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BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 VOL. 1. 
 
(iiNiPonM wnn ttik pimimcations of tiir) 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 J. I). WHITNKV, Statk Ckologist. 
 
 BOTANY 
 
 VOLUMK 1. 
 
 POLYPETAL^, 
 
 By W. H. BKEWER and SERENO WATSON. 
 
 GAMOPETALyE, 
 By ASA GRAY. 
 
 ■ G)\^ 
 
 SECOND (rF, vised) EDITION. \"^^0 
 
 iiosTON: re.co^ 
 
 LITTLE, brown: AND COMPANY. 
 
 1880. 
 
PEEFATORY NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In this edition of the present volume, no clianges Imve been made 
 excepting sucli as may properly be called corrections of slight verl)al 
 mistakes and of errors of the press. Vol. II., comi)leting the Ltany of 
 Ci.liCornia, is pubb-shed contemporaneously witb ,1„ p,,,,,,^ ^ne, and in 
 that will be found a considerable number of additions and corrections to 
 Volume I., rendered necessary by fresh discoveries made by various zealous 
 collectors in the field. 
 
 J. D. WHITNEY. 
 Camdridgk, Ma.ss., August 17, 1880. 
 
Names of the (joitloiLcn hy the aid of whose contrihutiona the publication 
 of this vol tune has been secured: — 
 
 LELAND STANi-OKD. K. 13. WOODWARD. 
 
 D. 0. MILLS. WILLIAM NOKRIS. 
 
 LLOYD TEVIS. JOHN O. EARL. 
 
 J. C. FLOOD. HENRV PIERCE. 
 
 CHARLES McLaughlin. Oliver eldredge. 
 
 S. CLINTON HASTINGS. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 r I ^IIE Act of the Legislature, jiassed iu 18G0, autliorizing a geological 
 Survey of the State of California, required, among other things, a " full 
 and scientific description of its botanical productions." In accordance with 
 this requisition, the material necessary for such a description was assiduously 
 collected by the Geological Corps, whenever and wherever it was possible 
 to carry on this work in addition to the other more pressing duties of the 
 Survey proper. During the years from 18G0 to 18G4, the botanical collect- 
 ing was entirely under the charge of, and mostly performed by, Professor 
 W. II. I'rewer. It was under his supervision that the bulk of the material 
 was accuimdated, llu^ (diiboriition of whic^h has fornuMl the basis of the 
 present volume. Professor l>rewer having left California in 18G4, no I'arther 
 continuous and systematic collecting was attempted by the Survey. Mr. 
 H. N. P)()lander was, however, engaged for a few months in 18GG and 18G7 
 in making a more thorough botanical ex])loration of portions of the Sierra 
 Nevada than liad before been i)ossible ; and he also made a trip through the 
 Coast Panges, north of the I'ay of San Francisco, in which he wa.s assisted 
 from tlu^ funds of the Survey, then, as nhvays, entirely iiifideiiuale to a 
 vigorous prosecution of the work in all its l)rnnches. Dr. J. G. Cooper, 
 Zoological Assistant of the Survey, during a winter spent at Fort Mohave, 
 and on the way thither and back, made important additions to the botanical 
 collections. On the return of Professor Brewer to the East, in 18G4, an-ange- 
 nients were commenced for working up the collections, with a view to the 
 publication of a Flora of Californiu, or a systcmali-; de.'^cription of the plant^s 
 growing spontaneously over that wide area of between ir.0,000 ami 1GO,000 
 square miles.* The total number of species thus included was estimated at 
 
 • In jioiiitof fact, in tlie pn'sont volume tlio hntftny i>t' tlic wliolo ea.stciii .vloi)0 of the Sicrm 
 Nevmlii, nn<l of thn ranges adjacent to it on the civst, from Arizona to Nortlicrn Nevada, nnd 
 of Soulliern Oregon, lia.s l)een fully worked up, nnd n considerable nunil>er of sjiecies included 
 which have not yet been found within the borders of the State of California, although many 
 of them, in all probability, will be. 
 
^,jj- INTKODUcrriUN. 
 
 two thousand, and it was thought that the work of doteiiniuing and describ- 
 ing them would not occui)y more than a year or two. Tlie co-operation nl 
 distinguished speciahsts throughout the country was secured, and various 
 l)ortions of the coUections ])lacetl in tlieir hands to he worked up. It 
 is, however, at the Herbarium ol' Harvard University, and under the 
 supervision of Professor A. Gray, that most of the material has thus iar 
 been elaborated. The collections made by the Survey were there arranged 
 by Professor Hrewcr, and the new spiicies of the I'oli/pdalw and Gamo- 
 2)etalcc were described by Professor Gray in various connnunications made 
 to the American Academy of Arts ami Sciences, and published in their 
 Proceedings.* 
 
 In this work it was necessary that the material which had accumulated 
 during the many years in which California had been botauically explored 
 by various Government expeditions, both American and foreign, and by 
 numerous private collectors, should be juissed under review. It was ecpialiy 
 necessary that the mass of literature already accunuilated in relation to this 
 Flora, and scattered througli hundreds of volumes, which in many cases are 
 not to be obtained e-xce^it with great ditUculty, should be thoroughly ex- 
 amined. Much the largest portion of this mateiial, both of hooks and 
 plants, was accessible at the Herbarium in Cambridge; and, where the collec- 
 tions in this country were di!licient. both Dr. Gray and Dr. I'lngeimann were 
 enabled to supply deficiencies and make the necessary comi)arisons, during 
 visits to Europe, and especially to the great storehouse of tlie world's 
 botany at Kew. AVhile this work of description and comparison went on, 
 much new material was constantly coming in, chiefly through several zeal- 
 ous private collectors, who of course had to send their jdants to C^ambridge 
 for determination. Thus it happened, that, as the amount of material to 
 be worked over was constantly increasing, so the time recpiired ior the wcnk 
 was also greatly expanded. The Survey not being able to pay any one lor 
 devoting his whole time to this investigation, the year 1874 had been 
 reached and the iniuting had not been begun. The Legislature of 1873 - 74 
 put an end to the work by refusing any further ai)propriations for the 
 Survey, and the present volume would have remained unpublished, had it 
 not been for the generosity of a few citizens of San Francisco, who came 
 forward and jilaced in the hands of the late State Geologist a sum sullicient 
 • Sec I'loceediiigs Am. Acad. Vol. VI. 51S), uiul Vll. 327. 
 
INTRODUCTION. JX 
 
 to insure the ])u1>liciiti()ii ol' one vdlmiic of (lie Muia uf ('alilornia. The 
 names of those <,'entleiuen will In; iuiuid (mi the jta^^'e lollowing the title. 
 As soon as })os.sible alter this muiiilicent act, an arningenient was made with 
 Mr. Sereno Watson, late liotanist of the Fortietli Parallel iSurvey, to under- 
 take the necessary revision of the Po/f/pclalcr, jirevion.sly prejiared hy Pro- 
 lessor l>re\ver, hut which nc(Mhjd sliJl I'mlher ehihoniLiun. Trolessor (Ji-ay, 
 in accordance with previous arian;,fciuent, was ready with the Gdmvprtalce, 
 and, to insure greater unilormity, all the ordinal characters of. the volume 
 have also been written hy him. There has been no inlcrruplion in ilic work 
 since the necessary funds were raised for its continuance. Jt is not neces- 
 sary to insist on the reasons why the in-eparation of this volume has involved 
 a much larger amount of labor and of time than was originally expected. 
 Botanists will not lail to ai)preciate tlu; magnitude of the task thus under- 
 taken, and will recognize the great difference between a work like the present 
 one and even the most complete of the botanical reports win'ch have hitherto 
 accomi)anied or formed a ])art of the repoits of fJovernment expeditions. 
 It only remains for me to thank those who have contrilmted to this volume 
 either intellectually or pecuniarily, and to express my sincere regret that the 
 Legislature of California has just adjourned without having made any pro- 
 vision for the continuance of the Botau}'-, or for bringing before the world 
 other portions of the results of the Survey already in process of ]iublication, 
 or nearly ready for it, at the time the work was suspended by the Legislature 
 of 187.". -74. 
 
 Should the means be secured for the pultli(;ation of the second volume 
 of the JJotany of California, it will contain the remaining exogenous (the 
 Apdalcc and the Gymno^pcrmcc), the endogenoiu?, and the cryptogamous 
 orders. It is proposed also to add an accented list of generic names with 
 their derivations ; and a chronological list of botanical collectors on the 
 west coast of Anu^rica, together with an index to the geiuMa and species 
 of the entire Mora, and a glossary of the botanical terms usi-d. 
 
 J. I). WHITNKY. 
 
 C'ami(i;ii>(;i;, Mas.'^., Ainil l.'S, 187i!. 
 
N T i: 
 
 The following Keys are designed to facilitate the reference of any plant to its proper Order; 
 and it is hoi)ed that the one may so supplement the other that in most cases little difficulty 
 will be found. A synopsis is likewise given of the genera under each order, and of the species 
 in most of the larger and more difficult genera. 
 
 All the more important synonymy is cited, including references to the principal figures. 
 The geographical range is indicated as nearly as our piesent knowledge permits, but the 
 habitiits of many of the rare or local species will doubtless be much extended as the Slate 
 la more thoroughly explored. Additional species will also be discovered, and the descriptions 
 of the known species here given may prove in some cases to be defective or erroneous. In- 
 formation in regard to any additions or corrections is solicited for an appendix to the second 
 volume, or for a future supplement. 
 
 It has not been possible to give here, introductory to the Flora, that preliminary botanical 
 instruction which is neccs.-4ary to it.t use. To supply the need, a brief lntrodu(;tion to Sys- 
 tematic Botany will probably be iuchuled in the volume which is to follow, and reference 
 may be made meanwhile to the ordinary text-books upon the subject, such as Gray's " Les- 
 sons in Botany. " 
 
ANyVLVTICAL AKTIFICIAL KKV To THK ORDERS AND 
 ANOMALOUS (lENKRA IX ill IS VoLUiMK. 
 
 Division I. rOF^Yri'yrAI..!': : calyx ami c'niolla both incsnit ; the lattrr of seiiaratc jKjtuls. 
 A. Stamen'^ nmnoroiis, nt least more than 10 and more than double tlie number of the jicLals, 
 1. Jfi/poij!nion.s, i. e. on the receptacle free from the ovary and calyx. 
 I'istils few to many distinct carpels, or rarely only one. 
 Calyx mostly deciduous : juice of herbage, colorlcs.s. ItANiTNCULACEiE, 1. 
 
 ("alyx early deciduous : juice yellowish. riatvstemon in Pai"avkI!ACK;E, 5. 
 
 ('alyx persistent : leaves peltate. Nv.mpii;KACE«, 3. 
 
 I'istil a single simi)le carpel, forming a ]tod. Aci\cia in l<EoiiMlNO.Si«, 31. 
 
 Pistil comimund : cells, placenta', or stigmas more than one. 
 Petals more numerous than the scjials^ 
 
 ludefiuitely numerou.s, small, and pcisistent : niiuntic. NYMrii.F.ACE.f;, 3. 
 
 .lu.st twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually cnducou.s. PAi'AVEriA(E-«, 5. 
 
 Five to 16 nnd more numerous than the ])ei'si8t(*nt sepals. Poinui.ACACEie, 16. 
 
 Petals of the same number as the sepals, 
 
 Four, and both decidn.Mis. rAiTAliiDACEJK, 8. 
 
 Four or less, but I'ldl, inid calyx persistent. I{k.se1)ACK*;, 9. 
 
 Five, and the calvx iicrsistcnt. 
 Sepals valvato hi the bud : stamens inonadelplio\is. MALVACEit;, 20. 
 
 Seitals imbricated in the bud. 
 
 iH-aves opposite, entire, pelluiid-punctate. Hyi'Kiiicace.t:, 19. 
 
 Leaves alternate, not pellucid-punct-ite, plane. 
 Corolla ephemeral : two outer sepals small and bractdike. Cistace^b, 10. 
 Corolla gamopctalous, tubular : sepals round. Fouquiera in Tamahiscine.«, 17-. 
 Leaves all radical, hollow ]>it(hers. SARRACKNiArE^F,. 4. 
 
 2. rniiji/twus nr ej>ig)/ii.nii.s, Iwrne on the (eitlier free or adnato) calyx. 
 
 Leafless mostly i)ri<'kly (bshy plants: ovary l-eelle<l. CACTArK*, 43. 
 
 licafy llcshy iilants, with :? or more cells to the oviiry. FiroiDE*:, 44. 
 
 Le.ily llcshy lierbs, with 1 -celled ovnry. PcuTlJl.ACACE-K, 16. 
 Not llcshy. 
 
 Leaves opi>osite, simple : sepals and pebnls numerous. CAl.YCANTllACEi*;, 33. 
 
 Leaves opposite, simple : senals and ])et«ls 4 or r>. KAXlFRAOArE>«, 34. 
 
 licaves alternate, witli stipules. Kosace*, 32. 
 Leaves alteniate, without stipules. 
 Carpels 2 or more, superior, becoming follicles. Cros.sosoma in Ranunculack.*, 1. 
 Ov.iry inferior, with 3 or more parietal placenta-. 
 
 Flowei-s mainly dioecious : ptals minute or none. Datiscace-??, 42. 
 
 Flowei-8 perfect : petals consjueuous : leaves itmgh. Lmasacejk, 40. 
 
 U. Stnmens 10 or los,s, or if more not exceeding twice the iium)>er of the jvotnls, or sej.als when 
 
 the )>etals are wanting. 
 
 1. (hary or oviiri.-s superior or mainly so (but sometimes enclosed in the calyx-tuln?). 
 
 • Pistils more than one and distinct. 
 
 Pistils of jiisi the satno nuiiibir us jtefnls and as sepals. 
 
 Leaves simple, lleshy. Cka-ssi'Laceac. 35. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. (Styles partly uiiit.d.) Limnnuthes in nEUASIACE-K, 24. 
 
 Pistils not corresponding in number with pct.iN or sc|vi|s. 
 Stamens Uune on the receptacle. Uam'.vculack.*:. 1. 
 
 St^imens borne on the calyx. 
 
 Stipulis persistent : leaves alternate. Hosack.k, 32. 
 
 Stipules caducous : leaves opjMJsite, conii>ounil. Staphvlea in SAriNnArE.K. 2H. 
 
 Stipules none or indistinct. Saxifraoace*. 34. /? X 
 
^j- AxNALYTICAL AKTlFlClAl- KEY. 
 
 • » ristil only one, 
 
 +■ Sinii'le, i. c. of one caii..-l, as shown l.y the single style, sti^'ina, ami cell (the latter sometimes 
 wilh a lalse division in Astragalus). 
 
 Anthers opening by uiilifu-.l valves or transversely. BKUUEUiOACict:, 2. 
 Anthers opening lenglliwis,' or ul tlie top. 
 
 Flowers irregular, or leaver twice piuauto : Irmt u legumo. Li;o,UMiN«is.v:, Ji. 
 
 Flowei-s invgular : leaves simple. Vulygalacije, U. 
 
 Flowers regular. . 
 
 Leaves opposite, punctate. Cneoridmm in RurACE.E, 2o. 
 Leaves alternate, not punctate, mostly'stipulute. 
 
 Fruit a druiie or akcne. KosACK.K, 32. 
 
 Fruit a coriaceous I'ullicle. Glossopetalon m 8ai'INDA( k.k, 29. 
 
 ■4- -1- Pistil comi)ouiul, as shown by the number of cells or i)lacentie, styles or stignia.s. 
 
 Ovaiy 1 -celled, with (2 to 4 or rarely more) parietal placentie. 
 
 Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx i or 5. Fuankkmaci:.*;, 13. 
 
 Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. 
 
 Corolla irregular ; lower petal spurred. Viur.Acii.K, .11. 
 
 Corolla regular or nearly so. 
 
 Styles or ses-sile stigmas entire. SaxifkaijaiE/E, 34. 
 
 Styles 3, each 2-parted: placenta; 3. 1)i:oseuace.e, 36. 
 
 Petals 2, but persistent sepals 4 : flower irregular. Ri:sEi)Ari;/E, 9. 
 
 Petals 4, but bract-like sepals 2 : llower irregxilar. Fu.MAUiArE.'E, (3. 
 
 Petals 4 or ti : sepals half as many, caducous. pAi'AVKitAfK.E, 5. 
 
 Petals and sepals each I : stamens G. Caim'AIMDAck.e, 8. 
 
 Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 placentie parietal : stamens tetradynaiaous. CluiciKKi;.!;, 7. 
 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, .s.^veral - many-.seeded on a central placenta, 
 Truly so, the partitions wanting or very incomplete. 
 
 Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. Poutui,ai-ACE^, IC. 
 
 Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or sometimes 4 : leaves all opposite. Cakyopiivllaceje, 14. C /, 
 
 Here may be sought the apetalous (ilaux in Puimui.ace^, 57. 
 
 Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing. 
 
 Stipules between the i.ppusitu leaves. El,ATI^'ACK.'^;, 18. 
 
 No stipules. LytiiiiACE-E, 37. 
 
 Ovary and fruit 1-celled with a sin;,dc seed on a stalk from tho base. 
 
 Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. Anai'audiack.e, 30. 
 
 Herbs ; fruit a utricle. 
 
 Style at most 2-cl.ft : stipules scarious. Ii.lkueuuack.e, 15. 
 
 Styles 5 : calyx scarious. Plumi!AG1Naue.e, 5t3. 
 
 Ovary more than i-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. 
 
 Flowers very irreg\dar : ovary 2-celled : cells 1-seedeil. Polygai.ACE/E, 12. 
 
 Flowers legular or neaily so. 
 
 Ko green foliage. Mouotropea;, &c., in Euicace*, 54. 
 
 Foliage pellucid-punctate ; strong-scented shrubs. Rutacea:, 25. 
 
 Foliage not pellucid-punctate. 
 
 Anthers oficning by terminal pores or chinks at the end. Eukjacea;, 54. 
 
 Anthers opening lengthwise. 
 
 Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, i. e. alter- 
 nate with the calyx-lobes, 
 Tlie-sc valvate in the bu.l. Ricamnace^, 27. 
 
 These small or obsolete : petals valvnti;. Viiacea;, 28. 
 
 Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. 
 
 Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-foliolate. Zyoophyi.LAck.e, 23. 
 
 Strong-scented h(!rbs : leaves lobed or compound. OeI'.aNIACE^, 24. 
 
 Herbs, not strong-scented. 
 Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. 
 
 Leaves all simple ami entire. Lina(;e.e, 22. 
 
 Leaves all i.pposile, compound, ami leallels entire. ZV(i<)l'UYI,l,ArK;«, 23. 
 
 Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with ilivisions 
 
 or leatlets not entire. Gekaniace*, 24. 
 
 Ovules numerous. 
 
 Stamens on the calyx : style 1. Lythkacea;, 37. 
 
 Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. Saxifkagace.e, 34. 
 
 Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. 
 
 Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5. Ei.atinacE;E, 18. 
 
 Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo in Ficoiui':^:, 44. 
 
ANALYTICAL ARTIKK'IAL KfCV 
 
 Xlll 
 
 Shnilis or trcos witli opposite simjilc leaves, 
 
 riiitintely voineil, not loWd. 
 
 rnliimtely veined, lohod. 
 Slinil)s or tri-es with nllcriiato lohed loaves. 
 Shnihs or tiees witli oiijtositc coiuiiouikI leaves. 
 
 Stnnicns 4 to 8. 
 
 Stamens 2 or rarely 3. 
 
 2. Ovary nml fruit inferior or mainly so. 
 Ton(lril-l>enrinj{ Iierlis : (lowers inoim-eioiis or dicrcious. 
 Aipintic lierlis : flowers ditecious or monnndrous. 
 
 Slinil)s with ciitkin-Iike drooping spikes : llowci-s dioceious. Oarrya in 
 Shrnhs or herl)s, not tendril-bearing nor dirueious, nor nnihclliferous. 
 St-anu'iis ns many as the small or unguiculnte petals and opjwsite 
 
 them : calyx valvate. 
 Stamens if of the number of the jietnls alternate with them. 
 Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. 
 Fniit a few-seeded nome. 
 
 Fruit a many-scedea (or rarely ;< - 5-cellcd 3-5-seeded) capsule. 
 Fruit a 1-cclled many-seeded berry. Kibes in 
 
 Style 1, undivided : .stigmas 1 to 4. 
 
 Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. 
 Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. 
 Ovary 1 -celled : herbage scabrous. 
 Ovary 2 - 5-, mostly 4-cellf'd. 
 Herbs : (lowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. 
 Herbs or shrubs : nowcrs in umliels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berry-like. 
 
 CKbARTRACKiK, 26. 
 SAriNDACK-K. 29. 
 
 Stkkculiacea, 2L 
 
 SAriNDACF..K, 29. 
 Ol.KACK^, 69. 
 
 riTuiniiTAor,^, 4L 
 nAi,i)iiA»)i-.>;, 38. 
 ("OUNAI |-.,f., 47. 
 
 HlIAMNACK.f;, 2'l 
 
 HosA(F..t:, 32. 
 Saxifhacace.*:, 34. 
 
 SAXlFKAfiACE^., 34. 
 
 Cokna<;k*;, 47. 
 
 LOASACEit, 40. 
 
 Onagiiace*, 39. 
 
 \J MnVA.lAFKnM, 45. 
 Ai;Ai,iArE.E, 46. 
 
 Division IL OAMOPETAL.'E : petals more or less united into one jiieco, 
 A. Ovnry inferior, or nt least Inrgcly so. 
 
 Stamens more numcrouH lliun the IoIk^s of the corolln, 8 or 10, 
 
 Distinct nnd (roe Crom it, or nearly so. 
 
 Momidelphous on its tube. 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (,'5 rarely 4), syngenesious 
 
 Flowers in an involucrntc head. 
 
 Flowers separate, racemose or sjiicate. 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, or at least 4, distinct, 
 
 Nearly or (piitc free from corolla : leaves alternate : no stipules. 
 Stamens distinct. 
 
 KiiirArr.,?:, 54. 
 SrvRACACE*;, 68. 
 
 ("omi'osit.t;, 5L 
 
 LnriKLIACEif;, .')2. 
 
 CAMrASl'LACE/F., 63. 
 
 Nemadndus in L(mKl,lACF,.T., 62. 
 
 IhTniACRj'^ 49. 
 (■Ai'i:iFOi,iArE«, 48. 
 
 VAI.ERIANArF*, 50. 
 
 CrrnuniTACE^, 41. 
 
 Stamens more or less united. 
 Insertcil on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorleil. 
 
 With stipules, or else in whorls, (|uite entire. 
 
 AVithont stipules, opjiosite. 
 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 
 Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. 
 Leaves alternate : stamens often united. 
 
 B. Ovary superior (free), or mainly so. 
 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 
 ristil single and simple : leaves com]>ound. LnnuMisoS;?;, 31. 
 
 Pistils several and simjilo : leaves .simple, fleshy. CitAssi'i.ArK.v,, 35. 
 
 I'istil compound, with 3 styles. Fou<piiem in Tamav.iRCINeJr. 17. 
 
 Pistil compound, with one undivided style. 
 Ovary 3-10-celleil : stamens distinct. EnirArK^,, 64. 
 
 Ovary partly or at length 1-cclled : stamens monadelphous. Styracaof.^, 68. 
 
 2. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and opposite them. 
 Styles 5 : ovary and fruit 1-ovulecl, 1 -seeded. Pi,fMnAr:iNArF..T:, 56. 
 
 Style 1 ; ovary and capsule several -mnny-.secded. PiiiMiti.ArF*, 57. 
 
 3. Stamens as many ns the lobes of the corolla mid alternate with them, or fewer. 
 • No green herbage. 
 Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many nn>l minute. MnNnTRorF.;r., 64. 
 
 Corolla regular ; stamens in its throat : fruit lit - 'jO-relled. Lennoatf..*:, 66. 
 
 Corolla regular : stameus on the tulie : fruit 2-cellcd. ('useutn in Convoi.vi^lace*. fi6. 
 
 Corolln iiregulnr : stamens didynamouR : capsule 1-celled, mnnv-seedc<l. ORnnANCllACKT, G9. 
 
ANALYTICAL AKTIFH lAL KEY. 
 
 ♦ . With onliuaiy gieeii lierbagc. 
 +. foiolla regular or nearly bo : stamens not aidyiiainoiis. 
 Corolla scarious and veinKss : slcnilcss licrlis. 
 
 Corolla more or less veiny. di kacim-' ^'» 
 
 Stamens 2 or 3, Init i-arls ..t corolla i or f.. '•^^^'- ■ • • 
 
 SUimens 5, sometiuu'.. 1, as many us tlio .H.rolla-l(.l..•^. 
 
 I'oUen in solid waxy masses : Iruit a [.air ol lollieKs. asci.li iai a i .i., ui. 
 
 Ovuiy l-lotol, l..n,li„g 4 «.l»,-.,t« or ^l.n.lilc =.«J-lil<e mi'l"*. lioia.A^lNACE^ 65. 
 Ovarv sinj'lo ami entin;. , ,, ... 
 
 Stylo 3-elelt at a^e.^ : .apsule 3-cclled : corolla convolute. I'oLEMONlAeK.K, o3. 
 
 Styles or .stigmas 2 or 1. 
 
 Ovules ami .seals at most 4, large, with large embryo ami 
 
 liltlo or no albumen : peduncles a.viUary. CnNV..j.vm,A. i.v:, t.O. 
 
 Ovules lew or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. 
 
 Leaves all oi.i.osite or whorled and entire : eai-sule 
 
 1-celled : corolla convolute in the bud. < ■ i.NTi.vNACK.t;, 62. 
 
 Leaves alternate, 3-loliolate : leallels entire : corolla m- 
 
 dui>licale : ilowers racemose. Menyauthes m (Ikntianaci:.*:, t)-2. 
 
 Leaves various, mainly alteinate. 
 
 Styles 2, or 1 and 2-(d.dt (excei)t in UomanzoHia) : cap- 
 
 sule 1 - 2-celled. HvDnoi-liVLLACE.'E, 64. 
 
 Style only 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or U:ny 
 
 2-relled, or rarely more, many-seeded. Solanaceje, 67. 
 
 See also Verbast-um & Limosella in Scuoi-iiui.AiilACliA;, ti8. 
 
 -t- -h Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthers) only 4 an<l di.iynamous, or 2 : style L 
 Ovary and cap.sule 2-celled, few - many-seeded <.,.„„„,.,., v,., v US 
 
 Seeds small, mostly indefinite : embryo small in copious albumen. he i.oi mtLAUiAU-.i-., t)». 
 Seeds larger in proportion, filled by the flat embryo. 
 
 Numerous in a long cai)sule, winged, on a partition which sepa- 
 
 i-ates from the valves. B.uNONiACiiA:, / . 
 
 Few, on ho..ked processes of the i.Wcnta. . Acantmace.k, 7-. 
 
 Ovary and capsule l-ccUed, with many-seeded placenta- m the axis. Lkntuuh.ajuk^, /O. 
 
 Ovary 4-partcd, in fruit as many .seed-like nutlets. Labiaia:, t6. 
 
 Ovarv undivided : fruit .splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets (or 
 
 berry-like with as many stones). \ KUiu.NArK.i;, /4. 
 
 APETALOUS FoUMS in I'OI.YI'KTALOUS A.M) GAMOPETALOUS OHDEKS. 
 
 Carpels several or numerous and distinct : stamens hypogynous f/riT.?,'^';^':'''!'' J" 
 
 Carpels single and simple : <.dyx also wanting. Achlys m BEUBEUinACE*. 2. 
 
 Carpels 1 o? 2, rarely 3, <listinct and free : stamens on the calyx. Lo.sau.^ 32. 
 
 Carpel single and simple : stamen cpigynous. Hii.puns in IIai.uiiagiwV., 38. 
 
 Carpels combined into a compound ovary, which is 
 
 One-celled and 1 - 2-ovulcd. ..,.,,„.,,,,■ i--. 
 
 Herbs with s.'arious stipules. ,...•• V'' f ; :, 'la 
 
 Shrubs without stipules. , » >«tacia m ANArAU...Ar,.„K, 30. 
 
 Two - four-celled, with one or at most two ovules m each cell 
 
 Aquatic herbs. Myru.phy Uim in Lu.mAGKA;, 3b. 
 
 Terrestrial herbs, 2-.seeded. Lei-idium in L luu.i !• kua., / . 
 
 Shrubs or trees, ,, „- 
 
 With alternate simple leaves and lleshy fruit. Imiamnacea:, zi. 
 
 "With opiiosite compound or lobed leaves, and „ . . ^ 
 
 Sin<de 1-celle.l 1 -seeded samara for fruit. Fraxinus m Oi.eace^e, 59. 
 
 A luir of siimaras. Acer & Ncgundo in Sapindacka;, 2i). 
 
 Ono-coU.'d and mMUV-ovulcd : herlw. 
 
 I'laceida- 3, parieial : ovary inferior. Oatikcace.v., 1/. 
 
 Placentiu 2, parietal : ovary partly sui>erior. SaxU'UAOace.u, J4. 
 
 Placenta 1, central or ba.sal : leaves mostly opposite. , , . „ ,, 
 
 Style and stigma one. <:laux m I'kimim.aceJ'-, 57. 
 
 Styles or at least stigmas 3, or rarely more. Lahyophyi.lacea?, 14. 
 
 Two- five-celled and rnany-ovuled. 
 
 Herbs, with free cal v. \' and green herbage.. , .. . J^lcoiDEiE, 44. 
 
 Herbs, with mlnate "calyx and green herbage, laidwigia in OsAGUACEiE, 39. 
 
 Herbs destitute of green herbage. Allot ropa in LitlCACE*, 54. 
 
 Shrub, with alternate lobed leaves. Stekcumaoe*, 21. 
 
II. SVNOITKJAL KKV TO THE OltDKIlS, «fec. 
 
 Division 1. POLYrKTAL/K. IVtals distinct, or ncnrly so (sometimes wanting). 
 
 A. Stamens liypogynous (free both from the calyx and fmm the superior ovary). 
 
 » Carpels solitary or distinct. 
 -H Sepals nnd petals deciduous (rarely persistent in No. 1). Leaves alternate (opposite in climb- 
 ers), or radical : stipules none. 
 
 1. Ranxmculacese, p. 2. Sepals (4 or more), petals (as many and alternate with them, when 
 present), sUiinens (usually numerous), and carpels (1 to many) all distinct and free. 
 Fruit akenes or follicles (in Achr.a a solitary berry). Mostly herbs. 
 '1. Berberidaceae, p. It. Parts of the flower in threes, in op]io.sito rank.s, distinct (sepals and 
 petals wanting in yichh/s, and stamens 9). Carjiel solitary (a berry in Berhcrit). An- 
 tlicr.s opening by valves. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with compound leaves. 
 
 Carpels several, soon flistinct, becoming linear torulose several-seeded pods. Sepals 3 : petals 6 : 
 sUimens many. Annual ; leaves entire, mostly opposite. Pi-atystemon in Pnpixvernceac. 
 
 ('arpel solitary, becoming a .spinose pubescent 1-seeded nut. Flowers irregular : sepals and i)ct- 
 als, 5: stamens 4. Pubescent shrubs, with simple leaves. K ham Km a in Pohjgdlncca-. 
 
 +- +- Sepals persistent ; petals deciduous. 
 
 Carpel solitary, becoming a globose drupe. Flowers 4-mcrous. Smooth shrub, with opi>osite 
 
 entire pungent leaves. (!nf.oiui)IUM in Rytncrcc. 
 Carpel solitary, becoming a few- to many-seeded 2-valved or indehiscent pod. Flowers 5-merou3 : 
 
 stamens 10 or many. Small trees, with bipinnate leaves and small flowei-s in spikes or 
 
 heads. MiMosKif; in Legicmiiioscc. 
 Follicles several. Fleshy plants, with stamens nearly hypogj-nous. CRA.ssuLACEiE. 
 Follicles 2. Anthers attached to the stigma. Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire. Asclepiadacf..*- 
 
 -(- -t- -t- Sepals and petals pei-sistent 
 
 Carpels liei'omiiig iiidi'luHcent 1 2-see(led pods. Sepfils and netals 11 or I : MlamenH mnny. Per- 
 enniul a(iualic, with polliilo JeavcH. Miiahknia in tSi/iii/iliirnrnr. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Ovary compound, with parietal pluecntro or soods covering the cell-walls. 
 
 -1- Capsule many-celled, indehiscent. Sepals and petals persistent. 
 
 3. Nymphseaceae, p. 16. Parts of the flower indefinite, mostly numerou.s. Seeds numerous, 
 covering the walls of the cells. Perennial aquatic, with cordate entire leaves and soli- 
 tary flowers. 
 
 -»- +- Valves separating from the persistent placenta;. Sepals (2 or 4) and jK-tals deciduous. 
 
 + f Seeds albuminous. 
 
 f). Papaveraceae, p. If^. Sepals 2 or 3, caducous : petals twice as many, alike : stamens n\\- 
 melons. ('a]isule 2 -scveral-valved, 1 -celled (.several-celled in /inninriti). Herl'* (very 
 rarely .sliruhl)y), with mostly alternate leaves, no stipules, and often colored juice. 
 
 6. Fumariaceae, p. 23. Flowers very irregular : sepals 2, .small : jiefals 4, in dissimilar pairs : 
 
 stimens 0, iliadelphous. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved, several -many-seeded. Perennial herbs, 
 Willi alternate dissected leaves and no stipules. 
 
 ♦ f +t Seeds without albumen. Flowers irgular. 
 
 7. Cruclferae, |). 2r>. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens R, tetmilynamous (rarely 4, 2, or none). 
 
 Pod 2-ccllcd, 2-valved, 2 - niany-socde<l (mirly 1-celled "nnd indrhisconi). Herbs, with 
 allcrnntc leaves and no stipules. 
 
 8. Capparidaceaa, )). 40. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens fi or more, nearly equal. Pod 2-vnlved, 
 
 I 2-(clIed. 1 - several -seeded. Mostly anininl herbs (/«(>»ir»-M sbrnbby). with nltemntr 
 compound leaves, often stipulnte. 
 
^y- SVNUI'TICAL \iE\. 
 
 ^_ 4_ ^_ Capsule Icelhul, s.jveral-ciiri.ellfd, llie valvus not s.^i.uiutiiig tVoiii tlic jihuonUu. ("ulyx 
 
 |i(;i'bistciit. 
 
 +t Flowci's inc'gului. 
 
 0. Resedaceae, y. f.S. Sc|iiils 1 : petals "2 or 4, il.lt or intiiv. : stHiiiiiis lew to iiiaiiy. I'a].- 
 
 .suU' ;i-(l-l«Miki'>l, iiiiiiiy-smUiil. lliuba; I. avi's ull.-rimti>, ciitiio ; stipiilivs kI'HI'IiiIiii. 
 11. Vlolacero. ].. .M. S. |.uIh ami pidals n : antlu'is f), .•..li.ivnt : slylu 1, iUvuU>. Cai'Mil.' 
 a-vulvcil, inaiiy-.sLvil.:a. Low herbs, with alternate or railicul sliimlute leaves. 
 + + ++ Flowera regular. Stipules none. 
 
 10. Cistaceae, \>. jl. Sepals and petals f>, two of the sepals minute : stamens many : style 1. 
 
 Capsule ;{-valveil, lew- nniny-seeded. llerhs or woody at liaso ; leaves entire, alternate. 
 36. Droseiaceae, p. -il-J. Flowers 5-merous, but styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule ;5-valved, many- 
 
 seeduil. Low marsh herbs ; leaves radieal, reddish, entire, beset with gland-tipped liaiis. 
 
 13. Fraiikeniaceae, p. 00. Stamens 4 to 7 : style ^--l-elelt. Capsule -2- 4-valved, eiielo.sed in 
 
 tiie tubular lurrowed 4-5dobed calyx. i>ow woody-based herbs, with ojiposilc entire 
 leaves and small llowers. 
 
 Flowers 5-nierous : sUnnens indefinite : styles 3. Capsule a-valved. Low herbs, with opposite 
 entire punctate leaves. II vi'i:i!lCUM in IJi/pcrictucd:. 
 
 Flowers 4-merous : petals united at base, bearing a bioad gland. Capsule 2-valved, few -many- 
 seeded. Smooth biennials, with opposite or whorled leaves. FiiASKitA in Gentkmaceoe. 
 
 » » * Ovary eompuuml (of '2 to seveial carpels), with central jtlaeentie. Stamens mostly strictly 
 hyiiogynous. Sepals pcrsisU-nt. 
 
 +- Flowers very irregular. 
 
 1*2. Polygalaceae, [•. fiS. Capsule compret^sed, mirrowly winged, ^-celled, 2-see<led. Slaiiiens 
 (i to 8, united ; anthers 1-eelled, ojiening at the top. Low woody-based perennial's, with 
 alternate entire leaves, and no stipules. 
 
 -I- -*- Flowers regular. Capsule 1-celled, with free central placenta. Leaves entire. 
 
 + + Embryo curved around central albumen. 
 
 14. Caryophyllaceae, |). tJl. Flowers mostly S-merous : ]»etals sometimes none : stamens 10 
 
 or fewer : styles W to f), the (apsule opening .by as many or twice as many valves. Seeds 
 immerous. Herbs, rarely woody at ba.so, with opposite leaves, ami mostly no stipules. 
 
 15. lUecebraceae, J). 71. Fruit a 1-seetled utricle imduded in the calyx. IVl^ils none: sta- 
 
 mens perigynous : style bilid. Low lierbs, with opposite leaves, scnrious stipules, and 
 sessile axillary llowers. 
 It). PortulacaceeB, ]). 73. Capsule 2 - 3-valvcd or eircumseis.sile. Sepals 2 (4 to 8 in Lewma) : 
 I>etals 2 to 5 or more: stamens few or many : style 2 - 3-cleft. Seeds few or many. 
 Succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate or radical leaves, often stipulate. 
 
 ++ ++ I'^mbryo straight in albun»en. Petals united at base : stamens opposite them. 
 
 I'tricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the scarious (al^x. flowers r)-merou8. Perennial acaulescent maii- 
 
 time herbs. Pi.umb.\(;in.a(K.k. 
 Capsule 5-valved, few- many-seedeil. Flowers ojostly .^)-nierous : style!. Heibs with mostly 
 
 oi)posite leaves, or acaulescent. S(jme PiiiMiLAii.t:. 
 
 -i- -i- -i- Floweis regular. Ovary 2 - several-celled. 
 
 ■n- Capsule not lobed nor winged. 
 
 (a.) Stamens ilistinct or nearly so, not fascicled. 
 
 4. Sarraceniaceae, p. 17. Capsule 5-celled, r)-valved, many-seeded. Sepals and petals 5, 
 
 persistent : stamens many : style 5-lobed. Acaulescent marsh perennials, with jjilcher- 
 
 shnpcd leaves and solitary llowers. 
 18. Elatinaceae \). 71>. Cajisule 2-r)-c<'lle(l, many-seeded. Flowers 2- or 5-merous; styles 
 
 distiurl. Low annuals, with opposite leaves, miiiiiiranons stipules, and axillary llowers. 
 22. Llnacoaj, p. SS. Capside 2 -.'.valvdl, 4 -Id-.^elled and -seeded. Flowers r>-merous : hlyles 
 
 2 to f). Low herbs, with entire opposite or alternate leaves, often with stipular glands, 
 
 and panicled llowers. 
 Capsule 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 6-merous : petjils none : styles 3. Prostrate annual, 
 
 with entire verticillate leaves and axillary llowers. Mom.ugo in Ficoidcce. 
 Capsule 5-celled, several seeded. Low herbs/, with sour juice and alternate or radical 3-foliolate 
 
 leaves. OxAi.i.s in Geraniacece. 
 Capsule 5-10-celled, many-seeded. Stamens 10, rarely fewer ; anther-cells opening by a tenninal 
 
 pore or chink. Scaly-bracted herbs without green foliage (or Ledum an evergreen shrub, 
 
 with alternate exstipulate leaves). Some Rkicace^. 
 
Capsule woo(ly, 5-ccllca. 5-8ccded. Flowers 5-mcrou«. SpcIs wingcl. A IPaHcss spinosc 8l,n.b. 
 
 Ovary 3.,.H,-,1 : fn.it a larffc Icathory rvalvo.l l-smlcl p,><l. Trrcs, with op,K,.sitc .lidtate serrat« 
 leaves, no stipules, and sliowy paiiided inogular flowers. ^Esculuh in iiapiudaaut. 
 
 (b.) Stamens clustered in faseieles or united into a tulw. 
 
 10. Hypericace® p. 80 Stamens numerous in 3 seta. Cap.sule 3.celled. many-seeded. Sepals 
 
 nin p.. nls ., : styles 3. I erem.ial herbs, with opposite entire puiwtnte leav.-s, no stipiile.s. 
 
 Mini yi'lldW eyinoHi^ lloweiH. • i » 
 
 •2(». Malyaceee. p. 8'2. Slamens niinierous. unile.l int.. a lube : aiilhrrs l-re||rd CariH-ls either 
 
 ni a ring, 1 - few-seeded au.lat length .Meparaling, or lornmi- a U - Kl.e.lled nianv-ser.jed 
 
 eap.sule (alyx valvate : p..tal8 C, united at ba.se. Herbs or shrnim, with Alternate 
 
 stipulate leaves. 
 21. Sterculiaceae. p. 88. Statnens .'',, united into a tube : anthers 2-oelled. Capsule 4 -5-eelled 
 
 ew-see.bd Mowers .'i-merous : calyx imbricate : i.etals none. Shrub, with alt^mat^ 
 
 leaves, and sliowy flowers. 
 
 ++ ++ Fruit Inbo.l or winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in the eells, pendulous : albun.ni little or none. 
 
 23. Zygophyllacece, p 91 Capsule f.-lO-lobed, -celled, and -seeded. Flowcn 5-merous ■ 
 
 s a.u.ns 10 : style 1 short : .sepals mostly .leeiduous. Herbs or shrubs, with opi>osite 
 stipulate compound leaves (leaflets entire), and solitary flowei-s 
 
 24. Geraniaceae p. i.2. Capsule .'i-parte.l, -celled, and -.seede.l. Flowers 5-merouR : stamms 
 
 mostly 10 : styles coherent to an a.xis, at length separating from it. Herbs, with loln-d 
 orcompoun.l toothed leaves -opposite and stipulate, the earpds long-beake<l, or alter- 
 nate and without stipules, the carpels not beaked i » , lu^r 
 
 2r.. Rutaceae, p. !..5 l.Vuit 2.eell;.,l, nn orJ-i.nlar .samara or .lidymous capsule. Flowen, 4.me. 
 
 on c! '"T • ■'' ■^■''' '• '^'""K "^^i"! aromatic dotted alternate leaves, an.l no .stipules 
 
 29. SapindacecB, 1...^,. Fruit a .l.mble samara. Flowers .ii.ecious or' .x.ivgamou^, often a,>eU. 
 F,„if „ .; i' ''■'■'' l'"'"!"^'' y '"'"•''"'• P'""'^'^ opposite .serrat,- leaves, and no stipules. 
 I'uut a simple samnra, u.sually l-ceile.l and 1-seeded. l-'lowers 4-merous. ,„,rect or .lilecious • 
 
 petals o ten none : stamens often 2 : style 1. Trees, with opp.site pinnate leaves, and' 
 no stipules. I'KAXINIKS mr;/r^u;m'. ii i 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Ovary compound, with central pincent.e. Stamens upon a more or less perigvnous .lisk. 
 'lowers m..stly polygamous or di<ecious. (alyx i.er.si.stent or the limb Meci.lum.s. 
 Lells 1 -few-.seeded. becds mostly crct or asceinling ami albuminous. 
 
 ^^' ^^^M^'^^'f ^; ''• l^- 1 ^'"In"^" 2 - 5-eelle,l and -lobed. Flowen ,>crfect. 4 - 5.merous : style 
 iioTti '1°1m '"' "" ^*''- '^'i">^' "''th «i'>il'le opposite pinnately veined leaves, and 
 
 27. Rhamnaceae, p 00. Fruit l>eny- or .Inipe-like, or dry, 1 - 4.celle.l. Calyx valvate, the 4 
 
 or .. lohes al criiatn with as many .st^iniens, deciduous: ].et;ds often noun: .stvle 2-4- 
 
 28 Vif J^I""" in- ? 1 '' ^:'^''„^'"'''''' •'''''''•"••'»'' ">• "PI«"^'t'^ I'^'^'-S nnd small stipules. 
 
 28. Vitaceae, p. 10... l-ruit a 2-celled 2-4-.seeded iH-riy. Flowei^ 4 - f.-merous .• ealvx mi- 
 
 'liils • leaves' a^'teru ."te lobe.f'""''""'' "''1*°'*'^*' *''*''"- ^^'"^'>' '■'"•^^' ^l''"»Hiig b"y ten- 
 
 30. Anacardiaceae, p. 109.' ^Drupes 1 -celled, 1-seeded. Flowers mostly 5-mer«us : .stigmas 3. 
 
 .•>lirut..s, with milky resinous juice, alternate simple or comiwund leave-s and no stipule.s. 
 Alnumen little or none. ' 
 
 Fruit a bladdery 3-Iobed several -.seeded capsule. Flowers jK'rfect, S-meixms. Shrul« with opiw- 
 sito comiwund stipulate leaves. Stai-iiyi.ka in Snpindacm. 
 
 n. Stamens perig)-nous (upon the calyx), or epigynous. 
 
 ♦ Ovary superior or nearly so. (See last group.) 
 
 +- Carpels solitjuy or distinct Seed very rarely albuminous. 
 
 31. Leguminosae, p. 111. C.arpd solitary Wcoming a legume. Flowers mostly irregular (papili- 
 
 on.i.-.ous) : stamens 10 (mrely fewer), mostly monadelphous or .lindelphous Ilerlw 
 
 slinil.s, or trees, with alternate stipulate simple or eomiwun.l leaves. 
 61. Rosaceae p. lt;4. Carpels one to many. l«-coming ak.nes or sometimes 1 - 2se.tl(Mi dniivs 
 
 (<ir coherent with the calyx into a 2 - several-celled jKuue). Flowers regular, mostly 
 
 r)-mernus. or the stamens usually numerous. Herbs, siirul>% or lives, with alternate 
 
 iiiosllv stipulate simple or comfMnind leaves. 
 33. Calycanthaceae. p. IS'O. Carpeh num.i.>us, Iveoming akenes within a hollow receptacle. 
 
 Sepals, petals, an.l stamens indelinit.-. Aromatic shruKs. with opiK.site entire leaves. 
 
 and no stipules. 
 
Xvlii SVNOITICAL KKV. 
 
 Canicls 2 to 5, becoming nv.my-si-vd.A MVu-U-^. Scn-.l allmininous. Rq>i.ls and p.'tals 5, TM>rsist- 
 eiit : staim-ns many. Siii.K.th bliiiib.t, witli allciiiate .•ntiio Uavcs, ami iiu stipuk-s. 
 CUOSSOSOMA in Ilnniincuhircic. _ 
 
 Flowers 5-merous : caqiels IVwer than 5. Low acaulescent li(>rbs. Saxikhaoa in Siucifraijocea;. 
 
 Flowers 3 - 7-nRT0U3. Thuk tioshv In H>s, will, .sini].!.' alternate loaves. Some L'ka.ssui,A(^k.k. 
 
 CariK;! bolitury, iH-comin^r an ovoi-'l 1 - •^sc.a.'.l li.lliile. Klowers t-nicrous. I-ow spmeseent 
 alimlis, Willi alleinate eiitiiv Htil>nlale Laves. tll.osMil'iCTAHjN ill .Sajnuduciu;, 
 
 +- +■ Carpels more or less united. Seeds mostly albuminous. Leaves simplo : stipules none. 
 
 34. Saxlfragaceae, p. 192. Carpels 2 to 5, fonning a 1-celled or 2-5-celled many-seeded eap- 
 
 sulu, or nearly distinct. Flowers 5-meious : stamens rarely minuTous : styles 2 to .'), 
 usually distinct. Ilcibs or shnilis ; leaves alternate (ojjpositc in Hiidrav[ica) or radical. 
 
 35. CraBSUlaceae, p. 2(IS. Carpels 3 to 5, beeoming 1 -many-seeded I'ollieles, distinct or cim- 
 
 natc at base. Flowers 3- or 5-nierous : stamens nearly liypogynous. 'J'liick llcshy 
 lilaiits, niostlv herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves. 
 
 37. Lythraceee, ]). 213. Cajisule 2-4-cclled, many-seeded, enclosed in the tubular or eaiiipan- 
 
 ulate calyx. Flowers 4- or 6-incions ; style 1. Herbs, with entire mostly opposite 
 
 leaves, and axillary lioweis. No albumen. 
 Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded utricle, inelude.l in the calyx. Style 2-eleft. Low lierbs, with opposite 
 
 entire leaves. Ili.KCKUUACK.k 
 Carpels 2, with distinct styles, enclosed in the at length fleshy calyx and becoming beny-like. 
 
 Small tree, with alternate serrate evergreen leaves and minute stipules. IIetkuomelivS 
 
 in Rosacea:. 
 Capsule 3 - 5-eelled, many-seeded, circumscissile. Flowei-s 5-mcrous : petals none : styles 3 to 5. 
 
 Fleshy herbs, with opposite entire leaves. Hksuvium in Ficoidccc. 
 Capsule 2-celled, sevend-seedcd, adiiate at ba.so to the caly.x. Flowers irregular : petals, as well 
 
 as lilanients, somewhat united. Slender annual, with alternate leaves and milky juice. 
 
 Nemaclaous in Lol/e/iaceie. 
 Fruit fleshy, beeoming dry, 3-valved, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. Petals about 5, united at base : sta- 
 mens 10, inonadelphous : style 1. Shrub, with alternate entire leaves. Stykacace.b. 
 
 * ♦ Ovary wholly inferior. 
 
 -1- Fruit with central placenta-. Herbs, with few stamens, not trailing, and flowers not in um- 
 bels : stipnjes none. 
 
 38. Halorageae, p. 214. Fruit indehisceiit and nut-like, 1 - 4-celled and -seeded. Seeds sus- 
 
 pended, ulbuniinous. At|uatic herlis, witli vertieillate or opposite leaves, and iiicon- 
 siiicuons ol'ten apctalous sessile axillai-y flowers. 
 
 39. Onagracece, p. 21(i. <'ap.sulc 2- or 4-ciilcd, sometimes indehiscent, mostly many-seeded. 
 
 Flowers 2-4-nierous : style l" : calyx valvate. Ilerl)s, rarely woody at base, with 
 mostly alternate leaves ; flowers often showy. No albumen. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers .'j-nicious : style 1. Seed susiiended, exalbuininou.s. I'er- 
 ennial heil>s, with simple alternate tenaciously scabrous leaves. rKTAi.oNV.x. in Luu- 
 siiccic. 
 
 +- +■ Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Tendril-bearing herbs. Stamens few. 
 
 41. Cucurbitaceae, p. 238. Flowers moncecious or direcious, often gamojietalons. Fiuit 1 - 
 
 several-celled. Leaves allernate, palmately veined or lobcd, without stipules. Seeds 
 without albumen. 
 
 H- -1- -1- Fruit with j)arielal placcnt;e, .several - many-seeded. Stamens many (except in /silica). 
 
 Stipules none. 
 
 ■n- Herbs, not fleshy. Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 40. Loasacese, p. 235. Flowers perfect, conspicuous : style 3 - 5-cleft : placeiitic as many. 
 
 Leaves rough with tenacious hairs, simple. 
 
 42. Datiscacece, y. 242. Flowers mostly diuv.ious : petals minute or none : styles 3. Leaves 
 
 snioulli, (linnately compound. 
 Fruit a berry. Flowers 4 - 5-ineroiis : styles 2 to 4, more or less united. Shrubs, often spiny, 
 with simple alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves. Guu.ssi:i,ACi:.i; in Suxi/ntyacece. 
 
 +t ++ Thick fleshy plants. Capsule 1 - several-celled. 
 
 43. Cactaceae, p. 24. Fruit fleshy, 1 -celled. Sepals ami petals numerous. Leafless prickly 
 
 liereiinials, sometimes woody. 
 
 44. Ficoideee, p. 250. Capsule 3 - 5-celled. Sepals few, mostly 5. Unanned herbs, with 
 
 mostly opposite leaves. 
 
svNoi'TicAL Ki:v. xix 
 
 -f- +- -f- -I- Fniit indf'liiscpnt, dry nr berry- or drnpo-likf, 2- (nurly H r»-) i-ellfd, tlic rolls with 
 OHO su.siioiuk'tl seed. Ovary witli nn ppigj'nons disk (wnnting in (jnrryn). 
 
 + f I'lowors in umbels, llorbs, mostly with nlU-mntc nml romivound leaves. 
 
 4.''>. UmbelliferaB, p. 252. C^arpels and styles 2 : frnit dry. Umlw-ls mostly rom]>onnd. 
 
 4f>. Araliaceae, p. 273. Carinds and styles 4 or 5, forming a berry-like H nit. UmlK-ls jianiclcfl. 
 
 + f +f Flowers in cymes or aments. Shrubs (rarely herbaceous) with opposite entire leaves. 
 
 •17. Cornacece, p. 274. Dnipos Imccnte, 1 -2-celled. P'lowei-s {vrfoet and cyniose, oi ilifoiinus 
 
 imd in iinionts, 4 - Pnierous : petals valvate, distinet : style 1. 
 Haerate dru|M's containing 1 tn f) Hc(Ml-lil<c nutlets. Flowers pcrroct. eyniose, 5-merous : |vtals 
 
 iinl)ricnto, united. Shrubs with simplf or i>inniile loaves. SAMiini;.i-: in Caprifolincrn:. 
 Fruit a beny or druiie, eontjiiniiig 2 to.*) thin 1-2-oollod enrpols or nutlets: ovaries 2 in each 
 
 eari)el, ascending. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or 20 : petals imbricate, distinct. 
 
 Shrubs or trei-s, with simple alternate stipulate leaves. I'ti.MACE* in Rosacea:. 
 
 Division II. GAMOPFTAL/E. Petals united above their base (very rarely wanting). Calyx 
 generally iiersistcnt (sometimes minute). 
 
 A. Ovary inferior. 
 ♦ FilumeJits and anthers distinet. Leaves opposite. 
 
 48. Caprifoliaceae, p. 277. Fruit a 1 -5-celled, 1 - few-seeded berry or capsule. Stamens 4 or 
 f) : style 1 or none. Shrubs (one low creeju-r), with .simple or pinnate leaves and no 
 stijiulos. Seed albuminous. 
 
 40. RubiacesB, p. 281. Fr\iit dry, indohiseent, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. Flowei-s n-gul.nr, 
 4 - ■^)-nierous : styh^ 1, entin- or elolt. Shrubs with e.npifate flowers, or herbs with flowers 
 mostly cyniose ; leaves entire, opposite and stipulate, or verticillate. Seed allmminous. 
 
 50. Valerianaceae, ji. 236. Ovniy 3-cclled, becoming a 1-celled 1-seeded akene-like fiiiit Sta- 
 mens ;), fewer than the. eorollii-lolie.s. Flowers irregular. Herbs, with ojiimsite simple, 
 or pinnate leaves, without stipules. Albumen imue. 
 
 • * Anthers or filaments (5) unite<l into a tube aromid the 2-cleft or entire style. No stipules. 
 
 fil. Compositae, p. 288. Fruit an akene. Flowers in an involncrate head : calyx reduced to 
 a ))api)us or wanting : lilnments mostly distinct. Albumen none. 
 
 52. Lobeliaceae, p. 443. Capsule 1 - 2-ecllod, mnny-seoded, more or less inferior. Flowei-s 
 irregular, seatteredorraeemo.se: filanuMits united ; luithei-s sometimes distinct Herbs, 
 with alttirnate simple leaves. Seeds albuminous.. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ Stamens distinet. Leaves alternate, without stijMiles. 
 
 S^^. CampaniilaceEe, p. 445. Cansule 2 - 5-eellcd, mnny-seoded, with central placentte. Flow- 
 ers regular, 5-mero\is : style!, 2- 5-hd)ed. Herbs; leaves simple. Seeds albuminous. 
 
 IJeriy many-seeded, 4 - 5-cellcd. "Flowers regular, 4 - 5-morous : nnthers opening by terminal 
 pores : style 1. Shrubs, with simple loaves. \ mt\s\v\\ \\\ Erirnmr. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, indehiseout Flowers monteciotis or ditceious : stunens cojnmonly united. Tendril- 
 bearing trailing herbs. CucL'KBiTACK.fi. 
 
 B. Ovary supei-ior or nearly .so, compound. (Stipules none.) 
 
 » Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous. 
 
 -«- Fruit 5 - many-celled. 
 
 54. EricaceEe, p. 448. Fruit bony -like or capsular, 5- 10-cellod, 5 - many-seeded, with central 
 
 (rarely parietal) placenta\" Flowers 4 - 5-merous : style 1 : anther-cells opening by r 
 terminal jwre or chink. Shrubs, with simple alternate leaves (op|X).site in Kalmio), or 
 scaly braeted herbs without green foliage. 
 
 55. LennoaceaB. p. 4fi4. Fniit drupaceous, 12 - 2n-eollod and -se.vled. Parts of the flower 5 to 
 
 10 : style 1 : anthers opening lengthuise. Fleshy scaly herlw, without ffx-vu herhngc 
 
 -f- +- Fruit 1 -4-celled. 
 
 + f Fruit 1-ccllcd, with a ccntnd Imsnl plncontn. 
 
 Ui\. Plumbaginaceae. p. 465. Cnpsnle a l-sooild utricle inclosed in the scariouscalvx. Flowers 
 
 r.-uicrons ; petals nenrlv distinct. Maritime ncnulcs.-ent herl>s, with entire leaves. 
 57. Prlmulaceee, p. inc.. Cn'psnlo 5valved or circinuscissilo. few - luiinv-srnliil : jdacentft 
 ba.snl. Flowers mostly 5-merous : stamens op|>osite the lnl.es of the corolla, which is 
 wnnting in (i/ni'.r : style 1. Herbs, with mostly entire nltemnte leaves. 
 
^^ SYNUl'TICAL KKY. 
 
 58. Styrace^, i>. 470. Fruit fleshy, lieconuTig dry, 3-valveil, l-seedcii. f'alyx truiKate : jiet- 
 
 ul^ 4 to «, nearly distinct : stamens 10, mouadelphous : style 1. Shrub, with alternate, 
 entire leaves. 
 
 59. Oleacece, i>. 471. Fruit a simple sannini, usually l-cellcd and 1-secded (or a 2-cellcd druiio 
 
 or capsule). Flowers 4-inerous, perleet or iliu-cious : pedals often none : stamens usually 
 2 : stylo 1. Shrubs or trees, with opi>osite pinnate or simple leaves, 
 
 + »• ++ Carpels 2, united by their styles or stigmas, beeoming distinct follicles with numerousconio.se 
 seeds. Perennial herbs, with milky juice, and opposite entire leaves : flowers 5-merous. 
 
 60. Apocynaceee, p. 472. Corolla convolute in the Inid. Anthers nearly free : ]»ollen powdery. 
 Gl. Aaclepiadaceae, p. 474. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate. Anthei-s attached to the stig- 
 ma : pollen in wa.vy masses. 
 
 +t +f *^ Fruit l-cellcd : i)lacenlie 2, parietal (sometimes united in the axis). 
 02. QentiaHacece, p. 478. Capsule soptieidal, few- numy-seeded. Flowers 4- f)-merous : style 
 1 or none ; stigmas 1 or 2. (ilabrous herbs, with simiile and opiiosite or 3-foliolate and 
 allernale leaves : inflorescence not scorpioiil. 
 
 64. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 5U1. Capsule loculicidal, few - many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous: 
 
 styles 2, usually more or less distinct. Herbs {Eriodidinm shrubby), often rough-hairy, 
 with alternate (rarely opposite) often compound leaves, ami mostly scorpioid inflorescence. 
 
 +t ++ -n- ++ Fruit 2-4-celled, with central idaeentiw. 
 
 75. Plantaginaceae, p. 610. Capsule 2-eelled 2 - few-seeded, eircumscissile. Flowers 4-me- 
 rous : stanii'iis 2 or 4 : style 1 : corolla searious. Acaulesccnt herbs. 
 
 00. CouvolvulacCce, p. 5:52. Capsule 2-eelled, 1 - 4-seeded, 2-valved or eircuin.sinssile. Flow- 
 ers mostly 5-merons : styles 1 or 2. Herbs, mostly twining, with ultermite leaves, or 
 parasitic ami without green herlmge. 
 
 65. Borraginaceae, \\ 518. Ovary 4-celled and mostly 4-lobetl, maturing usually as many 
 
 1 -seeded luulets. Flowers 5-merous : style single. Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with 
 alternate (or the lower opposite) entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. 
 
 63. Polemoniaceae, [i. 485. Capsule 3-celled, 3 - many-seeded, loculicidal. Flowers 5-merous : 
 style 3-elelt. Herbs (rarely woody at base), with opposite or alternate simple or com- 
 pound leaves. 
 
 07. Solauaceae, \}. 537. Fruit a berry or eai)sule, 2-celled (rarely more), many-seeiled. Flowers 
 5-merous : style sini[.le : corolla valvate or plaited in the bud. Herbs (rank-scented) 
 or shrubs, with alternate simple or pinnate leaves. 
 
 Caps\de didymous, nioslly 2iurted, cir.'um.seissiie, 2 - 4-see(led. Stamens 2 or 3 : style 1. Nearly 
 berbaeeuus, with mostly oppusile .sehsile leaves. M I'.Nolxilt.V in iHcacac. 
 
 Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style .single : corolla irregidar, imbricate. 
 Herbs with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. ViiltBAscuM in Hcropkitlariaceu'. 
 
 Capsule imperfectly 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or more : .styles 3. 
 Seeds thin, winged or como.so. SnuiU spineseent trees. Foi'iji'iKHA in Tanuiriscinac. 
 
 ♦ » Flowers irregular. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2. 
 
 +- Fruit cap.sular, 1 - 2-celled : style 1. 
 
 4*- Seeds albuminous. 
 
 68. Scrophulariaceae, p. 546. Capsule 2-celled, with central plucoutie, few - many-seeded. 
 
 Corolla imbricated. Herbs or sometimes woody, with alternate or opposite leaves. 
 
 69. Orobanchaceae, p. 583. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2- 4 parietal jilaeentie, many- 
 
 seeded. Parasitic herbs, without green foliage : scales alternate. 
 
 ++ ++ Seeds without albumen. 
 
 70. Lentibularieae, p. 586. Capsule 1-celled, with centiiil placentic, bursting inegularly, many- 
 
 seeded. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-celled. Floating herbs, with capillary dissected leaves. 
 
 71. Bignoniaceee, p. 586. Capsule (linear) 1 - 2-eelieil, 2-vnlveil, with numerous winged and 
 
 tutted seeds. Shrubs, with linear entile opposite or alternate leaves. 
 
 72. Acanthaceae, p. 587. Capsule davate, 2-(.-elled with central placenta;, 4-seeded : seeds on 
 
 hook-like processes of the placentie. Stamens mo.stly 2. Herbs or slirubs ; leaves opposite. 
 
 -1- +- Fruit of 2 or 4 distinct or united 1-seedeil nutlets. 
 
 73. Labiatae, p. 589. Ovai-y 4-lobed around the 2-cleft style, forming as many distinct nutlets. 
 
 Stamens 4 or 2. Mostly aromatic herbs or woody at base, with stjuare stems, and 
 o])posite simple leaves. 
 
 74. Verbenaceae, p. 607. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-<;elled ; fruit sulilting into as many nutlets. 
 
 Stamens 4 ; style 1. Herbs or shrubby, rarely aromatic ; leaves opposite or whoiled. 
 
BOTANY 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 Skiuks r. PII.ENOOAMOUS or F[.O^yER^Na PLANTS. 
 
 Plants bearing truo llowers, that is, having stamens and jMstils, and producing 
 seeds wliich contain an oinl)rvo. 
 
 Class \. DlCOTYLIoDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems consisting of a j.itli in the centre, of hark on th.- oMt,«.i.le, and these sepa- 
 rated hy one or more layers of fibrous or woody tissue, which, when the stem lives 
 irom year to year, increases by the addition of new layers to the outside next tlie 
 bark. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons, or rarely with several in a 
 whorl. 
 
 SuncLASfl 1. AN(JIOSPERM^.. 
 
 Pistil consisting of a close-l ovary which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. 
 Cotyleihms two. 
 
 Divi.su)N I. POI.VPMTAL/K. 
 
 Flnnd cnv.lopps consi,.(i„.^. usually of bnth .-alyx and corolla; the petals not 
 united with par.h ..(h.-r, in s.-m.- .-usps wantiu". 
 
KAN UxNCU l-ACE.D. (Jltinali 
 
 OuDEii 1. RANUNCULACE^. 
 
 Herbaceous i)r soniDwlmt slmibhy i)lants, with colorless and usually acrid juice; 
 distinjfuishud l)y Llie itolyundrous and often pulygyinnis llowers ; the numerous «ta- 
 luens hypogynous (perigynous in Urossosoin'i) ; the sepals, petals, stamens, and few 
 or numerous (in Acttta solitary) pistils all ilistinct and free. Sepals very commonly 
 colored and pekdoid. I'etals iii many wanting or in the form of nectaries. Anthers 
 short. Seeds solitar}'' or several, with miimte embryo in linn-lleshy albumen. — 
 Foliage various : stipules none. , 
 
 An Older of ;J1 giuiiMii, several of whidi nro numerous in species, widely distributed over the 
 world, but most liiri,'ely reiiresonted in the northern tenii)enito and frigid zones. Several are used 
 in medicine ; some (like Aconite) are acrid poisons ; and many are cultivated for ornament. 
 
 Uur thirteen genera belong to six tribes, wiiich need not be recapitulated, as their characters 
 may be more easily apprehended fiom a simple key. 
 
 Synopsis of (ileuera, 
 
 » Sepals petaldike, valvate-induplicate in the bud, deciduous : leaves all opposite. 
 
 1. Clematis. Half- woody, climbing by the petioles. Petals none or minute. Fruit a head of 
 
 hairy-tailed akenes. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Sepals petaldiko or .sometimes greeni.sli, imliricated in the bud, deciduous: herbs. 
 
 -{- Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, in fruit lieconung akenes. 
 
 + f Leaves on the stem oiijKisite or wliorled on or below 1-flowered peduncles. 
 
 2. Anemone. Seiials 4 to 20, petal-like. I'etals none. Akenes hi a head. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves all alternate. 
 
 3. Thalictrum. Kiowcrs mostly diiucious, paniided. I'etals none. Akenes several in a head. 
 1. Myosurus. Flowers perfe(tt, solitary on a .sea pe. Sepals spurred at base. Petals slender. 
 
 .\k. MI'S very numerous in a long sli^iuler spike. 
 
 5. Rauunculus. Kiowers jierfeet. Sepals m-t spurred. Petals generally broad and consjiie- 
 
 nous (rarely minute). Akenes nuim.roua in a globular or oblong head. 
 
 +■ -t- Carpels few, .several-ovuled, becoming I'ollie.les (pods) in fruit. 
 ++ Flowers legular. 
 
 6. Caltha. Petals none : leaves simple and round-reiiiform : carpels 5 to 12. 
 
 7. Isopyrum. Petals none : leaves ternately com pound : carpels 3 to 6. 
 
 8. Aquilegia. Petals 5, all spurred backward : leaves ternately compound : carpels 5. 
 
 +<•+*• Flowers irregidar. 
 y. Delphinium. Upper sepal produced backward into a spur : carpels 1 to 5. 
 
 10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hoo.l : carpels 3 to 5. 
 
 -f- ■*- -*- Carpel one, many-ovuled, in fruit a berry. 
 
 11. Actaea. Sepals caducous : petals small. Leaves ternately compound. Raceme short. 
 
 » ♦ ♦ Sepals lierbaceous, imbricated in the bml, i)ersistent : petals conspicuous : carpels few, 
 becoming many-seeded lollieles in fjuit : leaves alternate. 
 
 12. Paeonia. Herbs, with compound leaves. Seeds not arillate. 
 
 13. Crossosoma. Siuubs, with simple entire leaves. Seeds arillate. Stamens pcrigynou.s. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS, Linn. 
 Sepals -1 (sometimes nniru in foreign species), colored nud iietal-liko, valvato in 
 the bud. Petals none or small. Pistils numerous : styles persistent, and (in our 
 species) becoming long feathery awns in fruit. Akenes numerous, in a head. — 
 Ilalf-woody climbers or perennial herbs, with oppo.site leaves. 
 
 A genus of alwut 100 species, belonging to temperate and warm climates of both hemispheres. 
 Many have mucli beauty, and a few are cultivated lor ornament. Our species are long, woody (or 
 halt-woo.ly) vines, climbing by the ])etioles, with compound leaves and showy flowers. 
 
Anrwoiir. il AN 1;N( 'U L.\( "K/K. 3 
 
 § 1. J'etals none. — Ci.kmatis propnr. 
 
 1 . C. ligusticifolia, Kutt. Nearly [,'labrons : stoins clnngatod (soiiiptiinos 30 foot 
 long): leaves 5-fulit)latc ; loaflots bioatlly ovate to lanco,nlato, 1 ^ to 3 indies long, 
 acute or acuniiiiato, 3-lol)e(l and coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parteil : flowers 
 di(voious, panieulate : sejtals thin, silky, white, 4 to G lines long : akenes pubescent; 
 tails 1 tn L' incjies Imig. — Torr. i^: dray, Fl. i. !). 
 
 Var. Californica, Watson. Leaves silky-tomentosc beneath, often small. 
 Tlio tyjiii'iil lonii iiiiigps from Oiogim to tlio S.iskntcli^wnii niid Ncnv Mcxicn, ciilciiiij,' Cnli- 
 foriiia on tlio iiorflii'iist ■ tlio vnrioty Ironi Sun Diego to tlio Suc-iiinirntr), iiml to Aiizoiiu. 
 
 2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. 1. c. .Silky tomentosc : stems elongated, stout : leafleU 
 3, ovate, ^ to U inches long, acute, coarsely toothed or 3 1ohcd or llic terminal 
 3-parted : llowers dicecious, solitary, on rather stout 1 - 2-bractcd jicduncles : sepals 
 obtuse, tbickish, 6 to 10 lines long: akenes pubescent. 
 
 Santa Biirbara to Napa Co., and-in the Sierra Nevada to 1'hima.s Co., ^frs. M. E. Pttlsiftr Ames. 
 
 3. C. pauciflora, Nutt. 1. c. Somewhat silky-pubescent : stems more slender, 
 short-jointed : leaves short and fascicled ; leaflets 3 to f), only 3 to i) lines long, 
 cuncnte-obovato to cordate, mostly 3-toothed or -lobed : flowei-s solitary or few ancl 
 panicled, on slender pedicels : sepals thin, 4 to G lines long : akenes glabrous. 
 
 San Diego, Nuttnll, Cooper, Clcvrhrnd. 
 
 C. DnUMMONnil, Torr. k, Craj', a similar s])orips, hut with long-potiolcd and not fa.s<'irlod leaves, 
 — leaflets lanceolate to ovate, loiig-aeuminate and .3-lobe<l ; akenes pubescent, with tails 2 to 4 
 inches long, — probably entei's S. E. California from Arizona and Sonora. 
 
 § 2. Some of tJie outer fildvienls enl(tr<finif to sma/f njxitnlote prlah. — ArnMiKNK, 1)( '. 
 
 4. C. verticillaris, DC. A slender clinilier, almost glabrous : Icnves ternate ; 
 leaflets ovate o'r snbcordate, pointeil : flowers solitary, bluish-purple, 2 or 3 inches 
 across : the outer stamens enlarging to narrow petids. 
 
 Shaded rocky places in mountains, Cape jMendocino {Douijlnn) ; east to Maine, and north to 
 British America. Ijeaflcts 2 inches long, commonly entire ; but .sometimes those on sterile stems 
 me 1 - .3-toothed or lobed. Peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, the flower commonly nodding. 
 
 2. ANEMONE, Linn. 
 
 iSepala 4 to 20, colored niul petal-like, imbricated in (he bud. Petals none. 
 
 Pistils numerous : style short : stigma lateral. Ovule susiiended. Akenes in a head, 
 
 compressed, pointed, or ending in long feathery awns. — Ki-ect perennial herbs with 
 
 lobed or divided leaves, which are all radical e.xcei^t those which form an involuci-e, 
 
 usually some di-stance below the flower. 
 
 Species about 70, mostly belonging to the mountains of the north temnemte and arctic zones. 
 Of the 15 North Aineiican species half a dozen are also found cither in tlio Old World or in the 
 Andes of South Ainericii. 
 
 * Stt/lex lonq miil hnirii, iit /en;/t/i forininff f>/ii7nnse tni/.i. — I'ii.satii.I.A, Touru. 
 
 1. A. OCCidentalis, Watson. More or less silky-villous, alpine: stems stout, 
 ^ to 1 ^ feet high, 1 llowered : ra<lical leavers large, long-])etioled, biternate and pin- 
 nate, the lateral primary divisions nearly sessile, the segments pinnatilid with nar- 
 row laciniat(dy toothed lobes : involncral leaves similar, nearly sessile about tlio 
 )iiiddle of the stem : sepals G or 7, G to lines huig, wliit<3 or pur|>Iish nt ba.'^e : 
 receptacle conical, becoming much elongated, sometimes \h inches long: akenes 
 linear-oblong, the tails at length H inches long, reflexed. — I'roc. Am. Acad.. \i. 121. 
 A. nipina, Hook. FI. i. 5, not Linn. 
 
 Mt. Shasta {Brcri'i-r) ; T,a.s.spn'8 Peak (lyrmvwu) ; and northw.ird to the Britisli boundmy. 
 IVrhsps it is also the /f. nipinn of nrr\\r collprtnr^ from Ivotrobnr .'>oun'i Rnd tho Onlf of St. 
 
1 UANUNCULACEJ;:. Aueinoue. 
 
 I.uw..i..e. It ilillei-s IVoiu ./. uljnna of Europe aiui the Caucasus in its more liuely and narrowly 
 .lissected leaves, witli tlie lateral primary divisions not long-i>etiolulate, and in Us lengtli.uied 
 receptacle, which in the Old World species is suiall and hemispherical, even in Iruit. 
 
 « * S'ti/les short and aeurly naked, not becoming elongated. — An kuosk proper. 
 +- Carpels very numerous, in a close head, densely villous. 
 
 2 A. multifida, DC:. Alpine or subalpine, somewhat silky-villous : .stems 3 to 
 15 inches lii"ii, 1 - 3-llowerecl : nidical leaves loMKiH-tioled, nearly semieircular m 
 outhne, teriiate, the sessile divisions deeply lobed with cleft linear segments : mvo- 
 luci-al leaves siniihir, shortly petioled : sepals 5 to 8, red or wliitish, 4 to ti lines k)ng, 
 villous externally : receptacle ohlong, the head in IVuit globular to oblong, 5 to lli 
 linos long : akoiioa very densely woolly, ovate, oblong, with a straight beak. 
 
 Sierra Co. (LcmmoiL) ■ on tiie Columbia U)ou>jUts) ; and tVciuimtly in the mountains caslwunl. 
 ranging to the Saskaldiewaii, Lake Sui.erior, and N. New York. Also South American. 
 
 -i- -J- Carpels fewer, pubescent only: stems \-Jiowered. 
 
 3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Smooth or somewhat villous : stems from a slender 
 rootstcjck, 3 to 1:J inches high, without radical leaves : involucre of three petioled ter- 
 nate leaves, the divisions cuneate-olilong to ovate, incisely toothed or lobed, or the lat- 
 eral ones 2-parted, about an inch long : peduncle e.iualling the involucre: .sepals 4 to 
 7, oval, white or pinkish : akenes 12 to 20, ol)long, 2 lines long, with a hooked beak. 
 
 Under reilwoods m-ar the roast Cii,jr/ow, Ilohmdcr); Sierra Co. {Lemmon) ; a.m\ m.rthward to 
 the Britisii Bouiulary. It is common on the eastern side ol' the continent, in hurope and M. 
 Asia. Pojjularly known as IVuod-^incmoue. 
 
 A. DKi/roii.EA, Hook. Fl. i. 6, t. 3, A., is a closely allied species in Oregon. It is 10 to 15 
 inches high, slend.-r : radical leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets rhomhoid, serrate : involucre of rhom- 
 boid or rhomboid-ovate and undivided leaves on very short petioles, serrate and sometimes 
 3-lobed. It has not yet been found in California. 
 
 3. THALICTRUM, Tourn. 
 
 Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. 
 Pistils 4 to 15. Ovule suspended. Akene-s in a head. — Perennial herbs with 
 alternate leaves which are 2 or 3 times ternately compound ; the leallets stalked. 
 Flowers in corymbs or panicles. 
 
 A genus of about 50 species, belongiug mostly to northern climates. Tiiey an; of delicate and 
 graceful habit. Our species are dicucious, and not abundant. 
 
 1. T. Fendleri, Kngrlm. Dioecious: leaves 2 - 3-ternate ; the leaflets usually 
 more or less 3-lolied, sonietinies toothed or cut at the apex into several lobes, the 
 base entire, anil varying in shape from cordate to cuneato : se[)als broadly ovate : 
 tilaments very numerous, slender: anthers pointed: carpels 5 to 15, compressed, 
 oblique, with about three ribs on each side, sometimes reticulated. — PI. Fendl. 5. 
 
 Roeky or shaded jjlaces, Nai)a Vullcy and southward ; New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. 
 The whole plant is smooth, erect, 12 to 30 inches high. Flowers in a terminal jianicle. Leaflets 
 6 to 9 lines long and about as wide. 
 
 T. occinKNTALK, Gray, Pioc. Am. Acad. viii. 372, from Oregon to Montana, is very like 
 T. Fendleri, except in the akenes, winch are ncaily half an inch long, narrow, long-acuminate, 
 and leas curved than iu that. I'cihaps to be found in N. California. 
 
 4. MYOSURUS, Linn. Molse-taii,. 
 Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw, with a pit at 
 its summit. Stamens 5 to 20. Akenits very numerous, crowded on a long and slen- 
 der spike-like receptacle. S(M^d suspended. — Vei'y small annual herbs, with a tuft 
 of linear orspatulate entire radical leaves, and stilitary llowcis on simple scapes. 
 
linnunruhi^. RANUNCULACK.!-]. 5 
 
 A small ppTiiis of only two or tlimo fiporios, wiiloly disiiorspd over the glo>K>. Tlicy arc known 
 }>y tho I'.iij^lisli name of Minisr-tnil , IVoin tlic vi-ry lonj^ ami narrow receptacle of the flower, 
 (li'iiscly covered \vi(ii (lie .siiiiill tikcncs, the whole very like a iiioiis</8 tail. 
 
 I. M. minimus, Linn. J^jcpptaclc in fruit .slender, 1 or 2 inches long: akcnes 
 blunt. — Cray, Cicn. JU. i. 28, t. H. 
 
 Wet jilaccs in Raci-aincnto Valley (/fnrtwnj), ninl alkalino soil near Mverinore Pa-ss (lirrirer) ; 
 east to Kentucky ; also Australia, Northern Europe, and Asia. A small annual, 2 to 6 inches 
 liifjii, with a tuft of narrow radical leaves which are usually shorter than tlio naked scaj>es. Each 
 scaiie i'^ lnit ()uc-llnweri>il, hut \\\i\ receptacle is so lon^ and slender that it seems very like a scaly 
 spike !> to 18 lines Ion/.;, with the small .sepals, petals, and slnmcns spreading fivm tho btwo. 
 Althouiili so widely spicail, it is apparently nowhere an alnnidanl jdant. 
 
 2. M. aristatus, IVnlh. IJcccptaclii in fruit oblong or lijiear, 2 to 8 lines 
 long : akones long-b('ak<>(l. — Lond. Jour. Bot, vi. 458. 
 
 In the shade of sagc-hrush, Carson and Sierm Valleys to Utah ; also Chili. A small plant, 
 less than two inches 'high. 
 
 5. RA.irUNCULUS, 1-inn. Cu(.\vko(.t. Hutteucup. 
 Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15, each with a small scale or pit at the base 
 inside. Pistils numerous. Akenes in a head, usually flattened, beaked with the 
 persistent style. — Herbs, mostly perennial, of somewhat varied habit. Flowers 
 either solitary or somewhat corymbed. Leaves various. 
 
 A genus of about 160 species, inhalntants of all parts of tlie world, but most abundant north of 
 the tropics. Most of the sjwcies are acrid, and some are ]>oisonous. The name Crowfoot was 
 originally applied to s|>ecies with lobod or divided leaves, and Hullcrcup to those with yellow 
 llowers, but l)()th names arc now more loo.soly iLserl. 
 
 § 1. Aqn'tdc herhs, commonl// perennidl, hut sometimes annual, with (lie submersed 
 leaves, if anj/, jiuely divided: petals white, with a pit at the base, the clatv 
 i/el/nin : akenes transverseli/ wrinkled. — B.MnACHIUM, I>C. 
 
 1. R. hederaceus, Linn., var. Glabrous : stems floating, G to 12 inches long: 
 leaves commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply Sdobed, truncate or cordate at 
 the base ; the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually with a broad 
 iKjtch in the apex ; submersed leaves none, or rudiment.ary and resembling adven- 
 titious roots : peduncles opposite flie u|)p(>r leaven, thicker than the jietioles, G t-o 8 
 lines long: sepals a lino long: ])et;ds 2 lines, (d)ovate(iblong : stamens commonly G 
 (5 to 9) : akcnes commoidy 4 (1 to G), about a line long : receptiide smooth. — J\'. 
 hydrocharis, var. Lnhbii, Iliern. 
 
 In shallow water, Marin Co. {Biijclow), and Russian Uiver {Bolandrr) \ and On'gon (lAthh), 
 the \a.T. Lobbii (R. ht/drorfmi-i.i, var. Lobbii, Hiern, in Reemann's ,lo\ir. Hot. ix. fifi, t. 114.) — 
 The description is for this variety only, which is confined to the Pacific coast. There is much 
 dilliculty in detcnnining the species of this section ; as many as 75 have l>een de-scril>ed, but au- 
 thors difTer widely as to their limitations. Hiern, after a long examination, unites all under 
 one aggregate species, ari-anging them umlcr n.''. main varieties. 
 
 2. R. aquatilis, Linn., var. trichophyllus, Chai.x. Stems long and coarsely 
 filil\)rm, growing in water : leaves all .suhiuersed and cut into numemvis capil- 
 lary segments which are 4 to 10 lines long: peduncles 1 or 2 inchea long: 
 flowers 3 to 5 lines in diameter : akenes numerous in a close globular head, which 
 is 2 or 3 lines in diameter : receptacle hairy. — 1\. hi/droc/iaris, var. trirhr>j>hi/llu-», 
 Iliern, 1. c. 
 
 Var. caespitOSUS. Stems short, growing in mud : segments of leaves ligidat^-, 
 H linn or luniv long : llowers 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — A', hi/dmrharis, var. cxvspito- 
 sns, Hiern, 1. c. 
 
 The first forni is nither rommon in jionds and streams ; the secund is mmdi more mm. 1/ong 
 Valley, Mendocino County (Krllmjij), Sonoma, lirntrr. Ilolli furni<« extend lo lliu butl^Tn Slalca ; 
 also to Knropc, Asia, and .\ustnilia. 
 
^ • UANUNCULACE-K. Hununcnlx.s. 
 
 § 2. Terrestrial herbs, wit/i the leaves all uitdlv'ul.d : st-pals lanje and /xtal-like : )>et- 
 als minute, with a neetarij\ruiis pit at the base of the blade: ahenes smooth, 
 t(l/)eri/ii/. •• Al-|l.\Nn.sli;,M.MA, St. Ililililt!. 
 
 ;5. R. hyBtriculus, liray. (il;il)r.ius : tlio scupo lilco rtlrm l> to M> iiK-hcs, usually 
 l-llijwi'ro.l iiml Inillr.-.-s : jc'iivcs l.ioa.lly iionlutu nr i'fiiir>inii. iihoiil .O-Ii.ImmI, .Icnply 
 croiiiiLuly LuuLliwl : sl^hiIo T) tu li, whiLu luul puLal likis 1 ti. T) liiR'S lung, (U-ciauuiis : 
 petals inconspicuous, consisting of a minute lleshy bia.le (having a uectanlerous pit 
 at its base) raised upon a uarvow claw of twice its length, the whole scarcely 2 lines 
 long : akenes 2 to 3 lines long, slender and tapering to a long hooked beak, and 
 Ibriuing a compact ovate head. — Troc. Am. Acad. vii. 328. 
 
 Foot-hills ol" llic .Sienu Neviuk, Forest Hill and Ncwustlo (,Bol,nider), ami neiir I'lacoiville, 
 Jiattaii. This little phuit has more the look of an Anemom^ lliaa a Kammeiilus, hut the Iruit 
 ilistiiiL'ui.shes it. The seajies are rarely ".i-liowercd, ai)(l sometimes hear a suigle leal. 1 he mi- 
 nute petals are prohahly yellow. Kout laseiele.l-lil.rous. Leav.s 1 or -J im-hes long, on petioles 
 three times as long. 
 
 § 3. Terrestrial heibs, tvith the leaves com/ioiiud: sej-als somewhat }>etal-lihe : petals 
 tvith a scale at the base : akenes vesicular and manjiued or loiiujed at the base. 
 
 ■i. R. Andersonii, Gmy. Stems 3 to inches high, 1-fiowered : radical leaves 
 palmately 2-lcnialt! ; icallets petiolulale, laciniately lobed : llowers about an inch in 
 diumotor; petul.s obovatn ..r m-aily .ulu.ular, (Uu-p pink; bopala nearly as long, glii- 
 broua, persistent, Koni(!wlmt petaloid, pink on the margin: ukeiies 1 to f) Hiich long, 
 bladdery, obovate, compressed, with a narrow ventral wing and a dorsal mai'gin, 
 glabrous, mucronate, with very short subulate recurved style. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
 vii. 327 ; Watson, Bot. King. G, t. 1. 
 
 Sierra Valley (Lcmmoji), near Car.son Valley (AndcrsoH), east to Salt Lake, lf^(dson. Tho 
 plant i.s cither wholly glal)rous or somewhat eiliate on the ililateel petioles ami on the segments 
 of tho leaves. Stems commonly seape-liUe ami leailess, hut .sometunes with a .small divided leaf 
 or hract a short distance helow the ilower. Leaves somewhat lleshy, an inch or more long and 
 wide, on petioles 2 inches long. A truly remarkahle species. 
 
 § -1. Terrestrial herbs, but often </roU'iii(/ in wet places, mostli/ ei'ect : sepals f/reeit 
 and herbaceous : petal's yellow, with a scale at the base : akenes neither wrin- 
 kled nor hispid. — li.\NUNCULUS proper. 
 
 '■■ All the leaves undivided, the marc/ins entire. 
 
 5. R. Flammula, Linu., var. reptans, CJray. Glabrous throughout : stems 
 hlilbrm, creei)ing and rooting at the joiut.s, 4 to 10 inches long : leaves mostly lance- 
 olate and acute at each end, entire: llowers 4 (2 to 5) lines in diameter: petals 
 broadly obovate, one hall" longer than the sepals : akenes few, in a small globular 
 head, plump, smooth; beak very short ami curved.' — Ji. rejUans, Linn. 
 
 Moist places from the sea-level to 6,000 feet altitude. The species has a wide range on hoth 
 continents. A creeping plant, in wet iilaees, and (piit(! variable in size. Leaves 1 to Ir^ hiehes 
 long, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones usually somewhat clustered at the joints, 
 varying from linear to oblong in shape. The head is of rather few carpels, commonly hut 2 
 lines in diameter. 
 
 0. R. alismeefolius, Ocycr. SuKiolh thnmgh.iuL : stems nearly or cpiite erect, 
 10 to IG inches high, rather stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, entire, lilunt at ape.x : 
 llowers G to i) lines in diameter ; petals broadly obovate, conspicuously nervtul, nearly 
 twice as long as the sepals : akenes smooth, slightly llatbuii'd, pointed with a nearly 
 or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact, ovate head. — Ueiith. I'l. llartw. 
 295. 
 
 Var. alismellus, Gray. Stems slender, t;r(!ct, to 8 inches high : lower leaves 
 elliptical : petioles sparingly pilose : flowers 5 to G lines in diameter : petals about G. 
 — I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 327. 
 
Riuntncultis. I{AMJiN(;i;i.ACi:.K. ^ 
 
 Wft iilncps. The first fmin in scvnrnl localitins at lower nltitiidcs, Ijy various collfctoi-s. The 
 var. at l>ake Tciiaya ami Mt. Dana {Brewer), Ostraiidcr's, linlnndcr. 'J'.lie sjwcics ranges to New 
 Ejif^laiid, Uritish America, and Euroiic. Tlie most cliaracterislic distinction between this and 
 li. Flammuin is tlie stiaif^lit style an(l long straight lieak ; hut so far as relates to the California 
 forms, the most obvious ditfercnce is that this has usually erect stems and larger flowere, while 
 that has crcojiing sti'ins. 
 
 7. R. Lemmoni, Omy. Villous at base: stems 6 to 10 iuclics liigh, sparingly 
 liriiiiciuHl : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 4 inclies lonj^, tlie radical on long peti- 
 oles : Ihnvors low, long-podiuiclcd, half an inch hntad, bright y(dlow : sepals villous, 
 somewhat persistent : heads globose, 3 to 4 lines br<iad : akenes turgid, pubescent, 
 submembranaceous, 1 ^ to 2 lines long; beak very short, subulate, ineurveil. — I'roc. 
 Am. Acad. x. G8. 
 
 Sierra Valley, J. G. Lrmmon. 
 
 8. R. trachyspermus, var. Lindheimeri, Kngelm. Smooth throughout : 
 stems slender, erect, 8 to 10 inches high : lower leaves oval, upper ones lanceolate 
 or linear, all entire : llowcrs 2 lines in diameter : heads of fruit oblong : akenes 
 granulatcly roughened. — PI. Lindh. i. 3 : Torr. Pacif K. K(>p. iv. G2. 
 
 This has only been found (by Dr. Bigefoic) in Napa Valley, and more sj)ccimens are needed for 
 satisfactory determination. Tlie sjiecies otherwise is known only from Texas. 
 
 * * Ihidicnl leaves tmdivuled ; stem fenves, if aiii/, toothed or tobed : ylabroits 
 
 perennials. 
 
 9. R. Cymbalaria, Pnrsh. Cllabrons : flowering stems or scapes Icalles-s, 3 to 6 
 inches high, I to 7 llnwered : leaves thicki.sh, broadly ovate or ovate-cf)rdate, coarsely 
 creuate, clustered at the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners; 
 petals yellow, 2 lines long and longer tlian tlie green se])als : the mature akenes a 
 line long, striato-veined on the sides, enlarging upwarils ; ape.K blunt, -with a short 
 obli(]ue beak ; head compact, oblong, 3 to (! lines long. 
 
 Wet saline soils (/;(i/a?i(/^r) and in similar jilaccs eastward to the Atlantic ; also Kuro|>e hihI y\sia. 
 
 10. R. glaberrimus. Hook. Glabrous : stems 3 to G inches high, 1 - 3-llo\vered: 
 
 radical leaves broadly oval, either entire or with 3 large blunt teeth at the apex; 
 cauline leaves cuneate at the base, 3-cleft to the middle : petals oval, yellow, 3 to 4 
 lines long : .sepals oval, not reflexed, half as long as the jietals : akenes jihuup or 
 turgid, smooth, tipped with a short curved beak : heads globular, compact, 4 to f) 
 lines in diameter. — Jlook. V\. i. 12. t. .I. 
 
 Washoo Mf)niitniiis (.indrrsmi) and northward in subal]iine situations to Oregon and Idaho. 
 
 11. R. OxynotUS, rJray. Alpine, glabrous, cespitose, with thick fibrous roots : 
 stems stout, 4 to G inches liigh, decumbent at Ikuso. 1 - 3-no\vered : leaves crowded, 
 subrenifonn or cuneatcrounded, crenately 5-1) lobed, G to 9 lines broa<l, the caulino 
 broadly cuneate with 3 to 5 oblong lobes : sepals pilo.se : petals 4 lines long, bright 
 yellow : head oblong, thick and fleshy, 4 to 9 lines long : akenes smooth, oblong, a 
 lino long, carinato on the back, acuniinato with the curved subulate style. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. x. 08. 
 
 Near snow on the rnntral Sieri-a Nevada, at 10,000 to 11,000 fort altitude ; Wood's Peak and 
 jteak a)>ove Sonera Tass (/Irnrrr) ; Mount Stanford, Sierra Vo. (fxmiiioii). Ncar/i'. ;nia/i.«, differ- 
 ing in its cespitose habit anil less deeply loKd nidical leaves. 
 
 * * * Some or all the lettves ternatfl;/ cnmpnuud : stems hrnnrhinff, several jloicered : 
 roots mostlif a fascicle of thickened Jihres : flotoers hri'jht yellow. 
 
 12. R. CaliforniCUS, I'l'-nth. More or less pilose: stems erect, or nearly so, 
 12 to IK iiicli(<s high: loot a cluster of i^iuiiewhat tliick(Mii'd fibres: mdical leaves 
 coimiioiily pinnately ternate, the leaflets laciniately cut into 3 to 7 lobes or part<», 
 which are usually linear: flowers .') to 10 lines in diameter: ]ietj»ls usually 10 to 14 
 narrowly obovate : .sepals shorter than the petals, reflexed : akenes nearly 2 lines 
 long, much flattened and with sharp eilges ; beak slimt and curved : heads compact, 
 
g itANrxrri.Acio.i';. • i;a„inaniM,. 
 
 ovate or globuhir. — PI. Ilavtw. 295. U. </i.s.sectus, IIoi)k. & Ain., 15ot. Beech. 
 316. ;.'. acjis, var., 'loir. .V Cray, Fl. i. 21. J!. dc/jAu,>/uliiis ? il.. Go'J (nut 
 liliK.). 
 
 \'ar. canus. Softly caiiest-eiit througlioiit. — A*, caaiis, I5eiith. I'l. Uailw. 21)4. 
 'I'liib is l.y liii till! most odimuoii iiml uliuinlaiit sp.M'ios in llio State, iiiiil is imrticiiliiily al)iiii- 
 iliiiit ill 111.; I'Diisl niugL's, wlieio low •;mssy hills aro ol'lou yellow with Ihii shining iKnvurs in early 
 spring. This spcc-ics is vuiy variahlo in most oi' its parts. The pubescence varies with the local- 
 ity, and also with the year ; the plant being more hairy in dry years. The leaves vary greatly in 
 the degree of their division ; they are sometimes simply 3-lobed, sometimes dissected into nu- 
 merous linear divisions, and are found in every inteniiediate gradation. The flowers are usually 
 bright sulphur-yellow, but are sometimes found quite pale. 11. canas, Benth., is thought i;y 
 I'rofessor Gray to be probably A', uccidcntalis, Nutt. ; but the fruit is unknown. 
 
 13. R. repens, Liim. iMmc or less hairy : stems aseeiulinj,', usually not more 
 tluui lU to 10 inches lonj.;, ami in the tyjiical i'orm often forming long lunnoi-s : roots 
 a chister of somewhat tliickeneil iibres : radical leaves variously ternately divided; 
 the leaflets either sessile or stalked, and variously laciniately cut or divided : Howers 
 6 to 10 lines in diameter; petals usually f) to 7, obovato and longer than the spread- 
 ing sepals: akenes llattened, margined, \\ lines long, the stout beak nearly lialf 
 as long : heails compact and globular. 
 
 This variable species stands between R. Caiifoniicus and E. maci-anthus, its varieties passing 
 into those species by a complete succession of forms. The connecting forms, however, aie not 
 Californian. The species is rare here, and it is questionable whether the typical form has yet 
 been found in the State. It really bidongs more eastward. The two others mentioned, while 
 more limited in lungi;, are vastly more abundant here. It extends across the continent and to 
 Europe. 
 
 14. R. macranthus, Scheele. More or less hairy with spreading hairs : root 
 as in the la.st : stems stout, erect, 2 to 4 feet high : radical leaves 1 - 2-ternately di- 
 vided ; the leaflets laciniately toothed or lobed : llowers 14 to 18 lines in diameter : 
 l)etals commonly f) or (>, broadly obovate, deep shining yellow, twice as long as the 
 closely retlexed sejjals : akenes llattened, but hardly margined, U liners long; the 
 subulate beak nearly as long ; crowded into an ovate-globose head. — -^Vatson, Bot. 
 King. 9. 
 
 Moist soils from Oregon to Nevada and Texas. In this State near the coast. This is the 
 largest and stoutest of all our species ; is sometimes over 5 feet high (Kellogc/), and also has the 
 largest flowers. As in the other species of this section, the leaves are very variable as to division 
 and pubescence. Specimens from Texas are more hairy, and the petals are more numerous and 
 narrower tlian in ours. 
 
 15. R. Nelsonii, var. tenellus, Gray. S})aringly jjilose : stems erect, 1^ to 2 
 feet high, rather slender : radical leaves either trifoliohite, with the leallets cuneate 
 at the base and laciniately 3 to 5-cleft, or else simi)ly cleft and Avith the divisions 
 again cut into lobes : petals usually 5, 1 to 3 lines long, exceeding the hairy, strongly 
 retlexed sepals : akenes a full line long, llattened, with a short stout curved beak : 
 heads globular, 3 lines in diameter. — Pruc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. Ji. tentllus, 
 Nutt. ; Torr. & (J ray, Fl. i. 23. 
 
 Sierra Nevada near Yosemite, Z>o/«H(/er. The typical form is a moie robust jilant, the simple 
 radical leaves often 3-4 inches in diameter. It mnges from Oregon to Alaska. Our variety has 
 a more slender habit, the ra<lical leaves two inches or so in diameter, the peduncles quite slender 
 and 1-4 inches long. The small llowers easily distinguish it frmn the othei- species of this group. 
 
 § 5. Alrticn /(is/>i(/-r('in//i('iinl : (inuiidl : ol/imvist as in § 4. — KdlliNKl.l-A, \)C 
 10. R. hebecarpus, Hook, i^ Am. Somewhat pilose, with sj)reading hairs: 
 stems ascending, slender, (i to 18 inches high: lower leaves ternate or 3-i)arted ; the 
 leallets cuneate at base, and 2 to 3-lobed ; upjier ones more divided : petals 5, u line 
 or less long : sepals hairy, about equalling the petals : akenes few in a head, a line 
 or less Itmg, rounded, Hat, the sides rotigh with short scattered hairs : heads globu- 
 lar, 2 lines in diameter. — Bot. Beech. 310. /i*. parvi/lurtin, var., Toir. I't (Jray, 
 in. i. 25. 
 
A,/>(ilr(fi(i. lt.\\I'N(;m,ACK.K. () 
 
 \'iir. pusillus. StciUH very slcinli-r or liliroini, weak mid iisceiidiii;^ or jirocuiu- 
 l)C'iit, 3 Id (3 iiiclics lnii<r : loaves r(«iiilnrm, crcnalely .l-lobod or parlod. 
 
 ("iiKst-ningos niid foot-liills of the Siorm Nnvmla. Tliis sjiocic.s is cnsily rn-ofjnizcd by its sloii- 
 (l(>r liiil)it, iiiimitc (lowers, and nMiglienod akcnea. I, ike our other annuals it is very variable, 
 and at lirst sight some of tlie forms seem strikingly unlike others. 
 
 In addition to tlie preceding species, Ji. fa-trindarix, Muhl, has lioen rcfwrted from the State, 
 bat Professor Gray (Vroc. Am. Acad. viii. 373) thinks the species is not found west of the 
 Wocky Mountains. "What lias been so called from ('alifornia is jirolwbly R. Culi/oniietit, 
 Mcnth." 
 
 H. Ciiii.I':nsis, DC, occurred in the collections of Captain Hccchey's voyage, from California 
 (Mot. Heech. 134). Tlie sjwcies has procumbent stems, hispid petioles, cordate-orbicular, 3-5-lol)ed 
 leaves, the lobes dentate. This sjiccics has not been found in the SUite since, and it is pioljable 
 that the si)ecimeii may have got into the Californian cidlection from the Chilian, or else that the 
 species was once introduced but failetl to siirvive. 
 
 H. MiniicA'rrs, L., a low coarse annual sjiecies from Kurope, with large very rough akenes, 
 and flat stout recui-ved beaks, has been lejiortcd from "the streets of Sun Kianci.s('o " (Holander's 
 Catalogue, 3). 
 
 6. CALTHA, Linn. 
 
 Sepals fi to 12, docidtions, colored, and looking' like jtotalp. Petals none. Stamens 
 nnnioroMs. Pistils 6 to 12, each with several ovules, becoming follicles in fruit, 
 wliieli at ripeniiif^ aro spreading, ilattened, and sovcral-secdcd. — Glabrous perennial 
 lierbs, with broad cordate undivided leaves. 
 
 A small genus of about 9 species, belonging to the cooler parts of both hemispheres. 
 
 1. C. leptosepala, DC Stems erect, l-flowornd and scape-like, 3 to 12 inches 
 high, and exceeding the leaves ; leaves all i-adical, cordate. 
 
 Swamps near head of King's River, at 8,000 feet (Breirrr), near Lassen's Peak, J>mmon ; also 
 alpine .stations from New Mexico and the Hocky Mountains to Ala.ska. Californian specimens 
 have the leaves 2 or 3 inches across, cordate-orbicular, margins nearly entire ; sepals greenish- 
 white, 6 to 10 lines long, and 4 or 5 lines broad, and rather blunt. Rocky Mountain speci- 
 mens have sepals usually narrower, often bluish ; the leaves ovate, cordate, and more or less cro- 
 iiate. Sometimes the stems bear a second and smaller flower, and the s|)ecie5 appears to pass 
 into '". hiflnrn. 
 
 7. ISOPYRUM, Linn. 
 
 Sepals usually ;">, white and ]»clal like, deciduous. Petals, in our sjiocics none 
 (in foreign species f), minute). Stamens 10 to 40. Pistils usually 3 to G, but in- 
 definite ; becoming follii.-les in fruit, which aro scvend-seedcd, oblong or ovate, and 
 pointed with the jiereistent style. — Smooth, slender herlis, with 2 - 3-t<?rnately 
 compound leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 
 
 Species 7, belonging the North Temperate zone of both contincnt.s. 
 
 1. I. OCCidentale, Hook, i^ Arn. Stems several-llowered : follicles 7 - 'J-.seeded. 
 — Pot. Peecli. 31(i. 
 
 Near Forest Hill, on light soil among shrubs (//<i/n»if/c/), (where l)i»iilns(ci\\u>\ it is not stntcd). 
 A glabrous herb, (J to Id inches, binnching alK)ve, its delicate li;ibit suggesting Tlinliclrum. 
 |?oot of thickened tibies. Leaflets 4 to 8 lines long and cut into 2 or 3 bn>nd. blunt lolvs, glau- 
 cous beneath. FloweiN (i to 9 lines in diameter, white. Follicles or jhhIs (! lines long and 2 wide, 
 Ilattened, obliquely )>"inted, transversely veiniil 
 
 8. AQUILEGIA, Tourn Cni.rMniNK. 
 
 Sepals 5, regular, colored nnd jietal-like, deciduous. Pel:\ls F), all alike, with a 
 
 short, spreading lip, and jiroduced backwards into a long tubular spur. Stamens 
 
 numerous, the outer ones long and exse.rted, the inner ones n^duced to thin scahts. 
 
 Pistils.^); stvles sIiMider ; ovaries several-ovuli>d, beciimiii'_' p(iiiit.(>d sevenil-.seeded 
 
 2 
 
10 
 
 RAN U^CU LACE Ji. Anuilaj,\i. 
 
 follicles in fruit.— Olubi-ous peiennial branching herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately eoiu- 
 puunJ loaves, the lealiiits lobetl. Flowerd .sliowy, terminating the branches. 
 
 Muiiy species have bcfii descrilMHl, wliicli some aiillioiiliis now reiliice to hall' a doiicii or less. 
 They belong mostly to the cooler parta ot the northern iieuiisphere. 
 
 1. A. truncata. l-'isch. & iMey. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : lluwera 1 to 2i inclies 
 in diameter, red tinged with mango or yellow : sepals spreading or relle.Kod : petals 
 truncate, the very short limb not at all proiluced ; spurs thick and blunt, G to 9 
 lines long. — Ind. Seni. Petrop. 1843, 8. Kegel, Sert. Petrop. 1852, t. & fol. 11. 
 A. Canadensis, Torr. Pacif. K. Rep. iv. G2. -1. Call/ornica, Lindl. ; (Jray, Proc. 
 Am, Acad. vii. 328. A. exiviia, Van lloutte, PI. Serrea, 1857, t. 1188. 
 
 Shaily places by streams. Very varuible as to size, foliage, and color of llowers. A variety 
 near New lilria has silvery margins to the leaves. 
 
 A. KDitMosA, Fisch., of Oregon and eastward, is very sindlar, bnt has tho limb uf the petals 
 longer and pnKUued miward on the outer side. 
 
 2. A. caerulea, James. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched : leallets 
 usually sessile : llowers blue or white, very large, the sepals si)reading 2 to 3 inches : 
 petals U)nger than the stamens and style ; spurs slender, and U to 2 inches long. — 
 Long's Exped. ii. 15. A. leptocera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil vii. 'J. A. macnintha, 
 Hook. & Arn. 13ot. Beechey, 317, t. 72. 
 
 On wooded slopes m tlie Sii'rra Nevada at 8,000 to 12,000 feet {Brewer, Bolandcr), rare in 
 this State, to the Uocky Mountains, where it is very abundant. 
 
 9. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LAiiKsiuii. 
 Sepals 5, coloreel and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged back- 
 wards at the base into a long spur. Petals 2 to -i, irregular ; when 4 the upper 2 
 developed backwards into a spur which is enclosed in the spurs of tho caly.x;. Sta- 
 mens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Pruit of 1 to 5 dehiscent, many-seeded follicles. — 
 Erect herbs, with paluiaLely-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and riicemoso llowers. 
 
 The speeios of this genus are variable in so numy directions that it is dillicult to satisfactorily 
 limit or dclino them. Accordingly, some authors recogni/,e 100 or more s|iccics, others 10 or less. 
 They all belong to the north temperate zone. Uui- sj)ecies are all perennials, with showy llowers, 
 some of great beauty. 
 
 * Flowers blue, purple, or violet, or at least not red. 
 +- Mostly low : roots a cluster of thick fleshy fibres or tubercles. 
 
 1. D. simplex, Dougl. Canescent tliroughout with a fine short somewhat 
 woolly pubescfuee, rarely nearly glabrous; stem stout and strict, rather tall, I to 2A 
 feet high, leafy : leaves all much dissected, with linear obtuse lobes, on stout erect 
 petioles : racemes usually dense and many-lloweretl, the pedicels often short and 
 nearly erect : llowers small, blue, varying to nearly white or yellowish ; sepals 4 to 5 
 lines long, usually ab(nit equalling tlie stout straight spur, rarely much spreading : 
 ovaries and capsule pubescent. — Hook. El. i. 25. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges from San Diego northward to Washington Territory and Idaho ; Knight's 
 Ferry, Bif/elow. Much resembling f). azurcum of the eastern plains, which diifers in its less strict 
 habit, and looser rucenies of larger and more open llowers. 
 
 2. D. variegatum, Torr. i^ ("! ray. Pubescent with straight .spreading or ol'UiU 
 rellexed hairs, the [lubcscence above souu'liuies tomentose or rarely nearly want- 
 ing, sometimes tomentose throughout or short and ajipressed : stems 1 to 2 feet 
 high, sparingly leafy: leaves all dissected with oblong or linear, obtuse or acutish 
 lobes : flowers large, on long j)eilice]s in a short o[)en raceme, deep blue or rarely 
 white; sepals broad, spreading, G to 10 lines long; the sjjur usually comparatively 
 short and stout ; upper petals not jjurple-veini-'d (in dried specimens) : ovary and 
 capsule pubescent. — 11. i. 32. 
 
Jklphinhn,,. IIANUNCULACK/E. ]] 
 
 In tlie Co.ist Hniiges from Saiitji Barlmra (Urcwcr) to I'liiila de los Kcycs, Hiijclow. A fidiuciit 
 mill showy sj)ccies, varying in its colors. Distinguislied from J), decorum, to wliit.b it has usually 
 been rclcrrpd, by its bairy ovaries, leaves all dissected, and greater pulxiscence. 
 
 I). Mi.NZiK.sn, DC, is a similar species, glabrous below, at leiust at tiie very base, jmbesccnt 
 above wilii H|irea<iing bnii"s, especially tbe inlloresccnce : flowci's large, deep blue ; tbe U|>|>er 
 pet.ils veined with purple ; the Hp\ir long and slender. — I'roni I'uget Sound to Montana and tlic 
 ISiue Monntains ol Oii'gon, aiipiirentiy not ent<'ring California. l{eported also from Kotzebue 
 Sound. The ]). Mcniisn of tbe Colorado Klora is D. mcoi.iii!, Null. {/J. ,]fruzic.iii, var. Ula/i- 
 rtisr, Watson, Mot. King Kxp. 12), very similar and ))erliap3 only a variety, but it ba.s uniformly 
 sniMlicr flowers iind is glabrous tbrougiiout (including tlio ovaries), or occasionally Bnmcwbat 
 
 tonientiisc-plllie.scent. 
 
 •y D. decorum, ImscIi. t^- Mi-y. Moro or less ])ii1)('scoiit Avitli spreading' liairs, 
 l)iit ii.suiilly nearly j^iabrous : atom G to 1.1 inclica lii<,'li : lower leaves O-lobed, spar- 
 ingly toutlieil, the upper with narrow linear divisions : llowers large, deep blue, 
 long-podicelled in an open raceme ; sepals broad, G to i) linos long, spreading ; spur 
 usually long and narrow : ovary and ca])sule glabrous. — Turr. tV dray, Fl. i. GGl. 
 JJ. ]>n(n,s, lientli. PI. Ilartw. 2yG. 
 
 \'ar. Nevadense, AVatson. Scarcely differing but in tlie smaller llowers and 
 leaves (dten all linear-lobed. — JJ. Menztesii, "Watson, 1. c., cxcl. vnr. 
 
 In the Coa.st Kangcs from Santa Barbara {Jircvxr, and jicrbnps from Saji Diego, Parvy) to Men- 
 docino Co. The variety is found in the central Sierra hevada, and is frequent on the mountains 
 and foot-hills of W. Nevada. Often glabrous excepting the ciliato bracts and somewhat villous 
 flowers. 
 
 4. D. depauperatum, Nutt. Tcrliaps only a form of the liist variety, with 
 the ovari(!S pubescent. Most of the sj)ecimens, however, are very slender and few- 
 llowered, the lower leaves reniform in outline, 3-5-])arted, the rather broad lubes 
 entire or few-cleft. The pubescence of the inilorescenco is usually straight and 
 spreading. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 33. Watson, I'ot. King E.\p. 12. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from the head of the Kern {Ilolluork) to the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and 
 eastward in tlie mountains of Nevada {IFalson). 
 
 +- -t- SioiU and tall: root pereiuiinl hvt )i<)t tnheronR. 
 
 T). D. Californicum, Torr. ^ Gray. Stems nearly or quite smooth below : 
 leaves largo, 3 to cleft, the divisions variously lobed : raceme strict, close-fldwered 
 al»ovo : ix'dicol.s and flowers densely velvety jmbesrent. — Torr. ^ Gray, IT. i. 31. 
 I), exnluitim, Hook. A^ Arn. Hot. lieerhey, 317. 
 
 Dry soils ncnr the const. Stems stout, 2 or more feet high, bower leaves ;» to f) inehcs in 
 diameter, usunllv deeply r>-elrft, tiie <livisions cuneato at base and laeiniately toothed or lobed. 
 Klowers eonnnoi'ily a light but dull blue, often more or less tinged with violet. 
 
 G. D. scopuloi'um, Gray. Stems tall, smooth or i)ubcrulent : lower leaves on 
 long i)otii)le.^ which are dilated at the ba.'^e, 3-n-])arled, the divisions laeiniately 
 lo])ed, the lol^os sharj)-pointod : raotMue rather strict : th.wor.s sparingly i>ilo.so with- 
 out. — IT. Wright, ii. 9. 
 
 Big Tree Koad (Brnrcr) : Sierra Valley (/,n.iwo») : n stout form, f. to fi feet high, differing 
 from that prevalent in the moi\ntains of ('olorado in the less narrowly divi.led leaves and nearly 
 glabrous inflorescence. It is still less like l>. rlolinn, vnr. (') iMriihnhil,-, of the mountains enst- 
 ward, which with very similar habit and foliage ha.s the i-nceme densely pul>cseriil with .sti-aight 
 spreading; subviseid hairs, stout j>edicels, and usually larger flowei-s with lunger curved spurs. 
 The jiubesceiice in 7'. H'-npiilnrmi) is slicirter, more woolly anil Mppre>;se(l. and the |K-diepls arc 
 sleniler. 
 
 7. D. troUiifolium, <Jniy. Glabmns tliriui;jh.>ut <>r .^lightly vill.uis : leaves 
 largo, lung-potioled, .1 - 7-lol>od. the l(d)es laeiniately deft and toothed with acumi- 
 nate segments : raceme loosely few-llowcred. with long pedicels : ilowoi's bright 
 bhie, l.l inches broad, the spur as long as the sepals: capsules glabrous. — I'roc. 
 Am. Acad. viii. 270. 
 
 Oregon, //'(//. SiM'.imens cidlected by K'Hoij,, in Mend..eino <'... seetu refei-able to this 
 
 spe.ies. 
 
j^2 RANUNCULACE.E. Ddijhiuiuia. 
 
 * * Flowers red. 
 
 8. D. nudicaule, Ton-. & Gray. Smooth or slightly villous : stem | to 2 feet 
 hi.rh Of iiiuic : Iciivos mostly near tlio base of the stiun, 1 to 3 inches in diam- 
 eter, 3 - 5-lubeil, the lobes more or less deeply 3-7-tuutl)ed with broad obtuse 
 mueronulate segments: llowui's 1 to 1 ^ inches long, including thu stniiglit simr, 
 Avhich is longer tluui the sepals, usually light scarlet with more or less of orange ] 
 sepals but little si)reading ; petals usually eiliate or somewhat villous : carpels 
 pubescent or smooth. — h\ i. 33 & GGl j Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 58113. 
 
 Var, elatius, Thompson. The taller form with more leafy stems, the flowers 
 with rather longer and more slender si)urs than in the typical statu. — Garden, iii. 
 477. D. savcophyllum, Hook, k Arn. liot. lieechey, 317. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges honi Memlociuo Co. to Sau Francisco ; Plumas Co., Mm. Palsifcr Ames. 
 
 9. D. cardinale. Hook. Tall and stout, nearly glabrous: leaves large, 5-7- 
 lobed nearly to the base, the divisions deeply 3 - 5-cleft with narrow long-acumi- 
 nate segments : llowers as in the last, but larger and more open, bright scarlet 
 with yellow centre, petals somewhat hairy : carpels smooth. — Bot. Mag. t. 4887 ; 
 Torroy, Bot. Mex. Bound. 30, t. 2. V. cocciueuia, Torrey, Tacif. it. Kep. iv. 02. 
 
 Apparently conlined to the mountains of S. California ; Los Angolus ( Wallace) to Sun Diego. 
 
 10. ACONITUM, 'I'ourn. MoNKsiioon. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored and i)etaMike, very irregular ; the upper one arched into a hood or 
 helmet. Petals 2 to 5 ; the upper 2 with long claws and irregular spur-like hlades 
 concealed within the hood ; the lower 3 either very minute or ohsolete. Pistils 
 3 to 5. Fruit of 3 to 5 dehiscent, many-seeded follicles. — Herbs with palmately- 
 lobed leaves. 
 
 Species 18, mostly belonging to tlie mountains of tliu Northern Hemisplierc. Some (all ?) of 
 them are poisonous. 
 
 1. A. Fischeri, Peichenh. Leaves palmately 3 - 5-cleft ; the divisions broadly 
 cuneated, and laeiniately toothed or cut into acute lobes : llowers in a loose terminal 
 raceme, often somewhat panicled : follicles usually 3. — Jll. Sp. Aconiti Gen. fol. 
 i. 22. -A. nasutuvi, Hook. PI. Bor.-Am. i. 26. A. Culumbianum, Nutt. ; Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 34. 
 
 Moist places in tlic Coast Ranges north of Clear Lake, the Sierra Nevada at 4 to 8,000 feet ; 
 also llie Rocky Mountains, Alasiia, KanUschatka, ami Siberia. Stems smooth IpcIow and eillier 
 smooth or wil'ii sli(»it |iiilK'si'cnc.^ almve. Leave W lo 5 inches in diameter. Spiciin.iis fium nciir 
 the coast are iilentieai with ihe Sihciiiin plant, tlic steins V! to \S lift high. Homeliiiirs w.'mL at llio 
 base, either smooth or sparingly pubescent above, the llowers blue or purple. In the Sierra 
 Nevada and eastward a larger form occurs, 3 to G feet high, more pubesc(;nl ahove, the sejjals 
 larger and pale blue or white, and the petals smaller. Hather rare. 
 
 11. ACT^A, Linn. U.\Ni.;uiiniiv. 
 
 Sepals 4 to 6, nearly equal, petal-like, falling off early. Petals 4 to 10, snudl. 
 Stamens numerous. Pistils single ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a )uany seeded 
 berry. Seeds smooth, llattened, jiacked horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennial herbs, 
 with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves. Koot usually tuberous or thickened. Flowers 
 in a ternunal short racenu;. 
 
 Species jun-haps 2, belonging to the eoul.'r n^gions ut llu: Norlliern Hemisphere. 
 
 1. A. spicata, Liun., var. arguta, Torr. Kruit either white or red, in a loose 
 more elongated rueenie. — A. arguta, Xutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 35. 
 
 Shady ravines of the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco. Rare in this State, but a widely 
 spread species, extending north to Alaska, east to New England and Camida ; also to Japan; 
 Siberia, and Northern Europe. A smooth herb with graceful habit, 1 to 2 feet high. The stem 
 
f'rossn.oomn. Ji AN UNC.'LJLACJK/K. 
 
 12. PJEONIA, l.inn 
 .Sepals S, l,crl,a.-,.ou», p.iKislcl, i,„l,iicalr,l i„ t|„, l„,l. JVIal, r, to 10 St» 
 mm,, munrn,,,,,, i„„.rt,,,l on a ll,.,l,y ,li»L ]N«|il, 2 lo r,. |-,„i,, „r 2 (., r, l,.„tl,.rv' 
 
 =':::;'i::;'t;-''^ ' ""'- ""•■ "■'"^'■■"- ■■■■ '-•"'■'^- -- " 
 
 13. CBOSSOSOMA, Null. 
 So|,al,, .^ „ri,ic„lar, i,al,ri.,,t.,l in tl,„ ,„„i, „„,^„„,, p^.i^^nt, ^rfcsly mar- 
 gtriwl, united at ba,» ,nt„ a short lurhinatc tul,o. ]>oUal, .-i, not clawo,!. Stamon, 
 numerous (12 to .,n), inserto.1 with tho ,,„tals in 3 „. ., i„,,„,|„ ,„,,, ,„„ j,,„ 
 «om.w hat Inckenod b.^,a of th„ calyx, persistent : anthen, attaehed dors,ally a little 
 ahov^ the haso. dehiseing longitudinally do,v„ the sides. Ca,|,el, 2 to C distinct 
 sessdo upon a short stipe, ooriaceon.s, follicular, n,any.see,le.l. Seeds in 2 ^ws, with 
 « la ge fnnged anllns, globosc-eniforn,, l.laek and sinning : end.ryo stnundy c m-«l 
 ... the tine ne.. y alhnmen a,n, nearfy „, ,o„g, the nanrowlv ohiong o v Z 
 e..ceedn,g the ™l,cle._,S„,o„tl, shrubs with .altetnate si.nph: entir. m„e;„„ul»l 
 le.aves, ami sobtai-y flowers terminating the branoblets. ."onulau, 
 
 JM,au„,.. The following arc X oniy know^spd' ,''°"'"'"">' ''' ''"'"""" "'"I """"" '" '!>- 
 WoI.d°n^gn;Ti;°"T',rk'."f; '' ^',7" ''"['"" '''""'• * "■■-' ^'"^'' -"' "'"'i^'' 
 
 r. lines I..n-: sUiikmis If) to 2."): rnriu.ls 10 - lli-soV,!,',! 1 iuch Lur v a "' 
 
 A.-a,l. xi. ,22. <A rV,/,/bn,.... T.ir. in PanC K. K.; Iv 111!' t7'~lZ'^'''- 
 
 Canons „..ar tl.,- ,no„tl, of Mill WiHi.uns Itivr (^,,./,...) ; .,,„ „r San iVn.-u'linn. 'farn, ' 
 
14 
 
 B1<:KBKK11)A(:K.K Ikrbv 
 
 Ohdkr TT. BERBERIDACEiE. 
 
 Shrubs or lii'rl)8, iiu/slly witli (Hunpmiinl or diviilod iiltiM'imto IcavM, uml no slip- 
 uloH ; llio ll()\vt<i>i nil iiiiii'crl., with th»i |miis (liMliiict iiml hyiHi^yniHiH, iviuaiKiiMii 
 I'or hiiving tho bmcUs, vsojuils, i)otiils, and staniuiiH (in uura six) hufoi-u each oUicr 
 instead of alternating (an anomaly which comes from there being two whuils 
 of each, three pieces in a whorl), and the 2-celled anthers opening by uplifted 
 valves, hinged at the top. — Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, deciduous, 
 both usually colored. Pistil one, simple, i. e. of a single carpel : style short or 
 none. Seeds anatroi)oiis, with a small or iniinito embryo in copious lirni-lleshy or 
 iiurny albumen. — Achli/s is a most oxceplioual genus, having no calyx nur corolla, 
 and or more stamens. 
 
 A small Older of a dozen gum;ia (and half as many more of the Lardizubuleic appfndod to it, 
 not here taken into view), of whirh only lUrUris is numenms in .species, most of the otluTs having 
 only one or two speeies each, chielly natives of temperate regions, and of the northern hemispht.ie, 
 with a few in S. America. The juice is watery, hut the inner hark and wood of the Barherry 
 yellow. No active properties, except in ruduphiillum of the Atlantic States, the root of which 
 yiehh podopkyll in, u powerful cathartic. The fruits, when herries, are innocent and edihle, hut 
 sometimes acid. 
 
 ♦ Flowers comploto ; stamens (5, mostly short. 
 
 1. Berberis. Flowers yellow, in clustered racemes. Fruit a few-seeded berry, tshruhs with 
 
 rigitl leaves, in ours odd-pinnate. 
 
 2. Vancouveria. Flowers whitish, in a raceme or panicle. Fruit a follicle. Herb, witli ter- 
 
 nately compound leaves all radical. 
 
 ♦ • I'lowers naked : stamens 9 or more, slender. 
 
 3. Achlys. Flowers spicato on a scape, without hracts, sepals, or petals. Herb, with only 
 
 radical 3-parted leaves. 
 
 1. BERBERIS, Linn. 
 
 Sepals 0, petallike, witli 3 or G closely appressod bractlets in 1 or 2 rows. 
 Petals 6, opposite the sepals, usually 2-glandular at base. Stamens 6. Carpel 1 : 
 stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry, with 1 to 3 erect seeds. — Smooth 
 shrubs with yellow wood, pinnate or fascicled simple leaves, yellow liuwers in clus- 
 tered bracteate racemes, and oblong or globose acid berries. 
 
 A genus of about 50 sjH-oies, belonging to both continents, but laigely S. American. In 
 Berberis proper, of which B. vulgaris, Linn., the common Barbcrrij, is the type, tlie primary 
 leaves are reduced to mere spines, in the axils of which are fascicles of actual simple leaves with 
 jointed petioles. All our species belong to the .section Mahouia, Nutt., which has evergieen 
 unequally pinnate leaves, sessile spinulosely dentate leaflets, and dark blue globose berries. 
 
 * Leaflets pinnately veined. 
 
 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low somewhat procumbent shrub, loss than a fi)ot 
 high : Icallets 3 io 7, ovate, acute, not acuminat(!, 1 to 2i inches long, not shiny 
 above: racemes few, terminating the steins, 1 to H inches long. — Jiut. Ifeg. t. 
 117(). /)'. Ai/iii/(iliiiiii, I'ursh, mainly, and of ininmrons authors. 
 
 " Through()\it llie Slate," exleiiding northward to liritish Columhia and custward to Colorado 
 and New iMexico. 
 
 2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high : leallets usually 7, but 
 often more, the lower ])air distant from the stem, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1^ to 
 4 inches long, acuminate, green and shining above, sinuately dentate with numer- 
 ous spinose teeth : racemes 1 ^- to 2 inches long, clustered chiefly in the subter- 
 
 t. 142n. 
 
ArhhfK. Tli:iiHEiaDACK/K. 15 
 
 FiTi[iiPnt in Oipgon and northward, wlmro it is known as tlin " Orpfron rimpn," and report/^d 
 Rontliward in the const mnges oven to Monterey. I'ursh'a description and figure }»elong mainly 
 to li. ri-prn.i. 
 
 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Voiy much liko tlie last sppcip.«;, but the loaves more 
 cro\vili'(l and iiKirc nearly sessile, the lower pair of leaflets being approximate to the 
 base oi" the petiole ; leaflets usually .5 to 7 : racemes more frequently lateral upon 
 the branches; fruit oblong-ovoid, 4 lines long. — Gen. & Spec. 14. Mahonia faaci- 
 cuhtri.^ DC. ; Delesp. Icon. Sel. ii. 2, t. 3. 
 
 Hills nlioiit Snn I'rnncisco 15ny nnd southward to San Diego, tlicnco oast to New Mexico. 
 I'luil jilrasnnt to the tnste atnl known to the Mexicans as I^iln amaril/a. 'f'hero lias always been 
 inu'h ionfu-<ion nnd is still sonn' uncertainty res[>ccting this s|)cci(>s and its allies. I/igusca's 
 original dos(ri]>tion (puhlishcd in IHOIi) professedly included specimens l>oth from MonU-'rey and 
 from Vancouver Island, while the plant cultivated in the gardens fiom his seed, and hgured 
 under this name, appears to have heen wholly the Oregon form, which Tui^h afterwards included 
 with the low /?. rrpfns in his description an(i figure of Ji. Aquifnlium. lIuml»oldt and IJonpland 
 afterward applied the name B. pinnata to a Mexican plant, figured hy them, nnd DeCandolle at 
 length included all, the Mexican, Californian, ami Oregon together, under the name Mahonia 
 fascicnlaria. The question of synonymy is most conveniently solved by retaining what haa 
 become the ordinary application of the names, B. fnscicnlari.t being limited to the Mexican spe- 
 cies, which seems distinguishable from the Californian B. pinnata by its more numerous, more 
 ncunnnate, and less shining leaflets. 
 
 * * Leaflets pnlmately nerved. 
 
 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Stems simple, but a few inches high ; petioles and 
 peduncles s])rin^ing froin the apex, accompanied by dry glumaceous rigidly acu- 
 minate bracts : leaves 1 to 2 feet long, of 11 to 17 ovate acuminate leaflets : racemes 
 elongatecl ; pedicels slmrt : fruit hirger than in the jtreceding species, 3 to 4 line^ in 
 diameter. — Kl. 219, t. f), excluding llowois. Hook. IJot. iMag. t. 3U49. Jifa/iotiia 
 <jhimacea, DC 
 
 Near the coast from Monterey to Vancouver Island. 
 
 2. VANCOUVERIA, IMoncn k Decaisne. 
 
 Sepals G, obovate, reflexed, caducous with the 6 to 9 oblong membranaceous 
 bractlets. Pet^als 6, shorter than the sepals and opposite them, linear-spatulate, 
 nectary-like, reflexed. Stamens 6. Carpel 1, the stigma slightly dilated, cup- 
 shaped : ovules 10 or leas, in 2 rows iipon the ventral suture. Capsule dehiscing 
 by a dorsal valve attached by the base and persistent, usually 2 - 6-seeded. Seed 
 oblong, somewhat curved, with a broad attachment nnd jirominent fleshy arillus : 
 embryo minute. — A slender perennial herb, with radical 2- 3-ternately compound 
 leaves, and white flowers in an open paniculate mcerae upon a naked scape. 
 
 A genus of a single species, scarcely separable from Epimfdium of the Old World. 
 
 1. V. hezandra, Morr. & Decaisno. ^foro or le.<;s villous with brownish hairs, 
 1 to 2 feet high : root creeping: leaves diffuse, long-petioled ; tho leaflets 1 to 2 
 inches brond, pefiohdate, subcordate, obtusely 3-I(»bed, tho lid)es cmarginatc ; tho 
 margin thickened and often undulate : scape exceetling the leavers : pedicels elon- 
 gated, recurved : sepals 2 to 3 linos long: capsule half an inch long, gibhnus-lanceo- 
 late, with a slender beak : arillus 2-lobed, more than half covering the seed. — Ann. 
 Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii. 3.51. EpimecUum hexnndrum. Hook. Fl. i. 31, t. 13. 
 
 Shady woo<Is near tho coast from Santa Cru^ to Vancouver Islan'l. The characters of the fruit 
 nnd seed nro those of Epimcdium. 
 
 3. ACHLYS, nc. 
 
 Sepals and ]n'tal>t n(iii('. Stamens 9, in W rows ; filaments slender, the outer 
 dilated at the siiminit : anthers short. Carind 1 .- stigma sessile, dilated : ovule 
 
IQ NYMl'JLKACE.E. Achlys. 
 
 solittuy, erect. Fruit pulpy, becoming dry, iiulehiscent, runii\)rni, the ruuiukMl 
 ilorsal portion subcartilaginons, the ventral side strongly concave, membranaceous, 
 witli a lleshy central ridge. Seed erect, straiglit : eml>ryo very small. — A smooth 
 perennial herb, with radical trit'oliolate leaves, the llowcrs crowded in a naked spike, 
 terminating the scape. 
 
 A secoail siiooies in Jiipau closely reaemblea the following. 
 
 1. A. triphylla, DC. Koot creeping : leaf on petioles a foot long or more, .soli- 
 tary from a scaly base, tlio leatlets broadly cuneate, 3 to 5 inches long, palmatdy 
 nerved, the outer margin irregularly anil coarsely sinuate: scape solitary, equalling tin- 
 leaf; spike 2 to 3 inches long ; ilowers small, white, fragrant : fruit 2 lines long. — 
 Syst. ii. 35. Hook. Fl. i. 30, t. 12. 
 
 Shady wooils iinir MumUHiuo {Uohindcr) lunl nortliwanl to Vunci.iivtT ihiiiml. S^)nlctinlt^s 
 kuowii lis Muij-.-ipple. 
 
 Ouuiiu ill. NYMPH.ffiACEJE. 
 
 Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes 
 
 tubei's, which have rather an endogenous than exogenous internal structure ; the 
 
 leaves peltate or deeply cordate and involute from both margins in the bud ; solitary 
 
 axillary perfect Ilowers on long peduncles ; ovules remarkable for being on the back 
 
 or sides of the carpels (instead of the ventral eilge) ; embryo small at base of fleshy 
 
 albumen enclosed in a lleshy bag ! .Stamens numerous. — Comprises almost half as 
 
 many sul)orders as genera. 
 
 The AVatar- Lilies, ami tlifir relatives, of few species ami wide geograiihioal dis]icisiou, comprise 
 8 geneni under tliieo subonlers. Tlio Water-Shield is the type of the first, Water-Lilies of* the 
 secoml, and the A'clumhiaiii or Imlian Lotus, the sole genus of the tliiid {Ndumhoncw), which 
 differs from the character of the rest in the great embryo without albumen, and the nutdike 
 carpels separately immersed in hollows of a top-slmped receptacle. To this belongs the Nelumbo 
 of Eastern America and the Indian Lotus or Sacicii Mean of Asia. There are no true Water-Lilies 
 {Nymphaca) in North America west of the Mississippi region, but one Niiphar reaches California ; 
 where also the Water-Sliickl is a solitary representative of the lirst suborder, Cabombece. The two 
 genera are briefly contrasted thus : 
 
 1. Brasenia Pistils 4 to 18 in a cluster, pod-like, 1 - 2-seeded. Leaves on .slender stems, 
 
 entire, centrally ])eltate. 
 
 2. Nuphar. Pistil many-celled, many-seeded, fret;. Leaves all from the rootstock, deeply 
 
 I'ordate. 
 
 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. Wathii-Siiikm). 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly alike, narrowly oblong, dull purple, hyjiogynous, each 3 
 or sometimes 4, persistent. Stamens 12 to 18, bypogynous : hlameiits slender: 
 anthers oblong-linear. Carpels 4 to 18, distinct, tipped with a linear and one-sided 
 large stigma, ripening into a kind of indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded pods. — A single 
 species. 
 
 1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves floating (2 to 4 inclies long), elliptical and cen- 
 trally peltate on the slender petioles, which are alternate on the iiliform ascend- 
 ing stems, bright gieen above, reddish-brown beneath : flower small, half an inch 
 long. — Gray, Gen. 111. t. 39. 
 
 In Clear Lake {Bolandcr) and Pit River {Brewer) ; thence to Puget Sound. Known at few 
 Pacific stations, while from Canada to Texas it aliounds, extending to Cuba. It also occurs in 
 Japan, Eastern India, Australia, and at one known station in tiopii:al Western Afiica ! The 
 .stems and stalks are coated with a clear jelly. Tlie "tuberous" rootstocks are collected by the 
 Californian Indians for food. 
 
l)„rUiniio„i„. SAKRACKNIACKJv yj 
 
 2. NUPHAR, Smith. Ykm.ow I'oni.-I.ii.v. 
 
 Sopala T) to 12, thick, nmudish, persistent, fr(!<>, colored (gciionilly yellow) witliiu, 
 partly green outside. Petals and stamens short and numerous, hypogynous, densely 
 crowded around the ovary, at length recurving, persistent ; tlie former sometimes 
 resembling sterile stamens, sometimes more dilated and conspicuous, but always 
 small. Filament very short : anther truncate at apex, the two linear cells adnate, 
 introrse. Ovary oblong or ovale, 8 - ^O-ceJled, Hh truncato top occupijid by tho 
 8 - 2()-vadiatc stigma, ripening (usually above water) into an ovoid or lla-sk-shaped 
 indehiscent fruit with a firm rinil and a fleshy or pulpy interior; the cells many- 
 seeded. IS'o arillus to the oval .seeds. — Herbs of shallow waters (4 or 5 species of 
 the northern touiperato zone), sending up largo and mostly rather leathery cordate 
 leaves (eitiier upright or floating) and stout I-flowercd peduncles from a long and 
 thick trunk-like creeping rootstock in tlie mud beneath : flowering all summer. 
 
 1. N. polysepalum, Kngelm. Larger than the Atlantic N. adveiia : leaves G 
 to 12 inches long and three fourtlis as wide, rounded above, deeply cordate at base : 
 se})als 8 to 12 : petals 12 to 18, dilated and unlike the stamens, yellow, often tinged 
 with red : fruit globular, 2 inches long or less. — Trans, ^t. Louis Acad. ii. 282. 
 iV. advena, Newberry in Pacif. P. Rep. vi. G7. 
 
 Rare south of Mt. Shnsta, more ahiindant tbciice to Biitisli Cohimbia and east to and beyond 
 the Rocky Mountains. Klamntli Marsh is lialf covered with tlie floating leaves, and the large 
 seeds foiiTi nn imiMutant article of food among the Indians, who collect great quantities for winter 
 use. "The Reel! fiistes like that of Hroom-roin, ami is iippanMitly very nutritious." This 
 Hiiocies has the largest fruit and (lowers of any of the genus, some of liie (lowers Inking f) inches in 
 diameter and borne on scapes 1 or 2 feet high. The leaves aix* (loating if thcro Ikj suflicient water, 
 otherwise erect. 
 
 Ohdkr IV. SARRACENIACE^. 
 
