. Sparrow, Chipping, 560. English, 556. Field, 561. Fox, 562. Grasshopper, 558. Lark, 559. Savanna, 558. Song, 561. Swamp, 562. Tree, 560. Vesper, 558. White-crowned, 559. White-throated, 560. Sparrow Hawk, 541. 658 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey sparverius, Falco, 541. spathula, Polyodon, 308. Spatula clypeata, 499. Spawneater, 354. Speckled Perch, 380. Turtle, 615. Special localities, 19. Sphyrapicus varius, 547. spinifera, Amyda, 592. Spiza americana, 564. Spizella monticola, 560. passerina, 560. pusilla, 561. sponsa, Aix, 499. Spoonbill Cat, 308. Spot-tail Minnow, 354. Spotted Salamander, 620. Sandpiper, 533. Sucker, 335, 337. Spreading- Adder, 588. Sprig, 499. Squirrel, Flying, 477. Fox, 476. Gray, 475. Ground, 471. Pine, 474. Red, 474. Stage of water, 49-52. Stake-driver, 513. Steel-backed Chub, 339. Steininger, S. D., 459. Stejneger and Barbour, 580. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 565. Sterling, Sidney T., 474. Sterna forsteri, 493. hirundo, 494. Stickleback, Brook, 296, 374. Stink-pot Turtle, 599. Stizostedion vitreum, 299, 419. Stonebraker's mill, 593. Stone-lugger, 339. Stone-roller, 295, 335, 339. Stranahan, J. .J., 624. Straw Bass, 414. Straw-colored Minnow, 351. streperus, Chaulelasmus, 498. striata, Dendroica, 570. striatus, Tamias, 471. Striped Gopher, 470. Sti-ix varia, 542. Sturnella magna, 554. subis, Progne, 564. sucetta, Erimyzon, 336. Sucker, Black, 335. Boot-leg, 335. Chub, 295, 336. Spotted, 335, 337. White, 294, 334. Sugarloaf, 42. Sugarloaf temperatures, 212. Sunfish, 298. Sunfish, Blue-spotted, 393. Common, 405. Green, 393. Red-eared, 404. surinamensis, Hydrochilidon nigra, 494. Surrounding country, 23. swainsoni, Hylocichla ustulata, 577. Swallow, Barn, 565. Bank, 565. Cliff, 564. Rough-winged, 565. Tree, 565. White-bellied, 565. Swamp Sparrow, 562. Tree-frog, 634. Swan, Trumpeter, 512. Whistling, 512. Swift, Chimney, 549. sylvatica, Rana, 641. Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii, 479. Tamias striatus, 471. Tanager, Scarlet, 564. Taxidea taxus, 459. taxus, Taxidea, 459. Teal, Blue-winged, 499. Green-winged, 498. Temperature observers, 63. Temperatures, Air, 62-135. at the Deep Hole, 197. miscellaneous, 212. of the water, 152-160. Tennessee Warbler, 568. Tern, Black, 494. Common, 494. Foi-ster's, 493. Terrapene Carolina, 618. Thamnophis butleri, 583. proximus, 581. sirtalis, 581. Thick-billed Grebe, 488. Thistlebird, 557. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 659 Thrasher, Brown, 571. Thrush, Hermit, 577. Olive-backed, 577. Wood, 577. Thunder-pumper, 513. Tiger Salamander, 629. tig-rinum, Ambystoma, 629. Timber Wolf, 455. Tin-mouth, 380. Tippecanoe Lake, 310. Titmouse, Tufted, 576. Toad, Common, 631. Top Minnow, 296, 372, 373. Topography of lake-bottom, 42. Totanus melanoleucus, 532. Towhee, 562. Toxostoma rufum, 571. Traps, 253. trailli alnorum, Empidonax, 551. Tree-frog, Pickering's, 634. Swamp, 634. Tree Sparrow, 560. Swallow, 565. Tree-toad, Common, 636. Pickering's, 637. triangulum, Lampropeltis, £88. Tributary streams, 27. trichas, Geothlypis, 570. tridecemlineatus, Citellus, 470. tristis, Astragalinus, 557. Troglodytes aedon, 572. Trolling, 267. Trumpeter Swan, 512. Tufted Titmouse, 576. Turkey Buzzard, 539. Vulture, 539. Turkey, Wild, 537. Turning over of the lake, 215. Turtle, Blanding's, 617. Box, 618. Elegant, 609. Map, 596, 605. Mossback, 596. Mud, 596. Musk, 599. Painted, 596. Snapping, 596. Soft-shelled, 591, 596. Speckled, 615. Stink-pot, 599. Western Painted, 610. Turtles, 591. Two-lined Salamander, 631. Two-winged flies, 302. Tympanuchus americanus, 537. Tyrannus tyrannus, 550. Ulrey, A. B., 493. umbellus, Bonasa, 536. Umbra limi, 366. umbratilis, Notropis, 359. United States Fish Commission, 13. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 15. ustulata swainsoni, Hylocichla, 577. Vajen, J. H., 19. valisineria, Marila, 500. varia, Mniotilta, 568. Strix, 542. Variable-toothed Minnow, 350 varius, Sphyrapicus, 547. velox, Accipiter, 540. vermiculatus, Esox, 368. Vermivora peregrina, 568. rubricapilla, 568. versicolor, Hyla, 636. Vesper Sparrow, 558. villosus, Dryobates, 545. virens, Dendroica, 570. Myiochanes, 551. Vireo, Pted-eyed, 567. Warbling, 567. Yellow-throated, 568. Vireosylva gilva, 567. olivacea, 567. virescens, Butorides, 515. Virginia Rail, 517. virginiana, Didelphis, 453. virginianus. Bubo, 543. v> 'hordeiles, 549. Colinus, 535. viridescens, Notophthalmus, 631 vitreum, Stizostedion, 419. vociferus, Antrostomus, 549. Oxyechus, 534. volans, Sciuropterus, 477 Vole, 463. Volume of outflow, 53. Vonnegut, Clement, 19. Vulpes fulva, 456. vulpina, Elaphe, 585. Vulture, Turkey, 539. Wagner, George, 310. 660 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Walleyed Pike, 299, 419. Warbler, Bay-breasted, 570. Blackburnian, 570. Black-poll, 570. Black-throated Blue, 569. Black-throated Green, 570. Black and White, 568. Hooded, 571. Magnolia, 569. Myrtle, 569. Nashville, 568. Palm, 570. Tennessee, 568. Yellow, 568. Warbling Vireo, 567. Warmouth, 391. Warmouth Bass, 297. Warren, Harry, 16. Waterdog, 620. Water Snake, 583. Water temperature tables, 160-216. Water temperatures, 152-216. Water temperatures. Serial, 197. Water-witch, 488. Weasel, 457. Weedpatch, 42. West Winds, 141. Western Painted Turtle, 610. Welchman, 414. whipplii, Notropis, 355. Whippoorwill, 549. Whistler, 506. Whistling Swan, 512. White-bellied Swallow, 565. White-breasted Nuthatch, 575. White-crowned Sparrow, 559. White-footed Mouse, Common, 461. Michigan, 460. White grubs as bait, 269. White-rumped Shrike, 567. White-throated Sparrow, 560. Widgeon, 498. Wild Canary, 557. Cat, 460. Goose, 510. Pigeon, 538. Turkey, 537. wilderi, Lampetra, 306, 308. Wilson, Charles Branch, 17, 291. Wilson's Snipe, 531. Wilson, W. T., 19. Wilsonia citrina, 571. wilsonianus, Asio, 542. Winds, 136. Winds, Character of various, 139. East, 140. Winds for a year, 143. Northeast, 140. Northwest, 142. Relative duration and frequency of, 142. South, 140. Southwest, 141. West, 141. Winter Wren, 512. Wiretail, 508. Wolf. Prairie, 456. Timber, 455. Wood Duck, 499. Frog, 461. , Pewee, 551. Thrush, 577. Woodchuck, 469. V/oodcock, 530. Woodpecker, Downy, 546. Hairy, 545. Red-bellied, 548. Red-headed, 547. Wren, House, 572. Prairie Marsh, 572. Winter, 572. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 544^^ ^, Yellow Cat, 294, 324 Yellowhammer, 548. Yellowlegs, Greater, 532. Yellow Perch, 300, 424. Rail, 518. Warbler, 568. Yellowshanks, 532. Yellow-throat, Maryland, 570. Yellow-throated Vireo, 568. Young, Leonard, 514. Zamelodia ludoviciana, 563. Zapus hudsonius, 467. zebra, Percina caprodes, 429. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 538. zibethica. Ondatra, 462. Zonotrichia albicollis, 560. leucophrys, 559.