MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES KEENE DODGE 
 
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 M5 
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 no. 6 
 
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THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE ] 
 INDICATED BELOW AND IS 
 JECT TO AN OVERDUE FIN 
 POSTED AT THE CIRCUIT 
 DESK. 
 
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 CHARLES KEEXE DODGE 
 
MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL<SUKYEY 
 
 Publication 31 
 Biological Series (> 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 By 
 C. K. DODGE 
 
 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 
 
 ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEX 
 
 CHIEF NATURALIST 
 
 sAAAA^, 
 
 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1920 
 
 LANSING, MICHIGAN 
 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO.. STATE PRINTERS 
 
 1921 
 
BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1920 
 
 EX-OFFICIO 
 
 The Governor of the State 
 HON. ALBERT E. SLEEPER 
 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 HON. THOMAS E. JOHNSON 
 
 The President of the State Board of Education 
 
 HON. FRED JEFFERS 
 
 director 
 R. A. SMITH 
 
 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS 
 
 Geologists.— Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, 
 Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti; Prof. E. C. Case, 
 Ann Arbor. 
 
 Botanists. — Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Newcomb, 
 Ann Arbor. 
 
 Zoologists. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reighard, 
 Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. 
 
LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 To the Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the 
 State of Michigan: 
 
 Gov. Albert E. Sleeper. 
 Hon. Thomas E. Johnson. 
 Hon. Fred Jeffers. 
 
 Gentlemen: — I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript 
 containing miscellaneous papers on the botany of Michigan by the late 
 Charles Keene Dodge, which is a contribution to the Biological Survey 
 of the State authorized bv Act No. 250 of the Session of 1905. I recom- 
 mend that it be printed and bound as Publication 31, Biological Series 6. 
 
 Respectfully } T ours, 
 
 R. A. SMITH, 
 
 Director . 
 
 Lansing, Michigan, December 20, 1920. 
 
 Sir: — I submit herewith for publication a number of manuscripts on 
 the botany of Michigan prepared by the late Charles Keene Dodge. 
 Most of the field work, the results of which these papers represent, was 
 done under the direction of the Chief Naturalist and supported by the 
 Survey. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 ALEXANDER C. RUTHVEN, 
 
 Chief Naturalist. 
 R. A. Smith, Director, 
 
 Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 By Cecil Billington 
 
 The several lists of plants comprising this volume were prepared by 
 Charles Keene Dodge and include all of the unpublished manuscript 
 left by him at his death. The papers were evidently complete, as they 
 were marked "ready for the printer". As this volume will be the last 
 publication of his writings it is deemed fitting to include a photograph 
 of Mr. Dodge as a frontispiece, a short biological sketch, and a complete 
 list, so far as they are known, of his publications. 
 
 CHARLES KEENE DODGE 
 
 Born April 26, 1844 Died March 22, 1918 
 
 Charles Keene Dodge was born on a farm in the township of Black- 
 man, Jackson Count}', Michigan, five miles north of the city of Jackson, 
 April 26, 1844. He received his education entirely in the schools of his 
 native state, graduating from a classical course at the University of 
 Michigan, in 1870. 
 
 After leaving the University he taught school two years in Rockland, 
 Michigan, and two years at Hancock, Michigan. He then studied law 
 one 3^ear at Hancock, and in 1875 was admitted to the bar. He at once 
 removed to Port Huron, Michigan, where he practiced his profession 
 actively until 1893. At this time he was appointed to the staff of the 
 United States customs office at Port Huron, which position he hold 
 until his death. 
 
 On August 4, 1897, he was married to Miss Millie Burns and they 
 made their home in Port Huron with the exception of two years spent 
 in the west and south. 
 
 Mr. Dodge began to take an interest in systematic botany at about 
 the time he was admitted to the bar in 1875. He had had a six weeks' 
 course in botany under Alexander Winchell and this, together with his 
 natural love of the great out-of-doors furnished the incentive for an 
 active interest in this subject. At one time he wrote "Without any 
 apparent mental effort I took to botany and was never able to let it 
 alone. Everything described within the limits of Gray's Manual inter- 
 ested me. Woods, trees, fields, all formed an irresistible attraction.' 
 He has told the writer how at first he would go to the woods or fiekN. 
 bringing in a few plants carefully hidden under his coat so that his 
 
8 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 friends and neighbors could not see them. They nicknamed him " Posy " 
 Dodge, which name he did not relish and tried to avoid occasion for its 
 use as much as possible. However, this feeling gradually wore off, and 
 Mr. Dodge, carrying his much-battered vasculum, was a familiar figure 
 on the streets of Port Huron, particularly those streets leading to the 
 country. 
 
 In his early study of botany he was greatly encouraged by the late 
 Professor C. F. Wheeler and by Professor C. K. Davis, both of whom 
 strongly urged him to take up systematic botany seriously, keep field 
 notes, and establish an herbarium so that others might receive the 
 benefit of his labor. He carried on this work until 1893, when he be- 
 came dissatisfied with his collection and "threw most everything out 
 of the back window and began over again". His ambition now was to 
 have an herbarium embracing the flora of North America, and he engaged 
 in exchanging material and building up a general collection. After a 
 time, however, he came to the conclusion that he could do more effective 
 work by confining himself to Michigan and adjacent territory, and his 
 last herbarium labels read: "Plants of the Great Lakes Region.' ; 
 
 In 1908 he became associated with the Michigan Geological and Bio- 
 logical Survey, and through the aid and encouragement of Dr. A. G. 
 Ruthven, Chief Naturalist of the Survey and Director of the Museum 
 of Zoology at the University of- Michigan, Mr. Dodge made many of 
 his later and more important botanical expeditions to Chippewa, Luce, 
 Alger, Schoolcraft, Marquette, Houghton and other northern counties. 
 In the fall of 1917 he began an investigation of the flora of Berrien 
 County, which he did not five to complete. 
 
 As a recognition of his services in extending the knowledge of the 
 flora of Michigan, he was appointed, in 1912, Associate Curator of 
 Botany in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and con- 
 tinued a valued member of the staff until his death. His splendid 
 herbarium, consisting of between 30,000 and 40,000 finery prepared 
 specimens was left at his death to the Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor, 
 where it will be available to other students of systematic botanv. 
 
 Mr. Dodge was an excellent correspondent and numbered the fore- 
 most botanists of the country among his friends. He was not interested 
 in the study of plants for the purpose of naming new species, and had 
 little use for the "splitters", as he called that group of botanists who 
 are continually creating new genera and species b} r breaking up the old 
 groups. He was interested principally, as he put it, "in finding out 
 what grows wild in Michigan", and he often expressed the wish that he 
 might live until he had made a complete survey of the State. He con- 
 fined his botanical publications mainly to lists of plants of Michigan and 
 Ontario, but had under preparation at the time of his death an ambitious 
 book giving a list of all the known higher plants of the Great Lakes 
 
PREFATORY NOTE 9 
 
 Region, with their scientific and common names, medicinal properties, 
 and any other obtainable information. If he had lived to complete this 
 work it would have been a very valuable addition to the botanical in- 
 formation of the district. 
 
 So great was his interest in botany, and so strong was his desire that 
 others should know the joy of plant study, that he gave to the high 
 school in Port Huron a nearly complete set of the plants of that vicinity. 
 He was also very generous with his papered specimens, and there are 
 doubtless few herbariums of importance in the country that have not 
 some of his material. He was always willing and anxious to help be- 
 ginners in systematic botany and took many long tramps, through ter- 
 ritory which afforded him nothing new, to assist them in adding to their 
 collections. Any and all information he possessed was freely given to 
 others. 
 
 He was an indefatigable worker, whether in the field or his herbarium. 
 The writer had the privilege of accompanying him on some of his later 
 excursions, and notwithstanding his age Mr. Dodge could hold his own 
 on a tramp with most of the younger men of a party. Up to the last 
 year of his life he would tramp all day in the hot sun and work far into 
 the night putting up his specimens for drying, and seemingly be as 
 fresh as ever for the next day's tramping. He would examine herbarium 
 specimens until the small hours of the morning, and it always afforded 
 him great pleasure when he found a plant he had not seen before. In 
 later years he belonged to a nature club in Detroit and frequently took 
 the long car ride necessary to attend their meetings. He was keenly 
 interested in all branches of natural science, but would not allow himself 
 to wander far from his botanical work. 
 
 In spite of his all-absorbing interest in botany he was active in local 
 civic affairs and contended strongly with interests in Port Huron which 
 sought to destroy in a measure the beauty of his home city. He took 
 more than an ordinary interest in political affairs, both state and national, 
 and his advanced age was undoubtedly all that kept him from joining 
 in the activities of the Great War, the events of which he followed closely. 
 His love. of nature and his kindly disposition made him tolerant of his fel- 
 low man, and it was a rare thing to hear him speak ill of anyone. 
 
 It was apparent to those who saw Mr. Dodge in the latter part of 1917 
 that his health was failing. He had been suffering for some time, and 
 the condition continued to grow acute until the next March, when he 
 determined to undergo an operation and accordingly went to the Uni- 
 versity Hospital at Ann Arbor for that purpose. The shock of the 
 operation proved more than he could stand, and he died on March 22, 
 1918. With his passing the science of botany in Michigan suffered irre- 
 parably, and his many friends and associates lost a personality which 
 had long been an inspiration and help to them. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES KEENE DODGE 
 
 Flora of St. Clair County. Ann. Rent. Mich. Horticultural Soc, 1899. 
 
 Observations on the Crataegi in the Vicinity of Port Huron. Ann. Rept. Mich. 
 Acad. Sci., 1907, 123-125. 
 
 A Botanical Trip to Thunder Bay Island. Ibid., 1908, 40-42. 
 
 Results of the Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Ibid., 
 1911, 173-191. 
 
 Catalog of Plants, in Biological Survey of the Sand Dune Region on the South 
 Shore of Saginaw Bav, Michigan. Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., Pub. 4, Biol. Ser. 
 2 1911 65-121. 
 ' The Fern Flora of Michigan. The Fern Bulletin, Vol. XX, 1912, Xo. 1, 6-8. 
 
 Flora of St. Clair County. History of St. Clair County, 1912, Vol. I, Chap. V, 
 30-41. 
 
 The Flowering Plants, Ferns and Their Allies of Mackinac Island. Ann. Rept. 
 Mich. Acad. Sci., 1913, 218-238. 
 
 The Flowering Plants. Ferns and Fern Allies Growing Without Cultivation in 
 Lambton County, Ontario. Ibid., 1914, 132-201. 
 
 Annotated List of Flowering Plants and Ferns of Point Pelee, Ontario, and Xeigh- 
 boring District. Canada Dept. of Mines, Ottawa, 1914. 
 
 Contributions to the Botanv of Michigan, I. Misc. Publications, Mus. of Zool., 
 Univ. of Mich., Xo. 4, February, 1918, 1-4. 
 
 Contributions to the Botany of Michigan, II. Misc. Publications, Mus. of Zool., 
 Univ. of Mich., Xo. 5, July, 1918. [Posthumous.] 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Letters of Transmittal 
 
 Prefatory Note by Mr. Cecil Billington. ~ 
 
 Bibliography of Charles Keene Dodge 10 
 
 Observations on the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Fern Allies on and near the shore of 
 Lake Huron from Linwood Park near Bay City, Bay County, to Mackinaw City, 
 Cheboygan County, including the vicinity of St. Ignace, Mackinac and Bois Blanc 
 Islands, Mackinac County, Michigan, by C. K. Dodge L5 
 
 Observations on the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Fern Allies growing: wild in School- 
 craft County and Vicinity in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in 1915, by C. K. 
 Dodge 7 " 
 
 Observations on the Wild Plants at Whitefish Point and Vermilion, near the South 
 Shore of Lake Superior, and other parts of Chippewa County, Michigan, in 1914, 
 by C. K. Dodge 125 
 
 Observations on the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Fern Allies growing without Culti- 
 vation in Tuscola County, Michigan, by C. K. Dodge 165 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Portrait of Charles Keene Dodge Frontispiece 
 
 Map of Michigan 
 
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 BY 
 
 C. K. Dodge 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS, AND 
 FERN ALLIES ON AND NEAR THE SHORE OF LAKE HURON 
 FROM LINWOOD PARK NEAR BAY CITY, BAY COUNTY, 
 TO MACKINAW CITY, CHEBOYGAN COUNTY, INCLUDING 
 THE VICINITY OF ST. IGNACE, MACKINAC AND BOIS 
 BLANC ISLANDS, MACKINAC COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 
 
 Through a suggestion of the late Professor C. A. Davis, the writer 
 for a number of years had contemplated a botanical examination of the 
 eastern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan along the lakes and 
 their connecting waters from the southern state line to Mackinaw City 
 in Cheboygan County. The opportunity to begin was offered in 1908, 
 under the direction of Dr. A. G. Ruthven while making a biological sur- 
 vey of the sand dune region in Huron County on the south shore of 
 Saginaw Bay. During that year and in 1909 the whole shore line and 
 vicinity of Huron County and nearly all the islands in Saginaw Bay r 
 were carefully examined, the results reported and published.* In 1910 
 an examination of the Saginaw Bay shore was extended west to tin 
 border of Bay County and most of Tuscola County looked over. The 
 plants noticed have been catalogued but not published. In 1911 it was 
 decided that a botanical survey of the Lake Huron Shore farther north 
 was desirable, provision made for it, and the work begun in June 1912 
 and followed up from time to time to and including a part of 1914. 
 
 Ground Traversed 
 
 The work was begun June 18, 1912, at a point two miles south of 
 Lin wood Park in Bay County, going northward as near Lake Huron as 
 possible. Much of the journey was made over new and almost impass- 
 able roads near the lake, plent} r of time being taken to examine the 
 vegetation. Stops and examinations were made at the following plac 
 in 1912, and the country examined about and between them: Linwood 
 and Pinconning, Bay County; Omer and Au Gres, Arenac County; 
 Tawas City, Oscoda and Au Sable, Iosco County; Harrisville, Alcona 
 County; Alpena, Alpena County; Rogers, Presque Isle County; Che- 
 boygan and Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County; St. Ignace and Macki- 
 nac Island, Mackinac County. Afterward in 1913 many of these places 
 were revisited and in addition, Bois Blanc Island and Round Island, 
 Mackinac County; Hillman, Atlanta, and Lewiston, Montmorency 
 County; Mio, Oscoda County; and Rose City, Ogemaw County. The 
 
 *A Biological Survey of the Sand Dune Region on the South Shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, 
 page 65. Publication 4, Biological Series, 2, 1911. 
 
16 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 following list of plants covers the region above mentioned. Vegetation 
 from the south line of Huron County to the south state -line has also 
 been examined as well as might be but observations covering that part 
 are reserved for another report. To indicate what has been attempted 
 about the Great Lakes it may be observed here also that the plants of 
 Lambton County, Ontario (the county in Ontario lying opposite St. 
 Clair County, Michigan) have been catalogued and published. 1 Re- 
 search has been carried as far as Bruce County and Georgian Bay, in 
 Ontario. And investigations have been made in Ontario south along 
 St. Clair River around Lake St. Clair to Detroit River, along that river 
 to Lake Erie and east on the north shore of Lake Erie to Point Pelee 
 including Pelee Island in Lake Erie. In 1910-11, Essex County, Ontario, 
 opposite Wayne County, Michigan, was examined, plants listed and a 
 report made which was published by the Dominion Government of 
 Ontario. 2 
 
 Lake Huron Shore 
 
 The distance from Linwood Park in Bay Count}' along the Lake 
 Huron shore to Mackinaw City is approximately 200 miles. A full 
 description here will not be attempted, general features only being men- 
 tioned. From Bay City around to Au Gres in Arenac County the shore 
 of Saginaw Bay is very low, and the land back of it is very low, flat, and 
 difficult to drain. The Bay is shallow for a long distance out and much 
 obscured by a dense growth of water loving plants. From Au Gres to 
 Mackinaw City the beach is generally sandy, but occasionally backed 
 by a bluff or sand ridge as below and above Harrisville. The rock out- 
 croppings are comparatively few. There are quarries at Alpena and 
 near Rogers. 
 
 Some Land and Surface Features 
 
 The land in Bay and Arenac counties is generally very flat, and was 
 formerly covered mostly with a dense growth of elm, red maple, ash, and 
 mountain maple. In Ogemaw, Oscoda, Montmorency and Presque Isle 
 counties there is much hilly and rough country. About Rose City, 
 Ogemaw County, the hills are covered with hardwoods and the soil 
 good. Jack pine plains, swamps, and marshy areas are frequent as 
 are ponds and small lakes. Small hardwood tracts and streaks were 
 noticed throughout. Evidence of destructive and devastating forest 
 fires were seen throughout. There are thousands of acres of dead 
 standing and fallen timbers yet to be seen. The complete destruction 
 by an invading forest fire of the villages of Au Sable and Oscoda, Iosco 
 County, in 1911 was still prominently in evidence June 23, 1912. 
 
 !The Flowering Plants, Ferns and Fern Allies Growing without Cultivation in Lambton Co., 
 Ontario. Sixteenth Annual Report Michigan Academy of Science, p 132. 
 
 2 Annoted List of Flowering Plants and Ferns of Point Pelee, Ontario and Neighboring Dis- 
 tricts by C. K. Dodge. Canada, Department of Alines, Geological Survey. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 17 
 
 Scarcely any attempt had yet been made to rebuild except here and 
 there a small structure. These two villages were completely swept out 
 of existence. Sawmills, piles of lumber, stores, residences, bridges, 
 and even street shade trees were consumed. No substantial business 
 had yet returned. It is a remarkable example of the sudden and com- 
 plete blotting out of villages and business by fire. 
 
 Limitation of Species North and South Near and Along Lake 
 
 Huron Shore 
 
 In the following annotated list of plants the limitation of any species 
 north or south in the region visited is noted, but it seemed that several 
 plants were worthy of special mention. The last individual specimen 
 of shellbark hickory was noticed in the northern part of Arenac County, 
 last yellow barked oak near Oscoda in Iosco County, white oak near 
 Cedar Lake in Alcona County, Nyssa sylvatica near Omer in Arenac 
 County. Acer pennsylvanicum was observed first about two miles north 
 of Harris ville in Alcona County, and it was common from there north- 
 ward. The white flowering raspberry, Rubus parviflorus, was first seen 
 a few miles northwest of Rogers in Presque Isle County, and was abun- 
 dant from that point northward, while the last of the purple flowering 
 raspberry, Rubus odoratus, was noted there and not again observed 
 northward. 
 
 Beach Plants 
 
 Particular attention was paid to characteristic beach plants. For the 
 whole distance there was not much variation. The following appeared 
 throughout: Beach pea, Pitcher's thistle, tall wormwood, sea sand reed, 
 long-leaved reed grass, Agropyron dasystachyum, Elymus canadensis, and 
 Cakile edentula. 
 
 The writer is much indebted to Agnes Chase, scientific assistant in 
 systematic agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture, for 
 examining the grasses; to Kenneth K. Mackenzie of New York City 
 for looking over the Carices and other difficult species; to F. F. Forbes 
 of Brookline, Massachusetts, for naming the willows; and to M. L. 
 Fernald of the Cray Herbarium at Harvard College for examining the 
 Vacciniums and other plants. 
 
 Annotated List 
 POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family 
 
 Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Oak fern. Rich open woods through- 
 out. Common. 
 
 Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair. Rich open or partially shaded 
 gro und . Frequent . 
 3 
 
18 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Pteris aquilina L. Common brake. Abundant throughout in damp, 
 dry, open or shaded ground. 
 
 Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bemh. Lady fern. In damp shaded 
 places throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. Marsh shield-fern. Very common 
 throughout in damp marshy places or rich open woods. 
 
 Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. Evergreen wood-fern. Rich shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. * 
 
 Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. Crested shield-fern. In swampy open 
 or partially shaded places. Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Spinulose shield-fern. Rich 
 open woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. American 
 shield-fern. Damp rich woods and thickets. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bemh. Bulblet Cystopteris. Common on 
 rocky ground and in shaded places. Frequent throughout. Very abun- 
 dant on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Cystoperis fragilis (L.) Bemh. Brittle fern. Frequent in rich woods 
 throughout. 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern. Damp, open or shaded 
 ground. Frequent and often abundant throughout. 
 
 Onoclea slruthiopteris (L.) Iioffm. Ostrich fern. Fine specimens near 
 Alpena and near Rogers in Presque Isle County. In alluvial shaded 
 ground along streams. Throughout. 
 
 N 
 
 OSMUNDACEAE. Flowering Fern Family 
 
 Osmunda regalis L. Flowering fern. Wet swampy open or shaded 
 places. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Osmunda claytoniana L. Clayton's fern. Noticed near Omer, Arenac 
 County, Harrisville, Alcona County, and Rogers, Presque Isle County. 
 Frequent throughout in open or partially shaded rich ground. 
 
 Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern. In damp open or shaded 
 ground throughout, but seldom abundant. Fine specimens observed. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Adder's Tongue Family 
 
 Botrychium virginianum, (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern. Rich shaded 
 ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 EQUISETACEAE. Horsetail Family 
 
 Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail. Damp sandy open ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood horsetail. Damp shaded ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 19 
 
 Equisetum fluviatilcL. Swamp horsetail. Pipes. Wet swampy places, 
 
 often in shallow water. Abundant. 
 
 Equisetum hyemale intermedium. A. A. Eaton. Seouring rush. Dry 
 open or shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Equisetum hyemale robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton. Stout scouring 
 rush. Dry, open or partially shaded ground. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Equisehim variegatum Schleich. Variegated equisetum. Usually in 
 damp sand on or near Lake Huron beach. Often plentiful. 
 
 Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge-like equisetum. Dryish, open or 
 shaded places. Common and in spots abundant about St. Ignace and 
 on Mackinac Island. 
 
 LYCOPODIACEAE. Club Moss Family 
 
 Lycopodium ■ lucididiwi Michx. Shining club-moss. Damp rich woods. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff club-moss. Usually in rich shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. Plentiful in hardwoods. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum L. Common club-moss. Usually in dryish 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground pine. In woods. Frequent through- 
 out. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Tree-like 
 ground pine. Noticed mostly in rich woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing christmas-green. Dryish 
 shaded ground. Occasional throughout. 
 
 SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family 
 
 Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link. Collected on Mackinac Island. By 
 E. J. Hill according to botanical notes of the late Prof. C. F. Wheeler. 
 
 Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping selaginella. Damp open 
 ground. Frequent throughout. A small very pretty moss-like plant. 
 
 TAXACEAE. Yew Family 
 
 Taxus canadensis Marsh. American yew. In the shade of evergreens 
 or in damp hardwoods and often abundant from Bay County to Macki- 
 nac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 PINACEAE. Pine Family 
 
 Pinus strobus L. White pine. Small trees throughout and a few 
 large ones. Formerly very abundant. Thousands of seedlings and 
 small trees noticed. 
 
 Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine. Noticed from near Au Ores in 
 Iosco County to Rogers in Presque Isle County. Very abundant in 
 3 
 
20 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Iosco Country and often in large groves. Southern limit on east side of 
 the State near Port Austin, Huron County. In Presque Isle County near 
 Onaway and near Mio, Oscoda County; often one foot and more in 
 diameter, straight and free from limbs, being often cut for lumber. 
 
 Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. Norway pine. Frequent and often 
 abundant in dry sandy ground from Arenac County to Mackinac Island 
 Small trees and seedlings abundant. Southern limit on east side of state 
 near Port Huron, St. Clair County. 
 
 Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Scattering throughout 
 and trees usually small in wet swampy ground. Reported as formerly 
 abundant . 
 
 Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. White spruce. Occasional from near 
 Bay City (G. M. Bradford) to Mackinaw City in dryish ground. Abun- 
 dant about St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black spruce. In swamps often with 
 tamaracks. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam. First noticed south of Tawas City 
 in Iosco County and frequent from there to Mackinac Island where it is 
 abundant. Southern limit on east side of State near Port Austin in 
 Huron Count v. 
 
 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Occasional from Bay County 
 to Mackinac Island. Trees usually small. Southern limit on east side 
 of State near Port Huron, St. Clair County. 
 
 Thuja, occidental-is L. Arbor vitae. White cedar. More or less abun- 
 dant throughout near the Lake Huron shore. Trees usually small. 
 Formerly often abundant in "cedar swamps" now destroyed by lum- 
 bering and fires. Southern limit near shore on east side of State is Port 
 Huron, St. Clair County. 
 
 Juniperus communis L. Common juniper. Xear Alpena and St. 
 Ignace. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Juniperus communis depressa Ait. Low juniper. Common on or near 
 the Lake Huron shore from Bav County to Mackinaw City. Abundant 
 about St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Shrubby red cedar. First noticed on 
 and near the sandy beach of Lake Huron and on Thunder Bay Island 
 in Alpena County. Frequent from there to St. Ignace. 
 
 TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family 
 
 Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail. Common and often abundant 
 throughout in wet swampy places and shallow water. 
 
 Typha angustifoUa L. Narrow-leaved cat -tail. Bay County in 
 swampy ground. G. M. Bradford. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 21 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family 
 
 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited bur-reed. In shallow 
 
 water and damp places from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 Island. Common. 
 
 Sparganium americanum androcladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames. 
 Branching bur-reed. Bay County in swampy ground. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 NAJADACEAE. Pondweed Family 
 
 Potamogeton nutans L. Common floating pondweed. In coves of slow- 
 streams and very wet places near Lake Huron shore. Occasional 
 throughout. 
 
 Potamogeton americanus C. & S. Long-leaved pondweed. In ponds 
 and coves of slow streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow Grass Family 
 
 Triglochin maritima L. Seaside arrow grass. Wet marshy ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Triglochin palustris L. Marsh arrow grass. In damp open ground on 
 east side of Mackinac Island, and on Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Probably plentiful throughout but overlooked. 
 
 ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow-head. In shallow 
 water and damp places from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Plentiful 
 throughout. 
 
 Alisma planiago-aquatica L. Water plantain. In shallow water and 
 muddy places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 HYDROCHARITACEAE. Frog's Bit Family 
 
 Elodea canadensis Michx. Water-weed. Ponds, small lakes and in 
 stagnant or slowly moving water. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Vallisneria spiralis L. Wild celery. In slowly moving water of 
 streams near the Lake Huron shore from Bay Count}' to Mackinaw ( ity. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 GRAMINEAE. Grass Family 
 
 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom beard-grass. Dry open ground 
 from Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 Common on jack pine plains in Presque Isle, Montmorency, Oscoda and 
 Ogemaw counties. 
 
 Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked beard-grass. Dry open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent, More 
 
22 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 frequent on the jack pine plains of Presque Isle, Montmorency, Oscoda 
 and Ogemaw counties. 
 
 Digitaria humifusa Pers. Small crab-grass. Cultivated and waste 
 grounds from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab-grass. A weed about fishery 
 and farm buildings, in fields and gardens. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Panicum capillare L. Old-witch grass. A common weed about cities, 
 villages, in fields, and gardens. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry witch-grass. Damp marshy 
 open ground from Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved panicum. In dry open 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Panicum boreale Nash. Northern panicum. In damp grassy open 
 ground near Linwood, Bay County. Plentiful at this place. 
 
 Panicum lindheimeri Nash. Lindheimer's panic-grass. Dry open 
 ground on Bois Blanc Island. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock panicum. In sand}' ground near 
 Au Gres, Arenac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. In and near cul- 
 tivated grounds and in damp places. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Foxtail. A weed about dwellings and in 
 cultivated grounds. Common throughout. 
 
 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtail. A weed in gardens and 
 other cultivated grounds. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Cenchrus coroliniamts Walt. Sandbur. Bur grass. Sandy roadsides, 
 Sand} 7 pastures and fields, and in waste places of cities and villages. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Zizania palustris L. Indian rice. Wild rice. Occasional in shallow 
 water as if introduced. 
 
 Zizania aquatica L. Water oats. In mud and shallow water. In- 
 frequent. 
 
 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice cut-grass. Scratch grass. Ditches, 
 low banks of small streams and low places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass. In wet marsh}' open 
 places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea picla L. Ribbon grass. Noticed in many wet 
 marshy places as an apparently permanent escape from cultivation. 
 
 Hierochloe odoroia (L.) Wahlenb. Vanilla grass. Abundant in spots 
 on the east side of Mackinac Island. Probably frequent throughout 
 but overlooked. 
 
 Milium effusum L. Millet grass. Rich shaded ground especially in 
 rich woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 23 
 
 Oryzopsis pungens (Fair.) Hitchc. Slender mountain rice. Dry open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained mountain rice. Dryish 
 open or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine grass. In sand}^ ground near Linwood, 
 Bay County. Plentiful near the sandy beach at this place. 
 
 Muhleribergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh muhlenbcrgia. Dam}) 
 open ground with other grasses. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Bearded short-husk. Rich 
 woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Phleiwi prepense L. Timothy. Along roads and in waste places. 
 Apparently introduced. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Alopercurus geniculatus aristulatus Torr. Floating foxtail. In very 
 wet places near Linwood, Bay County. Plentiful. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gra}\ Sand drop-seed. On and near 
 sandy beach of Lake Huron. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Agrostis alba L. Red top. Damp rich meadow-like ground and often 
 abundant in damp sand. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair grass. Dry or moist open 
 ground. Frequent throughout. Plentiful on jack pine plains in Presque 
 Isle, Montmorency, Oscoda and Ogemaw counties. 
 
 Calamovilfa long i folia (Hook.) Hack. Long-leaved reed-grass. < )n 
 the sandy beach of Lake Huron, usually above the wave line. An ef- 
 ficient sand binder against the action of winds. Frequent throughout. 
 Seldom abundant. 
 
 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint grass. In wet 
 open marshy places. Often abundant throughout. 
 
 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea sand-reed. In spots throughout 
 on the sandy beach of Lake Huron. Often abundant below the wave 
 line. One of the best known sand binders against the action of both 
 wind and wave. 
 
 Dcschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common hair grass. Near Au Sable, 
 Iosco County. In dry shaded ground. Noticed as frequent throughout. 
 
 Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted hair-grass. Wet open 
 ground on Bois Blanc Island. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common wild oat grass, Dry sandy 
 open ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Pfiragmites communis Trin. Reed. Margins of swamps and in marshy 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted eragrostis. Sandy open ground. 
 Frequent near cities and villages. 
 
24 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link. Strong-scented love-grass. 
 Gardens and waste places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Purple oat. In spruce-cedar woods 
 near St. Ignace. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Dactylis glomerate L. Orchard grass. Waste places, streets and road- 
 sides in and near cities and villages. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Poo annua L. Low spear grass. Roadsides and in lawns and yards of 
 cities and villages. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Poa compressa L. Canada blue grass. Dry open ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl meadow grass. In damp ground on the east 
 side of Mackinac Island. Apparently infrequent. Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Poa pratensis L. June grass. In patches throughout. Seldom thriv- 
 ing in dry sandy ground. Common in cities and villages and in old 
 pastures. 
 
 Poa debilis Torr. Weak spear grass. In open rocky places on the 
 east side of Mackinac Island. Apparently infrequent. Perhaps over- 
 looked. 
 
 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass. Damp open 
 places. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Nerved manna-grass. In damp open 
 or partially shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Glyceria grandis Wats. Reed meadow grass. Banks of streams and 
 wet meadow-like ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender fescue-grass. In dry open or slightly 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Festuca occidentalis Hook. Western fescue-grass. Woods about St. 
 Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Festuca ovina L. Sheep's fescue. Open sandy ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Bromus inermis Leyss. Hungarian brome-grass. Apparently a per- 
 manent escape from cultivation in old fields above Alpena. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Bromus secalinus L. Common chess. Waste places of cities and vil- 
 lages and about farm dwellings. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed broom-grass. "Damp slightly shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Bromus kalmii Gray. Wild chess. Near St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 Island in damp open ground. Plentiful. Also near Mio, Oscoda County. 
 
 Bromus pumpellianus melicoid.es Shear. Pumpelly's brome-grass. 
 Plentiful on the sandy beach at Mackinaw City. Apparently well es- 
 tablished. A western grass perhaps not before noticed in Michigan. 
 Not yet included in our present manuals. Said to exist in Illinois. 
 (Agnes Chase. I 
 
 N. G. State Collet 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 25 
 
 Agropyron smithii Rydb. Western wheat-grass. In cities, villag 
 and waste places from Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack-grass. In cities, villages and 
 cultivated grounds. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Northern wheat-grass. In 
 spots on the sandy beach of Lake Huron. A sand binder against the 
 action of wind. Seldom abundant. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Agropyron ca?iinum (h.) Be&uv. Awned sheat-grass. Near Linwood 
 in Bay County in dryish open ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Secale cereale L. Rye. On the sandy beach of Lake Huron near Lin- 
 wood in Bay County. Apparently a permanent escape. Plentiful. 
 
 Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grass. Noticed now in waste places 
 of all cities and villages. Frequent throughout. From the west. 
 
 Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye. In damp shaded ground. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Elymus canadensis L. Nodding wild rye. On and near sandy beach 
 of Lake Huron. A good sand binder against the action of wind. Plenti- 
 ful throughout. 
 
 Hystrix patuia Moench. Bottle-brush grass. Open or shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent. Noticed in particular 
 near Mio, Oscoda County. 
 
 CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family 
 
 Cyperus filicuhnis Vahl. Slender cyperus. Dry open ground near 
 Mio, Oscoda County. Plentiful. 
 
 Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. In wet open 
 places and on borders of ponds. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Blunt spike-rush. In damp, 
 muddy, mostly open places, often in damp sand. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping spike-rush. In wet marshy 
 open ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris glaucescens (Willd.) Gray. Slender creeping 
 spike-rush. In damp open ground at St. Ignace. Plentiful. Perhaps 
 existing throughout, but overlooked. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris vigens Bailey. Large creeping spike-rush. In 
 shallow water of small lakes, and slow streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle spike-rush. Wet muddy or 
 .wet sandy places near Lake Huron shore, and in springy spots. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender spike-rush. Wet marshy 
 open places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked spike-rush. On the east side of 
 
26 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Mackinac Island, in wet swampy ground. Plentiful at that place. Ap- 
 parently infrequent. 
 
 Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered club-rush. Wet open 
 ground near Alpena along Lake Huron shore. Abundant in spots 
 throughout. 
 
 Scirpus caespitosus L. Tufted club-rush. Wet marshy open places on 
 Bois Blanc Island. Frequent. 
 
 Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. Alpine cotton-grass. Open 
 boggy places in Presque Isle County. Plentiful. 
 
 Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water club-rush. Ponds and borders of 
 slow streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. In very 'wet places along 
 the Lake Huron shore, on borders of small lakes and along low banks 
 of streams. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Scirpus validus Vahl. Great bulrush. In wet marshy places near 
 shore of Lake Huron and about small lakes. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Western bulrush. From Bay 
 County to Mackinac Island. Very abundant in shallow water of Lake 
 Huron above Bay City. Also in marshes, swamps, on the margins of 
 streams, and in and about small lakes. 
 
 Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. River bulrush. In very wet places 
 near Lin wood, Bay County. Plentiful. 
 
 Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark green bulrush. Marshy open ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Scirpus cyperinus pelius Fernald. Wool-grass. In damp marshy 
 open places. Common throughout. 
 
 Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Sheathed cotton-grass. In open bogs. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eriophorum gracile Roth. Slender cotton-grass. Near lighthouse in 
 Presque Isle County, in a swamp} 7 open place. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Tall cotton-grass. 
 Common throughout in open or partially shaded boggy places. 
 
 Eriophorum virginicum L. Virginia cotton-grass. Bogs and damp 
 meadow-like ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White beaked-rush. Open bogs. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary beaked-rush. Wet open 
 ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig rush. Bogs and wet sandy 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Pointed broom sedge. Low open ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex tribidoides Wahlenb. Blunt brown sedge. Damp, usually 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 27 
 
 Carex tribuloides reducta Bailey. Smaller blunt brown sedge. Damp, 
 partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex siccata Bailey. Hillside sedge. Dry open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex cristata Schwein. Crested sedge. Usually in wet shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex mirabilis Dewey. Larger straw sedge. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex mirabilis tincta Fernald. Smaller straw sedge. Dry open or 
 partially shaded ground, Bois Blanc Island. Plentiful. Probably to be 
 found throughout, but overlooked. 
 
 Carex straminea Willd. Straw sedge. Dry open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex festucacea Olney. Fescue sedge. Dry open ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Carex bebbii Olney. Bsbb's sedge. Low open ground, from Bay 
 County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Carex aenea Fernald. Wiry sedge. Open sandy ground near Cheboy- 
 gan, Cheboygan County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex stellulata Good. Little prickly sedge. Open low ground. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Carex stellulata cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. Larger prickly sedge. 
 Marshy open ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex scirpoides Schkuhr. Inland sedge. Noticed in particular near 
 Alpena and on Mackinac Island. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex canescens L. Silvery sedge. Wet open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex bromoides Schkuhr. Brome-like sedge. In swampy places and 
 damp shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey's sedge. Rich shaded ground. 
 Mostly in rich open woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex tenui flora Wahlenb. Sparce-flowered sedge. Wet boggy open 
 or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited sedge. Wet boggy ground. 
 Noticed mostly in tamarack-black spruce swamps. Frequent through- 
 out. 
 
 Carex tenella Schkuhr. Soft-leaved sedge. Swampy shaded ground 
 especially, in damp woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex rosea Schkuhr. Stellate sedge. Dryish shaded ground and 
 open woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex miihle?ibergii Schkuhr. Muhlenberg's sedge. Dry open ground 
 near Pinconning, Bay County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox sedge. Low wet open ground. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
2S BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Carex diandra Schrank. Lesser panicled sedge. Wet marshy or 
 meadow-like ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. In very wet open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's sedge. In wet marshy open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex crinita Lam. Fringed sedge. Wet open or partially shaded 
 ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex aquatilis subtricta Kukenthal. Smaller water sedge. On Thun- 
 der Bay Island in Alpena County and on Mackinac Island. Usually 
 in wet marshy open ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex striata Lam. Tussock sedge. Very wet usually open ground 
 growing in bunches. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited sedge. Noticed throughout in 
 open or shaded grassy ground. Plentiful. . 
 
 Carex hassii Baile}^. Hasse's sedge. In damp sand, usually not far 
 from Lake Huron shore, from Sand Point in Huron County to Bois 
 Blanc Island in Mackinac County. Formerly referred to C. bicolor All. 
 
 Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stalked sedge. Bogs and very wet 
 meadow-like ground. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Carex polygama Schkuhr. Brown sedge. Wet marshy places and open 
 bogs. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful sedge. Damp open or shaded 
 ground, usually in rich woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex scirpoidea Michx. Scirpus-like sedge. On and near beach of 
 Thunder Bay Island in Alpena County. Plentiful at that place. Not 
 noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Carex umbellata Schkuhr. Umble-like sedge. Dry sandy open ground. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Carex albicans Willd. White-tinged sedge. In open woods about St. 
 Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Carex communis Bailey. Fibrous-rooted sedge. Dryish open woods 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex varia Muhl. Emmon's sedge. Dry open ground near Pin- 
 conning in Bay County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania sedge. In dry open ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Livid sedge. Open bogs. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Carex tetanica Schkuhr. Wood's sedge. Noticed in damp ground near 
 Lin wood in Bay County. Probably growing throughout. 
 
 Carex limosa L. Mud sedge. Open bogs, Bois Blanc Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Plentiful. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON . 29 
 
 Carex eburnea Boott. Brittle-leaved sedge. On shaded hillsides and 
 bluffs and in dry open or shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. Two-edged sedge. Rich 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex laxiflora varians Bailey. Woodland sedge. In open woods on 
 Mackinac Island. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex granulans haleana (Olney) Porter. Schriver's sedge. In open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island. Frequent. 
 
 Carex crawei Dewey. Crawe's sedge. Thunder Bay Island in Alpena 
 County, 1907. Probably to be found throughout. 
 
 Carex flava L. Yellow sedge. In wet marshy places throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Carex oederi Retz. Oeder's sedge. In damp sand near Rogers, ( !he- 
 boj T gan Count}^ Plentiful in damp sandy open ground near shores. 
 
 Carex oederi pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. Smaller Oeder's 
 sedge. Damp sandy ground and plentiful on Mackinac Island. F. \\". 
 Hunnewell 2d. 
 
 Carex castanea Wahlenb. Chestnut sedge. In alluvial woods i- . 
 Rogers, Presque Isle County. Plentiful. Probably growing throughout. 
 
 Carex capillaris L. Hair-like sedge. Open damp ground on Thunder 
 Bay Island in Alpena Count}' and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Often abundant. 
 
 Carex capillaris elongata Olney. Tall hair-like sedge. Open or par- 
 tially shaded ground on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex arctata Boott. Drooping wood sedge. In open woods through- 
 out. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex debilis rudgei Baile}^. Rudge's sedge. Open woods and op 
 meadowlike ground in Arenac County and Alcona County. Plentiful. 
 Probably growing throughout. 
 
 Carex filiformis L. Slender sedge. In very wet marshy pla< 
 Abundant throughout. 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Michx. Wooly sedge. In wet low open groui] 
 especially in damp open sand. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex oligosperma Michx. Few-seeded sedge. Open boggy ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex riparia W. Curtis. River bank sedge. Very wet swampy 
 places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex pseudo-cyperus. Cyperus-like sedge. In marshy open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Carex coniosa Boott. Bristly sedge. Open marshy and swampy 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex hystericina Muhl. Porcupine sedge. Wet open marshy places. 
 Common throughout. * 
 
30 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse sedge. In marshy open or partially 
 shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex inlumescens Rudge. Bladder sedge. In swampy, wet woods 
 and meadows. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop sedge. Open marshy places. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Carex rostrata Stokes. Beaked sedge. Very wet open ground. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 ARACEAE. Arum Family 
 
 Arisaema IriphyUum (L.) Schott. Jack-in-t he-pulpit. Damp rich 
 shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Green arrow arum. In shallow water 
 near Bay Cit3 r , Bay County. Plentiful. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family 
 
 Spirodela polyrhiza (I..) Schleid. Greater duckweed. Covering 
 shallow water in pools, ponds and coves throughout. Frequent and 
 often abundant. 
 
 Lemna minor L. Lesser duckweed. Covering shallow stagnant water 
 and often on mud. Common throughout. 
 
 * 
 ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family 
 
 Eriocaulon articulatum (Huds.) Morong. Seven-angled pipewort. 
 Margin of Long Lake in Cheboygan County. Plentiful. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family 
 
 Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender yellow-eyed grass. In a very wet 
 marshy place near Au Sable, Iosco County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family 
 
 Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. In shallow water on borders of 
 small lakes, in large ponds, and coves of streams, from Bay County to 
 Mackinaw City. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Heteranthera dtibia (Jacq.) MacM. Water star-grass. Shallow water 
 near Bay City, Bay County. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 JUNCACEAE. Rush Family 
 
 J uncus bufonius L. Toad rush. Damp open ground. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender rush. Fields, roadsides, and along 
 paths. Common. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 31 
 
 Juncus dudleyi Wiegand. Dudley's rush. Damp open ground from 
 Bay City, Bay County, to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plenti- 
 ful. 
 
 Juncus balticus litloralis Engelm. Baltic rush. Sandy beaches of 
 Lake Huron and in dry or damp open ground, but seldom abundant. 
 On the sandy beach of Lake Huron it is an efficient sand binder. 
 
 Juncus ejfusus L. Common rush. Low damp open ground. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. Small-headed rush. 
 Wet marshy places near Bay City in Bay County. Frequent. Probably 
 growing throughout. 
 
 Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Narrow panicled-rush. 
 Wet muddy open places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Canada rush. Marshy open places. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Brown-fruited rush. Wet sandy open plat • - 
 and damp sandy shores. .Frequent throughout. 
 
 Juncus nodosus L. Knotted rush. Wet marshy places and in damp 
 sand. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Juncus torreyi Coville. Torrey's" rush. Damp low sandy ground near 
 Bay City, Bay County. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 Juncus alpinus insignis Fries. Richardson's rush. Damp sand on 
 and near Lake Huron beach from Bay City, Bay County to Mackinac 
 Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Luzula saltuensis Fernald. Hairy wood-rush. Dryish open woods 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Luzula campestris -multi flora (Ehrh.) Celak. Common wood-rush. 
 Fields and meadow-like ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 LILIACEAE. Lily Family 
 
 Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous tofieldia. In marshy 
 or damp sandy open ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Zygadenus chloranthus Richards. Glaucous zygadenus. In damp 
 sandy ground at St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Uvularia grandi flora Sm. Large-flowered bellwort. Rich woods. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Watts. Sessile-leaved bellwort. In open 
 woods or open ground. Frequent. Often plentiful. 
 
 Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek. Rich hardwoods. Plentiful 
 throughout. 
 
 Hemerocallis fulva L. Common day lily. A permanent escape 
 throughout in and near cities and villages. 
 
 Lilium philadelphicum andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Western red lily. 
 
32 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Damp rich open or partially shaded ground or in sandy places. Common 
 and often abundant throughout especially along railroads. 
 
 Lilium swperbwn L. Turk's-cap lily. Rich open or slightly shaded 
 ground on north side of Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Appar- 
 ently infrequent. 
 
 Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow adder 's-tongue. In rich open 
 woods from Bay City, Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 'Count}'. Frequent throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Erythronium albidum Nutt. White adder's-tongue. Rich partially 
 shaded ground. From Bay County to Alpena County. Frequent. 
 
 Asparagus officinalis L. Garden asparagus. Noticed as a permanent 
 escape near cities and villages throughout. 
 
 Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Ruf. Yellow clintonia. Moist woods and 
 shaded swampy places. Common throughout. 
 
 Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False spikenard. Usually in rich 
 shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's seal. Equally 
 at home in dry sandy open ground or in rich woods. Common through- 
 out. 
 
 Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's seal. Swampy 
 and boggy ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Maianthemwn canadense Desf. False lify-of-the-valley. Rich shaded 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk. 
 In damp rich woods on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County, also on 
 Bois Blanc Island. F. W. Hunnewell 2d. 
 
 Streptopus roseus Michx. Sessile-leaved twisted-stalk. Damp rich 
 woods. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's seal. Rich 
 shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root. In beech and maple 
 woods near St. Ignaee and Rogers. Plentiful. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Trillium grancliflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered wake-robin. 
 In rich shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Trillium cernuum L. Nodding wake-robin. On Thunder Bay Island 
 in Alpena County in rich woods. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid greenbriar. Rich damp thickets near 
 Au Gres, Arenac County, and in Cheboygan County. Plentiful near 
 Mio, Oscoda Count}'. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family 
 
 Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star grass. In damp open ground near 
 Linwood, Bay County. Abundant. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 33 
 
 IRIDACEAE. Iris Family 
 
 Iris versicolor L. Larger blue flag. Occasional in low and damp open 
 ground throughout. 
 
 Iris lacustris Nutt. Lake dwarf iris. First noticed near Alpena and 
 not far from the Lake Huron shore in damp or dry and open or slightly 
 shaded ground. Very abundant in spots from there to St. Ignace, and 
 on Bois Blanc Island in Mackinac County. 
 
 Sisyrinchium august i folium Mill. Pointed blue-eyed grass. In damp 
 open ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family 
 
 Cypripedium arieiinum R. Br. Ram's head lady's slipper. Said to 
 be plentiful in swamps near Huron Beach north of Alpena. Not seen 
 by writer. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Smaller yellow lady's slipper. In 
 damp rich shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Macki- 
 nac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens( Willd.) Knight. Larger yellow 
 lady's slipper. In rich shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace 
 and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Showy lad3^'s slipper. Occasional 
 throughout in damp or wet open or slightly shaded ground. Abundant 
 in spots in Presque Isle and Cheboygan counties. 
 
 Cypripedium acaule Ait. Stemless lady's slipper. In shaded sandy 
 ground throughout but seldom abundant. 
 
 Orchis spectabilis L. Showy orchis. Rich woods. Occasional through- 
 out. 
 
 Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Long bracted orchis. In rich 
 woods from Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria flava (L.) Gray. Tubercled orchis. In wet open or shaded 
 places from Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Tall leafy green orchis. In damp 
 woods from Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Tall white bog orchis. In very 
 wet open boggy places from Bay City, Bay County, to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Small green wood orchis. Bn^ 
 and moist ground. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Small northern bog orchis. 
 Rich woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Habenaria hookeri Torr. Hooker's orchis. Dry or damp shaded 
 
34 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Large round-leaved orchis. Rich 
 shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged fringed orchis. In open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sw. Smaller purple-fringed orchis. Wet 
 places and in damp meadow-like ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose pogonia. Wet boggy ground. 
 Occasional throughout. 
 
 Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Calopogon. Grass pink. In boggy 
 open ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. In an open bog near the life saving 
 station above Cheboygan, Cheboygan County. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel) Beck. Slender ladies' tresses. Dry open 
 ground. Occasional throughout. Probably often overlooked. 
 
 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richards. Nodding ladies' tresses. Bogs and 
 damp open ground. Frequent throughout. Abundant in damp open 
 ground at St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Epipactis repens ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton. Lesser rattle- 
 snake plantain. Rich woods from Alpena, Alpena County to St. Ignace, 
 Mackinac County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton. Checkered rattlesnake plan- 
 tain. In damp rich woods on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Ap- 
 parently infrequent. The late Prof. C. F. Wheeler noted this plant in 
 Michigan as early as 1901. 
 
 Epipactis decipiens (Hook.) Ames. Menzies' rattlesnake plantain. 
 In rich shaded ground about St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Broad-lipped twayblade. Damp 
 rich shaded ground on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Apparently in- 
 frequent. 
 
 Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain. Early coral-root. In rich shaded 
 ground about St. Ignace and abundant on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Noticed from Bay County to Mackinac Island. 
 
 Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Large coral-root. Usually in rich shaded 
 ground. Noticed as occasional from Alpena to St. Ignace. Very abun- 
 dant on Mackinac Island, Mackinac Count}^. 
 
 Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. Striped coral-root. Noticed from near 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 35 
 
 Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Usually in rich shaded 
 ground. Plentiful on Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County. 
 
 Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP. Green adder's-mouth. Rich 
 woods near Bay City, Bay County. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 Liparis leoselii (L.) Richards. Fen orchis. From Bay County to 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. Calypso. In rich shaded ground on 
 Thunder Bay Island in Alpena County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 SALICACEAE. Willow Family 
 
 Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. Banks of streams and in damp 
 places from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 Usually small trees or mere shrubs. Plentiful. 
 
 Salix nigra falcata (Pursh) Torr. Falcate-leaved black willow. Along 
 small streams near Bay City, Bay County. Frequent. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved willow. Common from 
 near Linwood, Bay County, through Arenac County. Not noticed 
 farther north. Reported in Michigan Flora as near Harrisville in 
 Alcona County. 
 
 Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Wet open ground. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald. Autumn willow. Damp open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Oc- 
 casional throughout. 
 
 Salix alba L. White willow. Frequently planted but seldom escaping 
 so far as observed. 
 
 Salix longifolia Muhl. Sand bar willow. Noticed as quite frequent 
 on and near the Lake Huron beach from Bay County to Mackinaw City, 
 Cheboygan County. 
 
 Salix cor data Muhl. Heart-leaved willow. Along small streams and 
 in damp places with other willows. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved willow. Noticed as frequent 
 from Arenac County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 Count}'. Usually in sandy ground on or near sandy beach of Lake 
 Huron. 
 
 Salix syrticola Fernald. Furry willow. On and near the Lake Huron 
 beach from Point Lookout in Arenac County to St. Ignace and on Macki- 
 nac Island. Common. 
 
 Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. In very swampy places from 
 Bay County to Cheboygan, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous willow. Along streams and in low 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Salix pctiolaris Sin. Slender willow. In wet marshy places from Bay 
 
36 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. In dry sandy ground from 
 Linwood in Baj- County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 Common. 
 
 Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow. In wet marslw ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Salix rostrata Richards. Bebb's willow. In dry or damp open ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Salix Candida Fliigge. Sage willow. In boggy open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Populus alba L. White poplar. Occasionally planted especially in 
 cities and villages and often spreading by root. 
 
 Popidus tremuloides Miehx. American aspen. Common throughout, 
 especially on burnt over ground. 
 
 Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed aspen. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. Very abundant throughout 
 on and near the Lake Huron shore. Many large trees noticed from 
 Alpena to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Cotton-wood. Noticed in Bay and Arenac 
 Counties, but not farther north. Plentiful. A sort of horticultural 
 form cultivated as a street and road tree noticed in cities and villages, 
 under common name of " large-leaved poplar" or " Carolina poplar.' 
 
 Popidus nigra italica DuRoi. Lombardy poplar. Planted in cities 
 and occasionally spreading by root. 
 
 MYRICACEAE. Sweet Gale Family 
 
 Myrica gale L. Sweet gale. In wet open places. Common through- 
 out. Noticed south as far as Sand Point, Huron County. Noticed also 
 in Oakland County by C. Billington. 
 
 Myrica asplenifolia L. Sweet fern. Sandy open ground from near 
 Omer in Arenac County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. 
 Abundant on jack pine plains. 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family 
 
 Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. From Bay Count3 T to the north line 
 of Alpena County. Frequent. One very large tree and a number of 
 small ones near center of Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Juglans nigra L. Black walnut. Planted occasionally in cities and 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 37 
 
 villages and about farm houses. As a native tree probably not farther 
 north than Tuscola County and the Saginaw valley. 
 
 Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shag-bark hickory. From near Pin- 
 conning in Bay County to the north line of Arenac County. Frequent. 
 Not noticed farther north. 
 
 Carya cordiformis (Wang) K. Koch. Bitter-nut. Rich ground with 
 other trees from Pinconning, Bay County, to Alpena County. Frequent. 
 
 BETULACEAE. Birch Family 
 
 Corylus americana Walt. Common hazelnut. Rich open ground near 
 Pinconning, Bay Courrty, but not noticed farther north along or near the 
 Lake Huron shore. 
 
 Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. Rich open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Common. 
 
 Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch. Ironwood. In rich woods with 
 other trees from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, 
 Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue beech. Noticed only in Bay and 
 Arenac counties, in rich woods with other trees. Frequent. 
 
 Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow birch. Rich ground usually with beech 
 and sugar maple from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 Island where fine specimens of this species now exist. Betula lenta L., 
 cherry birch, was not noticed. 
 
 Betula alba papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. White birch. Dryish ground 
 with other trees from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, 
 Mackinac County. Often abundant on burnt-over ground and fre- 
 quently mingled with beech maple and j^ellow birch. 
 
 Betula pumilali. Low birch. In low swampy open ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. In low wet ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Abundant. 
 
 FAGACEAE. Beech Family 
 
 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. With sugar maple and yellow birch 
 forming hardwood forests from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Macki- 
 nac Island, Mackinac County. Formerly abundant in spots and streaks, 
 now much reduced by lumbering. 
 
 Quercus alba L. White oak. Found from Bay County to a point just 
 south of Harrisville in Alcona County, and not noticed farther north 
 near the Lake Huron shore. Frequent on the Michigan divide. Noticed 
 near Mullet Lake in Chebo3 r gan County, also near Lewiston, Mont- 
 morency County, where it is plentiful. 
 