 Pog plants with pitcher-shaped or tubular and hooded leaves, and perfect polyan- 
 drous hypogynous flowers, the persi.stent sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary each 
 .^) (with one e.xception). Pruit a niany-aeedcd cap.sule. Embryo small in fleshy 
 albumen. — Represented in the, Atlantic United State-s by .sevei-al species of Sarra- 
 ctiiia, in the mountains of Guiana by the little-known apetalous Ileliamphora, in 
 California by the ytnruliar genus, 
 
 1. DARLINGTONIA, Torr. 
 Calyx without bmcts, of 5 imbricated narrowly oblong sepals, persistent. Petals 
 n, ovate-oblong, erect, M'ith a small ovate tip answering to tlie l)lade, and a larger 
 oblong lower portion answering to the claw. Stamens 12 to 15 in a .single row : 
 filaments subulate: anthere oblong, of two uneipial cells, turned cdgcwi.se by a 
 twisting of the filament, so that the smaller cell faces fhe ovary. Ovary somewhat 
 top-shaped, the broad summit being truncato or concjxvo and abruptly dilated, 
 higher than the .'^tamens, 5-celled ; the cells opposite the petals : sfylo short, 5- 
 lobcd ; the lobes short-linear or club-shaped, i-eciirving : stignnvs thirkish, intmrselv 
 terminal, ('apsiilo locnlicidally fi-valved. Seeds very numerous, nlM)vnt/'-cIavate, 
 thickly beset with soft slender pnijertions. — A single sppcie.<«. 
 
 1. D. Califomica, Torr. .\ ]>erennial herb, of ^'n-enish yellow line, with long 
 and rither slender liorj^ont.il rootstocks clothed with (ho b.n.ses of idder dec,ave<l 
 
18 
 
 PAPAVERACE.E. Darlinytouiu. 
 
 leaves; these tubular, gradually enlarging upwards to a vaulted ventricose hood, 
 which terminates in a 2-lorked dertexed appendage under which is the contracted 
 rounded oritice, the ventral edge winged : scape bearing several membranous scaly 
 bracts, the upper ones crowded near the nodding purplish lluwer. — Sn)ithsoniaii 
 Contrib. vi. -i, t. 1, & liot. Wilkes Exped. 221. 
 
 Mountnin swamps and Iwulcrs of brooks, at 1,000 to 0,000 feet, from Truckeo Pass to the 
 borders of Oregon ; fu-st collected near ilount Shasta, by /r. B. Bruckcnndge of the Wilkes 
 Exploring Expedition i>arty, with fohage and vestiges of fruit, and next in blossom by Dr. G. 
 IF. Hulse. The "pitchers" are 18 to 84 inches high, and an iuch^or less in diameter, except 
 near the top, tai>cring downward, ami spirally twisted about half a revolution, the twist being 
 most often to the left. Exj)aniling near the summit it is vaulted into an inllated sac or hood 2 
 to 4 inches across, with a cux-ular oi>cning an inch or less in diameter on tho luuler side. The 
 dome of this hood is spotted with large thin translucent urcolie, which arc uaunlly colored Honio- 
 what orange or yellow. A wing '-' to -1 lines wide runs along the inner side of the pitcher, clasp- 
 ing tho rootstock below and entering the oriiico above. At the uj)per and outer cmIl'c of the orifice, 
 a blade or appendage arises which is narrow at its base, but rapidly widens and divides into two 
 equal and divergent lobes. It is something like a fish-tail in shape, spreading 3 or 4 inches, 
 pointing downward, and beset with short and sharj) stiff hairs, all pointing toward the orifice, 
 the lobes twistod outwanl about half a revolution. The green of this blade is variously blotched 
 with red and yellow. The interior of the pitcher is polished above, but the lower jiart is beset 
 with stiff sharp slender tiansparent hairs jjointing downwards at a sharp angle. Within and 
 about the orifice and on the colored "fish-tail" there is a sweet seeretion very attractive to 
 insects. A line of this honey has sometimes been found to extend along the wing from the orifice 
 down to the ground. The base of the pitcher contains a clear secreted licjuid. This whole con- 
 
 trivance constitutes one of the most c\uious natural fly-trans known. An insect roaming over the 
 
 "to tlie orifice, and a line of honey enticing 
 him that way. The bladc"at the opposite "side is mottled and gayly colored to catch the eye and 
 
 outside soon finds the wing like a fence to guide him "to tlie orifice, and a line of honey enticin, 
 
 fancy of the flying insect. The lobes are so twisted that he may alight on the outside and by 
 travelling along the blade find himself within. It is a broad and open road at first, curving and 
 naiTowing as the two lobes converge, and leading directly into the orifice. Moreover, the sharp 
 bristles in the path all pointing one way make that the natural direction to travel, and the honey 
 sweetens the path where the dangerous opening yawns above the narrowed w-ay. The "honey 
 pastures " just within the orifice now tempt him, and are next visited. When satiated and he 
 would leave, the tran.slucciit arcohe above, like numerous lighted windows in the roof, entice 
 him away from tho darker door in the floor by which ho entered. Tlio captive sees no way of 
 escape, and from the .shape of tho lutcher and the needle-like hairs poinliiif' ever downwards, his 
 destruction is sure. Hy this (dabomte contrivai;co ho was first attracted to the plant, then enticed 
 within, then imprisoned and ultimately consigned to the hike in the bottom of tho pit. From 
 the experiments of Dr. Hooker, and from some interesting homologies, it is not difficult to believe 
 that this liquid digests the insect for the nourishment of the plant. The fragmentary remains of 
 dead insects in great variety are always found in the mature healthy leaves, often filling the tube 
 to the height of several inches and tainting the air with their decay. From the observations of 
 the entomologist Edwards, it seems that more species of flies are caught than of other insects. 
 But bees, hornets, butterflies, dragon-flies, beetles, grasshoppers, &c., and even snails are entrapped. 
 For fuller details of the behavior of this "insectivorous plant," see Proc. Am. Assoc. 1874, H, 
 64, and Proc. Calif. Acad. 1875. The secretion upon the edge of the wing was detected by Mrs. 
 n. M. Auslin, of Butterfly Valley. 
 
 The plant is gregarious, and the hoods and blades are strikingly conspicuous when seen in the 
 bright sunshine of their places-of growth, strongly suggesting tho unromantic name Cul/'s Head, 
 by which the local mountaineers know it. 
 
 Order V. PAPAVERACEiEJ. 
 
 Ilevbiiceous plants, in one instance shrubby, ustudly Avith inilky or orange-yellow 
 juice, of narcotic or also acrid properties; tho llowers perfect, with sepals, petals, 
 and stamens hypogynous and not in lives ; the former 2 or 3 and caducous (falling 
 when tlie corolla opens) ; the petals twice as many, in two sets, and early decidu- 
 ous ; the stamens indefinite ; the pistil with a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentae, 
 in fruit capsular ; the seeds numerous or several, anatropous, with a minute embryo 
 in copious albumen. — Leaves mostly alternate, destitute of stipules. Peduncles 
 
Plaft/s/nnoti. PAPAVERACE/!<:. IQ 
 
 usually l-flowered and tlin flowcr-bud drooping' before expansion. Petals imbricated 
 and commonly crumpled in the bud. Valves of tlio capsule in most cases separat- 
 ing from tlie slender placentne, wbich remain as a kind of frame. — Dendrr/meconxs 
 the sole shrubby plant of the order. Platystemon is exceptional in having the sev- 
 eral carpels all distinct, or at least early separating, and forming as many torulose 
 pod.s, and the upper leaves are disposed to be opposite or in whorls. Esclisrholtzia 
 has I lie two sepals unitcil into a caly|)tra which falls off wliohi, and tho juice is color- 
 h'ss ; it is nearly so in Romneya, in which tlie capsule is Revend-cclled, more truly 
 than ill a popj)y, by the placentae reaching the centre. And Arctomecon ha.s per- 
 sistent petals ! 
 
 An order of 17 gonera mid ahout 50 species, mostly inhabitants of the temperate and warni parts 
 of the nortliern liemisphere. Many have showy flowere, and arc cultivated for ornament. Opium 
 is derived from the milky juice of the poppy (mostly P. somni/crnm, Linn.), and several other 
 species have reputed medicinal value. 
 
 Pa r AVER soMNlFEUUM, Linn,, extensively cultivated for opium, and familiar in gardens as an 
 ornanipntAl annual, is not unlikely to occur spontaneously in some places. P. Uiicza.s, Linn., the 
 Com J'oppi/ of Kurope, miL'ht also have been cxjicctcd in grain-fields, but it has not been reported. 
 The genus is known by the radiate sessile crown of stigmas, forming a cap over the summit of 
 the ovary and cap.sule, the latter opening only by pores under the margin of the crown. 
 
 * Herbs : sepals 2 or 3 and distinct. 
 -I- .\nnuals, with entire leaves, the uppermost opposite or whorlcd. 
 
 1. Platystemon. Filaments very broad. Carpels few to many, hi a circle, distinct or soon 
 
 becoming so, forming as many slender torulose pods, tip|ied with the linear stigmas. 
 
 2. Platystlgma. Kilamonts slightly diluted or filiform. Ovary with 3 placcnUc, tipped with 
 
 3 brontl and tlat or linenr stigmas, becoming a 3-valved capsule. 
 
 -I- -I- Perennials, with lobed or toothed leaves, all alternate. 
 
 :?. Romneya. Sepals 3, winged. Stigmas .several, oblong. Capsule bristly, several-celled, 
 sevoial-valved from the top. Leaves divi<led. 
 
 4. Arctomecoii. Sepals mostly 2: iietals 4, persistent. Stigma thickish, 4 - 6-lobpd. Cap- 
 sule smooth. 1 -celled, 4 - 6-valved at the top. Leaves few-toothed. 
 
 -1- -1- -H Annuals, with lobed or divided leaves. (Papavcr wouM lielong here.) 
 a. Argemone. Stigma 3- 4-lobed, almost sessile. Capsule bristly or prickly. Leaves simple, 
 
 IMickly-toothed. 
 0. MeconopsiB. Sligma 4-8-Ioboil on a rlub-shnpnd style. Capsule nnnnned and smooth. 
 
 Lonvos pinnatoly divided, unarmeii. 
 
 * * Shrub with entire leaves or nearly so. 
 
 7. Dendromecon. Stigmns 2, short and erect on a short style. Cajisule linear, grooved, 
 
 2-valve(l. 
 
 « * * Annual ln'ihs : sepals completely united into a narrow pointivl cap (ralyptra), which falls 
 off entire from a dilated top-shaped rece{)tAcle. 
 
 8. Eschscholtzia. Stignin-lolws 4 to 6, subulate, unci|ual : style very .shoi;J : capsule linear, 
 
 grooved, 2-valved. 
 
 1. PLATYSTEMON, Bonth. 
 Sepals 3. Petitls 6. Stamens many, with flattonod filaments and linear anthers. 
 ('ar]iels 6 to 25, at first united : stigraaa linear, free. Fruit of as many distinct 
 linear indehiscent torulo.se pods, 3 -8-seeded, finally bre.aking transversely between 
 the seeds. — A low villous ]»ale-gieen annual, with entire linear opposite leave.s (the 
 lower alternate), nml loiig-peduncled yellow fiowoi-s. 
 
 1. P. CaliforniCUB, Henth. Slender, brandling, H to 12 inches high, villous 
 with spreading haii-s : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, se.'^silo or rlnsping, broadly linear, 
 obtuse: peduncles 3 to 8 inches long, erect : the sepals villous; petals pale yellow 
 shading to orange in the centre, 3 to 6 lines long : carpels C> t<) 2!y, aggn?gat<?d 
 
2Q PAPA VER ACE Jl). Platystujma. 
 
 into an oblong head, smootli or somewhat hairy, 5 to 10 Imes long, beaked with 
 the linear persistent stigmas, the 1 -seeded divisions a line long : seeds smooth.— 
 Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 405. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3579 & :5750. 
 
 Very coinraou in early spriHg on the lower hills and in the valleys from Mendocino County 
 to S. Culiloniiu, and also cuslwanl throu-h Aii/.ona to S. UUih. Soniotiniea called t ream-Cups. 
 
 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. 
 Sepals 3 (rarely 2). Petals 4 to 6. Stamens few to many, with narrow filaments 
 and oblong or linear-oblong anthers. Ovary 3-angled, oblong or linear: stigmas 
 3, distinct, ovate to linear. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, dehiscent to the base, many- 
 seeded. Seeds small, smooth and shining. — Low slender annuals, resembling 
 Platystemon in habit, with i)ale-green entire opposite or verticillate leaves, and 
 long-peduncled pale-yellow flowers. Only the following species. 
 
 * Capsule ovoid-oblony : stamens many; anthers linear-ohloiuf ; filaments dilated: 
 stigmas broad: villous, short-stemmed. — Platystigma proper. 
 
 1. P. lineare, Benth. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, 6 to 12 inches 
 high, the stem usually very short and leafy : leaves linear, 1 to 3 inches long : 
 peduncles erect : flowers an inch or less in diameter : capsule half an inch long. — 
 Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Hook. Bot. Alag. t. 3575. 
 
 Valleys and low hills from Salinas Valley to Oregon ; common in early spring. 
 
 « « Capsule linear: stamens few; anthers oblong; filaments filiform: stigmas 
 narrow : glabrous, long-stemmed. — Meconella. (Meconella, Nutt.) 
 
 2. P. Califomicum, Benth. &, Hook. Very slender, with long-jointed dichoto- 
 nious stems : leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceulate or the upper ones linear, ^ to 1 
 inch long, acute : flowers 3 to 12 lines broad : stamens 10 to 12 : capsule narrowly 
 linear, 9 to 15 lines long. — Gen. PI. i. 51. Meconella Cali/ornica, Torr. in Frem. 
 Kep. 312. 
 
 Central California, San Mateo to Sonoma counties, and eastward to the fool-hills of the 
 Siena Nevada. 
 
 P. Okecanum, Benth. & Hook., a smaller plant with smaller flowers, 4 to G stamens, and 
 shorter capsules, inhabiting Oregon and Washington Territory, may be looked for in Northern 
 California. 
 
 3. ROMNEYA, Harvey. 
 
 Sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing. Petals G. Stamens very 
 numerous, with filiform filaments thickened above, and oblong anthers. Ovary 
 oblong, densely setose, more or less completely several-celled by the intrusion of the 
 many-ovuled placentas: .stigmas free, oblong, fleshy. Capsule completely 7 - 11- 
 celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm 
 persistent placentas. Seeds numerous, finely tuberculate. — A smooth stout peren- 
 nial, with colorless bitter juice, ])innately cut or dividml alternate leaves, and very 
 largo white flowers. 
 
 1. R. Coulteri, Harv. Leaves glaucous, tliickish, petioled, 3 to 5 inclies long, 
 the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones pinnately cut or toothed ; the jjetioles and 
 margins often .sparingly ciliate with rigid spinose bristles : flowers Avliite, sometimes 
 nearly 6 inches in diameter ; petals broadly obovate : filaments half an inch long, 
 purple at base: capsule oblong, 1 to 1^ inches long, obscurely many-angled, hispid 
 with appressed bristles and crowned wi"th the persistent stigmas : seeds black, a line 
 or less long. — Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 74, t. 3. 
 
Mcrmwpsis. PAPAVERACEJ?. Ol 
 
 4. ARCTOMECON, Torrey. 
 Sepals mostly 2. Petals 4, persistent. Stamens numerous, with filaments 
 sliKl.tly tluekened upward, and linear anthers. Ovary smooth, 4 - G-carpellcl with 
 nerve-l.ko placentas, rather few-ovulcd : stylo very short : stigmas 4 to 6, short and 
 thiek. Capsulo obovoid, 1-cellcd, 4 - G-anglcd, dehiscent above, the 4 to G valves 
 separating from the iirm persistent placental ribs. Seeds few, shinin- very finely 
 lined longitudinally. _ A low somewhat hairy biennial or perennial ; with alternate 
 leaves, few-toothed at the apex, and rather large white flowers. 
 
 inl' o"^.'-^^^^°^^*^"?^' ^'""'m ^^""^ ^"'^ somewhat cespito.se, the stems 4 to 12 
 incites iMgh, more or less v.llous below with long bristly hairs, nearly glabrous 
 tZV; Tl^'^IT'^^''''' oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inche.s long, 3 -several toothed 
 somet mes obed at he apex, or the upper entire, crowded at base ; the teeth 
 bnstlo-tippod : petals oblong-oval to orbicular, 6 to 10 linos long: capsulo 3 to 5 
 
 NrturaHs"; ix iVo" ' ■''"''"' ^^ '"" ^'''^' " ^''''''- ^''^'- ''"''- '■ ^'^r^' ^- 
 
 tho^l:r/"K^''^ ^T,""' °il the banks of a crook in storile soil nonr the southeastern border of 
 the State, but probably in Nevada. It has since been collected only by /^arry in^ Utah 
 
 5. ARGEMONE, Linn. 
 Sepals 2 or 3, spino.sely beake.l. Totals 4 to 6. Stamens numerous, with fili- 
 form filaments and linear anthers. Ovary oblong, with 3 to G nerve-like plarentas • 
 stigmas nearly sessile, dilated, radiating. Capsule oblong or ovoid, pri.,-kly, 1-celled 
 opening at the top, the 3 to 6 valves separating from the firm parietal ribs. Seeds 
 many, ovoi.l-globose, pitted, slightly crested on the rhaphe. Stout glaucescent 
 annuals; with sinuately pinnatifid prickly- toothed leaves, large white or yellow 
 short- pedicel led flowers, and yellow juice. 
 
 A ponns of about half ado.on si.orios. nll'nntivos of tho wnrmor parts of Amorioa. 
 
 with ^;iM?i n^'^'"'^-- i?""S ' ^" l^ ^''^ '"■^'^'' '•'•''I'''^ throughout or armo,l 
 with ng id bns les or pnckles : loaves 3 to G inches long, the lower at(<.nuato to 
 a winged petiole, the upper sessile or auriculato-clasping : flowers white 2 to 4 
 diameter" ^^'{^^^^ = ,^'^r l^/'^ong, U inches long, very prickly: seeds 'a line in 
 diaraeter.-Pl. 1-endl. 5. A. mumta, buran.l k Hilgard, Pacif. \L Kep. v. 5, t. 1. 
 A. Mexicana, var. hispida, Torrey, Pot. Mex. Round. 31. 
 
 ico^'^Iu'soi;Ih'on?(':iil^7' '^T-'t ^""^"^^ ':'^lif"rnia, and eastward to ColorHdo and Now Mex- 
 ico^ 1 u Southern California ,t islcnown as (-hicAhtr. Tho foliage is pale but not spott^l. 
 
 \\.t'n^^^''^^' ''ir"' 1? ^■°'"y.«'"i'ln'- hut is smoothor, tho loavos aro blotched with white and 
 U e flowers are usually yellow It is native from Toxa.s and Northern Moxico to Co. tmrAmeri^ 
 but as a weed has spread to almost all warm countrios and may have reached Southen?ral!?orn^ 
 
 e. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filament.s and oblong 
 anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4 to 8, nerve-like or somewhat intruded : style 
 distinct : stigma 4 - 8-lobed. Capsulo oblong to ovoid, dehiscing by short rounded 
 valves which separate} from the stout parietal ribs. Seeds numcrous,'small. obscurely 
 pitted. — Herbs with yellow juice, dissected leaves, and long-pedirolled flowers. 
 
 A genus of 8 sp-rios. fi of whjrh belong t.. thr Himnlayn rogion, and 1 to Wctern Europe. 
 
22 PAPAVEKACE^. Meconopsis. 
 
 1. M. heterophylla, lionth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 Icet high : lower 
 leaves long-petiulud, pinnutidy divideil, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines 
 long ; upper leaves sessile, the segments usually narrow : Mowers scarlet to orange, 
 the petals 2 to 12 lines long ; peduncles elongated : capsules smooth, obovate-oblong 
 or top-shaped, truncate, narrowed below, G to 8 lines long, strongly ribbed ; tho 
 persistent style a line long. - Trans, llort. Soc. 2 ser. : i. 408. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 
 272. M. crassifolia, Benth. 1. c. 
 
 A veiy variable species, in dry soils tVom San Diego to Clear Lake, flowering in early sununer. 
 
 7. DENDROMECON, Iknth. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filiform filaments and linear 
 anthei-s. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentas : stylo short : stigmas 2, short 
 and erect. Capsule linear, nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent the whole length by 2 valves 
 separating from the placental ribs, many-seeiled. Seeds oblong or globose, finely 
 pitted, carunculate. — A smooth branching shrub ; with alternate vertical entire thick 
 and rigid leaves, and showy yellow flowers. The only truly woody plant belong- 
 ing to the order. 
 
 1. D. rigidum, Bentli. A shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with many slender branches 
 and whitish bark : leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute 
 or mucronate, sessile or nearly so, twisted ui)on the base so as to become vertical, 
 reticulately veined, the margin rough or denticulate : flowers bright yellow, 1 to 3 
 inches in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : capsules curved, attenuate above 
 into the short stout style, \\ to 2\ inches long: seeds large, 1^ lines long. — 
 Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 3. D. llarfordii, 
 Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 102. 
 
 Dry rocky liills of the Coast Ranges from San Diego to Clear Lake, most abundant south of 
 Point Concejition ; Santa Kosa Island, Harford. Vi-ry variable in its foliage and in the size of 
 the flowers, but uU the forms seem rcferabio to a single s|)ecies. 
 
 8. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. 
 
 Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, deciduous from within a dilated top- 
 shaped torus. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short fdaments and linear 
 anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nei've-like placentas : style very short : stigmas 
 divided into 4 to (> linear unequal divergent lobes. Capsules elongated, strongly 
 lO-nerved, 1-celled, dehi.scent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the 
 placental ribs, many-seeded. Seeds globose, reticulate or rough-tuberculate. — 
 Smooth glaucous slender annuals ; with colorless bitter juice, fimdy dissected alter- 
 nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or yellow flowers. 
 
 The very variable Califomian plant, first collected by Chamisso, and published by him in 
 1820, has since been described under numerous names, and has usually been considered as afford- 
 ing basis for 4 or 5 or more distinct Hi)ecies ; but the differences in habit, foliage, and flowers 
 seem to be of too little moment or too inconstant for a recognition of more than varieties among 
 tho various forms. There are indications, however, that the seeds may allbrd charactors \ipon 
 which some of the following varieties may bo re-established as species. Mature fruiting speci- 
 mens are at present too rare in our collections to permit a positive detennination of the question. 
 
 1. E, Californica, Cham. Usually 1 to 1| feet high and rather stout, branch- 
 ing : flowers large, 2 to 4 inches in diameter, usually brilliant orange in the centre ; 
 torus dilated and often broadly rimmed : capsule 2^ inches long, curved : seeds two 
 thirds of a line in diameter, reticulated ; rhaphe obscure. — Hor. Phys. Berol. 73, 
 t. 15. E. crocea, Benth. 
 
Dicentra. FUMARIACEyR. 23 
 
 Var. Douglasii, (^>nxy. I^ntlier more slondf^r and tlic leaves more finely divideil ; 
 flowers smaller, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, nu)re yellow ; torus with a narrower 
 lirab (tr siui|ily tiuliinate: seed tuberculate ; rhaphe well marked. — K. Dowjlasii, 
 Bcnth. n. IlaVtw. 21)0. 
 
 Viir. hypecoides, Gray. Still raore slender, 4 to 12 inrlics hif,d), the stems 
 lenfy : llow(!r3 ^ to 1 inch in diameter, with cylindrical t^irus : capsule 1^ inches 
 long. — E. /ii/pecoides, Benth. Trans. Ilort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 408. 
 
 Var. caespitosa, Brewer. Stems very short : leaves mostly suhradical, shorter 
 than the scapo-liko podunclca ; tlu^ lobes narrowly linear, acutn : (lowers A to nn 
 incli broad: torus cylindrical: caj)sulo l|to 2 in(;hes long: seeds more densely 
 tuberculate. — E. cceapitosa and (enui/olia, Bcnth. 1. c. 
 
 Sunny oxposnros, pnrticulnrly valloy.s nnd low liilla, tliroupliont tlio Stnto find to "Wa-sliiiiRton 
 Territory, often in great Rbundance. Tlio typical form soenis con(inp(l to (.'aliforiiia. Some ofthe 
 latter reduced forms aie found eastward througli Arizona to New Mexico and S. Utflh, but rarely. 
 This is the most conspicuous flower of the State flora, and sometimes large area.s are made pain- 
 fully brilliant by its intense glow in tlie bright sunshine. The color varies from deep orange to 
 light sulphur-yellow, or even pure white. The largcr-flowcred varieties are common in culti- 
 vation under various names. 
 
 2. E. minutiflolra, Watson. Slender, branching, a foot high : flowers 3 lines 
 in diameter or less: torus without border: capsule 1^ inches long, very narrow : 
 seeds smaller (hardly half a line in diameter), nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 
 122. E. Callfornica, var. tenuifolia^ Gray in Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 5, in j)art. 
 E. Calif arnica, \9.v. hypecoides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 14. 
 
 Peculiar to the interior basin, ranging from Northwestern Nevada {M'ataoii) to Sitgreaves Pass 
 in Western Arizona {Newberry) and Southern Utah, Parry. 
 
 Order VI. FUMARIACEiEJ. 
 
 Tender herbs, with watery and bland juice, dissected compound leaves, and per- 
 fect irregular hypogynous flowers with the parts in twos, except the diadelphous 
 stamens, which are 6 ; the ovary and capsule one-celled with two parietal placenta'. 
 Seeds, kc, as in Papaveracece, to which, being a small group of about G genera, it 
 has boon united. Like that order, the petals aro doubin the number of tlio sepals, 
 viz. four in two sorios. The main charactora are given under tlio gonora. 
 
 1. Dicentra. Corolla flattened, heart-shaped or 2-8purred at the base. 
 
 2. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 
 
 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. 
 Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla flattened and cordate, 
 at least at base, of 2 pairs of petals ; the outer pair larger, saccate or spurred at base, 
 the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaf>ed, mostly carinato or 
 crested on the back ; the small hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, the two 
 forming a cavity which contains the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two sets, 
 viz. three before each of the outer petals and slightly adhering to their base, their 
 elongated filaments more or loss united : the middle anther 2-celIed ; the latoml 
 ones 1-celled. Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 
 2-crc8ted or horned. Capsule narrow, 1 -colled, with 2 filiform parielnl placontic, 
 from which the valves at maturity seimmto. Seeds .sovemi or nnmeiY>u8, somewhat 
 reniform, with or without a crost. — IVrennials, sometimes with tuberif<T0U9 or 
 granuliforous subternmean l>aso or shoots ; with ternately or pinnately ccMupouml 
 
24 
 
 FUM A 1{ I ACEyE. Dicenlra. 
 
 or decompound leaves, wholly glabrous, and racemose or pauiculate IIowhts ; the 
 corolla often Avithering-jiersistent. 
 
 A genus of about a ilozuu species, divided between North America and Kastern Asia with tlie 
 Hiuudayas ; oiio huge and showy species from Northern Cliina, D. s/wdabilis, now common in 
 gardens. 
 
 § 1. Flowers OH a saijie : jUamcnts iujhlli/ united: seeds shining, wilh a loose curnn- 
 cle or crest at the kilum. 
 
 1. D. formosa, DC. Leaves and scapes from the apex of thickish and almost 
 naked creeping routstocks, a span to a foot or two in height ; tho former twice or 
 thrice teruately compound ; the idtimate divisions narrow and incisctly pinnatitid : 
 llowers compound-racemoso at tho summit of tho naked scape : ct)rolla rose-colored, 
 ovato-corduto, with short spreading tips to tho largt-r petals. — Fumaria formosa, 
 Andr. Bot. Ivcj). vi. t. 31)3. 
 
 In tlie Sien-a Nevada at 3,000 to 9,000 feet, and through Oregon to Fmscr River. A graceful 
 plant ; the scapes rather later than the leaves. Base of the corolla sometimes deejily, sometimes 
 slightly cordate. Nearly related to D. eximia of the Alleghanies. 
 
 2. D. uniflora, Kellogg. Leaves and scape from a fasciculate lleshy root sur- 
 mounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains, 3 to 5 inches high : the blade of 
 the former teruately or somewhat pinuately divided, broadly or narrowly ovate in 
 outline, glaucous; the 3 to 7 divisions pinnatilid into a few linear-oblong or spatu- 
 late lobes: scapo 2 - 3-bracted, 1 -flowered : corolla tlesh-colored, narrowly oblong- 
 cordate ; the two outer petals tapering above, at length recurved-spreading. — Proc. 
 Calif. Acad. iv. 141 ; Porter in Ilayden Kep. 1872, 7G0. 
 
 Sierra Nevada in the alpine region, near Cisco and northward, Kellogg, Lemmon. Also in tiie 
 Wahsatch Mountains above Ogden and northward, Cluidbounie, Coulter, &c. 
 
 D. CucuLLAUiA, DC, of Eastern North America, occurs in the woods of Oregon, and may 
 extend to the borders of California. It is distinguished by its simple or nearly simple raceme of 
 cream-colored flowers, with the sacs of tho outer petals extended into divergent spuis. 
 
 § 2. Flowers lone/ ami narrow, compound-racemose or jmnicled on a leafy stem : 
 filaments diadelphous nearlij to the top : seeds dull, crestless. — CiiRYSooArNOS, 
 'i\>rr. 
 
 3. D. chrysantha, Hook. & Arn. Palo and glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves 
 twice pinnate, the larger a foot long or more ; the divisions cleft into a few narrow 
 lobes : racemose })anicle terminal, a foot or two long : sepals caducous : corolla 
 linear-oblong or clavate, bright golden-yeUow, over half an inch long, the b;ise 
 slightly cordate : capsule oblong-ovate or narrower. — Bot. Beechey, 320. t. 73 ; 
 Torr. i]ot. ^Fex. Hound, 32. Capnorchis chrysantha, Plancilion, Fl. Serr. viii. l'.)3, 
 t. 820. 
 
 On arid bills, ic, from Lake Co. to San Diego. Plant of still" and rather coarse habit, but tbe 
 flowers brilliant. 
 
 2. CORYDALIS, Vent. 
 
 Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side, deciduous. Otherwise mainly 
 as in Dicentra. 
 
 A rather large genus, of wide geographical distribution, most abundant in the Old World, only 
 a single and a rare species known in California. Two others are not unlikely to occur on tlio nortli- 
 ern border, viz. 
 
 C. AUitKA, Willd., var. ocoidentai.is (otherwise called C. montana), Engelm., a low biennial 
 species with golden yellow blossoms. 
 
 C. ScouLEUi, Hook. Fl. t. 14, of the woods of Oregon, a thick-rooted perennial, with one 
 or tAvo large 3 or 4 times ])innate leaves on the stem, and loose si)reading racemes of long-spurred 
 rose-colored flowers, —to whiidi the following is somewhat related. 
 
 1. C. Caseana, Gray. Perennial, pale and slightly glaucous, branching, 2 or 3 
 feet high : leaves twice or thrico junnate ; leaflets obovate or oblong, nearly sessile 
 
(:IUJC1FER/K. 25 
 
 (about half an in.l, u, lonfitl.), sonir. of tl.oni more or less rnnnuont : racemes erect 
 dense y many-llowero.!, 3 to 5 ind.es \nu^ -. corolla white or .■ream-color with blmsh 
 tips; the straight spin- half an inch long, horizontal or ascending, very obtuse 
 oxceechng ho res of tho llower : capsule oval or oblong, turgi.l,^tipped with a 
 slender style : seeds sjiming, crestlcss. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. GD 
 
 Moist and shady rnvinos in the Sierra Nevada, near Trn-kee {Boland^r) : thence to I'lumaa 
 Co.. A. L. Case (for whom .t xh named), Lcnrwn, &c. Also in S. Colomdo, i/,a,u&^ 
 
 OuDEK VII. CRUCIFER^. 
 
 Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous stamen<. a 
 2-celled pod (silicic) with 2 parietal placentnp, an<l an embryo hlling the seed with 
 cotyledons (accumbently or incumbently) applied against the ra.licle. — Flowere per- 
 fect, hypogynous. Calyx of 4 sepals, deci.luous. Petals 4, usually with narrowed 
 base or claw, and the lamina spreading, so forming a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens 
 6, two of them inserted lower down on the receptaclo and shorter than tho other 
 four. Ovary 2-colIed by a partition which stretches across from tho placenta?, rarely 
 I-celled by its abortion. Style undivi.lcd or none : stigma entire or 2-lobed 
 I-ruit the peculiar capsule or pod named a si liqiie, or ^^'hen short a si/icle ■ the 2 
 valves falling away from the placentnc. and partition, which persist, forming what U 
 ca led a replnm, ,n a few genera in<lehiscent. Ovules few or numerous, sometime* 
 solitary, campylotropous. Seeds with a smooth coat; albumen none. Cotyledon, 
 cither accumbent (i. c. applied edgewise to the ra.licle) or incumbent (i. e. with the 
 radicle against the back of one of them), usually plane, sometime, (as in Mustard) 
 folded or wrapped around the radicle. Flowers generally in racemes and the pedicels 
 ^vithout any bract. Leaves alternate, without stipules : no glanchilar pubescence 
 
 dist-te/r jl^i^^srZhlr^i^^' CT;"- ;^ irrr -"^ ""1 ''-'^ *'-"--^ '^-- «i---. 
 
 colder rogions. Nearly nil are nnocom exocpUo the evZ"''' ""'' """'' '" '^"' *''"'f^''"'*« ""-^ 
 
 or Mnstanl and tlic root of Horse raS ; s v a „ . .' m^i U;;;"^'"''-; r IT''"^-^."'" ^'"^ ^'"^'' 
 
 n.o staple artiHes of ^od. The order i^so sSllJ'nrtlir-S^l^H; dlsli:!!;- ^^ ^dl^.^t' 
 
 I. Pod regularly dehisrent, 2-valrcd. 
 
 « Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition: cotyledons accuml>ent 
 
 1. -fxacyspermum. Pod lar^e orlnVnlnr s io „ i i i 
 
 winged. Dwarf glabronfn\m,,ar with rflower;r' ^'"'"•'': ""^' "^^'f.^^- Seeds hroadly 
 
 2. AlysBum. Pod small o.Mc lar 9 i ^-'l^ercd 8cape.s: flowers small, whit^. 
 
 Canescent. hrancld^I^ "yZl^lJ- "nt: ' "''" '""'"' "''""'^"- ^"''^ ^^'"^l--- 
 
 • ^;jJlcrir",l:.::iremo;r"^- ^— y-'ed; yalyes flat or convex. Seeds 
 „ -*--•- Pod elongated. 
 
2g CRUCI1'ER.E. 
 
 7. Streptanthua. Aiithera eloiit,':iled, sagittate at base. I'efcils ottcii without a dilated blade, 
 
 iiiuie or k'ss twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. I'alyx dilated and u.iually 
 colored. Seeds in one row. 
 
 8. Cheiranthus. I'etals with a broad Hat linili and liuij,' daw. Calyx huge, not colored. 
 
 Seuv.ls in one row, not margined. 
 
 • » I'od terete or l-angled, .slightly or not at all ('oiniiri'..s.sed : 8oed.s not margined ; i-otyledons 
 
 incunibent or more or loss oblique, 
 -t- Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1 -nerved : seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flattened ; 
 cotyledoii.-i mostly more or less obliiiue : anthers linear. Wlout biennials or perennials. 
 +t Flowers white to purjile : anthei-s sagittate. 
 
 9. Caulanthus. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little longer 
 
 than the broad scjials, usually jiurple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, some- 
 what 'i-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long ur moie. 
 
 10. Thely podium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much exceeding 
 
 the nariow sepals, white or rose-color. Filaments often e.xserted. Style short ; stigma 
 mostly entire. I'od shorter, sessile or short-stipitate. 
 
 +t +t Flowers yellow. 
 
 11. Stanley a. Pod somewhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not 
 
 siigittate, spirally coiled. Leaves petioled, entire or pinnatifid. 
 
 12. Erybiinum. Pod 4-angled, .sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, not coiled. 
 
 Leaves narrow, entire or reitandly toothed. 
 
 +- +- Pod linear, mostly less than an inch long, more or less -l-angled ; valves 1 - 8-nerved : 
 seeds glol)Ose to oblong, smaller and less flattened, in one row {exce|)t one species of 
 iSiij/mbrium): anthers oolong to linear-oblong : flowers yellow (white in Smelowsliia) : at 
 least the lower leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 13. Brassica. Pod nearly terete, with a long stout beak. Seed globose ; cotyledons infolding 
 
 the radicle. Anthers long, sagittate. 
 
 14. Barbarea. Pod pointed, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds oblong; cotyledons nearly accumbent. 
 
 Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. A smooth marsh perennial. 
 
 15. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-iiointed or obtuse. Seeds small, oblong; cotyle- 
 
 dons incumbent. Anthei-a linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, often with finely dis- 
 sected leaves. 
 
 16. Smelo\vskia. Pod short, 4-anglod, pointed at each end. Flowers white or pinkish. 
 
 Alpine perennials with narrowly i)innatifid leaves ; otherwise as iiisi/)nbrii(m. 
 
 -1- -H -t- Pod oblong-cylindrie to globose; valves strongly convex, nerveless: seeds in 2 rows; 
 cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 17. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat 
 
 hispid. 
 
 18. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- 
 
 canescent. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ Pod more or less obcomi)ressed, i. e. flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower 
 
 tlian the valves : seeds not winged. 
 
 -H Valves 1-nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged : cells several-seeded : cotyledons incunibent : 
 flowers white (or yellow in 2'ro2)idocarp^u7n). 
 
 19. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly obcom pressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with 
 
 tufted subulate leaves. 
 
 20. Tropidocarpum. Pod linear, often 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition. 
 
 Slender hirsute annuals with j)innatitid leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 21. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed, many-seeded ; valves carinate. 
 
 Nearly smooth annuals. 
 
 +■ 4- Vnlvos acutely x'liinato or winged : cells few- (1 -5-) seeded : cotyledons accumbont and 
 flowers while (or in JajhiHuiil cotyledons mostly incumbent und in one species the flowers 
 yellow). 
 
 22. Lyrocarpa. Pod fiddle-shaped, flattened, somewhat acutely carinate ; cells 6-seeded. 
 
 Pubescent annuals. 
 
 23. Thlaspi. Pod cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2-4 seeded. A smooth 
 
 alpine perennial ; leaves entire. 
 
 24. Lepidium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit ; cells 1 - 2-seeded. 
 
 -1- -t- -f- Valves inflated, nerveless : cells several-seeded : cotyledons accumbent : flowers yellow. 
 
Drnhn CRUCIFER/K. 27 
 
 25. Physaria. Pod iliilymous ; ci-lls nenily glolniliir. StPllatP-cannsccnt i>orpnnials, with entire 
 
 loiivos. 
 
 II. I'od of 2 inilcliisccnt itUs, sp|mrnting at maturity fmiii tlio persistent axis. 
 
 26. Senebiera. Oils small, gloIx)se, rugose or tiiliorcwlate. Sceij turgid ; cotyledons incum- 
 
 bent. Flowers white, minute, in racemes opposite to the pinnatilid leave-s. 
 
 27. Biscutella. Cells flat, nearly orbicnlnr. Seeaa flat. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated 
 
 01- ctinical, neaily sessile. 
 
 III. Pod indelii.s<cnt, l-celled or transversely jointed. 
 
 28. Thysanocarpufl. Pod small, plano-convox, nrhiiMilnr, wingi-il or margined, l-seoded. 
 
 Slender nnnuais. 
 20. RaphanuB. Pod elongated, terete or neeklare-form, attenuated alx)ve, several-seeded. 
 L'oarso introduced annuals or biennials. 
 
 1. PLATYSPERMUM, Hook. 
 Pod orbicular, flat, witli flat mn-velcsa valves and hyaliiio partition. Seeds few, 
 orbicular, flat and broadly margined with a thin wing; cotyledons accumbent. 
 Sopal.*! o([ual, sproadiiig. Potal.s obovate, scarroly clawed. — A low dolicato annual ; 
 with radical .^siiniilo or pinnatilid leaves, and several slender I-flowerod scapes ; 
 flowers small, white. 
 
 1. P. scapigerum, Hook. rtlabmus : leaves usually runcinately pinnatilid: 
 scapes 2 to 3 in(;hes high : flowers erect or nodding : pod 8- 12-seeded. — FI. i. 68, 
 t. 18. 
 
 On dry hillsides in the .sliado of larger plants, in early spring ; of short duration. Sierra Co. 
 {Lemmon) ; Stcanilmnt Springs, Nevada {IfaLwn) ; and northward to the Columhiiu 
 
 2. ALYSSUM, Tourn. 
 
 Pod oval or orbicular, compressed ; valves convex and nerveless. Seeds I or 2 
 
 in each cell ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals equal. Petals white or yellow. 
 
 Longer filaments often toothed. — Low herbs, stellate-canesccnt, mostly with simple 
 
 leaves. 
 
 A large genus of the Eastern Continent, a few of its species widely naturalized weeds or readily 
 escaping from cultivation. 
 
 1. A. calycinum, Linn. Annunl, l)ranc]iing from tlie roof, flie stems mostly 
 simple, decunilient at base, ^ to 1 foot high: leaves entire, linear-sj)atulatc, 6 to 12 
 lines long : flowers small, in slender racemes, tlio white or pale yellow petals but 
 little exceeding the short sepals : pods orbicular, with a thin margin, slightly emar- 
 ginate above, 1^ lines in diameter, a little exceeding the persistent sepals, pubescent, 
 4-seeded, on spreading pedicels a line long : stylo half a lino long. 
 
 A native of Southern Europe, sparingly naturalized about the Ray of San Franeiseo. 
 
 2. A. maritimum, Linn. Perennial, somewhat cnnescent with appressed silky 
 hairs, the numerous stems branching, a foot higli or less, a.srendiug or decumbent : 
 leaves lanreniatc-spatulate, entire : flowers 2 lines long, the broad white petals twice 
 longer than the deciduous sepals : ])od orbicular, a line broad, nearly smooth, 
 pointed with the slender style, 2-seeded : pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long, spread- 
 ing horizontally. 
 
 Often cultivated for its fragrant flowers under the name of Stveel Afyssunu Native about th« 
 
 Mediterranean ; sparingly naturalized near O.iklnnd. 
 
 3. DRABA, Linn 
 Pod oval to oblong or linear, flat ; valves nearly flat, nerveless or faintly 1 -nerved. 
 Seeds few to many, in 2 rows in each cell. wingles.s ; cotyledons ac^-umbent. Sepals 
 
28 
 
 CUUCIFERyE. Draba. 
 
 equal. Filaments niostly flattened, without teeth. Anthers rounded or oval. — 
 Low annual or perennial herbs ; witli entire or toothed leaves and wliite or yellow 
 flowers. 
 
 A large genus, of nearly a lunulicd or more six^cios, mostly inhahituiits of eool climates, and 
 many al|>inn or anlic. Tlio limits of many of llm spuoics aru with tlilliuiilly (It'tim'tl, and auliior- 
 ilit'H (liller miii'li in llich' vIowh roN|i(icling lliom. 
 
 * Annual or biennial, ivith leafi/ stems: petals nsuallt/ emanjinate. 
 
 1. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent throughout with branching hairs : 
 stems usually bnincliing at base, 3 to G inches high, lealy below or i)nly at base : 
 leaves obovato or sj)atulato with a narrow or cuneate base, A to 1 inch long, spar- 
 ingly toothed toward the a{»ex : petals white, 1 Ji to 2 lines long, twice ns long as 
 the sepals : pod linear-ol^long, 3 to (i lines long, acutish, somewhat pubtiscent with 
 short ascending hairs, on spreading pedicels 1 lo 3 lines k)ng : style none. — 'I'orr. 
 & Gray, I'l. i. 108. 
 
 Frequent e.ist of the Colorado to Texas and the Mississippi Valley. Reduied specimens were 
 collected at Los Angeles by Gambcl, and a more doubtful form by Brciccr in the Temescal Moun- 
 tains, near the tin mines. The latter specimens are scarcely an inch high, tiie leaves obovate- 
 spatulate, only two lines long and entire, the llowcrs smaller (a line long), and the young capsule 
 broader in proportion and glabrous. 
 
 2. D. Stenoloba, Ledeb. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, glabrous 
 above: stems erect, slender, 4 to 12 inches high, with divergent or decumbent 
 brandies from near the base : lea\'es oblanceolate, ^ to 1 inch long, rather thin, 
 acute, rarely and sparingly toothed, ciliate and slightly villous-pubescent ; the 
 cauline few and sessile: petals bright or pale yellow, 1 to U lines long, half longer 
 than the calyx, obtuse : pod linear, 3 to 5 lines long, acute at eacli end, glabrous, 
 in an elongated raceme, on spreading scattered pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : style 
 mme. — Fl. IJoss. i. 154. D. nemorusa, var. lutea, Watson, Dot. King Exp. 22. 
 
 Dry soils in tho Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 to ]u,000 feet altitude, from Yosoniito Valley and 
 Mono I'ass (Jlrcion; (h-tii/) to Donner I'ass {Greene), and eastward in the Wahsatcli and Uintus 
 ( /r«/sL»)i) aiul Colorado. ltap]iearsto be idcntii-al with the original Unalaschkan form, it is 
 readily distinguished iVoni P. neinorosii, with whicii it has hcen confounded and which is frequent 
 in tho moiuitains from Washingtt)n Territory to ('olorado, by its thinner, narrower and more 
 entire leaves and its shorter pedicels. 
 
 * * Biennial or j^erennial. 
 
 +- Stems leafy. 
 
 3. D. aurea, Vahl. Bieiniial, more or less canescently stellate-pubescfuit and 
 usually somewhat villous with braiudiing hairs : stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary 
 or several from the same root, sim[)le or branched, leafy : leaves oblanceolate and 
 petioled, ^ to 2 inches long, tho u])per sessile and oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, 
 entire or sometimes si)aringly toothed : petals yellow turning to white, twice longer 
 than the calyx, rountled at tho apex or emarginate : pod linear-lanceolate, 4 to G 
 lines long, attenuate upward into the short style, pubendent, often somewhat 
 twisted. — Fl. Dan. t. 14G0. Hook. Lot. iMag. t. 2934. 
 
 In the Rocky Mountains fiom Colorado to British America. Specimens collected by Brewer 
 on Mt. Dana at 12,000 feet altitude, anil by Leniinon farther north in the Sierra Nevada, must 
 apparently be referred here though they have more of a nerennial habit than is usual in tho spe- 
 cies. Their basal leaves are densely crowded, and tho wliole plant, including the pods, densely 
 stellate-pubescent. 
 
 +- +- Stems naked and scape-like above the base, few-Jiowered. 
 
 4. D. crassifolia, Graham. Biennial or i)erennial (sometimes apparently annual), 
 glabrous : stems slender, 1 to 5 inches high, solitary or few from a very short and 
 nearly simple rootstock : leaves rosulate, thin. Hat, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 
 ^ to 1 inch long, rarely with 1 or 2 lateml teeth, more or less ciliate with long hairs : 
 
Deiihtria. CUUCMFKILK. 29 
 
 petals yellow, about a lino long, a little exceeding the calyx : porls lanceolate, acute 
 at each end, 3 to 4 lines long, on pedicels noarly as long, in an elongated raceme ; 
 style none. — Torr. & Gray, Kl. i. 100. />. ./o/whhj.s, (!niy, Am. .lour. .Sci. xx.viii. 242, 
 At. Pcicgoy's, above Yosemite Valley, at 7,000 feet altitude, Graij. Uather frequent in the 
 Rocky Mountaina from Colorado to lat. 57°. Near D. Uu-.teji (referred to D. androsdcca), but less 
 cespitose and without the short style which is found in that species. 
 
 5. D. Douglasii, Gray. Glaucous : scajjcs numerous from a mucli-bi-anched 
 leafy caudex, [)ul)eHcent, ^ to 1 ^ inches high, corymhosely (lowered: leaves below 
 ovate, the uppermost obovato or spatulate, 1 to 2 lines long, entire, glabrous or some- 
 what pubescent with simple hairs, hispidly ciliate : petals white, 2 lines long, exceed- 
 ing the rather Heshy nearly glabrous broad and obtuse sei)als : pod ovate-oblong, 
 acutisii at each end, Ijcaked with the slcMuler style, puberulent, 2 lines long ; cells 
 2-ovuled. — I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 328 ; Watson, 13ot. King JCxp. 22. 
 
 South of Carson City, Nevada {Amlcrson) ; on Mount Davidson {Watson); Sierra Valley 
 {Ij^mmon) ; and by Doiiif/as, probably still farther to the north. 
 
 G. D. eurycarpa, Gray. Tomonto.se with stellate hairs: scapes few-llowered, 1 
 to 2 inches higii : leaves rosulato, spatulate, entire, 4 to 8 lines long : i)od ovate, 5 
 to 10 lines long, atnito and beaked with the long slender stylo; ovules mther 
 numerous in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520. 
 
 On a dry summit near Sonora Piuss, at 11,500 feet altitude, Dir.wr.r. Known only from fruit- 
 ing specimens that have slied their seeds. 
 
 7. D. alpina, Linn. Densely cespitose and much branched, more or less stel- 
 lately pubescent and villous : scapes | to fi inches high : leaves crowded at the base, 
 spatulate or ol)lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long, ciliate, notcarinate: flowers large, yellow; 
 petals 1^ to 2^ lines long, much exceeding the broad obtuse sepals: ]»od ovate to 
 oblong-elliptical, 2 to 3 lines long, acute and beaked with the short thick style ; 
 cells 4- 10-ovuled. — Kegel, Fl. Ost-Sib. i. 181 ; Watson, 1. c. 20. 
 
 Var. algida, Kegel. Pubescence villous, not stellate : leaves mostly small and 
 sjjatulate, strongly ciliate, not carinate : style slightly longer. — Fl. Ost-Sib. i. 183. 
 D. algida, Adams; DG. Pro<lr. i. 1G7. 
 
 Var. glacialis, Dickie. Dwarf : leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly oblanceo- 
 late, more or less strongly carinate, and stellate-pubescent, not ciliate : pod short- 
 ovato, pubescent. — Jour. Linn. Hoc. xi. 33. 1). r/lan'n/is, Adam.s, 1. c. 
 
 The tyi)ical Old World form, which occurs also in Greenland, has rather larpe and broad leaves, 
 not carinate, slightly stellate-pubescent, ciliate, the scn])o and pedicels somewhat hairy ; po<l 
 ovate, smooth, beaked with a short style. Tiiis has not l)ecn collected in California, though forms 
 nearly appnwchinj:; it are found in the mountains oast and northward. Var. algidn occurs on Mt. 
 Dana and other peaks about the head of the South Fork of King's Uivcr, nt 13,000 feet altitude 
 (Brewer), and in the Uinta Mountains {U'ntson), as well as on the Arctic Coast. Var. glacialis 
 is somewhat common on high peaks in the Sierra Nevada, and in the mountains eastwanl. A still 
 more extreme form is found on the dry summit of Silver Mountain at 11,000 feet altitude (Brarrr) 
 and in the Kast Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( H'ntxim) ; very dwarf and densely cespitose; the 
 very .short linear leaves appressed, strongly carinate and ciliate, but otherwise glabrous ; the short 
 scajjos and small orbicular pods liirsutc 
 
 4. DENTARIA, binn. 
 
 Pod linear, stout, with a thickened margin, and attenuate above into the elongated 
 style ; valves flat, nerveless. Reeds in one row, turgid, wingless ; cotyleilons peti- 
 oled, the margins somewhat infolding each other. Sepals ecpml. Petals large, long- 
 clawed, white or purplish. — Low perennials, gl,ibr()us or nearly so ; stems simple, 
 from horizontal fleshy rootstocks or small tubers, usually with 1 or 2 long-petioled 
 compound radical leaves ; cauline leaves 2 or 3, approximate near the top, petioled, 
 simple or compouinl ; raceme short, few-flowered. 
 
30 
 
 CRUCIFER.E. Dtutariu. 
 
 A genus of about half a dozen North American species, and as many more of Europe and 
 Northern Asia. Referred to Carduiniiie by lienthani k Hooker, but of peculiar habit and more 
 conveniently kept distinct. 
 
 1. D. tenella, Pmsli. Rootstock inteirupteil, of elongated and soniewliat scaly 
 jointa : stem U to 10 inches liigli, with a jjair of leaves (rarely 1 or 3) near the top, 
 which are often puberulent, shortly petioled, palniately or pinnately 2 -5-parted; 
 the lobes narrowly oblong or linear, ^ to 1 inch long, obtnse, often inucronate, 
 entire or in tlie lower leaf rarely sin\iate ; railical leaves said to be simple, roundish, 
 about o-lobed : tlowers white or rose-colored, 3 to 6 lines long, on slender pedicels : 
 fruit unknown. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87. I), (euui/olia, Ilook. Fl. i. 4G, not Led. 
 
 Indian Valley, Plunuia Co., Mrs. M. E. Pulsifcr Ames. Northward to Vancouver Island and 
 Lower Frascr lUver, Mciizicx, Natlall, Li/n/l. 
 
 D. M.\CKocAiU'A, Nutt., of Oregon, is only knov?n from Nuttall's description, drawn from a 
 single specimen. It is described us having a tuberous root, the radical leaf with 3 niuiform lobed 
 leallets ; cauline leaf a-parted, the segments entire, obtuse ; pod very long, with cuspidate style 
 and capitate stigma. 
 
 5. CARDAMINE, Linn. 
 
 Pod linear, with somewhat thickened margins, merely pointed or beaked above ; 
 valves Hat, nerveless. Seeds in one row, somewhat flattened, wingless ; cotyledons 
 Hat, accumbent. Sepals equal. Petals white or pur[)lish. — Mostly perennials, grow- 
 ing in moist or wet places, usually with running rootstocks or small tubers ; stems 
 leafy; leaves (in our species) all jietioled, simple or pinnate ; raceme elongated. 
 
 A rather large genus, inhabiting the temperate and cooler regions of all (piarters of the 
 globe. 
 
 * Leaves pinnate with several pairs of small leaflets. 
 
 1. C. Gambelii, Watson. Perennial, glabrous throughout, erect, about a foot 
 and a half high : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, sessile, entire or spar- 
 ingly toothed, acute, 3 to I'J lines loug : llowers white, (ju slemler pedicels: petals 
 4 lines long, twice longer than the sepals : pods narrowly linear, usceniling, an inch 
 long, equalling the strongly deflected pedicels : beak slender, a line long. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. xi. 147. 
 
 Collected near Santa Barbara by Gambel, and recently by Dr. J. T. Rut.hrock, of Lieut. G. ^L 
 Wheeler's Survey, in the same region, it much resembles C. pi-akubis, Linn., a species confined 
 to colder noitliein latitudes, ranging from the northern border States to the Arctic Ocean, but 
 dilfeis especially in the sessile leallets and in the divaricate pedicels, which are horizontal or even 
 more reilexed. A very similar form, but somewhat pubescent, has been collected by Bourgcau 
 near the city of Mexico. 
 
 2. C. oligosperma, Nutt. Annual, somewliat hairy or very nearly glabrous : 
 steams weak and slender, 3 to 10 inches high : leaves all pinnate ; leaflets small, 3 
 to 5 pairs, roundish, 1 to 6 lines in diameter, often obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, i)etiolulate : 
 jietals white, 1 to 1^ lines long, twice longer than the calyx : pods few, somewhat 
 approximate, 6 to 9 lines long by half a line broad, attenuate into the short style, 
 erect ; cells about 8-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 85. 
 
 In shaded places from the lower Sacramento to Fraser River ; perhaps also to Sitka. 
 
 C. IIIRSUTA, Linn., which is comiiiou from Oregon northward to Alaska and eastward across 
 the continent, may be found in Northern California, especially the more slender var. sylvatica, 
 Gray. It may be known from the last Ijy its rather stouter habit, leaflets sessile and larger and 
 usually more or less oblong, llowers a little larger, and pods in a longer raceme, narrower, and 
 with more numerous seeds. 
 
 * * Leaflets few, larger : perennials, usually smooth. 
 
 3. C. paucisecta, Benth. Smooth or slightly pubescent : stems from small 
 deep-seated tubers, rather stout, erect, 10 to 18 inches high, simple or branched 
 
Arahis. CRUCIFER/E. 31 
 
 above: lowor leaves often simple, sn])cor(late-orl)ieular, 1 to 2^ iiiclies broad, 5-7- 
 nerved, repaiid ; the iipjxT deeply lobcd or ])iiinately r)-f(jliolate, the leaflets ovate to 
 oblong, more or less irregidarly toothed or entire : petals 6 to 9 lines long, white or 
 pinkish: pods 1 to 1^ incluis long, as many lines wide, pointed at each end and 
 tipped with a style 1 to H lines long: pedicels spreading, ^ to 1 ^ inches long. — 
 PI, Ilartw. 297. C. purpurea, Torr. <t Gray, Fl. i. 6G7. Dentaria interjrifolia <fe 
 Californica, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88. C. anr/ulata, Torr. in Pacif. 11. Rep. 
 iv. 65, &c. 
 
 In the Const Rnnpps fioni Snii Diego to Mendocino County. Specimens Imve nlso l)ccn received 
 from tlie noitliern Sierra Nevada (Mm. Ames, Ijfmmnn, he), winch nppenr to Iwlong to tliis spe- 
 cies, thou<;h in the early state with nil the habit, of a Dentaria. Tlie talkers, as usual, liave a 
 pungent taste, and the leaves arc often marked witli purjile. 
 
 4. C. Brcweri, Watson. Glabrous or slightly pubescent at base : stems from a 
 running rootstock, flcxuous, decumbent at base, 6 to 18 incbes high, usually 
 simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much tlie largest, ^ to 
 an inch or more long, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, obtuse, often cor- 
 date at base; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : petals 2 lines long, 
 white : pods 8 to 15 linos long, obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, ascend- 
 ing on pedicels 3 to 4 linos long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 3.'VJ. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, from Sunora Pass northward (^Brewer, Anderson) ; Oregon {Hall), and in 
 the mountains eastward to Wyoming. 
 
 C. ANf.ULATA, Hook., and C. couniFoi.iA, C.ray, Iwth of tliis proup, are found in Oregon and 
 may reach the northern limits of tlic State. The first has till .slender siniplo stcn)s ; leaves all 
 ternate, the leaflets cuneate-ovato or -oblong, with 3 or rarely 5 lobes or coarse teeth ; flowers few, 
 white, 3 to 4 lines long, on slender ascending pedicels ; pods short. The latter is stouter, with 
 simple cordate-orbicular or -ovate leaves, the margin sinuate ; flowers white, 4 to G lines long ; 
 pods an inch long, attenuate above, on rather short pedicels. This species ranges to Colorado and 
 Now Mexico. Both have ranning rootstocks. 
 
 6. ARABIS, Linn. 
 Pod linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved, not strongly. Seeds in one or two rows, 
 flattened and usually winged ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals short or narrow, 
 rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw and flat blade, white, rose-colored, or 
 purple. Anthers short, ovate or oblong, scarcely emarginato at base. Stigma 
 entire or somewhat 2-lobed. — Krcct, with perpendicular root.s, and undivided leaves, 
 the cauline sessile and usually clasping and auricled at base. 
 
 A large genus of perhaps 100 species, most abundant in Europe and Northern Asia. There 
 are 20 or more species in North America. 
 
 * Annual: pod rejlexed, long-beaked : leaves narrowed at base. 
 
 1. A. longirostris, Watson. Glabrous, glaucous, slender, a foot high or more, 
 branched : radical leaves ovate-spatulate, entire or sparingly toothed ; the cauline 
 linear-lanceolate, an inch long : racemes loo.se ; flowers smalli iVw. light pink ; petals 
 IJ lines long, narrow, a littl(^ exceeding the calyx : pods U to 2 inches long, pen- 
 dent on short pedicels ; beak 3 lines long, narrow : seeds" in one row, narrowly 
 winged. — Bot. King Exp. 17, t. 2. 
 
 In alkaline soil in the valleys of N. W. Nevada, and on the islands in Salt Lake ( /f'rt/.wn) ; 
 S. Utah, Parry: doubtless in Northeastern California. 
 
 * * Biennials : pods s(raifj/i(, sfrirl/i/ rrert, nnrrmr/;/ linear : jJowers srwil/, while or 
 
 nearli/ .so. 
 
 2. A. perfoliata, Lam. (Jlancous: stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 4 feet high, 
 mostly glal)rnu'< but often somewhat hirsute with spreading hairs toward the base : 
 lower leaves spatnlate, 2 to 4 inches long, sinuatc-pinnatitid or toothed, ciliate at 
 
32 
 
 UJiUClFEKvE. 
 
 leiist on the petioles ; the caiiline entire, uvale or iJViite-laneeolutt;, clasping by the 
 sagittate base : putala 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals : pods erect uiid 
 usually ai)pressed, 2 to -i inches long, less than a lino wide, nearly straight, ou ped- 
 icels 3 to 4 lines long; style sliort ; stigma li-lobed : seeds in two rows, narrowly 
 winged or Avingless. - Tarritis ijlairu, i.inn., aiitl T, m(icn>r((r/-a, Is'ul.l. ; Torr. it 
 tiray, I'l. i. 78. 
 
 In the mountains IVoni Sun Diego to the British Boundary and northward, and east across the 
 continent ; also in Europe and N. Asia. 
 
 A. JiiHSUTA, Scop., has not been certainly found in California, but is frequent in the I'oluuibia 
 Valley and northward, and also east to Colorado and the Atlantic. Jt is usually more skndi r 
 and hii-sute than the last, 1 to 2 feet hij,di, the stems often clustered and with sIliuUt .strict 
 branches iibove ; leaves often rosulate at the bu.sc, 1 Ui 2 inches long, tho cauline ovale to olilong 
 or lanceolate ; pod shorter, 1 to 2 inches long, narrower, the wingless seeds strii:lly in one row. 
 
 A. sPAinuLAiA, Nutt., is another nearly allied species, but little known, which may occur 
 in the State, having been found in Oregon and W. Kcvada (if No. G7 Jrutsoii be correctly 
 referred to it). It a[ipears to be a low .slender plant, much like snudl forms of yt. liimalu, but 
 with fewer leaves, those ujion the stem scattered and entire ; peilicels s)>reading ; jiods still 
 narrower, less than an inch long, beaked with a nariow style. 
 
 * * * Mostly pei-ennials : pods erect or asceuding : flowers viostly larger, deeper 
 
 colored. 
 
 3. A. Lyallii, Watson. Bright green or glaucous and glabi'ous, or usually 
 Komewlnit ^Mllons below with spreading hairs, especially on the nnirgin of tbo peti- 
 oles, rarely more or less canescent with stellate pubescenco : stems slender I'rom a 
 branching perennial base, 2 to 15 inches high : radical leaves oblanceolate, on slender 
 petioles, acute, entire ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping and sagittate at base : 
 petals liglit pink, about 3 lines long, twice long*!r than the sepals : style none : ])ods 
 straight, narrowly linear, 1 to 3 inches long : seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Druinmondii, var. alpina, Watson, liot. King Exp. 18. 
 
 In the high Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass to Washington Terntory, and also eastward to 
 Utah and W. "Wyoming ; often aljiine and dwarf. A somewhat variable subal])ine and alpine 
 si)ecies, distinguished by its perennial root from ^/. iJrinirinondii, which seems not to occur west 
 of the Eocky Mountains. 
 
 A. canilSckns, Nutt., of the mountains in K. Nevada and Wyoming, is like smaller forms of 
 A. Lyallii, but is densely stellatc-tomento.se, the somewhat broader pods refle.xed and* often 
 secund, and the seeds in one row and more broadly winged. 
 
 4. A. platysperma, CJray. Canescent with a sliort stellate pubescence : stems 
 several from a perennial base, slender, 4 to 1 2 inclie.s high : leaves entire, the lower 
 oblanceolate or spatuiate, an inch long ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate, sessile but 
 not auricled at base, 4 to 10 lines long : i)etals rose-eolore«l, 2 to 3 lines long : pods 
 straight, erect, 1 to 2 inches long and 2 lines wide, acuminate, without style, 
 loosely reticulated : seeds in one row, with a broad tliiu wing. — Proc Am. Acad. 
 vi. 519 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. IG. 
 
 Alpine or subalpine in the Sierra Nevada from tlie Yosemite to Mt. Shasta ; in the East Hum- 
 boldt Mountains, Nevada, IVatson. 
 
 5. A. blepbarophylla, Hook. & Arn. Smooth or slightly villous, tlu) stems 
 often tuft(;d, 4 to 1 2 inches higli : leaves strongly ciliate, entire or sparingly sinuate- 
 toothed, the lower obovate or broadly spatuiate, 1 to 2 inclu's long, the cauline 
 oblong, sessile, obtuse* or acutish : llowers large ; sepals generally colored ; petals 
 bright purple, G to 9 lines long: ]»ods 1 to 1| inches long and as many lines broad, 
 beaked with the short stout style, loosely spreading : seeds in one row, a line in 
 diameter, wingless or narrowly margined. — Bot. Beechey, 321 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6087. 
 
 On low hills near the coast, from San Francisco to Monterey. Blooming in early spring and 
 " superb in cultivation." 
 
 6. A. repanda, W^atson. liiennial, pubescent especially below with loose 
 branched hairs : stem rather stout and coarse, 2 feet high, and with the apreading 
 
Streplnnlhus. i'KVA'WVMM. oo 
 
 l.niucl.os s„.uewl,H( fLxnous : l.-avi-s obIanceolut«, W to 4 inches Ion", obtuse 
 coarsoly sumate-tootl.o.l, attenuate to a winded suhclasping base, on tlio branchw 
 narrower and acutish : calyx j.nbescent, 8n,newhat n.eniljranaceou.s 1 to U lines 
 ong the pinkish petals a little longer: pods 3 inches long, a line wide, ascending 
 lalcate, somewhat pubescent, tii.ped with a very short stylo : seeds in cue row 
 broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. ' 
 
 Yosoinito Vnllcy, Bolandcr, ii. 4881. A wcll-innrked spcie.s. 
 
 * * « 
 
 even 
 
 Mvsib/ peirnuinis : poJs iisualh, cnrvr,/, more ur /rss rrjlcxcl, or arcuate 
 (/oirniran/ : sfi/fe none: seedn in 1 or 2 roirx. 
 A. Holboellii,IIonieni. More or les.s stellate-])ubescent, nirely hirsute or 
 glal.n.us: stem erect, ^ to 2 feet high, simple or branching: lower lea'ves 
 spatuiate, (Mitirc or denticulate ; caulinc oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and cla-spine at 
 ba.se, I to 1 incli long or more : petals twice longer than tlie cidyx, 3 to 4 lines 
 ong, white or rose-color or rarely purple, becoming rellexed : pods 1 to 4 inches 
 long, h to 1 hue wide, strongly reflexed : seeds wingless or narrowly mai-ined — 
 1-1. Dan. XI, t. 1879. A. retrofracta, (Jrah. ; Watson, I^ot. King Ex]>. 18 "^ Turrit i* 
 patula, Grab. Sisymbrium reflexnm, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 101, fi-'. 29 
 
 Frequent in the Siena Nevada from the Yosc.nite Valley northward, and east to New Mexiro 
 and the Saskatchewan ; it ranges to the Arctic Cimle an,l Greenlan.l. Very variable, especially in 
 
 8. A. arcuata, (Jray. Canescently villous or tomentose with branching hairs 
 tho pubescence ol the mfloivscence short, branched an.l entangled : stems" rathe^ 
 stout, erect Iroiu a braMching perennial ba.se, 1 to 2 fc-t high or more: lower l.>avo.s 
 numoroufl oblanceolate, on sh-nder petioles ; tho caulinn oblong- or linear-Ianceolato 
 1 o 1 inches long, aunde. at base, acute; all sparingly .sinuate-to(,thed, .sometimes 
 entire : flowers erect ; petals purple or deep violet, 4 to lines long, the .sepals half 
 as h.ng and often colored : pods 3 to 4 inches long, .scarcely a line wide, spreading 
 and recurved : seeds mrrowly winged or wingle.s.s. - Proc. Am. Acad, vi 187 
 Watson, J. c. Streptanthvs arcuatits, Nutt 
 
 viliouf ■.Ln!.'^fin' ^^'"^"7- ^>''P.'t[>«^,^'^"^^-cent with den.se stellate pubescence, 
 villous ,b„^. vMth .spreading stra.ghtish ami nearly simple hairs: stems simple 
 
 "ch lon""oi ;:^^'"r";r' 'T'i V^ ^"-^"^^"-^ ''''''■■ ^'^''>-^ ^--^ ^patulatran 
 inch long 01 le.ss, shortly petioled, entire; cauline ovate-oblon- sess le but not 
 sagittate acute, 6 to 9 lines long: petals deep rose-color, 1 to Klines ong l^e 
 
 i Hne'wide • " f"'"'"'' P"^ = T^^ ^P""^*"« '' ''■^'"•'^-'^l- U to 2.^ inch?; o ig 
 a line wide : seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi ] o;^ " ^ 
 
 Fron, Mt. DinMo ,/?,.„.,, „„/,„^,,) ,, ,,^., p, (,,,.^^„^) ^,^,, M..„.locino Co.. Botnn^rr. 
 
 7. STREPTANTHUS, Nntt. 
 V,M\ linear, Mat; valves 1-nerved. See.ls in one row, flattened, more or le.ss 
 winge,l ; cotyledons accumbenl. Petals often without a .lilat^-d blade, more or le«5 
 twi.sted or undulate, the claw channelled. Sepals broa.l and usually colored 
 Longer fdanients sometimes connat... Anthers elongated, .sagitl.ate at l>,-vse. Stigma 
 siniph.. -. Mostly annual or biennial ; leaves usually sagitbile and clasping, toothed 
 or entire or rarely pinnatifi.l. - Cray, Proc. Am. Aca.l. vi. 182 Watson Bot 
 King Kxp. 19 ^ 429. 
 
 A genns of a dozen or more species, ronfined to Western North America. 
 
* Glabrous or ylaucous : stem-leaves broad and daspiiiy by a cordate or saylttate 
 base : a broad torus at the base of the ovary. 
 
 1. S. cordatus, Nutt. Pereunial : stems simple, 1 to 2 feet hi<^h, rather stout: 
 leaves thick, usually repaiuUy tcjotheil toward the apex, the teeth often setosely 
 tipped; lower k-uve.s spatiihitu DViite or obovuto, the petioles Kpann;,'ly ciliato ; cau- 
 line leaves curdate to ubloiigor ovatedaiiceolate, obtuse or acute, with a broad round- 
 auricled base : sepals broad, colored, 3 to 4 lines long, somewhat obtuse, the petals 
 about half longer, greenish yellow to purple : pods broadly linear, 2 to 4 inches 
 long, 2 lines broad or more, nearly straight, lousely spreading : seeds broadly 
 winged. —Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 77 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 19. 
 
 Rare at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, Ebbett's and Sonora Passes {Brewer) ; and east- 
 ward in the mountains ul' Nevada and Arizona to Colorado. 
 
 2. S. tortUOSUS, Kellogg. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with slender virgate 
 branches : lower leaves oblong, narrowed to a winged base, 2 to 3 inches long, 
 repandly toothed ; the upper rounded, ^ to H inches in diameter, clasping by a 
 deep closed sinus, entire : llowers subsecund ; sepals broad, long-acuminate, yellow- 
 ish or purplish, 3 to G lines long, the purplish petals a little longer : pods 2 to 6 
 inches long, a line wide, falcately recurved : seeds narrowly winged or often wing- 
 less. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 152, fig. 46. 
 
 Common in the Sierra Nevada at 4,000 to 11,000 feet altitude, in dry sunny places, from the 
 Yosemite to Yuba Co. ami Mt. Shasta. 
 
 3. S. BrCTVeri, Gray. Annual, branched from near the base, 1 to 2 feet high : 
 lowest leaves broadly oval or obovate, nearly sessile, dentate ; cauline leaves ovate 
 and clasping, the njiperniost lanceolate and acuminate, entire or denticulate : flowers 
 purple ; sepals acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, the 
 petals half longer: pods 1| to 2^ inches long, less than a line wide, erect or as- 
 cending, straight or somewhat incurved : seeds not margined. — Proc. Calif. Acad, 
 iii. 101, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 184. 
 
 In the Mt. Diablo Range, on dry summits of San Carlos Mountain and near the liead of Arroyo 
 del Puerto, Brewer. 
 
 * * Glabrous : stem-leaves very narroivly linear: sepals very unequal. 
 
 4. S. polygaloides, Gray. Annual : stems 1 to 2 feet high, virgate, with 
 simple brunches : stem-leaves 1 to 2 inches long, folded or involute and apparently 
 filiform : sepals yellow, the outer rounded and subcordate, 3 lines in diameter, 
 somewhat .scarious, the inner oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the 
 puri)lo ))f'tals : pods 1 to U inches long, half a line wide, rellexed and somewhat 
 secund on very short pedicels, straight or nearly so, attenuate upward to the short 
 style: seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 519. 
 
 A rare and remarkable species ; lower leaves luiknown. On diy barren magnesian soil near 
 Jacksonville on the Tuolumne {Brewer), and on ilt. Bullion, Bolunder. 
 
 * * * More or less hispid tvith simple hairs : flowers purple or red. 
 
 5. S. glandulosus, Hook. Annual, more or less hispid with spreading hairs, 
 ^ to 2 feet high, branched : radical leaves spatulate, sinuately tootheil ; stem leaves 
 narrow to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to (5 inclu'S long, auriclod at ba.se, sparingly repand 
 or laciniately ilenticulato, the teeth with .somewhat thickened tips : jxtals bright 
 purplish-red, 6 to 8 lines long, half longer than the acutish sepals : pods 2 to 3 
 inches long, a line wide, ascending or spreading, straight or somewhat curved : 
 stigma sessile, dilated : seeds narrowly winged. — Ic. PI. t. 40 ; Bot. Beechey, 322. 
 
 On dry hillsides from Clear Lake to San Luis Obispo. 
 
 6. S. heterophyllus, Nult. Glabrous above, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves 
 gash-pinnatilid, the stem-leaves sagittate : flowers pendulous ; sepals deep purple ; 
 
Clinninlhns. CR !( "I KKIJ .Iv 
 
 35 
 
 petals linear, iHiqilo or wliitisli : pods 3 to T) inclie.s long, very narrow, i)endulou8 ; 
 petlicels 4 lilies long: seeds half a line long, narrowly winged. — Torr. iV (iray, Fl. 
 ink GGG. 
 
 Annual or hicnniiil, known only from Nuttjill's (lcsiTii)tion ami tlie .si>ecinicn in lierb. Hooker. 
 fJiishy Iiills near Han Diego ; distingiiislu;il from other siHJcies of tlie genns by its pendent po<l8. 
 A sppiiiDPn collci^tcd by IJolamicr, pmbalily in tlio same region, seems referable liere, tliougli 
 *<im[ile iiiiil h\\\ 1 J feet higli : Hejjals iinrrow, nmito, <Ji'cp jmipb-, 'A lines long ; petals narrow, pur- 
 plc-vpin<Hi, np;uly twice as long ; style short, with dilated stigma. 
 
 7. S. hispidus, <iray. Annual, liii-sute throughout, simple or branched, 2 to 5 
 inche.H high : leave-s obovate-obloiig or cuneate, coarsely toothed or inci.sed above, 
 the teeth obtuse ; stem leaves .sessile, .scarcely at all clas]>ing : raceme short, loosely 
 flowered, tlic flowers spreading i>r at length recurved ; sepals somewhat membrana- 
 ceous, purplisli, acutish, 2 to 3 lines long, half as long as tlie bright purplish-red 
 petals: pods hispid, 1^ to 2 itiches long, a lino wide, straight, erect: style none: 
 seeds winged. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 101 ; Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 180. 
 On the dry summit of Mt. Diablo, lirexver, BolancUr. 
 
 * * ♦ * Pilme. with .vmplf. /lairit : haven not MUjittate nor danphuj : jloiveri yellow, 
 
 H. S. flavoscons, Hook. Annual: stoui.s HJinpio, erect, a foot high: mdicnl 
 leaves linear-oblong, nearly 2 inches long, sintnto-pinnatilid or -toothed, petioled, the 
 cauline scarcely an inch long: flowers erect; petals yellowisli, linear, nearly twice 
 longer than the oblong acute sepals : i)ods erect, hirsute, beaketl with the slender 
 style. — Ic. PI. t. 44 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 322. 
 
 Near Monterey, Douglas. Matme fruit unknown. 
 
 S. RKPANDUs, Nutt. Hirsute, espp.ially below : steins simple, alwiut 2 feet high : leaves 
 oblong-lniuxolate, elongated, (Masping, angularly toothed or repand aljove : petals white, lineai, 
 about cipialling the linear sepals : pedicels .shorter than the taly.x. Santa Barbara. — Only known 
 from Nuttall's imperfect description. It may be a species of Amhix. 
 
 8. CHEIRANTHUS, linn. 
 Pod elongated, compressed; valves 1 nerved or somewhat carinate. Seeds in one 
 row, flattened, not winged ; cotyledons aceuuibent or ntrely oblique. Petals with 
 elongated claw and flat lind). ("aly.v large, not colopvl, the outer sepals strongly 
 gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobe.s. — Perennial or biennial, more or loss 
 cunescent with stellati^ or appressed 2-partp(l piibescciicc ; leaves entire or nearly so; 
 flo\vers large, purple or yellow. 
 
 A genus of perhaps a dozen species of the nortliern hemisphere, distinguished from Erysimum 
 by the more flattened pods and accumbont cotyledons. rJesides tlie arctic C. pygmfcus only tlie 
 two following species are fouml in America. 
 
 1. C. Menziesii, Ik-nth. & Hook. Perennial with a thick hnig-persistent 
 bmnching nMitstock : the stems simple, smooth, scai^e-Iike, to 8 inches high : rad- 
 ical leaves oblong-lanceolate or ol)lan<eolate, 2 to 4 incluvs long, den.sely covered with 
 a short stellate pubescence, obtuse or acutish. attenuate into a winged petiole ; cau- 
 line bract-like, half an inch long, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, clasping: calyx 2 linens 
 long ; petals liright i)urple, 4 to f) lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods spread- 
 ing, broad, I to 2 inches long, not carinate, attemiate to the slender style : stigma 
 scarcely lobed. — (icn. PI. i. (J8 ; Wat.son, Pot. King Kxp. 14. //esperis Mruziefii, 
 Hook. ; Bot. Beechey, 322. t. Tf). Phtrniaivlix c/ifiraiif/ioufes, Nutt. 1. c. i. 89. 
 
 In the nKumtnins, from Kbbctt's I'liss in the Sierra Nevada (lirrtrrr), to the Columbia River 
 (Dnugliix), and in Northwestern Nevada, ira/.ioii. 
 
 2. C. asper, Cham. S: Schlecht. Ifatber sjiaringly ])ul)escent with appre.ssed 
 2-parti'd Imii-s : stem simple from an apjiarently biennial root, eixn-t, leafy, 3 to 18 
 inches high: leaves siiatuliite or oblaiiceolate, the lower long-petioled, the cauline 
 
36 
 
 CHUCiFEK.E. - Cauluuthus. 
 
 mure or less attenuate to the base, 1 to 2 iiichus long, entire or usually sinuate- 
 toothed : sepals broad, 4 to lines long, half the length of the bright yellow or 
 orange petals: anthers long, sagittate: pods U to 2 inches long, \\ lines wide, 
 some°\vhat carinate, spreading on rather stout pedicels : stigma 2-lobed : cotyledons 
 accumbent or slightly oblique. — Liunti-a, i. 1-i ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 32. 6'. capi- 
 tatus, Dougl. in Hook. M. i. 38, A'rt/simum </raiiJijlorum, IMutt. 
 
 Oil the sea-slioie from Monterey to Mendocino Co., usually stunted and the base of the stems 
 crowded with the i.ersisLcnt petioles of old leaves. It seems also to extend to sandy hills a few 
 miles from the coast, where it is taller and more slender, having unich the habit of Erynhnum 
 asperura, with which immature .specimens may be confounded. 
 
 9. CAULANTHUS, Watson. 
 Pod terete, eloiigati'.d, sessile upon the receptach* ; valves l-nerved. Sii'ds in one 
 row, oblong, somewhat Uattened, scarcely or not at all margined ; cotyh'ik)ns more 
 or less incumbent. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Petals but little 
 longer, undulately crisped, the blade only a somewhat dilated rhomboidal extension 
 of the broad claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved : fdaments included. 
 Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. — Stout biennials ; with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, 
 and purple or greenish-white llowers. — Jiot. King Exp. 27. 
 
 A genus peculiar to Calilbrnia and the interior basin. A fifth species, 0. hnstutus, Watson, 
 1. c, t. 23, is found in the mountains of Utah. 
 
 1. C. procerus, Watson, 1. c. Glabrous or glaucous throughout : stems 4 to 7 feet 
 high, stout, branching : lower leaves petioled, coarsely laciniate-pinnatiiid, 4 to 12 
 inches long ; the upper lanceolate, sessile, acunanate : llowers greenish white, 4 to 5 
 lines long, on ascending pedicels half as long : pod terete, very slender, 3 to 5 
 inches long, less thau a line broad, pointed, erect or somewhat spreading : stigma 
 nearly entire. — Stvejdanthus Jlavescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 18G, in part. 
 IS. procerus, Brewer, in same, vi. 519. 
 
 Rich clay soils from Monto Diablo to I'acheco I'uss ; locally known as "Wild Cabbage" and 
 sometimes used as a j)oor potherb. 
 
 2. C. Coulteri, Watson, 1. c. Mostly Insipid : stems rather slender, 1 to 2 feet 
 high, sim[ile or branched : leaves mostly dentate, sessile, the radical broadly spatu- 
 late and sinuately toothed ; cauline oblongluiir.eolate, clasj)ing with a cordate base ; 
 the uppermost entire : so^jals 3 to I lines long, broad, acute, hispid : pod straight, 
 terete, 3 to 4 inches hmg, nearly I A lines bn.ad, pendent n])ou the liispid pedicel, 
 beaked by the stout style : stigma 2-lobed. — iStnplanthas htterojilii/llus, Gray, 1. c, 
 in part, not of Nuttall. 
 
 Southern California {Coulter) ; Fort Tejon, Xanlus. 
 
 3. C. pilosus, Watson, 1. c. Somewhat pilosely hispid, at least at base : stout, 
 erect, branching, 3 to 4 feet high : leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatiliil ; lobes si)aringly 
 angular-toothed : llowers spreading, in a loose raceme, greenish wliite, the oblong 
 petals narrowed above, 4 lines long ; calyx slightly hairy : pod slender, 3 to 5 inches 
 long : stigma slightly 2-lobed, nearly sessile. 
 
 Truckee and Humboldt Valleys, W. Nevada {JValsaa), and probably oi-curring in the low 
 valleys of Northeastern California. 
 
 4. C. crasBicaulis, Watson, 1. c. Glabnm.s, glam^ous : stem hollow, inllated, 
 erect, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched : leaves mostly radical, petioled, runcinate or 
 runcinate-pinnatiiid : flowers 6 lines long, dark pur[)le ; calyx very woolly : pod 
 terete, 3 to 5 inches long, li lines broad, ascending on very short pedicels : stigma 
 2-lobed, sessile. — Strtptanthus crassicanlis, Torrey, Stansb. liep. 384, t. 1. 
 
 From the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada to Utah, on dry foot-hills ; also known as " Wild 
 Cabbage " and at times used for food. 
 
Thehj podium. CRTiriFER/K. 3"^ 
 
 10. THELYPODIUM, Kn.ll. 
 Pdd liiioar or eloiif^atcil, torcto or sli-^'htly c-oniprcsscd, scssilo or sliort-stipitate ; 
 valves strongly l-jierved. Seeds in one row, ohlong, sonjcwhat flattened, not 
 winged ; cotyledona more or less incumbent. Sepals narrow, ecpial at base. Petals 
 with a narrow claw and flat linear to orbicular limb, exserted, white or rose-color. 
 Anthers linear, sjigittate at base, curved ; filaments often exserted. Stigma mostly 
 entire. — Probably all biennials, mostly stout and coai-stv — Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 'if). Parhi/podinm, Nutt. in Torr. k Cray, Ki. i. 9(1 ; iJentli. it Hook. (len. 
 Pi. i. 81. 
 
 A genu.s of tnii icfjogiiizml spcnira, rliicfly ''oiifineii to tlic western coast anrl interior l>asin, a 
 single species occurring in Texa.s and the Atlantic States. The Mexican Horn probably includes 
 some otners. 
 
 * Leaves alt entire : xtipe obsolete 07- very short : filaments scarcely exserted : glabrous. 
 
 1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stout, 3 to G feet high, branched at tlie summit, 
 often corymbosely : radical leaves largo (often a foot long or more), oblong-elliptical, 
 long-potiolod ; caulino leaves mostly narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, sessile, 
 ascending, the uppermost linear : flowers crowded and almost corymbose at the end 
 of the branches; sepals 1^ to 2| lines long; petals spatulate-obovate, pale rose- 
 color : fruiting racemes short and crowded ; pod G to 15 lines long, somewhat toru- 
 lose, acuminate with the slender style. — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodium integrifolium, 
 Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. & Am. P.ot. P.rechey, 321, t. 74. 
 
 Kdgn of the Mohave Divscrt (Hrcrmann), and frp(iucnt on the ca-strrn side of the Sierra Nevada 
 from Orog<in to the ITppor Missouri and New Mexico. 
 
 2. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 to 18 inches high, 
 loosely branched : leaves somewhat glaucous, the radical long-i)etioled, lanceolate, 3 
 to 4 inches long ; cauline leaves sagittate and clasping : petals pale pink, 3 to 5 
 lines long, twice longer than tlio purplish calyx : the loose raceme elongated in 
 fruit: pod 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat tonilose, acuminate with the rather long 
 style, spreading, on pedicels 3 to G lines long : cotyledons often nearly incumbent. 
 — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodinni sagittatum, Nutt. 1. e. 
 
 Under bushes in alkaline localities, from Carson and Truckco Valleys, Nevada, to Western 
 Wyoming ; doubtless in the northeastern portion of the State. 
 
 3. T. Nuttallii, Watson, 1. c. Resembling the last, but stouter and more erect, 
 3 to f) feel higli: radical leaves ovate, long-potioleil, often 6 to 8 inches long; the 
 cauline lanceolate, sagittate : petals and calyx bright purjile, rarely whitish : seed 
 flatter and cotyledons nearly accumbent. — Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt. 
 
 In similar localities, from the Blue Mts., Oregon (^Ncvius), and Southern Idaho (Xuttall) to 
 Nevada ami Utah {Jfatson) and Arizona, Ives. 
 
 * * At least the radical leaves toothed or pinnatifid : stipe manifest : filaments long- 
 
 erserted (except in iVo. G and 7) : hirsute at base (glabrous in iVo. 5). 
 
 4. T. brachycarpum, Torr. Stem usually erect, virgate, rarely branching, 1 to 
 5 feet high : leaves smootli or somewhat hairy, the radical oblanceojate or spatulate, 
 pinnatilid or toothed; stem-lcavos erect, narrow, sagittate and clasping, entire or 
 sparingly toothed : flowers in a long crowded raceme : petals narrowly linear, white, 
 3 to 4 lines long : pod 9 to 12 linos long, acuminate with the slender stvle, ascend- 
 ing on short pedicels. — Hot. Wilkes Exp. 231. t. 1. 
 
 Mono I'assand near Mono Lake (/f)r;wr) and northward to the Tru<kco nivrr(r"rm/, Bailey) ; 
 fii-st collected by /'irkrriiifj, prolwbly on tin- Upj)er Sacramento. 
 
 n. T. laciniatum, ImkII. Ciabrous: stem stout, erect. 1 fo T) feet high, simple 
 or brandling : leaves ail p<>tioled. 3 to G inches long or mon\ lanceolate to broadly 
 
33 CRUCIFER.'E. TheUjpodiam. 
 
 oblong, laciniately pinnatitid or coarsely and imequally sinuate-toothed : i-aceme 
 long and crowded: petals linear, 3 to 5 lines long, nearly white: pod \\ to 2^ 
 inches long, pointed with the slender styh^ on short stout divaricately spreading 
 pedicels. — Maa-opodiuiii laciitlatam, Hook. liot. Misc. i. 341, t. G8. Pachyiiodlam, 
 Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 From Ciii-soa uml Tiuckuc Vullcys to thu C-'ohuubia River. 
 
 G. T. longifolium, Watson, 1. c. Erect, rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high : lower 
 leaves oblanceolate, li to 3 inches long, petioled, sinuately toothed, the ujjper linear 
 and entire : Uowers scattered, on slender pedicels : sepals purplish, broad, obtuse, 2 
 lines long, a little shorter than the j)urple petals : lilainents not exserttnl : anthers 
 short : pod terete, 1 to U inclies long, very narrow, acaite with the very short style, 
 ascending. — iStrt'j>tant/iiis luiKiifoliiis, IJcnth. 1*1. llartw. 10. »V. viicrnnthns, (hay, 
 PI. Fendl. 7. 
 
 Huevis Valley, W. Arizona (Lujclaw), to New Ale.xico and sovithwuul ; i)iobably in S. E. Cali- 
 foraia. 
 
 7. T. flavescens, Watson, 1. c. Pilose : lower leaves sinuately toothed ; the 
 upper sessile and entire, not auricled at base: sepals and ])edicels hairy: pod 1| 
 inches long, nearly terete, sparsely hirsute, beaked with the long slender style, 
 strictly erect. — Slreptanthus flavescens, Torrey in Pacif. E. liep. iv. 65, not Hook. 
 
 A little known species, iH)llceted only by Jii<ji:lmo near lieuicia ; said to have yellowinh flowers. 
 
 An iniiicrfeut fiiii(inL( siiecinien, eollected by Cooper at Fort Moliavo, is probably to be referred 
 to this genus rather than to lSisy)iihriiiia, — well marked but not aeconling with any known 
 species of either genus. It is glabrous above, with nariow entire leaves, sagittate at base and 
 clasping ; pods few and stuitteied, strongly reflexed on short pedicels, an inch long, terete and 
 rather stout, beaked with a slender styh; ; seed-coat gelatinous on boiling. The lower part of the 
 stem is wanting. 
 
 11. STANIiEYA, Nutt. 
 
 Pod linear, elongated, terete, long-stipitate ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in one row, 
 
 oblong, not winged ; cotyledons linear, incumbent. Sepals equal at base, narrow, 
 
 spreading, yellow. Petals yellow, narrow, with long connivent claws. Anthers 
 
 linear, not sagittate, at length closely coiled ; filaments much elongated. Stigma 
 
 sessile, entire. — Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated racemes. 
 
 A genus of but three .sjiecues, confined to the interior of the continent, a single oi>e reaching 
 the southern inntions of tiie State. 
 
 I. S. pinnatilida, Nutt. (ilabrous : stems several from a perennial woody 
 Imse, 1 to H fret higli, simple : lower leaves coarsely lyraUi-pinnatilid with few 
 oblong segments ; the upper entire, lanceolate, narrowed to a sleuder i)etioie, : calyx 
 3 to 4 lines long : petals half longer, the claws and stijjc of the ovary somewhat 
 pubescent: pod 2 inches long, a line wide, curved, atteiuiate into a slender stipe 
 6 to 9 lines long, exceeding the spreading or horizontal pedicels. — Gray, (ien. 111. 
 i. 154, t. 65. >S'. integrifoiia, James. -S". heterophylla & /ruiicosa, Nutt. 
 
 Pose Creek (Ileermann) ; Santa Barbara Co. (Torrey) ; Fort Mohave (Cooper) ; and north and 
 eastward through the interior to the Snake River, the Upper Missouri and New Mexico. Califor- 
 nian specimens have the leaves all narrow and entire, and the pods horizontally recurved, corre- 
 sponding to the figure of the Arizona ]ilant in Sitgrcaves Rep. t. 1. 
 
 S. viiiiDiKi.oiiA, Nutt., is known by its lanceolate sessile and clasping stem-loaves, the mdical 
 ones obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few runcinate teeth toward the base ; caly.x and petals 
 greenisli yellow ; pod torulose. It is found in the valleys of Northern Nevada and north and 
 eastward, and may occur in Northeastern California. 
 
 12. ERYSIMUM, Linn. 
 
 Pod 4-angled by tlie prominent mid nerve of the valves, not stipitate. Seeds in 
 one row, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons inrumbent or oblique. Sepals ere<!t, 
 
/hnssicn. CRUCIFKR;!': 
 
 39 
 
 tlio iilteriiate ones strongly gibbons at base. Petals lung clawed, with a Hat blade. 
 Anthers sagittate at base, not coiled. Stigma 2-lobed, dilatr'd. — Biennials or per- 
 ennials ; with narrow entire or repandly toothed leaves, not clasping ; the llowers 
 often large, yellow or orange, or occasionally purple. 
 
 A mllior largo fjoinis of tin- iinrthnrn lipriiisiilirre, most nninoroiisly rojinscnto-l in tlio Old 
 World. Mnt two or \h\oc sjMM'ica arc found in Ainerifa. 
 
 1. E. asperum, !)(/. liicnnial, cancscent with short apjtres.scd hairs: stems 
 solitary nnd siiupli', mrely l)ran<'lied above, 1 to '.] feet high, or less : lcavf^s oblan- 
 ceolate or narrowly spatidate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or spar- 
 ingly repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long : sepals narrow, 4 to 6 lines 
 long, strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or 
 purple : pods 1 to 4 inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending 
 on stout spreading pedicels 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. i. 64, t. 22. 
 
 Var. (?) pumilum, Watson. A low form, the stem branching from the base ; 
 blossoming in early spring. — IJot. King Kxp. 24. 
 
 Var. (?) inconspicuum, Watson, 1. c. 'lall nnd slender, the flowers smaller, 
 lighti yellow, the petals narrow nnd claw scarcely o.xsertod. 
 
 A variable .species, widely difTiiscd, ranging from Mexico to British Anioricn, and from tho 
 Pacific to Texas and Oliio, — and in elevation from the low hot valleys of tlic interior to above the 
 forest line in the Sierra Nevada. Alpine specimens are much dwarfed. The flowers are very 
 showy and usually fragrant. The low variety referred to, from sandy hillsides in the Washoe 
 Mountains near C'ar.son ('ity, Nevada (IVnLion), much resembles the Colorado E. pumilum 
 of Nuttall, which is, however, a decided {lerennial, with simple stems from a branching rootatock, 
 though in the original description it is said to be an annual. The var. iru-oiutpicuum ranges 
 from Northern Nevada to the .Saskatchewan and is likely to 1h> found in N. California. 
 
 13. BRASSICA, Linn. MrsTAun, kc. 
 Pod linear, nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak, 
 not stipitate ; valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds in one row, globose, not margined ; coty- 
 ledons infolding the radicle. Lateral sepals usually gibbous at base. Petals yellow. 
 Anthers long, sagittate at base. — Coarse erect herbs ; lower leaves mostly pinnate 
 or lyrate with a large terminal lobe. — Sinapis, Linn. 
 
 A largo penus of nearly 100 s]>ecies or more, notivesof the Ka.stern Continent, but many widely 
 naturalized as weeds or extensively cultivated. Among the latter, li. olrrncrn in its sovernl vari- 
 eties gives tho Cabbage, liroccfdi, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, &c. ; B. rnvi))r.itri.t, tho Turnip, 
 KutJilmga. Hope, &c. ; while tho White and liiac.k Mustards and Cliurlock belong to distinct 
 species. 
 
 1. B. nigra, Boiss. Glabrous or with some scattered spreading hairs, annual, 
 branching, ^ to 12 feet high : leaves all petioled, the lower lyrate with the terminal 
 segment very large and deeply lobed ; upper leavers lobed or entire : petals 3 to 4 
 lines long, twice the length of the yellowish sepals : pods clo.sely appres.sed, 4-angled, 
 6 to 9 lines long, sharply beaked with the long style : seeds dark brown. 
 
 niack Mustard, a most troublesome weed ond ilifficult to eradicate, covering large areas, par- 
 ticularly in the more fertile valleys of the southeni half of the State, sometimes forming a den.se 
 growth. Tlie seeds are. more pungent than the White Mustard {B. alba, readily distinguished by 
 its hirsute iK)ds\ and have been exported in large quantities. 
 
 2. B. campestris, Linn. Annual or sometimes ])iennial, smooth, 2 to 3 feet 
 high : lower leaves more or less glaucous, pinnately divided with a large terminal 
 lobe ; the upper loaves oblong or lanceolate with a broad clasping aurictdate base : 
 ilijwers 3 to 4 lines long: pods nearly terete, 2 inches long or more, 2 lines wide, 
 ascending on spreading pedicels ; the stout beak 8 to 10 lines long. 
 
 Much less trnublesome than the last, but rntlier common in fields near the Bay of San Fran- 
 cisco and occa.sionaliy met with elsewhere. The wild state hIiows little resemblance to the culti- 
 vated forms. 
 
40 
 
 Ull UCl FER.-E. Ihassica. 
 
 3. B. Sinapistrum, r.oiss. Annual, rough with spreading liairs, 2 to 5 feet 
 liigh : lower k'uvus usiuiliy with a largo coarsely toothed terminal lohe and a few 
 smaller ones upoji the rliarliis; the upj^ir leavi-s often undivided, oblong or lanceo- 
 late : pods somewhat torulose, 1 to U inclu-a long, more than a thinl occupied by 
 the stout 2-edged beak; valviis often ribbiul by the prominent nerves. — SiHaj>is 
 (trvt/tsiii, Linn. 
 
 The (Jhurlock of tliu Eaatfiu SUitcs anil Europe, where it is olteii a troublesome weuil in grain- 
 fields. Sparingly naturalizeil in Southern Caliloinia. 
 
 14. BARBAREA, U. IJrowu. Winteu Chk.ss. 
 
 Pod linear, somewhat ilattened, pointed ; valves somewhat carinate. Seeds in 
 
 one row, oblong, turgid, ujarginless ; cotyledons slightly obli(]ue. Petals yellow.- — 
 
 Glabrous erect branching biennials or perennials, with angled stems and entire or 
 
 pinnatitid leaves. 
 
 A small genus of temperate regions, some of the species widely distributed. The only one 
 native to Ameiiea is the following. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, Ik. iJr. Perennial, 1 to 3 feet high : lower leaves lyrate-pin- 
 natitid (the radical pinnate), with a largo rounded terminal lobo and 1 to 5 pairs of 
 lateral ones, oblong in the canlino leaves ; ui)por leaves obovato, more or les.s pin- 
 natilid at buso : llowers 2 to 3 lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods erect, often 
 uppressed, 1 to 1^ inidies long, Honiewliut angled when mature, about 25-8eoded, 
 beaked with the rather slender style. — (jray, Cien. 111. i. 148, t. G2. 
 
 Var. arcuata, ICoch. Pods and pedicels spreading. 
 
 Inhabiting marshes and damp places. Only the variety seems to have been collected in Cali- 
 fornia, near San Francisco and northward to Sitka, though the typical form is common in Oregon 
 and eastward ; the species ranges neaily round the world. 
 
 15. SISYMBRIUM, l.inm Hedge Mustakd. 
 
 Pod linear, terete or nearly so, short-pointed or obtuse ; valves somewhat 1-3- 
 nerved. Seeds usually in one row, small, oblong and teretish, not margined ; coty- 
 ledons incumbent. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Petals yellow or yellowish. 
 Anthers mostly linear-oblong, sagittate. — Erect herbs, with small flowers, the 
 leaves (in our species) not clasping or auriculate at base, rarely entire, often tinely 
 dissected. 
 
 A largo genus of rather tlillicult defniifion. nrlncipally conlinod to the northern temperate zone. 
 The American species, less than a dozen, belong to the region west of the Mississippi, ^S". canen- 
 cens alone ranging farther eastward. 
 
 * Seeds ill tivo rows : leaves usualli/ finely dissected. 
 
 1. S. canescens, Nutt. Annual, canescent with short branching hairs: stems 
 branched, i to 2i feet high : leaves 1 - 2-pinnate, the segments more or less deeply 
 pinnatifid "or toothed : petals light yellow, equalling the sepals, usually a line 
 long or less : pods oblong to linear, 3 to G lines long, a lino broad or less, acuto 
 at each end and beaked with the very short style, shorter than the slender spread- 
 ing pedicels: seeds ovate-oblong, a third of a line long. — Oray, Gen. 111. i. 102, 
 t. G't ; rounder, Sisymb. Go ; Watson, Dot. King Exp. 23. 
 
 In dry soils from Monterey southward, and very abundant in the valleys on the eastern side of 
 the Sierra Nevada, where its seeds are collected by the Indians. The species ranges in the interior 
 from the Arctic Circle to Mexico, and as far eastward as New York and Pennsylvania. The aS'. 
 brachycarpuDt. cited by Fouinier as from San Diego is probably but a form of this, as is certainly 
 the northern plant so named by Richardson. The species is (^uite vaiiable, esiiecially in the 
 section of the leaves and length of the pod. 
 
^Sisi/inbrinm. CltUClKER/K. j-. 
 
 * * Serih in one fair. 
 +- Leaves jniinatr or hi}, innate. 
 2. S.incisum KngHin. Annual; pubosconco elu.rt, more or less glandular- 
 stems l.ian.-h..,|, 1 to 4 foot high : leaver pinnato, the 8ognient8 linear to ovate- 
 nblong, nioro or loss doeply piunatili.l, souiotinies entire : ju-tals yelh.w about U 
 lines long: pods narrowly iinoar, usually p..intod at l)oth ends, half an 'in.-h long 
 and 8- 12-seeded, or soinetinies muoli shorter and few-seoded, mostly exeeeding the 
 spreading pedicels. — (Jray, PI. Fendl. 8. Smclovd-in {]) ('nlifornim, (Jrav, Proc 
 Am. Acad. vi. r)20. Sist/mbriinn Californicnvi, Watson, r.ot.' King Kxi)'';] fjdo 
 (iray in Am. Jour. 8ci. 3 scr. iii. loO. 
 
 Var. filipes, Gray. A form with divaricate petlicels, (j to 8 lines loii" exceed- 
 ing the p,„l.s. — Pi. Fendl. 8. S. loiujepeAiceUatum, Fourn. 8isyml). m exid syn 
 
 Var. Hartwegianum, Watson, has the rather short pods on somewhat appreised 
 or nearly eroct pedu-els about 2 lines long. — ,S'. llartwer/ianHm, Fourn. l.-c. G6. 
 
 In dry soils in the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 to 10,000 feet elevation (Brrurr), and in the moun- 
 tarns 1101 tlnvard and eastward to Wasliington Territory, Winnipeg Valley, and New Mexico The 
 var. y?/7;,r5 oe.a.rs both from Oiwon {Spaldin,j), peitectly glal.rous, and from Arizona (Pa W) 
 canoscent with a fine densM pubescence. Fie.piont intermediate forms connect var. Harlweat 
 nnum with the tyjucal atato. ^lunwcgi 
 
 A pocnliar type. j-erliaps distinct, with short clnvato nlmost imintlesa pods, 2 to 3 linP3 loiiff 
 on 8t.ll shorter pedicels, was collected by Tolmie in the " Snake Country^' (S. brarAijcnrpum of 
 Bot Reechey. not Kichardson) and more recently by Dr. Gray in Humboldt Vallev, Nevada. It 
 will probably be found m Northeastern California. ., u>x. 
 
 +- ^ Leaven pinnatifid or sometimes entire. 
 
 3. S. reflexum, Nutt. Annual, with .scattered simple hairs : stems mlhcr slen- 
 <ler, olten simple, h to 2 feet high : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, pinnatifid with divari- 
 cate tootlied segments, the upper often only sinuate-toothed : petals rose-color, white 
 or yellowish, 1 hin 2^ ines long : pod slen.ler, 1 to 2 inches long, half a line wide, 
 terete strongly .hdlexed, straight or somewhat curved, on short pedicels. — PI Gara- 
 bel. 183. Inrritis (?) lasiopk>//fa, Hook. & Arn. I}ot. Beechey, 321 S cfrtfejrum 
 Harv. ; lorrey, Pacif. K. Pej.. iv. GC ; Fournier, 1. c. 108. ' ' 
 
 S UKh '/V„i'""pi' ^^'r'-^^A- ''"!''^T!r' T'^^^' ''""' ^'"^ '"''^ ■' ^'•"•'•<i.>l..pe Island (Patm.r) ■ 
 vS. Utah, J<n-ri/. Characterized by its deflexed pods. 
 
 4. S. junceum, Bieb Perennial, glabrous, glaucous: stems bnmche.l, 1 to U 
 leet Ingli : leaves narrowly oblanceolato or linear, I to 2 inches long, attenuate to a 
 iiarrow base, en iro or sometimes pinnatili.l with a few narrow .segments : petals 
 
 ight yellow, 3 lines long: po.ls ascending on short spreading pedicels, 10 to 1.5 
 hnes long, half a hue broad ; style short and thick ; stigma broad and 2-lobed. - 
 lorr. c'fe Gray 1<1. j. 91; Watson, 1. c. S. ppfjmrrum & linifolivm, Nutt ; Torr k 
 Uray, H. i. 91. Erysimum (?) fffaberrimum, Hook. S^ Arn. 'Pot. Beechey 323 
 
 wiuSu'hA'i'f'ri' .•'^"i:^,',^"""*'^ (^';'""» ; K-t HumlK>ldt Mountains. NevadaVr«/.o,0 : 
 will piolubly be found in Northeastern California. It is also native to Silx^ria. 
 
 5. S acutangulum, DC. Annual, hirsute with scattered simple haii-s : steins 
 1 to . te.a iiigh, with ascending branches: leaves peliole.l. runcinate-pinnatifid, 2 
 o 6 niches long: petals yellow or yellowish, 1 to 2 lines long : p„ds terete, 1 t.) 
 
 li inches long, less than a line wide, erect or a-sccnding on very short pedicels. 
 A nativ.. of S. i: mope, nnturnlizod near the older towns from San Francisco to Los Angeles. 
 
 6. S Officinale, Scop. Annual or biennial, sparinglv hirsute, divaricately 
 branched : leav.-s runcinately pinnatilid. 3 tn (i inches Imig : Howen* small, light 
 yollow: pods terete, half an inch long, a line wid-. tapering from the base to a 
 Sharp point, noarly sessile, clo.sely appres.sed in a long slender raceme. 
 St^teS"""^^^"^ '^'''"^' ""'^'""^'•^ '"™'" '''"™''*'' ""^ '" f^«I'fo"'in hut very frmjucnt in the Atlantic 
 
42 
 
 CRUClFERJil. Smelowskiu. 
 
 16. SMELOWSKIA, 0. A. Meyer. 
 Pod short, pointed at each end, 4-angled, few-seeded : valves strongly 1-nerved 
 and carinato. iSeedg in one row, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons incumbent, 
 i'otals white or i)iidcish : anLliei's oval to oblong. — Dwarf n\[>'um perennials ; leaves 
 narrowly pinnatilid. 
 
 A genus of 4 or 5 species, all Siberian, and one of tiium also found in the mountains of Western 
 America. A doubtful Culifornian siiecies is added. 
 
 1. S. calycina, C. A. Meyta-. Densely white-tomentose to nearly glabrous, cespi- 
 tose, the uiucli-branclied rootstoik thickly coveriid with the sheathing bases of dead 
 leaves : stems erect, sim[)le, 2 to 6 inclies high : leaves mostly radical and with 
 long slender petioles, pinnate ur pinnatilid ; segments linear to oblong, entire or 
 sparingly lobed : calyx villous : jjctals '2 lines lung : pods 3 to 6 lines long, a lino 
 wide, attenuate to each end and beaked with the short style and broad stigma, 
 ascending on spreading pedicels : seeds 2 to 8, a line long. — Ilutchinsia calycina, 
 Desv. ; Hook. Fl. i. 58, t. 17, fig. B; Watson, Eot. King Exp. 24. 
 
 On Lassen's Peak and in the northern Sierra Nevada {Lemmon) : from Colorado to Oregon and 
 northward to the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 2. S. (0 Fremontii, Watson. Pubescent witli scattered short spreading hairs, 
 the branching woody base with few remnants of old leaves : stems 2 to 4 inches 
 high : leaves less than half an inch long, jjinnate with 1 to 3 pairs of linear leailets, 
 which are strongly nerveil and somewhat revolute : sepals smooth, ovate to broadly 
 oblong, less than a line long, the white petals twice longer : pods (not mature) 2 to 
 3 lines long, somewhat (djcom pressed, olituse at base and scarcely attenuate above, 
 beaked witli the short tliick style ; valves faintly nerved : seeds small, 10 or more 
 in each cell ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. — ]*roc. Am. Acad. xi. 123. 
 
 Hills around Klamath Lake {Fremont) ; Sierra Co. (?), Laiimon. JIuch reseinldiuf' the last 
 species in habit, Init referred to the genus with doubt as the fruit is apparently abnormal in being 
 comparatively obtuse and terete, and in the obliijuity of the cotyledons. 
 
 17. NASTURTIUM, U. Ihown. 
 
 Pod oblong or short-linear, terete or nearly so : valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 
 rows, small, turgid : cotyledons accumbent. — Growing in water or in moist places, 
 smooth or nearly so, with white or yellow flowers, and with the leaves (in our spe- 
 cies) pinnatilid or lyrate. 
 
 A genus widely distributed, of scarcely 20 species according to Beiitham and Hooker, but many 
 more are recognized by most authors. There are about 10 native American species, chielly 
 confined to the Mississippi Valley and the region westwanl. 
 
 * Flowers small, pale yellow : stems not rootliKj : leaves pinnatiftd or toothed. 
 
 1. N. palustre, DC. A stout biennial, glabrous, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branch- 
 ing : leaves lanceolate, lyrately pinnatilid, petioled, 2 to 6 inches long : petals a 
 line long : pods oblong, 3 to 4 line> long, equalling the spreading pedicels, acutish 
 at each end or obtu.se above, tipped iiy the j)romiiient style. 
 
 Var. hispidum, l-'ischer ^ Meyer. Somewhat hispid : poils shorter, globose- 
 oblong, 2 lines k'Ug. 
 
 Near the eastern border of the State in Truckee Valley {Watson), and common north and east- 
 ward, fiom Arctic America to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 2. N. curvisiliqua, Nutt. Annual or biennial, smooth, usually erect, ^ to 1 
 foot high : leaves narrowly oblong or oV>lanceolate, piiniatilid with oblong usually 
 toothed lobes, rarely only sinuate-toothed : petals a little exceeding the sepals : pods 
 rather slender, 4 to 6 lines lung ; style prominent or none ; pedicels usually nearly 
 
Snhulana. CIUJCIK KR/K 43 
 
 as long, and both often fitrongly curvod. — 'Wnr. Sc (Imy, l-'I. i. 7.'?. iV. rernnmn 
 & polymorplium, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Var. Ijnratum, ^Vatson. Often decumbent and diffusely branclied from i\w 
 base : leavfs with broa<lcr coarsely toothed lobes, frequently narrowed at the base : 
 pod more turgid, shortly pedicellcd. — N. lyratum, Nutt. 1. o. Watson, 1. c. 15. 
 
 Fic<inciit in Washington Territory nnd fJrngon, ranping soiithwanl (nspocially tlie variety) t«> 
 the Sa(Maincnto ami N. Nevada. 
 
 3. N. Siniiatum, Nutt. 1. e. .Stems difluse, slender, decuml)ent, smooth or 
 slightly roughciu'd, "from perennial creeping or subterranean shoots": leaves lan- 
 ee(>lat(\ usually narrow, \\ to 3 inches long, regularly sinuate-jjiunatifid with 
 numerous linear-oblong nearly entire lobes : flowers 2 lines long : pods line^\r, half 
 an inch long or less, tipped with the long stylo, becoming curved, as also the slender 
 pedicel. — Watson, 1. c. 15. 
 
 W. Iluinboklt Mountains, Nevada ( H'at^on), S. Nevada ( jyftcc/er), and prolmbly along the 
 eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, ranging eastward to New Mexico and tlie Upper Missis.sippi. 
 
 * * Fhw(^-8 raihrr large, white : introduced peremiidh. 
 
 4. N. officinale, K. Hr. A(|uatie, finiootli, proe\nnbent, rooting at tho joinU : 
 loaves pinnate with rounded to oblong obtusely sinuate leaflets, often reduced to only 
 the terminal one : petals 1 ^ to 2 lines long : pods lialf an inch long, acute at each 
 end, equalling the spreading pedicels ; valves slightly nerved ; style short, thick. 
 
 The Water-Cress of Europe, often cultivated and widely natui-alized. 
 
 N. AtiMoRAClA, Fries, the common Ilorseradisli, will doubtless hpronie naturalized in tlio 
 State. A stout perennial with fusiform root, rarely fruiting ; leaves large, oMongdanceolate, 
 crenatoly toothed ; petals 3 lines long ; pods 2 lines long, tuigid. 
 
 18. VESICARIA, Tourn. ni,ADi)KR-rni). 
 
 Pod ovate to globose ; valves rigid, .strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds few, in 2 
 
 rows, flattened, rarely somewhat margined : cotyledons accumbent. Style long and 
 
 slender. — Low densely stellate-canescent herbs; with large )'ellow flowers, and 
 
 entire or sinuately toothed leaves. 
 
 A gontis of nhout 20 American species, most abundant in Texas and northward, with a few sjie- 
 cics in Soutliorn Kumpo nnd Syria, wliii'h did'or in hnl)it ami in Uieir largo hnmdly winged ko(mU. 
 
 1. V. montana, f«ray. Perennial: stems ascending or decumbent, 3 to 8 
 inches long : radical loaves orbicular or obovat(^ on elongated ])ctioles, the. caulino 
 oblanceolato or spatulato, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 teeth : flowers bright yellow, 
 3 lines long, tho petals a little exserted : pods oblong-ovoid, 2^ linos long, erect on 
 slender recurved pedicels, the stylo a third shorter. — Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 1863, 58. 
 
 bassen's Peak (I^mmon), and eastward in the mountains to Colorado. 
 
 19. SUBULARIA, Linn. Awiwokt. 
 
 Pod small, ovoid, slightly compressed contrary to the partition : valves convex, 
 1 -nerved. Seeds several, not winged: cotyledons incumbent. Style none. — A 
 dwarf stemless aquatic, with tufted subulate leaves, and few minute white flowers. 
 
 A single spcies. inhalnting tho margins of lakes in Europe, Sil>eria, and N. America. 
 
 I. S. aquatica, Linn. Scapes slender, 1 to 3 inches high, from slender run- 
 ning rootstocks with numerous fibrous rootlets : leaves usually shorter than the 
 scapes: flowers scattered, less than a line hmg, tho petals not exserted : pods li 
 lines long, about equalling tho pedicels, obtuse. 
 
 In pools in Mono Pass on tho Upper Tuolumne River (Boland^r), nt lO.noo feet altitude. Yel- 
 lowstone Lake, Wyoming (Porri/) ; lakes of Mnine and New Hnmp'shire. 
 
^^ CRllCIFEll^E. Tropidocarpum. 
 
 20. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hook. 
 Pod linear, llutlened laterally, ol'tou 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow 
 partition : valves carinate, 1-nerved. Seeds in two rijws, minute, flattened, not 
 winged: cotyledons incumbent. Stylo short. — A low slender hirsute branching 
 annual, with pinnately divided loaves, ami yellow solitary axillary flowers. 
 
 1. T. gracile, Hook. Stems M-eak, 2 leet high or less: leaves pinnatifid or 
 rarely l!-i)iiiiuitihd, witli narrow or linear segments : flowers in the axils of the upper 
 bract-like leaves; petals H to 3 lines lung, nearly twice longer tlian the obtuse 
 sepals : pods G to 30 lines long, more than a line broad, pointed at both ends, 
 ascending on slender spreading pedicels lU to 20 lines long. — Ic. PI. t. 43. 1\ sca- 
 b7iusculum, Hook. 1. c. t. 52. 
 
 Valleys and low hills in the C'oust liuagos rioia Los Aiigoles to the Sacraiiieuto. 
 
 21. CAPSELLA, llcench. 
 Pod obcordate or oblong, much flattened laterally, many-seeded : valves carinate, 
 l-nerved. Seeds not winged : cotyledons incumbent. Style none or very short. — 
 Slender and mostly smooth annuals; with small white flowers, and simple or pin- 
 nate leaves. 
 
 Only half a ilozcn species nro known, somewhat divorso in habit and characters, natives of the 
 northern hemisphere, — two North American, of which one enters California. 
 
 1. C. divaricata, Walp. Glabrous, very slender and diffusely branched, 3 to 
 12 inches high : j'adical leaves an inch long or less, pinnate or pinnatifid with few 
 lobes, the ujjper oblanceolate to linear, entire : pods elliptic-oblong, 2 lines long, on 
 very slender spreading peilicels. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 28. Ilymenololus diva- 
 ricahis & eredus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 117. 
 
 In saline or alkaline soils ; Vallejo {Greene) ; S. California {Coulter) ; and eastward of the 
 Siena Nevada from the Coliiniliia Kiver to Colorado and S. Utah. 
 
 2. C. Bursa-pastOl'is, INhench. Usually somewhat hirsute at base, 12 to 18 
 inches high, branching : radical leaves mostly runcinate-pinnatitid, the cauline lan- 
 ceolate auricled at biit;e, toothed or entire : pods cuneate-triangular, truncate above, 
 1 to 2 lines long and broad : pedicels widely spreading : seeds numerous, minute. 
 
 Originally from I'.iuope, now naturalized as a harmless weeil over most of the civilized world ; 
 known ub iy/ujiherU's J'nrsr. 
 
 22. LYROCARPA, Hook, c^ llaiv. 
 
 Pod fiddle-shaped or reniform-obcordate, strongly flattened laterally, somewhat 
 acutely carinate : cells 2 - 5-seeded. Seeds rounded, flattened, narrowly winged : 
 cotyledons accumbent. Style very short: stigma 2-lobed. — Pubescent annuals; 
 leaves lymtely jjinnatifid, petioled ; flowers purplish, with long narrow calyx. 
 
 1. L. Coulteri, llook. & Ilarv. Canescently pubescent throughout with branched 
 hairs ; stem about a foot high, loosely branched : leaves all petioled, oblong, lyratiily 
 pinnatifid, 1 to 2 inches long : flowers in a very open raceme, spreading or deflexed : 
 petals linear, acuminate, 9 lines long : pods hdille-shaped, 6 to 8 lines long, 4 to 5 
 wide, pubescent : stigma dilated, depressed. — Lund. Jour. ]iot. iv. 70, t. 4. 
 
 Collected only l)y Coulter, the inecise loeality unknown ; pn)l)a])ly in S. California or W. 
 Arizona. An immature specimen from C:i|)e San Lueas {X<mlus) is perhaps distinct, having 
 shorter petals, with a dilated blade, and a less depressed conical stigma. 
 
 L. Palmeri, Watson, Pioc. Am. Acad. xi. 123, from the Big Canon of the Tantillas Mountains, 
 below San Diego, differs from the original type of the genus in its reniform-obcordate pod, 4 to 5 
 lines wide, with 2-seeded cells ; upper seed horizontal, tlje lower pendulous : petals linear. 
 
23. THLASPI, Limi. 
 Pod ciniciito-oblong or obcordato, lalorally compressed, usually craarginate at this 
 apex, few-seeded ; valves acutely cariuato or winged. Seeds somewhat turgid, not 
 winged ; cotyledons accunibent. Style rather long. — Low glabrous herbs with 
 simple stems ; lower leaves rosulate, entire or toothed ; the caulinc oblong, auricle;! 
 and clasping ; flowers white or pinkish. 
 
 About 2.') or 30 fl]ipcies, iiilmbitiiig tlio toiiipcrnto nnd coldor ropions cliinny of tlio northern 
 lioniiM[ili(Mo. Hut a single sprcioa is indigenous to Anicricn, cojninon ulao to tlio nionntnins of 
 iMiKijin nnd Asia. 
 
 I. T. alpestre, Linn. Stems seveml from a branching perennial rootstock, 1 to 
 15 inclics hi;,'ii : radical leavo.s obovato. or elliptical, an inch long including the 
 slendcir ptitiule, entire or .sparingly toothed ; (winlino leaves ovate to oblong, entire, 
 obtuse or acutisli : flowers white, 2 or 3 lines long : ])ods (jbovate to cuneatc-oblong, 
 3 or 4 lines long, emarginate or truncate or rounded at the summit, 4 - 8-seeded, 
 tipped by a style a line long, horizontal on short pedicels. — Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 3L T. cochlear if or me, DC, and T. montannm, Hook. Fl. i. 58 ; Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 114. T. Fendleri, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 14. 
 
 Alpine in the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British America, in Oregon and in tlio 
 moimtains of Nevada and Arizona. Probably to be found in N. California and perhaps southward 
 in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 24. LEPIDIUM, Linn. PF.rrKU-GRAs.s. 
 Pod orbicular or obovato, strongly flattened laterally, omarginately 2-winged at 
 the summit; valve.s acutely (jarinato ; tho cells l-secded. Seeds not winged ; coty- 
 ledons incumbent (very rarely accumb(Mit). — Low herbs ; with pinnatifid or toothed 
 leaves, and small white (in one species yellow) flowers. The petals in many of our 
 species are often wanting, and the stamens only 2 or 4. 
 
 A genus of nearly 100 species, of both temperate zones. Of the Ifi North American species a 
 single one is found on tho Atlantic Coast, the rest being limited chiefly to the southwest and 
 to the region west of tho Rocky Monnt.ains, and mostly low annuals of peculiar habit. 
 
 * Loiv annuals: pedkeh fattened : petals rrinte, often vantinp : stamens 2 to A : 
 
 st}/le none. 
 -t- Pod reticulated. 
 
 1. L. latipes, Hook. Hispid with short spreading hairs or the leaves glabrous : 
 stems several, stout, simple, 1 to 3 inches hmg : leaves exceeding the stems, irregu- 
 larly and coarsely jiinnatilid, tho segments linear and entire or lolied : racemes short 
 and capitate, in fruit an inch long or less ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : sepals very 
 unequal : petals broadly spatulate, ciliate, greenish, 1 to 2 lines long, much exceed- 
 ing the sepals : pod broadly oval, 2 lines broad, sparingly pubescent, strongly reticu- 
 lated, tho broad acute wings nearly as long as the pod. — Tc. PI. t. 41 ; Torr. it 
 Gray, Fl. i. IIG. 
 
 In snline soils near tlie coast, from Martinez to San Luis Rey. 
 
 2. L. dictyotum, <>ray. Pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs or 
 the leav(!s glabrous : stems 1 to ."^ inches liigh, ascending, slender, branching: leaves 
 narrowly linear, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or ))innatilid with a few linear lobes : 
 petals l)ut little exceeding the sepals or wanting : stamens 4 : jmds rounded, \\ lines 
 broail, emarginntn with two short actite wings, lincly reliculnt'Ml and pubescent, ex- 
 ceeding tlio thick erect pedicels. — J'roc. Am. Ai-ad. vii. HJ'.t ; Watson, Hot. JCing 
 Exp. 30, t. 4. 
 
 Under sage-brush in early spring at Carson City and Steamboat Springs, Nevada, Andfrson, 
 Watson, Mann. 
 
46 
 
 CUUCIl'ER.E. 
 
 3. L. oxycarpum, Torr, & Gray. Nearly smooth : stems sleiuler, aseendiug, 
 simple or biuneliea, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves linear, pinmitilid with a lew nar 
 rowly linear or lilit'orm se-^ments or entire : raceme lax, elongated : sepals uneijnal ; 
 soon deciduous: i)etals none: stamens 2: ])ods smooth, rounded, 1 J lines hroad, 
 nodding on slender pcdia-ls as long as the pod, the hroad and acute teeth short and 
 divergent. — Kl. i. IK). 
 
 Var. (() Strictum, Watson. lSei)als green, ijersistent : fruiting i-acemes crowded, 
 the pedicels erect : wings less acute anil spreading : lobes of the leaves less elongated. 
 Vallejo, Greene. Also \>y Douijlas and Coaltcr, urobably in the same region. The variety lias 
 been collected only by Kalian, near riacerville. and is liardly referable to this species. 
 
 a- +. ]*od not reticulated or scarcely so. 
 
 4. L. nitidum, Nult. Cilahrous or somewhat pubescent : stems simple or 
 branched, 3 to 1(3 inches high: leaves pinnately cut into narrow hnear acuuanate 
 segments, the uppermost often entire : petals pre.sent, small : pods in a loose raceme, 
 spreading, glabrous and shining, rounded, 1 A to 2 lines broad, acutely margined; 
 the wings sliort, obtu.se ajid slightly spreading: peilicels 1 or 2 lines long : seeds 
 often ash-colored. — Torr. Aj Gray, ¥1 i. IIG. L. Uiocarpuvi, Hook. & Arn. Jiot. 
 Beechey, 324. 
 
 Ill winter and early spring, I'roia above San Francisco to Los Angeles. 
 
 5. L. Menziesii, IX^. Hispid or pubescent : stems 3 to (i inches high, branched : 
 leaves oblong, all pinnatilid with short oblong or spatulate acutish segments, which 
 are rarely sparingly toothed : petals none : poils ghibrous, rounded, 1 to 1| lines 
 broad, not margined except by the short very obtuse teeth at the summit : pedicels 
 spreading cjr recurved, 1 or 2 lines long, slender and often scarcely llattened. — 
 Syst. ii. 53'J ; k Prodr. i. 205. 
 
 Santa Harbara (Niillall) U> Los Angeles (linwer) ; r<nadahi|ie Island, Pulvier. Theso sj)eci- 
 inens accord with others raised from seeds cultivated under the name in the garden at Geneva 
 prior to 1840, and with \h' Oandolle's description based upon the original specimens of Men- 
 zies from "California." The Oregon plant referred to this species has been for the most jmit 
 L. intermedium, though the one .so named by Torrey in Bot. Wilkes V^xy. is apparently L. I'ir- 
 ijiuicum with unusually deeply pinnatilid leaves. 
 
 6. L. lasiocarpum, Nutt. Eoughly ])uberulent (n- pubescent with short spread- 
 ing hairs : steni.s rather stout, branched, 3 to 10 inches high, decuiul)ent : lower 
 leaves 3 to 4 inches long, luore or less ciliolate at least on the ])etioles, jtinnate, with 
 ovate to oblong s[)aiingly toothed segments ; upper leaves 1 to 2 inches long, incisely 
 pinnatiful with narrow lobes, or the uppermost entire : petals none or very small : 
 stamens 2 : pods rounded, l.l to 2 lines broad, hisi)id on the margin, winged at the 
 apex with short very obtuse"" teeth, crowdeil in a narrow raceme oji short ascending 
 or horizontal pedicels. ■ — Torr. & Gray, I'l. i. 115. 
 
 Santa Barbara {Nutlall) ; Guadalui)e Island, Palmer. Closely allied to the last species. 
 
 L. WuKJHTil, Gray. A very similar species, hirsute witb spreading liairs ; leaves pinnatilid 
 or toothed ; iwds hispid, rather broadly winged at the sumnut. Of tiie Uio Grande Valley, ranging 
 westward nearly to the Colorado ; a[)peais to be in N. W. Nevada, Torrey, Lcmmon. 
 
 * * Low (innuaLs : pedtccls terete: petals i/elhw : staintus 0: sti/le elontjated • pads 
 
 nticidatcd. 
 
 7. L. flavum, Torrey. (ilalirous, decundjcnt, dill'usely branch*'d : stems 3 to (> 
 inches long : radical leaves pinnatiliil with short obtuse lobes ; cauline h;aves few, 
 oblanceolate, acutely tootlied or entire : racemes short, nearly sessile : petals bright 
 yellow : pods orbicular, a line broad or more, shortly winged with broad divergent 
 acutish teeth, on spreading or deflexed pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : style nearly as 
 long as the pod. — Pacif. 11. Rep. iv. 67 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 30. 
 
 On the Mohave River (Fremtmt, Bigeloxv) ; also about Humboldt Lake and in the upper valley 
 of the Humboldt River, N. Nevada. 
 
Vhysiiriu. CKUCIKKILK. 47 
 
 * * * Stouter and often tall, inosthj biennial or perennial : 2^cdiceh terete. 
 +■ Annual : petals small or usually none : stamens 2 : style none or very short. 
 
 8. L. intermedium, <^Irny. Erect and braiicliing, witli tho habit of L. Virgini- 
 cum, ^ to U leet lii},'li, piiberulcnt or glabrous: lower loaves 1 to 2 inches long, 
 toothed or piiinatilid, the upper often entire or but sparingly toothed, oblanceolate 
 or linear : petals wanting in the western form : pods smooth or rarely puberulent, 
 rounded, 1 to 1 ^ lines })road, very shortly winged Avith somewliat divergent obtuse 
 teeth : pedicels spreading, 2 lines long. — PI. Wright, ii. If). 
 
 The more common .species east of the Sierra Nevada, widely distributed through the interior, 
 ranging from the Columhia Valley to Hudson's Bay and soutliward to Texas, New Mexico, and 
 S. California. The typical form of Texas and New Mexico has rather small petals. 
 
 +- +- Biennial or jyerennial : petals conspicuous : stamens G : style exceeding the wings. 
 
 9. L. montanum, Nutt. Biennial, puberulent or pubescent or nearly glabrous, 
 1^ feet high or less: loaves ])iniiatitid, the oblong to lanceolate segments usually 
 inoro or le.ss divided, especially on the upper side ; uppermost loaves with few seg- 
 mcMita or linear and ontiro : jiolals twice as long as tho 8(;pals : pods a lino broad, 
 ovate, narrowly winged above with short acutish toi^th. — Torr. k Gmy, Fl. i. IIG; 
 Watson, Rot. King Exp. 29. 
 
 In dry valleys and on hillsidrs from the "Snake Couiitiy " (Tolvtir) through Nevada to 
 Sonora, New Moxicn, and Colorado, Anderson's specimens from near Carson City are perennial 
 and npi>ionfh tlio next. 
 
 10. L. alyssoides, ^^ray. Pul)ernlent or often glabrous and glaucous, from a 
 perennial root, diflusoly l)ranchcd, | to 1 foot higli : leaves linear, 2 to 3 inches 
 long, the lowest sparingly lobed with linear segments : flowers large : pods from 
 narrowly oblong or linear becoming ovate, 1 to H lines broad, shortly winged 
 above with acutish teeth. — V\. Fendl. 10. 
 
 In alkaline soils, from N. Nevada and Colorado to Northern Mexico. 
 
 11. L. Fremontii, Watson. Perennial with a somewhat woody base, diffusely 
 branched, glabrous and glaucous, 1 to 1 ^ feet high : loaves linear, 1 to 3 inches 
 long, entire or sparingly lobed : racemes rather short and few-flowered, terminal and 
 lateral : ])od3 rounded, abruptly cuneate at base, 2 to 4 linos broad, slightly emar- 
 ginate with short very obtuse teeth. — Hot. King l']\\>. 30, t. 1. 
 
 In dry desprts; Mohave Hivor (/'Vrnio)i/) ; Northwcstnrn Nevada ( /FaAio)!, />j/n«07i) ; S. Utah 
 {Parry) ; S. Colorado, llnthrock. 
 
 26. PHYSARIA, Nutt. 
 
 Pod didymous, with a short narrow partition ; cells inflated, nearly globular, 
 membranaceous, nerveless, several-seeded. Seeds not winged ; cotyledons accum- 
 bent. — Low and stellately cancscent perennials ; leaves mostly entire ; the flowei-s 
 yellow. 
 
 Three species are known, cnnfinod to the interior of the continent, with tlic habit of f'esicaria, 
 to which they ate referred by Benthnm and Hooker. 
 
 1. P. didymocarpa, Hray. Decumbent, difTiisoly branched: radical leaves' 
 ])roa(lly spatulato, occiisionally lyrate ; the cauline oblanceolate, mostly entire: flowers 
 showy ; racemes short : pods 2 to fi lines in diametor, deeply emarginate above and 
 below, tho cells \isually appniximiito, sometimes diverg(>nt ; the ]>arlition only 1 to 
 1^ lines long. — Gen. 111. i. 1G2 ; AVat.son, Hot. King lv\p. 20. Vesicaria didymo- 
 carpa, Hook. Fl. i. 49, t. 16. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in the mountains to Colorado and northwaixl to Brit- 
 ish America. 
 
4^ CRUCll-'EK.K. Hantbit.u. 
 
 26. SENEBIEllA, DC 
 
 Pod didymous, 2-ccllcd ; cells iudchiscuul, biihglobDsc;, separatmg at maturity from 
 tho puraisteiit linour axis, iiorvuicss, strongly nigoso or tubiirculalu, l-scedcd. yw'd 
 turgid, not winged ; cotylodoiis iiioumbciit. — Did'use or proatratn anmiuis or liiuii- 
 nials, witii miuuto wliito llowurs in racemes opposite to the pimiatiiid leaves. Sta- 
 mens often only two. 
 
 Hidf a dozen species, mitives of tlie waiiuer and temperate regions of both lieniispheies. 
 1. S. didyma, Pers. Somewhat hirsute : stems diffusely branched, | to li feet 
 long : leaves pelioled, witli small narrow segments : pods small, emarginate above 
 and below, strongly reticulated, a line broad or more. — S. 2>i'i/i((lijhh(, DC ; (Jray, 
 Gen. 111. i. IGG, t. 72. 
 
 San Pablo Landing {Bolander) ; introduced and jnoliably confined to sandy louidities near tlie 
 Bay of San Francisco. Widely distributed in warm regions around the globe. 
 
 27. BISCUTELLA, Linn. 
 Pod llattened laterally, '2 -celled ; cells nearly orbicular, indehiscent, with a thick- 
 ened margin, separating at maturity from the persistent linear axis, 1 -seeded. Seeds 
 Hat, Itorizontal, not winged; cotyledons accumbent. — Erect annual or biennial, his- 
 pid or tomentoso branching herbs ; Avith entire or pinnatiiid leaves, and yellow or 
 purplish ilowers. 
 
 A genus of 3 or more .si)eci('s, behmging to tlio l\[(!diten'anean region, to which Bentham and 
 Hooker have added the two folUiwing, previously kept distinct under the name ])ilhi/rwa. They 
 form a section dili'cring from the Old World species in the nearly sessile and conical or 2-lobed 
 broad stigma, tho simplo racenuis, whitish or j)nrplish Ilowers, stellate tomentum, and more leafy 
 stems. 
 
 1. B. Californica, Jii'iith. <^ Hook. Tomentose with stellate hairs, annual : 
 stems G to 10 inches high, erect or ascending: radical leaves spatulate, .siuuately 
 toothed or pinnatiiid ; the ujipcr cuneate-oblong, sessile : sepals tomentose, linear, 2 
 to 3 lines long; petals (purple '() linear-spatulate, half an inch long: racemes loose 
 and elongated in fruit : pods 4 or 5 lines wide and half as long, emarginate above 
 and below, pubescent especially on the margin, with a small (!avity adjoining the 
 axis : style short : stigma dilated and depressed : pedicels horizontal, a line long. — 
 Gen. Plant, i. 91. JJithi/rcnu Caiifornica, Harv. in J.ond. Jour. Jiot. iv. 77, t. 5. 
 
 On sand-hills near the Colorado River ; rare. B. Wislizkm, Engelm., is found faither to the 
 east, from Arizona to Texas. It is a loot or two high, more hafy ; pods luiger, broadly truncate 
 above, deeply cordate at base ; stigma conical ; pedicels 5 to 8 lines long. 
 
 28. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook. 
 Pod 1-celled, indehiscent, plano-convex and much compressed, orbicular, winged 
 or margined, 1-seeded: seed pendulous, somewhat flattened, not winged. — Erect 
 and slender sparingly branched sjning annuals; with minute white or m.st-coloretl 
 Ilowers, the fruit nmstly iiondidniis on Hlender jKnlicels in ('longat(;d racenn's. 
 
 1. T. CUl'VipeS, lloiii;. SdHicwhal hirsute at bnso, glalirou.s abov(', \ lo 2 feet 
 high: radical leaves oblanceolate, 1 to ;5 inches long, pinnatiiid or siiuiately toothed; 
 the upper linear or narrowly lanceolate, acununate, clasping by a broad auricled 
 base, entire or sparingly toothed : pods round to obovate or ovate, densely tomentose 
 or glabrous, 2 to 4 lines in diameter including the entire or crenate veined and 
 often perforated wing, emarginate at the summit and tipped by the short |)urple 
 style : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. — Fl. i. G9, t. 18. T. pulchdlus & elegans, Fischer 
 &' Meyer; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 39. 
 
Rai>hanHs. CAPl'AlilDAtJE.K 49 
 
 Very coiiinion on dry liillsi.l.-s IVnm Los Angrles to Oregon ; also in W. Neva-la and Arizona. 
 The form with jiprforatcd wing is froiiuontly known as Lace-pod. 
 
 2. T. laciniatUS, Nutt. Sriuillor and more sicndor : loaves narrowly linear or 
 else pinnaU'iy or runcinately cut into narrowly linear segments; the canlino scarcely 
 auricled at haso : pods obovate, jmbescent or glabrons, 2 to 3 lines long, cuneate at 
 base, snrroundcd by a narrow entire or somewhat crenate wing. — Torr. <fe Gray 
 Y\. i. 118; Walson, Bot. Kiiig l-lxp. 31. 
 