38 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Rich ground with other trees 
 from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Seldom 
 plentiful. 
 
 Quercus bicolor Willcl. Swamp white oak. Rich ground with other 
 trees from Bav Countv to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Seldom 
 plentiful. 
 
 Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Hill's oak. Near Lewiston, Mont- 
 mo renc} r County. Plentiful. 
 
 Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. Fringing the Lake Huron shore more 
 or less from Bav Countv to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Abundant on Mackinac Island and Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac 
 County. 
 
 Quercus velutina Lam. Yellow-barked oak. Dry sandy open ground. 
 With other trees from Bay County to Alpena and Montmorency 
 counties. Frequent. 
 
 URTICACEAE. Nettle Family 
 
 Ulmusfulva Michx. Slippery elm. Said to be plentiful in Bay County. 
 G. M. Bradford. Reported but not seen near Tawas City in Iosco 
 County. Said to be plentiful in Montmorency County. Noticed near 
 Rose City, Ogemaw County. 
 
 Ulmus americana L. American elm. Common from Bay County to 
 Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. A few large trees on Mackinac 
 Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful and trees large on Bois Blanc 
 Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rock Elm. Rich ground with other trees 
 and plentiful in Preqsue Isle, Montmorency, Oscoda and Ogemaw 
 counties. 
 
 Celtis occidentalis L. Sugarberrv. At Point Lookout in Arenac 
 County. Perhaps its northern limit. Prof. C. F. Wheeler's notes, 
 dated August 10, 1900. On Little Charity Island in Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Cannabis saliva L. Hemp. In and near cities and villages in waste 
 ground. Often plentiful. 
 
 Humulus lupulus L. Common hop. Apparently an escape from cul- 
 tivation near Linwood, Bay County, and about Alpena, Alpena County. 
 
 Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender nettle. Damp, open or partially shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Seldom 
 abundant. 
 
 Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood nettle. In rich shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family 
 
 Comandra richardsiana Fernald. Richards' bastard toad-flax. In 
 dry open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 39 
 
 Mackinac County. Common and often abundant. C. umbellata (L.) 
 Nutt. Common bastard toad-flax, not noticed. 
 
 LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family 
 
 Arceuthobium pusillum Peck. Dwarf mistletoe. On Picea canadensis 
 (Mill.) BSP., white spruce, Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 Abundant. Probably throughout, but overlooked. 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family 
 
 Rumex britannica L. Great water dock. Wet, marshy, usually open 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Runiex crispus L. Yellow dock. A weed throughout in cities, village 
 and cultivated fields. Often plentiful in pastures. 
 
 Rumex mexica?ius Meisn. Willow-leaved dock. Growing in large 
 bunches on and near sandy beach of Lake Michigan west of St. Ignace, 
 also on and near sandy beach, Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter dock. A weed along roads and near 
 dwellings throughout. Often plentiful in pastures and cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 Rumex acetosella L. Field sorrel. In cultivated grounds. Frequent 
 throughout and often abundant. 
 
 Polygonum aviculare L. Knotgrass. About dwellings and in cities 
 and villages. Common. 
 
 Polygonum erectum L. Erect knotweed. Roadsides and streets in and 
 near cities and villages. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Bushy knotweed. Sandy beach on 
 Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. Not noticed else- 
 where. 
 
 Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender knotweed. Dry open sandy ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pale persicaria. Wet open places from 
 Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium L. Water persicaria. About ponds, small 
 lakes, along slow streams, often floating in water. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium hartwrightii (Gray) Bissel. Hartwright's 
 persicaria. Damp open ground on Bois Blanc Island, appearing quite 
 distinct. Plentiful in several places. 
 
 Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Swamp persicaria. Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania persicaria. Damp open 
 places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper L. Common smartweed. Damp open ground 
 
40 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. Often 
 abundant . 
 
 Polygonum acre HBK. Water smartweed. Damp open ground and 
 along streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's thumb. Damp places and in waste 
 grounds of cities and villages. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild water pepper. Along low 
 banks of streams from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Occasional throughout. 
 
 Polygonum virginianum L. Virginia knot-weed. Rich shaded ground 
 in Bay and Arenac counties. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved tear-thumb. Damp open or 
 partially shaded places from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 Count}'. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonum convolvulus L. Black bindweed. Noticed as a weed in 
 cities, villages and cultivated grounds generally. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed black bindweed. Dry open or 
 rocky ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. Occasional about 
 cities and villages and in cultivated grounds. Probably not a permanent 
 escape. 
 
 Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast jointweed. Noticed in 
 sandy open ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Plentiful and 
 often abundant. Common on jack pine plains. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family 
 
 Chenopodium botrys L. Jerusalem oak. In dry, sandy open ground 
 as a weed. Frequent and often plentiful throughout. 
 
 Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. Strawberry blite. Damp or 
 dryish open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved goosefoot. As a weed in cities 
 and villages. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot. Dryish open or 
 partially shaded ground from Bay Count}' to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Often a weed in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Chenopodium album L. Pigweed. Lamb's quarters. A common 
 weed in cities, villages and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Atriplex patula hastata (L.) Gray. Halberd-leaved orache. Noticed 
 only as a weed in cities and villages. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Atriplex patula littoralis (L.) Gray. Shore orache. On and near the 
 sandy beaches of Lake Huron. Occasional throughout. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 41 
 
 Salsola kali tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian thistle. A weed 
 throughout. Not frequent or troublesome. 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranth pigweed. Noticed as a weed 
 throughout in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. In cultivated ground- 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate amaranth. A weed about 
 cities and villages and in cultivated grounds. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 AIZOACEAE. Carpet-weed Family 
 
 Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed. In open sandy ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Occasional. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family 
 
 Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurry. Sandy open ground. Occasional 
 throughout, in and near cities and villages. 
 
 Arenaria serpyllofolia L. Thyme-leaved sandwort. Dry, sandy, open 
 ground. As a weed throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Stellar ia longifolia Muhl. Long-stalked stitchwort. In marshy, open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent. 
 
 Stellaria graminea L. Lesser stitchwort. Grassy open ground near 
 Pinconning, Bay County. Plentiful at this place. 
 
 Stellaria 'media (L.) Cyrill. Common chickweed. Noticed as a weed 
 in cities, villages and cultivated grounds. Often plentiful. 
 
 Cerastium arvense L. Field chickweed. Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. In dryish open ground. Abundant in one place. Not noticed 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Cerastium vulgatum L. Common mouse-ear chickweed. Occasional 
 in clamp or dryish open ground. As a weed in cities, villages and culti- 
 vated grounds. Plentiful. 
 
 Agrostemma githago L. Common cockle. Occasional about cities and 
 villages and in waste grounds. 
 
 Lychnis alba Mill. White campion. Dry fields and cultivated 
 grounds, and about cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly. In dry and sandy open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly. About cities and vil- 
 lages, and in waste places as a weed. Frequent. 
 
 Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Bladder campion. As a 
 weed in waste places of cities and villages. Occasional throughout. 
 
42 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing bet. In sandy open ground from 
 Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent and often plentiful. 
 
 Gypsophila muralis L. Low gypsophyll. Well established in an old 
 field at Misery Bay near Alpena. Plentiful. 
 
 Gypsophila elegans Bieb. Elegant gypsophila. Apparently a perma- 
 nent escape from cultivation in and about the village of Mackinac 
 Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family 
 
 Claytonia virginica L. Spring beauty. Rich shaded ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Carolina spring beauty. In slightly 
 shaded ground on Mackinac Island, and Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Not noticed farther south. 
 
 Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane. Occasional as a weed in 
 cities, villages, cultivated grounds and waste places. 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family 
 
 Xymphaea advena Ait. Yellow water lily. More or less frequent in 
 small lakes, ponds and coves of streams from Bay County to St Ignace, 
 Mackinac County. 
 
 Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. Sweet-scented water 
 lily. Ponds, small lakes, borders of slow streams and coves from Alpena 
 to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. White water lily. In small lakes, 
 ponds, and coves of streams from Bay Count}' to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. 
 
 Brasenia shreberi Gmel. Water shield. In shallow water of small 
 lakes and coves of streams from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboy- 
 gan county. Plentiful. 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family 
 
 Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Stiff water crowfoot. In shallow stag- 
 nant water from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow water crowfoot. In ponds, 
 ditches and stagnant water from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Often abundant. 
 
 Ranunculus flammula filijormis (Michx.) Hook. Smaller creeping 
 spearwort. Near life saving station above Rogers on the low sandy 
 beach of Lake Huron. Probably frequent on sandy and gravelly shores 
 throughout but overlooked. 
 
 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed crowfoot. In very wet open places 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 43 
 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 Count}'. Plentiful. 
 
 Ranunculus abortivus L. Smaller-flowered crowfoot. In damp open 
 or shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac- 
 Island, Mackinac County. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked crowfoot. In damp open or 
 partially shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus sepientrionalis Poir. Swamp buttercup. In damp open 
 or shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous crowfoot. In dry open ground near 
 Bay City, Bay County. Plentiful. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 Ranunculus acris L. Tall crowfoot. From Bay County to St. Ignace 
 in Mackinac County. Plentiful. From Harrisville to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, it is a pernicious weed, covering pastures and culti- 
 vated grounds, even penetrating woods and thickets. 
 
 Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f. Bristly crowfoot. Damp open ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Thalictrum dioicum L. Early meadow rue. In damp woods and 
 thickets from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purplish meadow rue. From 
 Bay County throughout in open or shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Hepatica triloba Chaix. Round-lobed liver-leaf. In dryish open or 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp-lobed liver-leaf. In beech-maple 
 woods from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Countj^. Frequent. 
 
 Anemone multifida Poir. Red wind-flower. First noticed in sandy 
 open ground near Alpena and it is frequent from there to St. Ignace. 
 Mackinac County, on or near the sandy beach of Lake Huron. 
 
 Anemone cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited anemone. In dry open or 
 partially shaded sandy ground from Bay County to Alpena. Plentiful. 
 Common on jack pine plains. 
 
 Anemone virginiana L. Tall anemone. In dryish open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone. In damp or dryish open or 
 partially shaded ground from Bay Count}^ to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 Count v. Plentiful. 
 
 Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood anemone. Rich partially shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 
 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia virgin's bower. Borders of rich 
 woods, damp thickets and along streams. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold. In very wet open or shaded 
 places. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread. In swampy or damp open 
 or shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
44 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine. In sandy or rocky open or 
 partially shaded ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris L. Garden columbine. Apparently permanently 
 established on the gravelly beach of Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red banebeny. In damp rich open woods. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Actaea rubra forma neglecta (Gillman) Robinson. Gillmairs bane- 
 berry. Noticed as frequent on Mackinac Island and in other places. 
 Pedicels capillary, berries white. 
 
 Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White baneberry. In dryish rich open woods. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Hydrastis canadensis L. Golden seal. Reported as occasional in rich 
 woods throughout but not noticed by the writer. 
 
 BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family 
 
 Caidophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Papoose root. Rich open 
 woods. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris L. Common Barberry. Cultivated as an orna- 
 mental shrub in cities and villages but not noticed as escaping. 
 
 P AP AVER ACE AE. Poppy Family 
 
 Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Open rich woods from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family 
 
 Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing fumatory. Damp shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Infrequent. 
 
 Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's breeches. Rich shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel corn. Rich woods from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale corydalis. Dry open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace. Often abundant on burned over areas. 
 
 Corydalis aurea Willd. Golden co^dalis. Near Alpena, Alpena 
 County, in open sandy ground. Apparently rare. 
 
 CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family 
 
 Draba arabisans Michx. Twisted whitlow-grass. On rocl^y bluff east 
 side of Mackinac Island. Abundant. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow alyssum. In dry open ground about 
 cities and villages. Often plentiful. 
 
 Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny cress. From Bay County to St. 
 Ignace, Mackinac County, in cities and villages. Infrequent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 4^ 
 
 Lepidium virginicum L. Wild peppergrass. In cities, villages and 
 
 cultivated grounds as a weed. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous peppergrass. A weed in cities 
 and villages throughout but apparently infrequent. 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's purse. Cultiva* 
 grounds and waste places. Common. 
 
 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. False flax. About cities and village 
 and along railroads as a weed. Infrequent. 
 
 Cakile edeniula (Bigel.) Hook. American sea rocket. On and near 
 sandy beach of Lake Huron throughout. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. Common mustard. About cities and 
 villages and in cultivated grounds as a weed, but not noticed as abundant 
 anywhere. 
 
 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard. Noticed as a weed about 
 cities and villages. Infrequent. 
 
 Brassica campestris L. Rutabaga. Occasional as a temporary escape 
 about cities and villages and along railways. 
 
 Conringla orientalis (L.) Dumont. Hare's-ear mustard. Apparently 
 well established about cottages and in cultivated grounds on Bois Blanc 
 Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. Smooth podded hedge mustard. 
 About cities and villages and in cultivated grounds. Infrequent. 
 
 Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumble mustard. About depot grounds 
 in cities and villages, and in waste places. Frequent. 
 
 Braya humilis (C. A. Mey.) Robinson. Low rock cress. On Mackinac 
 Island. G. H. Hicks. Not noticed in 1912. 
 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed mustard. About cities and 
 villages and in waste places as a weed throughout, but infrequent. 
 
 Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendel. True water 
 cress. In ditches, small creeks and about springs throughout. Often 
 plentiful. 
 
 Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh cress. In wet open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful, often 
 abundant. 
 
 Radicula palustris hispida (Desv.) Robinson. Hispid yellow en ss. 
 Wet open ground throughout. Infrequent. 
 
 Radicula armoracia (L.) Robinson. Horseradish. Frequent in dam}) 
 places about cities and villages. Noticed in particular as a well estab- 
 lished escape in an old field at Misery Bay near Alpena, Alpena County. 
 
 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. Common winter cress. Low open ground. 
 Frequent throughout. Abundant in spots in Cheboygan County and on 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two-leaved toothwort. In rich shaded 
 
46 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 ground throughout. Noticed in particular near St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island. 
 
 Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut -leaved toothwort. Rich damp shaded 
 ground. Occasional throughout. Probably often overlooked. 
 
 Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Spring cress. Wet meadow-like 
 ground or in damp and spring}- places. In Bay and Arenac Counties. 
 Perhaps throughout but overlooked. 
 
 Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Purple cress. Rich damp 
 shaded ground. In Bay and Arenac counties. Frequent. 
 
 Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania bitter-cress. Wet 
 springy ground, and along creeks throughout. Infrequent. 
 
 Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved rock-cress. Dry sandy open ground, 
 usually on or near sandy beach of Lake Huron. Frequent' throughout. 
 
 Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower mustard. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Arabis drummondi Gray. Drummond's rock-cress. Dry open ground 
 on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County, and also near Harrisville, Alcona 
 County. Probably to be found throughout. 
 
 Arabis holboellii Hornem. Holboell's rock-cress. Dry sandy open 
 ground near Alpena and on sandy beach at Mackinaw City. Frequent. 
 
 CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family 
 
 Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed. Sandy open ground at 
 Bay City. G. M. Bradford. 
 
 SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher plant. Swampy ground and often 
 abundant in damp sand. Common throughout. 
 
 DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family 
 
 Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved sundew. Open swampy ground 
 or in damp sand. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Drosera longifolia L. Oblong-leaved sundew. In bogs near Alpena. 
 Plentiful. H. H. Hindshaw. 
 
 Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender-leaved sundew. Wet boggy places 
 on Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 CRASSAULACEAE. Orpine Family 
 
 Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch stonecrop. Open swampy ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Sedum acre L. Mossy stonecrop. In dry sandy open ground along 
 roads, in cemeteries, cities and villages. Often abundant. 
 
 Sedum purpureum Tausch. Live-for-ever. Along roads, near cities 
 and villages. Frequent throughout. Seldom blooming. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 47 
 
 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family 
 
 Tiarella cordifolia L. False miterwort. In rich shaded ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved bishop's cap. In rich damp woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Mitella nuda L. Naked bishop's cap. In damp shaded ground. Plen- 
 tiful throughout. 
 
 Chrysospleniwn americanum Schwein. Golden saxifrage. Wet, usually 
 shaded places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Parnassia parviflora DC. Small-flowered grass-of-parnassus. In 
 marshy open ground on Mackinac Island. F. W. Hunnewell 2nd. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Carolina grass-of-parnassus. Com- 
 mon throughout in low marshy open ground. 
 
 Ribes cynosbati L. Prickly gooseberry. In damp open or shaded 
 ground. Frequent from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 
 Ribes gracile Michx. Missouri gooseberry. In rich shaded ground 
 fi'om Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Smooth gooseberry. Damp open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Ribes oxyacanthoides calcicola Fernald. Low wild gooseberry. In 
 shaded ground on Mackinac Island. F. W. Hunnewell 2nd. Common. 
 
 Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild black currant. Rich shaded ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp black currant. Common in damp 
 shaded ground from Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Ribes prostratum L'Her. Skunk currant. In damp open or shaded 
 ground from Alpena to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Ribes triste Pall. Swamp red currant. Rich damp woods throughout. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Ribes triste albinervium (Michx.) Fernald. Glabrous swamp red cur- 
 rant. Rich woods on Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Ribes aurewu Pursh. Missouri currant. Cultivated but apparently 
 not escaping. 
 
 HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch-hazel Family 
 
 Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. Dry open ground or often 
 in slight shade of other trees. Frequent throughout. Common near 
 Lewiston, Montmorency County. 
 
 ROSACEAE. Rose Family 
 
 Physocarpus opidifolius (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Low open ground 
 or along banks of streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
48 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia L. 'Meadow-sweet. In damp open or slightly 
 shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br. Ash-leaved spiraea. Cultivated 
 throughout but apparently not spreading. 
 
 Pyrus malus L. Common apple. In open ground on borders of woods 
 and about cities and villages. Plentiful throughout. Abundant on 
 Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County, where it seems to be stunted, 
 shrubs two feet high and spreading being in full bloom June 25, 1907. 
 
 Pyrus arbutifolia atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. Purple-fruited 
 
 chokeberry. In very wet places and swamps. Frequent throughout. 
 
 .Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Black chokeberry. In moist or 
 
 dryish open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Pyrus americana Marsh. Americana mountain ash. First noticed 
 near Black River in Alcona Count}'. Occasional from there to Mackinaw 
 City, Cheboygan County. Apparently variable and approaching Sorbus 
 americana decora Sarg. See Manual of the Trees of North America, by 
 Prof. C. S. Sargent, page 357. 
 
 Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Western mountain ash. West side 
 of Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Forms approaching this species 
 noticed as far south as Alpena. 
 
 Amelanchier sanguine a (Pursh) DC. Low juneberry. Open dry or 
 damp ground and along streams. Frequent throughout. See Rhodora, 
 Vol. 14-138. 
 
 Amelanchier florida, Lindley. Round-leaved juneberry. Sandy open 
 ground near Alpena, Alpena County. Plentiful. See Rhodora, Vol. 
 14-143. 
 
 Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medicus. Common juneberry. Dryish 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited thorn. In open ground or 
 woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Crataegus douglasii Lindl. (C. brocJcwayae Sarg.) Douglas' thorn. 
 On Bois Blanc Island. Apparently infrequent. Dryish open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Common strawberry. This and the 
 following species were noticed in particular as very abundant, rank, 
 thrifty, and producing fruit in great abundance from Alpena to Macki- 
 naw City. 
 
 Fragaria vesca americana Porter. American wood strawbeny. Very 
 common throughout in damp open or shaded ground. 
 
 Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick. Barren strawberry. 
 Usually in shaded ground and noticed from Bay County to Mackinac 
 Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 49 
 
 Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough cinqucfoil. About cities and vil- 
 lages and in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Potentilla argentea L. Silvery cinquefoil. In dry open ground through- 
 out and often abundant. 
 
 Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh five-finger. Wet swampy 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinquefoil. In damp open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Potentilla tridentata Ait. Three-toothed cinquefoil. Abundant in 
 a dry old field near Oscoda, Iosco County. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 Very probably overlooked. 
 
 Potentilla anserina L. Silver weed. In dry sandy open ground usually 
 on or near the sandy beach of Lake Huron. Noticed as a bad field weed 
 near Alpena. 
 
 Potentilla canadensis L. Five-finger. In dry open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Geum canadense J acq. White avens. In rich open woods throughout. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Geum virginianum L. Rough avens. Damp open ground in Alpena 
 and Presque Isle counties. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow avens. In damp meadow-like ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Geum rivale L. Water avens. Damp open or rich shaded ground. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Rub-us idaeus acideatissimus (C.A.Mey.) Regal & Tiling. Wild red 
 raspberry. Common throughout in dn^ open or shaded ground. 
 
 Rubus occidentalis L. Black raspberry. In damp rich shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Plentiful. Also near Rose City, 
 Ogemaw County. 
 
 Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering raspberry. First noticed near 
 Alpena and from there quite frequent to a short distance north west of 
 Rogers where the next species apparently takes its place. For several 
 miles the two species intermingle. Probably frequent from Bay ( 'utility 
 to Presque Isle County. Southern limit on east side of Michigan appears 
 to be near Port Huron, St. Clair County. 
 
 Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Salmon berry. First noticed a few miles 
 northwest of Rogers in Presque Isle County. Within a few miles the 
 change from the preceding to this species is quite complete. Here il is 
 a vigorous shrub with pure white flowers often over two inches in di- 
 ameter. Common from this point to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, 
 Mackinac County. 
 
 Rubus triflorus Richards. Dwarf raspberry. In wet shaded ground. 
 Common t hroushout . 
 
50 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Rubus allegheniensis Porter. High bush blackberry. In dry open or 
 slightly shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Rubus pergratus Blanchard. Red stemmed raspberry. Open places 
 in beech-maple woods on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. By F. F. Forbes. 
 See North American Flora Vol. 22, 467. 
 
 Rubus hispidus L. Hispid blackberry. In dryish or swampy open 
 or shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Rubus villosus Ait. Dewberry. In dry open ground from Bay County 
 to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. (Formerly under name of 
 R. canadensis.) 
 
 Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall hairy agrimony. In dryish open 
 or shaded ground from Bay City to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent. Also near Mio, Oscoda County. 
 
 Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly rose. First noticed a few miles north 
 of Harrisville in Alcona County. Common from there and often abun- 
 dant in dryish open or slightly shaded ground to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island. 
 
 Rosa blanda Ait. Meadow rose. In dry open or slightly shaded 
 ground. Plentiful. Very frequently abundant on the sandy beach of 
 Lake Huron and acting as a sand binder. From a short distance north 
 of Harrisville to Mackinac Island it grows with the preceding species. 
 
 Rosa spinosissima L. Scotch rose. Noticed in Bay County as an 
 escape from cultivation. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbriar. Near cities and villages from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Rosa Carolina L. Swamp rose. In wet open ground especially on low 
 banks of small streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild black cherrv. In rich woods with other 
 trees from Bay County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 Prunus virginiana L. Choke cherry. Damp or dry ground on borders 
 of woods or near sandy beaches of Lake Huron. Common throughout. 
 
 Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Wild red cherry. Dry open ground with 
 other trees. Often abundant on burnt over lands. Noticed throughout. 
 
 Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian cherry. Damp open ground above 
 Au Ores, Arenac County. Common on jack pine plains. 
 
 Prunus pumila L. Sand cherrv. On and near sandv beach of Lake 
 Huron from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Abundant. 
 
 Prunus cerasus L. Common garden cherry. Occasional as an escape 
 in cities and villages throughout. 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family 
 
 Lupinus perennis L. Wild lupine. Sandy open ground near Pincon- 
 ning in Bay County. Apparently infrequent. Perhaps overlook' 1 * 1. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 51 
 
 Trifolium pratense L. Red clover. Growing everywhere like a native 
 plant. From Rogers to Mackinaw City it thrives and is rank on sandy 
 ground and in open woods far from cultivated grounds. 
 
 Trifolium repens L. White clover. In fields, pastures and along roads. 
 Plentiful. From Rogers to Mackinaw City it grows very large and rank 
 even on sandy ground and in open woods and thickets far from culti- 
 vated land. 
 
 Trifolium hybridwn L. Alsike clover. About cities and villages. 
 Plentiful from Rogers to Mackinaw City. This also looks thrifty. The 
 region between these cities seems to be naturally adapted to the clovers. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow melilot. About cities and vil- 
 lages. Occasional. 
 
 Melilotus alba Desr. Sweet clover. In cities and villages. Frequent 
 from Bay County to Alpena. 
 
 Medicago saliva L. Alfalfa. Occasional about cities and villages from 
 Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Medicago lupulina L. Black medic. About cities and villages and in 
 waste places. Frequent. 
 
 Robiiria pseudo-acacia L. Common locust. Planted but not escaping 
 in cities and villages. 
 
 Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed bush-clover. In dry open 
 ground, Bay County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard. Smaller common vetch. Near Pin- 
 conning in Bay County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Vicia cracca L. Tufted vetch. On Mackinac Island. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Vicia villosa Roth. Hairy vetch. In waste places near Pinconning 
 in Bay County. 
 
 Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach pea. Common on sandy beach 
 of Lake Huron from Au Gres in Arenac County to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh vetchling. In marshy open ground 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris linearifolius Ser. Winged marsh vetchling. Near 
 Lake Huron shore and on margins of woods from Bay County to Macki- 
 nac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored vetchling. In open dry- 
 ish woods from Bay County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 LINACEAE. Flax Family 
 
 Linum usitatissimum L. Common flax. Along the railroads in Bay 
 County and about cities and villages to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 
52 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. Wood Sorrel Family 
 
 O.valis corniculata L. Lady's sorrel. About cities and villages ap- 
 pearing as if introduced. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family 
 
 Geranium maculatum L. Wild cranesbill. In open woods and thickets 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Geranium robertianum L. Herb robert. In damp shaded ground from 
 Alpena to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Abundant in spots on Macki- 
 nac Island. 
 
 Geranium bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's cranesbill. Open or partially 
 shaded ground from Arenac County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Often very abundant on low recently burnt over ground. 
 
 RUTACEAE. Rue Family 
 
 Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern prickly ash. Near Pin- 
 conning in Bay County and Standish, Arenac County. Plentiful. Also 
 on Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Common about Hillnian, 
 Montmorency County, and Mio, Oscoda County. 
 
 SIMARUBACEAE. Quassia Family 
 
 Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Ailanthus. Tree of heaven. Cultivated 
 some as an ornamental tree in cities throughout, but apparently not 
 permanently escaping. 
 
 POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family 
 
 Polygala pauciflora Willd. Fringed polygala. In dry shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygala polygama Walt. Pi acemed milkwort. Dry open sandy 
 ground throughout. Frequent. Common on jack pine plains in Mont- 
 morency, Oscoda and Ogemaw counties. 
 
 Polygala senega L. Seneca snakeroot. Dryish open or partially 
 shaded ground in Bay and Alpena counties. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family 
 
 Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Seaside Spurge. Occasional on the sandy 
 beach of Lake Huron from Arenac County to Mackinaw City, Cheboy- 
 gan County. Often in drifting sand. 
 
 Euphorbia maculata L. Milk purslane. Dry open ground about cities 
 and villages, appearing as if introduced. 
 
 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Wart weed. At St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 53 
 
 Island, Mackinac Count}'. Plentiful. Perhaps throughout but over- 
 looked. 
 
 Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress spurge. Along roads, about cities 
 and villages, and in cemeteries. In spots abundant throughout. 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family 
 
 Rhus typhina L. Staghorn sumach. Dryish open ground on borders 
 of woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Rhus glabra L. Smooth sumach. Dry open ground from Bay County 
 to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison ivy. In dry or damp open or shaded 
 1 ground. Common along and near the sandy beach of Lake Huron. 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family 
 
 Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry. Low open ground from Bay 
 County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 Nemopanthus m.ucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holh r . Damp places 
 with other shrubs from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 CELASTRACEAE. Staff Tree Family 
 
 Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet. In woods and thickets. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 ACERACEAE. Maple Family 
 
 Acer pennsylvanicuni L. Striped maple. First noticed in a small 
 piece of timber about two miles north of Harrisville in Alcona County. 
 Common in woods with other trees from that point to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island. 
 
 Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. Damp woods and thickets. 
 Abundant throughout. 
 
 Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. Rich ground. One of the 
 principal trees forming hardwoods and common throughout. Formerly 
 very abundant. 
 
 Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple. Cultivated as an ornamental tree 
 in cities and villages but not noticed as escaping. 
 
 Acer rubrum L. Red maple. Usually in damp rich ground with o1 her 
 trees. Plentiful from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 
 Acer negundo L. Box elder. Cultivated as an ornamental tree in 
 cities and villages but apparently not spreading. 
 
 SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family 
 
 Aesculus hippocastanum L. Common horse-chestnut. Cultivated as 
 an ornamental street tree in cities and villages throughout, but appar- 
 ently not spreading. 
 
54 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 BALSAMINACEAE. Touch-me-not Family 
 
 Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted touch-me-not. Damp open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. Abundant throughout. 
 
 RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family 
 
 Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. Damp open or 
 shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey tea. Dry open ground near 
 Onaway, Presque Isle County. Apparent ly infrequent. 
 
 Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Smaller red-root. Dry open ground from 
 Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent throughout. 
 
 VITACEAE. Vine Family 
 
 Psedera vitacea (Knerr) Greene. American woodbine. Damp shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent 
 throughout. Noticed also near Lewiston, Montmorency County. 
 
 Vitis vulpina L. River-bank grape. From Bay County to Round 
 Island and Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. Noticed 
 as frequent in Moiitmorency, Oscoda and Ogemaw counties. 
 
 TILIACEAE. Linden Family 
 
 Tilia americana L. Basswood. Rich ground with other trees, espec- 
 ially in hardwoods. Frequent throughout. Trees often very large. 
 
 MALVACEAE. Mallow Family 
 
 Malva rotundifolia L. Common mallow. About dwellings and in 
 cities and villages. Common throughout. 
 
 Malva moschata L. Musk mallow. Noticed along roads and in old 
 fields, Presque Isle County. Occasional throughout. 
 
 HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family 
 
 Hypericum ascyron L. Great St. John's-wort. Damp places and 
 banks of streams throughout. Infrequent. 
 
 Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. In fields and 
 pastures and along roads. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Hypericum kalmianum L. Kami's St. John's-wort. Usually in dry 
 sandy ground on and near the sandy shores of Lake Huron. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Hypericum virginicum L. Marsh St. John's-wort. Open marshy 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 55 
 
 CISTACEAE. Rockrose Family 
 
 Helianthemum canadense (L.?) Miehx. Common frostweed. In sandy 
 open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. False heather. Noticed from above Au 
 Ores in Arenac County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. In spots very 
 abundant, often covering open or shaded sandy ground on or near sandy 
 beaches of Lake Huron. 
 
 Lechea intermedia Leggett. Large-podded pin weed. Dry sandy open 
 ground. Frequent throughout. Also near Mio, Oscoda County. 
 
 VIOLACEAE. Violet Family 
 
 Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh blue violet. In very wet marshy open 
 places throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola nephrophylla Greene. Small mottled blue violet. In damp, 
 open or shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved violet. In damp open ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola pollens (Banks) Brainard. Northern white violet. Wet, springy 
 open or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Viola blanda Wild. Sweet white violet. Moist rich shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent through- 
 out. 
 
 Viola incognita Brainard. Large-leaved white violet. In rich woods 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola renifolia Gray. Kidney-leaved violet. Rich shaded ground 
 throughout. Plentiful. A form such as is noticed on Mackinac Island, 
 Mackinac County, has been named V. renifolia brainerdii Fernald, 
 Brainerd's sweet violet. It is abundant north. 
 
 Viola pubescens Ait. Downy yellow violet. Dryish sand} T shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Viola scabriuscula Schwein. Smooth 3-ellow violet. In damp rich 
 shaded ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola canadensis L. Canada violet. In rich shaded ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog violet. In rich shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful, 
 often abundant. 
 
 Viola arenaria DC. Sand violet. Sandy sterile open ground from 
 Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
56 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 CACTACEAE. Cactus Family 
 
 Opantia rafinesquii Engelm. Western prickly pear. Reported west 
 of Alpena, Alpena County, in open sandy ground. Not seen by writer. 
 
 THYMELAEACEAE. Mezereum Family 
 
 Dirca pahtstris L. Moose-wood. Feather-wood. Rich open woods. 
 Frequent. Noticed in particular near Presque Isle Bay in Presque Isle 
 County. 
 
 ELAEAGNACEAE. Oleaster Family 
 
 Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canadian buffalo-berry. In dry 
 open or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 « 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family 
 
 Ludvigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited ludvigia. Wet open 
 places in Bay County. Plentiful. 
 
 Ludvigia palustris Walt. Water purslane. Ditches and very wet 
 places throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium L. Great willow-herb. Fireweed. In dryish 
 open or shaded ground, being very abundant throughout on burnt over 
 land. 
 
 Epilobium molle Torr. DoAvny willow-herb. In marshy or boggy 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan Coiuny. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Epilobium densum Raf. Linear-leaved willow-herb. Low marsh}- 
 open ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern willow-herb. In damp 
 open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace. Plentiful. 
 
 Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose. In dry open or 
 shaded ground throughout. Often abundant on and near the sandy 
 beach of Lake Huron. 
 
 Circaea lutetiana L. Enchanter's nightshade. Beech-maple woods 
 throughout. Frequent. Often plentiful. 
 
 Circaea xdpina L. Smaller enchanter's nightshade. In damp woods 
 throughout. Common. Often abundant. 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE. Water Milfoil Family 
 
 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked water milfoil. In shallow water 
 along slow streams, on margins of ponds, in old ditches and coves. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Various-leaved water-milfoil. 
 In shalloAv water of ponds, old ditches, and slow streams. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 57 
 
 Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed. Very wet places and often 
 in shallow water. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare's-taii. Ponds, slow shallow streams, and 
 coves. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family 
 
 Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard. In rich woods and thickets, through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla. In open dry ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace. Plentiful. Abundant on dry burned over 
 ground. 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla. In rich shaded ground. 
 Abundant throughout. 
 
 Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Reported throughout but not- 
 seen. Collected near Vanderbilt, Otsego County, by Prof. A. E. Bessev, 
 1912. 
 
 Panax trifolium L. Dwarf ginseng. Ground nut. Beech-maple 
 woods. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Familv 
 
 Sanicula marilandica L. Sanicle. In rich shaded ground throughout. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Osmorhiza claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Wooly sweet cicily. In rich 
 open woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis (Ton*.) DC. Smoother sweet cicily. Rich open 
 woods from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Osmorhiza divaricata Nutt. Western sweet cicily. Rich shaded ground 
 on Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County. Plentiful. Also on Mackinac 
 Island. F. W. Hunnewell 2d. 
 
 Conium maculatum L. Poison hemlock. About St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island. Frequent about cities and villages in waste places. 
 
 Cicuta maculata L. Water hemlock. Marshy open ground from Bay 
 County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Noticed in particular 
 near Onaway, Presque Isle County. 
 
 Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing water hemlock. In wet open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Carum carvi L. Caraway. As a weed throughout in and about cities 
 and villages. Often abundant. 
 
 Stum cicutae 'folium Schrank. Water parsnip. In very wet o] 
 places from Bay County to St. Ignace. Plentiful. 
 
 Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. Yellow pimpernel! Dry open 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip. Along roads arid about cities and vii- 
 
58 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 lages as an escape. Abundant in many places in Cheboygan County, 
 growing in open woods and thickets like a native plant. 
 
 Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow parsnip. Dryish rich open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Angelica atropurpurea L. Great angelica. Damp, rich open ground 
 in Bay and Arenac counties. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Daunts caroia L. Carrot. Roadsides and old fields near Alpena 
 and Mackinaw City. Apparently becoming a troublesome weed. 
 
 CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family 
 
 Comas canadensis L. Dwarf cornel. In damp or dryish shaded 
 ground throughout. Abundant. 
 
 Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved cornel. In dry open or shaded 
 ground throughout, especially near the Lake Huron sandy beaches. 
 
 Cornus amomum Mill. Silky cornel. Damp open ground. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Cornus baileyi Coult. & Evans. Bailey's cornel. Along the sandy 
 shores of Lake Huron from Bay Count}- to Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier dogwood. In wet swampy or 
 dry sandy ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. 
 
 Cornus paniculata L'Her. Panicled cornel. Frequent in damp or dry 
 open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Count}'. Plenti- 
 ful. 
 
 Cornus allernifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved cornel. Borders of woods 
 and banks of streams. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Xyssa sylvatica Marsh. Rich open ground. Noticed near Linwood in 
 Bay County, and near Omer in Arenac County. Apparently infrequent. 
 Not noticed farther north. 
 
 ERICACEAE. Heath Family 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's pine. In dry shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac Count}'. Frequent. 
 
 Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. One-flowered pyrola. Damp rich woods 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrola secunda L. One-sided wintergreen. Rich shaded ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Greenish-flowered wintergreen. In open dry- 
 ish woods about St. Ignace and Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin leaf. In rich shaded ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-leaf wintergreen. In damp shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 59 
 
 Pyrola asarifolia incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. Purple-flowered winter- 
 green. In shaded wet and boggy places from Alpena to St. Ignace and 
 on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. In rich shaded ground at St. 
 Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Probably frequent throughout, but 
 overlooked. 
 
 Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador tea. In open or shaded boggy 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace. Plentiful. One of the dominant 
 bog shrubs of the region. 
 
 Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep laurel. Noticed from Arenac County 
 to Alpena. Very abundant in spots on flat and clamp open ground above 
 Au Ores and about Oscoda. Said to be a winter food for deer. 
 
 Kalmia polifolia Wang. Pale laurel. Open boggy ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Bog rosemary. In bogs and very wet 
 places from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Common. 
 One of the dominant bog shrubs of the region. 
 
 Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather leaf. In open bogs 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Common and often 
 abundant. One of the dominant bog shrubs of the region. 
 
 Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Occasional in sandy shade* 1 
 ground. Often among pines, from Bay County to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. Seldom plentiful. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen. Dry open or shaded ground, 
 and sometimes in sphagnum swamps from Bay County to Mackinac 
 Island, Mackinac County. Abundant. 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-nrsi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. In open sandy 
 ground from Arenac County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Count}-. Plentiful. 
 
 Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Creeping snowberry. Wet shaded 
 swampy places and in tamarack swamps. Frequent. 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black huckleberry. Dry 
 sandy open or shaded ground, sometimes in swamps from Bay Count}' 
 to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Common. Frequent on jack pine 
 plains. Noticed on sand dunes near Mackinaw City in great abundance 
 loaded with plump juicy fruit, September 23, 1913. 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie. Blm- 
 huckleberry. Sandy ground and near sandy beaches of Lake Huron 
 from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Frequent. 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata forma leucocarpa (Porter) Fernald. White 
 huckleberry. Covering sand dunes near Mackinaw City on September 
 23, 1913. White fruit abundant and juicy. This and the preceding- 
 species were growing together. 
 
 V actinium pennsylvanicum Lam. Low sweet blueberry. Common 
 
60 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace. Very abundant in Arenac and Iosco 
 counties on dry open ground and growing with the following variety. 
 
 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum Wood. Low black blueberry. 
 Common from Bay County to St. Ignace. Often very abundant and 
 growing with the preceding. These two shrubs produce a great abun- 
 dance of delicious berries nearly every season, both known in the market 
 as blueberries. 
 
 Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Sour-top. In dry or swampy open 
 ground from Ba} r County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Vaccinium corymbosum L. Swamp blueberry. In swampy open or 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small cranberry. In sphagnum swamps from 
 Ba}^ County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Large cranberry. American cranberry. 
 Open bogs and swampy places from Bay County to St. Ignace. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family 
 
 Primula, farinosa L. Bird's eye primrose. Damp rich shaded ground 
 on Thunder Bay Island in Alpena County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Primula farinosa americana Farr. Yellow-leaved primrose. In damp 
 sand near Lake Huron shore above Alpena. Apparently infrequent. 
 Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Primula mistassinica Michx. Dwarf Canadian primrose. Damp open 
 ground east side of Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Probably frequent 
 throughout, but overlooked. 
 
 Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Bulb-bearing loosestrife. Low wet 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Lysimachia thyrsi flora L. Tufted loosestrife. In swampy open places 
 throughout. Often in shallow water. Plentiful. 
 
 Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed loosestrife. Low usually 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. Prairie moneywort. Xoticed 
 only in Bay County in marshy or prairie-like ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star flower. In rich shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 OLEACEAE. Olive Family 
 
 Fraxinus americana L. White ash. In rich damp ground with other 
 trees from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent, but 
 never plentiful. 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. Often standing out in the 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HUROX Cl 
 
 open or on borders of woods and on low ground with other trees. Noticed 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green ash. Damp 
 ground with other trees and along streams. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. In low wet ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Before the forest fires it was 
 very abundant in swamps and with other trees in thick woods. Also 
 along low banks of streams. 
 
 Syringa vulgaris L. Common lilac. Near Alpena as an escape from 
 cultivation. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family 
 
 Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed gentian. On Mackinac Island as 
 reported by Whitney. Not noticed in 1912. 
 
 Gentiana procera Holm. Smaller fringed gentian. Abundant on low 
 damp ground at St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Gentiana linearis latifolia Gray. (G. grayi Kusnezaw) Gray's gentian. 
 Wet marshy open ground near St. Ignace and on Bois Blanc Island, 
 Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Helenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred gentian. Damp shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Menyantlies trifoliata L. Buckbean. In bogs and shallow water from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family 
 
 Vinca minor L. Common periwinkle. In and near the cemetery, 
 Mackinac Island. Apparent ly a permanent escape. 
 
 Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane. Dry open 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian hemp. Damp open ground from 
 Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 • Apocynum cannabinum hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. Clasping-leaved 
 dogbane. Damp open ground in Bay and Arenac Counties. Plentiful. 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family 
 
 Asclepias incarnata, L. Swamp milkweed. Damp open ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Infrequent. 
 
 Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed. In sandy open ground 
 throughout but seldom abundant. Apparently infrequent northward. 
 
 Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh. Poke milkweed. In moist shaded or 
 open ground near Rogers in Presque Isle County. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
62 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 CONVOLVULACEAE. Convolvulus Family 
 
 Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright bindweed. From Bay County 
 to St. Ignaee, Mackinac County. Frequent. Very abundant on rocky 
 open or shaded ground in Presque Isle and Cheboygan counties. Noticed 
 as an abundant and troublesome weed on the farm of Albert Robinson 
 near Onaway in Presque Isle County. 
 
 Convolvulus septum L. Hedge bindweed. From Bay County to St. 
 Ignaee, Mackinac County. Usually in damp open ground. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 BORAGINACEAE, Borage Family 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale L. Common hound's tongue. In dry open 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cynoglossum boreale Fernald. Northern wild comfrey. In open dry- 
 ish woods from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. Begger's lice. Rich shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignaee, Mackinac County. Frequent. Abun- 
 dant in hardwoods east of Onaway, Presque Isle County. 
 
 Lappula echinata Gilibert. European stickseed. Noticed throughout 
 on roadsides and in cities and villages. A harmless weed except that the 
 burs get into wool. 
 
 Lappula redowskii occidentalis (Wats.) Rydb. Western hairy stick- 
 seed. Noticed in open ground not far from Lake Huron shore above 
 Alpena. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Symphytum officinale L. Common comfrey. Noticed in open ground 
 near Harrisville and Alpena. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Myosotis virginica macrosperma (Engelm.) Fernald. Larger spring 
 scorpion-grass. In dryish slightly shaded ground on Mackinac Island. 
 F. W. Hunnewell 2nd. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Lithospermum, officinale L. Common gromwell. Dry open or shaded 
 ground at St. Ignaee and on Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Not noticed 
 elsewhere. 
 
 „ Lithospermum gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. Hairy puecoon. Sandy open 
 ground near Lake Huron shore from Bay Count}' to St. Ignaee, Macki- 
 nac County. Frequent. 
 
 Lithospermum angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved puecoon. No- 
 ticed in dry open ground only at St. Ignaee, Mackinac County. Prob- 
 ably to be found throughout but overlooked. 
 
 Echium vulgare L. Blue-weed. Noticed only in open ground on 
 Mackinac Island. As a weed it is extending northward. 
 
 VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family 
 
 Verbena hastata L. Blue vervain. From Bay County to St. Ignaee, 
 Mackinac County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 63 
 
 LABIATAE. Mint Family 
 
 Scutellaria lalerifolia L. Mad-dog skullcap. Damp shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Scutellaria galericulala L. Marsh skullcap. Wet open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Marrubium vulgare L. Common horehound. Occasional as an escape 
 about cities and villages. 
 
 Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. In cities and villages throughout. Ap- 
 parently scarce. 
 
 Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan. Ground ivy. Open dryish or damp 
 shaded ground. Frequent and appearing like a native plant. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all. Open or shaded ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Galeopsis tetrahit L. Common hemp nettle. "Abundant on Macki- 
 nac Island.'' WinchelPs Cat. Noticed as abundant on the bluff near 
 the park, Mackinac Island, in 1913. 
 
 Leonurus cardiaca L. Common motherwort. About cities and vil- 
 lages and in cultivated grounds. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Monarda mollis L. Pale wild bergamot. Dry open ground through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh.) Benth. Moist shaded ground on Bois Blanc 
 Island, Mackinac County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fernald. Low calamint. In damp open 
 ground near Lake Huron shore from Alpena to Mackinac Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Frequent. 
 
 Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. Dry open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugle-weed. Low open or shaded ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved water horehound. In damp 
 open or shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. About cities and villages and along 
 roads. Infrequent. 
 
 Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. In damp open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Occasional throughout . 
 
 Mentha cilrata Ehrh. Bergemot mint. Well established and plentiful 
 in an old field near Miserj r Bay northeast of Alpena, Alpena County. 
 
 Mentha arvensis canadensis (L.) Briquet. American wild mint. Damp 
 open or shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 SOLAN ACEAE. Nightshade Family 
 Solanum dulcamara L. Climbing nightshade. Bittersweet. Open or 
 
64 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 shaded ground throughout. Growing like a native plant even in woods 
 and swamps. 
 
 Solarium nigrum L. Black nightshade. Shaded or rich open ground, 
 usually as a weed in cities and villages. Infrequent. 
 
 Physalis gro.ndiflora Hook. Large white-flowered ground cherry. In 
 sandy open ground near Alpena. Apparently infrequent, 
 -ft Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clam}' ground cherry. In dry and sandy 
 open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 Lycium halimifolium Mill. Common matrimony vine. Occasional as 
 an escape about cities and villages. 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger L. Black henbane. Noticed at St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, as a sort of weed in waste places. 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family 
 
 Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. As a weed along roads, in 
 pastures, old fields and open woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris Hill. Butter and eggs. Throughout as a weed in 
 and near cities and villages. Often plentiful. 
 
 Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Blue toad-flax. In dry sand}' open 
 or slightly shaded ground from Bay Count}' to Alpena. Not noticed 
 farther north. 
 
 Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare figwort. In dryish open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy beard-tongue. Dry open or 
 partially shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Frequent. 
 
 Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead. Wet open places from Bay County to 
 St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemed monkey-flower. Wet open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Mimulus glabratus jamesii (T. & G.) Gray. James' mimulus. In 
 very wet springy places on Mackinac Island, Mackinac County, and 
 near Presque Isle Bay, Presque Isle County. Plentiful. 
 
 Wronica americana Schwein. American brooklime. In and near 
 brooks, ditches and very wet places from Bay County to St. Ignace and 
 on Mackinac Island. Plentiful and often abundant. 
 
 Veronica scutellata L. Marsh speedwell. In damp open ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Veronica officinalis L. Common speedwell. Dryish open or shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Veronica serpylli folia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell. In open or shaded 
 grassy ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 65 
 
 Veronica peregrina L. Purslane speedwell. Gardens and waste 
 grounds about cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton. Small-flowered gerardia. In 
 sterile or wet boggy ground from Bay County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet painted cup. Damp open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. Often abundant. 
 
 Melampyrum lineare Lam. Cow wheat. Dryish open woods from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. Often 
 plentiful. 
 
 Pedicularis canadensis L. Common lousewort. Dryish shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp lousewort. Wet swampy 
 places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family 
 
 Utricularia vulgaris americana Gray. Greater bladderwort. Ponds, 
 small lakes, coves and ditches from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 . Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Flat-leaved bladderwort. In wel 
 mossy open places from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. Often abundant. 
 
 Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned bladderwort. In damp sand near 
 Fake Huron shore from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. Often abundant. 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort. On wet rocky beach of Thunder 
 Bay Island in Alpena County. Plentiful. Perhaps more frequent but 
 overlooked. 
 
 OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family 
 
 Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech drops. Under beeches from 
 Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent, often 
 plentiful. 
 
 Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. In oak-maple 
 woods on Mackinac Island. Apparently rare. Probably overlooked. 
 
 Orobanche uniflora L. One-flowered cancer-root. Abundant in spots 
 on Mackinac Island. Probably frequent throughout bin overlooked. 
 
 PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family 
 
 Plantago major L. Common plantain. Occasional throughout, 
 especially near cities and villages. 
 
 Plantago rugelii Done. RugePs plantain. Noticed as occasional in 
 cultivated grounds near cities and villages. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain. Becoming common as a 
 9 
 
66 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 weed throughout along roads, in pastures, cultivated fields and waste 
 places. 
 
 RUBIACEAE. Madder Family 
 
 Galium aparine L. Cleavers. Noticed in Cheboygan County and on 
 Mackinac Island, usually in rich shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Galium circaemns Michx. Wild liquorice. Rich woods from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Galium lanceolatum Torr. Tony's wild liquorice. Dryish open 
 woods from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Galium boreale L. Northern hedstraw. Dryish open ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Galium trifidum L. Small bedstraw. In damp open ground from Ba}^ 
 County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Galium tinctorium L. Stiff marsh bedstraw. Damp open or partially 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace. Plentiful. 
 
 Galium asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw. In damp shaded ground 
 from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented bedstraw. In open rich 
 woods and thickets throughout. Common. 
 
 Mitchella repens L. Partridge berry. In dryish open woods from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac Count}\ 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush. Near Linwood in Bay 
 County. Not noticed farther north. 
 
 Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed houstonia. Abundant in spots 
 often covering the ground on Thunder Bay Island in Alpena County. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family 
 
 Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush honeysuckle. Common and often 
 abundant throughout in dry sandy open or slightly shaded ground. 
 
 Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian honeysuckle. An occasional escape 
 about cities and villages. 
 
 Lonicera. canadensis Marsh. American fly honeysuckle. In open 
 woods from Bay County to St. Ignace and Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. 
 
 Lonicera oblongijolia (Coldie) Hook. Swamp fly honeysuckle. In 
 swam]}' places from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Count}'. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Lonicera hirsute/. Eat. Hairy honeysuckle. In rich open or partially 
 shaded ground from Alpena County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 md, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 67 
 
 Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas' honeysuckle. In dryish open 
 or partially shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
 Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous honeysuckle. Dryish open or partially 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolf berry. Dry open ground 
 about Mio, Oscoda County. Abundant. 
 
 Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. In dry open or par- 
 tially shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. Also plentiful about Mio, Oscoda 
 County. 
 
 Linnaea borealis americana (Forbes) Render. Moist, usually shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County, where 
 it is very abundant. 
 
 Viburnum opulus americanum (Mill) Ait. Cranberry-tree. Rich 
 open woods and along streams from Bay County to Bois Blanc Island, 
 Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Viburnum acerifolium L. Arrow-wood. In open woods from Bay 
 County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Plentiful. 
 
 Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy arrow-wood. Dryish open 
 woods in Alpena and Cheboygan counties. Plentiful. Noticed in 
 particular as abundant at Misery Bay near Alpena. 
 
 Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. In wet open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace. Common. 
 
 Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. In damp open woods and thickel 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. 
 
 Sambucus canadensis L. Common elder. In damp open ground from 
 Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Sambucus racemosa L. Red-berried elder. Damp open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family 
 
 Valeriana officinalis L. Garden heliotrope. Appears to be perma- 
 nently established as an escape in open dry ground in Presque Isle and 
 Cheboygan counties. Plentiful. 
 
 CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family 
 
 Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. W T ild balsam apple. Apparent ly 
 an escape from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent . 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE. Bluebell Family 
 
 Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping bell/lower. As an escape from 
 Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
68 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. On dry and sandy open ground, 
 especially near the Lake Huron shore. Common throughout. 
 
 Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh bellflower. Wet grassy ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family 
 
 Lobelia kalmii L. Kami's lobelia. In wet open ground from Bay 
 County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 COMPOSITAE. Composite Family 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye weed. Low open ground or often 
 in damp open woods from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum maculatum (L.) Darl. Spotted joe-pye weed. 
 In marslry open places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eupatorium perjoliatum L. Boneset. Wet marshy open ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Liatris cylindracea Michx. Cylindric blazing star. Dry open ground. 
 Plentiful on jack pine plains of Presque Isle, Montmorency, Oscoda and 
 Ogemaw counties. 
 
 Liatris scariosa Willd. Large button snakeroot. Dry open ground 
 from Bav County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Plentiful 
 especially on jack pine plains. 
 
 Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.) Dunal. Broad-leayed gum-plant. In 
 dry open ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City. Frequent in 
 fields and about cities and villages. 
 
 Solidago latifolia L. Broad-leayed goldenrod. Common in rich 
 shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Solidago hispida Muhl. Hair} r goldenrod. In dry open or partially 
 shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Solidago randii (Porter.) Britton. Rand's goldenrod. Dry sandy 
 ground, usually on or near the sandy beaches of Lake Huron from Alpena 
 to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Solidago racemosa gillmani (Gray) Fernald. Gillman's goldenrod. 
 Sandy shore near Mackinaw City, Cheboj-gan County. Apparently 
 infrequent. Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog goldenrod. Bogs and wet marshy places 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. Often 
 plentiful. 
 
 Solidago speciosa angustata T. & G. Slender goldenrod. In dry open 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinaw City, Cheboygan County. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 69 
 
 Solidago juncea Ait. Early goldenrod. Dry opon ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. Often plentiful. 
 
 Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-leaved goldenrod. Open dry ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray goldenrod. Dry open ground through- 
 out. Plentiful. 
 
 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod. Rich open or partially 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful and often abundant. 
 
 Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod. Rich open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. Often abundant. 
 
 Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod. Rich open or partially 
 shaded ground from Bsly County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Solidago ohioensia Riddell. Ohio goldenrod. Swamps and wet prairie- 
 like ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Fre- 
 quent. Often abundant. 
 
 Solidago houghtonii T. & G. Houghton's goldenrod. Dry sandy ground 
 usually on or near sandy beach of Lake Huron. Noticed in particular 
 near St. Ignace and on Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Bushy goldenrod. Moist opeu 
 ground or in damp sand on or near sandy beaches of Lake Huron 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved aster. Rich shaded ground. 
 Abundant throughout. 
 
 Aster novae-angliae L. New England aster. In moist mostly open 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer. Arrow-leaved aster. Dry open or 
 partially shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, .A [ackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Often abundant. 
 
 Aster lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's aster. Common in open or 
 slightly shaded ground from Presque Isle County to Mackinac Island, 
 Mackinac County. Plentiful. Also near Alpena. 
 
 Aster laevis L. Smooth aster. Dry open or partially shaded ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster polyphyllus Willd. (Aster faxoni Porter). Faxon's aster. 
 Gravelly open ground usually near beach on Bois Blanc Island. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Calico aster. Damp or dryish open or 
 partially shaded ground. Frequent. Often plentiful throughout. 
 
 Aster tradescanti L. Tradescant's aster. In damp open or shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. Often abundant. 
 
70 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled aster. In damp or dryish open or 
 partially shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Aster salicifolius Ait. Willow aster. Low open ground near Macki- 
 naw City, Cheboygan County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Aster junceus Ait. Rush aster. In marshy open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster longif alius Lam. Long-leaved aster. Low damp ground on 
 Bois Blanc Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk aster. Wet open or partially shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Frequent. 
 
 Aster umbellatus Mill. Tall flat-top white aster. Moist partially 
 shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. 
 Frequent. Often plentiful. 
 
 Aster ptarmicoides T. & G. Upland white aster. Dry level ground on 
 jack pine plains north of Rose City, Ogemaw County. Plentiful. 
 
 Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's plantain. Mostly open dryish 
 ground,, Bay County. Frequent. 
 
 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane. Field daisy. 
 Damp open ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet scabious. Usually in rich open 
 or partially shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. Often a weed in 
 pastures and hay fields. 
 
 Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy fleabane. Dry open ground 
 along roads, in fields and pastures. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Erigeron canadensis L. Horse-weed. About cities and villages, in 
 pastures, and on open burned over ground. Frequent throughout. Ap- 
 pearing as if introduced. 
 
 Antennaria canadensis Greene. Canadian cat's-foot. In dry open 
 or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Antennaria fallax Greene. Tall cat's-foot. Rich open or shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Antennaria ncodioica Greene. Smaller cat's-foot. Damp open or 
 partial^ shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Frequent. 
 
 Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field cat's-foot. In open or shaded 
 ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island. Plentiful. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Antennaria petaloidea Fernald. Common cat's-foot. In dry open or 
 partially shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Plentiful. Often abundant. 
 
 Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting. Dry open 
 or partially shaded ground from Bay County to Mackinac Island, Macki- 
 nac County. Frequent. Often abundant. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 71 
 
 Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. Common everlasting. From Bay 
 County to St. Ignace in fields and open ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy everlasting. Dry open groin id 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low cudweed. Damp or dry open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Noticed along roads near Pinconning 
 in Bay County. Plentiful. Not noticed farther north. 
 
 Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Burweed marsh elder. In waste places of ci1 
 and villages. Infrequent. Noticed in particular at Alpena and Macki- 
 naw City. 
 
 Ambrosia trifida L. Great ragweed. Waste places of cities and vil- 
 lages and about dwellings. Occasional throughout. 
 
 A?nbrosia artemisiifolia L. Common ragweed. Occasional through- 
 out as a weed, especialfy in cities and villages. 
 
 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western ragweed. Becoming frequent 
 throughout as a weed in cities and villages and about dwellings. 
 
 Xanthiwn canadense Mill. American cocklebur. Occasional in waste 
 places of cities. Noticed in particular at Alpena and Chebo} r gan. 
 
 Rudbeckia hirta L. Yellow daisy. Black-eyed-susan. In dry open 
 ground throughout, but apparently infrequent. 
 
 Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Few-leaved sunflower. Jack pine 
 plains south of Mio, Oscoda County. Plentiful in one locality. 
 
 Helianthus divaricatus L. Woodland sunflower. Jack pine plains 
 near Mio, Oscoda County, and Rose City, Ogemaw County. 
 
 Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke. Well established in old 
 field at Miserj^ Bay near Alpena. 
 
 Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance-leaved tickseed. First noticed in 
 sandy open ground near Lake LIuron shore at Alpena. Common from 
 there to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. Flowers yellow, beautiful. 
 
 Bidens frondosa L. Begger-ticks. Damp open ground from Bay 
 County to St. Ignace. Seldom plentiful. 
 
 Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bracted tickseed. Rich 
 ground and damp sandy shores from Bay County to St. Ignace, Macki- 
 nac County. Plentiful. 
 
 Bidens connata Muhl. Swamp beggar-ticks. Wet open places from 
 Baj' County to St. Ignace. Frequent. 
 
 Bidens cernua L. Stick-tight. Wet open places throughout. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow. A weed about cities and 
 villages throughout. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Anthemis cotida L. May-weed. Only as a weed about cities and vil- 
 lages. Not plentiful. 
 
72 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum .Lecoq & Lamotte. Ox- 
 eye-daisy. From Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac County. A per- 
 nicious weed in Cheboygan County. 
 
 Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. Common feverfew. Waste 
 places of cities and villages. Apparently not a permanent escape. 
 
 Chrysanthemum balsamita tanacetoides Boiss. Costmary. Well estab- 
 lished throughout as an escape, usually in dry open ground, along roads 
 and in old fields. Frequent. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgar e L. Common tansy. Roadsides and about cities 
 and villages as an escape throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Lake Huron tansy. On and near sandy 
 beach of Lake Huron from Alpena to St. Ignace. Plentiful. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall wormwood. Sandy beaches of Lake 
 Huron throughout, and often in open sandy ground and on sandy ridges 
 in the interior. Plentiful. 
 
 Artemisia abrotanum L. Southernwood. Persisting near Alpena in 
 dry open ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Artemisia pontica L. Roman wormwood. Along roads near Mio, 
 Oscoda County. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Artemisia stelleriana Bess. Beach wormwood. Sandy open ground as 
 a permanent escape from Bay County to St. Ignace. Often on sand 
 dunes. 
 
 Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial wormwood. Dry or damp open 
 ground in and about cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Artemisia absinthium L. Wormwood. Dry open ground about cities 
 and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Petasites palmatus (Ait.) Gray. Palmate-leaf sweet coltsfoot. In 
 rich open or shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and on 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. Frequent and often plentiful. 
 
 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed. Usually in rich open or 
 shaded ground and noticed from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. Abundant on burnt over ground. 
 
 Senecio vulgaris L. Common groundsel. Noticed as abundant about 
 the village of Mackinac Island, Mackinac County. 
 
 Senecio aureus L. Golden ragwort. In wet and marshy open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. Often plentiful. 
 
 Senecio balsamitae Muhl. Balsam groundsel. In dry open or shaded 
 ground, mostly on or near sand}^ beach of Lake Huron. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Arctium minus Bernh. Common burdock. Cities, villages and gen- 
 erally in cultivated grounds. Often in open woods, like a native plant. 
 Plentiful. 
 
SHORE OF LAKE HURON 73 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common thistle. Roadsides and in 
 cultivated grounds. Not abundant or prominent anywhere. 
 
 Cirsium pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. Pitcher's thistle. On sandy beach 
 of Lake Huron from Arenac County to St. Ignace and on Mackinac 
 Island. Plentiful. 
 
 Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field thistle. In dryish open or 
 shaded ground. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp thistle. In swampy open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. Common in Bay County. 
 Occasional from Arenac County to Alcona County. Abundant from 
 Alpena to Mackinaw City and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Lapsana communis L. Nipple-wort. Mostly in shaded ground on 
 Mackinac Island. Abundant in spots. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Cichorium intybus L. Common chickory. Along roadsides and in 
 cultivated grounds, but seldom plentiful. Noticed throughout. 
 
 Kriaia virginica (L.) Willd. Carolina dwarf dandelion. In sandy open 
 or slightly shaded ground in Arenac and Iosco counties, and noticed as 
 far as Alpena. Often abundant. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify. In cities and villages and along 
 railroads throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis L. Goat's beard. In cities and villages and 
 along railroads. Seldom plentiful. 
 
 Taraxacum officinale Weber. Common dandelion. Abundant in 
 Bay County. Infrequent in Arenac and Iosco counties. More abuni lant 
 from Alcona Comity to St. Ignace and on Mackinac Island. 
 
 Sonchus arvensis L. Field sow thistle. In cities and villages especially 
 depot grounds. Frequent. Occasional in cultivated fields. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus L. Common sow thistle. Gardens and in waste 
 places of cities and villages throughout. Seldom plentiful. 
 
 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved sow thistle. About cities and 
 villages. Not noticed in uncultivated grounds. 
 
 Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly lettuce. Through- 
 out but apparently scarce. 
 
 Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce. In open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Lactuca spicata (Lam.)'Hitchc. Tall blue lettuce. In rich open or 
 partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Prenanihes racemosa Michx. Glaucous white lettuce. Damp open 
 prairie-like ground near Cheboygan and St. Ignace. Apparently in- 
 frequent. 
 
 Prenanihes alba L. White lettuce. Noticed in rich open or shaded 
 ground from Bay County to St. Ignace and Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent throughout. 
 
74 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Hieracium auriantiacum L. Orange hawkweed. First noticed about 
 two miles north of Alpena. Very abundant and a pernicious weed from 
 there to and in Presque Isle and Cheboygan counties. Reported as 
 appearing there about ten years ago. 
 
 Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. Frequent in dry open or 
 slightly shaded ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac 
 County. 
 
 Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough hawkweed. Dry open ground 
 from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Count}". Frequent through- 
 out. 
 
 Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada hawkweed. Noticed in dry 
 open ground from Bay County to St. Ignace, Mackinac Countj 7 . Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-leaved hawkweed. Dry open oj 
 partially shaded ground from Alpena to Mackinac Island, Mackinac 
 County. Frequent. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND 
 FERN ALLIES GROWING WILD IN SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY 
 AND VICINITY IN THE UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN 
 IN 1915 
 
 During the season of 1915 a camp for general biological work was 
 established on the bank of Manistique River, perhaps 22 or more miles 
 northeast of the city of Manistique, at a place known as Floodwood, a 
 very wild and uninhabited locality. It having been decided to examine 
 also the wild plants of the region, the writer undertook the work, 
 the wild vegetation of Mackinac and Chippewa Counties had previously 
 received some attention, it was thought best as far as time would permit, 
 to connect the present with former work. 
 
 Schoolcraft County 
 
 This county is bounded on the south by Lake Michigan, east by 
 Mackinac and Luce counties, north by Alger County, west by Alger 
 County in part and by Delta County. It is from 36 to 40 miles north 
 and south and from 30 to 36 miles east and west. Its Lake Michigan 
 shore line is about 40 miles and its northern boundary is from less than 
 6 to 12 miles from the south shore of Lake Superior. Manistique, the 
 county seat on Lake Michigan, is about 300 miles and the south shore 
 of Lake Superior about 350 miles from the south state lino. From the 
 city of Detroit it is about 165 west and 200 miles north. The city of 
 Manistique has a population of about 5,000, all other places being very 
 small, and the county in general being sparsely settled. So far as the 
 writer has been able to learn there is no available literature on the wild 
 plants of this region. 
 
 General Surface Conditions 
 
 The surface of the county is very irregular and much broken up into 
 tamarack-black spruce swamps, cranberry marshes, large open wet 
 and undrained areas, jack pine plains, sand ridges, and sand duru 
 small spots and larger tracts of hardwoods. Comparatively speaking 
 it is not a rocky country as is so generally supposed by those who have 
 not visited the county. No rock outcropping in the comity was noticed 
 except limestone exposures along or near the Lake Michigan shore. 
 White and Norwa} r pines were formerly quite abundant in many places, 
 but such tracts were mostly long ago lumbered, shrubs and small trees 
 only now remaining. Verj^ small areas of original pine are occasionally 
 
76 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 seen. After the removal of the timber, the hardwood lands are being 
 used successfully for farming purposes. There are large tracts of burned 
 over ground which now are covered mostly with the wild red cherry, 
 not generally with poplars and white birch as is so often the case in the 
 Lower Peninsula. At present it generally appears throughout that if 
 the country were left to itself, it would ultimately return to its former 
 forest covering. 
 
 Streams and Small Lakes 
 
 The Manistique River with its branches is the only stream of any 
 importance, its source being Manistique Lake, lying between Luce 
 County and the northwestern part of Mackinac County. It is a very 
 winding and swift-running stream, evidently having changed its bed 
 many times. Three interior lakes not far from the Lake Michigan shore, 
 Indian Lake, McDonald Lake, and Gulliver Lake, are worthy of men- 
 tion. Many smaller lakes and permanent ponds were noticed through- 
 out the county. 
 
 Shores and Beaches of the Two Great Lakes 
 
 The shores of these lakes are from 40 to nearly 50 miles apart, on a 
 straight north and south line. In many ways they are much alike, 
 especially the sandy beaches, and have many like characteristic plants. 
 Among those common on both shores may be mentioned: Equisetum 
 variegatum, Juniperus communis depressa, Juniperus horizontolis, 
 Calamovilfa lonyifolia, Ammophila arenaria, Agropyron dasystachyum, 
 Elymus canadensis, Scirpus occidentalism Scirpus americanus, Smilacina 
 stellata, Salix glaucophylla, Salix syrticola, Cakile edentula, Potentilla 
 anserina, Lathyrus maritimus, Hudsonia tomentosa (or the variety), 
 Solidago randii, Tanacetum huronense, Artemisia caudata, Cirsium 
 pitcheri. 
 
 Plants Worthy of Special Mention 
 
 Beech, yellow birch, and sugar maple are the dominant trees of the 
 hardwoods, mingled in various proportions. Scattered among these 
 are large American elms, striped maple, white birch, mountain maple, 
 ironwood, hemlock, balsam, red maple, and mountain ash. Tamarack, 
 abundant throughout in tamarack-black spruce swamps, is being at- 
 tacked and killed by the saw-fly, an insect pest from Europe. The black 
 spruce of these swamps is usually small. White spruce is scattering and 
 often being attacked by the dwarf mistletoe. White cedar is apparently 
 scarce at the present time. Two species of oak, bur oak and swamp 
 white oak, the latter often called locally "blue oak, " were noticed as 
 occasional along streams, and red oak, usually quite small, on open 
 sandy ground and on sand dunes. Specimens of oak from Grand Island 
 were sent to Prof. C. S. Sargent and he pronounced them to be Quercus 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 77 
 
 borealis Michx.f., northern red oak. Black ash is common along si reams 
 and in swampy places. Many small trees of green ash were noticed 
 on borders of hardwoods; and red ash occurred along streams, being 
 very abundant on the low banks of the Tahquamenon River in Lure 
 County. The red maple is frequent in damp rich ground with other 
 trees, where it is of fair size, but it is also as a shrub or small scraggy 
 tree common on dry sandy ground and on sand dunes. The wild black 
 cherry was observed throughout, but it is not plentiful. Various specif \s 
 of willows are abundant, but poplars are seldom plentiful. Salix pellitto 
 along the low banks of the Tahquamenon River in Luce Count}' was of 
 special interest. The balsam poplar is often large but seldom abundant. 
 Very large juneberries were found, in rich ground with other trees not 
 far from the Lake Michigan shore in the western part of Mackinac 
 Coun ty . 
 
 Ground Traversed 
 
 * 
 
 About 35 days were spent in the field, from June 24 to July 9 and 
 from September 4 to 25, 1915. From St. Ignace in Mackinac County, 
 the shore of Lake Michigan was followed westerly as near as was possible 
 with horse and rig to Naubinway within about 20 miles of the western 
 line of Schoolcraft County, the rest of the way by rail to the city of 
 Manistique. Most of the time of the June trip was spent in the vicinity 
 of the city of Manistique and at the camp near Floodwood. The vi- 
 cinity of Floodwood was very wild and there was little to indicate near 
 or even remote civilization except forest devastation. A large black 
 bear was killed by Joseph Richej^ not far from the camp; porcupines 
 appeared to be plentiful and deer abundant. In September a trip was 
 made with a liverj^ rig from Newberry in Luce County to Deer Park on 
 the south shore of Lake Superior, down the Tahquamenon River by 
 launch to the upper falls, from Seney in Schoolcraft Count}' north to 
 Grand Marais on the south shore of Lake Superior in Alger County and 
 then to Munising and Grand Island in the same county where some 
 investigation was also made. By far the most beautiful place the writer 
 has yet seen on the Great Lakes is Grand Island and vicinity. 
 
 Wide Range of Some of the Shrubs and Trek 
 
 The following appear to be common, or at least occasional, from the 
 south line of the State to the south shore of Lake Superior: Lam laricina, 
 Salix lucida, Salix longifolia, Salix pedicellaris, Salix petiolaris, Salix 
 humilis, Salix Candida, Populus iremuloides, Populus grandidentata, 
 Populus balsamifera, Ostrya virginiana, Bettda lutea, Alnus incana, Fagus 
 grandifolia, Quercus macrocarpa, Querents rubra, Ulraus americana, Amel- 
 anchier laevis Wiegand, Crataegus punctata, Primus serotina, Prunus 
 pennsylvanica, Prunus virginiana, Rubus idaeus aculeatissimus, Pyrus 
 
78 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 arbuti folia atropurpurea, Rhus glabra, Rhus toxicodendron, Ilex verticillata, 
 'Acer spicatum, Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum, Rhamnus alnifolia, Tilia 
 americana, Cornus circinata, Cornus stolonifera, Cornus alternifolia, 
 Fraxinus nigra,, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceo- 
 lata, Viburnum opulus aw.ericanum, Viburnum cassincides, Viburnum 
 lentago, Sa?nbucus canadensis, and Sambucus racemosa. Very many 
 species of herbaceous plants extend over the same range. 
 
 The natural order and nomenclature, as given in Gray's New Manual 
 of Botany, Illustrated, have generally been followed unless otherwise 
 stated. 
 
 The writer is much indebted to Prof. A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase 
 of the United States Department of Agriculture for an examination and 
 determination of the grasses, and to K. K. Mackenzie of New York City 
 for an examination of all species of Cyperaceae and many other plants. 
 In the genus Carec:, Mr. Mackenzie's determinations and names have 
 been strictly followed. 
 
 Tf any of these names at present are not found in the two manuals 
 now commonly used, they will soon appear in the forthcoming North 
 American Flora. When the scientific names of Gray's "New Manual 
 of Botany " differ from those in Brit ton and Brown's " Illustrated Flora, " 
 Second Edition, the latter are given in parentheses, except in the genus 
 Car ex. 
 
 Annotated List 
 FOLYPCDIACEAE. Fern Family 
 
 Polypodiuni vulgare L. Common polypod3 r . Said to be common in 
 the Upper Peninsula but not yet noticed in Schoolcraft County. 
 
 Phegopteris polypodioides Fee. (Dryoptcris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr.). 
 Long beech-fern. Shaded banks and damp rich woods. Common and 
 often abundant. Fronds triangular. 
 
 Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. (Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britton). 
 Oak fern. Rich shaded ground especially in hardwoods. Fronds ter- 
 nate. Plentiful. 
 
 Adianturn pedatum L. Maidenhair. Rich shaded ground especiali} r 
 in hardwoods. Frequent. Noticed in particular in woods near Indian 
 Lake. 
 
 Pferis aquilina L. (Pteridium aquilinuni (L.) Kuhn.). Common 
 brake. Almost everywhere in dry or damp, open or shaded ground. 
 One of the most common and abundant plants throughout. . 
 
 Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Slender cliff-brake. At the 
 Pictured Rocks in Alger County. Noticed by the late G. H. Hicks. 
 
 Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (Athyrium filix-joeraina (L.) 
 Roth.). Lady fern. Female fern. Moist shaded ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 79' 
 
 Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. (Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray). 
 Marsh shield-fern. Open marshy ground or damp shaded places. Com- 
 mon and often abundant throughout. 
 
 Aspidium noveboracensc (L.) Sw. (Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. 
 Gray). New York fern. Rich open hardwoods. Abundant in beech- 
 maple-birch woods along the Tahquamenon River in Luce and Chippewa 
 Counties. 
 
 Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. (Dryopteris cristala (L.) A. Gra\ 
 Crested shield-fern. In damp and swampy places. Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum (0. F. Muller) Sw. (Dryopteris spinulosa 
 (Muell.) Kuntze). Spinulose shield-fern. Common in hardwoods 
 throughout. Tn. general appearance much like but generally smaller 
 than the following. 
 
 Aspidium. spinulosum intermedium (Muhl.) DC- (Dryopteris inter- 
 media (Muhl.) Gray). American shield-fern. In damp rich shaded 
 ground and frequent. Much like the preceding but usually larger. 
 
 Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.) Bulb- 
 let cystopteris. In damp shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern. In moist open or shaded ground. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. (Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) 
 Todaro). Ostrich fern. Usually in shaded alluvial ground and hence 
 very abundant along shaded banks of streams. One of the best of our 
 native ferns for cultivation. Grows best in shade and needs plenty of 
 water. 
 
 OSMUNDACEAE. Flowering Fern Family 
 
 Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern. Flowering fern. Wet open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. Often abundant. 
 
 Osmunda claytoniaua L. Clayton's fern. Interrupted fern. Damp 
 open or partially shaded ground throughout. Fine specimens noticed. 
 
 Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern. In damp open or partially 
 shaded ground throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 OPKIOGLOSSACEAE. Adder's Tongue Family 
 
 Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Ternate grape-fern. Occasional through- 
 out in open or partially shaded ground. Abundant at Manistique in 
 one place on ground made up of sawdust and bark. 
 
 Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern. Frequent 
 throughout in rich shaded ground. 
 
 EQUISETACEAE. Horsetail Family 
 
 Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail. Common in open or par- 
 tially shaded ground and often acting as a sand binder on sandy shor 
 and along railway embankments. 
 
80 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood horsetail. Common in clamp shaded 
 ground. 
 
 Equisetum fluviatile L. Swamp horsetail. Tn very wet and muddy 
 open ground or often in shallow water. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Equisetum hyemale L. Common scouring rush. In dry open ground 
 and often on sides and crests of sand dunes acting as a fairly efficient 
 sand binder. Noticed in particular east of Manistique on large dunes. 
 See Britton & Brown's "Illustrated Flora/' Second Edition, Volume I, 
 page 41. 
 
 Equisetum variegatum Schleigh. Varigated equisetum. Frequent 
 along the sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. 
 
 Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge-like equisetum. In dryish open 
 or shaded places, but easily overlooked. Frequent. 
 
 LYCOPODIACEAE. Club Moss Family 
 
 Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining club-moss. In damp shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog club-moss. In clamp sandy open 
 ground. Noticed in particular as abundant near Manistique, not far 
 from the Lake Michigan shore. 
 
 Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff club-moss. Usually in shade. Often 
 very abundant in hardwoods. A vine-like evergreen plant. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum L. Common club-moss. Running pine. T)ry- 
 ish open woods and often very abundant. Noticed in particular as very 
 abundant on the farm of W. T. S. Cornell near Hiawatha. A beautiful 
 vine-like plant, extensively creeping. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground pine. Plentiful in rch woods. 
 Appearing like a small pine shrub and much resembling the following. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Tree-like 
 ground pine. In rich woods and apparently the more common form. 
 The difference between these two forms seems very obscure. 
 
 Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing Christmas-green. In dry 
 sanely ground and usually among pines. Often abundant. 
 
 Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Festoon club-moss. In dry sandy 
 open or partially shaded ground. Abundant in spots. Cornell. 
 
 SELACINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family . 
 
 Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping selaginella. In low damp 
 open or partially shaded places. Often abundant. A very pretty little 
 moss-like plant. 
 
 TMACEAE. Yew Family 
 
 Taxus canadensis Marsh. American yew. Ground hemlock. In 
 tamarack-black sprue swamps and often very abundant in hardwoods. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 81 
 
 PINACEAE. Pine Family 
 
 Pinus strobus L. White pine. Formerly abundant in many localities 
 as at present indicated by stumps. A very few clumps of large trees 
 left. Small trees noticed throughout. 
 
 Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine. Plentiful on what are called jack 
 pine plains, consisting of very dry sandy localities of flat or rolling 
 ground. Noticed also in sphagnum swamps. Usually a small scraggy 
 tree, occasionally large and straight enough for lumber. 
 
 Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch pine. Occasionally planted. Noticed in 
 particular on the sandy beach of Grand Island in Alger County where 
 it appears to be thriving. 
 
 Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. Norway pine. Formerly abundant 
 on dry sandy land. Has been extensively cut for lumber and only a 
 few small tracts now left. Small trees common throughout. 
 
 Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Abundant in "tamarack 
 swamps" and occasional on dry land. Usually small and mixed with 
 black spruce. It is being killed by attacks of the saw-fly, an insect pest 
 from Europe. Shrubs plentiful throughout. 
 
 Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. White spruce. Frequent on dryish 
 high ground but never plentiful. Many large trees noticed on the banks 
 of the Tahquamenon River, in Luce County. Often attacked by the 
 dwarf mistletoe as a parasite. 
 
 Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black spruce. Common throughout 
 with tamarack in what are often called tamarack-black spruce swamps. 
 Usually the trees are small and often attacked by the dwarf mistletoe. 
 Many botanists, foresters and cruisers distinguish a small short-leaved 
 form and call it "swamp spruce," Picea brevifolia Peck. 
 
 Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam. Balsam fir. Usually in and on 
 borders of hardwoods, occasional in swamps. Noticed throughout. 
 
 Tsuga canadensis (J,.) Carr. Hemlock. In hardwoods, many scatter- 
 ing large trees noticed. Sometimes plentiful in spots and streaks, but 
 seldom abundant. 
 
 Thuja occidentalis L. White cedar. Arbor vita:-. Formerly qui 
 abundant in "cedar swamps," but at present scarce on account of lum- 
 bering and forest fires. Occasional on poor sandy ground and in hard- 
 woods. Small trees also common along lake shores. 
 
 Juniperus communis depressa Pursh. Low juniper. Often plentiful 
 along the shores and sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior 
 where it acts as an efficient sand binder. Occasional in other places in 
 dry sandy ground. 
 
 Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Creeping juniper. Frequent and 
 sometimes abundant along the sandy beaches and shores of Lake Michi- 
 gan and Lake Superior where it often covers the ground and acts as an 
 efficient sand binder. Occasional in swamps. 
 11 
 
82 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family 
 
 Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail. Cat-tail flag. Common through- 
 out in open swampy places. 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family 
 
 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited bur-reed. Borders 
 of small lakes, ponds and streams. Abundant. 
 
 Sparganium diversifolium acaule (Beeby) Fernald & Fames. Stemless 
 bur-reed. In very wet open swampy places. Often abundant. 
 
 NAJADACEAE. Pondweed Family 
 
 Potamogeton natans L. Common floating pondweed. In ponds, on 
 borders of small lakes, on margins and in coves of streams. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. NuttalPs pondweed. In still or flowing 
 water throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Potamogeton amplifolius Tuekerm. Large-leaved pondweed. In 
 ponds and slow streams throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved pondweed. In 
 ponds and slow streams throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold & Presl. Ziz's pondweed. In 
 ponds and small lakes and on margins of slow streams throughout. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 F J otamogeton perfoliatus L. Claspingrleaved pondweed. In ponds and 
 slow streams throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillns L. Small pondweed. In ponds and ditches. 
 Common. 
 
 Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy pondweed. In still and slow-flowing 
 water throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Spiral pondweed. In still water and 
 on borders of slow streams. Plentiful. 
 
 Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. <fe Schmidt. Slender naias. In ponds 
 and slow streams. Often abundant. 
 
 TUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow Grass Family 
 
 Scheuckzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria. Open boggy places through- 
 out. Noticed in particular near Vermilion in Chippewa County. 
 
 Triglochin maritima L. Sea-side arrow-grass. Marshy open places 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Triglochin palustris L. Marsh arrow-grass. Usually in damp open 
 sandy ground. Often abundant in damp sand along lake shores. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 83 
 
 ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow-head. In ditcli- s, 
 muddy places, shallow water about ponds, and along streams. Plentiful. 
 
 Alis?7ia plan tag o-aquatica L. American water-plantain. In shallow 
 water, muddy places, and along streams. Often abundant. 
 
 HYDROCHARITACEAE. Frog's-bit Family 
 
 El odea canadensis Michx. Waterweed. In ditches, coves, pond-, 
 small lakes and along slow streams. Often abundant. 
 
 Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape grass. Wild celery. In ponds and slow 
 streams. Abundant. Said to be a fine duck food. 
 
 GRAMINEAE. Grass Family 
 
 Digitaria humifusa Pers. (Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb. (Nash). 
 Small crab-grass. Occasional on poor sandy ground, in cultivated fields 
 and waste places. A weed but not very troublesome. Usually prostral e. 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac), 
 Large crab-grass. Finger-grass. A miserable weed in cities and village is . 
 gardens, fields and waste places. 
 
 Panicum capillare L. Old- witch grass. Usually preferring dr}' sandy 
 ground. Common as a weed about cities and villages, in gardens, fields, 
 and waste places. 
 
 Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved panic-grass. In dry open 
 ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Panicum subvillosum Ashe. Spreading panic-grass. Along or near 
 sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior and on dry open 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard-grass. Summer-grass. 
 Usually preferring damp cultivated grounds, but as a weed will be found 
 in most all gardens, fields and waste places. Very variable. 
 
 Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.). Yellow 
 foxtail. Pigeon-grass. A common weed in almost all cultivated ground-. 
 In general appearance much like the following. 
 
 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.). Green 
 foxtail. Frequent in cultivated grounds and waste places. Much like 
 the preceding in general appearance. 
 
 Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Small bur-grass. Usually in dry sandy 
 open ground and gradually becoming more frequent. A miserable weed 
 with a cruel spiny bur and often called sand-bur. 
 
 Zizania palustris L. Indian rice. Wild rice. In ponds, small lakes 
 and streams, apparently planted by sportsmen to attract ducks. Abun- 
 dant in the Tahquamenon River in Luce County. 
 
84 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary-grass. In wet open ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. {Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn.). 
 Vanilla grass. Sweet-grass. Moist open or partially shaded ground 
 near Seul Choix. Plentiful. Cornell. Also noticed near Rexton in 
 Mackinac County. It emits a very sweet fragrance. 
 
 Milium effusum L. Tall millet-grass. Frequent throughout in rich 
 woods. 
 
 Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Slender mountain rice. In dry 
 and sterile open ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained mountain rice. On 
 borders, and in open spots of beech-maple-birch wood's. Frequent. 
 
 Mnhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Wild timothy. On low 
 meadow-like ground and borders of marshes. Frequent. 
 
 Brachy elytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Bearded short-husk. Com- 
 mon throughout in hardwoods. 
 
 Phleum oratense L. Timothy. Common throughout, probably as an 
 escape. 
 
 Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. Late-flowering drop- 
 seed. In damp open sand3 r ground west of Manistique. Abundant. 
 
 Agrostis alba L. Redtop. In damp open ground and often in damp 
 sand. Common. 
 
 Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Rough hair-grass. Fool-hay. In 
 dry or moist open or partially shaded ground. Abundant. 
 
 Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-gras.-. Upland bent- 
 grass. Usualh r in damp rich shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Long-leaved reed-grass. On 
 sand dunes and sandy beaches. Apparently seldom abundant in this 
 region. When growing in abundance it is an efficient sand binder. 
 
 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint grass. Usually 
 in wet open meadow-like ground. Often abundant and cut for hay. 
 
 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea sand-reed. Sandy beaches of 
 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Often abundant, when it is one of 
 the most efficient sand binders known. 
 
 Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common hair-grass. Dry open 
 ground throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted hair-grass. Frequent 
 in wet open ground. Noticed in particular in wet places on Bois Blanc 
 Island in Mackinac County. 
 
 Avena sativa L. Common oat. Apparently escaping and persisting 
 in waste places. 
 
 Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common wild oat-grass. In dry open 
 sterile ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 85 
 
 Danthonia compressa Aust. Flattened wild oat-grass. Dry open 
 ground near Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Vasey's wild oat-grass. Dry open 
 ground near Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Phragmites communis Trin. Common reed-grass. Wet open places, 
 borders of tamarack-black spruce swamps, and near lake shores. Seldom 
 abundant. 
 
 Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. (Avena smithii Porter). Smith's oat. 
 Damp open woods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Melica striata (Mich.) Hitchc. (Avena torreyi Nash). Purple oat. 
 Open woods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. About cities and villages and 
 in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Poa annua L. Low spear-grass. In lawns and cultivated grounds. 
 Common. 
 
 Poa compressa L. Canada blue-grass. English blue-grass. Usually 
 in dry and sterile cultivated ground. Noticed as frequent on the sandy 
 beach of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Poa nemoralis L. Wood meadow-grass. Dry open ground. Appar- 
 ently infrequent. 
 
 Poa pratensis L. June grass. Kentucky blue-grass. The common 
 grass of our lawns, fields, meadows, pastures, and open woodlands. 
 
 Poa trivialis L. Rough-stalked meadow-grass. Damp open ground 
 near Floodwood. Apparently rare. 
 
 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. (Panicidaria canadensis (Michx.) 
 Kuntze). Rattlesnake-grass. Wet boggy open places. Common and 
 often abundant. A beautiful grass. 
 
 Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. (Panicidaria nervata (Willd.) Kuntze). 
 Fowl meadow-grass. Low open or partially shaded ground. Common 
 and often abundant. 
 
 Glyceria grandis W&ts. {Panicidaria grandis (S. Wats.) Nash). Reed 
 meadow-grass. Low banks of streams, ditches and wet meadow-like 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender fescue-grass. In dry sterile open 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Festuca ovina L. Sheep's fescue. In open dry ground. Frequent. 
 
 Festuca elatior L. Meadow-fescue. In an open dryish place near Flo< >< l- 
 wood. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Festuca nutans Spreng. Nodding fescue-grass. Sandy beach of Lake 
 Michigan near Manistique. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Bromus secalinus L. Common chess. About cities and villages and in 
 cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed brome-grass. Open moist woods and 
 banks of streams. Frequent. 
 
86 BOTANY OP MICHIGAN 
 
 Bromus pumpellianus melicoides Shear. Pumpelly's meliolike brome 
 grass. A western form plentiful on the sandy beach at Mackinaw City 
 in Cheboygan County. It will probably be found in the Northern 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack-grass. Common as a weed in 
 cities and villages and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Northern wheat-grass. 
 Sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. When abundant 
 it is a good sand binder. 
 
 Agropyrum tenerum Vasey. Slender wheat-grass. On the sandy 
 beach of Grand Island near Munising in Alger County. Plentiful. 
 Perhaps the identification is doubtful. 
 
 Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Awned wheat-grass. Open dryish 
 ground on Grand Island near Munising in Alger County. Plentiful. 
 
 Secale cereale L. Common rye. Escaping from cultivation and ap- 
 parently persisting in cities, villages and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grass. Plentiful in cities and vil- 
 lages and occasional in damp meadow-like ground. 
 
 Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye. Plentiful along low shaded 
 banks of streams and in damp open woods. 
 
 Elymus canadensis L. Nodding wild rye. Sand}^ beaches of Lake 
 Michigan and Lake Superior. Frequent. Acts as a good sand binder. 
 
 Hystrix patula Moench. Bottle-brush grass. Frequent in beech- 
 maple-birch woods. 
 
 CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family 
 
 Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. Wet open swampy 
 places and on borders of ponds. Often abundant. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris (L.) R..& S. Creeping spike-rush. Wet meadow- 
 like ground and often in shallow water. Common. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris vigens Bailey. Large spike-rush. Margins of 
 ponds and small lakes and usually in shallow water. Often abundant. 
 
 Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle spike-rush. Wet and 
 muddy places about ponds, small lakes, and along low banks of slow 
 streams. Often abundant. 
 
 Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender spike-rush. Wet open 
 meadow-like ground. Abundant. 
 
 Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered club-rush. Wet open 
 calcareous ground near Lake Michigan shore. Often abundant. 
 
 Scirpus caespitosus L. Tufted club-rush. Deer-hair. Wet boggy 
 open ground on margin of a tamarack-black spruce swamp south of 
 Shingleton. Plentiful. 
 
 Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. (Eriophorum alpinum L.). 
 Alpine cotton-grass. Wet open marshy ground. Often abundant. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 87 
 
 Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. Borders of ponds, small 
 lakes and streams. Plentiful. 
 
 Scirpus validus Vahl. Great bulrush. Margins of ponds and streams. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Vicid great bulrush. Wet boggy 
 places and in shallow water about ponds, small lakes, bays of the Great 
 Lakes and along streams. Abundant. 
 
 Scirpus airovirens Muhl. Dark-green bulrush. In. marshy open 
 places and swamps. Common. 
 
 Scirpus cypcrinus pelius Fernald. Wool grass. In wet open prairie- 
 like ground. Common. 
 
 Scirpus airodnctus Fernald. Dark wool-grass. Wet open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Scirpus atrocinctus brachypodus Fernald. Clustered wool-grass. 
 Damp open or partially shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Hare's-tail. Open bogs. Common. 
 
 Eriophorum gracile Roth. Slender cotton-grass. Swamps and open 
 boggy places. Frequent. 
 
 Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Rough cotton-grass. Open wet and 
 swampy places. Frequent. 
 
 Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. Tall- cotton-grass. Very wet boggy 
 places and often growing in water. Noticed as plentiful near Floodwood. 
 
 Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Thin-leaved cotton 
 grass. Borders of, and open spots in, tamarack-black spruce swamps. 
 Common. 
 
 Eriophorum virginicum L. Virginia cotton-grass. Open bogs and 
 very wet meadow-like ground. Common. 
 
 Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait.f . Brown beaked-rush. Damp prairie-like 
 or open boggy ground near Manistique. Plentiful. Prof. C. A. Davis. 
 1905. 
 
 Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White beaked-rush. Wet boggy open 
 ground. Often abundant. 
 
 Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. {Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) 
 Kuntze). Twig-rush. Bogs, wet open marshy places and wet shores. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Carex crawfordii Fernald. Crawford's sedge. Dryish open ground. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Carex albolulescens Schwein. Greenish-white sedge. Damp or dryish 
 open ground near Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex normalis Mackenzie. (C. mirabilis Dewej'). Larger straw 
 sedge. Dryish open or partially shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Carex tenera Dewey. Straw sedge. Frequent in dryish open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. 
 
 Carex bebbii Olney. Bebb's sedge. Low open ground. Frequent. 
 
88 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Carex aenea Fernald. Fernald's hiw-sedge. Dryish open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent and often plentiful. 
 
 Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bicknell. (C. stellulata cephalantha 
 (Bailey) Fernald). Larger prickly sedge. Low open ground near Flood- 
 wood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex leersii angustata (Carey) Mackenzie. (C. stellulata angustata 
 Care} 7 ). Tapering sedge. Low open ground at Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex sterilis Willd. (C. scirpoides Schk.). Prickly sedge. Damp 
 open ground near Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex interior Bailey. Inland sedge. Damp or wet open ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex arcta Boott. Northern clustered sedge. In damp woods at 
 Floodwood. Frequent. 
 
 Carex canescens L. Silvery sedge. Wet open places about tamarack- 
 black spruce swamps. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex brunnescens Poir. Brownish sedge. Dryish shaded ground at 
 Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex bromoides Schkuhr. Brome-like sedge. Frequent in damp 
 woods. 
 
 Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey's sedge. Beech-maple-birch-woods. 
 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited sedge. Plentiful in tamarack- 
 black spruce swamps. 
 
 Carex disperma Dewey. (C. tenella Schkuhr.). Soft-leaved sedge. 
 In damp woods, especially in and about tamarack-black spruce swamps. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Carex diandra Schrank. Lesser panicled sedge. Bogs and damp open 
 places at Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. Very wet open places. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Carex sartwellii Dewey. SartwelPs sedge. Very wet open boggy 
 places near Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex crinita Lam. Fringed sedge. Wet open or partially shaded 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex gynandra Schwein. (C. crinita gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & 
 Ton*.). Nodding sedge. Wet open or partially shaded ground near 
 Manistique. Frequent. 
 
 Carex aquatilis substricta Kukenthal. Northern water sedge. In very 
 wet open ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex stricta Lam. Tussock sedge. Very wet open or partially shaded 
 ground forming dense bunches or tussocks. 
 
 Carex strictior Dewey. Stiff sedge. Open marshy ground near Flood- 
 wood. Frequent. Much resembling the preceding but not forming 
 large tufts or tussocks. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 89 
 
 Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited sedge. Damp open ground, usually 
 in grassy places. Common. 
 
 Carex hassei Bailey. Hasse's sedge. On the damp gravelly beach of 
 Lake Michigan near Manistique. By some authors considered the 
 same as C. bicolor All. 
 
 Carex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered sedge. In open spots of 
 tamarack-black spruce swamps in sphagnum. Often very abundant. 
 
 Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stalked sedge. In bogs and swamps. 
 Abundant throughout. 
 
 Carex buxbaumii Wahl. (C. polygama Schkuhr.). Brown sedge. 
 Common in boggy open places. 
 
 Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful sedge. Common in hardwoods. 
 
 Carex tonsa (Fernald) Bicknell. (C. umbellata tonsa Fernald). Deep 
 green sedge. On high fixed sand ridges near Floodwood. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania sedge. Dry sandy open 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex paupercula Michx. Bog sedge. Frequent in open bogs through- 
 out. Noticed in particular about Floodwood. 
 
 Carex leptonervia Fernald. (C. laxiflora leptonervia Fernald). Two- 
 edged sedge. Rich shaded ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex flava L. Yellow sedge. Wet open marshy ground. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie. (" C. flava recti rostra Gaudin ") . Smaller 
 yellow sedge. Marshy open ground. Frequent. 
 
 Carex oederi Retz. Green sedge. Damp open sandy ground near 
 Lake Michigan shore. Abundant. 
 
 Carex capillaris elongata Olney. Tall hair-like sedge. In Wet shaded 
 ground near Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex arctata Boott. Drooping wood-sedge. In hardwoods. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Carex flexuosa Muhl. (C. debilis rudgei Bailey). Slender-talked 
 sedge. Frequent in hardwoods about Floodwood. 
 
 Carex scabrata Schwein. Rough sedge. Damp open or partially 
 shaded ground on Grand Island in Alger Count}'. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (C '. filiformis Good) . Slender sedge. In bogs 
 and often in shallow water. Abundant. 
 
 Carex oligospermia Michx. Few-seeded sedge. Open bogs throughout. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Carex lacustris Willd. (C. riparia Muhl.). Lake-bank sedge. In 
 swamps about Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex pseudo-cypems L. Cyperus-like sedge. Wet open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
90 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Car ex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine sedge. Wet boggy open ground. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse sedge. Wet open or partially shaded 
 ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop sedge. Swamps and wet woods. Common. 
 
 Carex intwnescens Rudge. Bladder sedge. Wet open or partially 
 shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex monile Tuckerm (C. vesicaria monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald). 
 Necklace sedge. Open wet places at Floodwood. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex tuckermani Dewey. Tuckerman's sedge. Rich open ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 ARACEAE. Arum Family. 
 
 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Indian turnip. Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
 Rich woods, especially hardwoods. Common. 
 
 Calla palustris L. Wild calla. In flitches and very wet boggy places. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Acorus cala?nus L. Sweet flag. On borders of slow streams. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family 
 
 Lemna minor L. Lesser duckweed. Often covering stagnant water 
 in ditches, on and near margins of ponds, small lakes and slow streams. 
 Abundant. Appearing like a green scum on water. 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family 
 
 Pontedcria cordata L. Pickerel-weed. In ponds, small lakes, coves, 
 bays and on margins of slow streams. Noticed in particular along the 
 Tahquamenon River in Luce County. Plentiful. 
 
 JUNCACEAE. Rush Family 
 
 J uncus bufonius L. Toad rush. Damp open ground, often in wet 
 sand and on roadsides. Abundant. 
 
 Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender rush. Damp fields, open places and 
 roadsides. Common. 
 
 Juncus fjreenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Greene's rush. In wet sand near 
 Manistique. Plentiful. Prof. C. A. Davis, 1905. 
 
 Juncus balticus UUoralis Engelm. Baltic rush. Damp open ground 
 and on sandy beaches, where it is an efficient sand binder. Abundant. 
 
 Juncus effusus L. Common rush. Soft rush. Wet open ground. 
 Common. 
 
 Juncus brachycephalus (1 m.) Buchenau. Small-headed rush. 
 Wei shores of Lake Michigan and in open marshy places. Plentiful. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 91 
 
 Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Narrow-panicled rush. 
 
 Wet and muddy places about ponds, small lakes and along low banks 
 of slow streams. Plentiful. 
 
 Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Canada rush. Open marshy places. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Juncus nodosus L. Knotted rush. Damp gravelly places along and 
 near Lake Michigan shore. Often abundant. 
 
 LILIACEAE. Lily Family 
 
 Tofieldia glulinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous tofieldia. Damp open 
 prairie-like ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Zygadenus chloranthus Richards. (Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.). 
 Glaucous zygadenus. Sand dunes and sandy beaches of Lake Michigan 
 near Manistique. Often plentiful. 
 
 Allium tricoccwm Ait. Wild leek. Tn hardwoods and often, abundant. 
 Cornell. 
 
 Lilium philadelphicum andinum (Nutt.) Ker. (L. umbellatum Pursh). 
 Western red lily. Rich partially shaded and open dryish sandy ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Erythronium albidum Nutt. White adder's-tongue. Rich usually 
 shaded ground. Frequent. Cornell. 
 
 Asparagus officinalis L. Garden asparagus. Occasional as an escape 
 in dry samty open ground. 
 
 Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow clintonia. Tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps and in hardwoods. Often very abundant. 
 
 Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (Vagnera racenwsa (L.) Morong.). 
 False-spikenard. Rich open woods. Often plentiful. 
 
 Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. (Vagnera stellata (I;.) Morong.). Star- 
 flowered Solomon's seal. Moist shaded ground and also in dry sandy 
 open or shaded places. Often abundant. 
 
 Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. (Vagnera trif alia (L.) Morong.). Three- 
 leaved Solomon's seal. Very wet open boggy places. Often abundant. 
 
 Maianthemum canadense Desf. ( Unifolium canadense (Desf.) ( I r< sene) . 
 Wild lily-of-the-valley. Damp or dryish shaded ground. Abundant in 
 hardwoods. 
 
 Streplopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk. 
 Damp rich open or shaded ground. Often plentiful. 
 
 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's seal. Frequent 
 in hardwoods. 
 
 Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root. Rich open woods. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered wake-robin. 
 In hardwoods but seldom plentiful. 
 
 Trillium cernuumL. Nodding wake-robin. In hardwoods. Frequent. 
 
92 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 IRIDACEAE. Iris Family 
 
 Iris versicolor L. Larger blue-flag. Damp open or shaded ground. 
 Seldom abundant. 
 
 Sisyrinchium angustifoliwn Mill. Pointed blue-eyed grass. On and 
 near the sandy beach of Lake Michigan. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorwn Salisb. Smaller yellow lady's slipper. 
 Damp rich or swampy shaded ground. Apparently not common. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorwn pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Larger yellow 
 lady's slipper. Damp places in hardwoods. Frequent. 
 
 Cypripedium aindidum Muhl. Small white lady's slipper. Swampy 
 ground near Manistique. Plentiful. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. (C. reginae Walt.) . Showy lady's slipper. 
 Swampy ground and margin of wet woods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Cypripedium acaule Ait. (Fissipes acaulis (Ait.) Small). Stemless 
 lady's slipper. In tamarack-black spruce swamps or shaded sandy 
 ground. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Habenaria bracteoia (Willd.) R. Br. (Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) 
 Pari.). Long-bracted orchis. Frequent in hardwoods. 
 
 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb.). 
 Tall leafy green orchis. Frequent in open hardwoods. 
 
 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. {Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb.). 
 Tall white bog orchis. Bogs and often in wet sand. Frequent and often 
 plentiful. 
 
 Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. (Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rich- 
 ards). Small northern bog orchis. Tamarack-black spruce swamps 
 and also in other very low wet shaded places. Apparently not common. 
 
 Habenaria hookeri Torr. (Lysias hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb.). 
 Llooker's orchis. Noticed as occasional in hardwoods. 
 
 Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. (Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb.). 
 Round-leaved orchis. Noticed in hardwoods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Habenaria macrophylla Goldie. Large round-leaved orchis. Rich 
 shaded ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose pogonia. In open boggy 
 places. Frequent. 
 
 Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. (Limodorum tuberosum L.). Grass 
 pink. Open boggy places. Often plentiful. 
 
 Arethusa bulbosa L> Arethusa. Wild pink. Very wet and boggy 
 open places near tamarack-black spruce swamps. Never abundant. 
 
 Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. (Ibidium gracile (Bigel.) House). 
 Slender ladies' tresses. Dry open ground near Manistique. Apparently 
 infrequent. Very probably overlooked. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY & 
 
 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. ■ (Ibidium cernuum (L.) House). 
 Drooping ladies' tresses. Damp open ground. Abundant near Manis- 
 tique in damp sand. 
 
 Epipactis tesselata (Locld.) A. A. Eaton. (Peramium tesselatum (Lodd. ) 
 Heller). Checkered rattlesnake plantain. Occasional in open hardwoods. 
 
 Epipactis decipiens (Hook.) Ames. (Peramium decipiens (Hook.) 
 Piper). Menzies' rattlesnake plantain. Dryish shaded ground. Fre- 
 quent. Cornell. 
 
 Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. (Ophrys convallarioides (Sw.) W. F. 
 Wight). Broad-lipped twayblade. Very wet woods near FJoodwood. 
 Apparently infrequent. Very probably overlooked. 
 
 Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain. (C. corallorrhiza (L.) Karst.). Early 
 coral-root. Damp shaded places. Frequent. 
 
 Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Large coral-root. Frequent in bard- 
 woods. 
 
 Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. (Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House). Calypso. 
 Rich shaded ground. Occasional. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 SALICACEAE. Willow Family 
 
 Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. Borders of damp woods and along 
 streams as a small shrub. Frequent. 
 
 Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Common in wet open ground. 
 
 Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald. Autumn willow. Borders of 
 tamarack-black spruce swamps, especially near Manistique. Plentiful. 
 Cornell. 
 
 Salix alba L. White willow. Occasionally planted but apparently 
 not spreading. 
 
 Salix longifolia Muhl. (Salix interior Rowlee). Sandbar willow. 
 Along streams. Frequent. 
 
 Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved willow. Frequent along streams. 
 
 Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved willow. On and near the 
 sandy beaches of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Frequent. 
 
 Salix syrticola Fernald. (S. adenophylla Hook.). Furry willow, i to 
 and near the sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. Very wet and boggy places. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow. Low open ground and along 
 banks of streams. Frequent. 
 
 Salix petiolaris Sm. Slender willow. In damp low ground. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. Dry open ground. Often 
 plentiful. 
 
94 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Salix rostrata Richards. (S. bebbiana Sarg.). Beaked willow. Dry 
 or damp open ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Salix Candida Fliigge. Hoary willow; Very wet or bogg} r open ground. 
 Common. 
 
 Salix pellita Anders. Satiny willow. Along the low marshy banks 
 of the Tahquamenon River in Luce County. Abundant. 
 
 Populus alba L. White poplar. Occasionally planted, but apparently 
 not spreading. 
 
 Populus tremuloides Michx. American aspen. Throughout, but sel- 
 dom abundant. 
 
 Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed aspen. Rich woods 
 with other trees. Never plentiful. 
 
 Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. Trees often large and extend 
 to the south shore of Lake Superior. Plentiful. 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. A horticultural form called 
 Carolina poplar, or large-leaved poplar, occasionally planted as an orna- 
 mental tree, but apparently not spreading. 
 
 Populus nigra italica Du Roi. Lombardy poplar. Occasionally 
 planted but not spreading. 
 
 MYRICACEAE. Sweet Gale Family 
 
 Myrica gale L. Sweet gale. In very wet places, on borders of ponds 
 and small lakes and along streams. Often very abundant. 
 
 Myrica asplenijolia L. (Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter). Sweet 
 fern. Open dry sterile ground. Often very abundant. 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family 
 
 Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Reported as occasionally planted. 
 Large native trees noticed on Bois Blanc Island in Mackinac County, 
 very probably its northern limit in the eastern counties of the Upper 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Juglans nigra L. Black walnut. Reported as frequently planted and 
 said to thrive. 
 
 BETULACEAE. Birch Family 
 
 Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. Dryish open or partially 
 shaded ground. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Ironwood. In hardwoods with 
 other trees. Plentiful. 
 
 Betula lutea Michx.f. Yellow birch. One of the three principal trees 
 of the hardwood forests. Common with beech and sugar maple. Large 
 shaggy-barked ones often called "red birch." It extends to the south 
 shore of Lake Superior. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 95 
 
 Betula alba papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. (B. papyrifera Marsh.). 
 Paper l)irch. Canoe birch. White birch. Common in hardwoods and 
 also along streams. Small trees and mere shrubs often abundant on 
 burned over ground. It extends to the south shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Betula pumila glandulifera Kegel (/?. glandulifera (Regel) Butler). 
 Glandular low birch. Borders of tamarack-black spruce swamps, and 
 in other swampy places. Often abundant. 
 
 Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh. (A. alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch). Gr< 
 alder. Mountain alder. Sand dunes near Manistique. Plentiful. Prof. 
 C. A. Davis, 1905. 
 
 Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. In swamps, all wet low 
 places and along streams. Very abundant. 
 
 FAGACEAE. Beech Family 
 
 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American beech. One of the three principal 
 trees of the hardwood forests. Abundant with sugar maple and yellow- 
 birch. It extends to the south shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Frequent along the Manis- 
 tique River in Schoolcraft County and the Tahquamenon River in Luce 
 Countv. In the lumber trade sold as white oak. 
 
 Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. Occasional along the two 
 rivers above mentioned. Known as blue oak in Schoolcraft County and 
 in the lumber trade sold as white oak. 
 
 Quercus rubra L. Red oak. On dry sandy ground throughout, 
 especially on jack pine plains. Often plentiful but seldom large. 
 
 URTICACEAE. Nettle Family 
 
 Ulmus fulva ^lichx. Slippery elm. Red elm. Reported as occasional 
 in Schoolcraft County by W. T. S. Cornell and in Alger County by 
 Thomas B. Wyman, forester at Munising. Not seen b} r the writer. 
 
 Ulmus amencana L. American elm. White elm. Frequent through- 
 out, and fine large trees noticed in hardwoods and along the large stream 
 It extends to the south shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. Occasional about cities and villages as a 
 weed. 
 
 Humulus lupulus L. Common hop. Occasionally esc tping and per- 
 sisting. 
 
 Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender nettle. Damp open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. (Urticastrum divaricat . I Kuntze). 
 
 Wood nettle. Frequent in hardwoods. 
 
 SANTALACEAE. Sandalwo* d I amily 
 
 Comandra richardsiana Fernald. Richards' comandra. Dry open or 
 
96 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 partially shaded ground. Common. By some authors included in C. 
 umbellata (L.) Nutt. 
 
 Comandra Uvida Richards. Northern comandra. In dry sterile open 
 or shaded ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family 
 
 Arceuthobium pusillum Peck. (Razoumojskyo, pusilla (Peck) Kuntze). 
 Dwarf mistletoe. Parasitic on the twigs of white spruce and black spruce 
 causing them to curl up into thick bunches, forming what are called 
 "witches' brooms. " Frequent. 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family 
 
 Rumex britannica L. Great water dock. In wet marshy places 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Rumex crispus L. Yellow dock. About cities and villages and in 
 cultivated grounds. A miserable weed. 
 
 Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Willow-leaved dock. Sandy beaches of 
 Lake Michigan and in dry open ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Rumex ohtusifolius L. Bitter dock. Frequent in cities, villages, and 
 cultivated grounds as a weed. 
 
 Rumex acetosella L. Field sorrel. Common in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-grass. Common about cities and vil- 
 lages, in lawns, gardens, and other cultivated grounds. 
 
 Polygonum erectum L. Erect knotweed. Mostly about cities and vil- 
 lages, and on roadsides as a weed. Frequent. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S. F. GrajO- 
 Pale persicaria. In damp open ground. Noticed mostly as an occa- 
 sional weed about cities and villages. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium L. {Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray). 
 Water persicaria. Margins of ponds, small lakes, and along low banks 
 of streams. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. (Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. 
 Wats.) Small.). Swamp persicaria. Marshy and swampy places, mar- 
 gins of ponds and along streams. Often in shallow water. Common. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper L. (Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz.) Smart- 
 weed. In damp open or partially shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum acre HBK. (Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small.). Water 
 smart weed. Wet marshy ground and along low banks of streams and 
 occasionally in shallow water. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum persicaria L. (Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small.) Lady's 
 thumb. Usually in damp open places as a weed in cities and villages. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum L. (Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small.). Arrow- 
 leaved tear-thumb. Damp open or partially shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 97 
 
 Polygonum convolvulus L. (Tiniaria convolvulus (I/.) Webb & Moq.). 
 Black bindweed. As a frequent weed in gardens and other cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 ) Polygonum cilinode Michx. (Tiniaria cilinodis (Michx.) Small.) 
 Fringed black bindweed. In dry sandy open ground. Noticed in par- 
 ticular as abundant on burned over sidehills south of Shingleton. 
 \ Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast joint-weed. Dry sandy open 
 ground, especially on jack pine plains. Often abundant. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family 
 
 Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged pigweed. Sandy 
 open ground. A weed in cities and villages and along railroads. 
 
 Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. (Blitum capitatum L.). Straw- 
 berry blite. Dryish or damp open ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved goosefoot. Occasional as a 
 weed in gardens and other cultivated grounds. 
 
 Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot. Occasional in 
 open woods, but more frequent in waste places and cultivated grounds 
 as a weed. 
 
 Chenopodium album L. Lamb's quarters. Common pigweed. Com- 
 mon as a weed in streets, waste places and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Atriplex paiida hastaia (L.) Gray. Halberd-leaved orache. Frequent 
 in waste places and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-seed. Sandy open ground near 
 Manistique. Prof. C. A. Davis, 1905. 
 
 Salsola kali tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. (Salsola pestifer A. Nelson). 
 Russian thistle. Noticed as occasional in cities, villages and cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexus L. Green amaranth. Also often called red 
 root and amaranth pigweed. Noticed only as a weed in waste places and 
 cultivated grounds. 
 
 Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. Jn waste place and culti- 
 vated grounds as a weed. Apparently not common. 
 
 Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate amaranth. In cultivated and 
 waste grounds as a weed. Occasional but will probably become abun- 
 dant. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family 
 
 Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurry. In sandy cultivated fields and 
 waste places as a weed. Cornell. 
 
 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved sandwort. In dry sandy 
 ground. Frequent as a weed in cities and villages. 
 13 
 
98 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Stellaria longipes laeta (Richards) Wats. Beach stitchwort. In 
 drifting sand on the sandy beach of. Lake Michigan in the western part 
 of Mackinac County. Abundant. Plant low; flowers small, white. 
 
 Stellaria longifolia Muhl. (Alsine longi folia (Muhl.) Britton). Long- 
 leaved stitchwort. Damp grassy open places. Frequent. 
 
 Stellaria graminea L.' (Alsine graminea (L.) Britton). Lesser stitch- 
 wort. Covering sides and crests of sand dunes near Lake Michigan shore 
 east of Manistique. Abundant. 
 
 Stellaria media (L.) Cjoill. (Alsine media L.). Common chickweed. 
 A weed in gardens and waste places. Often abundant. 
 
 Cerastium vutoatum L. Larger mouse-ear chickweed. A common 
 weed in cities, villages and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Agrostemma githago L. Cockle. Corn cockle. Frequent in grain 
 fields and waste places. 
 
 Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein pink. Occasional on dryish 
 open ground. 
 
 Lychnis alba Mill. White campion. Becoming common in cities and 
 villages and often as a weed in cultivated fields. 
 
 Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly. Dryish open woods or in open 
 sandy ground. Frequent. 
 
 Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly. Noticed only as a weed 
 in cultivated groimds. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Bladder campion. In wates 
 places, along railroads and in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Saponaria officinalis L. Soap wort. Bouncing bet. Dry open sandy 
 places, especially in and near cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Saponaria vaccaria L. (Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton). Cow-herb. 
 In and near cities and villages and along railroads. Infrequent. 
 
 PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family 
 
 Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Carolina spring beauty. In rich shaded 
 ground. Frequent. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane. Occasional in dry sandy 
 cultivated grounds as a weed. 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family 
 
 Nymphaea advena Ait. In still and stagnant water throughout. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. Sweet-scented white 
 water lily. Ponds, coves, borders of small lakes, and on margins of slow 
 streams. Noticed in particular in the Tahquamenon River and Muskal- 
 longe Lake in Luce County. 
 
 Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Ponds, small lakes and borders of 
 streams. Frequent. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 99 
 
 Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water shield. Frequent in still water of 
 coves and ponds. 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family 
 
 Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. (Batrachium circinalum (Sibth.) Rchb. . 
 Stiff white water crowfoot. Frequent in the shallow water of ditch 
 ponds and slow streams. 
 
 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed crowfoot. Celery-leaved crowfoot. 
 In open wet places, bogs and ditches. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot. Rich damp 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked crowfoot. Rich woods and open 
 places. Frequent. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp buttercup. Usually in 
 moist shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus pennsyluanicus L.f. Bristly crowfoot. Frequent in open 
 damp ground. 
 
 Ranunculus acris L. Tall crowfoot. In damp open or shaded ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Thalictrum dioicum L. Early meadow rue. Frequent in rich open 
 woods. 
 
 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Tall meadow rue. Frequent 
 in damp open or shaded ground. 
 
 Hepatica triloba Chaix. (Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst.). Round- 
 leaved liver-leaf. Rich open woods. Frequent. 
 
 Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp-lobed liver-leaf. Usually in beech- 
 maple-birch woods. Frequent. 
 
 Anemone cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited anemone. Dry sandy open 
 or partially shaded ground east of Manistique. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Anemone virginiana L. Tall anemone. Frequent in open woods. 
 
 Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone. Banks of streams and in 
 open prairie-like ground. Frequent and often abundant. 
 
 Anemone quinquefolia L. Wood anemone. Wind-flower. Margins 
 of woods and thickets. Frequent. 
 
 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia virgin's bower. Banks of small 
 streams. Common. 
 
 Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold. Open and shaded swampy 
 places. Common. 
 
 Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread. Damp usually shaded pla< 
 and in tamarack-black spruce swamps. Abundant. 
 
 Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine. Dryish open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberry. In rich woods and 
 thickets. Frequent. 
 
100 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Actaea rubra forma neglecta (Gillman) Robinson. White-fruited red 
 baneberry. Frequent with the preceding. Fruit white, pedicels capil- 
 lary. 
 
 Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White baneberry. Frequent in rich woods, 
 pedicels not capillary, but thickened in fruit. Berries white. 
 
 BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family 
 
 Caulophyllum ihalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue cohosh. In hardwoods 
 near Indian Lake and at Floodwood. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family 
 Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. In open rich woods. Frequent. 
 
 FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family 
 
 Dicenira cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (Bicuculla cucidlaria (L.) Millsp.). 
 Dutchman's breeches. Rich woods. Frequent. Cornell. 
 
 Dicenira canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) 
 Millsp.). Squirrel corn. Rich woods. Frequent. 
 
 Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Bork.) 
 Pale corydalis. Common and often abundant on burned over dry 
 ground. 
 
 CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family 
 
 Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow alyssum. In dry open ground as a weed 
 about cities and villages. Apparent^ not common. 
 
 Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny-eres^. Occasional as a weed about 
 cities and villages. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Lepidium virginicum L. Wild peppergrass. A weed in waste places, 
 gardens and on roadsides. Frequent. Much resembling the following. 
 
 Lepidium apetalum Wilkl. Ape^alous peppergrass. In cities, villages, 
 and cultivated grounds. Frequent. Described under L. densiflorum 
 Schrad. in Britton and Brown's " Illustrated Flora", Second Edition, 
 Vol. II, page 166. 
 
 Capsella bursa-pasioris (L.) Medic. (Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) 
 Britton). Shepherd's purse. A common weed in gardens, fields and 
 waste places. 
 
 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure. False flax. Occa- 
 sional in cities, villages and along railroads. 
 
 Cakile edeniula (Bigel.) Hook. American sea rocket. Sandy beach 
 of Lake Michigan. Frequent. 
 
 Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. (Sinapis arvensis L.). Common mus- 
 tard. Charlock. A weed about cities and villages, and in cultivated 
 grounds. Often too abundant. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 101 
 
 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard. Occasional as a weed 
 about cities and villages. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. Smooth-podded hedge-mus- 
 tard. A weed about dwellings and in waste places. Frequent. The 
 species with pubescent pods may yet be noticed. 
 
 Sisymbriwn altissimum L. (Norta altissima (L.) Britton). Tumble 
 mustard. In cities and villages as a weed. Often plentiful. 
 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link.). 
 Worm-seed mustard. Mostly as a weed in cities and villages. Occa- 
 sional in fields. 
 
 Radicula nasturlium-aquaticum (L.) Britton & Rendle. True water- 
 cress. In brooks and ditches. Frequent. 
 
 Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh cress. Wet open places and 
 often in shallow water. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Radicula armoracia (L.) Robinson. (Armoracia armoracia (L.) Brit- 
 ton). Horseradish. Escaping into moist places of cities and villages 
 and persisting. Frequent. 
 
 Dentaria diphylla Michx. Crinkle-root. In hardwoods. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania bitter-cress. In very 
 wet and open or shaded swampy places. Often abundant. 
 
 Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved rock-cress. On and near, the sandy 
 beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Often plentiful. 
 
 Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower mustard. Frequent in dry open 
 places or in open woods. 
 
 SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Common in tamaraek-nlaek 
 spruce swamps. 
 
 DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family 
 
 Dr oser a rotundifolia L. Round-leaved sundew. Boggy open ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family 
 
 Sedum acre L. Mossy stonecrop. Dry open sandy ground in and near 
 cities and villages. Sometimes covering the ground and abundant. 
 
 Sedum purpureum Tausch. (Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gra; 
 Live-forever. Escaping from cultivation and persisl ing in various places. 
 Frequent. 
 
102 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family 
 
 Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. (Micranthcs pennsylvanica (L.) Haw.). 
 Swamp saxifrage. On margins and in open spots of tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps. Plentiful. 
 
 Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved bishop's-cap. Damp rich woods and 
 thickets. Frequent. 
 
 Mitella nuda L. Naked bishop's-cap. Damp rich shaded ground. 
 Common. 
 
 Chrysosplenium americanum Schwcin. Golden saxifrage. Cool wet 
 open or shaded places. Often abundant. 
 
 Parnassia parviflora DC. Small -flowered grass-of-parnassus. In 
 springy and wet meadow-like places. Abundant in spots. Noticed in 
 particular near Munising, Alger County. 
 
 Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Carolina grass-of-parnassus. Common 
 in wet swampy open or shaded places. 
 
 Ribes oxyacanthoides calcicola Fernald. (Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) 
 Spach.). Low wild gooseberry. Damp open or partially shaded ground. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Ribes flcridum L'Her. (R. americanum Mill.). Wild black currant. 
 Damp open or shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp black currant. Cool damp shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Ribes prostratum L'Her. (R. glandidosum Grauer.). Fetid currant. 
 Skunk currant. Damp shaded ground, sometimes in the open. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Ribes triste Pall. Swamp red currant. American red currant. Damp 
 hardwoods . Frequent . 
 
 ROSACEAE. Rose Family 
 
 Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. (Opulaster opulifolius (L.) 
 Kuntze). Ninebark. Common along streams. Noticed as plentiful 
 in crevices of limestone rock on Lake Michigan shore at Seul Choix. 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia L. Common meadow-sweet. In low mostl} r open 
 ground. Common. Apparently S. alba DuRoi or S. latifolia (Ait.) 
 Borkh. of some authors. 
 
 Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack. Steeple bush. Usually in low damp 
 open ground. Common about Manistique. Cornell. 
 
 Pyrus malus L. (Malus malus (L.) Britton). Common apple. No- 
 ticed as frequent throughout in a wild state. 
 
 Pyrus arbutifolia atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. (Aronia atropur- 
 purea Britton). Purple-fruited choke-berry. Frequent in low swampy 
 ground and often in shade. Ripe fruit claret colored to purplish black. 
 
 Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 103 
 
 Britton). Black choke-berry. Damp open places especially on margins 
 of tamarack-black spruce swamps. Common especially about Manis- 
 tique. Ripe fruit black. 
 
 Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. (Sorbus americana Marsh). Ameri- 
 can mountain ash. Common on margins of woods. Often large, 50 feet 
 high and more. 
 
 Amelanchier laevis Wiegand. Smooth-leaved juneberry. Borders of, 
 and in, rich woods near Lake Michigan shore. Plentiful. Noticed in 
 particular in the western part of Mackinac County, where many trees 
 were IS inches in diameter 4 feet from the ground and 50 feet high. S 
 Rhodora, Vol. 14, page 158. 
 
 Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited thorn. Usually in (lamp open 
 or partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Douglas' thorn. (C. brockvjayat Sarg. . 
 Very probably to be found throughout in dry, damp, open or shaded 
 ground. Noticed in particular on Grand Island in Alger County. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Common strawberry. Common iu 
 both damp or dry open ground throughout. 
 
 Fragaria vesca americana Porter. (F. americana (Porter) Britton). 
 American wood strawberry. In damp hardwoods and tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps. Frequent. 
 
 Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough cinquefoil. In open dry sandy 
 ground throughout. Frequent as a roadside and field weed. 
 
 Potentilla argentea L. Silvery cinquefoil. Frequent in dry open 
 ground. 
 
 Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. (Comarum palustre L.). Marsh 
 cinquefoil. Very wet and swampy open places. Common. 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa, L. (DasipJiora fruticosa (L.) Rydb.). Shrubby 
 cinquefoil. Wet or dry open ground. Often abundant. 
 
 Potentilla, tridentata Ait. (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb.). 
 Three-toothed cinquefoil. Dryish sandy or gravelly open or partially 
 shaded ground throughout. Plentiful in spots. 
 
 Potentilla anserina L. {Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.). Silver-weed. 
 Usually in dry or damp open ground near Lake Michigan or Lake 
 Superior shore. Often abundant. 
 
 Potentilla canadensis L. Common cinquefoil. Frequent in dry open 
 ground. 
 
 Geum canadense Jacq. White avens. Frequent in and near hard- 
 woods. 
 
 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow avens. Moist open ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Geum rivale L. Purple avens. Damp open or partially shad* x 1 ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Rubus idaeus aculealissimus (C. A. Mey) Regel & Tiling. (R. strigosus 
 
104 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Michx. of some authors). Wild red raspberry. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Abundant. 
 
 Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Salmon-berry. Usually in open woods. 
 Often plentiful. 
 
 Rubus triflorus Richards. Dwarf raspberry. Damp open or shaded 
 ground . Common . 
 
 Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Tall blackberry. Open places and 
 burned over ground. Common. 
 
 Rubus canadensis L. Millspaugh's blackberry. Mostly borders of 
 hardwoods and along streams. Plentiful. This is not the dewberry 
 formerly having this scientific name, but an upright shrub. 
 
 Rubus nigricans Rydb. Bristly blackberry. In marshy and swampy 
 ground. Often very abundant. A creeping or ascending shrub, re- 
 sembling the dewberry, but with small insignificant fruit. 
 
 Rubus hispidus L. Running swamp blackberry. Tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 Rubus villosus Ait. (R. procumbens Muhl.). Dewberry. Dry open 
 ground. Often plentiful. Fruit large and palatable. Formerly having 
 the scientific name of Rubus canadensis L. 
 
 Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall hairy agrimony. In hardwoods 
 and thickets. Frequent. 
 
 Agrimonia striata Michx. Brit ton's agrimony. Damp open woods 
 and along streams. Apparently infrequent. Noticed in particular near 
 the upper falls of the Tahquamenon River in Luce County. 
 
 Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly rose. Dr}dsh open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Rosa blanda Ait. Meadow rose. Dryish open ground. Often abun- 
 dant on sandy beaches and sand dunes acting as an efficient sand binder. 
 Sometimes afflicted by the gall-fly, Rhodistes bicolor. 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Occasional on roadsides as an escape. 
 
 Prunus serotina Ehrh. (Padus virginiana (L.) Mill.). Wild black 
 cherry. Occasional throughout. Apparently more frequent near 
 Munising in Alger County. 
 
 Prunus virginiana L. (Padus nana (DuRoi) Roemer.) . Choke cherry. 
 In dry or damp ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Wild red cherry. Open woods and clear- 
 ings. Very abundant on burned over ground. 
 
 Prunus cuneata Raf . Appalachian cherry. Dryish sandy open ground. 
 Often plentiful. 
 
 Prunus pumila L. Sand cherry. Plentiful on the sandy beaches of 
 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Also often covering sand dunes. 
 An efficient sand binder. 
 
 Prunus nigra Ait. Canada plum. Borders of woods and banks of 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 105 
 
 streams. Frequent. Noticed in particular near the Lake Michigan 
 shore in the western part of Mackinac County. 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family 
 
 Trijolium pratense L. Red clover. Roadsides, waste places and 
 clearing. Frequent and thrifty. Our cultivated clover. 
 
 Trijolium reverts L. White clover. Noticed as frequent throughout 
 in cities, villages, pastures and on roadsides. 
 
 Trijolium hybridum L. Alsike clover. Roadsides, clearings and in 
 waste places. Frequent throughout and thrifty. 
 
 Meliloius officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow sweet clover. Waste pla 
 about cities and villages. Infrequent. Cornell. 
 
 Melilotus alba Desr. White sweet clover. Waste places and road- 
 sides. Occasional. Cornell. 
 
 Medicago saliva L. Alfalfa. Occasional in cities and villages. Cor- 
 nell. 
 
 Medicago lupulina L. Black medic. In cities and villages and about 
 farm buildings. Frequent. 
 
 Vicia angustijolia (L.) Reichard. Smaller common vetch. Occasional 
 about cities and villages and along railroads. 
 
 Vicia americana Muhl. American vetch. Moist or dryish open 
 ground. Occasional. Noticed in particular near Rexton in the western 
 part of Mackinac County. 
 
 Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach pea. Sandy beaches of Lake 
 Michigan and Lake Superior. Often plentiful. An efficient sand 
 binder. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris linearifolius Ser. Winged marsh vetchling. Fre- 
 quent in damp open places and margins of woods throughout. 
 
 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Pale vetchling. D^ish shaded ground 
 near Seul Choix. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 LINACEAE. Flax Family 
 
 Linum usitatissimum L. Common flax. Streets and depot grounds of 
 cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. Wood Sorrel Family 
 
 Oxalis acetosella L. Common wood sorrel. White wood sorrel. In 
 hardwoods and low wet shaded ground. Often very abundant. 
 
 Oxalis stricta L. (Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small). Upright yellow 
 wood sorrel. In cities and villages and along railroads. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 Oxalis comiculata L. (Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small). Yellow 
 
106 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 procumbent sorrel. As a weed about cities and villages, but apparently 
 rare. 
 
 GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family 
 
 Geranium maculatum L. Wild crane's-bill. In hardwoods and along 
 old roads. Seldom plentiful. 
 
 Geranium robertianum L. (Robertiella robertiana (L.) Hanks.). Herb 
 robert. In damp woods and on sandy beaches of Lake Michigan. Not 
 noticed as anywhere abundant. 
 
 Geranium bicknellii Britton. BicknelPs crane-bill. Clearings, open 
 places, and burned over areas. Plentiful. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family 
 
 Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed polygala. Dry shaded ground. 
 Often plentiful. Cornell. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family 
 
 Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. (Chamaesyce glyptosperma 
 (Englm.) Small). Ridge-seeded spurge. Noticed as plentiful along 
 railroads. 
 
 Euphorbia macidata L. (Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small). Milk 
 purslane. In cities, villages and on roadsides. Frequent. 
 
 CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Starwort Family 
 
 Callitriche palustris L. Vernal water-starwort. In mud or water of 
 ponds, small lakes and sluggish streams. Often plentiful. 
 
 Callitriche autumnalis L. Autumnal water-starwort. Frequent in 
 shallow still water of ponds, small lakes and streams. Noticed in par- 
 ticular in the Tahquamenon River in Luce County. 
 
 EMPETRACEAE. Crowberry Family 
 
 Empetrum nigrum L. Black crowberry. Noticed by G. H. Hicks 
 near the Pictured Rocks and by Prof. C. A. Davis near Grand Marais 
 in Alger County. 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family 
 
 Rhus typhina L. (R. hirta (L.) Sudw.). Staghorn sumach. Usually 
 not far from Lake Michigan shore in dry open or particularly shaded 
 ground. Abundant in spots. 
 
 Rhus glabra L. Smooth sumach. Dryish open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron L. (Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze). 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 107 
 
 Poison ivy. In woods, dry sandy ground and on sandy beaches. Often 
 plentiful. This shrub often becomes a vine and tree climber, when some 
 authors give it the name of Rhus toxicodendron radicans (L.) Torr., 
 climbing poison ivj^. 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family 
 
 Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Black alder. Winterberry. In low open 
 or partially shaded ground. Common. 
 
 Nemopanthes mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holly. In damp woods 
 and swamp j r ground throughout. Often abundant. Known in Luce 
 Countv as " buck-bush " or "buck-brush" from the fact that deer 
 brouse it. 
 
 CELASTRACEAE. Staff Tree Family 
 
 Celastrus scandens L. Known as "bittersweet" in Michigan and 
 western Ontario. Usually a vine climbing trees. Noticed west of 
 Manistique and along the Manistique River at Germfask. Apparently 
 infrequent. Cornell. 
 
 ACERACEAE. Maple Family 
 
 Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple. On borders of, and in, rich 
 woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. On borders of, and in, rich 
 woods. Often abundant. A shrub or small tree. It is said deer brouse 
 the tree heavily and strip off its bark and that elk formerly did the same. 
 
 Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. One of the three principal 
 and dominant trees of the hardwoods. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple. Planted occasionally, but ap- 
 parently not spreading. 
 
 Acer rubrum L. Red maple. Rich woods with other trees, where it 
 is a fair sized tree, also common on drj- sandy ground and even covering 
 sand dunes, when it is small and scraggy. Reported that deer greedily 
 brouse and peel the bark from the tree. 
 
 Acer negundo L. Box elder. Occasionally planted, but apparently 
 not spreading. 
 
 BALSAMINACEAE. Touch-me-not Family 
 
 Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted touch-me-not. Damp open or 
 shaded ground. Abundant throughout. 
 
 RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family 
 
 Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. Wet open or 
 shaded ground throughout. 
 
108 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 VITACEAE. Vine Family 
 
 Psedera vilacea (Kneer) Greene. Grape-like Virginia creeper. In 
 rich woods and on banks of streams. A vine and tree climber. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Vitis vulpina L. Riverside grape. Plentiful on Round Island in 
 Mackinac County. Not noticed elsewhere yet (1915) in the Upper 
 Peninsula. 
 
 TILIACEAE. Linden Family 
 
 Tilia americana L. Occasional in hardwoods and reaching the south 
 shore of Lake Superior. Trees often very large. 
 
 MALVACEAE. Mallow Family 
 
 Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (A. abutilon (L.) Rusby). Velvet-leaf. 
 Occasional as a weed in gardens, waste places and fields. 
 
 Malva rotundifolia L. Common mallow. Cheeses. Plentiful as a 
 weed in waste places and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Malva moschata L. Musk mallow. Noticed as a weed in fields and on 
 roadsides west of Manistique. 
 
 HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family 
 
 Hypericum ascyron L. Great St. John's-wort. Damp open ground 
 and on banks of small streams west of Manistique. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Hypericum kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-wort. Usually in dry, 
 sandy, open ground on and near the sandy beaches of Lake Michigan 
 and Lake Superior. Often plentiful. 
 
 Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Pale St. John's-wort. Wet places, along 
 streams and on wet sandy shores. Frequent. 
 
 Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's-wort. 
 Very wet boggy places and margins of ponds. Frequent. 
 
 Hypericum virginicum L. {Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.). Marsh 
 St. John's-wort. Open marshy and swampy places. Frequent. 
 
 CISTACEAE. Rockrose Family 
 
 Helianthemum canadense (L?) Michx. (Cracanthemum canadense (L.) 
 Britton). Long-branched frostweed. On sand dunes west of Manis- 
 tique. Plentiful. Prof. C. A. Davis, 1905. 
 
 Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. False heather. Sandy beaches of Lake 
 Michigan and Lake Superior. Often abundant. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 109 
 
 VIOLACEAE. Violet Family 
 
 Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh blue violet. Very wet open or partially 
 shaded places. Common. 
 
 Viola nephrpphylla Greene. Northern bog violet. Wet open or par- 
 tially shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Viola affinis LeConte. LeConte's violet. Moist meadow-like ground 
 and in damp partially shaded places. Plentiful. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Viola selkirkii Pursh. Great spurred violet. In hardwoods aear 
 Floodwood. Apparently infrequent. Very probably overlooked. 
 
 Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved violet. Moist or boggy and mostly 
 open places. Abundant and much larger than in the Lower Peninsula. 
 
 Viola pollens (Banks) Brainerd. Northern white violet. Wet springy 
 open or partially shaded places. Frequent. 
 
 Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet. Rich moist open or par- 
 tially shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Viola incognita Brainerd. Large-leaved white violet. Margins of, 
 and open places in, hardwoods. Common. 
 
 Viola renifolia A. Gray. Kidney-leaved violet. Damp places in 
 hardwoods. Common. 
 
 Viola scabriuscula Schwein. (V. eriocarpa Schwein.). Smoothish 
 yellow violet. Frequent in hardwoods. 
 
 Viola canadensis L. Canada violet. In hardwoods and often abun- 
 dant. 
 
 Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog violet. Low clamp open or 
 shaded ground. Often abundant. 
 
 THYMELAEACEAE. Mezereum Family 
 
 Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Dam]) rich open 
 woods. Frequent in Schoolcraft County. Cornell. Also in Alger 
 County. Thomas B. Wyman. Not noticed by the writer. 
 
 ELAEAGNACEAE. Oleaster Family 
 
 Shepherdia -canadensis (L.) Nutt. (Lepargyraea canadensis (L.) 
 Greene.). Canadian buffalo berry. Dry open or partially slue led 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family 
 
 EpUobium angustifolium L. (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.) 
 Great willow-herb. Fireweed. Dryish open or partially shaded ground. 
 Abundant on burned over land. 
 
 EpUobium den-sum Raf. (E. lineare Muhl.). Linear -leaved willow- 
 herb. Low open ground and often abundant. 
 
110 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern willow-herb. Rich damp 
 open or partially shaded ground, throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose. Dryish open 
 ground and on sandy shores. Frequent. 
 
 Oenothera pumila L. (Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spaeh.). Small sun-drops. 
 Dry open ground near Manistique. Apparently infrequent. Prof. C. A. 
 Davis, 1905. 
 
 Circaea lutetiana L. Enchanter's nightshade. Open hardwoods. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Circaea alpina L. Smaller enchanter's nightshade. Damp places in 
 hardwoods. Frequent and often plentiful. 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE. Water Milfoil Family 
 
 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked water milfoil. In stagnant water 
 or on margins of slow streams. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare's-tail. Ponds and slow streams. Fre- 
 quent. Noticed in particular near Manistique in mud and shallow water 
 of small streams. 
 
 ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family 
 
 Aralia racemosa L. American spikenard. In rich woods and thickets. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilia. In sandy open or partially 
 shaded giound. Abundant on burned over areas. 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilia. In hardwoods and generally 
 in rich shaded ground. Often very abundant. 
 
 Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Reported but not seen growing 
 wild. At Rexton in the western part of Mackinac Comity, this and 
 golden seal are successful^ cultivated by Christian Hansen. 
 
 UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family 
 
 Sanicula marilandica L. Black snakeroot. Rich shaded ground. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Osmorhiza claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. (Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) 
 Britton). Woolly sweet-cicely. Common in hardwoods. 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. {Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) 
 Britton). Smoother sweet-cicely. In hardwoods throughout. Common. 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis villicaulis Fernald. Hairy-stemmed sweet- 
 cicely. Rich hardwoods near Lake Michigan shore. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Osmorhiza divaricata Nutt. Western sweet-cicely. Occasional in 
 hardwoods. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY HI 
 
 Conium maculaium L. Poison hemlock. Frequent in waste phi 
 about cities and villages. 
 
 Cicuta bidbifera L. Bulb-bearing water hemlock. Marshy and 
 swampy open ground throughout. Often abundant. Root supposed to 
 be very poisonous. 
 
 Carum carvi L. Caraway. Frequent as a weed about cities and vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Slum cicutoefolium Schrank. Hemlock water-parsnip. Wei swampy 
 places and often in shallow water. Frequent. 
 
 Pastinaca sativa L. Wild parsnip. Frequent as an escape from culti- 
 vation to roadsides and waste places in cities and villages. Root not 
 believed to be poisonous. The frequent fatal poisoning reported in the 
 Lower Peninsula and credited to wild parsnip is very probably not this 
 plant, but the tuberous roots of Cicuta maculata L., which have an aro- 
 matic odor, a pleasant sweetish taste like the roots of sweet cicely and 
 are very poisonous, no remedy being yet known. This latter is usually 
 known as " water hemlock, " "beaver poison" and other common nam 
 and has not yet (1915) been noticed by the writer in the Upper Penin- 
 sula. 
 
 Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip. Damp open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Angelica atropurpurea L. Purple-stemmed angelica. Damp open 
 ground near Seul Choix, where it was plentiful. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Daucus carota L. Wild carrot. W^aste places and cultivated grounds. 
 Apparently not yet abundant. 
 
 CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family 
 
 Cornus canadensis L. (Chamaepericlymenum canademe (L.) Asch. & 
 Graebn.). Low cornel. Dwarf cornel. Dryish or damp shaded ground 
 especially in hardwoods. Often very abundant, fairly carpeting the 
 ground. 
 
 Cornus circinata L'Her. (C. rugosa Lam.). Round-leaved cornel. 
 Sandy open or partially shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Cornus amomum Mill. Silky cornel. Sand dunes near Lake Michigan 
 west of Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
 Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier dogwood. Wet ground through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved cornel. Frequent on mar- 
 gins of hardwoods and along banks of streams. 
 
 ERICACEAE. Heath Family 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's pine. Pipsissewa. Dry 
 shaded ground, usually in coniferous woods. Plentiful. 
 
112 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. One-flowered pyrola. Damp rich woods 
 near Floodwood. Apparently infrequent. Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Pyrola secunda L. One-sided wintergreen. Plentiful in rich woods 
 throughout. 
 
 Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-leaf. Dryish woods. Apparently infre- 
 quent. Cornell. 
 
 Pyrola asarifolia Miehx. Liver-leaf wintergreen. Damp open woods 
 and swampy places. Plentiful. 
 
 Pyrola asarifolia incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. (P. uliginosa Torr.). 
 Bog wintergreen. In damp woods and boggy places. Frequent. 
 
 Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. Rich dryish or damp open woods. 
 Often plentiful. Cornell. 
 
 Pterosperaandromedea'Nuii. Pine drops. Among pines. Apparently 
 rare. Cornell. 
 
 Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador tea. Bogs throughout. One 
 of the dominant bog shrubs. 
 
 Kalmia polifolia Wang. Pale laurel. Open bogs. Often plentiful. 
 Cornell. 
 
 Andromeda glaucopJtyUa Link. Bog rosemary. In open bogs and one 
 of the dominant bog shrubs. 
 
 Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather-leaf. Common and 
 often abundant in open bogs throughout. 
 
 Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Mayflower. Open or shaded 
 drjr sand}' ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen. Dry open or shaded sandy 
 ground or even in sphagnum of tamarack-black spruce swamps. Very 
 abundant throughout. 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton). 
 Red bearberry. Open or partially shaded dry sandy ground, especially 
 near shores and even on sand dunes, where it acts as an efficient sand 
 binder. 
 
 Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Creeping snowberry. Bogs especially 
 on borders of, and in, tamarack-black spruce swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black huckleberry. Usually 
 in dry open or shaded ground, but sometimes in swamps. Common. 
 
 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. (V. angustifolium Ait.). Low 
 sweet blueberry. L T sually in dry open sandy ground and very abundant 
 throughout. 
 
 Vr ccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum Wood. (V. nigrum (Wood) Brit- 
 ton). Low black blueberry. Frequent, growing in patches with the 
 preceding. Berries very black, otherwise much like the preceding in 
 general appearance. 
 
 Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Sour-top. Canada blueberry. Mostly 
 en dry open sandy ground, but occasionally found in bogs and swamps. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 113 
 
 The fruit of this and the two preceding is gathered and sold as "blue- 
 berries." 
 
 Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thin-leaved bilberry. Usually in 
 rich shaded ground, sometimes in damp shaded sand. Frequent. 
 Locally called rabbit berry. Fruit large, black, rather tart, but deli- 
 cious. 
 
 Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Oval-leaved bilberry. Usually in rich 
 shaded ground,- often growing with the preceding. Frequent. Berries 
 blue, large but smaller than the preceding, slightly tart but delicious. 
 Often locally called "myrtilloid berry" or "myrtilloid huckleberry. ,: 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM.). Small 
 cranberry. In open or shaded swamps and often growing in spagnum. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. {Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh.). 
 American cranberry. Abundant in what are called cranberry marshes. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family 
 
 Primula mistassinica Michx. Dwarf Canadian primrose. Damp open 
 ground and often abundant. 
 
 Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Bulb-bearing loosestrife. Low wet 
 and usually open ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Lysimachia ihyrsiflora L. (Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby.). 
 Tufted loosestrife. In wet open ground and shallow water. Common. 
 
 Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Starflower. Damp rich woods 
 and thickets. Common. 
 
 OLEACEAE. Olive Family 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. Occasional throughout. 
 One large tree in the city of Manistique. Abundant along the Tahqua- 
 menon River in Luce County. 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (F. viridis Michx.). 
 Green ash. In rich ground and along streams and said to be frequent 
 in Alger County. Thomas B. Wyman. 
 
 Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. Swamps and low banks of stream- 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family 
 
 Gentiana procera Holm. Smaller fringed gentian. Moist open groum I 
 mostly near shores in this region. Usually small and abundant. 
 
 Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. (Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small). 
 Closed gentian. Moist open or partially shaded ground. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 15 
 
114 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Gentiana linearis latifolia Gray. (Dasy Stephana grayi (Kusnezow) 
 Britton). Gray's gentian. Damp sandy open or partially shaded 
 ground throughout. Often plentiful. This has been noticed mostly in 
 damp sandy ground .near the shores of the three Great Lakes. 
 
 Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred gentian. In hardwoods and 
 often abundant. 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Open bogs and often in shallow 
 water. Plentiful. 
 
 APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family 
 
 Apocynum pmdrosaemifolhim L. Spreading dogbane. Dryish ground 
 on borders of woods. Plentiful. 
 
 Apocynum, cannabiniun hyper id folium (Ait.) Gray. (A. sibiricum 
 Jacq.). Clasping-leaved dogbane. Damp or marshy mostly open 
 ground and on banks of streams. Plentiful. 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family 
 
 Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp milkweed. Swampy and usually open 
 ground throughout. Abundant in marslry ground on and near the low 
 banks of the Tahquamenon River in Luce County. 
 
 Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed. Observed by W. T. S. 
 Cornell near Manistique. Apparently rare. 
 
 CONVOLVULACEAE. Convolvulus Family 
 
 Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Low bindweed. Open or partially shaded 
 dry sandy ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Convolvulus septum L. Hedge bindweed. Moist open ground and 
 along streams. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis L. Small bindweed. Field bindweed. In waste 
 places and along railroads. A weed that will become more and more 
 frequent. 
 
 BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale L. Common hound's-tongue. Frequent in 
 waste places and on roadsides. 
 
 Lappula echinata Gilibert. (Lappula lappula (L.) Karst.). European 
 stickseed. Waste places, roadsides and in cultivated grounds. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Lithospermum officinale L. Common gromwell. Frequent in cities, 
 villages and on roadsides. 
 
 Lithospermum gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. (L. carolinense (Walt.) 
 MacM.). Hairy puccoon. In open sandy ground and on sandy beaches 
 east of Manistique. Plentiful. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 115 
 
 Echium vulgare L. Blue-weed. Occasional as a weed in cities and 
 villages. Cornell. 
 
 VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family 
 
 Verbena hastata L. Blue vervain. Damp open ground. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 LABIATAE. Mint Family 
 
 Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcap. Damp shaded ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Scutellaria golericulata L. Hooded willow-herb. Wet open ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Marrubium vulgare L. Common horehound. Waste places in cities 
 and villages and about farm dwellings. Frequent. 
 
 Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. As a weed about dwellings, in gardens 
 and fields. Frequent. 
 
 Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan. (Glechoma hederacea L.). Ground 
 ivy. W^aste places of cities and villages and often a vicious lawn weed. 
 Frequent and well distributed. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Cities, villages, roadsides and open 
 woods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Galeopsis tetrahit L. Common hemp-nettle. Fields, roadsides and 
 waste places. A frequent weed. 
 
 Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort. A frequent weed about dwellings, 
 in gardens and waste places. 
 
 Stachys paluslris L. Hedge nettle. Wound-wort. Wet open ground. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot. Damp woods near Seul Choix, 
 where it is plentiful. 
 
 Monarda mollis L. Pale wild bergamot. Frequent in dry open ground. 
 
 Satureja glabra (Nutt.) Fernald. (C 'linopodium glabrum Nutt.). Low 
 calamint. Noticed in damp sandy open ground near Lake Michigan 
 beach. A small sweet-smelling plant with small pretty pink flowers 
 and often mistaken for a species of pennyroyal. 
 
 Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. (Clinopodium vulgare L.). Field basil. 
 Dry open or partially shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern bugleweed. Frequent through- 
 out in low and usually shaded ground. 
 
 Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved water horehound. Damp 
 open or shaded ground. Common. 
 
 Mentha arvensis canadensis (L.) Briquet. (M. canadensis L.). Ameri- 
 can wild mint. Damp rich open or shaded ground throughout. ( Jom- 
 mon. 
 
116 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Mentha arvensis lanata Piper. Woolly wild mint. Roadside near 
 Germfask. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family 
 
 Solarium dulcamara L. Climbing nightshade. Bittersweet. Noticed 
 as frequent throughout in cities and villages. 
 
 Solarium nigrum L. Common nightshade. Black nightshade. Fre- 
 quent as a weed in gardens and other cultivated grounds. 
 
 Physalis grandiflora Hook . (Le ucophysalis grandiflora (Hook . ) Rydb . ) . 
 Large white ground-cherry. Sandy shores and recent clearings. Often 
 plentiful. Abundant about Naubinway in the western part of Mackinac 
 County. 
 
 Lycium halimi folium Mill. Matrimony vine. Escaping into dry open 
 ground and persisting near Manistique. 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family 
 
 Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. Roadsides, pastures and 
 cultivated grounds. Common as a weed. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris Hill. (Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.). Butter-and- 
 eggs. Cities, villages, roadsides and cultivated grounds. Plentiful as 
 a weed. 
 
 Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Rich open or partially shaded ground 
 throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Chelone glabra L. Snake-head. Turtle-head. Plentiful in wet open 
 or partially shaded places. 
 
 Mimulus glabratus jamesii (T. & G.) Gray. (M. geyeri Torr.). Geyer's 
 yellow monkey-flower. In shallow water or wet springy places. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Veronica amcricana Schwein. American brooklime. In brooks, 
 ditches and wet places. Common. 
 
 Veronica scutellata L. Marsh speedwell. In wet open or shaded 
 swampy places. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Veronica officinalis L. Common speedwell. Dryish open or shaded 
 ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell. Damp grassy 
 places in and near cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Veronica peregrina L. Purslane speedwell. Usually in rich cultivated 
 grounds. Often abundant as a garden weed. 
 
 Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton. (Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) 
 Britton). Small-flowered gerardia. Dry sterile ground, bogs, and 
 sandy beaches. Often abundant. 
 
 Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet painted-cup. Usually in low 
 damp, sandy, open ground. Often abundant. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 117 
 
 Melampyrum lineare Lam. Narrow-leaved cow-wheat. Usually 
 in dryish shaded ground. Often abundant in open hardwoods. 
 
 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family 
 
 Utricularia vulgaris americana Gray. (U. macrorhiza LeConte). 
 Greater bladderwort. Frequent in ponds and slow streams throughout. 
 
 Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Flat-leaved bladderwort. In very 
 wet places, shallow water, pools and slow shallow streams. Often 
 abundant. • 
 
 Utricularia cornuta Michx. (Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf.). 
 Horned bladderwort. Peat bogs and wet sandy shores. Often abundant. 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris L. Common butterwort. Wet calcareous places 
 and often among rocks near the shores of the upper Great Lakes. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family 
 
 Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. {IjeplawMium virginianum (L.) Raf.). 
 Beech-drops. Common and often abundant under beeches. 
 
 PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family 
 
 Plantago major L. Common plantain. Cities, villages and near all 
 dwellings. Common. Much resembling the following. Bases of lea 
 usually green and whitish. 
 
 Plantago rugelii Dene. Rugel's plantain. About dwellings, in ^Ya^t(• 
 places and cultivated grounds. Often plentiful. Much resemblinu- the 
 preceding. Petioles usually pinkish. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain. Becoming common as a 
 weed in lawns, pastures and cultivated grounds. 
 
 RUBIACEAE. Madder Family 
 
 Galium irifidwnL. Small bedstraw. Low damp open ground. Often 
 abundant among grasses and sedges. 
 
 Galium tinctorium L. Stiff marsh bedstraw. Wild madder. Damp 
 open or shaded ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Galium asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw. Usually in damp ground 
 climbing over willows and other shrubs. Common. 
 
 Galium triflorum Michx. Fragrant bedstraw. Abundant in hard- 
 woods. 
 
 Milchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. Dryish woods, 
 especially open hardwoods. Common. Ripe berries red. 
 
118 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family 
 
 Diervilla lonicera Mill. (D. diervilla (L.) MacM.). Bush honey- 
 suckle. Dry sandy open or shaded ground. Common. 
 
 Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American fly-honeysuckle. Damp woods 
 and thickets. Common. 
 
 Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly-honeysuckle. 
 Swamps in open or shade. Frequent. 
 
 Lonicera hirsuta Eat. Hairy honeysuckle. Usually in damp open 
 or shaded ground. Apparently infrequent. A vine, and when favorably 
 situated becomes a fine vigorous climber. 
 
 Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous honeysuckle. Dry open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. Also a vine and good climber. 
 
 Linnaea borealis americana fForbes) Render. (L. americana Forbes). 
 Twin-flower. Woods and boggy places. Common, and often abundant. 
 
 Viburnum opulus americanum (Mill.) Ait. (V. opulus L.). Cran- 
 berry-tree. High-bush cranberry. Borders of woods and along streams 
 but never abundant. 
 
 Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Wild raisin. Damp open or 
 shaded ground. Abundant. When in full bloom, one of the most 
 beautiful wild shrubs in the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 Viburnum lentago L. Nanny-berry. Open woods and banks of 
 streams. Plentiful. Berries blue-black, palatable. 
 
 Sambucus canadensis L. Sweet elder. American elder. Open rich 
 ground. Frequent throughout. In bloom September 14, 1915. 
 
 Sambucus racemosa L. Red-berried elder. Damp open or shaded 
 ground. Common. 
 
 VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family 
 
 Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Wet swampy ground on margins 
 of tamarack-black spruce swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family 
 
 Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. (Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) 
 Greene). Wild balsam apple. Banks of the Manistique River. Very 
 probably an escape. 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE. Bluebell Family 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. Blue bells of Scotland. Mostly 
 on the sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Plentiful. 
 
 Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh bellflower. Damp grassy 
 open ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY ng 
 
 LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family 
 
 Lobelia kalmii L. Kalm's lobelia. Brook lobelia. Bogs and (lamp 
 shores. Common. 
 
 COMPOSITAE. Composite Family . 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye weed. Usually in low open 
 ground, sometimes in rich damp open woods. Often abundant. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum maculatum (L.) Darl. (E. maculatum L.). 
 Spotted Joe-pye weed. Wet open ground. Often plentiful. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset. Thoroughwort. Low <>pen 
 ground. Common. 
 
 Liatris scariosa Wi lid. (Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill.). Large button- 
 snakeroot. Dry open ground. Frequent. Often abundant on the jack- 
 pine plains. 
 
 Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved gum-plant. Dry 
 open ground in waste places and fields. Apparently an immigrant from 
 the west. Occasional. 
 
 Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy goldenrod. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Often abundant. 
 
 Solidago randii (Porter) Britton. Rand's goldenrod. Mostly on 
 sandy beaches of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Common. 
 
 Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Swamp goldenrod. Boggy open ground 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago juncea Ait. Early goldenrod. Dry open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved goldenrod. Dryish shaded 
 ground . Frequent . 
 
 Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkled-leaved goldenrod. Common in dry 
 open or slightly shaded ground. 
 
 Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray goldenrod. Dry open ground an< 1 often 
 abundant. 
 
 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod. Rich damp or dry open 
 or partially shaded ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod. Usually in rich open dryish 
 ground. Common. 
 
 Solidago serotina Ait. Late goldenrod. In rich open or shaded .mound. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Solidago houghtonii T. & G. Houghton's goldenrod. Sandy beaches 
 of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Frequent. 
 
 Solidago gramini folia (L.) Salisb. (Euthamia graminifolia Nutt. . 
 Flat-topped goldenrod. Moist open ground and sandy shores. Com- 
 mon. Often a very slender form noticed, perhaps approaching S, 
 tenuifolia Pursh. 
 
120 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Aster mawophyllus L. Large-leaved aster. Open woods and thickets. 
 Frequent and in spots abundant. 
 
 Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved aster. Plentiful in open 
 hardwoods near Indian Lake. Very probably in many other places. - 
 See Britton & Brown's Illustrated Flora, Second edition, Vol. 3, page 
 413. 
 
 Aster lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's aster. Open and partially shaded 
 damp places. Common. 
 
 Aster laevis L. Smooth aster. Dry mostly open ground. Often abun- 
 dant on the jack pine plains. 
 
 Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Calico aster. Thickets, damp open 
 places and along streams. Often plentiful. 
 
 Aster tradescanti L. Tradescant's aster. Low open or partially shaded 
 ground and along low banks of streams. Abundant. 
 
 Aster paniculatus Lam. Panickled aster. Damp open or partially 
 shaded ground and in damp meadow-like places. Frequent. 
 
 Aster salicifolius Ait. Willow aster. Low open ground, damp sandy 
 places, and borders of damp woods. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster junceus Lam. Rush aster. Bogs, wet marshy places and damp 
 meadow-like ground. Abundant. 
 
 Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk aster. Low wet open or partially shaded 
 ground throughout. Abundant. The most abundant aster so far 
 noticed in the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 Aster umbellatus Mill. (Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees.). Tall 
 flat-top white aster. Usually in moist shaded ground. Abundant. 
 
 Aster nemoralis Ait. Bog aster. Bogs and swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Common fleabane. Usually in damp open 
 ground. A field weed and often abundant. 
 
 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet scabious. Fields and waste places. 
 A frequent field weed. 
 
 Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy fleabane. Fields and road- 
 sides. A common weed and often abundant. 
 
 » 
 
 Erigeron canadensis L. (Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton). Horse- 
 weed. Butter-weed. In gardens, fields and waste places. A common 
 weed and often abundant. 
 
 Aniennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller cat's-foot. Open dryish woods 
 and dryish open ground. Frequent. 
 
 Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field cat's-foot. Dry open ground, dry 
 open woods and generally on dry prairie-like ground. Often abundant. 
 
 Antennaria petaloidea Fernald. Common cat's-foot. Dry banks, 
 fields and open woods. Often plentiful. 
 
 Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting. Usually in 
 dry open ground. Common. 
 
 Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. (G. obtusifolium L.). Common 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 121 
 
 everlasting. Sweet balsam. In dry or clamp open ground. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
 'Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy everlasting. Dry open ground 
 especially in clearings. Frequent. 
 
 Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low cudweed. In damp or dryish open 
 ground. Often a field weed. Frequent. 
 
 Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Bur weed marsh elder. West of Manistique 
 near Cooks. Plants large and thrifty. Apparently introduced from the 
 west. Not noticed elsewhere in Schoolcraft County. 
 
 Ambrosia trifida L. Great ragweed. In cities and villages as a weed. 
 Not common. 
 
 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (A. elatior L.). Common ragweed. Be- 
 coming common as a weed in fields. 
 
 Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western ragweed. Becoming established 
 in cities and villages as a perennial weed. 
 
 Xanthium canadense Mill. (X. americanum Walt.). American cockle- 
 bur. As a weed in cities and villages. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Rudbeckia hirta L. Yellow daisy. Black-eyed Susan. Dry open 
 ground. Frequent and noticed in cultivated fields. 
 
 Lepachys columnaris (Sims) T. & G. Prairie cone-flower. In cities, 
 villages and along railroads. Introduced from the west and apparently 
 infrequent. Cornell. 
 
 Bidens frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Mostly a weed in damp open 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Bidens cernua L. Nodding bur-marigold. In low wet ground and 
 swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow. Open dryish ground every- 
 where. Mostly a weed. 
 
 Anthemis coiula L. Mayweed. In cities, villages, on roadsides, and 
 about dwellings. Often abundant. 
 
 Chrysanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lamotte. Ox-eye daisy. Be- 
 coming well established along roads, in pastures and all cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 Chrysanthemum balsamita ianacetoides Boiss. (C. balsamita L.). 
 Costmarjr. Occasionally escaping to roadsides and persisting. Frequent. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare L. Common tansy. Occasionally escaping io roa< 1- 
 sides and persisting. 
 
 Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Lake Huron tansy. Sandy beaches of 
 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Often plentiful. 
 
 Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall wormwood. Sandy beaches of Lake 
 Michigan and Lake Superior. Occasional on interior sand ridg 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Artemisia vulgaris L. Common mugwort. In waste places of cities 
 and villages. Frequent. Occasional in open woods. 
 
122 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Artemisia biennis WiM. Biennial wormwood. As a weed in damp 
 ground about cities and villages and along railroads. An immigrant 
 from the west. Frequent. 
 
 Artemisia absinthium L. Common wormwood. On roadsides and 
 about cities and villages as an escape from cultivation. 
 
 Petasites palmatus (Ait.) Gray. Palmate-leaved sweet colt's-foot. 
 Damp open or shaded ground throughout. Frequent. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. Moist open or shaded 
 ground. Often plentiful on burned over areas. 
 
 Senccio aureus L. Golden ragwort. In damp mostly shaded places 
 throughout . Plentiful . 
 
 Senecio balsamitae Muhl. (S. pauperculus Michx.). Balsam ground- 
 sel. In dry open or partially shaded ground and along sandy beaches. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Arctium, minus Bernh. Common burdock. Waste places, roadsides, 
 fields and open woods. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common thistle. Roadsides, pastures 
 and fields. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. Pitcher's thistle. Sandy beaches of 
 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Frequent. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field thistle. Rich open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp thistle. In swampy places and 
 damp woods. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. Roadsides, pastures and 
 cultivated grounds. Becoming common. 
 
 Cichorium intybus L. Chicory. Occasional about cities and villages 
 and in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster plant. Escaping from cultivation 
 to roadsides and along railroads. Frequent. 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow goat's-beard. Waste places in cities 
 and villages, Often plentiful. 
 
 Taraxacum officinale Weber. (Leontodon taraxacum L.). Common 
 dandelion. Common everywhere. Abundant in fields and pastures. 
 
 Sonchus arvensis L. Corn sow-thistle. Along railroads, in depot 
 grounds of cities and villages and becoming a weed on roadsides and in 
 fields. Frequent. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus L. Common sow-thistle. A weed in waste places, 
 gardens and fields. Plentiful. 
 
 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved sow-thistle. A weed in waste 
 places, gardens and fields. Frequent. 
 
 Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly lettuce. A weed in 
 waste grounds of cities and villages and becoming frequent. 
 
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY AND VICINITY 123 
 
 Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce. Rich open or partially shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tali blue lettuce. Damp open or 
 partially shaded ground. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Prenanthes racemosa Michx. (Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) D( 
 Glaucous white lettuce. Damp open ground and in damp sand. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.). Rattlesnake-root. 
 White lettuce. Rich woods. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Prenanthes altissima L. (Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook.). Tall white 
 lettuce. Rich shaded ground. Frequent. W. T. S. Cornell. 
 
 Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough hawkweed. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada hawkweed. Dryish ground, 
 open or shaded. Frequent throughout. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WILD PLANTS AT WHITEFISH 
 POINT AND VERMILION, NEAR THE SOUTH SHORE OF 
 LAKE SUPERIOR, AND OTHER PARTS OF CHIPPEWA 
 COUNTY, MICHIGAN, IN 1914. 
 
 Considerable biological work having been done at Whitefish Point 
 and near Vermilion in Chippewa County, Michigan, by the Michigan 
 Geological and Biological Survey, it was determined to investigate the 
 wild plants there as far as time would permit, referring only to flowering 
 plants, ferns, and fern allies. The writer undertook the work in the 
 summer of 1914. As far as possible other parts of the county were also 
 visited. 
 
 Region Specially Examined 
 
 Special plant examination began at Eckerman east of Soo Junction, 
 June 14, 1914; from this point north about 16 miles to Emerson on the 
 Lake Superior shore, to SheUdrake about 12 miles farther north and 
 west, and then to Whitefish Point and Vermilion about 15 miles farther 
 north. In this whole distance, there are only a very few small clearings 
 apparently long ago abandoned, and only a few little gardens. Ecker- 
 man is a mere railway station; Emerson and SheUdrake, only lumbering 
 and sawmill plants; Whitefish Point, a small postoffice; and Vermilion, 
 a life-saving station. About 3 miles northeast of the postoffice is the 
 United States lighthouse. A few fishermen operate along the shore 
 from Emerson to the lighthouse. Just southeast of Eckerman on a 
 ridge is a remarkable hardwood forest of beech, sugar maple, and birch, 
 yet intact. Scattered among the other trees are basswood, elm, and 
 hemlock, specimens as large as the writer has ever seen. North about 
 6 miles is another hardwood forest, 8 miles wide and reported to be H> 
 miles long easterly and westerly. In these two hardwood forests, so far 
 as could be examined, no lumbering to speak of has occurred, nor hav< 
 they been visited by destructive fires. In the larger forests a few lum- 
 bering camps were reported, but not seen. Nearly on the south is an 
 extensive cedar swamp, long ago lumbered over and abandoned and 
 later visited by destructive fires. At present it is mostly a sorl of jungle 
 in a condition for more devastating fires. Also, just north and wesl is 
 an extensive swamp of tamarack and black spruce, one at Emerson, and 
 another at SheUdrake, all yet intact, not having been lumbered over nor 
 visited by destructive fires. The trees are generally small and the 
 tamaracks are being killed as explained in the annotated plant list. 
 