 Var. crenatus, Brewer. 'I'lie broader wing more deeply crenate or fringed with 
 roundcMJ lobes.— T. virii<itH.<<, Nntt. 1. c. 
 
 Less comnion tliaii llip last, ranging from tlif Sacnmionto to S. Calirornia and ciustwnnl in 
 Arizona ; tlic variety .sonictiine.s known as Fringe-pod. 
 
 3. T. radians, 15enth. Glabrous, 1 to 1^ feet high: radiad leaves runcinate- 
 pinnatifid, the cauline ovate-laneeolate and auriculate-clasping : petals about equal- 
 ling the sei)als : j)ods round, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, tomentose or smooth, scarcely 
 emarginate, with a broad entire translucent wing conspicuously marked by radiating 
 nerves : style very short : pedicels G to 8 lines long, recurved. — PI. Hartw. 297. 
 
 Valleys and low hills in Central California, much less freijuent than tho preceding. 
 
 4. T. pusillus, Hook. Roughly ptibescent throughout, 3 to 12 inches high: 
 lower leaves broadly oblanceolate, entire or remotely dentate, ^ to 1 inch long, 
 shortly petioled ; cauline leaves similar but smaller, usually entire, sessile but not 
 (dasping: llowers barely a line long, sometimes apetalous: pods obovate to orbicular, 
 a line long or less, hirsute with hooked hairs, scarcely or not at all emarginate : 
 style short : pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, at length reHexed. — Ic. PI. t. 43 ; Hook. & 
 Arn. Bot. P.eechey, 324. T. oh Inin/if alius, Nutt. in Torr. Sc Grray, Fl. i. 118. 
 
 Common on low dry hills from bos Angeles to Vancouver Island. 
 
 T. EREcrus, "\Vat5on. is an additional species from Ouadahii.e Island, Palmer. Glabrous and 
 leafy : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, auriculatc-cla-sping, sinuafely dentate : fruit on erect i)edicel9 
 minutely puljescent, the wing entire, not nerved nor perforated. ' ' 
 
 29. RAPHANUS, Linn. Kadisii. 
 Pod indehiscent, elongated, terete, attenuated above, 2-jointed ; lower joint often 
 seedless, the upper inflated or constricted between the several seeds. Style long and 
 Htoiit. Cotyledons ('nl'olding Mi.< radich^ — Cmirse inlroduc-d annunl.s or hinmiials. 
 Tho si-eeies are now reduced to half n dozen or less, all natives of tiie Eastern Continent. 
 1. R. sativus, Linn. More or less hispid : flowers purple or ro.se-color, 8 to 10 
 bni's long : pod inflatcMl, long-pointed, 1 to 2| inches long, usimlly 2-scedcd. 
 
 The ordinary Kadish, connnon in fields in various parts of the State ; the root not fleshy but 
 tough and stringy. Ihere arc numerous varieties in cultivation. 
 
 R. RAPirANisnuTM Linn. Petals yellow, veined, becoming whitish or purplish : pods neck- 
 lace-shaped long-beaked, 1 - S»-seeded, breaking easily between the seeds. Known aa Wild 
 Kadish, and naturalize.! in various parts of the world as a troul)lesome weed in cultivated fields 
 To be expected in California. 
 
 Order VI 11. CAPPARIDACE.^. 
 
 Herbs or shruHs, with alternate leaves and perfect hypogyn.ms Ib.uers; related to 
 Crucifero', having the .sepals or lobes of the enlyx and petals (with claws) 4, the 
 stamens commonly C. mid n pod wKb a pair of p:u-i.>lal placenta- fnnn which tho 
 valves fall away ; but the embryo is incurved nther than folded, and the juice or 
 herbage, although sometimes pungent (as in C.tpers), is genemlly nauseous or bitter. 
 — Stamens sometimes numerous, when f, noiuly e.pi.d in l.Migth. or not distinctly 
 
50 
 
 CAPrAKIDACE/K. homtris. 
 
 tetradynamous. Style and stigma one. Ovary and fruit commonly raised on a 
 stipe, 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled, low - many-seeded. Seeds globose-reniform. 
 Leaves either simple or palmatoly compound. Pedicels commonly bracteate. 
 
 An order of 2-i genera and alwut 300 si)ei;ics, of warni-lcnipenito and tropical regions, liero 
 I'haraclcrizud I'roni ihal |H>itioji ol it wiiicli lias capsular I'liiit, only 2 jilacontui, and few sliiniuns, 
 the tribe Clko.me*. But the larger part of the order in warm regions, of the tribe (.'APi'AiiKiE 
 (of which the Caper-plant is the type), consists of shrubs or trees, with fleshy fruit, sometimes 
 with several placenta and numerous stamens. Of the six genera here admitted, one is peculiar 
 to the coast-district of California ; the others belong to the dry interior region and barely reach 
 the eastern borders of the State. 
 
 Atamisquea E.MAROIKATA, Miers, a shrub, with a fleshy 1-2-seeded fruit, native of Chili or 
 Buenos Ayres, is sai<l to be in Coulter's Californian collection ; but we liud no trace of it in tho 
 State nor in Arizona. 
 
 » Shrubby, with racemose flowers and an inflated capsular fruit. 
 
 1. iBomeris. Caly.v 1-cKft, persistent. Corolla yellow. Stamens 6. Ovary long-stipitate. 
 
 » ♦ Herbs, with racemose flowei-s. 
 +- Fruit pod-like, 1-celled, several - many-seeded. 
 
 2. Polaiiisia. Stamens 8 to 32. Flowers whitish or purple. Pod elongated. 
 
 b. Cleome. Stamens G. Flowers yellow or nink-nurple. Pod oblong or linear. 
 
 4. Cleomella. Stamens (5. Flowers yellow. I'od rliomboidal, 2-horned, or globular, few-seeded. 
 
 -1- +- Fruit didymous, 2-celled ; tho cells separating as small l-sceded nutlets! 
 
 5. Wislizenia. Stamens 0. Style tiliform. Nutlets open at the scar. 
 (J. Oxystylia. Style becoming subulate and spiuescent. Nutlets closed. 
 
 1. ISOMERIS, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx persistent, 4-cleft, the lobes ovate, acuminate. Petals sessile, oblong, 
 equal. Torus fleshy, dilated above, somewhat produced on the upper side. Sta- 
 mens 6, on the torus, at length long-exserted. Pod large, inflated, coriaceous, 
 long-stipitate, 1 -celled, many-seeded : stylo very short : stigma minute. Seeds 
 large, smooth. — A low ill-scented shrub ; with puberulent branches, trifuliulate 
 petioled leaves, and large yellow flowers, axillary or in bracteate racemes. 
 
 1. I. arborea, Nutt. Stout, much branched, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves glandular- 
 puberuleut or nearly smooth, the uppermost and the floral bracts 1-foliolate; leaflets 
 thicki.sh, narrowly oblong or elli])tical, ^ to 1 inch long, entire, mucronute, nearly 
 sessile : pedicels e(|ualHiig the leaves : pistals 5 to 8 lines long, twice longer than t lie 
 calyx: : pod 1 to U iiiehcs long, abruptly acut(* above, attenuate at l>ase into a stipe 
 nearly as long. — Torr. ct (Jray, PI. i.'llil; Hook. Hot. Mag. t. ;}812 ; 'Wm: Hot. 
 Mex. Bound, t. 4. 
 
 Common in dry soils from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The wood is hard, brittle, and yellow. 
 
 2. POLANISIA, Kaf. 
 
 Sepals 4, deciduous, lanceolate, sometimes connate at base. Petals unguiculate 
 or sessile, equal or iniequal. Torus small, depressed. Stamens 8 or more, inserted 
 below the torus. I'od membranaceous, very shortly stipitate, elongated, compressed 
 or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seetls rounded-reniforni, rugose or reticulated. — 
 Ainiual herbs, ill-scented and mostly glandular ; with simple or 3 - 9-foliolate peti- 
 oled leaves, and yellowish, rose-colored or white (lowers in leafy-bracted racemes ; 
 pods erect on spreading pedicels. 
 
 A genus of about a dozen species of tropical and warm regions, of which the following readies 
 the eastern bordei-s of the State. 
 
Chom^ll,,. (.'API'AIUDACE.K 51 
 
 1. P, trachysperma, Torr. & (Jray. (ilaiuluhir-piihcscent, erect, ^ Id 2 feet 
 high: leaves yioJiolale ; leaflets lanceulate, i to 2 iiiclies long, ticute, about eciual- 
 iing the petioles, nearly sessile ; Horal bracts mostly simple, ovate to lanceolate, 
 shortly jietioled : petals 3 to 5 lines long, with slender claws as long as the sepals, 
 and an emarginate blade : stamens 12 to 16 ; filaments exserted : style 2 to 3 lines 
 long : pod 1 to 2^ inches long, very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds finely 
 pitted and often warty. — Fl. i. GG9 ; Gray, Gen. 111. i. 182, t. 79. /■•. unvjland- 
 «/om, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. G7 ; "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 31. 
 
 From tlio ("oliiinhia Uivcr to Kiiiisiis and soutliwanl to N. Ni-vndu (imJ Texas. Tlio I', uniijland- 
 idosa, Cav., of Mexico and New Mexico, to wliich it lias been referred, dilfers in its much larger 
 flowers, greatly elongated style, larger pods npon a atont terete stipe, and smootli seeds. 'I'lie 
 eastern P. (jraveoleiis may be distiiiguislied by its smaller Howei's, shorter style, fewer and shorter 
 stampns, and smoother seeds ; its leaves arc also mostly obtuse or obtusish. 
 
 3. CLEOME, Linn. 
 
 Sepals 4, sometimes uniteil at ba.se. Petals with claws or .sessile. .Stamens G, 
 
 upt)n the small torus. Pod (in our species) linear or oblong, stipitate, many-seeded : 
 
 stylo short or none. Seeds globose-reniform to ovate. — Our species are all erect 
 
 branching annuals; with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves (leaflets entire), and yellow 
 
 or purple flowers, in bracteato racemes ; pods pendent on spreading pedicels. 
 
 About 70 species, inhabitants of hot and dry regions, chiefly of America and Africa. The fol- 
 lowing species api>roach the eastern or southern borders of the State. 
 
 1. C. lutea, J look. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5, 
 linear- to olilnng-lanceolato, one or two inches long, acute, .^hort-l)(>(iolulatc, equal- 
 ling tiie petiolcvs ; stipules setaceous, caducous; bracts simple, bristle-tijtped : flowers 
 showy, bright yellow, corymbo.se, the raceme elongated in fruit : petals 3 to 4 lines 
 long, much exceeding the ovate-lanceolat(3 sepals : stanuMis much ex.sertcd : i)od G to 
 If) lines long, about 2 lines broad, acute at each end : stylo less than a lino long: 
 the stipe and pedicel each about half an inch long. — Fl. i. 70, t. 25 ; Lindl. Bot. 
 Reg. xxvii. t. 67. C. aurea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gniy, Fl. i. 122 ; Watson, I. c. 32. 
 
 Abundant in t.hp valleys of Northwestern Nevada, thenre northward tn the Columbia and cast 
 to Colorado. 
 
 2. C. platycarpa, Torr. With tlio habit and characters of the la.'^t, but pube.s- 
 cent and somewiiat glandular : leaflets 3, broadly oblong in lanceolate, G to 8 lines 
 long, obtu.se or acutish : sepals linear-setaceous : pod 9 lines long, about 4 lines 
 broad, 10- 1 2-seeded : style 2 lines long. — Bot. AVilkes Exp. 23.^^, t. 2. 
 
 Klamath Hiver, X. California (PicXrrjx^r) ; Rluo Mountains, Oregon, Ncvius. 
 
 3. C. sparsifolia, Watson. Smooth, diffn.sely branched, a foot high : leaves 
 much scattered, simple or 3-foliolato ; leaflets 2 or 3 lines hmg, oblanceolate, acute; 
 stipult;s fimbriate, caducous : flowers few, in a loose raceme : sepals ovate : petals 
 with a iKHitariferous scale at bnse, 3 lines long, exceeding the stamens : pods lines 
 long, narrow, acutish, very shortly stipitate. — Bot. King Ex]). 32, I. f). 
 
 In dry sand, near Ragtown, Carson Desert, Nevada, Wnlxon. 
 
 C. SoNiMi^,, C.i-ay, ri. Wright, ii. ]fi, is a tall slender glabrous sjieeies, with trifoliolate almoat 
 sessile leaves and JMiear lealleis ; flowers small, in loose racemes; j.nds half nn inch long; stylo 
 very short. From Northwestern Sonora to S. Colorado, nnd niiiy enter S. Cnlirnrnia. 
 
 4. CLEOMELLA, OC 
 
 Cliaracters nearly as in C/mm^, bul^ the few seeded pod small and ovoid-globosp 
 or rhomboidal, i>r with the valves often laterally produced. — Erect bmnching 
 annuals ; flowers yellow, racemose ; leaves 3foliolate. 
 
 .\ geniH of half n il.i/en s))ecip«, confined to tlie inferior rej^imi of N'nth Amerjen. 
 
52 CAPFAKIDACK.!;;. Cleomdiu. 
 
 * Stipe longer than the pod. 
 
 1. C. longipes, Ton-. ](atlu'.r stout, 1 or 2 foot hi^^li, glabrous : leaflets narrowly 
 obovulu to spuLuiuto, obtuao or retuso, ^ to 1 int:li long : supals ovato, ucutu : petals 
 2 or 3 lines long ; stamens long-exserteil : jtoils nearly triangular in outline, acuto 
 ut base, 2 Hues liigli, iS to 5 in breadth, the valves being lutiro or less strongly 
 horned : style halt' a line long or less ; stipe 4 to 7 lines long, about eciualling the 
 pedicel. — Gray, PI. ^V right, i. 11 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 33, 
 
 Var. (?) grandillora, Wutson, 1. e. Leaflets and bracts narrowly obovate to 
 orbicular : sepals long-acuuiinute : style about a line long. 
 
 Valleys and lootfiills in N. W. Nevada {Anderson, Jratsmi) ; New ilexieo {li'riyht) ; stouter 
 and larger leaved Ibiuis than the original ilexicaa specimens of Gregg and Berlandier. 
 
 2. C. obtusifolia, Torr. Somewhat pubescent, branching, a foot high or more : 
 leaflets oval or ublung, 3 to U lines long, equalling the petioles, glabrous above ; 
 stipules long and fimbriate : flowers small, in leafy racemes : sepals ovate, lacerate- 
 ciliate : petals 1 or 2 lines long : jjoiIs 2 to 5 lines bnjad, the valves acutely and 
 often narrowly horned : style very slender, 2 lines lung : stijjc 3 lines long, reflexed 
 upon the equal pedicel. — Frem. Itep. 311. 
 
 Near Sacramento ? {Fremont) ; Soda Lake on the Mohave River {Cooper) ; Arizona, Wheeler. 
 
 3. C. plocasperma, Watson. Low, glabrous, diffusely branching : leaflets 
 linear-oblong, 3 to G liutss long; bracts mostly small : petals lA lines long : stamens 
 short or exserted : pods Khort-rhond)ic, the valves somewhat dilated: style short; 
 stipe once or twice the length of the pod, usually equalling the pedicel : seeds 
 minutely tessellated under the microscope. — l>ot. King Exp. 33. 
 
 Valleys of Northern Nevada, Watson, lleo. R. Buryess. 
 
 4. C. oocarpa, (jiay. Very similar : leaves and flowers slightly larger : pods 
 ovate, the valves not dilated : seeds smooth. — I'roc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. 
 
 Saline valleys of Iliunboldt Co., Nevada {Torrcy, Oraij) ; S. W. Coloruilo, Bvandcgec. 
 
 * -.': Stipe shorter than the pod. 
 
 f). C- parviilora, dray. Low and slender, decumbently branched, smooth: 
 leaflets and bracts linear, lialf an inch long : flowers rather few : petals scarcely a 
 line long, equalling the .stamens : puds on long slender pedicels ; valves slightly 
 horned : style and stipe almost none. — Proc. Am, Acad. vi. 520; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 At Camp Cady on the iloliave (Cooper) ; Northern Nevada, Anderson, Watson. 
 
 5. WISLIZENIA, Engelm. 
 Characters nearly as in the preceding, but the pod didymous ; valves contracted 
 upon the solitary seeds and deciduous with them, nutlike, nerved or reticulated, 
 open at the scar : style elongated. — Smooth erect branching annuals ; with yellow 
 racemose flowers and 1 - 3-foliolate leaves. The following are the only species, 
 
 1. W. refracta, Engelm. One to two feet high, widely branching: leaflets 3, 
 oblanceolate to ol)ovate, 5 to 9 lines long, usually exceeding the i)ctioles : flowers in 
 dense racemes, at length elongated : petals a line long : stamens ami ovary I'xserted : 
 cells of the ovary 2ovuled : fruit 1 i lines broad or more ; the divergent obovate 
 reticulated valves separated by a ])erforated partition : style filiform, 1 to 2 lines 
 long: stipe 2 to 3 lines long, strongly refractcil ujwn the rather longer pedicel, — 
 Wisliz. Pep. U; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 11, t. 2. 
 
 Mohave Valley {Newberry) ; Colorado Desert {Blake) ; thence to Sononi and New Mexico. 
 
 2. W. Palmeri, Gray. With the habit of the last ; leaves simple (lowest 
 unknown), linear, H inches long, very shortly petioled : racemes fewer-flowered: 
 
OligomerLs. RESEDACEvlC. 53 
 
 petals 2 lilies long : fruit 3 to 4 lines 1)rnad ; the oblong-obovate valves nerved and 
 surrounded nt the truncate extremity hy a row of stout bhiiit tubercles : style 3 
 linos long : stipe 3 to 4 lines long, refracted. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G28. 
 On the Lower Colorado River, Paliner. 
 
 6. OXYSTYLIS, Torr. 
 Distinguished (so far as known) from Wislizenia by the subulate persistent at 
 length Bpineseont stylo, and by the ovoid giolxtso 1-2-soeded valves coiiipletoly 
 closed at the scar. — A smooth annual, M'ith 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow 
 flowers in capitate axillary racemes. 
 
 ]. O. lutea, Torr. Rather stout, erect, 12 to 15 inches liigh : leaflets 1 to 1^ 
 inclies long, obtuse : heads of flowers half an inch in diameter, not elongated in 
 fruit: petals 2 lines long. — Frera. Rep. 264 & 313. 
 
 Known only from specimens collected by Fremont in April, 1844, in a single locality in the 
 valley of the Armagosa River near its bend. 
 
 Order TX. RESEDACEJE. 
 
 A small order of herbs, or slightly shrubby plant-s, related only to the preceding ; 
 with alternate leaves, merely glands for stipules, and terminal racemes or spikes of 
 .small and rather inconspicuous flowers ; these both irregular and unsymmetrical, the 
 stamens not covered in the bud, the one-celled ovary and capsule 3-G-beaked and 
 witli as many parietal placenta;. — Flowers perfect, bracteato. Calyx 4 - 7-parted, 
 herbaceous, hypogynous, persistent. Petals 2 to 7, mostly with broad and thickened 
 nectariferous claws, and the blade cleft. Stamens 3 to 40, usually on a more or less 
 one-sided hypogynous disk. Stigmas 3 to 6, terminating the diverging beaks of the 
 ovary. Ovules numerous, campylotropous. Seeds reniform, and witli a crustaceous 
 coat, filled by the incumbently incurved embryo. 
 
 The family belongs to the Old World, mninly to flio Mnditi'rmnrnn nnd ndjacont wnnn regions; 
 the wntciy juice is destitute of pungency nnd generally of ndivo ])ropprtie9. 
 
 Rkskpa IiUrr,()i,A, biini., the Dyer's Weed or Weld, however, hns been used for dyeing vellow. 
 It is the only species of the genus which has Wcome spontniioous in tlie United States. Having 
 been found in the streets of Onklniul, it may l)eroine a naturalized weed of roadsides, as in the 
 Atlantic States. The genus may be known by the several-lobed or parted petals, and the 10 to 
 40 stamens borne on the inside of a fleshy disk, which projects on the upper side of the flower : 
 and this species is a stout erect herb, 2 or 3 feet high, with lanceolate leaves, greenish-yellow 
 flowers in a long and narrow raceme, 4 petals, and a short small capsule. 
 
 R. ODORATA, Linn., the common Sweet Mignonette, cultivated as an annual for its fragrant 
 flowers, may also escape from cultivation. 
 
 1. OLIGOMERI3» Cnmbess. 
 Sepals 4, lateral. Petals 2, next to the axis, free or united at base, entire or 
 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none. Stamens 3 to 8 ; filaments united at base. 
 Ovary sessile, 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule 4-sulcato, many-seeded, opening at the 
 summit. — Low brandling herbs; with numerous linear entire leaves, and small 
 white flowers in terminal spikes. 
 
 A genus of only 5 speeies, four confined to S. Africa, the fifth ranging fmm the Panary Islands 
 to In<lia, and also seemingly indigenous to N. America. 
 
 1. O. Bubulata, Poiss. Annual, glabrous, .'") U^ 10 inrlies ]ii<,'li. branching from 
 
54 
 
 CISTACE.*;. Iltliantheniui 
 
 the root : leaves somewhat succulent, often fascicled, ^ to I inch long : flowers 
 minute, subtended by small bracts : capsules in lung loose spikes, depressed-globose, 
 about 1 ^ lines in diameter, angled and sulcate, shortly 4-beaked. — Mull in DC. 
 Prodr. IG^. 587. 0. </laucescens, Caiubess. in Jaccjuem. Voy. 4. 24, t. 25. Ellimia 
 1-uderalis, Nutt. in Turr. & Or.iy, Fl. i. 125. 
 
 San Diego (Nutlall); Moliuve Di-scrt {Ncwhcrrii); Colonulo Dcsuit {,Blakc, Cuultcr); (inadiihi|.e 
 Island {ruiDiei); and in the interior to New Mexico and Mexico. 
 
 Okdeu X. CISTACE^. 
 
 Distingiiished from the other onlers with free ono-celleil ovary, parietal placenta;, 
 and hypogynous petals and stamens, by the orthotropous ovules on slender stalks, 
 and the slender more or less curved or convolute embryo in mealy albumen. — 
 Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals persistent, usually 5 ; and two of them smaller, 
 wholly exterior, and bract-like. Petals usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite or 
 in some flowers few, with tiliibrm lilaments : anthers short. Style one. Ovules 
 with 3 parietal placentui. Capsule 3-valved ; the seeds borne on the middle of the 
 valve, few or numerous. — Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite or alternate simple 
 and entire leaves ; chiefly of the Mediterranean region, but several in the Atlantic 
 United States, none in the interior, only one on the Pacilic coast. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. 
 Petals 5, broad. Stamens usually numerous. Style short, articulated with the 
 ovary : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, 3-valved, few -many-seeded. Em- 
 V)ryo curved or hooked. — Low branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, 
 often showy, opening only onco, in sunsliine. 
 
 A genus of from 30 to 150 species according to tlio views of authors, j)rincii>ally native to the 
 Mediterranean region and Western Asia. Five species are found in the Atlantic States and the 
 following in Caliloinia. 
 
 1. H. SCOparium, Nutt. Perennial C?), woody at base, much branched, pubes- 
 cent with stellate hairs or glabrate, a foot high ; the upper branches green and 
 slender: leaves narrowly linear, 4 to 12 lines long, alternate : flowers on slender 
 pedicels, solitary or subcoryndio.so at tlio ends of the branchlets : sepals 3 lines long, 
 acuminate, the outer ones linear and shorter : [xtals 4 lines long : stamens about 20: 
 style short : capsule equalling the calyx, often, with the other parts of the flower, 
 much reduced. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152; Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. v. 79. 
 Linum trisepalnm, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 42, fig. 10. 
 
 Rather common on dry hills from Luke Co. to San Diego. 
 
 Order XI. VIOLACEiE. 
 
 Herbs (at least those of temperate climates and the northern hemisphere), dis- 
 tinguished by the somewhat irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, 
 adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a single club-shaped 
 style with a one-sided stigma, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal several-ovuled 
 placentae ; the ovules anatropous ; the rather large seeds with a smooth hard coat, 
 and a large and straight embryo in fleshy albumen ; its cotyledons broad and 
 
Viola. VIOLACE^':. 55 
 
 flat. — Flowers perfect. Sopala (persistont) and petals imbricated in the bud, hypo- 
 gynous. Capsule 3-valvod; the valves bearing the seeds along their middle; each, 
 after dehiscence, in drying firndy folds together lengthwise, and by its increasing 
 pressure projects the obovate seeds. — Represented only by the familiar genus. 
 
 1. VIOLA, Linn. Violkt. 
 
 Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base. Petals unequal, the lower spurred 
 
 at base. Anthers broad, nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two 
 
 lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial 
 
 herbs; with alternate lo^aves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1 -flowered axillary 
 
 peduncles. Flowers usually dimorphous ; the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, 
 
 but often sterile ; the later (near the ground in the stemless species) with small 
 
 and rudimentary petals, fertilized in the bud and producing numerous seeds. 
 
 A Inrgn gonns of 100 spccips or more, largely liclonging to tlio tomprratp regions of the nortliem 
 boniisplicre, Init 30 snccics nrc fouml in the mountains ot S. Aineriin, and a very few occur in S. 
 Africa, Atistralia, ami New Zealand. The North American species numlwr alx)ut 30, half of 
 which belong to the western .side of the continent. Many of them are very variable and their 
 limits not ea.sily defined. Some of the foreign species are favorites everywhere for their fragrance 
 or beauty. The Californian are as a whole very showy, but generally not sweet-scented. Some, 
 however, have a peculiar and ratlier agreeable fragrance, very unlike the typical "odor of 
 violets." 
 
 * jS/emlesx, (he leaves and scabies all from a subterranean rnotstock : leai'es not lobed 
 
 nor parted : flowers white or purple. 
 
 1. V. blanda, Willd. Kootstock creeping and at length producing runners : 
 leaves rounded-cordate or reniform, i to 2 inches in diameter, minutely and sjmr- 
 ingly pubescent or glabrous, obscurely crenate-toothed : peduncles 2 to 4 inches 
 high : flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple, nearly beardless, usually 
 3 or 4 lines long ; spur sliort and blunt. 
 
 Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, rather rare : common east- 
 ward to the Atlantic. 
 
 V. rALtisriua, Linn., very similar, but with pale lilac flowers, does not certainly occur in Cali- 
 fornia. It is found from the British boundary northward, on Mt. Washington in New Hamp- 
 shire, and ppilmps also in the Kocky Mountains. 
 
 2. V. CUCullata, Ait. Rootstock thick and brandling, not ]iroducing runners : 
 leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus, 
 the lowest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the 
 sides rolled inward when ycmng : peduncles 3 to 10 inches high : flowers deep or 
 pale violet or purple (sometimes white) ; petals 5 to 8 lines long, the lateral and 
 often the lower ones bearded ; spur short and thick. 
 
 Cucamonga, San Bernardino Co. {Biffclow) ; above Carson City and in Sierra Co. {Anderson, 
 lyemmon) ; and more common northward and eastwaixl to the Atlantic States, where it is the 
 most common of all the species, and very variable. 
 
 V. ODORATA, Linn., the well-known Sweet or English Violet, has been collected "among the 
 redwoods" (Holder), doubtless escaped from cultivation. 
 
 * * Leafy stems at len/jth elongated, from short or running rootstochs : spur very 
 
 short, except in the flrst spen'es. 
 
 +- Stems leafy throughout, erect or ascending : leaves nil undivided. 
 + + Flowers purple, or not bright yellow. 
 
 3. V. canina, Linn., var. adunca, Gray. Puberulcnt or nearly glabrous, low 
 (usually 3 to 4 inches high), at length sending out runners : leaves ovate, oft^n 
 
gg VIOLACE.E. Viola. 
 
 soiuewliat corduto at biiso, lunito or obtuse, i to 1^ inclies long, obscurely creiiatc : 
 .stipules I'oliua'ous, iianowly lanceolate, lacorately ti.otlieci : llowt^rs violet or purple, 
 rather large ; lateral petals bearded ; spur as h)ng as the sepals, rather slender, 
 obtuse, hoi)ked or curved. — V. aduiica, Smith, in IJees Cyc. 
 
 Var. longipes, ^Vat.son. ^'ery similar, but the stout and oljtuse spur is nearly 
 stmight. — )'. lumjipes, Nutt. in ''I'orr. .V dray, V\. i. 110. V. aduitca, Hook. VI 
 i. 79, in part. 
 
 Var. oxyceras, AVatson. Fioweis rather smaller ; spur slender, nearly ecjualling 
 the petals, acute and curved. 
 
 The first two forms of this very variable specties arc conmion in the Coast Ranges, in meadows 
 and moist places, from San Francisco to Washington Teriitory, apparently extending into the 
 Sierra Nevada. Nearly identical foinis are found eastward in the Kocky Mountains and to Win- 
 nipeg Valley. The var. ixxijccnis has been collected oidy in the Sierra Nevada, in Yosemite Val- 
 ley {Breicer, Onuj), anil near Donncr I'ass, Torrcy. The species to which these are all rtfcrred 
 is distributed throughout the northern zones around the world. The var. syhrstrin of the Atlantic 
 Coast, from the Northern States to Greenland, is glabrous, with more deeply cordate or renifomi 
 leaves, the spur sliaiglit and obtuse. 
 
 4r. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. More or less pubescent with spreading hairs, 
 rarely glabrous : stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves cordate to cordate- 
 ovate, acutish, conspicuously crenate, 1 or 2 inches long ; stipules small, scarious, 
 entire or slightly lacerate : petals 5 to 7 lines long, the upper ones white within, 
 deep puri)le-brown without, the others pale-yellow veined with purple, the lateral 
 ones with a purple spot near the base and slightly bearded on the claw. — Fl. i. 
 142; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325, 
 
 From Monterey northward to Mendocino Co., in wooded districts. 
 
 V. TRicoLOii, Linn., the Pansy or Hcart's-ease of the gardens, often escapes from cultivation 
 and becomes wild. It is a native of Eurojie and Siberia, erect, with angled stems, large foliaceous 
 divided stipule.s, rather small cordate or ovate or even lanceolate leaves, and flowers variously 
 colored with purple, violet, yellow and wiute. Nature furnishes several varieties and art has 
 produced many more. 
 
 +4- ++ Flowers 1/elloiv, more or less veined or tinged with purple. 
 
 5. V. pedunculata, Tom-. <k Gray. Nearly glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 
 the a.scending stems 2 to G inches high from a slender decumbent or procumbent 
 base : leaves rhombic-cordate, with base usually truncate or abru])tly cuneate, obtuse, 
 ^ to H inches long, often small, coarsely crenate: stipules Ibliaceous, narrowly 
 lanceolate, entire or gashotl : peduncles much exceeding the leaves : flowers showy, 
 deep yellow, usually large : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute : petals 6 to 9 
 lines long, the upper more or less tinged with brown on the outside, the others 
 veined with purj)le ; lateral jtetals bearded: cajtsule oblong-ovate, 5 to lines 
 long, glabrous. — Fl. i. 141 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 
 5004. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges from Southern California to San Francisco, and probably northward. 
 
 <j. V. aurea, Kellogg. ^lore or less pubescent with short sjjreading hairs : the 
 stems ascending from a straight rootstock, 2 to G inches high : leaves ovate to lan- 
 ceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, obtuse, h to li inches long, coarstily 
 «;rt!nato : stipides foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate : pedunctles a little huiger than 
 the leaves : sepals linear, acununate : petals 4 to 6 lines long, as in the last but 
 lighter yellow : capsule nearly globular, 3 lines long, pubescent. — Proc. Calif. 
 Acad. ii. 185, fig. 54. V. mitt(dUi & prccmorsa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 298. V. 
 pedunculata, Torr. in Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 68, in part. V. Nuttallii, var. pramoisa, 
 Watson, Bot. King E.xp. 35. 
 
 Var. venosa, "Watson. Alpine and more .slender; flowers rather smaller; leaves 
 often purple-veined. — V. purpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Aciid. i. 5G. V. Nuttallii, 
 var. (1) venosa, AVatson, Bot. King Exp. 35. 
 
llola. VIOLACK.K. 57 
 
 In tlio Coast Itaiigos from Snnta HnrlMira nml Fort 'I'l-jon to Mciiilocino ("o. : also in tlie Sierm 
 Nevada at an nltitudo of 5,000 to (5,000 feet ; Ynscniitc Valley {Jiolnnilr.r) ; alnivc «'ai-son City, 
 Aiidemnn, H'nisnn. The variety more alpine, at ftltitu<les of 8,000 to 10,500 Teet, from Mt. 
 Brewer to l>oiiiier Pass, and in the high mountains eastward to the Wahsatch. 
 
 7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. From dcMJsoly pubescent with spreading,' hairs to nearly 
 glabrous : stems aseeiulin^ from a strai^'lit rootstoek, usually low, often very short : 
 leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into the long petiole, obtuse, 1 to 3 inches 
 long, entire or obscurely sinuate; stipules mcistly narrow, entire: jjedundes usually 
 shorter than the leaves : petals half an inch long, yellow, tinged more or less with 
 brown or purple: capsule ovate, smooth. — lIo(jk. Fl. i. LM), t. 7G ; 'J'orr. k Gray, 
 Fl. i. 141. v. prwrnnrsa, Dougl. ; LintU. liot. Reg. xv, t. TiOt. 
 
 From ■Washington Territory and Oregon to the Saskatchewan and Colorado ; jjrobably to be 
 found in the northern or northeastern parts of tlio State. 
 
 +- -•- Stems leafy prostrate stolons : leaves undivided : Jlowers yellow. 
 
 8. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Slightly ])ubescent : leavers rounded-cordate, reni- 
 form, or sometimes ovate, ^ to \\ inches broad, finely crenate, dark green above, 
 often rusty below, usually punctate with numerous dark dots : peduncles mostly 
 exceeding the leaves : flowers rather small, light yellow, — Hook. Fl. i. 80 ; Terr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 143. 
 
 Near the sea, commonly in woods, from Monterey to British Columlua. At the north it ranges 
 farther inland. 
 
 -(--»--»- Stems erect, tutked helow, or ncurhj so : Jlnivcrs yellow. 
 
 + + Leaves 7individed. 
 
 9. V. glabella, Nutt. jMimitely pube.scent or glabrous : stems slender from a 
 creeping rootstoek, naked or sparingly leafy lielow, 5 to 12 inches high: radical 
 leaves on elongated petioles, tlie upper shortly petioled, reuiform-cordatc to cordate, 
 acute, crenately toothed or crenulate, 1 to 4 inches broad ; stii)ules usually small 
 and membranaceous, eiitire or serrulate : ilowers bright yellow, half an inch long : 
 petals more or le^s veined with purple, the lateral ones boarded : capsule ovate- 
 oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, abruptly beaked. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 142. V. Cana- 
 densis, var. Sitchensis, Bongard. V. hijlora, var. Sitchensis, Kegel. V. jmbesceiis, var. 
 srahrinscnta, (Jray, Manual, 70. 
 
 In Rlindy jdneoH, Mendociiin Co. {liohtvihr) \ Mariposa Crovi' (Mrs. S. /'. Monkii) ; Sierrn Co. 
 (Lr.inmm\); northward to Alaska nml eastward across tlin conlincnl. 
 
 ++ -f+ Leaves usually lohed or parted. 
 
 10. V. lobata, Benth. Finely pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems rather stout, 
 8 to 12 inches liigh, from an erect rootstoek: leaves glabrous above, cordate or 
 roniform in outline, 2 to 4 inches broad, the cauline shortly petioled, more or Ic-^s 
 deeply palmate into 5 to 9 narrowly oblong lobes, the centml lobe usually more 
 elongated ; some of the radical leaves occasionally less lobed, or entire and coarsely 
 toothed : stiptdes foliaceous, often large, toothed or entire : jK-tals G to 8 lines long, 
 yellow, the upper l)rownish purjde externally, the others veino.l or tinged, and the 
 lateral slightly l)earded : stigma bearde<l on e<ach side : capsule fi to G lines long, 
 acute. — PI. Hartw. 298; Torr. in Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 68. V. Sequoiensis, Kellogg, 
 Proc. Calif. Arad. ii. 185, tig. 55. 
 
 Var. integrifolia, Watson. Leaves not at all lobed, coarsely toothed, acuminata. 
 
 From Snn Oiego to Mt. .'^hnstn, most common in the central Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 6,000 
 feel altitude, but not abundant even there; the variety in Sierra Co., I.nnwnn. Very vnriablrt 
 in its foliage and pubescence. As in the last Hpecie.s, the upper and later joints of the" stem are 
 short and tho leaves approximate. 
 
 V. Hai,MI, (irny, I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. .377, from Oregon, is a similar but moro slender npocies; 
 glabrous; leaves ,1-pnrted, tho narrow sngnientH 1 - 3-lobed ; lower |M'tals yellow, the upper deep 
 violet ; stigma surrounded by hairs. 
 
58 
 
 POLYGALACE^. Viola. 
 
 * * * Sleim very short, usualli/ clustered, from a deep subterranean rootstock : leaves 
 all divided : Jlowers yellow ; spur very short. 
 
 11. V. chrysantha, Hook. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: 
 leaves bipinnalilid with narrow oblong' or linear segments ; stipules lanceohite, 
 entire or tootlied : pedum;K;s e<|UaUing or exr.eeding tlio leaves, 2 to /) inelics lung : 
 liowers usually large : ]»etals 5 to l) lines long, bright yellow, the upper brown- 
 purple on the outside, the others veined, the lateral ones not bearded : stigma 
 slightly hairy below the ruundeii summit : capsule 5 lines long, acute : seeds large. 
 — Ic. PI. t. 49; Hook. & Arn. P.ot. IJeechey, 325; Kellogg, Troc. Calif. Acad, 
 ii. 229, iig. 72. 
 
 In dry soil on low hills from Monterey {Doiujlas) and Knight's Feny {Bigdow) to Mendocino 
 Co. {bulandcr) ami iiuilLwiud ; Snuku Country, Tolmie. 
 
 12. V. BeckTvithii, Torr. A; Gray. Glabrous or pubescent: leaves broadly 
 cordate in outline, 3-purted ; the divisions lobed and cleft into linear or oblong seg- 
 ments : peduncles about equalling the leaves : petals 4 to 7 lines long, very broad, 
 the upper purple, the others yellow with purple veins, the lateral ones bearded and 
 the lower deej)ly emarginate: stigma lightly bearded at the sides : capsule obtuse. — 
 Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 119, t. 1. V. montana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acatl. i. 56. 
 
 In tlio eentnil Sierra Nevnda u]ion both sides of tlie range, from Alpine Co. {Anderson) to Sierra 
 Co. {Lamiwn): Diamond Mountains, N. Nevada, licckwilh. 
 
 13. V. Sheltonii, Torr. (ilabrous or nearly m\ leaves as in tho last : ])etals 
 rather smaller, narrower, all yellow, veined with ])urple, the lateral ones and the 
 stigma glabrous ; lower petal not emarginate. — Pacif. K. Pep. iv. 67, t. 2. 
 
 In the northern Sierra Nevada, hi Plumas, SieiTa, and Nevada counties, Rev. Mr. Skelton, Bigc- 
 low, Lemmon, Mrs. Pulsi/cr Ames. 
 
 OiiDEii XII. POLYGALACE^. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, Avith simple entire leaves and no stipules, remarkable for the 
 papilionaceous-looking flowers (but of structure unlike tho papilionaceous corolla), 
 monadelphous or diadelphous stamens colierent with the petals, and one-celled 
 anthers opening at the top ; — an order not closely related to any other, to which is 
 appended the very peculiar genus Krameria. 
 
 1. POLYGALA, Tonrn. 
 
 Sepals 5, very tim-tiual, the 2 lateral ones liirgo and pctal-liko (railed witujs). Pet- 
 als 3, united to each other and to tho stamen-tube, tho middle one (or keel) hooded 
 above and often crested or beaked. Stamens 6 to 8, the lilaments xmited below 
 into a split sheath, adnato at base to the petals : anthers 1 -celled, often cupshaped, 
 opening at the apex. Ovary 2-celled : ovules solitary, pendulous, auatropous : 
 style long, curved, dilated above: stigma terminal or apparently lateral. Capsule 
 membranaceous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, rounded and often notcheil 
 above, loculicidal at the margin. Seed carunculate at the hilum : embryo large, 
 straight, with thin albumen. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby; with simple 
 entire leaves, and racemose or spicato flowers. The Californian si)ecies are perennials 
 with a woody base, alternate leaves, and few large flowers in terminal racemes. 
 
 A genus of some 200 species, of the temperate and warmer zones, represented by 30 or more 
 species in the region east of the Rocky Mountains. A bitter principle is connnon to the genus, 
 of medicinal value in some instances. 
 
fCramerin. POLVGALACEi*). 59 
 
 1. P. CUCullata, J>eiitli. Stems slendor from !i woody hiiso, 2 to 8 inches high, 
 mostly simj)lo, pubcnilcnt above : hjaves glabrous or slightly i)ii})esi:ent, obloDg-lance- 
 olato or sometimes ovate-elliptical, J to 1 inch long, acute or obtuse, cuneato at base 
 and very shortly pctioled : flowers rose-colored, on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, with- 
 out bracts : sepals glabrous or nearly so ; the outer 2J lines long, rounded-saccate at 
 base; the wings rather broadly spattdato, 4 to G lines long: lateral petals lint-ar-lance- 
 olatc, somewhat ciliate, c(pialling the broad ol)tuse more or less curved beak of the 
 rounded hood : fruit mostly from apctalous flowers near the root ; ca|)sulo gla])rous, 
 broadly ovate, 2^ to 3 lines long, retuse above, nearly sessile, narrowly margined : 
 seed 2 lines long, somewhat pubescent ; the caruncle vesicular and wrinkled, calyptra- 
 like, half tho length of tho seed. — I'l. Hartw. 299. J\ Nutbtnn, Torrey, Hot. 
 Mex. Bouml. 49, t. 1 2. 
 
 From Santa Barbara to Ukiah, on dry hillsides. This has usually bocn confounded with the 
 next, and witli it referred to /'. Nutkaiui, Mo9ino, which however is doubtless a Mexican plant 
 and the same as P. oralifnlia, DC. 
 
 2. p. Californica, Nutt. Much resembling the last ; but stems more shrubby, 
 stouter and more branched, \ to 1 foot high or more: flowers greenish white, usually 
 fruiting : se|)als all densely tomento.se ; tho wings oblong, scarcely narrowed at base : 
 lateral petals only equalling the hood, which bears a straight narrow erect beak : 
 capsule ovate, 4 lines long, emarginate or retusely 2-toothed at the apex, narrowly 
 winged : .seed 3 lines long, densely liairy ; the caruncle firm and terete, with a thin 
 lateral wing partially covering the body of the seed. — Torr. & Gray, P'l. i. 671. 
 P. Nntkana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. P. cncuUata, Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 70. 
 P. cornufn, Kellogg, Proc. (^alif. Acad. i. 01. 
 
 In tho Sierra Nevada, from Kl Doiado Vn. to Orej:ron {N'rwbcrr]/) ; in nine forests. Possibly 
 Nuttall inidiided both species under his description, liut specimens ticketea by liim belong to the 
 piesciit form. Dr. Torrey ticketed spocimeus of his own collection as from Santa Barbara, prob- 
 ably liy inistiik(\ 
 
 3. P. Bubspinosa, Watson. Glabrous or more or less judjoscent : tho stems 
 numerous, 2 to 8 inches high, branched above, tho branches often spinoso : leaves 
 ^ to an inch long, oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, attenuate to a narrow base : 
 bracts narrow, scarious; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, at length usually deflexed : sepals 
 glabrous or ciliate ; the outer narrow, rounded-saccate at base ; the oblong rose-colored 
 wings 4 to 5 lines long: lateral petals linear, equalling the broad rounded bonk of 
 tho yellow keel : capsule obovate, emarginate, narrow at hxso, 3 lines long : seed 
 hairy, 2 lines long ; tho short caruncle with membranous lateral wings more than 
 half the length of the seed. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 209. 
 
 On dry hills near Silver City, Nevada, KrVnrjg : Southern Utah, from several collections, and 
 Arizona, Pa/mer. Tlie only other species of tho inner liasiii is /'. acavthoclnda, Oray, collected 
 by Brandrgrc in S. Colorado, similar to this but more woody and with much smaller scattered 
 whitish flowers. 
 
 P. Xanti, Gray, of Lower Califomia, is also a low perennial, pubescent throughout ; Ic^ives 
 oval, .shortly petioled ; flowers recurved, 3 lines long, white tinged witli yellow and purple, the 
 keel not beaked or crested ; capsule ovate, 3 lines long, deejdy emarginate, densely pubescent ; 
 seed with a short thick caruncle. 
 
 2. KRAMERIA, T-inn 
 Sepals 5, somowliat unequal, more or less petal-like. Petals 5 ; the 3 upper similar, 
 long-clawed, approximate, tho lower short, sessile and fle-shy. Stamens 4, united 
 bolow : anthers 2-celled, dehiscing obliquely at tho apex. Ovary sinqtle, silky : 
 ovulna 2, ppniltjloua from toward the apnx of th(^ cell : stylo simplo, sf might, 
 obli(|UGly torniinal, acutish : stigma terminal. Capsido globose, coriaceous, inde- 
 hiscent, spinose or muricate, 1 -seeded. Seod naked, without albumen: etjibryn 
 straig}\t, the cotyledons auriculftto at base and including th<^ radicle, — Suinll "shrubs 
 
GO 
 
 FKANKENIACE.E. Krameria. 
 
 or somewliiit woody pereiiiiuil hurbs, silkj^tumeiitoso and often prostrate; with 
 alternate and entire nunow leaves ; llowera sulitaiy, on axillary braeted pedunclfs, 
 I)urj)lisl». 
 
 A gomis of iiliout II dozen .species, eoiilinwl to tlio wunner iKtrlioiis df Anieric:ii, tliree oi lour 
 iiiiligoiiuuij on lliu Houtluiin bortlur of llio Unilod Slates. 
 
 1. K. parvifolia, l>entli. A rigid dill'usely branched Khriib, 1 or 2 feet liigh, 
 with silky apiiri'ssied pubescence, the slender divaricate branchlets often spinose : 
 leaves linear, 4 to 8 lines long ; the lower obtuse (often snuiU and ovate to oblong), 
 the upper aculeately tipjied and, with the inflorescence, usually sprinkled with short 
 rigid gland-bearing hairs : llowers 2 to 4 lines long ; peilunch'S with 2 or 3 pairs of 
 leaf-like bracts : the ovale silky sepals purple within : petals with claws united 
 nearly to the top, the niitldle blade narrow : stamens nearly free : fruit with nuu)er- 
 ous very slender prickles retrorsely barbed their whole length, cordate-globose, 4 
 lines long, shortly acuniinate, obscurely ritlged on each side. — Bot. Sulph. 6, t. 2 ; 
 Gray, PI. Wright, i. 41 ; Jierg, JJot. Zeit. xiv. 7GG. 
 
 From San Diego {Clccdund) to Fort Moluive (CVi/jcr) hmcI ^owwa. {Thurber}, and eastward to 
 New Mexieo ; southwaid on the coast to Magdalena Hay. 
 
 2. K. canescens, (Jmy. Very similar in habit and foliage : pubescence short 
 and tomenlosi; : Kavt's lanceolate to linear : peduncles shorter, 2-bracted : sepals 
 lanceolate, the smaller one linear: capsule ovate-globose, tipped witli the stout 
 curved style, and armed with slender prickles barbed at the apex. — 1*1. Wright, i. 
 42 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49, t. 13. 
 
 "Desert west of the Colomdo " {AiUisell), and New Mexico. 
 
 K. LANCEOi.ATA, ToiT., is a more eastern species, from Tucson, Arizona {Palmer), to Florida. 
 It is silky-villous, with 'i-hracted peduncles, tl>o fruit armed witli stout and straight retrorsely 
 scabrous spines. 
 
 OiiDKR XIII. FRANKENIACEiE3. 
 
 Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules ; 
 distinguished from the first tribe of the following ortler mainly by the parietal pla- 
 centa), and oval or oblong anatropous seeds with a straight embryo; — of a single 
 genus. 
 
 1. FRANKENIA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx tubular or prismatic, furrowed ; the 4 or 5 lobes valvate and induplicate 
 in the bud. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous ; the blade tapering into a claw, which 
 bears an appendage (crown) on its inner face. Stamens 4 to 7 or rarely more, hypo- 
 gynous. Ovary 1 -celled, Avitli 2 to 4 few- to several-ovuled parietal i)lacenta3 : style 
 2 - 4-cleft into fdiform divisions : stigmas unilateral. Capsule included in the per- 
 sistent calyx, 2-4-valved; the few or several seeds attached by filiform stalks to 
 the margin of the valves. — Leaves small, mostly crowded and also fascicled in the 
 axils, sessile or nearly so, the |)air ofttm united by a membranous somewhat sheath- 
 ing base : llowers hmiuII, perfect, solitary ami se-ssile in the forks of the stem, or by 
 the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming cymose-clustered on the 
 branches : corolla pink or purplish. 
 
 A widely diffused genus, of 30 or more species, only tlu-ee of them North American, and these 
 all soutliwestern. 
 
 1. F. grandifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Smooth or somewhat pubescent with 
 short spreading hairs, rather woody at ba.se, erect or prostrate, 6 inches high, leafy : 
 
/■rntikenin. CARVOI'Il VLLACE.10 
 
 61 
 
 leaves tliickish, obovato to linoar-ohlaiicoclato, 3 to G linos long, the margin rovo- 
 
 luto : calyx .'5 lines long, linear, very strongly furrowed, tlm lobes short and acute : 
 
 petals exserted 1 to 1^ lines, the blade oblong, erose at the summit, the appendage 
 
 bifid : stamens 4 to 7 : style 3-cleft : capsule linear, angle<l, shorter than the calyx : 
 
 seeds numerous. — Linnoia, i. 35 ; Torrey, Bot. I\Iex. Jiound. 3(3, t. 5. 
 
 Sea-shore from San Francisco to San Diego and soutlnvanl, and ea-stward in tlie desert to Ari- 
 zona and S. Nevada, 
 
 F. Palmfri, Watson, collected by Dr. E. Talmer on tiio eastern side of bower California, is a 
 rather slender shrub, a foot high, the niinicrous fascicled leaves only I or 2 lines long, thick 
 and strongly revoluto, canescent with a white encrustation : calyx U fines long : petals linear, a 
 little exserted : .stamens 4 : stylo bifid : capsule 2-seeded. — Troc. Am. Acad. xi. 124. 
 
 F. Jamksii, Torr. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622), is a more ea.stern sjwcies, of Colorado and 
 New Mexico, with the habit of F. (jroiidifnlin, but more pubescent, leaves narrower and with 
 icvohite margins, flowers larger, and ovary 3-ovuled. 
 
 Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes suirrutescent at ba.se, l)laiid and inert, witli regular and mostly 
 perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the jjctals 4 or 5 and imbricated or 
 the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens commonly twice as 
 many as the petals (when of the same number alternate with them, sometimes 
 fewer), ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta, bearing many or several campylo- 
 tropous ovules; the reniform seeds with a slender embryo coiled around the outside 
 of farinaceous albumen. — Steins usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves often 
 united at the base by a transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious stip- 
 ules. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly hypogynous around an annular 
 disk, sometimes perigynous by its cohesion with the base of the calyx. Styles 2 to 
 5, mostly distinct, and with stigma running down the inner face, in the last genera 
 more or less unitod into one. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the 
 summit. Flowers terminal or in the forlcs, or in cymes. 
 
 A largo order, fonnd in every part of tlio world, but nlKinndinrr i.. tn,„„„rn.n „n,i r.igj.i regions, 
 
 ise5, except 
 ally as Pinks, Ly.-hnis, kc. Much r 
 ipon 
 
 Tribe I. 
 
 A argo or. er, found ui every part of tlio world, but nlKinnding in temperate nn<l fiigi. 
 
 tl nt rlrrr. °'u""''! Tr'"'"- ""•'" "''°"! •■'•''' ''^""•"■"' "*■ "" ""P'Tmnt prnpertie, or n.os, cxcepc 
 that many are c Itivate.I for ornament, such especially as Pinks, Ly.-hnis. kc Much more larire v 
 represented m Western North America than upon the Atlantic si.ie. ^ " 
 
 ^l:k ^^'^^'^^^^f'- /'^'^r"'« »"ited into a 4 -5-toothed or lobed calyx. Petals commonly 
 Tnic 1^,, T T ('^'•"T'll"" ^^"^ ^'«° "f t''« ^l-^'l^ ^^i^l'i". ""'•^owed below into a con^ 
 fCr,M ^,' T\ ';,"' *'" '^'"r"" ^"^^ "" ^ ^^*I'« ""'•'•^ the ovary. Styles distinct. 
 Capsule dehiscent at the summit by as many or twice as many teeth is stylL. Stipules 
 none. Flowers comparatively large. ^ 
 
 1. SUene. Styles 3. (Lvcmni.s with 4 or .I styles, not yet foun.l in California.) 
 
 TiunK II. AbSINI'LE. Se|,als .listinct to the base or nenrlv so. P.-tnls without crown or 
 distinct clau, inserted with the stamens on the margin ofthe hvp..gvnuus or sometimes 
 perigynous disk under the .sessile ovary, not rarely wanting or in.'onspicuous. 
 * Stipules none. 
 
 2. Cerastiiim. Capsule cylindHc. .lehiscent with twi.e a.s mnnv e,,nal t.-P,h as stvles : potals 
 
 J. atellaria. ( npsu le gloln^sn to oblong, with as many valves as styles i.ifid or 2parted : petnls 
 
 l>ilid : style, .t (rarely 2. 4, or 5). opposite to as many sepaK. " 
 4. Arenana. Petals entire or wanting : styles .T (rarely 2.' 4, or r,). opposite to as many sepals : 
 
 capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, these entire or bifid or 2-part^d. 
 J), eaglna. I etals entire or wanting : styles as many as the sepals, alternate with them and 
 
 with the entire valves of the capsule. 
 
62 
 
 UAUYoriJVJ.LACE.K. 
 
 » » Stipules scaiious or setitbrm. 
 +- Petals conspicuous : styles distinct. 
 G. Spergula. Styles 5, alternate with tlie sepals and with the entire valves of the capsule. 
 
 7. Lepigonum. Styles and valves ol' the cajjsule 3. 
 
 -*- +■ I'etiils incoiispicuuiis or minute : styles united below. 
 
 8. Polycarpon. Sepals and jietals entire. Leaves ovate or oblong : stipules scaiious. 
 
 y. Loefliugia. Sepals rigid and with a setiforni tuoth on each side. Leaves subulate or seta- 
 ceous : the setiibrni rigid stipules aduate to each margin. 
 
 Dkymaiua, Willd., is represented by one or two species in Lower California and by others in 
 Arizona. They have the aspect of Chickweeds {Slelliiria), small and scarious stipules, and 2-tJ- 
 cloft petals. 
 
 1. SILENE, Linn. CATciiKhY. (."amimon. 
 Calyx tubular, c.ylindro-clavate to campanulate, 5-tootlied, 10-nerved. Petals 5, 
 with narrow claws; the blade mostly 2 - maiiy-clei't, and usually crowned with 2 
 scales at the base. Stamens 10, borne with the petals upon the stipe of the ovary. 
 Ovary 1-celled, mauy-ovuled : styles 3, Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3, short 
 teeth. Seed opaque, tuberculate or echinate, attached marginally : embryo peri- 
 pherical. — Annual or mostly perennial herbs, of various habit. --Eohrbach, Monog. 
 Silene, and in Linmea, xxxvi. 170; Watson, I>ot. King Exp. 430, and Proc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 340. 
 
 A genus of 300 or more species, most abundant in the northern temperate regions of the Old 
 World. Of the 25 American species, the larger number is confined to the Rocky Mountains and 
 the region westward. 
 
 * Annuals : flowers small. 
 
 Glabrous : flowers in an open naked dicliotomous panicle. 4. S. ANrmuniNA. 
 
 Villous ; flowers racemose or sjucale : leaves spatulate. 8. S. GauI-ICA. 
 
 ♦ ♦ rerciinials : caly.\ canijianuliitc, inflated ; flowers few, 
 
 Clandular-puberulcnt : flowers nodding : blade 4-parted ; claws and fila- 
 ments pulicscent. 1. S. campanulata. 
 
 Mostly glabrous : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws narrow, naked. 2. S. Lyau.ii. 
 
 Puberulent : calyx somewhat inflated : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws 
 
 broader. 17. S. Douoi.Asn. 
 
 » ♦ ♦ Perennials: caly.v oblong-cyliudric or davate. 
 
 Usually low : inflorescence leafy. 
 
 Flowers white, snndl : bladebitid, without crown. 5. S. Mkn/iksm. 
 
 Flowers large, pale pink : blade 4-6-parU;d : tomenlo.se above. (5. S. lluoKKUl. 
 
 Flowers large, deej) scarlet : blade 4-parled : glandular-pubescent or 
 
 puberulent. 7. S. CAi.iFuii.MCA. 
 
 Taller : floral Inacts .small and narrow. 
 Blade of the petals 4-jiarte<l or 4-cleft. 
 
 Flowers large, briglit scarlet : blade deeply 4-cleft : leaves narrowly 
 
 lanceolate or linear. 8. S. i,A( iniata. 
 
 Slender, subglabrous : calyx short : blade Cijually 4-j)arted : capsule 
 
 nearly sessile. i). S. Licmmoni. 
 
 Stout and tall, glandular : calyx long : blade dee])ly 4-cleft ; claw 
 
 Jiarrow, villous : stii)e lonj'. 10. S. occidentalis. 
 
 Slender, puberulent : calyx long : blade 4-cleft ; claw naked ; auri- 
 cles and crown lacerate : stip<! long. 11. S. Montana. 
 Slender, puberulent : calyx and petals short : blade narrowly 4-parted ; 
 
 narrow claw and filaments villous : stij)e short. 12. S. Pai.mkki. 
 
 Blade of the petals bifid, mostly light rose-color ; lobes mostly oblong. 
 Stout, glandular : calyx-teeth long, lanceolate : petals purplish ; claw 
 
 narrow, not auricled. 13. S. pectinata. 
 
 Tall, lax : leaves broadly lanceolate : claw narrowly auricled : stipe 
 
 short : seed not tubercled. 14. S. INCOMPTA. 
 
Silene. ( 'A UYOIMIV I.I.AC K/K. (53 
 
 Low : leftvea nnnow : clnw iianowly amii-jeil : stipe sliort : seed 
 
 strongly liil)orculiito on tlie limk. 15. S. verkcunda. 
 
 Pubcnileiit : leaves nnrrow . claw broadly auriclcd : stijK) rather long : 
 
 seed tuhcrcled. 17. S. Doufii.Afiii. 
 
 Petals white, very narrow ; lobes linear : styles longex.serted. IG. S. Biiiik;esii. 
 
 § 1. Calyx campatiulate, inflated: floivers feio in a loose panicle or j^aniculate raceme: 
 
 perennials. 
 
 1. S. campanulata, Wntson. rilandulnr-jmbenilcnt : 8tein8 erect, G to 10 
 incites liigli, simplo or (lichotoinously bmncluvl at the smninit : leaves lanceolate, 
 1 to 1^ inches long, acute or acuminate : llowors solitary or few, on short nodding 
 pedicels : calyx 5 to 6 lines long, finely net-veined, the teeth broad and acute or 
 acutish : petals pale flesh-color, 9 lines long ; claws pubescent, narrowly auricled ; 
 blade 4-parted, the lobes bilid or the lateral ones entire or notched ; appendages ob- 
 long, entire : lilamonts pubescent, exserted : ovary subglobose, shortly stipitato. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. 
 
 Red Mountain, Mendocino County, Bolander, Kellogg. 
 
 2. S. Lyallii, Watson. Glabrous except the subglandidar pubcrulcnt inflores- 
 cence : stems slender, ascending : leaves lincar-oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long : 
 flowers few in a dichotomous cyme, erect on slender pedicels : calyx 4 lines long, 
 net-veined above ; teeth broad, obtuse : petals brownish jjurple, 7 lines long ; blade 
 oblong, shortly bifid ; claw naked, scarcely auricled ; appendages oblong, entire : 
 anthers included : ovary narrowly oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. 
 
 In Gold Lake and Sierra Valleys, Sierra County, Lcmmon. Cascade Mountains, Washington 
 Teiiitoi-y, Lyall. 
 
 Wliat ajipoars to bo another species of this group, with pendulous (lowers, has been collected in 
 the Sierra Nevada above Cisco, but the material is too mengio for ii specific description. The 
 flowors are clustered, on short pedicels ; calyx greenish, 4 to .I linos long ; blade shortly bifid, 
 obscurely toothed at the side, and with short entire a'pjx'ndagcs ; inllorescenco puberulcnt. 
 
 S. MONANTHA, Watson, 1. c, the one other western species with inflated calyx, has been found 
 only at the falls of the Columbi.a. It is distinguished by weak elongated stojns, the long-pedun- 
 culate flowers terminal and solitary, not deflexed, and the limb of the i>etals bifid. 
 
 § 2. Calyx oblong-cylindric or clavate, becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary. 
 
 * Annuals : floivera small, solitary, rarrmo-te or paniclcd : capsule ovoid, very shortly 
 stipitate, 3 to 4 lines long. 
 
 3. S. Qallica, Linn. Villous-pubosccnt : leaves spatulate, 1 to IJ inches long: 
 flowers on very short pedicels, racemose, 4 to 5 lines long, the rose-colored petals 
 little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 A European species now widely distributed. Abimdant in many localities near the coast 
 
 4. S. antirrhina, Linn. Glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid, erect, slen- 
 der, 1 to 2^ feet high : leaves lanceolate or linear: flowers in a naked dichotomous 
 ])a!iicle, on long pedicels: petals obovate, minutely appondaged, equalling the calyx. 
 — Kohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras, xiv.' 292, t. GG. 
 
 Throughout California, but apparently rare, ranging north to British Columbia and eastward 
 across the continent. 
 
 * * Prrrunirils, spreading or derumhent, usually low : inflorescence leafy. 
 
 5. S. Menziesii, Hook. Glandular-puberulcnt : stems ntnnerons, weak and 
 ascending, dichotoniously branched, G to 12 inches high, leafy : leaves ovate-l.inceo- 
 lato or -oblong, acute or ncuminiite nt each end, an inch or Iwo long: peduncles 
 1 (lowered, liiieral ami terminiil, eijualling the leaves: petals biliil, without crown, 
 3 or 4 lines long, exceeding the ovate calyx, white : capsule ovate-oblong, slmrtly 
 .stipitato : seeds minutely tubercidate, at leii(»th nearly black and shining. — Hook. 
 Fl. i. 99, t. 30. .S'. Dorrii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 44. fig. 12. 
 
64 
 
 CAHY0P11V1J.A(JE.E. 'SV/e/- 
 
 From Mono Luke to the IJiilisli buuiuliuy and IVeiiiu-iit in the mountains eastward, ironi Slave 
 Lake to New Mexico. 
 
 G. S. Hookeri, Null. Somowlmt wliilo-tuiiuinlose, espociuUy abovo, tlio leafy 
 stems 3 lo U) iuclies hi-;li IVuiii a deep peipeiulicuhir root : leaves spalulate, acute, 
 an inch or two Ion-,' : lli)\ver.s 1 to 5, lar^^o, erect, on pedicels U inches long : calyx 
 oblong-clavato, B to 10 lines long : i>elals pale-pink, twice longer than the calyx, 
 the broad claw ciliate below, the cuneato blade 4 - (i-parted with lanceolate or linear 
 entire or biiid seguients ; appendages lanceolate, decurrent upon the claw : ovary 
 nearly sessile. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. G051. 6'. JJul- 
 anderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330. Melaudryuvi Hookeri & M. Bulandtri, 
 Kohrb, in linmea, xxxvi. 254. 
 
 Wooded hillsides, from I'lumas and Mendocino counties to the Columbia River. 
 
 7. S. Californica, lUuand. (j!landular-i)ubescent or puberulenl : stems \ to 4 
 feet high, lax, leafy, somewhat branched above : leaves oblanceolate to ovate, 1^ to 
 4 inches long, acute or acuminate : llowers large, deej) scarlet, few at the ends of 
 the branches : pedicels short, the lower detlected in fruit : calyx 7 to 10 lines long : 
 petals deeply jjarted, with bitid segments, the lobes 2 - 3-toothcd or entire, with 
 often a linear lateral one ; appendages oblong-lanceolate : capsule ovate, \ inch long, 
 rather shortly sti[)itate. — 1*1. I'rattcn. 83. S. laciiiiata, var. Ctdiforuica, CJray ; 
 Watson, Troc. Am. Acad. x. 341. Melandryuin Califoraicani, Rohrb. 1. c. 252. 
 
 From Mondoe.ino and I'laiMM- comities to Sanlu Cruz, Fort Tcjon, and tho Maripo.-ia Orove. It 
 probably c.\tomls southwani in tho Coast Ranges to San Dieyo. Tho llowers much resemble those 
 of the next species, to which it has been referred. 
 
 * * * Erect perennials, loith the flowers in. a panicle or racemose-paniculate, the floral 
 bracts small and narrow. 
 
 -J- Petals i-parted or i-cleft. 
 
 8. S. laciniata, Cav. Pubescent Avith more or less viscid hairs or puberulent : 
 stems erect or ascending from a thick woody rootstock, 1 to 1 1 feet high : leaves 
 narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 2 to 3 inches long : flowers one or few on the elon- 
 gated branches, large, bright scarlet, on jiedicels ^ to 3 inches long, woi rellexed in 
 fruit : petals deeply 4-cleft with linear acute lobes, the lateral ones spreading and 
 shorter ; appendages ovate : capsule oblong, shortly stipitate, not greatly distending 
 the calyx : seed strongly tuberculate on tlie back. — Icon. vi. 44, t. 5G4 ; Lindl. 
 Bot. Reg. xvii. t. 1444. Lychnis pulchra, Cham. & Schlecht. Melandryu,ii lacini- 
 atum, Rohrb. 1. c. 
 
 From the Sacramento soutliward into Mexico, and eastward to New Mexico. 
 
 9. S. Lemmoni, AVatson. Glabrous or i)uberulent, tho inflorescence glandular : 
 stems erect from a decumbent perennial branching base, slender, 8 to 12 inches 
 high, branched : leaves nwstly on the young shoots, an inch long, spatulate t(j 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute : flowers in an open jianicle, erect or at length deflexed, on 
 slender i)edicels 4 to 9 lines long : calyx ovate-cylindric, 4 lines long, the teeth 
 acutely triangular : petals rose-colored, 6 to 8 lines long ; tlie broad blade 4-cleft 
 nearly to the base, with linear entire or notched lobes ; the lanceolate appendages 
 entire and the villous claw narrowly auricled : ovary oblong, very shortly stipitate. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. 
 
 Webber Lake Valley, Sierra Co., Lciamon. 
 
 10. S. occidentalis, Watson. Glandular-puberulent, or below somewhat tomen- 
 tose : stems often stout, erect from a vertical rootstock, 1^ to 2 feet high, simple or 
 branching : leaves oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acute, the lower ciliate at base : 
 flowers in an open panicle, erect or sometimes nodding, on slender pedicels G to 15 
 lines long : calyx cylindrical, G to 8 lines long, the teeth ovate and obtuse : petals 
 deep purple, one half lonjjer, deeply 4-cleft into nearly equal lobes or the lateral 
 
Silene. CARYOrHYLLACEJi:. §5 
 
 OIK'S shorter ; appendages linear, entire, lialf the length of the limb ; claw slightly 
 villous, without auricles : filaments slightly cxserted : stipe 3 linens long, as long as 
 the olilong ovary. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343. 
 Big Meadows, Plumas Co., Levitnon. 
 
 11. S. montana, Watson. Puberulent : the stems slender, from a decumbent 
 branching perennial l)ase, mostly simple, a foot high : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 
 1^ to 2 inches long, acuminate: flowers in a narrow panicle, erect upon usually 
 short jiedicels : calyx cylindrical, 7 to 9 lines long, the oblong teeth acutish : petals 
 apparently rose-colored, scarcely longer ; the broad blade deeply 4-cleft into linear 
 entire equal .segments ; claws naked, the auricles and broad ovate appendages some- 
 what lacerate : capstdo oblong, the stipe 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343, 
 
 Ncnr Carson City (Anderson), nnd in Sierra Valley, Sierra Comity, Ij-mmon. A perhaps dis- 
 tinct form from the I31ue Mountains, Oregon, has the short (|uadratc limb barely notched, the 
 coronal appendages and auricles entire or nearly so, and the stiiw shorter. 
 
 12. S. Palmeri, Watson. Puberulent with short spreading hairs, the inflores- 
 cence glandular : stems slender, a foot high, from a branching rootstock : leaves 
 oblanceolate, an inch long: llowers purplish, on slender pedicels in an open panicle: 
 calyx four lines long ; teeth short : petals very narrow, half an inch long ; blade 
 4-parted into linear entire or bifid lobes ; .appendages linear ; claw not auricled, and 
 with the filaments very villous : styles and stamens much exserted : capsule oblong, 
 exceeding the calyx ; stipe about a line long : seeds tuberculatc, not crested. — Proc. 
 Am. .Acad. xi. 124. 
 
 Cuiamaca Mountains, San Diego Co., Dr. Edward Palm f.r. 
 
 S. Our.oANA, Watson, also from tlie Blue Mts., Oregon, may extend into California. It has 
 its petals 2-parted, with filiform bifid segments, very narrow claws with the auricles produced up- 
 ward, and a long-stipitate eajwule. 
 
 -J- 4- Vatah bifid. 
 
 13. S. pectinata, Watson. Viscidly pubescent: stems erect, stout, simple or 
 branched, 1 to 1 ^ feet high, several from a stout perpendicular root : leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, 1| to 2^ inches long, the radical long-petioled : flowers in a narrow strict 
 or spreading panicle, erect on pedicels \ to 1 incli long : calyx oblong, 6 to 9 lines 
 long, cleft nearly to the middle into narrow acute teeth : ])etals dark rose-color or 
 ])urple, about an inch long ; claw naked, not auricled ; blade broadly oblong, deeply 
 bilid with obtuse segments ; apiu'iidagea lanceolate, entire : ovary oblong, nearly 
 sessile: seeds finely tulierculate. — Proc. Am. Ac,ad. x. 344. 
 
 Near Cai-son City {Andrrxon); Walker's Meadows {nrnirr) ■ I'lumas and Sierra counties, Afrs. 
 M. E. P. AmMi\\v\ Lr)ni)wn. 
 
 14. S. incompta, (J ray. Vi.scidly puberulent or jiubcscent : stems tall and lax, 
 simple or somewhat branched : leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, li^ to 2i inches long: 
 flowers on slender rather short i)edicels loosely racemose : calyx oblong-cylindric, 
 six lines long, the oblong teeth acute: petals a half longer, light rose-col.'tr ; lobes 
 ovate-oblong, often toothed ; claws naked, very narrowly auricled ; appendages short, 
 toothed : capsule ovate, not exceeding the calyx, very shortly stipitate : seeds small, 
 not tubercniate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330." S. Eiiffehnanni, Kohrb. 1. c. 264. 
 
 Mount Bullion and Yosemite Valley, Bolandf.r, Torrcy. 
 
 15. S. verecunda, Watson. (Jlandularpubescent : stems low, clustered, erect, 
 simple, 8 to 18 indies high : leaves oblanceolate. acute, an inch or two long : flowers 
 few in a loo.sn panicle, erect upon stout and mostly elongated jiedicels \ to an inch 
 long: calyx oblong-cylindric, half an inch long; teeth acutish. triangular: petals 
 rose-color, a half longer; blade oblong, cleft to the middle into linear entire lobes; 
 appendages notched at the ajiex; claw naki'd, narrowly auricled : filaments included: 
 ovary oblong, shortly stipitate : capsule oblong-ovate, exceeding the calyx : seeds 
 
gg CARYOPIIYLLACKJ':. Silene. 
 
 strongly tubercled on the back. — Proc. Am. Acud. x. 344. S. Engdmanni^ vur. 
 Behrii, Kohrb. in Linn;i'U, xxxvi. 2ti4. 
 
 Rocky liills ni-ar Mission Dolores, Bolaiuier, lichr. 
 
 16. S. Bridgesii, Kobibucli. Finely pubescent below and viscitl above : btenia 
 simple, slender, enuL, u Tool high or more: leaves mther narrowly oblanceolato, acute 
 or acuminate, an inch or two long : llowers simply racemose, on slender spreading 
 pedicels 3 to G lines long : calyx oblong-cylindric, 4 to 5 lines long, with rather nar- 
 row acute teeth : petals white, very narrow, 8 lines long, the claw scarcely auricled 
 and lobes narrowly linear; appendages very small : styles greatly elongated : capsule 
 equalling the calyx, ovate. — Ind. Sem. Berol. 1867, i Monogr. Silene, 204. 
 
 In Yosemite VuUcy and at Olark's on the Murcud, Bridges, Gray. 
 
 17. S. Douglasii, Hook. Finely puberuleut throughout, and rarely somewhat 
 glandular above : sLuuis erect or ascending from a branching decumbent rootstock, 
 slender, 6 to 15 inches high, simple, lew-tiowered : leaves narrowly obhinceolate to 
 linear, an inch or two long : Howei-s erect, on slender pedicels : calyx oblong-cylindric, 
 often somewhat iniiated, 5 to 7 lines long, with broad acutish teeth : petals rose- 
 color or nearly white, 8 to 10 lines long, Avith broad obtuse lobes, a broadly auricled 
 claw, and narrow appendages: capsule oblong ovate, equalling the calyx, rather long- 
 stipitatu : seeds strongly tubercKid on tliu back. — Fl. i. 88 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. ISiO. 
 aS'. iimUicaid'fi, Mutt.; Torr. k Clray, I'l. i. 1U2. 
 
 From Wusiiiiiglou TtTritoiy and Monliina to the Siicruiueuto River, Donner Pass in the Sierra 
 Nevada, and the Wuhsatuh Mts. ; the most he(iueiit of all the species. Scanty specimens, doubt- 
 fully reiened hero, were collected by Palmer in the Cuyaniaca Mts., San Diego Co. 
 
 S. ScouLEHl, Hook., and S. Spaldingii, Watson, Iwth from beyond the limits of the State 
 northward, but perhaps to be found on its northern borders, belong to a group of stout perennials 
 with the flowers shortly pedicelled and often fascicled in the axils of the rather leaf-like bracts. 
 The first has conspicuous petals, the broad bifid limb with notched lobes and appwuiiiges ; claw 
 auricled ; capsule ovate, loug-stipitate ; leaves narrow, distant. The latter is viscidly pubescent 
 throughout, with numerous lanceolate leaves ; petals with a very broad claw, but short and obtuse 
 emarginate limb, and four short distinct appendages ; capsule oblong, short-stipitate. 
 
 One or two dwarf alpine species occiu- in the Sienii Nevada, apparently undescribed, but the mate- 
 rial collected is too scanty for satisfactory description. Specimens from Mt. Dawn {Brewer), near 
 Ebbett'sPass {Breicer, n. 2081), and from some locality farther north (Lemmm), arealike in habit, 
 having mostly 1-Howered stems, linear leaves, a short subcampanulate calyx and short bifid pet^ils, 
 but diifer in pubescence and in some of the characters of the llower. They are closely allied to 
 that group of the genus Lychnis which includes L. affinis, trijlora, iipelala, kc, — alpine and 
 arctic sjiccies of doubtful limitation, — none of which seem to have been found in California, 
 though some occur farther north and in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 2. CERASTIUM, i-iun. Mousimcak Ciiickweeu. 
 
 Sepals 5, not carinate nor 3-nerveil. Petals 5, emarginate or bilid. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 5, rarely 4 or 3. Capsule cylindric or cylindric-conic, often incurved, 1 -celled, 
 many-seeded, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as there are styles. Seed sub- 
 reniform-globose, usually granulate. — ]\[ostly pubescent or hirsute low herbs ; leaves 
 rarely subulate ; flowers white, in terminal leafy or scariously bracted dichotomous 
 cymes. 
 
 Distinguished from Arenaria and Stelhiria by habit, as well as by the form and dehisceiue of 
 the capsule. A genus of peihaps 100 species, widely distributed, but sparingly represented in 
 America. 
 
 1. C. nutans, Paf. Annual, vi.scid-pubescent, erect, usually branched at the 
 base, about a span high : leaves narrowly oblong or linear lanceolate, acute, clasping, 
 I to H inches long, the lowest spatulate : cyme open, rather many-flowered ; pedi- 
 cels often nodding or retlexed in fruit : calyx 1^ to 2 lines long, the petals slightly 
 longer : capsule 4 to 6 lines long, curved. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 40, t. 114. 
 
Sfflhnia. CARYOPHYLLACK.K O7 
 
 From the Atlanti(! Statos to \Va.sliiiij;toii Territory, I'UUi, and Nortlioni Mexico ; collected by 
 Anderson in tlie inoiintJiins hIkivc Cni-son City, Novodii. 
 
 2. C. arvense, Linn. Pcronnial, downy with ioIIcxcmI luiirs, cospitose ; stems 
 erect, 3 to 12 inclieg liigli : Icavoa linonr to linenr-liiiicoolatc, 4 to 12 lines long, acute, 
 clasping : cymo fow-lloweretl, usually narrow ; j)e(licpls mostly long, erect or nod- 
 ding : calyx 1| to 3 lines long, the petals nearly twice longer: cipsule little ex- 
 ceeding the calyx, nearly straight. 
 
 Northnru States nnd wratwnnl in tlio nionntiiins to fnlorndo nnd Wnsliinj^ton Torritory : iilso 
 Kuropcaii nnd Asiatic. Kouiul but Himringly in CiiHfornia, ut tlio UnHsiun Colony, und by 
 Boltnidcr in Mendocino County nt Novo, in sandy (ields nniong slinibs, and on tlic Ka-st Fork of 
 Eel River. TIip latter specimens miglit Ixi refened to C. ob/oixjifolUun, Toriey, wliicli seem.s to 
 be but d fonn of C. arveiise with the capsule a half longer than the calyx. 
 
 3. C. pilosum, Ledfb. Perennial, erect, rather stout, in(jrc or less <Iensely 
 pilose, glandular-puboscent above : Inaves ohlong-lanceolate, ^ to an inch long, 1 to 
 6 lines broad, acute, almost sheathing at ba.so : flowers largo, few: calyx 3 to 4 lines 
 long, the petals half longer: capsule G to 10 lines long, tlie slender tectli at length 
 circinate. — Icon. Ross. t. 351. C. s^lellarinidex, Mo9ino, Icon. lued. t. 54.; Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 187. 
 
 Alaska ami SiWria ; Fnnta de los Reyes (Big'-lmr), referred to (J. oblongi/oUum in Pacif. H. 
 Rep. iv. 70. 
 
 3. STELLARIA, Linn. Cukkweed. 
 
 Sepals 5, raiely 4. Pf^tnls as many, 2-cleft, rarely none. Stamens 10, or fewer 
 
 by abortion. Styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or 5, opposite to as many sepals. Capsule 
 
 globose to oblong, many-soeded, dehiscent to bidow (he luiiMle into twice a.s many 
 
 valves as styles. Seeds reniforni-globoso or laterally compressed. — Low herbs, 
 
 mostly difluso ; leaves mrely subulate ; flowers white, solitary or cymoso, terminal 
 
 or becoming lateral ; stems mostly 4-angled. 
 
 bicluding 70 species or more, widely distributed, especially in the temperate and colder regions ; 
 about 20 North American. 
 
 » Leaves ovate, petinled : stew.<< marked h>f a pubescent line : petnh .<t/ior(n- than the 
 ('<ih/.r : annual (,r nearly so, introd need . 
 
 1. S. media, Linn. Weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints : leaves 3 
 to 9 lines long, on hairy petioles, nr the uppermost sessile : flowers on slender pedi- 
 cels, deflexed in fruit, with foliaceous bracts: calyx pubescent: stamens 3 to 10: 
 capsule oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 lines hmg, equalling or exceeding the C4\lyx. 
 
 A common introduced weed, in shady places, native of Europe. 
 
 ^. * Leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile: perennials, erceptinij the first, 
 
 +- Bracts small and scar ions ; petals small or icantinrj, or often exceedinrj the cali/x in 
 
 the last. 
 
 2. S. nitens, Nutt. Annual, slender : stems 3 to G inches high, erect or sjin'ad- 
 iug, smooth and shining, often slightly hairy at base : leaves lanceolate, 3 t<i 6 line,s 
 long, acute, the lower shortly petiolate : flowers erect, on short pedicels : sejials 
 3-nerved, narrow, acumiiuvte, shining, two lines long, twice longer than tlie ileeply 
 lolled petals, which are sometimes wanting : capsule oblong, shorter than tlie calyx, 
 rather few-seeded. — Torr. tt Oray, Fl. i. 18.') ; Torr. in Pacif. 1\. I\ep. iv. 69. 
 
 Valley" nnil foot-hilln from I/OK Angolen northward I0 tlir Miilixh lx)<iiidMry ; (1nadiiIni>o Island. 
 Pafiner. 
 
 3. S. mnbellata, Turcz. Glabrous : stems very slender, a.<;cending. from slen- 
 der creeping rootstoeks, which are covered with orl)icular scale-like colorless bracts : 
 leaves spreading, elliptic or oblon<r lanceolate, acute at each end. 4 to 8 lines long : 
 
gg CAUrOl'llYLLACE.K. SttUarui. 
 
 flowers in rt siiuplc or ooinpouml open uuibtil-likii fow-rayed cyiuo ; pedicels olou- 
 gatoil : sepals ovate-liuii'i^ulule, l-nerveil, 1 to H Hues k)n<^ : petals none.: capsule 
 at lirst ovate, at leiij^lli nearly twice longer than the calyx. — Ledeh. I'l. Jtoss. i. 
 304 ; Watson, JJut. King V.\\). 38. 
 
 Uocky MoiMitains of Coionulo ; in tlio Wiilisutcli (Wnlsoa) ; iit roicj,'oy'B ulmvi^ tin-. Vu.sciiiitu, 
 Oruy. Idoiilicul wiLli tlm Aaialic I'orm. 
 
 4. S. longipes, Goldie. Smooth and shining or glaucous, erect or ascending, 
 
 2 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, h to 1^ inches lung, 1 to 1^ 
 lines wide, acute, rather rigid and usually ascending : llowers lew, on lung slender 
 erect pedicels, the scarious bracts oi'ten wanting in the less developed bpecimens : 
 sepals scarcely nerved, li to 2.^ lines long : petals abuut e(puilling or exceeding the 
 calyx : capsule ovate-oblong, at length exserted, usually Jark-colored at uiaturiLy : 
 seeil smooth. — Torrey, i»ot. Wilkes Exp. 2-15. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada hom the Yosuuiite iioithward, raugnig to the Arctic Sea and eastward to 
 Maine and Labrador : also Asiatic. 
 
 5. KiNGii, Watson, liot. King Exj). 3!», t. G, of tiie mountains of Nevada, may be found iu 
 California : stems low, from a woody J)ase, strict, glandular-pubescent ; leaves linear, rigid, 
 short ; capsule half longer than the calyx. 
 
 +- +- Brads foliaceous : pdah excetding the calyx, or wanting in thu Jint. 
 
 5. S. borealis, Uigdow. (llahrous: stems usually weak, ca'ect or hpreading, 
 bninched, A to U feet high: hnivcs linoar-luniuiolate to ovato-ohloug, \ to 2 inc.hea 
 long, 1 to 5 lines wide, acute, usually spreading: llowers in dichotomous cymes, ou 
 pedicels h inch lung, at length spreading or deflexed : sepals ovate to lanceolate, a 
 line or two long, usually short : petals 2-parted, included, 2 to 5, or more usually 
 wanting: capsule ovate, 1^ to 2 lines long: seeds smooth. 
 
 Wet pLaces in Mendocino County, Bolamkr ; the form with larger calyx. A connnon species 
 northward, ami in the mountains, across the continent ; also hi the Old Worhl. The variety 
 alpestris, Cray (var. corollina, Feiizl), with the bracts small and partly scarious, and with 
 roughish seeds, occurs in Oregon and may be found in California. 
 
 G. S. Jamesii, Torrey. Somewhat viscidly pvibescent, rather stout, ascending, 
 branched, a h)ot or two high : leaves linear- to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, 
 
 3 to 9 lines wide, acuminate, dark green : ])edicel3 divaricate, rather short, at hingth 
 dellexed : sepals oblong, acute, 2 or 3 lines long, the bilid i)etals mostly twice 
 longer: capsule ovate, shorter than the calyx : seed smooth. — Torr. \: tJray, Fl. i. 
 183 ; Watson, Eot. King Exp. 38. 
 
 In the Siena Nevada {Uulaudcr, Mrs. Ames), and in tlie mountains eastward to Colorado and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 7. S. littoralis, Tornsy. Pubescent throughout, ascending, a foot high, rather 
 stout : leaves ovate, an inch long, iicute, rounded at base, rather thick : llowers in a 
 terminal compound cyme : sepals lanceolate, acute, obscurely 3-uerved, 2 lines long, 
 a little shorter than the 2-parted petals : styles sometimes 4 : cajisule shorter than 
 the calyx. — Pacif. Pt. Pep. iv. 09. 
 
 Sea-shore, Pinita de los liiiyes, liiijrlow. 
 
 4. ARENARIA, Linn. Sanowokt. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, entire or rarely emarginate, or wanting. 
 Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite to as many sepals. Capsule 
 globose or short-oblong, dehiscent into as many entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted valves us 
 there are styles, few - many-seeded. Seed reniform-globose or laterally compressed. — 
 Mostly low annuals or perennials, usually tufted ; with sessile leaves, often subulate 
 and more or less rigid, without stipules ; llowers white, cymosely [)anicled or capitate. 
 
 A large genua of about 130 species, very widely dispersed, many of them arctic or alpine. 
 
^1 '■'•"'"•'■«• CARYOPIIYLLACP]^. gg 
 
 § 1. The 3 valves of the cnjmde 2-clefl or parted : see<h not nppendaged at the hit urn ■ 
 cespitose perennulU, mostly scarious-hracted. — Auesarik proper. 
 1. A. congesta, Nutt. Smooth, glaucous, 4 to 12 inches hi-h : loaves verv 
 narrowly sulmlatr, scabrous on the niar^'in, often pun<,'ent, the lower 1 to 2A inchw 
 louf,', the cauline ^ to 1 inch lorif,' : llowers in 1 to 3 dense sulmmbellate lascicles 
 witli large dilated membranous bracts : s.'i)als ovate-oblong, stron-dy concave scari' 
 ously margined, obscurely 3-norved, Ih to 2,\ lines long, acute": petals narrowly 
 oblong, nearly twice ns long as the calyx : sti'/mnn rapitcllatr : mpsuln equallin.r the 
 calyx. — Torr. S^, (Jray, Vl i. 178 ; Watson, J5ot. King Mxp. 31). Jirewerina .mfTru- 
 tescens, (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G20. 
 
 Var. subcongesta, Watson. flowers less densely fascicled and somewhat 
 cymose. — A. Fendlen, var. subcongesta, Watson in Bot. King Kxp. 40. 
 
 In tlio iTiountain.s from Washington Territory to Colora.lo ; at .Summit in the Sierra Nevada 
 (ISolander) ; above Carson City, Anderson. Tho variety in the nortlioni Hieria Neva.ia (Levunon) 
 niKl ea.stwanl. The typical form has tho flowers nearly .se.s.sile in close heads. BrcweriiM mif. 
 frulesccns, Uray, is a form somewhat woody at l.xso and with the flowers upon longer nearly equal 
 pedicels. I ho remarkahlo cliMincterof cin.itclhito or somewhat cnpitollate stirrmns it ha.s in com- 
 mon with yi. Frndlcri, and they are also found in A. capil/nris and //. Fninklinii. 
 
 2. A. capillaris, Poir. ]\[oro or less glandular-pubescent above, erect, 3 to 12 
 inches higli : leaves linear-subulate, ^ to 2 inches long, pungent ; the cauline few 
 short and erect: llowers few, in an open cyme; bracts small, lanceolate- sppals 
 ovate, acute, 1| to 2 lines long, 3-nerved, membranously margined: petals half 
 longer: capsule somewhat exceeding the calyx. — Including A. nardifolia, Ledeb 
 (Hook. PI. 1. 98, t. 32), and .some other Asiatic forms. A. formosa Torr P.ot 
 Wilkes Kxp. 243; Watson, Pot. King Kxp. 39. ' , • • 
 
 tail," I'ri 1 Tof T h-r t'" « ''^'''' ''n ""'■•"•y -"tl-wnrd ; Donnor Pass ( Tnrrnj) ; Silver Moun- 
 tain, at 1 l.ono feet altitude, Jirewrr. Tho more typical glabrous form .soems not to occur here. 
 
 3. A. pungens, Nutt. Pubescent throughout, cespitose, 2 to 3 inches hi-rh • 
 leaves Imear-subulate, 3 to 5 lines long, pungent, crowded : flowere in an open 
 cyme, leafy-bracted : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, pungent, U to 3 lines Ion- rather 
 obscurely 3-neryed : petals about equalling the calyx : the capsule .shorter : seeds 
 very few, smooth. — Torr. cfe Gray, Fl. i. 179 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 r;?!v„v'^ '"^'T™ ^r"""'"' r.-T? V'". '^'S ?■"' r"""''" (^"''""^'•'•) ; «ilv-r Mountain, at il.OOO feet 
 {Brf.wcr) ■ above Carson t'lty {Anderson) ■ and eastward to Colorado. 
 
 f\.t:lV'-\'V-' '^°"f,'- ''';''■ «i""l'^'-l"^>^it.^it, stouter and less pul>rs,-ent ; stems leafy at base : 
 flo^.ers lascirlcd ma nither close cyme : sepals .3 to 5 linos long, smooth and shining, scariously 
 margined, ns also the large bracts : petals a.s long, nn.l capsule shorter. - Oregon to Colorndo. 
 and perhaps to be expected in tho mountains of California. 
 
 § 2. The 3 valves of the capsule entire; seeds not appendaqed at the hilum : low 
 annuals rvith fohaceous bracts {the Californian species). — Alsine. 
 
 4. A. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray. Sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs or 
 glabrous, slen.ler, much branched, 3 to G inches high : leaves filiform, \ to 1 inch 
 long : llowei-3 rather large, on long slender jie.licels : sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 
 3-nprve<l, \\ lines long: petals obovate, 2 lines long or more: capsule globose, 
 oqualhng the calyx : seeds large, flat, smooth, acutely margined. — Fl. i. 074. 
 
 Dry hillsides, throughout California. Tho very .similar A. tknf.i.i.a, NutL. of Oregon and 
 Washington Icni ory, is distinguishcl by narrower and more strongly nerved sepals, oblong 
 capsule, and small minutely roughened seeds. 
 
 H. A. Californica, Prewer. Glabrous, very slender, branching, 2 to G inches 
 high : leaves lanreolafc, 1 to 2 lines long, obtusisli : llowers small, on .slender i)edi- 
 cels: .sepals oblong-(,vate. acute, 3-nervcd, 1 to U lines long; petjils spatulate, 
 about a half longer: cajt-sule oblong: .seeds .small, .sharjily mnriciilate. — Bolaiider, 
 Cat. 0. A. hrevifolia, viir. (I) Californica, Gniy, Wnv. Calif. Acad. iii. 101. 
 
 Sonoma County to Santa Cruz and «^astwnrd ; Auburn, BoUind^r. 
 
YQ CAKY()PJ1VLI,ACE/K. Arenaria. 
 
 6. A. palustris, Watson. Apparently annual, smooth, the stems weak, simple, 
 4 to 8 inclies high : leavia linear, Haccid, | to 1 inch long, acute : flowers few, large, 
 on long pedicels : sepals elliptic, ohtuse, 1^ to 2 lines h)ng, heibaceous, not nerved : 
 petals oblong, twice longer : capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx : seeds numer- 
 ous, — AUine palustris, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Aciul. iii. (il. 
 
 Swuiups iiciir tiiin Kruncisco, Bolamlcr, Kciloijij. 
 
 § 3. Parts of the Jloivers sometimes in fours : valves of the capsule bifid ; the youncf ovary 
 3-celled : seed a}>penda<jed at the hiluvi with a sinall caruncle. — Mcehkingia. 
 
 7. A. macrophylla, Hook. Perennial, with running rttotstocks ; stems asccaid- 
 ing, 3 to 8 inches high, mostly simiilc, leafy, puberulent above : leaves 3 to 4 paira, 
 narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, 1 to 2 inches long, thin, bright green : tlowers 
 few, on slender i)edicels : se[)als ovate-oblong, acuminate, 1^ to 2i lines long, 
 1-nerved, exceeding the obtuse petals : capsule ovoid, nearly ecpialling the calyx : 
 seeds several, smooth, rather large. — Fl. i. 102, t. 37. Moehrimjia uvibrosa, Gray, 
 PI. Fendl. 13, not Fenzl. M. macrophylla, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 246. 
 
 From Washington Tenitory to California (Bigclow) ; Sierra County, Lcminon. Also in New 
 Mexico, Fendler. Another species of this section, A. latkkikloka, Linn., with broader obtuse 
 leaves and exserted petals, occurs in Oregon and is of wide range northward and eastward. 
 
 5. SAQINA, Linn. Peaiclwokt. 
 
 Sepals 4 to 5. Petals as many, entire or sliglitly emarginate, often minute or 
 wanting. Stamens as many as the petals, rarely twice as many or fewer. Ovary 
 1 -celled, many-ovuled : the styles alternate with the sepals, and as many. Capsule 
 dehiscent to the base by entire valves alternate with the sepals. — Low green herbs, 
 with subulate or filiform leaves without stipules, and small terminal usually long- 
 pedicelled flowers. 
 
 A small genus, inhabiting moist places in temperate and frigid regions, chiefly of the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 1. S. OCCidentalis, Watson. Annual, glabrous, very slender and delicate, 2 to 
 6 inches high, decumbent at. base or ascending : leaves not fascicled, 3 to 6 lines 
 long, pungent : flowers pentamerous, on elongated straight pedicels : sepals obtuse 
 or acutisli, a line long : petals nearly equalling the sepals ; stamens 10 : capsule 
 exceeding the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345. aS'. procumbens, Bolander, Cat. 6. 
 
 Valleys and borders of salt-marshes from San Francisco to Washington Territory. 
 
 2. S. Linnsei, Presl. Biennial or perennial, glabrous, densely matted and de- 
 cumbent, 1 or 2 inches high : leaves somewhat fascicled, 3 to 6 lines long, pungent : 
 flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding : sepals a line long, obtuse, exceeding 
 the petals : stamens 10: cai.sule at length nearly twice longer than the calyx. -- 
 Speigula sa(/inoides, Linn, 
 
 Webber Lake, Lemmon. Arctic America and .southward in the Rocky Mountains to Mew 
 Mexico ; also in the Old World. 
 
 6. SPERQULA, Linn. Corn-Spurrev. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5, Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled : 
 styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valveil, the entire valves opposite to 
 the sepals. Seeds laterally compressed, acutely margined or winged : embryo spiral, 
 — Annuals, dichotomously or fasciculately branched ; with subulate fascicled or 
 apparently whorled leaves, and small scarious stipules ; flowers pedicelled, in dicho- 
 tomous cymes. 
 
 A genus of 2 or 3 species, of Europe and Asia, widely naturalized as weeds in cultivated fields. 
 
L<rflwgin. CA RVOniYLLACE.I':. 71 
 
 1. S. arvensifl, Limi. Smootli ; stoins sevoml, a foot or two lii>,'li : lenvcs fili- 
 form, miineroua in apparnnt whorls, 1 or 2 iiiclics long; stipules small: jlowerg 
 white, the long jiodiccls at length roflexed : sepals oblong to ovate, 2 or 3 linca 
 long, equalling the petals, a little shorter than the broadly ovoid capsule : seeds 
 rough, acutely margined. 
 
 Sparingly naturalized ; near San Francisco {Torrcy) ; Mark West Creek, Bolandcr. 
 
 7. LEPIGONUM, Fries. Sand-Spurkey. 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer or none. Stamens 10, or fewer by abor- 
 tion. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled : styles^ 3, or rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. 
 Seeds winged or naked : embryo annular. — Low herbs, usually diffuse ; with seta- 
 ceous or linear fascicled leaves and scarious stipules ; flowers white or pink, pedi- 
 celled, in at length snbracemose cymes. — Kindberg, Monog. Lepig. 
 
 A genus (known also as Spergidaria) of 5 or 6 sjjecies, chiefly confined to the sea-coast or saline 
 localities ; widely distributed through the temperate zones. Species of rather difficult definition. 
 
 1. L. macrothecmn, Fischer <t Meyer. Poronnial, rather stout, often a foot 
 high, decumbent at base, glabrous below, pubescent above, the calyx more or less 
 tomeutose : leaves llesliy, | to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipules : flowers 
 large, subracemose ; pedicels 4 to 12 lines long, becoming reflexed : sepals 3 lines 
 lung or more, equalling or exceeding the petals : capsule ovoid, a little exceeding 
 the calyx: ^eeds smooth, narrowly winged. — Kindberg, 1. c. 16, t. 1, fig. 1. Sper- 
 gnlaria rubra, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70. 
 
 In salt-nmrslies from Marin County to San Diego. 
 
 2. L. medium, Fries. More slender and diffusely branched than the last, an- 
 nual or biennial (sometimes perennial 1), more or less pubescent or often nearly 
 glabrous : leaves fleshy, \ to 1 inch long or more ; stipules short : pedicels ^ to 6 
 lines long, often short, reflexed: flowers smaller; calyx 1 to 2 lines long: seeds 
 smaller, smootli, wingless or narrowly winged. 
 
 In saline localities from San Diego to Pnget Sound and across the continent ; also European 
 and Asiatic. A very variable species as at present received. 
 
 8. POLYCARPON, Linn. 
 
 Sepals entire, scarious upon the margin. Petals small, hyaline. Stamens 3 to f>. 
 Ovary 1 -celled : style short, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-vaIved, several-seeded. — Low dif- 
 fuse dichotomously branched annuals ; leaves flat ; stipules small, scarious ; flowers 
 small, cymose. 
 
 Half a dozen species, in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemisphere-s. 
 
 1. P. depressum, Nutt. Very small and murli bninclied, srarrely an inch 
 high, sli'iitliT and glabrous : leaves narrowly spatulate, in pairs ; stipules small and 
 narrow : flowers minute, in loose cymes, the pedicels with small bracts : petals nar- 
 row, much shorter than the sepals, entire: capsule globose, 6-12-seeded. — Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 174. 
 
 On bare sandhills near San Diego {Nuttall) ; near San Bemanlino, /yfmmon. 
 
 P. TETRAPHYU.UM, Linn, f., is found oround the world, but is not yet known from California. 
 It is a larger plant in every way, the broad leaves sometimes apparently in lours, and the stipules 
 and imxcls often conspicuous. 
 
 9. LGGFLINGIA, Linn. 
 
 Sepals .'), rigid and rnrinate, the margin .'^rarious ; the tliree outer with a narrow 
 tooth upon each side. TVtals very small or none. Stamen'; 3 to .'>. Ovary l-celled: 
 
72 
 
 ILLECEBRACE^:. Loejlingia. 
 
 style very short or none. Capsule 3-valved, several-seedetl — Low rigid dichoto- 
 mous annuals ; leaves subulate, with aihiate and couuate setaceous stiimle.s ; flowers 
 small, sessile in the axils. 
 
 A genus of perhaps five species, of the Mudilerraneaii region ami Central Asia, with llio follow- 
 ing fioia Noilh Anarica. 
 
 1. L, squarrosa, N utt. (ilandular-pubescent, much branched, the stems 2 to 
 6 inches long : leaves and sepals subulate- setaceous, rigid and squarrose, the leaves 
 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the llowers : capsule triangular, at length exserted, 
 many-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, V\. i. 174 ; Ciray, Gen. 111. ii. 24, t. lOG. L. Texcuia, 
 Hook. Ic. PI. t. 285. 
 
 San Diego (NuUall), and eabtward to Texas. 
 
 Okdeu XV. ILLECEBRACE^. 
 
 Distinguished from the scarious-stipulate Caryophyllacece oidy by the solitary or 
 sometimes geminate ovules, undivided or 2-clet't style, and one-seeded utricular or 
 akene-liko fruit ; the petals wholly wanting or reiluced to mere filaments ; these 
 and the stamens usually more perigynous. Closely related on the otiier hand to 
 Ainaranlacem and other apotalous orders. Here rejjresonted by only two plants, but 
 several species of other genera are foun<l in the Atlantic States. 
 1 PentacEena. Calyx of 5 unequal awn-tii)ped sepals : stamens inserted on their base. 
 2. Achyronychia. Calyx 5-eleft, with a 10-nerved tube and blunt silvery-scarious lobes : sta- 
 mens inserted on the throat. 
 
 1. PENTAC^NA, Bartling. 
 
 Sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, terminating in a short diveigent spine, 
 the inner more shortly awned. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted 
 at the base of the .sepals; staminodia none. Style very short, bifid. Utricle 
 included in the rigid connivent calyx. — Low densely tufted perennials ; leaves subu- 
 late, densely croAvded on the branches; stipules dry and silvery; flowers .sessile, 
 clustered in the axils. 
 
 A genus of 2 or 3 species, of S. America and Mexico, only one reaching our western coast. 
 
 1 P ramosissima, Hook. & Am. Prostrate and matted, the stem 2 to 18 
 inches lou'S somewhat woolly: leaves 3 to 5 lines long, pungenlly awned, at length 
 recurved ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the leaves, 1 -nerved : calyx- 
 tube nearly a line long, the divergent outer lobes twice longer : stamens usually 5 : 
 stigmas subsessile : utricle apiculate. — Hook. Pot. Misc. ni. 338. Paronychia 
 ramosissima, DC. Paronych. 12, t. 4; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 172. Acanthonyckia 
 ramosissima, Pvohrb. in ^'lart. Fl. Bras, xiv." 249, t. 56. 
 
 On the sea-coast from Oregon to Southern California and Mexico, forming largo patches on the 
 drifting sands about San Francisco. Also on the South American coast from Chili to 1 atagonia, 
 and in S. Brazil. 
 
 2. ACHYRONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the turbinate 10-nerved tube at length cylindrical and 
 coriaceous ; lobes oval, obtuse, thickened at base, silvery-scarious above and nerve- 
 less. Petals none. Filaments or staminodia 15, in one row at the summit of the 
 tube, filiform, only 1 or 2 antheriferous. Style short, bifid. Ovules 2, on very 
 short funicles, one abortive. Utricle thin, included. Seed oblong-pyriform. — A 
 
^'"■('ilaca. rORTULACACE^.. yo 
 
 lepressed annual ; with opposite spatiilato loavcfi, largo hyalino sLipul.'.s an.l flowere 
 I" 'lenso axillary cymose clusters 
 
 in ( 
 
 1. A. Coopen, lorr. S^ Gray. Slondcr, glabrous, tli." stems 2 or 3 inches Io.ik • 
 leaves ratli.T thick, vemloss, ^ to I inch long, the alternate ones only half as lon^' 
 attenuate to a slender base : stipules interpetiolar, ovate or roun.led, entire or lace'r- 
 ato: calyx 1 to 1| lines long, the tube at le„gth cp.Uling the lobes, apparently 
 .)-tootlie.l by the h.-rbaceous bas.>s of the conspieuous whiU-.-scarious lobes: lilamenU 
 very slender, much shorter than the lobes : ovary Jlattened at the top : utricle equal- 
 ling the tube, bursting irregularly at the apex. — J'roc. Am. Aca.l. vii. 331. 
 
 SoutlicTstcrn California, in tl.o Colorado IV,s(>rt (Srhof/.) and near Cnnn. Cady (CoojKr), erowine 
 in dry sand ; also collected in Southern Arizona or Sonora. ^ ^ '' K'^'"""^ 
 
 Order XVI. PORTULACACE^. 
 
 More or less succulent horb.s, with simple and entire h-avea (either opposite or 
 aItornat.>), and regular but unsynim..trical perfect flowers ; tho sepals (except in 
 LevKvn) only 2, while tho petals aro from 2 to 5 or more ; tho stamens opposite the 
 petals when of the same number or fewer; the ovary 1-celled with few or many 
 campylotropous or amphitropous ovules on a free central placenta, in fruit becoming 
 capstdar ; the seeds with a slender embryo curved or coiled on the outside of farina- 
 ceous albumen, as in Cnryophyl/arecr. -.Ovary free and the part^ of the flower 
 hypogynous, except in Portulaca. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numcrou.s cora- 
 monly adhering to the base of the petals ; tlicse sometimes united at base. Style 
 2-8-cIeft; the stigmas occupying the inner face of the lobes. Stipules none or 
 scanous, or reduced to hairs. Flowers open only in sunshine or bright dayli-ht' in 
 many ephemeral, in some oi)ening for two or three days ° ' 
 
 . Sepals 2. united below and a.lheront to the ovary, tl.e free upper portion at length .leciduous. 
 
 1. Portulaca. Stamen. 7 to 20. Flower, nolitary. red or yellow. Cap.ule o,«.ninR hy a lid. 
 
 * ♦ Sepals 2, distinet, i»ersistent : ovnry froe. 
 
 4- Stylo 3-cleft : capsule 3-valved : .soihiIs eipml 
 
 4. Montia. Stamens usually 3. Petals unequal. Seeds dull, tubereuiate. 
 
 -I- +- Style 2-cleft : capsule 2.valved : sepals unerpial, hyaline. 
 «■ r^w^J^I^ Stamens .3. Petals 4. Stems simple, seape-like. 
 
 6. Calyptridmm. Stan.enl. Petals 2. Stems hranehing. leafy. 
 
 • ♦ ♦ Sepals 4 to 8, distinet, much imhrieated. 
 
 7. LewiBia. StAmens many. Style 3-8-eleft. Petals 8 to Ifi. Scapes l-flowered. 
 
 I.ANE. 
 
 1. PORTULACA, Tourn. Pnnsi./ 
 Sepals 2, coherent at ba.se into a tube and adnate to tho ovarv. tho free limh 
 dmduous. Petals 4 to 0. Stamens 7 to 20, perigy nous will, the pet,;is. Stylo <leeply 
 3 - 8cleft. Capsule opening by a lid. See.la numerous, small.— Fleshy'diffuse or 
 ascending annuals ; with entire leavers, and axillary or terminal ephomemi yellow or 
 rose-colored flowers. 
 
74 PORTULACACE.i;. Porlulaca. 
 
 Sjjecies about 16, belonging to warm and tropical regions, chiefly Aiiicrican, a few widely 
 naturalized as weeds iu temperate countries. 
 
 1. P. oleracea, l.imi. Prustmlo, glabrous, purplish : leaves flat, obdvato to 
 spatulate, ruuiuled at the suinniit : sej)al3 acute, cariiiate : petals yellow, H tu 2 lines 
 long : stigmas 5 : capsule 3 to 5 lines long : seeds black, dull, linely tuberculate. 
 
 Tlio common I'urslauo, I'rom luirope, naturalized oa a weed in ganlens and cultivated grounds. 
 
 2. P. retusa, Engelm. Like tlie last, but greener and the stems more ascending, 
 sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter : leaves usually smaller : sepals 
 obtuse, broadly carinate-\ving»;d : petals yellow : stigmas 3 or 4 : capsule 2^ or 3 
 lines long, broader in proportion: seeds more strongly tuberculate. — PI. Lindh. 
 154; Schlecht. in Bot. Zeit. xi. 739. 
 
 Along the Colorado (Newberry) and eastward to Texas. 
 
 3. P. pilosa, Linn. Prostrate or ascending, witli tufts of long hairs in the axils 
 of the linear more or less terete leaves : sepals membranaceous, not keeled, acute : 
 petals bright red, 2 or 3 lines long : stamens 15 to 25 : stigmas 5 or 6 : seeds black, 
 tuberculate. — Engelm. 1. c. 155 ; Lindl. But. Eeg. t. 792 ; liohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 
 xiv.2 303. 
 
 Dry sandy soil near Soda Springs on the Upper Sacramento (Brciver), which is the only reported 
 Californian locality : New Mexico, Texas, and through Tropical America to Brazil. 
 
 P. OKANniKLOitA, Uook. Hot. Mag. t. 288r), from Brazil, is much cultivated for its large bright 
 flowers of various colors, and somcitimcs (escapes from gardens. Its leaves are terete, stamens 
 numerous, and the seeils ash-colored and shining. 
 
 2. CALANDRINIA, II BK. 
 
 Sepals 2, green, persistent. Petals mt)stly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15, indef- 
 inite. Ovary free, many-ovuled : style 3-cleft, short. Capsule globose or ovoid, 
 membranaceous, 3-valved. Seeds black, usually shining, smooth or minutely tuber- 
 culate. — Low succulent herbs ; with alternate or radical leaves, and purplish ephem- 
 eral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scape-like stems. 
 
 A genus of about GO species, all South American and Australian, with the exception of the fol- 
 lowing. The closely allied genus Tulinum, diflerin^ in its deciduous sepals and carunculate 
 seeds, has half a dozen or more species chiefly eastward or south of the Kocky Mountains, a single 
 one {T. spinesccns, Torr.) occurring in Washington Territory. None are likely to be found in 
 California. 
 
 * Caulescent annuals, of the plains and foot-hills : Jlowers in racemes : petals 3 <o 5 : 
 seeds mi)iutely tuberculate, 
 
 1. C. Menziesii, Hook. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, branching from the 
 base, tlie stems ascending : leaves linear to oblanceolate, the lower on slender 
 petioles, 1 to 3 inches long : racemes simi)le ; peduncles erect or ascending : sepals 
 keeled, the calyx 4-angled in bud : petals broadly obovate, red to purple, 2 to 6 lines 
 long : capsule ovate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long, about equalling or a 
 little exceeding the ovate acute or acuminate sepals : seeds shining, minutely tuber- 
 culate, I to 1 line broad. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197. Talinum Menziesii, Hook. 
 Fl. i. 223, t. 70. C. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xix. t. 1598. 
 
 Abundant in winter and early sjjring, in the valleys and on sunny hillsides, from Vancouver 
 Island to Lower California. Very variable iu height, and in the size and color of the flowera. 
 Cattle are fond of it. 
 
 2. C. BrcAveri, Watson. Much resembling the last : peduncles divaricately 
 spreading or dellexed : sepals triangular-ovate : capsule 4 to 5 lines long, conical, 
 blunt, exceeding the sepals : seeds half a line broad, not shining, more strongly 
 tuberculate, — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124. C. Memiesii, var. maci-ocarpa, Gray iu 
 Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 102. 
 
CUiytonia. rollTULACACEyK. 75 
 
 Sunfa Ifiez Moiiiituiii.s, near Santa Biirfiara, lirnm-. The spocinipiis collected are a foot tall or 
 more, the racemes elongated. 
 
 3. C. maritima, Nutt. (ilaucous: sU'ins aproadinf,', 3 or 4 incho^s liigh, with 
 small bract-like leaves ftbovo the base : lower leaves obovato or obovate -spatulate, an 
 inch long, fleshy, obtuse: flowers in a loose dichotomous terminal panicle, on slender 
 pedicels, " red, rather large and showy " : sepals ovate, acute : capsule oblong-ovate, 
 2 lines long, exceeding the sepals, acutish. — Torr. <fe Gray, Fl. i. 197. 
 
 San Diego {Nuttnll) ; Coronadoa Islands, Thnrhrr. A liftlo known species. 
 
 * * Alpine })lan(x villi, (hid- findfonn root.i, the srape-like lunxf/i/ \-jlmi'ereil Kteiim 
 xlinrter than the lenvex: petals G to H : seeds hlark and shininrj, not tnhercnlate. 
 
 4. C. pygmaea, (Jray. Smooth : leaves all radical, linear, 1 or 2 inches long, 
 with broad scariously winged underground j>etioles : scapes mostly simple, 1 or 2 
 inches high, with a pair of small scarious bracts: sepals suborbicular, glandular- 
 dentate, 2 or 3 lines long: petals red: ovules 15 to 20: capsule obtuse, nearly 
 equalling the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623. Talinum pt/fjm^um, Gray in 
 Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii. 407 ; Watson, T>ot. King Exp. 42, in part. 
 
 In tlic Sierra Nevada on the Yosemite Trail, at 8,000 feet altitude (/?o/a)i^<;r) ; Mt. byell 
 {Muir) ; northward to Wnsliington Territory, and in the mountains eastward to Colorado and 
 Southern Utah. 
 
 5. C. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. Closely resembling the la.<:t, but somewhat 
 larger : scajies I to 3 inches higb, with a jiair of larger leafy bracts, 1 - 3-flowered : 
 sepals entire, 3 or 4 lines long: petals white: ovides 30 to 40. — Talinum pijgvKFum, 
 Watson, 1. c, in part. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada; Cisco {Krllngq); Sunnnit {lh)Ian(i('r)\ I'liimns Co. {Mrs. J^uhi/rr /fnui); 
 and ea,stward in the K. Ilumlxddt and Wnlisntcli Mountains, IJ'ntsfin. 
 
 3. CLAYTONIA, Linn. 
 
 Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, etpial. Stamens 5. Ovary free, few-ovuled : 
 
 style 3-cleft. Capsule membmnaceous, globose or ovoid, 3-valved. Seeds few, 
 
 black and shining. — Low glabrous succulent herbs ; with opposite or alternate 
 
 leaves, and delicate white or rose-colored flowers m loose terminal or axillary, simple 
 
 or compound naked racemes, or sometimes umbellate, la-sting more than one day. 
 
 A genus of about 20 species, belonging principally to the cooler portions of North America ami 
 northeastern Asia. The species are most numerous in western North America. 
 
 * Annuals, ivith fibrmis roots. 
 
 -•- Stems simple, hearing a single pair of leaves which are often, connate. 
 
 1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Stems 2 to 12 inches high: radical leaves long- 
 petioled, broadly rliomboidal, or deltoid, or dnltoid-cordate, i^ to 3 inches broad, 
 obtuse ; the caulino i)air more or less united upon one or both sides, usually forming 
 a single somewhat orbicular perfoliate leaf, \ to 2 iiiches in diameter, concave above : 
 race.Tnes simple or compound, usually nearly ses.sile and loosely flowered, the short 
 pedicels often eecund : petals a lino or two long : capsule about 3 seeded. — Bot. 
 Mag. t. 1330. C. Crihensis, Bonpl. PI. ^':quin. t. 2G. 
 
 Var. parviflora, Torr. Padical leaves all linear or linoarspatulate ; the cauline 
 perfoliate. — Pacif. K. Pep. iv. 71. C. parvijlnra, Doug].; Hook. I'l. i. 22ri, t. 73. 
 (1. (jypsophiloides, JMscher k ^leyer; Sweet, Brit. 1""1. (Jnrd. 2 kit. t. 37r). Regol, 
 Sort." P(>tr<ip. t. 3i. 
 
 Var. spathulata, Torr. 1. c. Low and often very slender : radical leaves linear; 
 the cauline pair distinct or partially united on one side, ovat« to lanceolate, usually 
 much shorter than the raceme.- C. spathnlafn. Pongl.; Hook. FI. i. 225, t. 74. 
 
-j-g IHJllTULACACE.'E. ClaijtonUi. 
 
 Var. exigua, Ton-. 1. c. Low ; radical leaves narrowly linear or tilitbrm ; the 
 cauline (lialuicl, linear, usually exeecdini^ tlie short ract^nie. — ('. txijua ^ ttntiiifol'm, 
 'Von: & (J ray, l-'l. i. 2U(). 
 
 Abmuliiiit on tlu! wosIitii con.st, laii^'iii)^ liDin Aliiskii to S. ('alil'urniM, luul in the iiitiTior 
 tlirongli Ni:vii<la I" llm Wiilisati'li ami .Sniitlu'iii I'lali. It is iilsn t'oimil iu Ciiliii and Moxico 
 and is naluraliztid in Knn)|Ki. 'IMui lai'jcr luiinH IVuni aliadior tir duniiuT loc.uiitioM liavo nsnally 
 white or palo roso-colorcd llowcrs ; in ihier and more exi)Oscd situations lliey are otten deeijcr- 
 colored. Tlie succulent leaves are in popular use as a potherb. 
 
 2. C. Sibirica, Linn. Stems 6 to \b inches high: radical leaves lanceolate to 
 rhomhic-ovate or nearly orbicular, an inch or two long, long-petioled ; the cauline 
 pair ovate (varying from lanceolate to spatiilate-obovate), sessile, distinct, | to 2 
 inches long : raceme very loose, the flowers un long jjcdicels : petals 2 to 4 lines 
 long, white or rose-colored. — 8inis, lk)t. Mag. t. 2243. C alsinokles, Sims, Lot. 
 Mag. t. 1300. C. Unalaschkcnsis, Fischer. C. asari/olia, Longard. 
 
 In cool woods and swamps, hom Bolinas Bay and Sioini Co. to Alaska. The pedicels are often 
 an inch long or more. 
 
 +- -i- iHtems usually inuidnny, leafy. 
 ++ Leaves opposite. 
 
 3. C. Chamissonis, Lsch. Stems weak and slender, erect or deciunbent, a foot 
 high or often much less, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints : leavers ohlanceolute 
 or spatulato, \ to 1 i inches long : racemes few-llowored, the flowers very variable in 
 size, on slender pedicels ; petals 1 to 4 lines long, white. — Spreng. Syst. i. 790. 
 C. stolnnifera, C. A. Meyer, Mem. Soc. Mosc. vii. 139, t. 3. C. aquatica, Nutt., 
 & C.Jlayellavis, Longard, Torr. & Oray, Fl. i. 201. 
 
 in wet jilaces in the mountains, froni Yosemito Valley to Alaska, and eastward to Colorado. 
 The stolons are iVeipiently l)ulbil'cro\is. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves alternate. 
 
 4. C. parvifolia, Mociuo. Stenis hliform or slender, branching from the base, 
 4 to 10 inches high, erect or ascending : lower leaves clustered, broadly oblanceolate 
 or s[)atulate, an inch long or less ; caidine leaves usually much smaller : racemes 
 loose, few-Howered : petals 2 to 4 lines hmg, rose-cohired. — DC. Prodr. iii. 3()1 ; 
 Torr. & Gray, 1. c. C.JiUcaulis, Dough; Hook. Fl. i. 222, t. 72. 
 
 In shaded moist places among rocks, about Yosemite Valley (Bolander, Gray), Donner Lake 
 {Greene), and noillnvard to Vancouver Island. Tlie most slender of all our species and some- 
 times exceedingly succulent. 
 
 5. C. linearis, Dougl. Stems usually 3 to G inches high, more branching : 
 leaves narrowly linear, 1 io 2 inches long, clasping at l)ase : racemes often secund : 
 sepals very broad, firm and consiiicuous, often ccjlored, 1 to 2| lines long : petals a 
 little longer, white: seeds sharply margined. — Hook. Fh i. 222, t. 71. C. di- 
 chotoma, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202, a reduced form. 
 
 In coof moist localities, from Napa (Bif/elow) and Sierra counties (Lemmmi) northward to the 
 British boundary ; Falls of the Yellowstone, Ihujdm. 
 
 G. C. diffusa, Nutt. 1. c. Stem dilfuscly and dichotomously branched, G inches 
 high, leafy : leaves all ovate or deltoid, juitioled, acute, \ to 1 inch long : racemes 
 numerous, terminal and axillary : pedicels slender : petals 2 lines long or less, littlo 
 exceeding the sepals, pale rose-color. 
 
 Pine woods, Oregon {Nultall) ; also Kellogg & Harford., but locality uncertain. 
 
 * * Perennials, with deep-seated tuhers. 
 7. C. Caroliniana, INIichx., var. sessilifolia, Torr. Rrdical leaf narrow ; cau- 
 line 2, opposite, sessile, lanceolate to linear, 1 or 2 inches long : raceme nearly ses- 
 sile, few-flowered and cymose, with a single scarious bract at base : sepals ovate. 
 
Spragiiea. PORTULACACEyT?. *j^ 
 
 nnitisli : ])otala 2 to 4 linos lonf?, pain roao-coldr. -;- Pftcif. T{. Hop. iv. 70. C. lance- 
 olnta, Pnrsli, FI. 17r), chioHy ; Clray, in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiii. 40G. C. Caroliniana, 
 var. laiiceoldta, Watson, I'ot. Kinj,' Exj). 42. 
 
 Sahnl]iiiu' and nljiine in the Siorra Ncvaila (Cisco, Kellogg), northward to the British Iwundary, 
 and ea.st to Colorado. Tlio typical form of the Atlantic States lias leaves with slender i)etioles. 
 
 8. C. triphylla, Watson. A similar species, slender, tlie cauline leaves 3 in a 
 ■\vhorl, or rarely 2, narrowly linear : raceme compound, pedunculate ; the pedicels 
 each with a small scarions bract : sepals rounded, obtuse : petals 2 lines long. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada : Yoscmite Valley (_Gray) ; above Cisco {Walton, Kellogg); Sierra Co., 
 Lcnimoii, and probably frequent. 
 
 0. C. umbellata, Watson. Very low and Hoshy : cauline leaves two, opposite, 
 orbicular or rliomi)oidal to oblong-ovate, 4 to 9 lines long, on slender petioles : 
 flowers 3 to 5 in a sessile uml)el shorter than the leaves : petals 3 to 4 lines long, a 
 little exceeding the rounded obtuse sepals. — Bot. King Exp. 43, t. G. 
 
 On Mt. Davidson and in Tr\ickoo Pa.ss, Nevada ( Watson) ; near Stcainlwat Springs, W. Nevada, 
 Mnvn. Probably in northeastern California. 
 
 * * * Perenniai, untk a thickened caudex. 
 
 10. C. Nevadensis, Watson. Ajiparently propagating by runners, the leaves 
 and scapes clustered at the summit of a rather slender rootstock : leaves orbicular 
 or obovate, an inch or less in diameter, abruptly attenuate into a very slender peti- 
 ole : scapes about ecpialling the leaves, with a j)air of sessile oblong-ovate leaflets, 4 
 to 8 liiuis long : flowers unibellatf^Iy fascicled or in 2 or 3 very short mcemcs : sepals 
 ovato-obiong, acuto : polal.s broadly Bpatulato, 4 lines long, with narrow claws. 
 
 Northern Sierra Nevada, Lcmmoti. Nearest C. snriiicv/nna, Meyer, of Ala.ska, a more slender 
 species, with long racemes, rounded sepals, and jietals broad at base. C. arc/ica, of Alaska, &c., 
 and C. mcgarrhmi of the Kocky Mountains have decidedly fusiform roots. 
 
 4. MONTIA, Linn. 
 Sepals 2, ovate, persistent, herb.aceous. Petals .'), united at base, 3 somewhat 
 smaller. Stamens 3, rarely more, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 3-ovuled : 
 stylo 3-cloft, very short. Cajjsulo 3-valvod, 3-seeded. Seeds black, dull, tuber- 
 culate, rarely smoothish and shining. — A small branching glabrous succulent annual ; 
 with opposite leaves, and small axillary or racemose flowers. A single species. 
 
 1. M. fontana, Linn. Stems procumbent or ascending, 1 to 3 inches long : 
 leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 9 lines long : flowers a line long or le^«;s : 
 capsule globose. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202. M. fontana k lampro^perma, Cham, 
 in Linnfca, vi. 50-5, t. 7. 
 
 Wet places near San Francisco, and in the foot-hills of the Sierm Nevada, and northward to 
 nohrinK Straits ; Cireonlnnd. Common in Europe, S. America, &c. Usually reailily distinguishwl 
 from Clii]itonia l>y the 0]>aciue seed. 
 
 6. SPRAQUEA, Torr. 
 
 Sepals 2, orbicular-cordate, scarious-hyaline, persistent. Petals 4. Stamens 3. 
 Ovary 8- 10-ovtded : stylo long, bifid at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, membrana- 
 ceous. Seeds black ai\d shining. — A glabrous biennial herb ; with mostly ni<lical 
 fleshy leaves, and ephemeral flowers in dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered 
 on a scaiio-like j-xvluTicle. 
 
 1. S. umbellata, Torr. Stems seveml from a tliickened root, simple, erect or 
 ascending, 2 to 12 inches high : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, on thick 
 
rry PORTULACACEiK Calyptridiu,,,. 
 
 petioles, | to 4 inches long ; the caulinc siiuilar hut smaller, frequently scariously 
 stipulate, often reduced to a few hracts ; an involucre of broader scarious bracts 
 subtending the dense capitate umbel of Jiearly sessile spikes : llowers liglit rose- 
 color ; sepals very conspicuous, 2 to 4 lines in diameter, about wjualling the oblong- 
 obovate petals: stamens and style somewhat exsertod. — V\. Frem. in 8mitli. 
 Contrib. vi. 4, t. 1 ; Hook. Bol. Mag. t. 5143. 
 
 In the Siena Nevada at 3,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, horn the Yoseniite VaUey northward to 
 the British boundary; E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (/FateOTi) ; N. W. Wyoming, Parry: 
 usually in dry rocky or sandy localities. 
 
 S. I'ANiuuLATA, Kellogj,', I'roc. ("alii". Acad. ii. 187, t. 56. Stems paniculately branched : 
 •'growing in a dense ball or duster prostrate upon the ground and seldom 3 inches in height ; at 
 length melting into an e.Kcrelory mucilaginous watery mass. Found in a ravine about six miles 
 wesi; of Virginia City, Nevada. Dorr." Known only hom Dr. KcUogg's description and figure ; 
 probably an unusual form of the last. 
 
 6. CALYPTRIDIUM, Nutt. 
 
 Sepals 2, unequal, broadly ovate or orbicular, scarious, at least on the margins. 
 Petals 2, somewhat coherent at the apex. Stamen 1, opposite the lower sepal, 
 included. Style very short, bihd. Capsule 2-valved, 6-12-seeded, membranaceous. 
 Seeds black, shining. — Smooth prostrate diffusely branched annuals , with alter- 
 nate succulent leaves, and small ei)liemeral llowers in axillary or terminal, clustered 
 or compound scorpioid spikes. Oidy the following species. 
 
 1 . C. monandrum, N utt. Stems 2 or 3 inches long : loaves 8j)atulute to 
 nearly linear, an inch long or more : sejials and petals a line long or less, tlie latter 
 at length borne calyptra-like upon the summit of the elongated linear capsule. — 
 Torr. ik Gray, Fl. i. 198. 
 
 San Diego [NnUall) ; Colorado Desert (A'ewba-nj) ; Fort Tejon (Hom) ; Santa Clara Valley, 
 reckham. 
 
 2. C. roseum, AVatscm. A similar but rathm- larger flowered species: this larger 
 «epal 1,^ to 3 lines broad ; tlio petals luuch smaller, free or scarciily coherent: cap- 
 sule obfong-ovate, shorter than the calyx. — Bot. King Exp. 44, t. G. 
 
 Lake Co. ( Torreij) ; Sierra Valley (Lernmon) ; and eastward in the valleys of Nevada ( Watson) 
 to W. Wyoming on the Little Sandy River, Parry. 
 
 7. LEWISIA, rursh. 
 Sepals 4 to 8, broadly ovate, unequal, pei-sistent, strongly imbricated. Petals 8 
 to IG, large and showy. Stamens numerous. Style 3-8-parted nearly to the base. 
 Capsule dehiscing transversely at the base, there somewhat 4 - 8-valved, many- 
 seeded. Seeds black, shining. — Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, cespitose, with 
 thick fusiform roots, and short 1-tiowered scapes; llowers showy, opening for sev- 
 eral days. The following are the only species. 
 
 1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong and subterete, 
 1 or 2 inches long, smooth and glaucous : scapes but little exceeding the leaves, 
 jointed at the middle, and with f) to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the 
 joint : sepals G to 8, with broad scarious margin.s, G to D lines long : petals usually 
 12 to 15, rose-colored or sometimes white, oblong, 8 to IG lines long : stamens 40 
 or more : capsule broadly ovate, 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G77 ; Hook. & 
 Am. Bot. Beechey, 344, t. 8G; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5395. L. alba, Kellogg, Proc. 
 Calif. Acad, ii, 115, lig. 36. 
 
 Sununit of Mt. Diablo {Brewer), northward to Briti.sh Columbia and east to Montana, Utah 
 and Arizona. The thick farinaceous root is largely collected by the Indians for food. It is 
 exceedingly tenacious of life, and several instances are on record of its restored vigor and growth 
 
lumijuiera. TAM AIUSCI N KJv 79 
 
 nrtor ono nnd two yrm-s' drying in tlic liorlinnmn mid oven a piTliiniimry immersion in boiling 
 water. Tlio apccilii- nnine was given witli iL-lcrrnco to tliis fnot. 
 
 2. L. brachycalyx, Kiigelm. Loaves spatulatc or nearly linr'ar : scapes not 
 jointed, '2-l)ract(il at the vciry base, shorter than the leaves : sepals 4, mostly herba- 
 (;cous, 3 lines long : petals 7 to 9, ohlong, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx : 
 stamens 10 to 15 : capsule shorter than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400. 
 
 In granite sand, eastern aide of the Sicrm Nevada, Fre.sno Co., at 8,000 feet altitude (Muir); 
 Arizona {Newberry, Palmer) ; S. Utah, //. Engelmann, Parry. Much resenihling the acaulescent 
 Calandrinias in habit. 
 
 Order XVII. TAMARISCINE^. 
 
 A small Old World order of trees and .shrubs, mainly represented by the 
 Tamarisks {Tamarix), and distinguished from all related orders with free ovary and 
 separate styles by its comose or long-hairy anatropous seeds. To it has lately been 
 referred, by Benthani k Ilookor, Gen. PI. i. IGl, the following anomalous (chiefly 
 Mexican) genua. 
 
 1. FOUQUIERA, HBK. rANDLKWoon. 
 
 Sepals 5, free. Petals united into a tube ; tlie 5 lobes of the limb imbricated, 
 
 spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, hypogynous, exserted ; filaments thickened at base. 
 
 Ovary imperfectly 3-colIed ; plaoontaj about 6-ovuled : styles 3, long, somewhat 
 
 united. Seeds 3 to 6, oblong, flattened, surrounded by a dense fringe of long white 
 
 hairs or by a membranous wing. — Shrubs or small trees, witli soft fragile wood, 
 
 smooth ; the branches alternately spinose-tubercled, and with single or fascicled 
 
 thick entire leaves in the axils ; flowers brilliant crimson, in terminal spikes or 
 
 panicles. 
 
 A Mexican genus of three species, only ono of which passes northward into the United State.s. 
 Its characters are anomalous, and it has l)een placed by difTeront authorities in the ordei3 
 Pohmoniacca, Franlceniacccr, Pmtulncacccc, ami Orassiilacea-, and taken for a distinct order 
 Fouquicracccc. 
 
 1. F. splendens, Kngdm. Hrancliing near the base and scMiding up simple 
 slender stems 10 to 20 (or more) feet high, witli a-shcn-gray bark and large pith, 
 leafy only near the summit, strongly grooved and ridgod by the decurront bases of 
 the spines: leaves spatulate to obovate, ^ to an incli long, the jirimary attenuate into 
 a rigid petiole (the blade and inner port"ion of the petiole at length deciduous, leav- 
 ing the dorsal part as a stout divaricate spine an inch long or less, the spine often 
 developing without the blade) ; axillary leaves sessile : flowers on short pedicels in 
 narrow nearly simple racemes (2 to G inclies long) : sepals orbicular, 2 to 2i lines 
 long : corolla 9 lines long, witli a broad tube, an<l rounded obtu.=e lobes : capsule ovate- 
 oblong, half an inch long: seeds wliite-toinentoso, 3 linos long, surrouiuled by a don.so 
 white villous fringe. — Wisliz. Kop. 14 ; Oray, PI. Wright, ii. G3. F. xpinoxn, Torv. 
 in Kmory Pep. 147, t. 8. 
 
 In the desert region of S. E. California, along the Colorado Hiver {S'ru-hfrry, AutisflJ, BlaXe), 
 and eastward to W. Texas and Nortliern Mexico : a very ornamental shrub when in flower. 
 
 F. si'lNo.<5A, HRK., of Lower Cnlifornia nnil Northern Mexico, rises with a tnink 3 to 4 feet 
 high before sending out itsstmggling crooked branches ; flowers in large open panicles, on jMyiicels 
 an inch long, tli« tul>o of the comlhi narrower ami it.s lolies acute : capsule lines long, the seeds 
 naked and Hurnmndcd by a blond inembrano\m veined wing. The Jilrin mhiviunrinuf Kellogg, 
 I'roc. Calif. Acad. ii. 31, also from Lower Californin, is a very similar s|>ecies, but is descrilxnl hs 
 without spines, witli o shorter corolla, and a shoif included style : fruit unknown. 
 
 F. FORMOSA, II MK., a Mexican species, and re|v)rtcd from Lower California, has the larger 
 flowers (an inch long) sessile in very shoi-t spikes, and the spines very short 
 
y(J EhATlNACEiE. hRatine. 
 
 Order XVIII. ELATINACE^. 
 
 Low annuals, witli juciiibiajioud blipulcs botwecu tlu'. oi)posito dotless leaves, 
 
 regular aiul coiupletuly .synuuetiical lluwers, with free sepals, liypogynuus petals 
 
 and stamens, and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas, all oi' the same number 
 
 (2 to 5), or the stamens rarely twice as many ; the ovary 2-5-eelletl, axile placenta 
 
 many-ovuled, capsular fruit mostly septicidal or septii'ragal, and anatropous seeds 
 
 .with a crustaceous coat, tilled by the embryo. Seeds straight or somewhat curved, 
 
 and the embryo taking the form of the seed. — Comprises only the two fallowing 
 
 genera. Flowers axillary. 
 
 1. Elatine. Small inostnitu minaticb. Taits of the llower eacli 2 to 4. Sepals obtuse. 
 '2. Bergia. Erect. Purls of the llower in lives. Sepals acute. 
 
 1. ELATINE, 1-inn. 
 
 Parts of the llower in twos, threes, t)r fours. Sepals membranaceous, obtuse, 
 nerveless. Ovary globose. Capside membranaceous, the partitions remaining at- 
 tached to the axis or evanescent. — Small prostrate glabrous annuals, growing in 
 water or wet places, with entire leaves and oblong usually solitary llowers. 
 
 A genus of lialf a dozen species, beloiiyiug to temperate or subtroijical regions, all round the 
 world. 
 
 1. E, Americana, Arnott. Stems an inch or two long, tufted : leaves obovate 
 to linear, 1 to 4 lines Icjng : flowers sessile, their parts in twos or rarely in threes : 
 capsule half a line or more in diameter, M'ith 5 or 6 oblong seeds in each cell, rising 
 from the base. — Gray, Gen. 111. i. 220, t. i)5. 
 
 Near Waslioe Lake (I'orrcy) ; Oregon (ITaU) ; in the Rocky Mountains, and frequent in the 
 Atlantic States. Also in Australia and the Fiji Islands. 
 
 2. BERGIA, linn. 
 
 Parts of the llower in lives. Sepals with a strong midrib or lierbaceous in the 
 
 middle, acute. Ovary ovoid. Capsule somewhat crustaceous, more or less of the 
 
 partitions in dehiscence remaining with the axis. — Branching and often pubescent, 
 
 nearly erect, with entire or serrate leaves, and larger fascicled or solitary flowers. 
 
 About 14 species in warm or tro[iical regions, the following the only species found in tin; 
 United Slates. 
 
 1. B. Tezana, Seubert. Annual, glandular-j)ubescent, branching from the 
 base, a span high, the lower branches somewhat decumbent : leaves oblauceolate, 
 acute, serrulate, | to 1| inches long, attemiate to a short petiole : flowers fascicled, 
 shortly pedicelled : sejjals carinate, nearly 1^ lines long, exceeding the petals and 
 stamens: capsule globose: seeds smooth and shining. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 
 45. Merimea (?) Texaita, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 278. Elatine Texaiui, Torr. & Gray, 
 la i. G78; (Jray, Gen. Jll. i. 218, t. 9G. liaydla Texanu, Schnitz. Icon. t. 219, 
 flg. 1, 2, and 20. 
 
 Sandy rivcr-ltank near SacranuMito {Greene); Carson River bottom, Nevada (/ra/w/i) : iden- 
 tical witii the plant common in Texas. 
 
 Order XIX. HYPERICACE^. 
 
 Herbs or .shrubs, with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent or dark- 
 colored glandular dots (containing balsamic-resinous secretion), no stipules, and per- 
 
Hypericum. IIYPERICACE^:. gj 
 
 feet flowers with thn 4 or 5 petals and miiuerous stamens hypogynous, the fruit a 
 sejjticiilal many-seeded capsule. — Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepaLs, imbricated in 
 the bud. Petals as many, almost always obli(pie and convolute in the bud, decidu- 
 ous or withering, usually glandular-punctate. Filaments mostly in 3 sets or bun- 
 dles. Styles 2 to 5, usually distinct or becoming .so : stigmas tenniniri, generally 
 capitate. Ovary and capsule with 2 to 5 parietal placentae, or 2 - 5-celled by their 
 union in the axis. Seeds anatropous, with a somewhat crustaceous coat, filled by the 
 straight cylindmceous embryo. 
 
 A rather small but widely ilispei-sed order, of which the following is the largest genus and the 
 only one ocmrring in California. 
 
 1. HYPERICUM, Linn. St. John's-wort. 
 
 Sepals and petals 5. Stamens numerous, usually connate at base into 3 to 8 
 clusters. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 to 5 more or less prominent parietal placentae, 
 rarely 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placontco with the axis. Capsule septicidal 
 (in our species tricarpcllary), many-seeded. Seeds mostly straight and cylindrical. 
 
 — Our species (like most of the genus) are smooth herbaceous perennials, with 
 
 sessile entire punctate leaves, and yellow cymose flowers. 
 
 A genus of about 160 species, widely dispersed, but cliicfly throtigli tlie northern tomj>cmte 
 zone. Of the 30 North American .species all nut tlie following are confined to the Atlantic and 
 Gulf States. 
 
 1. H. Scouleri, Hook. Stems erect, from a running root.'^tock, i to 2 feet high, 
 terete, .simple or sparingly branched : leaves ovate to oblong, chvsping, usually obtuse, 
 an inch long or less : flowers rather few, in an open cyme, black-punctate : sepals 
 ovate, obtuse or acute, 2 lines long : petals 3 to 5 lines long: .stamens in 3 fascicles, 
 very numerous (60 or more) : styles elongated : capsule 3-celled. — Fl. i. Ill ; Torr. 
 «fe Gray, Fl. i. IGO. 
 
 By streams in the mountains, from S. California and eastward (San Diego, Cleveland ; Sonora, 
 Thurher ; New Mexico, Fendle.r) to British America. Very closely resembling the Mexican H. 
 formo.iiini, IIBK., Nov. Con. v. 100, t. 4(10, which is jierhaps distingiiislied liy if.s longer narrow 
 iieuminiite sepnlH and fewer (HO to 40) sfnmenH. 
 
 2. H. concinnum, rxMith. Stems ascending from a somewhat woody branching 
 ba!50, 3 to inches high : leaves oblong to linear, acute, ^ to 1 inch long, not clasp- 
 ing, usually folded: flowers in small cymes, black-punctate: sepals ovate, acuminate, 
 
 2 to 4 lines long : petals 5 to 7 lines long : stamens very numerous, in 3 fascicles. 
 
 — PI. Hartw. 300; Torrey, Pot. Wilkes Exp. 240. //. brarteatum, Kellogg, Proc. 
 Calif Acad. i. 65. 
 
 Central California, probably in dry places in the foothills of the Sieira Nevada ; rather rarely 
 collected : "Sacramento Valley" (Knrtineq) ; Maiysville and Placer Co. {Pra/fev, Krllofja) ; Mt. 
 Plumas, Virkerivq ; kc. 
 
 3. H. anagalloides, Cham. Sc Schlecht. Stems numerous, weak and slender, 
 procumbent nr ascending, rooting at the lower joints, 1 to 10 inches long, simple or 
 dichotomously branched : leaves broadly ovate or ellijitiral to oblong, 2 to 6 line^ 
 long, obtuse, clasping : flowers small, in leafy or naked, simple and few-flowered or 
 compound cymes, not glandidar or punctate : sepals herbaceous or foliaceous, 1 t-o 
 
 3 lines long, unerpial, rounded to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, exceeding the petals : 
 stamens in to 20, distinct: styles short: capsule l-celle<l. - Linntra, iii. 127; 
 Torr. S: Cirny, Fl. i. 167 and 674. 
 
 From San Francisco to the British Iwundary ; Ijissen's Peak and Sierra Co., I^mmou. A small 
 species in moist places, sometimes covering large tracts. 
 
32 MALVACEAE. Lavuttra. 
 
 Order XX. MALVACE^. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with nmcilaginuus juice, a tough iibrous inner bark, alternate 
 leaves with stipules, and often a stellate pubescence ; distinguished from all related 
 orders by the valvato calyx, convohito petals, their baaes or short claws united with 
 each other and with the base of a culumii of numerous monadelphous stamens, these 
 with reniform one-celled anthei-s. — Flowers almost always perfect, regular. Calyx 
 5-cleft or parted, persistent, in many genera augmented by an apparent accessory 
 calyx, i. e. a whurl of bractlets, forming an invoiucd. Petals 5, hypogynous, usually 
 withering or deliquescent without fulling ulf. IMstil usually either a ring of ovaries 
 around a projection of the receptacle, from which they fall away singly at maturity, 
 or a 3- 10-celled ovary becoming a capsule in fi'uit : styles united at least at base 
 into one. Ovules single, several, or numerous in the carpels or cells, amphitropous 
 or nearly anatropous. Seeds commonly roundish or reniform, with little or no albu- 
 men, and a curved embryo ; its cutyledons broad and foliaceous, variously crumpled 
 or doubled up, mostly involving tlie radicle. Leaves most commonly palmately 
 ribbed. Peduncles axillary. Flowers in many large and showy. 
 
 A mthor lurgo onlor, IouikI in all iiiirt.4 of the world fxi(iplin<( tlio arctic regions, well rcjao- 
 aentod in Noilli Amciica and in its wusloni or contrul distri(;ts, hut not conspicuoua in t'alil'orniu. 
 The demulcent properties are turned to account only in the mucilage of the root of Marsh Mallow 
 {Althaa officinalis) ; but many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Cotton-plant, for the, 
 wool which invests its seeds. 
 
 Tribe I. MALVEiE. The column of stamens hearing anthers at the summit. Carpela 
 closely united into a ring around the axis and separating from it more or less at maturity. 
 
 » Styles stigmatic on the inner side : carpels iiulehiscent : ovules solitary, ascending. 
 
 1. Lavatera. nnictlets3 to 6, united at base. Axis of the fruit dilated above and exceeding 
 
 the few carpels. 
 
 2. Malva. Hractlets 3, distinct. Axis broad, shorter than the numerous carpels. 
 
 3. Sidalcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in a double series, those of the outer series united in 5 
 
 clusters. Carpels fewer, covering the axis. 
 
 » ♦ Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent at least at the apex. 
 
 4. Malvastrum. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovule solitary, ascending. 
 
 5. Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovules 2, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. 
 
 6. Sida. Bractlets 1 or 2, or usually none. Ovules solitary, pendulous or horizontal. 
 
 7. Abutilon. Bractlets none. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. 
 
 TuiBK II. IIIBlSCKi'lil. Column of stamens luiked at the summit and 5-toothed. Carpela 
 united into a few-celled capsule, dehiscing loculicidally. 
 
 8. Hibiscus. Involucel of several distinct bractlets. Capsule mostly 5-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 GossYPiUM HERBACEUM, Linn., the cultivated Cotton-plant, also belongs to this tribe, — the 
 genus characterized by its three ample cordate usually incised bracts, a truncate or shortly 5-cleft 
 calyx, a 3- 5-celled capsule, and long-woolly seeds. In Lower California and on Cerros Island 
 there has been found a native species, 0. Daviusonii, Kellogg (Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 82), shrubby, 
 with small and u.sually entire cordate leaves, the Howers also comparatively small, an inch long, 
 yellow with puri)le base. 
 
 1. LAVATERA, Linn. Thke Mallow. 
 
 Involucel 3-6-cleft. Stamineal column divided above into numerous filaments. 
 
 Styles fdiform, stigmatic on the inner side. Fruit depressed ; the several carpels 
 
 separating from the prominent more or less dilated axis, indehiscent, 1-seeded; seed 
 
 ascending. — Leaves angled or lobed ; flowers axillary or in terminal racemes ; our 
 
 .species stout and shrubby. 
 
Sidakeu. MALVACEAE. 83 
 
 An 01(1 World f;cnus of about 20 species, hoiik' coiniiion in ciiltivation in g:\nlrns, and the f<jl- 
 lowing indigenous upon tlic coast of California. 
 
 1. L. assurgentiflora, Kellogg. 8hrul)hy, G to 15 feet liigli, witli slender 
 flexuoua braiielies, glabrous or sparingly stfllate-pubescent : leaves cordate, angu- 
 larly 5 - 7-lobed, 3 to G inches broad, on long petioles, tiie lobes acute, coarsely 
 toothed or lobed : flowers I to 4 in the axils, on slender dellexed and curved pedi- 
 cels : involucel persistent, 3 lines long, half the length of the cainpanulate den.sely 
 pubescent calyx : petals purple, 1 to 1 i inches long, with a broad truncate limb and 
 long narrow glabrous clawH, having n pair of (Iohho l\airy tufts at ba.se : atfljnineal 
 cohiniii gJidirnuN I nl,\li<N oxHitilud : iViiiL hiiir mi ini<h bmuil, iIih (I to H ciMiioIri not 
 lioiilduj, NoiMdwIiiil. iip|irMMMi>d hairy, W Hiioh nr uioro in diiiMi(>li<r, iibmij. iMiDnlliM^ lli)> 
 low (Minli'nUiiinnilUdlhn iixh. I'md. Ciilir. Anu\. I, I I .V II. 
 
 MnM III Ihi tintlv«< nt \\w Ulrthil (if Aimi'ii|m nnti now ri^'pinnllv I'lilltviili'il In IIip roiiIIipiii nnni' 
 lln. nl llih Hlitln, ll U nnoily mIIIimI I.> a. ,u^,{t\>li,> h /./..r.ii.r.i i.r llin Ciniiny UUmU. 
 
 I.. oi'i'iiU'.NrAl.iM, WnUiMi, I'liic. Am. Ai'itd. xi. Vl\, nf (luNdiiln|H< UIiukI, ISihiin; U n NliniUr 
 Mp..ciri. : 11..W.TM on «lioil .l-ll.'xod p.-liclH. with Iiirgn iin>l f-llac-onH l.incl 1,.|« and .w.ly Jtdnh.-N. Him 
 calyx licconiing 1^ inclios long : pcUls 2 in<liCH long, Hoatulato, onmrginnte, pur])liRli, with a dark 
 spot, ill (111! c(Mitio, Mio clnwH glabrous nt Imso : fruit linlf nn inch broad or more, ]iulic.scont. 
 
 2. MALVA, Linn. Mallow. 
 Involucel 3-leaved. Petals obcordate. Axis of the fruit broad but not project- 
 ing. Otlierwise as Lavafera. — Natives of the Old World, but several of the 
 species now naturalized almost everywhere. 
 
 1. M. borealis, "Wallman. Annual, erect or somewhat decumbent, iiairy or 
 nearly glabrous : leaves round-cordate, crenato, more or less strongly 5 - 7-lobed : 
 peduncles axillary, solitary or clustered, 1 to 3 lines long : calyx-lobes acute, be- 
 coming very broad and enlarged in fruit : petals 2 or 3 lines long : carpels trans- 
 versely reticulate-rugose. 
 
 From Europe, ,i common weed on the western coa.st from Puget Soujid to Mexico ; it ha.s also 
 been collected in New Mexico. It is readily distingiushed from the triennial species M. rolundi- 
 folia, which tikes its jdace in the Atlantic States and may appear in California, by its short 
 l)edunclcs, smaller flowers, and rugose carpels. 
 
 3. SIDALCEA, Oray. 
 
 Involucel none. Htanuneal column double ; the fdaments of the outer series 
 united usually into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Styles fdiform, stigmatic on the 
 inner surface. Carpels 5 to 9, 1-ovuled, separating at maturity from the short axis, 
 beakless, indehiscent. Seed ascending. — Herbs, with rounded and mostly lobed or 
 parted leaves ; the usually purple flowers in a narrow terminal raceme or spike. 
 
 Mainly a Califoniian genus, only one species of the Rocky Mountains (5. Candida, Gray) not 
 
 being fimiid within the Vmiits of the State. 
 
 '!• Perennial. 
 
 1. S. malvaeflora, Gray. Glabrous or somewhat hispid, simple or bi-aTiched, 1 
 to 3 feet high : leaves on elongated petioles, orbicular to semicircular in outline ; the 
 lower more or less deeply toothed or cleft, the upi)er more narrowly and deejily 
 5 — 9-lobed or parted ; the segments sparingly toothed or divided, often linear and 
 ontirn : llowers in naked often elongated niceme.s ; bractlet.M huihII, lanc(>olal(< ; pedi- 
 cels short, nakcil : calyx oftcui tom(Mitos(*, the lobes aculi« or acuminat(< : petals 
 enmrginato : carjiels 7 to 8, smooth and glahi-ous. — PI. "Wright, i. IG; Watson, 
 Hot. King J':xp. 40. Slth mahuvflnra, DC. ; Lindl. Pot. Iv'eg. t. 1030. Cnllirrhw 
 .«pirnf<t, Kegel, (Jart. FI. 1872, 291-, t. 737. 
 
84 
 
 MALVACEAE. Sidukea. 
 
 In meadows, more widely diffused than any other species, ranging from Oregon to Northern 
 Mexico, and eastward to Colorado. It varies uuuh in the si/o of all its parts ; calyx 1 to 3 lines 
 long ; the petals from half an inch to an inch long, or sonielinics but little exceeding the calyx. 
 a, Uregana is u stout and biimching northern form. 
 
 2. S. huinillB, (imy, Mimli rcsoinliliuK tlio lu«i, l)iit uyiuiUy lower ami often 
 decumbeuL uL base, wiLli snmller luiivea, und eomuwliuL luoro liuiry : llowcra lower 
 and more genei-ally scattered in the racemes : calyx larger, 3 to G lines long, with 
 acuminate lobes : carpels reticulated and somewhat pubescent. — PI. Fendl. 20. 
 Sida delphinifoiia & Calif oi-nica, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 233 and 235. 
 
 Throughout California in meadows and on hillsides. 
 
 * * Annuals. 
 
 3. S. Hartwegi, Gray. Slender, 1 or 2 feet high, more or less hispitlly pubes- 
 cent, especially the pedicels and calyx : leaves orbicular, the lowest deeply cleft, the 
 upper digitately 5 - 9-parted ; segments linear, entire, acute, usually exceeding the 
 petioles: bnictlots linear, persistent: flowers nearly sessile, in a short terminal spike: 
 calyx 3 to G lines long, the lobes acuminate : petals ^ to 1 inch long, broad and 
 emarginate : carpels strongly reticulated, shortly cresteii, hispid above on the inner 
 side. — PL Fendl. 20; Benth. PI. Ilartw. 300, >S'. delphun/olia, Gray, 1. c. 19, 
 & Gen. 111. ii. 58, t. 120, tig. 10-12. S. hirsuta, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 16; the 
 larger and more hairy form. 
 
 In the valleys of the Sacramento basin. The species was foinided ou a reduced few-flowered 
 sparingly hispid state. 
 
 4. S. diploscypha, Gray. Pubescent with long spreading hairs, 1 or 2 feet 
 high : leaves deeply 5 - 9-cloft with lobed segments, the uppermost often digitately 
 parted; stipules parted: bractlets conspic\ious, 6 -7-parted, hispid : tiowers nearly 
 sessile in close 3 - 5-ttowerod clusters : ctdyx-lobes acuminate : petals h to 1 inch long, 
 broad and emarginate : tilaments of the outer stamens united into 5 broad mem- 
 branaceous overlapping lobes, usually enclosing the inner anthers: carpels glabrous 
 much depressed, transversely rugose, longitudinally sidcate above. — PI. Fendl. 19. 
 
 Common in grass-fields and by roadsides through Central California. 
 
 5. S. malachroides, Gray. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 feet high, tufted : leaves 
 cordate, 2 to 5 iiiclies broad, 3 - 7-angleil witli acutely toothed lobes : bractlets sub- 
 ulate, caducous : flowers small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close teiminal 
 heads on the short leafy branches : calyx-lobes acute : petals narrowly obcordate : 
 sets of stamens indistinct : carpels smooth and glabrous, with a narrow more or 
 less distinct ridge down the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 332. Malva malachro- 
 ides, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beecliey, 326. S. vitifolia. Gray, 1. c., is a less hispid 
 form. 
 
 From Mendocino County to Santa Cruz. 
 
 4. MALVASTRUM, Gray. 
 
 Bractlets 1 to 3, or none. Stamineal ttibe simple, antheriferous at the summit. 
 Styles filiform : stigmas capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, separating kum the 
 axis, often dehiscent, sometimes 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Herbaceous tufted 
 perennials, or shrubby ; the flowers in narrow nakeil or leafy subpaniculate iiiccnjes. 
 Distinguished from Sphoiralcea only by the solitary ovules. 
 
 Species about 60, North and South American and S. African. 
 * Perennials. 
 
 1. M. Munroanum, Gray. Ikanching from the base, 1 or 2 feet high, grayish 
 or hoary-pubescent: leaves broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 - 5dobed or 
 deeply cleft, crenately or acutely toothed, 1 or 2 inches long, equalling or exceeding 
 
Malvastrum. MALVACEyK. 35 
 
 tlio slondor potiolo: raceme often dense: calyx-lohes acute or acuiniimte, 2 to 4 lines 
 long : petals srarlot, G to 9 linos long : carpels ohlong, 2 lines l<jng, ronndod or 
 shortly beaked above, reticulated on the sides near the base, pubescent on the back. 
 — PI. Fendl. 21 ; Watson, iJot. King Exp. 47. Malva Munroana, Dough; Lindl. 
 Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1306; Bot. Mag. t. 3537. 
 
 From Wnsliiiif^ton Tcnitory to Nevada and Utah ; found eaatward of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 2. M. Thurberi, Gray. Shrubby at ba.se, 3 to 5 feet high, with wand-like 
 branches, densely toraentose : leaves thick and subrugose, shortly petioled, the upper 
 nearly sessile, rounded, cordate or truncate at base, somewhat 3 - 5-Iobed, crenate, 1 
 to 1| inches long: flowers small, nearly sessile in an interrupted naked spike, or 
 the inflorescence more expanded and racemose : calyx-lobes short, acute : fruit 
 broadly obovate, the carpels 1 \ lines long, rounded or subtruncate above, becoming 
 glabrous, not reticulated. — I'l". Thurb. 307. Mnlva fai^cicnlata, Nutt. 1. c. 225. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges of Southern California ; at Pacheco's Pass (Bolander), Santa Barbara 
 (Nultall), San Diego {Parry), and in Sonora (Thurbcr). No. 554 Brewer, from the Santa Lucia 
 Mountains above the Naciiniento, is probably the same, but with the flowers fewer and less 
 crowded, and tlin leaves roundod-rliomboidol and very tomoiitose ; described as very fragrant. 
 
 3. M. splendidum, Kellogg. A shrub 10 to 12 f(!et high or more, the branches 
 and leaves gmy-tomentose : leaves shortly petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, the lobes 
 acute and crenate: flowers nearly sessile in terminal branching panicled racemes, the 
 spreading peduncles 1 to 2 inches long : calyx-lobes short, acute : carpels oblong, 
 1^ lines long, rounded at each end, with a short mucronate beak above, becoming 
 glabrous, reticulated on the sides below. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 65. 
 
 Imperfectly described by Dr. Kellogg from a small specimen collected in the neighborhood of 
 Los Angeles and said to have been taken from a tree ]5 to 20 feet high and a foot in circumference. 
 The above dcsciiption is ba.sed upon sj)ecimens found by Prof. Brewer in the Sierra Santa Monica, 
 which accord sufKciently well with the original account. Differing from the last mainly in the 
 form of the leaves and in the open inflorescence. 
 
 4. M. marrubioides, Duraud c^- Hilgard. Densely pubescent, two feet high : 
 leaves thick and shortly petioled, ovate, subcordate, obscurely 3-lobed, acutely ser- 
 rate : flowers nearly sessile, in paniculate clusters of 3 to 5 in a somewhat naked 
 raceme: calyx-lobes long-acuminate, little shorter than the rose-colored jietals: carpels 
 rounded or oblong, glabrous, not reticulated. — Pacif. P. Ixcp. v. 6, t. 2. 
 
 Collected only near Millorton on the San Joaquin, Hcfrmnnu. 
 
 5. M. Coulteri, Watson. Branches slender, somewhat pubescent : leaves an 
 inch or less in hingth, ovate-subcordate, 3 - 5-lobed, acutely toothed, equalling or 
 exceeding the slender petioles : flowers small, in a rather loose raceme : calyx-lobes 
 acuminate : petals 4 or 5 lines long, rose-color : carpels rounded, less than a line in 
 diameter, with a thin horizontal oblong projection inward at base, very strongly 
 reticulated, pubescent on the under surface. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125. 
 
 Collected by Coulter (n. 96) probably in Southeastern California, and by Schott in the Gila 
 bottom on the Mexican Boundary Survey. Well distinguished by its j>oculiar carjx-ls. 
 
 • » Avnnalt. 
 
 6. M. rotundifolium, Gray. Bather stout and sparsely hispid with spreading 
 hair.s, two feet high or less : leaves reniform, obscurely lobtMl, coarsely toothed, the 
 lower long-petioled : flowers loosely clustered, the lower peilicels elongated : calyx 
 4 or 5 lines long, with acuminate lobes enlarging in fruit : petals broad, ^ inch long, 
 light purple with a red spot at base : carpels 40 or more, thin, circular, 1^ lines 
 broad, glabrous, reticulated ; the axis dilated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333. 
 
 On sand-hills near Fort Mohave {Cooper), and eastward in Arizona. 
 
 7. M. exile, Gray, Decumbent, the stems becomiiig a foot long or more, pubes- 
 cent : leaves 6 to 9 lines broad, broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, deeply 
 5-lobe(.l, sparingly toothed, equalling the petioles: flowers mostly solitary and axillary. 
 
gg MALVACEAE. Sj'hoeralcea. 
 
 on slender elongated pedicels : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, the linear bractlets 
 pei-sistent : petals obovato, purple, 'J to 5 lines long: fruit 2^ lines broad; carpels 
 12 to 15, orbicular, glabrous, indulii.scent, transversitly rugose-reticulated, the sides 
 smot)th and contiguous except near the margin. — Hot. Ives Colorado Exp. 8. 
 
 Dry iiliiiiis, MciihkI Cuimty, iiiul Houthward, ruiij^ing oust to lUuh ; msar rynmiiil I,iikc, 
 Novuda (Leminon), and pioUilily along llio cntiro oasloru baso of tho Sierra Novadu. 
 
 5. SPH^RALCEA, St. liiluiie. 
 Differing from Malvdstrum only in the 2-ovuled cells of the ovary, the lower 
 ovule ascending, the ui)[ier pendulous and often abortive in fruit. — Perennials. 
 
 Alnmt '20 sficcio.-! aio rcfcrrud to the ^unna, all Amerinui and S. AlViiian. 
 
 1. S. Emoryi, Toir. Resembling Malvastrum Munroanmn. Stems 1 to 2 feet 
 high : leaves ovate-cordate, usually obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, crenate : iullorescence and 
 fruit as in that species, excepting the 2-ovuled cells of the ovary. — *S'. Emoryi & 
 incana, Torrey in Gray, PI. Fendl. 23. aS'. Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 21. 
 
 Frequent on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada fiom Nortliern Nevada to Utah and Mexico; 
 San Felipe in S. California (Thurber) and San Diego, Cleveland. 
 
 S. suu'iiuuEA, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125, of Guadalupe lalaud, Palmer, is more 
 tomentose and lias the inllnrescenco usually much more paniculate and ditfuse : petals sulphur- 
 yellow, tinged with pink, villous at the baso of the claw, 5 to 6 lines long: fruit globose. 
 
 2. S. Lindheimeri, Gmy. Stout, tlensely tomentose, 2 or 3 feet high, erect or 
 decumbent at base : leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base, obscurely 5-lobed with 
 the lobes rounded and slightly crenate, 2 inches long, ecpialling or exceeding the 
 petioles : flowers small, in a narrow raceme, often nearly sessile : calyx with acumi- 
 nate lobes, usually very densely tomentose : fruit prominent ; carpels 1 J lines long, 
 rounded above, projecting more over the axis than in the last, the sides transversely 
 rugose belo\v. — PI. Lindh. 162. Malvastrum Freniontii, Torrey, 1. c. 21. 
 
 Central California (/VivHfxiO ; Corral Hollow, fircwcr : tho specimens aro apparently identical 
 with tho siiecicrt of tho Uio Oranile Valloy to which they aro hero referred. 
 
 3. S. angustifolia, Spach. Slender, ovm-X, 2 to 4 foot high, hoary-pubescent : 
 leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 2 inches long, usually subcordato or rounded 
 at base., often somewhat lobed below, crenate or rather coarsely toothed, on short 
 petioles : ilowers small, in a naked or often leafy narrow raceme : calyx 2 to 3 lines 
 long, with acute or acuminate lobes : fruit subglobose with a central depression, 
 pubescent ; carpels 1 1 to 2 lines long, oblong, blunt or sometimes sharply beaked at 
 the apex, reticulate on the sides below. — Malva angustifolia, Cav. Diss. i. 64, t. 20; 
 Bot. Mag. t. 2839. 
 
 At Fort Mohave (Cooper), and frequent eastward to the Rio Grande and in Mexico. 
 
 6. SIDA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx usually without bractlets. Stamineal tube siinple, antheriferous at the 
 
 summit. Petals oblique. Styles 5 or more, witli capitate stigmas. Carpels as 
 
 many, 1-ovuled, indehiscent or 2-valved, at length separating from the axis. Seed 
 
 pendulous or horizontal. — Mostly softly tomentose ; flowers yellow or whitish. 
 
 About 80 species, of which 50 aro American, most abundant in subtropical regions. A few 
 species are very widely distributed, among which S. rhombifnlia and 6'. airpinifolia aj)proach the 
 southern borders of the State, and other species are fri;([UeMt in Northern Mexico and the adjacent 
 territory. Tlie one Californian species, having a bracteolate calyx, would belong to Malvastrum 
 but for the pendulous ovule. 
 
 ] . S. hederacea, Torr. Stems decumbent, from a perennial root, leafy, a foot 
 long or less : leaves roniform, about an inch broad, very oblique, serrate or crenate, 
 shortly petioled : Ilowers in short axillary panicles or solitary, tho pedicels at h'.ngth 
 
Hibiscus. MALVACE^. 37 
 
 dellexed : calyx witli one or two setaceous bractlets at base, tlie lobes acuminate : 
 petals yellowish, pubescent externally, 4 to 6 lines long : fruit short-conic<'il, smooth, 
 glabrous; carpels G to 10, triangular, 1^ lines long, blunt above, attached by the 
 straight ventral edge to the slender axis. — Gray, PI. Fi'iidi. 23. Afalva hedrrdcfa^ 
 Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 107. M. plirata, Nutt.;" Torr. <t Gray, Fl. i. 227. .Wa (?) 
 obliqua, Nutt. 1. c. 233. 
 
 From Oregon to Arizona and New Mexico ; dry valleys and hillsides. 
 
 7. ABUTILON, Tonrn. 
 
 Bractlets none. Seeds or ovules 3 to 9 in each cell. Otherwise as Sida. — Herbs 
 
 or shrubs, usually soft-tomentose; flowers mostly axillary, often yellow. 
 
 Species alwut 70, in the warmer region of both lieniis]ilieres ; a dozen or more on the southern 
 borders of the United States, the following scarcely entering within the limits of California. 
 
 1. A. crispiun, Don. Very finely tomentose: branches very slender, elongated: 
 leaves cordate, acutish or acuminate, crenate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the upper small 
 and nearly sessile : flowers solitary, small, yellow, on slender axillary pedicels aa 
 long as the leaves and jointed near the top : carpels about 12, mcmliranaceous, in- 
 flated, rounded above, 2-valved to the base, 4 - 5-seeded, at length half an inch 
 long. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 67, t. 126. Sida crispa, Linn.; Torr. «k Gray, Fl. 
 i. 235. 
 
 Widely distributed through the tropics, and found from Florida westwanl across the continent ; 
 CaRon Tantillaa, below San Diego, Palmer. 
 
 2. A. Newbenyi, Watson. Somewhat woody at base, 4 to 5 feet high, densely 
 tomentose : branches short and stout : leaves thick, oblong lanceolate, cordate at 
 base, acutish, 1 to 2 inches long, on short petioles : pedicels fascicled in the axils, 
 much shorter than the leaves : flowers deep yellow, 3 lines long : carpels about 8, 
 nearly membranaceous, rounded but narrower above, 2-valved to the base, 3-seeded, 
 three lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125. Spkceralcea incana, Gray, Bot. lve.s 
 Colorado Exp. 8. 
 
 In the same locality {Paliner) ; also on the Lower Gila {Einory), and at Canebrako Cafton on 
 the Lower Colorado, Newberry. 
 
 A. PAl.MP.ni, Dray, Proc. Am. Acml. viii. 280, a tailor larger- (loworpd nnd Inrger-lcaved sjiecios, 
 of Arizona nnd Honorn, may reach California. Tlio cnlyx Ih ticnsoly villous, nearly half an inch 
 long; the deep-yellow corolla somewhat longer; carpels also hairy, ncuminato above nnd equal- 
 ling the calyx, 3 - 4-8ceded ; leaves cordate with a deep closed sinus. 
 
 8. HIBISCUS, Linn. 
 Involucel of numerous bractlets. Stamineal column antheriferous much of it« 
 length, but naked at the summit and truncate or 5-toothed. Styles united: stigma-s 
 5, capitate. J'ruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod, the cells several seeded. — Stout herbs 
 or often shrubby, Avith large and showy axillary and solitary flowers. 
 
 A large genus of alxjut l.'iO species, distributed around the world, mainly in tropical or sub- 
 tropical regions. Many are cultivated for ornament. Some of the spe<'ies of Northern Mexico 
 probably extend into Southeastern California, though only a single one has yet been collected. 
 
 1. H. Californicus, Kellogg. Perennial, erect and branching, f) to 7 feet high, 
 the younger loaves and branches velvety pubescent : loaves oorilate, acuminate, 
 rarely sojnewhat 3-lobod, crenate or acutely toothed, 3 to h inches long, exceeding 
 the ])etiole3 : jieduncloa l-floworod, 2 or 3 inches long, jointed above the middle, 
 uniteil with the petiole at base: calyx 9 to 12 lines long, cleft to the middle, the 
 lobes acute ; flowers white, with a purple centre, 2 to 4 inches long : c^ipsule equal- 
 ling the calyx, acute, velvety-pubescent : seeds nearly globose, over a lino bnmd, 
 striate and roughened with small scattomd tubercles. — I'nK'. Calif. Acad. iv. 292. 
 
88 STERCULIACEiE. Hibiscus. 
 
 On an island in San Joaquin River at Webb's Landing. This is probably also the //. Moscheulos, 
 var. occidental is, of Toney in liot. Wilkes Exp. 25(5. 
 
 2. H. denudatus, Reuth. Erect, woody at base, very tomeutose, two feet high, 
 tlie stems slemler and lloxuous : leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, an inch 
 broad or less, rounded or obtuse and dentate alxjve, on sliort jietioles: peiluncles \ 
 to 1 inch k»ng r bractlets narrowly linear, very short or sometimes nearly obsolete : 
 calyx cleft nearly to the base, the lobes lanceolate : petals light purple, an inch 
 long : capsule acute, dehiscent to the base, shorter than the calyx : seeds reniforin, 
 densely silky. — Bot. Sulph. 7, t. 3. 
 
 In the desert region of Southeastern California, thence to New Mexico and Northern Mexico. 
 This species belongs to the section Bombicclla, which is distinguished by the small involucre and 
 silky seeds. 
 
 OuDEu XXI. STERCULIACEiE. 
 
 A polymorphous order chieliy of shrubs and trees, nearly all tropical or of the 
 southern hemisphere, related to Malvacece and TUiacece, distinguished from the 
 former by the 2-celled anthers (the petals not rarely wanting), and in our solitary 
 representative by the imbricated calyx. 
 
 1. PREMONTIA, Ton-. 
 Bractlets 3 to 5, small. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, the lobes imbricate in 
 the bud, large and petaloid, bright yellow, pitted at the base, persistent. Petals 
 none. Stamineal column 5-cleft to the middle, each of the divisions bearing above 
 a linear adnate curved anther : staminodia none. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled : 
 style elongated, the acute apex stigmatic. Capsule 4 - 5-valved, loculicidally dehis- 
 cent; cells 2 - 3-seeded. Seeds ovate: embryo in thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons 
 ovate, nearly flat, much longer than the radicle. — A stellately pubescent shrub ; 
 with alternate lobed leaves, and showy axillary solitary shortly pedicelled flowers. 
 
 1. F. Californica, Torr. Branching, 10 to 20 feet higli, sometimes a foot 
 through at base : Avood hard : bark dark-colored : leaves thick, usually rusty beneath, 
 broadly cordate or ovate, 3-lobed or rarely entire or 5 - 7-lobed, ^ to 2| inches long, 
 the lobes obtuse, mucronulate ; petioles shorter than the blade : flowers numerous, 
 1 to 3 inches in diameter : se])als obovate, often mucronate, pubescent externally 
 and witli a rounded hairy pit at base, the 3 inner a little larger : capsule ovate, an 
 inch long, densely hairy, jjcrsistent ; the cells villous within : seeds ovate, 2 lines 
 long or more, pubescent. — PI. Frera. in Smith. Contrib. vi. G, t. 2 ; llook. f. Bot. 
 Mag. t. 5591. Cheiranthodendron Calif or nicum, Baill. Hist. PI. iv. 70. 
 
 On diy hills from Pit River to San Diego, most abundant in the foot-hills of the Southern 
 Sierra Nevada. Very closely allied to Cheimstemon (or Cheiranthodendron) of Mexico and Guata- 
 mala, which differs in the more deeply pitted purple calyx, the oblique stamineal tube, and con- 
 nective produced beyond the anthers. The stipules in Fremoniia are small and caducous. 
 
 Order XXII. LINACEiE. 
 
 A small family, recently enlarged by the iucori)oration of tlireo wholly tropical 
 tribes of shrubs and trees, all with simple and entire mostly alternate leaves ; as to 
 the proper Flax tribe well marked by the perfectly isomerous regular flowers ; the 
 sepals, petals, stamens and parts of the pistil being each 5, or in one instance 4, 
 or sometimes the parts of the pistil fewer ; the fugacious petals convolute and the 
 
Linum. LINACEyE. 
 
 89 
 
 persistent sepals imbricated in the bud, tliese and the stamens hypogynous ; and 
 only a pair of suspended anatropous ovules and seeds in each carpel. — Jieprcsented 
 solely by the genus 
 
 1. LINUM, Linn. Vlax. 
 Parts of tiic flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments monadelphous 
 at the very base, and commonly with a little tooth in each sinus. Styles 5, often 
 united into one below, or in some of ours only 3 or oven 2, and distinct : stigmas 
 capitate or oblong : ovary globose, of as many true cells or carpels as styles, but 
 each cell more or less divided into two by a false partition i)rocecding from tlie dorsal 
 suture. Capsule splitting in dehiscence through these false partitions, and some- 
 times through the true ones also. Seeds solitary in each half-cell, flattened, ovate, 
 the coat mucilaginous when wetted : embryo large and straight, surrounded by a 
 thin coating of albumen ; the cotyledons flat and broad. — Herbs ; with tough fibres 
 in the bark (flax), sessile entire leaves, no stipules or mere glands in their place, and 
 cymose or panicled flowers. 
 
 A genus of 80 or more specips, mostly of temperate or warm climates, nearly 20 indigenous to 
 the Uiiited States, chiefly to the region west of the Mississippi. The ( 'tilifornian species (with two 
 exceptions) are slender annuals, remarkable for having only two or three pistils, and forming a 
 peculiar .section. 
 
 L. usiTATissiMUM, Linn., the common Flax of cultivation, may sometimes be found near fields. 
 It is an annual, with linear-lanceolate very acute leaves, blue flowers, 1 -nerved sepals, and a 
 globose acuminate capsule. 
 
 § 1. St)//es of (fie same ninnher as (lie o(her par(s nf (he Jlawer : pereruiia/s : leaves 
 
 nlternn(e. 
 
 1. L. perenne, Linn. Smooth and glaucous, I to 2^ feet high, branching 
 above, leafy: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 18 lines long, acute ; stipular 
 glands none : flowers large, blue, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the leafy 
 branches, on slender pedicels : sepals 3 - 5-nerved, ovate, acute or obtuse, U to 2^ 
 lines long: cap.sule globose, acute, exceeding the sepals, at length dehiscent~by ten 
 valves, tlio prominent false partition long-(Mhntn : fruiting pedicels oroct or dofloxod. 
 — L. dficnrrens, Kellogg, Troc. Calif. Acad. iii. 44, lig. 11. 
 
 Common on dry soils nearly throughout the State, the species mnging from the Arctic Circle, 
 along the Rocky Mountains and westward, to Northern Mexico. It is also common in Europe 
 and Northern Asia. 
 
 2. L. aristatum, Kngelm. Smooth, ^ to 3 feet high ; branches numerous, 
 slender, angular: leaves few, linear to subulate, awned, 2 to 4 lines long; the upper 
 and the bracts, as well as the sepals, ciliate-denticulate on the scarious margins ; 
 stipular glands conspicuous : flowers mostly solitary on the bmnchlet.';, sulphur- 
 yellow, an inch broad : sepals linear-lanceolate, aciiniinate, 3-nerved, 4 lines long : 
 capsule ovate, acute, half as long, S-valved and 10-ceIled. the falsi^ partitions mem- 
 branaceous: seeds small. — Wisliz. Kep. 17. 
 
 Sandy hills along the Colorado {Ncinh^.rry) ■ eastward to New Mexico and S. Ut^h. The only 
 other North American yellow-flowered perennial is L. Kingii, Watson, of the mountAins o'f 
 Utah. 
 
 § 2. Sdjies and carpels fewer than the other par(s of (he floirer, 2 or 3 : capsules 
 •\-ceUed or 6-celJed : sepals \ -nerved : annuals. — Hi„srRnoi,iNON, Gray. 
 » Leaves opposite, oblong : styles 2 : petals not appendaged at base, i/ellotc. 
 
 3. L. dig3^um, Cmy. Glabrous, six inches high, simple, subrymo.'«ely branched 
 at the ,<;nmmit : leaves oblong, arutish, 3 to 6 lines lon^ ; stipular glands none: 
 
QQ LlNACEJi:. Linum. 
 
 pedicels very short : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliute-denticulate, a line long : 
 petals twice lojigor : capsulo globose, obtuse, sliortor than the calyx. — J 'roc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. IKM. 
 
 Near Yoseinito Vulloy on tho Muriiiosa Trail, Bolander. A raio and vory peculiar species. 
 
 • Mr Lmvci (((tcriiatc, narrowli/ linear («• hilf to an inch Ion;/): tti/lca W \ juials 
 appendayed at base with a tooth on each side and usually a third adnate to the 
 inner face of (Me claw. 
 
 -¥■ Flowers yellow : pedicels short. 
 
 4. L. Breweri, Gray. Smooth, glaucous, slender, 3 to 8 inches high or more, 
 few-llowered at the summit : leaves linear-setaceous, 6 to 8 lines long ; stipular 
 glands conspicuous: sepals ovate, acute, somewhat glandular on the margin, 1^ lines 
 long : petals more than twice as lung, 3-appendagud at base : fruit unknown. — 
 Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 202, and Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521. 
 
 Dry hillsides, Contra Costa Co., at Marsh's ituuch, east of Monte Diablo, Brewer. Floweiing 
 in May and June. 
 
 -H -t- Flowers u'hite, rose-colored, or purple: pedicels short and mostly cymose- 
 
 clustered. 
 
 5. L. congestum, tlray. Kearly smooth, excepting the calyx, a foot high, 
 shortly brauclied above; stipular glands very small : llowers in close terminal clusters : 
 sepals pubcsscent, lanceolate, acuminate, 1^ lines long, not glandular : petals twice as 
 long, apparently rose or purple, 3-aj)i)endaged at base : capsule globose, shorter than 
 the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521. 
 
 Marin Co., Bolander. A well-marked species on account of its clustered flowers and pubescent 
 calyx. 
 
 6. L. Californicum, r>cnth. Glabrous and glaucous, paniculately branched 
 above, G to 18 inches high : stipular glands conspicuous : llowers in small cymes or 
 the lower solitary : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1^ lines long, acute, slightly glandular- 
 toothed : petals 4 lines long, rose-colored becoming white, 3-appendaged at base : 
 capsule acute, shorter than the calyx. — PL Hartw. 2i)9 ; Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Dry soils in the valleys and on low foot-hills, in early spring, from about San Francisco Bay to 
 Marysville (Bujdow) and southward to San Carlos ; especially common on the eastern bIoi.o of tlie 
 Monte Diablo liange. 
 
 4_ ^_ +. Flowers white, rose-colored, or purple : pedicels more elongated and mostly 
 solitary : stems diffusely paniculate above. 
 
 7. L. spergulinum, Gray. Glabrous, G to 15 inches high : leaves without 
 stipular glands : pedicels 3 to G hues long : sei)als ovate-oblong, acute, slightly 
 glandular, a line long : peta'ls 2 to 3 lines long, rose-colored or white, 3-appendaged : 
 capsule obtuse, rather exceeding the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333. 
 
 Coast Ranges, &c., Marin ami Sonoma counties, Bolander, Kellogg, Miss Monks. 
 
 8. L. micranthum, (hay, 1. c. Somewhat puberulent, G to 15 inches high : 
 stipular glands minute or none : jiedicels 2 to 4 lines long : sepals lanceolate, acute, 
 a line long, slightly glandular : jxitals white, a little longer than the sei)als, 2-tuothed 
 at base ; capsule obtuse, exceeding tho calyx. 
 
 In tho Sierra Nevada, at a, 000 to ft.OOO feet altitude: Mount Bullion (Bolander) ; Sierra and 
 Plumas counties, Lcminon, Mrs. I'ulsifer Ames. 
 
 9. L. adenophyllum, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, a foot high : leaves more 
 broadly linear, margined with stipitate glands ; stipular glands minute or none : 
 pedicels 1 to 6 lines long : sepals lanceolate, acute, a line long or more, glandidar- 
 serrulate, half as long as the white (yellowish ]) petals : capsule rather shorter than 
 the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 624. 
 
 l^eaiX Ciiax h^^Q, Bolander, Kellogg k, Har/ord. ■ • ■ : .. . 
 
Trihulus. ZYGOrHyLLACE/E. gi 
 
 Order XX HI. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 
 
 Distingiiislicd from the allied orders by the opposite comj.ound Ir.ivoR, with in- 
 terposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. — Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, 
 completely symmetrical, the i)art8 in fives or rarely in fours. Sepals distinct or nearly 
 so. Petals hypogynous, in ours imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or more 
 commonly (in all ours) twico aa majiy as the potids and inserted with thom, in two 
 sets : fihuuents distinct, often appendaged with a scale on the inner side. Ovary of 
 4 or 5 carpels (rarely 2 or 3), but sometimes twice as many cells, and terminal style 
 only one: stigma 5- lO-lobnd. Ovules anatropous, pendulous. Fruit dry. Seeds 
 with a large embryo, straight or nearly so, with flat or broad cotyledons, with or 
 without some albumen. — Herbs, shrubs, or (in Guaiacmn) small trees, Avith very 
 hard and acrid-bitter resinous wood; a few with simple leaves: stipules often 
 spineseent: flowers solitary, on lateral or terminal naked peduncles. 
 
 An order of 17 gonora and barely a luindrcd .species, of tropical and warm-temperate countries, 
 on this co.ituient clnefly Mexican and South American, four repre.senUtives, belonRinK to thre^ 
 genera, barely reachmg California. 6 6 i.u co 
 
 J' ?I^"\"^" /''''^^««j^^'"!Pflypi""''ite, 6-10-foliolate. Fruit tuberculate. Herbs. 
 
 2. Fagonia. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit nearly .smooth. Herbaceous 
 
 3. Larrea. Leaves 2-foliolate. Fruit densely hairy. A he.avy-sccnt«d shnib. 
 
 1. TRIBULUS, Linn. 
 Sepals 5, mostly per.si.stent. Petals 5, fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. 
 Stamens 10; the alternate iilaments a little shorter and with a gland at base on the 
 outer side. Ovary 5 - 12-celled ; cells 1 -5-ovuJed. Fruit lobed, separating from 
 tlie persistent axis into 5 to 12 indehi.scent 1-seeded tuberculate or winged or 
 spinose carpels. Seeds without albumen. — Loosely branclied liairy prostrate herbs; 
 with abruptly pinnate opposite leaves (the alternate ones smaller or wanting), and 
 solitary apparently axillary white or yellow flowers. 
 
 Species 15 or more, natives of the warmer regions of botli hemispheres. Our species are 
 annuals, belonging to the section Kalhtra^mia, having the outer stame. s adnate at lie to th^ 
 petals, the ovary 10 -12-celled and 10- 12-ovuled. A true Trrbulus, Z\T^rJ.iT(^liM 
 mcus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125), from the western side o the Oul^orCalifornTa^hL 
 very small flowers and deeply 6-lobed fruit, the cari>els with 4 or 5 stout tuWrcle.s on the J^k 
 
 1. T maximus, Linn, stems at length elongated : leaflet^s .T or 4 pairs ovate- 
 oblong, 3 to G lines long, more or less obli-pie: peduncles thickened upward, a half 
 to an inch long : sepals very hairy, linear, acuminate, two lines long : petals a half 
 longer: fruit two lines high, beaked by a stmit style about as long the carpels 
 
 roughly tulierculate. — /ra/A^/ro-m/a Wif/Tjwa, Torr. it f^rav Fl i Tl ■ (Jrav (!en 
 III. ii. 117, t. 140. ' ' -''.'• 
 
 MexiVraIr.Tb?w'7!'i'" ^"t?- ^°^'""" ^"•*'^*' •^•■y """P'"" ''"'^''^'^ ♦" T""'-'- '^"'i through 
 Mexico and the W . Lidics. The specific name is in no respect appropriate. 
 
 2. T. grandiflorus, P.enth. &: Hook. Ilispirl with usuallv longer and more 
 spreading hairs: leallets 4 to fi pairs: peduncles m.-re elnngated • .sepals 3 to G 
 lines long, the petnls usually twice hwigrp : fruit nither more sharply tuborrulato, 
 tin beak 3 to f, lines long. — den. PI. i. 2GL Knihinrmm qrmulffhm. Torn in 
 Omy, PI. Wright, i. 28. ... 
 
 In the Oila Valley. Arizona, and i^robably in Sonthcasfern Talifornia ; ranging to Now Mexico. 
 Sonora .Tud I,ower ( nhfornia. * iio*iiA., 
 
92 ZYGOPHYLLACK.E. Fugonia. 
 
 2. PAQONIA, Linn. 
 Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, uiiguiculate. Stnrnens 10, on an obscure disk ; 
 the filaments naked. Ovary 5-celled ; cells 2-ovuled near the base. Fruit deeply 
 5-angled, 5-seeded ; the smooth carpels at length separating from the axis and dehis- 
 cing on the inner edge. Seeds witli a horny albumen. — Branching diU'use or pros 
 trate herbs; with opposite 1-3-foliolate leaves, mucrouate leaflets, spinescent stip- 
 ules, and apparently axillary solitary rose-colored flowers. 
 
 A genus of hot and desert regions in both heniispliercs, but chiefly of tlie Old World. The 2ti 
 published species are considercil by IJcntham and Hooker as reducible to perhaps 2 or 8, in some 
 respects very variable. 
 
 1. F. Californica, ru-nth. Perennial, herbaceous, glabrous: the stems a span 
 long or more, diU'usuly branched, angled : luullets lanceolate, 1 to 3 lines long ; 
 stipules linear, recurved-si)reading, short : peduncles nearly equalling the leaves : 
 petals 2 or 3 lines long, twice longer than the lanceolate sepals : fruit ovate in out- 
 line, atteiuiate above into the sluiidur style, 2 lines long. — J>(jt. Sulph. 10; Torr. 
 in Pacif 11. Itep. v. 359, t. 1 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 418. 
 
 Desert of S. E. California {'J'funnas, Schott, Newberrtj), to Arizona and Lower California. The 
 species much resembles F. Chilensis. 
 
 3. LAHHEA, Cuv. Ckeosote-bush. 
 Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10, on a small 10-lobed 
 disk ; the filaments winged below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5- 
 celled ; the cells abuut G-ovuled. Fruit globose, shortly stipitate, densely hairy, the 
 5 indehiscent 1 -seeded carpels at length separating from the axis. Seeds with horny 
 albumen. — Evergreen heavy-scented shrubs ; with nodose branches, opposite 2-folio- 
 late leaves, small stipules, and solitary yellow flowers. 
 
 A genus of 3 or 4 species, of Mexico and extra-tropical South America, the following species 
 the only one in the United Slates. 
 
 1. L. Mexicana, Moricand. Difl^usely branched, 4 to 10 feet high, densely- 
 leafy, of a yellowish hue : leaves nearly sessile ; the thick resinous leaflets inequi- 
 lateral, oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, with a broad attachment to the rhachis, some- 
 what curved, acute : sepals ovate, obtuse, silky : petals bright yellow, 3 to 4 lines 
 long : scales a little shorter than the filaments, somewhat lacerate : fruit 2| lines 
 in diameter, beaked by the slender style; carpels obtuse. — PI. Nouv. Am. 71, 
 t. 48 ; Torrey in Emory Pep. 137, t. 3 ;" Gray, Gen. 111. 2. 120, t. 147. 
 
 Abundant in the dry valleys of Kern Co. and eastward, from Walker's Pass and Tahichipi to 
 W. Texas, and southward into Mexico, blooming in early summer. It is called by the Mexi- 
 cans Gobemadora and llidevndo. The leaves are sticky with a strongly scented gum or resin, and 
 burn with a black smoke and rank odor. No animal of the country will eat it. It has various 
 reputed medicinal properties, and miners say that a strong decoction "will clean amalgam." It 
 is reported that the Indians make a glue from it, with which they fasten the heads of arrows to 
 the shaft. 
 
 Order XXIV. GERANIACEiE. 
 
 An order difficult to define by any certain marks, becoming composed of several 
 suborders or tribes, diverse in habit and details of structure, which have to be 
 separately characterized. — Leaves often with stipules, either toothed, lobed, or 
 compound. Flowers perfect, on axillary peduncles, either regular or irregular, 
 but commonly symmetrical, and the parts in fives, rarely in threes. Stamens 
 mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes sterile : filaments often 
 
GeranimH. GKIIANI ACE.15. 93 
 
 cither dilated or monRdelphous ftt the base. Ovary 3-5-lobed and 3-5-celle(l, 
 with a central axis. Ovules anatropous. Seeds wholly or nearly filled by the 
 embryo. 
 
 A rather largo order, owing to the size of a few leading genera, widely distributed over the 
 world, mostly in wann-temperate and subtropical climates ; many with handsome (lowers and 
 cultivated for ornament. Ttio rei)resentation m North America is small, in California meagre. 
 The following irregular-flowered genera may claim admission. 
 
 Impatirns, Linn., renrcsentod in gardens by the IJalsam, I. Raij^amina, and in the Ea.stcrn 
 United States by the .Icwel-wccds, 1. kui.va and 1. i'Ar,l,ir)A, wlii<;li rango northwestward to 
 Washington Territory. The only indieation of them near California is the mention of an unde- 
 termineu species in Dr. C. L. Anderson's list of Nevada plants (in the Nevada State Geologist's 
 Report for 1870 ?), no station a.ssigned. The ^enus is familiarly known by its extremely irregular 
 handsome flowers, the larger piece of which is a spurred sac, and by the capsule bursting elaati- 
 cally, breaking up at the touch into five twisting valves and a central axis ; the stems succulent 
 and translucent. 
 
 Trop.boi,um, liinn., the familiar Nasturtium of the gardens, of South American origin ; one 
 sep.al conspicuously spurred, and tlio leaves i)oltate. T. MAJUS, the common species, is likely to 
 become spontaneous in the southern part of the State. 
 
 Pki.aroonium, L'Her., to which belong the so-called Ceraniums of garden and house cultiva- 
 tion, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Hero, again, one sepal has a spur ; but it adheres to 
 the pedicel so as to escape cursory notice. 1'. gravkoi,ens, the Hose Geranium, P. inquinans, 
 Scarlet Geranium, an<l P. zonale, Horse-shoo Geranium, with their mixtures, are the species most 
 disposed to escape into waste grounds near dwellings, in the southern portion of the Stat«. 
 
 TninE I. GER.VNIEiE. Sepals imbricated in tlie bud, and yictils generally so. Carpels 5, 
 2-ovnled but one-seeded, separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indu- 
 rated central axis from below upward ; the styles fonning long tails which V)ecome revo- 
 hito upwards or spirally twisted. Cotyledons convoluto-i>laited anil incuml)ent on the 
 ratlide. — Herbs or shrubs, mostly with aroniatio or strong-scented leaves, furnishod with 
 stipules. 
 
 1. Qeraniura. Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carnels not bearded. Flower regular. 
 
 2. Erodium. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels beanlod inside. Flower regular. 
 
 PELAUfJONiUM has Stamens about 7, some of these without anthers, and flower irregular. 
 
 Tribe II. LIMNANTHE/E. Sepals valvato and pctnls convolute in the bud. Fleshy and 
 indehiscent carpels distinct (except their common style) or soon l>ecoming so, one-ovuled. 
 Embryo straight : cotyledons fleshy and hemispherical, filling the seed, cordate at base, 
 covering the short radicle. — Ten<ler annuals ; with alternate dissected leaves and no stip- 
 ules. Juice with more or less Cruciferous pungency. 
 
 3. Llmnanthes. Sepals, petals, and carpels 5. Stamens 10. (In Fuerkka all are in threes.) 
 
 Tribe III. OXALIDEvE. Senals imbricated and petals mo.stly convolute in the bud. Car- 
 pels combined into a 5-celled and few - many-ovuled ovary ; the fruit when a capsule 
 loculicidal : styles mostly distinct. Embryo straight in a thin albumen : cotyle<lon8 
 plane. — Flowers regular. Leaves mostly compound, with leaflets entire or notched at 
 the end : stipules rare. Juice acid. 
 
 4. Ozalis. Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Stamens 10. Leaves in ours 3-foliolatc. 
 
 1. GERANIUM, Linn. CRANKsnii.i,. 
 Stamens 10 with anthers ; a gland behind the biv«;o of oach of the f) shorter ones : 
 filaments slender, in onr species bearded nt base. Ovary r)-lobed, 5-celled : style 5- 
 lobed at the summit; the lobos stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels at maturity 
 separating from the long beaked axis, borne on the recurving tails (being the several 
 styles splitting away from the persistent beak), these beardless : the fruiting carpels 
 roundi8li-ol)long, obtuse or abruptly acute atba.se, opening down the face. — An- 
 nual or perennial herbs ; with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly opposite 
 leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 - 3-flowerod peduncles. Flowers violet or rose- 
 coloroil or white. 
 
94 GERANIACE^E. Oerauium. 
 
 About 100 si)ecies are foun<l dibtributeil tliiough the teiupeiate regions of both hcniispheres, of 
 which only 7 or 8 are found iu North America. 
 
 * Auuiud or bitnnial : Jhivers small. 
 
 1. G. Carolinianum, 1-inu. Docuiulu'iit or asccudin-,', diirusoly bnmclicd, pu- 
 hoHCDiit ; luiivcw 1 to ~\ iiu'.liiiH in (liuiiiolcr, |iiiliimttily r> - T-purtctl, tliu divisidiia 
 cleft into ublong-linear lohcs : pedicels short or i'lecjuentiy slentler and more or less 
 elongated : petals rose-colured, equalling the awned sejjals, 2 or 3 lines long : carpels 
 hairy, li to 2i lines long, the tails a half to an inch long. 
 
 From Los Angeles to British America and eastward across the continent ; rather common in 
 spring and early summer. 
 
 * * Perennial : Jlowers large : stems naked below, dichotomously branched above. 
 
 2. Qt. Richardsonii, Fischer & Meyer. Stems 1 or 2 feet high : pubescence 
 iisually tine and appressed, or somewhat glandular and spreading upon the pedicels : 
 leaves 2 to 5 inches broad, 5 - 7-cleft nearly to the base ; the rather broad lobes 
 more or less incisely toothed : sepals 3 or 4 lines long, including the awn : petals 
 purple or sometimes white : carpels and beak 12 to 15 lines long. — G. albijlorum, 
 Hook. Fl. i. IIG, t. 40, & Bot. Mag. t. 3124 ; not of Ledebour. 
 
 Hloody Cafton liy Mono Luke, Brewer. Abundant eastward in the watered cations of Nevada 
 and Utah, and in the Rocky Mountains from IJritisli America to Now Mexico. 
 
 3. G. incisum, Nutt. (Mosoly resembling tiie last, but more villous and gland- 
 ular-pubescent ; leaves rather more narrowly and laciniately cut : sepals 5 or C lines 
 long : petals usually deei)-purple : carpels with the beak 1 J inches long. — G. albi- 
 jlorum, var. (?) incisuvi, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 20G. G. eriantlncin, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 
 xxviii, t. 52, excl. syn. 
 
 Yosemite Valley (Brewer) ; Sierra Co. (Levunmi) ; northward to the British boundary, Mon- 
 tana and the Saskatchewan. Intcrmeiliate forms between this species and the last appear to 
 occur. 
 
 G. OiKSvrrosTiM, James, of the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico, has been collected in Cen- 
 tral Arizona and may perhaps leach the borders of California. It is more slender and more 
 diffusely branched, witli smaller broadly lobcd loaves, finely pubescent. 
 
 2. ERODIUM, L'ller. 
 Characters as in the last ; but with the filaments dilated, the 5 opposite to the 
 petals sterile and scale-like ; carpels closed, obconical, attenuate to an acute horny 
 bearded base ; the tails long- bearded on the inner side and becoming spirally 
 twisted. — Leaves commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed : peduncles 
 terminal or lateral, umbellately 2 - several-flowered, with a 4-bracted involucre at 
 the base of the pedicels ; petals small. 
 
 A genus of perhaps 50 species, mostly of the Old World, very widely dispersed. Ours are 
 essentially annuals. 
 
 * Leaves pinnate or pinnatijld, the divisions lobed or toothed. All introduced ? 
 
 1. E. Cicutarium, L'ller. llniry, nnich branched from the base: leaves pin- 
 nate, the Iciallets laciniately jtinimtilid with narrow ac\ito lobes ; stipules mostly 
 small : peduncles exceeding the leaves, hearing a 4 - 8-llowered umbel : sepals 1 
 to 3 lines long, acute : ])etals bright rose-color, a little longer : tails of the carpels 
 1 or 2 inches long : pedicels slender, at length reflexed, the fruit still erect. 
 
 Very common throughout tlie State, extending to Britisli Columbia, New Mexico, and Mexico; 
 also widely distributed in South America and the Eastern Continent. It has been geiicially con- 
 sidered an introduced species, but it is more decidedly and widely at home throughout the in- 
 terior than any other introduced plant, and according to much testimony it was as common 
 throughout California early in the present century as now. It is popularly known as Alfilaria, 
 
Limnanthea. (IKRANIACE.K. 95 
 
 or losa ronimonly a.s Piv-rhvcr niid Pin-ifms^, nnil is ri vnliml)lo nnd nutritiouH forngo-plant, re- 
 pwtrd to iin|mit nil oxcnllciit llnvor to milk and butler. 
 
 2. E. moschatmn, T/lIor. Leaves pinnato ; tlio ohlong-ovato leaflets unequally 
 and (loiilily sorrate ; stipules conspicuous: pedicels mostly shorter and stouter: 
 sepals larger, 3 or 4 lines long : odor musky. 
 
 Los Angeles {AntiscU) ; Santa Iftez Valley {Brewer), and northward, as well as southward in 
 Mexico. Doubtless introduced from Europe. 
 
 3. E. Botrys, Bertoloni. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; the lobes dentate, obtuse ; 
 stipules small : sepals 4 lines long : beaks of the carpels 2 or 3 inches long. 
 
 Sacramento Valley, E. L. Greene. Introduced from Southeni Europe. 
 
 * « Leaves cordate and lobed. A U native species. 
 
 4. E. macrophyllum. Hook. & Am. Pubescence with more or less of spread- 
 ing glandular hairs especially above : leaves renifonn-cordate, 1 to 3 inches broad : 
 stipules small : peduncles elongated : sepals broad, 5 to 6 lines long : carpels 
 oblong, with the stout beak IJ^ inches long. — Bot. Beechoy, 327 ; Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 670. 
 
 Coinnion in valleys and on the lower hills west of the Sierra Nevada, from San Diego north- 
 ward to tlio Sacramento Valley. Next to E. ciaUarium this is the most abundant sjiccies. 
 
 5. E. Texanum, Gray. Pubesconco appressed, not glandular : leaves ovate- 
 cordato, smaller and more deeply lobed, usually about an inch long : peduncles 
 shorter : sepals narrower, 3 to 5 lines long : carpels narrow, with the slender beak 
 1^ to 3 inches long. — PI. Lindh. 157 ; Gen. 111. ii. 130, t. 151. 
 
 Colorado bottom (A'cicbrrri/) ; sandy plains near Fort Moliavo {Cnnprr), and eastward to Texas. 
 
 3. LIMNANTHES, R. Brown. 
 
 Flowers regular, the parts in lives : sepals valvate in the bud. Glands 5, alter- 
 nating with the petals. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. Ovary with soli- 
 tary ascending ovules. Carpels distinct, subglobose, at first fleshy, at length hard 
 and rugose, indchiscent, separating from the short axis. — Annual low difi'use 
 herbs, growing near water ; leaves jiinnate, without stipules ; flowers showy, white, 
 yellowish, or rose-colored, solitary on axillary peduncles. The following are the 
 only s])ecies ; possibly not distinct. 
 
 1. L. Douglasii, R. Brown. Glabrous throughout, difTusoly branched from the 
 base, the weak and succulent stems 6 to 18 inches long : leaves pinnate, the leaflets 
 incisely lobed or parted, with linear acute lobes : peduncles at length 2 to 4 inches 
 long : sepals lanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the oblong or oboval«, 
 emarginate or truncate petals: style very slender, 3 or 4 lines long. — Lindl. Bot. 
 Reg. XX, t. 1673; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3554. L. rosea, llartw. ; Benth. PI. Hartw. 
 302. Fl(rrha Dovglasii, Bail). Hist. PI. v. 20, (ig. 50-54. 
 
 Mendocino ("oiiiity to Lns Angeles and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. Tlie stems and 
 foliago are yellowish-green and succulent, the plant sometimes fonniiig dense patches, much fre- 
 quented by bees. Flowers pale-yellow to nearly white, or tinged with rose-color. Caq>els about 
 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 2. L. alba, Ilartweg. Sepals villona : yiotals usually wliitt^ half longer than the 
 calyx: otherwise like the last. — Biuith. PI. Hartw. 301. 
 
 Sacramento Valley and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ; usually somewhat smaller than the 
 last, but perhaps only a form of it. 
 
 Fl.cEiiKKA VROSKliriNAfniriKS, ^Villd., has been fouiul in Washington Territorj- and N. Utah, 
 and may 1m5 looked for in Northern California. It is a slender aniuiRl of moist localities, with 
 pinnate leaves and small flowers, the genus distinguished by having the parts of the flower in 
 threes. This is the only sjwcie.s, and is common in the Northern Atlantic States. 
 
90 RUTACE.'E. Oxalis. 
 
 4. OXALIS, Linu. Wood-Sorkel. 
 Flowers regular, the parts in fives : sepals inibricated. Stamens 10 ; the filaments 
 somewhat dilated and united below. Glands none. Capsule columnar or ovoid, 
 beaked with the short style, 5-celled, loculicidal ; the valves remaining attached by 
 the partitions to the axis. Seeds two to several in each cell, pendulous, the outer 
 fieshy aril-like coat at length splitting and elastically recurved upon the rhaphe. — 
 Low, often acaulescent, with a sour watery juice ; leaves alternate, mostly digitate- 
 trilbliolate (leallets obcordate), rarely stipulate ; peduncles unibellately or cymosely 
 few-many-llowered. 
 
 A genus of jjciluips '200 species, cliieliy natives of siib-tro}tical Ameriea and S. Africa, witli a 
 few in tenipcrato regions. Of the 10 species of tlio United Slates only one is peculiar to the 
 Paeiiic Coast. 
 
 1. O. Oregana, Nutt. Acaulescent, mitre or less rusty-villous ; rootstock creep- 
 ing : leaflets broadly oljcordate, 1 to 1^ inches broad; petioles 2 to 8 inches long: 
 scapes equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2-bracted near the U)[), mostly 1-llowered: 
 petals oblong-obovate, U to 12 lines long, white or rose-colored, often veined with 
 purple : capsule linear, 9 lines long ; cells about 6-seeded. — Torr. & Oray, FI. i. 
 211. 0. Acetosella, Hook. Fl. i. 118, in part. 
 
 Shady woods near the coast, from Santa Cruz to Washington Territoiy. With the habit of 
 0. Jceiosella, of the Eastein States and the Old World, which however is a smaller plant, with 
 smaller flowers, and an ovoid few-.'ieeded capsule. 
 
 2. O. corniculata, Linn. Annual, or perennial by running rootstocks, usually 
 more or less villous : stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, 3 inches to 3 feet 
 high : leaflets usually deeply obcordate, very variable in size ; petioles slender, with 
 small villous stipules: peduncles with two or more flowers, elongated: petals yellow, 
 4 to 6 lines long : cai)sule erect in fruit, linear, half an inch to an inch long, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 Dry places, Oregon to Mexico, most common south of Santa Barbara. The Hjjocies is widely 
 distributed round the world, everywhere very variable, and has received numerous names. The 
 common species in the Atlantic States, without stipules (O. slricta, Linn.), is now generally 
 considered a mere variety. 
 
 Order XXV. RUTACEJE. 
 
 Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogynous 
 stamens and definite usually few seeds, ilistinguish this order ; although some of the 
 Orange-tribe have numerous stamens. — Flowers generally regular and symmetrical. 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as 
 many as the petals, distinct, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Seeds ana- 
 tropous or amphitropous, with a little or no albumen. Leaves either simple or 
 compound ; stipules none. 
 
 A large order of trees, .shrubs, or herbs ; the latter not very numerous and mainly of the warm- 
 temperate parts of the northern hemispheie and in the Old World ; the great bulk of the rest of 
 the orilor South African and Australian, a moderate nmnber American, the Orange tribe mauily 
 Asiatic. The glands or dots in the foliage, &c., contain ari)malic volatile oil, whi.h ni Hue, 
 Prickly Ash, and the like, is very pungent or acrid. Oranges, lemons, citrons, hmes, &c., are 
 the most important products. One of our genera, Cneoridium, peculiar to the State, is referred 
 to the Simarulacece, a related order not otlierwise represented in California. But, having dotted 
 leaves, it may as well be kejit here. The two other plants represent dilferent tribes of the 
 order. 
 
 1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fniit orbicular, indehiscent, broadly wing.nl. Stamens 4 or 5. 
 
 2. Thamnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lobed coriaceous capsule. Stamens 8. 
 
 3. Cueoridium. Leaves simple, opposite. Fruit a fleshy globular drupe. Stamens 4 or 8. 
 
Cneoridium. 
 
 RUTACEif:. 
 
 1. PTELEA, Linn. Iloi 
 
 li7 
 
 I owers polygauioM.s. Sq.als, pntals, and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary with a short 
 thick stipe, 2-celled ; cell.. 2-ovulcd, the lower ovule abortive : style short. Fruit a 
 broadly winged orbicular samara, 2-ceHed and 2-seeded ; the wing embracing a slen- 
 der Btipo. So,.,l8 oblong. Kinbryo straight, with ovato-oblong cotyledons _ 
 Shrubs or small trees; leaves mostly trifoliolate, with sessile leallets ; llowers small, 
 groenish-whito, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. 
 
 A genus of linlfa dozon species, confined to the United States un.l Mexico. 
 
 n„!l;f^;?^.''^*l^°.^f'^T;^'' Ashn,b5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut-colored 
 punctate bark : leallcts oblong-lanceolate, somewhat rhomboidal, 1 to 2h inches 
 ong, usually acute or acuminate, entire, sparingly pubescent, l)ecoming smooth and 
 t^T'^.''f\' 9^''\r'''^ ""'"^^""'Y "' compound corymbs, pubescent: sepals 
 small : petals 2 or 3 hues long, spreading : fruit 6 to 8 lines broad, emarginat^ at 
 
 rCir"4 ^ ^^'^'^ "''"'''''' ^ ^° ^ ^""'' long.— J>1. Ilartw. 9; Gray, PI. 
 
 on. / tyifohntaon\xe Atlantic SUtes in its narrower nnd sn.nller l.-avcs, larRer flowers morl 
 
 .IThf ;rb "? ['■"? ;"^"''g*'"^te at base, an.l sliorter narrower sti,.o. Is olor nometimS 
 
 ^.n^'bilLt'ofcrlhed:^"" ''"""■"^' ^""'^^^'"^^ unpleasantly ra.lk. most frag,.nt when tlS 
 
 2. THAMNOSMA, Ton. 
 Sepals 4. Petals 4, erect. Stamens 8, at the ],ase of a cup-shupod crenate or 
 lobed disk. Ovary stipitate, 2-lobcd and 2-colled, with 5 or G ovules in each cell • 
 sty e elongated. Capsule didymous, coriaceous, dehiscent down the inner edye of 
 each lobe. Seeds 4 to G in each cell, reniform. Embryo curved, terete. -Low 
 glandular desert shrubs, strongly scented; leaves simple and linear, alternate- 
 flowers purple or yellow, solitary. The following are the only species. 
 
 1. T. montaiium, Torr. A smooth diffusely and stiniy branched shrub son.fi- 
 wha sp.nose, a foot or two high, with yellowish-green bark : ]e"es c tt^red 4 tt 
 12 n..s long, soon deciduous: pe-luncles axillary, 1 t,. 4 lines long, with several 
 snial bracts: calyx short: petals 4 or 5 lines h.ng, nearly closed, a^.tlv 
 purple : capsule yellow, of two sul)globose nearly disiiuct cells, three liif^ on^ 
 stipo about a line long. -Frem. Pej.. 313; J>acif P. Pep iv 7.3 t 3 
 UtSj'mthermr """''" "'•''" ''^^^' '™"' ^'"'^ ^^"•''^ ^o Fort Mol.av; and eastward to S. 
 T. TEXANU.M, Torr. (Rulosma, Tcxanum, Gray Gen 111 ii 144 t in<;\ w ^ , . 
 
 3. CNEORIDIUM, Monk. f. 
 Sepal.s, petals, and stanx-ns 4, or .stamens sometimes 8, the alternate one^ much 
 shorter. Disk annular, obtu.sely 8-angle.l. Ovary globo.se, .sessile, of a single 
 
 r4ir- 
 
 pel l-celled, 2-ovule.l : style latend, curve.l, short. Fruit " dru,,aceous," 1-2- 
 see<led. Seed globo.se, with fleshy albumen : embryo curved. - A low smooth 
 shrub; leaves opposite, linear-spatulate, entire; flowers small, axillary an.l solitary 
 or somewhat corymbose, on short bracted peduncle.s. A single species. 
 
 1. C.dumosum^^Hook f Heavy-scented, much-branrh.-d. 2 to 4 feet high, 
 leafy: leaves often fnscicled. h in I A inches long, namnv : iL.wers white, 2 t^ 3 
 
98 CELASTRACE.i^l h'unnytuns. 
 
 lines in diameter, solitary or 2 to 4 together, exceeding the pedicels : petals twice 
 longer than the ovate sepals : fruit 3 lines in diameter ; the outer integument thin 
 and crustaceous when dry : seed-coat dark brown, hard and tliickened. — Benth. & 
 Hook. Gen. PI. i. 312. Pitavia dumosa, Nutt. in Torr. &l Gray, H. i. 215 \ Torr. 
 Bot. Mex. Bound. 43. 
 About Saa Diego aud S;ui Pascual ; ttoweriug in February. Leaves pungeut to the taste. 
 
 Order XXVI. CELASTRACE^. 
 
 Shrubs, with simple anil undivided leaves, no stipules or hardly any, and small 
 dull-colored or white chielly perfect regular flowers, the stamens as many as the 
 petals and inserted on the surface or margin of a Ijroad perigyuous disk, — distin- 
 guished from the following order (with which only comparison need be made) by 
 the imbricated calyx and corolla, stamens alternate with the petals, and the arillate 
 seeds, these oftener two or more in each cell and sometimes pendulous. 
 
 A rather large order widely spread over the world, feebly represented in North America, espe- 
 cially on the western side ol the continent. 
 
 1. Euonymua. Flowei-s rather consi)icuous. Ovary 3 - 6-celled. Fruit colored, Seeds in a 
 
 briglit led aril. Deciduous sliruba. 
 
 2. Fachystima. Flowers very small. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit small, not colored. Evergreen 
 
 uudersluubs. 
 
 Cela.stkus ourusATUs, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 34, from Monterey, is doubtless Simniondsia Cali- 
 fm-nica, Nutt. 
 
 1. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree. Bukning-bush. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading. Stamens as many, very short, on a 
 
 broad angled disk. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3 -5-celled : style short or none. 
 
 Capsule 3 - 5-lobed and 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal, coriaceous, colored, often warty. 
 
 Seeds 1 to 4 in each coll, covered with a lloshy red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-anglod 
 
 branches, opposite petioled serrate glabrous leaves, and llowers in loose cymes on 
 
 axillary peduncles. 
 
 A genus of about 40 .species, chiefly of Asia and Europe ; two or three in tiie Atlantic States, 
 and one in Califyriiia. 
 
 1. E. occidentalis, Nutt. A shrub 7 to 15 feet high, with slender upright 
 greenish brandies : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 2 to 4 
 inches long, on short petioles: [leduncles slender, 1 - 4-llowered : llowers dark 
 brown, 4 to 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives : fruit smooth, deeply lobed. — 
 Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 74. E. atropurpureus (?), Hook. Fl. i. 119. 
 
 From Tomales Bay (Bu/elmv) northward to the Columbia River. Resembling E. atropurpureus, 
 Jacq., of the Atlantic States, whicli has more numerous and smaller 4-merous flowers. 
 
 2. PACHYSTIMA, Kaf. 
 
 Calyx with a short oboonical tube, and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Stamens 4, 
 
 short, inserted at the edge of the broad ilisk which lines the calyx-tube. Ovary 
 
 free, 2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, oblong, coriaceous, 2-valved, 1-2- 
 
 seeded, at length loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds enclosed in a white many-cleft 
 
 membranaceous aril. — Low evergreen shrubs ; leaves smooth, opposite, very shortly 
 
 petioled, serrulate; llowers small, green, in one - few-flowered axillary cymes. 
 
 A genus of two species, the second {F. Canhiji, Gray) known from a single locality in the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, in Virginia. 
 
Zizijphus. HHAMNACK.E. 99 
 
 1. P. Myrsinites, Kuf. Much hmnohod, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves 
 ovate to ohloiii,' or ohlauceolate, J to 1 ^ inc-hes long, cuncate at baso, scrnito or ser- 
 rulate, obtuse or acutish : flowers a line in diameter, on pedicels a line or two long : 
 fruit 2 lines long, smooth. — Ilex (I) Myrsinites, Pursli. Mi/ginda myrlifolia, Nutt. ; 
 Hook. Fl. i. 120, t. 41. Oreophila myrtifolia, Kutt. ; Torr. k. Gray, Fl. i. 25'J. 
 
 Hillsides on the South Yuba {Bigdow) ; Mt. Shasta, at 4,000 to 5,000 feet {Brewer) ; north- 
 ward in the mouiitainH to British Columbia, and in the Kocky Mountains ranging south to New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Order XXVII. RHAMNACE^. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous 
 
 stipules, and small regular flowers ; well distinguished from the related orders by 
 
 the valvate aestivation of the calyx, and the perigynous stamens as many as its lobes 
 
 and alternate with them ; the ovules solitary (rarely in pairs) nnd erect in the 2 to 
 
 4 cells of the ovary. — Flowers sometimes polygamo-dioccious, often apctalous. A 
 
 con.spicuous disk adnate to or lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals often 
 
 unguiculate, mostly involute each around a stamen in the bud. Ovary either free 
 
 or adnate by the disk to the tube or base of the calyx : style or stigma 2 - 4-lobed. 
 
 Seeds solitary in the cells, anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing 
 
 fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat or plano-convex : radicle short. 
 
 A widely distributed order, of between 30 nnd 40 genera ami four or five hundred speeies, of 
 wliich (^ranotliHs is the only extensive North American genus. The herbage has some bitternes.s 
 and astringeney, and the fruit when fleshy or juicy is commonly mawkish or nauseous, but edible 
 in Ziz]i)>hiis, one species of which furnishes the basis of .Injube paste. 
 
 * Fiuit with a single 1 - 3-cellcd hard stone. 
 
 1. Zizyphus. Cells 1-ovule.d. Leaves alternate, not punctate. Spiny .shnibs. 
 
 2. Karwinksia. Cells 2-ovuled. Leaves opposite, pellucid-punctate. Unarmed. 
 
 * * Fruit berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nutlets. 
 
 3. RhamnuB. Caly.x and disk free from the ovary; calyx-lobes erect or spreading. Petals 
 
 smdll, short-claweil, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit l)crry-liko, with 2 to 4 mostly 
 iiideliiscnnt nutlets. Leaves niternato. 
 
 4. Adolphia, Disk coveriuw the calyx-tube, free from the ovary ; calyx-lolws spreading. 
 
 Petals short-spntulate, liooiled. Fniit dry, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. Spinose : leaves 
 opposite and very small, or none. 
 
 5. Ceanothus. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calyx-lobes connivent. Petals 
 
 long-elawed, hooded. Filaments exsertcd. Fniit dry, with 3 dehi.scent nutlets. 
 
 1. ZIZYPHUS, luss. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with acute spreading lobes; the disk filling the broadly turbinate 
 tube. Petals 5, hoodtnl, deflexod. Ovary connate with the disk at biw, 2-celled or 
 rarely 3-4-colled; cells 1-ovuled: styles 2 to 4, free or united. Hrupe fleshy, 
 with a woody 2 - 3-celled nut. — Spiny shrubs or trees ; with thick alternate leaves, 
 mostly 3-r)-nerved; stipides small and deciduous or spinulescent ; flowers small, 
 greenish, in axillary cymas ; fruit often edibh-. 
 
 About 50 species, chiefly of Fgypt an<l Southern Asia. Three species are found in the region 
 between the (!ulf of Mexico nnd tiie Pmific, wjlii the hiibit rnllicrof the American goiius Cnu- 
 ihiliif, iiutl with characters which tend to the union of the two genera. Another scarcely distinct 
 genus is MirrorhnTiinn.i, Gray (referred to CoiuUtlia by Haillun), of n single 8|>c«.'ies, inhabiting 
 Arizona ami New Mexico. 
 
 1. Z. Parryi, Torrey. Much branched, 4 to If) feet high, glabrous; the smooth 
 flexnous bninclif's armed with stmight leafy sjiincs: Ir.ives obovate. obtuse i>r refuse, 
 
100 EUAAINACEJi. KurwinsUu. 
 
 entire, G to 10 lines lung, iiltenuuto into a slioit sleiulcr petiole, coriuceuua, jienni- 
 nerved ; stipules minute, deeiduoua : peduncles 1 - 3 Uowored, recurved in I'ruit : 
 fruit nearly dry, ovate, upiculate, IVoe iVuiu the disk, 6 to 8 lines long, lemon-yellow ; 
 peduncle half an inch long: nut very thick and hard, 1 - 3-celled, l-3seeded: 
 seed narnjwly oblong, without albumen: embryo green. — liot. Mex. liountl. 4G. 
 
 Freijueut in gravelly nniiius near San Felipe, San Diego Co. {J'arrij, '2'hurber) ; Kock Ilouao 
 Suuunit, in same region {Dunn, Palmer) ; east of San Bernardino, Parry. 
 
 2. KARWINSKIA, Zuccarini. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; the acute lobes carinate or spurred within near the apex. Petals 
 5, hooded, with short claws. Disk covering the calyx-tube. Ovary subglobose, not 
 adnate to the disk, 2 - 3-celled : ovules 2 in each cell, collateral : style 2 - 3-lobed 
 at the apex. Drupe surrounded at base by tlie calyx, apiculate : nut thin, 1-2- 
 celled ; the cells 1-seeded. Seed obovate, with thin albumen. — Unarmed shrubs ; 
 with somewhat opposite entire petioled leaves, penninerved and pellucid punctate ; 
 stipules membranaceous, deciduous ; flowers small, in axillary cymes. 
 
 A genus of only 2 or 3 aiiccies, Mexican unil in the adjacent region on tlie north. 
 
 * 1. K. Humboldtiana, Zucc. More or less pubescent, 2 to G le(!t high or 
 more, with straight brownish glandular branches : leaves oblong to ovate, ^ to 2 
 inches long, mostly rounded at base, obtuse or acute, shortly petioled, rather thick, 
 more or less ferruginous : peduncles short, several-ilowered, mostly 1 -fruited : ma- 
 ture fruit ovoid, fleshy, 3 to 4 lines long, 1 - 3-seeded. 
 
 Throughout nortlieni Mexico, in W. Texas and New Mexico, Lower California, and probably 
 in the southeastern part of the State. 
 
 3. RHAMNUS, Linn. Bucktuoun. 
 Flowers perfect or polygamo-diuicious. Calyx 4 -5-cleft, with erect or spreading 
 lobes, the campanulato tube lined with the disk and persistent. Petals 4 or 5, or 
 none, on the margin of the disk ; claws short. Stamens 4 or 5 : hlaments very 
 short. Ovary ovoid, free, 2-4-celled: style short, 3-4-cleft. Drupe baccate, 
 containing 2 to 4 bony or cartilaginous 1-seeded luitlets, mostly indeluscent. Seed 
 obovate. — Shrubs or small trees ; with alternate petioled pinnately veined leaves, 
 small deciduous stipules, and axillary cymose or racemose small greenish flowers. 
 
 About 60 species, most frucjuent in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. The N. Ameri- 
 can species are six, divided e(pially between tht; eastern and western coasts. 
 
 § 1. Seeds and nutlets deeply sulcate or concave on the back, the rhaphe in the hollow : 
 cotyledons foliaceous, with recurved margins : fioivers mostly dioecious, solitary 
 or fascicled in the axils. — Rhamnus proper. 
 
 1. R. alnifolia, L'ller. A shrub, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves deciduous, ovate- 
 oblong, acute at each end or acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long, crenately serrate, the 
 slender petioles slightly pubendent: lobes of the calyx and stamens 5: i^itals want- 
 ing : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed, three lines long, equalling the pedicels. — liook. 
 Fh i. 122, t. 42. 
 
 Sierra Co., Lemmon. Washington Territory, and eastward to Canada and New England. 
 
 2. R. crocea, Nutt. Much branched, 3 to 15 feet high, the young branches 
 pubescent : leaves evergreen, coriaceous, oblong or obovate to orbicular, obtuse or 
 retuse or acute, equally variable at base, 3 to 18 lines long, acutely and often glan- 
 dularly denticulate, glabrous, usually more or less yellowish brown or cojjper-colored 
 beneath ; petioles a lino long or less : flowers tetramerous, apetalous : fruit about 
 
Adolphia. RHAMNACE^.. IQI 
 
 three lines long, obovoid, 2 - 41obed and 2 - 4-seeded, bright red. — Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 261. R. ilicifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 36. 
 
 Hillsides and mountains, from San Diego northward to Clear Lake, Yosemite Valley, and the 
 Upper Sacramento and eastward into Arizona. Wood yellow or dark-colored, very fine-grained 
 and heavy ; the foliage very variable. The ripe berries are much used by the Indians for 
 food, and their veins are said to become tinged by a deposition of the red coloring matter. 
 
 § 2. Seeds and nutlets convex on the hack, the rhaphe lateral : cotyledons fleshy, flat : 
 flowers mostly perfect, in pedunculate cymes. — KiiANdUiiA, {Fratif/nla, JJi'oiign.) 
 
 3. R. Californlca, ICHchflcholtz. A sproadiug HJinili, 4 to 18 loot higli ; young 
 branclioa soinovvliat toinontoso : leaves ovato-oblong to olliptiiml, 1 to 4 inches long, 
 ^ to 1 ^ wide, acute or obtuse, mostly rounded at base, denticulate or nearly entire, 
 evergreen : peduncles with numerous mostly abortive flowers in subumbellate fas- 
 cicles : calyx usually 5-cloft : petals very small, broadly ovate, emarginate : fruit black- 
 ish purple, with thin pulp, 3 or 4 lines in diameter, 2- 3-lobed and 2 - 3-seeded. — 
 B. oleifolius, Ilook. Fl. i. 123, t. 44. Fran.gula Californica, Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 178, 
 
 Var. tomentella. Densely white-tomentose, especially on the lower side of the 
 leaves. — Ii. tomentelltts, Benth. PI. Hartw. 303. Frangula Californica, var. tomen- 
 tella. Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 28. 
 
 Throughout California from the Upper Sacramento and Klamath Lake to Santa Barbara and 
 Fort Tejon. The variety extends to the southern boundary and eastward through Arizona to New 
 Mexico. 
 
 4. R. Furshiana, DC. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 feet high ; young 
 branches tomentose : leaves elliptic, 2 to 7 inches long, 1 to 3 wide, mostly acute, 
 obtuse at base, denticidate, decidiious, somewhat pubescent beneath : flowers rather 
 large, in a somewhat umbellate cyme: sepals 5 ; petals minute, cucullate, bifid at the 
 apex : fruit black, broadly obovoid, 4 lines long, 3-lobcd and 3-seodod. — Hook. 
 Fl. i. 123, t. 43; Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 262. 
 
 Mendocino County, and northward to the British Boundary. 
 
 4. ADOLPHIA, Meisner. 
 
 Calyx hemispherical, with spreading lobes ; the tube lined with the thin disk. 
 Petals 5, sjiatulate, hooded, covering the anthers, inserted with the stamens on the 
 throat of the calyx, equalling the sepals. Ovary subglobose, free, smooth, 3-celled : 
 style slender, jointed near the base and at length deciduoiis : stigma 3-lobed. Fruit 
 coriaceous, surrounded nearly to the middle by the free calyx ; the 3 cells dehiscent 
 on the inner angle. Seed convex on the back : cotyledons rounded. — Shrubs with 
 numerous opposite spinose branches ; leaves small (or none), opposite, entire ; stip- 
 ules small, brown, rigid and subpersistent ; flowers small, in axillary fascicles. 
 Only the following species are known. 
 
 1. A. Californica, "Watson. In large dense clumps two feet high : branches 
 terete, with spreading spiny branchlets, puberulent : leaves orbicular to oblong- 
 ovate, often retuse, a line or two long, abruptly attenuate to a slender petiole : 
 flowers greenish, two lines broad, on pedicels as long as the leaves : petals rather 
 broadly hooded : fruit two lines in diameter ; the short styles jointed at the very 
 base.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 126. A. infesta, Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 45, in part. 
 
 At Solcdnd and in Cliollns Valley, near Snn Diogo {Pnrry, Cleveland, Palmer) ; also at Mon- 
 terey, Piirry. 
 
 A. TNFERTA, Moisuer. Resembling the last : three to four foot high : loaves linear to oblong- 
 lanccolato, mucroniito, attenuate to a short poHole, 2 to 6 linos long : ]>otnl8 narrowly hooded : 
 stylo a line long, ji)iiitcd above the base and leaving the capsule apiculato. — Mexico, ranging 
 into New Mexico ami Arizona. 
 
102 RHAAliNACJ^.i^). Ceanothus. 
 
 5. CEANOTHUS, Lian. 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes acute, connivent ; disk thick, adnate to the turbinate or 
 hemispherical tube ami to the ovary. Petals on lung claws, hooded. Stamens 5 ; 
 iilaments lilii'orni, long-exserted. Ovary 3 lobod : style short, 3-clelt. Drupe sub- 
 globose, 3dol)ed, surrouuilcd at base by the adnate calyx-tube, soon dry ; the 3 
 crustaceons nutlets at length separating and dehiscing on the inner edge. Seed 
 obovate, convex on the back : cotyledons oval or obovate. — Shrubs or small trees, 
 sometLines spinescent ; with petioled leaves, and showy thyrsoid or cymose flowers. 
 — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. 
 
 Species 28, of which Uirco aro Moxinin luul lour in Wm- Atlantic States, tlie oUicrs lu-longinj; 
 to the region between tlic Kocky Wonntains and the I'acilic. 
 
 § 1. Leaves all alternate, 3-nerved or pimiafr/f/ veined, ylandular-toothed or entire: 
 fruit not crested. — ('kanutiids pnjper. 
 
 * Leaves three- nerved J'rotii the base. 
 
 -{- Erect, the branches not riijidly divaricate nor spiny : inflorescence thyrsoid : leaves 
 
 usually large, (/land ular-sa-rul ate {except in No. 3). 
 
 1. C. thyrsiflorus, Llschscholtz. A tall shrub or small tree, (5 to 16 feet high, 
 nearly glabnuis ; branches strongly augled : leaves rather thick, oblong to oblong- 
 ovate, 1 to lA inches long, usually smooth and shining above, canescent beneath: 
 flowers bright blue, in dense compound racemes, terminating the u.sually elon- 
 gated and somewhat leafy ])eduncles. — Lindl. l5ot. Peg. xxx, t. 38; jS'utt. Sylva, 
 ii. 44, t. 57. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges tVoni Monterey to Humboldt County. Known as "California Lilac" and 
 often cultivated. 
 
 2. C. velutinus, Dougl. A stout diflusely branching shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, 
 usually glabrous : leaves thick, broadly ovate or elliptical, 1^ to 3 inches long, resi- 
 nous and shining above, sometimes velvety beneath ; pet'oles stout, half an inch 
 long: flowers white, in a loose thyrse: peduncles usually short. — Ilook. PI. i. 125, 
 t. 45, & Bot. Mag. t. 5 165. 
 
 From Northern California to the Columbia, and very frefjuent eastward to Colorado. 
 
 3. C. integerrimus, Hook. & Arn. A more slenderly branched shrub, 2 to 6 
 feet high, glabrous or soon becoming so, rarely pubescent ; branches terete, usually 
 warty : leaves thin, bright green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, entire 
 or very rarely slightly glandular-serrulate, on slender petioles 2 io lines long : 
 thyrse often large and open, terminating the slender branches or axillary and rather 
 shortly peduncled, mostly white-flowered. — Bot. Beechey, 329. C. Californicus, 
 Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 55. O. Neuadensis, Kellogg, 1. c. ii. 152, lig. 45. 
 
 Var. (1) parvifolius, Watson. Of very slender habit, wholly glabrous : leaves 
 much smaller, about half an inch lung, shortly petioled : flowers light blue, in 
 rather short simple racemes. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334. 
 
 Frequent in the mountains I'rom Central California to the Columbia. The variety, seeming 
 to run into the typical form, is confined to the Siena Nevada, from Yosemite Valley northward. 
 
 -«- +- Lotv, the branches not rigidly divaricate nor spiny : flowers blue, in short simple 
 racemes or pedunculate clusters : leaves small, glandular-serrate. 
 
 4. C, dentatus, Torr. & Gray. Erect, hirsutely pubescent or rarely nearly gla- 
 brous : leaves | to 1 inch long, usually small and fascicled, obovate to oblong-elliptic 
 or lanceolate, acute at both ends or obtuse at the apex, the margin becoming strongly 
 undulate or revolute ; the smaller leaves apparently pinnate-veined and often more 
 or less resinous : flowers in small roundish clusters, on naked terminal peduncles 
 
Ceanothm. RHAMNACE^. JQ3 
 
 about an inch long. — FI. i. 2G8 ; T<nT. Bot. Mex. Bound. 46, t. 10. C. Lohbi- 
 amis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4810. C. diversif alius, Kellogg, 1. c. i. 58 ik 65 1 
 
 On dry hills in the Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara (Miss S. A. riummcr) to Mendocino Co. 
 
 5. C. decumbens, Watson, 1. c. Slender, trailing, hirsutely pubescent with 
 spreading jiairs : leaves rather thin, not undulate, ^ to 1^ inches long, elliptic- 
 oblong, obtuse or acutish, somewhat cuneate at base, the greenish glands upon the 
 teeth usually stipitato : flowers in short dense shortly j)eduncled racemes, which are 
 about half an inch long or loss. — C. soreJiatus, var., Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 74. 
 
 Frequent in the Sierra Nevada, from the Mariposa Grove northward. 
 
 -«- -t- -{- Erect, with usuaUy rigid divaricate or spinose branches : flowers in simple 
 
 racemes or clusters : leaves rather small. 
 
 ++ Barely or never spinose : leaves glandular-serrate : flowers blue, racemose. 
 
 6. C. hirsutUS, Nutt. Silky-pubescent with soft subappressed or spreading 
 hairs, or sometimes hirsute ; the branches rather rigid and said to be sometimes 
 spinose : leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, usually subcordate or rounded at base and 
 acute at the apex, | to 1 1 inches long, not smooth above : flowers in simple axillary 
 and terminal racemes, 1 to 3 inches long, or rarely thyrsoid. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i 
 266. C. oliganthus, Nutt. in same. 
 
 About Santa Barbara, and in the Santa Susanna Mountains, Nuttall, Wallace, Brewer. 
 
 7. C. SOrediatus, Hook. & Arn. Branches nearly glabrous, the inflorescence 
 pubescent : leaves smooth above, more or less tomentose beneatli or rarely nearly 
 glabro>is, silky on the nerves, oblong-ovato, ^ to li^ inchos long, Rubcordato or 
 rounded or ol'tnn acutish at base, acut(? or obtuse at the npex : 11o\V(M\s in shortly 
 podunclod 8imi)lo racemes, | to 2 inches long. — Jiot. Ik^echey, 328. C. nitidus, 
 Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75. C. azureus, Kellogg, 1. c. i. 55. 
 
 From San Diego to the Sacramento. 
 ++ ++ Branches mostly spinose, grayish : leaves usually entire, somewhat coriaceous : 
 floivers mostly white, racemose. 
 
 8. C. divaricatus, 'Nutt. Nearly glabrous : leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or 
 ovate, J to I^ inches long, rounded at base, acute or obtuse above, not tomentose 
 beneath : flowers light blue or white, in nearly simple often elongated racemes, 1 to 
 4 inches long : fruit resinous, 3 lines in diameter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 266. 
 
 From San Diego northward to Oregon. The spines often wholly wanting, and branches green. 
 
 9. C. incanus, Torr. & Gray. Leaves hoary beneath with a very minute 
 tomentum, broadly ovate to elliptic, | to 2 inches long, cuneate to cordate at base, 
 acutish or obtuse at apex : flowers in short racemes : fruit resinously warty, over 
 two lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 265 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 328. 
 
 From Santa Cruz to Lake County ; a large straggling shrub on the banks of creeks. 
 
 10. C. COrdulatUB, Kellogg. Hirsutely pubescent with short erect or spread- 
 ing hairs : loaves (ival-olliptic, | to 1^ inches long, cuneate to subcordate at base, 
 usually rounded and sometimes serrate at the apex, theserraturos scarcely glandular : 
 flowers white, in short simple racemes, an inch long or loss : fruit smaller, not resin- 
 ously dotted. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 124, flg. 39. C. divaricatus, var. eglandulosus, 
 Watson, Bot. King Exp. 51. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward. Low, flat-topped, and much spreading ; 
 known as "Snowbush." 
 
 * * Leaves pinnately veined: flowers blue. (Small-leaved forms of C. dentatus may 
 be referred here.) 
 
 11. C. spinosus, Nutt.l. c. Becoming a small tree, 20 to 30 feet high, with rigid 
 and somewhat spiny branchlets, glabrous or nearly so : leaves somewhat coriaceous, 
 
104 
 
 KHAMNACE^. Ceanothus. 
 
 entire, oblong, 9 to 15 lines long, obtuse or retuse, somewhat cuneate at base, on 
 slender petioles 2 to 4 lines long : ilowers deep blue, in a tliyrse or in simple ra- 
 cemes, very liagrunt : iVuit resinously coated, 2i to '6 lines in iliameter. 
 
 From Santa Harlinia to Los Aiij,'ulos, A'ullall, Parnj, Jircwer. Conniioiily known in UkiI 
 region us " luiilwood," IVoni tlio color ol' lim linilHir, wliidi is of aullicicut hi/.o to liu of viiluo. 
 
 lli. C. papillosus, Torr. Si (jiuy. More or less hiapidly villous or tomentose, 
 4 to 6 feet higli : leaves glandular-serrulate, and the upper surface glandular- papillose, 
 narrowly oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse at each end, on slender petioles : flowers 
 in close clusters or short racemes, terminating slender naked pedun(;les : fruit I ^ 
 lines broad, not resinous. — la i. 2G8 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 272 ; Bot. ]\Iag. t. 4815. 
 
 Ill the Coast Kuii^'cs honi Monterey to San Francisco, Douglas, Bolander, Gray. 
 
 13. C. floribundus, Hook. Pilose-scabrous: leaves small, W to 4 lines long, 
 oblong, acute, ghuKlularly denticulate anil undulate, shortly petioled : flowers in 
 globose clusters sessile at the ends of the short branchlets. — Bot. Mag. t. 4806. 
 
 This species is as yet known only hoin the liguro and orij^inal ilescriiition drawn from culti- 
 vated specimens. IJut for the peculiar inlloiescence it miglit be a form of C. dcnlalua. 
 
 14. C. Veitchianus, Hook. Glabrous nearly throughout: leaves thick, obo- 
 vate-cuneate, rounded at the apex, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining above, 
 minutely tomentose beneath between the veinlets, to 9 lines long, on short stout 
 petioles : flowers bright blue, in dense crowdetl clusters at the ends of the leafy 
 bmnchcs. — Bot. Mag. t. 5127. 
 
 Also unknown from wild specimens. Raised from seeds sent by T, Bridges. 
 
 § 2. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick, vrith numerous straight lateral veins, 
 sjmioselt/ toothed or entire : stipules mostli/ larye and xoarty: Jlowei's in sessile or 
 shortly peduncled axillary clusters : fruit larger, xolth three horn-like oi' warty 
 prominences below the summit : rigidly branched or rarely spiny shrubs. — 
 CEiiAaTi^a, Watson. 
 
 15. C. crassifolius, Torr. Krect, 4 to 12 feet high, the young branchlets 
 white with a villous tonn^itum : leaves ovate-oblong, \ to 1 inch long, obtu.se or 
 retuse, more or less tomentose beneath, rarely entire and revolutely margined ; peti- 
 oles stout : flowers light blue or white, in dense very shortly peduncled clusters. — 
 Pacif. R Hep. iv. 75\fe Mex. Bound. 4G, t. 11. 
 
 lu the Coast Ranges from Mendocino County to San Diego ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 
 
 16. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Erect, 3 to 12 feet high, less tomentose or nearly 
 smooth : leaves cuneate-obovate or -oblong, rounded or retuse above, on rather slen- 
 der petioles, entire or very rarely few-toothed : flowers white or occasionally light 
 blue, in rather loose clusters. — lorr. & Oray, Fl. i. 267. C. verrucosus, Nutt. 1. c. ; 
 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 46G0. C. macrocarpus, Nutt. 1. c, and C. megacarpus, Nutt. 
 Sylva, ii. 46. 
 
 From the Columbia River to Santa Barbara ; CJuadalupe Island, Paluier. 
 
 17. C. rigidus, Nutt. Erect, 5 feet high, the branchlets tomentose : leaves 2 to 
 5 lines long, cuneate-oblong or usually very broadly nbovate, often emarginate, few- 
 toothed above, very shortly petioled : flowers bright blue, in sessile clusters. — Torr. 
 Sl (Jray, Kl. i. 268 ; Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 4664; Torrey, Hot. Mex. Bound. 45, t. 9. 
 
 About Monloroy, ami rcporlod also from Oakland. 
 
 18. C. prostratus, Benth. Prostrate, nearly glabrous: leaves 3 to 12 lines 
 long, obovate or usually oblong-cuneate, mostly spinose only near the apex, on short 
 slender petioles : flowers bright blue, tlie clusters loose, on stout peduncles. — PI. 
 Ilartw. 302. C. cuneatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 55 ] 
 
 Frequent in the mountains, on shaded slopes, from Humboldt County and the Upper Sacra- 
 mento to Mariposa County, and also on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
Vitis, SAPINDACE^. 105 
 
 Order XXVIII. VITACE^. 
 
 Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, with a watery more or less acid juice, 
 branchlets articulated and often thickened at the nodes, usually palniately veined or 
 lobed or compound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small 
 greenish or whitish flowers, and a baccate fruit ; distinguisljed from the related 
 orders by a minute trnncato or 4 - 5-toothcd calyx, caducous or early deciduous 
 petals valvate in the btul, and tlie stamens (as in Rhamnacejr) of the same number 
 as these (4 or 5) and opposite them. — Flowers very commonly polygamous or dioe- 
 cious. Style short or conical : stigma depressed, hardly lobed. Ovules in pairs or 
 solitary in the cells of the ovary, erect, anatropous. Seeds with a thick and bony 
 coat. Embryo minute in cartilaginous albumen. Stipules sometimes manifest. 
 
 About 250 species, in 3 or 4 genera, the principal one being the typical genus. 
 
 1. VITIS, Tourn. Guape. 
 
 Calyx very short or small; the border often obsolete, and the tube filled with the 
 fleshy disk, which bears the 4 or 5 thick caducous petals and the distinct stamens, 
 and in which the base of the ovary is commonly immersed. Ovary 2-celled : ovules 
 and usually the seeds a pair in each cell. — Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the 
 leaA'es ; the former almost always at least once forked. 
 
 In true Grapes tlie Eastern United States arc richer in species than any otlicr part of the world, 
 having 7 or 8 species, four of which have given rise to vaUia])le or promising cultivated varieties. 
 The Californian species is unpromising. 
 
 V. yiNiFERA, Linn., the Vine of the Old World, however, flourishes in California much better 
 than in any other of the United States, and some varieties have long been in cultivation. 
 
 1. V. Californica, Benth. Leaves tomentose or canescent, especially beneath, 
 about 3 inches in diameter, round-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus, obtuse, 
 rather coarsely serrate and often somewhat 3-lobed : fruit 4 lines in diameter, in 
 rather large clusters, purple, covered with bloom: seed broad. — Bot. Sulph. 10; 
 Engolm. in Am. Naturalist, i. 321 k\^ ix. 201). 
 
 Ahmg fltronms, from San Diego nortl\wnrd to Rnssian IMvcr and llio Sacramento Valley. Tho 
 flavor or the fruit is rather pleasant ; its value for cnltivation lias not been tested. Tho Indians 
 of tlio Sacramento Valley call it Vavmee. 
 
 V. Arizonica, Engelm., Am. Naturalist, ix. 269, is an allied species of Arizona and S. Utah, 
 and may be looked for in San Bernardino Co. The leaves are smaller, floccose-tomentose at first, 
 at length glabrous and shining, the sinus broader, the lobes and teeth much more acute ; fruit 
 small, in small clusters, said to be quite luscious. It should be tested under cultivation. 
 
 Order XXIX. SAPINDACEiE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs, mostly with compound or lobed leaves, usu- 
 ally with unsymmetrical or irregular flowers and ovules few but seldom solitary ; 
 the order (mainly tropical) nearly impossible to define as a whole, and of which our 
 few representatives belong to almost as many suborders as genera : these more use- 
 fully characterized under the suborders. 
 
 SuDonDER I. SAPINDACEyE proper. 
 
 Flowers polygamous, irregular or unsymmetrical ; tho stamens more numerous 
 than the petals, seldom twice as many. Seeds without albumen. Stipules none. 
 
106 SAPINDACE.ii:. JEsculus. 
 
 Cardiospermum is represented in Lower Californin by a single species (C. toi-luosum, Benth. 
 Bot. Sulph. 9, t. 6), and in cultivation by the Balloon Vine (C. Hulicacabum, Linn.), which is 
 native iVoni Texas tliroudi Tropical America. The .species are climbers, with bituniatc leaves, 
 and bladdery inllated 3-lobcd and 3-celled capsules. 
 
 1. 2jSCu1us. Leaves opposite, palmately 5-9-foliolate. Calyx tubular. Petals 4 or 5, with 
 
 claws. Ovules (5, a pair in eacli cell of the ovary, only one or two maturing into the large 
 chestnut-like seed. 
 
 Suborder II. ACERINEiE. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious, regular, often without petals. Ovary 2-lobed 
 and 2-celled ; the celb 2-ovuled but only 1 -seeded, each producing a wing and be- 
 coming a samara. Seed without albumen ; llu' embryo coiled or folded. Leaves 
 opposite, without stipules. 
 
 2. Acer. Leaves palmately lobeil or rarely divided. Flowers polygamous. 
 '6. Negundo. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. 
 
 Suborder III. STAPHYLEACILE. 
 
 Flowers perfect, regular, and symmetrical excei)t the pistil. Fruit capsular, 
 mostly several-seeded. Seeds with a bony coat, and a straight embryo with broad 
 flat cotyledons, in fleshy albumen. 
 
 4. Staphylea. Erect and unguiculnte petals and stamens 5. Styles and lobes of the bladdery 
 
 several-seeded capsule 3. Leaves opposite and compound, stipulate and stipellate. 
 
 Anomalous Genus. 
 
 5. QloSBopetalon. Lobes of the calyx and the slender spreading petals 5. Stamens 10. Pistil 
 
 a single 2-ovuled carpel, in fruit a cartilaginous follicle : style hardly any. Leaves alter- 
 nate, simple and entire, with small adnate stipules. 
 
 1. iESCULUS, Linn. Huksk-chestnut. Buckeye. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, un- 
 equal, with claws. Stamens 5 to 8, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 3-celled : 
 ovules 2 in each cell, one or both abortive : style elongated. Fruit a large leathery 
 loculicidally 3-valved pod. Seed without albumen ; its coat thick and shining, 
 showing a large round scar. Cotyledons large and fleshy, somewhat coherent. — 
 Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, digitate, without stipules ; leaflets serrate, pin- 
 nately veined ; flowers showy, on jointed ])odicels, in a large terminal tliyrse or 
 panicle, mostly sterile. 
 
 A genus of about 15 species, nearly half North American, two in the mountains of Central 
 America, the rest in Asia. Tiie Horse-chestnut, ^E. HippocasUnmm, Linn., originally from Asia, 
 is often seen in cultivation, and grows to be a large tree. The seeds are farinaceous but un- 
 palatable and unwholesome ; those of the Californian species are said to be eaten by the Indians. 
 
 1. JB. Califomica, Nutt. Leaflets 4 to 7, usually 5, smooth, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute, obtuse at base, slenderly potiolulate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long : 
 flowers in a close finely pubescent thyrse which is 6 to 12 inches long : calyx 2- 
 lobed, the lobes scarcely toothed : petals slightly unequal, white or pale rose, half 
 an inch long or more : stamens 5 to 7 ; anthers orange-colored : ovary densely 
 pubescent: fruit unarmed, usually 1 -seeded : seed an incli in diameter. — Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 251 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 69, t. 64 ; Newberry, Pacif. E. Pep. vi. 20, fig. 
 1 ; Hook. Bot. :Mag. t. 5077. 
 
 From San Luis Obispo to Mendocino Co. and Mt. Shasta, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra 
 Nevada, It is usually a shrub 10 to 15 feet high, but sometimes in the valleys, particularly 
 
Acer. SAriNDACR/E. 
 
 107 
 
 between Monterey and Clear Lake, it is a widely branched tree, the base much expanded and oc- 
 casionally 6 feet in diameter, the trunk half as large and brandling low, the main branches 1 to 
 2 feet thick, the whole forming a dense head 25 to 40 feet high and of still greater breadth. In 
 Way, when in full flower, it is a beautiful tree, but the leaves often fall before midsummer, so 
 that for much of the year it is bare. Usually only two or three flowers in each thyrse perfect 
 their fruit, often but one. The wood is soft and brittle. 
 
 2. ACER, Tourn. Mapi.k. 
 Flowors polygaiuo-direcious. Calyx colored, usually 5-lohe(l. Petals as many or 
 none. Stamens 3 to 12, usually 8, inserted with the ])ctals upon a lobed disk- 
 Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled : ovules a pair in each cell : styles 2, elongated. Fruit a 
 double samara or key, divaricately 2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 
 1 -seeded. Albumen none. Cotyledons large and thin, variously coiled or folded. 
 — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, palmately lobed (in American species), without 
 stijiules ; flowers small, in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs, or fascicles, the 
 pedicels not jointed. 
 
 About 50 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. Of the 9 species of the United States 
 5 are confined to the Atlantic States, some of them valuable forest trees and extensively planted 
 for shade and ornament. The other species of the Rocky Mountains and westward are of far less 
 importance. The wood in general is hard and close-grained, and sugar is made from the sap of 
 several species. 
 
 * Flowers in racemes : body of the fruit hispid. 
 
 1. A. macrophyllum, Pursh. A tree, 50 to 90 feet high, 2 or 3 feet in diam- 
 eter : leaves G to 10 inches broad or more, pubescent when young, becoming gla- 
 brate, cordate with a deep narrow sinus, deeply 3-5-clcft; the segments sinuate with 
 2 or 3 acute lobes : flowers large, iniincrous, fragrant, yellow, in crowded pendulous 
 racemes 3 to 6 inches long, appearing after the leaves : calyx 2 or 3 lines long : 
 petals oblong : stamens 9 or 10, with hairy filaments : fruit densely hairy, the 
 glabrous wings 15 to 20 lines long and more or less divergent. —Hook. Fl. i. 112, 
 t. 38; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 77, t. 67; Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 21. 
 
 In mountain ravines from Santa Barbara to Fraser River ; in California mostly confined to the 
 ranges along the coast and not so large as in Oregon, where it is sometimes found five feet in diam- 
 eter and valuable for its timber. Tlie wood is white, hard, and takes a fine polish. The bark of 
 the trunk is light gray, on the younger branches green with stripes of lighter color. 
 
 * * Flowers in loose umhel-like corymbs : fruit smooth. 
 
 2. A. circinatum, Pnrsh. (Vinb-Maplic.) A shrub or small tree : leaves 3 to 
 5 inches broad, shortly petioled, somewhat villous, at length glabrous, with usually 
 a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded-cordate with a broad and often shallow sinus, 
 
 7 - 9-lobed nearly to the middle ; the lobes acuminate, sharply serrate : corymbs 
 loosely 10-20-flowered, terminal on slender 2-leaved branchlets^: sepals red or pur- 
 ple, villous, 2 or 3 lines long, much exceeding the greenish-white petals : stamens 
 
 8 ; filaments villous at base : fruit 10 to 14 lines long, the wing.s spreading at right 
 angles to the peduncle. — Hook. Fl. i. 112, t. 39 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 80, t. 68; New- 
 berry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 21. 
 
 Northern California, in pine forests, and northward to British Columbia ; in this State a mere 
 shrub, in Oregon sometimes a tree 30 or 40 feet high. In moist places and on rich alluvial soils 
 It often takes complete possession, the vine-like steins growing in clusters from the same root, and 
 themselves striking root wherever they touch the ground and sending out numerous offshoots. 
 Thus iutcrlnced and fastened togetlier tliny form dense dark thickets almost iniponetrable. The 
 wood is heavier and doser-grninod than in the last sjmcie.s. 
 
 3. A. glabrum, Tnrr. A shrub or small tree : leaves glabrous, 2 to 4 inches 
 broad, rouudcd-cordato in outline with a shallow sinus, laciniately 3-5-lobed, more 
 f»r less deeply or soraotimcs completely 3-parted ; the lobes doubly-sorrate with very 
 
"I^Qg SAPINDACE^. Necjundo. 
 
 acute teetli : flowers corymbose on sliort 2-leaved branchlets : sepals and petals 
 greenish-yoUow, linear, 2 to 3 lines long : lilaments naked : fruit with broail erect 
 or spreading wings, an inch long or less. —Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 172 ; Torr. k Gray, 
 Fl. i. 247 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 52. A. Dow/tasu, Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. 
 vi. 77, t. (). A. trijxiiiituin, Null, in Torr. & Gray, 1. c, and Sylva, ii. 85, t. 71. 
 
 In tlio Sicira Ncviula IVoiu Yoscniito Valley northward, ranging to Vancouver Ibland, and 
 eastward to Coloi-udo and New Mexico. Usually a shrub, but sometimes a small tree 80 or 40 
 feet high ; not abundant nor large enough in this State to be of nmch importance. Oregon 
 specimens rarely show the leaves as deeply lobed or parted as is usual in California and the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 3. NEGUNDO, Mcench. Box-Elder. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Calyx ruinute, 4 - 5-cleft or parted. Petals and disk none. 
 Stamens 4 or 5, hypogyuous. Ovary and fruit as in Acer. — Trees ; leaves jiinnate ; 
 sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 
 
 A genus of only four species, of the Atlantic Slates, California, Mexico, and Japan, each region 
 having its peculiar form. 
 
 1. N. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Usually a small tree, sometimes reaching 
 a height of 70 feet : leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, more or less villous-pubescent, 
 densely so when young ; leaflets ovate, or the lateral ones oblong, acute, 3 or 4 
 inches long, the terminal largest and 3-r)-l(d)ed or very coarsely serrate; the lat- 
 eral ones coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed on one side and much more shortly 
 petiolulate : fertile racemes slender, at length 4 to G inches long : fruit pubescent, 
 15 to 18 lines long, including the slightly spreading Avings. — Fl. i. 250 & 684; 
 Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 327, t. 77 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 90, t. 72. N. aceroides, 
 Torr. in Pacif. Ii. Rep. iv. 74 & Bot. Wilkes Exp. 259. 
 
 Common along streams in the Coast Ranges, from San Luis Obispo northward. It closely 
 lesembles N. aceroides, Mancli, which ranges from British America to the Gulf of Mexico and 
 Utah, and is distinguished by its 3 to 5 smaller and narrower leaflets, which are coarsely toothed, 
 but less distinctly lobed. 
 
 4. STAPHYLEA, Linn. Bladder-Nut. 
 
 Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals and petals 5, equal, erect, whitish. Stamens 5, 
 alternate with the petals on the margin of a thick disk lining the base of the calyx. 
 Ovary 2 - 3-parted to the base or to the axis ; the lobes or carpels several-ovuled : 
 styles elongated, lightly coherent. Fruit large and bladdery, dehiscent at the sum- 
 mit. Seeds 1 to 4 in eacli cell, globose, bony : albumen thin. Embryo straight, 
 with broad thin cotyledons. — Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, stipulate, pinnately 
 3 - 5-foliolate and the leaflets stipellate; flowers in drooping terminal racemose or 
 cymose panicles. 
 
 The five species are natives of as many regions in the northern temperate zone, viz. Europe, the 
 Himalayas, Japan, California, and the Atlantic States. 
 
 1. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Leaflets 3, glabrous, broadly oval or orbicular, 1 to 
 2 inches long, abruptly acute, serrulate : sepals 3 lines long : petals a little longer : 
 style and stamens much exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. 
 
 On McCloud's Fork, Shasta Co., Bolander. Fruit unknown, and size of the shrub not indi- 
 cated. 
 
 5. GLOSSOPETALON, Gray. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 4 - 5-cleft, persistent ; the lobes ovate or trian- 
 gular ; its flat base within fllled by an 8-10-lobed depressed perigynous disk. 
 Petals 4 or 5, spatulate, becoming linear-ligidate, inserted on the margin or under 
 
^^««- ANACARDIACE.E. inn 
 
 tlie edge of the disk, somewhat withering- persistent. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted at 
 the sinuses of the disk, shorter than the calyx : fdaments subulate, persistent : 
 anthers didymous. Ovary one-celled, of a single ovoid carr)e], with style extremely 
 short or none, and a depressed entire or obscurely 2-Iobcd stigma. Ovules 2, col- 
 lateral or nearly so, inserted on the ventral suture barely above the base of the cell, 
 ascending, obovate, anatropous. Fruit a firm-coriaceous follicle, ovoid, oblique^ 
 acute, many-striate, opening down tlie ventral suture, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed obovate,' 
 compressed, with a smooth crustaceous testa, in whicli on both sides is a small 
 bulging empty cavity ; a small arillus or caruncle at the hilum. Embryo or oven 
 well-fillod nucleus not seen. — Low and rigid shrubs {of the interior arid region) ; 
 with slender spinescent branches, and small alternate simple and entire leaves, which 
 separate in age by an indistinct articulation from a dilated scale-like minutely 
 2-stipulate base ; the stipules adnate to the scale and setaceous-subulate ; flowers 
 small, solitary, terminating short axillary branches or spur-like fascicles: petals 
 white, — n. Wright, ii. 29, t. 12, & Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73. 
 
 1. G. Nevadense, Gray, 1. c. Two or three feet high, much branched, pale or 
 slightly hoary with almost imperceptible pubescence : leaves oval, half an inch or 
 less in length, with short petiole abruptly terminating in the retuse broad stipulifer- 
 ous scale : calyx- lobes and petals 4 : stamens 8. 
 
 Dry hills, Washoe Co, Nevada, Lcmmon and Case, 1875. An interesting acquisition. 
 
 G. sriNESCENS, Gray, the only other species, of New Mexico and Southern Utah, is smooth, 
 has smaller and narrower leaves and mostly 5-merous flowers. 
 
 Order XXX. ANACARDIACE^. 
 
 ^ Shrubs or trees (largely tropical or subtropical), with a resinous and usually acrid 
 juice, alternate leaves (either simple or compound) without stipules and almost 
 always not pellucid-punctate, and small regular flowers commonly polygamous or 
 dioecious ; the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals ; the free ovary in 
 the genuine representatives of the order 1 -colled and 1-ovulod, but the stylos often 
 3 ; the fruit drupaceous ; and the seed without albumen. 
 
 iT.^f^^T. °/'^^'' ""f "^""11 ^? ge"e''a>/n^ 450 species, represented in California, as in the Atlantic 
 United States, only by the large and polymorphous genus Rhus. 
 
 rpn^orllfw r^^r ''''''''• "^^-J^^ ^^'}^'^^ ^l*'^>"^°' '■«"?i"g *« ^^^ Valley of the Rio Grande, is 
 reported by Dr. Cooper as from San Diego. It is a smafl tree, with pinnate leaves ; leaflets 5 to 
 10 pairs on a somewhat winged rhachis, oblong-obovate or cuneate, glabrate, half an inch long ; 
 flowers dicEcious, without petals, in axillary or paniculate spikes ; stamens 5 ; fruit smooth, 2 
 lines in diameter, somewhat compressed. 
 
 ScniNUS Moi,i.E, Linn., a native of Mexico and South America, is common as a cultivated 
 ornamental .shrub in (ho southern part of the State, under tlio name of Pepper-tree or Chili 
 repper It is an eyern;reen tree of moderate size, and very graceful liabit ; leaves with 20 or more 
 
 and 10 starnetis; drupes numerous, as large as a small pen," strongly puugenr; sml suspended 
 above the middle of the cell, instead of from a basal stalk as in most genera. The apparently 
 of the leaves when placed in water are due to the bursting of the resinif- 
 
 r>^;'..= „f 1 rV ~i -f^-"' ;;■-- "■ — '"'<-><ii-c =>i.cc, .mu very graceful habit ; leaves with 20 or more 
 
 pai s of lanceolate leaflets ; flowers small and dicEcious, in large panicles, having 5 greenish petals 
 
 and 10 stamens; drupcr -- ' " ■ ■ " t> . r - . 
 
 above the middle of the 
 
 spontaneous movements ot the leaves when placed in water are due to the bursting 
 
 erous glands with which they abound. 
 
 1. RHUS, T,inn. 
 Sepals and petals (4 to 9) usually 5. Stamens as many or twice as many, with 
 subulate filaments, inserted under the edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. 
 Fruit a small dry drupe. Seed pendulous upon a slender seed-stalk arising from 
 
110 
 
 ANACARDIACE.E. AV/((,s 
 
 the base of the cell. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple or pinnate ; llowers 
 small, polygamous or polygamo-(lia;cit)US, in axillary and terminal bracteute pan- 
 icles, or sometimes in racemes ur spikes. 
 
 A widely Jistiiluited ^aMuis of iit Iwust 120 species, natives of tlie warmer oxtra-tropicnl regions 
 of bolli lioiiiibiilieie.s, ino.^t ntinnToiis ill S. Afiini. Tlieio un; 14 speciua in llio Unile.l yiulos, 
 (tillering coiisiilemlily in tlioir characters and so distril>iiled into live sections. Tho astringent 
 leaves of some species of the section Sumac (not represented in California) are e.xtensively used in 
 tanning, and the resinous jnice of others in Japan yiehls the peculiar well-known lac4uer of that 
 country, and the fruit a useful vegetable wax or tallow. 
 
 § 1. Flowers polygamous or di(jecious, in loose axillary panicles: fruit glabrous and 
 whitish; nut striate: leaves 3-/uliolate : juice and effluviu7n poisonous. --~To\i- 
 
 CODENUUO.N'. 
 
 1. R. diversiloba, Torr. & (iray. (Poison Oak. Ykah.\.) Usually soiuewliat 
 puberuleut, the slemler shrubby stem erect, or stouter and climbing by rootlets, 3 
 to 8 feet liigh : leaflets ovate, obovate, or elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long, obtuse or 
 acutish, 3-lobed or coarsely-toothed or sometimes entire, the lobes and teetli obtuse : 
 I)anicles peduncled : llowers \vhiti.sh, U huts long : IVuit 2 to 3 lines in diameter, 
 somewhat compressed. — Fl. i. L'18; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xxxi, t. 38. /.'. lobata, 
 Hook. Fl. i. 127, t. 40. 
 
 Fnmi Southern California to British Cohnnbiu, in this State most abundant in llio Coast 
 Kanges. It resembles It. Toxicodciulnm, binn., of tlio Atlantic States, which ditrers, liowever, 
 in its acuminate leatlcls, sharply toothed or entire, nnd nearly sessile panicles, usually more dense 
 in fruit. The species are alike very poisonous, causing a severe cutaneous eruption accompanied 
 by intense smarting and itching. The rejmted remedies are more numerous than efficacious ; 
 prominent among those in popular use is said to be the bruised leaves or a decoction of the leaves 
 of Grinddia ox "Gum-plant." 
 
 § 2. Floivers polygamodicecious, in short sessile scaly-bracted spikes, preceding the 
 leaves: fruit globose, villous, light red; nut smooth: leaves Sfoliolate. — 
 LOBADIUM, Eaf. 
 
 2. R. aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, CJray. A shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, dif- 
 fusely branched, strongly scented, more or less ])idjescent, at length nearly glabrous: 
 leaflets sessile, cuneate-'obovate or rhomboidal, 1 or 2 inches long, exceeding the 
 petiole, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed, the segments obtuse : spikes half 
 an inch long or less, approxinmte at the ends of the branches : flowers yellowish, a 
 line long : fruit somewhat viscid, 2 or 3 lines in dianjeter. — Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 53. H. trilobata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219. 
 
 Throughout the State, ranging to Washington Territory and eastward to the Rocky Mountains 
 and Texas. The typical form of the Atlantic Stales has the leaves ordinarily larger and less 
 lobed, and the odor of the plant is perhaps more aromatic. The fruit is said to be pleasantly acid, 
 and is eaten by the Indians : the slender twigs are used in their choicest basket-work. 
 
 § 3. Flowers polygamous, on bracted pedicels in numerous short dense racemes closely 
 paniculate at the ends of the branches: sepals orbicidar, concave, colored: fruit 
 densely pubescent and very viscid, dark red : leaves simple, coriaceous. — 
 Styphonia, Benth. & Hook. (Styphonia, Nutt.) 
 
 3. R. integrifolia, r>entli. & Hook. A dilfusely branched stout evergreen 
 shrub, 5 to 10 i'eet high : leavcis pubendcnt when young, Hoon glabrous, broadly 
 ovate, acute or obtuse, usually entire but .sonu'times si)inosely toothed, 1 .1 to 3 
 inches long, on short stout pcitioles : llowers mse colored, in close panicles I to 3 
 inches long : petals rounded, ciliate, exceeding the sepals, H lines long: fruit ovate, 
 3 lines long. — Gen. PI. i. 411). Styphonia integrifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 220 & Sylva, iii. 4, t. 82 ; Torrey, Paeif. li. Pep. vii. 9, t. 2. aS*. serrata, 
 Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. 220. 
 
 From Santa Barbara to San Diego, mostly on the coast ; western Arizona, Palmer, Wheeler. 
 Along the clifTs near the sea it forms close thickets, sometimes on the seaward side presenting iJ 
 
Rhvx. LEGUMINOS.E. 
 
 Ill 
 
 suifaco of dense foliage ns smooth and uniform as that of the best trained hedge. According to 
 Nuttall the smooth ^rny bark exudes in small (|uaiitities a very astringent gum-resin. Tiie fresh 
 red berries are descnlwd liy I'aimrr as coated witii an iey-lool<ing white substance, wliich is pleas- 
 antly acid and used by the Indians to make a cooling drink. 
 
 § 4. Flowers ■perfect or polygamous, in ample terminal or axillary compound jyanicles : 
 fruit small, glabrous : leaves simple, coriaceous. — Lithrsa, I3entb. & Hook. 
 (Lithrcea, !Miers. lihus § Malosma, Nutt.) 
 
 4. R. laurina, Nutt. A largo evergreen much-hranclied aiui very leafy shrub, 
 exhaling an aromatic odor, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, acute, mucronate, rounded 
 at ])ase, glaucous, entire, 2 or 3 inches long, on slender petioles : panicles dense, 2 
 to 4 inches long : flowers yellowish, a line long, or less : fruit whitish (?), ovate, li 
 lines long, beaked by the stout styles. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 219. Lithrcea laurina, 
 Walp. ; iorrey, Pacif. H. Rep. iv. 73, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 44, t. 7. 
 
 From Santa Barbara to San Diego, in the valleys ; Guadalupe Island, Palvicr. According to 
 Dr. Torrcy "the thin pulp of the dry fruit consists chiefly of a white waxy material, soluble in 
 strong alcohol, which seems to be almost entirely cerine." The seeds are said to yield a pungent 
 oil. 
 
 Order XXXI. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 The single and simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit, and the alternate 
 leaves with stipules (to which in the proper Pulse family are added the papiliona- 
 ceous corolla and 10 diadelphous or nionadelphous or rarely distinct stamens) mark 
 this order, one of the largest and ne.vt to Grnminar. the moat important of the vege- 
 table kingdom. It comprises the following suborders. 
 
 Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^. 
 
 Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the tube or cup extending 
 beyond the perigynous disk Avhich lines its bottom and bears the petals and sta- 
 mens. Corolla of 5 petals (rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud ; one (the standard) 
 superior (next the axis of inflorescence), larger and always external, covering in the 
 bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these covering the inferior pair, which to- 
 gether form the keel, being commonly united or at least coherent by their lower 
 edges ; the claws of all five usually distinct. Stamens and pistil enclosed in the 
 keel. Filaments 10, seldom 5, rarely separate around the pistil, commonly united 
 from the base upward into a sheath enclosing the ovary, which is either entire 
 (nionadelphous) or open on the upper side, the 10th or upper stamen being free 
 from the others or becoming so (diadelplious) : anthers 2-celled. Ovary with sev- 
 eral, few, or rarely solitary amphitropoua or flomctimoa anatropous ovules on the 
 single parietal placenta : stylo generally inflexed or incurved : stigma simple, ter- 
 minal or nearly .so. Legume normally one-celled and two-valved, sometimes falsely 
 2-celled or divided lengthwi.so hy an intrusion of the dor.'^al suture, or else several- 
 celled transversely by constrictions or articulations, not rarely indehiscent. Seed 
 destitute of albumen, or orcnsionally with a layer of it. Embryo otherwise filling 
 the seed : cotyledons broad, thick or thickish : radicle almost always accumbently 
 inflexed. Leaves simple or simply compound ; the earliest pair or pairs often oppo- 
 site ; the others almost always alternate. Leaflets mostly entire, sometimes den- 
 
112 
 
 LEGUMINOS.E. 
 
 ticulate. Flowers peifuct, sulitiiry, uv several in a raceme, spike, head, or soiuetiines 
 panicle. 
 
 Our 16 genera rei.rcbciil idmosl half as many tribes, corresi^nding to llio inincipal divisions of 
 the I'oliowing key. . 
 
 1. Stamens distinct. 
 
 * Leaves digitalely a-t'oliolale. 
 
 1. Thermopsia. Herbs, with consjiicuous stipules, and yellow Howers in racemes. 
 
 2. Pickeriugia. Shrub, with minute stipules or none, und purple solitary Howers. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Leaves uneiiually pinnate : shrubby. 
 
 3. Sophora. Tod thick, largo, .several-seeded, often transversely constricted : leaves coriaceous. 
 lo! Amorpha. Tod small, I - 2-seeded. Petal one 1 Stamens monudeliihous at the very buso. 
 
 IL Stamens inonadelphous, or diadelphous (9 nnd 1). 
 
 ♦ Anthers of two forms : lilaments strictly monadelphous : loaves digitate, of more than 3 quite 
 
 entire leallets. 
 
 4. Lupinus. Calyx dee^ily bilabiate. Stundaid with recurved sides : keel falcate. Pod large, 
 
 straight. 
 
 * ♦ Anthers uniform. 
 
 +- Leaflets 3, or rarely digitately 5 to 7, denticulate or sernilate : stamens diadelphous or nearly 
 so : pods small and enclosed in the calyx, or curved or coiled. 
 
 5. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, uniteil with the filaments. Pod small, 
 
 mostly in the calyx. , ^ , <• , • , o. , 
 
 6. Melilotus. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, small. Petals tree, deciduous, tstyle 
 
 filiform. Pod small, wrinkled, globular. 
 
 7. Medicago. Flowers nearly of Melilolus. Pod spirally coiled or curved. Style subulate. 
 
 H- -1- Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitete or simple) ; leaflets entire : no tendril. 
 ++ Flowers umbellate or solitary, on an axillary peduncle. 
 8 Hosackia. Herbaceous or shrubby. Corolla yellow or i)artly white, or turnin" reddish : 
 claw of the slaudanl usually remote from the others. Pod linear, sevural-.sceded. 
 
 ■»(■+»• Flowers in spikes, racenuis, or houds, never umbellate. 
 -^ llorbago glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadeli)hou3. 
 9. Pfloralea. Herbs, with 3-foliolato leaves and axillary spikes. Stamens mostly monadel- 
 phous. Pod indehiscent, one-seeded. Ovule solitary. 
 
 10 Amorpha. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal or pamcled racemes. A\ ings and kee 
 
 of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct. Pod 
 nearly indehiscent, 1 - 2-ovuled, 1 - '2-seeded. . , ., , , 
 
 11 Dalea. Shrubby or herbaceous, with pinnate or simple leaves and terminal spikes or heads 
 
 Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the monadelphous stamen-tube. Pod 
 indehiscent, 2 - 6-ovuled, mostly one-seeded. 
 = = Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less punctate : leaves unequally pinnate : sta- 
 ° ° mens diadelphous ; anthers confluently 1-celled. 
 
 12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, &c., of Astnujalus. Pod prickly or muricate, short, 1-celled. 
 
 = ^ = Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadelphous ; anthers 2-celled : leaves 
 
 pinnate. 
 
 13. Astragalus. Herbs, unarmed. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-celled by 
 
 intrusion of the dorsal suture. , i -, o 
 
 14. Olneya. Tree, spinescent, nearly destitute of stipules. Pod 2-valved, several-ovuied, 1-2- 
 
 seeded ; valves very thick und lirm. 
 -1- -1- -H Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril or bristle (occasionally by an imperfect 
 leaflet) : stamens diadelphous : peduncles axillary : pod 2-valved : seed-stalks broad or 
 expanded at the hilum : herbs. 
 
 15. Vicia. Stamen-tubo obli(iue at the summit. Style lilifona, hairy around and below the 
 
 16. Lathyrus. Stamen-tubo nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened toward the apex, hairy 
 
 ou the inner side, usually twisted half round. 
 
Thermojms. LEGUMINOSiE. ^13 
 
 SunoRDER II. C/ESALPINE^. 
 
 Flower luoro or less iiiegular. Perigynous disk lining the tube or base of the 
 calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the superior one (answering to the standard) 
 within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. Seeds sometimes with 
 albumen. Eadicle not incurved. 
 
 * Corolla seemingly papilionaceous. 
 
 17. Cercls. Trcoa or shrubs, with simple rounded leaves, and lateral fascicles of rose-purple 
 
 flowers. Calyx barely 6-toothed. 
 
 ♦ » Corolla not at all papilionaceous, yellow. Calyx 5-parted. Seeds with albumen. 
 
 18. Cassia. Herbs or sometimes .shrubs, with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves. Anthers 
 
 fixed by the biuse, mostly opening by terminal pores, either 10 and une(jual or some of 
 the upper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting. Calyx imbricated in the bud. 
 
 19. Parkinsonia. Somewhat spinescent shrubs or trees, with twice pinnate (or apparently only 
 
 pinnate) leaves : leaflets small. Anthers 10, fixed by the middle, openuig lengthwise. 
 Calyx valvate. 
 
 Suborder III. MIMOSILl^.. 
 
 Flow'ors regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads. No perigynous disk. 
 Calyx and corolla valvate in the bud, 4 - 5-merous. Stamens as many or twice as 
 juany as the petals, or numerous, hypogynous. Seeds mostly without albumen, 
 lladicle not incurved. Leaves usually twice pinnate. 
 
 20. Prosopis. Stamens 10. Petals distinct or becoming so. More or less spiny shrubs or trees. 
 
 Flowers greenish. 
 
 21. Acacia. Stamens indefinitely numerous. Petals united below. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. 
 Caly.x canipanulate, cleft to the middle; teeth equal or the two upper ones united. 
 Standard roundish, shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed : keel nearly 
 straight, obtuse, its petals somewhat united, equalling the wings. Stamens distinct. 
 Style sliglilly incurved : Htigtna luinuto. I'od linoar to obloiig-linoar, much com- 
 profta(«l, low - nuiny-fleo(l(\d, Hhorily Hlipitato or nearly rchhIIc*, Hlniiglil. or incurved. 
 — Stout perennial herbs, with erect clustered stems; leaves digitately 3-foliolate, 
 with free foliacoous stipules, shortly petioled ; leaflets entire ; flowers large, yellow, 
 in terminal racemes, with persistent herbaceous bracts ; pedicels short, mostly soli- 
 tary, naked. 
 
 Alwut a dozen species, half belonging to Asia, and the rest to North America. Three of these 
 are confincil to the Atlantic States and one to the Rocky Jlount<ains. 
 
 1. T. macrophylla, Hook. & Arn. Villous with long spreading hairs : stipules 
 large, ovate ; leaflets oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, three inches long, glabrous 
 above, tomentose and villous beneath : calyx-teeth acuminate; : stamens somewhat 
 persistent : pod villous, shortly stipitate, oblong-linear, nearly 2 inches long and 4 
 lines broad, straight, erect, 4-5-seeded. — Bot. Beechey, 329; Torr. &. Gray, Fl. 
 i. 388. 
 
 Collected by Dmtglas in Cnlifoniia, but the locality unknown. All the specimens from other 
 collections that have been referred to the species, seem to belong to the next. 
 
 2. T. Califomica, Watson. Woolly-tomentose throughout : stipules lanceo- 
 late ; leaflets obovate to oblanceolnte, an inch or two long, acute or obtuse, equally 
 tomentose on both sides : bracts broad at base, mostly ovate : pod very pubescent, 
 
J]^^- LEGUMINOS^. Thermolysis. 
 
 on a short glabrous stipe, 6-8-ovuled ; mature fruit not known. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 xi. 126. T. macrojjhi/lla, Torr. in Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 81. T. /abacea, Torr. in Bot. 
 Mex. Bound. 58. 
 
 From Mai ill ami Napa counties southward. 
 