126 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 The swamps are often very wet and the ground covered with sphagnum. 
 On their margins and in open spaces, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andro- 
 meda glaucophylla, Ledum groenlandicum and Kalmia polifolia are 
 abundant and are the dominant bog shrubs of the region. In spots two 
 more swamp shrubs, Myrica gale and Betula pumila glandulifera, are 
 plentiful. Along the lake shore generally, above Shelldrake around to 
 Vermilion are sand dunes, covered mostly with jack pine, red maple 
 and reel oak. Some distance from the shore west to Luce County there 
 are large areas of fixed sand ridges thinly covered mostly with small 
 red pine and jack pine, much of the merchantable timber having long 
 ago been cut. South of Vermilion as far as Shelldrake River, there is a 
 region of large and high sand ridges formerly covered mostly with white 
 pine and red pine, all of which have been cut except perhaps about a 
 section of original forest of fine trees southwest of Vermilion. The lum- 
 bered portion has been visited by several destructive fires. In open 
 places there are at present, where not too much shaded by small jack 
 pines and other coniferous shrubs, extensive areas well sodded over with 
 Poa pratensis and Poa compressa, making good pasture lands. In spots 
 Primus pennslyvanica is abundant. 
 
 Rivers and Small Lakes 
 
 Two streams perhaps worthy of notice penetrate this locality. The 
 Tahquamenon River which rises in Luce County on the west is much 
 the larger. It passes in two places over precipitous rocks, known as the 
 upper and lower falls, and enters Lake Superior at Emerson. The river 
 was followed up as far as the lower falls, and the writer has never seen a 
 more beautiful small stream. Along its banks elm and black ash are 
 quite common. Shelldrake River rising near the west line of Chippewa 
 County flows northerly toward Vermilion, then southeast, and enters 
 the lake at Shelldrake. This was followed up about 17 miles west of 
 Shelldrake where lumbering camps are at present established. Between 
 these two rivers some distance from the lake, the sand ridges are large 
 and high, and among them are many small lakes, ponds, and swamps. 
 
 Ponds and Bogs Near the Lake Superior Shore 
 
 From Whitefish Point to Vermilion, near and parallel with the Lake 
 Superior shore, are many ponds and bogs often long and narrow, enclosed 
 mostly by drifting sand dunes on the lake side and higher fixed sand 
 ridges on the land side. Only a few of these have a natural outlet to the 
 lake. Just south of Vermilion are a typical long pond and bog bordered 
 by a tamarack and black spruce swamp and backed by high fixed sand 
 ridges. These ponds and bogs are the natural home of many water 
 plants and sedges. Here the locality and conditions being well-nigh 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY r _> 7 
 
 perfect for that purpose, the late John Clark made a large and pro- 
 ductive cranberry farm with modern appliances for flooding the land 
 and collecting the crop. There is also a smaller cranberry farm at 
 Whitefish Point owned by Mr. Frank House. 
 
 The Region Wild and Nearly in Natural State 
 
 The locality from Eckerman to Vermilion, and all that portion of the 
 count}-- north of the railway connecting Soo Junction with Brimley and 
 west to Luce County, is one of the wi'dest the writer lias ever visited. 
 If such a wild region is the proper place for biological work, this has been 
 well chosen, and is typical. It is the home of such wild animals as ha 
 been left in Michigan. Bear tracks were common, deer and tiny fawn 
 tracks, and their trails, were numerous. Porcupines were abundant, 
 five having been seen at one time in an abandoned shanty. Its northern 
 latitude was indicated on the night of June 13-14, 1914, by a killing fro 
 cutting down the common brake wherever exposed, and killing the 
 tender shoots of small black ash and other shrubs and trees. 
 
 Peculiar Habitats 
 
 Throughout the localitv there is much flat sandv land mostly in 
 streaks with a thin covering of vegetable mold and sphagnum giving it 
 a very swampy appearance. Growing on this were found white birch, 
 black ash, black spruce, balsam and red maple. Forest fires in dry 
 seasons have swept over most of such ground and the dead timber is 
 still standing. Back of Shelldrake was noticed a large area of flat sandy 
 land covered with sphagnum, in which were growing only small scatter- 
 ing jack pines and an occasional small bunch of. shrubs. 
 
 Trees and Shrubs with Diverse Habitats 
 
 As already intimated, black spruce mixed with tamarack is abundant 
 in swamps throughout the county. But black spruce is also common 
 over large tracts of flat, dry, sandy ground, especially so on the dry 
 banks of the Tahquamenon River. In this respect, however, the be- 
 havior of red maple is much more striking. General observation and 
 the record in botanical works indicate as a habitat for this species 
 "swamps and wet woods'', but in the whole region north and wesl 
 Eckerman it is very abundant on dry flat sandy land, Gxed sand ridg 
 and drifting sand dunes, although mostly reduced in size and scraggy in 
 this situation. So far as heretofore observed by the writer in Michigan 
 Ledum groenlandicum is a bog shrub, but here i( extends from bogs to 
 dry flat sandy land, and to sides and even crests of fixed sand ri< i ! 
 
 drifting sand dunes. 
 
128 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Forests Known as Hardwoods 
 
 These forests, composed about equally of beech, sugar maple, and 
 yellow birch, have many peculiarities of their own. Scattered among the 
 trees are here and there, basswood, American elm, hemlock, mountain 
 maple, mountain ash, and balsam. Underneath, the American yev, r is 
 very abundant, as also are Clintonia borealis and Lycopodium annotinum. 
 In spots Oxalis acetosella carpets the ground. 
 
 Chippewa County as a Whole 
 
 This county, starting on the south shore of Lake Superior at a point 
 a few miles west of Vermilion, extends in a southeasterly direction to 
 the east end of Drummond Island, a distance approximating 100 miles 
 on a straight line connecting these two extreme points. Its lake and 
 river frontage is over 150 miles. That portion of the count} 7 not already 
 mentioned, — the eastern, southern and southeastern parts — on the 
 whole differs very materially from the northwestern. There are many 
 sand ridges, numerous tamarack-black spruce swamps, 'white cedar 
 swamps, many bogs, small lakes and ponds. Large parts of the eastern 
 portion were covered formerly with hardwood forests, and some pine in 
 streaks mixed with hardwoods. But wasteful and destructive methods 
 of lumbering, and devastating fires have changed the face of the county. 
 The timber has been thus substantially removed. It is not, generally 
 speaking, a rocky country. In the eastern portion boulders occasionally 
 appear, and exposed rocks were noticed at Gatesville and from th3re to 
 Saint Marys River and Detour. These hardwood lands are being 
 cleared for agricultural purposes. From Brimley to Sault Ste. Marie 
 and from there south and east to Detour, about 65 miles, the road on 
 both sides is lined with good farms almost without exception, all ap- 
 pearances indicating good soil, and thrift in the wa}^ of buildings and 
 crops. Orchards were scarce, but a few heavily bearing apple trees were 
 noticed. Corn fields were few. Wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, 
 timothy, and clover were the main crops. On September 10, 1914, much 
 of the wheat, oats, and barley was in shock, and many fields of grain yet 
 uncut. The change in appearance and apparent conditions from the 
 western and northwestern to the eastern and southeastern parts is very 
 great. This is over 300 miles direct north of the southern State boundary, 
 so that a list of the wild plants growing here compared with one in Hills- 
 dale County, directly south, would be interesting in the stud} r of plant 
 distribution. 
 
 Acknowledgements 
 
 The writer is much indebted to Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie of New 
 York City for an examination and determination of the sedges, and 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 1 2«» 
 
 other difficult plants. To Prof. A. S. Hitchcock of the United Sta1 3 
 Department of Agriculture, for determination of grasses, and to I . 1 . 
 Forbes of Brookline, Massachusetts, for an examination of the willows 
 and violets. March 11, 1915. 
 
 Gray's New Manual of Botairy has been followed as far as possible. 
 Changes have been made and a number of new species established since 
 
 its publication. 
 
 Annotated List 
 POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family 
 
 Polypodium vulgare L. Common polypody. Shaded rocks in eastern 
 portion of county. Plentiful. 
 
 Phegopteris polypodioides Fee. Long beech fern. In hardwoods 
 throughout. Occasional. 
 
 Phegopteris dryopieris (L.) Fee. Oak fern. Beech and maple woods 
 throughout Chippewa County. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair. Margins of and open spots in, 
 beech-maple-birch woods. Frequent. 
 
 Pteris aquilina L. Common brake. Very abundant in open or slight 1 y 
 shaded ground. Where exposed it was killed to the ground by a severe 
 frost on the night of June 13-14, 1914. 
 
 Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh. Lady fern. Open and slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Aspidium Ihelypteris (L.) Sw. Marsh shield fern. Borders of marshes 
 and swamps and often in slight shade. Common and often very abun- 
 dant. 
 
 Aspidium noveboracense (L.) Sw. New York fern. Abundant in 
 beech-maple-birch woods near the lower falls of the Tahquamenon 
 River back of Emerson. Occasional in all hardwood forests. 
 
 Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. Evergreen wood fern. Rich open woo< Is. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. Crested shield fern. Wet open or shadei 1 
 rich ground. Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Spinulose shield fern. In 
 beech-maple-birch woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. American 
 shield fern. Rich hardwoods. Common. 
 
 Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet cystopteris. Open woods, 
 and on banks of streams. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Brittle fern. Damp rich woods. 
 Occasional. 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern. Throughout in damp open or 
 shaded ground. Common. 
 17 
 
130 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. Ostrich fern. Abundant along the 
 Tahquamenon River above Emerson near lower falls, and occasionally 
 throughout. Fine specimens traced along streams. 
 
 Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern. In wet and often shaded ground 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Osmunda claytoniana L. Interrupted fern. In rich open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Fine specimens noted. 
 
 Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern. Damp rich open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Fine specimens. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Adder's Tongue Family 
 
 Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Ternate grape fern. In sandy, slightly 
 shaded ground near Whitefish Point. Apparently rare. 
 
 Botrychium. virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern. Common 
 throughout in woods and thickets. 
 
 EQUISETACEAE. Horsetail Family 
 
 Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail. Common throughout. 
 Often on sand dunes acting as a sand binder. 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood horsetail. Damp ground in swamps 
 and along streams. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Equisetum fluviatile. Pipes. Wet open places, shallow water, ditches 
 and swamps. Often abundant. 
 
 Equisetum hyemale L. Common scouring rush. Often on sides of 
 sand dunes where it acts as a good sand binder. Common in dry, sandy, 
 open ground. 
 
 Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Variegated equisetum. Sandy 
 beaches of Lake Superior, often acting as a sand binder. Frequent. 
 
 Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Sedge-like equisetum. In woods and 
 open places in tamarack-black spruce swamps. Frequent. 
 
 LYCOPODIACEAE. Club Moss Family 
 
 Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining club moss. Damp woods 
 throughout. Abundant near lower falls of the Tahquamenon River 
 above Emerson. 
 
 Lycopodium inundaium L. Bog club moss. Usually in open damp 
 sandy ground. Plentiful. 
 
 Lycopodium annotinum L. Stiff club moss. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods. Very abundant throughout. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum L. Common club moss. Dry open woods and 
 steep banks of streams. Occasional throughout. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground pine. Beech-maple-birch woods. 
 Frequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 131 
 
 Lycopodium complcinatum L. Running pine. Pino wood- ai md 
 dunes throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Clustered ground pine. Dry open 
 ground. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family 
 
 Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping selaginella. Low open or 
 partially shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 TAXACEAE. Yew Family 
 
 Taxus canadensis Marsh. American yew. Beech-maple-birch wood-. 
 Abundant, often carpeting the ground. Noticed in particular in the 
 hardwoods north of Eckerman. 
 
 PINACEAE. Pine Family 
 
 Pinus strobus L. White pine. Formerly large areas covered with 
 this species, as at present shown by stumps both on level sandy hind, 
 and sand ridges. Often mixed with red pine. Large specimens free 
 from limbs and containing several logs of 16 feet each are called by hind 
 cruisers "sap pine", and specimens with limbs on the body nearly to 
 ground, "buckwheat pine". Many small trees yet standing and seed- 
 lings usually plentiful. About a half section of original trees of Ibis 
 mixed with some red pine noticed yet standing southwest of Vermilion. 
 
 Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine. Throughout the county on level 
 sandy land and sand ridges. Abundant at Whitefish Point. Trees 
 usually small, occasionally large enough for saw logs. Often mixed 
 with red pine. Shrubs and seedlings abundant. Occasional in sphag- 
 num swamos. 
 
 Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. Formerly plentiful and abundant in 
 spots on dry flat sandy land and sand ridges. A few fine trees yet left . 
 scattered over the county. A large area of sand ridges covered with 
 small trees a few miles west of Emerson. A tree with a long bod;/ free 
 from limbs, containing several logs of 16 feet each, called "yellow pine' 
 by land cruisers; one with limbs nearly to the ground, 'buckwheat 
 pine". When logs of this species are so heavy as to sink in water many 
 lumbermen call it "pigiron pine". 
 
 Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. Many large swamps 
 covered thickly with this and black spruce, throughout the county, 
 usually referred to as "tamarack-black spruce swamps". Trees gen- 
 erally small and everywhere dying, being attacked by a winged insect 
 from Europe called a saw fly. Shrubs and seedlings plentiful and appar- 
 ently vigorous. "Tamaracks are being killed all over the State now by 
 a saw fly that came to this country from Europe before the ( nil \\ ar. 
 
132 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 It gradually worked its way westward and arrived in Michigan soni3 
 ten years ago or thereabout. The naked larva which feeds on the leaves 
 in June and July, when full grown, goes to the ground and pupates just 
 under the surface. The creature being from Europe has no natural 
 enemies or very few of them to control it here, and therefore the death 
 rate of tamaracks has been very high. It usually is followed by a bark 
 beetle which works between the bark and the wood and which is itself 
 capable of killing trees. The name of this saw fly is Lygaeonemalus 
 erichsoni, and the name of the beetle that works under the bark is 
 Denbroctonus similis. We have been spending some effort for a number 
 of years trying to introduce the European parasites which control this 
 pest in its native home and while we have not succeeded in establishing 
 the European species we have some little hopes from an unknown species 
 which we have succeeded in getting several times. There is nothing 
 that can be done particularly. " — B. H. Pettit, Professor of Entomology, 
 Michigan Agricultural College, February 18, 1915. 
 
 Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. White spruce. Scattering throughout 
 along Lake Superior shore and on sand ridges. Often affected with a 
 pest known as dwarf mistletoe. 
 
 Picea, mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black spruce. Large areas of this mixed 
 with tamarack growing in wet swampy ground throughout the county. 
 Trees mostly small. Often growing on higher ground, where it is larger and 
 cut for pulpwood. A form of it common on dry sandy land everywhere, 
 and on sand ridges, which some botanists would name P. brevifolia Peck, 
 swamp spruce. Twigs of this and Abies balsamea near Lake Superior 
 shore above Shelldrake, are covered with a bearded lichen, Usnea barbata 
 plicata Ehrh., giving the trees a shaggy and moss-like appearance similar 
 to more northern forests. Often afflicted with the dwarf mistletoe. 
 
 Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir. Common throughout the 
 county and abundant in spots. Frequent with beech, maple and birch, 
 and occasional in swamps with tamarack and black spruce. A very 
 beautiful forest tree. 
 
 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Common throughout but 
 seldom abundant except in streaks or small spots. Frequent with hard 
 maple, yellow birch, and beech. Trees often very large, one recently 
 cut indicating an age of over 300 years. Large trees called "yellow hem- 
 lock" by land cruisers; second growth, "white hemlock". 
 
 Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor vitae, white cedar. Formerly very abun- 
 dant throughout the county in cedar swamps which have been lumbered 
 over for many years and mostly destroyed by fire. Small trees and seed- 
 lings yet abundant. Often growing on sandy ground especially near 
 the Lake Superior shore, but it is usually small in such situations. 
 Shrubs and seedlings abundant. As understood by land cruisers, sec- 
 ond growth trees and trees covered with limbs to or nearly to the ground 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 133 
 
 are ''white cedar". Trees with tall smooth bodies without many body 
 limbs and with small tops, are "yellow cedar". 
 
 Juniperus communis depressa Pursh. Low juniper. Sand dunes, sand 
 ridges, and sandy beaches throughout but seldom abundant. Noticed 
 as more common on rocky ground near Detour. 
 
 Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Creeping juniper. Abundant in 
 very wet ground growing at the bases of small tamaracks and sprues 
 on the border of a tamarack-black spruce swamp north of Eckerman. 
 Heretofore noticed only on small sand ridges, and sandy beaches, near 
 shores of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. 
 
 Juniperus virginiana L. lied cedar. Reported as on sand dunes 
 near Vermilion, but believed to be very doubtful, except possibly as a 
 casual escape. 
 
 TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family 
 
 Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail. Common throughout in swampy 
 open places. 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family 
 
 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad fruited bur-reed. Marshy 
 places, borders of ponds and slow streams. Common throughout . 
 
 Sparganium diver sijolium acaule (Beeby) Fernald and Fames. Stem- 
 less bur-reed. Swampy open ground near Vermilion. Apparently infre- 
 quent. N. A. Wood. 
 
 NAJADACEAE. Pondweed Family 
 
 Potamogeton natans\j. Common floating pondweed. Ponds and slow 
 streams throughout. Common. 
 
 Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. NuttalFs pondweed. Slow creeks, ponds, 
 and ditches throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various leaved pondweed. Slow 
 streams and ponds throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold and Presl. Ziz's pondweed. 
 Small lakes or large ponds throughout. Also noticed in the Tahquame- 
 non River near lower falls above Emerson. Frequent. 
 
 Potamogeton lucens L. Shining pondweed. In Little Lake at White- 
 fish Point. Plentiful. Noticed by T. L. Hankinson, ichthyologist. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus L. Small pondweed. Ponds, pools and ditcl 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Potamogeton rutilus Wolf gang. Slender pondweed. In Little Lake al 
 Whitensh Point. Plentiful. Noticed by T. L. Hankinson. ichthyolo- 
 gist. 
 
 Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy pondweed. In nearly still water of 
 
134 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Tahquamenon River near lower falls above Emerson. Plentiful at this 
 place. 
 
 Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Spiral pondweed. Tahquamenon River 
 near lower falls above Emerson. Plentiful. 
 
 Najas jlexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Slender najas. Ponds, 
 small lakes, and margins of slow streams. Plentiful. 
 
 JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow Grass Family 
 
 Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria. Open boggy places through- 
 out. Abundant near Vermilion. 
 
 Triglochin maritima L. Sea-side arrow-grass. Marshy open places 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Triglochin palustris L. Marsh arrow-grass. Damp open sandy ground 
 throughout. Plentiful at Vermilion. 
 
 ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow-head. Muddy places, 
 and shallow water in ponds and ditches and slow streams throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Alisma planlago-aquatica L. American water plantain. In shallow 
 water, muddy places, and ditches throughout. Common. 
 
 HYDROCHARITACEAE. Frog's Bit Family 
 
 Elodea canadensis Michx. Waterweed. Ponds, small lakes, and 
 slow streams. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Vallisneria, spiralis L. Tape grass. Wild celery. Ponds and slow 
 streams throughout. Common. 
 
 GRAMINEAE. Grass Family 
 
 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom beard grass. Dr} r open ground 
 or among pines. Frequent. 
 
 Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked beard grass. Dry open ground. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Digitaria humifusa Pers. Small crab grass. Sandy open ground in 
 and about Sault Ste. Marie. Plentiful. 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab grass. Cultivated grounds 
 and about villages as a weed. Not abundant. 
 
 Panicum capillars L. Old-witch grass. About cultivated grounds 
 and in villages as a weed. Apparently not abundant. 
 
 Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved panic grass. On lumbered 
 over and burnt over sand ridges south of Vermilion. Apparently not 
 common. 
 
 Panicum subvillosum Ashe. Spreading panic grass. Open sandy 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 135 
 
 ground near Shelldrake River south of Vermilion. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. In damp cul- 
 tivated grounds and about villages. Apparently not common. 
 
 Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Foxtail. Pigeon grass. Cultivated 
 grounds and in cities and villages as a weed. Apparently not very com- 
 mon. 
 
 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtail. A weed in cultivated Belds 
 and villages. Not abundant. 
 
 Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Sandbur. Bur-grass. Open sandy 
 ground in and about Sault Ste. Marie. Plentiful. 
 
 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice cut-grass. Scratch grass. Swamps 
 and along low banks of streams and in old ditches. Frequent. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canar}^ grass. Wet open ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Milium effusum L. Millet grass. Beech-maple-birch woods! Com- 
 mon throughout. 
 
 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White grained mountain rice. Beech- 
 birch-maple woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Wild timothy. Satin gra— 
 Moist meadow-like places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Brachyelytrum eredum (Schreb.) Beauv. Bearded short-husk. Beech- 
 birch-maple woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Common throughout in both damp 
 and dry open ground. 
 
 Alopecurus geniculatus aristulatus Torr. Short awned foxtail, in 
 very wet places and shallow water. Frequent. 
 
 Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. and Merr. Late-flowering drop- 
 seed. Damp open ground. Plentiful at Emerson. Apparently in fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand drop-seed. Sandy ground 
 near and on the beaches of Lake Superior. Frequent. Never abundant. 
 
 Agrostis alba L. Red-top. Damp meadow-like ground throughout 
 but nowhere abundant. 
 
 Agrostis hyemalis (W^alt) BSP. Hair grass. Dry or moist open ground 
 throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Agrostis perennans (Walt) Tuckerm. Thin-grass. In dam]) woods 
 throughout. Plentiful in woods at lower falls of the Tahquamenon 
 River back of Emerson. 
 
 Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Long-leaved reed-grass. Sandy 
 shores of Lake Superior but nowhere abundant. A good sand binder, 
 when plentiful and well established. 
 
 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue joint-grass. Damp 
 open marshy ground. Plentiful throughout. 
 
136 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea sand-reed. Sandy beech of Lake 
 Superior. Often abundant and acting as an efficient sand binder. 
 
 Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender wood reed-grass. Beech- 
 maple-birch woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Crested hair-grass. Dry open ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common hair grass. Dry open or 
 slightly shaded places near Vermilion. Frequent in that region. 
 
 Avena sativa L. Common oat. Escaping and apparently persisting 
 in many places near dwellings, and about villages. 
 
 Danthonia spicaia (L.) Beauv. Common wild oat grass. Dry open 
 ground, but not abundant. 
 
 Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Vasey's wild oat grass. Dry open 
 ground near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 » 
 
 Phragmites communis Trin. Reed. Margins of, and open places in, 
 tamarack-black spruce swamps throughout but nowhere very abundant. 
 
 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Small tufted love grass. Dry open 
 ground in and about Sault Ste. Marie. Plentiful. 
 
 Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link. Strong scented love grass. 
 Gardens and other cultivated grounds. Occasional. 
 
 Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey.. Smith's oat. Open places in beech- 
 maple-birch woods near Eckertnan. Apparently not common. 
 
 Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Purple oat. Borders of, and open 
 places in, beech-maple-birch woods throughout, but apparently not 
 common. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. In and near cities and villages 
 and in cultivated grounds. Frequent. 
 
 Poa annua L. Low spear grass. Cultivated grounds and about vil- 
 lages. Frequent. Often abundant in lawns. 
 
 Poa compressa L. Canada blue grass. In dry open ground through- 
 out. Noticed in particular on lumbered over and burned over sand- 
 ridges where it was often abundant. 
 
 Poa nemoralis L. Wood meadow grass. Dry open ground near Ver- 
 milion. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Poa pratensis L. June grass. Frequent and often abundant through- 
 out the county. Noticed in particular on lumbered over and burned 
 over sand ridges where it made good grazing. 
 
 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass. Damp 
 meadow-like ground and along margins of small streams throughout. 
 Often abundant. A beautiful grass. 
 
 Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl meadow grass. Open damp or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Glyceria grandis Wats. Reed meadow grass. Along streams and in 
 very wet places throughout. Plentiful. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY , l; ; 7 
 
 Festuca ovina L. Sheep's fescue. In open sandy ground at Whitefish 
 Point. Apparently not common. 
 
 Bromus secalinus L. Chess. In cultivated grounds and about vil- 
 lages. Not abundant. 
 
 Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed brome grass. In damp open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Noticed in particular as very abundant in 
 open spots of beech-maple-birch woods at the lower falls of the Tah- 
 quamenon River above Emerson. 
 
 Agropyron molle Rydb. Rydberg's wheat grass. Dry open ground 
 near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. N. A. Wood. Identified by 
 Prof. A. S. Hitchcock. 
 
 Agropyron repens. (L.) Beauv. Quack grass. Becoming common 
 throughout about dwellings and farm buildings, and in village 
 
 Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Northern wheal gra 
 Sandy beach of Lake Superior. Apparently infrequent (?). 
 
 Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grass. Introduced at Saull 3 
 Marie and in villages. 
 
 Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye. Moist woods and banks of 
 streams throughout but not very common. 
 
 Elymus canadensis L. Nodding wild rye. Sandy beaches of Lake 
 Superior, acting as an efficient sand binder. Common. 
 
 Elymus glaucus Buckley. Smooth wild rye. Shaded banks of Tah- 
 quamenon River near lower falls back of Emerson. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Elymus arenarius L. Sea lyme grass. Sandy beach of Lake Superior 
 at, Vermilion. Said to be a good sand binder. Not abundant and nol 
 noticed elsewhere in Michigan by the writer. (1914.) 
 
 Hystrix patula Moench. Bottle-brush grass. Open hardwoods. Ap- 
 parently infrequent. 
 
 CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family 
 
 Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. Wet swampy 
 places and borders of ponds throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping spike rush. Wei meadow- 
 like ground and often in shallow water. Common throughout. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris vigens Bailey. Large spike rush. Usually in 
 shallow water about ponds throughout. Common. 
 
 Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle spike rush. Wet and muddy 
 places about ponds and on margins of slow streams throughout. Plen- 
 tiful. 
 
 Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. Alpine cotton gra--. Wei 
 open marshy places. Abundant in spots throughout. 
 
 Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. Margins of ponds and 
 streams throughout. Common. 
 
138 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 I 
 
 Scirpus validus Vahl. Great bulrush. Margins of ponds throughout. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Viscid great bulrush. Very wet 
 marshy places and in shallow water throughout. Common. 
 
 Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green bulrush. Marshy open places 
 and in swamps throughout. Common and in spots abundant. 
 
 Scirpus cyperinus pelius Fernald. Wool grass. Wet open meadow- 
 like ground, and often in slight shade. Common throughout. 
 
 Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. Dark wool grass. In open meadow- 
 like ground and swamps with slight shade. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Scirpus atrocinctus brachypodus Fernald. Clustered wool grass. In 
 meadow-like ground near Vermilion. Abundant. N. A. Wood. 
 
 Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Hare's tail. Open bogs. Common 
 throughout. 
 
 Eriophorum gracile Roth. Slender cotton, grass. Open bogs and 
 swamps throughout. Abundant in one place near the lighthouse at 
 Whitefish Point. 
 
 Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Rough cotton grass. Occasional in open 
 wet and swampy places throughout. Plentiful near Vermilion. 
 
 Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. Tall cotton grass. Wet boggy 
 places throughout. Plentiful near Vermilion. 
 
 Eriophorum viridi-cari?iatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Thin leaved cotton 
 grass. Borders of, and open spots in, tamarack-black spruce swamps. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 4 
 
 Eriophorum virginicum L. Virginia cotton grass. Open bogs and wet 
 meadow-like ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Kynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White beak rush. Wet boggy open 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig rush. Bogs and very wet- 
 sandy ground. Frequent. 
 
 Car ex scoparia Schkuhr. Pointed broom sedge. Open damp or dryish 
 ground throughout. Frequent 
 
 Carex iribidoides Wahlenb. Blunt brown sedge. Wet places and 
 damp meadow-like open ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex siccata Dewey. Hillside sedge. Dry open sandy ground. Oc- 
 casional throughout. 
 
 Carex crawfordii Fernald. Crawford's sedge. Drj- open ground at 
 Emerson, Vermilion and Whitefish Point. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex albolutescens Schwein. Greenish-white sedge. Damp or drjdsh 
 ground near Emerson, Whitefish Point and Vermilion. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex tenera Dewey. Straw sedge. Dry open spots in woods near 
 lower falls of the Tahquamenon River above Emerson. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 139 
 
 Carex beblrii Olney. Bebb's sedge. Low and dryish ground near 
 Emerson and Vermilion. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex aenea Fernald. Fernald's hay sedge. Drj' ground, especially 
 lumbered over and burned over sand ridges near Vermilion. Frequent . 
 
 Carex adusta Boott. Browned sedge. Dry open ground near Emerson. 
 Apparently not common. 
 
 Carex stellulata Good. Little prickly sedge. Open low and damp 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex leersii angustata (Carey) Mackenzie. Tapering sedge. Open 
 low ground near Emerson. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Carex sterilis Wilkl. (C. scirpoides Schk.). Prickly sedge. Damp 
 open ground near Eckerman and Vermilion. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex canescens disjuncta Fernald. Disjointed sedge. Wet open 
 ground near Emerson and Vermilion. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex brunnescens Poir. Brownish sedge. Dry open ground near 
 Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey's sedge. Beech-maple-birch woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited sedge. Tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex tenella Schkuhr. Soft-leaved sedge. Margins and open places 
 of tamarack-black spruce swamps throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox sedge. Damp open ground near lower 
 falls of the Tahquamenon River back of Emerson. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Carex diandra Schrank. Lesser panicled sedge. Open bogs and wel 
 prairie-like ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. Very wet and open bog 
 ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex sartwellii Dewey. SartwelFs sedge. Boggy open ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Carex chordorrhiza L.f. Creeping sedge. Wet grassy ground, and 
 boggy places about ponds throughout.. Abundant at Emerson, Win' 
 fish Point and Vermilion. 
 
 Carex criniia Lam. Fringed sedge. Wet and usua 1 ly >1 ia< 1< ■< 1 gr< >i : 1 u 1 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex aquatilis substricta Kukenthal. Smaller water sedge. Very 
 wet open places throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex stricta Lam. Tussock sedge. Very wet open or slightly sha< 1< •< I 
 places. Common. 
 
 Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited sedge. Grassy meadow-like 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Carex hassei Bailey. Hasse's sedge. Gravelly shore of Lake Superior. 
 Frequent. 
 
140 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Car ex pauciflora Lightf. Few-flowered sedge. Open places in tama- 
 rack-black spruce swamp at Vermilion growing in deep sphagnum. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Car ex leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stalked sedge. Bogs and wet open 
 meadow-like ground. Common throughout. 
 
 Carex polygama Schkuhr. Brown sedge. Bogs and wet prairie-like 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful sedge. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex communis Bailey. Fibrous-rooted sedge. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods throughout and frequent. 
 
 Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania sedge. Dry open ground, 
 especially on lumbered over and burned over sand ridges. Common. 
 
 Carex livida (Wahlenb) Willd. Livid sedge. Wet marshy open ground 
 throughout. 
 
 Carex paupercula Michx. Bog sedge. Boggy open ground near Ver- 
 milion and Emerson. Frequent. 
 
 Carex limosa L. Mud sedge. Boggy open ground and very wet sand 
 throughout. Abundant near Whitefish Point and Vermilion. 
 
 Carex laxiflora leptonervia Fern aid. Two-edged sedge. Damp places 
 on border of beech-maple-birch woods throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Carex flava L. Yellow sedge. Damp marshy places. Common. 
 
 Carex flava rectirostra. Gaudin. SmalJ yellow sedge. Open wet 
 marshy ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Carex oederi Retz. Green sedge. Bogs, damp meadow-like ground 
 and in damp sand near shores. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex arctata Boott. Drooping wood sedge. Beech-birch-maple 
 woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Carex debilis rudgei. Bailey. Rudge's sedge. Lumbered over and 
 burned over sand ridges near Vermilion. Frequent. 
 
 Carex scabrata Schwein. Rough sedge. Damp open ground near Eck- 
 erman and Emerson. Frequent. 
 
 Carex filiformis L. Slender sedge. Open bogs and wet marshes 
 throughout. Abundant. 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly sedge. Low wet open ground, 
 often in wet sand. Frequent. 
 
 Carex koughtonii Torr. Houghton's sedge. Dry open ground near 
 Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Carex oligospermia Michx. Few-seeded sedge. Open bogs and very 
 wet marshes throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Carex hystericina Muhl. Porcupine sedge. Very wet marshy ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse sedge. Wet open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 141 
 
 Car ex intumescens Rudge. Bladder sedge. Beech-maple-birch woods 
 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Carcx folliculata L. Long sedge. Damp ground on margins of woods 
 and open places in tamarack-black spruce swamps. Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Carex michauxiana Boeckl. Yellowish sedge. Open bogs and very 
 wet places throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex mainensis Porter. Maine sedge. Damp open ground near 
 Whitefish Point. Apparently infrequent. See Britton and Brown, 2nd 
 Edition, Vol. 1, page 432. 
 
 Carex vesicaria monile (Tuckerm) Fernald. Necklace sedge. Damp 
 open ground near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Carex rostrata utriculata (Boott) Bailey. Beaked sedge Very wet 
 open places throughout. Common. 
 
 Carex tuckerrnani Dewey. Tuckerman's sedge. Rich open ground 
 near Tahquamenon River at Emerson. Not common. 
 
 ARACEAE. Arum Family 
 
 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Indian turnip. Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
 Beech-maple-birch woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk cabbage. Wet ground m 
 Emerson. Apparently rare. 
 
 ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family 
 
 Eriocaulon articulatwn (Huds.) Morong. Seven-angled pipewort. 
 On borders of ponds and in shallow water throughout. Abundant near 
 Whitefish Point. 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family 
 
 Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. In shallow water of ponds a 
 small lakes throughout. Frequent. 
 
 JUNCACEAE. Rush Family 
 
 Juncus bufonius L. Toad rush. Damp open ground throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Juncus tenuis Wllld. Slender rush. In open ground throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Juncus greenei Oaks & Tuckerm. Green's rush. ( >pen sandy ground 
 near Lake Superior shore at Vermilion. Apparently infrequenl . 
 
 Juncus balticus littoralis Engelm. Baltic rush. Frequeni on sandy 
 beach of Lake Superior as an efficient sand binder, and occasionally in 
 low damp ground throughout. 
 
 Juncus effusus L. Common rush. Soft rush. Marshy open -round. 
 Common throughout. 
 
142 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 J uncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. Small-headed rush. 
 Marshy open places throughout. Plentiful near Vermilion. 
 
 J uncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Narrow panicled rush. 
 Wet and muddy places throughout. Plentiful near Vermilion. 
 
 J uncus canadensis J. Gay. Canada rush. Low marshy open ground. 
 Plentiful throughout. 
 
 Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Brown-fruited rush. Swampy open places 
 throughout. Plentiful near Vermilion. 
 
 LILIACEAE. Lily Family 
 
 Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous tofieldia. Marshy open 
 ground throughout. Abundant near Eckerman. 
 
 Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek. Beech-birch-maple woods through- 
 out and often plentiful. 
 
 Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow adder's tongue. Beech- 
 maple-birch woods throughout. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow clintonia. Very abundant 
 throughout in beech-maple-birch woods. 
 
 Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False spikenard. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's seal. Moist 
 open or slightly shaded ground, and also sandy open or shaded places 
 throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's seal. In bogs 
 and wet open places throughout. Abundant near Vermilion. 
 
 Maianthemum canadense Desf. Wild lily-of -the- valley. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Clasping-leaved twdsted-stalk. 
 Borders of woods in damp ground and along banks of streams. Often in 
 shade. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Streptopus roseus Michx. Sessile-leaved twisted-stalk. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Streptopus longipes Fernald. Long-stemmed twisted-stalk." Beech- 
 maple-birch woods. Frequent. 
 
 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Hairy Solomon's seal. Beech- 
 maple-birch woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Trillium cernv.um L. Nodding wake-robin. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods, throughout. Frequent. 
 
 IRIDACEAE. Iris Family 
 
 Iris versicolor L. Large blue flag. Open wet ground throughout, but 
 seldom abundant. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 143 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Smaller yellow lady's slipper. Wet 
 swampy ground throughout. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Larger yellow 
 lady's slipper. Rich shaded ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Cypripedium acaule Ait. Stemless lady's slipper. Tamarack-black 
 spruce swamps in sphagnum throughout, but never abundant. Also in 
 shaded sandy ground. 
 
 Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R.Br. Long-bracted orchis. Dam]) 
 open woods. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br. Tall leafy green orchis. Damp 
 hardwoods. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Tall white bog orchis. Open wet 
 and boggy places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Boggy wet open ground. 
 Frequent. Shaded swampy ground especially in tamarack-black spruce 
 swamps. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Habenaria hookcri Torr. Hooker's orchis. Dry shaded ground. Ap- 
 parently infrequent. 
 
 Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Round-leaved orchis. Rich 
 shaded ground near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. N. A. Wood. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose pogonia. Open wet boggy 
 ground near Vermilion. Not common. 
 
 Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R.Br. Grass pink. Open wet and bog 
 places near Vermilion. Apparently not common. N. A. Wood. 
 
 Arethusa bulbosa L. Dragon's mouth. Open bogs at Vermilion. 
 Probably frequent throughout but overlooked. 
 
 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. Nodding ladies' tresse-. Boggy 
 open places and wet open ground generally. Frequent. 
 
 Epipactis repens ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton. Lesser rattle- 
 snake plantain. Rich ground and on old mossy logs in beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Epipactis decipiens (Hook.) Ames. Menzie's rattlesnake plantain. 
 Dryish open or slightly shaded places, often in rich ground. Plentiful 
 throughout. 
 
 Listera cordata (L.) R.Br. Heart-leaved twayblade. Wry we1 and 
 swamp}'- place near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent, probably over- 
 looked. 
 
 Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Broad-lipped twayblade Damp 
 places in hardwoods. Frequent but seldom abundant. 
 
144 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 SALICACEAE. Willow Family 
 
 Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Damp open ground throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Salix lucida intonsa Fernald. Bearded shining willow. Damp open 
 ground at Eckerman. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Salix alba L. White willow. Occasionally planted but not noticed 
 as an escape* 
 
 Salix longifolia Muhl. Sand bar willow. Along small streams and in 
 sandy ground. Frequent. 
 
 Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved willow. Sandy open ground 
 on or near sandy beach of Lake Superior. Frequent. 
 
 Salix balsamifera Barratt. Balsam willow. Wet bushy places and 
 borders of tamarack-black spruce swamps at Vermilion and Emerson. 
 Plentiful. 
 
 Salix syrticola Fernald. Furry willow. In sandy ground near and on 
 the beach of Lake Superior. Frequent. 
 
 Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. Open wet and boggy places 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous willow. Damp open ground and along 
 streams. Common. 
 
 Salix petiolaris Sm. Slender willow. Damp open ground and often 
 in damp sand. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. Dry open ground on sand 
 dunes and lumbered over and burned over sand ridges. Plentiful. 
 
 Salix rostrata Richards. Beaked willow. Usually on dryish open 
 ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Scdix Candida Flugge. Sage willow. Open wet and boggy places 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Populus alba L. White poplar. Occasionally planted but not noticed 
 as spreading. 
 
 Populus tremuloidcs Michx. American aspen. Noticed in this region 
 only in dry or sandy ground. Scarce at Eckerman, Emerson, Shell- 
 drake, Whitefish Point and Vermilion. Seldom abundant anywhere in 
 the county. 
 
 Populus grandideviata Michx. Large-toothed aspen. Throughout 
 the county but nowmere very common. 
 
 Popidus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. Throughout the county, 
 trees often large. Plentiful. 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Large-leaved poplar. Carolina poplar. A 
 form of this species, planted at Sault Ste. Marie, but not noticed as 
 spreading. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 14< 5 
 
 MYRICACEAE. Sweet Gale Family 
 
 Myrica gale L. Sweet gale. Wet places, borders of ponds, and in 
 swamps throughout. Very abundant at Whitefish Point and Vermilion. 
 
 Myrica asplenfolia L. Sweet fern. Open or slightly shaded i Lry san< ly 
 ground throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 BETULACEAE. Birch Family 
 
 Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. Dry open ground through- 
 out. Frequent and in spots abundant. 
 
 Ostrya Virginian a (Mill) K. Koch. Ironwood. Noticed as frequenl in 
 rich ground with other trees from Pickford to Detour. Reported 
 frequent along the Tahquamenon River back of Emerson, but not seen 
 by the writer. 
 
 Betula lutea Michx.f. Yellow birch. In rich ground with sugar maple 
 and beech forming large forests yet standing. Trees often large. Land 
 cruisers and lumbermen call the small smooth-barked trees 'yellow 
 birch" and the large ones with shaggy bark, "red birch". 
 
 Betula alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. White birch. Canoe birch. 
 With other trees throughout. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Betula pumila glandulifera Michx. Glandular low birch. Border- 
 and in open places of tamarack-black spruce swamps throughout. 
 Abundant. 
 
 Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. Swamps and borders of 
 streams throughout. Abundant along Shelldrake River, covering the 
 river bottom forming an excellent day shelter for deer. 
 
 FAGACEAE. Beech Family 
 
 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. In rich ground with other tn 
 forming large forests throughout. 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Noticed only in rich ground 
 with other trees from Brimley to Detour. Trees often very large and tall. 
 Reported as formerly plentiful in eastern half of Chippewa County. 
 
 Q.bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. Reported along the Tahquam- 
 enon River above the lower falls, but not seen. Since noticed along 
 the river in Luce County. Known to lumbermen generally as 'blue 
 oak". 
 
 Quercus rubra L. Red oak. More or less throughout. Frequent on 
 sand ridges; plentiful on sand dunes and in sandy ground along hake 
 Superior shore from Shelldrake to Vermilion. Common on sandy gr< mud 
 up the Tahquamenon River back of Emerson. Trees usually small, 
 large ones having been cut. Staminate flowers abundant June 17, L914. 
 19 
 
146 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 URTICACEAE. Nettle Family 
 
 Ulmus americana L. American elm. Frequent throughout, especially 
 along streams. Often with beech and maple, and many trees large. 
 
 Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender nettle. Occasional throughout in moist 
 open or slight ly shaded ground. 
 
 SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family 
 
 Comandra richardsiana Fernald. Richards' toadflax. T>ry sandy 
 ground throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Comandra livida Richards. Northern comandra. In dry sandy ground 
 near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent. Probably overlooked. 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family 
 
 Rumex britannica L. Great water dock. Wet swampy mostly open 
 places throughout. Common near Vermilion on border of tamarack- 
 black spruce swamps. 
 
 Rumex crispus L. Yellow dock. In cultivated and waste grounds 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter dock. As a weed in cultivated grounds. 
 Infrequent. 
 
 Rumex aeetosella L. Field sorrel. Frequent as a weed near dwellings 
 and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-grass. About dwellings and in culti- 
 vated grounds as a weed. Frequent. 
 
 Polygonum erectum L. Erect knotweed. Only as a weed in waste 
 places, cultivated grounds and about dwellings. Not common. 
 
 Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Bushy knotweed. Abundant in a 
 clearing north of Eckerman, appearing to be introduced. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pale persicaria. Occasional about farm 
 buildings and in cultivated grounds, appearing to be introduced. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium L. Water persicaria. Along streams and 
 ponds throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper L. Common smartweed. Damp open or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 Polygonum persicaria I;. Lady's thumb. Occasional as a weed about 
 farm buildings and in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved tear-thumb. Damp or 
 swampy places, open or slightly shaded throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Polygonum convolvulus L. Black bindweed. As a weed in gardens 
 and cultivated grounds. Not abundant. 
 
 Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed black bindweed. Open dryish or 
 damp ground throughout. Abundant in spots. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 147 
 
 Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast jointweed. In sandy open 
 ground throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family 
 
 Chenpodium capitalum (L.) Asch. Strawberry blite. Open ground 
 near Eckerman. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Chenopodium album L. Lamb's quarters. Pigweed. Only as a wi 
 in cultivated grounds and apparently not abundant. 
 
 Atriplex patula hastata (L.) Gray. Halbard-leaved orache. Occasional 
 as a weed about farm buildings and in streets of villages. 
 
 Atriplex paiula littoralis (L.) Gray. Shore orache. Streets of Detour. 
 Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Salsola kali tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian thistle. Occasional 
 about farm buildings in and about Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexis L. Amaranth pigweed. In cultivated and 
 waste grounds throughout but seldom abundant. 
 
 Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumbleweed. In cultivated grounds. Xot 
 abundant. 
 
 Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate amaranth. Only as a weed 
 about villages and not abundant. 
 
 PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family 
 
 Phytolacca decandra L. Pokeweed. Pigeon berry. Noticed by T. L. 
 Hankinson, ichthyologist, near Vermilion. Very probably an escape 
 from cultivation. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family 
 
 Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurrey. Along roads and in clearings 
 north of Eckerman. Plentiful. 
 
 Stellaria borealis Bigel. Northern stitchwort. Open damp places in 
 tamarack-black spruce swamps near Vermilion. Abundant. 
 
 Stellaria longi folia Muhl. Long-leaved stitchwort. Damp open 
 places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Common chickweed. A weed in \\;t 
 places and cultivated grounds but seldom abundant. 
 
 Cerastium vulgatum L. Common mouse-ear chickweed. In cult ivat e< 1 
 grounds but seldom abundant. 
 
 Lychnis alba Mill. White campion. Occasional about farm buildings 
 and in waste places as a weed. 
 
148 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family 
 
 Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Carolina spring beauty. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane. A weed in gardens but 
 apparent^ not abundant. 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family 
 
 Ny?nphaea advena Ait. Yellow pond lily. In ponds, small lakes, and 
 slow streams throughout. Common. 
 
 Nymphaea advena variegata (Engelm) Fernald. Variegated yellow 
 pond lily. Noticed near the lower falls of the Tahquamenon River above 
 Emerson. 
 
 Castalia tuber osa (Paine) Green. Tuberous white water lily. In open 
 ponds and small lakes throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water shield. In ponds, small lakes, and 
 slow streams. Plentiful. 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE Crowfoot Family 
 
 Ranunculus purshii Richards. Pursh's buttercup. Abundant along 
 a slow stream in tamarack-black spruce swamp near Vermilion. Not 
 noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot. In beech-maple- 
 birch woods and other damp shaded places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked crowfoot. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp buttercup. Moist open or 
 shaded places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f. Bristly crowfoot. Wet open places. 
 Apparently rare. 
 
 Ranunculus acris L. Tall crowfoot. Established throughout, appear- 
 ing like a native plant, but nowhere abundant. 
 
 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. and Lall. Purplish meadow rue. Rich 
 ground on borders of woods, along streams and in thickets. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp-lobed liver leaf. Hardwoods. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone. Damp open ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia virgin's bower. Along small streams. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold. Wet open shaded ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 149 
 
 Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread. Dam]) open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Aetata rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberry. In woods throughout. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White baneberry. Beech-maplc-Lin-h woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family 
 
 Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's breeches. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods near Eckerman. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family 
 
 Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow alyssum. In and about Sault Ste. 
 Marie as a weed. Frequent. 
 
 Lepidium virginicum L. Wild pepper-grass. In and about Saull Ste. 
 Marie as a weed, and in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's purse. As a weed in 
 cultivated grounds, but not abundant. 
 
 Cakile edentula (Sigel.) Hook. American sea rocket. Beach of Lake 
 Superior. Seldom abundant. 
 
 Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. Common mustard. A weed in cultivated 
 grounds but apparently infrequent. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. Smooth-podded hedge must art 1 . 
 Occasional as a weed about dwellings and in villages. 
 
 Sisymbrium, altissimum L. Tumble mustard. Near Trout Lake as a 
 weed. Infrequent. 
 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed mustard. In cultival 
 grounds but not abundant. 
 
 Radicula naslurtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. True water 
 cress. Occasional throughout in small creeks and ditches. 
 
 Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh cress. Wet open or slightly 
 shaded places throughout. Not common. 
 
 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. Common winter cress. Occasional through- 
 out in low ground. 
 
 Cardamine praiensis L. Cuckoo flower. Border of small slow-run- 
 ning creek in tamarack-black spruce swamp near Vermilion. Appar- 
 ently infrequent. 
 
 Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania bitter cr< ss. Alonf 
 slow running creek in a tamarack-Mack spruce swa op near Vermilion, 
 Apparent! y rare. 
 
 Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved rock ere Sandy shores <>i Lake 
 Superior at Whitefish Point, but not abundant. 
 
150 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Bogs and swamps through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family 
 
 Drosera ro'undifolia L. Round-leaved sundew. In bogs and swamps 
 throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Drosera longifolia L. Oblong-leaved sundew. Bogs and wet sandy 
 shores. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family 
 
 Sedum acre L. Mossy stone crop. Noticed on sandy ground in and 
 about Sault Ste Marie. 
 
 Sedum purpureum Tausch. Live-for-ever. Noticed as an escape in 
 and about Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family 
 
 Tiarella cordifolia L. Beech-maple-birch woods throughout. Fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Mitella nuda L. Naked bishop's cap. Woods, especially tamarack- 
 black spruce swamps throughout. Common. 
 
 Chrysosplenium americana Schwein. Golden saxifrage. Wet shaded 
 places especially along small slow streams. Common throughout. 
 
 Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Carolina grass-of-parnassus. Swampy 
 open or slightly shaded places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild black currant. Damp shaded ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Ribes lacusire (Pers.) Poir. Swamp black currant. Woods throughout 
 and frequent. 
 
 Ribes prostratum L'Her. Skunk currant. Beech-maple-birch woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 ROSACEAE. Rose Family 
 
 Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark. Along banks of 
 streams throughout. Common. 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia L. Meadow-sweet. Low damp open ground, often 
 in damp sand, throughout. Common. 
 
 Pyrus malus L. Apple. Along roads and margins of woods through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrus arbutifolia atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. Purple-fruited 
 chokeberry. Damp open or slightly shaded swampy places. Common 
 throughout. Occasional on sand dunes. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 151 
 
 Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. American mountain ash. Wooda 
 everywhere. Common. Often 40 feet high. Prof. C. S. Sargent -ays 
 in this region the mountain ashes come close to what he calls Sorbua 
 americana decora Sarg. See Manual of the Trees of North America 
 C. S. Sargent, page 357. 
 
 Amelanchier laevis Wiegand. Smooth-leaved juneberry. In dryish 
 open or shaded ground throughout. Frequent. Rhodora Vol. 1 1-1.71. 
 No. 163, July 1912. 
 
 Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer. Bartram's juneberry. 
 Borders of woods throughout. Common. Rhodora Vol. 14-158, No. 
 163. July 1912. 
 
 Amelanchier bartramiana, laevis. Common throughout. Hybrids 
 seem to prevail in Chippewa County. 
 
 Crataegus rotwidifolia Moench. Round-leaved thorn. ( lommon 
 along the Tahquamenon River near Emerson. 
 
 Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Douglas' thorn. (C. brockwayae San 
 At Emerson and Vermilion in sandy open or slightly shaded ground. 
 Not frequent. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Common strawberry. Dryish open 
 or slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana glauca Wats. Glaucous western strawberry. Dry 
 open ground near Vermilion. Frequent. 
 
 Fragaria vesca americana Porter. American wood strawl jerry. \Y< m n Is 
 and often in tamarack-black spruce swamps. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough cinquefoil. Open sandy ground 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh five finger. Open wet boggy 
 places throughout. Common. 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinquefoil. Damp open ground 
 throughout. Plentiful near Eckerman. 
 
 Potentilla tridentata Ait. Three-toothed cinquefoil. Damp or dry 
 open ground throughout. Often abundant in spots. 
 
 Potentilla canadensis L. Common cinquefoil. Open dry sandy ground 
 throughout. Not common. 
 
 Geum canadense Jacq. White avens. Woods throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow avens. Moist open ground throughout. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Geum rivale L. Water avens. Wet open or slightly shaded pku 
 throughout. 
 
 Rubus idaeus aculeatissimus (C. A. Mey.) Regel & Tiling. Wild red 
 raspberry. Dryish open or slightly shaded ground throughout. < tommon. 
 
 Rubus triflorus Richards. Dwarf raspberry. Wei shaded pk 
 throughout. Common. 
 
152 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Tail blackberry. Dry open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Rubus nigricans Rydb. Bristly blackberry. About dead tamaracks 
 in margin of tamarack-black spruce swamp near Emerson. Plentiful 
 at this place. 
 
 Rubus hispidus L. Hispid blackberry. Damp open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Rubus villosus Ait. Dewberry. Dry sandy ground, often on shaded 
 sand dunes throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Agrimonia- gryposepala Wallr. Tall hairy agrimony. Dryish open or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Rosa acicularis Lincll. Prickly rose. Dryish open or slightly shaded 
 ground, throughout. Not common. 
 
 Rosa blanda Ait. Meadow rose. Open sandy ground and on sandy 
 beaches. Plentiful. 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbriar. In villages and along roads. No- 
 ticed in particular on the road from Sault Ste. Marie to Detour. On 
 Mackinac Island, Mackinac County, and in Chippewa County, Michi- 
 gan, this shrub is being killed to the ground by the sting of the gall fly, 
 Rhodistes rosae. The shaggy galls formed are often called "rose apples ". 
 
 Rosa Carolina L. Swamp rose. Borders of swamps and streams. 
 Frequent. Noticed in particular along Shelldrake River south of Ver- 
 milion. 
 
 Prunus virginiana L. Choke cherry. Open ground throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Wild red cherry. Common throughout. 
 Abundant on lumbered over and burned over sand ridges, and in sandy 
 ground of recent clearings. 
 
 Prunus pumila L. Sand cherry. Common throughout. Abundant 
 in sandy ground near Lake Superior shore. 
 
 Prunus nigra Ait. Canada plum. Abundant along streams near 
 Pickford, and common about Gatesville. 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family 
 
 Trifolium pratense L. Red clover. Frequent everywhere as an escape. 
 
 Trifolium repens L. White clover. Frequent as a weed everywhere, 
 and abundant in clearings. 
 
 Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike clover. Frequent along roads as an 
 escape. 
 
 Melilotus alba Desr. White sweet clover. Occasional in and about 
 Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach pea. Along the sandy beach of 
 Lake Superior. Abundant in spots, acting as an efficient sand binder. 
 
m CHIPPEWA COUNTY 153 
 
 Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh vetchling. Moist open ground through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Lathijrus palustris linearifolius Ser. Winged marsh vetchling. Damp 
 places and margins of woods throughout. Common. 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. Wood Sorrel Family 
 
 Oxalis acetosella L. Common wood sorrel. Beech-maple-birch woods 
 throughout, often carpeting the ground and old logs. Noticed also in 
 very wet ground under speckled alders along Shelldrake river south of 
 Vermilion. 
 
 POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family 
 
 Polygala paucifolia Willd. Fringed polygala. Dry shaded sandy 
 ground throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family 
 
 Rhus glabra L. Smooth sumach. Noticed as occasional from Ga j 
 ville to Detour. 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family 
 
 Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry. Low open or slightly shaded 
 ground. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Nemopanihus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holly. On margins of 
 and in tamarack-black spruce swamps throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 ACERACEAE. Maple Family 
 
 Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple. Noticed as frequent from 
 Gatesville to Detour. 
 
 Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. Damp woods and thickets 
 throughout. Abundant. 
 
 Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. With beech, birch, some bass- 
 wood, and hemlock, forming extensive forests still standing throughout 
 the county, excepting in the eastern and southeastern portion where 
 more lumbering has been done. Forests called hardwood-. 
 
 Acer rubrum L. Red maple. A few large trees noticed in rich ground 
 with other trees. Usually in Chippewa County, it is a small scraggy 
 tree covering sandy level ground, sand ridges and sand dunes. Appar- 
 ently it is the smaller trees that bear fruit. 
 
 Acer negundo L. Box elder. Occasionally planted from Sault Ste. 
 Marie to Detour but not noticed as spreading. 
 
154 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 BALSAMINACEAE. Touch-me-not Family 
 
 Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted touch-me-not. Moist open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Abundant. 
 
 RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family 
 
 Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. Open damp or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. Often plentiful. 
 
 TILIACEAE. Linden Family 
 
 Tilia americana L. Basswood. Often with beech, birch, and maple. 
 Trees sometimes large. Frequent throughout. 
 
 MALVACEAE. Mallow Family 
 
 Malva rotundifolia L. Common mallow. A weed about dwellings and 
 in villages. Not abundant. 
 
 Malva moschata L. Musk mallow. In fields and along roads about 
 Brimley, Sault Ste. Marie, and south to Detour. 
 
 HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family 
 
 Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. An occasional 
 weed on farms and in villages. 
 
 Hypericum punctatum Lam. Spotted St. John's-wort. In woods and 
 thickets near Brimley. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Hypericum kalmianum L. Kami's St. John's-wort. Sandy open 
 ground, usually near shores. Frequent. 
 
 Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Pale St. John's-wort. Abundant along 
 Shelldrake River south of Vermilion. Noticed throughout. 
 
 Hypericum, boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's-wort. 
 Wet open places throughout. Abundant near Vermilion. 
 
 Hypericum majus (Cray) Britton. Large Canadian St. John's-wort. 
 Damp sand near lighthouse at Whitefish Point. Plentiful at this place. 
 
 Hypericum canadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort. In damp open 
 sandy ground near Eckerman. Plentiful at this place. 
 
 Hypericum virginicum L. Marsh St. John's-wort. Open wet and 
 swampy ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 CISTACEAE. Rockrose Family 
 
 Helianthemum canadense (L.?) Michx. Long-branched frostweed. 
 Sandy open ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Hudsonia tomentosa intermedia Peck. Awl-leaved hudsonia. Common 
 on the sandy beach of Lake Superior and on sand dunes at Whitefish 
 Point and Vermilion. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY l5 g 
 
 VIOLACEAE. Violet Family 
 
 Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh blue violet. Wet open or slightly -haded 
 places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Viola sororia Willcl. Wooly blue violet. Rich open or shaded places 
 throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved violet. Damp open ground through- 
 out. Often abundant. 
 
 Viola pollens (Banks) Brainard. Northern white violet. Wet sprinj 
 places and along small creeks throughout. Common. 
 
 Viola incognita Brainard. Large-leaved white violet. Woods throu \ 
 out. Common. 
 
 Viola renijolia Gray. Kidney-leaved violet. Rich woods throughout. 
 Abundant. 
 
 Viola scabriuscula Schwein. Smoothish yellow violet. Damp rich 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog violet. Rich damp open 
 shaded ground throughout. Plentiful. 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium L. Great willow-herb. Fireweed. Damp or 
 dry ground throughout, especially in clearings and burned-over-ground. 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern willow-herb. Rich damp 
 or slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose. Open sand}* ground 
 throughout. Infrequent. 
 
 Circaea lutetiana L. Enchanter's nightshade. In woods throughout. 
 Noticed in particular near lower falls of Tahquamenon River above 
 Emerson. 
 
 Circaea alpina L. Smaller enchanter's nightshade. In damp rich 
 w 7 oods throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family 
 
 Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard. Rich woods throughout. Not 
 common. 
 
 Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla. Usually in dry sandy open 
 ground throughout. Abundant on recently burned over sandy land. 
 sand ridges, and in clearings. 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla. Moist woods throughout. 
 and abundant. Often plentiful on dry shaded ground and even on shad- 
 ed sand dunes. 
 
156 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Smoother sweet cicely. Rich 
 woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Osmorhiza divaricata Nutt. Western sweet cicely. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing water hemlock. Wet open ground 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Carum carvi L. Caraway. Occasional throughout near farm build- 
 ings and in villages. 
 
 Heracleum lanatum Michx. Abundant near Emerson in one place. 
 Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family 
 
 Cornus canadensis L. Dwarf cornel. In woods and thickets through- 
 out. Often carpeting the ground. 
 
 Cornus circinate L'Her. Round-leaved cornel. Usually in sandy 
 open ground, or bordering woods and thickets. Common throughout. 
 
 Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier dogwood. Usually in damp 
 ground, sometimes in sand, throughout. Not common. 
 
 Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved cornel. Borders of streams 
 and woods. Frequent. 
 
 ERICACEAE. Heath Family 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's pine. Dry shaded ground, 
 usualfy among pines. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. One-leaved pyrola. Beech-maple-birch 
 woods near Vermilion. Apparently infrequent but perhaps overlooked. 
 N. A. Wood. 
 
 Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Greenish-flowered wintergreen. Beech-maple- 
 birch woods throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrola secunda L. One-sided winter-green. Beech-maple-birch woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Pyrola secunda obtusata Turcz. Obtuse-leaved pyrola. Tamarack- 
 black spruce swamp near Eckerman. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 M on otropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. Usually in rich woods, sometimes 
 in the open. Noticed by N. A. Wood near Vermilion. 
 
 Monotropa hypopitys L. Pine sap. Dry sandy shaded ground at 
 Whitefish Point. Apparently rare. Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador tea. Open boggy ground and 
 even on sandy ground and sides of shaded sand dunes throughout. One" 
 of the most abundant shrubs in the countv. 
 
 Kalmia polifolia W^ang. Pale laurel. In open boggy ground through- 
 out. Common. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 157 
 
 Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Bog rosemary. Open or shaded I oggy 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Chamaedaphne calyculala (L.) Moench. Leather leaf. Open or 
 slightly shaded boggy ground throughout. Abundant. This and the 
 three preceding are the prominent and dominant bog shrubs of the 
 county. 
 
 Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Sandy open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Common and in spots abundant. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbent L. Wintergreen. Usually in open or slightly 
 shaded ground, sometimes in tamarack-black spruce swamps in sphag- 
 num. Abundant throughout. Fruit abundant and delicious June 
 1914. 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. Sandy beach oi 
 Lake Superior, and on sand dunes throughout. Plentiful near Whitefish 
 Point and Vermilion. 
 
 Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Creeping snowberry. Open or 
 slightly shaded boggy ground throughout . Often abundant in tamarack- 
 black spruce swamps. 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black huckleberry. Open or 
 slightly shaded sandy ground sometimes in swamps, throughout. Fre- 
 quent. Fruit black and collected for domestic use and occasionally for 
 market. 
 
 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. Low sweet blueberry, (.'pen or 
 slightly shaded sandy ground, sometimes in swamps, throughout. Very 
 abundant. Berries delicious, gathered for market and domestic us . 
 
 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum Wood. Low black blueberry. 
 Occasional throughout in same habitat as preceding. Fruit black, ripe 
 at the same time as the preceding, and collected with it for market and 
 domestic use. 
 
 Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Sour top. Dry sand}- open ground or in 
 swamps throughout. Abundant. Berries blue and gathered for market 
 and sold as "blueberries", with the preceding species and variety. Fruit 
 slightly tart, abundant and delicious September 3, 1914. bui qoI con- 
 sidered quite so choice as the low sweet blueberry. 
 
 Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl . Thin-leaved bilberry. I sually 
 in rich shaded ground, sometimes in damp sand. Common throughout , 
 Called "rabbit berry" in Chippewa County. Fruit large, usually black, 
 rather tart, but delicious and gathered for domestic use, ripe September 
 3, 1914. Berries too tender and delicate for market purposes. Perha 
 a shrub worth trial and experiment in cultivation. 
 
 Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Oval-leaved bilberry. Usually in rich 
 shaded ground throughout often growing with the preceding. Abun- 
 dant. Berry blue, large, but smaller than thai of the preceding, slightly 
 tart, but delicious and much sought after tor domestic use, although too 
 
158 BOTANY OF' MICHIGAN 
 
 delicate and tender for market, ripe September 3, 1914. Known in 
 Chippewa County as "myrtilloid berry", or "myrtilloid huckleberry". 
 Perhaps this shrub also is worth some attention. 
 
 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. American cranberry. Boggy places 
 and swamps throughout. Sometimes abundant. At Vermilion is 
 a model cranberry farm owned and fitted up by the late Mr. John 
 Clark, and another at Whitefish Point owned by Mr. Frank House. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family 
 
 Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Bulb-bearing loosestrife. Low wet- 
 open ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Tufted loosestrife. Very wet open places 
 and in shallow water throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star flower. Damp woods and 
 thickets throughout. Common. 
 
 OLEACEAE. Olive Family 
 
 Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. In swampy ground with other 
 trees throughout. Disappearing in many parts of the county on account 
 of forest fires. Abundant along the Tahquamenon River above Emerson. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family 
 
 Halenia deflexa (Sm) Griseb. Spurred gentian. Common in damp 
 shaded ground throughout, especially in hardwood. 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Abundant throughout in boggy- 
 places and shallow water. 
 
 APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family 
 
 Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane. In open dry 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale L. Common hound's tongue. Occasional 
 about farm buildings. Apparently rare in other places. 
 
 Lappula echinata Gilibert. European stickweed. Along roads and in 
 villages. Infrequent. 
 
 LABIATAE. Mint Family 
 
 Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcap. Rich shaded ground 
 near lower falls of Tahquamenon River above Emerson. Apparently 
 infrequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 159 
 
 Scutellaria galericulata L. Marsh skullcap. Wet marshy ground near 
 Emerson. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. In villages but not abundant . 
 
 Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan. Ground ivy. In dam}) shaded ground. 
 Infrequent. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all. Noticed at Emerson. Apparently 
 rare. 
 
 Galeopsis tetrahit L. Common hemp nettle. Along roads i hroughoul . 
 Often abundant. 
 
 Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. Hairy biephilia. Beech-ma] tic- 
 birch woods near the lower falls of the Tahquamenon River abo 
 Emerson. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. Dryish open ground or in dry 
 open woods and thickets throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugle weed. Low open or slightly -haded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lycopus americanus Michx. Cut-leaved water hoarhound. Damp 
 open or slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. At Trout Lake. Apparently rare. 
 
 Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot mint. Rare as an escape from culti- 
 vation. Noticed south of Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Mentha arvensis canadensis (L.) Briquet. American wild mint. Rich 
 damp open or slightly shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 * SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family 
 
 Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy ground cherry. Foot of a sand 
 dune at Vermilion, a large bunch of it. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE, Figwort Family 
 
 Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. Along roads and in fields 
 throughout. Not noticed as abundant anywhere. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris Hill. Butter and eggs. A weed at Troul La] 
 Apparently rare in this county. 
 
 Scrophidaria leporella Bicknell. Hare figwort. Usually in rich open 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Chelone glabra L. Balmony. Snakehead. Wei ground, borders <>f 
 wood and thickets and along small streams. Frequent . 
 
 Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemmed monkey flower. Wei pi 
 borders of creeks and in ditches throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Veronica americana Schwein. American brooklime. Brooks, ditcfo 
 and wet places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Melampyrum lineare Lam. Cow wheat. Open woods throughout. 
 Common. 
 
160 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family 
 
 UtricuJaria intermedia Hayne. Flat-leaved bladderwort. Very wet 
 places and shallow water throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned bladderwort. Wet sandy open 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family 
 
 Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drops. Under beeches through- 
 out. Common. 
 
 PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family 
 
 Plantago major L. Common plantain. About farm buildings and in 
 villages but not abundant. 
 
 Plantago rugelii Dene. Rugel's plantain. Along roads and in fields 
 and clearings throughout. Frequent. 
 
 RUBIACEAE. Madder Family 
 
 Galium trifidwn L. Small bedstraw. Open or slightly shaded wet 
 and swampy places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Galium claytoni Michx. Clayton's bedstraw. Damp places and 
 swamps throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Galium asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw. Damp open or slightly 
 shaded places throughout, usua% climbing over small shrubs or other 
 plants . Common . 
 
 Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet scented bedstraw. Rich thin woods 
 throughout. Common. 
 
 Mitchella repens L. Partridge berry. Dry woods throughout. 
 Common. 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family 
 
 Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush honeysuckle. Open or slightly shaded 
 dry and sandy ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American fly honeysuckle. Open woods 
 and margins of thickets throughout. Common. 
 
 Lonicera oblongijolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly honeysuckle. Tama- 
 rack-black spruce swamps throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lonicera hirsuta Eat. Hairy honeysuckle. Margins of woods near 
 Eckerman. Apparently infrequent. A vine. 
 
 Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous honeysuckle. Margins of woods and 
 thickets throughout but not common. A vine. 
 
 Syn ploricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. Dry open or slightly 
 shaded places throughout. Frequent. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY 161 
 
 Linnaea borealis americana (Forbes) Render. Twin-flower. Open 
 woods throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Viburnum acerifolium L. Arrow-wood. Dryish open woods through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. ■ Wet open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. Margins of woods and along 
 streams throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Sambucus canadensis L. Common elder. Open rich ground through- 
 out. Often plentiful. 
 
 Sambucus racemosus L. Red-berried elder. Rich open or shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family 
 
 Valeriana idiginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Swamp valerian. Open wet 
 places, and on margins of tamarack-black spruce swamps. Abundant 
 about a swamp near Eckerman. 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE. Bluebell Family 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. Mostly on sandy beaches. 
 Frequent throughout. 
 
 Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh bellflower. Open wet grassy 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family 
 
 Lobelia kalmii L. Brook lobelia. Marshy open places throughout. 
 Noticed in particular in swampy ground on margin of tamarack-black 
 spruce swamp north of Eckerman. 
 
 COMPOSITAE. Composite Family 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye weed. Low damp open ground 
 and margins of woods throughout. Common. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum maculatum (L.) Dark Spotted joe-pye weed. 
 Wet open places throughout. Common. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset. Low open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy goldenrod. Dry open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago randii (Porter) Britton. Rand's goldenrod. Mostly along 
 or near the sandy beach of Lake Superior. Noticed in particular near 
 W^hitefish Point and Vermilion. 
 
 Solidago uliginosa IS utt. Bog goldenrod. Open wet and boggy ground 
 throughout. Common. 
 21 
 
162 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Solidago juncea Ait. Early goldenrod. Dry open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago ragosa Mill. Wrinkled-leaved goldenrod. Damp open or 
 dryish slightly shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray goldenrod. Dry open ground through- 
 out. Common arid often abundant. 
 
 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod. Borders of woods and in 
 rich open or slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod. Rich open ground throughout. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Solidago serotina Ait. Late goldenrod. Rich open or slightly shaded 
 ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Flat-topped goldenrod. Moist 
 open ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Solidago tenuifolia Pursh. Slender fragrant goldenrod. Damp sandy 
 ground near Whitefish Point. Apparently rare. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved aster. Along a shaded high 
 creek bank near Brimley. Plentiful at this place. Apparently rare in 
 Chippewa Count}'. 
 
 Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue aster. Dry open or shaded ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Aster lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley's aster. Damp or dryish open or 
 slihgtly shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Aster laieriflorus (L.) Britton. Calico aster. Open ground near lower 
 falls of the Tahquamenon River above Emerson. Apparently infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Aster tradescanli L. Tradescant's aster. Low open ground through- 
 out. Often abundant. 
 
 Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled aster. Wet open ground through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Aster junceus Ait. Rush aster. Wet open meadow-like ground 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved aster. Low open ground through- 
 out. Frequent. 
 
 Aster novi-belgii L. New York aster. Damp ground north of Ecker- 
 man. Plentiful there. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Aster puniceus L. Red-stalked aster. Low swampy ground through- 
 out. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster umbellatus Mill. Flat-top white aster. Usually in moist shaded 
 ground. Abundant throughout. 
 
 Aster nemoralis Ait. Bog aster. Very wet boggy open ground 
 throughout. Abundant near Emerson. 
 
 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane. Occasional as a 
 weed and appearing to be introduced. 
 
CHIPPEWA COUNTY ]() ;; 
 
 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet scabious. Apparently as a weed 
 
 only and probably introduced. 
 
 Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy fleabane. Noticed only as a 
 weed and probably introduced. 
 
 Erigeron canadensis L. Horse weed. In cultivated grounds as a 
 weed. Not abundant. 
 
 Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller cat's-foot. Open woods 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Antennaria petaloidea Fernald. Common eat 1 * foot. Dry open 
 ground, sand dunes and fixed ridges, throughout. Common. 
 
 Anaphalis margariiacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting. Dry open 
 or slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Gnovhalium decurrens Ives. Clammy everlasting. Dry open ground. 
 throughout, but infrequent. 
 
 Gnaphalium idiginosum L. Low cudweed. Noticed along roads at 
 Brimley and other villages. Not common. 
 
 Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Along road near Gatesville. Ap- 
 parently infrequent. 
 
 Ambrosia artemisii folia L. Common ragweed. As a weed only and 
 infrequent. 
 
 Rudbeckia hirta L. Yellow daisy. Black-eyed Susan. Dry open 
 ground throughout, but infrequent. 
 
 Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall- coneflower. Low thickets and along 
 small creeks throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Helianthus giganteus L. Tall sunflower. Low ground near Eckerman. 
 Apparently rare. 
 
 Bidens frondosa L. Beggar ticks. Damp open ground but infrequent. 
 
 Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bracted tickseed. Damp 
 open ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Bidens cernua L. Smaller bur-marigold. Damp open ground through- 
 out. Frequent. Abundant near Shelldrake. 
 
 Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow. Roads and fields through- 
 out but not abundant. 
 
 Anihemis cotula L. May-weed. About farm buildings and in villa® 
 Not abundant. 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte. Ox- 
 eye daisy. Occasional as a weed. Not noticed as abundant anywhere. 
 
 Chrysanthemum balsamita tanacetoides Boiss. Costmary. Roadside 
 near Gatesville. Apparently infrequent as an escape. 
 
 Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Lake Huron tansy. On or near the 
 sandy beach of Lake Superior. Abundant in spots. 
 
 Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall wormwood. I to sandy beach of hake 
 Superior, sand dunes and fixed sand ridges throughout. Frequent. 
 
164 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial wormwood. Along roads and in 
 villages as a weed. Not common. 
 
 Artemisia absinthium L. Common wormwood. Occasional through- 
 out. Abundant at Gatesville covering large areas of ground. 
 
 Petasites palmatatus (Ait.) Gray. Palmate-leaf sweet coltsfoot. Wet 
 open or shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Senecio aureus L. Golden ragwort. Wet open or shaded ground 
 throughout. Often abundant. 
 
 Senecio balsamitae Muhl. Balsam groundsel. Dry open ground 
 throughout. Not common. 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common thistle. Occasional through- 
 out, as a weed. 
 
 Cirsium pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. Pitcher's thistle. Sandy beach of 
 Lake Superior, but not abundant. 
 
 Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field thistle. Rich open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp thistle. Wet swampy places 
 throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. Gradually spreading as 
 a weed in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Taraxacum officinale Weber. Dandelion. Throughout but nowhere 
 noticed as abundant. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus L. Common saw thistle. As a weed in cultivated 
 grounds, but not common. 
 
 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved saw thistle. A weed in culti- 
 vated grounds. Infrequent. 
 
 Lactuca scariola inter grata Gren. & Godr. Entire-leaved prickly let- 
 tuce. A weed in cultivated grounds, but infrequent. 
 
 Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce. Rich damp open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall blue lettuce. Low open or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake weed. Dry open or slightly 
 shaded places throughout. Frequent. 
 
 Hieracium scabrum Michx. Rough hawkweed. Dry open or slightly 
 shaded ground throughout. Common. 
 
 Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada hawkweed. Dry open or 
 slightly shaded ground throughout. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND 
 FERN ALLIES GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION IX 
 TUSCOLA COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 
 
 The late Professor C. A. Davis, while engaged in geological work for 
 Tuscola County begun in 1897, made incidental observations on the 
 wild plants, and his report with an annotated list of plants was pul dished 
 in the Tenth Annual Report of the state geologist for the year 1908, 
 page 290, under title "The Native Vegetation of Tuscola County. 
 The Factors Affecting Plant Distribution." This was merely the 
 latter part of his valuable report on "The Geology of Tuscola County, 
 Michigan/' published in the same report, page 121. The part of the 
 report on plants was timely and very valuable, for about that time the 
 northern part of the county, where the plant observations were mostly 
 made, was rapidly undergoing a radical change brought about by drain- 
 age and preparation for sugar beet culture. Long before the publicat i< m 
 of his ecological observations and plant list, Professor Davis urged the 
 writer to complete, so far as possible, the plant list of the county, make 
 a separate report, incorporating his list or so much of it as should seem 
 best. Accordingly in 1910 the work was taken up as an independent 
 effort and the county investigated as well as might be. The Saginaw 
 Bay shore was traversed and examined from the west line of Huron 
 County to the east line of Bay County, nearly eve^ small lake visited, 
 its shores and adjacent marshes and swamps examined and the morainal 
 hills looked over as carefully as time would permit, not forgetting swamps 
 yet untouched by destructive fires, the marshes and prairie-like land 
 and the so called islands in the northern part. Professor Davis rep >r1 1 < 1 
 591 species, a remarkably large number considering that this pari of 
 his effort was merely incidental to matters considered at the time of far 
 greater economic importance. After much careful search the numl 
 of species noticed did not quite reach 1,000, but it is believed thai from 
 1,100 to 1,200 species of wild plants still exist within the limits of Tus- 
 cola County, which will be found and yet recorded if local botanis 
 make a careful search. 
 
 It is not intended or believed that this effort shall or can take the 
 place of Professor Davis' report which will ever stand out prominent ly s 
 a work very clearly and fully representing the surface condition- of the 
 land and ecological relations of plant species at the time. 
 
166 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Geographical Position 
 
 Tuscola County is bounded on the south by Lapeer and Genesee 
 counties, east by Sanilac County, north by a part of Huron Comny and 
 Saginaw Bay, west by Bay and Saginaw counties. In general outline 
 it is square, approximately 30 miles on a side and is a part of the tract 
 popularly known as "The Thumb.'' The south line is about 65 miles 
 north of Detroit and 100 miles from the south State line. 
 
 The Present and Past Conditions Contrasted 
 
 At present this county has the appearance of a valuable, progressive 
 and successful agricultural district. The land generally speaking is of 
 good quality and everywhere general thrift arid prosperity are indicated. 
 In recent years the sugar beet industry has become prominent and 
 valuable. But it seems only yesterday that it was a mid district mostly 
 covered with dense forests penetrated only by paths and trails and a 
 favorite locality for the Indian. For him it was a paradise, as game and 
 fish were plentiful, and his daily wants were easily procured and satisfied. 
 These conditions had existed for an unknown length of time. However 
 on the advent of the paleface a radical and almost sudden change took 
 place. The white man felled and used up the forests, killed with his 
 deadly weapons and consumed the game, and even reduced the former 
 abundant supply of fish. The Indians of this region are now known only 
 in history. These great changes have taken place perhaps within the 
 memory of many 3^et living in 1910. 
 
 General Surface 
 
 There is very little rock outcropping in the county and the general 
 surface is indeed very variable. In the northern part near and extend- 
 ing south from the Bay, there is much marsh-like or damp prairie-like 
 ground not very much above the level of Saginaw Bay, formerly covered 
 part of the time with shallow water. Dotted here and there in this low 
 ground are spots called islands, raised a few feet above the general level 
 and covered with trees and shrubbery. As hereafter mentioned this 
 prairie-like land in its drier parts seems to have invited a number of 
 species from prairie habitats farther south and west. Toward the south 
 part of the county is apparently very rough with ridges of morainal 
 formation, and, it is said, rises above the Bay level in places from 200 
 to 400 feet. 
 
 The principal stream having several branches is Cass River with a 
 well defined valley running through the county from northeast to south- 
 west. There are perhaps 16 small lakes and ponds, two of the lakes 
 being partly in Lapeer County, a number of them having no names and 
 not usually noted on maps. The largest of these lakes are mostly in the 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY I67 
 
 south and southeastern part and about or near most of them arc tama- 
 rack-black spruce swamps, many of them having escaped destructive 
 fires. Among these are Spruce Lake, west of Fostoria; Murphy's Lake. 
 southwest of Mayville; Cat Lake, north of Mayville; Hays Lake in 
 Dayton Township; Cedar Lake, and Long Lake. Along the Saginaw 
 Bay shore temporary ponds are often formed by wave action and tin 
 gradually fill up and become marshes, or wet prairie-like land. 
 
 Range of Some Plants Extended 
 
 A few plants, mostly peculiar to prairie-like regions farther south 
 and west, have appeared in the northern part of Tuscola County 
 native or at least long established. Prominent among these are Silph nun 
 terebinthinaceum L., prairie dock; Vernonia illinoensis Gleason, Drum- 
 mond's iron-weed; Liatris spicata (L.) Willd., gay feather; Cacalia tvbe- 
 rosa Nutt., tuberous Indian plantain; Lythrum alaium Marsh, wing- 
 angled loosestrife; Acerates floridana (Lam.) Hitchc, Florida milkweed: 
 and Asclepias sullivanlii Engelm, Sullivant's milkweed. 
 
 Acknowledgments 
 
 The writer is much indebted to Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie of New 
 York City for an examination and determination of the sedges and other 
 difficult and doubtful plants and to Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, agrostologisl 
 of the United States Department of Agriculture, for a determination 
 of some of the grasses. 
 
 Annotated List 
 POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family 
 
 Phegopteris drijopteris (L.) Fee. Oak fern. Rich open dryish woods. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair. Frequent in rich woods along 
 streams and about the small lakes. 
 
 Pteris aquilina L. Common brake. Common and abundant on dry 
 ground or in swamps. 
 
 Asplenium aa^ostichoidesSw. Silver spleenwort. 'Wells and Dayton 
 townships in rich woodlands." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh. Lady fern. Very common in 
 low open or shaded ground. 
 
 Polystichum acrostichoides (Mich.) Schott. Christmas fern, [ts 
 favorite place on bluffy shaded banks of streams. Noticed in particular 
 on the shaded bank of a small stream running into Murphy's Laki 
 
 Aspidium thelypteris (L.) Sw. Marsh shield-fern. Very abundant on 
 low marshy shaded or open ground, especially about the small lakes. 
 
168 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw. Evergreen wood fern. In damp rich 
 woods apparently preferring bluffy shaded banks of streams. Noticed 
 in particular along a small stream running into Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Aspidium goldianum Hook. Goldie's fern. Noticed in particular 
 near Murphy's Lake in rich woods. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Aspidium cristatum (L.)Sw. Crested shield-fern. "In rich woods in 
 Aimer Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Aspidium cristatum clintonianum D. C. Eaton. Clinton's fern. Damp 
 rich woods. Frequent. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum (0. F. Miiller) Sw. Spinulose shield-fern. 
 Common in rich woods. 
 
 Aspidium spinulosum intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. American 
 shield-fern. Common in damp rich woods, especially near the small 
 lakes. 
 
 Cystopteris bidbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet cystopteris. Frequent and 
 noticed especially in tamarack swamps near the small lakes and on 
 bluffy shaded banks of streams. 
 
 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Brittle fern. Occasional in damp 
 rich woods. 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern. Very common in damp open or 
 shaded places. 
 
 Onoclea struthioptcris (L.) Hoffm. Ostrich fern. Apparently pre- 
 ferring rich shaded ground near streams. Noticed only near Murphy's 
 Lake. 
 
 OSMUND ACEAE. Flowering Fern Family 
 
 Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern. Common in swamps and wet woods. 
 
 Osmunda claytoniana L. Clayton's fern. Noticed on low ground 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Osmunda cinnamomeo, L. Cinnamon fern. Frequent in swamps and 
 damp open woods. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Adder's Tongue Family 
 
 Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Ternate grape fern. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern. Common in 
 rich woods. 
 
 EQUISETACEAE. Horsetail Family 
 
 Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail. Common in rich or poor 
 ground. Usually very abundant along railway embankments, where 
 the extensive roots tend to bind the embankment together. 
 
 Equisetum sylvatium L. Wood horsetail. Common in damp shaded 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 169 
 
 places and sometimes in open wet ground. Abundant in the swamps 
 near the small lakes. 
 
 Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes. Swamp horsetail. Common in water 
 and very wet places along slow streams and about the small laki 
 
 Equisetum hyemale intermedium A. A. Eaton. Scouring rush. Fre- 
 quent in dry open or shaded ground. 
 
 Equisetum varicgatum Schleich. Variegated equisetum. Abundant 
 on spots in wet sand along the Saginaw Bay shore and in we1 plac 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 LYCOPODIACEAE. Club Moss Family 
 
 Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining club moss. Occasional in 
 rich damp woods. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum L. Common club moss. Dryish open woods. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Ground 
 pine. Apparently preferring open dry woods. Noticed only near 
 Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Lycopodium complanatum L. Trailing Christmas-green. Occasional 
 in dry open woods. Noticed in particular near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family 
 
 Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping selaginella. Common on low 
 grassy ground, especially near the Saginaw Bay shore and about the 
 small lakes. A very pretty mossy-looking plant. 
 
 TAXACEAE. Yew Family 
 
 Taxus ca?iadensis Marsh. American yew. Ground hemlock. Prob- 
 ably frequent throughout. Noticed in particular in tamarack swamps 
 near Cat Lake and in rich woods near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 PINACEAE. Pine Family 
 
 Pinus strobus L. White pine. Formerly very abundant on sandy 
 ground and dry ridges. It was Very abundant about Fostoria and on 
 dry hills about the small lakes. Now (1910) only an occasional large I r 
 and small shrubs left. Stumps still in place and stump fences give evi- 
 dence of its former prevalence. 
 
 Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine. Occasional along or near Sagi- 
 naw Bay shore. 
 
 Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. Norway pine. Very scattering along 
 or near Saginaw Bay shore. 
 
 Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. American larch. Form- 
 
170 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 erly abundant in "tamarack swamps", but now very much less common 
 on account of drainage, fires, and lumbering. Small patches of it are 
 still (1910) noticed throughout the county, especially near the small 
 lakes. 
 
 Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black spruce. Occasional in swamps 
 mixed with tamaracks. Noticed in particular about Cat Lake. 
 
 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Noticed in damp rich ground 
 with other trees near the small lakes. " Common along the western part 
 of Koylton Township and eastern part of Wells Township. ' C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor vitae. White cedar. Common in many 
 places but not large. Noticed m particular in sandy ground along 
 Saginaw Bay shore, about swamps and on hillsides, and borders of 
 swamps about small lakes. "Frequent in swamps. In many places in 
 Akron Township appearing as undergrowth in the swampy woods. ' : 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Juniperus communis L. Common juniper. Occasional in clrj^ open 
 or shaded ground. 
 
 Juniperus communis depressa Pursh. Low juniper. Frequent in 
 dryish open rocky ground and near beach of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family 
 
 Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail. Abundant in very wet ground 
 and swampy places throughout. "Common in ditches and marshes. A 
 bad weed in the ditches of the western part of the county as it checks 
 the outflow of water and helps silt them up." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved cat-tail. Noticed in very wet 
 ground near the Saginaw Bay shore, in particular at Quanicassee. 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family 
 
 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited bur-reed. Very 
 common on borders of ponds, slow streams and in wet places. "Ditches, 
 very common. Also on borders of millponds at Vassar and Caro and in 
 bayous of Cass River. At mouth of Quanicassee Creek.' C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Sparganium simplex Huds. Simple-stemmed bur-reed. "Ditches on 
 west side of county." C. A. Davis. 
 
 NAJADACEAE. Pondweed Family 
 
 Potamogeton natans L. Common floating pondweed. Noticed in 
 ponds and on borders of small lakes. 
 
 Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Nuttall's pondweed. "Quanicassee 
 Creek." C. A. Davis. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 171 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved pondweed. "( 
 River and millponds at Vassar and Caro." C. A. Davi-. 
 
 Potamogeton peetinalus I j. Fennel-leaved pondweed. "Millponds of 
 Caro." C.A.Davis. 
 
 Najas flexilis (Wild.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Slender najas. "Ditches 
 in Akron and Wisner townships near the bay. ,: C. A. Davis. 
 
 JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow Grass Family 
 
 Triglochin maritinia L. Seaside arrow-grass. In marshy places (-or- 
 dering the Saginaw Bay shore and near the small lakes. 
 
 Triglochin palustris L. Marsh arrow-grass. Occasional in wet sand 
 along the Saginaw Bay beach. "Common on the prairies in Akron and 
 Wisner townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 ALISMACEAE. Water Plantain Family 
 
 Sagittana laii folia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow-head. Common in 
 wet places along the Saginaw Bay shore, ditches, slow streams and about 
 the 'small lakes. 
 
 Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh. Sessile-fruited arrow-head. "In ( 
 River about Vassar." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water plantain. Common in ditches, 
 slow streams, wet and muddy places, and about the small lab 
 
 HYDROCHARITACEAE. Frog's Bit Family 
 
 Elodea canadensis Michx. Water-weed. Noticed in the small lakes 
 and in the creek at Quanicassee. 
 
 Vallisneria spiralis L. Wild celery. Tape grass. "Millponds at 
 Caro and Vassar. Ditches near Saginaw Bay.' C. A. Davis. Said to 
 be an attractive food for wild ducks. 
 
 GRAMINEAE. Grass Family 
 
 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom beard-grass. Occasional on 
 
 poor ground near the Saginaw Bay shore. 
 
 Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked beard-grass. Frequenl in dry 
 open places. 
 
 Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian grass. Wood grass. No- 
 ticed by Prof. C. A. Davis on low sand ridges in northern part of Akron 
 Township. 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab grass. A common and vicious 
 weed in gardens and fields. 
 
 Panicum capillar -e L. Old-witch grass. Common a- a weed in gar- 
 dens and fields. 
 
172 BOTANY OP MICHIGAN 
 
 Panicum virgatum L. Switch grass. Occasional, growing in bunches 
 along low sandy ridges near the Saginaw Bay shore. "Sandy areas and 
 slopes of sand dunes, Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved panicum. Frequent in poor 
 sand}^ ground, especially on low sand ridges along the Saginaw Bay 
 shore. 
 
 Panicum li?idheimeri Nash. Lindheimer's panicum. Frequent in 
 prairie-like ground near the Saginaw Bay shore. 
 
 Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee panic grass. Often abundant 
 in prairie-like ground near the Saginaw Bay shore. 
 
 Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's panicum. Noticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis in prairie-like ground in northern part of Akron Town- 
 ship. 
 
 Panicum boscii Poir. Porter's panicum. " Common on the sand dunes 
 along the bay and in dry woods throughout. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. A weed in fields 
 and damp waste places. 
 
 Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Foxtail Pigeon grass. A common weed 
 in gardens and cultivated fields. 
 
 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtail. Bottle grass. A common 
 weed in fields and waste places. 
 
 Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Sand bur. Bur grass. Becoming very 
 common in light sandy ground along roads. Often a vicious weed in 
 sandy fields and pastures. 
 
 Zizania aquatica L. Wild rice. Water oats. Indian rice. Occasional 
 in shallow water and on mud along the Saginaw Bay shore, being from 
 2 to 3 feet high. Noticed also at Shay's Lake and Murptry's Lake. 
 "Borders of marshy prairies in Akron Township. Also in shallow water 
 in the bay near Fish Point. " C. A. Davis. Not noticed as very abun- 
 dant anywhere. A larger form now known as Zizania palustris L., 
 larger wild rice, often more than 10 feet high is found about Lake St. 
 Clair and Lake Erie. This was perhaps formerly very abundant about 
 Saginaw Bay and may still exist there. 
 
 Leersia virginica WiUd. White grass. Noticed in damp rich woods 
 near Murphy's Lake. Very probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Bice cut-grass. Scratch grass. Common 
 in low marshy places, ditches and along slow streams. 
 
 Phalaris caveriensis L. Canary grass. Noticed as occasional in 
 waste places of cities and villages. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass. Frequent in wet 
 marshy places. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea picta L. Ribbon grass. Frequently escaping 
 from cultivation to marshy places and persisting. It is very prominent 
 in white patches and can be seen from a long distance. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 173 
 
 Milium effusumL. Millet grass. In rich woods near Murphy's Lake. 
 Probably occurring throughout. 
 
 Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Dry and sandy ground. Frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained mountain rice i : 
 quent in dry woods. Noticed in particular on the dry shaded hillsides 
 about Murphy's Lake. "Dry woods in Cass River valley. Sand ridg 
 Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine grass. Noticed as occasional on low 
 sand ridges in the northeast part of the county. " Sandy ridges i o \ V i sner 
 Township near Bay Park." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow muhlenbergia. Noticed 
 by Prof. C. A. Davis near Unionville. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh muhlenbergia. Com- 
 mon in damp places, especially on borders of marshes with other grasses 
 and sedges. 
 
 Brachyelytrum erecium (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum. "Dry wood- 
 lands throughout eastern part of county." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Phleum pratense L. Timothy. One of our best cultivated gr. 
 Common along roads, in fields, and often a weed in gardens. 
 
 Alopecurus geniculatus aristulatus Torr. Floating foxtail. Frequent 
 in very wet places, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand dropseed. Frequent on 
 low sand ridges and in sand along the Saginaw Bay beach. 
 
 Agrostis alba L. Red top. Common in damp and frequent in dry 
 sand}^ ground. Very variable in size and general appearance. 
 
 Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Rough hair-grass. Occasional and 
 in spots abundant on and near sand ridges, especially near the Saginaw 
 Bay shore. " Islands in the prairies, Akron Township. ' ; C. A. I lavis. 
 
 Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin grass. Usually in damp 
 partially shaded places, occasional in moist open ground. 
 
 Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Long-leaved reed-grass. ( ><•- 
 casional in sand, usually on the middle or upper beach along the Saginaw 
 Bay shore. One of our best shore sand binders protecting mainly the 
 sands from the action of the winds. 
 
 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint, grass. Fre- 
 quent and in spots abundant throughout in damp and we1 plac< 
 especially on damp prairie-like ground and about the small laki 
 
 Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea sand-reed. In sand along the 
 Saginaw Bay shore, found even below the middle bench and acting as 
 one of our best known sand binders, protecting the I. each from the action 
 of waves. "Sand dunes, Akron and Wisner townshi] C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cinna arundianacea L. Wood reed grass. In damp shaded ground 
 near Murphy's Lake. Very probably frequent throughout. 
 
174 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Koeleria. Noticed on dry sandy ground 
 in many places. 
 
 Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common hair-grass. Dry sandy 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Avena sativa L. Common oat. Frequently noticed in waste places 
 of cities and villages. 
 
 Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common wild oat grass. Common 
 in dry or open shaded ground, especially on dry hilly ground near the 
 small lakes. 
 
 Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Slough grass. In damp and marshy 
 places, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Phragmites communis Trin. Reed. Occasional in wet and marshy 
 places but not noticed as abundant anywhere. "Marshes throughout. 
 Covers considerable areas on the east side of Fish Point, Akron Town- 
 ship. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Creeping cragrostis. "Sandy 
 moist soil, banks of streams and ditches." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Small tufted love-grass. Along rail- 
 roads and in dry open places. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link. Strong scented eragrostis. 
 Open sandy ground and a common weed in garden and field. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. Frequent in yards, streets and 
 roads. Not noticed in cultivation. 
 
 Poa annua L. Low spear grass. Noticed mostly in lawns and streets 
 of villages. 
 
 Poa compressa L. Canada blue grass. Wire grass. English blue 
 grass. Common throughout in dry poor ground along roads, in fields, 
 and on hills. 
 
 Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl meadow-grass. Damp open meadow-like 
 ground and wet places. Frequent. 
 
 Poa pratensis L. June grass. Kentucky blue grass. Common 
 throughout in pastures, lawns, and along roads. One of our very best 
 pasture grasses. 
 
 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass. 
 
 Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Nerved manna-grass. Common in 
 wet open places and damp open woods. "Marshes and wet prairies 
 throughout." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Glyceria grandis Wats. Reed meadow grass. Frequent in damp and 
 wet ground, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. Floating manna grass. Frequent in 
 ditches, very wet places, borders of ponds and slow streams. 
 
 Glyceria borealis (Nash.) Batchelder. Slender manna grass. Abun- 
 dant on the margin of a pond near Fostoria. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender fescue grass. Common in dry poor 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY [75 
 
 ground, especially on dry hills. "Dry sandy soil especially in the prairie 
 region of Akron and Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Festuca ovinaJj. Sheep's fescue. Frequent on poor dry ground and 
 on low sand ridges. 
 
 Fesiuca elatior L. Meadow fescue. Occasional along roads and in 
 
 « 
 
 waste places of villages. 
 
 Festuca nutans Spreng. Nodding fescue grass. Noticed on the 
 "islands" in the northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Bromus secalinusL. Common chess. Cheat. Noticed along roads and 
 in the waste places of villages. 
 
 Bromns ciliatus L. Fringed brome grass. Frequent in damp shaded 
 ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Bromus kalmii Gray. Kami's chess. Wild chess. Noticed as fre- 
 quent on dry shaded or open ground near the small lakes. "Dry sandy 
 soil in islands in the prairies, Akron Township.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack grass. Couch grass. Frequent 
 about villages and along railroads. A vicious weed in cultivated ground-. 
 
 Agropyron dasystachywn (Hoak.) Scribn. Northern wheat-grass. 
 occasional on and near the Saginaw Bay beaches. 
 
 Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Awned wheat grass. Occasional 
 in diy open woods. 
 
 Secale cereale L. Rye. Common as a weed about Mayville along 
 roads, in cultivated fields and pastures. Apparently well established. 
 
 Hcrdeum jubatwn L. Squirrel-tail grass. Frequent in the waste 
 places of villages, and fast invading damp hayfields and pastur 
 Apparently a bad weed. 
 
 Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye. In damp open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Elymus canadensis L. Nodding wild rye. Frequent in sand on the 
 upper beach of Saginaw Bay. Occasional in other places. "Sand dunes 
 near Saginaw Bay." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hystrix patula Moench. Bottle brush grass. Common in rich open 
 woods. 
 
 ' CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family 
 
 Cyperus diandrus Terr. Low cyperus. Frequent in damp and wet 
 ground, and often in damp sand on the beach of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Cyperus rividar is Kunth. Shining cyperus. "Beaches Akron Town- 
 ship." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow nut grass. "Moist sandy soil, ( Jolum- 
 bia Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored cyperus. Frequent in damp 
 grassy ground. 
 
176 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 *. Cyperus fdiculmus Vahl. Slender cyperus. Occasional throughout 
 in dry poor open ground. 
 
 Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. In very wet 
 places, especiaHy near the small lakes and low banks of slow streams. 
 
 Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Blunt spike rush. "Wet mud 
 near the bay in Akron Township. " C. A. Davis. "Frequent throughout 
 the county. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping spike rush. Common in 
 wet marslry places. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris glaucescens (Willd.) Gray. Creeping spike rush. 
 Noticed by Prof. C. A. Davis in damp places near the shore of Saginaw 
 Bay. 
 
 Eleocharis palustris vigens Bailey. Larger creeping spike rush. In 
 wet places or shallow water about small lakes. Plentiful. 
 
 Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle spike rush. "Wet sandy 
 soil along ditches and the beach of Saginaw Bay in Akron and Wisner 
 townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender spike rush. Common in 
 damp open ground. 
 
 Eleocharis rostellaia Torr. Beaked spike rush. "Wisner Township 
 in swales along the base of the dune line next to the shore of the bay. " 
 C A. Davis. 
 
 Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Few-flowered club rush. Noticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis in wet ground along the shore of Saginaw Bay where it 
 formed dense carpets below the storm wave line. 
 
 Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water club-rush. In shallow water of 
 ponds, caves and small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. Common along the shore of 
 Saginaw Baj r , about ponds, the small lakes, and along low banks of 
 slow streams. 
 
 Scirpus validus Vahl. Great bulrush. Common in wet places, mar- 
 gins of ponds and small lakes. 
 
 Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Western bulrush. Shay's Lake, 
 Cat Lake, Murphy's Lake, and in shallow water often extending far out 
 into the water along the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green bulrush. Common in wet 
 marshy open places and often in damp ground along roads. 
 
 Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish bulrush. Noticed in marshy ground 
 about Shay's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Scirpus cyperinus pelius F'ernald. Wool grass. Common throughout 
 in wet marshy open places. 
 
 Eriophorum callitrix Cham. Hare 's-t ail. Frequent in bogs. 
 
 Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Tall cotton grass. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 177 
 
 Noticed in very wet open places about Cat Lake. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Eriophorwn virginicumL. Virginia cotton grass. Frequenl in bog 
 places about Cat Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White beaked rush. In boggy mound 
 at Quanicassee and Cat Lake. 
 
 Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary beaked rush. X >ticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis in wet marshy ground near the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Clustered beaked rush. "Prairies, 
 Akron Township. " C.A.Davis. 
 
 Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low nut rush. "In prairie-like ground 
 in the northern part of Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cladium mariscoidcs (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush. Bogs arid often in 
 wet sand. Frequent. 
 
 Car ex scoparia Schkuhr. Pointed broom sedge. Frequent and often 
 abundant in wet marshy ground, especially in places where it is quite 
 wet in spring and fall, but liable to he dry and spongy in summer. 
 
 Carex tribuloides Wahlend. Blunt broom sedge. Common in very 
 wet marshy places. 
 
 Carex siccata Dewey. Hillside sedge. Occasional on shaded sand 
 ridges near shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Carex cristata Schwein. Crested sedge. Frequent in wet shaded 
 ground. 
 
 Carex mirabilis perlonga Fernald. Larger straw sedge. Noticed in 
 shaded ground near Akron. 
 
 Carex straminea Willd. Straw sedge. Noticed by Prof. C. A. Davis 
 near Union ville. 
 
 Carex stellulata Good. Little prickly sedge. Low wet open ground. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Carex stellulata cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. Larger prickly sedge. 
 "Prairies and wet meadows throughout." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex scirpoides Schkuhr. Inland sedge. In damp marshy pla 
 near Cat Lake and Murphy's Lake. (More recent approved name is C. 
 interior Bailey.) 
 
 Carex bromoides Schkuhr. Brome-like sedge. In very swampy pla 
 near Cat Lake and the other small lakes. 
 
 Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey's sedge. Noticed on the banks of 
 the small lakes. "Rich low woods, Fairgrove Township. '" ( '. A. Da \ 
 
 Carex tenuiflora Wahlend. Sparse-flowered sedge, open 1 n iggy gr< >und. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited sedge. Shaded 1 K)ggy gn >und. 
 Plentiful in tamarack-blaek spruce swamps. 
 
 Carex trisperma billing sii Knight. Billings' sedge. Tamarack-black 
 23 
 
178 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 spruce swamps. Plentiful. Very small and slender but resembling the 
 preceding. 
 
 Carex tenella Schkuhr. Soft-leaved sedge. Swamps and margins of 
 wet woods. Frequent. 
 
 Carex rosea Schkuhr. Stellate sedge. In rich woods near Murphy's 
 Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex rosea radiata Dewey. Hay-like sedge. In damp woods near 
 Mayville. Frequent. 
 
 Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Muhlenberg's sedge. Frequent on poor 
 sand} r ground. 
 
 Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed sedge. "Clay soil on oak 
 islands, Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-reed sedge. In damp rich woods 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox sedge. Common throughout in low 
 open ground. 
 
 Carex diandra Shrank. Lesser panicled sedge. In wet boggy ground 
 near Akron, probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex diandra ramosa (Boott) Fernald. Prairie sedge. In very wet 
 and boggy ground near Cat Lake. 
 
 Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. Common in very wet open 
 or partially shaded places, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Carex sariwellii Dewey. Sartwell's sedge. In very wet open marshy 
 ground, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Carex crinita Lam. Fringed sedge. Occasional in and near open or 
 partially shaded places. 
 
 Carex aquaiilis Wahlenb. Water sedge. Frequent in wet places near 
 the shore of Saginaw Bay, and occasional near the small lakes. Accord- 
 ing to K. K. Mackenzie of New York Cit} r , we do not have C. aquaiilis 
 in this part of Michigan, but rather a variety, C. aquatilis subsiricta Kii- 
 kenthal. Smaller water sedge. 
 
 Carex stricta Lamb. Tussock sedge. In boggy places near the small 
 lakes. 
 
 Carex aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited sedge. Damp grassy shaded or 
 open places. Frequent. 
 
 Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stalked sedge. In swamps near the 
 small lakes. Plentiful. 
 
 Carex polygama Schkuhr. Brown sedge. Common in wet marshy 
 places about the small lakes and in prairie-like ground in the northern 
 part of the county. 
 
 Carex gracillima Schwein. Graceful sedge. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex communis Bailey. Fibrous-rooted sedge. Noticed in rich woods 
 in Aimer Township by C. A. Davis. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 179 
 
 Carex varia Muhl. Emmons' sedge. Dry sterile open ground. Fre 
 
 quent. 
 
 Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania sedge. Common in dry 
 open or shaded ground. 
 
 Carex tetanica Sehkuhr. Wood's sedge. Frequent in wet open ground 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 Carex laxi flora blanda (Dewey) Boott. Loose-flowered sedge. Com- 
 mon in woods near Akron. Probably frequent throughout . 
 
 Carex laxiflora latifolia Boott. White bear sedge. Quite abundanl 
 in rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex conoidea Sehkuhr. Field sedge. "Prairies, Akron and Wisner 
 townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex granulans Muhl. Meadow sedge. In meadow-like ground 
 near Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Carex crawei Dewey. Crawe's sedge. In prairie-like ground in north- 
 ern part of county. "Common in swales along the shores of bay in 
 Akron and Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex flava L. Yellow sedge. In wet marshy places near the lakes. 
 Common throughout. 
 
 Carex oederi pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. Green sedge. In 
 damp sand along the shore of Saginaw Bay. "Wet, muddy and sandy 
 shores of Saginaw Bay below storm wave mark.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex filiformis L. Slender sedge. Common in wet prairie-like 
 ground in northern part of county and in wet places about the small 
 lakes. "Common about lakes in Dayton and Watertown townships. 
 Mud Lake, Arbela Township. Also on prairies." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly sedge. In wet marshy places, 
 especialty about the small lakes and at Quanicassee. 
 
 Carex riparia W. Curtis. River-bank sedge. In very wet places aear 
 the shore of Saginaw Bay and about the small lakes. 
 
 Carex pseudo-cyperusL. Cyperus-like sedge. In very wet places near 
 the shore of Saginaw Bay and about the small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Carex com osa Boott. Bristly sedge. In wet spots on the prairies and 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 Carex hystericina Muhl. Porcupine sedge. Common throughout in 
 wet places. 
 
 Carex lurida Wahlenb. Sallow sedge. Frequent in swampy places 
 near the small lakes. 
 
 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse sedge. In wet places near t he small 
 lakes. 
 
 Carex retrorsa hartii (Dewey) Gray. Hart Wright's sedge. "Shaded 
 swampy places in Akron and Columbia townships.' ( J. A. Davis. 
 
 Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop sedge. In wet mostly open places aear 
 Murphy's Lake Probably frequent throughout. 
 
180 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Carez grayii Carey. Gray's sedge. In rich woods near Murphy's 
 Lake. Probably common throughout. 
 
 Carex intumescens Rudge. Bladder sedge. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 ARACEAE. Arum Family 
 
 Arisaema iriphyllum (L.) Schott. Jack-in-t he-pulpit. Indian turnip. 
 Common throughout in damp rich woods. 
 
 Calla palustris L. Wild calla. Water arum. "Swamps in Dayton 
 and Arbela townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk cabbage. Abundant in 
 shaded ground along and on the banks of a small creek near Murphy's 
 Lake. " Common in swampy woods, Dayton Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Acorus calamus L. Sweet flag. In a wet place on border of Shay's 
 Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family 
 
 Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater duckweed. Common 
 about ponds and stagnant pools on mud and shallow water. " Common 
 in ditches and ponds." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lemna minor L. Lesser duckweed. Floating on stagnant water 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family 
 
 Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel weed. In large ponds and shallow 
 water of the small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 JUNCACEAE. Rush Family 
 
 Juncus bufonius L. Toad rush. "Moist roadsides and wet places 
 along ditches. Often very abundant." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender rush. Yard rush. Common on road- 
 sides and along paths. 
 
 Juncus balticus littorolis Engelm. Baltic rush. Occasional in sand 
 on the beach of Saginaw Bay, and in damp places throughout. An ex- 
 cellent sand binder, holding the shore sands firmly in place against the 
 action of wind and wave. 
 
 Juncus effusus L. Common rush. Soft rush. Common in wet and 
 marshy ground. Noticed as often abundant in damp pastures. 
 
 Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. Small-headed rush. 
 Marshy places and wet shores. Frequent. 
 
 Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Narrow-panicled rush. 
 Wet muddy, or damp places about ponds, small lakes, low banks of 
 small streams and wet shores. Frequent. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 18 1 
 
 Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Canada rush. Occasional in marshy 
 places near the small lakes and in prairie-like ground in the northern 
 part of Akron Township. 
 
 Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Brown-fruited rush. Wet gravelly or sandy 
 low beaches of small lakes and in open swampy places. Frequent. 
 
 Juncus nodosus L. Knotted rush. Frequent in prairie-like ground 
 in Akron Township and probably occurring throughout. 
 
 Juncus torreyi Coville. Torrey's rush. Noticed in prairie-like 
 ground in northern part of Akron Township by Prof. C. A. Davis. 
 
 Juncus alpinus insignis Fries. Richardson's rush. Occasional in 
 damp sand along the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Luzula saltuensis Fernald. Hairy wood rush. Common throughout 
 in damp shaded ground. 
 
 Luzula campestris multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. Common wood rush. 
 Common in old fields and dryish open woods. 
 
 LILIACEAE. Lily Family 
 
 Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Glutinous tofieldia. Damp marshy 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Large-flowered bellwort. Frequent in rich 
 woods. Noticed especially in rich woods near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Sessile-leaved bellwort. In rich open 
 woods near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek. "Rich woodlands, Columbia and 
 Akron townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Allium canadense L. Wild garlic. "Moist open sandy soil borders of 
 the prairies, Akron and Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hemerocallis fidva L. Common day lily. Noticed as a well estab- 
 lished escape throughout, on roadsides and in waste places. 
 