 3. T. montana, Nutt. More yluhrous, soniewlmt silky-villous especially above: 
 stipules ovate tu lanceolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate to oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, 
 obtuse or acutish, sparingly villous beneath, smooth above : bracts mostly lanceo- 
 late: pod pubescent, on a rather slender stipe about equalling the calyx-tnbe, linear, 
 2 or 3 inches long, straight, erect, 10- 12-seeded. — Torr. <k Gray, Fl. i. 388. T. 
 /abacea, Hook. Fl. i. 128; But. Mag. t. 3G11 ; Lindl. But. Beg. xv. t. 1272 ; nut 
 DC. 7'. macrophi/l/ii, var. /3., Turr. & Clray, 1. c. T. f abacea, var. montana, (Jray; 
 "Watson, But. King K.\p. OiJ. 
 
 From WusliiiigUm 'I'ciiitoiy uiul Oregon, in thu iiiountiiiiiH, tlirougli tlio interior to Colimiilo 
 and New Mexi('o ; i)iol)al)ly in Northern Calit'orniu. The ty])ical form, more eommon eastwiird, 
 has narrowly oblong leaves. The T. fabacca of Eastern Asia, to which this sjtecies lias been usu- 
 ally referred, has more si)reading pods, with larger and broader more compressed seeds. The only 
 other western species is T. jmiombifoi.ia, Richardson, confined to the Uocky Mountains, and dis- 
 tinguished by its recurved many-seeded pods. 
 
 2. PICKERINGIA, Nutt. 
 Calyx campanulate, turbinate at base, repandly 4-tuuthed. Petals equal: standard 
 orbicular, the sides rellexed : wings oblong : keel-petals oblong, distinct, straight, 
 obtuse. Stamens distinct. Style slightly incurved : stigma minute. Pud membra- 
 naceous, linear, compressed, stipitate, several-seeded, straight. — A low stout much- 
 branched spinose shrub; leaves evergreen, small, nearly sessile, digitately 1-3-folio- 
 late, without stipules ; flowers large, purple, axillary, solitary, nearly sessile. 
 
 1. P. montana, Nutt. Widely spreading, densely branched, 4 to 7 feet high, 
 more or less silky-tomentose or glabrate, leafy, the branchlets becoming spinose : 
 leaflets oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, 3 to 9 lines long, acute or obtuse : flowers 
 near the ends of the branchlets, on very short minutely 2-bracteolate peduncles, 
 from light cinnamon-red to purple, 7 to 9 lines long: stamens persistent: pod about 
 two inches long, G-10-seeded (or fewer by abortion), somewhat constricted between 
 the seeds, pubescent ; stipe exserted : seeds oblong, slightly compressed, dark-colored. 
 — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 389; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 51, t. 14, & Bot. Wilkes Fxp. 
 282. 
 
 Frequent on dry lulls from bake County to San Diego. The characters of the i)od disLinguish 
 the genua clearly from Avayyris. 
 
 3. SOPHORA, Linn. 
 Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth short. Petals nearly equal : standard broad. 
 Stamens distinct ; anthers uniform, versatile. Style incurved : stigma minute. Pod 
 stipitate, terete or somewhat compressed, thick or coriaceous, mostly indehiscent, 
 several-seeded, constricted between the obovoid or subglobose seeds and usually 
 necklace-like. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves unevenly pinnate, with few or many 
 entire often coriaceous leaflets ; stipules small or obsolete ; mcemes terminal. 
 
 A genus of about 25 species, of the warmer regions of the globe. Two low herbaceous species 
 are found in Colorado and New Mexico, and 2 or 3 evergreen shrubs in Te.xas and Northeastern 
 Mexico, besides a similar West Indian species in Florida. The following is the only species occur- 
 ring near the limits of California. 
 
 1. S. Arizonica, Watson. An evergreen shrub, somewhat canescent with short 
 appressed silky hairs : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, narrowly oblong, acutish, an inch lung ; 
 
Lupinm. 
 
 LEGUMINOS/^]. 
 
 IL 
 
 coriaceous, compresso.l, reticulated and with ncrveU o Tua dn sTr 7i?S.ori ' 
 82 ; uot Benth. ' ^^■'- '^- '^''''^^«' -^«"- ^^ i'^^^f- ii- ^iep. iv. 
 
 tl.o gonuM. n„a tl.o rchI ,noro oblo.fg. ^ '" ' '"^ '"°''° ^°'"Pres.sed than is usimi in 
 
 4. LUPINUS, I, 
 
 I/l'l'INK. 
 
 Cabx deeply bdab.ate bibracteolate. Standard broad, the sides retlexed : win^s 
 
 Zliu :r:r' ''^ """''' '^■^•^^^ '^^'- ^^-^^-^^^ ^-^^^ -t deft ; a; 
 
 thers alternately oblong and rounded. Stign.a bearded. Pod 2-valved, compre sed 
 coruaceous, 2 -12-seeded. - Annuals or perennials, herbaceous, or a f ^^ 
 
 axi trv : '' '"""'^ """"^' ^^^"^^"^^^« - --t^--» (-ntary and 
 
 axillary in a single species), bracteate. - Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 517 
 
 Atlantic States, two of which a " i.eonHar n^^^^^^^^^ '7"^ ^''' <'"!" ^'^'f ^ ^lozen in th; 
 
 in Alaska and British Colnn^MX^io o n or "are na v's I'f ^^^^^ Two species are found 
 
 rc«.on wnst of the J?oc-ky Mountains, a dZ arMox^ra^am iH '9'!i TT' '"^^ ')' '"^^"°^ 
 Ours are of little value cconou.indlvlmt ratL^Tho en, H^/v ^ ''°"^ *" ^''° ^^"^o^- 
 
 grain-nelds as to be injurious. Ma.;/ npclos a' /sho^^v InT; "^^^ '" abundantly in our 
 
 oinantrnt. , "* ^ ^''^^ "" '''i"''>'' '^"'^ several have long been cultivated for 
 
 ♦ Annuals. 
 Flowers axillary, solitary : ovules 2 : thvarf 
 Flowers racemose : ovules.2 : bracts persistent. 
 
 leather stout : flowers in whorls : peduncles elouffited 
 Leaves approximate ; petioles long. 
 Long-villous : flowers mostly purple 
 Smoother: flowers yellow to white 
 Leave.s scattered ; petioles short : pui.csconce short 
 Low or dwarf : flowers s.rattered. '' 
 
 Hirsute : leaflets .5 : racemes flcarly .sessile 
 Vdlous or subglabrous : leaflets 7 :' peduncles lone 
 Mowers racemose : ovules .several mcies long. 
 
 I- lowers in whorls : bracts deciduous 
 
 Puberulent: leaflets broad, smoother above • l,racts short 
 Villous : leaflets narrow, pubescent both flldcs 
 
 short ' ^'"' "'''•'•■ '""'^'' •^'""•l^'- ■■ l^'-i'^ts 
 
 I'uborulcnt leaflets 5 to 7, truncate : bracts short 
 itSu^'inV^";'^^ \r''' ■■ ""-" 1-ge tracts short. 
 
 Very hispid : flowers purple 
 
 I-ow, villous: leaflets bron.ier : flowers small: bracfs short ,.er 
 sistont. Mioii, pn 
 
 iippres.sed. 
 
 4L L. UNCI ALLS. 
 
 •"^3. L. MIUIlOCAItPUS. 
 
 40. L. DKNSIFLOIIUS. 
 
 41. L. I.UTEOLU.S. 
 
 42. L. rusiLLU.^. 
 
 4.*?. L. BUEVICAUUS. 
 
 29. L. AFFINLS. 
 
 30. L. NANUS. 
 
 31. L. MICllANTIIUS. 
 
 32. L. McnopiiYM.us. 
 
 33. L. Sl'AUSIFLOKUS. 
 
 34. L. TIIUNCATUS. 
 
 3.'-.. L. SrivKKi. 
 
 3(5. L. IIIKSUTI.SSIMUS. 
 
 37. L. coNciNNir.s. 
 
 38. L. OKACIUS. 
 
116 
 
 LEGUMINOSJi. Lupinus. 
 
 roreiiniula, tlwurf iiiul ccsi»ito3o. — In tlio Siurni Nevada. 
 
 Stems conipletoly hcibaccouH, witli nitliur hm^ iuternodoa. 
 
 LooMoly villoim willi lon^^ Imiin. 2fi. L. AUinUK. 
 
 ApproHsed-silky, tlio li.iiiH NliorUw. 2(5. L. MINIMUB. 
 StoiuB leafy, I'rom a Npruailiiij,' wou.ly ciiudux : aiipiessed-silky. 
 
 Loutlots 7 to 1(1. oliliiHo : iHulimcloM hIihiI : Ktaiidard orhinilar. '27. I-. MiticwKUi. 
 
 Loallola 5 to (i, aculibh : i)uduiicle3 cloiigatod : standard olUi)tical. U. L. Lyallii. 
 
 ♦ ♦ • Perennials, more or less shrubby at base, tall and leafy, silky-pubescent : petioles mostly 
 
 short : flowers large : ovules 6 to 12. 
 
 Pubescence not dense : leaflets narrowly lanceolate : flowers yellow : 
 
 ovules 10 to 12. . 1- L. akbokeus. 
 
 Pubescence dense : leaflets broader, obtuse : flowers blue to white : 
 
 ovules 6 to 8. 2. L. Chami.ssoni.s. 
 
 Pubescence short, mostly tomentoso : leaflets oblanceolate : bracts long : 
 
 flowers blue : ovules 8 or 9. 3. L. Dougla.sii. 
 
 • ♦ ♦ ♦ Perennials, herbaceous, mostly tall : flowers large : ovules 6 or more, excepting L. Sit- 
 
 yredvii and L. OraijL 
 
 Leaflets smooth above, oblanceolate : flowers not yellow. 
 
 Petioles elongated : stem somewhat succulent : bracts short and decid- 
 uous. Sparingly villous : leaflets 10 to 16, large : stipules 
 
 broad : ovules 9. 4. L. rOLYPHYLLU.s. 
 
 Petioles scarcely exceeding the (5 to 10) leaflets: bracts mostly long. 
 
 Nearly glabrous, erect : stinulos narrow : ovules 8 to 10. 5. L. uivULARia. 
 
 Calyx subvillous : stipules laoadcr ; bracts nu)re huiry, subporsist- 
 
 ent : lower i>etioles elongated : pedicels short. (J. L. BURKEI. 
 
 More pubescent or villous, subdecumbent, leafy ; leaflets 5 to 8, 
 
 smaller : keel ciliate : ovules 10 to 12. 7. L. LlTTORAUS. 
 
 Puberulent and subvillous : bracts short : ovules 5. 10. L. Sitgheavesii. 
 
 Leaflets pubescent both sides, as long as the petioles : ovules 6 to 8. 
 
 Flowers yellow : keel ciliate : bracts long. 8. L. Sabinii, 
 
 Flowers not yellow : bracts short : leaflets 5 to 9. 
 
 Erect, tall : pubescence often scanty : keel narrow, strongly falcate, 
 
 nakcil ; standard naked. 9. L. ALBICAULIS. 
 
 Subdecumbent, appressed-silky : standard silky ; keel ciliate. 11. L. ornatus. 
 
 Hoary-tomenlose, a si)au high : standard naked ; keel ciliate. 14. L. Guayi. 
 
 » ♦ • ♦ ♦ Perennials, herbaceous, mostly rather low : flowers smaller : ovules 6 or less. 
 
 Leaflets glabrous aljovo, 
 
 Mostly shorter than the petioles : standard naked. 
 
 Tall, scantily puberulent : keel usually naked : pod small, 2 - 
 
 4-seeded. 19. L. parviflorus. 
 
 A sT)an high or less, sparingly villous : keel strongly ciliate : pod 
 
 broad, G-ovuled. 17. L. ONUSlD.s. 
 
 Eiiualling the i)etiolca : appressed-silky : iwlals naked or nearly so : 
 
 pod short, 3-5-ovuled. 22. L. argenteus. 
 
 Leaflets pubescent on both sides. 
 
 Leaves distant ; lower petioles elongated. 
 
 Pubescence villous, spreading: bracts deciduous, often long: stand- 
 ard hairy : keel ciliate. 12. L. SERICEUS. 
 Densely silky-tomentoso, stout: pedicels very short: bracts subper- 
 
 sistent : standard very hairy : keel subciliate. 13. L. LEUCOl'llYLLUS. 
 
 Densely appressed silky-villous, often low : bracts deciduous : stand- 
 ard naked. l."'. I- leviuus. 
 Silky-villous : raceme dense : bracts persistent : standard oblong, 
 
 linked. ItJ- I-"- GONFERTUa. 
 
 Stems leafy : petioles short. 
 
 Standard and keel naked : calyx not spurred. 
 
 Puberulent, much branched, slender. 18. L. Andersonh. 
 
 Densely silky-tomentose : flowers very small. 24. L. MEIONANTHUS. 
 
 Standard and keel more or less hairy : calyx spurred. 
 
 Finely appressed-silky : calyx strongly spurred : standard longest. 20. L. calcaratus. 
 Appressed-puberulent : leaflets narrower : petals eiiual. 21. L. laxiklorus. 
 
 Close silvery-silky : calyx slightly spurred. 23. L. holosericeus. 
 
^^"^''^"*- LEGUMINOS^. -.-.K 
 
 § 1. Flowers interjnmal racernes : sides of the standard rejlexed : ovrdes seva-al : 
 
 cotyledons petioled m germination. — Lupinus proper. 
 
 * Perennials, not dwarf : sterna somewhat ivood,/ in Nos. 1 to 3 the rest wholh, h^ 
 
 haceons, and Nos. 4 to 7 mostly succulent andfistulous : ^oc/Zoi^X Spec.1 i 2^ 
 
 •4- Flowers large: ovides 6 to 12. 
 
 +4. More o^'less tvoody at base, tall, leafy, with short petioles : pubescence silh, mostlv 
 
 keel sIsl,Hyc,liate: pod pubeseent, usually 10-12.see<lod, U to 3 nehes 1„1' 
 
 Mag. t. 682; I.mdl. Bot. Keg. xxiv, t. 32 ; Watson, 1. c. 523 L. rivtUaris AcaX 
 Synopsis, 24. L. macrocarp,^. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Boechey 138 ' ^ ' 
 
 to ta sometime, b.„e „, pu^pHs... uid >«..^!'^^^l'';^.SSS::|^„il'l^Z^^^^" 
 
 applL^Sj^?-j?b,^^nLte':i::S[:\^,\tVrJnJ;ft;^ 
 
 cromdate or acutish, very silky on both sides: bmctrianc ok^ibort r tban ^lle 
 cleft, bractlets small, sctacoons : kool usuaMy slightly oili.ate • ovules 6 to 8 nnd 
 
 li .bt'cdl'"l ™ ""«■*,-?-'«*'' ^ -"'» broader,™ JowhatnatCl 21 ines loC 
 iif^lit-colored and mottled. — Mem. Acad Pptr y 9ftR r ^// v ^ t> ., P' 
 
 Hort. Soc. Tmns. n, , 410; LMl 'Bof Keg.?i642; tt™' 1^""'523'' 
 
 L. sermm. Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 138 watson, I. c. 823 
 
 Var. longifollns, Watson. Seareely woody at base : stems less leafv ind net; 
 oles more elongated : keel pnbeseent near tbo m.ar-in ^ ^ P* 
 
 Var. (1) longebracteatns, Watson. Stem ami branebes more or less villon, ■ 
 bracts mueb exceeding the cdyx. _/.. ,„crocarp,., Torr. in Pacif R Rep. iv 81 ' 
 
 t.^-o^?f»its^i^^^^^^^^ 
 
 purple: calyx with long setaceous bractlets, the upper lip nearly 2-par ted kee 
 cdiate : ovules 8 to 9 : pod tmknown. - Synopsis, 34; AVatson, l.^c. 524 ' 
 Fron. above San Francisco to Monterey and Los Angeles. 
 
 '^2tf'7ZT^^r'r'^f a^c/><„^.,.. leaflets glabrous above, ohlon, to oblance- 
 
 4. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Stout, erect, 2 to 5 foot 1,1-11. siiarin-ly villous the 
 sub'uhtrt:; '"•;? r';"r^ loavos silkypubcscont: sti,;.i;s Vrgo? [ri^ ;i^^^^^^^^ 
 subulate: leaves distant, long-pet.oled ; leaflets 10 to IG or often 8 to 10 in the 
 upper leaves 2 to 6 inches long : racemes frequently a foot or ? wo Ion. brae ol^ 
 
 oTtX:f'h,'^'"""1 °' ^'r'"' '^'^" ''^'-'^'y--- ««-- nici;i;'s;att r 1, on 
 long pedicels, blue, purple, or white : calyx-lips nearly equal, entire /bractlets often 
 
 in 
 
WQ LEGUMINOS-ciil. Lupinus. 
 
 wanting: keel naketl : pod 1 to li inches long, 3 to 4 lines broad, 7-9-seeded. — 
 Bot. Ifeg. t. lODG & t. 1377; Watson, 1. c. 52-1. L. macrophyllus, Benth. ; Sweet, 
 Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 35G. L. yiandijlunis, Lindl. 
 
 From Wiibliiii'^'ton Territory to Klumath Valloy luiil Sua iMuncisco. 
 
 5. L. rivularis, Dougl. JStmit, on-ct, 2 to G i'oet high, nearly ghiKrous, I he 
 short and silky pubescence closely appressed, or very rarely spreading on llie calyx 
 and pedicels : stipules subulate or setaceous ; leatlets 7 to 10, about equalling the 
 petioles, i to 5 inches long, oblanceolate, acute or the lower ones obtuse : raceme 
 long-peduncled, often 1 to 2 feet long; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx: flowtrs 
 scattered or subverticillate, purjile or sometimes white : bracllets caducous ; upper 
 calyx-lip sometimes (uitire : keel slightly ciliate : pod large, 8-10-seeded. — Lindl. 
 Bot. Beg. t. ir)li5 ; Watson, 1. c. 525. L. ci/lisoidtx, Agardh, Synopsis, IS. 
 
 Var. latifolius, Watson. Lealli;ts 5 to 7, spatulate or oblanceolate, oliluse and 
 nuicronulate or the ujiper acute : the jiubcscence upon the calyx more frequently 
 spreading. — I'roc, Am. Acad. viii. 025. L. latij'vlius, A^nvdh, Syn. 16; Lindl. 
 Bot. Keg. t. 1891. 
 
 From the Columbia River to Southern falifornia, common ; tlie typical form frecpient in the 
 Siena Nevada ; the variety more common nearer the sea. 
 
 6. L. Burkei, Watson. Besembling L. rivularis, but distinguished by broader 
 stipules, and the lower leaves long-petioled : raceme usually short and dense, the 
 pedicels mostly only 1 or 2 lines long ; bracts villous and often persistent : the 
 pubescence of the calyx somewhat villous and more or less spreading: pod 8-seeded. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. polyphyllus, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 55. 
 
 On the east side of the Sierra Nevada from Northern Nevada to Montana, and proLably to be 
 found in Northeastern California. 
 
 7. L. littoralis, Dougl. Stems slender, decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 feet 
 long, often not succulent, leafy : pubescence silky, rather thin, short and ajipresseil, 
 or villous and si)reading especially about the axils : leaflets 5 to 8, oblanceolate or 
 cuneate-oblong, acute, a half to au inch long, at least half as long as the petioles : 
 mcemes sliort ; bracts setaceous, cxceeiling the calyx : ilowers blue or violet, with some 
 yellow, verticillate or scattered, on ratlier short jiedicels : calyx large, with small 
 bractlets : keel ciliate: ovules and seeds 10 to 12. — Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1198; 
 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2952 ; Watson, 1. c. 526. L. versicolor, Lindl. Bot. Keg. 
 t. 1979. L. Nulkatensis, var. fruticosus, Bot. Mag. t. 2136. 
 
 Near the coast, from Vancouver Island to San Francisco. The taper root is saiil to be known 
 in Washington Territoiy as " Ciiinook Linuorice." 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Leafi/ and hrancluncf ; the petinles not loiKjer t/ian the leajU-ts : jlutcers sub- 
 verticillate, yellow ill L. Sabinii : bracts deciduous, shorter than the calyx: ovules 
 6 or 7, rarely 8, only 5 in L. Sitf/reavii : mostly erect or ascending, 1 or 2 feet hiyh. 
 
 8. L. Sabinii, Dougl. Stout, erect : pubescence short, ajjpressed, silky : stipules 
 long, setaceous; leaflets 8 to 11, oblanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long, silky 
 on both sides : raceme 6 to 10 inches long, rather dense and long-peduncleil ; ])racLs 
 exceeding the (^alyx, linear-setaceous : flowers bright yellow : upper calyx-lip short, 
 nearly entire, the lowcsr niirrow : standard emarginate, imked ; keel ciliate : pod un- 
 known.— Hook. I'l. i. 16G; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1135; Watson, I. c. 527. 
 
 This has been collected only by Douqias and Kevins, in tlio Blue Mountains of Oregon, but may 
 occur in Northern California ; distinguished by its long racemes of yellow Ilowers. 
 
 9. li. albicaulis, Dougl. Pubescence short auil appressed, or more or less vil- 
 lous and spreading, often scanty : leaflets 5 to 9, oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, 
 acute, pubescent on both sides or glabrous above : raceme mostly short-peduncled ; 
 bracts subulate : calyx long, with nearly equal lips, the upper narrowed and shortly 
 toothed : petals blue, verging to white ; the standard naked, acute, with the marginf; 
 
^mn^is. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 119 
 
 wtf "'''' ^T? T\\ ^!^^ "fT ^''^ ''''■y 't^""g'^ f^l^^te, naked : pod 1 to 2 
 inches lonpr. _ Hook. M. i. 1G5 ; Watson, 1. c. 527. 
 
 Var. Bridgesil, Watson, 1. c. The more villous form, Avith very large flowers 
 • and dense raciiinos : seeds nearly 4 lines long. '"jwtra 
 
 Frnnucnt from the Colu.nJ.ia River to San Diego, throughout tlie State ; variable but well 
 marked by the characters of the (lower. The mature fruit of^the ordinary forn.s is not known 
 
 10. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson, 1. c. Puberulcnt and somewhat silky-viUous with 
 spreading hairs: stipules setaceous; leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate, acute, 1 to 3 inches 
 long, usually glabrous above : raceme open, shortly pedu.u.led; pedicels slender- 
 calyx appressed^silky, .short ; the upper lip rather broad, shortly toothed or nearly 
 entire : standard rounded, naked ; keel ciliate or naked : ovules 5. 
 
 Found on the San Francisco Mountains in Arizona and eastward, an.l also what anneais to b« 
 a more glabrous form (2012 Brcivcr) at Ebbetfs Pass in the Sierra Nevada ^^ 
 
 «ill'v* ^' °™^*"«'.^^';"8>- ^ T>ocu.ubnnh or ascending : pubescence usually short, 
 silky, approssed : stipules setaceous ; leaflets 5 to 7, oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches Ion" 
 acute or acutish : raceme loose, usually shortly peduncled ; bracts subulate : calyx- 
 lips nearly equal, the upper rather shortly toothed or bifid : petals blue : the stand- 
 ard acutish, somewhat silky on the back, often paler especially in the centre : the 
 keel cihate: pod 1^ inches long: seed white, nearly orbicular, compressed 24 
 WaLn"f Tsos °* ^' ^^^^^ ^''''^' ^"'^ ^'^- ^'"^^- ^ ^er. t. 212; 
 
 (/ro%'l':at JT Wyo'StVLt '"' ''' ''"'^' ^' ''''' '' ''•''' '--' '''''^'' 
 
 -f- -I- Flowers mn//a; except in L. Oraj/i, vever yellow : ovules 3 (o O. 
 
 ^* Leaves distant; lower petioles elongated ; leaflets not smooth above : racemes mostly 
 dense : ovules \ to (S. 
 
 12. L sericeus, Pursh. Rather stout, 1 to 2 feet high: pubescence of coarse 
 
 rto"2'rinche: 1 ^ '""1"° ^'r^ S^^^"?' ' '^ '' '^^^'y 'O' — ^^^ oblanceoMe 
 1 to 2| inches long acute: peduncles short: bracts deciduous, often much exceed- 
 ing the calyx : pedicels slender, 2 or 3 lines long: calyx strongly gibbous densely 
 ft "^f'nd"'! ^' "^- ^-l-^^I'.Jhe "PPer slightly toothed : petd^s blue or whiS^ 
 i 4Gt wlo^^^^^ r'sst "'"''= ^"' '^""^^ ''^'"'^ '' ^"^^ long. -Flora; 
 eas^erc'^airrnia." ^"'''''■" ^'"'^^'^' ^^'^'^' '^"^ Montana, and doubtless to be found in North- 
 
 13. L.leucophyUus Dougl. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, densely silky- 
 tomentose throughout and somewhat villous : leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate or cune- 
 
 tlo.'ZTr 1 ' '"'i ' ^^^"' ^"*"' ^^'^ "PI^^'' Petioles about equalling the leaves: 
 racemes sessile or nearly so, densely flowered and usually elongated : bracts subulate 
 or linear, subpersistent or deciduous: pedicels stout, a line long or less: upper 
 calyx-hp rather deeply cleft : petals blue or pink ; the standanl densely villous, the 
 
 l)lr T ',,' ;f^TT^™"-Jl^^- ^^'S- t. 112.1; Watson, 1. c. 529. L. plumosus, 
 JJougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1217. 
 
 ^iTd^robXtorSaJn: l^ZlT. ^"' ^^^ '''''^ ' ^'^^ '^^^ ^^^^ (^"^- 
 
 „=no1i ^-.^^ayi, Watson. A span high, rather stout, densely hoary-toraentosc, 
 usually with some silky hairs : leaflets 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse 
 or acutish | to U inches long, shorter than the petioles : racemes pe.luncle.l, short 
 and loosely flowered ; bracts subulate, equalling the calyx ; pe.licels more slender, 1 
 or 2 lines long : flowers subverticillate, light blue, G to 7 lines long, with broad 
 wings and broad naked standard: keel ciliate: pod an inch long or more, 6- G- 
 seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 1 26. 
 
220 LEGUMINOS.E. Lupinus. 
 
 In tho Sien-a Nevada from Mariposa Co., near Clark's {A. Gray), to Indian Valley, Plumas Co., 
 Mrs. M. E. P. Ames. 
 
 L. Palmkui, Watson, 1. e. viii. f>;{0, from the San Franciseo Mts., Arizona, is densely i)ube.s- 
 cent with rather ri{?id stniigiit mon- or le.ss spreiiding hairs ; leallets small, acute ; llowers small, 
 in a narrow pcduneled raceme, with short dociiluous bracts ; corolla deep blue ; standard some- 
 what hairy ; keel naked. 
 
 I.. N1VKU.S, Watson, 1. e. .\i. Vl(\, is another allied species, from Guadalupe Island {J'alincr), 
 densely white-tomentose, not villous ; tho deep blue rather small llowers on slender petlicels ; 
 petals all naked. 
 
 15. L. lepidus, Douj^l. ISlender, often low, a span to two feet high, leafy at 
 base, densely appressed silky-villous : leallets 7 to I), narrowly oblanceolato, ^ to U 
 inehes long, acute, on elongated petioles : bracts not exceeding tho calyx, deciihiona : 
 llowers verticillate or scattered, on sliort }K-dicels, in an elongated long-ped uncled 
 racoiuo : ujjpor calyx lip toothed or deeply cleft : jaitals violet, tho standanl nakitd 
 and koel ciliate : pod an inch long. — Liudl. Bot. lu-g. t. lU'J ; Watson, 1. c. viii. 
 530. 
 
 From Puget Sound to Klamath Lakes, and collected by Boluiulcr in Bear Valley in the Sierra 
 Nevada ; near Cai-son City, Nevada, on foot-hills, Bluumcr, IFatsait,. 
 
 16. L. ConfertUB, Kellogg. Erect or ascending, a foot high or more: pubes- 
 cence silky-villous, appressed or spreading : leallets 5 to 8, cuneate-oblong to nar- 
 rowly oblanceolate, | to If inches long, acute : raceme usually dense, rather long- 
 peduncled ; bracts persistent, setaceous, about etpialling the calyx : llowers verticillate, 
 nearly sessile, blue or rose-colored : upi)er calyx-lip 2-cleft : standard naked, rather 
 narrow ; the keel ciliate : pod three fourths of an inch long, 2 - 4-seeded : seeds nearly 
 round, white. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 192, fig. 59 ; Watson, 1. c. L. Torreyi, Gray; 
 Watson, r»ot. King Exp. 58. L. sellulus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from Yosemite Valley to Washoe Lake and Donner Pass. Well marked 
 by its consj)i(;uou3 persistent bracts. 
 
 17. L. onustus, Watson. Low, a span high or less, with a deciunbont sonie- 
 wliat woody base, rather sparingly silky-villous : leallets 5 to 8, oblanceolate, acuto 
 or acutish, glabrous aliove, about an inch long; the petioles two or three times 
 longer: llowers deep blue, small, scattered in a loose short and shortly peduncled 
 raceme : bracts short, deciduous : pedicels slender : standard naked ; keel strongly 
 ciliate : pod an inch and a half long, half an inch broad, 6-ovuled : seeds large, over 
 three lines broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. 
 
 Indian Valley, Plumas Co. {Mrs. M. E. Pulsifcr Ames) ; Sieri-a Co., Lemmoii. Somewhat 
 resembling L. parviflorus on a reduced scale, but the fruit very distinct. 
 
 ++ ++ Stevis leafy : petioles and peduncles mostly short : bracts deciduous, usually 
 short : ovides 3 to 5. 
 
 18. L. Anderson!, Watson. Slender, about a foAt high, much branched and 
 leafy, finely appressed pubescent : leallets 7 to 9, narrowly oblanceolate, acute or 
 obtuse, pubescent both sides, about an inch long, eciualling the petioles : racemes 
 short and shortly peduncled ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : calyx not saccate, the lips 
 nearly equal : petals blue or pinkish ; standard and keel naked : pod \\ inches long : 
 seed light-colored, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 58, and 1. c. viii. 531. 
 
 Var. C?) Grayi, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 6 to 
 9 lines long ; the whole plant densely appressed-hairy. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City {Anderson); the variety, a very doubtful fonn, near 
 Clark's Ranch in Mariposa Co., A. Gray. Scanty specimens of another allied form, densely hairy- 
 tomentose, with narrowly oblanceolate leaflets, have been collected by lltdhrock on the North 
 Fork of Kern River, at 8,500 feet altitude. 
 
 19. L. parviflorus, Nutt. Stems mostly solitary, strict, erect, slender, 2 or 
 3 feet high, at length .somewhat branched : pubescence scanty, short, appressed, tho 
 calyx and pedicels silky : leaves rather distant; leaflets 5 to 11, oblanceolate to 
 
Lupinns. LEGUMINOS^. jOl 
 
 obovate, 1 or 2 inches long acute or obtuse, glabrous above, the lower leaves shorter 
 
 t" wV' r' \ TT ^ ^ ^ ^°' ^^"^' '^''''^'^> ^^^'^ linear-subulate, equamn' 
 the calyx; pedicels slender, 1 to 2 lines long: calyx-lips nearly equal • petal, liX" 
 blue ; the stan. anl naked ; the keel naked or cili.ito, : ^od f ^^: 2^! 4 eedcd 
 
 33gT Watsonri ''531" ' '"" ''"" " ''""^''^^- ~ ^^"''- "^ '^"'''^'- ^-"'-y.' 
 In the mountains from the Coh,mhia Kiver to Yosemite Valley, and eastward to the Wahsatch 
 
 rather ^;nt^l^^';"f^^'/-T« ^,^'™' '^"'^''^''' "^ "^ '"^^'^^ ^•^^^""i^I ^P^ci^'S 
 lather stout, 1 to 2 feet high, finely appressed-silky : leaflets G to 12, usually 9 
 
 Ob ancoolnte, 1 or 2 inches long, acute, more or less silky on both sides, at least 
 
 S" T^S IhT "'"^ ";"'"";? '' ^ ''"'"^ ^'"«' '''''''' «"l->lato; pedicels 
 slender, 1 to 3 lines long : calyx sdky, conspicuously spurred, the lips unequal • 
 peta s wh. e or blue; the pubescent standard six lines long, exce;ding the wings and" 
 ci ha e kee : pod an jnch long : seeds light-colored, nearly^ three linel long. -Pro 
 Calif. Acad. 11. 195, fig. 60; Watson, 1. c. 531. 
 On the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and eastward in Northern Nevada. 
 
 21. L laxiflorus, Dougl. Slender, 1 to 2 feet high: pubosccnco short, silky 
 appressed : leaflets 6 to 8, narrowly oblanceolato, acute, silky on both sides, ;t least 
 half as long as the petioles : racemes loose and slender ; pedicels 2 to 3 lines lone • 
 6 lbr..Tnnr' ^"^^f ^'^f « f base, the upper lip shortly toothed : petals blue, 3 to 
 IZh^nt"^ i' f """^"'^ somewhat pubescent and keel ciliate : pod less than 
 an inch long : seeds two lines in dian.eter. - Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1140 -Watson 1 c 
 
 Sh. i;Jt 198,^;;:^: '^"''- ""'' ''-- ' ''''■ ' -"^^- ^^"^S'i:: 
 u!:zlTZil:l::!Zl^^^^^^^^ ^^"^^ -^-'^ ^°""^^ ^-' -'^ -^t-«' ^o ti. wahsatch 
 
 22. L argenteus, Pursh. Slender, 1 or 2 feet high, hoary with short silkv 
 sToo^:^"''"""'^^= ^^^^t ' "^ '- l"--l--olate,^f'to 11 hiche long a uS 
 
 but not ,11^''.)'' h'^ '^'"'^T-' T^'^^y ^^^"^^•- '^^y^ campanulate, gibbous 
 colored TZir T' ^'' I'^^r 'P ^'"''^^^ •'^"'^ '^'^^bed: petals blue ^r cream- 
 colored, 3 or 4 lines long ; standard very broad, naked or slightly hairy • the keel 
 naked or subcdiate : pod short : ovules 3 to 5. - Flora, i. 408^; mj^yj 7^3^^ 
 
 Plains ol the Cohunl.ia and Snake Rivers, and eastward ; prohal.Iy in Norlho^slorn Californin. 
 «iiw" ^-^^^los^^ceus Nutt. Slender, 1 to 1| foot high: pubosconco silvory- 
 at W.f tl ^ oppressed : leaflets 6 to 8, narrowly oblanceolato, | to U inches long, 
 
 ses fe 3 ! T ' V" ""^ ^''' ^f'^''' "'"^^' ^^^^ ''^^^ ^" ^oth sides : racemes nearly 
 sessle 3 to 6 inches long ; flowers verticillate ; pedicels short, rather stout : calyx 
 
 S/^ '^Tf k \ T ''^'''^y ^'1"^^' ^^'^ "PP^^ broad an.l shortly toothed : petals 
 flesh-co or 2 to 5 lines long; the standard very broad, pubescent on the back ; the 
 
 WatsolI'''l c 532 """ '" ' ^""^ ' ''"'' '^^^''' large. - Torr. .S, Gray, Flom i. 380 ; 
 
 East of the Sien-a Nevada from the Columbia River to Southern Nevada, 
 d.ni ^- °^f ion^*h«S, Gray. Low, branched and leafy, a foot high : pubescence 
 dense, sdky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, I to 1 inch 
 long acut.sb, sdky both sides, about equalling the petiole: racemes short and 
 small, nearly sessile; bracts ovate; flowers subvertioillate or sr.attere.l, blue on 
 I)0<licel3 ^ to 1 line long: calyx campanulate, not spurred, .densely tomentose : 
 peta 3 two lines long, scarcely exceeding the mlyx ; the standard very broad, naked : 
 the keel .s ,ght|y cliate : pod half an inch long : seeds white, two lines in diameter. 
 — J roc. Am. Acarl. vi, 622 ; Watson, 1. c 533. 
 
 Polleoted only by /)r. ^ndr.r^on nearCnrfion Pity. proKibly in the Sirrra Nevada. 
 
222 LEGUMINOS^. Lupinus. 
 
 * * Dxvarf perennials, mostly cespitose : racemes usually short and dense ; bracts 
 somew/uU persistent; flowers suhverticillate, on sliort pedicels: upper calyx-lip 2-cle/t 
 ('l-tootlu'd ill L. (iridus), the loiver 3-toothed : keel dilate: ovules 3 to ii : pud hairy, 
 oblong, 3 - ^-seeded. 
 
 25. L. aridus, Dougl. Stems cespitose, 2 or 3 inches long : pubescenco villous, 
 both loose uud appicssed : leallets 5 to 7, obhinceokte, an inch long or less, acute, 
 the petioles 3 or 4 times longer : raceme ilense, 2 or 3 inches long ; jieduncle 
 shorter tlian the leaves ; bracts nearly equalling the calyx : petals purple, 5 lines 
 long ; the elliptical standard usually shorter : pod 5 lines long. — Lindl. l!ot. Reg. 
 t. 1242 ; Watson, 1. c. 533. 
 
 Var. Lobbii, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, half an inch long, 
 the petioles 2 or 3 times longiT : peduncles exceeding the leaves : calyx-lips more 
 strongly toothed : standard bn)ader. 
 
 Washington Territory and Oregon : the variety in the liigher Sici ni Nevathi {Lo1>h) ; above 
 Ebbett and iSonora Passes, at 8,500 and 12,000 I'eet altitude, Brewer. 
 
 26. L. minimus, Dougl. Appressed silky-villous : stems 3 to G inches high : 
 leallets 5 to 7, uhuvate or oblanceolate, 3 to 8 lines long, mostly acutish, the peti- 
 oles 3 or 4 times longer : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves : bracts linear : 
 upper calyx-lip deeply bilid : petals purple, 4 or 5 lines long; the standard orbicular. 
 — Hook. Fl. i. 1G3; Watson, 1. c. 534. 
 
 Oregon and Washington Territory, to Northwestern Wyoming (Parry), and in the high Sierra 
 Nevada ; above L'isco (Kdluijij) ; Sunnnit Station, in shade, Greene. 
 
 27. L. Breweri, Gmy. . Stems G inches long or less, from a spreading branched 
 woody caudex, very leafy: pubescence dense, silky, appressed: leaflets 7 to 10, 
 obovate, obtuse, 4 to G lines long, at least half as long as the petiole : racemes very 
 short, the peduncle equalling the leaves ; bracts short : calyx-lips nearly equal ; the 
 upper deeply bilid, the lower shortly and equally toothed : petals blue, equal, 3 to 
 4 lines long ; the standard orbicular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada fVo7ii Mt. Pines and the North P'ork of the Kern River, from 8,000 to 
 12,000 feet altitude (Rothrock) and Yoseniile Valley, at (i.OOO to 8,000 feet altitude (Brewer, 
 Gray), to Sierra Co., Lcinmoii. Stems sometimes very short and densely matted. 
 
 28. L. Lyallii, Gray. Stems leafy, from a spreading woody caudex : pubes- 
 cence dense, villous, appressed : leaflets 5 or 6, obovate, 3 or 4 lines long, acutish, 
 the petioles much longer : racemes very short, the peduncles much exceeding the 
 leaves ; bracts short : calyx-lips nearly cijual : petals purple, five lines long, nearly 
 equal; the standard (illiptical. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 Var. Danaus, Watson, 1. c. Stems less leafy : pubescenco less abundant : flowers 
 nearly white; the keel tipi)ed with tlark-purple. — L. Danaus, (Jray, 1. c. 
 
 Alpine ; summits of the Cascade Mountains, Wasliin^ton Territory (Lyalf) ; the variety on Mt. 
 Dana, at 12,500 feet altitude (Bolander), and on the North Fork of Kern River, at 8,000 feet, 
 Eothrock. 
 
 * * * Annuals: leaflets mostly 6 to 1 {in L. leptophyllus, & to 10) : upper calyx-lip 
 2-parted or bifid : pod linear, 4 - 8-seeded. 
 
 +- Floivers vei-ticillate : bracts deciduous. 
 
 29. L. aiRnis, Agardh. Stem a foot high, rather stout : pubescence very short, 
 more or less spreading : leallets broadly wedge-obovate, an iindi long or more, 
 emarginate or oljttise, smoother above; tlio petioles twice longer: peduncles long; 
 bracts short : petals 5 lines long ; the keel usually naked : ovules 5 to 7. — Sy- 
 nopsis, 20, in part; Watson, 1. c. 535. L. cervinus? Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 
 229, fig. 73. 
 
 From San Francisco and Bear Valley (Kcllorig) to San Diego ; in early sjiring. Distingiushed 
 from the larger- flowered forms of tlie next species by its short pubescence, broader and obtuser 
 
Lupinus. LEGUMIN0SJ5. 223 
 
 leaflets, usually smooth ahove, and its short brarts. Dr. Kcllogg's L. crrvinux appears to be a 
 stout form, with laige leaves and short pedicels. 
 
 30. L. nanus, Dougl. Slender, ^ to 1 foot high, often brandling from the base, 
 villous or linely pubescent : leallets linear to oblanceolate, lialf to an inch long, 
 usually acute, pubescent on both sides, the })etioles 1 to 3 times longer : racemes 
 loose ; bracts exceeding the calyx ; ])edicels slender : upper calyx-lip 2-cleft : petals 
 usually 5 or 6 lines long, very broad, bluish-pur])lo or at lirst nearly white ; the 
 standard sliortcr and usually marked with dark-purplo lines : ovules G to 8 : pod ^ 
 to 1^ inches long. — JJciitli. in Jlort. 'J'rana. n. sor. i. 401), t. M; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 From Siicramcnto Valley to Southern California, fic<iiient. Flowering in curly spring and 
 rather variable. 
 
 31. L. micranthus, Dougl. Slender, 3 to 12 inches high, villous : leaflets 
 linear, \ to 1 incii long : racemes short, often rather dense ; bracts shorter than the 
 calyx ; pedicels a lino long or less : calyx-lips broad, the upper with short triangu- 
 lar lobes : petals 2 or 3 lines long ; the wings and standard very narrow. — Lindl. 
 liot. Reg. t. 1251 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 Var. microphyllus, Watson, 1. c. The lower and moni liirsuto form, with tlie 
 leaflets but 3 to G lines long. 
 
 Var. bicolor, Watson, 1. c. Flowers a little larger, witli the petals somewhat 
 broader, and pedicels 1 or 2 lines long. — L. bicolor, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1109. 
 
 Var. trifidus, Watson, 1. c. Very hairy ; lower lij) of the calyx 3-parted. 
 
 From Pnget Sound to Soiithcrn California, very frequent ; the var. frjfidiis near San Francisco, 
 remarkable lor the division of the calyx. The var. bicolor approaches forms of L. lunucs, and 
 tends to unite the two species. 
 
 -(- -{- Flowers scattered: bracts more or less persistent, except in L. leptophyllus and 
 L. Stiveri : ovules 4 to 6, or 8 in L. trimcatus. 
 
 32. L. leptophyllus, Henth, Slender, rarely branched, 1 or 2 feet liigh, vil- 
 lous : stipules linear-setaceous: leadots 8 to 10, narrowly linear, 1 to 1^ inches 
 long, glabrous above ; the very slender petioles 2 or 3 times longer : racemes 3 to 10 
 inches long ; bracts setaceous, much exceeding the calyx : upper calyx-lip narrow, 
 deeply cleft : petals 5 or 6 lines long, bluish-lilac, with a deep-crimson spot upon 
 the standard. — Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409 ; Watson, 1. c. 530. 
 
 Sacrnmento Valley and southward, on hills and in rocky places. A form occurs with rather 
 broader leaves. 
 
 33. L. sparsiflorus, Benth. Very slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 1^ feet 
 high, villous with spreading hairs : upper leaves much reduced : leaflets 5 to 9, 
 linear, ;J to 1 inch long ; the narrow petioles 2 to 4 times longer : bracts linear- 
 setaceous, .shorter than the calyx, subpersistent ; pedicels short : upjier calyx-lip 
 2-parted : petals violet, 5 lines long; the standard shorter: pod a half to an incli 
 long. — PI. Hartweg. 303 ; AVatson, 1. c. 
 
 From the Sacramento Valley to Southern California. 
 
 34. L. truncatUS, Nutt. Rather stout, sparingly branched, I to 2 feet high, 
 finely i)ubesc,ent, becoming nearly glabrous: stipules sliort, subidate ; leaflets 5 to 7, 
 linear, narrowed from tlie truncate or somewhat 3-toothed apex to the base, smooth 
 above, | to 1^ inches long, nearly equalling the petiole: bracts short, subpersistent: 
 pedicels ^ to 2 lines long : upper calyx-lip 2-cleft : petals deep-purple, 4 or 5 lines 
 long ; the standard shorter : pod \\ inches long. — Hook. Sc Am. Bot. Beechey, 336; 
 Watson, 1. c. 
 
 From San I'Vancisco to San Diogo. 
 
 35. L. Stiver!, Kellogg. Diffusely branched, about a foot high, finely and 
 rather sparingly pubescent : leaflets 5 to 7, broadly cuneate-obovate, ^ to 1^ inches 
 long, obtuse or acutish, raucronulato, scarcely more glabrous above, nearly equalling 
 
"1^24 LEGUMINOSJi. Lupinus. 
 
 tho petioles: moenuvs 2 or 3 inches long, 5- 10 llowcreil, raUior long-peilnnelod ; 
 bmcts Hhort; luHliuol.s 1 or 2 lines long: uppur ciilyx-lip 2-piirtctl with broml iicuto 
 lobes : petals or 7 linos long ; the yellow Htandanl shorter than tho rose-colored 
 wings: pod an inch long, nearly glabrous. — I'roc. Calif. Acad. ii. 192, lig. 58 ; 
 Watson, 1. c. 537. 
 
 In tho Sierni Neviulii from Nevada Co. to Mariposa Co. A peculiarly haiulsonie and well 
 marked species. 
 
 36. L. hirsutissimus, Benth. Stout, a foot high or more, very hispid Avith 
 spreading straight and viscid stinging hairs : leaflets 5 to 7, broadly cuneate-obo- 
 vate, obtuse or retuse or sometimes acute, mucronulate, | to 1| inches long, half as 
 long as the petioles : racemes loose, 3 to 8 inches long ; bracts short, subulate, usu- 
 ally deciduous ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long : calyx large, the broad upper lip deeply 
 cleft : petals six lines long, nearly equal, reildisli-purple : pod hirsute, an inch long. 
 — Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 In dry places, from tho Sacramento to Soutlioru California. 
 
 37. L. concinnus, Agardh. Low, 4 to 6 inches high, densely villous or hir- 
 sute : leaflets 5 to 8, oblanceolate, 4 to 10 lines long, obtuse; the slender petioles 2 
 to 4 times longer : iiiceme short, often nearly sessih; ; bracts short, linear-setaceous, 
 persistent ; pedicels very short : upper calyx-lip 2-i)artod, the lower rather deeply 
 trifid : petals 4 lines long, violet ; tho standard shorter, with a yellow spot in tho 
 coiitro : i)oil 4-soeded. — yynoi)sis, (5, t. 1 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 Var. ArizoniCUS, Watson, 1. c. leather stout, a span high, more sparingly hir- 
 sute : leaflets oblanceolate to linear, obtuse or acute : raceme more elongated : petals 
 3 or 4 lines long, equal, ochroleucous or tipped with violet : pod half an inch long, 
 3-5-seeded. 
 
 From Monterey to Sonora, rarely collected ; the variety in Southeastern California and Arizona. 
 
 38. L. gracilis, Agardh. Slender, 3 to 6 inches high, very hairy : leaflets 5 to 
 7, cuneate-obovate, 3 to 6 lines long, the slender petioles 2 or 3 times longer: 
 raceme short, loose, flexuous ; bracts short ; pedicels less than a line long : petals 
 blue and white, 2 or 3 lines long, narrow; the standard slightly shorter; the 
 flowers nearly as in L. micranthus : pod half an inch long : seeds a line in diam- 
 eter. — Synopsis, 15, t. 1 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 From Monterey to Southern California ; rarely collected. 
 § 2. Floivers as in § 1 : ovules 2 : cotyledons broad and clasping after gei-mination, 
 nsually I'mrf'-peisisterU. Erect annuals: leajhts cimeate-oblom/ or -ohovate : 
 bracts persistent : pod ovate. — ri-ATYOARPOS, Watson. 
 
 * Flowers verticillate : stents tall, with elongated peduncles. 
 
 39. L. microcarpus, Sims. Villous with long hairs, | to 1 1 feet high : stip- 
 ules long, setaceous ; leaves mostly approximate, on elongated petioles ; leaflets 
 usually 9, cuneate-oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse or emarginate, sometnnes acut- 
 ish, smooth above: pedicels 1 or 2 lines long: bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the 
 calyx or shorter : calyx densely villous, large ; lips toothed, the upper very short 
 and subscarious ; bractlets often wanting : i)etals purple to white, G or 7 lines long, 
 equal; tho keel slightly ciliate : pods villous, 8 lint-s long. — liot. Mag. t. 2413; 
 Watson, 1. c. 538. L. palustris & lacteus, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 16 
 & 37. 
 
 Frequent from the Columbia lUver to Southern California ; also a native of Chili. 
 
 40. L. densiflorus, Benth. Much resembling the last : more sparingly villous 
 with shorter hairs : bracts usually much shorter than the calyx, which is smooth or 
 finely pubescent ; the upjier lip often entire : petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely- 
 white or pink. —Hort. Trans, n. ser. i. 409; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1689; Watson, 
 
I^ifoli^irn. LEGUMINOS^. jor 
 
 1. c — Z. Memieui, Agarclh, Synopsis, 2; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5019. L Memiesu 
 var. aurea, Kellogg, 1. c. v. 16. b w. ^. Memiesu, 
 
 From the Sacramento Valley southward ; frequent. 
 
 41. L luteolus Kellogg. Rather slender, 1 or 2 feet high : pubescence short 
 appressed, ra her silky, the bracts and pod villous : stipules short/ leaves scatLred' 
 on short petioles; leaflets usually 7, cuneate-oblong, an inch long obtuse or 
 acute, sometimes smooth above : bracts linear-setaceous, exceeding the cayx flowers 
 as m Uio last; the petals pa o-yellow, six lines long. - Proc. 'calif. Acad, v 38 
 L. /Sridf/em, Gray ; Watson, 1. c. 638. 
 Sacramento Valley (BHdjcs) ■ Nnpa Valley {Greene) ; Mcndocir.o Co., Bolander, Kellogg. 
 
 * * Low : flotvers scattered in the racemes : bracts shorter than the calyx. 
 42 L-pusiUus, Pursh. Rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, hirsute ^yith long 
 spreading hairs : leaflets mostly 5, cuneate-oblong or -oblanceokte, 4 to ll inch J 
 long, acute or obtuse nearly smootli above, about half as long as the petioli r? 
 ceme. 2 or 3 inches long, nearly sessile ; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long : upper caWx-lTn 
 2-cleft : petals purple or rose-color, four lines long : pod half an inch long or more 
 seed nearly two lines broad. - Flora, i. 468 ; Watson, 1. c. 538. ^ ' 
 
 From the Missouri to the Columl.ia and southward, cast of the Sierra Nevada to Arizon,. «nH 
 New Mexico ; doubtless occurrhig in Northeastern California. ' ^"* ''"^ 
 
 43^ L. brevicaulis, Watson. Less hairy, or villous with soft spreading haiis 
 1 to 6 inches high : stems often short or nearly wanting : leaflets usually 7 cunS 
 
 obovate or oblanceolate, 5 to 8 lines long, obtuse: racemes dense, 1 or'2 iufh^ 
 It ll I^«;!""'^^«^«^"■^"•"g 7 exceeding the leaves ; pc<licols a line or two long 
 
 upper calyx-hp scarious, very short or truncate: petals light or dark blue 3 to^' 
 inos long : pod 3 to 5 lines long : seed about a line broad. - 1 ot King Exp 53 
 
 t. 7, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 539. ^ P" ^'^' 
 
 size of the flowers, &c. A slender and caulescent vi 11 on, for!! 1 u ' ^'"^""^of pubescence, 
 son. . S. Utah and S. Colorado, which ^^^^^^^Jl^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 § 3. Flowers axillary solitary : sides of the standard scarcely reflexed : keel nearly 
 
 straight : pod ovate : ovules 2.— Lupinellus, Watson. 
 
 **i ^/ "'l.f/alis Watson. Annual, less than an inch high, din"usely branched 
 
 very leafy, villous: leaflets 5, cuneate-oblong, 2 lines long, obk, e: peduLlTequai: 
 
 hng the leaves or shorter: calyx not bracteolate, the upper lip deeply deft pS 
 
 reSTbTuse.^'rtw'^f-' ^^ ^"'^"'^P^' ^''^''^'^ oUvate,^cutrf thekeern 
 beaked, obtuse: pod two hues long. — Bot. King Exp. 54, t 7 & 1 c 
 
 On rocky hillsides near the Big Bend of the Truckee in Northwestern Nevada.' 
 
 6. TRIFOLIUM, Linn. Clover. 
 Calyx 5-cIeft, with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Corolla withering and persist- 
 ent; claws all more or less adnata to the stamineal tube, or the oblong or ovate 
 standard sometimes free : wings narrow ; keel short, obtuse. Stamens usually dia- 
 dephous ; anthers uniform. Style filiform. Pod small and usually enclosed in the 
 calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent, or dehiscent at the ventral suture, 1 - 6-seeded 
 -Herbs; loaves palmatoly compoun.l, witli 3 or mroly 5 to 7 usually toothed 
 eaflets; stipules adnate to the petiole; flowoi-s in capitate racemes, spikes or um- 
 bels, rarely few or solitary ; peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. - 
 Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. 
 
126 
 
 A 
 nor 
 
 LEGUMINOSyE. 
 
 TrifoU 
 
 V "■emis of perhaps 200 or more species, in temperate ami subtropical regions, chielly oi the 
 „u. thorn heniisi.hcre. In North America it is most largely represented on the western suic, only 
 live species being native iu the Atlantic States, while 40 or n.ore are iound in the region west ot 
 the Uocky Mountains, incUuUug a se.aion with invohicrato heads peculiar to the western i.arts ol 
 North uiid South America. Most of the si.ccics of the Coast iJanges and interior valleys are 
 
 •2. T. 
 3. T. 
 
 Andeksonii. 
 Lemmum. 
 
 4. T. KKIOCKl'HALUM. 
 
 PHIMOSUM. 
 LONGU'ES. 
 
 7. T. ALTISSIMUM. 
 
 KiNGII. 
 
 Beckwithii. 
 
 bolanderi. 
 Maciij;i. 
 
 normally " winter animals," the perennials belonging chielly to the Sierra Nevada and cooler ju..- 
 tioiisof the State. I'Vw of thorn are Hullicienlly abundant to yield any important amount ol 
 forage, and none are e.iual iu this respect to the commonly cultivated Euroi.ean species. 
 
 ♦ Heads not involucrate : leallets 5 to 7 : Bowers sessile : calyx-teeth fdiform, plumose : perennial. 
 Stout, somewhat villous : flowers spicate, very large. 1. T. megacephai.um. 
 
 Dwarf, den.sely villous : flowers umbellate, half an inch long : leaflets 
 
 nearly entire. ,, i n ^ 
 
 Dwarf, alpine, somewhat iiubescent : flowers spicate, very small : leallets 
 
 coarsely toothed. 
 
 ♦ » Heads not involucrate : leaves 3-foliolate. 
 
 Perennial or biennial : heads terminal : flowers sessile or nearly so. 
 More or less pubescent : calyx-teeth very narrow, much longer than 
 the tube, plumose or hairy. 
 Teeth liliform, curved, very plumose : usually pubescent : heads 
 
 ovate. 
 Teeth straicrht, plumose : pubescent : heads ovate to oblong : leal- 
 lets long and narrow. 
 Teeth straight, hairy : stem usually smooth : heads ovate. 
 Glabrous, stout : teeth subulate, twisted, twice longer than the tube : 
 
 heads ovate to oblong. 
 Glabrous : teeth scarcely exceeding the tube. 
 
 Slender : heads rather small : leaflets usually narrow and acuminate, 
 
 coarsely veined and toothed. ^• 
 
 Stouter : heads large : leaflets usually broader and obtuse. 8. 
 
 Low and cesi>itose : heads very small : leaflets small, broad and ob- 
 tuse, linely reticulated and scarcely toothed. 10. 
 Annual, pubescent : lauds mostly terminal : flowers sessile : calyx-teeth 
 
 long-filiform, very plumose. ■,. „, 
 
 Annuals, mostly glabrous : heads axillary : flowers shortly pedicellate : 
 calyx-teeth subulate, not plumose. 
 Glabrous ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, rigid, the scanous margin rough- 
 
 ciliate. , , n ..i 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so : calyx campanulate, the teeth eiiuuUing the 
 petals : heads rather dense. 
 Leaflets not notched. • 
 
 Leaflets deeply notched or 2-clcft. ., ,, , 
 
 Subpubescent throughout : calyx narrow ; teeth shorter than the pet- 
 als : heads very loose. ^^• 
 Glabrous : flowers sessile : calyx short : corolla inflated. -&• 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ Heads subtended by an involucre : annual. 
 Corolla not becoming inflated : involucre not membranaceous, deeply 
 lobed, the lobes laciniately toothed. 
 Glabrous : heads many-flowered : calyx-teeth thin, long and narrow, 
 
 gradually attenuate, entire or setosely cleft : ovules several. 
 Glabrous or glandular-puberulent : heads many-llowered : calyx-teeth 
 rigid, rather abruptly narrowed from a broad base into the 
 smnulose apex, entire or shortly toothed : ovules 2. 
 Glabrous, very slender : heads small : flowers little exceedin, 
 
 calyx : teeth rigid, setosely acuminate, entire. 
 Often villou.s, small, very slender : flowers 1 to 4, very much longer 
 than the calyx : teeth thin, shortly acuminate. 
 Corolla not inflated : involucre membranaceous, at least at base, less 
 deeply lobed ; lobes entire or serrate. 
 Villous: lobes of involucre entire: calyx-teeth subulate, with broad 
 
 scarious margin. 
 Villous : lobes 3-toothed : calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; margin nar- 
 row, seiTulate. 
 Smooth : involucre very broad ; lobes serrate : calyx-teeth setosely 
 many-branched. 
 
 T. CILIATUM. 
 
 GKACILENTUM. 
 BIFIDUM. 
 
 Bkeweki. 
 
 DEl'AUl'EKATUM. 
 
 16. T. INVOUICUATUM. 
 
 the 
 
 17. 
 
 19. 
 
 TRIDEiNTATUM. 
 I'AUCIiLORUM. 
 MONANTllUM. 
 
 MICROCEPHALUM. 
 MICRODON. 
 CYATUIFERUM. 
 
Trifolium. LEG UMINOSvE. 
 
 127 
 
 Corolla becoming conspicuously inflated. 
 
 More or less villous : involucre broad, setaceously many-tootbed : 
 
 calyx-teeth fililbrni, plumose. 23. T barbigekum 
 
 Smooth, stout : flowers largo : involucre })road. deeply lobed or parted • 
 
 lobes entire : teeth narrowly subulate. ' 24. T. fucatum 
 
 Smooth, low and slender : ilowers lew, small : calyx-teeth narrowly 
 subulate. 
 Involucre with oblong entire obtuse lobes, equalling the calyx. 26 T amplectens 
 
 Involucre nearly wanting, merely a toothed or entire disk. 25. T. depauperatum. 
 
 § 1. Heads not involucrate, dense: leajlets 5 to 7, rarely 3, thick : Jloivers sessile:, 
 calyx-teeth nearly equal, filifonn, plnmose: perennial. 
 
 1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Stout, a span hif,'h or less, somewliat villous- 
 stipules large, ovate-oblong, serrate; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, obtuse" 
 mucronate, an inch long or less, toothed : heads mostly terminal, pedunculate larcre '• 
 flowers spicate, an inch long, purplish : calyx half as long, the teeth very much 
 longer than the tube: pod stipitate, 6-ovuled, smooth. —Gen. ii. 105; Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 315. Lupinaster macrocephalns, Pursh, Fl. ii, 479 t. 23. 
 
 Sierra Valley, Sierra ('o {Lemvion) ; Diamond Mts., N. Nevada ( /F/Le/er) ; northwanl in the 
 mountains to the British boundary {Lyall) : rather rare. 
 
 2. T. Andersonii, Gray. Dwarf, cespitose, densely silky-villous, leafy: stip- 
 ules lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets (Uineate-oblong, half an inch lon^^, acute 
 nearly entire : peduncles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves : flowers °half an 
 inch long, purplish, umbellate ; the outer bracts forming a rudimentary involucre : 
 calyx-teeth a little shorter than the petals : pod tomentose, about 5-ovuled 1 - 2- 
 seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 522. ' 
 
 Sierra Valley [Lcmmm) ; Carson Valley, Nevada, AndtrHon. Growing in dense tufts or mats 
 3 or 4 inches high, the stout bases of the stems almost woody. " The roots grow very deep and 
 80 strong arc the fibres that an ordinary breaking plough with two yokes of oxen can scarcolv tear 
 them u]i. ■' 
 
 3. T, Lemmoni, Watson. Dwarf, cespitose, alpine, sparingly appressed-pubes- 
 cent : stems rather slender, from a thick root : stipules ovate, acuminate coarsely 
 toothed ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, half an inch long or less • pedun- 
 cles mostly terminal, equalling the leaves : heads small, the rhachis only two lines 
 long : flowers numerous, spicate, very small (so far as known) : calyx villous, two 
 lines long, exceeding the purplish petals: stamlard strongly hooded: ovary smooth 
 2-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. ' 
 
 Lassen's Peak, Lemmon. Tlie few specimens are imperfect, only a few perhaps undeveloped 
 flowers remaining upon the receptacle. j 1 r v^^ 
 
 § 2. Heads not involucrate, terminal or apparently so, pedunculate : leajlets 3 : flowers 
 sessile or nearly so : biennial or perennial. 
 
 * More or kss pubescent : calyx-teeth very narroiv, longer than the tube, plumose or 
 hairy: stipules lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 4. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Erect, a span high or more, villous with spread- 
 ing hairs, or the stem and leaves rarely glabrous : stipules long, nearly entire ; leaf- 
 lets narrowly oblong or sometimes broader, 1 to 1.^ inches long, serrulate: flowers 
 in dense ovate spikes, at length reflexed, 4 to G lines long, ochroleucous : calyx- 
 teeth very villous, filiform, lax, nearly e(iualling the petals: ovary hairy, 2-4- 
 ovuled. — Torr. & (Jray, Fl. i. 313. 
 
 Mendocino Co. (Bolnndnr), and frequent in Oregon aii<l Idaho, on moist .soils. 
 
 5. T. plumosum, Dougl. Erect or ascending, a foot high or more, stout, some- 
 what appressed-villoiis : stipules long, entire or toothed ; leailets narrowly oblong to 
 linear, 2 to 4 inches long, serrulate : flowei-s in dense oblong or ovate spikes, not 
 
128 LEGUMINOS.'E. Trijolium. 
 
 leilexed, half an inch long, "white": calyx very villous; its teeth straight and 
 equalling the corolla: ovary smooth, 4-ovuleil. — Hook. FI. i. 130, t. 41). 
 
 In Oregon uiul Contial Idaho {Duiujlan, NuUall, i)jJutUintj), but not yot detected in Culifornia. 
 
 0. T. longipes, Nutt. Erect or ascending, slender, uhout a span high : stem 
 usimlly gluhroiiH, tlie Icallcts uuti calyx rti»ariugly villous : stipules laosily narrow, 
 entire or toothed ; leallets narrowly oblong to linear, usually very acute, about an 
 inch long, serrulate : flowers spicute or very shortly pedicellate in smaller and less 
 dense ovate heads, at length usually retlexed, 5 or G lines long, ochroleucous or 
 tinged with purple : calyx-teeth straight, more or less hairy, shorter than the corolla : 
 ovules 2 to 4. — Torr. (fe Gray, Fl. i. 314. 
 
 Var. latifolium, Hook. Leaflets broader : Howers obviously pedicellate, in 
 loose heads ; stems otl(!n low. — Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 209. Var. pyyvutum, (hay, 
 liot. Ives Colorado Fxp. U. 
 
 Moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada, from Yosemite Valley and above Mono Lake to the Brit- 
 ish boundary, and east to the Rocky Mountains. The variety sometimes takes on the aspect of 
 T. rejjeuis, but the calyx is always hairy and the teeth slender. 
 
 T. PKATENSE, Linn. (Kicu Clovku.) Steins ascending, somewhat hairy : stipules bristle- 
 pointed ; leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or emarginate : heads large, ovate, sessile : calyx-teeth 
 lax, shorter than the corolla : ovules 2. — Native of the Old World, extensively cultivated, and 
 perhaps the must valuable species of the genus. It belongs to a cooler and moister climate than 
 ours, but is cultivateil in some parts of the State. Tliero are several varieties, dilieiing chiefly in 
 size and time of liowering. 
 
 * * Glabrous throughout : calyx-teeth subulate, rigid, contorted, twice longer tlian the 
 
 tube : Jlowers sessile : stipules lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 7. T. altissimiiiu, Dougl. Erect, stout, a foot high or more : stipules very 
 long, toothed ; leaflets narrowly oblanceolato, very acute, two inches long, strongly 
 veined, the veins excurrent : flowers in dense oblong or ovate spikes, at length 
 somewhat rellexed, G to 8 lines long, red : lower calyx-tooth straight, the rest curved 
 or twisted downward : ovary smootli, 2-ovuled. — Hook. Fl. i. 130, t. 48. 
 
 Mountains of Oregon and Central Idaho ; to be looked for in Northern California. 
 
 * * * Glabrous throughout : calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the tube : stipules mostly 
 
 ovate, acute, entire : Jlowers on very short pedicels, at length rejlexed. 
 
 8. T. Beck'withii, IJrewer. Stems stout, ascending, a foot high or more : stip- 
 ules lanceolate to ovate ; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, serrate, 1 
 or 2 inches long : floAvers on very short })edicels, 7 to 9 lines long, in large dense 
 globose heads, red : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, straight, equalling the tube : ovary- 
 smooth, 2-G-ovuled. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 128. 2\ altissimum, Torr. & 
 Gray in Pacif. R. Pep. ii. 120. 
 
 In the northern Sierra Nevada {Bcckwith) ; Sierra Co. {Lcmmon) ; Humboldt Valley, Nevada 
 {Gray) ; Snake Country, Burke. Perhaps a large and stout form of the next. 
 
 9. T. Kingii, Watson. Pesembling the last, but smaller and more slender, with 
 smaller heads, and usually acuter leaflets : rhachis often producetl above the head, 
 with a few 8i)ine3cent bracts : flowers 4 to 7 lines long, rose-colored or purplish : lower 
 loaves (as in other species) often rounded or obovate. — Pot. King Exp. 59. 'J'. Hay- 
 deni, I'orter in llayden b'ep. 1871, 480. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, at Summit (BoluiuLr) and Sierra I'o. {Lemiimn), and in the mountains 
 eastward to Montana and Utah. 
 
 10. T. Bolanderi, Gray. Cespitose, small, the short stems decumbent : leaflets 
 obcordate to cuneate-oblong, half an inch long or less, very finely reticulated, slightly 
 serrulate : peduncles slender, elongated, occasionally axillary : heads small ; the 
 purplish flowers few, 3 or 4 lines long : calyx-teeth lanceolate, scarcely equalling 
 the tube : ovary smooth, 2-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 335. 
 
Trifolium. LEGUMINOS.E. 129 
 
 Moist or wet ground, nl)ove Yosemite Valley, at Wcstfall's Meadows, and Peregoy's, at 8,000 
 leot uUitudo, Bolandcr, Gray. 
 
 T. UEi'ENs, Linn. (White or Diircn Clovkk.) May Vw mentioned licro tlioiigh separated 
 from the group by its wliolly axillary i)eduncles. Stem slender and creeping : leadets rounded or 
 obcordate : flowers small, white, in loose globose heads. — Native of Europe, probably not in- 
 digenous in America, thongii very widely naturalized and often cultivated aa a valuable forago 
 plant. Introduced into the cooler parts of the State ; more common northward. 
 
 § 3. J lends not. involiicrate, pedunculate: leaflets 3: ovules 2: annuals. 
 * Heads mnsth/ terminal : floivers sessile, not reflexed: calyx-teeth filiform, pltcmdse. 
 
 11. T. Macraei, Hook. & Am. Somewhat villous with appressed or spreading 
 hairs, erect, slender, a half to a foot high : stipules ovate to lanceolate ; leaflets 
 obovate to uarrovvly oblong, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, about half an inch long : 
 flowers (lark purple, 3 lines long, in dense ovate long-peduncled heads : calyx very 
 villous ; the straight teeth as long as the petals, often tinged with purple : pod 
 1-seeded. — Uot. Misc. iii. 179; Bet. Beechey, 330, T. alhopurpureum, Tott. & 
 Gray, Vl i. 313. 
 
 Var. dichotomum, lirowor. A taHor and stouter form, with larger flowers in 
 heads nearly an inch long : corolla more conspicuous, tipped with white. — T. 
 dichotomum, Hook. & Am. liot. Beechey, 330; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. GOO. 
 
 On dry hillsides in early spring, chiefly in the Coa.st Ranges, from Santa Barbara to the Co- 
 lumbia River ; also in Chili. The Chilian form appears to have nearly sessile heads and stouter 
 calyx-teeth. 
 
 * * Heads axillary, small : floivers on .short pedicels, at length reflexed : calyx-teeth 
 sid)Hlate : mostly glabrous. 
 
 12. T. ciliatum, Nutt. Glabrou,"^, erect, often 1 to 2 feet high : stipules usually 
 narrow, acuminate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, a half to an inch long, ob- 
 tuse or retuse, serrulate : corolla wliite or purplish, little exserted, 3 lines long : 
 calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth lanceolate, very acute, rigid, the scarious margin 
 rigidly ciliolate. — PI. Gambel. 152. T. ciliolatum, Benth. PI. Hartw. 304. 
 
 On dry hillsides from Los Angeles to the Columbia ; readily distinguished by the calyx. 
 
 13. T, gracilentum, Torr. & Gray. Erect, slender, glabrous (the peduncles 
 and calyx rarely somewhat villous), a foot high or less : stipules lanceolate; leaflets 
 cuneate-oblong to obovate or obcordate, retuse, about half an inch long, serrulate : 
 flowers p.alo roso-color or ])urplisl), 2^ to 3 linos long, in rather close heads, on pedi- 
 cels a litin long or less : calyx-tube campanulate, the subidate teeth nearly equalling 
 the corolla. — Fl. i. 316. T. denndatum, Nutt. PI. Gambel. 152, t. 24. 
 
 On low hills and in the valleys from Los Angeles to the Columbia River. 
 
 14. T. bifidum, Gray. Exactly like the last, but the leaflets narrow, the sides 
 sparingly toothed or entire, and all dee]dy notched or cleft at the apex : very slen- 
 der. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 522. 
 
 Marsh's Ranch, near Mt. Diablo (^rc?wr) ; New Almadcn (Torrnf) ; near Ukiah (/?oZrt7trfer) ; 
 Osegon, Hall. 
 
 15. T. Breweri, Watson. Somewhat pubescent throughout, very slender and 
 difl"use, a span higli or more : stipules lanceolate ; leaflets obcordate to oblong, 
 mostly retuse, toothed or serrulate, 3 to 9 lines long : flowers few, in very loose 
 heads, nearly white, 2 to 4 lines long, on slender pedicels often half as long : calyx 
 very narrow, the slender teeth much shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
 xi. 131. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. to Sierra Co. 
 
 T. Palmrri, Watson, of Gtindalupe Island {Palmer), is a smooth diffuse .species, witli lanceo- 
 late long-anuminate stipules and narrowly oblong leaflets, acute at each end, half an inch long : 
 flowers purplish, 3 lines long, in rather clo-se heads ; teeth subulate, nearly equalling the corolla. 
 
]^30 LEGUMINOS.E. Tri/uliiun. 
 
 § 4. Heads short, suhteuded bi/ an involucre, ivluch is usuallij many-cleft : leajlcts 3 : 
 pedanclts manifestly auillary: Jhwers mostly small, in whorls, sessile ur nearly 
 so, not rejiexed : annuals. 
 
 * Involucre not membranaceous, deeply lobed, and the lobes laciniately and sharply 
 toothed: corolla not becoming mjlated. 
 
 16. T. involucratum, Willd. Glabrous : stems ascending, often a span high 
 or more : stipules lanceolate to ovate, entire or usually lacerately toothed ; leailets 
 mostly oblaneeolate and acute at each end, a half to an inch long : involucre many- 
 cleft into narrow laciniate teeth : ilowers half an inch long, in close heads, purple 
 or rose-colored : calyx-teeth narrow, thin, gradually attenuate from the base, ex- 
 ceeding the tube, all entire : ovules mostly 5 or G. — T. Wormskioldii, J.ehm. Iiul. 
 Sem. llort. llamb. iH^f), 17. T. funbriatum, Lindl. ]}ot. J{eg. t. 1U70. 7'. spinu- 
 losum, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 133. 
 
 Var. heterodon, Watson. Heads mostly somewhat larger and leailets usually 
 broader: some of the calyx-teeth setaceously cleft. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 130. T. 
 heterodon, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 318. 
 
 Of wide range, from the Britisli boumlary to Mexico, and from the coast to Colorado and New 
 Mexico ; and ([uite variable. Tlie variety, from Washington Territory to California. Though 
 the original species of Willdenow is of unci-rtain habitat and has been known only from culti- 
 vated specimens, yet there a])pears to be no snfiicient reason for distinguishing from it the better 
 known T.jiinbnatuin of Lindley. The Californian form is not distinct from the Mexican and New 
 Mexican plant ordinarily referred to T. involucratum, and Kunth's figure of Humboldt's Mex- 
 ican specimen, which was compared by lam with a garden specimen of Willdenow's species and 
 believed to dilfer only in its smaller size, represents fairly a low decumbent form of the present 
 species. 
 
 17. T. tridentatum, Lindl. Glabrous or sometimes glandular-puberulent, 
 slender and usually erect, a half to two feet high : stipules ovate to lanceolate- 
 acuminate, laciniately toothed; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate: 
 heads rather largo ; involucre many-cleft : Ilowers 6 to 8 lines long, in close heads, 
 purple, often tijjpcd with wliito : calyx strongly nerved ; the rigid teeth usually 
 shorter than the tube, broad at base and rather abrujjtly narrowed into the spinulose 
 apex, often with a stout tooth on each side : ovules usually two. — Bot. Keg. xiii, 
 under t. 1070. T. involucratum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 318, not Willd. T. aciculare 
 & polyphyllxm, Ts^utt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Var. obtlisifloi'um, Watsun, 1. c. Stouter and often glandular-puberulent, with 
 usually broader (dblong oblaneeolate) leailets and large heads of Ilowers : calyx-teeth 
 mih'e. — T.obtitsljlnrum, Honk. Ic. Tl. t. 281. 
 
 Var. melananthum, Watson, 1. c Smooth, slemler, often low : heads snudler; 
 the dark purple Ilowers 4 or 5 lines long : calyx-teeth entire or toi)thtMl : leaflets 
 narrowly oblaneeolate or the lower obcordate. — 2\ melananthum, Hook. & Arn. 
 Bot. Beechey, 331. T. variegatum, var. /?., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 317 & GUI. 
 
 A common and very variable species, from the British boundary to Southern California, mostly 
 confined to the Coast Hangcs ; the varieties froui Middle California, the latter ranging southward 
 and into Arizona, Palmer. Forms of this .species and of the last sometimes approach each other 
 so closely as not to be readily distinguished. 
 
 18. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Glabrous, very .slender: stems usually ascending 
 or decumbent : stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniate ; leaflets obovate to oblaneeo- 
 late or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or retuse, half an inch long or less, serrulate: 
 heads rather few-flowered ; involucre small : flowers 3 or 4 lines long, not greatly 
 exceeding the calyx, deep purple or light rose-colored : calyx-teeth rigid, subulate 
 and setosely acuminate, exceeding the tube, entire : pod 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 319. 2\ varieyatum, Nutt. 1. c. T. oliganthum, Steudel. 
 
 Common, usually in moist ground, from Washington Territory and Montana to Southern Cali- 
 fornia and Utah, both in the valleys and mountains ; Yosemite Valley {Bolander, Torrey, &c.) ; 
 Souora Pass, Brewer. 
 
TrijhUum. LEGUMINOS^. 231 
 
 19. T. monanthum, Gray. Still more slender, one to four inches liigli, usually 
 sparingly villous witli long scattered hairs, decumbent : stipules lanceolate, entire or 
 nearly so ; leaflets obcordate to oblanceolate, one to four lines long, mostly retuse, 
 sparingly toothed : heads 1 - 4-llowered ; involucre very small, 2-3-parted and usu- 
 ally unilateral : flowers 4 to G lines long, white or purplish, much exceeding the 
 short calyx : calyx-teeth subulate, shortly acuminate, thin. — Proc. Aiu. Acad. vi. 
 523. 7'. paucijlorum, var. (?) parvum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, v, 54. 
 
 On moist sunny slopes in the Sierra Nevada ; on tlie Upper Tuoliunnc, at 8,900 fcot altitudp, 
 and at tho head of the South Kork of King's Hiver {Brewer) ; Yoscniile VaUcy (Oray) ; at Cisco 
 (Kellogg) ; Lassen's Peak, Lemmoii. Also in tlie mountains of Nevada, IVIiccler. 
 
 * * Involucre membranaceous, at least at base, less deepli/ lobed ; the lobes entire 
 
 or toothed: corolla not becoming inflated. 
 
 20. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Villous with soft hairs, slender, erect or 
 decumbent : stems often a foot or two long : stipules ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 
 mostly entire ; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, usually retuse, serrulate : heads 
 small, dense ; involucre about 9-lobed, tho lobes acuminate, 3-nerved, entire : calyx 
 hairy ; its teeth subulato, with a broad scariously margined sometimes toothed base, 
 attenuate to a long spinulose apex, nearly equalling the white or light rose-colored 
 corolla: ovules two : pod globose, 1 -seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 317. 
 
 Common on hillsides and the sandy beds of dry creeks, chiefly in the Coast Ranges, from Puget 
 Sound to Sontliem California ; Guadalupe Island (Palmer) ; Northern Nevada, Watson. 
 
 21. T. microdon, Hook. l<c Arn. Pesembling the last: involucre broader, 
 nearly enclosing the head ; its lobes about 3-toothed : calyx smooth, angled ; the 
 teeth rigid, broadly triangular, acute, with a narrow scarious serrulate margin. — 
 Bot. Beechcy, 330, t. 79 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 691. 
 
 From about San Francisro northward ; Washington Territory, Lyall, Hall. Also Chilian. 
 
 22. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. Smooth : stems erect or ascending, a foot high 
 or less : stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets oblanceolate to 
 obovate, obtuse or acute, a half to an inch long : heads larger ; involucre conspic- 
 uous, very broad and membranaceous, with short many-nerved and toothed lobes : 
 calyx .strongly 5-nerved, membranaceous and somewhat inflated ; the nerves excur- 
 rent above and setaceously branched, equalling the short rose-colored corolla : ])od 
 2-,soeded. — Hot. Reg. xiii, under t. 1070; Hook. Fl. i. 133, I.. 50. 
 
 Hi(MTa Valley, Sierra Co. (Lrvmwii) ; Nortli((rn NevH<la (Andrrsmi, U'ntson) ; and northward to 
 the Columbia River. A remarkable sjteiues. 
 
 * * * Standard becoming conspicuovsly inflated and enclosing the rest of the flower : 
 
 involucre nearly obsolete in, T. depauperatum. 
 +■ Heads mostly large : involucre conspicuous. 
 
 23. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent : stems rather stout, decum- 
 bent or ascending, a span high or less : stipules scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate ; 
 leaflets obovate or ovate-oblong, obtu.se or retuse, half an inch long or less : invo- 
 lucre as broad as the beads (4 to 8 lines wide), shortly lobed and setaceously many- 
 tootlied : calyx-tube short, membranaceous ; its teeth .setaceou.sly awned, plumose, 
 the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 2-3-parted: pod 2-seeded. 
 — Pacif P. Pep. iv. 79. 
 
 Vai\ Andre'Wsii, (iray, A stout villous form ; the heads larger, sometimes an 
 inch broad : calyx-tccth very long. — Proc. Am. Aend. vii. 335. 
 Near tho coast from Monterey to Mendocino County ; very variable. 
 
 24. T. fucatum, Litidl. Smooth : stems stout and succulent, a foot or two 
 liigii or mow. : stijudcs hirge and scarious, usually very broad and entire ; leaflets 
 obovate, often largo (J to 1^ inches long), obtuse : heads large; involucre broad, 
 
X32 LEGUMINOSJ!). IVifolium. 
 
 deeply cleft or parted into entire acuminate lobes : llowers often an inch long, pale 
 rose-color or jjiirplish ; calyx-tube very short, uiombrunaceous ; the teeth tliiu, nar- 
 rowly subulate, entire or uccasionuily 2 - 3-cleft : pod 2 - G-aceded. — But. Keg. t. 
 1883. 1\ physopetalum, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sein. Petrop. iii. 47. T. Gambtiii, 
 Nutt. PI. Gainbel, 161. 
 
 A coiDinou sjHicies iu the Coast Ranges and in the foot-hills of the Siena Nevada, through the 
 length of the State ; in some places very abundant and affording good pasturage. 
 
 -I- +■ Heads small, few-Jlowered : involucre small or ivanting. 
 
 25. T. depauperatum, Desvaux. Smooth, low and slender, decumbent or 
 ascending : stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets obcordate to linear 
 and acute, half an inch long or usually less: heads 3 - 10- flowered ; involucre 
 reduced to a very small toothed or truncate often minute and scarious ring : flowers 
 white or purple, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx short ; the teeth narrowly subulate : 
 ovules 2 to 6 : pod usually 1 - 2-seeded. — Jour. Bot. iv. 69, t. 32 ; dray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vi. 523. T. stenopkyllum, Nutt. PI. Gambel. 151. 
 
 Hillsides and valleys from Southern California to Sonoma and Placer counties. It is also 
 Chilian. 
 
 26. T. amplectens, Torr. & Gray. Like the last: involucre shorter than the 
 llowers, 4-5-parLetl or cleft; the segments oblong, usually obtuse, entire or ob- 
 scurely toothed. — Fl. i. 319 ; Hook. & Arn. But. Beechey, 330, t. 78 ; Gray, 1. c 
 T. diversifolium, NutL. 1. c. 152. 
 
 In similar or the same localities ; also Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Probably only a variety of 
 T. depauperattcm. 
 
 6. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Sweet Clover. 
 
 Flowers as in Trifolium, except that the petals are free from the stamens and 
 deciduous. Pod small but longer than the calyx, ovoid or subglobose, scarcely 
 dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves piunately 3-foliolate, 
 the leaflets usually serrulate, and stipules annate to the petiole ; flowers small, yel- 
 low or white, in slender axillary pedunculate racemes. 
 
 An Old World genus of about 10 species, several of which are often cultivated for forage pur- 
 poses, and readily run wild in waste places. The herbage is fragrant in drying. 
 
 1. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 feet high, branch- 
 ing : leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less : flowers 
 yellow, a lino long, nearly siissilo. — M. oaudeiUalis, NutL. in Toir. & (Jray, Fl. 
 i. 321. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, now widely naturalized in warm countries, and common 
 in California. Cattle are fond of it. 
 
 M. OFFICINALIS, Willd., with yellow flowers twice as large and on slender pedicels, and 
 
 M. ALBA, Lam., with white flowers, the standard longer than the other petals, are the other 
 species most likely to occur in the State. 
 
 7. MEDICAGO, Linn. 
 Charactora nearly as in the last : stylo subulate : pod compressed, falcate, in- 
 curved or spirally coiled : seeds one or several. — Mostly herbs, annual to peren- 
 nial ; stipules often laciniate ; flowers yellow or violet. 
 
 Like the la-st wholly from the Old World, wIumc there arc about 40 8i)ecie8. 
 1. M. sativa, Linn, (Lucerne. Alfalfa.) Stems erect, 2 to 4 feet high, 
 from a deep perennial tap-root, glabrous : Iciiflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, 
 toothed above : flowers comparatively large, purple, racemed : pods numerous, spi- 
 rally twisted, finely veined, not armed. 
 
^^'«'^^*'«- LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 year,. Tl,o he.bi^e i, very „„trili„™. Td » deep wil° iltj „±; ""'■ .""^ ?"<lu,e for m,„y 
 
 pod, .„ e„,c„ with g„at avidity by cattle fnd .beep, Xl'^^U ..S'h^iintr-I^i;;'' "" 
 
 form, l-se«le,l, not armed, black wl.en rip™ ' '^ '' ' ■'°''' """"■ ^'"- 
 
 Sparingly introduced. 
 
 8. HOSACKIA, Dougta. 
 Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the 
 s amen.,, nearly equal : standard ovate or roundish, the elaw often remote from the 
 
 acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous ; anthe,. uniform. Style incurved Pod 
 
 'heT;or"'Trb "' »""""'"",'"*■ ""''^' — l-do'l. P-titioned between 
 the eecls.- Herbaceous or rarely suffrutesoent ; leaves pinnate, 2 - many-foliolate • 
 
 rstr34;v^z:t:rinn7:r"^"--"- ^-- ^- ™'- 
 
 i. 490, with apparently ioSreJon Th« "^tf ^^ '' referred by Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI. 
 
 stipules large and foliaceous : perennials. 
 
 Stinules scario'us, mostly snmU perennials ' "'"''''' '""""'• 2. H. stipclahis. 
 
 Stout, J^-lyjW>,.us : leaflets 9 to 15. thickish : bract below tl.o urn- 
 
 Dei calyx-teeth shot t : pod thick. <? u „ 
 
 f^^"±;t::i^:d^^^:^s:,iS^^^^^ ■ " ■ 
 
 ''^^^^;:tets';u^rpiitr " ^'^^ "'"^^' --^"^ ^-^-^^^^^^^ = «--- ""'"• 
 
 Silky-pubescent^:Jract at the umbel, usually l-foliolate : keel and ^" "' ''^^^"'^^"^ 
 Sti^Milos red need to bjaekish glands. ^" ^- Torrkyi, 
 
 lerennial.s nnprewl-pubascont : flowers 1 to 8, rather larce. 
 
 Inbrous '^°"* ' ■■' ^ ^^ ^ ' ''""''''' '^'o-'S'^tetf: pod long. 
 
 uScent'"'"'^ ^ ^'^ ^ ' '"^'*''*'^"' "^"'"^ '"■ °°"^ = ^^ '^°'''''"' 
 
 glnbrou.s. ' " ' ""«' „ „ 
 
 More slender : leaflets 3 to R ■ rl,.M,;= .i....^ , . . ^- "• oRandiflora. 
 
 H. rigida. 
 
134 
 
 LEGUMINOS^. Jlomckia. 
 
 Anmmb, low : flowers smaller. , „ , , 
 
 Uiuliels '2-5-llowi!ii;<l : sttiiulanl rciiioto from tlic wings : leaflets 5. 10. 11. maiiitima. 
 Flowers mo.slly solitary : ]iutaU uiii.io.\iiiiiuo; keel obtuse ; stiuuliinl 
 
 ulti'.mmlo hclow : Icullots U to 1). H- H- sti!1.;(.ma. 
 Klowors very siimll, soliliiry : k>nl lu-ulo : Mmlt) of tlui Htiuitliml cor- 
 
 (Ulu : KiiillolH :Uo () : imii 5-7-Hcmlca : uuiirly glul.roiiH. VI. II. i-auvikioua. 
 
 * ♦ I'otl shortly iicut(s 'i - T-seoiliHl, strai<'lit : flowers small, mostly solitary : keel narrowed into 
 
 an acute Leak : stipules gland-like : annuals, more or less villous. 
 
 Flowers peduncled : corolla scarcely e.xceeding the calyx : leaves nearly 
 
 sessile, 1 - 3-foliolatc. 13. H. PtiUSHlANA. 
 
 Flowei-s nearly sessile, not bracteate : corolla longer : leaves i)etiolcd, 
 3 -5-foliolate : low. 
 Calyx-teeth about wiuailing the tube : j.od (i to 9 lines long, 5-seeded. 14. II. suui'INNATA. 
 Teeth much longer than the tube : pod 3 to 4 lines long, 2 - 4-seeded. 15. H. unACiiYCAiU'A. 
 
 ♦ ♦ » Pod long-attenuate upward, subterete, incurved, imbescent : stipules gland-like : leaflets 3 
 
 to 7 : seeds 1 or 2, terete : peduncles short or none : flowers and fruit reflexed. 
 
 Glabrous or simringly juibcscent : jxkI slightly pubescent, elongated and 
 much cxserted lH;yond the calyx : calyx-teeth much shorter than 
 the tube. 
 Somewhat woody : nearly glabrous : stems angled : leaflets mostly 3. 
 
 Leaflets oljlong to linear : umbels sessile ; tci-th narrow, erect. 16. II. oi.abka. 
 
 Leaflets oblong to linear : peduncles short or nearly wanting : teeth 
 
 attenuate, usually recurved. 17. H. cytisoides. 
 
 Leaflets obovuto to oblong : peduncles very short : teeth short and 
 
 blunt. 18. H. JUNCEA. 
 
 Herbaceous, sparingly pubescent : stems very slender, terete : leaflets 
 usually 5 to 7 : calyx-teeth short. 
 Peduncles slender : llowei-s 2 or 3 lines long : style glabrous. 19. H. prostrata. 
 
 Peduncles very short : flowers very small : style pubescent. 20. H. micrantha. 
 
 Very silky-pubescent or tomeutose : stems herbaceous, terete : pod pulies- 
 cent, shorter. 
 Pubescence appressed. 
 
 Densely white-silky : leaflets mostly 3, narrow : umbels loosely lew- 
 flowered, often sessile : flowers 3 lines long : calyx-teeth short. 21. H. SERICKA. 
 Leaflets 5 to 7 : iimliels peduncled : flowers usually larger : calyx- 
 teeth nearly eipndlmg the tube. 
 More or less silky ; umbels close, capitate : calyx very silky. 22. H. argophylla. 
 
 Villous and subtomentose : umbels less dense : calyx less hairy. 23. H. decumbens. 
 Pubescence more or less spreading : pod very short : umbels mostly 
 on short peduncles : leaflets 5 to 7 : calyx-teeth filiform, equal- 
 ling the tube. 
 Very pubescent throughout : flowers 3 or 4 lines long. 24. H. tomentosa. 
 
 Less pubescent ; stem glabrous : flowers smaller. 25. H. Heehmanm. 
 
 § 1. Pod acute above, linear, straight or nearli/ so, terete or somewhat compressed, 
 manij- (5 - •2Q-)seeded, glabrous except in H. rigida : seeds mostly compressed, 
 suborhicular : keel broad above, mostly very obtuse : flowers and fruit ascend- 
 ing or erect. — Euhosackia, Benth. 
 
 * Stipules scarious or foliaceous : leaflets 5 /o 21, upon a more or less elongated rha- 
 chis : umbels pedunculate, few - many-flnivered : flowers rather targe : j>trmnials. 
 
 +- Stipules broad and foliaceous : bract of several leaflets, below the top of the peduncle. 
 
 1. H. incana, Ton-. Low, stout, erect, densely silky-villous throughout : leaflets 
 9-15, ohovale-oblonj,', acute, nearly half an inch long; stipules ovate: [)e(luncle3 
 shorter than the leaf (half an inch long), 6 - 9-liowered : bract near the top, 5-folio- 
 late : calyx 3 lines long ; the subulate teeth half the length of the tube. — Tacif. R. 
 Eep. iv. 79, t. 4. 
 
 On dry hills near South Yuba, Bigeloio. 
 
 2. H. stipularis, Benth. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, less densely 
 villous with spreading liairs, glandidar, tlie leaves smoother: leaflets usually 15 to 21, 
 
as 
 
 Hosackia. LEGUMINOS^. 235 
 
 obovate-oblong, acute and mucronate, a half to an inch long ; stipules lar^e, ovate • 
 
 peduncles an inch or two long, 4 - 8-flowered : bract near the middle" leaf-like 
 
 3 - 9-foliolate : calyx two lines long; teeth subulate, short: pod straight, 1 to u' 
 
 inches long. — Trans. J.inn. Soc. xvii. 3G5. //. viacrophylla, Kellogg, Proc. Calif 
 
 Acad. ii. 123. H. hahamifera, Kellogg, 1. c. 125, fig. 40. 
 
 From the Contra Costa Hills to Monterey. Plant often more or less viscid with a fracrant 
 glanilular secretion. * 
 
 +■ -t- Stipules scnrioiis, month/ $mnU. 
 
 ■++ (Hnhrous throiujhnnt or hecomimj nearly so: brnd pdlnlal or wanliiig. 
 
 3. H. crassifolia, r.enth. 1. c. Stout, erect, often 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets 9 
 to 1.5, nnnutely pubescent or somewhat villous but soon glabrate, thickish, obovate 
 or oblong, usually obtuse and niucronulate, a half to an inch long: peduncles nearly 
 equalling the leaves, usually niany-Howered : bract below the umbel, 1 - 3-foliolate : 
 flowers on slender pedicels, greenisli yellow or purplish : calyx-teeth short, trian- 
 guhir: pods thick, about 2 inches long. — //, stolonifera, Lindl. Bot. lieg. t 1977 
 //. plnti/carpa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 323. 
 
 From the Columbia River to the Sacramento and common in the foot-bills of tlie Sierra Nevada 
 fls far south as the Merced River. 
 
 4. H. bicolor, Dougl. Glabrous throughout, erect, rather tall and usually stout • 
 leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, a half to an inch long; stipules 
 rather large : peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered, naked or 
 sometimes with a small scarious or 1 - 3-foliolate bract at the summit : flowei-s 
 nearly sessile, yellow, the wings often white : calyx-teeth triangular, only half as 
 long as the tube: pod slender, nearly 2 inches long. — JJeiith. in Lindl. Hot. Keg, 
 t. 1257. Lotus pinnatus, Hook. ]5ot. Mag. t. 2913. 
 
 A .showy species, in low grounds, from Washington Territory to San Francisco Bay. 
 
 5. H. gracilis, Benth. Much like the last : usually low and slender, the weak 
 stems a span high or more : umbel with a petioled 1 - 3-foliolate bract : flowers 
 yellow, the keel and wings purplish : calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod 
 shorter. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 365 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 54, t. 15. 
 
 From the Columbia River to Monterey. 
 
 -^-^ -t-t- Pubescent or puherulent : hrnct nearly sessile at the top of the peduncle. 
 
 6. H. oblongifoUa, Benth. father slender, erect, minutely appressed-pubes- 
 cent or base of the stem glabrous : leaflets 7 to 1 1, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 
 about an inch long, acute : peduncles exceeding the leaves, 5 - 7-flowered ; bract 
 nearly sessile, 1 - 3 foliolate, subtending the umbel, usually of a single leaflet : 
 
 lowers yellow and purplish, the standard orange, turning brown : calyx-teeth subu- 
 late about equalling the tube : pod slender, about 2 inches long : seeds turgid. — 
 V\. Hartw. 305. 
 
 Var. angustifolia, Watson. Slender, a span high : leaflets 5 to 7. linoar-lance- 
 olato: umbels 1 - 5-flowered. — //. lathyroides, Durand (^ Ililgard, Pacif. R Pen. 
 
 V, 6, t. 3. n ' I 
 
 Mainly in Southern California: Monterey (Coulter); Fort Tcjon (//a,-,,); mountains east of 
 han Uiego {Parry, Palmer)- the vaiiety at Fort Miller on the San Joaouin (Hecrmann) and 
 Los Angeles, JFallace. Coulter's locality is very uncertain. 
 
 7. H. Torreyi, Gray, Resembling the last : more or less silky-pubescent, often 
 g abrous below, slender, erect, a foot or two high : lennr<ts obovate to narrowly 
 oblanccolato '■-••••- 
 keel 
 
 •lanceolate, a half to an inch long, obtuse or acute : standard yellow ; wings ani 
 ;el white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. (125. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, niong shaded 8tream-l>aiiks, from the head of Kern River to Donner 
 l-akc ; near Fort Tejon, Jlothrork. 
 
136 
 
 LEGUMINOS^E. Ilosackia. 
 
 * * Stipules gland-like, dark-colored : leaflets 3 <o 9 ; rhachis mostly elongated : pe- 
 duncles I - several-flowered, bracteate at the summit or sometimes naked : claws of 
 the petals not exserted from the calyx. 
 
 +- Perennials : floweis rathei- large : umbels 3 - 8-floivei-ed, 
 
 8. H. grandiflora, Uuiitli. Mostly tall uml atout, 1 to f) fuel liigh, iiioro ur 
 less apprcbsed bilky-pubusccnt : Icailuts 5 to 7, on an elongateil rhachis, oliovate to 
 oblanceolate, 6 to I) hnes long, acutish : peduncles elongated : umbel 3 - S-liowered, 
 usually subteutltid by a single leaflet : flowers nearly sessile, 6 to 1 1 lines long, 
 yellowish or greenish white, often tinged with purple : calyx half as long, tlie subu- 
 late teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod slender, elongated, glabrous. — Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xvii. 3GG. //. ochroleuca, Nutt. iu Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 323. 
 
 From Mendocino Co. und the luoulh of the Yuba to Suuta Barbara; Gimdahipe Island, I'ldnwr. 
 
 9. H. rigida, Bcuth. A span to a foot high or more, more or less appressed 
 silky-pubescent ; leaflets 3 to 5 on a very short petiole, or palmately crowded and 
 sessile, obovate to oblanceolate, acutish, 3 to 8 lines long : peduncles usually ex- 
 ceeding the leaves, 1 - 5-flowered, with a sessile 1 - 3-foliolate bract or naked : 
 flowers lialf an incli long, yellow turning to brown : calyx-teeth half as long as tlie 
 tube or nearly ecpialling it : pod an inch long, rather broad, pubescent : seeds sub- 
 
 3.— ri. Ilartw. 305. 
 
 Arizona, Sononi, and laslward, and probably to be found within the aoutheastcrn limits of tlio 
 State; Tantillas MIh., below San Diogu, I'almcr. Coulter's original simciniens were refened to 
 Monterey, doubtless through mistake. 11. puhenUa, Henth., with linear or oblanceolate leaflets 
 upon a more developed rhachis, and //. IFHghtii, Gray, with flowers on shorter peduncles or 
 sessile, are apparently but forms of H. rigida, and may likewise occur in California. 
 
 Dr. Palmer collected at the 13ig Cafion of the Tantillas Mts. a very sindlar plant, but with the 
 pod broader and (piite glabrous. The same was found by Newberry at Sitgreaves Pass in Arizona, 
 and perhaps also by IMgelow on Bill Williams Ilivcr. It may bo distinct. 
 
 -t- -k- Annuals: rhachis of the leaf somewhat dilated: flowers smaller. 
 
 -n- Peduncles mostly 2 - 5-flowered : standard remote from the vnngs. 
 
 10. H. maritima, Nutt. A span high, mimitely strigose-puberulent or nearly 
 glabrous : leaflets mostly 5, succulent, obovate to oblanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long : 
 peduncles about equalling the leaves : umbel usually subtended by a 1 - 3-foliolate 
 bract : flowers yellow, 4 lines long : calyx-teeth linear-sul)ulate, about equalling the 
 tube : pod an inch long, narrow, 10- 12-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 32G. 
 
 Near the sea, from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles. 
 
 ++ ++ Peduncles \-2-floivered, about equalling the leaves : petals all approximate. 
 
 11. H. Strigosa, Nutt. Strigosely pubescent, small, diffusely spreading, pros- 
 trate or ascending: leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or usually linear-oblong, 1 to 5 lines long: 
 bract 1 - 5-foli(^late or wanting : flowers liglit yellow, 3 to 5 lines long or less : keel 
 very obtuse, shorter than the wings ; standard attenuate into the claw : calyx-teeth 
 subulate, shorter than tlie tube : pod narrow, an inch long, 10- 12-seeded. — Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. 326. //. microphylla, nudiflora & rubella, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Frequent through the lower i»art of the State, from Monterey and Calaveras Co. to the Colo- 
 rado River. Very variable. 
 
 12. H. parviflora, nentli. Glabrous or nearly so : stems very slender, uscentl- 
 ing, a span high or less : leaflets 3 to 5, obovate and very small to narrowly oblong 
 and 6 to 8 lines in length : bract 1- 3-foliolate : flowers very small (about two lines 
 long), yellow : keel with a sharp incurved apex, nearly equalling the wings ; blade 
 of the standard cordate : pod 6 to 12 lines long, 5 - 7-seeded, compressed and often 
 contracted between the seeds. — Bot. Keg. xv, under t. 1257. Lotus micranthiis, 
 Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 367. 
 
 From Monterey and Sacramento northward to the British boundary. Very variable. 
 
Hosackia. LEGUMINOS.E. 137 
 
 § 2. Pod as in Euiiosackia, umaUy somewhat compressed, ^ — 1 -seeded, glabrous: 
 seeds broadly oblong to orbindar : keel narrowed above into a rather sliort 
 mostly acute incurved beak, e(fnaUing or exceeding the wings: claws equally 
 approximate to each other, included in the calyx : Jtoivers small, mostly soli- 
 tary, ascending: leajlets I to 5, on. a more. or less dilated rhachis ; stipiiles 
 gland-like : annuals. — Microlotus, 15enth. 
 
 * Flowers solitary, peduncled, usually hracteate with a single leaflet : corolla scarcely 
 
 exceeding the calyx : leaves nearly sessile, 1 - Z/oliolate. 
 
 13. H. Furshiana, Benth. More or less silky-villous or soniotimes glabrous, 
 erect or ascending, often a foot high or more : leaflets varying from ovate to lanceo- 
 late, 3 to 9 lines long : peduncles usually exceeding the loaves : flowers 2 or 3 lines 
 long : calyx-teeth linear, much longer tlian tlie tube, about equalling the corolla ; 
 pod narrow, linear, glabrous, about an inch long, 5 - 7-seeded : seeds oblong. — 
 Bot. Reg. XV, under t. 1257. //. elata, floribtinda, jnlosa, & mollis, Nutt. in Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 327. 
 
 A very variable species and of wide range, extonduig from Washington Territory to Northern 
 Mexico, and eastward to the Upper Missouri, Arkansas, and even NorUi CaroHna. 
 
 * * Flotoers nearly sessile and mostly solitary in the axils, not bracteate : corolla ex- 
 ceeding the calyx : leaflets 3 to 5, obovate to oblanceolate, scattered on a somew/uit 
 dilated rhachis : loio and much branclied. 
 
 14. H. subpinnata, Torr. & Gray. Villous or glabrate, decumbent or ascend- 
 ing, a span high or less: leaflets half an inch long or less: flowers 3 or 4 lines long ; 
 calyx flcarcoly half as long, the aubulnto teotli about equalling the tube : pod linear- 
 oblong, compressed, G to 9 lines long, about r)-scedotl. — Fl. i. 32G. Lotus subpin- 
 natus. Lag. ; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 17, t. 8. 
 
 Frequent near the coast from Wa.s}iington Territory to Santa Barbara, and more rare eastward 
 in the interior to S. Utah, Parry. Also in Cliili. 
 
 15. H. brachycarpa, Benth. Bcsembling the last : softly villous : calyx longer, 
 the teeth linear and very much longer than the tube : pod 3 or 4 lines long, oblong 
 or linear-oblong, villous, 2 - 4-seeded. — PI. Hnrtw. 306. 
 
 From the upper Sacramento River in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and also near the 
 coast, to Southern California. 
 
 § 3. Pod long -attenuate njnvard, incurved, somewhat terete, 1 - 2-seeded : seeds terete, 
 linear or oblong : keel broad above and mostly obtuse ; claw of the standard 
 remote from the rest : stigma minute, glabrous : umbels few-flowered, sessile or 
 pedunculate ; flowers and fruit reflexed : stipules minute dark-colored glands : 
 leaflets 3 to 7 : mostly perennial. — Syrmatium, Gray. (Syrmatium, Vogel.) 
 
 * Glabrous or sparingly pubescent : stems slender and virgately branched : body of the 
 pod elongated and much exserted beyond the calyx, only slightly pubescent : seed^ 2, 
 straight, 1 J lines long : ralyx-terth much shorter than the tube. 
 
 +- Somewhat woody at the base and nearly glabrous : .items angled : leaflets thick and 
 approximate, usually 3. 
 
 16. H. glabra, Torrey. Very nearly glabrous, tlie calyx and young leaves often 
 somewhat appre.ssed-silky : stems woody at base, 2 to 8 feet high, erect with weak 
 straggling branches or sometimes decumbent : leaflots oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to 
 6 lines long, obtuse or acute : umbels numemus, sessile : flowers 3 or 4 lines long : 
 calyx 1^ to 2,^ lines long; the teeth narrowly subulate, erect, a half to one fourth 
 as long as the tube. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 274. Syrmatium. glabrum, Vogel in 
 Linnaja, x. 591. H. scoparia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 325 ; Gray, 1. c. 346. 
 //. crassifolia, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Common in the Coast Ranges from Lake (^o. ( Torrcrf) to San Diego. 
 
|3g LEGUMINOS^. Hosuckia. 
 
 17. H. cytisoides, Benth. Kesembling the last : calyx-teeth attenuate, mostly 
 recurved : peduncles eciualling or exceeiling the leaves, or soiuetiiues very short, 
 usually with a 1 - 3-lbliulute bract at the ti)p.— Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 3GG. 
 
 From near San Francisco to Monterey und southward ; SuUnas Valley, Antisell. 
 
 18. H. juncea, licnth. 1. c. Very m-arly glabrous, sonuuvhat sluiibby, erect: 
 leallets ubovate Lu oblong, 2 to 4 lines long : umbels on very short lUHluncles or 
 sessile : tlowers about 3 lines long : calyx 2 lines long or less ; teeth short and blunt. 
 
 Alontercy to Sun r)i(>gi) {ihnujlas, NiUlall, Brewrr, Goodalc) ; Colorado Desert (Schott) ; and 
 rei»oileii also I'roni near San Francisco. 
 
 +- +- Herbaceous and sparincjly pubescent: stems terete: leaflets usualli/ 5 to 7, and 
 less approxiiiuUe. 
 
 19. H. prostrata, Nutt. Slightly appressed-silky : stems very slender, dilluse, 
 2 or 3 feet long : leallets cuncate-oblong to obovate, 2 or 3 lines long, acutish : um- 
 bels on slender peduncles, often a half to an inch long, naked or with a 1-3-foliolate 
 bract: flowers two or three lines long: style glabrous: calyx a line long ; its teeth 
 short, triangular, acute. — Torr. Sc (iray, VI i. 325. //. decumbens, var. (jlabriuscula. 
 Hook. & Am. Bot. Beeehey, 137. 
 
 Santa Barbara and San Diego, near the sea, Nuttall, Palmer, &c. 
 
 20. H. micrantha, Nutt. " Ditfusely procumbent from an apparently annual 
 root," very slender : leallets obovate-oblong, 1 \ to 3 lines long : umbels on very 
 short naked peduncles : Uowers very small (not two lines long) : style covenid with 
 short straight ascending hairs : calyx-teeth short, acute. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 324. 
 
 Monterey {Nultall) ; Catalina Island, Gambel probably. No good specimens of this apparently 
 good species have been collected. 
 
 * « Very silky-pubescent or tomentose, herbaceous : stems terete : body of the pod less 
 elonr/ated, often scarcely lonyer than the calyx, pubescent, usually much curved : seed 
 often solitary, somewhat curved : leajlets 3 to 7, not approximate. 
 +■ Pubescence appressed. 
 
 21. H. sericea, Benth. 1. c. Densely white-silky, mucli branched, ascending, a 
 foot or two high : leaflets usually 3, cuneate-oblong to linear, 3 to 6 lines long : 
 umbels loosely few-flowered, sessile or often on short peduncles : flowers three lines 
 long : calyx half as long, with short slender teeth. 
 
 Rare : collected by Domjlas, probably at Monterey, and in Salinas Valley by Brewer. 
 
 22. H. argophylla, Cray. INIore or less densely silky, often silvery : stems 
 decumbent or ascending : leallets usually 5 or 7, from obovate and rounded to 
 oblong and acute at both ends, 2 to 7 lines long : umbels mostly dense and capitate, 
 on short simply bracted peduncles, sometimes nearly equalling the leaves: flowers 4 
 or 5 lines long : calyx half as long ; its teeth conspicuous, filiform and silky, usually 
 nearly ecjualling the tube. — PI. Thurb. 31G. II. aryentea, Kellogg, Broc. Calif. 
 Acad. iii. 38, fig. 8. 
 
 In tlie foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from the Merced River {Gray) .soutliward, and through 
 the southern jiart of the Statu ; Guadalupe island, Palmer. Variable in pubescence, length of 
 calyx-teeth, &c. 
 
 23. H. decumbens, Benth. 1. c Villous-pubescent and somewhat tomentoso, 
 perennial : stems ascending or ilill'usely procumbent, a foot long or more : leallets 5 
 to 7, cuneate-obovate to -oblong, mostly acute, 3 to C lines long : umbels less dense, 
 on short peduncles, with a 1-3-foliolate bract : flowers 2 to 5 lines long: calyx less 
 silky ; its teeth slender, often as long as the campanulate tube. 
 
 Var. (I) Nevadensis, Watson. Low and apparently annual : flowers somewhat 
 smaller : calyx-teeth half as long as tlie tube. — //. Ileennanni, Anderson, Cat. PL 
 Nevada, 119 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 63, in part, 
 
Pi^ornhn. LEGUMINOBiE. 139 
 
 Tho typical form is frequent in Washington Territory, Oregon, and Idaho, hut seems not to have 
 been found in California. The variety is common in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite to 
 Siena Co., Lcmmon. 
 
 +- +- Pubescen-ce somewhat tnmentose and ifwre or less spreading : pod very short, the 
 bodi/ scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
 
 24. H. tomentosa, Hook. Sz, Am. Very pubescent : the stem covered with 
 spreading liairs, weak and llexuoius, prostrate or ascending, a foot long or more : leaf- 
 lets f) to 7, cuncatn-oblong to obovato, acute, 3 to G lines long : umbels on short 
 bractoolato peduncles, or the uppermost sessile : llowors 3 or 4 lines long : cnlyx 
 half as long or more, very villous; the teeth lax, liliform, as long as tho tube. — 
 Bot. Beechey, 137; Torr. <fe Gray, Fl. i. 324. Syrmatium tomentosum, Yogel in 
 Linnrea, x. 591. 
 
 In dry places near the coast, from San Francisco to Monterey. 
 
 25. H. Heermanni, iHirand & Hilgard. Less densely pubescent : the stem 
 nearly glabrous, much branched and spreading : leaflets smaller, 2 to 4 lines long : 
 umbels on short peduncles or often sessile : (lowers smaller, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx 
 loss villous, lialf as long; the liliform teeth about o(iualling tho tube. — Paoif. R. 
 Kep. V. G, t, 4. 
 
 Sand-hills near San Francisco (Fitch) and southward to San Diego. 
 
 9. PSORALEA, binn. 
 
 Calyx-lobes nearly equal, or the lower one larger ; the two upper often connate. 
 Keel broad and obtuse above, united with the \vings. Stamens diadelphous or 
 sometimes monadelphous : anthers uniform. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, 
 thick and often wrinkled, sessile. — Perennial herbs (our species), punctate with 
 dark glandular dots; leaves digitate or pinnate, mostly 3 - 5-f()liolate, the leaflets 
 entire ; stipules not adnate to the petiole ; flowers white or purplish, in axillary 
 pedunculate spikes or racemes, with mostly membranaceous and deciduous bracts. 
 
 A genus of about 100 .species, found in all temperate and tropical regions, but most numerously 
 in North America and Southern Africa. Of the 30 North American species, most are confined to 
 the eastern and southern portions of the United States. 
 
 » Leaves pinnaiely ?t-folio[.atc. 
 "♦- Stemi^ prostrate, creeping: leaves Inrge, orbicular. 
 
 1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Finely pubescent, tho inflorescence villous ; hairs on 
 the calyx mixed with short pedicellate glands : petioles one half to a foot long ; the 
 leaflets 2 to 4 inches in diameter, somewhat cuneate at base : peduncles equalling or 
 exceeding the leaves (1 to 3 feet high), bearing a close villous spike of large flowers ; 
 bracts large, deciduous : calyx 5 to 9 lines long, cleft nearly to the base ; the lower 
 tooth much tho longe.st and about equalling tho purplish corolla : standard oblong, 
 exceeding tho narrow wings and keel : stamens diadel]>lious : pods ovate, acute, 
 compressed, 3 lines long. — Bot. Reg. t. 1971 ; Torr. in Dot. Wilkes Exp. 269. 
 
 Usually in moist places, from Plumas Co. {Mrs. Anics) and Bolinas Bay {Kellogg) to San Diego 
 Co., Palmer. 
 
 -«- +- Stems erect. 
 
 2. P. Strobilina, ITook. <^ Am. Two or three feet high, more or less villous 
 and pubescent throughout ; the stem, peduncles, and petioles glandular : petioles 3 
 or 4 inches long ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, softly pubescent beneath, more glabrous 
 above, about 2 inches long ; stipules large, membranaceous, acuminate : peduncles 
 shorter than the leaves : flowers in short oblong spikes ; bracts very large, decidu- 
 ous : calyx half an inch long or more ; lower tooth much the longe.st and at least 
 
j^Q LEGUMINOS^. Psoralea. 
 
 equalling the i)uri)lo corolla : stamens monadelphous : ovary pubescent. — Bot. 
 Beechey, 332, t. 80 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 689, excl. vur. 
 
 In the liilla from Contra C'osU County to SanUi Cruz. Ditlering from tho next in its greater 
 pubescence, mther larger loaves, larger stipules,^ short peduncles, and larger bracts and llowera. 
 
 3. P. macrostachya, 1 )C. Thiuo to six (or aoiuctimca 10 or 12) l\ct high, 
 puberulout or nwuly glabrous, rarely somewhat tomeutose : petioles shorter ; stipules 
 small, lanceolate ; leallets ovate-lanceolate, often aeutish at base, an inch or two long 
 or more : peduncles nmeh exccciling the leaves: spikes cylindrical, silky-villous, tho 
 liairs often blackish ; bracts broad, acuminate, as long as the flowers : calyx 3 or 5 
 lines long ; the lower tooth a little longest, scarcely equalling the purple petals : tenth 
 stamen nearly free : poil villous, ovate-oblong, acute, compressed, 3 or 4 lines long. 
 — Prodr. ii. 220 ; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1709 ; 'Jorr. &, Gray, Fl. i. G89. J'. stroU- 
 lina, /3., Torr. <fc (Jray, 1. c. 
 
 Through nearly the length of the SUte : Rag Cafion, near Shasta (Brewer), and frequent in the 
 foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ; Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia Mts. {Brewer) ; San Felipe Cahou, San 
 Diego Co., Palmer. 
 
 4. P. physodes, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, slender : petioles 
 short and slender ; stipules snudl, lance.olate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, about an 
 inch long : peduncles about eciualling or sometimes exceeding the loaves : ilowers in 
 sliort close racemes ; bracts small : calyx somewhat villous with usually dark hairs, 
 half as long as tho corolla, at length mucli enlarged and inflated, becoming 4 or 5 
 lines long ; its teeth short, nearly equal : petals half an inch long or less, white or 
 purplish : stamens monadelphous : pod rounded, compressed, 3 lines long. — Hook. 
 F^l. i. 13G; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 304. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges from Monterey northward, extending to Puget Sound. 
 * * Leaves digitately Z-foliolate. 
 
 5. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Erect, a span or two high, glabrous or with a few 
 scattered hairs : petioles short ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaflets linear to oblong- 
 obovate, acute, about an inch long : peduncles aljout equalling the leaves : flowera 
 small (2 or 3 lines long), bluish-white, in short spikes ; bracts small : calyx very 
 small ; its teeth short, obtuse, nearly equal : stamens diadelphous : ovary very silky : 
 pod compressed, very glandular, 2 lines in diameter. — Hook. Fl, i. 135, t. 51. 
 
 Frequent in the interior from Washington Territory to Northern Arizona and eastward to the 
 Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Probably to be found in the northeastern part of the State. 
 
 P. FI.OKIBUNKA, Niitt., a similar species, ranges from Texas to Western Arizona and may enter 
 S. E. California. It is more or less canescent with short white hairs, the peduncles exceeding the 
 leaves, and the flowers on short slender pedicels ; petioles mostly very short. 
 
 10. AMORPHA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx obconical, nearly equally 5-toothed. Wings and keel wanting : standard 
 erect, folded together. Stamens slightly united at base, exserted : anthers uniform. 
 Pod oblong, exceeding tho calyx, indehiscent, sessile, 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, glan- 
 dular-punctate ; leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets usually stipellato ; stipules 
 small ; flowers purple or violet, small, in dense clustered terminal sj)ikes. 
 Half a dozen species, peculiar to the United States, chiefly southern. 
 
 1. A. Californica, Nutt. Three to eight feet high, puberulent, the young 
 leaves silky-jjubesceiit : branches often beset with stout projecting glands : leaflets 5 
 to 7 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, shortly petiolulate, an inch long : 
 stipules and bracts small, lanceolate, deciduous : spikes 1 to 3, and 2 to 6 inches 
 long : flowers purple, 2\ lines long : calyx half as long ; the teeth silky, triangular, 
 acute : pod pubescent, half-obcordate, 3 lines long. — Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 30G. A. 
 fruticosa, Torr. Bot. JVIex. Bound. 53. 
 
Dalea. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 141 
 
 In the Coast Ranges, near the sea, from Marin Co. (Bolander) to San Diego Co. It closely 
 resembles A. frxUicosa of the Atlantic States, but iliffers in the shape and pubescence of the pod, 
 the more acute calyx-teeth, and the almost spinescent glands. These last, however, are some- 
 times entirely wanting. Some of the specimens from Marin Co. are remarkable for conspicuous 
 stipules and larger bmcts. 
 
 11. BALEA, Linn. 
 Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or toothed. Standard cordate, its claw free : wings 
 and keel usually longer ; their claws adnato to and jointed upon the cleft stamineal 
 tube. Stamens 10 (sometimes 9), monadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary 2- 
 (rarely 4 - 6-) ovuled. Pod ovate, compressed, usually indehiscent, included in the 
 calyx, 1 - 2-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, glandular-punctate ; leaves unequally pin- 
 nate, very rarely digitately 3-foliolate or simple ; leaflets small, entire, sometimes 
 stipellate ; stipules small, subulate ; flowers nearly sessile in terminal pedunculate 
 spikes or rarely solitary. 
 
 An American genus of nearly 100 species, a dozen natives of South America, 50 Mexican, and 
 the rest belonging to the warmer portions of the United States. The Californian species are con- 
 fined to the southeastern desert region. 
 
 Petalcstemon, Michx., is a similar genus, differing in having only five stamens, the flowers 
 always in dense bracteate cylindrical spikes. There are over 20 species, confined to the United 
 State-s, several as far westward as Central Arizona, Utah, and tlie basins of the Snake River and 
 Columbia, but none have been found near the borders of California. 
 
 § 1. Claws of the wings and keel adnate to the stamen-tiibe nearly to their middle : 
 ovules a single pair. — Dalra proper. 
 
 * Herbaceous: flowers erect or ascending, in dense spikes, with conspicuous bracts: 
 
 calyx very villous, with long slender teeth : leaflets several or many. 
 
 No species of this group of the genus have l>cen collected in California, but the following 
 approach it and some of them may yet be Ibund. 
 
 p. BRACHY8TACHYS, Gray. A low glabrous annual : flowers yellow, in globose or oblong 
 spikes : bracts villous-ciliate, somewhat persistent : leaflets about '5 pairs. — §. Arizona to New 
 Mexico. 
 
 p. ALOPECUROIDES, Willd. A rather tall glabrous annual : flowers light rose-color, in cylin- 
 drical spikes : bracts pubescent, scariously margined, deciduous : leaflets 10 to 20 pairs. — From 
 Southern Arizona eastward to the Mississippi. 
 
 D. L^.vjGATA, Gray. A tall glabrous jwronnial : flowers yellow or white, in cylindrical spikes : 
 bracts very silky, somewhat jiersistont : leaflets many pairs, very small. — From Southern and 
 Central Arizona to New Mexico. 
 
 D. ALFIFLORA, Gray. A tall pubescent perennial : flowers white, in cylindrical spikes ; bracts 
 narrow, very silky, deciduous : leaflets 8 to 16 pairs, small. — From Central and Southern Arizona 
 to New Mexico. 
 
 D. NANA, Torr. A low silky biennial or perennial : flowers yellow, in short thick spikes ; 
 bracts very silky, deciduous : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, oblong, obtuse. -- From Central and Southern 
 Arizona to Texas and Mexico. 
 
 * * Herbaceous or someivhat woody at base : flomrs spreading or deflexed, in rather 
 loose spikes: bracts narrow, deciduous: calyx villous or pubescent, with mostly slender 
 teeth. 
 
 1. D. mollis, Bcnth. Herbaceous, branching from a biennial or perennial root, 
 low (3 to G inches high), silky-vilJous with more or less spreading hairs : leaflets 
 3 to 7 pairs, obovato to cuneate-oblong, 1 to 4 linos long : flowers crowded in oblong 
 flhortly iindunculate heads, white or rose colored : l>rac.tfl Innreolato, ncumiiiato, vil- 
 lous : calyx very villous, 2 or 3 linos long ; Mio liliforni plumose teeth much longer 
 than tlie tube and exceeding the corolla. — PI. Hartw. 30() ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 47. 
 
 At Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; on the Colorado (Newberry) ; and eastward to New Mexico. First 
 collected by Coulter, probably in S. Arizona. 
 
242 LEGUMINOS.lv Uuhu. 
 
 2. D. calycosa, Oiay. Ileibaceons from a biennial or perhaps sonietinies per- 
 ennial rout, cauescent \\\i\\ a silky puberulence, tlilluse and decuiubent, slender, 
 about G inches liigh : leatlets 5 to \\\ pairs, ublong-ubovate, a line or two long, ob- 
 tuse, glabrous above : llowers 3 lines long, in short loose spikes : peduneles slender : 
 bracts linear : calyx silky ; its teotli narrowly lanceolate, longer than the tube, a little 
 shorter than the purple ami white {letals. — I'l; Wrigiit. i. 10. 
 
 On the San Pedro, S. Arizona {Thurbcr) ; entrance of the Great Canon of the Tantillas Mis., be- 
 low San Diego, Palmer. 
 
 3. D. Panyi, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, very slender, puberulent or glabrate : 
 leallets G to lU pairs, obovate to oblong, a line or two long, obtuse : llowers 4 lines 
 long, bright purple, in loose elongated long-peduncled spikes : calyx not half the 
 length of the corolla, canescent with short silky hairs ; its teeth broadly ovate, 
 acute, about equalling the tube: pod suiooth. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 397. 
 D. divaricata, var. clntrta, Gray, 1. c. 335. 
 
 Gravelly hills near Fort Moln'.ve {Cooper) ; also on the Colorado in W. Arizona, near the mouth 
 of bill Williams liiver. 
 
 D. WisLiZENi, Gray. Somewhat woody at base, erect, slender, a foot high, silky-villous : 
 leaflets 7 to i) pairs, oblong, obtusish, 2 or 3 lines long : spikes short, rather dense : flowers rose- 
 colored, 4 lines long, showy, twice longer than the slender very villous calyx-teeth. — Santa Cruz, 
 S. Arizona {Tharbcr) ; Chihuahua {iVidizcims) ; New Mexico, Wriijht. 
 
 § 2. More or less woodi/ ond shrubhi/ : claws of the petals aduate to the stamen-tube 
 onli/ at the very base: ovules 2, rareli/ 4 or G : jlowers spreadiaj or rejlexed, 
 mostly in loose spikes or racemes. — Xylodalea, Watson. 
 * Calyx very pubescent ; its teeth slender. 
 
 4. D. Emoryi, Gray. Shrubby, much branched, 2 to 5 feet high, hoary-toraen- 
 tose throughout with a very line pubescence : leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, narrowly oblong 
 to obovate, 2 to 4 lines long, tiio terminal leaflet much longer : spikes very short, 
 pedunculate : llowers 2 or 3 lines long, purple : calyx-teeth as long as the tube, a 
 little shorter than the corolla : ovary pubescent. — PI. Thurb. 315 ; Torr. Pacif. R. 
 Kep. v. 3G0, t. 11. 
 
 In sandy soils on the Colorado and Gila ; desert east of San Bernardino, Parry. 
 
 5. D. arborescens, 'J'orr. " A small tree," much branched, somewhat si^inose, 
 the younger branches, leaves, and calyx densely hoary-tomentose : leaflets 1 to 3 
 pairs, obovate, approximate, 2 or 3 lines long : flowers in short nearly sessile rather 
 close spikes, purple, 4 or 5 lines long : calyx large, but shorter than the corolla, the 
 broader oblong or narrowly lanceolate teeth nearly equallijig the tube. — Gray, PI. 
 Thurb. 316. 
 
 Collected only by Fremont at the eastern base of the San Fernando Mountains. 
 
 6. D. polyadenia, Torr. A stout divaricately branched shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, 
 somewhat spinose, canescent with a fine retrorse pubescence, and sprinkled with 
 numerous reddish glands ; the leaflets more hairy and the calyx densely villous : 
 leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, obovate, a line or two long : flowers in short nearly sessile 
 spikes, violet, 3 lines long : calyx-teeth narrow, alxjut equalling the tube, slnater 
 than the corolla: pod scarcely exceeding tiie calyx, pubescent. — Watson, liot. King 
 Exp. G4, t. 9. 
 
 In Truckeo and Carson Deserts, Northwestern Nevada. 
 
 * * Calyx slightly pubescent ; its teeth broad. 
 +- Leaves pinnate : Jlowers in loose spikes. 
 
 7. D. Californica, Watson. Shrubby, canescent with a line appressed })ubes- 
 cence, sparingly glandular; the glands upon the peduncles sometimes prominent 
 and prickle like : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, decurrent upon the rhachis, 1 to 1 ^ lines 
 
Glycyrrhha. LEGUAflNOSyE. 243 
 
 long, linear-oblong: flowers pnrplo, 4 lines long, on short pedicels: calyx half as 
 long, the ovate acute teeth shorter tlian tlio tube. — Proc. Am. Acad xi IS*? 
 
 ul:^::iVri:s:.:v:2 ''"""" '^""^^^'^' '^' ^^-^^ ^° ^^^ ^^■^^^•^^ ^^ *''^ «- ^-''^-d'- 
 
 ^; P'J'f®^®"*"'^'''''- Shrubby, much branched, silky-puberulent or pubes- 
 cent: leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines 'long : flowers purple 4 
 ines long, very nearly sessile : calyx half as long, somewhat pubescent ; the teeth 
 triangular, acute, nearly equalling the tube : pod 4 to G lines long. — Gray PI 
 ihurb. 310; Watson, Jk)t. King Kxp. 05. ^ ' 
 
 On rocks near Muddy River, S. Nevada (Pirmonl) ; also l>y Lieut. Whcdcr in the same region. 
 
 9. D. Kingii, Watson. Low, somewhat shrubby, diffusely branched, sparingly 
 appressed silky, the lax spinulose branches and foliage yellowish-green : leailets 1 to 
 4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long; the terminal longer, linear-oblong : flowers 
 scattered upon the branchlets, nearly sessile, purple, 3 or 4 lines long : calyx flnely 
 pubescent; the shortly acuminate teeth equalling the tube, shorter than the corolla- 
 pod small, pubescent. — Bot. King Exp. 64, t. 10. 
 
 On drifting sand in the Hot Spring Mountains, Nortliwcstern Nevada, Walson. 
 -f- -J- Leaves simple. 
 
 10 D. Schottii, Torr. Shrubby, slender, nearly glabrous, somewhat spinose, 
 the branches nearly glandless : leaves scattered, narrowly linear, an inch long • 
 llowers few, on short slender pedicels in an open raceme, sometimes solitary, purple 
 4 hues long : calyx half as long, obscurely glandular ; the teeth very short, acutish • 
 ovary pubescent, 2-ovuled : pod 4 lines long, with a single large seed. — Bot. Mex. 
 Bound. 53. 
 
 Banks of the Colorado, near Fort Yuma {Schott) ; Colorado Desert, Palnicr. 
 11. D. spinosa, Gray. A shrub, much branched and very spinose, 4 to 15 feet 
 Jiigh, iioary with a minute appressed pubescence : leaves scattered, cuneate- oblong 
 or nearly linear, obtuse, nearly sessile, 4 to 8 lines long, very deci.luous : flowere 
 nearly sessile, in a loose spike, purple, 5 lines long : calyx half as long, marked by 
 a row of conspicuous glands, the broadly ovate obtusish teeth much shorter than the 
 tube: ovules 6: pod twice longer than the calyx, 1-seedod. — Ph Tliurb 315- 
 lorrey, I ucil. ]{. Rep. vii. !), t. 3. Asaprwa spinosa, Baillon, A.lansonia, ix. 232. ' 
 
 a d^slincf'ppnnThVn 1r"^' "• V'° ^"\"'"l'° ^''''^ (Thurbcr), and ra^twanl on the Gila. Made 
 a distinct genus by Baillon, mainly on the larger number of ovules and the simple leaves. 
 
 12. GLYCYRRHIZA, Linn. Liquorice. 
 
 Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous : anther- 
 cells confluent at the top, the alternate anthers smaller. Ovary sessile, 2-many- 
 ovuled : style short ami rigid, curved at the tip. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com- 
 pressed and often curved, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded, glandular or somewhat 
 prickly. — Erect perennial herbs, glandular-viscid ; leaves unequally pinnate ; stip- 
 ules deciduous ; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts ; 
 root large and sweet. 
 
 About a dozen species, found in all quarters of the globe btit Africa ; only one North American. 
 
 1. Cx. lepidota, Nutt. Tall and stout (2 or 3 feet high), somewhat glanrhilar- 
 puh.M-ulcnt. ur the younger leaves sliglitly silky : leaflets punctafe, to 8 pairs, oblong- 
 Janceolate, mucronate and often acuminate, usually an incli or two lout: : spikes 
 short: flowers ocliroleucous, nearly 6 lines long: '.-alyx half as long; tlTo shuider 
 teeth much longer than the tube : pod tl.i.-kly b.-s.-t with hooked prickles, oblong, 
 lines long, 2 - 0-seeded. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2150 ; Torr. & Grav, Fl. i. 298 
 
244 LEGUMINOSJi. Aslruijulas. 
 
 Var. glutinosa, Watson. More or less covered witli stout spreading glandular 
 hairs, eapecially the pinluncles, wliich are shorter than the spikes : calyx very 
 glandular. — G. (jlutinusa, Nutt. in Torr. iV. Gray, Fl. i. 21)8. 
 
 The tyi)iciil form of tlid ,s|)C(io8 niiif^os from AVasliinj,'tini 'IVnitory to Hiulson's 15ay aiul soutli- 
 wiinl to ArkiiimuH, Ntnv Mnxi.n, uikI NoviuIu, uikI may \w fouiul on Hlnnm-liankH in NorlliiiM«tcrii 
 Culifornia. Tlio rarer varioly lius I'ooii collccti'il iu "Waslilngtoii Torrltory {Nuttall, Lyti/l), und 
 in Corral Hollow, Alameda "Co., Brewer. It is described as having the wings and keel tinned 
 with purple ; the fruit is not known. The leaves in both forms are often sprinkled beneath with 
 minute resinous globules. 
 
 13. ASTRAGALUS, Touru. Rattle-weed. (By A. Gkay.) 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow : keel not 
 pointed. Stamens diadelplious. Stigiua terminal and minute. Legume (pod) 
 very various, commonly turgid or intlated, one or both sutures usually projecting 
 inward more or less, the dorsal one fre(iuently so much as to divide the cell into 
 two. Seeds few or many, on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. 
 — Herbs, or a few Avoody at base; witli unequally pinnate leaves, and rather small 
 flowers, chiefly in simple spikes or racemes from the axils ; the peduncle commonly 
 elongated. — Gray, Ivev. in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 188 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 435. 
 
 A vast gonus, of five or six huudre<l species, mainly of the northern liemisplicro and the tem- 
 perate or frigid zones, most numerous in Asia, and next in North America between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Pacific. In California they have the rejjutation of being poisonous to sheep, which 
 would be most unexpected were it not that several Papilionacece of Australia are known to be so. 
 The fruit is needed for the determination of the species. To aid in this rather difficult matter 
 an artificial key is here given. Besides the following, several other of the almost 150 North 
 American species now known may reach California or its borders ; but it is impossible to indicate 
 them beforehand. 
 
 OxYTROi'is, DC, a genus which is distinguished from AstrMjalus by a subulate beak at the 
 tip of the keel, might be expected nt alpine elevations in the Sierra Nevada, at least in the 
 northern portion, but no rei)resentativo has been met with within or near the State. 
 
 ♦ Leaflets not prickly-pointed, 
 -i- Root annual. 
 Pod wrinkled, didymous, 2-seeded. 
 Pod not wrinkled, several - many-seeded, 
 
 Narrowly oblong, 5 - 10-seeded : flowers 5 to 9 in a head. 
 Ovate-oblong, 4 - 6-seeded : flowers as the last. 
 Linear, falcate : flowei-s few and crowded, very small. 
 Ovate, inflated, acute or iiointed. 
 Thin-bladdery, incmvcd, 1 -colled. 
 Chartaceous and bladdery, 2-celled. 
 Firm-chartaceous, canescent, 1-celled. 
 
 +- Root perennial. 
 
 ++ Pod bladdery-inflated, thin-membranaceous, ample 
 
 Pod 2-celled, ovate, often piu'plish-mottlcd. 
 
 Plant slightly or very ])ubescent : stems 6 to 18 inclies long. 
 Plant silvery-silky, nearly stemh^ss. 
 Pod 1-celled, the dorsal suture not intruded, 
 Stipitate in or raised out of the calyx. 
 Stems a span high : pod very obtu.se, 
 Obovate, 1 or 2 inches long. 
 Oval, an inch or less long. 
 Stems a foot or more high. 
 
 Stipe little if at all exceeding the calyx. 
 Pod ovate, acute, not oblique. 
 
 Pod clavate-obovate, oblique, pointed at both ends, pendulous. 13. 
 Pod semi-ovate, acntish, on a recurved rigid stipe. 14. 
 
 Stipe filiform, an inch long, almost equalling the oval pod. 15. A. leucophyllus. 
 
 1. 
 
 A. 
 
 DIDYMOCARPUS. 
 
 2. 
 8. 
 4. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 tener. 
 Breweki. 
 
 NuiTALLIANUa 
 
 5. 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 Oeyeki. 
 Cowlteri. 
 
 ARIDUS. 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 lentiqinosus. 
 platytkopis. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 Hookerianus. 
 Wuitneyi. 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 OOPHORUS. 
 
 oxyphysus. 
 
 CURTIPES. 
 
Astragalus. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 145 
 
 Stipo lialf sliortcr : pod acute at base. 
 Stipo a (piartor of an inch long, half tho lpt)gtli of the pod. 
 Scsailo in tho calyx, bladdery, an inch or two long, niany-socdcd. 
 Corolla palo yellow, short and broad : stipuk-s herbaceous. 
 Corolla white or whitisli, narrow, an inch long : stipules scarious. 
 Stipules distinct : pod rather firm-walled. 
 Stipules united opposite the petiole : pod thin-bladdery. 
 Corolla yellowish-white or cream-color, 4 lines long, hardly twice 
 the length of the caly.x. 
 llcrliMgn vilTou.4 when young : rniyx-tocth as long m \\\i\ tiibn. 
 llerbago puborulont when young : calyx-tccth sliortcr than tul)e. 
 Sessile in the calyx, hnlf an incli long : Jlower a (luartcr-inch long. 
 Nearly glabrous : pods capitate, ovnte, acuminate, 10- 16-seedod. 
 Villous: pods few, ovnte-incurved, 3-8-seeded. 
 
 + + ++ Pod coiiaceoiis or cartilaginous, or chartaceous, not bladdery-inflated, 
 
 — liong-woolly or long-hairy, sessile in tho calyx, nmjiy-seeded. 
 
 Plant white with soft wool, very low : pod densely woolly. 25. A. PuRSHll 
 
 Plant and pods long-hairy, taller. 
 
 Plant and pods downy with short hairs, slender. 
 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. 
 
 LEUCOPSIS. 
 TUICIIOPIIYLLUS. 
 
 18. 
 
 A. 
 
 00CAUPU8. 
 
 19. 
 20. 
 
 A. 
 
 A. 
 
 CROTALARIiE. 
 
 Menziesii. 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 MAdROOON. 
 DOUOLAHII. 
 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 llORNII. 
 PULSIFERiK. 
 
 26. A. MALACUS. 
 
 27. A. Andersonii. 
 
 28. 
 
 A. 
 
 CYRTOIDES. 
 
 29. 
 
 A. 
 
 8PEIR0CARPUS. 
 
 30. 
 
 A. 
 
 FII.tPKS. 
 
 31. 
 
 A. 
 
 Antisei.u. 
 
 32. 
 
 A. 
 
 rORRKCTtfS. 
 
 33. 
 
 A. 
 
 ARRECTIIS. 
 
 34. 
 
 A. 
 
 Bolanderi. 
 
 40. 
 
 A. 
 
 ATRATUS. 
 
 3.5. 
 
 A. 
 
 NUDUS. 
 
 36. 
 
 A. 
 
 PTEROCARPUS. 
 
 = — Pod glabrous or pubescent with short hairs. 
 
 Pod conspicuously stipitate, the stipe eipialling or surpassing the calyx, 
 One-celled, both sutures prominent externally. 
 
 Calyx very obliquely attached to the pedicel and recurved on it : 
 pod curved or coiled, rigid. 
 Herbage soft-downy : pod pubescent. 
 Herbage minutely jmbescent : iiod glabrous. 
 Calyx not oblicpio ; ])()d straight, tliinner-walled, linonr-oblong. 
 Almost glabrous : pod obtuse nt Itaso ; stijxi half an inch long. 
 Hoary-puboscent : nod tapering into a stipo a (piarter-inc.h long. 
 Olabrous : stipe 2 lines long. 
 Two-colled by intrusion of the uorsnl suture, turgid. 
 Narrowly oblong, straight, erect. 
 Ovate, incurved, reflexed on the stipe. 
 Pod very short-stipitate in the calyx, i)eiidulous, oblong-linear, straight. 
 Pod sessile in the calyx or nearly so, and exceeding it. 
 Stems a span to a foot or more high. 
 
 Flowers an inch long, few : pod oval, 1 -celled. 
 Flowers one third to two thirds of an inch long. 
 Few or scattered in the spike. 
 
 Pod flattened fore and aft, wing-margined. 
 Pod more or less flattened or narrower lore and aft, marginless, 
 curved at maturity. 
 Leaflets 5 to 15, linear, scattered, hoary-pubescent. 
 Leaflets 11 to 21, crowded, 
 
 Olwvate or roundish, loosely pubescent or glabrous : 
 
 flowers jnirple. 
 Oblong or obovate, minutely silvery-silky : flowers white. 
 Potl terete with a groove on the back, narrow, straight, 
 Short-stipitate in the calyx, not erect. 
 Not at all stipitate, erect. 
 Many flowers and pods crowded in a dense spike. 
 Pods oblong, obtuse, 2-collpd, many-seeded. 
 Pods ovate, ncute, lenticular, 1 -colled, 2 - fi-sccded. 
 Flowers and few-seeded 2-celled pods only 2 or 3 lines long. 
 Herbage and turgid pods minutely pubescent ; the latter grooved 
 
 on the back. 
 Herbage and latei-ally flatfish pods very pubescent. 
 Stems or rootstocks not rising from I ho ground : loallols few : Hcii|)n 
 few-flowered ; pod sniiill. 
 Pod sessile in mid shorter than the calyx, few-seeded. 
 
 * * Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent. 
 Peduncles very short, 1 - 3-flowered : pod very small, 1 - 4-seeded. 48. A. Kentrophyta. 
 
 37. A. Casei. 
 
 38. 
 39. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 lODANTHUS. 
 
 Webberi. 
 
 40. 
 41. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 ATRATUS. 
 
 onscuRUS. 
 
 42. 
 43. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 Morton I. 
 
 PVCNOSTACIIYUS. 
 
 44. 
 4.'). 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 Lemmoni. 
 
 l.ENTIFORMI.S. 
 
 46. 
 47. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 ('M,Y(M>SliS. 
 
 Austin.*;. 
 
-, .^ LEGUMINOS.^. Astruyulus. 
 
 I. Species with mi annual root, all low, mostly small. 
 § 1. Pod stronyly transversely wrinkled, didijmous, 1-seeded. 
 
 1 A didymocarpus, Hook. & Am. .Sleiuler, from 3 inches to a foot high, 
 pub'esceiit with soiiio lino ami mthai- «catt,cml liuira. those of the po(hindo iuhI 
 calyx blackiah: lotillHs i) to If), imnowly obh.ii-^ to lijioiii' and more or Icsy ciinc- 
 ate, deeply notched at the apex: spike an inch or much less in lenyth, close: 
 flowers U to 2i lines long : curulla white and violet, its keel mtlexed at tip : pod 
 not over two lines long, short-oval and deeply 2-lobed lengthwise so as to be 
 divided into two cells, each nearly liUed by the single proportionally largo seed. — 
 Bot. Beechey, 33-i, t. 81. A. Catalinensis & .-1. niyrescens, Nutt. PI. Gaiub. 152. 
 
 Low "rounds and slopes, oonimou through the western part of the State from Marin Co. south- 
 ward, flowering in spring. Like most annuals varying greatly in size and robustness. 
 
 § 2. Fod not zvrinkled, feio - many-seeded. 
 * Calyx blackish-hairy, much shorter than the violet or white and violet-tipped corolla: 
 pod not iujlated, hdween ohlomj and linear : Jioivtrs few and nearly sessile, croivded 
 in a small head ivhich does not lengthen in fruit. 
 
 2. A. tener, Gray. Slender, a span or so in height, sparsely and minutely 
 pubescent : leallets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate-linear, ^vith or without a retuse or 
 notched apex: head 5 - 9-flowered : i.od between coriaceous and cartilaginous, 
 about half an hich long, 2-celled, 5 - 10-seeded. — l^roc. Am. Acad vi. 2UG. 
 Phaca astragalina, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 334. Astragalus llypoglottis, 
 var. strigosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 115, lig. 37. 
 
 Moist grounds, common around San Francisco Bay, &c. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, often bright 
 violet, sometimes pale and violet-tipped. 
 
 3. A. Breweri, Gray, 1. c Much like the preceding: leaflets broader, oblong- 
 obcorilate : h)rining i)oil' more ovate, G-ovuled, and 1-colled or nearly so. 
 
 Sonoma Valley, common in lields. lircircr. Not since mot with ; the fruit unknown. Per- 
 haps not distinct from the preceding. 
 
 * .* Calyx ivhitish-haired or nearly so : pod linear : Jloivers few and croiuded at the 
 apex of the peduncle. 
 
 4 A Nuttallianus, DC. T^fore or less pubescent or hoary with white ap- 
 pressed liairs, soon dill'usely branched from the base: leaflets 11 or 13, oblong or 
 broadly linear and mostly notched at the end : calyx-teeth slender and as 1. ng as 
 the tube: corolla whitish and purple, about 3 lines long; the keel with the inilexed 
 tip narrowed : pod over half an inch long, laterally flattish, slightly scytheshapod, 
 the incurvation mostly near the base, deeply grooved on the back, acutish on the 
 other edge, 2-celled, severahseeded; the surface minutely reticulated, either glabrous 
 or with minute appressed hairs. 
 
 Southeastern borders of the State (on the Uio Colorado, Newberry), and east to Texas and 
 Arkansas. 
 * « * Calyx white-pubescent or canescent : pod ovate and inflated : flowers racemose. 
 
 5. A. Qeyeri, Gray. Sirigo.sfly somewliut hoary, branching from the base, a 
 spun hi'-h: Icallers 7 u\ 1 1, linear, less than hairiin inch long; raceme 3-7 flowered: 
 corolla "yellowish-whiU^ 3 lines long: ].od Ihin-hladdcry, half an inch long, very 
 oblique and the acute tip incurved, minutely lu^ary-pubescent, 1 -celled, many-seeded. 
 — Phaca annua, Geyer. 
 
 W. Nevada, not far from the boundary ( JFatson) ; thence east to Wyoming, Gei/er, Parry. 
 
 6. A. Coulteri, Benth. A span to a foot high, stouter, tomentose-canesceut or 
 the leaves silvery-silky : leaflets 9 to 19, obovate or oblong, sometimes emarginate, 
 3 to 5. lines long: raceme or spike loosely 10- 20-flowered : calyx-teeth shorter 
 
AMragalm. MOQUMINOS.IC. 
 
 barely twice the lengtl, of tl,» calyx, l,„r.lly over 2 (in ,f ■'-?"°"™'.- ^f""" 
 
 Soutliern borders of ti.e State, between Colorado and San Diego, Thurbcr. 
 
 II. Species with perennial roots: leafiets and stipules not spinescent 
 
 § 1. Pod hladdery-infiated {the walls thin and membranous), several - many-seeded 
 
 * Tv^oeelM bythetnrninp in of both sutures till they meet or nearh, so more or 
 
 fess dtdymovs, bernr, grooved externally down both sides, sessile il the calyf 
 
 •Mutti.->v™,,"^„r,i,„,u,,'zj/r,»r".;wii:'sJ'^^ ''"""" •' °"" °' "■" '•"'»"»'" 
 
 .t't'2;;,S;'?r^n.'°""" ^''"' ^^ ''•''' '-"' ^'•^-'•- ^^- ^"-'-''It Monntams, Nevada, 
 
 ^.v * One-celled jmd, with no turnin,/ in of the dorsal suture^ 
 
 ^ Sfi/ntnte, i. e the pod raised more or less on a stall- of its own above the calvx 
 
 .. Sten^s low and tufted pod obovate or oval and very obtuse: U'cl^l^dly 
 
 crceedinr, the leaf rather few and densely flmoered. 
 
 10 A. Hookerianus, Didr. SiIky-vilIo,is or pubesoonf. difruselv t.iflorl a 
 
 span lu.l. : leafh-ts ] 3 to 19, oblon. or lin.nr, 2 or 3 lines Ion, flre^^very ^1 ort 
 
 pechcdled: corolla M-hile or whitish : pod obovate and not "in the leastToSted, 
 
148 LEGUMINOS.K. Aslrayalus. 
 
 thin-bladdery, one or two inches long, glabrous; its stipe slightly exceeding the 
 short-campanulate calyx. — Phaca Hookeriana, Torr. & Ciray. 
 
 Mountains in the interior of Oregon {Douglas), and \V. Nevada {Anderson, Watson), extend- 
 ing into Nevada and Sierra counties, Bolandcr, Lemmon. 
 
 11. A. Whitneyi, Gray. Minutely apj)ressed-pubescent ; stonis erect: leallets 
 11 to ly, linear-oblong, 3 lines long : lluwers shovt-pedicelled : corolla " red- violet," 
 in the specimen seemingly only purplish : immature pods smaller than in the fore- 
 going, oval, and narrowed at base into a more slender stipe which becomes nearly 
 twice the length of the oblong-campauulate calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 620. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada at Souora Pass, at 10,000 feet, Brewer. 
 
 ++ ++ Stems very short dad tuj'itd on the routstocks : pod ovate and acute, lotnjer than 
 the J'ew-jlowtrcd common ptduncU, short-stipitate within the calyx. 
 
 A. MEOACAUi'ts, dray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 215 {Phaca, Nutt.), is here mentioned to com- 
 plete the series, and because its var. Paiiuvi, Gray, with narrower pods and leaflets, found in 
 Southwestern Utah, may approach tlie eastern bordei-s of California. 
 
 -^+ -^+ -^-^ Stems a foot or more hiyh and mostly erect. 
 
 = Stipe of the 'more or less acute pod equalling or little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 12. A. oophonis, Watson. Glabrous throughout : sterna lax or decumbent, a 
 foot or two long : leailets 9 to 13, oblong, obtuse, half to three quarters of an incli 
 long : peduncles equalling the leaf, raceiuosely several-flowered : calyx-teeth seta- 
 ceous from a dilated base, as long as the broadly canipanulate tube : corolla yel- 
 lowish-white, sometimes violet-tipped, half an inch long : bladdery pod ovate, not 
 oblique, acute, an inch and a half long, pendulous on a stipe which barely exceeds 
 the calyx-tube. — Bot. King Exp. 73. 
 
 Shoshone ilountains at Reese River Pass, Nevada, JFutson. The only station yet Icnown. 
 
 13. A. oxyphysus, Gray. Canescent with very soft silky pubescence: stem 
 erect, 2 or 3 feet high: leaflets 9 to 21, oblong, an inch or less in length: peduncles 
 much exceciling the leaves : ra(H)ino elongated, rather densely ilowined : culyx-teetli 
 subulate, barely half tlie length of the oblong tulje : corolla greenish-white, two 
 thirds of an inch long : bladdery pod clavate-obovate, oblique, acuminate at both 
 ends, and especially tapering into the recurved stipe (which exceeds the calyx), 
 almost glabrous, about an inch and a half long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 218. 
 
 Dry liills in tiie Monte Diablo range, Arroyo del Puerto, Breivcr. A striking species. 
 
 14. A. curtipes, Gray, 1. c. (,'inereous with a minute apiiressed puljescenco, 
 or green with age : stem a foot or two liigh : stipules mostly united opposite tiie 
 petiole : leaflets 13 to 33, oblong or almost linear, retuse, half to three fourths of an 
 inch long : peduncles in fruit longer than the leaf : raceme short and rather dense : 
 calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate, little shorter than the broadly canq)anulate tuije : 
 corolla not seen : bladdery pod semi-ovate or oval, acutish, an inch and a half long, 
 glabrous, pendulous on a recurved rigid stijie which hardly exceeds the calyx-tube. 
 
 Dry hills at San Luis Obispo, Brewer. Near Ojai, Prof. G. L. Goodalc. In fruit only. 
 
 = = Stipe of the slightly pointed or obtuse glabrous pod filiform, much exceeding the 
 calyx: stem erect : raceme or spike densely foivered and long peduncled. 
 
 15. A. leucophyllus, Torr. & Gxay. Canescent with fine and soft silky pubes- 
 cence when young, when older rather greenish : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high: 
 leaflets in many pairs, broadly linear, ofteit an inch long : flowers fully half an inch 
 long : calyx-teeth subulate, about half the length of the oblong tube : corolla yel- 
 lowish-white : thin-bladdery pod oval, unequal-sided, an inch and a half long, on a 
 filiform. pubescent stipe of almost equal length! — I'haca leucophylla, Hook. & Arn. 
 
 Lower part of the Sacramento to Monterey ? Not well named ; when full-grown hardly hoary. 
 
Astragalus. LEQUMINOS^. -,,^ 
 
 149 
 
 16. A. leucopsls, Torr. & Gray. Tomenhilose-canescent, a foot high • leaflets 
 Z^"^ P'-^'^^'^rcn broadly oblong to al.nost linear, half an inch or more in length 
 spike- ko raceme mostly short (an inch or two long, rarely longer)- olUtee h 
 more than half the length of the campanulate tube": flow/r otirer vise nearly a 
 in the foregoing : the pod similar, but somewhat tapering at base il a nearly 
 g abrous stipe of half an inch or less in length and oily twice or thrice the iTng h 
 
 :;::: S'ta;:Fi: •. s ^"""'- ''' ' ''■ ''- — ^ ^^^^- ^- ^- 
 
 Dry liills, Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. 
 I ^^- -^Z *^chopodus, Gray. Strigulose-puberulent or at first hoary in aee 
 
 nZ' 1^ br"';'''"'^ ';^^"' '^^^* '"^y^^^ high: leaflets in manyplir from 
 narrowly oblong to nearly linear, about half an inch long: raceme short flolers^ 
 velfnw") 7^/ calyx-teeth very much shorter than the campanulate tube orolla 
 yellowish white : pod oyal, obtuse at both ends, oyer half an inch in lel^th W 
 
 InU a'oTlrf" ""\^r '•''^''^7 "^'-^^ ^"^ ''''''' ^' ""^^ subdiyisbiTit sie 
 only a quarter of an inch long. — Pkaca trickopoda, Nutt. ^ 
 
 Dry lulls, common in and near Santa Barbara Co. 
 
 4- +- Pod sessile in the calyx {not at all stipitate), 
 .^ Large ana veryhladderj, over an inch and sometimes two inches long, many 
 
 seeded : leaflets viosth, m many pairs : spike or raceme many-flowered. 
 = Stipules {at least the upper ones) herbaceous and rigidly dcflexed : corolla anvar 
 eMypale yelloro or cream-color, short and hroad' iJurr.l : steZ ftoTfet 
 long, straggling or decumbent and branching. ^ 
 
 18. A. oocarpus, Gray. Glabrous, or young parts minutely pubescent • stems 
 flexuous and with spreading branches: leaflets from oblong to broadCfinear "ob^^^^^^^ 
 
 from half to an inch long), bright green and of thickislf firm texture pedZcL 
 sometimes exceeding the leayes : flowers loose in the raceme, 4 or 5 line onl^ 
 
 itw 3"wi.h r',"'' r-' '''''\ ^-"Snlar-subulate tooili : corolla cLpal-' 
 oval „nd I ' T Yi '""-'^^ ."""'"''^ """^ '^""'''^^''^ ^"^"'^'J 1'"c'< = P*^'! oyato or 
 oyal and short-pointed, an inch to an inch and a lialf long, of parchment-like tex 
 
 are ; the -d-beanng suture somewhat projecting into the'^ell. L^o" ^IfA^d. 
 VI. Z13. A. Crotalariw, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 56, t. 17 excl syn 
 
 ^e^sZl^: """"T-; '"''^'' ^traightish aM narrow, fully half an inch lonl 
 yetlowish-whtte or white, or sometimes the tips dusky-purplish. ' 
 
 19. A. Crotalariae, Gray, I. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent or the vonna 
 
 qimrtertlf,^^^^ ""' ^^'^htly obcordate.'thickish (from a 
 
 Et nir fi?nV. ^; Tf^ 1'^':^'' triangular an.l distinct: calyx-teeth subulate, 
 about Inil tlo length of the slwrt-campanulate tube : corolla whi ,. : p.,d of ratho • 
 
 inTn b7^^ ' "T a^^V^'' '""■'" subulate: racemes yirgate and loose. 4 to 
 10 inches long : calyx-toeth subulatn-sotaceoufl and longer. 
 
]^5Q LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. 
 
 Hills and plains, from around San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Co. ; the variety about San 
 Francisco Hny, iiiulijcs, Kcllixjij or JJuldr.r. If J'/uuut CroOdaritc, i. e. tiio H)>C(inieu of roullor, 
 was really collected '' ii.-ar Monterey," it is most pmhuhly a |iuli(isi'cnl and icwer-llowerod form 
 of this, with broad and less numerous leaflets. But .several ol Coulter's [liauta said to come fmm 
 Monterey nmst have been gathered on llio way thither in the southeastciu part of the Stole, or in 
 Arizona. 
 
 20. A. Menziesii, I uay, 1. o. Villous witli whitish hair.s, or soon green and 
 almost glabrous : steins erect or decumbent, 1 to 4 feet high : stipules broader and 
 less pointed, all but the uppermost united on the side ot" the stem away from the 
 leaf: leaflets and dense spicate raceme as well as flowers nearly as in the preceding: 
 pod similar, but larger (an inch and a half or more long) ami more bladdery, the 
 walls thin-membranaceous. — Phaca densifolia, Smith; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 282, excl. 
 syn. Nutt. P. Nuttallii, Torr. c"t CJray, Fl. 
 
 Meadows and sandy tields, San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara near the coast. 
 
 == = == Stipules scarious or thin-membranaceous, mostly suhuhite : peduncles shoiier 
 thxin the leaves and rather few-Jloiuered : corolla hardly twice the length of the calyx 
 (about 4 lines long), yellowish-ivhite or cream-color. 
 
 21. A. macrodon, Oray, 1. c. Villous-canescent, at least when young: stems 
 a foot or two high : U'alluts in numerous pairs and mostly crowded, obloug-lineur 
 (from a third to an ini.li long) : llowers crowiled, soon rellexed ; calyx-teeth slonder- 
 Kubulate, as long a.i the campanulate tube, little shorter than the corolhi : niatun^ 
 poll not seen. — Phaca macrodon, Hook. <k Arn. 
 
 Near San Franscisco or more probably Monterey, Douglas. More specimens are needed. 
 
 22. A. Douglasii, Clroy, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent, almost glabrous in age : 
 stems ascending, a foot or so in height : leaflets in rather numerous pairs, linear or 
 linear-oblong (a third to three quarters of an inch long) : spike (half an inch to an 
 inch long) 10 - 20-flowf,red : (udyx-teeth subulate, from half to three fourths the 
 length of the campanulate tube: ])od thin-])laddery, gibbous-ovoid, H to 2 inclu.'s 
 long. — Phaca Douglasii, Torr. & Uray, V\. 3iG. 
 
 Gravelly beds of streams near the coast, San Francisco to San Luis Obispo. 
 
 -h+ ++ Smaller pods {((boat half an inch long), fetv - several-seeded : stems low or spread- 
 iitg : jlower only a quarter of an inch long. 
 
 23. A. Hornii, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems slender, ascend- 
 ing : leaflets about 21, narrowly oblong (4 to 7 lines long): peduncle surpassing 
 the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense head or short sj)ike, which is equally dense 
 in fruit : calyx-teeth subulate, about the length of the canq)anulate tulie : corolla 
 yellowish-white, slraigiitish : pods ovate from a broad base and gradually acumi- 
 iiate, straight, villous-pubescent, 10 - 15-see(led. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 398. 
 
 Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, in Owen's Valley {Dr. Horn), and at Bakerbtield, to S. 
 Utah. Said to be one of the sheep-poisons. 
 
 24. A. Pulsiferee, Gray. Whitish-villous : stems numerous in a tuft and })ro- 
 cumbent, slender, branching: stipules slender-subulate: leaflets 5 to ll,obovate- 
 cuneate, mostly retuse, 3 or 4 lines long : peduncles not longer than the leaf, rather 
 loosely 3 - 5-flowered : flowers pedicelled : calyx-teeth linear-filiform, twice the 
 length of the campanulate tube, about the length of the keel of the incurved white 
 and purple-tinged corolla : the narrow wings and especially the standanl (notched 
 at the apex) much longer: pod ovate-inflated and incurved, villous-pubescent, 3-8- 
 seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. 
 
 Gravelly hills and hanks. Sierra and Plumas counties, ^frs. Pulsifc.r Aracs, Lemmon. The pods, 
 although small (barely half an inch long), as in the inflated-fmited section ; but otherwise, in 
 aspect, mode of growth and size, wholly dilfoent. 
 
 A. PUBiCNTissiMUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 209, is nearly related to the preceding, and is 
 probably perennial ; but it has short stems, much broader stipules, leaflets hardly narrowed 
 
Astragalus. LEGUMINOSJ^]. \^\ 
 
 downwards, more numerous and rather larger flowers, slender calyx-lobes not so long in propor- 
 tion to the tube, and the more hairy pod strongly inflcxcd. 
 
 § 2. Pod not rtiejnhranaceous-inflrited, coriaceous ov cartilaginous, densely long-ivoolly 
 or long hairy, commonly turgid, incurved, many-seeded, sessile in the calyx. 
 
 * Cespitose and depressed, the stems very short or spreading on the ground : foliage 
 canescently ivoolly or silky-villous : flnnters long and narrow, often an inch in 
 length : tube of the calyx cylindrical : filiform claws of the petals much longer than 
 (he blades : pods very densely woolly, ovate-incurve</. 
 
 25. A, Purshli, Dougl. ]?arcly a span liigli, in inntXo<l tufts, caiicscontly silky- 
 villous rathor tliun tntnnntnso : Ic'aflcta 9 to 19, o1)louj,' (3 to 5 lincis long) : pedun- 
 cles sliortor than tlio leaves, bearing 5 or G erowdiMl Jlowers : calyx-teetli slender- 
 subulate : corolla dull white with purple tip to the keel and sometimes to the other 
 petals : pod an inch or less in length, very densely clothed with long white or yel- 
 lowish hairs, so as to appear like pellets of wool, at length much incurved, of rather 
 cartilaginous texture, one-celled, but at maturity the dorsal suture sometimes inward 
 so as nearly to meet the ventral, but not strictly forming a partition. — Hook. Fl. i. 
 152 ; Gray, 1. c. Phaca mollissima, Nutt. 
 
 Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Brewer, ko..), and through the dry interior to 
 the Rocky Mountains and the borders of British Columbia. Also on Mt. San Carlos, at 3,500 to 
 4,000 Ceet, on a very dry slope, Brewer. The Californian forms are comparatively small-flowered, 
 and have the corolla purple at tip. — Of tlie annexed nearly related species none have yet been 
 collected in the State, but most of them may prol)ably be found. 
 
 A. Utahensir, Torr. & Gray. {Phaca wollissima, var. Utah-cn^is, Torr. in Stansbiiry Rep. 
 385, t. 2.) Tins belongs to the Salt Lake district, but appears to have been found by Watson 
 oven in the western part of Nevada. It is distinguished from A. Pin-.thii only or mainly by 
 rounder leaflets, clothed with truly tomentose wliite wool, and longer peduncles. 
 
 A. Thompson^, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345, found in S. Utah by Mrs. Thompson and 
 Captain Bishop, is between the two preceding in the shape of the leaflets and the woolliiicss, but 
 has flowers little over half an inch long, shorter calyx-teeth, and a pod (abont the .same length) 
 with shorter wool, so that its shape is visible, with a conspicuous groove on both sides, the dorsal 
 one forming a partition which divides the cell, except near the acute apex. 
 
 A. KniocAiU'us, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 71 (not of Parry's S. Utah collection, No. 44, which is 
 A. Purshli), of the foot-hills in W. Nevada. Tliis is apparently more stcmless tlian the pre- 
 ceding, has oval or obovate leaflets over half an inch in length, a thinner and longer silky 
 pubescence, whi(;h is spai-se and rather hirsute on the elongated naked scape, a dnrk-haired calyx 
 with niiform teefii more than half tin* length of the tul>e, deep-pnrplo corolla over an inch long 
 and nearly twice tlio length of tlie calyx, and an oblong inflexed curveil jiod, clothed with shorter 
 and coarser liirsnte wool, tlie sutures intruding below, but not dividing the cell. This in some 
 respects ajiproaches the more northern and still imperfectly known A. iuJJcxiis, Dougl, which is 
 decidedly caulescent, more villous, with lighter nnrpio corolla little longer than the long filiform 
 calyx-teeth, the bracts and stipules mostly subulate-setaceous. 
 
 * * Stems ascending or erect, a font or so high : pods falcate, laterally compressed, 
 
 2-celled: stipules adnate to the base of the petiole. 
 
 2G. A. malacus, Gray. Villous-birsutc with long spreading hairs, rather stout : 
 leaflets 11 to 17, obovate, retu.so, 4 to 8 lines long: peduncles surpassing the 
 leaves, bearing a rather close spike of several or many flowers ; these two thirds 
 of an inch long : calyx cylindrical, dark-hairy ; the slender teeth much shorter 
 than the tube, not very much shorter than the usually deep purple corolla; 
 the claws of the latter long and slender: pods pendulous or spreading, lunate- 
 lanceolate, an inch long, 3 or 4 lines wide, densely long-hairy, turgid and grooved 
 on the back, sharp-edged ventrally, many-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 336. 
 
 Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from the Virginia Mountains, kc. (Aiiffrrsmt, Watson), to 
 Owen's Valley, Dr. Jfm-n. 
 
 27. A. Andersonii, (Jray. Cnnescont with dense somewhat silky pubescence, 
 rather slender: leaflets 13 to 25, oblong or oval, rarely obovate, mucronate, 3 to 6 
 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves : flowers numerous and crowded in an 
 
252 LEGUMlNOSJi:. Astragalus. 
 
 oblong or cylindrical spike : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous, nearly tlie length of the 
 campanulate whitish-villous tube, much shorter than the curved yolluwibh-whito 
 corolla ; this lialf an incii long, and the broad claws shorter than the blades : pod.s 
 pendulous, linear-oblong, falcate or sickle-shaped, half to tliree fourths of an inch 
 long, 2 lines wide, abiiijitly pointed, soft-downy, 10 - 20-seeded. — I'loc. iVm. Acad. 
 vi. 624. 
 
 Eustern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, Sierra Co. to Washoe Co., Nevada, Anderson, Torrcij, 
 Lemman, kc. 
 
 § 3. Pod neither membranaceous and bladder i/-ivjlated, nor long-hair// or looolly, 
 
 * Conspicuously stipitate in the calyx (stipe equalling or much exceeding the latter). 
 
 +■ One-celled pod with both sutures prominent externally and not ivithin, narroiv. 
 
 ++ Calyx very oblujuely attached to the pedicel and soon rectirved on it : corolla yel- 
 lowish-white : pod curved, cartilaginous or rigid, not cimpressed, the cross section 
 obovate : stems afoot or two long, mostly spreading or decumbent : stipules small, 
 distinct. 
 
 28. A. C3nrtoideB, Cray. iSoft-pubescent throughout and mostly hoary, rather 
 stout : leaflets 11 to 21, from obovate-oblong and retuse to obcordate, becoming 
 smoother above : peduncles exceeding the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense 
 spike-like raceme : calyx downy ; the teeth not half the length of the oblung-cara- 
 panulato tube : pod oblong-linear, [tubescent, an inch or more in length, on an 
 ascending slender stipe of half an inch or more, either falcate or at lengtli curved 
 into a ring ; the thick cartilaginous valves very turgid at maturity, obscurely retic- 
 ulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 201 ii, 525; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 75. 
 
 Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Placer to Sierra Co. and eastward {Anderson, Lcmmon), 
 and W. Idalio, Spalding. Corolla half an inch long. 
 
 29. A. speirocarpus, C.!ray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent : stems rather 
 slender: leaflets I) to 17, obovato and oblong, emarginato : flowers less numerous 
 and crowded than in the preceding : calyx barely p\iberulent ; the teeth not a 
 
 • (piartor of the length of thii cyliudracoous tube : pod glubi-ous, tapering at Imsti 
 into a stipo only twice the length of the calyx, coiled nearly into one turn or at 
 length into a Hat hpira! ; the valvr.s thinmir and Ichh indumted than in tin- pn-red- 
 ing, more vt-iny, and Ii-hm (uigid. - I'me. /\ni. Ai-ail. vi. 'J'Jft ; Walftnii, I. e, 
 
 Vur, fttlolfonnlK, (irav. Sll|(i> lllllonit. half lo Ihroo fouilhn of an lii.'h I.«iih. 
 nimily tlm l<<ngth of ihe liiinnorwalliMl and Ii«mn turgid lulralo nr nuMi'ly liooKnd p(Hl. 
 
 HlxiliiCii (/I'fiKMKit) Olid inlJiK'Kiil iihiiiiiliiliitt III Ni'Viidil ( // ii^i'ii) i llit> iiliKiiiiil i>i>lli'i|tid hy 
 /,»/.»// nil III.' U|i|M«rC.iliiiiil.lii. hi I'liiit tiiily. I''liiwi'i'« nnrrowi'niiid nilliiT Uu\^\'V lliiiii In IIik Uiw 
 
 Hll|ll«, Wlllcil HdllH' lullllH ll|>|>l<llll'll 
 
 ■¥+ ++ Calyx equal-mled and centrally attached to the pedicel : pod nlraighl, linear- 
 oblong, compressed; the valves thin and parchment-like: stems erect or somewhat 
 spreiuling. 
 
 30. A. filipes, Torr. Minutely puberulent or glabrous : stems slender, branch- 
 ing, 2 feet high : stipides small and subulate : leailets 9 to 17, rather scattered, 
 linear (one third to two tliirds of an inch long) : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, 
 loosely-flowered : iiedit-els soon 8i)reading or pendulous : calyx-teeth not half tho 
 length of tho campanulate tube : corolla yellowish-white (half an inch long) : pod 
 an inch or less in length and 2 or 3 lines broad, abruptly contra(aed at base into a 
 filiform stipe of about half an inch in length. — Cray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 22G. 
 
 N. W. Nevada ( IVatsmi, Lemvwn), extending towards and probably within the State, and in 
 the dry interior country to Washington Territory. 
 
 31. A. Antiselli, Oray. Cinereous-pubescent, a foot or so in height: leaflets 
 21 to 29, linear-oblong, crowded, 2 to 4 lines long, hoary beneath but glabrous 
 
Astragalus. LKGUMINOS.'E. J 53 
 
 above : raceme loosoly few-floworcd : calyx-tcctli about half the longth of the cam- 
 pamilate tube (corolla small and white?): pod two thirds of an inch long, 2 lines 
 wide above the middle, thence tapering gradually into the stipe, which is a quarter 
 of an inch long and thrice the length of the calyx. — Ilomalobus multifiorus, Torr. 
 in Pacif. 11. Rep. vii. 10, not of Torr. <^ Gray, Fl. 
 
 Hillsides, Santa Barhara ("o. ; Santa Iflcz {Dr. Antvidl), Ojai, Dr. G. L. Gnodalc. 
 
 A. MiTt/riFi/)ltU8, Gray (tlin Jfnnialnhn.i disjmr k ni'grrscnvs, Ntitt., k If. viuUiJlorus, 'I'orr. k 
 Oray, Fl.), is not known west of the E. Htnnboldt Mountnins, Nevada, nor .south of Oregon. It 
 has wliite flowers not over 2 lines long, and pods half an incli Ion;;, on a stipo not exceeding 
 tlie ralyx. 
 
 32. A. porrectUS, Watson. Almost glabrous, a foot or two high : stipules 
 rather large, nearly scarious, the lower united : leaflets 7 to 11, thickish, broadly 
 obovate, about half an inch long : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, loosely many- 
 flowered : pedicels very short, spreading : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, a little 
 shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla " yellow " (apparently cream-color), 
 narrow, half an inch long : pod half an inch or so in length, 2 lines wide, dorsally 
 convex and ventrally almost straight, nearly erect upon an ascending pedicel ; the 
 stipe 2 lines long and barely exceeding the calyx-toeth. — l)0t. King Exp. 75. 
 
 Trinity Mountains, N. "W. Nevada, at 5,000 feot, Watson. Prohahly to he found witliin the 
 borders of the State. 
 
 -t- -»- Pod two-celled {hij fttronfj intrusion, of the dorsal snture), turgid ; the cross 
 section broadly ohcordately 2-lobed, coriaceous, glabrous: leaflets 7 to 12 pairs. 
 
 33. A. arrectUS, (Jray. A foot or more high, minutely pubescent or glabrate : 
 stipules distinct : leaflets from linear to oblong, retuse (a third to two thirds of an 
 incii long) : peduncles usuidly elongated, racemosely 9 - 20 flowered : calyx-teeth 
 much shorter than the tube : corolla yellowish-white : pod narrowly oblong, 
 straight, rather acute at both ends, upright on the ascending stipe which is fully 
 twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 289 ; Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 69. 
 
 Foot-liills of Nevada (Battle Mountain, Watson), and from S. Utah to Idaho. Not yet found 
 very near the borders of California, but to be expected. Flowers two thirds of an inch long. Pod 
 from that to an inch in length. 
 
 34. A. Bolanderi, Cray. A span or two high : stipules scarious and united 
 on the aide of the stem ()pi)osito the pr>(iole: Icaliots oblong-linoar or narrowly ob- 
 long, grayish with soft i)ubo3conco (a third to half an inch long) : peduncles not 
 exceeding the leaf, almost capitately G- 12- flowered : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, 
 a little shorter than the tube : corolla white with a tinge of purple : pod ovate, in- 
 curved, transversely veiny, less than an inch long, abruptly recurved or reflexed on 
 the conspicuous ascending stipe. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337. 
 
 Gravelly soil, in the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 feet and upwards, Mariposa Co. {Bolavdcr, Bridgc^i, 
 &c.), to Sierra Co., Lemvion. Flowers half an inch long. 
 
 * * Pod sessile in the calyx {or sometimes on a short inclndnl stipe) and in size viuch 
 exceeding it, except in the last species. 
 
 +- Stems elongated, at least a span or two in length. 
 
 ■¥+ Flowers about an inch long, feto and loose. 
 
 35. A. nudus, Watson. A foot or two high, cinereous with minute appressed 
 pubescence or glabrate : stems branching and flexuous, slender : petioles and angled 
 or flattish rhachis rigid, elongated, benring n few .scnttered linear leaflets (varying 
 from 4 to 8 lines long) ; peduncles elongated, 5 - 8-flowere(l : calyx cylindrnceous, 
 dark-pubescent; th^ lanceolate teeth not half the length of the tube : corolla violet- 
 purple, narrow : pod turgid-oval, glabrous, ascending, rather fleshy, when mature 
 
2"^ LEGUMlNOSJi. Astragalus. 
 
 cartilaginous and thick-walled, obtuse at both ends, abruptly pointed with the per- 
 sisteiit^base of the style, one-celled, both sutures strong and prominent externally : 
 seeds numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 74. 
 
 West Humboldt Mouiitiiins, Nevada, IValson. Allied to A. pedinaim but very distinct. 
 Leallcts not rigid an<l luTsistciit as in that speries and the next. Pods three fourths of uu inrh 
 long and three eighths in diameter, the eross section ohlalo-oval. 
 
 ++ ++ Flowers smaller, from one third to half or rarely two thirds of an inch luny, 
 
 = Few or not very mimerous in the spike: pods not densely spiked. 
 
 a. Flattened more or less fore and aft, i. e. contrary to the sutures, and with no 
 proper partition. 
 
 3G. A. pterocarpus, Watson. A foot or two high, but soon declined or de- 
 cumbent, cJuereous-])uliirulent or glubrate. loosely branched : leailets linear-acerose, 
 3 to 9 on the rigid lililorm rhachis, i)ersistent and eipially rigid, of about tiie same 
 breadth (an inch or so in length) : peduncles 7 - 'J-liowered : llowers (hardly known) 
 about half an inch long : pod pendulous, glabrous, ovate or oval (an inch long) cori- 
 aceous, except the acute tip strongly ilattened contrary to the sutures and margined 
 witli a narrow rigid wing, one-celled, the sutures narrow and not intruded : seeds 
 numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 71, t. Vl. 
 
 N. W. Nevada, in alkaline soil at the Junction of tlio Keese River with the Humboldt. Prob- 
 ably not Califoruian : most remarkable for the winged margins of the strongly obcompressed 
 legumes. 
 
 37. A. Casei, Gray. A span or more high, cinereous with minute appres.sed 
 pubescence : stems and branches eiluse, nearly liliform, rigid : leaflets 5 to 15, scat- 
 tered, linear, very obtuse, small (2 to 4 lines long, half a line or less wide), decid- 
 uous; the rhachis and petiole elongated and tiliform : peduncles loosely few-flowered: 
 flowers half an inch long, narrow : teeth of the calyx subulate, hardly one third 
 tiie length of the cylindraceous or oblong tube : corolla apparently pale purple ; 
 pod oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, about an inch long and 4 
 lines wide, puberulent, sometimes brownish-mottled, cartilaginous, arcuate-incurved, 
 strongly flattened contrary to the sutures, both of which are narrow and externally 
 prominent, one-celled, the cross section transversely narrow-oblong : seeds rather 
 numerous. 
 
 High plateau near Pyramid Lake, N. W. Nevada, Levimon and E. L. Case. 
 
 38. A. iodanthus, Watson. A span or two long, soon procumbent, either 
 pubescent or almost glabrous, leafy; leaflets 1 1 to 21, rather crowded, obovate or 
 roundish : jjeduncles c<|ualling the leaves : flowers rather numerous and close in the 
 oblong spike : teeth of the calyx setaceous-subulate, loose or si)reading, more than 
 half the length of the oblong-camjjanulate tube : corolla bright violet-purple, or 
 rarely pale, half to two thirds of an inch long : pod oblong-linear, an inch or more 
 in length, glabrous, coriaceous, pointed, curved at length into a semicircle, com- 
 pressed contrary to the sutures, both of which are turned inwards with a br(jad 
 groove, so that the cross section is nearly that of a ligure 8 : seeds numerous. — 
 Bot. King Exp. 70. 
 
 Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Valley to the W. Humboldt Jlountains. Flow- 
 ers in spring. Poils somelimes brownish-mottled. 
 
 39. A. Webberi, Gray. A span to a foot high, leafy : leaflet 11 to 21, crowded, 
 both sides silvery-canescent with a fine appressed silky pubescenc , oblong or obovate, 
 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves : spike rather densely 9 - 20- 
 flowered : teeth of the calyx subulate, about half the length of the oblong-oampan- 
 ulate tube : corolla white or yellowish-white, half an inch long ; i)od oblong, an 
 inch and more in length, glabrous, thick and fleshy when young, cartilaginous at 
 maturity, blunt or nearly so, straightish or arcuate, turgid, somewhat flattened con- 
 
Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. Jgg 
 
 trary to the narrow and externally prominent sutures ; tlie cross section transversely 
 oblong (4 or 5 lines by 2 or 3) : seeds numerous. 
 
 Indian and Sierra Valley, in the northeastern part of the Sierra Nevada, Lemmon, Mrs. Pal- 
 sifer yhncs. Flowers in July. To this very probably belongs the Asl.rn/jalu.t from the interior 
 of Oregon, mentioned in Torr. h Gray, Fl. i. 694, under Pliaca kucophi/ll'a ; but the legumes of 
 the latter are shorter and oblong-ovate. 
 
 b. Pods terete, straif//it, narroiv, thiii-coriaceous, grooved on the back and tliat suture 
 intruded so as to divide the cell or nearly so, and render the cross section cordatelu 
 
 1-Iohrd. 
 
 40. A. atratUS, Watson. A n\v,\\\ to a Coot liigh, loosely liranoiiin^', slender, 
 cinereous puberulcnt or f,dabratc : Icailets 7 to If), linear or oblong, 2 to 5 linos 
 long: peduncles elongated, 5 - lO-flowercd ; the llowers usually sparse (half an 
 inch long) : teeth of the calyx shorter than the cainpanulato tube : corolla curved, 
 whitish or the keel violet-tipped : pod pendulous, short-stipitate in the calyx, slen- 
 der (about 9 lines long and barely 2 in diameter), puberulent : seeds 10 to 20 — 
 Bot. King Exp. 09, t. 11. 
 
 N. W. Nevada, Watson. Not found so near California as the next, whieli is very nearly related 
 to it. Well marked among these species by tlio short stijie of the pod, wholly within the tube 
 of the calyx. 
 
 41. A. obscurus, Watson, 1. c. Kesembles the preceding : flowers more crowded 
 in the short spike : keel-petals longer and narrower, equalling the wings : pod ses- 
 sile in the calyx, only half an inch long, fewer-seeded, erect or nearly so, terete, 
 straight. 
 
 Near tlic eastern Iwrdcrs of the State : rorky foot-hills near Truckce Tass, Walsoii. Eagle Val- 
 ley, Nevada, Stretch. 
 
 = =^ Numerous fioivers crowded in a dense cijlindrical or ohlonr/ spike : pods also 
 densely spicate : stem erect: leaflets numerous, 21 or more. 
 
 42. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Two feet high or loss, minutely appressed-pubescent, 
 greenish : leaflets oblong (half to an inch long) : flowers nearly sessile, reflexed as 
 they open, but the fruit erect : corolla dull greenish-white or cream-color, half an 
 inch long : pods of nearly the same length, minutely pubescent, elongated-oblong, 
 2-celled, grooved at tlie dorsal suture, but the ventral one externally prominent : 
 floods numnrous. — (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 19(5. A. Camidensis,\M'. Mortoni, 
 Watson, 1. c. 
 
 Moist grounds, along the eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from ]\Tono T-ake (Bracer) north- 
 ward to the interior of Oregon and Utah. Noted by Mr. Lemmon as "a deadly slieep poison." 
 
 43. A. pycnostachyus, Gray. A foot or more high, rather stout, soft-pubescent: 
 leaflets hoary with a villous pubescence, oblong (about half an inch long) : flowers 
 closely sessile in a very dense oblong or cylindraceous spike : pods retrorsely imbri- 
 cated, ovate, acute, slightly flattened laterally and margined by the slender prominent 
 sutures, one-celled, the walls thin-coriaceous, coarsely reticidated, glabrous : seeds 
 few; the ovules only fi. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 527. " 
 
 Salt marshes, Bolina.s Ray, Bnlander, 18G3. Not elsewhere or since collected. Flowers apiiar- 
 ently whitish and only 5 lines long. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Flowers and few-seeded 2-ceUed pods hoth^small, 2 or 3 lines long : stigma 
 capitate : stems diffuse or decumbent, flowering ahundtnitly almost from the base 
 upwards : stipules ovate or the upper triangular : j^ctioles short. 
 
 44. A. Lemmoni, Gray. Minutely npiirosscd-puboseont, green : stems slender, 
 a foot or two long, soon pro(!umbont : leaflets 9 to 1 1, linear-oblong, mucronato (4 or 
 5 linos long) : peduncles iiliform, rather shorter than the leaves (an inch or two 
 long) : flowers rather numerous in a dense oblong raceme : r^ilyx with setaceous- 
 snliulate teeth fully e(pialling the short campanulafe tube : cnrolln whitish tinged 
 
1 ro LEGUMINOSyE. Astragalus. 
 
 Avith purple: pod canesceut-puberulent, chartaceous, hanlly over 2 linos long, ovate- 
 oblon" obtuse, tuigi.l, broadly and deeply sulcato down the back, the cross section 
 obcordato : ovules and seeds not exceeding 8. — Troc. Am. Acad. via. G2G. 
 
 Sierra Vulloy, Lctnmon uiul Bulundcr, June, 1S72 : rucoived only IVoni ihcluttcr, uiul ai.imienlly 
 not since met with. 
 
 45. A. lentifonnis, Gray. Villous-pubescent, and more or less hoary : stems 
 ascen'dingi soon dilluse, a span to a foot long: leallets 11 to 15, from obovate to 
 oblong-spatulate, retuse or emarginate (3 to 5 lines long) : peduncles short, a 
 quarter to half an inch long, seldom equalling the rather dense several - many- 
 flowered i-aceme : calyx-teeth rather shorter and the (apparently yellowish-white) 
 corolla larger than in the preceding : pods broadly oblong, canescently pubescent 
 (3 lines long, almost 2 lines broad), lenticular, not ut all sulcate cm tlio bai'.k, both 
 sutures marginal, but a partition from the dorsal one completely dividing tlie G-8- 
 seeded cell into two. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, iu Clover Valley, ic, on the borders of California and N. W. Nevada, Levimon. 
 
 +- ■+- Acaulescent-dtjjressed, 0)1 cespUose rovtstucks : leaflets few. 
 
 46. A. calycosus, Torr. Silvery-canescent with close-pressed silky pubescence, 
 barely 2 or 3 inches higli in matted 'tufts : leallets 5 to 11, or in some leaves only 3 
 and seemingly digitate, from ublong to ovate or obovato (I to 4 lines long), thick- 
 ish : scape-liko peilundes simiewhat exceeding the loaves, 2 - G-lloworod : calyx- 
 tootli lanceolate or sul)ulate, shorter than the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla half 
 an inch long, yellowish-white, with purple tip to the rounded keel: pod oval-ublong, 
 very obtuse, i)uberulent, 3 or 4 lines long, turgid, chartaceous, slightly sulcate 
 dorsally, 2-celled, about 10-seeded, barely twice the length of the calyx. — Watson, 
 Bot. King Exp. GG. 
 
 Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet, near the borders of California 
 (Toireij), and in the Glover and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, JVatson. 
 
 * * * Pod sessile in and shorter than the cali/x, turgid : flowas capitate. 
 47. A. Austins, Oray. A span high, in dense tufts, silvery silky-pubescent : 
 stipules scarious and mostly united into one ovate body opposite the leaf : leallets 
 9 to 17, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or nnicronate, 4 or 5 hnes long : iteduncle 
 (an inch or two long) mostly longer than the leaf, bearing 10 or 12 sessile llowers 
 in a close head : bracts nearly iiliform, i)ersistent, nearly equalling the calyx, both 
 white-villous ; the Iiliform teeth of the latter rather longer than the cami)anulato 
 tube, and nearly wpialiing the (pale or whitish) corolla, of which the standard and 
 wings are externally villous-pubescent: pod turgid-oval, chartaceous, hoary pid)es- 
 cent, imperfectly 2-celled, fow-seuded, oidy 2 lines long, not equalling the calyx- 
 teeth and the marcescent corolla, the transverse section almost circular. 
 
 Summit of Mount Stanford (Castle Peak), Nevada Co., at 9,000 feet, Lcmmon. In foliage 
 somewhat resembling A. Andersonii, but more dwarf and condensed, and with capitate flowers 
 (only 3 or 4 lines long) ; most of all related to A. Spaldimjii of Idaho and Oregon : dedicated to 
 Mrs. R. M. Austin of Butterfly Valley, who lias much helped on our knowledge of the botany 
 of this portion of the Sierra Nevada, and made interesting observations upon the 1 itcher-1 lant 
 of the region. 
 
 III. Perennial: persistent leaflets and stipules spiny-tipped. {Kentroj)hyta , Nutt.) 
 48. A. Kentrophyta, Gray. Hoary with very minute silky pubescence, cespi- 
 tose, rigid : stems much branched, mostly prostrate, somewhat woody at base : lower 
 stipules membranaceous or scarious, the upper rigid and pungent : leaves crowded 
 on the branchlets : leaflets 5 to 7, acerose-subulate, divaricate : peduncles very 
 short, 1 - 3-flowered : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla whitish or tinged with 
 violet, 2 lines long: pod ovate, acuminate, turgid-lenticular, 1 -celled, 3 - 4-ovuled, 
 1 - 2-seeded, about 3 hues long. 
 
Vicia. LEGUM1N0SJ5. J 57 
 
 Var. elatus, Watson (Bot. King Exp. 77) ; a form with erect and less- branched 
 stems, 6 to 18 inches high. 
 
 Mount Dana, near the aummit, nt 13,000 feet, Brewer. Also in W. Nevada, with the taller 
 variety ( Watson), S. Utah {Parry), and through the dry interior to Idaho, Wyoming, and New 
 Mexico. 
 
 14. OLNEYA, Gray. 
 Calyx campanulate ; the teeth nearly equal, the two upper ones united. Petals 
 free, equal: standard orbicidar, deeply oiuarginato, rcfloxod ; wings oblong; kool 
 broad, obtuse, incurved. Stamens 10, diadolphous : anthers uniform. Ovary scveral- 
 ovuled : style incurved, bearded above. Pod thick, with coriaceous valves, 1-2- 
 seeded, broadly linear. Seeds ovate. — A small tree, often armed with spines 
 below the leaves ; leaves equally or unequally i)innate ; leaflets thick, entire ; 
 stipules none ; flowers white or purplish in short axillary racemes. 
 
 1. O. Tesota, Gray. Fifteen to twenty feet high or more, canescent with 
 minute liairs : spines short and stout, in pairs near the base of the petioles : leaflets 
 5 to 7 pairs, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 8 lines long, obtuse : flowers 3 or 4 in a loose 
 racemose cluster, 4 lines long : calyx half as long : pod linear-oblong, an inch or 
 two long, 4 or 5 lines broad, rough with short glandular hairs. — PI. Thurb. 313 & 
 328 ; Torrey, Pacif. R. Pep. vii. 10, t. 5. • 
 
 In dry valleys near the Colorado River and eastward in Arizona. The Arbol de hicrro or Iron- 
 wood of that region. 
 
 15. VICIA, Tourn. Vr/rcn. Tark,. 
 ('alyx r)-cloft or toothed, usually unequal. Wings adherent to the middle of the 
 abort keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so ; the mouth of the sheath oblique ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary 2-many-ovuled : stylo filiform, inflexcd, the apex sur- 
 rounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat, 2-valved, shortly stipitate (in 
 Californian species). Seeds globular ; the stalk expanded above to cover the linear 
 hilum. — Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climbing by branched tendrils 
 terminating the pinnate leaves ; leaflets entire or toothed at the apex ; stipules 
 semisagittato ; flowers solitary or in loose pedunclcd axillary racemes. 
 
 A genus of 100 species or more, in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in 
 South America. There are ten species indigenous in the United States and a few others Mexican. 
 
 « Perennials : flotvers in pedunculate racemes. 
 
 1. V, gigantea, Hook. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high, somewhat 
 pubescent: leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, raucronate, an inch or two long; 
 stipules large: peduncles 5 - 18-flowered : calyx short, somewhat villous; lower 
 teeth about equalling the tube : corolla G or 7 lines long, pale purple : pod broadly 
 oblong, 1^ inches long or more, glabrous, 3-4-seeded. — Fl. i. 157 ; Torr. cfe Gray, 
 Fl. i. 270. V. Sitckensis, Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 129. V. Ilookeriana, Walpers, 
 Pep. i. 715. 
 
 In woods and moist places from about San Francisco Ray northward to Oregon and Sitka. 
 The seeds are as large as peas and eatable when young : the plant turns blackish on drying. 
 
 2, V. Americana, Muhl. TTstially rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, glabrous : 
 leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovato-oblong, truncate to acute (more 
 usually oblong and obtuse, mucroinilate), j to 2 itK^hes long: ])ednncIos 4-8- 
 flowered : flowers purplish, (5 to 9 lines long : calyx sliglitly pubescent ; teeth 
 broadly subulate, the lower narrower and not half as long as the petals : style very 
 villous at the top : pods oblong, glabrous, an inch long or more, 3- G-seeded : seeds 
 
258 LECJUMINUS.E. Vicia. 
 
 (lark purple, 1^ lines iji diamuter. — Turr. & Gray, Fl. i. 269. V. Orei/aua &, 
 V. sparsi/olia, Nutt. in 'Purr. iV; Gray, 1. c. 270. 
 
 Vur. truncata, JJinwer. Usually SDiiiewliat piiLcscout : leallots trinicaUt uiul 
 often ^-O-tudllKul at tliu a[)ux. — 1'. tniitaUa, Kiitt. 1. c. 
 
 Var. linearis, Watsdn. Lr.ivcs all iiuoar. — - riut;. Am. Acaii. .\i. l.'M. Lut/ii/- 
 rus liiu-aits S:- L. di^sidfolias, Nutt. 1. o. 
 
 The typiciil fonii, which liuiges I'loiu Witshiiigton Tonitoiy and Oregon to New Mexico and 
 aooss the continent, is niiely found in California. Tlie variety truncata is fre([iient I'roni San 
 Benito County nortlnvard to Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada. The variety linea- 
 ris is also common throughout Calilornia and eastward tlirough the interior to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. It is scarcely more than a western form of the species, as both broad and linear leaves 
 are often found ujion the same plant. The sjiecies is popularly known as fcavinc. 
 
 V. ruLCiiELLA, 1113K. Sleniier, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat villous-pubescent : leallets about 
 6 pairs, linear, obtuse or acute, nmcronate, 6 to 9 lines long : Mowers small, 3 lines long, in a 
 narrow raceme, rellexed, white or purplisii : caly.v membranaceous, short ; teeth very short, the 
 lower narrower and twice longer : pod linear-oblong, an inch long, 6 - 8-seeded. — Bill Williams 
 Mountain, W. Arizona (Andcraan), to Texas and Alexico ; may be found in S. E. California. 
 
 * * Slender annuals: Jiuwtrs mostly solitary. 
 
 3. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, more or less pubescent : leallets 
 about 4 pairs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long : peduncles usually slmrt, ran-ly 
 2-llowcrctl: llowe.rs Illintis long, purplish; calyx-teeth lanceolaUs nearly equalling 
 the tube: pod snuuith, lineur-ulth)iig, about (i-seeded. — 'i'urr. tVr Gray, V\. i. 272. 
 
 From tlio Lower Hucnunento to San Diego; Cataliim Island {Niiltall) ; Onadalupo Island 
 (Palmtr) ; and eastward to Southern Colorado and New Mexico. The similar V. micrantha, 
 Nutt., of Texas and eastward, has usually two pairs of leaflets, and the pod is sessile. 
 
 4. V. sativa, Linn, leather stout, somewhat pubescent : leallets 5 or pairs, 
 obovate-oblong to linear, retuse, long-raucronate : flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, 
 violet-purple : pod linear, several-seeded. 
 
 The Common Vetch or Tare, in cultivated fields and waste places (Coulter, Wallace) ; origi- 
 nally from Europe. 
 
 16. LATHYRUS, Linn. 
 
 Style dorsally flattened toward the toj), and usually twisted, hairy along the 
 inner side : sheath of lilaments scarcely oblique at the mouth : otherwise nearly as 
 in Vicia. Peduncles in our species usually equalling or exceeding the leaves and 
 several-flowered, in a single species short and 1 -Ho wered. — Watson, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. xi. 133. 
 
 A hundred species or more, ranging as in the last genus. The 12 or 15 North American spe- 
 cies are perennials, with a single eastern exception. 
 
 * Rhachis of the leaves tendril-beariny : pod sessile : racemes several-flowered. 
 
 +- Stipules lan/e ami broad, ovate or somexvhat semi-hastate with broad lobes : glabrous. 
 
 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Stout, a foot high or more : stipules broadly ovate 
 and halbert-siiaped, acute (not acuminate), the l.iwer lobe larger and usually 
 ct)arsely tootluul, nearly or (piite an inch long ; leallets 3 to f) j)airs, tiiick, nvate- 
 oblong, 1 or 2 iiiclies lung, ohtu.se or acuti.ih, nearly sessile : peduncles a little 
 shorter than the leaves, (J - 10-llt»wered : flowi'rs ]>ur|)le, 'J lines long: calyx-teeth 
 Sjjaringly ciliate, subulate, the upper tooth half as lung as the lower : pod about 10- 
 ovuled, 3 - G-seeded, H inches long or more. — L. Calif ornicus, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. 
 Eeg. t. 1144. 
 
 A frequent form near the sea in Washington Territory, referred to this eastern and European 
 species, may extend down the coast into Northern Calilornia. 
 
 2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Less stout, 2 feet high or mure : stipules smaller, 
 scarcely longer than broad, triangular, acute or somewhat acuminate ; leaflets 6 to 
 
Lathyrus. LEGUMINOS^. 159 
 
 10 pairs, thin, oblong, obtuse or aciitisli, distinctly petiolulate : otherwise very simi- 
 lar to the last. • — Torr. k (Jray, Fl. i. 274. 
 
 Ill ojien woods near the coast, Humboldt Co. (Bolandcr), and northward to the Columbia; 
 rarely collected. 
 
 3. L. sulphureus, Brewer. Eatlier stout, a foot or two high or more : stipules 
 semisagittate, acuminate, 6 to 12 lines long, tlie lower lobe obtuse or acute, some- 
 times toothed ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 9 to 
 18 lines long: peduncles nearly equalling the leaves, few - many-ilowered : flowers 
 smaller, about 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow : calyx-teeth glabrous, the ui)per much 
 shorter than the lower. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399. L. ochrolencus (]), Torr. 
 in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 77. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 7,000 feet, from the Yosemite to Plumas Co. 
 
 ■t- -f- Stipules narrower and semisagittate ; the lobes most frequently lanceolate, 
 
 acuminate. 
 -^-^ Leaflets 4 <o 6 imirs : peduncles rather manyfioivered. 
 
 4. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high or more, climbing, usually some- 
 what finely pubescent : stems not winged : stipules mostly narrow and short, 4 to 9 
 lines long ; leaflets oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, often pubescent beneath, 1^ to 2^ 
 inches long : flowers purple, 6 to 8 lines long : calyx densely pubescent or nearly 
 glabrous, the rather short teeth at least ciliate : pod glabrous, about 2 inches long. 
 
 — L. decaphylhis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3123. 
 
 Var. Californicus, Watson, 1. c. Very stout ; stems often strongly winged : stip- 
 ules broader; leaflets acute and narrower: flowers larger. — L. venosus, IJontli. PI. 
 Ilartw. 307. 
 
 The L. venosus of the Eastern States ranges northwestward to the Saskatchewan and thence 
 across the continent to Washington Territory, periiaps extending down the coast into Northern 
 California, varying considerably in the amount of pubescence, but not greatly otherwise. The 
 variety is found from Sonoma County to Monterey, in valleys and on stream -banks, and in the 
 foot-hills of the Siena Nevada. It may prove to be distinct, but specimens collected by Bolander 
 near Oakland appear inteiTnediate. The mature fruit has not been compared. 
 
 f). L. vestitUS, Nutt." Slender, a foot high or more, often tall (fi to 10 feet 
 high), more or less .'ioft-pubescent, rarely nearly glabrous : stems not winged : stipules 
 narrow, often small ; leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, a half to an inch long, acute : 
 flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually large (7 to 10 lines long) : lower calyx- 
 teeth about e(iualling the tube : ovary appressod-pubescent. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 
 27G. L. strictus, Nutt. 1. c. L. venosus, var. grandijlorus, Torroy, Pacif. R. Rep. 
 iv. 77. L. maritimus, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 49. 
 
 The common species of the southern part of the State, from Sonoma County to San Diego, on 
 dry hills in the Coast Ranges : very variable. 
 
 -1-1- +-^ Leaflets 2 to \ pairs : peduncles 2 - (j-floxvered. 
 
 6. L. paluster, Tnnn. Slender, a foot or two high or more, glabrous or some- 
 what pui)escent : stem often winged : stipules mostly narrow, often small ; leaflets 
 narrowly oblong to linear, acute, an inch or two long: flowers jiurplish, half an inch 
 long: lower calyx-teeth about equalling the tulie: j)od smooth, 2 inches long or less. 
 
 — L. Lanszwertil, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. l.^O, fig. 44. 
 
 Var. ni3rrtifolillS, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets ovate to 
 oblong, an inch long or less. — L. myrtifnlius, IMulil. L. pvhescens, Nutt. X. deca- 
 phylhis, var. minor. Hook. S! Arn. Bot. Beechev, 138. L. venosus, var. k, Torr. & 
 (hay, Fl. i. 274. 
 
 A very varialile and widely diffused species, found throughout the northern portions of lx>th 
 America and the Old World : it is fre(|uent in Wnshington" Territory and Oregon, and is found 
 more rarely southward on hillsides and in the mountains nearly the w'hole length of the State. A 
 low form occurs with the tendrils often undeveloped. 
 
jgQ • LEUUMINOS.K. Lulhyrus. 
 
 * * lihachis of the leaves not tendril-hear'uuj or rarely so : pod shortly stipitate. 
 +- red undts long, 2 - G-Jiowered. 
 
 7. L. littoralis, Kinlliclier. Densoly silky-villous throu^'liuut: steins numerous 
 from creeping roolstucks, stunt, ilecunibent or ascending,', h to 2 feet lung : stipules 
 ovato-ublong, ucnto, entire, Imlf un ineh long; leatlets I to U pairs, with a small 
 linear or oblong terminal one, cuneate-oblong, 4 to lines long : calyx-teeth nearly 
 equal, as long as the tube : standard bright purple, 6 to 8 lines long, exceeding the 
 paler wings and keel : style tlattened most of its length : i)od obhmg, villous, an 
 inch long, 3 - r)-seeded : seed nearly 3 lines broad. — Gen. 1*1. 1271). Astruphia 
 littoralis, Nutt. in 'lorr. k Gray, Fl. i. 278. Orobus littoralis, (Jray, Pacil'. li, 
 Kep. xii. 58, t. G ; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 208. 
 
 Oil tl»c const near San Knim;i.s('o (yint/rcws) : more IVcquent from the iiioutli of the Ci>liniil)iii 
 lUver northward. Tliis ami the following species are the American representatives of the hinneau 
 genus Orobiis, chielly of the Old World, now generally made a section of Lalhyrus. 
 
 8. L. Nevadensis, Watson, 1. c. Slender and usually low, linely pubescent or 
 nearly glabrous : stipules narrowly acuminate ; leatlets 2 to 4 ])airs, thin, ovate 
 to ovate-oblong, an inch or two long, obtuse or acute : flowers large, 7 to 12 lines 
 long, ochroleucous (?) ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube : fruit unknown, perhaps 
 sessile. — L. venosus, var. obovatus, Torrey, Pacif. li. Kep. iv. 77. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada ; Dufiield's Ranch and Big Trees, Calaveras County, Biijclow, Brewer, 
 Ooodale, Maim. Apparently the same plant, though with ratlier narrower and acuteV leaflets, 
 lias been found hy Ncvius in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and by Geijer in Northern Idaho. 
 
 L. POLYMORvnus, Nutt. l{ather stout, usually low, somewliat iinely pubescent or glabrous, 
 glaucous : stipules narrowly acuminate ; leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, narrowly oblong, acute, thick and 
 strongly nerved, an inch or two long : flowers very large, purple : jiod two inches long, 3 or 4 
 lines wide : seeds with a reniarkahly narrow stalk and short hilum. — This species ranges from New 
 Mexico and Colorado to Central Arizona; and perhaps to the hordei-s of California. L. oniatus, 
 Nutt., of Colorado and Utah, has narrower and shorter leaves, broader pods, and broader seed-stalk. 
 
 +- 4- rcduncU's very short, \-Jhmered. 
 
 9. L. Torreyi, <lniy. Sparingly villous throughout, erect, very slender, a foot 
 or two high : stipules narrow, acuminate, the lower lobe short; Icallets thin, I to G 
 pairs, with or usually without a simihir one terminating the slender rhachis, ovate 
 to oblong, acute, about half an inch long: flowers purplish, 4 to 6 lines long: calyx- 
 teeth narrowly subulate, nearly equal and exceeding the tube, or the upi)er some- 
 what shorter and broader : pod linear-oblong, pubescent, an inch long, 3-5-seeded. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 2G7. L. (I) villosiis, Torr. 
 in Pacif. R. Rep. xii. 58. 
 
 In thickets near the coast, Shelter Cove, Humboldt Co. {Bolander) ; Washington Territory, 
 Pickering, Cooper, Hall. 
 
 17. CERCIS, Linn. Ukd-uui). Jiiuas-tukk. 
 
 Calyx cauii)anulate, very broadly and shortly r)-toothed. Petals 5 ; the standard 
 smaller and enclosed by the wings. Stamens 10, free ; anthers versatile, longitudi- 
 nally dehiscent. Pod shortly stipitate, oblong, flat, and thin, many-seeded, 2-valved ; 
 the ventral suture narrowly winged. Seeds compressed, obovato, transvei-se, albu- 
 minous. — Small trees; leaves simple, cordate to reniform, entire, palmately-veined; 
 stipules caducous ; flowers on slender pedicels in axillary fascicles, appearing befure 
 the leaves, red or purplish. 
 
 A genus of 4 species, one belonging to Europe, one to temperate Asia, one in the Atlantic 
 States, and a fourth in California and eastward. 
 
 1. C. OCCidentalis, Torr. A small tree or shrub, glabrous: leaves roundcor- 
 date, very obtuse aud not at all produced above, occasionally emarginate, about 2 
 
Parkinson in. LEG U M I NOSyE. 
 
 161 
 
 iiu^hos ill diameter : petals 4 linos long, rose-culoied : pod about 2 inches long, 8 
 lines broa<l, acute at each end, on pedicels about half an inch long. — (iniy,°Pl. 
 Lindh. 177; Torrey, ]]ot. Wilkes Exp. 283, t. 3. C. Siliquastrum, var., Ijcntli.' PI. 
 Ilaitw. 307. C. Calif orniat, Torr. in Beiitli. 1. c. 3G1. 
 
 From Mt. Sliasta niid Meiulouino Co. soiitliwanl to Sail Diego Co. ; Ciiianiaca Jlouiitaiiis 
 Palmer. Also in Northern Mexico {Gregg) and Te.xas. The common species of the Athmtic 
 States, C. Canadensis, diflers in its larger pointed leaves and narrower and longer pods. The 
 Texnn form of the present species (6\ rmifonnii, Kngclm. MSS.) differs in having its leaves some- 
 what ])rodtice(l above, though still ohtnso, nnd somewhat puiM'sceiit licncnili at least wlien young ; 
 the pedicels also nro often shorti-r. The plnte in Mot. Wilkes l';.\[i. is laully in ropresonting the 
 western form as with sliortly acute leiives. 
 
 18. CASSIA, Linn. Sen.na. 
 Calyx-tube very short ; the divisions 5, imbricated. Petals 5, s])readiiig, nearly 
 etpial or the k)\v(!r one larger; the upper one within. Stamens .0 to 10 (in ours 7) • 
 anthers erect, attached by the base, opening by two pores or chinks at the apex. 
 Pod usually curved, many-seeded, often with cross-partitions between the seeds 
 indehiscent or 2-valved, terete or flattened, thick-coriaceous to inenibranaceou.s. 
 Seeds albuminous, transverse or sometimes longitudinal. — Herbs (foreign species 
 often shrubs or trees); leaves abruptly pinnate; ilowers mostly yellow, usually in 
 terminal or axillary racemes or clusters. 
 
 A genus of over 300 species, abounding in tlio tropical and warmer regions of America and 
 fre(iuent in Africa and tropical Asia. The 18 or 20 species found in the United States belon" 
 mostly to the SouMioru States and especially near the bordor.s of Mexico. " 
 
 1. C. armata, Watson. Hnrbaceous, 3 feet high, minutely puberulent, light 
 green : lealh^ts 2 or 3 pairs, thick, roiiiidful ovate, the margin nu'oliite, acutish, ] or 
 2 lines in diameter, distant upon an eh)ngatcd rigid flattened spinuloses rhachis 
 (2 in(!lies long) ; stipules and glands Avanting : (lowers in a short terminal ifKUiine, 
 yellow: pedicels slen<ler, with rigid aculeate-tipped bracts: i)etals 2 or 3 lines long': 
 ovary slightly pubescent ; the numerous ovules obli.piely transverse : young pod 
 stipitate, glabrate, linear, acuminate, compressed, the sutures thick and nerve-like. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 136. 
 
 Mountains between Fort Mohnve'nnd Cajon I'nss (Cooprr) ; also in Western Arizona, Lieut. 
 II lirclrr. A remarkatih! species. 
 
 2. C. Covesii, Gray. White-tomentose and silky-villous, a foot or two hicr], 
 branching from the base : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, obovat(!-oblong, an inch Ion-' or le^'ss' 
 obtuse, mucronate; stipules filiform, lax, caducous, 1 to 3 lines long; a gland to 
 each pair of leaflets, similar to the stipules, a line long : racemes axiHary peduncu- 
 late, exceeding the leaves, few-flowered: sepals narrow, equal: petals yellow, veined, 
 4 to 6 hues long : pod pubescent, linear-oblong, acute at each end, sessile, nearly 
 straight, somewhat comprcss(Ml, 2-valvod, many-seeded, an inch long, exceeding tlio 
 pedicel: seeds transverse. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 309; Watson in Wheeler's dit. 8. 
 
 liig Canon of the Tnntillns Mts., below S;ni Dingo {Pnlwn) ■ \\. Arizona, Palmer, Wheeler. 
 
 10. PARKINSONIA, Linn. 
 Calyx 5-parted, produced at base an.l jointed ui)on the p(>dicel ; divisions valvate 
 or narrowly imbricate. Petals .'), with daws ; the upper one within and broader 
 llian the rest, somewhat cordate, the claw pubescent and n(>ctiuilcrous on Mic inner 
 side. Stamens 10, free; filaments jnlose at base, the upper one gibbous on the 
 outside ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary .several-ovnled, shortly 
 stipitate : style filiform, acute. Pod compressed, 2 valved, linear to linear-obloii", 
 
IQ2 LEGUMINOSJi. I'arkinsuuia. 
 
 obliciuely or longitudiiuilly vuiued, thin-coriaceous, usually uioro or less torulose and 
 
 compressed between the seeds. Seeds compressed, broadly oblong, longitudinal, 
 
 albuminous ; hilum nanute. — Trees or shrubs, ol'ten armed with short spines : 
 
 leaved bipinnatu with I or 2 pairs ol' i>innui j the conuuoji petiole short, often idiso- 
 
 leto or spinescont ; 8ti[)ulob minute or none; Uowers yellow or whitish, on slejider 
 
 pedicels in short loose axillary or terminal racemes. — Ctrcidium, Tulasne. 
 
 A genus of 8 species, one of S. Africa, three of S. America (including P. acuhula which is 
 widely distributed through Uopicul America), the remainder bclonghig to the region between Texas 
 and b. Calit'oruia. 
 
 * Leajlets usuaih/ very niivitruus, upon a iiiuchelufiyataljlatteaed r/uichis : divis- 
 tuHs of the calyx narrowly imbricate in the bud. 
 
 1. P. aculeata, Linn. A small tn-e, glabrous throughout, the slender branches 
 often pendulous : spiny petioles a half Ut an inch long or less, bearing 1 or 2 pairs of 
 piiinne near the base, or wanting ; leatluts very small, oblong, scattered upon a broad 
 rhachis ^ to 1^ feet long; stipules small, spinesceiit : racemes axillary 3 to G inches 
 long : peilicels jointed a little below the llower : stamens shorter than the yellow 
 petals : pod 2 to 10 inches long, I - 5-seeded, attenuate at eacli end and contracteil 
 between the distant seeils. — iJejitli. in Mart. Fl. liras. xv*. 78, t. 2G. 
 
 Hills of the Colorado near Fort Yuma, and througli Mexico to Texas. Piohably of American 
 origin, but now naturalized or cultivated in most of the tropical and warmer regions of tin- globe. 
 
 * * P in ace ahurt and leajlets Jew ; rhachis terete : calyx valvate in the bud. 
 
 2. P. microphylla, Torr. A much-branched shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, with 
 smooth light-green hark, the straight rigid branchlets si)inose at the ends ; younger 
 branches and inflorescence somewhat puberulent : common ])etioles very short or 
 none, not spinescent or rarely so ; leaflets 4 to G pairs in each pinna, broatlly oblong 
 or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acutish, not narrower at the obliqmi base, two lines 
 long or less, glaucous: racemes short (an inch long or less), axillary and sessile; 
 l)ediceld evidently jointeil a little below the llower: petals ileep straw-color, the 
 tipper one white, iJ tu' 4 lim;s long : anthers orange, ex.serted : ovary ap})ressed- 
 silky : pod attenuate at each end, 1 - 3-seeded, contracted between the seeds, 2 or 3 
 inches long. — J3ot. Mex. Bound. 59 ; Benth. 1. c. 
 
 On the Colorado near Fort Yuina, on Bill Williams River, and eastward through S. Arizona ; 
 flowering in Ahiy. 
 
 3. P. Torreyana, Watson. A small tree, 20 or 30 feet high, with light green 
 and smooth bark ; younger branches and leaves sparingly j)ubescent : leallets 2 or 3 
 pairs, oblong, obtuse, narrower toward the scarcely obli([Ue base, 2 or 3 lines long, 
 glaucous : flowers on longer pedicels in racemes terminating the branches: pedicels 
 jointed near the middle, the joint not evident until in fruit: petids 4 lines hm^^, 
 apparently bright yelhjw ; ghin<l up(ni the upper petal very ])roniinent : ovary gla- 
 brous : pod 2 or 3 inches long, with a double groove along the broad vential suture, 
 acute, 2 - 8-seeded, scarcely or decidedly contracted between the very thick seeds. 
 
 — Proc. Auj. Acad. xi. 135. Cercidium Jhridum, Torrey, Pacif. 11. Kep. v. 300, 
 t. 3 ; not of ]ienth. 
 
 A frciiuent treoin tiic Valley tif tlio Colorado and eastward ; tlio Pulo J'cntt; vi Ww Mexicans, 
 
 — usually bare of foliage, the leaves l)eing .soon dc(i<luons. Tin! specicis has been mistaken l<jr 
 the /•*. Jlorida (^Cercidium Jloriduiii, Henth.) of the liio Grande Valley, which bus axillary 
 racemes, pods with a narrow acute margin on the ventral -side, thinner seeds, and somcwbal larger 
 leaflets. 
 
 20. PROSOPIS, hinn. Miisyurr. Sc^uiiw-uicAN. 
 
 Flowers regular. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth very short, valvate. Petals 5, 
 valvate, united below the middle or at length free, Nvoolly on the inner side (in our 
 
Acacia. LEGUMINOSJi:. 
 
 163 
 
 specii's). Stiinicns 10, free, ex scried ; iintli(Ms tipped with a ilrcidnoiis gland. 
 Ovary villous (iu American siiecies) : stylo filiform. Pod linear, compressed or 
 nearly terete, straight, falcate, or twisted, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually becom- 
 ing thick and spongy within, and with thick partitions between the seeds. Seeds 
 numerous, ovate, compressed. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with axillary spines 
 or spiuescent stipules ; leaves bipiniiatc, with 1 or 2 pairs of pinna?, and usually 
 numerous small entire leaflets ; flowers small, greenish, in cylindrical or globose 
 axillary peduncidate spikes. 
 
 Species about 18, of wliich 5 belong to Africa and tropical Asia, the lemainder to Mexico and 
 South America, the following extending into the United States. 
 
 '.V Pod elongated, straufht or falcate, compressed or at length thickened and Jleshy : 
 seeds each in a distinct cartiUtginous envelope: spines axillary: spikes cylindrical. 
 — Ai^OAROBiA, Benth. 
 
 1. P. juliflora, DC. A shrub or tree (sometimes 30 to 10 feet high), glabrous 
 or pubcruli'.nt, with stout axillary spines or often unnrmeil : leallds (1 to ."JO pairs, 
 short-oblong to linear, 3 to 18 lines long, obtuse or acute : spikes shortly jjedunclod, 
 2 to 4 inches long, usually dense, 1 - 3-fruitod : flowers nearly sessile, a line long : 
 pod 4 to G inches long or more, straight or curved, at first flat and constricted 
 between the seeds, 3 to 6 lines broad, at length sweet and ])ulpy within, acuminate, 
 longitudinally veined; stipe 3 to G lines long. — Prodr. ii. 447; Benth. in Trans. 
 Linn. Soc. xxx. 377. P. glandnlosa, Torrey, Ann. N. Y. Lye. ii. 192, t. 2. Alga- 
 rohia gland nlnm, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 309; (J ray, PI. Wright, i. GO. Prosopis 
 odorata, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 313, t. 1, excl. fruit. 
 
 This is the Algnroba of the Mexicans, or Honey Mesquit, found as a small shrul) in Southea.st- 
 ern California from San Felipe Canon to Fort Mohave, and eastward to Texas. The species in 
 various forms extends southward through Mexico, and along the Andes to Chili, and to Buenos 
 Ayres. The abundant fruit is eaten by the Indians and often by whites, and is a valuable food 
 for liorses. The shrub also furnishes a valuable gum, resembling Gum Arabic, which in Texas and 
 Mexico is collected iu considerable quantity for export. 
 
 * * Pod thick, spirally twisted in. nuvierous turns: stipules .yv'nesrent : spikes glo- 
 bose to cylindrical. — STnoMnocARPA, Beiitli. 
 
 2. P. pubescens, Benth. A shrub or small tree 15 to 30 feet high, resem- 
 bling the last, canescently puberulent or glabrate : leaflets f) to 8 pairs, oblong, 3 to 
 4 lines long, acutish : spikes lax, 1^ to 2 inches long, on peduncles about e(]nalling 
 the leaves, several-fruited: flowers sessile, 1^ lines long: ovary very villous : pod 
 twisted into a narrow straight cylinder 1 or 2 inches long, pulpy within, nearly 
 sessile. — Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 82, & 1. c. 380. Strombocarpns pubescens, Gray ; 
 Torrey, Pacif. R. Rep. v. 3G0, t. 4. Prosopis Emoryi, Torrey, Emory Rep. L39. 
 
 The Tornilln of the Mexicans, and Scrow-benn or Screw-pod Mesrpiit of the Americans. In Snn 
 DIpKo Co. nt Vallecito (Tliurbrr), Moniitnin Sprincs {I'ohnrr), Fort Mohave* {('ooprr), nml east to 
 New Mexico. Tlio pods nre ground into inenl iukI used for food by the Indians. /'. cincrasccns, 
 Gray, a species of the Rio (Jinnde Valley with similar Iruit, li.is much smaller leaves and leaflets, 
 the common j)etiole nearly obsolete, the slender spines usually exceeding the leaves, and the 
 flowers in long-peduneled globose heads. 
 
 21. ACACIA, Willd. 
 Flowers ])erfect or ]H)lygamous. (!alyx 4 -^-toothed. IVtals more or less united 
 below. Stamens numerous, exserted, free or united at ba.-^e ; anthers small. Stylo 
 filiform. Pod 2-valved or indehiscent, many-seeded, compressed and membrana- 
 ceous or more or less thickened and rounded. Seeds compressed : albumen none. 
 — Shrubs or trees, often spinose or prickly ; leaves bipinnate, with small leaflets; 
 
1G4 
 
 ROSACEA. Acacia. 
 
 stipules spinescent or iucouspicuous ; flowers small, in glubuse heads oi cylindrical 
 spikes, on axillary peduncles, yellowish. 
 
 A genus of over 400 spi-cics, bulongiiig to the wanner regions of the globe, especially abundant 
 in AustniHu and AlVicii. About a ilozen are iiutivo on the southeru borders ol' the United States, 
 and numerous Austruliau species are heciuent in cultivation. 
 
 1. A. Greggii, (Ji'ay. A small tree 10 to 20 leet high, pubescent with spreading 
 hairs or glabruus, unarmed or with scattered short stout hooked prickles : leaves 
 short, of 2 or 3 pairs of pinnie an inch long : leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, oblong or oblong- 
 obovate, ineiiuilateral, rounded or truncate at the summit, narrower below, 2 or 3 
 linos long, ratiier thick and with 2 or 3 straight nerves : flowers in cylindrical spikes 
 tin indi or two long, tho peduncles (!(|ualling or exceeding the leaves : pods com- 
 l)ressed, curved, 3 or 1 inches lung, f) to 7 lines l)road, attenuate at base to a short 
 stipe and acute above, more or less (umstricted biitwoen the siuuls ; the tbin-coria- 
 ceous valves reticulated: seeds | inch long, elliptical. — PI. Wright, i. 05. 
 
 San Diego {Cleveland) ; San Felipe ('afii)n (Pabmr) ; Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; and eastward to 
 Texas. The species closely resembles A. n'rujhtii, lienth., of the Kio Grande region, which has 
 a broader and obtuser pod, and usually rather larger leaflets. 
 
 A. Faunesiana, Willd. A small spreading tree, witli straight slender stipular spin.s, pubes- 
 cent or glabrous : pinna-. 4 or 5 pairs ; leaflets 10 to '25 pairs, linear, a line or two long, crowded : 
 heads globose : pod oblong, cylindrical, at length turgid and pulpy, 2 or 3 inclies long and 6 to 
 9 lines thick, longitudinally veined. — Widely spread over the subtropical and tropical regions of 
 the New and Old World, and often cultivated for the perfume of its flowers ; native land un- 
 known. About the Missions in the southern part of the State. 
 
 Order XXXI I. ROSACEA. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, perigynous 
 mostly numerous stamens, distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one suborder 
 few and coherent with each other and with the calyx-tubo into a 2 - several-celled 
 inferior ovary, and anatropoua few or solitary seeds destitute of albuuuui or nearly 
 so : these are the characters of this great order. But the stipules are sometimes 
 evident only upon vigorous shoots, and rarely fail altogether, the stamens are some- 
 times even fewer than tho petals or lobes of the calyx, and in a few cases the albu- 
 men of the seed is somewhat copious. — The Californian representatives belong to 
 three great groups, best exhibited as suborders. 
 
 SuuoRDEU 1. AMYGDALE.'E. 
 
 Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this 
 or its lobes deciduous. Ovules 2, penduhms, but seed almost always s(ditary. 
 Style terminal — Trees or shrubs, with bark exuding gum, and mostly as well as 
 the seeds yielding the flavor of pru.ssic acid. Stipules free, deciduous. 
 
 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Carpel solitary. 
 
 2. Nuttallia. Flowers polygamo-dieecious. Carpels and tliin-fleshed dru[)es 5. 
 
 SuBOHUEU If. ROSA(JE/E i'koper. 
 
 Carpels free from the persistent calyx (the limb of the latter rarely deciduous), 
 becoming akene.s, or in the hrst tribe hillicles, or oidy in Kuhus (where they are very 
 numerous) drupe-like in fruit, Stipules commonly adnate to the petiole. Calyx 
 dry and open, or sometimes strictly enclo.sing the fruit (one or two akenes), or in 
 Rosa fleshy and pome like enclosing numerous akenes. 
 
ROSACEA. 165 
 
 TuiRi: I. SriR^ACEiE. Carpels few, rarely solitary, becoming 2 - several-sculni follicles 
 (dehiscent jjocIs). Calyx open. 
 
 3. Spiraea. Follicles 2 to 8. Seeds pendulous, linear ; the coat membranaceous : albumen 
 
 none. Shrubs or herbs, with simple or compound leaves, and compound inflorescence. 
 
 4. Neillia. Follicles 1 to 5. Seeds erect and pendulous ; the coat crustaceous, shining : albu- 
 
 men present. Shrubs, with simple leaves : corymbs simple. 
 
 Tninr, II. RUliEyE. Carpels several or numerous on a spongy receptacle, becoming drupe- 
 lets in fruit. Calyx open, without bractlets. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 and pen- 
 dulous, but seed Bolitiuy. 
 
 5. RubuB. Carpels iudofiuitcly numerous, berry-like in fruit. Perennial hcrb.s, or 8oft-woo<ly 
 
 shrubs with biennial stems. 
 
 TlilBR III. DRYADE^. Carpels numerous, .several, or solitarj', 1-ovuled, becoming dry 
 akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit. Seed erect or 
 ascending. 
 
 * Shrubs : carpels mostly solitary : style not elongated in fruit : stigma decurrent : calyx imbri- 
 
 cated, without bractlets : radicle inferior (except in Cohogyne). 
 
 fi. Chamaebatia. Flowers corymbose. Petals 5. Tjcavos thrico pinnate, with minute leaflets. 
 
 7. Purshla. Khiwers .TOlitarjr. Potnls fi. Lenvos 3-clnft. 
 
 8. Coleogyne. F]<iwors solitary. Calyx 4-partod, colored. Petals none. Leaves opposite, 
 
 .small, narrow, entire. 
 
 * * Trees or shrubs : carpels solitary or numerous : styles elongated and plumose in fruit : calyx 
 
 imbricated, without bractlets (except in Fallugia) : seed erect. 
 
 9. Cercocarpua. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. Petals none. Carpels solitary, rarely 2. 
 
 (^alyx-tubo long-cylindrical ; the limb deciduous. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. 
 
 10. Co^wania. Flowers solitary, short-peduncled, terminal, showy. Petals 5. Carpels 5 to 12. 
 
 ("nlyx short and turbinate. Leaves cuneate, lobed. 
 
 11. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat pani(ded, on long peduncles, showy. Petals 5. Carpels nu- 
 
 merous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes. 
 
 * * * Herbs: carpels few to many : calyx concave or campanulate, valvate in the bud, bracteolate. 
 +- Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly terminal, persistent. 
 
 12. Geum. Carpels very numerous on a dry receptacle : the elongated style in fruit mostly 
 
 geniculate or plumose. 
 
 +- +- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle superior : style small, naked, not geniculate. 
 
 13. Fragaria. Carpels very iiuinernus, in fruit on a large flesliy scitrlot receptacle. Styles 
 
 liil(^nil. Leaves 3-foli()late. 
 11. PotentlUa. Petals yellow, raiely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more; lilamonta 
 narrow or lililbrm. (darnels mostly numerous, on a dry recei)tiiclo. Leaves jiiunato or 
 digitate ; leadots tootheu or cleft, not confluent. 
 
 15. Sibbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments very short, 
 
 filiform. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets 3-toothed. 
 
 16. Horkelia. Petals white or pink, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 10, rarely 20 ; fila- 
 
 ments usually dilated or subulate. Carpels usually many, on a dry nearly naked recep- 
 tacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets many, toothed, cleft, or parted, the upper confluent. 
 
 17. Ivesia. Petals white or yellow, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 5 to 20 ; filaments fili- 
 
 form. Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or 
 parted, often small and very numerous and closely imbricated. 
 
 Tribe IV. POTERIE/E. Carpels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the dry and 
 firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed. Seed 
 suspended. 
 
 * Heath-like shrubs, with simple entire fascicled leaves : ovules 1 or 2. (Anomalous genus.) 
 
 18. Adenostoma. Calyx lO-nerved, at length cylindraceous. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 15. 
 
 ♦ • Hcrks (as to ours), with conipounil or lobed leaves : ovnlo solitary. 
 
 19. Alohemilla. Calyx naked, urceolato, minutely bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. 
 
 Flowers minute, clustered. 
 
 20. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked nrickles. Petjils yellow. 
 
 Stamens 5 to 12. Tall porojuiial herbs, with pinnate leaves and long racemes. 
 
-igg ROSACEJC. PruHus. 
 
 21. Aceena. Calyx-lobes valvate, deciduous ; the tube oblong, becoming armed with barbed 
 
 prickles. Petals none. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, and densely spicute-clus- 
 tered tlowers. i i r> i 
 
 22. Poterium. Calyx-lobes inibricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked. Petuls 
 
 none. Herbs with pinnate leaves, and densely capittite or spicato Uowers. 
 
 Tki1(K V. ROSK.'K. Carpels many, in fruit bony akcnf-.s, enclosed and concealed in the 
 globose or urn-ish;ipcd llu.sliy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. 
 Stamens numerous. 
 
 23. Rosa. The only genus, lirect shrubs, with pinnate leaves. 
 
 Suborder 111. POIME.K 
 
 Carpels 2 to 5, enc.los(ul in ;uul mo.stly iulnuto to tlio llesliy calyx-tube, in fruit 
 beconiiug a 2 - .sovcrul-cclk'il [)unic. Ovules erect or a.sctuulinjj;, a pair in eaeli eurpel 
 (more numerous in cultivated apples), ascending. Styles often united below. — 
 Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole or nearly so. 
 » Evergreen : carpels partly free and separating. 
 
 24. Heteromeles. Carpels only 2, tomentoso above, lightly united and in llower nearly 8ui)e- 
 
 rioi, liccoiuing thin and impery, and closely included in the berry-like caly.x. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Deciduous-leaved : caipels 2 to 5, united and coalescent with the lleshy or berry-like calyx. 
 
 25. Crateegus. Ovary 2 5-cellcd ; the fruit drupaceous, of 2 to 6 bony 1-seeiied stones, either 
 
 separable or united into one. Branches usually thoniy. 
 
 26. Pyrua. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with }iapcry or cartilaginous and undi- 
 
 vided 2-seeded cells or carpels. 
 
 27. Amelanchier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each divided 
 
 into two by a partition from the back. Otherwise like Pyrus. 
 
 Anomalous Genus. 
 
 28. Canotia. Calyx free from the sej)ticidally 5-valved exserted capsule. Cells 1 -seeded. Sta- 
 
 mens 5, hypogynous. A leafless shrub, w ith solitary tlowers. 
 
 1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cheruy, &c. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 
 15 to 25, inserted with the petals. Ovary solitary, free, with 2 pendulous ovules : 
 style terminal. Fruit a more or less lleshy dru[ie, with usually a bony stono con- 
 taining one or rarely two seeds. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, usually 
 serrulate; ilowers white or rose-culoicd, solitary or fascicled in the axils, or in 
 terminal racemes. 
 
 Species about 80, widely dispersed through the northern hemisphere, but mostly confined to 
 temperate regions. Of the 20 North American species, 14 aie found only in the Atlantic States, 
 from Canada to iMexico. This comprehensive genus now includes several of our most delicious 
 and useful fruits, formerly referred to several genera, such as the Almond, with a somewhat 
 fibrous pitted stone, P. {Amygdalns) communis, — the Peach and Nectarine, with wrinkled stone, 
 P. (Amyc/diihis) Persica,—ihe Apricot, /'. Arme.niaca (Armcninca vu/.ipa-is), — the Gaiden Plum, 
 P. domestica, —the Sloe, P. spinosa,— the Garden Cheriies, P. Cerasus (Ccrasus r uhjans), — also 
 the Cherry- Laurel, P. Lnuru-Cerasus {Lauroccrasus officinalis), &c. Many of the species have 
 medicinal virtues, and the principle or elements of prussic (cyanohydric) acid so abound m sonio 
 species, especially in their kernels and bark, as to make them actually poisonous \shcn eaten 
 freely. Tlie foliage and young branches of some of the Cheriies become poisonous to cattle when 
 wilted. The six Californian species represent nearly as many sections, which have been more or 
 less recently regarded as genera, but the limiting characters prove to be too indefinite. The 
 American species of Plum (belonging to the first section) differ from those of the Old World in 
 having the leaves folded (conduplicate) instead of convolute in the bud, the fruit with little or 
 no bloom, and some of them have very turgid instead of flattened stones, thus connecting this 
 section with the following one. 
 
Prunus. ROSACE.E. 167 
 
 § 1. Fruit ohlo)ig, fleahi/, glabrous: the stone flattish, smooth, usually acutely mar- 
 qined, or grooved on one edge: flowers white, few to several in umbel-like clusters 
 from lateral scaly buds in early spring. — PliUNUS. 
 
 1. P. subcordata, J>cntli. (Wild Plum.) A scraggy nmch-branclied shrub, 
 
 3 to 10 feet higli, witli asli-gray bark, the braiichlets occasionally spinescent: young 
 branches and loaves finely pubescent, becoming glabrous : leaves ovate, cordate to 
 cuneate at base, obtuse or acute, sliarjily and iinely serrulate, about an inch long, 
 shortly petioled ; glands at the base of the blade 1 to 4, or wanting: umbels 2-4- 
 llowenid ; pedicels 3 to lines long: calyx puberulent: corolla half an inch broad: 
 fruit red, largo and edible, about ^ inch long : stone acutely edged on one side, 
 grooved upon the other. — V\. Ilartw. .308. 
 
 On dry rocky hills .ind in opon woods, mostly eastward of the central valley from San Feliiie 
 to Oregon ; most at)undant in tlie northern part of the State, wliere also tlie fruit is larger and 
 more pulpy. It is })lcasantly acid and is gathered in considerable quantities by both Indians and 
 whites. Flowering in April or May, the I'ruit is ripe in August and September. 
 
 § 2. Smaller fruit and stone ovoid or subglobose, the latter marginless: floivers corym- 
 bose, or umbellate: otherwise as § 1. — Ceuasus. 
 
 2. P. emarginata, Walpers. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with bark like that of 
 the ordinary Clierry-tree, and chestnut-brown very slender branches, glabrous or 
 nearly so : leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, crenatcly serrulate, 
 1 to 3 inches long, narrowed to a short petiole, with nsually one or more glands 
 near the base of the blade: corymb 6- 12-llowered, shorter than the leaves: flowers' 
 
 4 to 6 lines broad : fruit globose, black, about 4 lines long, bitter and astringent : 
 stone with a thick grooved ridge upon one side. — - Cerasus emarginata, Dougl. ; 
 Jlook. Fl. i. 100. C. glandnlosHs, Kellogg, J'roc. (.^alif. Acad. i. 5!)". 
 
 Var. mollis, Brewer. Taller, becoming a small tree 25 feet high : more or less 
 woolly-pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. — Cerasus mollis, 
 Dougl. 1. c. ; N'utt. Sylva, ii. 14, t. 46. P. mollis, Walpers. 
 
 Mostly in open forests, in the Sierra Nevada, from Yosemite Valley northward to Pu^et Sound : 
 also more rarely near the coast ; Oakland Hills and Tamalpais, Bolandcr. The variety is the 
 more common Oregon form. 
 
 §3. Fruit small, globose, fleshy, glabrous: stone broadly ovoid, marginless : floiver^ 
 white in terminal racemes, aj^pearijig after the leaves. — Paous. 
 
 3. P. demissa, Walpers. (Wild Cnr.nnY.) An erect slender shrub 2 to 12 
 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong-obovate, usually broadest above the middle, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharjdy serrate with 
 straight slender teeth, usually juoro or less pubescent beneath, 2 to 4 inches long, 
 with 1 or 2 glands at base : racemes 3 or 4 inches long, many-flowered : fruit glo- 
 bose, purplish-black, or red, sweet and edildo but somewhat astringent : stone 
 globose. — Cerasus demissa, Nutt. ; Torr. c^ Oray, Fl. i. 411 ; Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 80. /-*. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes, 284 ; Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 381. 
 
 In the mountains throughout the State from San Diego County {Parry, Palmer) to the 
 Columbia River, except near the const, and eastward to thi! Rocky ftlountains. It fruits abun- 
 dantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet high. It resembles the following species very closely. 
 
 P. ViKGiNiANA, Linn. Leaves rarely at ail pubescent, more frequently somewhat cuneate at 
 base : fruit dark red, very astringent and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and acutish : 
 otherwise like the last, but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist locali- 
 ties. — It is do\ibtful if this species, the eastern Choko Cherry, is found west of the Rocky Moim- 
 tains. A somewhiit sinuliir form, distinct from the Inst, with conspicimus linear stinules anil 
 bracts in the early stage, is foniiil in the West ilunilmhlt Mts., Nevada ( //'(r./.wx), and is to Ih) 
 look(Ml f<ir in the nortlieastern jiart of the State. 
 
 P. RKiioTiNA, Khrhlut, the Wild Black Clierry of the Atlantic States, has been introduced 
 about San Francisco. It becomes a tree, 'and may be <listinguislied by its more acuminate leaves 
 and short incurved callous-pointed teeth, only the midvein of the leaf sometimes pubescent. 
 
-|gg ROSACE.'E. Prunus. 
 
 § i. Fruit less jmlfi/ : done thin : leafless racemes from the axils of evergreen 
 leaves. — Laukockuasus. 
 
 4. P. ilicifolia, Wiilp. (Islay.) A much-bmuclietl ovoigruen shrub, S to \'l 
 feet hij^h, with ^Muyisli-browii bark, nlubrous : Iwivea thick and ligia, shining 
 ubovo, broadly ovuti> to ovale laimuolato, obtiiso or uciito, tninoato or .soiiinwhiit 
 cordato at ba'so, tf[>iiK)si'ly toothed, an inch or two long, very shortly petioled : 
 dowers small, in racemes A to 2 inches long : fruit large (half an inch thick or 
 more), somewhat obcompressed, apiculate, usually red, sometimes dark purple or 
 black; the thin pidp sumewhat acid and astringent but of pleasant llavor. — Cerasiis 
 ilici/o'lius, Nutt.; 8ylva, ii. 10, t. 47 ; Hook. & Arn. Uot. r.eechey, 340, t. 83. 
 
 On dry hills of the Coaat Hivngcs troiii Sun I'^rani'iHco to Sun Diego, and in We.stein Arizona, 
 Bi(jcl(nu. A very onunicntal .species, with shining dark green foliage, soniewliat like the Holly. 
 It flowers from March lu May, maturing its fruit in November and December. 
 
 § 5. Fruit velvety-pubescent, subjlobose: stone smooth or nearly so : Jiowers solitary or 
 in pairs, from lateral scaly buds, apj^earincj with the leaves: calyx somewhat 
 2)ersistent. — 1vmi'li.;ctoclauus, Gray. (Emjdectocladus, Torrey.) 
 
 5. P. Andersonii, Gray. A low diffuse glabrous shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, with 
 grayish-brown bark and spincscent Itranchlets : leaves mostly fascicled, oblanctso- 
 lale, acute, attenuate to a short petiole, a half to an inch long, wparingly 8(!rrulatii : 
 peduncles shorti^r than the leaves : llowers- rose-colored, half an inch broail ; the 
 petals orbicidar: fruit with thin llesli, llattened glol)oso, acute, 6 lines long; .stone 
 compressed, acutely margined ni)on one side and furrowed U[)on the other, acute at 
 l)oth ends, somewhat ridged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337 & x. 70. Watson, Bot. 
 King Exp. 71). 
 
 Sierra Co. (Lemmon), and frequent on the foot-hills of Northwestern Nevada. The fruit more 
 nearly resembles the peach than does that of any other of our species. This whole section, in- 
 deed, of live species conlined to tlii^ interior of the continent and to Mexico, shows the nearest 
 approach in the American flora to the old genus Ainytjikdus of the Old World. 
 
 (). P. fasciculata, (Iray. A divaricat(^ly branched shrub, *J or 3 feet high, 
 with gray bark, glabrous : leaves fascicled, narrowly spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 
 nearly sessile, half an inch long, ob.soletely 3-nerved, entire : llowers sessile or 
 nearly so, very small: pcd-als liiu;ar, white, n^curved : stamens 10 to 15 : style very 
 short : fruit subglobose, 5 or <) lines long, hirsute-tomento.se, the Ilesh thin : stone 
 acute at both ends, smooth, subglobo.se, obtusely and scarcely at all margined. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70. l-hnpUrtoclidus Jasricnlatus, Tornty, I'l. Frem. 10, t. f). 
 
 In the Soiitliirn Siena Nevmlu {h'r.minit); .sunimil of rn.videiirc Mountains (' '„.7»/) ; Arizona 
 
 U. NllT'l'Al.l.IA. I"" ^ 'ion 
 
 KloWiMM pnlvHiniludlHrlMUM, t 'id V \ I lnl.Ul.ll.' e.illipnllldMl l>, Tt Ii.ImmI, dorjiluMin.. 
 
 I'>'I(\U n. brotidl.Y Mpiihd.tlo. PIP. I Miiiuii'iirt If), III Iw.t I'oWB, IU liiRcrlcd wllli tlio 
 
 pHnU. iind n lower down m| Ilioilifd* IImIiih Mm tubo ; lll.iMiniilM v.'iy «linrl, thn 
 
 lower ileelinod. Carpols r>, iiiserteil upon the porsibtent buBO of the calyx-tuhe, frco, 
 glabrous : styles short, lateral, jointed at base : ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous. 
 Fruit 1 to 4 oblong-ovoi.l 1-seeded drupes, with thin pulp and smooth bony stone. 
 Cotyledons convolute. — A shrub, with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves ; 
 stipules none; llowers white, in loose nodding racemes, which apjjoar with the 
 branchlets from the same buds. A single species. 
 
 1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gray. (Oso Berry.) A .shrub or small tree 2 to 
 15 feet high, with dark brown bark and rather slender branches, glabrous : leaves 
 rather broadly oblanceolate, acute, attenuate to a short slender petiole, 2 to 4 inches 
 
long : racemes shorter tlian the loaves, shortly podunchul ; ])racts conspicuous de- 
 ciduous: flowers greenish white, 3 to 7 lines broad: drupes blue-black, with a sl'irdit 
 furrow on the inner side, 6 to 8 lines long ; flesh bitter ; stone somewhat com- 
 pressed. — ITook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 3:37, t. 82; Torr. & Gray, Fl i 413- 
 Lindl. in Trans. Ilort. Soc. iv. 222, & fig. ' ' 
 
 • lu '"°i''^Plf^'='''' ^"fl 0" the north slopes of l.ills from San Luis Obisno to Fraser River, chiefly 
 in the Coast Ranges. Floweimg in March and April ; fruit ripe from June to July. 
 
 3. SPIRJEA, binn. Mkadow-Swkkt. 
 (Jalyx persi.stcMit, fi-lobed ; the tube campanulato or coiknivo. Totals 5, rounded, 
 nearly sessile. Stamens numerous (20 or more), inserted with the petals. Carpels 
 usually 5 or more (2 to 12), distinct and .sessile or nearly so, becoming membrana- 
 ceous or coriaceous several- (2- 15-) seeded follicles, not inflated. Seeds small, 
 pendulous, linear, with a thin membranaceous testa, without albumen. — Perennial 
 herbs or mostly shrubs ; leaves alternate, mostly without stipules (in our species) ; 
 flowers whito or ro.'^o-colored, in compound corymbs or panicles, or rarely spicato, 
 
 n.rl/'"T "'"• "'.'""^ 50 si)ccios, belonging rl.iony to the Icnpcrate and cooler regions of the 
 f^nH T^^"'h'l''"^'<'-. ^ ""y «-^"t!c ornnniental species are common in cultivation Of the 13 
 found in North America 4 are confined to the Atlantic States. 
 
 Fnlrv p""'Tin To'^-'^'^y'. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147, the Spircea Californica of Torrey in 
 
 sm iPtrJ P'w tb'nn';V'" r" ''','T'''^ ^'f'^l '^' ^''''' ^"'^ "'^^"'■^ "> S«»tT^^™ Arizona. Iti a 
 smn tree, with narrowly lanc.late serrate leaves, white-tomentose beneath; flowers white in 
 small tenninal panicles ; stamens 2.'", ; the silky carpels united into a .'-.-celled capsule .seeds 2 
 each cell, erect, and winged at tlie summit. l "'- > ■'''■«^»*' ^ 
 
 § 1. J<:red shrubs, with simple <n,d imiall,, hhol or toothed leaves: stipules none: 
 
 flowers perfect. — Simr/Ka proper. 
 
 * Petals rose-colored or purplish, orbicular, exceeding the calyx: filaments much ex- 
 
 serted : carjyels smooth : ovides several. 
 
 1. S. betulaefoUa, Pallas. Glabrous or finely pubescent, a foot or two high or 
 more w, h reddish bark : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, rounded at base, 
 usually obtuse, acutely and unequally serrate or incised, an inch or two long, on short 
 petioles or nearly sessile : flowers pale purj.le, in fastigiate compound often leafy- 
 bracted corymbs : calyx-lobes as long as the tube, re(lex(.d : carpels f,, a lino long : 
 ovules 5 to 8.-H. Ro.ss. t. IG. S. chama-drifolia, Pursh, not Linn. S. corym- 
 bosa, Raf -^ 
 
 r^ottZ^J/'tllVl'l ^\7\'^'''f'\ •'^V-''?^ '"^ ''"^' ^''' altitude, from Mono Pass (Breurr) 
 "hanv MonnH n^= ^ to Alaska and the head-waters of the Missouri ; also eastwar.1 in the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, and in Northern Asia and Japan. 
 
 2. S Douglasii Hook. Erect, 3 to 5 feet high, with reddish-brown bark : the 
 young branches, inflorescence, and lower side of the leaves more or less densely 
 wlut.j-tomentoso: leaves oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, unequally serrate t.nvanls the 
 rounded or acutish apex, often somewhat cuneate at ba.so, very shortly petiolod, the 
 upper surface bright green or sometimes pubescent : flowers rose-colored crowded in 
 a narrow usually elongated sessile panicle: calyx-lobes mostly reflexed : carpels 5, 
 glabrous : ovules 9 to 11. — Fl. i. 172 ; P>ot. ]\Iag. t. 5151. ' 
 
 Var. Nobleana, Watson. Less pubescent, sometimos nearly smooth : flowers 
 in lm>ad tl.yrso.d panicles: leaves often 3 or 4 inches long. — .9. A^obleana, Hook. 
 r>ot. Mag. t. 51(;i). 
 
 Var. Menziesii, Presl. Slightly pubescent aliovo. th(-, leaves glabrous and of the 
 same CO or on b(. til sides or paler beneath : panicle narrow.— Epiraelijc Hot. 195. 
 S. Afenziesu, Hook. Fl. i. 173. 
 
 In wet places from the Upper Sacramento to the British boundary and Malio. 
 
170 
 
 ROSACl'LE. 
 
 * * Petals ivkite, broadly oblong, about tqiialling the 5-parted calyx : filaments 
 scarcely exserted : carpels densely hairy : ovules 2 : Jluivers in loose spreading 
 panicles. 
 
 3. S. discolor, rursh. A difl'use shrub, 4 feet high or more, with grayish 
 Lrowii bark, pubescent: leaves broadly ovate, obtuse or acutisb, truncate at base ur 
 cuncato into a slender petiole, inoro or less silky-tonientoso beneath, nearly smooth 
 above, pinnatiiidly toothed or lobed, the lobes often ilentate: panicle much branched, 
 tomentose : calyx pubescent, the lobes oblong, obtuse, spreading. — Flora, i. 342. 
 
 Var. ariaefolia, Wutson. Often tall (f) to If) feet high): leaves 2 or 3 inches 
 long, somewhat cane.scent beneath or scarcely so: panicle largo and oi)en. — aV. aria- 
 folia, iSnutli in l\ees ("yc ; Lindl. JJot, Keg. t. ISOf). 
 
 Var. duniosa, Watson. Only I to 3 feet high ; loaves usually sn\all, an inch 
 Ion" or less, cuueatu into a short nuirgined petiole, ofUui white-tomentoso beneath : 
 panicle mostly smaller and less dilfuse,. — ,S'. dnnwsa, Nutt. ; Torrey, Stansbury Kep. 
 387, t. 4 ; Watson, Uot. King Exp. 80. *V. ariia/olia, var. discolor, Torr. & Gray, 
 FL i. 416. 
 
 On low hills and in the valleys, mostly in the Coast Ganges, from Monterey County northwaid 
 to Fraser lUver., The var. dumosa is found in tlie Sierra Nevada, in dry rocky places, at 5,000 to 
 11,000 feet altitude, and tlicnce to Oregon, Colorado, and New Mexico ; more rarely in the Coast 
 Kanges also. Fragrant, with the odor of Sweet Birch. 
 
 §2. Erect shrubs, with twice pinnate leaves and numerous minute leaflets: stipules 
 present: flowers perfect, large, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. — Cham^- 
 UATIARIA, Porter. 
 
 4. S. Millefolium, Torr. Stout, dilfusily branched, 2 to 5 feet high, glandu- 
 lar-pubescent anil more or less tomentose : leaves narrowly lanceolate in outline, 
 scattered or firscicled at the ends of the biancdies, 1 to 3 inches long, with very nu- 
 merous (about 20) piiuue and miinite obhui- obtu.se leallets (about G i)airs) ; stipules 
 linear, entire : llowers white, half an inch broad: calyx-tube turbinate; the erect 
 ac\ite lobes longer than the tube and nearly eipialling the orbicular petals : stamens 
 inchuh'.d : carpeKs T), puhescent: styh'H clongalr.l : ovuhvs l) to 8, HUspemlod : seeds 
 over a lino long. — I'acif. Iv. IJep. iv. 83, t. 5. 
 
 Rare in the Sierra Nevada and tlie mountains eastward : al)ove Owen's i-ak(^ at 10,000 feet alti- 
 tude (iVuir); at NoMc/s I'ass, Sliasta Co. {Ncirbcrrn), ref.Mied l)y oveisij^Ll to ChawuUitia ; 
 W. Arizona and S. Nevada (Uiyclow, U'luekr) ; S. Utah {Mrs. Thomp^iu,,, Parry) ; Wyonung 
 Territory, Coulter. 
 
 § 3. Tall herbaceous perennial, with thrice pinnate leaves and no s(i/)nles : flowers 
 dia'cions, small, white, in nuvicruus flliforni jntnicled sj>ikes : pedicels in fruit 
 reflexed. — • AuuNcus. 
 
 5. S. Arimcus, Linn. (OoAT's-liroARD.) Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : 
 leaves large ; leatlets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 
 2 to 5 inches long, sharply and laciniatoly doul)ly toothed, the terminal ones broad- 
 est : panicle large and compound, pubescent : llowers a line broad, nearly sessile : 
 petals spatulate : filanu-nts long-exserted : cari>els 3 to 5, smooth, several-seeded. 
 
 In ravines and along streams, Trinity and Shasta counties (Brewer), und northward to Alaska. 
 Also in tlio Allcgliunies, and in N. Asia and Kurope. 
 
 § 4. Low herbaceous ]>erennial, woody at hase, with simple entire leaves and no stip- 
 ules : flotvers perfect, white, in dense cylindrical spikes on scape-like stems. 
 — Petrophytum, Nutt. 
 
 6. S. CEespitOSa, Nutt. Cespitose, on rocks, with simple or branching scape- 
 like steins : leaves rosulate on the short tufted branches of the woody spreacling 
 rootstock, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, acute, silky on both sides, 2 to 12 lines 
 long ; those of the scape scattered and narrower : scape 2 to G inches high : llowers 
 
Ruhus. ROSACEA. \>j\ 
 
 on short l)ractpatc podunclos in spikes ^ to 2 inclics lon;^ : calyx-lolios silky, exceetl- 
 ing the tube and nearly equalling the spatiilate petals : lilaincnts ami styles exserted : 
 carpels 3 to 8 (as many as the loVjes of the calyx), somewhat villous or glabrous, 
 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 412; Watson, Hot. King Exp. 81. 
 
 In the mountains from New Mexico and Utah to Northorn Nevada ( IFaLion) and the Cascade 
 Mountains, Oregon {Neiuberry) ; probably in Northern Califoinia. A singular subalpine species. 
 
 S. PECTINATA, Torr. k Gray. A low imrbaceous cespitose nearly glabrous perennial, with creep- 
 ing stems and erect lonfy brandies : leaves rigid, attenuate-linear below, twice or thrice 3-cleft, the 
 tobfs acute, narrow, spreading : racenui short, simple or compound, jiubcscent : calyx-lobes ex- 
 ceeding the tube, nearly equalling the white ol)ovato petals : lilnments included : carpels 4 to 
 6, nearly smooth, 4-6-secded. — FI. i. 417. Liitkroaibhaldioidrx, IJongard, Vcg. Sitclm, 130, 
 t. 2. Erior/ijnia 2>t!r.finatn, Hook. Fl. i. 2.').'), t. 88. From Bchring Straits to tho Cascade Moun- 
 tains (Newberry), and perhaps on the higher mountains of Noithcin California. 
 
 4. NEILLIA, Don. Nine-baiik. 
 
 Carpels 1 to 5, in our species inflated and divergent : ovules two to several, some 
 
 ascending, some pendulous : seeds obovoid or subglobose, Avith a smooth and shinin" 
 
 crustaceous testa, evident rhapho, and copious albumen : otherwise as Spirwa. — 
 
 DifFuso shrubs ; leaves simple, tootlicd or lobcd ; stipules rather Inrgc, deciduous ; 
 
 flowers large, white, in simple corymbs or panicled racemes. 
 
 Only 4 or 5 species, contined to the mountains of Asia, with the following exceptions. 
 1. N. opulifolia, r.enth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with slender 
 spreading or recurved branches and ash-colored shrechly bark : leaves ovate or often 
 cordate, 3-lobcd and toothed, 1 to 3 inches long, on slender petioles, nearly gla- 
 brous : flowers on long slender pedicels in siniph^ nndx'l-like hemispherical tomentose 
 corymbs : calyx-lobes shorter than the rounded i)etals, usually pubescent on both 
 sides : carpels 2 to 5, at length 2 to 4 lines long and membranaceous, glabrous, 
 2-4-seeded : seeds oblong-ovate, a lino long. — Spircra opulifolia, Linn. 
 
 Var. mollis, Hook. Leaves somewhat stellate-pubescent beneath, and inflores- 
 cence more densely tomentose. — Fl. i. 171. Spircca capitata, Pursh. 
 
 On the rocky banks of streams from the Bay of San Francisco northward to British America, 
 and eastward across the continent. Another species, N. Torrryi, Watson, witli smaller leaves 
 and flowers, and tomentose ovaries, is found from the East Humboldt Mts., Nevada, to Colorado. 
 
 6. RUBUS, binn. RA.srnr.uitv. Ui.Acicni-.ititv. 
 Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, without bractlets ; tube short and open. iVtals 5, con- 
 spicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually niimerous upon a convex receptacle, 
 becoming small globose 1 -seeded drupes : styles nearly terminal : ovules 2, pen- 
 dulous : putamen reticulately pitted. — Perennial herbs or somewhat woody, erect or 
 trailing, often prickly ; leaves simple or pinnately 3 - 7-foliolate, with stipules adnate 
 to the petioles; flowers white or reddish, in panicles or corymbs, or solitary; fruit 
 usually edible, black, red, or yellowish. 
 
 A large genus of nearly 500 described species, reducible to half as many, widely distributed 
 over the globe ; 20 or more are North American. The species are variablcand often of diflRcult 
 determination. Two (^ilifoinian species are cultivated abroad for ornament, but none for fruit 
 The Garden Raspberry is the European R. Idrcnn, Linn., which the R. sfrfgo.iits, Michx., of the 
 Eastern States and Pocky ]\Iountains, approaches very closely. The cultivated Blackberries are 
 mostly forms of R. villosus, Ait, of the Atlantic States. 
 
 § 1. Fruit with a hlooni, scparatiuij from the rrrrplarlr w/ini ripr. — pAsrnniiliY. 
 
 * Leaves simple, palmatebj lohed : stem, soff-vioodt/, viithont prickles: flowers larr/e. 
 
 1. R. Nutkanus, Moqino. (SAi.MON-nF.RRY.) Stenis eract or drooping, 3 to 8 
 feet high ; bark green and smooth or more or less glnnrlular-pubescent, becoming 
 
-,tj2 ROSACEA. Ruhus. 
 
 brown and shreiUly : loaves palniulely ami iiwirly equally 5-lol)ed, cordate at base, 
 unequally serrate, 4 tt) 12 inches broad, the lobes acute or acuinniate, glabrous or 
 somewhat touientose, the veins beneath as well as the petioles and peduncles usually 
 more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate : llowers 
 rather few, whiti-, an im;h or two broad : calyx (h^isely tomentoso : carpels very 
 numerous, tomentose : iVuit nul, large, henusi)i>erical, sweet and pleasantly llavored. 
 Liudl. Bot. Keg. t. 1308 ; Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 3453. 
 
 Var. velutinus, Ihcwer. Densely tomcnto.se, especially on the under side of 
 the leaves. — A', vdutliias. Hook. & Arn. liot. Beechey, 140. 
 
 In shaded nlaces hoiii Monterey to Alaska, and eastward to New Mexico and Lake Superior. 
 The variety is contined chielly to California. Tlie species diflecs little from the R. oduratas of 
 the Atlantic States, which lias puri)Usli rose-coloied petals, more abundant glandular hans, the 
 lobes of the leaves usually more acuminate, and the fruit snialler. The flowers ni R. Nulkanus 
 are occasionally pale rose-color. 
 
 * :i Leaves 'i-folioUde, sometimes simple on tlw floioeriny branches, rarely 5-foliolate : 
 stems soft-woody, more or less prickly. 
 
 2. R. spectabilis, Tursh. Stems rather robust, 5 to 10 feet high, sparingly 
 armed wilii sLiaight stout prickles : leaves S-foliolabi, or occasionally some simple ; 
 leallets ovate, acute or aciundnate, doubly incised-serrate and often 2 - 3-lobed, acute 
 or acuminate, the veins beneath, as well as the petioles and i)eduncles, sparingly 
 villous-pubescent ; stipuhis linear: llowers mostly solitary, red, large and showy: 
 calyxdobes pubescent, broadly ovate, acuminate : fruit large, ovoid, red or yellow, 
 smooth : styles long, persistent. — Fl. i. 348, t. IG ; Lindl. Bot. Ileg. t. 1424. 
 
 Var. Menziesii, Watson. More or less densely tomentose and silky. — R. Men- 
 zicsii, Hook. V\. i. 141. 
 
 Shady woods, near streams, from Mendocino County (Bolandcr) to Alaska. The variety near 
 San Francisco and northwaid ; Punta de los Reyes (Bujcluw) ; Saucelito Hills (Kellogg k Harford) ; 
 Crater Pass, Oregon, Jndnms, &c. 
 
 3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. Erect, 3 to 5 feet high, glaucous, armed witb 
 stout straight or recurved prickles : leaves o-foliolate, or sometimes pedately 5-folio- 
 late, never simple ; leallets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, wliite- 
 tomentose beneath, the veins, petioles, and peduncles prickly ; stipules setaceous : 
 flowers few, corymbose, white, half an inch broad : sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
 exceeding the petals : ovaries tomentose : fruit yellowisb-red, rather large, with a 
 white bloom and agreeable flavor. — Torr. & (!ray, Fl. i. 454 ; Kegel, Gartenll. xix. 
 353, t. G70. R. (jlauclfolias, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 67. 
 
 In the Redwoods between Santa Clara and Santa Cruz {Bolandcr); Upj.er Yosemite Valley 
 (Gray) ; more frciuent in Oregon and Washington Territory. Also ni N. Utah (Wahon), and 
 in the San Francisco Mountains. Arizona, Bi,j,low. Very near the Black Raspberry or 1 lunih e- 
 berry (A', occidental^, Linn.) of the Ka.stern States, from which it is haidly distuigui.shed by 
 rather more coarsely toothed leallets, stouter and more hooked i)rickles, and the color ol the fruit. 
 
 * * * Stems herhaceoxis, trailing, unarmed: leaves 3-foliolate : the carpels few. 
 
 4. R. pedatus, Smith. Stems slender, pubescent : leaves smooth or sparingly 
 villous ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch long or less, incisely toothed, the lateral 
 ones often parted to the base ; stipules ovate-oblong : llowers often solitary, on long 
 slender peduncles, white, G to 1) lines broad : st^pals ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, 
 entire or incised, exceeding the petals, at length reflexed : fruit of 3 to G large red 
 pidpy drupelets. — Icon. Tl. t. G3 ; liook. Fl. i. 181, t. 62. 
 
 In woods, near the coast above San Francisco {Newbcrrij), and northward to Alaska. 
 
 § 2. Fruit persistent upon the someivhat juicy receptacle, black and shining : stems 
 prickly : Jfoivers white. — BLACKiiiauiY. 
 
 5. R. ursinus, Cham, i^ Scblecbt. Stems becoming woody, weak or trailing, 5 
 to 20 feet long, sending out numerous lateral fruiting branches, armed with straight 
 
Purshia. ROSACEyK. jy3 
 
 ratlicr slendrr prickles, somGwhat glaucous : loaves 3-foliolate, rarely S-foliolate, 
 often simple and 3-lol)e(l on the llowering branchlcts ; leallets ovate to oblong, 
 coarsely toothed, smooth or m()re or less pubescent or tomentose ; veins, petioles, 
 peduncles, and calyx aculeate with slender prickles ; stipules oblanceolate to linear, 
 often long and toothed : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or often foliaceously 
 tipped and exceeding the petals : fruit oblong, sweet. — Linnaea, ii. 11. R. macro- 
 pefalus, Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. i. 178, t. 59. R. viti/olius, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c, the 
 simple-leaved form. 
 
 Frequnnt in tlio Coast Ranges from Santa Ikrliani and Ventura countios (Ojai, Ooodnle) to 
 Fraaer River ; also in Idalio. A very variable hikmIch. 
 
 6. CHAM^BATIA, Benth. 
 Calyx persistent, turbinate-canipanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 
 very numerous, in several rows on the throat of the calyx, short. Carpel solitary, 
 smooth : style terminal, villous at base, deciduous : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, 
 orcct. Fruit a coriaceous ol)()void akono, included. Seed with a spongy testa and 
 small albumen: radicle inferior. — A glandular-pubescent fragrant shrub; leaves 
 thrice pinnate with numerous minute leaflets ; flowers white, in a loose cyme. 
 
 1. C, foliolosa, Benth. An erect shrub, a foot or two high ; branches numer- 
 ous, slender, leafy, glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, the outer integument 
 soon deciduous, leaving a smooth dark-brown bark : leaves ovate or oblong in out- 
 line, 2 or 3 inches long, finely dissected ; leaflets usually glandular-tipped ; stipules 
 small, linear : cymes few-flowered, terminating the young branches ; bracts leafy, 
 toothed or pimiatilid : calyx densely glamlular-hairy, villous within, the ovate acu- 
 minate lobes as long as the tube or at length longer : petals white, obovate, 3 or 4 
 lines long : akene nearly filling the calyx, abruptly acute. — PI. llartw. 108 ; Torrey, 
 PI. Fremont. 11, t. G; Hook. Dot. Mag. t. 5171. 
 
 On the western slope of the Siorra Nevada, at 3,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, from Mariposa Co. 
 to Nevada Co., flowering from May to July. It is very abundant in some places, fdling the air 
 with its strong resinous rather disagreeable odor. 
 
 7. PURSHIA, DC. 
 
 Calyx persistent, funnel shaped, S-lobed. Petals 5, exceeding tlie calyx-lobes, 
 yellow. Stamens about 25, in one row. Carpels solitary, sometimes 2, narrowly 
 oblong, attenuate into the persistent stylo : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, erect. 
 Fruit a coriaceous akene, pubescent, attenuate at each end, exserted. Seed oblong- 
 obovate, without albumen, the thin seed-coats separated by a layer of dark-purple 
 intensely bitter resinous matter: radicle inferior. — A diffusely branched shrub; 
 leaves mostly fascicled, cuneate, 3-lobed : flowers solitary, terminal on the short 
 branchlcts. 
 
 1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with brown 
 or grayish bark; the young branches and mimerous short branchlets pubescent: 
 leaves cuni^ate-obovate, 3 to 12 lines long, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white- 
 tomentoso beneath, greener above ; stipules short : flowers iiearly sessile : calyx 2 to 
 4 lines long, tomentose with some glandular hairs, the oblong obtuse lobes shorter 
 than the tube; petals spafulate-obovatc, 3 to 5 lines long: fruit half an inch long. 
 — Hook. FI. i. 170, t. 58; l.indl. P.ot. If.-g. t. IMG; T(.rr. iV: Crav, FI. i. 428; 
 Watson, P>ot. King Fxp. 82. 
 
 Fre(]ncnt tbroui^liont tlin interiov from the eastern slope of tin- Sierra Nevada to tlio Rocky 
 Mountains, and from the British boundary to Arizona and New Mexico. 
 
2 '74 llOSACEiE. CvUoijyue. 
 
 8. COLEOQYNE, Ton. 
 
 Calyx persistent, 4-i)aili'd ; l.)l)i!S larye, ovate, imbiicaLed, with a iiicmbniiiaccous 
 margin, colovuil witliiii. Petals nouo. Stamens numerous, inserted upon the base 
 of a tubular torus which iueludos the ovary. Carpels solitaiy (rarely 2), glabrous, 
 oblong : stylo laterul, very villous at Inise, twisted, cxserted, persistent : stigma do- 
 current : ovule solitary, ventrally attached opposite the base of the style. Fruit a 
 coriaceous akene, glabrous, included. Seed with a rather spongy testa, without 
 albumen : radicle superior. — A dill'usely branched somewhat spinescent shrub ; 
 leaves opposite, small, entire, coriaceous ; stipules minute ; llowers solitary, termi- 
 nal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of .'i-lobed bracts, yellow, 
 showy. A renuukable genus, of a single species. 
 
 1. C. ramosissima, Torr. iMuch bianched, ;} to feet high, the short rigid 
 brunches opposite and .spinescent; bark gray : Iraviis approximate upon the branch- 
 lets, liuear-oblanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, thick, usually 2 - 4-sulcatc on the lower 
 side, puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle; stipules short, trian- 
 gular : ilowers half an inch broad : caly.x-lobes often ciliate-toothed : tube of the 
 torus membranaceous, dilated below unci narrowcid to tho shortly f) toothed apex, us 
 long as the caly.x and very slemh'r lilamenls, densely white-villous within : akene 
 somewhat coni[)resseil, oblong-ovate, the obtuse; upe.x incurved : seed suspended 
 from near the summit ami iiiling the akene. — PI. Frem. 8, t. 4 ; Parry, Am. 
 Naturalist, ix. 270. 
 
 About the head-wateis of tlie Mohave {Fremont) and eastward in Southern Nevada and Arizona 
 to Southern Colorado. 
 
 9. CERCOCARPUS, IIBK. Mountain Mahogany. 
 
 Calyx narrowly tubular, the campanulato 5-lobed limb deciduous ; lobes slightly 
 imbricated. Petals none. StanuMis 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the 
 calyx. Carpels solitary (rarely 2), narrow, terete : style terminal : stigma terminal : 
 ovule solitary, asceiuling. Fruit a coriaceous linear terete villous akene, included in 
 the enlarged calyx-tube, caudate with the elongated exserted plumose twisted style. 
 Seed linear, with membranous testa : radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees ; leaves 
 alternate, simple, evergreen ; stipules very small ; llowers small, axillary or terminal, 
 solitary or somewhat fascicled. 
 
 A geuus of 4 or 5 simcius, chiully of the interior of the continent, one being Mexican. 
 
 1. C. ledifolius, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, usually 6 to 15 feet high : leaves 
 narrowly lance(.late with the margins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and 
 somewhat resinous, entire, moie or less tomentose, but usually glabrous above, ^ to 
 U inches long, acute, narrowed at base to a short petiole; midnerve prominent: 
 flowers sessile, tomentose : limb of the calyx 2 lines long, deeply toothed ; tul,)e be- 
 coming 3 to 5 lines hnig : tail of the akene at length 2 or 3 inches long. —Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 427; Hook. Ic PI. t. 324; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 28, t. 51 ; Wabson, Pot. 
 King Exp. 83. 
 
 Olanehe Mts. (Rolhroek) at 9,400 feet altitude, and on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada 
 from Mono Pa.ss at 9,0OU feet altitude (liolandcr) to Oregon, and eastward in the mountains to 
 tiie Wahsatch. It is po])ularly known as Mountain Malioguny, having a hard and heavy dark- 
 colored wood, susceptible of a fine polish. It sometimes beeonu.s a liaudiome tree, 4" or 50 feet 
 high, but is usually low, with a compact head. 
 
 2. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub, usually 2 to 10 feet high, branching from a 
 thick base, sometimes 15 to 20 feet high: leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous, 
 
Fiinuijin. ROSACE.E. 
 
 175 
 
 serrate toward the obtuse or rontulcd suinniit, more or less silky above, densely 
 hoary-tomcntoso l)eueath, ^ to U itirhcs loiij;, shortly pctioled ; veins prominent 
 beneath: ilowers tomentose, on short slender pedicels: calyxdimb nearly 2 lines 
 long, with short teeth ; tube becoming 4 to G lines long, exceeding the pedicel : tail 
 often 4 inches long. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 323 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. lieechey, 337. 
 
 Var. glaber, Watson. Glabrous throughout, or the calyx somewhat oppressed 
 pubescent : leaves dark green. — C. betukefoUus, Nutt. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 322. C. 
 betuloides, Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 427, 
 
 In the Const Rnngcs fiorn Lako Co. (Torrey) to S. (Jnlironiia, mid in tlio Rocky Mountains 
 from Wyonnng Territory to New Mexi.'o niul Utah. Tlio variety occurs in the monntaiiia near 
 Santa Barbara (Nuftall) and San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. 
 
 10. COWANIA, Don. Ci.iff-Ro.^k. 
 Calyx i)ersistent; tube narrowly turbinate; limb .O-parted, imliricated. Petals 5, 
 obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals at the 
 throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels 4 to 12, free and distinct, sessile, densely vil- 
 lous : style terminal, included : stigma terminal : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a 
 coriaceous narrowly oblong striate akene, nearly included in the dilated calyx-tube, 
 caudate with the elongated plumose style. Seed linear, somewhat triangular : 
 radicle inferior. — Shrubs or small trees; leaves small, toothed or pinnatifid, coria- 
 ceous, glandular-dotted ; flowers showy, solitary, terminal. 
 
 A genua of 3 species, confineil to Mexico and the adjacent interior region northward. 
 1. C. Mexicana, Don. A nmch-branchod shrub, 1 to foc't high; the trunk 
 with abundant shreddy light-colored bark : leaves approximate U[)on the short 
 branchlets, cuneatc-obovate in outline, 4 to 7 lines long, ])innately 3- 7-lobed, dark 
 green above, tomentose beneath, ajid the margin somowhat revolute: flowers yellow, 
 an inch or less in diameter, the calyx-tube attenuate into a short glandular-hairy 
 pedicel ; calyxdobes obtuse, tomentose, 2 lines long, equalling the tube : tail of the 
 akene at length 2 inches long or more. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 574, t. 22; "Watson, 
 13ot. King Exp. 83. C. Sfansburinna, Torrey, Stansbury Re]). 386, t. 3. 
 
 "Mountains of California along the Viigen River" {Frrvimt, jnohablv in Southern Nevada) 
 and iiciuent eastward in tlio mountains to N. Utali and New Mexico, and southward to Central 
 Mexico_ The wood is light colored and very lino grained. Tlic otlier species are C. pHcnt.a, 
 Don of Northern Mexico, with toothed h-aves and i>uri)lisli Ilowers. an<l C. erica-folia, Torr., with 
 smaller white Ilowers and linear entire leaves, found only by Parry on the llio Grande. 
 
 11. FALLUGIA, Endlicher. 
 Calyx persistent ; tube short-hemispherical, villous within ; limb 5-parted, the 
 ovate lobes imbricated in the bud, with alternate linear bractlets. Petals 5, large 
 and rounded, spreading. Stamens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon the 
 margin of the calyx-tube. Carpels numerous, densely villous, inserted upon a small 
 conical receptacle : stylo terminal : stigma minute : ovules solitary, erect. Fruit 
 a coriaceous narrowly oblong nkene, ex.serted, caudate with the elongated plumose 
 style. Seed linear: radicle inferior. — A low undershrub ; leaves pinnately lobed, 
 margin revolute ; stipules small ; flowers white, showy, solitary or paniclcd, termi- 
 nating slender (dongated naked iieduncles. 
 
 1. F, paradoxa, En<llicher. Much branched with somewhat virgaie slender 
 branches, 2 or 3 feet high ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fas- 
 cicled, somewhat villous, rather thick, 3 to 10 lines long, sessile, cuneate and atten- 
 uate into a linear ba.se, pinnately 3 - 7-cleft above, the segments linear, obtuse : 
 
17G 
 
 ROSACl'LK. 
 
 ilowers few, an inch or more in diunieter : calyx-lobes ovato, 3 or 4 lineti \on<^, the 
 apex linear or Iriliil ; bractlets linear, entire or Itilid or ^-parted : akenes very 
 numerous, U lines long, the slender plumose tail an ineh or two long. — Turrey in 
 Emory liep/l-lU, t. 2. iSieversia paradoxa, Don, 1. c. 575, t. 22. 
 
 I'roviiloiico iloiiiitiiiiis {Cooper) luul oabtwiinl to S. IHiili iind tlio Itio (-iniadc ; also Mcxiciiii. 
 
 12. GEUM, Linn. 
 Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5-lobed, usually with 5 alternate bractlets, val- 
 vate. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels numerous, upon a conical or clavate 
 receptacle : style terminal, straight or geniculate : stigma small : ovules solitary, 
 ascending. Akenes small, compressed, caudate with the elongated naked or plumose 
 styles. Seed erect : radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs ; leaves mostly radical, 
 lyrate or jannate ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles; lU)wer.s rather large, 
 solitary or corymbijse. 
 
 About 30 spccifs, di.stributeil througli tlie temi)erate and frigid zones. A dozen siu-iies occur 
 in the United States, several of them found also in N. Asia and Europe or closely ahied to Old 
 "World species. 
 
 § 1. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the lower 
 naked and hooked, iHConiini/ elongated : adyx lobes rejlexed. — CitUM pro|(er. 
 
 1. G-. macrophyllum, Wilhl. A coarse herb : stems mostly solitary, 1 to 3 
 feet high, bristly-hairy, leafy : radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly junnate, six 
 inches to a focjt long or more, the terminal leaflet very large and round-cordate, 
 lobed and toothed, the lateral very unequal and often very small ; cauline leaves 
 similar but with a short rhachis, or reduced to the terminal leaflet ; stijiules larg(f, 
 toothed: Ilowers yellow, half an inch broad, in an open i)aiucle : bractlets of the 
 calyx small and oi'tiMi wanting: fruit hispid, upon a nearly naked oblong receptacle : 
 styles 3 lines h>ng, at length rellexed. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, on the eastern side ; Mono I'a.ss {Boluvder), Sierra Co. (Lcmnwn), north 
 of Lassen's I'eak {Ncwbcrnj), and northward to Sitka, ranging east to the Atlantic. 
 
 § 2. Stijle slraiyhl, not jointed, and whoUi/ persistent, naked or jdnmose, elomjated : 
 cali/x- lobes not rejlexed. — Sii':vi;;usiA. 
 
 2. Gr. triflorum, Pursh. Low, villous ; stems clustered, from stout branching 
 rootstocks, G to 15 inclies high, simple, nearly naked : radical leaves pinnate some- 
 what interruptedly Avith numerous cuneate-oblong incised segments ; the cauline 
 reduced to a few small lineardobod leaves or bracts : flowers largi', few, on long 
 peduncles : calyx often purplish, as well as the upper i)art of the stem, the linear 
 bractlets 4 to 9 lines long, usually excelling the lobes and equalling tln^ oblong 
 purplish erect jjetals : tails tif the small akenes jdumose, at length 2 or 3 imhes 
 long : receptacle small, liemispherical. — Sieveisia trijlora, K. Br.; Hook. r.ot. Mag. 
 t. 2858. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada at '1,0(10 to D.OOO feet altitude {llrcwci; Bolanda), and in the iiiounluins 
 north and eastward, to Arctic America and Lalirador. 
 