 Lilium pldladelphicum andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Western red lily. 
 "Dry sandy ridges near Saginaw Bay in Akron Township. ' C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Lilium, superbum L. Turk's-cap lily. Noticed in rich open wo< ><Is 
 near Murphy's Lake and on the "islands" in northern pari of county. 
 
 Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow adder's tongue. YehN >w dog 
 tooth violet. Noticed as frequent in rich woods. 
 
 Asparagus officinalis L. Garden asparagus. Occasional along roads 
 and in open dry woods. Frequent. 
 
 Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow clintonia. Common in the 
 swamps near Cat Lake. Probably throughout. 
 
 Smilacwa racemosa (L.) Desf. False spikenard. Common in moist 
 shaded ground and on steep shaded banks of small stream-. 
 
 Smilacina slellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon'.- seal. Frequent 
 
182 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 in rich shaded ground and common in shaded sandy places near the 
 beach of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's seal. In wet 
 places near Cat Lake. Plentiful. 
 
 Maianthemum canadense Desf. False lily of the valley. Common in 
 rich shaded ground. "Common in dry woods. Also in sandy plains in 
 Indianfields and Vassar townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Streptopus roseas Michx. ■ Sessile-leaved twisted stalk. Rich damp 
 woods. Frequent throughout. 
 
 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's seal. Frequent 
 in rich woods. 
 
 Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the valley. Apparently escaping and 
 persisting. 
 
 Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root. In rich shaded ground 
 near Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Trillium erectum L. Red trillium. Ill-scented w r ake robin. Common 
 in rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. White trillium. Large- 
 flowered wake robin. In rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Very prob- 
 ably appearing in many places throughout the county. 
 
 Smilax herbacea L. Carrion flower. Occasional in rich shaded 
 ground. " Borders of sand dunes and oak islands in the prairies of Akron 
 and Wisner townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Upright smilax. In rich woods 
 near Murphy's Lake. Very probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid greenbrier. Frequent in woods and 
 thickets. "Low rich woodlands and thickets Columbia and Akron 
 townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family 
 
 Dioscorea villosa L. Wild yam-root. Common on borders of woods 
 and in thickets. It is claimed by Harley Harris Bartlett in Bulletin 189, 
 United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, 
 that the correct name of our plant is Dioscorea paniculata Michx. 
 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family 
 
 Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star grass. Common on borders of 
 prairie-like land in northern part of county. "Prairies, Akron and 
 Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 IRIDACEAE. Iris Family 
 
 Iris versicolor L. Larger blue flag. Frequent in wet open places, but 
 seldom abundant. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 1 8 3 
 
 Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Pointed blue-eyed grass. Occa- 
 sional in damp or dry ground. 
 
 Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis. Common blue-eyed grass. "Abun- 
 dant on sandy 'islands', Akron Township." C A Davis. 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small yellow lady'- slipper. In 
 open swampy and boggy places. Frequent. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Larger yellow 
 lady's slipper. In a tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. 
 
 Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Showy lady's slipper. In swamps 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 Cypripedium acaule Ait. Stemless lady's slipper. Growing in sph 
 num in a spruce-tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. Probably found 
 throughout. 
 
 Orchis spectabilis L. Showy orchis. Rich shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R.Br. Long-bracted orchis. Damp 
 woods and thickets. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br. Tall leafy green orchis. Damp 
 woods. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Tall white bog orchis. Very wet 
 open places about the small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria hookeri Torr. Hooker's orchis. Noticed in woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Large round-leaved orchis. 
 Rich shaded ground. Occasional. 
 
 Habenaria blephari glottis (Willd.) Torr. White-fringed orchis. Abun- 
 dant in a spruce-tamarack swamp northwest of Cat Lake on the farm of 
 F. E. Warner. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R.Br. Ragged orchis. Mostly in we1 open 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray. Prairie white-fringed orchis. 
 "Frequent on the open prairies of Akron Township. ' ( '. A. 1 )avis. 
 
 Habenaria psy codes (L.) Sw. Smaller purple-fringed orchis. 'Road- 
 sides in swamps, Koylton Township.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose pogonia. Open marshy and 
 boggy places. Frequent. 
 
 Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R.Br. Grass pink. Calopogon. Abundanl 
 in a spruce-tamarack swamp northwest of ( at Lake. Prol lably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Dry mostly opeo mound. Occa- 
 sional. Perhaps overlooked. 
 
 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. Nodding ladies' tn Noticed 
 
 about Mud Lake southwest of Fostoria. "Moisl grassy places, Fremonl 
 
184 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Township. Also in swales between dune lines on the prairies in Akron 
 Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Liparis loeselii (L.) Richard. Fen orchis. Noticed in a swampy 
 place near Mud Lake southwest of Fostoria. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Putty-root. Rich shaded ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 PIPERACEAE. Pepper Family 
 
 Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's tail. " Occasional along streams in 
 Columbia Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 SALICACEAE. Willow Family 
 
 Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. Common in low places especially 
 along small streams. Occasional in damp sand on the beach of Saginaw 
 Bay. 
 
 Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved willow. Common in rich 
 damp ground and usually mixed with other trees. " Borders of the 
 prairies and on low sand dunes along Saginaw Bay in Akron and Wisner 
 townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Salix pentandra L. Ivy-leaved willow. Occasionally planted as an 
 ornamental tree. Not spreading. 
 
 Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Common in damp and swampy 
 ground with other willows. 
 
 Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald. Autumn willow. In low ground 
 near Cat Lake. Pistillate catkins were still clinging to the tree August 
 6, 1910. 
 
 Salix alba L. White willow. Planted for ornament and inclined to 
 escape. 
 
 Salix alba vitellina (L.) Koch. Golden willow. "Planted in many 
 places as a shade tree." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Salix babylonica L. Weeping willow. Planted as an ornamental tree 
 but not escaping. 
 
 Salix longifolia Muhl. Sand-bar willow. Common in low places, 
 about the small lakes, and along the banks of small streams. 
 
 Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. Wet open boggy places. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucus willow. Frequent in low places with 
 other willows. 
 
 jg Salix petiolaris Sm. Slender willow. Common in wet ground, 
 especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 • Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. Noticed on low sand ridges in 
 the northern part of Akron Township by Prof. C. A. Davis. Probably 
 frequent throughout. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 185 
 
 Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow. Wet open ground. Frequent. 
 
 Salix rostrata Richards. Bebb's willow. Noticed in dryish ground 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably common throughout. 
 
 Salix Candida Fliigge. Sage willow. Hoary willow. In boggy plac 
 especially about the small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Populus alba L. White poplar. Planted as an ornamental tree in 
 villages and inclined to spread by root. Noticed only pistillate ca1 Id] . 
 
 Populus tremuloides Michx. Common poplar. American aspen. 
 Common throughout. Often springing up very thick on burned-over 
 and low drained ground. 
 
 Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed aspen. Frequent on 
 dry and hilly ground with other trees. 
 
 Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. Common in sandy ground 
 on and near the shore of Saginaw Bay, and frequent in other places. 
 " Common in the sandy parts of Cass River valley in Indian fields, Wells 
 and Novesta townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Populus deltoides Marsh. Cotton-wood. Frequent throughout in 
 rich ground with other trees. "Frequent in the vicinity of Saginaw 
 Bay and in moist places generally." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Populus nigra italica DuRoi. Lombardy poplar. Planted as an orna- 
 mental tree and inclined to spread by root. 
 
 MYRICACEAE. Sweet Gale Family 
 
 Myrica asplenifolia L. Sweet fern. Noticed on poor ground west of 
 Murphy's Lake. "Light sandy soil, Indianfields and Wells townshi] 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family 
 
 Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Frequent throughout in rich ground 
 with other trees. "Arbela and Millington townships. ,; C. A. Davis. 
 
 Juglans nigra L. Black walnut. Mostly planted, but small appar- 
 ently native trees occasionally noticed in rich ground. "Along the ( 
 River below Vassar. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shag-bark hickory. Frequent through- 
 out. Many large trees noticed with other trees. "Frequent in t In- 
 southeastern part of the county." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carya cordijormis (Wang) K. Koch. Bitter nut. Frequent in rich 
 ground with other trees. 
 
 BETULACEAE. Birch Family 
 
 Corylus americana Walt. Common hazelnut. Noticed in particular 
 as abundant on some of the islands in the north part of Akron Town- 
 ship. "Common in wood and brush lands throughout .' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Ironwood. Common in rich 
 
186 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 ground with other trees, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 "Common with the beech and hard maple." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue beech. Common in damp rich 
 ground with other trees. 
 
 Belula lutea Michx.f. Yellow birch. Frequent in rich ground with 
 other trees. Prof. C. S. Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica 
 Plain, Mass., is inclined to call this birch Betula allegheniensis Britton, 
 southern yellow birch, and doubts whether we have Betula lenta L., 
 cherry birch, in Michigan or western Ontario. 
 
 Betula alba papyrifcra (Marsh.) Spach. White birch. Paper birch, 
 Canoe birch. Common throughout in rich or poor ground with other 
 trees. 
 
 Betula pumila L. Low birch. Abundant in the swamps about Cat 
 Lake and Mud Lake. 
 
 Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. Common in wet rich 
 ground especially along streams and about the small lakes. Often 
 abundant. 
 
 FAGACEAE. Beech Family 
 
 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Common beech. Common in rich ground 
 with other trees. Often noticed on good hilly land. " Formerly abun- 
 dant on the better drained clayey soils and on the moraines. ,: C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. "A few trees by the 
 roadside in Millington Township, apparently planted.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Quercus alba L. White oak. Reported as formerly very abundant, 
 but most of the large and valuable trees were cut many years ago for 
 staves and lumber. Now confined mostly to small trees on hilly, sandy 
 and gravelly land. 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Frequent throughout and 
 usually in rich ground with other trees. 
 
 Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. Frequent throughout 
 with other trees and usually in rich ground. In Akron Township west of 
 Unionville on the north side of the road, this and the preceding species 
 have been set out for some distance as ornamental trees and they appear 
 to be a striking success. 
 
 Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chestnut oak. "Watertown Town- 
 ship." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Quercus rubra L. Red oak. Common throughout with other trees, 
 both in damp rich and dry poor ground. 
 
 Quercus coccinea Moench. Scarlet oak. "Sand dunes and plains in 
 Cass River valley." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Quercus velutina Lam. Yellow-barked oak. Black oak. "Sandy 
 island in the prairies and on the dunes along the bay shore in Akron and 
 Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY Is; 
 
 URTICACEAE. Nettle Family 
 
 Uhnus fulva Michx. Slippery elm. Red elm. ''Common aloi 
 streams." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Uhnus americana L. American elm. White elm. Very common 
 throughout in rich ground with other trees. 
 
 Uhnus racemosa Thomas. Rock elm. Cork elm. In rich ground wil h 
 other trees near Murphy's Lake. Noticed also on the "islands' 3 by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. Occasional as an escape in cities and 
 villages. 
 
 Humulus lupulus L. Common hop. Hops. Inclined to escape and 
 persist along fences. 
 
 Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. Osage orange. Planted for 
 hedges and inclined to persist, but not spreading. Apparently not a 
 success for hedge purposes in this locality. 
 
 Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender nettle. Common in rich woods, open 
 damp places, and often inclined to be a weed. 
 
 Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood nettle. In rich wood-, 
 especially near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. Richweed. Clearweed. Common in dam]) 
 rich woods and thickets. 
 
 Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False nettle. Frequent in moist shaded 
 or open ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family 
 
 Comandra richardsiana Fernald. Richard's bastard toad-flax. Com- 
 mon throughout in dry poor ground. Formerly included in C. umbellate 
 (L.) Nutt. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family 
 
 Asarum canadense L. Wild ginger. In rich woods near Murphy's 
 Lake. Probably appearing throughout. 
 
 POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family 
 
 Rumex britannica L. Great water dock. Common in swamp- and 
 wet places, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Rumex crispus L. Yellow dock. Common as a weed along roads, In 
 hay fields and damp meadows. 
 
 Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp dock. Occasional in very we1 places 
 and often in shallow water, especially along the low wet banks of small 
 streams. 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter dock. Frequent and often common as 
 a weed along roads, in yards, cultivated fields, and open woods. 
 
188 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Rumex acetosella L. Field sorrel. Sheep sorrel. A common weed, 
 especially in old fields. 
 
 Polygonum avicvlarelj . Knotgrass. Door-weed. Common as a weed 
 in yards, fields and along roads. 
 
 Polygonum erectum L. Erect knotweed. Common as a weed in yards 
 and waste places. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium L. Slender pink persicaria. Frequent in 
 wet places, especially near the small lakes, and often a weed in gardens 
 and cultivated fields. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium L. Water persicaria. Common about ponds 
 and small lakes in very wet places. Often in shallow still water, when in 
 general appearance it much resembles a pond weed. 
 
 Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Swamp persicaria. In very 
 wet places and often in water near and about the small lakes. 
 
 Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania persicaria. Common in 
 moist open or shaded ground. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper L. Common smartweed. Frequent in moist- 
 open or shaded ground. 
 
 Polygonum acre HBK. Water smartweed. Common in wet places 
 about the small lakes and along the low grassy banks of small streams. 
 
 Polygonum orientate L. Prince's feather. Occasionally escaping 
 from cultivation to roads and near-by fields. Often a weed in gardens. 
 
 Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's thumb. Frequent in damp places, 
 along banks of ditches, and often a roadside weed. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper oides Michx. Wild water pepper. In ditches 
 and in and along small streams. 
 
 Polygonum virginianum L. Virginia knotweed. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved tear-thumb. In wet places 
 about Mud Lake southwest of Fostoria. Very probably appearing in 
 many other wet places. 
 
 Polygonum convolvulus L. Black bindweed. Everywhere as a weed in 
 cultivated and waste places. 
 
 Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed black bindweed. On sides of 
 dry hills near Cat Lake and Mud Lake. "Dry woods on the east side 
 of Dayton Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Polygonum scandens L. Climbing buckwheat. Frequent on borders 
 of woods and thickets, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. Occasional as an escape 
 along roads, in fields, and about farm buildings. 
 
 Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast jointweed. Noticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis on sand ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 189 
 
 * 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family 
 
 Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult, Winged pigweed. "In 
 light sand, Inclianfielcls Township, near Caro. J: I '. A. Davis. Spreading 
 as common weed. 
 
 Kochia scaparia (L.) Schrod. Kochia. Inclined to escape from cul- 
 tivation and persist. 
 
 Chenopodium botrys L. Jerusalem oak. Feather geranium. Occa- 
 sional about depot grounds in villages. "Sand dunes and dry sand near 
 Bay Park, Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. Strawberry blite. Noticed on 
 the border of a newly cleared and plowed field near Cat Lake. " Fre- 
 quent in moist soil throughout." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved goosefoot. Occasional as a 
 harmless weed in gardens and the streets of villages. 
 
 Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot. Occasional as 
 a weed in gardens, especially bean fields, open woods and along roads. 
 
 Chenopodium album L. Common pigweed. Lamb's quarters. Avery 
 common w r eed in all cultivated grounds. 
 
 Beta vulgaris L. Sugar beet. Noticed in several oat fields, with small 
 but sweet root. After a crop it is said to persist two or more years. 
 
 Atriplex patula haslata (L.) Gray. Halberd-leaved orache. Noticed 
 in streets of villages and in depot grounds. 
 
 Salsola tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian thistle. Noticed as a weed 
 in villages especially about depot grounds. "Sandy roadside, terrace of 
 Cass River opposite Caro, and near the railway crossing at Vassar." C. 
 A. Davis. 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family 
 
 Amaranthus relroflexus L. Amaranth pigweed. Green amaranth. A 
 common weed in cultivated grounds and often called red root. 
 
 Amaranthus hybridus forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robinson. Slender 
 pigweed. "Escaped from cultivation in a few places. ' ; C. A. Davis. 
 
 Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble weed. A weed in cultivated 
 grounds, especially corn fields. 
 
 Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate amaranth. A rec-nt weed 
 from the West noticed mostly in gardens and villages, but occasionally 
 in cultivated fields. 
 
 AIZOACEAE. Carpet Weed Family 
 
 Mollugo verticillataJj. Carpet weed. Occasional on sandy roadsid 
 Sperzula arvensis L. Corn spurry. Often as a weed in gardens and 
 grain fields. 
 
190 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family 
 
 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved sandwort. Common as a 
 weed in dry poor ground about villages, along roads and in cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved stitehwort. Common in damp 
 and marshy places, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Stellaria graminea L. Lesser stitehwort. Grassy places in cemeteries 
 and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Stellaria media (L.) C. Trill. Common chickweed. A common weed 
 in gardens, fields and open woods. 
 
 Cer ostium vulgatum L. Common mouse-ear chickweed. Common as 
 a weed in gardens, fields and open woods. 
 
 Agrostemma githago L. Cockle. Com cockle. Noticed as a frequent 
 weed in wheat fields and waste places. 
 
 Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein pink. " Escaped from culti- 
 vation around cemeteries and houses in a few places.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lychnis alba Mill White campian. Becoming a common weed in 
 cultivated grounds. 
 
 Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly. Frequent throughout in dry 
 sandy ground. 
 
 Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly. Noticed as occasional 
 along roads, in waste places, and about farm buildings. 
 
 Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Soapwort. Occasional as a 
 weed along roads and in dry sandy places. Fast spreading. 
 
 Saponaria vaccaria L. Cow-herb. A recent weed appearing along 
 railroads and in waste places of cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink. Noticed along the road north 
 of Mayville. 
 
 PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family 
 
 Claytonia virginica L. Spring beauty. Common in damp rich woods. 
 Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane. A common weed in gar- 
 dens, fields, and waste places. 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family 
 
 Nymphaea advena Ait. Yellow pond lily. Cow lily. Common in 
 still and stagnant water, especially about ponds and the small lakes. 
 
 Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. White water lily. Frequent 
 throughout in ponds, coves and margins of small lakes. 
 
 Brasenia schreberi Smel. Water slime. Ponds, coves, small lakes 
 and sluggish streams. Frequent. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 1()1 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family 
 
 Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Stiff water crowfoot. Noticed in still 
 water at Quanicassee. " In millponds at Caro and Vassar. ' C. A. ] )avis. 
 
 Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow water crowfoot. Common 
 in ditches, pools, borders of ponds, and slow streams. 
 
 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed crowfoot. Common in ditches and 
 wet open places. 
 
 Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot. Very common in 
 damp shaded ground. 
 
 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked crowfoot. Common in rich 
 shaded ground. 
 
 Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp buttercup. Usually notii 
 and frequent in damp rich shaded ground, but sometimes in open 
 marshy places. 
 
 Ranunculus pemisylvanicusL.f. Bristly crowfoot. Frequent through- 
 out in damp grassy places. 
 
 Ranunculus acris L. Tall crowfoot. Occasional alone- roads and in 
 pastures. 
 
 Thalictrum dioicum L. Early meadow rue. Common, often abun- 
 dant in rich shaded ground. " 'Islands' in the prairies, Akron Town- 
 ship." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purplish meadow rue. Fre- 
 quent and often abundant on borders of swamps and low banks of 
 streams. "Common on the borders of the prairies and in open swamps 
 generally. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hepatica triloba Chaix. Round-lobed liver leaf. Frequent in woods. 
 Noticed in particular on the steep shaded banks of a small creek running 
 into Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp-lobed liverleaf. Usually in damp 
 rich beech and maple woods. Noticed especially in rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Anemone cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited anemone. On low sand 
 ridges near the shores of Saginaw Bay and dry hills about the -mall 
 lakes. 
 
 Anemone virginianaL. Tall anemone. Occasional in shaded ground. 
 Noticed in particular near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone. Abundant in spots in 
 damp open ground. "Common on the prairies in Akron and Wisner 
 townships. " C.A.Davis. 
 
 Anemone quinque folia \j. Wood anemone. Common in shaded rich 
 ground. 
 
 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia virgin's bower. Noticed in damp 
 thickets and along the banks of small streams. Frequent. 
 
192 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold. Common in swamps, wet 
 woods, thickets and open marshy ground. 
 
 Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold thread. Noticed in particular in 
 tamarack swamps about Cat Lake and Mud Lake. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine. Frequent in open shaded 
 sandy ground. Often abundant on low shaded sand ridges near the shore 
 of Saginaw Bay and also on the islands of the prairies. 
 
 Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberry. Frequent in rich woods 
 and thickets and noticed on the islands in Akron Township. 
 
 Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White baneberry. Noticed on damp hillsides 
 among trees near Spruce Lake. 
 
 MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia Family 
 
 Liriodendron tulipifera L. Whitewood. Tulip tree. " Southern part 
 of Fremont and Water town townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family 
 
 Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. Common in rich woods and 
 thickets. Noticed in particular in damp open woods near Murphy's 
 Lake. "Borders of low woodlands and marshes, Akron and Columbia 
 townships.''' C. A. Davis. 
 
 BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family 
 
 Podophyllum peltatum L. Mandrake. May apple. Common through- 
 out in rich shaded ground. 
 
 Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Pappoose root. In rich 
 woods especially near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Berberis vidgaris L. Common barberry. " Roadside in Wisner Town- 
 ship. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 LAURACEAE. Laurel Family 
 
 Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras. Not frequent in 
 northern part of county near Saginaw Bay, but in other parts often 
 abundant, especially on dry hills. "Dry woodlands, Watertown and 
 Dayton townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice bush. Noticed in particular in 
 rich woods near Murphy's Lake and Mud Lake. Probably frequent 
 throughout. 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family 
 
 Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Frequent in rich woods. 
 Noticed in particular near Murphy's Lake and Mud Lake. Probably 
 frequent throughout. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 193 
 
 FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family 
 
 D icentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's breeches. Rich shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel corn. In rich shad d 
 ground near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Cordalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale corydaiis! Dry open placi 
 especially burned over ground. Frequent. 
 
 CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family 
 
 Alyssum alyssoidcs L. Yellow alyssum. Frequent as a weed along 
 roads and in villages. 
 
 Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny-cress. Waste places about cities and 
 villages. Frequent. 
 
 Lepidium virginicum L. Wild peppergrass. Common as a w< sed along 
 roads and about farm buildings. 
 
 Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous peppergrass. Common a'ong 
 roads, railroads and a weed in cultivated fields. 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's purse. A common 
 weed in all cultivated grounds. 
 
 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure. Along railroads and 
 in waste places of cities and villages. Frequent. 
 
 Cakile edentida (Bigel.) Hook. American sea rocket. In sand along 
 the beach of Saginaw Bay, often growing below the wave line. 
 
 Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild radish. Jointed charlock. ' Escaped 
 in sandy places near dwellings." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. Common mustard. Charlock. A com- 
 mon weed in grain fields and waste places. 
 
 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black mustard. "Cultivated and waste 
 land." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Conringia oricntalis (L.) Dumart. Hare's ear mustard. Along 
 railroads and in waste places of cities and villages. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. Smooth podded hedge-mus- 
 tard. A common weed along roads and about farm built linn 
 
 Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumble mustard. Noticed along the 
 road near Murphy's Lake and in villages. Spreading. 
 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed mustard. A weed along 
 roads, about farm buildings and in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. True water 
 cress. In ditches and small streams. Abundant in a small stream west 
 of May ville where it climbed three feet and more upon willows like 
 a vine. 
 
 Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh cress. Frequenl and often 
 abundant in ditches and wet marshy places. 
 25 
 
194 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Radiculd armor acia (L.) Robinson. Horseradish. Noticed as an 
 escape in ditches and wet places, throughout. 
 
 Dentaria diphylla Michx. Crinkle-root. In rich woods near Murphy's 
 Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cat-leaved toothwort. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake and Mud Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Spring cress. In damp grassy 
 places, especially near the small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Cardamine douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Purple cress. Noticed in 
 rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania bitter cress. No- 
 ticed in a wet open place near Quanicassee. Probably frequent through- 
 out. 
 
 Cardamine pratensis L. Cuckoo flower. Wet low places and low 
 banks of streams. Frequent. 
 
 Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved rock cress. On sandy ridges near the 
 shore of Saginaw Bay, and high hills about Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower mustard. Dry open or partially 
 shaded ground. Frequent. 
 
 Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth rock cress. "Sandy ridges 
 and poor soil, Akron and Wisner townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Abundant in the swamps 
 about Cat Lake and Mud Lake. 
 
 DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family 
 
 Drosera rotundifolia L. Bound-leaved sundew. Swamps and peat- 
 bogs. Frequent. 
 
 CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family 
 
 Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch stonecrop. Common in wet places, 
 especially along ditches. 
 
 Sedum acre L. Mossy stonecrop. Occasional on sandy ground along 
 roads and about cemeteries. 
 
 Sedum purpureum Tausch. Live-for-ever. Frequent along roads, in 
 cemeteries and about dwellings. 
 
 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family 
 
 Tiarella cordifolia L. False miterwort. Common in rich woods, 
 especially near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved bishop's cap. In rich woods about 
 Murphy's Lake and Cat Lake. Probably common throughout. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 Mitella nuda L. Naked bishop's cap. In tamarack swamps near 
 Cat Lake and Mud Lake. 
 
 Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Golden saxifrage. In a very 
 wet shaded place near Murphy's Lake. Probably occurring throughout . 
 
 Parnassia caroliana Michx. Carolina grass of parnassus. Noticed 
 by Prof. C. A. Davis in damp prairie-like ground in the northern part 
 of Akron Township. 
 
 Ribes cynosbati L. Prickly gooseberry. Very frequent in rich open 
 or shaded ground. 
 
 Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Smooth gooseberry. Frequent in tamarack 
 swamps about Cat Lake and Mud Lake. 
 
 Ribes floridum Jj : 'Her. Wild black currant. Common in rich woods 
 and thickets. 
 
 Ribes prostratum L'Her. Skunk currant. In a tamarack swamp near 
 Cat Lake. 
 
 Ribes triste Pall. Swamp red currant. Noticed by Prof. C. A. Davis 
 in rich woods in northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Ribes aureum Pursh. Buffalo currant. An escape from cultivation 
 in many places. 
 
 HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch-hazel Family 
 
 Hamamelis virgi?iiana L. Witch-hazel. Common especially on high 
 hilly ground. 
 
 PLATANACEAE. Plane Tree Family 
 
 PlatanusoccidentalisL. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Occasional through- 
 out with other trees. More common near the shore of Saginaw Bay, 
 
 often fringing the upper beach. 
 
 ROSACEAE. Rose Family 
 
 Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Noticed in the 
 vicinity of small lakes. 
 
 Spiraea salicifolia L. American meadow-sweet. Common and 
 usually in low open ground. 
 
 Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardback. Steeple bush. ''Border- of swamp-. 
 Dayton and Wells townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br. Mountain ash spiraea. Inclined to 
 escape from cultivation into streets and roads. 
 
 Pyrus coronaria L. American crab. Noticed in particular on the dry 
 banks of North Lake. "Akron Township. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Pyrus malus L. Common apple. Noticed throughout along roadfl 
 and in open woods. 
 
 Pyrus arbutifolia atropurpurea (Britton) Robinson. Red chokeberry. 
 In swamps especially about the small lakes. 
 
196 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) WiUd. Black chokeberry. Abundant 
 in spots in low open ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. American mountain ash. In woods 
 near Shay's Lake and perhaps an escape. 
 
 Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Juneberry. May-cherry. No- 
 ticed in particular on high dry ground about the small lakes. 
 
 Amelanchier oblongifolia (T. & G.) Roem. Shad bush. On low sand 
 ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay. " In swampy woods throughout. " 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur thorn. Frequent and usually in 
 dry open ground. "One tree about a foot in diameter noted in north 
 part of Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited thorn. Frequent in woods 
 and open ground. 
 
 Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear thorn. Pear haw. Noticed by Prof. C. 
 A. Davis, near Unionville. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Common strawberry. Common in 
 damp or dry ground. 
 
 Fragaria vesca americana Porter. American wood strawberry. In 
 rich woods along a small stream with high shaded banks near Murphy's 
 Lake. Also frequent on the "islands." 
 
 Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough cinquefoil. A weed in yards, fields 
 and along roads. 
 
 Potentilla argentea L. Silvery cinquefoil. Frequent on dry sandy 
 ground. Noticed in particular on dry hills about the small lakes. 
 
 Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh five-finger. In very wet and 
 swampy places especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinquefoil. "Moist or dry sandy 
 soil back of Algonquin beach in Akron Township.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Potentilla anserina L. Silver weed. In damp ground near the shore 
 of Saginaw Bay. Often very abundant. "Frequent on the sandy tracts 
 in the prairies of Akron and Wisner townships and in moist places along 
 the dunes of the bay. Rare inland in moist sand.' : C. A. Davis. 
 
 Potentilla canadensis L. Five-finger. Common in dry open ground. 
 
 Geum canadense Jacq. White avens. Common throughout in damp 
 rich woods. 
 
 Geum virginianum L. Rough avens. " Rich woodlands and wet open 
 grounds." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow avens. Frequent in damp meadows and 
 moist grassy places. 
 
 Geum rivale L. Water avens. In very wet places and wet open woods. 
 Noticed in particular near Cat Lake. 
 
 Rubus idaeus aculeatissimus (C. A. Mey.) Regel & Tiling. Wild red 
 raspberry. Common in open dry or damp shaded ground. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 Rubus occidentalis L. Black raspberry. Black caps. Frequenl in 
 clamp woods and thickets. 
 
 Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering raspberry. In hilly ground 
 north of Cat Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Rubus tri floras Richards. Dwarf raspberry. Common in wel woods 
 and thickets. 
 
 Rubus allegheniensis Porter. High-bush blackberry. Common along 
 fences, on dry sandy ground and in open dry woods. 
 
 Rubus nigricans Rydb. Peck's dewberry. "Borders of swan 
 Dayton Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Rubus hispidus L. Hispid blackberry. Common in tamarack s* amps 
 and in damp open or shaded ground. 
 
 Rubus villosus Ait. Dewberry. Common in sandy open ground and 
 on dry hills. 
 
 Agrimonia gryposcpala Wallr. Common agrimonj'. Occasional in 
 woods and thickets. " Rich low woods in Columbia Township. C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Many flowered agrimony. Columbia 
 Township. Beech and maple woods. 
 
 Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickfy rose. "Sand dunes along Saginaw 
 Bay." C.A.Davis. 
 
 Rosa blanda Ait. Meadow rose. Common throughout on dry or 
 damp ground. 
 
 Rosa spinosissima L. Scotch rose. Inclined to escape from culti- 
 vation and persist. Noticed in particular in the yard of F. E. Warner 
 near Cat Lake. 
 
 Rosa canina L. Dog rose. "Roadsides near old gardens in ( Columbia 
 Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Frequent along roads, occasional in 
 old fields and open dry woods. 
 
 Rosa Carolina L. Swamp rose. Common in swamps and low marshy 
 places. 
 
 Rosa humilis Marsh. Pasture rose. On high and dry ground. No- 
 ticed in particular on sides of dry hills near the small laki s. 
 
 Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild black cherry. Common in rich ground 
 with other trees. "Rich woods. Also in pine slashings and on dun< 3. 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Prunus virginiana L. Choke cherry. Common throughout in damp 
 or dry ground often on dunes. "Sand dunes in Akron and Wisner town- 
 ships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Wild red cherry. Along fences, bord< 
 of dry woods and on dry hills. "Common in old pine slashings, in 
 Indianfields and Vassar townships. Also in Watertown and Fremont 
 townships." C.A.Davis. 
 
198 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Primus pumila L. Sand cherry. In sandy places on and near the 
 beach of Saginaw Bay and dry hills. 
 
 Prunus cerasus L. Common sour cherry. Abundant and fast spread- 
 ing along road fences and about dwellings. 
 
 Prunus americana Marsh. Wild red plum. Frequent on borders of 
 woods and thickets. Noticed in particular in the vicinity of Murphy's 
 Lake and North Lake. 
 
 Prunus persica (L.) Stokes. Common peach. Noticed on roadsides 
 in several places as an escape from cultivation. 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family 
 
 Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey locust. Occasionally planted for 
 ornament in villages, but apparently not escaping. 
 
 Trijolium arvenseL. Rabbit-foot clover. Stone clover. "Noted in a 
 single station in southwest Watertown and also near Vassar Railroad 
 station." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Trijolium pratense L. Red clover. Common along roads, in yards 
 and pastures. 
 
 Trijolium repens L. White clover. Common along roads, in yards 
 and pastures. 
 
 Trijolium hybridum L. Alsike clover. Becoming common every- 
 where as an escape. 
 
 Trijolium agrarium L. Hop clover. Occasional in villages and along 
 roads. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow melilot. Occasional in villages. 
 
 Melilotus alba Desr. Sweet clover. Common in villages and along 
 roads preferring hard clayey ground, and often a weed in cultivated 
 fields. 
 
 Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa lucerne. Frequent in villages and occa- 
 sional along roads and railroads. 
 
 Medicago lupulina L. Black medic. Common along roads and in 
 waste places. Often a lawn weed. 
 
 Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Common locust. Planted and often escap- 
 ing and persisting. 
 
 Astragalus neglectus (T. & G.) Sheldon. Cooper's milk vetch. " Sandy 
 soil, section 9, Kingston Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Desmodium nudijlorum (L.) DC. Naked-flowered tick-trefoil. No- 
 ticed in shaded dry ground on the hills about Murphy's Lake and 
 Spruce Lake. "Oak woods and islands in the prairies." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Desmodium grandijlorum (Walt.) DC. Pointed-leaved tick-trefoil. 
 In rich woods especially near the small lakes. " Open dry woods and oak 
 islands in prairies of Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Desmodium rotundifolium (Michx.) DC. Prostrate tick-trefoil. On 
 the dry shaded banks of North Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 L99 
 
 Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. Panieled tick-trefoil. On I 
 
 dry banks of North Lake. "Oak woods and islands in the prairii - 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Showy tick-trefoil. Occasional on 
 low sand ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay and on some of the 
 "islands." "Sandy prairies. " C.A.Davis. 
 
 Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Bush clover. "Sandy and gravelly 
 woods, Watertown Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lespedeza virginica (L.) Button. Slender bush clover. On the dry 
 banks of North Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Britton. Wand-like bush clover. In dry 
 hilly ground near Murphy's Lake and Spruce Lake. 
 
 Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed bush clover. On high 
 and dry hills about the small lakes. "Sandy ridges and flats, Akron and 
 Columbia townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Hairy bush clover. On dry rocky 
 hills near Spruce Lake. "Sandy ridges and flats, Akron and ( !olumbia 
 townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard. Common vetch. Along road- and 
 railroads. Frequent. 
 
 Vicia americana Muhl. American vetch. On dry hilly ground ami >ng 
 brush near Murphy's Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Vicia villosa Roth. Hairy vetch. Noticed in clover fields and al< 
 the road north of Mayville where it appeared to be a permanent esca 
 
 Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach pea. Occasional on the 
 of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris L. Marsh vetchling. Common in damp marshy 
 places. 
 
 Lathyrus palustris myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray. Myrtle-leaved marsh 
 pea. Along ditches and about the small lakes. 
 
 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored vetchling. Abundant on 
 shaded hillsides near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Apios tuberosa Moench. Wild bean. In damp open ground and 
 borders of thickets. Common. 
 
 Amphicarpamonoica(li.) Ell. Hog peanut. Frequent in wo< tnd 
 thickets. 
 
 LINACEAE. Flax Family 
 
 Linum usitatissimum L. Common flax. Frequent in villages, along 
 railroads, about stations and depot grounds. 
 Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved yellow flax. In dry open ground 
 
 near North Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
200 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 OXALIDACEAE. Wood Sorrel Family 
 
 Oxalis stricta L. Upright yellow wood sorrel. Often along railroads, 
 in depot grounds and waste places. 
 
 Oxalis corniculata L. Lady's sorrel. Dry or damp open ground. 
 Often a weed in gardens and waste places. 
 
 GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family 
 
 Geranium maculatum L. Wild crane's-bill. " Burned over sandy 
 land in the Cass River valley, Vassar Township. ' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Geranium bicknellii Britton. Bicknell's crane's-bill. Open woods 
 and especially in recent clearings and burned over ground. Frequent. 
 
 RUTACEAE. Rue Family 
 
 Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern prickly ash. Common in 
 damp woods and thickets. 
 
 SIMARUBACEAE. Quassia Family 
 
 Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of heaven. Planted occasionally as 
 an ornamental tree and often escaping. 
 
 POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family 
 
 Poly gala pauciflora Willd. Fringed poh T gala. In dry sterile shaded 
 ground. Frequent. 
 
 Polygala polygama Walt. Racemed milkwort. " Low sand ridges on 
 the prairies and in Indianfields Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Polygala senega L. Seneca snakeroot. Abundant on an " island ' ; 
 near Bay Park. "Low sandy areas on the prairies of Akron and Wisner 
 townships. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family 
 
 Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Seaside spurge. Occasional in sand along 
 the beach of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Euphorbia preslii Guss. Upright spotted spurge. Dry open ground. 
 Noticed particularly about depot grounds in cities and villages. 
 
 Euphorbia maculata L. Milk purslane. On roadsides in villages and 
 along railroads. Common. 
 
 Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering spurge. Occasional on low sand 
 ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay, and on dry hills about the small 
 la,kes. 
 
 Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress spurge. Frequent in cemeteries 
 and on sandy dry ground along roads. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 201 
 
 ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Tamil}' 
 
 Rhus lyphina L. Staghorn sumach. Common throughoul in dry or 
 damp ground. 
 
 Rhus glabra L. Smooth sumach. Frequent and usually on high and 
 dry ground. Noticed in particular on the hills aboul ( at Lake. 
 
 Rhus copallina L. Dwarf sumach. Abundant on high ground in one 
 place near North Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Rhus vernix L. Poison sumach. Poison dogwood. In swampy ground 
 throughout. Abundant in swamps near the small lakes. 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison ivy. Poison oak. Common in <\iv or 
 damp, open or shaded ground. In spots very abundant, especially on 
 sand ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay. Occasionally climbing 
 trees as a vine, which form some authors designate as Rhus toxicodi n- 
 dron radicans (L.) Torr., climbing poison ivy. 
 
 Rhus canadensis Marsh. Fragrant sumach. Noticed by Prof. C. A. 
 Davis on low sand ridges in northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family 
 
 Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry. Black alder. Common in 
 low ground and rich open woods, especially in the vicinity of the small 
 lakes. 
 
 Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holly. In tamarack 
 swamps and in swampy places among willows and other shrubs, espec- 
 ially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 CELASTRACEAE. Staff Tree Family 
 
 • 
 
 Evonymus obovatus Nutt. Running strawberry bush. Frequent in 
 rich damp woods. Noticed in particular near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. Common in woods, 
 thickets and along fences. Known in Michigan and Western < Ontario 
 
 bitter-sweet. 
 
 STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladder Nut Family 
 
 Staphylea trifolia L. American bladder nut. "(ass River valley 
 north of Vassar and in Tuscola Township. r C. A. 1 >avis. 
 
 ACERACEAE. Maple Family 
 
 Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. ( Jommon in swain])- and rich 
 open woods, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Acer pseudo-platanus L. Sycamore maple. Occasionally planted as 
 an ornamental tree, but not spreading. 
 
 Acer so ccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. Common throughout in rich 
 ground with other trees, often covering hilly land. 
 
202 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Acer saccharum nigrum (Michx.f.) Britton. Black maple. Black 
 sugar maple. "Frequent in Akron and Columbia townships. " C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple. Usually on borders of rich woods 
 and along small streams. Frequent. 
 
 Acer rubrum L. Red maple. Common in rich wet ground with other 
 trees. 
 
 Acer platanoides L. Norway maple. Occasionally planted in villages 
 along streets and in yards, but apparently not escaping. 
 
 Acer negundo L. Box elder. Planted in villages as a street and yard 
 tree and escaping everywhere. "Banks of Cass River near Vassar. 
 Planted generally." C. A. Davis. 
 
 SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family 
 
 Aesculus hippocastanum L. Common horse-chestnut. Planted in 
 villages as a street and lawn tree and occasionally escaping. 
 
 BALSAMINACEAE. Touch-me-not Family 
 
 Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted touch-me-not. Very common in 
 damp open and shaded places. 
 
 RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family 
 
 Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. Common in 
 swampy places, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Ceanoihus americanus L. New Jersey tea. Red-root. Common 
 throughout on dry sandy ground. Noticed in particular on the hills 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 VITACEAE. Vine Family 
 
 Psedera vitacea (Knerr) Greene. American woodbine. American ivy. 
 Common in moist woods and along fences. Often cultivated as an orna- 
 mental vine. 
 
 Vitis bicolor LeConte. Summer grape. In woods or open ground. 
 Noticed in particular on hilly ground near Cat Lake, Murphy's Lake 
 and Spruce Lake. 
 
 Vitis vulpina L. River-bank grape. Common in woods and on dry 
 sandy or rich open ground, along streams, and often fringing the upper 
 beach of Saginaw Bay. Also on sand dunes. 
 
 TILIACEAE. Linden Family 
 
 Tilia americana L. Basswood. Common in rich ground with other 
 trees. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 203 
 
 MALVACEAE. Mallow Family 
 
 Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Velvet leaf. Noticed along roada and 
 as a weed in gardens and bean fields. 
 
 Althaea rosea Cav. Hollyhock. "Escaped from cultivation al< 
 moist roadsides in Fairgrove and Columbia township 3. < '. A. J 
 
 Malva rotundifolia L. Common mallow. Cheeses. Common as a 
 roadside and garden weed. 
 
 Malva stjlvestris L. High mallow. "Millington Township by the road- 
 side." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Malva moschata L. Musk mallow. Occasional a- an escape al 
 roads and in old fields. 
 
 HYPERICACEAE. St. Johns-wort Family 
 
 Hypericum ascyron L. Great St John's-wort, Damp open ground and 
 on banks of streams. Frequent. 
 
 Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. Frequenl afi a 
 weed along roads and occasional in old fields. 
 
 Hypericum punclatum Lam. Spotted St. John's-wort. < Occasional in 
 damp shaded ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. Johns-wort. In dryish open 
 woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Hypericum kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-wort. Occasional in 
 sand near the beach of Saginaw Bay. " Prairies in Akron Township. " 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hypericum mutilum L. Small-flowered St. Johns-wort. Frequent in 
 low grassy ground, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Hypericum canadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort. "Along the 
 shores of the bay in Akron Township. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hypericum virginicum L. Marsh St. John's-wort. Common, espe- 
 cially in low open and marsh}' ground about the small lak< 
 
 CISTACEAE. Rockrose Family 
 
 Helianthemum canadense (L.?) Michx. Long-branched frostweed. 
 
 In dry sandy ground near the shore of Saginaw Hay and on the hills 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 Lechea villosa Ell. Hairy pinweed. Noticed by Prof. ( '. A. Davis in 
 the northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 VIOLACEAE. Violet Family 
 
 Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh blue violet. Common in wet marshy 
 ground, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Viola sororia Willd. Woolly blue violet, Common in meadows and 
 
204 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 woods, and on the "islands''. This and the preceding were formerly 
 included under the name of Viola palmata cucullata Gray. 
 
 Viola fimbriatula Ait. Arrow-leaved violet. Along the railroad be- 
 tween Sebewaing and Akron. Probably frequent throughout in dry 
 sandy ground. 
 
 Viola pollens fBanks) Brainard. Northern white violet. Wet 
 springy places and along the low banks of shaded brooks. Frequent.. 
 
 Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet. "Cold swamps in Wells 
 Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Viola incognita Brainard. Sweet white violet. Common in rich 
 damp open ground and woods. 
 
 Viola pubescens Ait. Downy yellow violet. In dry woods and on dry 
 shaded hills. 
 
 Viola scabriuscula Schwein. Smooth yellow i volet. Common in 
 rich damp woods and thickets. 
 
 Viola canadensis L. Canada violet. Dr} r ish rich open woods. Fre- 
 quent throughout. 
 
 Viola striata Ait. Pale violet. Striped violet. Rich shaded ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog violet. Common in rich 
 woods, damp shaded places, and often abundant in wet open ground. 
 
 Viola rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred violet. On shaded hillsides about 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Viola tricolor L. Pansy. Cultivated and inclined to escape. 
 
 THYMELAEACEAE. Mezereum Family 
 
 Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. " Rich woods in Aimer 
 Township. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family 
 
 Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Water willow. Often abundant in 
 swampy places in the vicinity of the small lakes. The beautiful little 
 Cedar Lake is completely encircled with it. 
 
 Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angled loosestrife. Frequent on 
 prairie-like ground throughout. 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family 
 
 Ludvigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited ludvigia. "Ditches 
 and wet marshy places in prairies of Akron Township.' C. A. Davis. 
 
 Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell. Water purslanes. Abundant, when found 
 at all, in ditches and muddy places. 
 
 Epilobium angusti folium L. Great willow herb. Common in low 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 21 15 
 
 open ground or open woods. One of the recent common names is I. 
 weed. 
 
 Epilobium molle Torr. Downy willow herb. Noticed in wel open 
 places about Cat Lake. 
 
 Epilobium densum Raf. Linear-leaved willow herb. Frequenl in 
 low marshy ground. Very abundant about Mud Lake 
 
 Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved willow herb. "Low 
 meadows and pastures throughout." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern willow herb. Frequent 
 in rich damp open ground, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose. Common in « In- 
 sanely open or shaded ground. 
 
 Circaea lutetiana L. Enchanter's nightshade. Very common in rich 
 woods and thickets. 
 
 Circaea alpina L. Smaller enchanter's nightshade. In thick damp 
 woods and thickets. Noticed in particular in tamarack swamps near 
 Cat Lake and Murphy's Lake. 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE. Water Milfoil Family 
 
 Myriophyllum spicatwn L. Spiked water-milfoil. In shallow water 
 on margins of small lakes. Frequent. 
 
 Myriophyllum heterophyllum. Various leaved water-milfoil. Mar- 
 gins of small lakes in shallow water. Frequent. 
 
 Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed. Frequent and often abun- 
 dant in wet marshy places near the shore of Saginaw Bay and near the 
 small lakes. 
 
 ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family 
 
 Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard. Common in rich damp woods. No- 
 ticed in particular in woods near Cat Lake and Murphy's lake. 
 
 Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla. Noticed in dry poor 
 ground on the hills near Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Aralia nudicaidis L. Wild sarsaparilla. Very commou in moist 
 woods and thickets, and occasional in dry sandy ground. 
 
 Panax quinque folium L. Ginseng. Not noticed, but report* d by old 
 residents as formerly abundant. 
 
 Panax trifolium L. Dwarf ginseng. Ground-nut. 'Rich mo 
 woodlands." C. A. Davis. 
 
 UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family 
 
 Sanicula marilandica L. Black snakeroot. Common in rich woods 
 and thickets. 
 
 Osmorhiza claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Woolly sweel cicely. On the 
 
 "islands" in Akron Township. C. A. Davis. 
 
206 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Smoother .sweet cicely. Common 
 in rich woods, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Coniurn maculatum L. Poison hemlock. Frequent in waste places 
 of cities and villages. 
 
 Cicuta maculata L. Water hemlock. Beaver poison. Frequent 
 throughout in wet marshy ground, and often in open damp woods. Root 
 said to be very poisonous. 
 
 Cicuta bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing water hemlock. Common in open 
 wet places along the shore of Saginaw Bay and about the small lakes. 
 
 Carum carvi L. Caraway. Occasional as an escape along roads and 
 about dwellings. 
 
 Sium cicutaefolium Schrank. Water parsnip. Common in ditches, 
 wet and muddy places. 
 
 Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort. Very common in rich 
 woods and thickets. 
 
 Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Golden alexanders. Meadow-like ground. 
 Frequent. 
 
 Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. Yellow pimpernel. On the 
 "islands" in Akron Township and the dry banks of North Lake. 
 
 Thaspium aureum Nutt. Purple meadow parsnip. "Dry ground, 
 Millington and Watertown townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip. Frequent along roads as an escape. 
 
 Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Occasional in woods in 
 northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Daucus carota L. Carrot. Noticed along roads and as a frequent 
 weed in fields. 
 
 CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family 
 
 Cornus canadensis L. Dwarf cornel. Bunch berry. In tamarack 
 swamps about Cat Lake. " Indianfields Township in old pine slashings. ,: 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. Plentiful on the dry banks of 
 North Lake. Not noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved dogwood. In open woods 
 and thickets and on hilly ground about the small lakes. " Rich low wood- 
 lands, Columbia and Fairgrove townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cornus amomum Mill. Silky cornel. In wet swampy places, especially 
 about the small lakes. 
 
 Cornus baileyi Coult & Evans. Bailey's dogwood. "Sand dunes 
 near Saginaw Bay." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier dogwood. Often called red 
 willow. Common near the shore of Saginaw Bay and occasional through- 
 out in swampy ground. "Common in wet places, especially on the 
 prairies of Akron and Wisner townships, where it has spread rapidly 
 since they were drained. " C. A. Davis. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 21 17 
 
 Comas paniculata L' 'Her. Panicled dogwood. Common throughout 
 on borders of woods and banks of streams. 
 
 Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate-leaved dogwood. Common in 
 open damp woods, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black gum. Pepperidge. Noticed only 
 north of Mayville on hilly ground. Perhaps frequent throughout . 
 
 ERICACEAE. Heath Family 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsiss* rwa. \<»i iced 
 under pines near North Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. Rich woods. Frequent. Liable to be 
 overlooked. 
 
 Pyrola secunda L. One-sided wintergreen. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin leaf. On shaded hilly ground near 
 Murprry's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Pyrola americana Sweet. Round-leaved wintergreen. In dry shaded 
 ground near North Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. Rich Woods. Frequent. 
 
 Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador tea. Abundant in a spm 
 tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. 
 
 Kalima polifolia Wang. Pale laurel. In a spruce-tamarack swamp 
 near Cat Lake. 
 
 Andromeda glaucophyllaJAnk. Bog rosemary. Abundant in a spruce- 
 tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. 
 
 Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather leaf. Abundant in 
 a spruce-tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. "Boggy margins of la I. 
 in Dayton and Watertown townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Mayflower. Occasional un< 
 pines and in other shaded places. Apparently infrequent. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens L. Teaberry. Known as wintergreen in 
 Michigan and Western Ontario. In poor open or shaded gr< mnd thro 
 out. Abundant and rank in sphagnum in a black spruce-tamarack swamp 
 near Cat Lake. 
 
 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Wang. Bearberry. Occasional on sand 
 ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Creeping snowberry. Moxieplum. 
 " Cedar swamps in various parts of the county. " ('.A.I ).r 
 
 Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black huckleberry. Common 
 in poor open ground, dry open woods, and under pines. Also often 
 noticed in swampy ground. 
 
 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum L. Low sweet blueberry. Common 
 dry and sandy shaded ground. 
 
208 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 V actinium pennsylvanicum nigrum Wood. Low black blueberry. 
 Often found with the preceding. Berries very black. 
 
 V actinium corymbosum L. High-bush huckleberry. Swamp blue- 
 berry. Common in swamps especially about the small lakes. Abundant 
 in a spruce-tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. "Abundant in a swamp in 
 Koylton Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Small cranberiy. Abundant in a spruce- 
 tamarack swamp near Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. American cranberry. Noticed about 
 Mud Lake southwest of Fostoria. "Sphagnum bogs in Dayton and 
 Water town townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family 
 
 Samolus floribundus HBK. Water pimpernel. Brookweed. "Sandy 
 banks of pools in Watertown Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lysimachia quaclri folia L. Whorled loosestrife. Crosswort. On dry 
 open ground near Murphy's Lake and North Lake. "Sandy soil in 
 Indianfields and Vassar townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Bulb-bearing loosestrife. Frequent 
 in damp and marshy ground. "Borders of prairies, Akron Township. " 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort. Occasional as an escape in 
 the streets of villages. Often a bad weed in lawns. "Well established 
 b}^ roadsides near Columbia postoffice on the banks of a ditch." C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Lysimachia thyrsi flora L. Tufted loosestrife. Noticed in wet ground 
 near Mayville. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed loosestrife. Common through- 
 out in rich woods and thickets. 
 
 Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. Prairie moneywort. Damp 
 prairie-like open ground in northern part of county. Plentiful. 
 
 Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star flower. Common through- 
 out in rich woods. 
 
 OLEACEAE. Olive Family 
 
 Fraxinus americana L. White ash. Common in rich ground with 
 other trees. 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. Frequent in damp rich 
 ground with other trees. 
 
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanccolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green ash. Rich 
 open woods with other trees, and along streams. Frequent. 
 
 Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. Formerly abundant in swampy 
 ground, but becoming scarce on account of drainage and fires. Noticed 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 209 
 
 in particular in swamps about the small lakes. "Abundant in Akron, 
 Wisner and Gilford townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Syringa vulgaris L. Common lilac. Noticed as an escape from culti- 
 vation along roads. Infrequent. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family 
 
 Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed gentian. Noticed by Prof. C. A. 
 Davis in prairie-like ground in the northern part of Akron Townshi] 
 
 Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed gentian. Near Mud Lake and 
 North Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred gentian. In woods m 
 Mud Lake. "In swampy woods by the roadside, Fremont Township 
 three miles north of Mayville." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliaia L. Buckbean. In very wet places aboul the 
 small lakes. 
 
 APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family 
 
 Vinca minor L. Common periwinkle. Popularly known as myrtle. 
 Becoming a permanent escape in the village of Akron. 
 
 Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane. Frequenl in 
 dry open woods. "Sandy ridges and plains, Indianfields Township. ' 
 
 Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian hemp. Frequent in low ground 
 near the small lakes. "Terraces of Cass River south of Caro. ?: I . A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Apocynum cannabinum hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. Clasping-leaved 
 dogbane. Frequent in low open ground and the more common form. 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family 
 
 Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed. Occasional throughout in 
 dry open ground. 
 
 Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple milkweed. "Frequent on the sandy 
 islands in the prairies of Akron and Wisner townshi; I . A. I >avis. 
 
 Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp milkweed. Abundant throughout in 
 low damp ground. Has a strong fine fiber that may yet l" 1 made useful. 
 
 Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed. On sand ridges near the 
 shore of Saginaw Bay and in dry open ground throughout. Often a 
 miserable weed in old fields and pastures. 
 
 Asclepias sullivaniii Engelm. Sullivant's milkweed. Noticed in 
 abundance on prairie-like ground in Akron Townshi ially in the 
 
 northern part. Perhaps the northern limit of the plant. 
 
 Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh. Poke milkweed. "Good soil and 
 moist places in Akron, Columbia and Fairgrove townships. ' C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 27 
 
210 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Acerates floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. Florida milkweed. Often abun- 
 dant in prairie-like ground in the northern part of Akron Township. 
 Perhaps its northern limit. 
 
 CONVOLVULACEAE. Convolvulus Family 
 
 Convolvulus spiihamaeus L. Upright bindweed. Dry sandy usually 
 open ground. Frequent. 
 
 Convolvulus sepiwn L. Hedge bindweed. In damp open ground 
 especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bindweed. Noticed as occasional in 
 waste places about villages, and along railroads. Liable to become a 
 bad weed. 
 
 Cuscuta gronovii Willd. Love-vine. Gronovius' dodder. In damp 
 shaded or open ground on willows and other plants along streams and 
 near the small lakes. 
 
 POLEMONIACEAE. Polemonium Family 
 
 Phlox divaricata L. Blue phlox. Abundant in rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probabh^ frequent throughout. 
 
 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family 
 
 Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Virginia waterleaf. In rich woods 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family 
 
 Cynoglossum officinale L. Common hound 's-tongue. Along roads, 
 in open dry woods, old fields and about dwellings. 
 
 Cynoglossum virginianum L. Wild comfrey. Common throughout 
 in open dryish woods. 
 
 Lappida echinata Gilibert. European stickseed. Roadsides and 
 waste places throughout. 
 
 Myosotis virginica (L.) BSP. Earty scorpion-grass. " Sandy islands 
 in prairies in Akron Township. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lithospermum arvense L. Corn gromwell. Noticed as an occasional 
 weed in villages and along railroads. 
 
 Lithospermum officinale L. Common gromwell. "Roadsides, Water- 
 town Township about a mile south of Mayville." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lithospermum gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. Hairy puccoon. On low 
 sand ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay and often in sand on the 
 beach. 
 
 Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary puccoon. Abundant 
 on some of the islands in the northern part of Akron Township. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 2 11 
 
 Echium vulgare L. Blue-weed. Blue devil. A weed along rail 
 and in the waste places of cities and village = . 
 
 VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family 
 
 Verbena urticaefolia L. White vervain. Occasional along roads and 
 in waste places. 
 
 Verbena hastata L. Blue vervain. Often abundanl in damp plai 
 along roads and in open damp ground. 
 
 LABIATAE. Mint Family 
 
 Teucrium canadense L. American germander. Wood sage. In rich 
 low open ground, especially along streams and about the -mall laki 
 
 Scutellaria lateriflora J j. Mad-dog skullcap. Common throughout in 
 damp shaded ground. 
 
 Scutellaria galericulata L. Hooded willow-herb. Marsh skullcap. 
 Frequent in swampy places, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Marrubium vulgare L. Common horehound. Frequent as an escape 
 about dwellings. 
 
 AgaMache nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Catnip. Giant hyssop. Noticed in 
 open rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. Common along roads, in yards and wa 
 places. Often a weed in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan. Ground ivy. Gill-over-the-ground. 
 Noticed throughout in damp shaded places and near dwellings. ( tften a 
 vicious lawn weed. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all. Common throughout in dry or .lamp. 
 open or partially shaded ground. 
 
 Leonurus cardica L. Common motherwort. Common as a weed near 
 dwellings and in waste places. 
 
 Stachys tenuifolia aspersa (Michx.) Fernald. Rough hedge nettle. 
 "Prairies and open swamps. Occasional throughout." < . A. 1 lavis. 
 
 Stachys palustris L. Hedge nettle. Marsh woundwort. Frequent in 
 wet marshy ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot. "Dry soil, common through- 
 out." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Monarda mollis L. Pale wild bergamot. In hilly .mound and dry 
 open woods throughout. 
 
 Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. Mountain mint. Occasional 
 throughout in dry open ground and dry open wood-. 
 
 Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand. Virginia mountain mini 
 Common throughout in damp and marshy places. 
 
 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugle weed. Throughout in low damp 
 and often shaded ground. 
 
212 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Lycopus americaniis Muhl. Cut-leaved water horehound. Abun- 
 dant throughout in damp open or shaded ground. Often producing long 
 vine-like runners near the base of the stem. 
 
 Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Occasional along roads and near 
 dwellings. 
 
 Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. Frequent in damp places along 
 roads. 
 
 Mentha arvensis canadensis (L.) Briquet. American wild mint. Fre- 
 quent throughout in damp open or shaded ground. 
 
 Collinsonia canadensis L. Stone-root. Noticed in rich damp woods 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 SOLANACEAE. Nightshade Family 
 
 Solanum dulcamara L. Known mostly in Europe as bittersweet, 
 in Michigan and western Ontario as nightshade. Very common through- 
 out. 
 
 Solanum nigrum L. Common nightshade, frequent in rich open or 
 shaded ground and common as a garden and field weed. Ripe berries 
 not poisonous as formerly supposed. 
 
 Physalis pruinosa L. Strawberry tomato. Noticed in sandy places 
 in northern part of Akron Township by Prof. C. A. Davis. 
 
 Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy ground cherry. Frequent 
 throughout in open sandy places. 
 
 Lycium halimijolium Mill. Common matrimoiw vine. Planted 
 about dwellings as an ornamental shrub and inclined to become a per- 
 manent escape in villages and along country roads. 
 
 Datura stramonium L. Stramonium. Occasional in waste places and 
 about villages. Seed poisonous. 
 
 Datura tatula L. Purple stramonium. Occasional in villages and 
 waste places. Also noticed as a weed in bean fields. Seed poisonous the 
 same as the preceding. A few years ago five children in Alpena, Michi- 
 gan, were poisoned from eating the seed. 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family 
 
 Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. Occasional along roads and 
 often abundant in old fields and pastures. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris Hill. Butter and eggs. Along roads, about dwellings 
 and occasional as a weed in old fields. 
 
 Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Wild toadflax. Common on sand 
 ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Linaria minor (L.) Desf. Small snap-dragon. A recently introduced 
 weed along railroads and in waste places of cities and villages. 
 
 Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare figwort. Noticed in rich open 
 ground near Cat Lake. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY _, r> 
 
 Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead. Snakehead. Balmony. Frequent in 
 
 wet open ground, especially near the small lab 
 
 Mimulus ringens L. Square-stemmed monkey flower. Frequent in 
 ditches, wet places and along small streams. 
 
 Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Short-stalked false pimpernel. 
 "Wet muddy banks of small ponds in Wells and Vassar townships. " 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water speedwell. "Common in I 
 drained part of the county." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Veronica americana Schwein. American brooklime. "Brooks, Wells 
 Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Veronica scutellata L. Marsh speedwell. Frequent throughout in 
 wet and swampy places. 
 
 Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell. Common 
 throughout in damp grassy places. 
 
 Veronica peregrina L. Neckweed. Purslane speedwell. A common 
 weed in gardens and cultivated fields. 
 
 Veronica arvensis L. Corn speedwell. Occasional in edge of wo< 
 like a native plant. Noticed near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Gerardia pedicularia L. Fern-leaved false foxglove. Occasional in 
 dry open woods. Noticed on hilly ground near Murphy's Lake. 
 
 Gerardia pauper cula (Gray) Britton. Small-flowered gerardia. I 
 casional in damp ground near the small lakes. "Moist sandy soil, Wells 
 Township. Also shores of Saginaw Bay." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet painted cup. Noticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis in prairie-like ground in northern part of Akron Town- 
 ship. 
 
 Melampyrum lineare Lam. Cow wheat. Frequent in dry Bhaded 
 ground, especially under pines. Noticed in particular in dry >h:t<: 
 ground about North Lake. 
 
 Pediadaris canadensis L. Common lousewort. \Y< >ods betony. 
 Frequent in shaded ground. 
 
 Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp lousewort. Noticed <>n 
 number of the "islands" in Akron Township. 
 
 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderworl Family 
 
 TJtricxdaria vulgaris americana Cray. Common American bladd 
 wort. Ponds, small lakes, and slow streams. Frequent. 
 
 Utricidaria intermedia Flaync. Flat-leaved bladderwort. y wet 
 
 places, usually in water. Frequent. 
 
 OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family 
 
 Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drops. Noticed under 
 
 near North Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
214 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family 
 
 Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa. Indian bean. Occasionally 
 planted in villages but apparently not escaping. 
 
 PHRYMACEAE. Lopseed Family 
 
 Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed. Noticed in damp rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family 
 
 Plantago major L. Common plantain. Common near dwellings, and 
 often in fields. 
 
 Plantago rugelii. Rugel's plantain. Common along roads, in old fields 
 and pastures. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain. A recent common name is 
 buckhorn. A common weed along- roads, in lawns, old fields, meadows 
 and pastures. 
 
 RUBIACEAE. Madder Family 
 
 Galium aparine L. Goose grass. Cleavers. In shaded ground 
 throughout. 
 
 Galium circaezans Michx. Wild liquorice. Frequent throughout in 
 rich woods. 
 
 Galium boreale L. Northern bedstraw. Common on the " islands'' 
 in Akron Township and frequent throughout. 
 
 Galium trifidum L. Small bedstraw. Frequent in swamps about the 
 small lakes. 
 
 Galium tinctorium L. Stiff marsh bedstraw. Frequent throughout 
 in damp and marshy open places. 
 
 Galium asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw. Common in damp 
 bushy places, especially about the small lakes. 
 
 Galium trifloru?n Michx. Sweet-scented bedstraw. Common in rich 
 but dryish woods. 
 
 Mitchella repens L. Partridge berry. Frequent throughout in dry 
 woods, especially under pines. 
 
 Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush. Common in swamps, wet 
 ' places, about small ponds, and along sluggish streams. 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family 
 
 Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush honeysuckle. Frequent in dry woods 
 and dry open ground. Noticed especially on dry hills about Cat Lake 
 and Spruce Lake. 
 
 Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American flv honevsuckle. Noticed 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY _.,.- 
 
 in particular in rich woods near Murphy's Lake. Probably common 
 throughout. 
 
 Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly honeysuckle. 
 Plentiful in the swamps about Cat Lake. Probably frequenl through- 
 out. 
 
 Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas' honeysuckle. Frequent 
 throughout and usually on hilly, dry or sandy ground. 
 
 Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous honeysuckle. "Rich low groum 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Linnaea borealis americana (Forbes) Rehder. Twin-flower. Abun- 
 dant in the tamarack swamps about Cat Lake. 
 
 Triosteum aurentiacum Bicknell. Scarlet-fruited hors< _ ntian. 
 Occasional on the "islands" in Akron Township. 
 
 Viburnum opulus americanum (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree. High- 
 bush cranberry. Occasional in the edge of rich wood- and along small 
 streams, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Viburnum acerifolium L. Arrow-wood. Dockmackie. On <lvy hills, 
 especially about Cat Lake, Murphy's Lake and Spruce Lake 
 
 Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy arrow-wood. Noticed in 
 dry ground near Spruce Lake. 
 
 Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. In damp open ground near < 
 Lake. 
 
 Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. Sweet viburnum. Throughout 
 in rich open woods and along the banks of small streams. 
 
 Sambucus canadensis L. Common elder. Throughout in rich open 
 and shaded places. 
 
 Sambucus racemosa L. Red-berried elder. Occasional in damp rich 
 woods. Noticed in particular in rich woods near Murphy's Lak< . 
 
 VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family 
 
 Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Swamp valerian. ' Banks, cold 
 swamps in Dayton Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 DIPSACACEAE. Teazel Family 
 
 Dipsacus sylvestris L. Wild teasel. A few specimens noticed along 
 the road near the village of Akron. "Becoming common in Tuscola 
 County as a weed." C. A. Davis. 
 
 CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family 
 
 Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded bur cucumber. Occasional 
 weed in and about cities and villages. 
 Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) (T. & G.) Wild balsam-apple. Noticed 
 
 as an occasional escape in villages, and waste plaoi s 
 
216 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE. Bluebell Family 
 
 Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping bellflower. Along the road 
 near Mayville. An escape and apparently rare. 
 
 Campanula americana L. Tall bellflower. In rich woods near 
 Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell, Bluebell. On sand ridges near 
 the shore of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh bellflower. Common through- 
 out in wet grassy ground. 
 
 LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family 
 
 Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal flower. In a swampy open place near 
 Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Lobelia siphiliiica L. Great lobelia. Frequent in low wet ground, 
 especialty in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale spiked lobelia. Common in prairie-like 
 ground, especially in the northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Lobelia kalmii L. Brook lobelia. Noticed by Prof. C. A. Davis in 
 the northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Lobelia inflata L. Indian tobacco. Noticed as occasional along roads 
 and in old fields. 
 
 COMPOSITAE. Composite Family 
 
 Vernonia illinoensis Gleason. Drummond's ironweed. Noticed in 
 prairie-like ground in the southern part of Akron Township by Prof. C. 
 A. Davis. Perhaps the northern limit at least for Michigan. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye weed. Trumpet weed. Common 
 in marshy or swampy places, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 Often in rich woods where the plant is usually much larger and the 
 flowers much paler than in the following variety. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum maculatum (L.) Darl. Spotted Joe-pye weed. 
 Frequent. Generally shorter and in wetter and more open places than 
 the preceding species. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Very common 
 in damp or wet open ground. 
 
 Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard. White snakeroot. Frequent on 
 the " islands" and in rich woods, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Liatris cylindracea Michx. Cylindric blazing star. " Sandy and 
 gravelly ridges in the Cass River valley." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Dense button snakeroot. Gay-feather. 
 Often abundant on prairie-like ground in the northern part of Akron 
 Township. "Abundant on the prairies of Akron and Wisner townships 
 and on the sandy flats and borders of oak islands." C. A. Davis. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNT Y 217 
 
 Solidago caesia L. Blue-stemmed goldenrod. ( Jommon in rich woi 
 especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Solidago latifolia L. Broad-leaved goldenrod. In rich woods along 
 small stream with high shaded bank-. Near Murphy's I.ai A 
 noticed on the low "islands" in Akron and Wisner townships by Prof. 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy goldenrod. Noticed on dvv hillv 
 ground near the small lakes. Probably frequent throughout . 
 
 Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog goldenrod. In wet boggy ground about 
 Mud Lake. Apparently not common. 
 
 Solidago patida Muhl. Rough-leaved goldenrod. In shaded swampy 
 places about Cat Lake and Mud Lake. "Open swamps and low ground 
 throughout." C.A.Davis. 
 
 Solidago juncea Ait. Early goldenrod. Common throughout in < In- 
 open or shaded ground. "Common in sandy soil, especially in the I !ass 
 River valley." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved goldenrod. "Swampy wo< 
 in Columbia and Fairgrove townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-leaved goldenrod. Common along 
 roads and in open dry places. "Dry sand}^ soil throughout the county. " 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray goldenrod. Field goldenrod. On dry 
 hilly ground near Fostoria. "Abundant in dry sandy soil, especially in 
 the old pine lands in the central and southern parts of the county.' 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod. In rich open ground, 
 open woods and thickets. Common and often abundant. 
 
 Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod. Common throughout in rich 
 open ground. 
 
 Solidago serotina Ait. Late goldenrod. Frequent throughout on 
 borders of woods and thickets, usually in rich ground. 
 
 Solidago ohioensis Riddell. Ohio Goldenrod. Often abundant in 
 prairie-like ground in Akron Township. ''Abundant on the wet parts of 
 prairies in Akron and Wisner townships. ,: C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago riddellii Frank. Riddell's goldenrod. "Common on the 
 prairies of Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Bushy goldenrod. Very common 
 in moist open ground and often in wet sand on and near the 1" 
 Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Aster divaricatus L. White wood aster. "Woods. Common. " 
 A. Davis. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved aster. Common throughout in 
 
 dryish open woods and thickets. 
 
 Aster novae-angliae L. New England aster. Occasional in damp 
 ground along roads. 
 
218 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue aster. In open dry woods near Fos- 
 toria. Plentiful. 
 
 Aster cordifolius L. Common blue wood aster. In rich woods near 
 the small lakes. 
 
 Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer. Arrow-leaved aster. Noticed by 
 Prof. C. A. Davis in northern part of Akron Township. 
 
 Aster laevis L. Smooth aster. In dry hilly and shaded ground near 
 the small lakes. 
 
 Aster ericoides L. White heath aster. Noticed by C. A. Davis in 
 dry ground. 
 
 Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Calico aster. Common throughout 
 along roads, on borders of woods and in old fields. 
 
 Aster tradescanti L. Tradescant's aster. Common in low wet open 
 ground near the small lakes. 
 
 Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled aster. Common in woods and 
 thickets. 
 
 Aster junceus Ait. Rush aster. In wet bogg}- ground about Mud Lake. 
 Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Aster puniceus L. Red-stalk aster. In damp open woods about 
 Mud Lake. " Swamps common." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Aster umbellatus Mill. Tall flat-top white aster. Common through- 
 out in damp thickets. 
 
 Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's plantain. "Often abundant on 
 sandy islands in the prairies of Akron and Wisner townships.' C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane. Field daisy. 
 Common throughout along roads and in fields. Often abundant in hay 
 fields. 
 
 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet scabious. Common throughout in 
 fields and waste places. Often abundant in hay fields. 
 
 Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy fleabane. Frequent and 
 usually in dry ground, along roads and in fields. 
 
 Erigeron canadensis L. Horse-weed. Common as a weed in gardens, 
 fields, waste places, and along roads. 
 
 Antennaria canadensis Greene. Canadian cat's-foot. Occasional in 
 mats on sand ridges near the shore of Saginaw Bay and in dry open 
 ground throughout. 
 
 Antennaria fallax Greene. Tall cat's-foot. Frequent in dry open 
 woods and often on open sandy ground. 
 
 Antennaria neglecta Greene. Field cat's-foot. Noticed in old dry 
 fields and on border of prairie-like ground in Akron Township. 
 
 Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting. Occasional 
 in poor ground along roads and in dry open woods. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 
 
 Gnaphaliwn polycephalum Michx. Sweel balsam. Very abundant 
 
 along roads, in dry fields, and on hilly ground about the small lak< 
 
 Gnaphaliwn decurrens Ives. Clammy everlasting. Frequent through- 
 out in dry poor ground, often growing with the preceding. 
 
 Gnaphaliwn uliginoswn L. Low cudw< sed. Frequent and in 
 very abundant in old fields and pastures. 
 
 Gnaphaliwn purpurewn L. Purplish cudweed. Plentiful in dry poor 
 open ground just north of Mud Lake. Xot noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Frequent and often abundanl along 
 roads, in old fields, pastures, and occasional on the border of dry open 
 woods. 
 
 Silphium terebinihinaceum J acq. Prairie dock. Noticed as common 
 on and near the "islands" in Akron and Wisner township-. ( tften on 
 roadsides and a weed in fields. Probably its northern limit in Michigan. 
 
 Ambrosia trifida L. Great ragweed. Occasional in villages and wj 
 places. 
 
 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Common ragweed. Everywhere as a 
 weed along roads and in cultivated fields. 
 
 Xanthium canadense MiU. American cocklebur. Common in damp 
 places along roads and in villages. 
 
 Rudbeckia hirta L. Yellow daisy. Black-eyed Susan. Frequent 
 throughout in dry open ground, but not noticed anywhere as abundant . 
 
 Bfudbeckia laciniata L. Tall cone-flower. "Open swamp-. 1": - 
 quent." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Helianthus annuus L. Common sunflower. Occasional a- an escape 
 in villages. 
 
 Helianthus giganteus L. Tall sunflower. Noticed in damp o] 
 ground near Murphy's Lake. "Common on the prairies and frequent "ii 
 borders of swamps elsewhere." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough sunflower. Frequent and often 
 abundant throughout in dry open woods. 
 
 Helianthus strumosus L. Pale-leaved wood sunflower. Noticed on 
 or near the banks of Murphy's Lake. Apparently not common. 
 
 Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaved sunflower. 'Frequent in 
 Wells and Dayton townships." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Helianthus tuber osus L. Jerusalem artichoke. Noticed only in culti- 
 vation. 
 
 Bidens frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Common as a weed in .'.amp 
 
 ground and often in cultivated fields. 
 
 Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bract cd tickseed. In damp 
 ground, especially in the vicinity of the small lakes. 
 
 Bidens connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed swamp beggar-ticks. Fre- 
 quent throughout in ditches and wet places. 
 
220 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Bidens cemua L. Stick-tight. Common in wet open places, especially 
 near the small lakes. 
 
 Bidens laevis (L.) BSP. Larger bur marigold. Common in swampy 
 open places about the small lakes. 
 
 Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (Gray) Britton. Tall tickseed sun- 
 flower. Occasional in swampy places, especially near the small lakes. 
 "Marshes throughout the county." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Helenium autumnale L. Sneezeweed. False sunflower. Occasional in 
 wet marshy ground, especially near the small lakes. 
 
 Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow. Milfoil. Common every- 
 where as a weed in dryish ground. 
 
 Anthemis cotula L. May-weed. Dog fennel. Common along roads 
 and about dwellings. 
 
 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte. Ox- 
 eye daisy. White daisy. Marguerite. Whiteweed. Occasional along 
 roads, in fields and villages. Not noticed as a bad weed. 
 
 Chrysanthemum balsamita tanacetoides Boiss. Costmary. Mint 
 geranium. An escape from cultivation to roads and near-by fields. 
 Frequent and well established. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare L. Common tansy. Frequent as an escape to 
 roadsides and well established. 
 
 Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall wormwood. On sand ridges and 
 often in sand near and on the beach of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Artemisia abrotanum L. Old Man. Southernwood. Noticed as per- 
 sisting in old yards, but apparently not escaping. 
 
 Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial wormwood. Noticed as an occa- 
 sional weed in villages and depot grounds. 
 
 Artemisia absinthium L. Wormwood. Absinthe. Noticed as an escape 
 to roadsides near Mayville. 
 
 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed. Frequent throughout in 
 moist woods and open places. The common name fireweed has also re- 
 cently been given to Epilobium angustifolium L. 
 
 Cacalia tuber osa Nutt. Tuberous Indian plantain. Plentiful from 
 near Quanicassee to Sebewaing in Huron County and even farther east. 
 "Abundant in moist prairies in Akron and Wisner townships." C. A. 
 Davis. 
 
 Senecio aureus L. Golden ragwort. Noticed in a wet marshy place 
 near Murphy's Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Senecio balsamitae Muhl. Balsam groundsel. Often very abundant 
 covering the prairie-like ground with a golden mantle in the northern 
 part of Akron Township. "Very abundant on the sandy 'islands' in the 
 prairies and along the moist slopes of dunes in Akron and Wisner town- 
 ships. The sandy islands often covered with the bright yellow blossoms 
 of this form during the last of May and early June." C. A. Davis. 
 
TUSCOLA COUNTY 001 
 
 Arctium minus Bernh. Common burdock. Common as a weed about 
 dwellings and in cultivated grounds. Also occasional in open woods 
 and along streams. 
 
 Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common thistle. Bull thistle. Fre- 
 quent on roadsides and in pastures. 
 
 Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field thistle. "Cass River valley 
 in sandy and gravelly soil." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp thistle. Frequent throughout in 
 low swampy places. 
 
 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle. Frequenl throughout. 
 Apparently not as vicious a weed here as in Sanilac and Huron count* 
 
 Cichorium intybus L. Common chicory. Occasional on roadaick - 
 and in villages. 
 
 Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Carolina dwarf dandelion. "Low sand 
 ridges in the prairies of Akron Township." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Cynthia. Virginia goat's beard. -Sandy 
 soil in prairies of Akron Township. " C. A. Davis. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify. Oyster-plant. Frequent in vil- 
 lages, along roads and railroads. 
 
 Tragopogon pratensis L. Goat's beard. Noticed as a weed about 
 Mayville. Often plentiful along railroads and in waste places of cities 
 and villages. 
 
 Taraxacum officinale Weber. Common dandelion. Common every- 
 where in cultivated ground, lawns and pastures. 
 
 Sonchus arvensis L. Field sow thistle. Occasional about railway sta- 
 tions, depot grounds, and along railroads. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus L. Common, sow thistle. As a weed along roads, 
 in villages, gardens and fields. 
 
 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved sow thistle. As a weed in 
 villages, gardens, cultivated fields and about dwelling 
 
 Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly lettuce. ( Common 
 along roads and in waste places. 
 
 Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce. Frequent in rich damp ground, 
 especially on borders of and in open woods and thickets. 
 
 Lactuca hirsuta^Sluhl. Hairy wood lettuce. "Sandy soil near Car 
 C. A. Davis. 
 
 Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall blue lettuce. Frequent in low 
 ground and rich open woods. 
 
 Prenanthes alba L. White lettuce. Rattlesnake-root. Frequeni 
 throughout in rich woods and thickets. 
 
 Prenanthes altissima L. Tall white lettuce. In damp ground near 
 Cat Lake. Probably frequent throughout. 
 
 Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. 'Sandy woodlan 
 Indianfields and Vassar townships." ( !. A. Davis. 
 
222 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 
 
 Hieracium longipilum Torr. Long-bearded hawkweed. "Abundant 
 on some of the older dune ridges near and south of Bay Park. Not seen 
 elsewhere." C. A. Davis. 
 
 Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada hawkweed. Along the road east 
 of Fostoria. Apparently infrequent. 
 
INDEX. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Absinthe, wormwood 7 ■ ■ 
 
 Aceraceae. , I07 , 1 
 
 Adder s mouth 
 
 Adder's Tongue Family '.'.'.'..'.' is. , 
 
 Aizoaceae 
 
 Alder (Birch Family) '. 
 
 Alder (Holly Family) 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Alismaceae _- 1 
 
 Alyssum ,,. 
 
 Amaranth Family 11 
 
 Amaranthacea? 
 
 Amaryllidaceae 
 
 Amaryllis Family 
 
 Amacardiaceae : 106 II 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Angelica 
 
 Apocynacea? 
 
 Apple 
 
 Aquifoliaceae [07, 
 
 Araceae 
 
 Araliacea? .-,7. 1 
 
 Arbor vitae 
 
 Arbutus 
 
 Aiethusa 
 
 Aristolochiaceae 
 
 Arrow Grass Family 
 
 A rrowhead 
 
 Arrowwood 
 
 Artichoke 
 
 Arum Family 
 
 Ascelepiadac'ea? 1. 1 . ! 
 
 Ash I, 61. 11 
 
 Ash (mountain) 18. 10 
 
 Ash, prickly (Rue Family) 
 
 Asparagus * 
 
 Aspen 
 
 Aster . 7" 120, II 
 
 Avens 
 
 B. 
 
 Balsam 
 
 Balsam apple 
 
 Balsam, groundsel 
 
 Balsam, sweet (Composite Family) 
 
 Balsaminacese 
 
 Baneberry 
 
 Barberry* Family 
 
 Basil, field ....*. 
 
 Basswood 
 
 Beach pea 
 
 Beacn plants along Huron Shore. . . 
 
 Bean, Indian 
 
 Bean, wild 
 
 Bearberry 
 
 Beard tongue 
 
 Bedstraw 
 
 Beach drops 
 
 Beech Family 
 
 Beggars lire 
 
 Beggar ticks 
 
 Bellflower 
 
 Bellwort 
 
 Berberidacea? 
 
 Bergamot 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 !'.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
226 INDEX 
 
 Pago 
 
 Betulaceae 37, 94-95, 145, 185-186 
 
 Bibliography of C. K. Dodge 10 
 
 Bignonia Family 214 
 
 Bignoniaceae 214 
 
 Bilberry 1 13, 157 
 
 Bindweed 62, 1 14, 21C 
 
 Bindweed (Buckwheat Family) 40, 97, 146, 188 
 
 Biography of C. K. Dodge 7-9 
 
 Birch Family 37, 94-95, 145, 185-186 
 
 Birthwort Family 187 
 
 Bishop's cap 47, 102, 150, 194 
 
 Bitternut 37, 185 
 
 Bittersweet i Nightshade Family) 63, 116, 212 
 
 Bittersweet (Staff Tree Family) 53, 107, 201 
 
 Black alder (Holly Family) 53, 107, 153, 201 
 
 Blackberry 50, 104, 152, 197 
 
 Black-eyed susan 71, 121, 163, 219 
 
 Black grass 207 
 
 Bladdernut Family : 201 
 
 Bladderwort Family 65, 1 17, 160, 213 
 
 Blazing star 68, 2 1 
 
 Blephilia 1 59 
 
 Bloodroot 44, 100, 1 92 
 
 Blue beach 37, 1 86 
 
 Bluebell Family 67-68, 118, 161, 216 
 
 Blueberry 59, 60, 112, 157, 207 
 
 Blue cohosh 100 
 
 Blue weed 62, 115, 211 
 
 Boneset 68, 119, 161, 216 
 
 Borage Family 62, 114-115, 15S, 210-211 
 
 Boraginacete 62, 114-115, 158, 210-211 
 
 Bouncing bet 42, 98, 1 90 
 
 Box elder (Maple Family) 53, 107, 153, 202 
 
 Brake 18, 78, 129, 167 
 
 Brookline 64, 116, 159, 213 
 
 Broom-rape Family 65, 1 17, 160, 213 
 
 Buckbean .« 61, 114, 158, 209 
 
 Buckthorn Family 54, 107, 154, 202 
 
 Buckwheat Family 39-40, 96-99, 146-147, 187-188 
 
 Buffalo-berry 56, 109 
 
 Bugleweed 63, 115, 159, 211 
 
 Bug seed 97 
 
 Bulrush 26, 87, 138, 176 
 
 Burdock 72, 122, 221 
 
 Bur-marigold 121, 163, 220 
 
 Bur-reed Family 21, 82. 133, 170 
 
 Butter-and-eggs 64, 115, 159, 212 
 
 Buttercup 43, 99, 148, 191 
 
 Butterflv weed 209 
 
 Butternut 36, 94, 185 
 
 Butterwort 65, 117 
 
 Button-bush 66, 214 
 
 Button-wood 195 
 
 C. 
 
 Cactaceae ' 56 
 
 Cact us Family 56 
 
 (alamint 63, 115 
 
 ( 'alia, wild 90, 18C 
 
 Callitrichaceae 106 
 
 ( lalypso 35, 93 
 
 Campanulaceae 67-68, 118, 161, 216 
 
 Campion 41, 98, 147, 19C 
 
 Cancer root 6.5 
 
 ( !aper Family 46 
 
 ( !apparidaceae 46 
 
 Caprifoliacese 66-67, 118, 160-161, 214-215 
 
 ( laraway 57, ill, 156 
 
 Cardinal flower 21f 
 
 ( !arpetweed Family 41, 18!' 
 
 Carrot 58, 111, 20C 
 
 Caryophyllaceae 41-42, 97-98, 147, 19C 
 
 shew Family 53, 106-107, 153, 201 
 
 Catalpa 214 
 
 Catchfly 41, 98, 19C 
 
 Catnip 63, 115, 159, 211 
 
 Cat's-foot 70, 120, 163, 21S 
 
 ( lat-tail Family 20, 82, 133, 17f 
 
 < edar 20, 81, 132, 133, 17< 
 
 Celastracete 53, 107. 201 
 
 ( elerv 21, 83, 134, 171 
 
 ( 'harl'ock 1 9: ; 
 
 < henopodiacea 1 40, 97, 147, 18t 
 
 Cherry 50, 104, 152, Wt 
 
Index. 
 
 Chess 
 
 Chestnut . . ... 
 
 Chickory 
 
 Chickweed 
 
 Chippewa County, annotated list of plants in 
 
 botanical survey of 
 
 habitats of 
 
 surface conditions of 
 
 Cistaceae 
 
 Club moss Family 
 
 Chokeberry 
 
 ( 'hnstinas green 
 
 Cicily. . 
 
 ( iinquefoil 
 
 < 'leavers 
 
 ( "lintonia 
 
 ( 'lover 
 
 Cocklebur 71 
 
 ( lonosn, blue 
 
 Coltsfoot 
 
 Columbine "j I 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 Composite 68 74, 119 123, L61 
 
 Composite Family fix , 1. 1 1 '.»-]_•.',, 1 * . 1 [64, 
 
 Cone-flower 121,11 
 
 Convolvulacea3 
 
 ( 'onvolvulus Family 
 
 Coral-root 
 
 Cornacese 58, 111, 
 
 Cornel 
 
 Cornspurry 41, 97, 14^ 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 Costmary 72 12 
 
 Cotton-grass 
 
 Cotton-grass, Alpine 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 Cowherb 
 
 Cow wheat 6c . 
 
 Crab 
 
 Cranberry 60, 1 13, 
 
 Cranberry-tree 
 
 Cranesbill 
 
 Crassaulaceae 16, 101 , 1 5 
 
 Cress it. 15, 16, 100, 101, 
 
 Crinkleroot 
 
 Crowberry Family 
 
 Crowfoot Family 1-'. 14, 99 100, I 
 
 Cruciferse 1 1 16, loo [01, I 19 
 
 Cuckoo flower 
 
 Cucurbitaces 
 
 Cucumber-bur 
 
 Cucumber root, Indian 
 
 Cudweed 
 
 Currant » ■ 
 
 Cyperacea; 25 10, 81 141, 17 
 
 Cystopteris 
 
 D. 
 
 Daisy 
 
 Dandelion 
 
 Davis, Prof. C. A., work of in Tuscola County. 
 
 Deer-hair 
 
 Dewberry 
 
 Dioscoreacea? 
 
 Dioseracese 
 
 Dipsacaceae 
 
 Dock 
 
 Dock, prairie (Composite Family) 
 
 Dodge, Charles Keene, bibliography of 
 
 biography of 
 
 Dogbane Family 
 
 Dog fennel (Mayweed) 
 
 Dogwood Family 
 
 Dragon's mouth 
 
 Drop-seed 
 
 Duckweed Family 
 
 Dutchman's breeches 
 
 
 71, 
 
 121, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 E. 
 
 Elseagnacese . , , l7 it 
 
 Elder, box (Maple Family) 
 
 Elder 
 
 30 
 
228 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Elecampane 219 
 
 Elm 38, 95, 146, 187 
 
 Empetracea? 1 06 
 
 Equisetaceae 18, 79, 130, 168 
 
 Ericaceae 58-60, 1 1 1-112, 156-158, 207-208 
 
 Friocaulaceae 30, 141 
 
 Euphorbiaeeae 52-53, 106, 200 
 
 Evening Primrose Family 56, 109-110, 155, 204-205 
 
 Everlasting 70-71, 120, 121, 163, 218 
 
 Fagaceae 37, 95, 145, 186 
 
 False flax 45, 100 
 
 Fern Family 17, 78-79, 129-130, 167-168 
 
 FeVerfeW . ." 72 
 
 Figwort Family . . ... '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. . . '. . '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. . 64-65, 116-117, 159, 212-213 
 
 Fireweed (Composite Family) 72, 122, 220 
 
 (Evening Primrose Family) 56, 109, 155 
 
 Five finger 49, 151, 196 
 
 Flag 33, 92, 142, 182 
 
 Flax Family 51, 105, 169 
 
 Fleabane 70, 120, 162-163, 218 
 
 Flowering Fern Family 18, 79, 168 
 
 Fox-glove, false 213 
 
 Fox-tail grass 22, 135, 172 
 
 Frogs Bit Family 21, 83, 134, 171 
 
 Frostweed 55, 108, 154, 203 
 
 Fumariacese 44, 100, 149, 193 
 
 Fumitory Family 44, 100, 149, 193 
 
 G. 
 
 Gentian Family 61, 113-114, 158, 209 
 
 Gentian, horse (Honeysuckle Family) 215 
 
 Gentianaceae 61, 113-114, 158, 209 
 
 Geraniacea? 52, 106, 200 
 
 Geranium Family 52, 106, 200 
 
 Gerardia 65, 116, 213 
 
 Germander 211 
 
 Ginseng Family 57, 110, 155, 205 
 
 Goat's beard 73, 122, 221 
 
 Golden alexanders 206 
 
 Goldenrod 68-69, 119, 161-162, 217 
 
 Golden seal 44 
 
 Gold-of-pleasure 93 
 
 Goldthread 43, 99, 148, 192 
 
 Gooseberry 47, 102, 195 
 
 Goosefoot Family 40, 97, 147, 189 
 
 Goose grass 66, 214 
 
 Gourd Family - 67, 1 18, 21 5 
 
 Gramineae. . ! 21-25, 83-86, 134-137, 171-175 
 
 Grape 54, 108, 202 
 
 Grape fern (Adders's Tongue Family) 168 
 
 Grass Family 21-25, 83-86, 134-137, 171-175 
 
 Grass-of-parnassus 47, 102, 150, 195 
 
 Grass-pink 34, 92, 142, 183 
 
 Greenbriar 32, 182 
 
 Gromwell 62, 114, 210 
 
 Ground cherry 64, 116, 159, 212 
 
 Ground hemlock 80, 169 
 
 Ground ivy 63, 115, 159, 211 
 
 Ground pine 19, 80, 130-131, 169 
 
 Groundsel 72, 122, 164, 220 
 
 Gun-plant 68, 1 1 9 
 
 H. 
 
 Haloragidaceae 56-57, 110, 205 
 
 Hamamelidacese 47, 195 
 
 Hardhack 102, 195 
 
 Harebell 68, 118, 161, 2 Hi 
 
 Hare figwort 159, 212 
 
 Hare's-tail 87, 138, 176 
 
 Haw ' 196 
 
 Hawkweed 74, 123, 164, 222 
 
 Hazelnut 37, 94, 145, 185 
 
 Heal-all 159, 21 1 
 
 Heath Family 58-60, 111-112, 156-158, 207-208 
 
 Heather, false 55, 108 
 
 Heliol rope 67 
 
 Hemlock (Pine Family) 20, 81, 132, 170 
 
 Hemlock, poison (Parsley Family) 57, 141, 156, 206 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 r 
 
 Hemp (Nettle Family) 
 
 Hemp, Indian (Dogbane Family) 
 
 Henbane 
 
 Herb robert 
 
 Hickory 
 
 Holly Family 
 
 Hollyhock 
 
 Honewort 
 
 Honeysuckle Family 
 
 Hop 
 
 Horehouiul 
 
 Horehound, cut-leaved, water 
 
 Horse-chestnut 
 
 Horseradish 
 
 Horsetail Family 
 
 Horseweed 
 
 Hound's tongue Ml 
 
 Houstonia 
 
 Huckleberry 1 1 _'. I ' 
 
 Hydrocharitacea- 21 
 
 Hydrophyllaceae 
 
 Hypericaceae 
 
 I. 
 
 Iridacea? 
 
 Iris 
 
 Ironweed, drummonds 
 
 Ironwood 
 
 Indian bean 
 
 Indian cucumber root 
 
 Indian hemp 
 
 Indian pipe 
 
 Indian plantain (Composite Family) 
 
 Indian tobacco 
 
 Indian turnip 
 
 J. 
 
 Jack-in-the-pulpit 
 
 Jerusalem oak 
 
 Joe-pye weed 
 
 Joint-weed 
 
 Juglandaceae 
 
 Juncaceae ". 30 31, 90 91, III 
 
 Juncaginaceae 
 
 Juneberry ■ 
 
 Juniper 
 
 K. 
 
 Knotgrass 
 
 Knot weed 
 
 I 
 
 Labiatae •'• ' 
 
 Labrador tea 
 
 Lady's slipper ! 
 
 Lady's thumb 
 
 Lady's tresses 
 
 Lake Huron shore, botanical survey of 
 
 land and surface near 
 
 Lamb's quarters 
 
 Larch, American 
 
 Lauraceae 
 
 Laurel Family 
 
 Laurel, (Heath Family) 
 
 Leather leaf 
 
 Leatherwood 
 
 Leek, wild 
 
 Leguminosae 
 
 Lemnacea? 
 
 Lentibulariaceae 
 
 Letters of transmittal 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Lilac 
 
 Liliacea? 
 
 Lily Family 
 
 Linaceae 
 
 Linden Family 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
230 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Live-for-ever i 46, 101, 150, 194 
 
 Liver leaf 43, 99, 148, 191 
 
 Lizard's tail 184 
 
 Lobelia Family 68, 119, 161, 216 
 
 Lobeliaceae 68, 119, 161, 216 
 
 Locust 51, 198 
 
 Locust, honey 198 
 
 Loosestrife Family 204 
 
 Loosestrife (Primrose Family) 60, 1 13, 158, 208 
 
 Lopseed 214 
 
 Loranthacese 39, 96 
 
 Lousewort , 65,213 
 
 Love-vine 210 
 
 Lupine 50 
 
 Lycopodiaceae 19, 80, 130-131, 169 
 
 Lythracege 204 
 
 M. 
 
 Madder Family 66, 117, 160, 214 
 
 Magnolia Family 1 92 
 
 Magnoliaeeae 1 92 
 
 Maiden-hair fern 17, 78, 129, 167 
 
 Mallow Family 54, 108, 154, 203 
 
 Mandrake 192 
 
 Malvaceae 54, 108, 154, 203 
 
 Maple Family 53, 107, 153, 201-202 
 
 Mare's tail (Water milfoil Family) 110 
 
 Marsh elder 71, 121 
 
 Marsh marigold 43, 99, 148, 192 
 
 Matrimony vine 64, 116, 212 
 
 May apple 192 
 
 May-cherry 48, 103, 151, 196 
 
 May-weed 71, 121, 163, 220 
 
 Meadow rue 43, 99, 148, 191 
 
 Meadow-sweet 48, 102, 150, 1 95 
 
 Melilot 198 
 
 Menispermaceae 192 
 
 Mermaid weed 57, 205 
 
 Mezereum Family 56, 109, 204 
 
 Milfoil, water, Family 56-57 
 
 Milkweed Family 61 . 1 14, 209 -2 1 
 
 Milkwort Family 52, 106, 153, 200 
 
 Mint Family 63, 115-1 16, 158-159, 21 1-212 
 
 Mistletoe Family :v.K 96 
 
 Miterwort 47, 194 
 
 Monkey flower 64, 116, 159, 213 
 
 Moneywort 60, 208 
 
 Moonseed 192 
 
 Moose-wood 56, 100, 204 
 
 Motherwort 63, 1 15, 21 1 
 
 Mountain ash 48, 103, 151, 196 
 
 Moxie plum 207 
 
 Mugwort 121 
 
 Mullein 64, 116, 159, 212 
 
 Mullein pink 98, 190 
 
 Mumulus 64 
 
 Mustard 44-46, 100-101, 149, 193-194 
 
 Myricacece 36, 94, 145, 185 
 
 N. 
 
 Nanny berry 67, 118, 161, 215 
 
 Najadacese 21, 82, 133-134, 170 
 
 Nettle, hemp 63, 115, 159, 211 
 
 Nettle Family 38, 95, 146, 187 
 
 New Jersey tea 54, 202 
 
 Nightshade Family 63-64, 116, 159, 212 
 
 Nightshade, enchanter's (Evening Primrose Family) 110, 155, 205 
 
 Nine-bark 47, 102, 150, 195 
 
 Nipple-wort 73 
 
 Nutgrass 175 
 
 Nymphseaceae 42, 98, 148, 190 
 
 O. 
 
 Oak (Beech Family) 37, 38, 95, 145, 186 
 
 Oat ... . 84-85, 136, 174 
 
 Oats, water 22, 136, 173 
 
 Oleaceae 60-61, 113, 158, 208 
 
 Oleaster Family 56, 109 
 
 Olive Family 60-61, 113, 158, 208 
 
 Onagracea? 56, 109-110, 155, 204-205 
 
INDEX. 
 
 231 
 
 Ophioglossaceae I s , 
 
 2 ra £he 
 
 Orchidacea? 33 
 
 Orchis Family 33, 
 
 Orobanchacete 117 . 
 
 Orpine Family ,,j , -,, 
 
 Osage orange 1 k7 
 
 Osmundacea 1 
 
 ( )yster plant 
 
 Oxalidacea? 52, 105 106. l 
 
 Ox-eye daisy 7 _•. \j \ . ; . 
 
 Pansy 
 
 Papaveraceae 11 1 1 »< >. [92 
 
 Papoose root 
 
 Parsley Family 57 58, 110-1 1 1. 151 
 
 Partridge berry 1 17. 14 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 Peach 
 
 Peanut, hog 
 
 Penny cress 
 
 Pepper 
 
 Pepper grass 100. 1411 
 
 Pepper, wild, water 
 
 Peppermint 212 
 
 Persicaria 39, 96, l I 
 
 Periwinkle 61 
 
 Phlox 
 
 Phrymaceae -' 1 » 
 
 Phvtolaccaceae 
 
 Pickerel-weed 
 
 Pigeon berry 
 
 Pigweed (Amaranth Family) 41, 147 
 
 Pigweed (Goosefoot Family) 
 
 Pimpernel (Parsley Family) 
 
 Pimpernel (Primrose Family) 
 
 Pimpernel, false 
 
 Pinacese 19. 81. 131 13 70 
 
 Pine Family 19, 81, 131 133. II 
 
 Pine drop 
 
 Pink Family II 12. 97-98 147 
 
 Pinweed 
 
 Piperaceae 
 
 Pipewort 
 
 Pitcher-plant. . . , 16, 101, I 
 
 Plane tree 
 
 Plantaginaceffi 
 
 Plantain Family 117, II 
 
 Plantain Indian (Composite Family) 
 
 Plantanacea? 
 
 Plum "" ' 
 
 Pogonia 
 
 Poison ivy 
 
 Pointed blue-eyed grass 
 
 Pokeweed 
 
 Polemoniaceae 
 
 Polemonium 
 
 Polygala, fringed . 
 
 Polygalacese _ - ' - 
 
 Polylonaceaa 39 40, 96 9 1 6 - • . - 
 
 Polypodiaceae 17-18. 78 129 30. 
 
 Pondweed Family 
 
 Pontederiacea? 
 
 Poplar, balsam (Willow Family) 
 
 Poppy 
 
 Portulacacea? 
 
 Prefatory note 
 
 Prickly pear __ . ... . 
 
 Primrose Family 
 
 Pnmulacea? 
 
 Prince's feather 
 
 Prince's pine (Pipsisseria) 
 
 Prince's pine 
 
 Puccoon 
 
 Pulse Family 
 
 Purslane Family 
 
 Purslane, milk (Spurge Family) 
 
 Putty root 
 
 Quassia Family , 
 
 Q. 
 
 52, 200 
 
232 INDEX. 
 
 R. 
 
 Tage 
 
 Radish, wild 293 
 
 Ragweed 71, 121, 163, 219 
 
 Ragwort : 72, 122, 164, 220 
 
 Raminculacea? 42-44, 99-100, 148-149, 191-19'' 
 
 Raspberry 49, 50, 104, 151, 196 
 
 Rattlesnake fern 18, 79 130 168 
 
 Rattlesnake plantain (Orchis Family) '. . 34, 93' 1 43 
 
 Rattlesnake weed 74/ 12.3 1^4' 221 
 
 Red-osier, dogwood 58, lll| 156,' 206 
 
 Red-root 54, 202 
 
 Red top 84, 173 
 
 Rhamnaceae 54, 107, 154, 202 
 
 Rice 22, 23, 83-84, 135, 172 
 
 Rice, mountain 84 135 173 
 
 Rice, wild 22, 83-84^ 13o! 172 
 
 Richweed j 37 
 
 Robin's plantain 70 2 1 8 
 
 Rockrose Family 55, Yog, 154', 203 
 
 Rosacea? 47-50, 102-105, 150-152, 195-198 
 
 Rose Family 47-50, 102-105, 150-152, 195-198 
 
 Rosemary, bog 59, 112, 156, 207 
 
 Rubiacea? 66, 117, 160, 214 
 
 Rue Family 52, 200 
 
 Rue, meadow (Crowfoot Family) 43 ( gg t 143 191 
 
 Rush Family 30-31, 90-91, 141-142', 180^-181 
 
 Rush (Sedge Family) 25, 86, 87, 137, 138, 1 76 
 
 Rush, scouring 80 130 
 
 Russian thistle 41, 97, 147,' 189 
 
 Rutacea? 52, 200 
 
 Rye 25, 86, 137, 175 
 
 St. John's wort Family 54, 108, 154, 203 
 
 Salmon berry 49, 1 04 
 
 Salsify (Oyster Plant) 73, 122! 221 
 
 Salicacese 35-36, 93-94, 144, 184-185 
 
 Sandalwood Family 38-39, 95-96, 146, 187 
 
 Sand bur. 83, 135, 172 
 
 Sandwort 41, 97, 190 
 
 Santalacese 38-39, 95-96, 146, 187 
 
 Sapindaceas 53, 202 
 
 Sarraceniacea? 46, 101 , 1 50, 194 
 
 Sarsaparilla (Gensing Family) 57, 1 10, 155, 205 
 
 Sasaf rass 192 
 
 Saw fly, attack of on tamarack 81,131 
 
 Saxifragacea? 47, 102, 150, 194-195 
 
 Saxifrage Family 47, 1 02, 150, 194-195 
 
 Scarlet painted cap 65, 1 16, 213 
 
 Schoolcraft County, Annotated list of plants of 78-123 
 
 Botanical Survey of 75-1 23 
 
 Surface conditions of 75 
 
 Scorpion-grass 62, 210 
 
 Scrophulariacese 64-65, 116-117, 159, 212-213 
 
 Sea-rocket 1 93 
 
 Sedge Family 25-30, 86-90, 137-141, 175-180 
 
 Selaginella Family 19, 80, 131, 169 
 
 Selaginellaceae 19, 80, 131, 169 
 
 Self-heal 115 
 
 Shepherd's purse 45, 100, 149, 193 
 
 Shrubs of wide range 77 
 
 Silverweed 49, 103, 1 96 
 
 Simarubacea? 52, 200 
 
 Skull cap 63, 115, 158, 211 
 
 Skunk cabbage 141, 180 
 
 Smart weed 39, 96, 146, 188 
 
 Smilax '. 182 
 
 Snakehead 159, 213 
 
 Snakeroot, black (Parsley'Family) 110, 205 
 
 Snakeroot , (Composite Family) 68, 1 1 9, 2 1 6 
 
 Snakeroot, (Milkwort Family) 52, 200 
 
 Snap dragon 212 
 
 Sneeze w r eed 220 
 
 Snowberry (Heath Family) - 112, 157, 207 
 
 Snowberry (Honeysuckle Family) 67. 160 
 
 Soapberry Family 53, 202 
 
 Soapwort 42, 98, 190 
 
 Solanaceae 63-64, 116, 159, 212 
 
 Solomon's seal 32, 91, 142, 181 
 
 Sorrel 39, 96, 146, 188 
 
 Southernwood 72, 220 
 
 Sour-top 60, 112, 157 
 
 Sow thistle (Composite Family) 221 
 
 Sparganiaceae 21, 82, 133, 170 
 
INDEX. 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 17 
 
 Spearmint 
 
 Spearwort 
 
 Species, limitation of along Huron .shore 
 
 Speedwell 
 
 Spice bush 
 
 Spikenard 
 
 Spikenard, false 
 
 Spirea 
 
 Spleenwort . . . 
 Spring beauty. 
 
 Spruce 
 
 Spurge Family 
 
 Squaw-root 
 
 Squirrel corn 
 
 Staff Tree Family 
 
 Staphyleacea? 
 
 Starflower 
 
 Stargrass 
 
 Steeple bush 
 Stickti 
 
 • 
 
 14. 
 
 113, 
 
 ight 
 
 71 
 
 Stickweed 62, 1 
 
 Stitchwort 
 
 Stone crop 101 . 1 
 
 Stoneroot 
 
 
 Stramonium 
 
 St rawberry 
 
 Strawberry blite 
 
 Strawberry bush 
 
 Strawberry tomato 
 
 Sugar-beet 
 
 Sugarberry 
 
 Sumach 53 
 
 Sundew Family 16 101 
 
 Sundrop 
 
 Sunflower 71. 
 
 Sunflower, false 
 
 Sweetbriar 50, 104, l i 
 
 
 
 
 Sweet fern 
 
 Sweet flag 
 
 Sweet Gale Family 
 Sycamore 
 
 • 
 
 Tamarack . . 
 
 Tansy 
 
 Taxaceae . . . 
 Tea berry . . 
 Tearthumb 
 Teazel .... 
 
 72. 121, 
 10, R 
 
 Thistle 
 
 Thorn ' s 
 
 Thymelaeaceae 
 
 Tickseed 
 
 Tick-trefoil 
 
 Tiliacea? 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Toadflax 
 
 Toadflax (Sandalwood Family) 
 
 Todofieldia 
 
 Toothwort 
 
 Touch-me-not Family 
 
 Tree of heaven 
 
 Trees of wide range 
 
 Trillium 
 
 Trumpet weed, Joe-pye weed 
 
 Tulip tree 
 
 Tumble-weed 
 
 Turtle head 
 
 Tuscola ( 'ount.v. Annotated list of plants in 
 
 botanical survey in 
 
 geography, surface conditions of 
 
 Twayblade. . * 
 
 Twinberry 
 
 Twin flower 
 
 Typnacea? 
 
 103, 
 
 .".». 
 
 A, 107 
 
 1 .". 1 . 
 71. 
 
 
 I I 
 
 
 
 
 161. 
 
 
 
 Umbellif eras . 
 
 1'rticacea?. . . 
 
 1". 
 
 I in III. |-»< 
 
 - 
 
234 INDEX. 
 
 V. 
 
 Pagi 
 
 Valerian Family 67, 118, 161, 21, 
 
 Valerianaceae 67, 118, 161, 21. 
 
 Velvet leaf 20: 
 
 Verbenacere 62, 115, 21 
 
 Vervain Family 62, 115, 21 
 
 Vetch 51, 105, 198, 19! 
 
 Vetchling 51, 105, 153, 19! 
 
 Vine Family ■ . . 54, 108, 20: 
 
 Violacese 55, 109, 155, 203-20' 
 
 Violet Family 55, 109, 155, 203-20- 
 
 Viburnum, sweet 21; 
 
 Virgin's bower 43, 99, 148, 19 
 
 Virginia creeper 10! 
 
 Vitacese 54, 108, 20: 
 
 W. 
 
 Wake-robin 32, 91, 142, 18: 
 
 Walnut Family 36, 94, 18i 
 
 Wartweed 5: 
 
 Watercress 101, 149, 19; 
 
 Water-leaf 2H 
 
 Water Lily Family 42, 98, 148, 19< 
 
 Water Milfoil Family 56-57, 110, 20, 
 
 Water-plantain 21, 83, 134, 17 
 
 Water purslane (Evening Primrose Family) 56, 20' 
 
 Water-star grass 3i 
 
 Water Starwort Family 10« 
 
 Water weed 21, 83, 134, 17 
 
 Water willow 20- 
 
 White adder's tongue 91,14: 
 
 White wood 19: 
 
 Wild calla : 90, 18i 
 
 Wild celery 21, 83, 134, 17 
 
 Wild garlic 18 
 
 Wild ginger 18' 
 
 Wild Fice 22, 83-84, 135, 17: 
 
 Willow Family 35-36, 93-94, 144, 184-18. 
 
 Willow-herb (Mint Family) 115, 21 
 
 Willow-herb (Evening Prinrose Family) 56, 109, 155, 204, 20, 
 
 Wind-flower 43, 99, 19 
 
 Winter berry 53, 107, 153, 20 
 
 Wintergreen 58, 59, 112, 156, 157, 20' 
 
 Witch-hazel Family 47, 19, 
 
 Withe-rod, (Wild raisin) 67, 118, 161, 21; 
 
 Wolfberry _ , 6. 
 
 Woodbine o4, 20. 
 
 Wood Sorrel Family 52, 105-106, 153, 201 
 
 Wool grass 26, 87, 138, 17i 
 
 Wormwood 72, 121, 122, 163, 164, 22i 
 
 Xyridacete 3l 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yam 
 
 Yarrow.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. ".71, 121, 163, 221 
 
 Yellow-eyed grass in on mi ia! 
 
 Yew Family 19, 80, 131, 16! 
 
 N. C, State College