 13. PRAGARIA, 'I'ourn. Si uawiikhuv. 
 Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5-lobed, with 5 alternate bractlets, valvate. 
 Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many, in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth : 
 styles lateral, very short : ovule solitary, ascending. Tieceptacle much enlarged and 
 fleshy in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small turgid crustaceous akenes upon the 
 surface. iJadicle superior. — Acaulescent stoloniferous perennials; leaves indmately 
 
PotentiUa. ROSACEyK. I77 
 
 Irifoliolate, tlio leaflets obovato-cuncate, coarsely toothed ; llowcrs few, cymosc upon 
 
 short erect scapes. 
 
 A small genus widely distributed through the temperate and alpine regions of the northern 
 hemisphere, and also in the Andes. Many species have been projjoscd, but scarcely half a dozen 
 are now recognized by botanists. Their unstable character and "tlie great facility with which 
 fertile cross-bieeds are produced, give leason to susjiect that the whole genus may prove to con- 
 sist of but one species" {Benthavi). Many varieties are in cultivation, some of which flourish 
 with special luxuriance in this State. The three first following are the generally acknowledged 
 North American .species : but it is difficult to make a satisfactory reference of all the Californian 
 forms as found in collections. 
 
 1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. "Akenes imbedded in tlie deeply pitted fruiting 
 receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx l)ecoming erect after flowering 
 and counivent over tlie hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructilied : leaflets of a 
 firm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, 
 silky and appressed." — Gray, Manual, 155. 
 
 Var. Illinoensis, Gray, 1. c. " A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct 
 species, the flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, the villous hairs of the 
 scape and pedicels widely spreading." — F. Orai/nna, Vilniorin. 
 
 The typical form of this species seems to bo confined to the Atlantic States. The variety ex- 
 tends westward to the Rocky Mountains and it is said even to Washington Territory and Oregon. 
 If found in the northern i)art of the State it should bo distinguished from the following si)ecies 
 by the characters of the Iruit. The Icallets are cuncate-obovato, rounded at the summit. 
 
 2. F. vesca, Linn. "Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemi- 
 spherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits): calyx remaining spreading or re- 
 flexed : hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed : 
 leaflets thin, even the upjier face strongly marked by the veins." — Gray, 1. c. 
 
 This European species is also widely indigenous thiough North America, and specimens from 
 the Sierra Nevada have been refernui to it. It is doubtful, however, whether it is really found 
 within the State. The leaflets are usually less obtuse than in the last. 
 
 3. F. Chilensis, Ehrhart. Usually low, densely villous with silky hairs, spread- 
 ing upon the petioles, scapes and pedicols, appressed upon the under side of the 
 leaves and the calyx : scapes and petioles mther stout : leaflets thick, perfectly 
 smooth above, cuneate-obovatn, rounded at the flumiuit: (lowers largo, (often .■m iiicli 
 broad): calyx lobes and bractlets elongated, entire : fruit not described. — Torr. & 
 Gray, El. i. 448. 
 
 Near the sen, from San Franci.sco to Alaska ; identical with tlio Chilian form. 
 
 4. F. Californica, Gham. & Schlocht. Low, somewhat villous with sprcading 
 hairs, which are less closely appressed on the under side of the leaves and calyx : 
 scapes and petioles usually slender : leaves thinner, cuneate-obovate and rounded, 
 sparingly villous on the upper side: flowers half an inch broad: calyx-lobes shorter, 
 often toothed or cleft : fruit small ; akenes superficial. — LimvTa, ii. 20. F. lucidn, 
 Vilmorin ; Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. viii. 201. F. veaca, IJentli. PI. llartw. 309; 
 Seem. Bot. Herald, 282. 
 
 From San Diego to Mt. Diablo {Brewer) and the Oakland Hills (Uahkr) ; also in North- 
 western Mexico, Srr.mnnn. This appears to be distinct from the ordinary F. vcsca, and from 
 other Californian fortiis. 
 
 14. POTENTILLA, Linn. Fivk-finoku. 
 
 Calyx persistent, concave or flatfish ; limb 5-lobed, with 5 alternate bractlets, 
 valvate. Petals 5, obcordate or broadly obovate, sessile, yellow (rarely white or 
 red). Stamens 20 to 50 or more (rarely fewer), marginal in 2 or 3 rows upon the 
 hairy sometimes thickened base of the calyx ; filaments filiform. Carpels 10 to 
 40 or more, usually numerous : styles lateral or nearly terminal, short, deciduous : 
 
178 
 
 llOSACEJ!]. Pottiitilla. 
 
 ovvilo solitary, ivacontliiig or susponded. Akouca small, turgid, crustacoous, u-sually 
 Bossilo, 111)011 a thy inoro or lesn olovatod rfci-ptaclo. Iwidiclo siiiiorior. — litnhacoous 
 or mrely woody ; louvi's piimato or digitate with distinct leallcts ; stipules adnato to 
 tlio petioles ; lloweis e.yuiose, or axillary ami solitary. — Lehmuuu, Uevis. Potent. ; 
 Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 5-l'J. 
 
 A genus of about 120 s|iecies, according to Benthiim & Hooker (who include in it also the next 
 three genera), conlined almost exclusively to the temperate and cold regions of the northern 
 hemisphere. The species are very variable, and many more than this number have been pub- 
 lished, or the 30 or more native to North America, a dozen are also indigenous in Europe or 
 Northern Asia. 
 
 * Styles fusiform, thickeued and ylandular at base: carpels very numerous, (jlabrous : 
 
 Jlowers cjjviost. 
 
 1. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Perennial, erect, a foot or two high, somewhat glan- 
 dular-villuus, branelied above : leaves pinnate ; leallets 5 to 9, rounded, ovate, or 
 somewhat rhondjoidal, coarsely serrate, an inch or two long : cymes at length open 
 and pedicels slender, the upper leaves and floral bracts conspicuous : calyx 4 to 6 
 lines long, somewhat tomentose and usually villous with coarse hairs ; bractlets 
 linear to oLlong, shorter than the lobes : jictals yelh)w or sometimes white, usually 
 bhortor than tho calyx : stamens Uf), in one row on the margin of the thickened 
 disk: style uttatrhe.l below the midtlle of tho ovary. — ]5ot. Keg. t. lOH.'i. 1'. Wrua- 
 (jeliana, Kischer iV; Meyer; Lehni. Kevis. -ID, t. ID. 
 
 Var. Nevadensis, Watson. A slender form with small leallets : inllorescenco 
 more naked, the u[)per leaves and lloral bracts being much smaller: calyx 2 to 4 
 lines long : tlowers white or yellow : stamens occasionally ordy 20. 
 
 From Monterey northward to Washington Territory ; the variety in the Sierra Nevada from 
 tho South Fork of Kern Kiver {Rothrock) to Oregon. P. Jissa, Nutt., is a usually low and slender 
 fonn of this species with occasionally 5 pairs of leallets, common in tlie Uocky Mountains ; it 
 does not appear to have l)een collected in California. 
 
 2. P. rivalis, Nutt. Annual or Liennial, erect or ascending, often dilVusely 
 brancheil, softly villous with spreading hairs or nearly glabrous : leaves pinnate, 
 with 2 pairs of closely ai)proximate leallets, or a single pair and the terminal leallet 
 3-parted ; upper leaves ternate ; leallets cuneate-ovate to -lanceolate, coarsely serrate, 
 1 to U inches long: cymes loose, with slender pedicels: bractlets and calyx-lobes 
 equal, "U to 3 lines long: petals minute, yellow: disk not thickened: stamens 10 
 to 20 : siyle terminal. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 437. 
 
 Var. millegrana, Watson, 1. c Leaves all ternate : akenes usually small and 
 light-colored. — i'. milleiirana, Kngelm. ; Lehm. Kevis. 202; Watson, l5ot. King 
 Exp. 85. 
 
 The variety ranges from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and from Fort Mohave {Cooper), 
 eastward to New JSIexico and the Alissouri. The typical form is not found west of tlio Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 * * Style filiform, te7-minal : carpels glabrous: stamens 20: herbaceous peren7na/s, 
 
 zvith cymose yellotv flowers. 
 
 -»- Leaves pinnate or digitate, with 5 or more {rarely 3) leajhls : bractlets shorter 
 
 titan the sepals. 
 
 3. P. Bre"weri, Watson. Alpine, densely white-tomentoso throughout, tlu; calyx 
 and upper leaves silky-villous with apprcssed hairs : stems decumbent at base, 
 rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high : stipules broad, mostly incised ; leallets 7 to 13, 
 nearly uniform in size, 3 to G lines long, cuneate-obovate, deejily incised : cymes 
 mostly crowded : petals emarginate, 3 to 4 lines long, touch exceeding the calyx : 
 carpels 20 to 25, on villous pedicels; the receptacle and disk hairy. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 555. 
 
J'otenWIa. ROSACE^.. ^ ^O 
 
 Var. expansa, Watson. Less densely tomentose above : cymes looselv rixpanded 
 the llowers on lonjj; pedicels. ^ ' ^ 
 
 SiJ^Jn'l^^rJ'^rt^i' ''"^ ^^"""^ = '""'""^' '^'°^'' ^^^^«' ^''^-^- The variety i„ 
 
 4. P Plattensis, Nutt. Low, documbont, sparingly appressed silky-villous or 
 nearly glabrous : stems slender, 3 to 12 inches long: stipules linear-lanceolate to 
 oblong, mostly entire; leaflets 7 to 15 or more, approximate and nearly uniform in 
 size, 3 to (. lines long, ovate to oblong, ])innati(i.l or ]>arte(l into 3 to 7 or more 
 linear entire or cleft segments : flowers on slender pedicels in an open cyme • i.etals 
 2 or 3 lines long, usually a little exceeding the lanceolate calyx-lobes : carpels 25 to 
 40. — Torr. & Gray, tl. i. 439 ; Lehm. Kevis. 28, t. 6. 
 
 and'^wlS^tcT M:Sl^V;;e;^""^ ^^"""""^^ = '"^'^•""^ "• ''^^ ^"^'^^ ^^--^^-^ -<1 Umtas. 
 5. p. gracUis, Dougl. Ascending, 1 to 3 feet high, villous and more or less 
 tomentose, sparingly leafy : leaves digitate or rarely pinnate ; leaflets usually 7 
 sometimes 5, cuncate-oblong, 1 to 2\ inches long, deeply serrate or pinnatifid with 
 inear lobes, whitetomontoso beneath, green and somewhat villous above • cyme 
 loose somewhat fastigiato : petals 3 or 4 lines long, a little excelling the 'calvx • 
 carpels 40_ or more. - Hook. J3ot. Mag. t. 2984. P. Blaschlceana, Turcz. ; Lehm' 
 Kevis. 10/, t. G4. 
 
 n ^^i flabelliformis, Torr. h Gray. Leaflets very deeply pinnatifid. -FI. i. 440 
 P. fiabelhform.is, Lehm. ; Hook. Fl. i. 192, t. 06. 
 
 Var. fastigiata, Watson, 1. c. Cyme shorter and more compact, more densely 
 pubescent : (.lt(Mi hm. ~P. fasf.upata, Nutt. ; Torr. <^ (!iay, Kl. i 440 
 
 Var. rigida, Watson, 1. c. Villous, but without tonuMitum ; usually tall and 
 
 89, t. 33 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp, 88, 
 
 Chiefly eastward of the Sierra Nevada, from Oregon and Nevada to the Rocky Mountains 
 SrLgStf IheterrNrr- "' '^'^"'■"^^' '™'" ''' ""^'^-^^^ Monntains\hrougSe 
 
 P. dissecta. I>ursh. Low and alpine, silky-viHous without tomentum or 
 nearly glabrous : leaves closely pinnate or as often digitate ; leaflets 5 to 7 or rarely 
 Ir/^n"" '"^' TT't I""?:"' 'r^"-"'' Pi""'^tili,l with narrow segments or coarsely 
 serrate, the segments tufted with white hairs : flowers few in an open slender cyme • 
 calyx more or less vi lous with spreading hairs : petals 2 to 4 lines long, exceeding 
 the lancoolato calyx-lobes: carpels 10 to 20 or more. — Torr. & Gray FI i 446 
 /. dtverstfoha, Lehm. Revis. 72, t. 31 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 86. 
 
 /Jl?^S'™f^'''"'^^-"'i^T'' f"'' (Brewer), and on Mt. Dana at 12,500 feet altitude Bo- 
 lander. More frequent in the Rocky Mountains ; a very variable species. 
 
 n ''• ^: Wheeleri, Watson. Small and subalpine, decumbent, silky-villous : stems 
 2 or 3 inches long, branched and flowering from near the base, leafy : leaves digi- 
 ato; leaflets 3 to 5, cunonte, 3-5.toothed at the rounde<l summit, half an inch 
 long or less; stipules entire or nearly so: lower flowers opposite to the leaves: 
 calyx 3 lines long ; bractlets a little smaller than the lobes, obtusish : p.-tals obcor- 
 date, slightly exceeding the calyx : carpels 20. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 148, 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, about the hcad-wntcrs of Kern River, at 8,200 feet altitude, Rolhrock. 
 
 Leaven ternate. 
 
 8. P. Grayi, Watson. Stems slen.ler, low, 3-6-flowered: pubescence scanty, 
 villous : l,.a(lets obovate or nearly orbicular, half an inch long, the truncate or 
 rounde. apex 5 - 7-toothed ; terminal leaflet long-petiolulate : bractlets obtusish, 
 only ha f as long as the calyx-lobes : petals 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the calyx : 
 carpels 15 to 20, — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 560. 
 
 Yosemite Valley (Bolander, Gray); Lake Tenaya {Brewer); peaks above Owen's Lake. Kellogg. 
 
2gQ ROSACE.E. Poteniilla. 
 
 9. P. gelida, C. A. Meyer. Nearly glabrous, the pubescence minute or villous : 
 stems low, slender, 1 - 3-llowered : leallets very broadly cuneilbnn, 6 to 9 lines long, 
 rounded at the apex and coarsely 7 - 9-toothed ; terminal lealiet shortly petiohdate : 
 bractlets and calyx-lobes nearly equal, obtuse or acute : petals 2 or 3 lines long, a 
 little exceeding the calyx : cari)eld numerous. —Watson, 1. c. 559. F. jhiidUjoUa, 
 Hook. ; Torr. i>c Gray,'!! i. 442 ; Lehm. lievis. 153, t. 51. 
 
 In the Sienn Nevada at Siiminit (^Bolander) and on Lassen's Peak (/. O. Lemvxmi), and north- 
 ward to Washington Territory ; also in Northern Asia. 
 
 * * * Style fiitform, attached at or heiuw the middle of the ovary : leaves pinnate : 
 
 jloiucrs yellow : recejAacle small, villous. 
 
 +- J/crlntcious, slu/iJiiif,roiis and cr<rj>ini/ : akenes (/lalirous : Jlowers axillary, solitary. 
 
 10. P. Anserina, Linn. White-tomentosu and silky-villous : leaves all radical, 
 often a tout long or mnre ; leallets 3 to 10 jiairs, with smaller ones interposed, 
 oblong, sharply serrate, tomentose at least beneath ; stipules many-cleft : bractlets 
 often Incised, about equaUing the caly.x-lobes : petals 3 to G lines long, exceeding 
 the calyx : stamens 20, rarely 25 : carpels 20 to 40 ; the style attached to the mid- 
 dle : receptacle very villous. 
 
 On stream banks ; freciuent throughout North Aniorica, as also in Soutli America and the OKI 
 World. Very variable in aho and amount ol' pubescence. 
 
 +- +■ Shrubby : akenes villous : Jlowers terminal, cymose or siditary. 
 
 11. P. fruticosa, T.inn. Much branched, 1 to 4 feet high, silky-villous: stip- 
 ules scarious; leallets 5 to 7, obh)ng-lanceulat(!, entire, approximate, 2 to 12 lines 
 long, lighter colored beneath and the margin revolute : petals 2 to C lines long, ex- 
 ceeding the calyx : stamens 30 : carpels 20, very villous, the style attached below 
 the middle. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from Ebbett's Tass northward, and througliout the northern portion of 
 North America. Also freipient in the Old World. 
 
 * * * * Styles Jlli/orni, attached to (he middle of the numerous i/lahrous car/jeU, 
 xohich are sessile upon a lari/e spomjy rece/dacle ; herbaceous perennial, with lan/e 
 purple jUiwers and pinnate leaves. 
 
 12. P. palustris, Scop. Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent rooting 
 perennial base ; nearly glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, an inch or two long, ser- 
 rate : flowers few, in an open cyme: calyx purplish, 6 to 10 lines long in fruit; 
 bractlets linear, much shorter : i)etals spatulate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long : stamens 
 20, upon the margin of the thickened disk. — Comarum palustre, Linn. 
 
 Collected only in Sierra County, by J. G. Lcmvion. More frequent northward from I'uget 
 Sound to Alaska, and eastward across the continent. 
 
 15. SIBBALDIA, Linn. 
 
 Petals linear oblong, minute. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; fdaments 
 very short. Carpels 5 to 10 : styles lateral : ovule ascending. Otherwise as Poten- 
 tilla. — Dwarf and cesj)itose arctic or alpine perennials ; leaves thick, trifoliulate, the 
 leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit ; flowers cyinose, yellow. 
 
 Of the 4 or 5 Asiatic species the following is also European and American. 
 
 1. S. procumbens, Linn. S(miewhat villous : stems creeping, leafy at the 
 extremities: leallets cuneate, 3-5-toothed, 3 to 12 lines long: peduncles usually 
 shorter than the leaves: calyx-lobes 1 to U lines long; bractlets linear and shorter: 
 petals much shorter, acute ; akenes on very short hairy stipes. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from Mt. Dana, at 12,500 feet altitude {BoJand.r), to Lassen's Peak 
 (Lemmmi) and Mt. Siiasta, at 8,400 feet, Brcwn: Also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, 
 and the Wliile ilountains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 
 
Horkelia. 
 
 IIOSACE/B. 
 
 181 
 
 16. HORKELIA, Cham, k Sdilccl.t. 
 Calyx oampanulate. Petals obovato to linear, often unguiculate, white or pink 
 Stamens 10 (20 in II. jmrimrascens), in two rows; Hlan>ents more or less dilated 
 and deltoid or subulate (often scarcely at all so in //. trulentaU,), those opposite to 
 the sepa s broadest. Carpels few to many : styles nearly terminal, iilifurm or thick- 
 ened at base : ovules suspended. Akenes fixed by the middle to the nearly naked 
 receptacle. Otherwise as /V;^.«^e7/a. - Herbaceous Californian perennials- loaves 
 pninate with several pairs of toothed or cleft leaflets, the u,,per ones confluent- 
 flowers cymose, mostly crowded. - Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 528; Watson Bot' 
 King Exjx 447. ' * 
 
 * Styles very short, thickened at base: hractlels narrow. 
 1. H. fusca, Lindl. Glandular-pubescent: stems ^ to 1^ feet high: leaflets 6 to 
 8p n-s, cuneate-obong to -ovate, incisely toothed or lobed,\ half-inch to an inch 
 ong: cymes usually dense ; bracts short : calyx about 2^ linos long: petals c no 
 ate-oblong, 2 ines long. - JJot. Reg. t. 1997. //. parvijLa, Nutt.;^'lWr TgL 
 1872, t 71 L ' """'^^ cuneate-obovate. II. cajntata, Kegel, Gartenfl.' 
 
 srrI;i:-^^^Lt^ "' ''"'"^ '"'^'^ '"^"' '''''' ^^'^' = '^'^^^ 
 Sien:Trnty" Z—" ''''^''' '™" ''^^^'"^*^ ^"^"^^ "°^^^-^^» *« ^-g- ; the variety in 
 
 lon^; .^*n n^f*^*^' ^'!'-"; ^'''^ '""^'*'' = ^''^^'^' "^^^" ^■•'"'^'' •■ ^^''-^cts broad and as 
 ong as the llowers, which are somewhat larger; petals 3 lines long: styles witt 
 the thick base less cellular and firmer. — ]}ot. Ke<'. under t 1 997 
 
 form "rlhe kst!""'" '" ''""^'"'' ''^"^ ^" ^''^'"^^^ ^^'^'^J' ^'>' ^--^'"'- '^t is perhaps but a 
 
 * * Styles long and filiform, about equalling the stamens. 
 
 -J- Bractlets nearly as broad as the calyx-lobes. 
 
 3. H. Californica, Cham, c^^ Schlocht. Glandular-pubescent, the ralvx often 
 .omewhatvillous with coarse hairs: stems a foot high or n.ore : eaflef s^allv 5 
 to 10 pairs, cunoate-obovate to -oblong, toothed above, 3 to 8 lines lon-r flowers 
 usually crowded in the cymes, those in the forks on long pedioeir; bracts h^rt 
 
 ttZ Fm'"43V'"}>'^'""^ Tf^l. 'I' '^T'^'^ l-tals.i^Linn.;,tt6;t;rr: 
 A. ^ray, 11. i. 434. //. cuneata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under t. 1997, a form with cune- 
 
 f9rr7;ifp'iVtt ='r '-'-■ '^'"^'^ -""^"^- "- ^-^^^- 
 
 «f J^f ^^^C^f'/'^'^^y- Canescent throughout with a dense silky pubescence • a 
 stout form, with leaflets sometimes li inches long. -Proc. Am. Acih vi 529 ' 
 
 Coi^JS:. SE-! 1c^:^n^. '-'"^ "^^ ^"""^^^^ *« ^- ^-»-- = ^'- variety in Alameda 
 
 ■«- ■(- Bractlets much narroiver than the calyx-lobes. 
 
 ++ Leaflets deeply incised or lobed. 
 
 4. H. COngesta, Hook. Villous with scattered stifl" sproadin^r hair^ clandular- 
 
 pnberulent above: Btems slender, a span or two high: leaflets 5^ 8 T.ahri^^^^^^a^^ 
 
 in a rShr?:!'"""'^ ?" 1^'""' ' '? ' ^'"^'^ ^«"- ^^*''-'- --VVpavLd: blowers 
 LV l^ 1 1 l"^.?' ^'•'^f^ v^i-y short : calyx aI>out 2 lines long, shorter than 
 the rounded limb of the petals. -Bot. JSIag. t. 2880; Torr. & Gray.ll i. 434 
 Oregon (Douglas, Hall) ■ perhaps in Northern California. 
 
182 
 
 ROSACEJ?:. Horkelm. 
 
 5. H, tenuiloba, <!i'!iy. Canescontly villous, a foot high : Icafhits 8 to 12 jiaiis, 
 small {•! or S linos lung), cuneate-obovatu, dtHiply 4 - 8-cleit wilh linear lubes, ur iii 
 tho \\\)\)^iv leaves nanow and lew-lubecl ur linear and entire : lluwers in close cymes; 
 bracts shurt : calyx 2 lines long; lobes linear, a little shorter than tho oblong-spatu- 
 lato petals. — I'roc. Am. Acad. vi. b'l\) ] Watson, But. King Exp. 448. II. coikjcsUi, 
 var. tenuiloba, Turrey, I'ac. K. Kop. iv. 84. 11. coiujtsta, Newberry, I'acil'. It. \.ic\}. 
 vi. 73. 
 
 On Santa Rosa Creek {bUjtlow) ; on Hat Creek, near Lassen's I'eak, Newberry. 
 
 C. H. Bolanderi, tJray. Densely hoary-puboscent, cespitose, the stems 3 or 4 
 inches high : leallets numerous, about 2 lines long, cuneate-obovate, with 3 to 5 
 oblong or rounded lubes : flowers in a rather open cyme : calyx 2 lines long, about 
 et|iialling the obloiig-spatulato petals. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 338; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 V^ar. Parryi, Watson. Less densely jjubesceut : leaflets often broadly and ab- 
 ruptly cuncale : flowers larger, 3 or 4 linos long. 
 
 f)ry alkaline soil, near Clear Lake, Bulamler. Tlie variety in the mountains above San Ber- 
 nardino, J'urri/, 1S75. 
 
 7. H. purpurascens, Watson. Pubescent antl somewhat villous, (i inches 
 high: leaflets numerous, approximate, 2 - 4-i)arted ; segments oblong to obovate, 2 
 or 3 lines long or less : flowers few, in an o|)en cyme : calyx pur|»lisli, about 4 linos 
 long; bractlets .small and narrow: petals roso-coloretl, broadly cunoato-obh.ng, nearly 
 e([ualling the calyx: stamens 20; tho filaments op[iosito to tho calyx lobes and 
 bractlets subulate, the alternate ones filiform : carpels 20 to 25. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
 xi. 148. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, abont the liead-waters of lieru River, at 9,000 feet altitude, Dr. J. T. 
 Eothrock. Peculiar in the number of the stamens. 
 
 -^+ -n- Leajiets few-toothed at the truncate apex. 
 
 8. H. tridentata, Torr. Pubescence silky-villous, mostly appvessed, often 
 dense : stems usually a s[)an high or more : leaflets 2 to 5 pairs, cuneate-obovate to 
 narrowly oblong, usually 3-toothed at tho ajiox, a half-inch to an inch long : flowers 
 on slender pedicels in a contracted much-branched cyme : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, a 
 little shorter than tho lin(;ar to broadly spatulate petals : filaments often filifin-in or 
 the longer ones only slightly broader below, sometimes dilated : receptacle often 
 villous : akenes occasionally rough-tuberculato. — Pacif. K. lie}), iv. 84, t. G. Jvesia 
 tridentata, Gray, I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 338. II. Tiliiu/i, Pegol, Trudi I'etorb. i. 
 151, & (Jarteiifl. 1872, t. 711. 
 
 in tlie Siena Nevada, from Yoscmito Valley to I'himas Co., Mrs. M. E. 1'. Ames. A si)ei:ics 
 which goes far in its variations to unilo this genus with the ne.xt. 
 
 17. IVESIA, Ton-. & Gray. 
 
 Stamens 20, in one to three rows ; filaments slender, filiform. Carpels few, upon 
 a villous receptacle : styles filiform. — Herbaceous perennials of the Sierra Nevada 
 and eastward ; leaflets usually numerous and parted or very deeply cleft, often 
 closely imbricated ; flowers white, yellow, or jjurple, in cymes or open panicles. 
 Characters otherwise as in Ilorkelia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 530; Watson, 
 Eot. King Exp. 448. 
 
 * Floivers in rather dose panicled cymes : stems slender, mostly leafy : not alpine. 
 
 1. I. Pickeringii, Torr. Densely white silky-villous, about a span high : 
 leaflets very numerous, at first closely imbricated, 2-5-{)arted or lobed or often 
 entire, the segments oblong, 1 to 4 lines long : stems panicled above, the cymes 
 densely many-flowered : calyx 2 linos long or less ; bractlets linear : petals yellow- 
 
^^'«-««- ROSACEVK. .^ 
 
 2tVt1ttr;a7]'r"5!'?r ''^^'' ' '^'"''''' ^^^ '''^'''' '^ *" ^— ^°*- ^^^^cs Exp. 
 On the Klnmatli Kiwr {Pkkering) ■ Sierra Valley, Zcmwio);,. 
 
 v,-lL.^' ""8"^*="^^*^ <'^;^y; ^josely reseml)ling the last, sometimes less densely 
 villous : cymes less cromle.l : calyx 2 or 3 lines lon^., with narrow acuminate TS 
 and bractlets: petals white unguiculate, the blade orbicular, somewhat exceeding 
 the calyx: stamens usually 15 : carpels 5 to 8.-l>roc. Am. Acad. vii. 339; W^^son! 
 
 Yosomito valley {linhnider, Gray) ■ Si.-rra Co., Lcwmon. 
 
 3. I. Webberi, Cmy. Low, k.o.sely villous with spr(^•.(lin<. hairs • leaflets 4 to 
 G pan., approximate, 2-5-parted, with linear segments, 3 to 7, lines Ion" Jtom" 
 
 oa >x 2 or 3 lines long; lobes lanceolate; bractlets small : petals yellow nairowlv 
 oblong, abou equalling the calyx : stamens 5 to 10 : carpe s 3 or 4 • X "es^Tre 
 ovate, a line long or more — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71. ^ ' 
 
 Sierra and Indian valleys, in ravines, Jrcl>l>cr, Lcmmon. 
 
 * * Flowers ydlorv, in a rather compact cyme upon a nearly naked stem: low or 
 
 dwarfs alpine. 
 
 n.tl^W^''^?'^' '^r; *,i^'''^; Vi««id-pubescent and often somewhat hirsute 
 or glabrate: stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex ■ leS 
 numerous, approximate, 1 to G lines long, obovate, 3-r)-cleft or narted \v\\. li 
 or spatjdate segments ; cauline leaves one 'or two, pinnatifid flli f hf ^ d L^^^^^ 
 at ength somewhat open : calyx 2 or 3 lines long: petals yellow, narmh oblong 
 to broadly spatulate, usually not exceeding the calyi : stan ens 5 carpels 2 or 3 
 or moro.-Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 72; Gray, Proc. Am. Aca.l. vi. 530 • Waion Bot' 
 King Exp 90. Ilorkelia Gordoni, Hook, in Kew Jour. P.ot. v. 341 t 2 '// nl 
 multifoholata, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 159. ' ^' 
 
 Var pygm^a, Watson. Much re.luced, an inch or two high or even less 
 t^t;:latl"t^ 53l'^'^ '''' ^"^" ^'' "°^^'^' •■ ^^^^"^^"^ -metim^:: 10.^!!: 
 
 im?iiratnMfi?;f^°'f®^' ^Tl''"' r^r^^ ^^''^''''''-- ^'^^^^'^ ''^^ ^^^' crowded and 
 imhricatcd, tluck and rounded. — /. lycnpodioidrs, Oray, 1. c. 530. 
 
 In tlio Siorrii Nevada from Mono Pimq ( Iirrji<rr\ tn '<\n,;-n i^^ ii \ ... 
 
 t^-sz •""" ' "" ■ ■'■'■" ^^i'^^'^^^^^i^i^:^^^^ 
 
 iwl^^'^'^h '^"^- ''"''"'''' ''""""'y siiky-villous : stems an inch high from a 
 
 h ck oa„,te : leaves terete with the very numerons small crowded and imbrL"ed 
 
 s Iky leanets : n„wers sn.all, in a close cyme : calyx a line I„„k, purplisl, exceed M 
 
 tt."rr>r.'txri',"r;r''^ ''""™^ '■' '"--"' »^- '-^p* >-% 
 
 ..ataf.,.r:rr^,?:aS^[t:,lSt^•.-V^i■ „S!;l^;."" --- -^' ■" 
 
 * * * Flowers in a diffuse panicle : stems leafy. 
 
 6. I. santalinoides, Gray. Stems 6 to 18 inches high, slender sparin-ly 
 
 with"the "'" '''""'^ Bilky-villous with white hairs, 2 to^4'incherio„nere<I 
 
 with the very numerous small crowde.l and imbricated leaflets : panicle v;ry dil? 
 
 nd,^>r"r'^' bracts very small, villous: flowers on slender at lengfh elongafid 
 
 «hor : petals white, spatulate to obovalo, exceeding the ..Uyx : stimens 15 ; fila- 
 ments^ long and slender; anthoi-s purjjlo : carpels solitary. - J W. Am. Acad. vi. 
 
Ig4 ROSACEA. Ivesui. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, from Mt. Brewer {B reiver) aiul Mt. Pinos [RuUirocky to Lake Taliuc;, 
 Lemmon. 
 
 7. I, gracilis, Tt' IT. k. Cmy. Caiiuscontly villous witli spmnliu},' liiiirs : stems 
 sloiidur, ii aiKtii hi^li, from an aiipurently annual or hicnnial root: Iwillcls 5 to 10 
 pairs, scattonul on Mio slumlor rlia(;liia, li - ^-ihuUhI with oblong' s('-,MUonts, 2 to 4 lines 
 long : (lowers on elongated peilicols in a very diiruse i)anicle : ealyx nearly 2 lines 
 long, broadly eanipanuluto ; bractlets nearly equalling the lubes : petals white, 
 obo°'ate, as long as the calyx : stamens If) or 20 : carpels numerous : aUenes rugose. 
 — Pacif. R. liep. vi. 72, t. 11. rotentUla Newherrijl, CJray, 1. c. 532. 
 
 On the banks of Hliett Lake, Newberry. A species peeuUar in its annual or biennial root and 
 in the lar{,'e number of its eari)els. 
 
 8. I. Baileyi, Watscui. Viseidly pubescent : steins slender, G inches liigh : leaf- 
 lets 3 to 10 pairs, cuneate-obovate, 3 - 7-tootluHl or parted : llowers on slender pedi- 
 cels in a dilluse panicle : calyx U lines long, exceeding the yellow spatulate petals: 
 stamens 5 : carpels 1 to 5. — JJot. King Exp. UO. 
 
 V;ir. setosa, Wutson, 1. c. Leallets all parted, the lubes setosely tipped : more 
 glandular-huiry. 
 
 West Hnmboldt Mountains, Nevada (i?(u'%) ; the variety in the East Humboldt Mountains, 
 Watson. The remaining species also belong to this group. 
 
 I. KiNOli, Watson, 1. e. i)l. Glabrous throughout : stems a span long or more : leallets numer- 
 ous, entire or "2 - H-parted, the lobes roumled, u lino long : llowers on slender pedicels in an open 
 panicle : caly.v 2 lines long, shorter than the while orbicular petals : stamens 16 or '20 : carpels 
 5 to 8. — Valleys of Northeastern Nevada, in alkaline soil, Walson. 
 
 I. DEPAUPKKATA, Gray in herb. Sparingly pubescent : stems erect, a foot high or more : leaf- 
 lets numerous, cuneate-obovate or olilong, deeply 2 - 3-cleft : flowers pedicelled, in a rather open 
 panicle : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, ))urple within, exceeding the linear dark-purple petals : stamens 
 5, purple : carpels 2. — Putenlilla depaiiperata, Engelm. ; (-ray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 309. San 
 Francisco Mts., Arizona, Anderson, Palmer, Luew. The only purple-Howeied species. 
 
 18. ADENOSTOMA, Hook, k Arn. Chamiso. 
 Calyx persistent, r)-lob()d, calyculate ; tube obconical, 10-ribbed ; lobes membra- 
 naceous, broad. Petals f), orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 
 together between the petals. Ovary simple, ubliquely oljovoid, the oblique or trun- 
 cate summit pubescent : style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma : 
 ovules 1 or 2, suspended. Fruit a membranaceous akene, coriaceous at the summit, 
 included in the indurated calyx-tube. Seeds unknown. — Evergreen shrubs, some- 
 what resinous; leaves thick and ttoriaceous, small and numerous, entire, solitary and 
 rarely opposite, or fascicled ; stipuliis small ; llowers small, white, shortly iicduncu- 
 late in terminal racemosi; jjauicles. 
 
 1. A. fasciculatum, Hook. cSj Arn. A dill'usely branched shrub, 2 to 20 feet 
 bigh, with reddish virgate branches, and grayish bark becoming shreddy : leaves 
 fascicled, linear-subulate, 2 to 4 lines long, acute, usually channelled on one side, 
 smooth and often resinous, rarely lobed above ; stipules small, acute: llowers nearly 
 sessile, rather crowded : calyx green, nearly a line long, much exceeding the calycu- 
 late bracts, strongly nerved, the lobes much shorter than the small ])ctals : ovary 
 obliquely truncate, often 1-ovuled: stigma small. — Bot. Beechey, 139, t. 30 ; Torr. 
 & Gray, El. i. 430. 
 
 Var. obtusifolium, Watson. Leaves short, obtuse : branchlets usually puber- 
 ulent. — A. brcvifuiia, Nutt. 
 
 Abundant on dry soils in the Coast Ranges and more rarely in the foot-hills of the Sierra 
 Nevada, from S. California to Lake Co. (Turrcij) and Sierra Co., Lemmon. The variety near San 
 Diego. It is usually 6 or 8 feet high, often covering extensive areas with a dense and almost 
 impenetrable chapparal or "ehamisal," producing an ettect upon the landscape similar to that 
 of the heaths of the Old World. 
 
Agrimnnia. ROSACEyE. TQC 
 
 2. A. sparsifolium,ToiT. A shnib or small troo, G to 12 or sonK'timos 30 feet 
 liigli, gliinduliir and msinons, with yfll''»"'ii^li gronii burk bocoiiiing reddish : leaves 
 scattered (rarely opposite), narrowly linear, obtnse, 3 to 5 lines long ; stipules 
 wanting : flowers larger (nearly 2 lines broad), distinctly peduncled, in open pan- 
 icles: calyx scarcely exceeding the membranaceous ])ra(;ts, thinner, obscurely ribbed, 
 the broad white lobes half as long as the petals : ovary truncate, 2-ovuled : style 
 thickened upward to the broad stigma. — Emory Rep. 140, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 
 03, t. 20. 
 
 jMoniitaing enst of San IMoj^o, somotitnofl very abundant ; (lowois very fragrant. 
 
 19. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. Lady's Mantle. 
 Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, persistent; limb 4-5-parted, with as many minute 
 bractlcts. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4, very small. Carpels 1 to 4, free from the 
 calyx, distinct : style basal or ventral : ovule solitary, ascending. Akenes enclosed 
 in the calyx-tube, crustaceous. Seed nearly orthotropous. — Low leafy herbs ; leaves 
 I)almately lobed, with sheathing stipules ; flowers minute, usually in small corym- 
 bose clusters. 
 
 About 30 species, chiefly in the mountains from Mexico to Chili, a few being scattered through 
 Europe, Asia, and S. Africa. The only species known within the limits of the United States is 
 the following. 
 
 1. A. arvensis, Scopoli. Annual, leafy, branched at the base, 3 to 8 inches 
 high, somewhat villous : leaves rodndod, (nineate at base and shortly ])etioled, 2 to 
 ^ lines broad, deeply 3-lob(Ml ; segments 2-'l-clert; stipules conspicuous, cleft, on- 
 closing the greenish flowers, which are fascicled in the axils, half a lino long, on 
 slender i)ediccls or nearly sessile : bractlets very small : stamens I or 2 : akenes soli- 
 tary, ovate, compressed. — A. orcidcutallx Sc A. ciivrifolin, Nutt. in Torr. Sc Gray, 
 FI. i. 432. 
 
 Oji sandy soils near the sea from S. California to the Columbia ; Guadalupe Island {Palmer); 
 in central Idaho, Spalding. Apparently indigenous, but not differing essentially from the Euro- 
 ])ean foim, which is not elsewhere found on this continent except as introduced in some of the 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 20. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 
 
 Calyx-tubc turbinate, persistent, somewhat contracted at the throat and sur- 
 rounded by a dense border of hooked prickles or occasionally 5-bracteolate ; limb 
 o-lobed, at length connivent. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens 5 to 15, in one row. 
 Carpels 2, free and di.stinct : styles terminal : stigma dilated, 2-lobed : ovule pen- 
 dulous. Akenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the indurated calyx-tube, membranaceous. — 
 Tall perennial herbs ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; flowers in slender spicate 
 racemes, with 3-cleft bracts ; fruit pendulous. 
 
 A genus of perhaps a dozen or morn species, of the northern hemisj>herc and the Andes. Three 
 species are found in the Atlantic States, of wliich tlin following reaches California. 
 
 1. A. Eupatoria, Linn. Hirsute, 2 to 4 feet high, sparingly branched above: 
 leaflets 5 to 7, usually 2 to 4 inches long, with sniall ones intermixed, oblong- 
 oVjovate, coarsely toothed, acute at each end ; stipules large, semicordate, incised : 
 calyx 2 lines (becoming 3 or 4 lines) long, the tube at length 10-suIcatn above: 
 petals exceeding the calyx lobes : akenes solitary, subglol)ose, a line in diameter. 
 
 Cuinmaca Mountains {Palmer) ; Sierra Co. (./. G. Lemirwv) ; and also by A'rllmjfj k Harford 
 probahly in Northern California, but locality not given. It occurs rarely in Washington Terri- 
 tory nu'l in New Mexico, bivt is common in the Atlantic States, in the borders of woods, as well 
 as in Eurn])p and Northern Asia. 
 
I8G 
 
 KOSACEJi:. Acama. 
 
 21. AC-aSNA, Linn. 
 Calyx-tubo obloiiy, porsistunt, cuiilractctl uL tho throat, at leiiyth aniicil with 
 retioi-sely burhoil prickles ; limb 3 - T-partuil, vulvuto, ili!(i(huma. Petals aono. 
 8tanions 1 to 10, usually 3 to f). (Carpels 1 or 2, IVoo from thu calyx : Mtylo tor- 
 luimil : stiguia capilato ami imiltiliil : ovulo HoUtary, husihmhIoiI. Ak»>no cnchjaod 
 ill the iiidumteJ calyx, luembraiiaceous. — reronuial lierbs, often woody at the de- 
 cumbent or creeping base ; leaves nuequally pinnate, and leaflets incised or piimati- 
 tid ; llowers in crowded si)ikes or heads. 
 
 Species about 30, belonging largely to Chili iunl Fern, and almost exelusively to the tenipeiatt! 
 and wanner regions of the southern hemisphere. There is u single Mexiean species, besides the 
 following Chilian speeies in Calilurnia. 
 
 1. A. trifida, liuiz & Pavon. 8ilky-villous : stems erect from a wondy caudcx, 
 3 to 15 inches high: leaves mostly crowded at the base; leaflets about G pairs, 
 nearly uniform, obh>ng-(»vate, 3 to 5 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments : 
 llowers green, in a cylindrical crowded spike, the lower often remote : calyxdobes 
 1^ lines long, exceeding the tube: spreading stamens jmrple ; hlaments exserted : 
 fruit ovate, 2 lines long, 3 - 4-angled ; angles armed with 2 to 4 stout prickles, and 
 shorter ones in the intervals; akene round-oblong. — Fl. ]'eruv. i. G7, t. HH. A. 
 piimati/ida, Hook. iV Arn. l)ot. Heechey, 331), not \l\\h & Pavon; Torr. iV (!ray, 
 Fl. i. m ; Torrey, ik.t. Mex. Hound, t. ID. 
 
 Dry hills in the Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin Co. 
 
 22. POTERIUM, linn. Burnet. 
 
 Calyx-tulje turbinate, contracted at the throat, persistent, becoming 3 - 4-angled 
 or winged and thickish ; limb 4-parted, imbricate in the bud, petal-like, deciduous. 
 Petals none. Stamens 4 to 1 2 or more ; hlaments often elongated. Carpels 1 to 3, 
 free from the calyx : style terminal, filiform : stigma tufted : ovulo solitary, sus- 
 pended. Akeno enclo.sed, mendtranaceous. — Herbs, mostly i)orennial ; leaves pin- 
 nate, with coarsely tootheil petiolulate leaflets and foliaceous adnate stipules ; flowers 
 small, often polygamous or dioicious, bracteate and 2-bracteolate in a dense spike 
 upon a long naked i)eduncle. 
 
 Species 15 or 20, of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following 
 thei'e is a single sjieeies in the Atlantic States, and a second in Alaska. 
 
 1. P. officinale, l'>enth. & Hook. Perennial, u.sually glabrous, often 2 to 4 feet 
 high : leaflets about 4 pairs, ovate to oblong, cordate at base, | to 2 inches long : 
 flowers deep purple or red, polygamous, in oblong spikes, a half to an inch long : 
 bracts often pubescent : stamens scarcely exserted : fruit a line long, equalling the 
 calyx-lobes. — Sanguisorba opcinalis, Linn. S. microcephala, Presl in Epimeliai 
 Bot. 202. 
 
 Mendocino plains (Bohuulcr) ; Oregon {Hall) ; Alaska, Kiimicut. Fre<iuent in Europe ami 
 Northern Asia. 
 
 2. P. annuum, Nult. Annual, glabrous, slender, (> to If) inches high : leaflets 
 4 to G pairs, ovate to oblong, half an inch long or less, (hnply pinnatilid ; segments 
 linear : flowers perfect, greenish, in ovoid to oblong heads, \ to 1 inch long : bracts 
 scarious, ovate, persistent, a line long : stamens 2 or 4, short : fruit shorter than the 
 bracts. — Hook. Fl. i. l'J8. Sanc/uisurba annua, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 42'J ; Torrey, 
 Marcy Pep. 285, t. 5. aS'. rnyriophylla, P>raun & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Berl. 1867, 10. 
 Poleridiuvi aiinuum, Spacli, Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. v. 43. 
 
 In the Sacramento Valley, J/nrlwaj, Bolaiidcr. Also in the valley of the Columbia, on the 
 Upper Missouri, and in the Indian Territory. 
 
Rosa. ROSACEA. 187 
 
 23. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 
 Calyx-tubo pitcher-shapod or globoso, contracted at tlio tliroat : limh 5-partfid, 
 without bractlnts. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens many, on the tliickencd margin 
 of the silky disk, which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, 
 hairy, free and distinct : styles ventral, exserted : stigmas thickened : ovules soli- 
 tary, pendulous, Akenes bony, included in the enlarged fleshy red calyx-tube, 
 liadiclo superior. — Slirubs, usually prickly ; leaves pinnate, witli adnate stipules 
 and mostly serrate leaflets ; flowers corymbose or solitary, showy. 
 
 A strongly marked genus, (lifTused throu^li the temperate and suhalpiiie regions of tlie whole 
 no;-thern hemisphere, but the species most aliundant in the Old World. " It comprises a consid- 
 erable number of true species ; but several of them arc of very ancient and universal cultivation, 
 and having been multiplied and hybridized with all the skill of modern horticulture, their more 
 or loss marked varieties and races arc now reckoned by thousands. Even in the wild state en- 
 deavors have been made to characterize so lai-ge a number of proposed species that the confusion 
 amongst them " is very great. Upwards of 2.50 species have been enumerated, reduced by modein 
 ftutlior-fl to about 30, and even when thus limited " specimens will occasionally bo found that tiio 
 n)oat exporionccd IratnniNt will boat n loss to determine" {Ikntham). The North American spocios 
 numlier about 10, of which perhaps but two are foinid in California. Son\o cultivated varieties 
 are occasionally found near the older settlements, escaped from gardens, and often incapable of 
 determination. 
 
 1. R. Californica, Cham. ^ Schlecht. Erect, difl'usely braiiched, 2 to 8 feet 
 high, sparingly armed with rather stout usually recurved prickles : foliage and 
 inflorescence more or less tomentose : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, ovate to oblong, acute or 
 obtuse, a half to an inch long: corymbs 1 - G-ilowored ; j)edicels often pubescent, 
 occasionally glandular : calyx-tubo globose or ovoid, mostly glabrous ; the lobna 
 tomentose, often glandular, foliaceously tipped : petals G to 9 lines long, rarely 
 larger : fruit globose, 4 or 5 lines in diameter, abruptly and narrowly constricted 
 below the calyx-lobes, which are spreading or erect. — Linmra, ii. 35. 
 
 Var. ultramontana, Watson. Tomentose, but not glandular : calyx-tube and 
 pedicels glabrous : prickles straight and slender. — R. blanda, Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 91, and others. 
 
 Common on stream-banks, from San Diego northward to Oregon ; the variety on the eastern 
 side of the Sierra Nevada, ranging to the Hocky Mountains. 
 
 2. R. pisocarpa, (^iray. (Mosoly resendding R. Californira, from which it is 
 distinguished by its smaller globose fruit (about 3 lines in diiimeter), not constricted 
 below the closely refloxed calyx-lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 382. 
 
 Collected by JIall in Oregon, and probably extending into C(difoi'7iia. The characters by 
 which flowering specimens of the two species can be distinguished are not yet apparent. 
 
 3. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with often numer- 
 ous straight very slender prickles, or sometimes unarmed, glabrous : leaflets 2 to 4 
 pairs, a half to an inch long or often nuich less, the sorratures as well iis the petioles 
 and stipules more or less glandular : flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3, small, rarely an 
 inch in diameter: calyx lobes scarcely appendaged, at length deciduo\is: fruit small, 
 ovato or pear-shaped, 3 to 5 lines long, very narrowly constric^ted at the sunnnit : 
 seeds few, smooth. — Torr. Sz Gray, Fl. i. 461 ; Torrey, Bot. IMex. Bound, t. 21. 
 
 Var. pubescens, Watson. Leaves finely pubescent. 
 
 On dry liills in the Const Ranges from San Diego northward, and to the British bound.ary ; the 
 vnrii'ty in tiio Sierra Nevada, at Clark's {A. Gray), and on Silver .Mouiitnin, at 0,000 feet alti- 
 tude. Brewer. 
 
 R. niiANPA, Ait. (?) Another species is common in Oicgon extemliiig eastward to the Rocky 
 Mountains, resembling the eastern Ii. blnvrfd, ]>ut juobably not identical with it. It may Ix) 
 found in Northern California, and can be distinguished from the preceding species by its larger 
 flowers and fruit, the latter half an inch or more in diameter and not at all constricted at the 
 summit. It is more glabrous than R. Cah/oniicn , nw\ the prickh-s are stout, either straight or 
 recurved. 
 
1 on KOSAUE.^^:. Hetei-omdcs. 
 
 24. HETEROMELES, J. Rueiuei. 
 
 Calyx turbinate; limb 5-partcil, puibiaLeut. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 10, 
 in pairs opposite to the calyx-teeth ; tilaments thickened, dilated at base and some- 
 what connate. Carpels 2, lightly united, very tomeutose, adnate to the calyx-tube 
 at lirst only dorsally to the middle : styles terminal, distinct : ovules 2 in each cell, 
 ascending. Fruit red, berry-like, ovoid, the fleshy calyx-tube connate with the 
 membranaceous carpels to the middle, and the thickened teeth closed over Ihem 
 above. Seetls 1 or 2 in each cell. — A shrub or small tree; leaves simph', ct)ria- 
 ceous and evergreen, .shari)ly serrate ; stii)ules minute ; flowers white, in terminal 
 corynd)()80 panicNis. i\ single species. 
 
 1, H. arbutifolia, Kiemer. (Toyon or'l'oLLON.) Usually a shrub, 4 to 2U leet 
 high : young branches, petioles and inflorescence somewhat tomentose-pubescent : 
 leaves dark green, lighter beneath, narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 
 
 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles, slightly revolute on the margin: flowers 
 numerous, 3 or 4 lines broad, on short pedicels in difluse panicles : calyx 2 lines 
 long or less : fruit 3 or 4 lines in diameter : seeds half as long. — Syn. INlonog. 
 iii.°105; Decaisne, Mem. Pom. in Arcli. Mus. x. 144, t. 9. Cratagus arbutifolia. 
 Ait. f. llort. Kew, iii. 202. riwtinia arbutifolia, Lindl. Pot. Pieg. t. 491 ; Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 473. I'. Frenumtiaua, Decaisne, I. c. 
 
 Ill the Coast Hanges, from Mendocino Co. to San l^iego; freiiuent on stream-banks, flowering in 
 June and July and maturing its fruit in DeceniluT, when it is very ornauiental from the contrast 
 between the abundant bright red fruit and the dark sliiuing foliage. The fruit tastes like that of 
 some species of Cmtcegus. 
 
 25. PIRUS, Linn. Pear, Apple, &c. ■ 
 Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbinate; limb 5-cleft, persistent or deciduous. Petals 
 5, spreading, sessile or unguicidato. Stamens 20 ; lilaiucnts filiform. Carpels 2 to 
 5, inferior (wholly covered by the adnate tube and disk of the calyx), becoming 
 papery or cartilaginous in fruit : styles woolly at base and distinct or more or less 
 united : ovules 2, ascending. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, pear-shaped or subglobose. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; leaves deciduous, simple or pinnate, mostly serrate ; stijjules 
 
 deciduous ; flowei-s corymbose, white or i)ink. 
 
 A genus of about 40 species, inhabiting the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. As 
 generally received it includes the Tear, Apple, Crab-anple, Quince, Choke-berry, Service Tree, 
 &c., most of which have been at tinu-s recognized as distinct genera, and are so ranked hy I)o- 
 cnisne in his recent revision of the I'omucm. J', communis, Linn., the common Pear, mdigo- 
 nous to Europe and Asia, is considered by him as including all the thousands ot varieties ot that 
 fruit. It is occasionally found escaped from cultivation in neglected i)lacc8, but rarely Irnitiug. 
 The Apple, P. Malm, Linu. (Maius cummunia. Lam.), also a native oi i':urope and Asia, is 
 likewise sometimes found giowing without eultivation and bearing a small sour fruit. 
 
 § 1. Leaves siinjjle: styles more or less united: fruit flesh i/, mostly sunken at each end: 
 cymes simjtle. — Malus. 
 1. P. rivularis, Dougl. (Oukgon C^aAU-Ari'Lic.) A shrub or small tree, 15 to 
 25 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1 to 3 inches long, sharply 
 serrulate, occasionally 3-lobed, more or less woolly-i)ubescent, as well as the young 
 branches, pedicels, aiul calyx: cyme shortly racemose, leafy at base; pedicels sleiuler, 
 an inch long: limb of calyx, with the stamens, at length deciduous: petals white, 
 orbicular, 3 or 4 lines broad : styles 2 to 4, glabrous : fruit re.l or yellow, obovate- 
 oblong, not sunken at base, half an inch long or more. — Hook. Fl. i. 203, L 68 ; 
 Nutt. Sylva, ii. 22, t. 49. P. diversifolla, Pongard, Veg. Sitch. 133. Malus rivu- 
 laris k diversifolia, Decaisne, Mem. Pom. 155. 
 
Amelnnchier. ROSACE/E. ]89 
 
 On Imnks of sti'cams, from Sonoma To. (liirjdorn) nnd nortliward {Bnlnndcr, KcIInrfif) to Alaska. 
 In Oregon it sometimes becomes a foot in diameter, but more usually is low, forniin" dense and 
 almost impenetrable thickets. The wood is very hard, and the fruit is used as food by llie In- 
 dians. There are some discrepancies in the descriptions of the color and size of the fruit. Nut- 
 tall speaks of it as small and purple. 
 
 § 2. Leaves pinnate : styles distitict, villous at base : fruit berry-like, small, f/lobose or 
 turbinate: cymes compound. — SoRBUS. 
 
 2. P. sambucifolia, Cham. <^ Sclilecht. (Western ]\Iountain Ash.) A 
 shrub, 4 to 8 Ibet high, noarly glabrous ; the Icaf-butls and inlloresconce usually 
 si>aringly villous : loallcts 4 to 6 ])airs, oblong, acute, sharply serrate \\\i\\ .sonie- 
 Avliat spreading teeth, an inch or two long : cymes rather Hat : llowers white, 4 or 5 
 lines broad : fruit red, globose, about 4 lines in diameter. — LinuKa, ii. 3G ; Gray, 
 Manual, 161. So7-bus sambucifolia & Sitchensis, Iloemer, Syn. Monog. iii. 139. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, on the Rig Tree road and Ebbett's Pass 
 (Brnrrr), and northward to Sitka ; in the higher mountains eastward to Colorado, and through 
 British America to the Atlantic : also in Kamtschatka. The eastern P. Americana, DC, has 
 more acuminate leaflets with less spreading serraturcs, smaller fruit in more rounded cymes, and 
 glaVirous leaf- buds. The more common species in cultivation is the European P. Aucuparia, 
 Gcertner. 
 
 26. CRA.T-ffiIGUS, Linn. Thoun. 
 
 Calyx-tubo pitcher-shaped ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5 
 
 to 20. Carpels 2 to 5, inferior, becoming bony 1-seeded nutlets, contiguous or 
 
 united : styles slender, distinct : ovules 2, ascending. Fruit drupe-like, globo.se or 
 
 ovoid. — Shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny ; leaves simple, toothed or lobed ; 
 
 llowers corymbose, mostly white. 
 
 A genus of 30 or more species, about half of which are North American and Mexican, the rest 
 (excepting one in New Grenada) belonging to Europe and N. Asia. Many of the species are of 
 very difficult limitation, and the characters of the Californian species are still in some doubt. 
 
 1. C. rivularis, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 feet high, glabrous 
 throughout or nearly so : spines short and stout : leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, ob- 
 tuse or acute, cuneate at base into a short slender petiole, .serrate more or less irreg- 
 ularly, but rarely at all lolied, 1 or 2 inches long : flowers 4 or 5 lines broad, in 
 emidl corymbs: calyx-lobes short and obtuse, often purplish and slightly pubescent 
 on the margin: fruit \mxi\y black, probably ratlu^r smaller than in l-he next. — Torr. 
 & Gray, Kl. i. 404 ; Nutt.'Sylva, ii. !). 
 
 Sierra and Plumns coimtics {j)fr3. Ames, Ixmmon), and northward to the Cohnnbia. 
 
 2. C. Douglasii, Lindl. A shrub or small tree, becoming 18 to 25 feet liigh, 
 with stout spines an inch long or less : leaves broadly ovate, cuneate or sometimes 
 rounded at base, acute, usually somewhat lobed or incised above, rather finely ser- 
 rate, somewhat villous-pubescent on both sides, 1| to 3 inches long, shortly petioled: 
 llowers often numerous, 5 to 8 lines broad : calyx-lobes lanceolate, nearly as long as 
 the tube, more or less pubescent: fruit dark purple, nearly half an inch in diameter, 
 sweet and edible. — Hot. Reg. t. 1810. C. satif/uinea, var. Dovr^lasii, Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 464 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 6, t. 44. Anthomeles Douglasii, Iloemer, Syn. Monog. 
 iii. 140. 
 
 On Pit River {Brnnrr), and northward to the British boundary. Both these species are 
 apparently common through Oregon and Washington Territory, on stream-banks, ningiug east- 
 ward to Montana. The species of Colorado and Utah, whitdi has been referred to C. rivularu, 
 is probably distinct. 
 
 27. AMELANCHIEB, MecHcus. JuNE-nr.nuY. Sr.uvicE-nF.iiuY. 
 Calyx-tube campanulatc ; the limb 5-jiarfod, ])orsistcnt. Pt^tuls 5, oblong, ascend- 
 ing. Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5, inferior, becoming membranaceous and 
 
](J() CALYCANTHACE/10. Amelancfucr. 
 
 partially 2-celled : stylos united below or distinct. I'ruit berry-like, globose j the 
 
 cells 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simide, serrate ; ilowex-s white, i"ace- 
 
 mose; fruit purplish, edible. 
 
 A genua of ))<!ilm])s hiiH' ii dozen species in Europe, ^V ostein Asia, and Japan, besides the Noilli 
 Aniuiiian I'onns wliicli iiave ivceiviid a dozen or more s[ieuilie names but are usually lefeiied to ii 
 binyle poly moi| plums species. The prevalent lonn on the western coast is sullieiently well marked 
 to be eonsideied ilistinel I'l-om A. Canadensis of the Atlantic States. 
 
 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub, 3 to H feet high, glabrous throughout or often 
 more or less woolly-pubescent: leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occasionally oblong- 
 ovate, obtuse at both ends or rarely acute, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate 
 usually only toward the summit, i to 1 i inclies long : racemes short : calyx usually 
 tomentose within: petals 3 to 12 lines long, narrowly oblong: fruit mostly o or 4 
 lines in diameter. — Aronia alnifolia, Nutt. IJenera, i. 3()G. Aindanchier floriJa, 
 Lindl. Ijot. Iveg. t. ir)SlJ. A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & (Jray, ¥\. i. 473. 
 
 On mountain-sides throughout the State, from near the level of the sea to an altitude of 10,000 
 feet in the Sierra Nevada. It ranges northward to British Columbia and eastward to the Koeky 
 Mountains, varying much with the character of the locality in which it is found. 
 
 28. CANOTIA, Torrey. 
 Calyx small, camijanulate, ch^cply ^-clell, persistent, imbricate iu the bud. I'etals 
 f), obhuig. ytamens 0, hypogynous; liluments attenuate-bubulalo, persistent. Ovary 
 superior, 5-celled : styles united, stout, persistent : stigma terminal : ovules several, 
 amphitropous, attached to the central angle. Capsule woody, oblong, attenuate 
 into the persistent style, septioidally 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seed solitary, 
 attached by the middle, oblong, compressed, produced below into a membranaceous 
 wing. Embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad ; radicle inferior. 
 — A leafless shrub or snudl tree, with straight spinose branches, and smooth green 
 bark ; flowers white, in small lateral cymes. 
 
 A genus of a single species, very anomalous in its characters, and here appended to the Rusaccm 
 (with which it has little in common) only because it is so referred by Bentham & Hooker. 
 
 1. C. holacantha, Torr. Often 10 to 20 feet high, much branched; the light 
 green striate surface of the branchhits marked by scattered small dark scars from 
 which small scale-like leaves a[)pear to have fallen : cymes few-llowered, bracteato 
 with small thick triangular bracts : calyx very small : petals 2 lines long, e(pialling 
 the stamens ami i)istil : capsule 9 to 12 lines long, dehi.scent to the miildle : seeds 
 half as long, including the wing, which is as long as the dark linely tuberculate 
 body. — Pacif K. lfei». iv. G8. 
 
 On the Providence Mountains (Cooper), and in the desert region of W. Arizona, Emory, Bigduw, 
 Newherry, Parry, and Palmer. 
 
 OiiDEii XXXIII. CALYCANTHACE^. 
 
 Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves (not punctati'), no stipules, sei)als, 
 
 ])etals and stameus indeliiiite, as it were pa.ssing iuto each other, and all coalesctcnt 
 
 below into a closed cup which is lined by a hollow recisptacle or disk, bearing 
 
 numerous simple pistils (becoming akeiies) in the manner of the Kose : the anthers 
 
 adnate and extrorse : cotyledons foliaceous and convolute. 
 
 Consists of the United States genus Calycanlhus, and the .Japanese genus of a single species, 
 Chlmonanthus ; jirobably most allied to the apetalous order Mmiiiniacecc, of the southern hemi- 
 sphere,but generally ranked ne.xt to Romccce ; by Bentham and Hooker placed next to Maiiitoliaceiv, 
 and the cup taken to be wholly receptacle or torus. But the same interpretation is now commonly 
 
Calycanthus. CALYCANTHACEyE. 291 
 
 given to tlio rose-hip, pear, &o. Our genus will naturally be looked for among the perigynous 
 not among the hypogynous onlcra. e. i oJ' ""«. 
 
 1. CALYCANTHUS, Linn. Sweet-sckntkd SirntrB. 
 Sepals numerous, imbricated ; tlieir bases united in many ranks into a i)ersistent 
 obconical cupsliajied tube; the outermost smaller and bract-like, the rest linear-oblong 
 and colored like the petals, deciduous. Petals in several rows on the mouth of the 
 tube, the inner ones shorter. Stamens numerous, inserted at and toward the top of 
 the tube, with very short persistent filaments, the outer (about 12) perfect, the inner 
 ones without antiiera ; anthers apicnlato, oxtrorso. Carpels usually numerous, distinct, 
 inserted upon the base and sides of the calyx-tube : styles terminal : ovules 1 or 2, 
 ascending. Akeues enclosed in the enlarged and at length dry ovoid or oblong 
 calyx-tube. Seed erect, without albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, convolute : radicle 
 inferior. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire, without stipules ; flowers terminal, soli- 
 tary, purple or livid, more or less fragrant. 
 CaHfmni? '^"^^"^'^" ^®""^' ^^ *'""°*^ ^P^^^'^^ confined to the Atlantic States, and the following in 
 
 1. C. occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. An erect shrub, G to 1 2 foet high : leaves 
 dark-green, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat cordate at base, 
 scabrous, 3 to G inches long, on very short j>etioles : peduncles 1 to .3 inches lon<' • 
 the Larger sepals and petals an inch long or more, linear-spatulate, purplish red be- 
 coming tawny at the tii)3 ; inner petals incurved : anthers 2 lines long; sterile fila- 
 ments linear-subulate, densely villous : fruiting calyx ovate, scarcely contracted at 
 the summit, 1^ inches long: akenes numerous, villous, oblong, 4 lines Ion" _ 
 Eot. Beechey, 340, t. 84 ; Hook. Bot. j\Iag. t. 4808 ; Baillon, Hist. PI. i. 292^ fig. 
 312, 31.3. 
 
 Eather common near streams, from the Lower Sacramento northward; Pluma.sCo., 3frs. Ames 
 1 he Mowers and bruised leaves an.l wood have a fruity fragrance, but less pleasant than that of 
 the Atlantic species. It is said to sometimes have white flowers : blooming from April to November. 
 
 Order MYRTACE-aj, the Myrtle Family, a largo order of trees and shrubs, 
 chieny tropical and subtropical, with (uitire and pinuitate aromatic leaves, calyx- 
 tube adnato to the ovary, numerous stamens, and undivided style, has no American 
 representatives except near and below the tropic. ]?ut Eucalyptus, L'ller., a vast 
 genus of trees in Australia, forming there a large part of the forest growth, furnishes 
 several species which are advantageously planted on the Californian coast, from San 
 Francisco Bay southward. They make perhaps the most rapid growth of all shade 
 trees, and yet furnish excellent timber. In Australia some trees rival our Redwoods 
 in altitude and girth. The foliage of seedling trees consists of opposite leaves of the 
 ordinary kind, generally broad ; but when older they pro.luce alternate leaver of 
 another shape, usually narrower, longer, falcate, and hanging in a vertical position, 
 which is assumed through a twist of the petiole. The calyx never opens ; but the 
 upper part, shaped like a candle-extinguisher or an inverted cup, separates trans- 
 versely and falls away as a lid, under this is commonly another lid, thin and decid- 
 uous, whi(;h answers to tho concreted petals, and then the very numerous indexed 
 stamens rise up and expand, producing a ta,>?sel-like blossom, 'i'he fruit is a 3-5- 
 colled capsule imbedded in tho indurated calyx-tube, and t^|)ening at tho top : the 
 seeds numerous and small. 
 
JLg2 SAXIFRAGACE^. .Siui/rayu. 
 
 OuDEU XXXIV. SAXIFRAGACE^. (Hy A. Quay.) 
 
 Herbs, sliruLs, or soiuetinicis small tiws, disLiiiguislietl from Jiosacea^ by albumi- 
 nous seeds and small embryo ; usually by dcliuite stamens, not more tliiiii Iwieo 
 the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by the want of stipules; sometimes by 
 the leaves being ojiposite ; and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 
 5 carpels (even when free from the calyx) into a compound ovary, with either axile 
 or parietal placentie. Seeds usually indelinitely numerous. Petals and stamens 
 perigynous. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only the Hydrangieoi have numerous 
 stamens. 
 
 A laiye and polyiiioriihmis onlor, of about 75 genera iinil five or six hundred species, mainly 
 of the cooler jarts of the world, u.speciaily in the noitliein heniisiihere. The Pucilic and 
 the Atlantic States have about the same number of genera, of whicli four or five are peculiar 
 to each. 
 
 TitiBE I. SAXIFKAGK/E. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. 
 Styles or tips of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. 
 
 ♦ Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and jdacentic in the axi.s, or of as many distinct carjicls : 
 
 fruit capsuhir or follicular. 
 
 1. Saxifraga. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Tclala f), dilated. 
 
 2. Boykinla. Slanu us f). FcImIh f), dilated, dccidiu)us. Calyx-tubo adnale to the ovary. 
 
 3. Bolaiidra. Stiimens b. I'etals 5, liliforni-subulate, i)ersistent. Calyx free. 
 
 • ♦ Ovary l-celled, with 2 or 3 jjarietal (or sometimes nearly basal) placentiB alternate with the 
 
 styles or stigmas : no sterile filaments. 
 
 4. Tolmiea. Stamens oidy 3. Calyx long and narrow, gibbous at base. Petals filiform, en- 
 
 tire. Capsule tapering into a stalk-like base. 
 
 5. Tellima. Stamens 10, included. Petals cleft or loljed, rarely entire, conspicuous. Styles 
 
 2 or 3, very short. 
 
 6. Tiarella. Stamens 10 and styles 2 ; both long, filiform and exserted. Petals small, entire, 
 
 in ours inconspicuous and almost filiform. Cai)sule early and very unetjually 2-valved 
 to the base. 
 
 7. Mitella. Stamens 10 or in ours 5, very short. Pet^ds pinnatifid or 3-clefl into capillary 
 
 divisions. Styles very short. Capsule depressed. 
 
 8. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small, some- 
 
 times minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior. 
 CnRYSdSPi.KNiUM, if found in California, may be known by the prostrate habit, want of 
 petals, and obcordate compressed capsule. 
 » ♦ ♦ Ovary l-celled with 3 or 4 parietal placenta' directly under as many (d)tuse sessile stigmas: 
 a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens, 
 y. Parnassia. Calyx 5-i»arted. I'etals 5, large. SUunens 5. Flower solitary. 
 TlUBE II. HYDRANC;iE/E. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple : no stipules. Fruit capsular. 
 ♦ Stamens 20 or more : seeds numerous. 
 
 10. Philadelphus. Calyx-tube adnate to the 4 - 5-celled ovary. Petals convolute in the bud. 
 
 11. Ccirpenteria. Calyx nearly free from the 5 -7-celled ovary and capsule. 
 
 ♦ * Stamens fewer : seeds and ovules solitary in the cells. 
 
 12. Whipplea. Calyx nearly free from the 3 -5-celled ovary : styles distinct. 
 
 Tliiuii III. (UlOSSUIiAHlF.K. Shrubs. Leaves alti-rnate, simple: stijiules adnate to the 
 petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 
 
 13. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1 -celled ovary : jdacentic 2, parietal, many-seeded. 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA, Linn. S.^xiKUACiE. 
 Calyx 5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the lower 
 part of the ovary. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, either withering-persist- 
 ent or deciduous. Stamens 10 {rarely more), inserted with ur below the petals ou 
 
Saxifraga. SAXIFRAGACE/E. jqq 
 
 llio. bas.. or tiibo of tl.o calyx : anthois 2-<;(ni(Ml. Carpels 2 (rarely 3 or more) 
 nearly or quito distinct, or more or less united into a 2-cell(Hl ovary : styles distinct, 
 persistent and at len-th diverging : stigmas tliickisli, luostly dcpresse'd-capitate or 
 reniforiu. Fruit of 2 follicles or a 2-lobed or 2-beaked capsule, opening down the 
 beaks or by the ventral suture. Seeds numerous ; the coat not wiug-margined or 
 appendaged, mostly thin. — Herbs, either stendess or sliort-stemmed ; with alternate 
 simple leaves, their petioles commonly sheathing at base, and small flowers in cymes, 
 cymose panicles, or clusters, or sometimes solitary. 
 
 A large genus, inniMly of tl.e northern hemisphere, and of cool or frigid regions • nearly 50 are 
 fZXtT"'"''' ^""^' rf'^ "' *'':■'" l"^"'g,??'"«^«n to the New and the^Old Wor d and Siefly of 
 Uot) aJe I'culk'f ■ " "" '"' '" '"'•'""'" ' '"' '''' °' ^'^'^'" (^"'"""g ^'^^ ^^''^ ^wo sec- 
 
 § 1. Stemless and large-leaved from a very thick and Jhsluj creepimj rooMock : calux 
 ^-parted, spreading tn fruit, nearly free from the ttvo quite separate ovate 
 diverging follicles: seeds pretty large, angled. 
 
 1. S. peltata, 'lorr. Kootstork largo and long (1 to 3 inches in diauieter), tho 
 younger part s.-aly ; the apex son<ling up a stout s.-ape (from a fo.^t to at length 
 some lines a yanl high) and later one or more large centrally peltate and orbicular 
 J-14-lobed leaves on long and stout petioles: flowers pin'k-purplo, numerous in a 
 corymbose c>'me : petals roundish-oval, without claws: mature follicles turgid-ovate 
 — Benth. PI. Hartw. 311, Sc Hot. Wilkes Exp. Atl. t. 5 (1862), ^ 309 (1874)- 
 Hook. f. Hot. Mag. t. 0071. Lepf„rrhena innndnfa, I'.ehr in Pro,- (^dif. Acad 
 I. 45 Sc .17. ' ' ■ 
 
 Along and in the hods of qnirk-flowing streamlets, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa 
 wca Z^":'":t'" "m ^''f-^^'^ «f ,/••" «aeramento iPirk-n-in, k Brackcnridgc, FreZnt Hart- 
 !f^',K?;.^' ?^!^'".?^^""'?""°^o- i^olander), &c. The rather fleshy stout seanes and ^etiolp. 
 
 § 2. Ste,nless; the naked scape and later a short leaf or ttvo from a hidhdike conn ■ 
 calyx slightly bdohed, campanulate, free from and nearli, enclosing the two- 
 tobed capsvle. 
 
 2. S. Panyi, .Torr. Somewhat pubescent: scape iiliform and naked, 2 to 4 
 inches ngh, bearing 3 to 7 shnrt-pedicelled flowers, followed by one or more short- 
 petiole.l rouiKled-subcordate slightly several-lobed and crenate toothed leaves (an 
 inch or ess in diameter) : petals white, marked with brown-pnrple veins, ovate and 
 at length spatulate-oblong, inserted by short claws nearly in the sinuses of the c.^m- 
 panulate brown-nerved calyx : filaments slender-subulate, borne lower <lown • styles 
 slemler, m fruit exserted out of the calyx : seeds minute, somewhat angled ; the coat 
 rather loose. — Eot. Mex. Bound. 09, t. 25. 
 
 Dry hills, in and around S.nn Diego and San Luis Hey, Prrrrv. Knrhrrv^i, Chvelmid kc Flower- 
 
 Xoi"Z"^:2oX^"''T''' "'"" '^''rr '"«*" ' *'"^" ^•^"^••"« "Pits leaves ; 'after Huiting 
 a bro,mv / nnljSl disappears untd the ne.xt rainy season. Cnlyx hareiv 3 lines long, with 
 
 Lb?t , Jl thp 1 ? ' r""^ 'r' ^ *'''^"F"^"--ovate short erect lobes. Petals 2 lines lon<:^ The 
 habit and the Ingh insertion of the petals in (he orifice of the campauulate caly.v are pecuFiar. 
 
294 SAXlKltAGACE.K. Sa.njmcju. 
 
 § 3. Stemless, or sometimes a leaf or two on the lower part of the scape, no perma- 
 nent caudex rising above the ground: calyx 5-parled or 5-cleft : 2ietals almost 
 alwai/s ivhite. 
 * Leaves not cordate, contracted at base into a margined petiole or nearly sessile: fila- 
 ments not enlarged upivard or rarely slightly so: herbage or at least the mjlores- 
 cence more or less glandular or viscid-pubescent. 
 
 + Naked simple scape and cluster of rather large thickish leaves rising from a short 
 and thickish root or caudex: base of calyx coherent with the base of the '1 parted 
 ovary : petals roundish, obovale or oblong-spatulate, very obtuse ; the claw very short 
 or none. 
 
 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Leaves IVuiu rouiulish- to oblong-ovate or .spatulute- 
 obovate, coarsely louLlietl or almost entire, an inch or two long, and tlie margined 
 petiole often as long : sca[)e a si)an to a I'oot liigli, at length loosely many-flowered 
 in a paniculate cyme : some of the pedicels slender : petals obovate, twice the length 
 of the merely spreading calyx. 
 
 Shaded rocky jilaces in the Coast Ranges and Siena Nevada : also in Oregon, the IJocky Moun- 
 tains, and conniiou in the Atlantic Status. The (.'ulilornian specimens resemble slender lurins of 
 the common venial eastern species. 
 
 4. S. nivalis, Linn. Like the jirecoding, but mostly smaller and cdndc^nsed : 
 scapo 2 to 5 inches high : llowers fewer, sessile or very short-pedicelled, ami crowthnl 
 in a cajjitato sinii)le or compound cluster : petals oblong or s[)atulate, lil tie exceed- 
 ing the erect calyx-lobes : styles very short or hardly any : ovary and fruit usually 
 dark puiple. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, above the Yosemite {Brewer) and above (!isco (Bolander) ; thence to the 
 arctic regions, &c., and lound the frigid zone. The var. tenuis, Walil. (E. Humboldt Mountains, 
 Watson, thence northward and eastward), may occur in the State. It has more o|ten inllores- 
 cence, ratiicr larger petals, and pi<)l)ably passes into IS. rirt/iuicnsis. Its lilaments are not rarely 
 distinctly hroadcued above the middle. 
 
 5. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovato or obovato to lanceolate-spatulate, 
 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a very short anil 
 niargineil (or rarely longi^r and more distinct) petiole; : scai)e 1 to 3 fei't high, viscid : 
 Howers in small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform panicle : petals obovate or 
 broadly si^atulate, somewhat longer than the rellexed calyx-lobes : seeds nuudi larger 
 and with a loo.ser coat than in the foregoing. — Fl. i. 2-49, t. 86 ; Watson, IJot. 
 King Exp. 93. *S'. hieracifulia, var. (?), dray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiii. 40'J. 
 aS'. nivalis, var.. Gray in Pnjc. Acad. Phihid. 18G3, G2. 
 
 Swamps, through the font-hills of the Sierra Nevada, thence northward to Wa.shiiigdin Terri- 
 tory, and east to the (!oloiado ilocky Mountains. 
 
 +- -<- Slender scapes often panicalately branching and hracteate, and, with the tuft if 
 thinner leaves, from a small annual or biennial root or offset : calyx free from the 
 two almost distinct ovaries and rejlexed : petals acute, on distinct claws, '2-spotted 
 towards the base : filaments Jillform : info)-escence not rarely bearing leaf-buds or 
 hulblets in place of blossoms. 
 
 6. S. bryophora, (Iray. Slender root or offshoots annual : leavtss linear ohlong 
 or spatulate, (uitire, ihickish ami muirly veinless, barely half an inch long, almost 
 sessile, sparsely ciliate : scape glabrous, loosely paiaculate and with filiform branches 
 and pedicels, flowering only at the apex ; the lateral branches or pedicels bearing a 
 green globose leaf-bud or bulblet, soon deflexed : flower 3 or 4 lines in diameter : 
 petals oblong-ovate, slightly unequal, and with a pair of yellowish spots at the 
 abrupt base, twice the length of the broadly ovate and rellexed sepals: styles hardly 
 any. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 533. ,S. leucanthemifolia, var. integrifolia, Engler, 
 Saxifr. 135. 
 
^^'VV- '■" ''"■ SAX I Fll A G A CE JO. | Cj 5 
 
 J:;c''7!;;?!;ri::ir^''''' '" ''""' *° ^'^•""^' '^■'"^' '^•°"" ^'^- ^-^^ ^« «-- ^■"•. ^'--. ^- 
 
 S I.KUCANTHEMIKOMA, Micl.x., or a., ambiguous form b.-twccnit an.l S. strMari,, hum. (affom- 
 
 uparous 8tato of which occurs ... tl.e Rocky Mountai.is a.„l ..orthward), is fou.i 1 f.on, \& 
 
 ...gton len-.tory to Alaska. It has la.ger a„.I toothed or i,iciscd leaves narrow a.,d iss „'n' r 
 
 petals, evident styles, ai.d is generally a much larger plant. u.ssin.ii.ii 
 
 =.v .V Leaves rounded and. cordate on lorn, naked petioles : filaments broadened vv- 
 tvard spntnlate, sometimes almost petnloid: calyx free from the 2-cleft ovary and 
 capsule, soon reflexed : petals obovate or at lemjth ohlonq, obtuse, on a short claw ■ 
 scape panicidately and looselj/ mani/floivered : pedicels filiform. 
 
 7. S. Mertensiana, Bongard. Scape ami leaves from a scaly granulate bulb 
 more or less glandular-pubescent: base of petioles dilated into thin scarious bud- 
 scales : leaves crenately or incisely luany-lobed ; the lobes often 3-toothed at the 
 end : panicle effuse ; the branches mostly flowering only at the apex and bearin- 
 granulate bulblets down the sides: filaments sometimes 12 or more, occasionallv 
 seno and petaloid: capsule inflated-ovate. - Veg. Sitchn, 141. S. heterantha, 
 Hook. l-i. 1. 2.)2, t. (H. ^. a'stiralis, var. {heterantha), Torr. (^' Gray, Kl. i. tm. 
 
 Wooded banks in thn (^oast Ranges, fioin Sonoma Co. nortlnvaid, oxtendiixr to Alaska WpII 
 .narked by the stout and bulb-like caudex, producing bulblets, a.ld usual^-by tte clusteJ 
 ISSltl^'Sng"" ''"'"■ '"""^"^ °^ "" 1""'^'" ^"'^^^-^ 2 to I inches in diameten 
 
 8. S. punctata, Linn. Scape and leaves from a short creeping rootstock 
 glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves reniform to round-cordate, of rather firm 
 
 ext.ire coarsely and almost equally many-toothe.l or somewhat incised: i,etioles 
 banlly dilated except at the insertion : panicle usiially iiarrow, not bulhlet-bearinc- 
 .■,apsule oblong. — .S. restivalis, Fischer, (tc. 
 
 Sierm Nevada at 8,000 feet ami over {To^-rr,j, Lcvwion), and on the mountains eastward to 
 rolorado ; northward to Hehri.ig Straits, an.l in N. Asia. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diameter 
 Scape a span to 2 feet high. Petals about 2 lines long. uiaraeier. 
 
 § 4. Leaf/ stems short, cespitose, and thickly be.^et with the small everr/reen sessile 
 leaves: scapedike pednncle few-flmvered : calyx 5-parted, nearly free. 
 
 9. S. Tolmiei/i'orr. & Gray. Forming depressed tufts, glabrous or nearly so • 
 leaves much crowded, spat.dato, coriace.u.s, nerveless, or with oKscure unMrib with' 
 rnvolut.j entin, margins ^.'1 (o f) lines l.u.g) : po.hnwles 2 inches long. cvmoHelv 1 -{;. 
 flowered: petals lanceolate, white, about twi.-e the length of the 'ovate oht.iso 
 spreading calyx-lobes : filaments dilated at the summit : carpels (often 3 or 4) in 
 truit very obtuse and large, united only at the base. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 feet an.l lipward {Brcrcer, Muir, Lcmmon) ■ also northward 
 lb,es lol.g ^^''""t'^"'^ to Wnsh,.,gton Territo.y. Flowers only 2 lines long: fruit 3 0^4 
 
 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. 
 Calyx r>-lobed ; the lobes valvate but early open in the bud ; the t.ibe at kuvth 
 glolndar ,.r ovate, a.Iherent to the ovary. J>etals f,, entire (varying from imbrir'at* 
 lo convolute in the bud), the base contracted into a short claw, deciduous. Stamens 
 T), short, alternate with the petals : anthers 2-celled. Ovary and capsule 2-celled 
 • leluscent down the styliferous lieaks. Seeds small and very numerous, ovoid, witli 
 a close .'somewhat crustaceous coat, very minutely and evenly pa])illose. — Peren- 
 nial herbs (N. American); with creeping rootst..cks, leafy .simi.le stems, and panicu- 
 late or corymbose cymes of white flowers; the leaves all alternate, round-reniform, 
 palmately lobed and incise<l or toothed, the teeth with eallou.s-glandular tips, and 
 the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilations or appenda.^.-^ at ba.se. 
 
-j^gg SAXIFIIAGACE.E. lioykinla. 
 
 1. B. occidentalis, Ton-. & Gray. Smootliisli, or with some rusty hairs, above 
 somewhat ylaiidul.U' : stem sleinler, a foot or two hi^li : leaves thiu-meiuhiaiiaceous, 
 3-7-lobeJ: petioles with slightly ililated base l'ringe<l with some rameiiLaceous 
 bristles : calyx-lobes lanceulatetiiau-'ular, very acute. — Fl. i. 577. S(ui/'ra</a 
 raauHCulijotut, Hook. l-'l. i. 241), t. HiJ, probably, but surely no l)ulblets in the axils 
 of the radical petioles. *S'. data, iS'utt. in Torr. & Gray, h\ i. 575, iu part or 
 wholly. 
 
 Woods of tlie Coast Eanges, from Santa Barbara to Mendochio counties and north to "Wash- 
 ington Ti-rritory. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diameter. Petals 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 2. B, major, Gray. Stouter ami larger, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 4 to 8 inches 
 in diameter, 5 - U-clelt : petioles abruptly appendaged at base, the lower with i^cari- 
 ous, the upper with I'oliaceous and rounded nakeil stipules : calyx-lobes triangular. 
 — B. occidentalis, var. tlata, Gray, I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. 383. 
 
 Wooded region of the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. northward {Bridijes, Brewer, Bulandcr), 
 and Oregon {E. Hall). As this extends to Oiegon it may possibly be Nuttall's Saxifraga data or 
 have been confounded witli it ; but llie "tufts of long chatfy hairs" at the base of the petiole 
 must rather refer to the preceding. The stipules in this are conspicuous, not bristly-appendaged, 
 the upper foliaceous, partly elasping or appressed to the stem, 4 or 5 lines long. 
 
 B. ACONITIKOLIA, Nutt., of the Alleghany Jlountains, with more laciniate leaves, has some 
 ramentaceous bristles either in the a.\ils or fringing the slightly dilated base of the petiole. 
 
 B. RicuARUSoNii, tjray, tlio Arctic species, has contracted thyrsoid intlorescence and no ramen- 
 taceous bristles on tiio dilated base or in llie a.\il of the ieuf-stalk. 
 
 3. BOLANDRA, Gray. 
 Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes triangular-lanceolate and acumi- 
 nate, valvate in the bud, recurved; the tube free from the ovary. Petals 5, inserted 
 on the throat of the calyx, small, very slender-subulate, recurved, persistent. Stamens 
 5, alternate with the petals, short: anthers 2-colled, cordate- 2-lobed. Ovary in- 
 cluded iu but wholly free from the dilated calyx, ovato with a broad 2-celled base, 
 deeply 2-(!h!l'l. ubovcv into two lupeiijig horns, each tip[)od by ii trunciitu nearly 
 sessile stigma. Capsule membranaceous, included in the calyx, early opening down 
 the inside of the horns or beaks. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a thin 
 rather loose coat. — A single species, with the foliage and habit of Boyhlnia or some 
 Saxifrages, the calyx of Tdllma, petals rather of Tolmiea, and perhaps the early 
 dehiscent fruit ofTiarella, but the beaks equal. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3-11. 
 
 1. B. Californica, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, weak and ascending ai)par- 
 ently from a hliform rootstock, granulate- bulblet-bearing at the base of the stem, 
 glabrous or nearly so: leaves alternate, membranaceous; the lower round-renifurm, 
 about 5-lobe(l, on long and liliforni petioles (the base of which is sometimes dilated 
 and stipule-like) ; the upper sessile or clasping, merely incised or few-tootiied, 
 gradually reduced ui)ward to small ovato or lanceolate bracts, borne on or subtend- 
 ing the slendiu' ono-lloweretl somewhat pauicuhito peduncles : petals dull purpli.sh. 
 
 On wet roeks in and near the Yosemito ; Mariposa trail (liolantlc.r) ; Ti'uaya Falls, ./. (/rnii. 
 
 iiiirger hmveis an incli or v in diiiinetur, and tiui nltiniato bracts only a line or two in 1. ngtii. 
 
 Oaly.x 3 lines liigli. Alti^niialed pelals '.J lines long. \ linmblo plant, hut a very distinil gmns, 
 which commemorates tlie signal services rendered liy the discoverer, Dr. H. N. Bolander, to ('ali- 
 fornian botany. Thus far it seems to have been collected only by Dr. Bolander and by the 
 founder of tbe genus. 
 
 4. TOLMIEA, Torr. & Gray. 
 Calyx funnelform, free from the ovary, thin antl membranaceous, gibbous at base ; 
 the 5 short lobes somewhat unequal and imbricated in the bud ; the tube in age 
 
^''^^"»'^- SAXIFRAaACE.1^. ■JJ^w 
 
 longitudinally splitting down one side. Petals 5, fdiform or capillary, inserted in 
 the s.nuses ot the calyx, recurved, persistent. Stamens .3, inserted in the throat of 
 the calyx opposite the uppermost and lateral lol^es : lilaments short • cells of the 
 anther confluent into one. Ovary elongated-oblong or clavate, nmch attenuate at 
 base, above 2-cleft, 1-cellod with 2 parietal plac-,ent,o : styles sle.nl.r : sti-nnas rapi- 
 tellate. Capsule obversely sagittate (the base tapering into a stipe partlv invested 
 by the withering cleft calyx, <tc.), membranaceous, strongly few-veined Tengthwi-se 
 dehiscent between the diverging equal beaks. Seeds numerous, globose; the close 
 hrm coat minutely muricate. — A single species. 
 
 hioV. litf s^o,f )?"' ^'''- * ^'';Y- ^ ^''T^^y ]>"bescent perennial ; a foot or two 
 high, Mth slender creeping rootstocks an.l some summer runners, and the folia^^e 
 and inflorescence of a Ttarella or J/euchera : leaves roun.i-cordate, more or lels 
 lobed and crenately toothed, slender-petioled, all alternate, tiiose of the stem 2 to4 
 scan.uis s ipules more or less manifest : loose raceme a span or two Ion. : lowers 
 and capsule nearly hal an inch long, greenish or somewhat tinged with In.r de- 
 i. 2;{7;t HO ^^''"^^e-^". Tursh, Fl. i. 313. Ifcur./>rra Aremirsii, llook. 1<1. 
 
 Forosts of Mendocino Co. (Bolander), and north to Puget Sound. Propagati,,.. freelv bv ad 
 
 5. TELLIMA, R. Brown. 
 Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5dobcd; the base of the tube coherent with the 
 base or lower half of the ovary, the short triangular lobes valvate in the bud. 
 Peta s 5, inserted in the throat or sinuses of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid, 3-7- 
 lobed or entire, distant and sometimes involute in the bud. Stamens 10, short 
 included : anthers 2-celled. Ovary short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placenta! 
 styles 2 or 3, very short . stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, either all but the base 
 or only the upper half free, slightly 2 - 3-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds 
 very numerous, and with a close cont. - Perennials (all ^V. North American) ; with 
 round-cordato and toothed or palmately .livided chiefly alternate leaves, few on the 
 simp .. stems, their petioles with stipulodike dilatations nt base, and the flowers in a 
 simple terminal raceme ; petals white, whitish, or pink. _ Benth. <^ Hook. Gen 
 PI. 1. 637. relh7na & Lithophragma (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 583. 
 § 1. Petals laciniate-pinnatijid, sessile with a broad base, small: stales and placentcB 
 
 F^Trr mL 'fr^Z-'^^T/'^ (^/"//-coW) Jloroers propoHionally large.- 
 LuiELMMA. {lelltma, R Brown.) 
 
 tnfI;d^;^y^^"f^T^' l^- ^'' ^ ^"^* ^' ^'"" ^"■^'''' ^'••^'" "I'^'-t •'^"<1 ^-^tl'er stout 
 "bed ^";f^'^^;'J'>'-^."te or pubescent: leaves rounded-crdate and more or less 
 
 ne.rvl ir if "' ^^'^ ^^.^^^ = ^^^^ innated-campanulate, from a quarter to 
 
 nearly half an inch long, enclosing the short three-fourths free capsule • seeds short^ 
 oblong minutely rugose. - Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1 1 78. Miiella gLdi^oraFnr^lu 
 Woods, from Snnta Cruz Co. northward, extending to Alaska. 
 
 § 2. Petals palmateb,Z-Uleft or sometimes entire, on a slender claw, larqe for the 
 size of the Jlower bright rohite or rose-color: styles and placentae commonly 3 • 
 stem and rootstock slender. — LiTnopiinAOMA, Nutt. 
 
 * Petals {white or vearb, so) with the limh merely ?,.lnhed or entire, dilated: radical 
 leaves undnnded and round-reniform : vo grain-like bnlhlets on the rootstocks. 
 
]^gg SAXIFllAQACE.'i':. Mlima. 
 
 -»- Ovarii fttUij half free : petals entire: seeds minutely roughened. 
 
 2. T. Cymbalaria, Walp. Stem or scape iilitonn, a span to a foot high, bear- 
 in" mustiy only a pair ol' upposito 3-lub(Hl ur partuil leaves : railical leaves roiuul- 
 renit'onn, somewhat 3 - r)-lol)e(l (about half an inch in diainelei) : llowers few and 
 slender-pedicelleil : cidyx shoit and dilated-eanipanulate, with ;iii acute udnatc l)asi;; 
 its lobes very short anil broad : petals spatulate-obovate, entire. — LUhojthraijina 
 Cymbalaria, Torr. &i tlray, I'l. i. 585 ; CJray, Troc. Am. Acad. vi. 535. 
 
 Moist .sluuly Wdoil.s, Saiilu IJuiliani to Sua Dinyo, Nuttall, Jirewcr, Cleveland. Calyx '.i Vuwh 
 and {Hjtulti 3 ur -i liiU'S loii^. 
 
 ■»- +■ Ovary and Ciii>sulc almost wholly free from the broadly i-anipanul((te Iritncatc- 
 or round liasid calyx: .seeds minutely roughened: styles smooth. 
 
 3. T. Bolanderi, Holand. Stems a foot or two high, not rarely branching, i - 4- 
 leaved: radical and lower leaves round-reniform and more or less lobed (1^ to 2^ 
 inches in diameter), the upper 3 - 5-parted : llowers very short-pedicelled : petals 
 obovate or oval, entire, rarely with ii small lateral tooth on each .side, white. — 
 Lithojjhrayma Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Contra Costa to Alcmlociiio couiilius, Brewer, JJulamler, kc Calyx '2^ ami iictals 3 or 1 lines 
 long. 
 
 4. T. heterophylla, Hook. iK; Arn. Stems .slender, a tout or less in height, 
 I - 3-leaved : leaves nearly as in the preceding, but smaller and usually more hirsute : 
 Howers fewer and smaller : i)etals obtusely 3-lobed, sometimes llesh-colored. — Jint. 
 Ik'echey, 346. Litkophragrna heterophylla, Torr. it Gray, 1. c. ; (iray, 1. c. 
 
 Shady grounds, in the western part of the State, especially near San Fiancisco and on llie 
 Sacramento. Calyx 2 and petals 3 or 4 lines long. 
 
 ^_ 4- ^- Lower half or more of the ovary and capsule coherent ivith the turbinate 
 calyx-tube : seeds smooth : styles granulose. 
 
 5. T. aflSniSjlJoland. liougher-puboscentorscabrous-pidjerulent : stem a span to 
 a f(»ot or more high, slender: leaves nearly as in tlio preceding or smaller (rarely an 
 inch in diamoLor) : llowers 5 to 12 in the lax raceme: pedicels mostly longtr llian 
 the densely rough glandular-puberulent caly.v : petals somewhat cuneate and with 
 3 short acute lobes or teeth. — Lithophragma aj/inis, (J ray, L c. 
 
 Uoclcy and shady platxs, common through the western part of the State, and norllicast to 
 Plumas County in tlie Sierra Nevada. I^^tals 4 or 5 lines long, wiiite (»r llesh-color, large in pro- 
 portion to the calyx. 
 
 * * Petals (pink or sometimes white) with lind) palmately 3-7-parted into narrow 
 divisions: even the radical leaves mostly W-b-parted or divided: slender or fili- 
 form rootstock and sometimes even the few-flowered raceme bearing clusters of 
 small grain-like bulblets. 
 
 fi. T. parviflora, TTook. IJoughish-hirsute or scabrous-pubescent, a span to a 
 foot high : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice 3-cleft into 
 narrow lobes : pedicels erect, about the length of the obconical or at length almost 
 clavate calyx : petals deeply 3-cleft into linear or oblong divisions : ovary and capsule 
 fully half inferior. — Fl. i. 239, t. 78. T. parvifolia, Hook. & Arn. Lithophragma 
 parviflora, Nutt. ; Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Shady and rocky places, British Columbia to the mountains of Utah and Colorado, and pnd.a- 
 Lly in the northern part of California. " N. California, Meuzics," according to Hooker : but the 
 plant may more probably be T. affmis. 
 
 7. T. tenella, Walpers. Small and slemha-, 2 to 9 incljes high, roughish with a 
 minute glandular pulxi.scenco : heaves smaller than in the preceding (about half an 
 inch in diameter) : piidiitels ascending or s|»reading: calyx c.ampanulate, the bas(» 
 either roundish or ar-utish : petals 3 - 5-parte.d or even irregularly 7 parted into 
 mostly linear divisi.ms: ovary ai\(l capsule free except the ba.se. - Hot. King. 
 
^fiie^la- SAXIFRAGACE^. jgg 
 
 Exp. 95 Litfwphracpna tencUa cl- L. glabra (a smoother form), Nutt. in Torr 
 & Gray, 11. i. 584 ; (Jiay, 1. c. 
 
 Rocky moist ground, throufrl, the rmrtliorn portion of the Siena Nevada ; tliencc to the Rockv 
 Mountains Ca y.x 1 or 2 lines long. Petals 2 or 3 lines long, generally pink or rose-color 
 Granulate hulblets copious at the root, and sometimes in the place ^fllowers in the raceme 
 
 6. TIARELLA, Linn. 
 Calyx r)-parto(l ; tho hnao almost fivo from tlio ovary, tlio lobes moro or loss 
 coIohmI. Petals 5, undivided, small, with short claws. Stamens 10 : fdaments long 
 and slender: anthers with 2 parallel cells. Ovary 1-cellcd, compressed, 2-horned 
 (the horns or lobes tapering into long filiform styles), soon unequal and dehiscent, 
 one valve or carpel in fruit lanceolate-elongated, the other remaining very much 
 shorter. Seeds rather few and only at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, 
 with a smooth and shining crustaceous coat. — Perennial low or slender herbs, often 
 multiplying by summer runners; with palmatoly lobod or divided altorimto loaves, 
 and sometimes scaly stipules at tho base of the petiole, and a terminal raceme or 
 panicle of small white flowers. 
 
 and two'fh^Va'if'c coasf^ North Asiatic genus of five species, one inhabiting the Atlantic States 
 
 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy: flowering stems a span 
 to a foot or more ong : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or somewhat triangular 
 ,5-.)-iobed and the lobes creuate-tootluMl ; the radical ones slender-poti..I(Ml the 
 cauliue mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or sometimes (maiuly on decunibcnt 
 and later flowering shoots) 2 or 3 similar to the radical: jianiclo raceme-like and 
 loose: petals small and inconspicuous, almost filiform.— Fl. i. 238 t 81 Heuchera 
 loiH/ipetala, Moyino, Ic. Ined. t. 423. 
 
 f1.?n,'wl'uT\"nr'\'^''""^-lV-'V^ .^l'^*'*? ^*'- (^^^"''.W). Men.looino Co. (Bolandcr), and north 
 through Hr. ish Co urnbia The (•al.fornian and .some of the moro northern specimens incline o 
 have ..longatd and 2-3- caved flowering stems, and whole plant moro hairjs the var ^'r^m 
 but tins IS merely a luxuriant state. The lobing of the leaves varies, so that il may piss h'tT ' 
 
 \u7'''^TU'''tu ^;'""- i^- •^'«"''^'^'''/^. l''f^3l). which extends from the mountains of Oregon to 
 Alaska and N. W. Asia, has most of Its loavoH divided into tinoo dislinct, leallcl^. 
 
 7. MITELLA, Tourn. MiiiiK-woirr. 
 
 Calyx short ; the broad tube coherent with tho base of tho ovary and dilated 
 beyond it, 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate irv the bud, spreading. Petals 5, inserted on 
 the throat of the calyx, very slender, pinnately parted or 3-cleft ; the divisions 
 almost capillary. Stamens 10 or 5, very short: anthers cordate or reniform 2- 
 celled. Ovary short and broad, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or almost basal placentre, 
 mainly or partly superior : styles 2, very short : stigmas capitellate. Capsule glob- 
 ular or depressed, hardly at all lobed, opening across the broad summit. Seeds 
 several to each placenta, obovate, with a Arm and smooth black and shining close 
 crustaceous coat. — Small perennials (N. American and N. E. Asian); with more or 
 less creeping slender rootstocks and summer runners, small and greenish or some- 
 times white flowers in a simi)Ie raceme, and conlate or round-reniform simple leaves, 
 which are all radical and long-petioled, or two or moro on (lowering stems, those in 
 one species (of E. North America) opjwsite. Petioles, etc., mostly loosely hirsute. 
 
 I. M. Breweri, Cray. Leaves all in a rlusl(>r on the mol slock, roiind-rciiiforni, 
 cren!il<> and crenntely incised, of n-mpantivoly (irm foxfure. s(.on nearly glabrous, 
 
200 
 
 SAXIFRAGACE.E. Miitlla. 
 
 2 or 3 inchos in (Uaiucacr : Hcapo lotillesa, a spun liigli, 10- 2()-llo\veml : llowers 
 grueiiish : peliils pecLinalcly unco or ovon twice pinnutuly parted : stamens 5, opi)o- 
 bite the calyx-lobes. — Troc. Am. Acail. vi. 533. 
 
 Woods of the Siurni Ni'vailii iit 6,000 to 11,000 feet, Marii)osa Co. {JJrcar.r, &c.) to Siena Co., 
 Torrcij, Lcinino)i. Cuiiilhiiy luultilid iicUils t Hues long, imicli excelling the calyx. 
 
 2. M. trifida, Omliam. Leaves all from tlie rootstock, rouud-reniibrm or (ni 
 date, crenately toothed and sometimes incised or lobed, thinnish, sparsely liauy, 1 
 to 3 inches in diameter : scape lililorm, a span to a loot high : llowers whitirih, 
 numerous and rather scattered in the commonly one-sideil slender sijike or .s|)ike- 
 like raceme ; the peilicels mostly very short : petals 3-5-i)arted, small : stamens f), 
 opposite the calyx-lobes. — Hook. Fl. i. 24:1, t. 82. 
 
 Mountain woods of Mundoiino Co. (Ilu/nndcr), thcnLc uoiUi to Hiiti.sli Cohnnliia and in tlie 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 M. i-ENrANUi!A, Hook. 1. c. & liot. Ma<,'. t. 2'J\io, of the Rocky Mountains, is another .species 
 with naked scape and 5 stamens, but the hitter opposite tlie petals. 
 
 M. CAULESCENS Nutt., has oiic or more alternate j)etioled leaves on the Howering stem or 
 scape, similar to those of the rootstock anil runners, a loose raceme, and the 5 stamens alternate 
 with the pinnatilid petals. It extends from British C^ohimbia to Oregon, and may probalily 
 occur on the northern borders of the State. 
 
 M. NtMiA luitl M. Dii'iiYi.i.A lire the two binnuean'and lO-undmus s|H'.cies. Thi^ hirnier exti'iids 
 wostwiird 1o liritish Cubunliin, and nrura in N. Siberia ; tlui liiller Im only an Allanli<' f<pii us. 
 
 8. HEUCHERA, Lnm. Alum-koot. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud, obtuse, sometimes 
 rather unequal ; the tube coherent with the lower half of the ovary. Petals 5, un- 
 guiculate, small and entire, sometimes minute or wanting or early deciduous, inserted 
 on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments either slender and long, or some- 
 times rather shorter than the calyx : anthers 2-celled. Ovary and capsule 1 -celled, 
 with 2 parietal placentoi, more or less 2-beaked ; the beaks tapering into either 
 filiform and elongated or subulate and shorter styles ; deliiseent between the beaks. 
 Seeds numerous, oval or globular, with a close crustaceous black coat, minutely 
 muricate-roughened. — Herbs (all N. American) ; with stout rootstocks, sending up 
 slender-petioled rounded and mostly cordate many-toothed and somewhat lobed 
 leaves, and scapes or alternately 1 - 3-leaveil llowering stems, bearing numerous 
 small and mostly dull-colored llowius ; the cymosc clusters either open in a loose 
 ample panicle, or sometimes comlcnsed into a spike-like thyrsus. Scarious stipules 
 adnata or partly distinct. 
 
 There are about five species in the Athmtic States, as many more ]ieciiUar to the Rocky JNloun- 
 tain region, and the following in California, Oregon, kc. A sterile plant collected on fiuadalupe 
 Island by Dr. Palmer may belong to a peculiar Lower Californian species. 
 
 § 1. Floioers in an open or somctwies more condensed and thyrsoid jxinide : jUaineida 
 more or less Jiliform, mostly exserted. 
 
 >k Calyx ohloiig-camjianulate, commonly tinxjed with jmrple or rose-color. 
 
 1. H. rubescens, Torr. Scape a span to a foot liigh, from stout creeping root- 
 stocks, nearly glabrous : leaves thickish, rounded, crenately lobed and toothed, an 
 inch or less in diameter : flowers loosely panided : calyx 2 lines long, more or less 
 acute at base : filiform filaments and styles and very slender white or flesh-colored 
 petals conspicuously exserted. — Stansb. Kep. 388, t. 5 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 63 ; 
 Watson, Bot. King Exp. 90. 
 
 Common in the Sierra Nevada, on rocks, at 5,000 to 11,000 feet, extending to Utah and New 
 Mexico. 
 
Parnassia. SAXIFRAGACE^l 201 
 
 * * Calyx i^hort-campa.nvlnte a7id greenish. 
 
 H. oi.ABRA, Willd., is a slender .species, a foot or two liigh, nearly glabrous except the calyx ; 
 leaves acutely lobed and incised ; panicle loose : from Oregon near the coast to Alaska. 
 
 2. H. micrantha, Dougl. Scape or few-leaved flowering stems a foot or two 
 high: loaves rouiul-corclate or ovate-cordate, 2 to 4 inches in diameter, obtusely 
 lobcil, crenate-toothed : petioles and at least the veins or ribs beneath hirsute, often 
 with rusty hairs : ilowers in an ample loose panicle : calyx a line or in fruit sorae- 
 timoa 2 lines long, mostly acute at base, shorter than the slender pedicels, merely 
 puberulent or glandular; tiio lol)pa erect : lilameiils, styles, and petals slender and 
 exserted. — Lindl. J5ot. Keg. t. 1302. //. Barharosm, Tresl, IJcl. Ilicnk. ii. 5G. 
 
 Woods in the Coast Ranges and tlic Sierra Novsida, from Monterey and Mariposa counties 
 northward, extending to the borders of British Columbia. .Styles variable, llartwcg's plant from 
 Monterey, namnd //. pi/osisswi'i in PI. llartw. 311, No. 1142, is intermediate between this and 
 the most open and least hairy forms of the next, but seems to belong here. 
 
 3. H. pilosissima, Fischer & Meyer. Very villous-pubescent or hirsute with 
 spreading viscid hairs : scapes or few-leaved flowering stems a foot or two high, 
 rather st«iut : loaves round-cordato, obtusely lobed and crenatc, 1 to 3 inches in 
 diameter : flowers in a close and clustered or sometimes loose panicle, usually as 
 long as their pedicels : calyx somewhat globular, being rounded or obtuse at base 
 and the broad short lobes more or less incurving, 1| to 2^ lines long, densely hairy : 
 filaments, short styles, and narrow spatulate petals little exserted. — - Ind. Sem. 
 Hort. Petrop. v. 56. //. hispida, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 347, not of Pursh. 
 //. hirtijlora, Torr. & (Jray, ¥\. i. 582. 
 
 FroTn near Monterey or San Frnncisoo to Tlumboldt Co., in the Coast Ranges. Apparently varies 
 into smoother forms, with calyx much less hairy. 
 
 § 2. Flowers spicate or nearhj so : subulate filaments mvch shorter than the elongated- 
 oblong and erect lobes of the calyx. 
 
 4. H. cylindrica, Dougl. Commonly hir.suto and above glandular-pubescent : 
 leaves round-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and commonly 
 lobed (1 to 2 inches broad or sometimes smaller) : scape generally leafless, 10 to 24 
 inches high : greenish flo^yers 3 to 5 lines long, almost sessile ; the cylindrical spike 
 or thyrsvis H to 4 inches long : petals inconspicuous or none : styles very short. — 
 Hook. Fl. i.'237; Lindl. Bot. Uog. t. 1024. 
 
 Common in Oregon, Nevada, &c., chieny in the interior ; probably in Northern California. 
 
 9. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GaAss-OF-PAUNA.ssus. 
 Calyx 5-parted ; the base free from or adnato to the base of the ovary ; the divis- 
 ions oval or oblong, herbaceous, somewhat imbricated in the bud. Petals oval or 
 oblong, imbricated in the bud, conspicuously veined, widely spreading, tardily 
 deciduous. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals : filaments subulate, persistent : 
 anthers 2-cellod. Appendages or sterile stamens a cluster of more or less united 
 glan<l-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Ovary ovate, entire, one-celled, 
 with 4 or sometimes 3 parietal placentic : stigmas as many, closely sessile and very 
 obtuse, directly superposed over the placentae. Capsule 3 - 4-valved from the apex ; 
 the valves bearing the many-seeded placentfe on their middle. Seeds with a thick- 
 ish and somewhat Avinged loose coat, and little or no albumen. — Smooth acaules- 
 cont perennials; with entire and rounded or reniform petioled leaves in a cluster on 
 the short rootstock, slender simple scapes, not rarely bearing a small and sessile 
 leaf or two, and a handsome white terminal flower. Petioles with somewhat scari- 
 ous-dilat«d base, but no stiptdes. 
 
202 SAXlFUAGACEylO. J'anut.ssin. 
 
 A genus of about a dozen s])ecie.s, of tliu norlhfiu temperate and frigid regions, one .s[)e(ie.s 
 extending round the world, and two peeuliar to tlio Atlantic United States. 
 
 1. P. palustris, l-iim. Lnnviw IVom ovuto to Hliglilly liunluUs u'l i'"!l» <'»" !'!«« 
 in lon^'tli ; .s(;i|n) ii spiiii to a font liijih : iictiils oval or ol)ovut('., naked and without 
 a claw, liulC an intli or jc^s.s in li'n,i;tli, tlio veins Hi)avingly Itrancliing : hiiHtlc liko 
 lilanionts of tlie appunda-^cs 8 to 20 in oacli set. 
 
 Var. Californica, tJiay. Larger : leaves one or two inches long and 50:4)6 a 
 foot or two high, often leafless : petals very broad, full half an inch long, more 
 veiny, and the veins more numerous and freely branching : bristles of each ajjpen- 
 dage about 21: anil almust capillary. 
 
 Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, kc, from Mariposa Co. northward, and on lied Mmuilain, 
 Mendoeiiio Co. {KclUnj<j, lUilnudcr), eliietiy the var. (\il ifornica. Tlie species extends fur north- 
 ward and round the world along tiic noithern border of the temperate zone. 
 
 2. P. fimbriata, l>anks. Leaves from reniform to cordate-ovate, an inch or 
 more in iliameter : scape slen<ler, about a fuut high : petals obovate or oblong (i ur 
 6 lines long), with a narrowed base or short claw, the margins fringed below the 
 middle or towards the base : tilaments of the appendages 5 to 9 in each cluster and 
 united below into a fleshy earinate scale, or sometimes a dilated scale destitute of 
 bristle-like iilaments. — llook. Eot. Misc. i. 43, t. 23. 
 
 Near Shiusta Mountain, with Darlinglonia, Brcaxr. Also mountains of Nevada and Colorado, 
 and northward to British CoUunbia. Varies in the form of the leave.s, form and size of the 
 petals, in the amoiuil of fringe, antl greatly in the stamen-appendages. 
 
 10. PHILADELPHUS, Linn. Syuinga. Mock Orange. 
 
 Calyx with turbinate tube adnate to the ovary nearly or quite to its summit ; the 
 limb 4 - 5-^parted, A'alvate in the bud, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, large, obovate or 
 roundish, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 to 40 : Iilaments subulate or liliform. 
 Styles 3 to 5, united at base or sometimes almost to the top : stigmas oblong or 
 thicki.sh, introrse, sometimes connate. Cai)sule inferior, 3 - 5-celled, loculicidally 
 3-r)-vulved fnun the ape.\, and the valves in ago commonly 2-parted. St;eds vtu-y 
 numerous on placenta; i)rojecting from the axis, mostly pendulous, oblong, with a 
 thin and loose reticulated coat, usually prolonged at both ends or fimbriate at the 
 hilura. — Shrubs ; with opposite and entire or toothed ovate or oblong leaves, more 
 or less petioled, deciduous, and without stipules ; the flowers large and showy, some- 
 times odorous, thyrsoid- or paniculate-cymose, or occasionally solitary in the axils, 
 ■white or i-arely cream-culor. 
 
 A genus of a dozen or more ill-defined speeies, probably reducible to five or six, natives of both 
 sides of temperate North America, Japan, and the Himalayas, two or three of them much planted 
 for ornament. 
 
 1. P. Lewisii, Pursh. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, spreading, glabrous or almost so : 
 leaves all entire or nearly so, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long : 
 flowers in a narrow thyrsus, short-petlicelled : calyx-lobes rarely twice i\\v, liuigth of 
 the tube : petals obovate or oblong, half an in<;h or rather nu»re in length : styles 
 distinct at^ the ajicx : stigmas nnrrow. — Torr. iV' (Iray, I'l. i. 595. 
 
 Var. Californicus, (!ruy : a i'urm with the ll(»\vcr.s more numerous in a mainly 
 leafless and pedunculate terminal cluster. — /'. Callforiiicus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 
 309. r. Leivlsii, var. parvifolius, Torr. in Pacif Ii. Pep. iv. 90. 
 
 Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, along streams, from Mariposa Co. to the Upper Sacramento ; 
 chiefly the naked-flowered variety. The species extends through Oregon and Idalio to Briti.sh 
 Columbia. 
 
 2. P. Gordonianus, Lindl. Shrub (5 to 12 feet high, Avith spreading or re- 
 curved braiudies, aparscly pulicsccut lu- hairy, or almost gla'orous : leaves ovate or 
 
Whipplea. SAXIK]iA(}ACK^C. 203 
 
 obloiic^-ovate, 2 to 4 innlios long, mostly sernito witli some coarsn acute teotli : 
 flowers in loose clusters which are Icaly at base : petals from three fourths to an 
 inch lon^r: styles mostly distinct to the'miildle: stigmas more or less dilated: calyx- 
 lohes tw?ce the length of the tube. — Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 32. 
 
 Shaded banks of strcnmfl in tlio Coast Hiingcs, Mniulocino n\n\ lluiiiboldt couuiicn {Kellogg, 
 linlnnder), north to Washington Territory. 
 
 11. CARPENTERIA, Torr. 
 
 Characters of PhUadclplim, except that the calyx is H-pjiried, its very short tube 
 adnata only to the base of the ovary and the ovate-conical capsule, which is pointed 
 with the undivided persistent style : a thin loculicidally r)-valvcd epicarp separates 
 from the body of the capsule, which splits septicidally into 5 broad valves, each 
 pointed with its portion of the style, and tardily if at all dividing down the dorsal 
 suture. — A single insufficiently known species, named in memory of the late Prof 
 Carpenter of Louisiana. 
 
 1. C. Californica, Torr. Shrub, apparently tall, with light-colored and lami- 
 nated loose bark, mainly glabrous : leaves broadly lanceolate, entire, thickish, per- 
 haps persistent, 2 or 3 inches long, pinnately veined, whitened beneath with a 
 minute and close pubescence, tapering into a petiole : peduncles long and naked, 
 terminal and from the ui)per axils: seeils oblong, with a short and obtuse appendage 
 at both ends. — PI. Fremont, in Smiths. Contrib. vi. 12, t. 7. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, j.rolwl.ly on tlie hend-wators of the San Joaqnin, Fremont. As yet known in 
 fruit only ; witli some vestiges of llowers, from wliieh Dr. Torroy aseertnined that there were 
 orbicular netals, and numerous slainons with iihfnnn lilanients : also that tlic i)arts of the calyx 
 nnd cni)a\ue are sonietiincs (i or 7. 
 
 12. WHIPPLEA, Torr. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft; the t>d)o adnate to the lower part of the ovary; the lobes thin and 
 petaloid (white or whitish). Petals 5, ovate or oblong with contracted base. 
 Stamens 10 (rarely 8 or 12): lilaraents subulate or lanceolate: anthers short, 2-celled. 
 Ovary 3-5-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Styles distinct, 
 subulate : stigmas introrso. Cajisido septicidally dehiscent into 3 to H cartilaginous 
 1 -seeded portions, which open down the ventral suture only. Seed oblong, with 
 a close coat. — Small and low diffuse shrubs, pubescent with sim])le hairs; with 
 opposite slightly petioled and somewhat 3-ribbed leaves, no stipules, and small 
 white cyraose-clustered flowers: peduncle terminal, naked. Parts of the blossom 
 occasionally 4 or 6. 
 
 This interesting genus commemorates the late bieut. (afterwards (Jeneral) Whipple, tlie leader 
 of the survey in wliich the ("alifornian species was discovered. 
 
 W. Utauensis, Watson, the seeond species, is an upright nnd mueh-hrnneheil little ahruli : 
 leaves thickish, from a quarter to half an iiieh long, elliptical or linenr-ol.long, very ohtuse, en- 
 tiro : cyme rather short-peduncled, 3-7-ilowcred: calyx-tube elongated-turbinatc, adnate to the 
 lower lialf of the eylindraeeous .3-celled capsule : styles 3, persistent : seed cylintlrical : bnd- 
 scales silky-villous. — S. Utah near Kanab, Mrs. Thompson, Cn.pt. Bishop. May possibly reach 
 the borders of California. 
 
 1. W. modesta, Torr. Stems slender, spreading or trailing: leaves membra- 
 naceous, ovate or oval, obtusely few t.oothed or sometimes i-iitire, an inch ov less 
 long : peduncle slender, b(!aring a small and close few-flowered cluster : flowers 
 hardly 2 lines long : calyx-tube almost hemispherical, adnate to the base of the 
 4-celled (sometimes 3- 5-celled) ovary an<l globular capstde : styles at length decid- 
 uous : seed oblong. -- Pacif H. Pi^p. iv. 00. t. 7. 
 
204 
 
 SA X I FRAGACE.E. Ribes. 
 
 In the Coast Kunges, fiom Monterey to Mendix.ino counties, mostly under HedwooiU. Flowers 
 fragrant. Divisions of the cajisnle only a line lung. 
 
 13. EIBES, Linn. OimitANT. Gooseukuuy. 
 Calyx witli tiil)i) adiialu lo tlio ^lohoso ovary lunl iiiDrc or less oxtciulud beyond 
 it; tho limb o-clcl'L or rarely 4-clei't, and couunoiily colored or petaloid. Petals 
 erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes, inserted in the sinuses. Stamens as 
 many as the petals and alternate with them : anthers commonly very short. Ovary 
 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentiu: styles 2, or more or less united into one: sti^^nias 
 terminal. Berry crowned more or less by tho withered remains of the flower, many- 
 seeded, rarely rather lew-seeded. Seeds with a gelatinous outer and a crustaceous 
 inner coat. Embryo minute in firm albumen. — Siirubs, often resinous-glandular 
 or viscid ; with alternate (often fascicled) palmately veined and lobed leaves ; stip- 
 ules wanting or adnate to the petiole, and peduncles one-flowered or racemosely 
 2 -many-flowered, mostly terminating short and 1 - 2-leaved axillary shoots; pedi- 
 cels subtended by a bract, and usually bearing a pair of bractlets. I'lacentie and 
 styles occasionally 3 or 1. 
 
 A ruther large genus of llm norlhern tini|)erate zone, with a few .s|>ecies (^\tl iiding down tho 
 Andes. North Aniurieu is rich in sjiecies, imd only in Californiii are all tho set:liuns of the genus 
 represonteil. The thorns under the fascicles in the lirst two scclions answer to leaves, as in the 
 Barberry. 
 
 § 1. Thorn I/: parts of the floiuer more covimonlij 4 : calyx turgid at base; the narrow 
 lubes erect : stamens lonc/exserted : ovules and seeds ratlier feiv : otho'zvise as 
 in the follou'ing section. — IJoBSONiA, IJerlandier. 
 
 1. R. speciosum, I'nrsh. Tall, the trunk sometimes as thick as a man's arm, 
 and attaining G to lU feet in height : branches bristly-prickly and armed with large 
 triple thorns under the fascicles: leaves small, coriacet)Us, nearly evergreen, glabrous 
 or almost so, rouuilish or cuneiform and slightly 3 - S-lobed : flowers 2 to 5 on the 
 bristly-glandular peduncle, drooping, cylindraceous, bright red, almost an inch long 
 and the stamens as much longer : anthers very short : berry dry, densely glandular- 
 bristly. — r.ot. Tteg. t. 1557; Bot. Mag. t. 3530. B. stamtneimi, Smith. 
 
 Woods and ravines, Bay of Monterey to San Diego. Kemarkablo and jjrized in cultivation for 
 its showy Fuchsia-like blossoms. Calyx-lobes erect. 
 
 § 2. Mostly thorny under the fascicles, and sometimes {but variably) scattered /nickly 
 or bristly along the branches: leaves ]>laited in the bud: peduncle (except in 
 the last) only \ - i-floivered : calyx mostly recurved or rejiexed at Jlowering- 
 time, afterwards erect : berry many-seeded. — Grossularia, A. Richard. 
 {Grossularia, Dill. Gooseberry.) 
 
 * Calyx-tube campamdate to cylindraceous : 2'cduncle 1 -i-fowered. 
 
 +■ Anthers sagittate, mucronate-tipjied : berry prickly, large and ruther dry. 
 
 2. R. Menziesii, Pur.sli. Shrub 2 to G feet high, with naked, glandular-bristly 
 or more prickly l)rauc]ies and stout usually triple thorns under the fascicles : leaves 
 pubescent or sometimes glabrous (from a half to one and a half inches in diameter), 
 roundish or round-cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lol)es crenately toothed and incised: 
 ])eduncles 1 - 2-flowered : calyx about half an inch long, jjurijlish-red ; its obh)ng 
 lobes spreading or ref^urved in anthesis, elongated-oblong, more or less longer than 
 the somewhat funnelform tube, hardly longer than the stamens, which surpass the 
 whitish petals : berry 4 to G lines in diameter, besides the prickh'.s, whicii generally 
 thickly cover it, and are ciLlier short or long, usually straw-colored, sometimes 
 
fii^f'^- SAXIFRAGACE>K. 205 
 
 |>iil)(\sooiit and Roinofcimos rallior few and sparsn. — Hnok. |'"1. i. '229; 'J'orr. ]}ot. 
 Mox. Homul. t. 23, cusp of antlier (imif,t,(!(l. R. fernx, SiniMi. //. Ca/ifonncnm Sa 
 R. occidentale, Hook. & Am. l>ot. J>o(T.lipy, 310; v(My small leaved I'oriiis, ^dabrous, 
 but sometimes pul)escent. R. subveMitum, Hook. & Am. 1. c. (not of liot Mag.) • 
 a form with densely glandular ovary, the glands in fruit developing mostly into 
 very numerous and gland-tii)ped short prickles. R. Californicum, dray in Pacif. R. 
 Re[>. iv. 88, combining the three, last named. 
 
 Hillsides, from San Dipgo to Humboldt counties, and also along the Sierra Nevada to Plumas 
 Co. Also Oregon, coll. E. Hall. A variable species, but well marked by its sagittate (ovate- 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate) and mucronate-pointed anthers ; these about a line and a quarter in 
 length. 
 
 +- +- Anthers oval or didpnous, very obtuse and jiointless. 
 ++ Flowers comparatively large, dark ■purple-red. 
 
 3. R. Lobbii, Gray. Minutely pulxisccnt or glandular : stems with stout triple 
 thorns, but apparently destitute of scattered prickles or bristles : leaves small (less 
 than an inch), round-cordate, 3-5-cleft, and the roundi.sh lobes obtu.sely toothed: 
 poduncles mostly Mlowcrod: (lower pendulous, three fourths of an inch long, similar 
 to those of R. Mmziesii, but the anthers oval ami very obtuse, the back beset with 
 scattered warty glands : ovary densely clothed with scssih; glands. — 7e. sicbvestitum, 
 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4931, but not Hook. Sc Am. 
 
 The living plant figured was "sent by Mr. Lohb to IMcssrs. Veitch and Son," from California, 
 probably from the northern part near the coast. It exactly accords with an indigenous specimen, 
 named at Kew, " I{. subvcstitum. Hook, k Arn., Vancouver Island, JVood." It is not the plant 
 of Douglas on which R. .inbvcMitum v/ns founded. 
 
 +-H Flowers yellow or yellnwis/i, .vnall : leaves very small, seldom half an inch in diam- 
 eter: anthers oval oblong. 
 
 4. R. leptanthum, (5 ray. :Mnch branched and rigid, 1 to 4 feet high, desti- 
 tute of scattered prickles, but with comparatively large single or triple thorns: leaves 
 roundish (often oidy a quarter of an inch wide and shorter than the; thorns), 3-5- 
 cleft, and the lobes crcnately incised or tof)thed : peduncles very short, 1 - 2- 
 flowercd : calyx pubescent, commonly 4 lines long, cylindrical, and with the' oblong 
 lobes more or less shorter than the slender tube : style undivided, glabrous : berry 
 glabrous. — PI. Fendl. r)3. 
 
 Var. brachyanthuid, Gray. Calyx shorter, only 2 or 3 lines long, campan- 
 ulate or barely cylindraceous ; tiio lobes even longer than t.u tube, which is about 
 as broad as long : ovary densely glandular. — Jl leptanthum, Watson, P>ot. King 
 Exp. 98, as to Calif, plant. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado (where it was first collected by Dr. Jnmcs in Long's Expedition) 
 to New ]\Iexico, Sierra Nevada on Mount Raymond at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, and above Summit 
 (Bolanckr) to near Fort Tejon {Davidson) ; between the original form and the variety which 
 comes from foot-hills near Carson City, Anderson, IVatson. Tiiis short-llowered variety is remark- 
 able ; mature fruit of it unknown. 
 
 -f- +- Flowers greenish, white or dull purplish : leaves mostly an inch or two in diam- 
 eter: anthers shorter, mostly didymons : ovary and berry unarmed and glabrous. 
 (Stems commonly without, but vigorous shoots occasionally with scattered bristly 
 prickles in all the species.) 
 
 5. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Nearly glaltrous or soft-pubescent : stems from 5 
 to 12 feet high, with widely spreading branches ; the thorns single or triple : leaves 
 roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes incisely toothed : 2-4-flowered peduncle and pedi- 
 cels slender, drooping: flower one third of an inch long: calyx livid-purplish or 
 greenish-white ; its oblong or linear-oblong lobes about twice the length of the cara- 
 panulate tube and the cuneate-dilated or fan shaped (white) |)etals : these only one 
 third the length of the filiform filaments and villous 2-cleft style : berry dark 
 
20G 
 
 SAXIFKAGACE.*:. • Hibes. 
 
 purple, pleasant. — Hurt, 'rraiis. vii. 015; Liiull. But. Kog. t. 1359. R. villotinm, 
 jS'utt. in Ton-. Sc (iray, VI i. 547, a soil downy fonu. 
 
 Var. irriguum, (iray. Leaves in(Jie uervose-veiny at base : lloweis narrower 
 ami winter, hall' an inch long. — A', hriyuum, Dougl. 1. c. (1) ; AVatson, liot. King 
 Exp. 98, chielly. 
 
 Shiidy liuiilva ami (luLs, liom Simla Hiiilmra iicrlhwanl to Ihitish (^Dlimiliia. Tlui vuri.ly 
 N. \V. Nuvailu to liliilio, iic. i'uduiicles a liuU-iuch to an hich long : [ludiculs 2 to 4 linos long. 
 
 G. R, oxyacanthoides, Linn. Mostly glabrous, 2 to 4 feet high ; the thorns 
 single or trii)le, small : leaves rovmdish, usually deeply 5-lobed ; the lobes incised 
 and coarsely toothed : 2 - 3-llowered peduncles mostly shorter than the pedicels, 
 and these seldom longer- than the (3 or 4 lines long) (lower : calyx greenish-white 
 or litish-colored ; its short-oblong lobes at lirst not longer than the campanulate 
 tube, a little longtu' than the cunctatci-obovate petals, about e([ualling the stamens: 
 style 2-clei't, villous below, rather longer : berry small, purple, pleasant. — A'. Iiir- 
 ttUum, JNlichx. li. saxusum, Hook. Fl. i. 231. 
 
 In tlic Siena Nevada at 0,000 to 9,000 feet, Ironi ilari[>osa Co. (Brewer) to Sierra Co. {Letnvion) ; 
 thenee eastward and nortliward to the Rocky Mountains, the Northern Atlantic States, and Uiit- 
 isli America to Hudson l>ay. This wide-siuead sj)ecies, or a noitliein Ibini of it, is most proba- 
 bly the original A'. oJcyaanUhoidcs of Liiniicus {Dillanus) ; that of^Iiclianx is 11. laeudrc ; that 
 of Hooker mainly R. sdusuiu of Liudley. 
 
 * * C'ldj/.v-diit siiticcr-sliai>td, expaiuliiuj iiinnediale/i/ above the ovarif : judiincle 
 racemose 1 1/ 0- \C) jloivered : anlltera very short, poiuflesn : berry micall and ciirranl- 
 li/ce, beset with suiiw scattered yland-tipped bristles. 
 
 7. R. lacustre, I'oiret, var. molle, Gray. A foot or two bigb, much branched : 
 brancluis brislly-prickly or naked, armed with short triple or nuiltiple thorns under 
 the fascicles : leaves small (usually about an incli in diameter), downy-pubescent, 
 roundish in outline, 5-parted, and the lobes incisely toothed and cleft : racemes 
 f) - 9-llowered, short-pe(luncled : llowcus greenish-white; tlio open calyx 3 linos in 
 iliameter, its short lobes rounded : small petals and stamens very short : berry light 
 red, not larger than peas, acid (intermediate between a goosoberry and a currant), 
 sometimes lu-arly or (piito naked. 
 
 In tlio Sierra Nevada at 0,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mariposa Co. northward. Extends mainly 
 in the form of the var. parvufuvi (mistaken for A', seto.mvi), which is nearly glabrous, east to the 
 Rocky Mountains and noith to Hritish Columbia, and in the ordinary and larger form of the 
 species to the Northern Atlantic States, Labrador, &c. 
 
 § 3. T/iornless and prickless : leaves plaited in (he bud: racemes few - viany-jlinuered : 
 stamens short : berry unarmed {rarely ylandular-bristly), many-seeded. — 
 KiiucsiA, Jierlandier. (('urrant.) 
 
 * Calyx dilated immediately above the ovary, rotate or saucer-shajied, 5-parted. 
 
 R. PUOSTiiATUM, 1/llir., and 11. i.axiki.ouum, I'nrsli, liave their small red berries beset with 
 scattered gland-tipjicd bristles, in the manner of Ji. lucusirc. The lirst is unknown west of 
 the mountains of Utah, the second south of Washington Territory. 
 
 11. IliiDsONlANUM, liichardson, is between the above and the following, has numerous white 
 flowers crowded in an erect raceme, minute deciduous bracts, and a smooth dark berry. It has 
 not been found nearer California than the K. Humboldt Mountains, N. E. Nevada (A'. braclcom)n, 
 Watson in Bot. King ICxji., not of Douglas). 
 
 8. R. bracteosum, l>uugl. Almu.st glabrous, at least with ago, sprinkled with 
 some resincjus dots, 4 to 10 feet high : leaves large (3 to 9 inches in diameter), 
 5-7-cleft; the lol)es ovate or narrower, acute or acuminate, coarsely and doubly 
 serrate: petioles long: racemes erect or ascending, many-llowered, 3 or 4 inches long, 
 or in fruit sometimes almost a foot long and loose;: bracts persistent, from lililbrm to 
 spatulate, or the lower foliaceous and petioleil, souu'times pa.ssiug into leaves : (low- 
 ers greenish-white : calyx-lobes roundish : berry black, resinous-dotted, a third (jf an 
 inch in diameter, and with the Uavor of black currants ((). — Hook. LI. i. 233. 
 
/^'^''•'••- SAXIFK'AGACE/E. 207 
 
 ^''"''^..yo^l^' ^'"ttonaby Cieck, Men.locino Co., lluhmd,:,: Tl.n.n-1, tlie western i.art ol' Ore- 
 Ron to hitkft. . o 1 u 
 
 9. R. cereum, Bougl. A foot to a yard high, mucli branclied, minutely 
 pubescent, usually resmous-dotted and more or less glutinous, sometimes -dabrous • 
 loaves rounded or reniforni, obscurely or more decidedly 3dobed, crenately toothed 
 or mcisod, half an inch to an inch in diameter, of rather firm texture : racemes 
 drooping, compactly 3 - 5-llowcred : pedicels hardly any or shorter than the bract • 
 calyx waxy-white, sometimes greenish or pinkish ; the tube cylindrical, 4 or 5 lines 
 long, very much longer than the ovate recurved lobes : petals orbicular : berry red- 
 dish, sweetish. — ]5ot. iJog. t. 12G3; Hook. Hot. J\Iag. t. 3008. 
 
 Not rare through tlie drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, from Mt. Finos {llothrock) northward 
 and tlirongh the ulterior to Wasiiington Tenitory, New Me.xieo, and Dakotah. A var. pcdicellare 
 trom Alontana, has slender pedicels longer than the bract. ' 
 
 >!= * Gah/x prolonged above the ovary into a campanulale or ci/findrical tube : fruit 
 and foliage more or less glandular : leaves rounded or ivith 'roundish lobes : bracts 
 conspicuous. 
 
 -<- Flowers dull ivhite or greenish, or sometimes purplish-tinged : raceme somewhat 
 corgmh-like and feiihjhu'ered. 
 
 10. R. viscosissimum, I'ursli. A foot to a yard high, pubescent and viscid- 
 glandular : leaves cordate-rounded and moderately lobed, thinnish, veiny, 1 to 4 
 inches in diameter: racemes ascending: flowers slender-pedicelled, about' half an 
 inch long and comparatively broad : calyx-tube at lirst campanulate ; its lobes ob- 
 long and at least half the length of the tube: berry black. — Jlook. Fl. i. 234, t. 76. 
 
 Woods in the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 to 8,000 feet, from Mariposa Co. northward to the British 
 boundary and also in the Kocky Mountains. A form with smooth ovary, Sierra Co., Lemmon. 
 
 -(- -J- Ftou'ers rose-red, or varying to white : racemes drooping, mostly many-floioered. 
 
 11. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Shrub 2 to 12 feet liigli, varying from nearly 
 glabrous to tomentose-canescent, either almost glandless or glandular : leaves 
 rounded-cordate and obtusely 3 - 5-lobed : racemes dense : calyx-tube above the 
 ovary from campanulate to short-cylindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long, equalling or ex- 
 ceeding the oblong lobes : berry mostly somewhat hispid-glandular, tough and not 
 juicy, blackisli, rather bitter. — Dougl. in Hort. Tnins. vii. t. 13; Lindh IJot. Reg. 
 t. 131<J ; Hook. J5ot. Mag. t 3335. — Uuus into indelinito varieties, sucli as 
 
 Viir. glutinosum, a more glandular and less pubivscent form, with lurgo many- 
 llowcMcd rac(>.mes. — R. glutinosum, l5enth. in flort. Trans, n. ser. i. 47G. 
 
 Var. malvaceum, the most tomentose form; the smaller and contracted ra- 
 cemes, ovaries, and calyx also tomeutose-villous ; the latter often flesh-color or white. 
 — It. malvaceum, Smith ; Don in Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 340. 
 
 Var. variegatum, Watson. Low, nearly glalirous : racemes short and dense, 
 ascending, barely glandular : calyx-tube broadly campanulate, not longer than the 
 lobes, rose-color with the petals white (as they often are in the typical form), the 
 Avhole flower only 3 lines long. — ]]ot. King Exp. 100. R. Woliii, Rothrock in 
 Am. Naturalist, viii. 358, & in Wheeler, Cat. 38. 
 
 Common througli the Coast Ganges, on rocks and hills ; tlie var. ghdinosHin and var. malva- 
 ceum commoner southward ; the ordinary form extending northward to r>ritisli Columbia. Var. 
 varwiatnm in the Sierra Nevada, from IMumas to Placer counties ; also in tbe mountains of 
 Colorado, lloUirock. 
 
 § 4. Thnniless and prirkless : leaves convolute in the hud: racemea several-flowered : 
 cahix-tube eUmgadd : berry naked and glabrous, many-seeded. — SiriloCALYX, 
 JMidl. {Chrysobotrya, Si>ach.) 
 
 12. R. aureum, Pursli. Shrub 5 to 12 feet high, glabrous or almost so, gland- 
 less : leaves 3 -5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; the lobes usually few-toothed or 
 
208 
 
 CUASSULACE.E. TilUta. 
 
 incised: racenics sluni, 5 - lO-llowored, with mostly foliacooiis bracts: llowcra 
 j,'uldcn-ycllo\v, spicy IVa^niiit ; lul)() nf tho salvcirunu calyx (hall' an inch or less in 
 lcn[,'tli) thi'co or lour Liuu's longer than the oval lohcs : stamens short : berry small, 
 yellowish turning blackish, mawkish. — Lindl. Jiut. Iveg. t. 125. Ji. tenuijlorum, 
 Lindl. liot. IJeg. t. ll'Tl. li. f rat/runs, Ludd. IJot. Cab. t. 1533. 
 
 Banks of streams, in the t'oast Kanyes ami in the Siena Nevaila : exteiuliii'' to the eubteiii 
 aide ol' the Rocky Mountains. Conmion in cultivaliun in the Atlantic Stales anil Euioiie. 
 
 OuDER XXXV. CRASSULACE^. 
 
 Succulent or lieshy plants, mostly herbaceous, and not stipulate, with completely 
 symmetrical as well as regular llowers, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils all of 
 the same number (3 to 12) and distinct, or the stamens twice as many, and the 
 petals sometimes united into a tube, always free from the pistils, generally slightly 
 perigynous, and instead of a disk a series of hypogynous scales, one behind each 
 carpel ; these become follicles in fruit. Otherwiso'as in SaxiJ'myacea'. The one or 
 two exce[ttions are not ('alifornian. 
 
 An order of ahout 400 Hpocics in httlu over a dozen genera, of tenii>erute and siil)ln>]»ical re- 
 gions, most ahnnihuit in Kuropo and S. Africa, more fully represented in Caiifoiniu tlian in tho 
 Allanlie Stales. All are inert, witii watery juieo ; many are lullivatod for ornament, mostly for 
 tho foUage rather than tlie llowers. 
 
 Si:mi'i;uvivum tkctoiu'm, Linn., the Ilouseleek or Live-forever, of Europe, is often found 
 half wild about old houses : i>arts of the llowers mostly in twelves : leaves oval or ohovate, 
 mueronate, on the llowering stems oblong and elammyiiubescent, as well as the clustered purple 
 or greenish flowers. 
 
 1. Tilleea. Parts of the flower each 3 to 5 ; the stamens only as many. Small annuals, with 
 
 opposite leaves and minute axillary flowers. 
 
 2. Sedum. Parts of the flower each 4 to 7 ; stamens twice as many. Petals distinct. Low 
 
 annual or perennial herbs, with cymose con.spicuous flowers. 
 
 3. Cotyledon. Parts of the flower in lives ; stamens 10. Petals .somewhat united. Stout 
 
 perennial herbs, or fleshy-woody at base, with showy spicate or racemose flowers. 
 
 1. TILL-ffiA, Linn. 
 Sepals and petals 3 to 5, distinct or united at base. Stamens as many. Carpels 
 distinct : styles short-subulate : ovules one to many. Seeds longitudinally striate. 
 — Small and slcmler somewhat suc(;ulent glabrous annuals ; leaves opposite, entire ; 
 llowers minute, axillary, mostly while. 
 
 A cosmopolitan genus of about 20 speci.'s. In addition to tho following, there is a single 
 species on the Atlantic coast and another in Texas. 
 
 -.v Flowers clustered: petals acuminate: hypogynous scales viiniite or none: carpels 
 1 - 2-seeded. — TlLL/EA proper. 
 
 1. T. minima, TNIiers. Dill'usely branched, 1 to 3 inches high, erect or ascend- 
 ing : leaves ovate to oblong, connate at base, acute, about a line long : llowers in 
 short leafy axillary panicles, nearly sessile or on pedicels a line or two long : sepals 
 
 4. scarcely half a line long, oblong-ovate, acute, a little exceeding tho linear lanceo- 
 late acuminate; petals: carpels not longer, acute : seeds usually solitary. — Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 557. 
 
 Var. subsimplex, Watson. Ihunchlets more elongated, mostly from the base : 
 pedicels usually shorter. — 2'. leptopetala, Denth. PI. Ilartw. 310. 
 
 On sandy soils, in the rainy season, often abundant, from Sonoma Co. to San Diego ; Guada- 
 lupe Island, Palmer. Also in Chili, and very similar to the older T. vcrticillaris, DC, of New 
 Holland, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Often rcddisii. 
 
Sedum. CRASSULACEJC. 209 
 
 * * Flowers solitary : petals oval or ohlonr/ : liypogijnous scales linear : carpels 
 
 several-seeded. — Bulliarda. 
 
 2. T. angUStifolia, Nutt. Stems decumbent, rooting at base, diirusely branched, 
 an inch long : leaves linear, acute, connate, a line or two long : flowers sessile or on 
 very short pedicels : sepals 4, ovate, obtuse, a half shorter than the oblong petals 
 and broad obtuse 8- 12-seeded carpels. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 558. 
 
 Var. (?) Bolanderi, Watson. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, less diffusely branched : 
 flowers nearly sessile, the parts in threes or fours : seeds nearly a half larger. 
 
 Finin Oregon to Coloratlo ; tlio variety on the muddy banks of streams near San Francisco, 
 Bolavder. The typical form may be expected in Nortlicrn California. It is very near the 
 T. Drummjondii, Torr. & Gray, of Texas, being distinguished apparently only by the shorter pedi- 
 cels. The var. Bolanderi has been collected only in truit, and may prove distinct. 
 
 2. SEDUM, Linn. Stone-ckop. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5, united at base. Petals as many, distinct. Stamens twice as many. 
 
 Carpels distinct or rarely connate at base, few - many-seeded, 1 -seeded in a single 
 
 species. — Herbs, mostly perennial and glabrous ; leaves fleshy ; flowers rarely 
 
 dia3cious, in cymes, often secund. 
 
 About 120 species, inhabiting with few exceptions the cooler and temperate regions of the 
 northern hemisphere, chiefly of the Old World. Fifteen species or more are found within the 
 limits of the United State.s. 
 
 * Stout, perennial: flowers mostly dicecinus, in a regular compact compound cyme, 
 
 deep purple or becoming so: leaves serrate, flat. 
 
 1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems simple, nearly erect, from a thick fragrant root, 
 1 to 10 iuclies hij^li, leafy: leaves alternate, oblong-oblanceolate, acute, rarely entire, 
 ^ to 1^ inches long: cyme sessile, often an inch or two l)road : flowers on short 
 naked pedicels, usually 4-merous : .sepals short, oblong : petals 1| lines long, linear- 
 oblong : carpels becoming 3 lines long, shortly beaked. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 to 12,000 feet altitude (Brcircr, Bolmider, Ij'.mmon), northward 
 to the Arctic Coast, and eastward across the continent. Also in the mountains of Europe. 
 
 % * Flowers perfect, decandrous, secund upon the branches of a forked cyme, mostly 
 yellow or yellowish : styles filiform : leaves entire, very fleshy: low and comparatively 
 slender. 
 
 +- Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse : perennials. 
 
 2. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Glaucous and sometimes n)ealy : stems ascend- 
 ing from a branched rooting caudex, 4 to 6 inches higli, simple : leaves obovate or 
 spatulate, flat, 6 to 10 lines long : branches of the cyme approximate : flowers on 
 short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long : petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, twice longer 
 than the ovate acute sepals and scarcely exceeding the stamens and styles. — Fl. i. 
 227 ; Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 559. 
 
 In dry rocky places from Monte Diablo to Vancouver Island. 
 
 3. S. Oreganum, Nutt. Similar in habit, but not glaucous : flowers larger, 4 
 or 5 lines long : petals pale rose-color, narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, nearly 
 twice longer than the stamens: sepals acute or acuminate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 
 559. 
 
 Mendocino Co. (Rolandcr), and northwanl to Washington Territory. Rarely collected. 
 
 4. S. obtusatum, (^iray. Of similar habit, lint the branchns of tlio cyme 
 usually more numerous and scattered : flowei-s distinctly jicdicellcd, 3 or 4 lines 
 long : petals ol)long-lanceolate or ovate, acute, pale yellow, twice longer than the 
 broad obtusish sepals and little e.xceeding the stamens and sfyle.s. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 342. 
 
210 
 
 CRABSULACKyK. >Scdu> 
 
 On gnuiite rocks in tlie Sierra Nevada : Yoseiiiite Valley (Bolandv.r, Torrey, Gray, kc); Mt. 
 llolliiiaiiii, lit 10,000 feel iiltituile, iukI Soiioni i'lisa, Brewer. These closely allied siMJcies need to 
 bo (IcIiniMl IVoiu living siicciniens. 
 
 S. DKiiii.r,, Wiilson, Mot. King Kxp. 102. Steins weak, 2 to 4 imlies liigli, lioni very slender 
 running rootstocks : ieuvcs rounded or ohovate, 1 to 3 lines long : Uowers on rather long nedii:els, 
 in small cynics, '6 lines long, yellow : jietiils lanceolate, acuniinato, twice longer than ihe acute 
 sepals ami little exceeding ihe stamens and styles. —In the mountains of Northern Nevada and 
 Utah {irulson, llaydcn), and probably ot Northeastern Calil'ornia ; Urst collected by Tulinie. 
 
 +- -t- Leaves broadest at base, acute. 
 
 5. S. Stenopetalum, Pursh. Stems erect or ascending from a branched pcr- 
 eunial ruotstock, 3 to (i inches high, simple or sometimes branclied : leaves narrowly 
 lanceolate, sessile, 2 to A lines long or more : flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile, 3 
 to 5 lines long : petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice longer than the acumiiiato se- 
 pals, and etiualling or exceeding the ytamens and elongated styles. — Torr. & (Jray, 
 Fl. i. 5G0; Watson, liot. King Exp. 101. 
 
 Frequent from Oregon and Nevada to the Rocky Mountains, and doubtless to lie found in North- 
 eastern California. 
 
 6. S. variegatum, Watson. Probably perennial with a subterranean rootstock, 
 dwarf, the slender simple stems only 2 inches high : leaves purplish, ovate-obh.ng, 
 2 lines long or less : Uowers 3 to G, in a contracted cyme, nearly sessile : petals 
 broadly lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long, yellow veined with purple, twice longer than 
 the, purple ovate ac\ite si'[)als ami a Httle exceeding the stamens and styli's. — Vvoc. 
 Am. Acad. xi. 137. 
 
 Near San Diego, IJ. Cleveland, 1875. 
 
 7. S. Douglasii, Hook. Branching at base, from a stout proliferous rootstock, 
 the rather stout stems 3 or 4 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowermost linear- 
 subulate, acute, membranaceous when dry, 3 to G lines long : (lowers somethues 
 polygamous, yellow, sessile, in an open cyme : petals 2 or 3 lines long, lanceolatts 
 acuminate, twice longer than the acuminate sepals and exceeding the stamens : ioUi- 
 cles at length divaricately sj)readiug from their united bases. — Fl. i. 228 ; Torr. S:, 
 (J ray, Fl. i. 5riD. 
 
 Mendocino Co. (Jiulander) ; among limestone rocks on Gavilan Peak (Brewer) ; and northward 
 to Oregon. Remarkable for its divergent follicles. It is described as an annual, but may i.er- 
 haps be more jiersistent. 
 
 8. S. pumilum, Benth. Annual, slender, branching or simple, 1 to 3 inches 
 high : leaves ovate-oblong, a line or two long : flowers sessile in sparingly branched 
 cymes, yellow : (;alyx-lobes very small, triangular, acute : petals linear, acute, 1^ lines 
 long, exceeding the stamens and styles : follicles short, 1-seedeil ; the seed enict, 
 filling the cavity. —PI. Hartw. 310. 
 
 On gravelly soil in the Sacramento Valley (Hartwcg) ; at Placerville {Italian) ; Table Moun- 
 tain (Mrs. Ames) ; Oregon, Nuttall. It was also collected by Freviont. Peculiar \\\ its minute 
 calyx and solitary seeds. 
 
 3. COTYLEDON, binn. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shai)ed or cylindrical corolla. 
 Stamens 10, inserted on the corolla-tube. Carpels tlistinct, or rarely united at base, 
 many-seeded, beaked by the subulate styles. — Herbs, or soft-woody at base, ours 
 stout perennials ; leaves very thick and fleshy, entire, the lower rosulato ; flowers 
 often large and showy, mostly scarlet and yellow, in our species scorpioid-cymose 
 or in long racemes. — lienth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 659 ; Baker, Kefug. Bot. i. 
 (February, 18G9). Echeveriu, DC. Prodr. iii. 401. 
 
 About 60 species, belonging to the dry or hot regions of the Old World and North America. 
 The Mexican species nuuiiier 2.5 or 30, and there is also another in New Mexico near the boundary. 
 
Cutyledon. ( IRASSULACMvE. 211 
 
 besides tlioHC of Cnlifoiiiia, wliicli iiic still iiniKTfcctiy known. These American forms l)elong to 
 llie gciius KcJieveria, \)(',. (now nieigeil in Voljilrdtm), (listingiiislnHl by tin; larger often foliaccous 
 calyx, and the terete or sulcato i>itcher-8haixjil corolla more (lefj)ly parted. 
 
 * Leaves terete : petals yellotvish, spreadiiKj : carpels divergent above the united base. 
 
 1. C. edulis, Ihewcr. Glaucous, nearly acaulovscent, tlio stem very short, thick, 
 and covered with the bases of dead leaves : rosulate leaves numerous, terete or 
 somewhat triangular, acute, dilated at base, the outer ones 3 to 5 inches long : 
 llowcring sttiuis a ibut high or more, with similar scattered It>avcH an inch or two 
 long, the upper and iloral ones very small : inflorescence paniculate, the scattered 
 sjireading brandies 2 to 6 inches long : flowers nearly sessile : sepals ovate, acutish, 
 1| to 2 lines long : petals united at base, narrowly oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, acute or 
 acuminate, widely spreading : carpels ovate-oblong, united above the base, divei'gent 
 above, 3 lines long : seeds rather few, linear-oblong, very acute at both ends, half a 
 line long. — Sednm editte, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. .560. 
 
 On dry banks near the sea at San Diego, Nutlall, Parry, Coojynr, &c. The young leaves are 
 eaten by the Indians. A very peculiar species. 
 
 * * Leaves flattened : carpels nearlif distinct, erect. 
 
 -f- Pc/als united to the middle, red : carpels linear : pedicels mostly horizontal. 
 
 2. C. pulverulenta, Beath. & Hook. More or less whiti!-i)ulverident through- 
 out : stem short and very stout : leaves rather thin and flaccid, in a flattened rosette 
 often a foot or more in diameter, broadly spatulate and very abruptly acute, becom- 
 ing 2 to 4 inches broad and at length glabrate, the younger heaves very mealy and 
 nu)re gradually acuminate: flowering sterna 1.^ feet high or more, stout, with very 
 broadly cordatt^ often approximate acute leaves, or the lower ovalci and acuminate; 
 floral bracts small : inflorescence of 2 to G elongated ascending simple racemes, usually 
 G to 1 2 inches long ; pedicels mostly horizontal, slender, 3 to 8 lines long : flowers 
 erect or ascending : calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla narrow, sul- 
 cate, red ("pale-scarlet or coral-color"); lobes oblong, acute: carpels 6 lines long: 
 seeds very numerous, smaller than in the last. — Echeveria pulverulenta, Nutt. in 
 Torr. Si (iray, Fl. i. 560. 
 
 Fre(|U(M)t in rocky ravines from the Sierra Santa Monica (Brcurr) southward to San Diego, 
 Nittlitll, C/rrrfanit, Palmrr. Kiitcii by the Indians. The figure of C. pnlrcriihnta, Hnkcr, 1. c, 
 t. (i(5, cannot b(\ cited na a roiirescnlation of the tyoicul form of the specioi." It is uncertain to 
 what it should bo referred. 'V\w Krhcvrria ptdm-vJcula n.\\A E. /auivo/irfn of Hot. Mox. IJound., 
 from the Coiinados Islands near San Diego (T/iurher), are not satisfactorily dcteniiinable. 
 
 +- +- Petals united only near the base, yelloio more or less tinged ivith red : carpels 
 ovate- to linear-oblong : pedicels ascending. 
 
 3. C. lanceolata, Iknth. Sc Tlook. Cilaucous, the leaves more or less densely 
 white-puberulent : stem very short, more slender than in the last : rosulate leaves 
 less spreading, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones 2 to 4 inche^s 
 long: flowering branches II") inches higli or more, slender, the lower leaves lanceo- 
 late, becoming above broadly triaugular-ovate, clasping, iicute ; the Iloral bract^s 
 nnich shorter than the ]K>(licels : inflorescence in a com]>ouud cyme or often of 2 or 
 3 short simple racemes ; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : sepals triangular-ovate, acute, 2 
 lines long : petals oblong, acute, 4 to 6 lines long, erect, reddish yellow : carpels 
 liiiear-oblong, 5 lines long inclmling the style : .seeds oblong, acutish at each end, 
 a third of a line long. — Ech^reria lanceolata, Nutt. in Torr. A- (Jray, Fl. i. r)61 ; 
 Torrey, Hot. Mex. Hound, t. 24. 
 
 Southern Cnlifoinin, near the sea ; San Diego, Nuftnll, Parry, Cleveland, Pabner. 
 
 4. C. farinosa, Benth. Sc, Tlook. Acaulescent, more or less mcaly-pulverulent : 
 rosulate Ifuves ratlier flaccid, ascemling, lanceolate, acumiuafe, the larger ones 2 to 
 
222 DROSERACEiE. Cotyledon. 
 
 4 inches long, very ac-uLu : flowering brandies a sikui high or often less, with scut- • 
 tered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves : inflorescence a rather close and 
 short conipuimd cyme ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, rather large ; pedicels stout, 1 to 3 
 lines long : sepals broailly lanceolate, about 3 lines long : petals yellow, oblong- 
 lanceolate, mostly acuminate, \ to G lines long : cari)el3 ovate-oblong, about 3 lines 
 long. — Baker, 1. c, t. 71. A'chevtria fariuosa, LindU in Jour, llort. ISoc. iv. 21)2. 
 
 Mt. Camiel {JIartwcij) ; Paoheco's Peak (Brewer) ; Knight's Ferry, Bigclow. It probably also 
 includes a more northern I'onn with longer pedicels, collected on the upper tiibutaries of the 
 Saciainento {Fremont), at Sonoma (Biyel-jw), and also by Bridges. It seems to be a variable 
 species, distinguished from the last by its more lanceolate and narrowly acute less farinose leaves, 
 shorter llowei ing blanches, longer scpilk, and shorter carpels. A cultivated specimen at Cambiidge 
 has very large bracts, much exceeding the pedicels. 
 
 5. C. CcGBpitOSa, llaworth. Acaulescent or nearly so, glabrous : rosulate leavtis 
 "glauctius-giceii," Dvate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, the larger 1^ to 3 inches 
 long; llowering branches G to 12 inches high, with broadly triangular-ovate clasp- 
 ing leaves : inllorescence a short and rather close conii)Ound cyme ; bracts broad and 
 rather large; i)edicels short and stout: sepals ovate, 2 lines long or less: petals 
 yellow, broailly lanceolate, acute, 4 or 5 lines long : carpels ovate-oblong, nearly 3 
 lines long. — Misc. A'at. 180; DC. liar. PI. Oenev. 50, t. 14; Baker, \. c, t. Gy. 
 Sedimi Cotykdoti, Jac(p Eclog. i. t. 17; lleichenb. llort. Bot. ii. 10, t. 125. 
 
 Near San Francisco and northward, lirst collect.td by Moizics and cultivated at the Kew Gar- 
 dens in UUO ; near Clear l.ako (Turret/) ; also from (Jibbons and Pickering. 
 
 G. C. laxa, Benth. 6i Hook. Nearly acaulescent, very glaucous: rosulate leaves 
 lanceolate, sharply acuminate, the larger 3 or 4 inches long or more : llowering 
 branches a foot or two high, slender, with scattered leaves, the lower usually nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, the upper shorter and broader : inflorescence of 2 to 4 simple 
 secund racemes 3 to 5 inches long ; floral bracts .small ; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long : 
 sepals ovate, acute, 2 lines long or more : ])etals yellow, oblongdanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, 5 to 7 lines long : carjjels ovate-oblong, 4 lines long. — Echeveria laxa, 
 Lindl. in Jour. llort. Soc. iv. 292. Cotyledon Call/ornica, Baker, 1. c, t. 70. 
 
 Near Monterey (llttrtiroj); Cajoii Pass (/;/(/(•/.///') ; <>» dry rocks in IhoGavilan Ihmgo (Brewer) ; 
 Ft. Tojoii (Xoiitus) ; rocky hills' back of Sanla Karliaia, Uutltrock: Some of the latter specimens 
 liavo reddish llowers, and the mature carpels are linear-oblong. 
 
 7. C. Nevadensis, Watson. Acaulescent, glaucous : rosulate leaves obovate to 
 oblanceolate, somewhat rhomboidal, acute or acuminate, the larger 2 to 4 inches 
 long: flowering branches G to 10 inches high, with scattered lanceolate to broadly 
 triangular acute leaves : inflorescence a rather close spreading comi)ound cyme ; 
 bracts small ; pedicels 3 to U lines long : sepals ovate, acute, 2 lines long or less : 
 petals lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long, yellow tinged with red : carpels very short, 
 ovate-oblong, 3 lines long in fruit. 
 
 Hillsides and rocky places, Sonora (Bigclow) ; Yosemite VaUey, Torrcy, Oray. 
 
 Order XXXVI. DROSERACE^. 
 
 Herbs, growing in bogs, or rarely aipiatic, most resembling Saxifrayen' in habit 
 
 and structure, and seemingly somewhat connecteil with that tribe through J'aruassia, 
 
 but with petals and stamens hypogynous or nearly so, anthers commonly extrorse, 
 
 and the leaves provided with secreting glands of some kind, which appear to be in 
 
 some way subservient to the capture of insects. 
 
 A small order of five very small and local "cnera and one rather large and widely dilhiscd one : 
 represented in N. America only by the wonderful Dioncca, or Venus's Fly-trap, of North Caro- 
 lina, and by a few species of the principal genus, Drosent. 
 
Drom-n. LYTIIRA(M^/K 213 
 
 1. DROSERA, Linn. Sundew. 
 Calyx 5-parte(l, imbricated in the biul, persistent. Petals 5, mostly convolute in 
 the bud, withcring-[)ersistent. Stamens 5. Styles mostly 3, and each 2-parted, so 
 as to appear as G iiliform or somewhat clavate ones, stigmatose down the inner side. 
 Capsule oblong, 1 -celled with 3 parietal placentna, .3-valvod from the top, a placenta 
 on the middle of each valve. Seeds very numerous and small, anatropous, with a 
 small embryo at the base or in the axis of the fleshy albumen. — Low perennials or 
 biennials, of brownish or reddish rather than green hue ; the herbage beset with 
 bristle-stalked glands which secrete a drop of clear and glairy liquid ; stipules a vil- 
 lous fringe at the base of the petiole ; leaves inrolled from the apex or the blade 
 inflexed in the bud, in ours all crowded in a rosulate tuft at the base of a naked 
 scape, which bears a unilateral scorpioid (apparent) raceme or spike ; but the flowers 
 are not in the axils of the bracts. Flowers generally (in ours) white, each one open- 
 ing in the morning for a single day. 
 
 Of tlio 100 fl])Pc.io3, or lliproahout, only six or Boven nro KorUi Aniorii-an, nnd liuH' of those are 
 also Kuropoan, two of tlioin occurring rarely in California. Tlio greater niunlicr are S. Australian. 
 All at leiust of the common species are insectivorous. For an account of tlicir ronmrkaVile liabits 
 and structure see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, 1875. 
 
 1. D. rotundifolia, Linn. Leaves spreading ; the blade rounded, 2 to 6 lines 
 in diameter, abruptly narrowed into the slender hairy or naked petiole : scape 3 to 
 6 inches high, few-flowered : petals oblong, 2 lines long, a little exceeding the 
 oblong sepals : styles very short : capsule included in the calyx : soiuls linear, with 
 a loose coat. 
 
 In cold swamps in the Sierra Nevada (7?)r7r<;r, Bolnudrr, Lcmmon) ; Mendocino Co. (Bolander) ; 
 and northward to the Arctic circle. On the Atlantic side of the continent it ranges southward to 
 Florida; it is also found in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. D. Anglica, Hudson. Leaves ascending, cuneate-oblong, attenuate into the 
 slender naked petiole: scape 3 to 6 inches high, sometimes forked at the top, few- 
 flowered : petals linear-oblanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long, nearly twice longer than the 
 oblong sepals : capsule exceeding the calyx : seeds linear, with a loose coat. 
 
 Sierra County, Lcmmon. Common in Europe and Siberia, Init rnroly collected in North 
 America, lieiuff reported only from liio Norliiwost Coast {i\friizirs), IJrilish America (Kkhnrdion), 
 and Newfoun(Uand. The more frc(pient I), infrnncdia, llayne (the JJ. loiiglfnlia of authors and at 
 least in part of Liunreus), is distinguished by the close rough seed-coat, rather smaller flowers, &c. 
 
 Order XXXVIL LYTHRACE.ffi. 
 
 Herbs (or in warm countries sometimes shrubs or trees), with simple and entire 
 leaves, calyx tubular or cainpanulato and free from the ovary and capsule but en- 
 closing it, the petals (often wanting) and definite stamens borne in its throat, a 
 single style, numerous small anatropous seeds on a central placenta, and no albumen. 
 Capsule generally becoming one-celled by the vanishing of thin partitions. No 
 stipules, and no translucent dots in the leaves. Distinguished from the two follow- 
 ing orders by the free ovary, from the flrst of them also by the numerous seeds. 
 
 An order of little conse(pience and feeble representation in temperate regions, espeei.illy in.N. 
 America, the plants being mostlv inert weeds. Several Mexican and S. American species of Cii- 
 phca are cultivated for ornament ; also the beautiful Crape-Mvrflc, Lnficrstrmnin. Ivdka, which is 
 planted in the Southern Atlantic States, and which would llourisli in a large part of California. 
 Punica rirnnntum, the Pomegranate, has recently been referred to this order, instead of MurlAcca:., 
 but its characters do not accord with either. 
 
214 IIALORAGE.Ii:. Ammannia. 
 
 1. Ammannia. Calyx baruly 4-aiigled, short. Slaiiiens 4 or 8. Capsule globular. Leaves 
 
 ojijiosile. 
 
 2. Lythrum. Calyx striate, cylindrical. Petals commonly 6 (4 to 7), and stamens as many or 
 
 sometimes twice as many. Capsule oblong or cylindraccous. 
 
 1. AMMANNIA, Houston. 
 Calyx campuimlutc or short-tubuliir, usually 4-angle(l, 4-tootlie(.l, and with as 
 many intermediate small tooth-like processes. Petals as many, small and fugacious, 
 or none. Stamens usually 4. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, nearly globular, 
 mostly 4-celled. — Low and smooth annuals; stems 4-angled; leaves opposite, ses- 
 sile ; llowers small, axillary. 
 
 A genus of about ;U) s|i(Tii's, inlialiiting swanijis and wet jilaces. Oidy 1 species are found in 
 the United Slates, of wiiieh the following is of wide range. 
 
 1. A. latlfolia, Linn. Stems erect, a foot or two high, with a few spreading 
 branches : leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, with a broad auricled base, 
 acute: Howers 1 to 5 in each axil, mostly closely sessile: calyx oblong, 1^ lines 
 long, becoming 2 lines in diameter in fruit : stamens sometimes 8 : style variable in 
 length, as well as the lilaments. 
 
 iianks of Cache Creek (iln/diulcr) ; Carson Valley, Nevada (IFnl.son) ; on the bower Colo- 
 rado (yy/(»iY) ; on Milk Ifivcr, N. Montana (.SVcZ/n/); also in the Southern Atlantic Slates, the 
 West Indies und Ihuzil. 
 
 2. LYTHRUM, binn. Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-tuuthe(l, with as many intermediate ti>oth-like 
 
 ])rocesses. I'etals 4 to 7, oblong-obovate, often conspicuous and sometimes unequal. 
 
 Stamens as many or twice as many. Capsule oblong, 2-celled. — Erect slender 
 
 herbs (rarely woody at base) ; stems angled ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
 
 alternate, opposite, or rarely whorled ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary. 
 
 A small genus, widely tlistributed over the world. Four or live species are found in the I'nited 
 States, one of which is polymorphous and extends across the continent. 
 
 1. L. alatum, Pursh. Biennial or jierennial, herbaceous, with straight virgate 
 branches, a loot or two high, glabrous ; the stems angled and narrowly margined : 
 leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute, an inch long or less, tin; 
 upper scarcely exceeding the llowt^s ; the lowest (i|i|)osite, the restusuully scattered : 
 llowers solitary, siissile nr shortly pcdiccUud : calyx about ."} lines long, dticply fur- 
 rowed, the teeth usually little exceeding the intermediate processes: petals li, deep 
 purple, 2 lines long : stamens G : capsule narrow, nearly as long as the calyx. 
 
 Var. linearifolium. Gray. Leaves linear, the lower cauline ones only some- 
 times lanceolate.^ I'l. Lindh. ii. 188. L. Cati/or/iicum, Turr. & Cray, Fl. i. 482. 
 L. lineare, Hook. iSi Arn. Pot. IJeechey, 343, not Linn. 
 
 The variety only has been found in California, from Najja Valley to San Diego, and langing 
 eastward to New Mexico. The species is very variable, and extends from the nurtliern Atlantic 
 States to Mexico. 
 
 Order XXXVIIL HALORAGE^. 
 
 Aquatic herbs (as to the N. American rej)resentatives), with inconspicuous and 
 often apetalous flowers sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, calyx adnate to the 
 ovary in the fertile ones, and its limb then short and almost entire or obsolete ; the 
 fruit indehiscent and nut-like, 1 -4-celleil, with a single anatropous seed suspended 
 from the summit of each cell ; embryo in the axis of copious albumen, its cotyledons 
 
Myriophyllum. HALORAGE^. 215 
 
 small and short ; styles or sessile stigmas 2 to 4 and distinct, or in Ilippuru only 
 one and sinii)le. 
 
 All the higlily developed representatives of this small order are in the southern hemisphere 
 tlmn i„ Uie i'aoili'c sSteT ' '^ '' '"'"'' '^ """ ^'^"^^ "'' '""''' '""'■' "^merous in the Atkntic 
 
 Callitiuciie as well as CEUATOPiiYLt,UM is referred to the Apctalcc. 
 
 1. Hippuris. Leaves linear, in whorls of 8 or 12. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire Petals 
 
 none. Stamen and cell of the ovary one. j . i t-tais 
 
 2. Myriophyllum. Inimnrscd loaves pinnatoly dissocto.l. Flowers nioncrcious or iiolyKamoua 
 
 Tarts ol the llowcr in lours. * *^* 
 
 1. HIPPURIS, Linn. Maue's Tail. 
 Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx-tube globular; the limb entire. 
 Petals none. Stamen 1; filament subulate; anther large. Ovary 1 -celled : style 
 becoming filiform and elongated, stigmatic the whole length. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 
 nut like. — Smooth aquatic perennial herbs, with erect simple leafy stems ^ leaves 
 linear or oblong, entire, in whorls of 4 to 12; flowers minute, solitary and sisile in 
 the axils of the leaves. 
 
 rp^ry ^r'n 'P'"?, '""'^ known or perhaps only one, distributed through the temperate and colder 
 regions of the northern hemisphere and also in the soutliern. 
 
 nc:,!:ii?;T\?w"®' ■^•""i ,^^'"^' " ^""*' °' ^^^"^ '"■"^'' '•■'^<'^'^'' «tout: leaves acute, 
 usually a halt to an jnch long but often much longer, especially the submerged 
 ones: cayxhanlly hall a hue h.ng : stylo and stamen comparatively conspicuous 
 persistent : fruit nearly a line long. ^ i . 
 
 fool" ulf"?'" T"*'' ' TrT''? ^^%iJ^>9''Jfw, Pnlandcr) ■ Soda Springs, near Mono Pass, at 8,600 
 
 Old Woild), and southward in tlu- Rocky Mountains as far as New J\lexico. 
 
 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Linn. Water-Milfoil. 
 Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Limb of the calyx 4-lobed in the sterile 
 flowers, wanting or minutely toothed in others. Petals 2 to 4, minute or wanting 
 in pistillate llowors. Stamens 2 to 8 ; filnnuMits fl]ir.,rm. Ovary 4-c('llo(l : stigmas 
 4, recurved and plumose. Fruit nutliko, deeply 4-lobed longitudinally. — Smooth 
 aquatic perennial leafy herbs ; leaves mostly verticillate or opposite, the submersed 
 ones pinnately parted with capillary segments ; flowers small, solitary and mostly 
 sessile in the axils of the reduced upper leaves, the upper ones usually staminate, 
 tho lower i)iatillate, and tho intermcdiato ones perfect. 
 
 bei^ifrcfiuirthS XitS'sSef "^^"^ ''^^^ "''^■■^^ "- '-'-'^ ^^"»-' «- '-'' «f '^^ --^^ 
 
 1. M. spicatum, Linn. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, all l)elow the inflorescence 
 pinna ely parted ; the filiform segments often an inch long : flowers in an inter- 
 rupted spike: bracts ovate, entire or toothed, usually shorter than the flowers- 
 petals ovate, greenish white, nearly a line long, .leciduous : stamens 8 : fruit sub- 
 globose, deeply lobed ; tho rounded carpels smooth, a line long. 
 
 wnwfl'^'^ri^ \" California {Kdlogcj), but locality not given ; Washington'rerritorv {Lyall), north- 
 ward to A Inslca and enstwnid across Iho continent. Also in K.urope nn<l Asia. TbeVerv similar 
 M. vrrtmllatmn, Linn,, is distinguishml by tl.o larger and pcctinatdy pinnalind iloial bVncU. 
 
 2 M. hippuroides, Nutt. Leaves in whorls of 4, tho lower pinimto nnd 
 capillary; u])p(T leaves linear, acute, acutely and rather reniotolv toothed, 3 to 6 
 lines long, tlie uppermost nearly entire: petals white, obovate, somewhat persistent: 
 
21Q ONAGRACE.E. 
 
 stamens 4: carpels nearly smoolh, leas rouiuled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 530. M. 
 scabratum, Cham, k Sclileclit. ill Liuiiieu, iv. r)()(), iiot of Miclix. 
 
 Collocteil ill Ongou {A'utln/l, Hall), uml ruiioilcil us IVcmi near Him Kniiu'isci., witlioiit IViiil, 
 Cliamisso. 
 
 Okder XXXIX. ONAGRACEJE. 
 
 Herbs (or in warmer regions one or two genera of shrubs), with perfect symmet- 
 rical (lowers, the parts of which are most commonly in fours, the calyx-tube adnate 
 to the ovary and its (often colored) lobes valvate in the bud, the i)etals borne on its 
 throat or at the sinuses and convohile in the bud, the cells of the ovary usually 
 of the same number, and the stamens as many or twice as many. Style always 
 single: stigma of as many lobes as cells to the ovary, or capitate. Seeds auatropous, 
 tilled by the embryo : no albumen. i>eaves simple, but sometimes lobed or divided, 
 either alternate or opposite : no stipules. Flowers often showy. 
 
 An order of over 300 speiacs, wiildy distrihuted over the world, lint for the larger part Ameri- 
 can, especially N. Aniericun and Mexican, inert, and of no economical importance except in tnna- 
 nuMital cnltivation, and that the large llushy seeds of rrupa or Water Caltrops in the Ohl World 
 are eaten as nuts. 
 
 Fuchsia, Linn., the principal shrnbhy or arborescont gonns, of the Mexican ami H. American 
 Andes, well niarl<ed by the brightly colored calyx, long and straight stamens and style, opposite 
 leaves, and a berry for fruit, is too familiar in ornamental cultivation to be overlooked. 
 
 Tribe 1. JUSSIE/E. Limb of the calyx divided quite down to the ovary, and persistent on 
 tlie many-seeded capsule. Seeds naked. 
 
 1. Jussi»a. Petals 4 to G. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated. 
 
 2. Lud'wigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Caftsule short. 
 
 Tribe II. ONAGllEiE. Limb, with the free tube of the calyx when there is any, deciduous 
 from the ovary or capsule ; the latter loculicidal, many-seeded, or the cells rarely only 
 several-seeded. Parts of the llowor in fours. 
 
 ♦ Seeds coniose at the apex : stamens 8 : lower leaves often opposite. 
 
 3. Zauschneria. Calyx-tube continued much beyond the ovary, funnelform. 
 
 4. Epilobium. Calyx 4-parted nearly down to the ovary, or with a short and campanulate 
 
 tube beyond it. 
 
 * * Seeds naked (not comose) : leaves all alternate. 
 
 -H Anthers attached near the miihlle and versatile : petals generally yellow or white or sometimes 
 changing lo rose-color. 
 
 5. Qayophytum. C^alyx-tubo not produced beyond the ovary ; this and the membranaceous 
 
 capsule only 2-celled. The stamens opposite the petals usually sterile. Slender and 
 very small-flowered annuals. 
 
 6. Eulobus. Calyx- tube hardly at all produced beyond the ovary. Stamens opposite the 
 
 petals shorter and with rounded anthers. Capsule long-linear, straight, refracted. 
 Annual. 
 
 7. CEnothera. Calyx produced beyond the ovary into a linear or olwonical tube. Anthers all 
 
 uniform. Petals without claws. 
 
 -H +■ Anthers attached nt or near the base, remaining erect ; those opposite the petals nuich 
 shorter, or sterile, or rarely wanting : petals never yellow : annuals. 
 
 8. Godetia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical ; its lobes reflexed. Petals sessile, entire, 
 
 rarely 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous. Seeds numerous, angled or margined. 
 
 9. Clarkia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical ; its lobes ntlexed. Petals with claws, 
 
 either lobed or entire : the stamens opposite them often sterile. Capsule coriaceous. 
 10. Eucharidium. Calyx-tube above the ovary filiform ; the lobes reflexed. Petals with claws, 
 
 lobed ; the stamens opposite them wanting. Capsule coriaceous. 
 n. Boisduvalia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical ; its lobes erect. Petals sessile, 2-lobed. 
 
 Capsule membranaceous ; the cells few-seeded. Seeds smooth. 
 
Znui^chneria. ONAGRACE/K. 
 
 217 
 
 TiUBE 111. nAURINEiE. Linil) or pnnliiccd tube of the ciilyx deciduous from tlie dry and 
 indehiscent 1 - 4-seeded fruit. Parts of the (lower in fours or rarely threes. Leaves alternate. 
 
 12. Gaura. Stamens 8, nil perfect : anthers attached by the middle, versatile. 
 
 13. Heterogaura. Fertile stamens 4, with anthers atta(,'hcd at the base ; sterile stamens before 
 
 the petals 4. 
 
 Tribe IV. CIRCiEE/E. I>imb of the calyx deciduous from the iiidehi.scent bur-like 1-2- 
 seeded fruit. Parts of the flowers in twos throughout. Leaves opposite. 
 
 14. Circeea. The only genus. 
 
 1. JUSSI^A, Linn. 
 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged above the elongated ovary, the 4 to 6 herb.aceous lobes 
 persistent. Petals as many, obovate, spreading, yellow. Stamens 8 to 12. Ovary 
 4 - 6-celled : style simple : stigma capitate, 4 - 6-grooved. Capsule clavate, 4-6- 
 valved, dehiscing septicidally, or soraewhtit irregularly bctweeti the ribs, many- 
 seeded. Seeds in several rows in each cell (or in one row in the following species, 
 and surrounded by a thick epicarp), naked. — Aquatic or marsh herbs; leaves entire, 
 altcrnato, with very small stipules ; flowers solitary, axillary, usually on 2-bracteo- 
 lato pedicels. 
 
 Species about 40, belonging mostly to Tropical America. 
 
 1. J. repens, Linn. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping and 
 rooting at base, 1 or 2 feet long, the branches ascending : leaves oblanceolate or 
 elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long, rather obtuse, tapering below into a long slender peti- 
 ole : flowers nearly an inch broad : stylo stout, hairy : caj)sulo 1 to U inches long, 
 nearly t(;rcte, 1^ lines broad: pedicels 1 to 2 inches long, bractod : "seeds in one 
 row, covered by a thick white spongy adherent epicarp. 
 
 Var. Californica, Watson. Flowers smaller, G to 8 lines broad : style slender, 
 glabrous : capsule smaller, 8 to 10 lines long, 2 lines broad : pedicels shorter, 4 
 to 6 lines long : seeds slightly larger. 
 
 Cedar Lake, Cache Creek (Bolandcr) ; Northern Sonora (Coulter, Thurhrr) ; the variety only, 
 which is probably to be regarded as a distinct species. Forms of the Linnean species are of wide 
 range on the eastern side of the continent and also occur in the East Indies. 
 
 2. LUDWIGIA, Linn, 
 
 Calyx-tube not produced beyond the short ovary, the 4 lobes usually persistent. 
 Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4 ; fdaments short. Capsule short or 
 cylindrical, many-seeded, 4-valved, dehiscent septicidally or by openings at the sum- 
 mit. Seeds minute. — Aquatic or marsh perennials ; leaves entire (opposite in our 
 species) ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary and sessile. 
 
 About 20 species, mostly North American, a few belonging to the Old World. A single specie.s 
 is native to the Western Coast, of rare occurrence. 
 
 1. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth, creVping or floating: leaves all opposite, ovate 
 or oval, ^ to 1 inch long, tapering to a short i>etiole, acute : flowers solitary, sessile: 
 petals none or short and reddish : capsule short-oblong, 2 lines long or less, some- 
 what 4-angled. 
 
 Sierra Co. {Lemmon) ; Oregon {Douglas, Hall) ; and on the Atlantic side from the Saskatcha- 
 wan and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico : also in Europe. 
 
 3. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl. 
 Tube of the calyx funnolform and deeply colored above the ovary, with a small 
 globose base and a 4-lobed limb, deciduous, appendaged within with 8 small scales, 
 
218 
 
 ONAGllACEJi. Zauschnen 
 
 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Petals 4, inserted on the throat of tlie calyx and rather 
 shorter than its lobes, obcordate or 2-cleft, scixrlet. Stamens 8, exserted ; the lila- 
 luents opposite to the petals shorter; anthers linear-oblong, attached by the middle. 
 Ovary 4-cellcHl : style long and exserted : stigma capitate or [n;ltate, 4did)ed. Cap 
 sulo linear, obtusely 1-angled, 4-valved und imperfectly 4-celled, many-seetled. 
 Seeds oblong, with a tul'L of hairs at the apex. — Low decumbent perennial, some- 
 what woody at base ; leaves sessile (the lower opposite) ; the large scarlet Fuchsia- 
 liko llowers in a loosii spike. A single variable species. 
 
 1. Z. Californica, Tresl. !More or less villous and often tomentose, much 
 branched, the as('eudiiig or dec\uubent stems a loot or two long: leaves narrowly 
 lanceolate to ovate, \ to 1^ inches long, acute, entire or denticulate: llowers 10 to 
 IG lines long above the ovary; the calyx-lobes 4 lines long : capsule attenuate to 
 the slender base, .V to 1 iuch long, sometimes shortly pedicellate. — liel. llaenk. ii. 
 :38, t. b-1; l^ot. Mag. t. -14<):i. Z. AtcxianKi, I'resl, 1. c, ii. 21). 
 
 Var. micropliylla, <Jray in heil). l'ul)e.scenco tomentose, scarcely or not at all 
 villous : leaves linear, often very small (3 to 1 lines long), fascicled in the axils. 
 
 In dry locaUties from Napa and Plumas counties to S. California and Northern Mexico, and 
 eastward of the Great Basin I'loni N. AV. Wyoming (Parry) to the Wahsateh (IViUson) and New 
 Mexico {WrUjIU) ; the variuly in S. California. Very variable in its foliaj^e and puhescence, and 
 in its llowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnelfonn, more or less deeply colored, and with 
 the style and stamens more or less exserted. 
 
 4. EPILOBIUM, Linu. Willgw-IIeub. (By W. Baubey.) 
 
 Tube of the calyx not conspicuously prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 
 
 deeply 4-cleft, campanulate or funnelform, or 4-partod to the base with the lobes 
 
 spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, spreading or somewhat erect. Stamens 8, the 4 
 
 alternate ones shorter; anthers elliptical or roundish, lixed near the middle. Stigma 
 
 oblong, clavate, or with 4 spreading or rovoluto lobes, ('apsule linear, 4-sided, 
 
 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, ascending ; the summit furnished with a coma or 
 
 tuft of long hairs. — Perennial or annual herbs ; leaves alternate or oi)posite, nearly 
 
 sessile, denticulate or entire, often fascicled ; flowers rose-colored, purple or white, 
 
 very rarely yellow. 
 
 A genus of about 100 species, inhabiting the temperate and colder regions of the globe, many 
 of them very variable, and the number greatly multiplied by authoi-s. 
 
 * Flowns large : stamens and style declined : stigma-lohes spreading : perennial. 
 
 1. E. spicatum. Lam. Stem erect, simple, often 4 to 7 feet high, mostly 
 glabrous : leaves scattered, lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, the veins anastomosed 
 near the edge : flowers in a long spicate raceme, bracteate, purplish lilac : limb of 
 the calyx nearly 4-parted, often colored, spreacling : petals obovate, ungui(!ulate, 
 spreading : stamens purph; : style yellow, hairy at the base, at lirst deflexed ; stigma- 
 lobes linear : ca{)sulo canescent. — - 7i'. angudifolium, Linn. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada (liriclijcs) ; nortliwunl to Behring Straits and eastward across the con- 
 tinent. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. E. obcordatum, Gray. Roots diff'use : stems branching from the biise, 
 decumbent, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 - 5-flowered, glabrous throughout : leaves oi>posite, 
 ovate, sessile, numerous, mostly longer than the internodes (4 to 8 lines long), 
 glaucous, opaque : llower-buds of somewhat irregidar shajie : calyx-lind) 4-cleft, the 
 lobes of irregular width : petals obcordately 2-lobetl, spreading, of a bright rose-color, 
 half an inch long : stamens yellow, shortiM- than the purple (ledinate style : stigma 
 
I'lpihhiuvi. ON AGRA CE.E. 
 
 219 
 
 shortly 4-l()l)o<l : capaulo short, tliiok, pod ice] Into, witli (•oinpurntivcly fow sncds. 
 
 I'roc. Am. Acad. vi. TVi2 ; iSarhpy, Men. Kpil. iiiod. t. .3. 
 
 In tlio Sierra Novailn, IVoni Tulnns (!oiiiitv nortliwiird, nt iiii iillitiido of 8,000 to 1] 000 fpct 
 {Brewer, Bolnvder, Tnrrei/, Muir, Ro/krock) ; also in tlio East Ilnnil.oldt Mountains, 'Nnvada, 
 IVatsmi. A cliarming alpine species, connecting tliis section (C'/inmimrrion) with tlie others of 
 the genus. 
 
 E. LATiFOMUM, Linn., of Europe and Asia, differing from E. spicntnm in its short ascendinsr 
 oecasionally branched stem, ovate-lanceolate somewhat pubescent rather thick and ri<^id leaves, 
 veins not apjmrent, very large axillary and terminal flowers on short pedicels, and tho'somowhat 
 erect ^dahvons style shorter thnu the staiuens, is found from Arctic America to the higher moun- 
 tains m Colorado and perhaps reaches California. The 7i'. opactim, Lvhrn. in Hook. El. i. 205 
 from the banks of the Columbia (Doiujlns, Scou/rr), with erect pubescent stem, narrowly lanceo- 
 late leaves, and the flowers of E. latifolium, may be a hybrid between it and E. spkntum. 
 
 E. LUTEUM, Pursh, may be mentioned as our only other allied species, and remarkable in the 
 genus for its large yellow flowers. It ranges from Alaska to Oregon. 
 
 * * Flmvers small: petah, sUimem, and ^tyle erect: stir/7tm clavate or cylindrical: 
 limb of llie calyx \-cleft. 
 
 +- Herbaceous perennials. 
 
 ++ Leaves not strictly sessile : more or less pubescent. 
 
 3. E. Watsoni, IJarbey. Iloary-pubescent throughout: roots spreading in raud, 
 with stolons (I): stems terete, branching, about 18 inches high: leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate (the length thrice the width), denticulate-.serrulate. shortly petioled": 
 petals elongated obcordate, comparatively narrow : stigma cylindrical and not ex- 
 panded : seeds granulately furrowed. — Mon. Epilob. inod. t. 0. 
 
 Near the Ihissian settlement, Sonoma Co. ; only from Hussinn collectors, 'i'he (lowers are of 
 medium size. Much resembling^, hirsidnm, Linn., differing in its smaller petals, cylindrical 
 not e.\panded stigma, furrowed seeds, and leaves not clasping. 
 
 4. E. coloratum, Muld. Roots spreading in rich wet soil : stem nearly terete, 
 erect, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, puberulent : leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- 
 late, acute, on very short petioles, denticulate-serrulate, the veins often reddish : 
 flowers small, purplish : stigma clavate : capsules on short pedicels, slightly pubes- 
 cent. — Barbey, Mon. E})ilob. iued. t. 9. 
 
 Throughout the Sierra Nevada, nnd to the Cniamaca Mountnins (Pnlwrr) ■ also northward and 
 eastward through the Northern United Stiites. With better materinl it is probable thnt the 
 I'n(!ilic form will have to bo distinguished from the eastern by the form of (he seeds, the L'labroug 
 teeth of the leaves, kc. • 
 
 5. E. alpinum, Linn. Alpine: roots capillary, with occassionid (ilifonn stolons: 
 stems creeping at the base, 2 to 6 inches high, usually with two pubescent lines : 
 leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate or nearly entire, hardly 
 petioled, glabrous : flower-buds ovoid : sepals hairy, not acuminate : petals pale rose- 
 color, with a few hairs on the outer surface, little longer than the calyx : anthers 
 nearly spherical; fdamonts broader at base: stigma undivided: capsules long, thick, 
 purple, often partly nodding, as also the top of the plant : seeds rather rounded at 
 the top. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada ; Westfall's Meadows {Bnlandc.r) ; near Soda Springs, nt 9,000 feet alti- 
 tude, Brrurr. Throughout the northern iiart of the continent, as well as Northern Europe and 
 Asia. Distinguished from the following elostdy allied species by its ovoid buds. 
 
 6. E. origanifolium, Lam. Roots spreading on the banks of alpine rivulets, 
 Avith occasional stolons : stem generally simple, terete, with two pubescent lines, 6 
 to 12 inches high : leaves mostly opposite, moro or lo.^s petiolod ; the lower rounded, 
 the middle ones oval and ocpially iminted at each (Uid, the upper acuminato : buds 
 somewhat angular at the base : flowers largo, varying from dark purple to pure 
 white : sepals half the length of the obcordate jmtals : capsules sometimes nodding: 
 Roed.s rather long-acuminate nt both ends, somewhat lighf colored. 
 
220 ONAGRACE^E. Epilobium. 
 
 In the Siena NevaJu, iVom tlio head of Kern Kivor (Vio/Arofi) northward ; at Ebhittt's Pass 
 and Mt. Shasta (Brewer) ; at Cialrr Pass in the Cascade Mountains (Newberry) ; through all tlic 
 colder portion of Morth AniiMica, and also in the European Alps and liio Himalayas. 
 
 + + ++ Leaves slrictli/ sessile: not aljjiue. 
 
 7. E. Franciscanum, linrbcy. Soinuwluil lioury, roots Bpreudiug in llio mml : 
 stem stniight, bnuicliiug iibt)Vi;, with 2 to 4 elevated longitudinal lines, 12 to 20 
 inches high : leaves mostly opposite, connected at base, nearly glabrous, oblong- 
 lanceolate, rounded at base, serrulate : bud ovoid : top of the ovary much contracted 
 at the insertion of the calyx : sepals slightly hoary : petals purple, emarginate : 
 stamens shorter than the style : stigma cylindrical : capsido hoary : seeds with 
 striate testa and broad sides to the furrows. — Mon. E\n\. iniid. 
 
 Near San Vviiuchco (Jiiytlow, Turret/) ; \m\mh Ciwk {Ke/lo(j(j) ; also at llie Sliunnigin Islands, 
 Alaska, Jlarrintilon. 
 
 8. E. brevistylum, IJarbey. Somewhat hoary : stem terete, erect, 10 to 18 
 inches liigli, slighliy branched at top, marked Avith 2 or 4 decurrent glabrous lines, 
 tinted with purple : leaves mostly opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate, slightly den- 
 ticulate with rigid teeth : flowers small : calyx cleft nearly to the middle, almost 
 glabrous: ])etals slightly cleft, obcordate, j)inkish : inner row of stamens short; the 
 outer ones longer than the style: capsule nearly sessile: seeds acuminate at the tu]), 
 tufted with silvery hairs. — Mon. Epilob. ined. 
 
 Sierra County, Lciiunon. Corre8i)onding somewhat to the i'^uropean E. roseuni, Schreher. 
 
 9. E. glaberrimum, Barbey. Whole plant glaucous and perfectly glabrous, 
 stoloniferous : stem terete, straight, siniple or somewhat curved and branching, 
 6 to 15 inches high: leaves mostly opposite and connected at the base, broadest 
 below, bluntly lanceolate, slightly serridate : sepals somewhat shorter than the 
 petals, which are deeply notched : tilamonts rather short and thick : stigma club- 
 shaped, Avith a slight depression at top : capsule very slightly hoary : seeds Avith 
 furrows terminating below the ajiex, tufted Avitli very tine hairs. — Mon. Epilob. 
 ined. t. 5. 
 
 Var. latifoliuni, Harbey, 1. c. Lisaves broader : stem more branching, curved. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada : Yosemite A''alley (Bolander) ; Sierra Valley (Lemmon) ; and collected 
 also by Bridges. The variety in Sierra Co. (Lemmmi), and above Carson City, Anderson. Rather 
 variable and perhaps embracing several species. 
 
 4- -t- Annuals. 
 
 10. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Glabrous or pubescent above (rarely throughout): 
 roots spreading : slrni erect, slender, 10 inches to 10 feet high, terete, dichotoiuous 
 above : leaves narrowly linear, obscurely serrulate, acute, attenuate at the base, 
 mostly alternate and fascicled ; the uppermost subulate : llowers few, terminating 
 the spreading liliform and almost leafless branches : pedicels pubescent : calyx-tube 
 funnelform : petals obcordate, nearly twice the length of the calyx-lobes : capsule 
 short, acute at each end, straight or a little curved, erect or speading. — Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. i. 490 ; IJarbey, j\lon. Epil. ined. t. 8. 
 
 From the Cuianiaca Mountains and the Southern Sierra Nevada to Washington Territory, and 
 eastward to the li'ucky Mountains ; frequent. 
 
 11. E. minutum, Lindl. Roots bright and shining: stem terete, erect, puber- 
 ulent, occasionally branching, 3 to IQ inches high : leaves mostly alternate, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, rather obtuse, nearly entire, slightly pubescent : flowers nunute, con- 
 tracted at the base of the calyx : petals pale rose-color, obcordate : the four longer 
 stamens equalling the style : stigma clavate, the lobes at length expanded and fim- 
 briate : capsule short, somewhat pedicelled, slightly arcuate, at length erect : seeds 
 large and not very numerous. — Hook. El. i. 207; Uarbey, Mon. Eitil. ined. t. 7. 
 Crossostii/nia Lutdlei/i, Spach, Mon. Unag. 84. 
 
Eulohtis. ONAGRACEyK 221 
 
 Var. foliosum, Torr. h Gray. Leaves lincar-spatulate, nearly glabrous, with 
 smaller ones fascicled in tlio axils : petals nearly white. — Fl. i. 490. 
 
 Napa Valley and Knight's Ferry {BigcJow) ; Geysers {Grcme) ; dry woods near Ukiah (Bolan- 
 der) ; and northward to Oregon. Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 
 
 5. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss. 
 Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary ; the 4-parted deciduous limb reflexed. 
 Petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small, obovato or oval with a very short claw. 
 Stamens 8 ; anthers broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those oi)posito to the 
 petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile. Ovary 2-(!elled : stylo short : stigma 
 capitate or clavato. Capsule membranaceous, clavato, 2-celled, 4-valvcd. Seeds 
 few to many, in one row in each cell, small, smooth, oblong, naked, ascending. — 
 Very slender branching annuals, of western North America and Chili, with alter- 
 nate linear entire leaves and axillary flowers. The following are the only North 
 American sjiecies. 
 
 1. Gr. ramosissimum, Torr, & Gray, (ilabrous or the inflorescence sometimes 
 puberulent, diffusely much branched, 6 to 18 inches high : leaves an inch long or 
 less : flowers half a lino long, mostly near the ends of the branches : capsule oblong, 
 
 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels of about the same length or shorter, often deflexed, 
 
 3 - 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 513; Watson, Bot. King Eep. 105. 
 
 From Oregon to Mariposa Co. and eastward to Colorado, in the mountains on dry slopes. 
 
 2. Gr. racemosum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or more or less canescent with 
 short appressed pubescence, 6 to 18 inches high, the elongated branches mostly 
 simple: flowers half a line long, axillary the whole length of the branches : capsules 
 linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usually many-seeded. — 
 Watson, 1. c. G. NuttaUii and G. caesium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 From the Columbia River to Central California and eastward to Colorado. 
 
 3. G. diffusum, Torr. & Gray, I.e. Nearly glabroiis, fi to 18 inches high: 
 flowers larger, 1^ to 3 lines broad, mostly toward the ends of the branches : capsules 
 3 to 6 lines long, a little exceeding the pedicels, often deflexed, the cells 4 - 8seeded. 
 — Watson, 1. c. 
 
 liOss fro<inont ; from Orogon to Hoiilhcrn Cnlironiia nnd ciistward to Idaho and N. Utah. 
 
 6. EULOBUS, Nutt. 
 Calyx-tube scarcely at all produced beyond the ovary; the 4-partcd limb reflexed. 
 "Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, sessile, light yellow turning to red. Stamens 8 ; anthers 
 oblong, attached near the middle ; the filaments opposite to the petals much shorter 
 and with smaller globose anthers. Ovary 4-cellcd : stigma capitate. Capsule 
 linear, elongated, 4-angled, 4-valved, imperfectly 4-celled, strongly refracted. Seeds 
 very many, obovate-obhuig, naked, erect. — A smooth erect annual, with somewhat 
 of the habit of some s])ccies of (Enothera ^Chi/Iismin ; leaves few, alternate; flowers 
 sessile along the virgate branches. A single species. 
 
 1. E. Californicus, Nutt. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, with a few 
 spreading virgate branches : leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, sinuately pinnatifid 
 with numerous short unequal divaricate acute teeth : calyx tube prolonged les(s than 
 half a lino above the ovary : petals 4 or 5 lines huig, the IIo\vei-s rather showy : 
 capsidca 3 or 4 inches long : seeds smooth, 3-angled, two thirds of a lino long. — 
 Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 515. 
 
 Dry places, from Santa Barbara to San Diego ; Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. 
 
ONAtJUA*;!-:.!!:. iKnoth, 
 
 7. CENOTHERA, Linn. 
 
 C/ulyx-tubo nioio or loss itii)li»ii}^cil ubovo llm ovary (obcoiiio to liiioar), dociduous 
 
 (except ill § 2) ; segnieiits relluxod. Petals 4, obconlate to obovato, sessile, yellow 
 
 to wliite, often tinged with red or turning red in fading. Stamens 8, eijual or those 
 
 opposite to the ])etals shorter; anthers perfect, versatile. Ovary 4-celled, iiiany- 
 
 ovuled : style filiform : stigma 4 lobed or capitate. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat 
 
 woody to membranaceous, dehiscing loculicidally and more or less perfectly 4-valved ; 
 
 the partitions more or less coberent to the valves. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, 
 
 horizontal or ascending, often somewhat margined. — Herbs, or sometimes Avoody at 
 
 base; leaves alternate; lloweis axillary, si)i(:ate, or racemose. — Watson, l^roe. Am. 
 
 Acad. viii. 573. 
 
 A genus of jierhaps 100 .s|)i.-uies, aluiost excUisively American, there being over 50 in tlie United 
 States and most of the remainder Mexican or South Ameriean. Many of them are ornamental 
 and several liave long been in cultivation. Our sixi ius are usually found freiiuenting dry valleys 
 and hillsides. 
 
 ♦ Calyx-tube linear above the ovary : antliers and stignia-lobes linear : capsule rigid-coriaceous. 
 
 Tall : flowers yellow, erect in the bud ; calyx-tips free : seeds in two 
 
 rows in each cell. 1. (K. UlKNMs, 
 
 Low : lloweis iaige, whitish, nodding in the hud : capsule narrow : 
 seeds in 1 row. 
 Perennial : calyx-lii)s free : capsule linear : seeds not compressed. 
 Smooth or jjuberulent : calyx not villous : seed terete, narrowly 
 
 oblong. 2. (E. ALBiCAULls. 
 
 Villous and pubescent: seeds oblong, turgid, somewhat angled. 3. Qi. C'ALlFoitNiOA. 
 Annual, villous and pubescent : calyx-tips not free : capsule thicker 
 
 toward the base : seeds ovate-oblong, compressed. 4. CE. tkichocalyx. 
 
 Acaulescent or nearly so : flowers large, erect in hud : capsule ovate- 
 oblong, winged or crested : seeds in 2 rows. 
 Capsule strongly ribbed or tuberculately crested : more or less 
 
 jMibe.scent. .5. (E. CACSI'ITOSA. 
 
 Capsule winged at the angles : nearly glabrous. (5. (E. tuiloua. 
 
 ♦ * Calyx-tube liliform : anthers oblong : stigma capitate : cajisule ovoid-oblong, membranaceous, 
 
 sessile : seeils in 2 rows. Acaulescent, mostly perennial : flowers yellow, ere<;t in bud, tips 
 of calyx not free. 
 
 Densely pubescent : leaves deeply pinnatitid. 7. (E. Nuttallii. 
 
 Glabrous : leaves oblanceolate, nearly entire. 8. <E. iiETliitANTllA. 
 Somewhat pubescent: leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, cili- 
 
 ate: .seeds jjunctate. i». (K. ovata. 
 
 Annual, dwarf, hirsute : leaves linear : capsules winged above. ID. (E. i;uA(ai.ii''i.(HtA. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ Calyx-tubo obconic : anthers oblong : stigma capitate : capsule narrow, membranaceous, 
 
 sessile : seeds in 1 row : caulescent, mostly annual. 
 
 Flowers axillaiy, yellow, mostly showy, often turning green : capsule 
 usually contoit<'d, sliar|)ly 4-angled. 
 Canesceutly ])ubescent : leaves thick, mostly entire : maritime, 
 
 often woody at base. 11. (E. CIIEIUANTIIIFOI.IA. 
 
 More or less hirsute : leavt^s thinner, denticulate. 
 
 Petals 4 to 7 lines long, usually with a brown spot at base. 12. (E. ukstouta. 
 
 Petals a line or two long, not siiolletl. 13. Ui. micuantua. 
 
 Flowers axillary, yelhiw, mostly very snuill and usually turning red. 
 Capsule elongated, very narrowly linear, obtusely angled : slender, 
 with narrow leaves. 
 More or less hirsute : petals rarely reddening : capsules shortly 
 
 beaked. 14. (E. dentata. 
 
 Somewhat apiiressed-jtuberulent or hirsute : petals usually red- 
 dening : capsules obtuse, often pedicellate. 15. (E. STKi(;uLOSA. 
 Capsule short, attenuated upward from the base : dwarf. 16. (E. ANDINA. 
 Flowers in a nodding spike, white or rose-colored : capsule narrowly 
 linear, terete, much contorted. 
 
^»othera. ONAGRACE/K. 223 
 
 Cancscently pubornlent, slon.ler : leaves nearly entire : cnpsulo 
 
 very slender, not iittenuate upward. I7 a<: AiTSSoinrs 
 
 Viscully pubescent : leaves dcnticulnto : capsule attenuate frou, altssoides. 
 
 the haso. ,0 ..,. ,^ 
 
 Olabrous : stem white and shining: spike nearly erect : capsule ' " ""'^""" 
 
 attenuate from the base. , 9. d,^ OAim>f:FL0RA. 
 
 ♦ ♦ * * Capsule pedicellate, linear or somewhat clavate, obtuse, not contorted : otherwise aa 
 
 in the preceding. 
 Flowers in a nearly naked raceme : calyx-tubo funnelform. 
 Leaves all near the base, usually lyrato. 
 
 Puberulent or nearly glabrous : calyx-tips not free : cai.sule an 
 
 inch long or less. nn <-p 
 
 Villous : calyx-tips free, stout : capsule 1 to 3 inches long. 21.' (K mSr" 
 
 Leaves scattered, cordate or ovate : calyx-tube long-funnefform • «'^'='VIPE8. 
 
 tips not free. ' 00 n-. 
 
 Flowers with leafy bracts, ve^^ small : calyx-tube obconie : seeds ''^ ^^ ^^«^'«-'^^'^-- 
 
 w.th mvobite margins : dwarf, slender. 23. (E. rrERo.sPF.KMA. 
 
 § 1. ^V,/y.r,«».A;,ro/o»;7..<?i.yo,^./^A.omry.• sfamens nearly equal; anthers linear 
 
 or linear-oblong: stigma-lobes linear: capsule m7•^V,ceo«.s. — Eucenothera. 
 * Tnll, erect : flowers yellow, in a leafy spike, erect in the bud, opening at evening ■ 
 tips ofthecMlyx-lohesfree: capsule narrowly oblong, sessile, straight: seeds in 2 
 rows m each cell. — Lvening Puimuosb. 
 
 1. CB. biennis Linn. Bieimial, stout an<l usually simple, 1 to 5 feet \xw\, 
 canescently puberulnnt and more or less hirsute : leaves lanceolate to oblonR-^o^ 
 rarely ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 6 inches long, rcpandly denticulate 
 mosty sessile : calyx-tube 1 to 2^ inches long : petals 6 to' 9 lines Lig : camui; 
 about an inch long or less : seeds obloug, with somewhat margined miglesr 
 
 Var. grandlflora Lindl. Petals as long as the caly.x-tube : capsule more or 
 less puhes.ent._- JJot. Heg. t. 1C.04. (U. grandiflora, Ait. ; P,.t. Mag. t. 20G8 
 
 Var. hirsutlSSima (Iray. Flowers as in the last, but the ovary especially more 
 hirsute. — PI. l^endl. 43. (E. Uooheri, Torr. & Gray, PI. i. 493. 
 
 From Ore-on to the Atlantic an<l from British America to Mexico ; forms of it are also widelv 
 naturnlm.d in Kurope (where it has long been cnltivate.l), as well as in S Africa Indir and 
 Australia. 1 he var. hirsn>U.Unn is the more eomn.on form in California, ranging to New Mexico 
 the others being more prevalent east of the Sierra Ncva.la. ^ iuexico, 
 
 * * Usually low: stems white : flowers large, white becoming pinkish, axillar,,, nod- 
 ding m bud, opening by day: capsules long and narrow, sessile, often curved: seeds 
 m a single row m each cell, ascending. 
 
 2. CE^ albicauUs, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent : stems herbaceous, from a 
 perennial subterranean running rootstock, erect, ^ to 4 feet high, simple or branched : 
 leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or attenuate at base or abruptly petioled 
 entire or repand-denticulato or sinuate-pin natifid toward the base, I to 3 inches 
 long : tips of the calyx- obes free in the bu.l ; the tube an inch long or less : petals 
 abou as long as the tube, entire or emarginate : caps.de an inch or two loni, not 
 broader at base: seeds narrowly oblong, terete, a line jnug.-Pngolm. in Am. Jour 
 Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv. 334. OiJ. pallida, Dougl. ; Liudl. P.nt. K'eg. t. 1 142. 
 
 A variable snecies, common eastward of the Sierra Nevada, ranging fn.n. Washington Territory 
 to the Snskatcfiewan and southward to the Mexican boundary. ^ lounoiy 
 
 3 CE. Californica, Watson. Hoary-pubescent and more or less villous: stems 
 herbaceous from a running rootstf.ck, decumbent, about a span long : leaves narrowly 
 oblanceolate, acuminate, mostly petiole.!, sinuately toothe.l or irregularly piniiatifid, 
 J to 4 inches l.)ng : fL.wers as in the last but often larger; the ovary aii.l calyx vil- 
 lous and the ^.etals lobed with a roundel sinus : capsule 2 inches long, not thick- 
 ened at base: .seeds oblong, turgid, someudiat obtusely angled. ~ a\ albicauUs, var 
 taliformca, V\ atson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 582. 
 
224 ONAGRACE^. (Euutlitra. 
 
 Central and Soutlu'ra California : at Larken's station, east of San Diego {Palmer) ; Fort Mo- 
 have (Cooper) ; also by fFaltacc, and others. Flowers fragrant. 
 
 4. Qj. trichocalyx, Nutt. A very simihir spccius in appearance, glabrous or 
 canesccnlly itulH'nileiiL (»r somewhat villous : root annual : stem mostly erect, often 
 stout, a span lii^'li : caly.\ very villous, the tips of the lobes not free in the biul : 
 petals large, usually with a deep ainus: ea[)sulo thickeni'd toward the base: seeds 
 ovate-oblong, somewhat eomj)rt;ssed. — Torr. & CJray, Fl. i. 4i)4. (E. ddtoidea, 
 Torr. in Fremont Kep. 315; AVatson, Bot. King Rep. 107. 
 
 Cliiefly eastward of the Sierm Nevada from Northern California to Arizona and New Mexico ; 
 Fort Mohave (Coojicr) ; also in Corral Hollow and Tularo I'lain, Brewer. 
 
 * * * Acaulesctnt or nturli/ so: Jionrrs large, axillary, ei'ect in bud, opening by day: 
 capsule ovate ur ovate-obloinj, mostly sessile: seeds large, in 2 rows in each cell. 
 
 5. CE. caespitosa, iS'utt. Glabrous or usually more or less villous with spreail- 
 iug hairs : root ajiparently biennial : leaves oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, on 
 long })etiole.s, usually irregularly sinuate-toothed or repand-denticulate, often some- 
 what pinnatiliil : <;aly.x-tidje 2 to 7 ineht-s long, the tips of the lobes not free in the 
 bud: petals white or rose-color, In-oadly (>l)eordatc, | to 1| inches long: capsules 
 ovate-obloug, attenuate above, usually sessile, 1 to 1| inches long, strongly ribbed 
 on the sides and with a thick more or less tuberculate crest on each side of the 
 sutures: seeds Ih lines long, i)val-oblong, with a narmw groove along the ventral 
 side, minutely tuberculati; on the back. — Sims, liot. Mag. t. 1593. C/i'. VKintana & 
 CE. maryinata, IS'utt. in Torr. k Cray, Fl. i. 500; Hook. f. Eot. Mag. t. 5828. 
 
 Near Carson City {Anderson, Stretch) ; Oregon {Nevius) ; and frequent eastward to the Upper 
 Missouri, Nebraska and New Mexico. 
 
 G. CE. triloba, Nutt. Nearly glabrous: root annual or biennial: leaves nar- 
 rowly oblanceolate, often large, usually irregularly pinnatiiid with narrow lobes : 
 calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches Kuig, the tips of the lobes free in the bud : petals ye.llow, 
 broadly obovate, .^ to \\ inches long, somewhat 3 - 5-nerved : capsule sessile, ob- 
 long to obovate with moiti or less broadly winginl angles, 9 to 15 lines long, usually 
 somewhat beaked above, the sides ribbed and at length net-veined : seeds a line 
 long, angled and nunutely tuberculate. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 25GG. 
 
 Sierra Valley {Mrs. Avies, Lemvwn) ; Truckee Valley ( IFatson) ; Oregon {A'evhis) ; and east- 
 ward to the Saskatchawan, Colorado and Texas. 
 
 § 2. Calyx-tube fi I i/onn above the ovary, somewhat persistent: stamens opposite to the 
 petals shorter ; anthers oval or oblong : stigma capitate : capsule sessile, ovate- 
 oblong to linear, someivhat membranaceous: seeds ascending, in 2 rows in each 
 cell : Jloivcrs yellow, erect in bud and the tips of the lobes not free: acaulescent. 
 — Tauaxia. 
 
 7. CB. Nuttallii, Torr. & (iray. Canescently pubescent : root biennial or jJcnMi- 
 nial : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2 to G inches long, petioled, deeply sinuute-pin- 
 natihd ; the numerous very unequal segments usually rounded or obtuse : calyx- 
 tube 1 to 2h inches long : petals about half an inch (5 to 9 lines) long : capsules 
 rarely d(',velo])ed, narrow, attenuate upward, (i to 10 lines long, obtusely 4 -sided : 
 seeds oblong, t(irete, a Hue l<Mig, obscurely lined. — Fl. i. 5()G. C/i. tauacetifulia, 
 Torr. h (Jray, I'acif ll. l{e|i. ii. 121, t. 4; Watson, Hot. King Kxp. 110. 
 
 At the eastern biuse of the Sierm Nevada, from Carson City {Anderson, Slrctc/i, &c.) to tin; 
 Columbia Kiver. 
 
 (E. BREViFLOiiA, Torr. & Gray. A similar species, but nearly glabrous, flowers smaller and 
 shorter, and segments of the leaves acute or aciitish : seeds more numerous, half a lini; long. — 
 Oregon (Neoius) to W. Wyoming and Colorado ; may be i'ouud in the northern part of the State. 
 
 8. OS. heterantha, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : root biennial or perennial : leaves 
 oblong-lunceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or sliglitly repand-denticulate, G inches 
 
(Knothem. ONAGRACE^^]. 225 
 
 long : calyx-tul)o 1 to 3 inches long : petals 3 to lines long : capsules ovoid- 
 oblong, narrowed at each end, nearly an incli long, rather acutely angled, sometimes 
 shortly pedicellate: seeds minutely pitted. — Torr. Si (iray, V\. i. 507. 
 
 Var. tarazacifolia, Watson^ Leaves larger, more or less lyrately pinnatilid. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 589. 
 
 East of the Siena Nevada in moist meadows, from N. Nevada to Idaho and Utoh ; the variety 
 in riuinns and Sierra counties {Mrs. Ames, Lcw.mon), and near Austin, Nevada, IVatson. 
 
 9. CE. Ovata, Nutt. Reaemhling the last : leaves ovato- to ohlong-lanccolato, 
 entire or denticulate, ciliate with short hairs : calyx-tube 1 to 4 inches long : petals 
 3 to 10 lines long : capsules obtusely angled, strongly torulose, short : seeds ovoid- 
 oblong, few, smooth, a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 507. 
 
 Near the coast, from about San Francisco to Monterey. 
 
 10. CE. graciliilora, Hook. & Arn. Canescently villous: root annual: leaves 
 linear, sliort, entire or obscurely denticulate: calyx-tube nearly equalling the leaves, 
 ^ to 1^ inches long : petals obcordate, 3 to 6 lines long, turning greenish : capsule 
 somewliat coriaceous, half an inch long or less, angled at base and 4-winged above 
 the middle; the wings obliquely truncate and hairy: seeds smooth. — Bot. Bcechey, 
 341 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 338. 
 
 Dry hillsides and valleys near the coast, from the Sacramento Kiver to Monterey. 
 
 § 3. Calyx-tuhe ohcnni.c or shortly funnelform : stamens somewhat unequal ; anthers 
 oblong : stigma capitate : capsules narrow, sessile, terete or angled, membrana- 
 ceous, often contorted : seeds ascending hi 1 row in each cell. Caulescent an- 
 nuals or biennials: flowers nsnnlbj spicate : the tips of the calyx-lobes not free 
 in the hid. — Spiiverostioma. 
 
 * Flowers axillary, yellorv, often turning greenish, mostly showy : calyx-tube obconic : 
 capsules linear-oblong to linear, sharply A-angled, often much contorted: seeds ovate- 
 oblong : stem leafy throughout or early specimens acaulescent. 
 
 11. CB. cheiranthifolia, Hornemann. Canescently pubescent : stems decumbent 
 or ascending, often 2 feet long or more : leaves thick, oblong or narrowly oblanceo- 
 late, sometimes broadly ovate and cordate, A to 2^ inches long, mostly entire ; the 
 lower ])otiolate, the u])per sessile and often clasping: ovary and calyx villous; calyx- 
 tube a Hue or two long, about half the longtlt of (he pnt/ds : ciiitsulcs stout, linear- 
 oblong, 4 to 8 lines long : soeda oblong-ovnto, comimmsed, smooth, nearly half a 
 lino long. — Lindl. Bot. lieg. t. 1040. OJ. spiralis, Hook. Fl. i. 214. 
 
 Var. suffniticosa, Watson. Woody at base and very le^afy, densely lioary- 
 I)ubescent with short appressed hairs, rarely nearly glabrous : leaves ovate to oblong, 
 mostly small and sessile : flowers larger, the i)etals 4 to 9 lines long. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 592. (E. viridescens, Ilook. Fl. i. 214. 
 
 Near the sea on dry drifting sand.s, often abundant, from San Francisco southward ; the variety 
 from Monterey to San Diego. The typical form is said also to be Chilian. 
 
 12. CE. bistorta, Nutt. Somewhat hirsute, the leaves sometimes appressed- 
 pubescent : stems rather stout, decumbent or ascending, a foot or two high : leaves 
 thinner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the upper mostly sessile and rounded or cor- 
 date at base, all denticulate or dentate : petals 4 to 7 lines long, usually with a dark 
 brown spot at base : capsule 4 to 9 lines long, a line or more wide, attenuate up- 
 ward : seeds nearly black. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 508. 
 
 Var. (i) Veitchiana, Hook. More slender : capsule more elongated and nar- 
 rowed (1 to I .'^ inches long and less than a line broad), attenuate into a narrow 
 beak. — Bot. Mag. t. 5078. 
 
 On snnd-hills near the sen, Snn Diego; the variety from T/os Angeles .southward. Early flower- 
 ing flpecinuMiH are often very sutnll mid nearly or (piilo nen\ilesiTnf, uuieh resembling (K. gracili- 
 flora, from which they are readily distinguished liy the linear ovary. 
 
i^2^\ ONAORACE/K. ihJnothcru. 
 
 13. m micrantha, lli)rneiimiwi. A very vaiiublo specioa closely roseiiibling 
 the last : llowers very siiiiiU : tlio potivls a lino or two long, not spotted at the base, 
 entire or eiuarginalo or aonioLiiues 3-lobe(l at the summit : capsules 8 to 18 linos 
 Ion", about a line wide, usually much contorted. — Jorr. & Gray, Fl i. 509. 
 
 From tlie Lower Sacraiueuto to San Diogo. Probably a more variety of CE. bijitortu. 
 
 * * Flowers axillary, yellow, often reddish or turning red, mostly very small : calyx- 
 lube obconic, very short. 
 
 +- Capsule elongated, very narroioly linear, obtusely angled, slightly curved : slender 
 
 leafy annuals. 
 
 14. CEj. dentata, Cavanilles. Usually diffusely branched, a span high or less, 
 more or less hirsute with short spreading hairs especially below, the |)ubesceuce 
 above often shorter and somewhat glandular or wanting : leaves linear, sessile, usu- 
 ally narrowed at base, denticulate, ^ to 1^ inches long : petals rounded, entire, 2 to 
 4 lines long, rarely reddening : capsules an inch long or more, less than half a line 
 broad, somewhat attenuate at the summit. — Icon. iv. 67, t. 398 ; Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 511. 
 
 Var. cruciata, Watson. Petals narrowly obovate to obh)ng, often emarginate, 
 2 lineslong. — Troc. Am. Acad. viii. 594. 
 
 From San Francisco soulliwanl ; also in tlm foot-liilla of the Sienu Nevada : lusa fruniiont than 
 the following. A (Jhiliun Hiiocioa ; purlnipa also Aualndian. 
 
 15. CE. Strigulosa, Torr. & Gray. Like the last: nearly glabrous, the ovary 
 and calyx usually somewhat appressed-puberulent : leaves entire or sparingly dentic- 
 ulate : petals a line or two long, usually reddening : capsules sessile or upon a very 
 short pedicel adnate to the base of the leaf, abruptly obtuse or scarcely attenuate at 
 the summit. — Fl. i. 512. (U. contorta, Hook. Fl. i. 214. CE. parvula, Nutt. in 
 Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Var. pubens, Watson, 1. c. Pubescence hirsute and spreading as in (E. dentata, 
 especially below, often somewhat glandular above and shorter. 
 
 From the Columbia River to San Diego, frequent ; the variety also ranging eastward through 
 Northern Nevada to the Wahsatch Mountains. 
 
 ^_ +. (japsult shorter, atttuuated upivard from the base: dwarf annuals. 
 
 16. CE. andina, Nutt. Canescently puberulent, only 1 to 3 inches high, 
 branched: leaves linear-.spatulate, entire, attenuate into slender petioles, a half to 
 an inch long : s[)ikes leafy, numy-nowered : petals a line long or less : capsules 3 to 
 6 lines long, obtusely angled, somewhat curved. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 512. 
 
 From Oregon and N. W. Nevada to Colorado ; probably in Northeastern California. 
 
 CE. GiTADALUi'iiNsis, Watsou, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137, collected by I'alinsr on (iiuidalupe 
 Island, is stouter, with larger oblanceolate leaves, few (lowers, and the capsule oblong-pyramidal, 
 half an inch long, rather acutely angled. 
 
 « * * Flotvers ivhite or rose-culo7-ed, in a nodding .y>ike: calyx-tube shorlfunnclform : 
 capsule narrowly linear, terete or obtusely angled, much contorted: seeds linear- 
 ohlong : annuals. 
 
 17. CB. alySBOides, Hook. & Arn. Slender, canescently puberulent: .sUiuis 
 simple or branching from the base, erect or ascending, 3 to 12 inches high : leaves 
 oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a slender petiole, entire or repand- 
 denticulate, 1 to 2\ inches long ; the floral leaves much smaller but similar : sjjike 
 often many-flowered, becoming elongated : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long, equalling 
 the rounded petals : capsules an inch long or less, very slender, not attenuate 
 upward from the base, puberulent : seeds ash colored, very minutely pitted. — Bol. 
 Beechey, 340 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 339. 
 
(Knothera. UNAC.RACK/K. 227 
 
 Viir. villosa, WalsoM, 1. c. ^loro or loss villous tlirougliont. 
 Viir. minutiflora, Watson. Flowers much reduced, scarcely more than a line, 
 long. — Bot. King Exp, 111. 
 
 Through the interior from the base of the Sierra Nevada eastward to Utah. 
 
 18. (E. Boothii, Dongl. Like the last, but viscidly pubescent : leaves ovate to 
 lanceolate : capsules soniewhat broader : seeds brownish, angled, very minutely 
 tuberculate. — Hook. Y\. i. 213. (E. pygmcBa, Dougl. 1. c. 
 
 Eastward of the Sierra Nevada from S. Oiegoi) to N. W. Nevada. 
 
 19. CB. gauraeflora, Torr. &. (4ray. Often stout, erect, | to 2 feet high, gla- 
 brous or the inilorescen(^e and younger leaves sparingly puberulent ; the bark loose, 
 white, and shining : leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblanceoliit(!, attenuate into the 
 ])etiole, usually denticulate : spike often luany-Uowered, nearly erect : calyx-tube 
 and the obovate petals 1 1 to 3 lines long : capsules attenuate from the base to a 
 narrow beak, 8 to 15 lines long : seeds dark, a line long, angled, — Fl. i. 510. 
 
 From the I^owcr Sacramento to the Colorado Desert and eastward to S. Utah. 
 § 4. Capsule pedicellate, linear or sometnliat clavate, obtuse, not contorted : otherwise 
 as in § 1, Caidescent annuals : tips of the calj/x-lobes sometimes free in the 
 bird. — CllYLlSMiA. 
 -.^ Racemes usually fciv-Jlowered, loose ami with minute bracts : cali/x-tube funnelform : 
 seedx tiarrov'hj oblong, smooth : leaves mostly lyrate or jnnnatifid. 
 
 20. CE, scapoidea, Nutt. Erect, usually branching from near the base, ^ to 1^ 
 feet high, puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaves mostly near the base, with long 
 petioles, lyrately pinnate ; the" terminal leallnt mu(;h the largest, ovate to oblong- 
 lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base, sinuate-toothed, the pi'ominent veins often 
 darker colored ; lateral leaflets few or many, sometimes wanting, very irregular : 
 raceme at first nodding ; bracts very small or none : calyx-tube a line or two long ; 
 tips not free : petals yellow, 1 or 2 lines long: capsules glabrous, clavate, 4 to 12 
 lines long : jiedicols spreading, 2 to 8 lines long. — Torr. k. (Iray, Fl. i. 50G. 
 
 Var. purpurascens, Watson. Usually stouter : flowers larger and rose-colored 
 or pur])lish, rarely yellow : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : petals 3 or 4 lines long. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 595. CE. clamfformis, Torr. ^'. Gray, Pacif R. Rep. ii. 121. 
 (E. cruciformis, Kellogg, Proc. Gali'f. Acad. ii. 227, fig. 71, (E. scapoidea, var. 
 chiM'/orniiH, Wnlrtoi), llol. Kiiip; I'.xp. 109. 
 
 Viir. aurantlaoa, Watson, 1. c. Low: inllorescence piiberiiloiit : flowers of the 
 Hi/,0 of the Inst, but the caly.K-tulm tinged more or h^sa deeply with orange : pntais 
 light roso-color or orange : capside usually puberulent. — (E. clava'formis, T'orrey in 
 Fremont Rep. 314. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Oregon to Mono Lake, W. Wyoming and Utah ; 
 tlie var. nnrantiaca from Southeastern California to Southern Utah. 
 
 21. CE. brevipes, Gray. Like f7s'. scapoidea, but usually stouter, more or less 
 villous with stiff hairs, not puberulent : calyx-tube obconic to funnelform, 1 to 3 
 lines long ; the lobes strongly nerved and their stout ti])s free : ])etals ap))arently 
 pale yellow or whitish, 3 to lines long: capsulns 1 to 3 iuchfs long, 1] linens 
 broad : pedicels 2 to 12 lines long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 87. 
 
 Near t)ie Colorado River and eastward to Southern Utah. 
 
 22. OEj. cardiophylla, Torr. Ganescently hirsuU' witli sliort spreading haii-s: 
 steins leafy, often rather slender, 3 to 10 inches high, simple, eroct or ascending : 
 leaves simple, cordate or ovate, vepandly serrate, long-petioliMl, an inch long or loss: 
 calyx-tube rather narrowly funnelform, 3 to 8 lines long, usually tinged with red ; 
 tii)S of the lobes not free : petals yellow becoming reddish. 3 or 4 lines lone : cap- 
 sule I to 1 inch long : pedicel only 1 to 3 lines long. —Pacif R. Rep. v. 3G0, 
 
 Near the Colorado Kiver, and eastward in ArJTiona. 
 
228 
 
 ONAGRACE^. (Enothera. 
 
 * * FUnversfew, with leafy bracts : cali/x-tuhe short, ohconic : leaves simple: tips of 
 the calyx not free in the bud. 
 
 23. CG. pterosperma, AVatson. Slender, erect, 2 or 3 inches high, sini])le ur 
 branchcil, luuiv, or less liuspid or glabrous : leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 
 G to 1) lines lung : lluwcis very small : |u'tals obcordato, ruse-colored, a line long or 
 less : capsule linear-clavate, G to 9 lines lung, on a spreading pedicel half as long : 
 seeds nearly a line long, with thin incurved margins, nunutely ccUularly papilluse. 
 — Bot. King Kxp. 112, t. U. 
 
 Foot-hills oftho Trinity Moiuituiiis, N. VV. Nevudu (Watson.) ; S. Utah, Parry. Very peculiar 
 in tho character of ita sectls. 
 
 8. QODETIA, Spach. 
 
 Calyx-tube above the ovary obconic or shortly funnelform, deciduous ; lobes 
 reflexed. Petals l, broad and sessile, entire or emarginate or very rarely 2-lobed, 
 lilac-purple or rose-colored. Stamens 8, unequal, the filaments opposite to tho 
 petals shortest ; anthers perfect, oblong, attached at the base and erect or arcuate. 
 Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled : style filiform : stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. 
 Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided, somewhat coriaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 
 ascending or horizontal, in 1 or 2 rows, obliquely angled, the upper surface with 
 a thin tuberculate margin. — Annuals, simple or branched, erect ; leaves alternate, 
 denticulate or entire ; fiowers mostly showy, in usually leafy racemes or spikes. — 
 (Enothera § Godetia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 502 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 596. 
 
 A genus confined to the western coast of North and South America, chiefly Califoruian. Sev- 
 eral of the species are ornamental and have been introduced into cultivation. 
 
 ♦ Flowers in a strict mostly compact spike ; capsule ovate to oblong : stems leafy. 
 
 Calyx-tips not free in tho l)ud : sides of the capsule not 2-co3tate : 
 seeds in 2 rows. 
 
 Flowers very large : stigiua-lobeH a lines long : capsule puberulent. 1. (!. nuANOii'i.ouA. 
 
 Petals i inch long or less : stiguia-lobes very short : capsule villous. 2. U. I'UKI'UKKA. 
 Calyx-tips slightly free : capsule somewhat 2-costate on alternate 
 
 sides : seeds in 1 row. 
 Flowers in a short simple spike : petals 1 inch long or less. 3. G. lepida. 
 
 Flowers in lateral mostly crowded spikclct.s : petals half an inch 
 
 long or less. t- t!. aluicsckns. 
 
 » ♦ Flowers in a simple usually loose sjnke or raceme, mostly nodding in bud : capsule linear 
 seeds in 1 row : leaves distant. 
 
 Capsule sessile : calyx-tips slightly free. 
 
 Calyx-tube funnelform and villous ; lobes villous : capsule short, 
 
 puberulent, attenuate from the base. .''). G. Williamsoni. 
 
 Ovary and short capsule villous : (lowers small. <). G. QUAOUivui.NiiKA. 
 
 Capsule puberulent, 8 to 14 lines long, not costate : floweis small. 7. G. tenkli-A. 
 Capsule smoother, 8 to 18 lines long; sides 2-costate : ilowers large. 8. G. VIMINEA. 
 Capsule pedicellate, not costate : caly.v-tips not free. 
 Capsule attenuate at each end. 
 
 Anthers ])urplc : stigma-lobes linear : petals 8 to 15 lines long : 
 cajisule 1 to lA inclies long: leaves mostly entire. Cen- 
 tral and Nortli.rn Caliloinni. !». G. AMQiNA. 
 Stigma-lobes mostly short : petals C to 12 lines long : cajjsule 10 
 to 15 lines long, long-pedicellate: leaves often dentate: 
 nearly glabrous. Southern California. 10. G. Botta;. 
 Tomentose-puberulent : stigma-lobes short : petals 3 to 6 lines 
 
 long : capsule ti to 14 lines long : pedicels short. 11. G. EPiLomoiDES. 
 
 Capsule abruptly narrowed at base. 
 
 Calyx and ovary with short spreading pubescence : stigma-lobes 
 
 linear : capsule I to U lines long. 
 Puberulent : pedicels short : petals 2-lo 
 
 12. G. ni.si'iDiii.A. 
 bed. 13. G. lili.uiiA. 
 
Oodetia. ONAGRACEiE. 229 
 
 * Flotvers in a strict mostly compact spike : stems leafy : capsule ovate to oblong. 
 
 +- Tips of the calyx-lnhes not at all free in the bud : sides of the capsule not 2costate : 
 seeds in 2 rotvs in each cell. 
 
 1. O. grandiilora, Lindl. Puberulent : stem a foot or two high, stout, simple 
 or with a low short hianches near the top : leaves lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute 
 at each end, shortly petioled, obscurely ropand-denticulate or entire : spike dense, 
 leafy : calyx-tubo broadly obconical, 4 to fi lines long : petals an inch or two long, 
 oinarginate, light purplo with often a largo crimson spot in \\w ciMitro : Btigiiia-lobofl 
 linear, 3 linos long: capsule jiubcrulent, oblong to linear, 8 to 15 lines long, a lino 
 or two broad or more, 4-toothed at the apex : seeds in 2 rows in each cell. — Hot. 
 Keg. xxvi, t. 61. (Ennthera Whitneyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 340 & 400; 
 Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 58G7. (E. grandijiora, Watson, 1. c. 59G. 
 
 On hillsides, Humboldt and Mendocino counties, Bolander, Kellogg k Harford. With larger 
 flowers than any other sjiecies ; in cultivation. 
 
 2. Gr. purpurea Watson. Mostly very leafy, a foot or two high, puberulent, 
 the ovary densely villous : leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, usually an inch or 
 two long, entire, sessile with an obtuse or narrowed base : flowers mostly in a leafy 
 terminal cluster : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long, half the length of the deep purple 
 petals : stylo shorter than the stamens ; stigma-lobes very short, purple : capsules 
 ovate to linear-oblong, 6 to 9 lines long, 2 to 2| lines broad, acute, obtuse at base, 
 hairy; the sides nearly flat, with a strong midvein. — Oenothera purpurea, Curtis, 
 Bot. Mag. t. 352 ; Watson, 1. c. Godetia Willdenowiana, Spach. 
 
 FroTn tho valley of tlio Columbia to Monterey. 
 
 +- +- Tips of the calyx-lobes slightly free in the hid: capsule 2-costate on at least the 
 alternate sides : seeds in one row in each cell. 
 
 3. G. lepida, Lindl. Canosccntly puberulent, tho stem usually white and 
 shining, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, an inch or two long, mostly 
 obtuse, sessile and scarcely narrowed at base, sparingly denticulate : flowers in a 
 short simple spike : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : ))etals rose-colored with a dark 
 spot n*ir the summit, 9 to 1 2 lines long : stigmas very short, purple : caj)sulo short- 
 hairy, 5 to 8 lines long, 2 lines broad Jienr tho base and nttenuato to tho apex. — 
 ]iot. Reg. t. 1849. (Etwthera lepida, Hook. <t Arn. I'.ot. J?ecchoy, 342. 
 
 Var. parviflora, Watson, 1. c. Flowers and capsules somewhat smaller ; the 
 petals 3 to 8 lines long, purple to rose-colored : stems slender, erect or ascending, 3 
 inches to 3 feet high : leaves linear to oblong, a half to an inch long. — (E. decurn- 
 bens, Dougl. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2889 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1221 ; Terr. & Gray, 
 Fl. i. 504. 
 
 Var. Arnottii, Watson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous or somewhat puberulent : leaves 
 linear to lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 1 ^ inches long : 
 petals 4 to 8 lines long : capsules glabrous or nearly so. — (Enothei-a Arnottii, Torr. 
 & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 From the f'olunibia River to Monterey nnd San Simeon. 
 
 4. Qr. albescens, T-indl. Canescently puberulent: stem erect, simple or branch- 
 ing from the base, a foot or two high : leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 
 sparingly deiiticulate, an inch long : flowers small, in numerous short lateral mostly 
 crowded spikelets : calyx-tube 2 lines long : petals purplish-blue, 3 to 5 lines long : 
 stigmas greenish to purplo : capsules oblong, 3 to lines long, 1^ lines broad, 
 shortly hirsute or pubi<scent. — r>ot. Reg. xxviii, t. 9. (JiJnothera albescens, Watson, 
 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 597. 
 
 In woods near Monterey (ffnrl.urg) ; Napa Valley nnd near Rorax Ijiko (Torrctj) : rarely col- 
 lected. Said to have been first received from the Columbia Valley. 
 
230 
 
 ONAGRACEyE. Godeiiu. 
 
 ■i * Flowers in a simple sjnke or raceme, mually scattered and mostly noddiuij in 
 bud : capsules linear : seeds in one roio : stems slender, xvith leaves rather distant. 
 
 4- Capsules sessile : cali/x-tips slightly free. Exceptions in No. 8. 
 
 5. G. WiUiamsoni, Wutsoii. Canesi;ently i)nl)uruloiit, tlio (;alyx-tiil)o and 
 lobes vilUms : .sLoui cR'ct, a Ibcit lii^h : loavua linear, Missile, enliro, I to 1 ^ inelies 
 long : calyx-tube fiinneU'onn, 3 to 5 lines long; tips of the lobes IVee: petals yellow 
 at base anil with a deep purple spot in tlie centre, 6 to 12 lines long : stignia-lobes 
 short, oblong, yellow : capsules attenuate upward from the base-, G to 8 lines long, 
 puberuleut, 2-costate on the sides. — (Enothera WiUiamsoni, Duraud & llilgard, 
 Pacif. li. liep. V. 7, t. T) ; Watson, 1. c. 597. 
 
 Ill the foot-hills of the Sicrni Nevada from Millurtoii {Heerniann) to Placer Co., Rattan. 
 
 (). Gr. quadrivulnera, Spacli. l*ul)erulent, ovary and capsule more or less 
 villous : stem usually very slender, a foot or two high : leaves linear to linear-lance- 
 olate, sessile or attenuate to a short petiole, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or 
 two long : calyx-tube obconic, 2 (rarely 3) lines long : petals deep purine or pur- 
 plish, 3 to 6 lines long : stigma-lobes short, piu[ile : capsules 5 to 10 lines long, 
 usually short, attenuate at the apex, 2-costato at the alternate angles. — Oenothera 
 quadrivulnera, Dougl. ; Liudl. Bot. Ueg. t. 1119 ; Watson, 1. c. 598. 
 
 Near thu const from I'ugct Sound to San Diego. 
 
 7. G. tenella, Watson. Puberulent, erect and slender, (i to 18 inches high, 
 very rarely decumbent: leaves linear, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, more or less 
 attenuate at base, ^ to 2 inches long : calyx-tube shortly obconic, 1 to 3 lines long ; 
 tips of the lobes rarely Jiot free : petals deep purple, 3 to 5 lines long : stylo shorter 
 than the stamens ; stigma-lobes purplish : capsules puberulent, attenuate at the 
 apex, 8 to 14 lines long, nearly flat upon the sides. — (Enothera tenella, C'av. Icon, 
 iv. t. 396, iig. 2; Uuiz & Tavon, Fl. Teruv. iii. t. 316; Sweet, lirit. Fl. (iard. t. 
 1G7. Collet ia Cavanillesii, Spach, Monog. Onagr, 71. 
 
 Near tlie const from Oregon to San Diego; also in (!hili and Peru. 
 
 8. Gr. viminea, 8pach. Like the last: sometimes stout, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
 linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base, an inch or two long : calyx-tube 
 2 to 4 lines long : petals deep purple or purplish, sometimes yellowish at base with 
 a dark spot in the centre, 9 to 15 lines long: capsules smoothish, 8 or 18 lines 
 long, 2-costate on the sides, occasionally shortly pedicellate. — Monog. Onagr. G9. 
 Qynothera viminea, Dcnigl. ; Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 2873; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1220. 
 
 Prom the t'oliiniltia southward to the Sacramento, and in the Sierra Nevada to the Yoscmito 
 Valley. 
 
 G. RoMANZuvii, Sjiacli ((Enothera, Ledehour), is known only from cultivated specimens, origi- 
 nally from seeds collected hy Chamisso on the "Northwest t'oast." It is rather stout, puberu- 
 lent, the ovai-y white with a silky pubescence : leaves oblanceolate, petioled : calyx-tube very 
 short, and tips not free : filaments stout, the alternate anthers nearly sessile ; stigmas included 
 within the calyx-tube : capsule attenuate at each end, sometimes shortly pedicellate, the sides 
 2-costato. 
 
 ■k- ■^r Capsules pedicellate., not costate : stic/ma lobes mostly yellow: calyx-tips not free 
 in the bud, or rarely so in the Jirst species. 
 
 9. Gr. amoena, Lilja. Minutely puberulent, usually slender, a foot or two high: 
 leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate or sometimes lanceolate, entire or nearly so, 
 petiolate, 1 to 3 inches long: calyx-tube obconic, 2 to 4 lines long: petals frequently 
 rather villous (as also the purple anthers), varying from nearly white to rose-color, 
 with more or less of purple, 8 to 15 lines long: filaments rather stout : stigma-lobes 
 linear, 1^ lines long: capsules 1 to 1^ inches long, attemuite to each end : pedicel 
 2 to 6 lines hmg. — Linnsea, xv. 265. Oenothera ama'na, Lehni. Nov. Act. Leop. 
 xiv. 811, t. 45; Kegel, Gartenfl. xiii. t. 443. (E. roseo-alha, Hornera. (E. Lindleyi, 
 
Clarkia. ONAGRACEiE. 231 
 
 Doii^l.; Hook. ]i()l. Mu|?. i. 2S.32 ; Lindl. H-.t. Hog. I. HOf.. CW^^a ruhiauula 
 k a. vhom, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 18r)f) & t. 1880. 
 
 From Vancouver Island and Fraser lliver to Santa Cruz ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Ames. 
 
 10. Gr. BottSB, Spach. Canescently puherulent or nearly glabro>i.s, erect or 
 somewhat decumbent, 1 to 1| feet high: leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate, entire 
 or sparingly toothed, an incli or two long, on slender petioles : calyx-tube short : 
 petals light purple, 6 to 12 lines long: filaments usually slender and stylo elongated: 
 stigma-lobes yellow or purple, a line or two long : capsule attenuate at each end, 
 10 to 15 lines long : pedicel 3 to 9 lines long. — (Enothera Bottoe, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 
 i. 505. 
 
 In the Coast Raiigps, from Monterey to San Diego. 
 
 11. Gr. epilobioides, Watson. Tomentosely pubernlent, erect, 1 to 3 feet 
 high : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, an inch or 
 two long, petioled : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals light purj)le or rose-color, 
 3 to 6 lines long : stigma-lobes short : capsules acuminate, attenuate to a short 
 jmdicel or rarely nearly aessilo, G to 14 lines long. — (Kiinthera fpihhioides, Nutt. ; 
 Torr. ^ <«ray, V\. i. 51 1 ; Wntsoii, Proc;. Am. Acad. viii. 51)'.). 
 
 Frequent in llio foot-hills of tlio Sierra Novaila upon both sides, and ranging from Oregon to 
 Mariposa Cotuity and southward ; San Diego, Nuttall, Thurbcr, Clcvclnnd. 
 
 1 2. O. hispidula, Watson. Hispid with short spreading pubescence, especially 
 above, erect, mostly simple and often 1 -flowered, about a span high : leaves very 
 narrowly linear, an inch or two long : calyx-tubo 2 or 3 lines long : petals purple, 
 6 to 12 lines long: filaments rather slender: style elongated and stigraa-lobes linear: 
 capsules attonnato at top, abruptly contracted at base, 4 to 9 lines long, perhaps 
 costate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. — O'hiothera hiyndn/a, Watson, 1. c. 599. 
 
 Sacramento and Tulare Valleys, Fremont, Prnlten, Rattan. 
 
 13. Gr, biloba, Watson. Minutely puherulent, erect, a span or two high : leaves 
 nearly glabrous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, obscurely den- 
 ticulate, the lower on long slender petioles : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals 
 light purple, cuneate-obovate, more or less deeply 2-lobed, 4 to 9 lines long : cap- 
 sules puherulent, 6 to 9 lines long, attenuate at the apex, abruptly contracted at 
 base into a pedicel alnmt a line in length. — CEnothera hilohn, Durand, PI. Pratten. 
 87 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 In the foot-hilla of the Sierra Nevada from Tuolunuic to Novudii comities. 
 
 9. CLARKIA, Puish. 
 
 Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary, deciduous; the 4-cleft limb reflexed. 
 Petals 4, with claws, lobed or entire, purple or violet. Stamens 8, those opposite 
 to the petals often sterile or rudimentary ; anthers oblong or linear, attached by the 
 base. Ovary 4-cclled : stylo elongated : stigma with 4 broad lobes, sometimes un- 
 equal, at length sjireading. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, erect, some- 
 what 4-angled, 4-celled, and 4-valved to the middle. Seeds numerous, angled or 
 margined. — Annuals, with erect brittle stems and alternate leaves on short slender 
 petioles, the uppermost sessile ; flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal 
 racemes. 
 
 A genus confined to our Pacific coast, some of the species well known in cultivation. 
 
 1. C. pulchella, Pursh. Stem (^ to 2 feet high) and inflorescence pubenilent: 
 leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 3 inches long, nearly glabrous, entire : petals 
 6 to 9 lines long, 3-lobed, attenuate to n long claw wliich lia--^ a spreading tooth on 
 
QQo . ONAGRACE.E. Clarkia. 
 
 each side : perfect stamens witli a linear scale on each side at base, the alternate 
 stamens rudimentary and lililorm : stigma-lobes ciiual, dilated: cai)sule 8 to 12 
 lines long, 8-angled, on a spreading pedicel 2 to 3 lines long: siaul olilitpiely cid)ical, 
 minutely" tnbcrculate, two thinls of a lino long. — Fl. 2G0, t. 11. 
 
 Wiishinjjtou Territory, ()n'},'i>ii and Idalio ; not yet collei:k'(l iu Caliroiniu. ImciiiuiiI in i iilti- 
 viition, ill .lovoral viuiiiiics, and ollon ligiuvil. 
 
 2. C. Xantiana, Clray. .Stem glabrous, about a foot high : leaves lini-ar or 
 narrowly lanceolati'., entire, ashy-puberulent, as also the inllorescence : petals 2dobed 
 with a subulate tooth in the sinus ; the claw short and broail, not hairy iu)r appeu- 
 da<'ed at base : stamens 8, all |)f,rfect, without scales at the base : stigmadobes 
 broadly oval, short : capsule nearly sessile, U lines long. — I'roc. JJost. !Soc. Mat. 
 Hist. vii. llf). 
 
 Near Korl Tcjon, Xdidua. 
 
 3. C. elegans, Dougl. Glabrous or puberulent, J to G feet high, simple or 
 branched : leaves broadly ovate to linear, repandly toothed : ])etals entire, rhom- 
 boidal ; the long slender claw without teeth : anthers all perfect ; lilaments with a 
 densely hairy scale at each side of the broader base : stigmadobes equal : capsule 
 nearly sessile, 6 to 9 lines long, obtusely 4-angled, lather stout and often curved, 
 somewhat villous. — Lindl. Bot. lieg. t. 157f). C. «y((/«/6'«/a/rt, Lindl. Bot. lieg. 
 under t. 1081. riuiosUnna Douglasii, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 74. 
 
 Valleys and hillsides, I'roni Mendocino Co. to Los Angeles and the loot-hills of the Sierra 
 Nevada. Common in cultivation. 
 
 4. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 1 or 2 feet high : 
 leaves oblongdanceolate to -ovate, 2 inches long, the upper narrower, all on slender 
 petioles, entire : petals entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw which is often 
 broadly toothed: anthers all perfect; lilaments with hairy scales at the base: stigma- 
 lobes short: capsules 8 to 12 lines long, 4-angled, nearly glabrous, on pedicels about 
 a line long. — Hook. Fl. i. 214; Lindl. IJot. Reg. t. 1981. C. gauroides, Don iu 
 Swoct, Ih-it. Fl. Card. 2 sia-. t. 379. Oj>sianthes gaurouhs, Lilja, Linniea, xv. 20 1. 
 
 or widi'r range than the preceding, hnt not IVenin'nt. San Wwgo {Chwchind) \ in tlio Sierra 
 Nevada nortliward to Washington Territory, and iu liio mountains eastward through Nevada to 
 the Wahsateh. 
 
 10. EUCHARIDIUM, Fischer & Meyer. 
 
 Calyx-tube linear-elongated above tlie ovary. Stamens 4, oi)posite to the sepals, 
 not appendaged at base. Otherwise as Clarkia, to which it should probably be 
 referred. — Only the following species. 
 
 1. E. concinnum, Fisch. & Mey. Glabrous or puberulent, closely resembling 
 Clarkia rliomboidea in habit and foliage : calyx-tube nearly liliform, an iiu;h long : 
 petals Sdobed, without teeth ujHjn the claw, G to 9 liiuis long : lilaments iiliform : 
 .stigma-lobes unecpial : capsules 8 to 12 lines long, sessile: seeds imbricated, papil- 
 lose, concave and margined on the upper side. — Ind. Sem. Petr. ii. 11; Lindl. 
 Bot. Reg. t. 1902 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3589. E. grandiflorum, Fisch. &l ]\Iey. 1. c. 
 vii. 40 ; C. A. Meyer, Sert. Petr. t. 13. 
 
 In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara to Mendocino County, and esi>ecially about the Bay 
 of San Francisco. 
 
 2. E. Breweri, Gray. A foot high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, an inch long 
 or more, attenuate to a short petiole : calyx-tube 12 to 18 lines long : petals large, 
 cuneate-obcordate, with a narrow subulate lobe in the (h-ep sinus : lilaments clavat(! : 
 stigmadobes linear: cajjsido stout, sessile, 15 to 18 lim^s long. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vi. 532. 
 
 On tiio dry summit of Mount Oso, Stanislaus Co., IJrcivcr. 
 
Gaura. ONAGRACE^. 
 
 233 
 
 11. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. 
 Calyx-tube funnclform above the ovary, deciduous; the lobes erect. Petals 4, 
 obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, tliose opposite to 
 the petals shorter ; lilaments very slender, naked at base ; antliers all perfect, ob- 
 long, attached near their base. Ovary 4-celled, several-ovuled : style filiform : 
 stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate. Capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to 
 linear, iioavly toroto, acute, aossilc, dehiscent to the base. Seeds ascending, few 
 (3 to 8) in one row in each cell, ovatc-ohlong, somewhat angled, smooth. — Erect 
 leafy annuals; leaves alternate, scssih^ simple; flowers small, in leafy simple or 
 compound spikes. — Oenothera § Boisduvalia, Torr. Si Gray, Fl. i. 505 ; Watson, 
 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. GOO. 
 
 A smaU genus confined to Western America, there being two Chilian species in addition to the 
 following. 
 
 1. B. densiflora, Watson. Canescently pubescent and more or less villous, 
 often stout, | to 2 feet high : leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 mostly denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long ; tlie floral leaves usually much shorter and 
 broader : flowers in a usually close terminal spike or numerous short lateral spike- 
 lets : calyx 1 ^ to 3 lines long, about half the length of tlie petals : capsules ovate- 
 oblong, smooth or slightly villous, 2 to 4 lines long; cells 3-G-seeded, the parti- 
 tions wholly separating from the valves and adherent to tlie placenta : seeds nearly 
 or quite a line long. — OCnothera densifora, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1593. Boisduvalia 
 Dovglasii, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 80, t. 31, fig. 2. 
 
 From Washington Territory to Monterey {Nnttall), near Fort Tejon (Rothrock), aTid in the 
 foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to Tuolumne County : near Carson City, Anderson. Very 
 variable. 
 
 2. B. Torreyi, Watson. Villous tliroughout with short stifTish spreading hairs, 
 rather slender, a span or two high : leaves linear to lanceolate, usually narrow at 
 ])ase, entire or somewhat denticulate, 4 to 9 lines long ; the floral leaves similar 
 and scarcely smaller: flowers in a loose simple spike, very small (a line or two 
 hmg), purplish : capsules linear, acuminate, 4 to G lines long; cells G-8-seeded, 
 the partitions adiieront to the valves : hcwIs more ovate and smaHer, half a lino 
 long or less. — (^nnopht/lmn stn'dim, CJray, Pi'oc. Am. Acad. vii. 340. (JCnothera 
 Torre j/i, Watson, 1. c, 
 
 Oregon (RaU) and southward in the Coast Ranges ; New Ahnaden, Tmrcy. 
 
 3. B. glabella, Walpers. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, a foot high : 
 leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, a half to m\ inch long ; the floral 
 bracts scarcely smaller : flowers in a simple sjiike, shorter than the leaves : petals 
 deep purple, less than a line long : capsules ovato-o])long, 2 to 4 lines long ; parti- 
 tions adherent to the valves : seeds 4 to G in each cell, linear-lanceolate, a lino long. 
 — (Enothera glabella, Nutt. ; Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 505. 
 
 Valley of the Columbia {Nuttall, Hall) ; Truckee and Carson River valleys, Nevada, BaiUy, 
 Watson. 
 
 12. GAURA, Linn. 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary ; the 4-parted limb 
 deciduous. Petals 4, with claws. Stamens 8, nearly equal ; fdaments furnished 
 with a Hcalo-likn iippendage on tlio itiside next tlm basc^ ; authors oval, vcirHatilo. 
 Ovary 4-celled : ovules 1 to 2 in each cell, pendulous : stylo filiform, hairy bo- 
 low : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by an obseun^ ring or imlusium. Kriiil. init-liko, 
 indchiscent or splitting at the apex, obtusely 4-nngled ami ridged ujum the sides. — 
 
284 
 
 ONAGRACE.E. Oaura. 
 
 llorbs, with mostly sessilo altonmlo leaves ; llowoi-s in spikes or lacenies, white or 
 ruso-colored, turning to reil. 
 
 A gcmis (if uhout 2i> Mpeciis, Imlongiiig chiclly to tlio wiuiiior portions of N. Aiiiorica ciist of tlio 
 Rocky ilountuiiis, exteiuling into Mexico. 
 
 1. G. parviflora, Dougl. Auuuul, usually with a dense solt spreading pubes- 
 cence, erect, 1 to 5 I'eet high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, repand-denticulate : liowcrs 
 very small, in ratiier dense strict spikes : petals si)atulate-ol)long, scarcely ungnicu- 
 late, shorter than the calyx-lobes : t'luit 3 to 4 lines long, obscurely 4-angled at the 
 summit, 4-norved, about 2-secded, iudehiscent. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 519; Bot. 
 Mag. t. 350G ; Watson, Lot. King Exp. 113. Schizocarya micrantha, Si)ach, 
 Monog. Onagr. 02. 
 
 Fort Moliuve {Cooper) ; Oregon (Douglas, Ila/l); Salt Lake {IFalsou) ; more common ea.stward 
 from Colonulo to New Mexico and Texas. 
 
 13. HETEROGAUBA, Rothrock. 
 
 Calyx-tube with a short obcouic prolongation above the small ovary ; limb 4-cleft, 
 spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, entire, with claws. Stamens 8 ; hlaments naked ; 
 anthers ovato-conlate, attache*! by tlni base and not versatih) ; those opposite to the 
 petals on shorter lilamunts, lanceolate, acute, sterile. Ovary 4 celled, Avith a solitary 
 poMtluloua ovule in tiach cull: wtylu long: stigma discoid, entire. Kruit nutlikc, 
 indehiscont, obovoid, 2-4-celled, I-2-seeded. — Kothrock, Proc, Am. Acad. vi. 354. 
 
 A single species : a Clarkia in every respect but the fruit and stigma. 
 1. H. Californica, liothr. 1. c Smooth or sparingly puberulent, 1 to 1| feet 
 high : leaves lanceolate, entire, 1 or 2 inches long, tapering to a slender petiole : 
 petals purple, narrowly spatulate, 2 lines long : anthers very small : fruit 2 lines 
 long, obovate, 4 angled, 1^ lines long, smooth, on a short spreading pedicel. — 
 Gaura heterantha, Toirey, Pacif. K. liep. iv. 87. 
 
 In the mountains from Fort Tejon to Placer Co. 
 
 14. CIRC^A, Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 
 Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above; the ovoid ovary, the base nearly Idled by 
 a cup-shaped disk ; the limb 2-parted, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 
 2, alternate with the petals; anthers small, nearly round. Ovary 1 - 2-celled : 
 ovule solitary in eacli cell, ascending. Fruit indtdiiscent, pear-shaped, coviuvd with 
 liookeil bristles. — Low slender erect perennial herbs; leaves thin, opposite, petio- 
 late ; flowers small, white, in termiiuil and lateral racemes ; fruit on slender spread- 
 ing or deflexed pedicels. 
 
 A genus of 3 or 4 species, inhabiting cool damp woods throughout the northern portion of the 
 hemisphere. 
 
 1. C. Pacifica, Aschorson I't Magnus. Mostly glabrous: stem usually simple, 
 I to 1 foot higli, from a jxirennial slender running rootstock : leaves ovate, mundod 
 or cordate at base, somewhat acuminate, repandly denticulate, 1 to 2.J inches long; 
 the slender petioles about as long: racemes without bracts: flowers half a line long: 
 calyx white, with a very short tube: fruit a line long, rather loosely covered with 
 soft hairs curved above, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — liot. Zeit. xxix. 392. V. alpina, var. 
 intermedia, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113. 
 
 In the mountains from Washington Territory to the Yosemite Valley, and eastward to Colorado 
 and the Saskatchewan. Distinguished from C. alpina by its less toothed leaves, and more clearly 
 from C. Lutcliarm by its smaller less ncuminate leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller less bristly 
 1-celled fruit. 
 
Menize.Ua. LOASACE/E. 235 
 
 Orpeii XL. LOASACEiE. 
 
 Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rongh-harbcd liairs, no 
 stipules, calyx-tube adnate to a 1 -celled ovary, parietal placent.T., or sometimes a 
 solitary suspended ovule, a single style, and anatropous seeds with a straight em- 
 bryo, mostly with little or no albumen. Stamens usually very numerous, rarely 
 few and definite, some of the outer occasionally petaloid or intermediate between 
 stamens and petals. Flowers i)erfect, often showy. 
 
 An Amcriran order (with one African exception), of nl)out 100 species, many in orniuncntal 
 cultivation, esi)c(;iany species of Loana and lilumenhachia of S. America (wliioh twine and sting), 
 and of our first two genera. Of no other economical importance. 
 
 1. Mentzella. Stamens many, inserted below tlic petals. Style 3-clcft at the apex. Seeds 
 
 few to many, on 3 parietal pla(;cntic. 
 
 2. Eucnide. Stamens many, adnate to the united bases of the petals and deciduous with them 
 
 in a ling. Style 5-cleft. Seeds minute, very numerous, covering 5 expanded placenta;. 
 
 3. Petalonyx. Stamens 5. Style entire. Seed solitary. 
 
 1. MENTZELIA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx-tube cylindrical to ovoid or turbinate ; tlie limb 5dobed, persistent. Petals 
 
 5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx 
 
 and not adnate to them : hlaments free or in clusters opposite the petals, hliform, 
 
 or the outer more or less dilated or sometimes petaloid and barren. Ovary truncate 
 
 at the summit, 1-cellod : stylo 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules pendulous or 
 
 horizontal, few to many in onn or two rows on the {\\\v{\ linear parietal piacentu'. 
 
 Capsule short-oblong to cylindrical, few -many-seeded, ojiening by valves or usually 
 
 irregularly at the truncate apex. Seeds flat or angled. — Annual or biennial herbs, 
 
 erect, more or less rough with rigid tenacious barbed hairs, the stems becoming 
 
 white and shining ; leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers . 
 
 cyniose or solitary, sessile or nearly so, orange, golden yellow, yellowish, or white. 
 
 About 30 species, nearly all confined to western North and South America ; forming several well- 
 marked subgenera. Confined, like the other genera, to dry hillsides and valleys. 
 
 § I. Seeds few, pendnlom, ohlonp (1 to 2 lines lovp), someirkat fnftened, not winged, 
 minutely jlexunns-striate lo7i(/itndinallt/ : petals .'i, vo( large : filaments all 
 filiform: leaves pelioled, serrately toothed. — Eumentzelia. 
 
 M. ASPFRA, Linn. Annual, slender : leaves hastately 3-lobed, on slender ]-ietioles : flowers 
 axillary, sessile : petals about 3 lines long, but little exceciling the calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly 
 linear-clavate, an inch long. — A tropical species reaching to Lower California (Xanlus), Sonora 
 (Thurber), and Arizona (Eothrock), and to be looked for in Southeastern California. This is the 
 only species of true Menzelia that approaches the borders of the State. 
 
 § 2. Seeds pnidnlotis, fem to rather inani/, small, in 1 to .3 7-au's, irregnlarli/ angled 
 or sometvhat cuhical, not ininged, opaque, miuntelg fidirrrnlafe : Jjourrs vi ter- 
 minal cymes, mostly small: calyxlimh ly-jiarfed : petals ,") : filaments all fili- 
 form or the 5 outer more or less dilated : capsule linear : leaves sessile, fiat, 
 sinnately toothed or pinnatifid: animals. — TuAOUvrnvruM, 'iorr. Sc Gray. 
 ( Trachyphyt um, Nutt. ) 
 1. M. albicauliS, Dougl. Slender, \ to 1 foot high or more: leaves linear- 
 lancoolato, piiniatilid with numerous narrow lobes, \\w upper leaves broader and 
 often lobed or toothed at base only : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of 
 the branches: calyx-lobes 1^ to 2 lines long, a little shorter than the spatulatc or 
 obovate petals : filaments not dilated : capsule linear-clavate. fi tn 9 lines long : 
 seeds numerous, rather strongly tuberculate, irregularly angled with oVitnse margins. 
 
236 
 
 LOASACE.'^:. Menlzelia. 
 
 less than half a line long. — Torr. <^ Gray, Fl. i. 534; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 
 113, excl. vars. M. Veatchiana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. Di), lig. 28. 
 
 Dry valleys aiul foot-hills in early spring. Southetistorn California (Fort Tojon, Xanlus ; Mo- 
 havo Cruck, liiijclow, Cdn/iir), and on tin- I'astisrii side of the Sierra Nevada to Oregon ; also oast- 
 ward to ('ol(tnid() ami New Ali'xi('o. The liihereulato seeiU distinguish it from the next two. 
 
 2. M. dispersa, W'uL.sou. Very siinilai' to tlio last, hut tho Icave-s ainuato- 
 touthed, soiiiutimos entire, rarely piiinatilid, the uppermost often ovate : calyx-lohes 
 a line long: capsule narrnwly linear-clavate: seeds very often in a single row, some- 
 what cubical, more ov h'ss grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth. — I'roc. 
 Am. Acad. xi. 137. J/. albicauUs, var. intei/ri/olia, Watson, liot. King Exp. 114. 
 
 Washington Territory and Oregon to Colorado ; Yosemite Valley {BolaiuUr) ; Gnadalupo 
 Island, rainier. Aii|)arently eonlined to rather higher altitudes than tiie last. 
 
 3. M. micrantha, I'orr. ^ (J ray. Leafy, branched, 1 to 2^ feet iiigh : leaves 
 ovate, an incii long or less, somewhat sinuately toothed : flowers clustered, shorter 
 than the broad floral leaves : calyx-lobes a line long ; the ovate petals a half longer : 
 outer lilaments more or less dilatiul : capsule broadly linear, 3 to 5 lines long: seeils 
 few, irregularly angled, a line long, very nearly smooth. — Fl. i. 535. Bartonia 
 micrantha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 343, t. 85. 
 
 Rarely collected. California (Z)oit(/te, Wallace); Clear Lake ( yu/Te//) ; Ojai, Peck/uim. Dis- 
 tinguished from the last by its foliage and habit, and especially by its shorter broader and few- 
 seeded capsules and larger secils. 
 
 4. M. COngesta, Torr. & (!ray. Habit and foliage of M. alhicaulis ; a foot 
 high : flowers clustered at the ends of tlie branches, conspicuously bracted with 
 broad toothed bracts, Avhich are membranaceous at base: calyx-lobes 1^ to 2 lines 
 long : petals bright orange, 3 to G lines long : lilaments all filiform : capsule clavate, 
 half an incli long : seiids irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, nearly a lino 
 long. — V\, i. 534 ; Watson, Hot. King Kxp. 114. 
 
 A rare specic^s, on dry hillsides. Interior of Oregon {Nuttall) ; Sierra County {Lcinmvn) ; 
 near Austin, Nevaihi, ll'til.soii,. 
 
 5. M. gracilenta, 'I'orr. it (Iray. Stems often simple, 1 to H feet high : leaves 
 narrowly lancecdati'., pinnatilid with many narrow lobes or sometimes only coarsely 
 sinuate-toothed : flowers usually clustered at the summit : calyx-lobes 2 to 5 lines 
 long : petals obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or acutish at the apex, 4 to 8 lines 
 long : capsule linear-clavate, ^ to 1 inch long : seeds in 3 rows, irregularly angled, 
 very minutely tuberculate, two thirds of a line long. — Fl. i. 534. M. albicauUs, 
 var. (jracilenta, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. 
 
 From Los Angeles northward to the Sacramento ; also in Northwestern Nevada, Watson. Pos- 
 sibly a small form of the next species. 
 
 ■ G. M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, branched : leaves 
 ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, pectinately pinnatilid or only 
 coarsely sinuate-toothed : flowers axillary and terminal : calyx-lobes 5 to D lines 
 long, lanceolate : petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long : filaments all 
 very slender: capsule linear-clavate, 12 to 15 lines long: seeds as in the last. — 
 Fl. i. 533. Bartonia aurea, Lindl. Bot. Ileg. t. 3649 ; etc. 
 
 Ikrely collected ; fust found by Jhuijlas, ]irobably in Central California, and introduced into 
 Hritish gardens, ami al'terwanl by liriilijfH ; Corral Hollow, Brewer. It is also reported as found 
 by Jiiijeioto on gravelly iiills near the Colorailo Kiver, but this locality is somewhat uncertain. 
 
 § 3. Seeds numerotis in double rows upon tlte 3 broad placentce, horizontal, Jlatfened, 
 suborbicular-winf/ed, minutely tuberculate or nearli/ smooth : Jlowers often 
 large and shou'ij : cali/x-limb 5-cle/l nearli/ to the base: pet(ds 5 or 10: 
 filaments numerous, the outer often more or less dilated or petidoid : capsule 
 broad, oblong : leaves sessile (or petioled in No. 8), sinuately toothed or pia- 
 natifid: biennials. — Bartonia, Torr. & Gray. {Bartonia, Mutt.) 
 
Eucnide. LOASACEJO. 
 
 237 
 
 7. M. laBVicanlis, Torr. ^ Gray. Stout, 2 or 3 foot lii<,'li, branching; : loaves 
 latiooolato, 2 to 8 inches long : llowors seasili* on short branchos, very largo, light 
 yellow, opening iu sunshine: calyx-tube naked, tho lobes I to 1| inches long: 
 petals acute at each end, 2 to 2\ inches long, the lilanionts and slender style a little 
 shorter: capsule 1^ inches long, 3 to 4 lines in diameter: seeds very minutely 
 tuberculate, \\ lines in diameter. — Fh i. 535; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. 
 Bartonia Icevicaulis, Dough; Hook. Fl. i. 221, t. G9. 
 
 From Santa Barbara ( rorrcy) to tlie Columbia River, and more frequent east of the Sierra 
 Nevada, in the valleys and on dry foot-hills, to Salt Lake and Western Wyoming. Other si)e- 
 cies of this section are common iu Colorado and New Mexico. 
 
 8. M. tricuspis, Gray. Apparently anniial, inches high or more, rather stout : 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, coarsely sinuate- 
 toothed, attenuate at base to a petiole, the upper ovate and sessile : flowers sessile 
 on the short branches : calyx-limb half an inch long : petals broadly spatulate, 
 light yellow, 12 to 15 lines long : filaments very numerous, shorter than the calyx, 
 linear, somewhat dilated above and marked by a transverse orange band, and pro- 
 longed into two lateral linear cusps nearly equalling tho oblong-linear anther : style 
 stout and rigid, 3-cloft, equalling the stamens : capsule half an inch long. — Am. 
 Naturalist, ix. 271. 
 
 Only two specimens have been oollectod, one at Fort Mnliavo {Cnopr.r), tlin other in S. Utah, 
 Parry. Tlie mature fruit and seed are unknown, and tlie species is probably to bo excluded from 
 this section. 
 
 § 4. Seeds few, oblong, pointed at base, obscurely angled, smooth ami shining, some- 
 what rugose: calyx-limb f^-cle/t to below the middle: petals 5 : Jilaments all 
 filiform: capsule nrcenlafe : leaves sessile, coarsely ]>innatifid, with revolute 
 margins : a cespitose perennial, very densely and tenaciously hispid. 
 
 9. M. Torre3ri, Gray. Stems several from a perennial root, much branched 
 and densely tufted, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves oblong, an inch long, acuminate, 
 attenuate at base, deeply jnnnatifid with about 2 (1 to 3) lobes on each side, which 
 are acujuinate by the strong revolution of the margin : flowers solitary, axillary, 
 shorter than tho leaves : calyx-limb 3 lines long : ])etal.s oblanceolate, 5 lines long, 
 pubescent on the outside : style cleft to the middle, not twisted : capsule ovate, con- 
 tracted below tho broad summit, 2^ linos long: seeds a lino long. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 72. 
 
 A very peculiar species, collected by Dr. Tormj iu tho dry valleys of Humboldt County, 
 Nevada, and also by Lemmon iu similar localities in Washoo County. 
 
 2. EUCNIDE, Zuccarini. 
 Calyx-tube oblong ; the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, \inited at base and 
 inserted on the throat of tho calyx. Stamens numerous ; fdaments all filiform, 
 adnato to tho base of tlio petals and dociduoua witli tliom in a ring. Ovary short- 
 conical at tho summit, l-cellod : stylo 5-angle(1, fi-oloft, tho loboa often twisted : 
 ovules very numerous, covering tho 5 prominent expanded i)laccnta\ Capsule 
 obovate, very many-seeded, opening by 5 valves at tho short-conical summit. Seeds 
 minute, longitudinally striate. — Annual or biennial herbs, armed with stinging 
 hairs and barbed pubescence ; leaves alternate, cordate or ovate, pctioled, lobed and 
 serratcly toothed ; flowers yellow, j)edicellcd, in terminal cymes. 
 
 A genus of three species (or more), confined to Northern Mexico and the adjacent region ; made 
 a section of Mentzdia by Bentham & Hooker. 
 
 1. E. urens, Parry. Stout, low, very hairy and pubosrent : leaves broadly 
 ovate, 1 or 2 inches long, cordate or rounded at base, obscurely lobed, coarsely 
 
9Qg CUCUKBITACE.'K. Pdalonijx. 
 
 toothed, the upper sessile, the lower on i-uther short petioles : tlowers large, on 
 pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, in terminal bracteate cymes : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 6 to 
 10 lines long; petals twice longer, broadly spatulate, abrupUy acuminate, haiiy at 
 the apex, united at base into a tube 3 lines long : liUuuents equalling the calyx- 
 lobes ; style slout, cleil to the miildlo : cai)sule broadly obovoid, half an inch long, 
 oijcning by 5 erect valves as in the other species; the seinls also exceedingly numer 
 uus, linear-oblong, about a lifth of a line long, marked by a few longitudinal striiu. 
 — Am. Naturalist, ix. 1-14. MentztUa urens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71, Am. 
 Naturalist, ix. 271. 
 
 Collected by Bu/dow in rocky urroyos near tlie conlluenco of the Williams River with the Colo- 
 imlo, and eastward to tSouthern Utah, Parnj. 
 
 3. PETALONYX, (Jiay. 
 
 Calyx-tube very small, cylindrical, with 5 linear deciduous lobes as long as the 
 ovary. Petals 5, with long connivent claws and ovate-spatulate blade. Stamens 5, 
 with free filiform filaments, inserted with the petals on the outer edge of an epigy- 
 nous disk ; anthers small, didymous. Ovary 1-celled : style simple, elongated : 
 stigma entire : ovule solitary, pendulous from the sunnnit of the cell. Cajjsule very 
 small, oblong, bursting irregularly. Seed oblong, smooth. — Erect perennial herbs, 
 or shrubby at base, pubescent or rough with short barbed hairs; leaves alternate, 
 entire or toothed; flowers small, yellowish, in terminal heads or short leafy spikes. 
 Three species, of Arizona an<l the ailjacent region. 
 
 1. P. Thurberi, Gray. Stems 1 to 2 feet high from a somewhat woody base, 
 branching: leaves ovate to oblong, an inch long or less, smaller and becoming bract- 
 like (2 to 3 lines long) on the branches, sessile, acute, entire or rarely few-tootlied ; 
 the floral bracts ovate, acuminate, toothed at base : flowers in short and dense 
 spikes, sessile: cidyx 2 lines long: petals light yellow, 2 lines long or more, slightly 
 hisi»id : lilamonts and style half an inch long: capsule a lino long, not angled or 
 winged. — PI. Thurb. 311) ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 22. 
 
 San Diego and San Bernardino counties, and adjacent parts of Arizona to S. Nevada, Thur- 
 ber, Cooper, Scholt, Palmer, kc. 
 
 P. NiTinus, Watson, is found in S. Nevada and jjrobably extends into S. E. California ; dis- 
 tinguished by its ovnto poliolcd coarsely toothed leaves, rounded at base, not greatly reduced on 
 the brandies, anil with a somewhat vitreous and shining surface. 
 
 P. Pakuyi, Gray, is a more eastern species, of S. Utah, decidedly shrubby, the leaves rhoui- 
 l>oidal-ovate, cuneate into a short petiole, scarcely smaller above. 
 
 OiiDEii XLI. CUCURBITACE^. 
 
 Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and climbing, rather succulent, with alternate and 
 palmately veined or lobed leaves, no j^roper stipules ; the flowers monoecious or dioi- 
 cious, with petals more commonly united into a cup or tube and also blended with 
 the calyx. Sterile flowers with 2h stamens, that is, two complete, with 2-cclled 
 anthers, and one with a 1-celled anther; the cells usually long and contorted. Fer- 
 tile flowers with calyx-tube adnate to a 1-celled or 2 - 3-celled ovary ; the i)lacentai 
 either parietal, or confluent in or projecting from the axis. Seeds anatropous, with- 
 out albumen. 
 
 A peculiar but familiar family, of great divei-sity as to tlie fruit, kc, yet easy to recognize, 
 widely distributed over the world, but maiidy indigenous to warm regions. Cliiefly inipoi tant 
 for the esculent fruits it produces (Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Squash, &c.), and 
 
Cucurhita. CUCURBTTACEyE. 239 
 
 for tlio hnrd-riiKJnd Ooiircl, used for vessels, l^ut tho flosliy fniits of several nro arid and jjur^ativc 
 (as in Klalcrinm and Colocynth, vahiahlo in medicine), and so arc Mio roots of all the perennial 
 sjiecies. Tho Mcgarrhiza-roots of r'alifornia in this rcsucct, as in size, are like those of l5ryony in 
 Rurope. 
 
 * Seeds flattened : cotyledons thin, rising out of the giound and foliaceous in gennination : fruit 
 fleshy : united calyx ajid corolla tubular-campanulate. 
 
 1. Cucurbita. Flowers all solitary, large, yellow. Filaments distinct, but the flexuous anthers 
 
 confluent. 
 
 2. Mislothria. Sterile flowers racemose, small, Yellowish. Filaments and antliere distinct ; the 
 
 cells of tho latter .straight, lieriy small and juicy. 
 
 ♦ * Seeds large, turgid : cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. 
 
 3. Megarrhiza. Flowers small, white ; the sterile racemo.se. Corolla rotate. Fruit becoming 
 
 dry and fibrous, few-seeded. 
 
 1. CUCURBITA, Linn. 
 Flowers monoecious, solitary. Calyx-tube cnunmuulato ; lobes 5. Corolla cam- 
 panuiato, 5-clcft to the middlo or lower ; lobes recurved. Sterile llowers with the 
 staraeus at the base: filaments free; anthers linear, conlluont, lloxuous. Fertile 
 flowers with 3 rudimentary stamens : ovary oblong, with 3 placentas and numerous 
 horizontal ovules : style short : stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, often 
 with a hard rind. Seed ovate or oblong, flattened. — Annual or perennial, mostly 
 prostrate and rooting at the joints ; leaves cordate, lobed ; tendrils compound ; 
 flowers large, yellow ; fruit often large. 
 
 A genus of half a dozen or more species, from some of which have come by cultivation all the 
 many different varieties of Pumpkin and Squash. 
 
 1. C. perennis, Gray. Root perennial, very large and fusiform: stems long, 
 trailing : leaves thick and scabrous, slightly tomentose beneath, triangular-cordate, 
 6 to 12 inches long, 4 to 8 wide, acute, the basal lobes rounded or angled, usually 
 raucronately denticulate, rarely sinuate ; petioles shorter than the leaves : tendrils 
 3-5-cleft : flowers violet-scented, 3 or 4 inches long, with obtuse mucronate lobes : 
 calyx-tube half an inch long, equalling the linear lobes : ovary pubescent : fruit 
 globose or obovoid, 2 or 3 inchos in dianioler, smootli, yellow, on u slender i)edicol 
 an inch or two long; shell lillod with bitter llbrous pulp : seed thin, obovato, 4 or 
 5 lines long, obtusely margined. — PI, Lindh. 193. Cucumis (1) perennis, ^i\\\\QB; 
 Terr. & Gray, Fl. i. 543. 
 
 Temescal {Brewer), San Diego (Cfrvchmd, Palmer), and through Arizona and Northern Mexico 
 to Texiis. The root sometimes descends 4 to 6 feet in the ground, with a circumference nearly 
 as great. In Southern California the plant is known as Ciiili Cojote and Calnba~iVa, and the 
 pulp of the green fruit is Ti.sed with soap in washing and to remove stains from clothing. The 
 macerated root is also used a.s a remedy for piles, and the seeds are eaten by the Indians. 
 
 2. C. digitata. Gray. Eoot perennial, fleshy: stems .'jlender, elongated, usually 
 prostrate and rooting: tendrils short and delicate, 3-5-cleft: leaves scabrous, pal- 
 mately 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 4 inchos long, entire or 
 soniewhat sinuate-toothed, or the lower lobed at ba.se, about equalling the petioles : 
 flowers 2 or 3 inches long, acutely lobed, on slender pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : 
 calyx-tube ^ to 1 inch long, the narrow teeth only a line or two long : fruit subglo- 
 bose, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, yellow, long-pedicelled : seeds thin, oval. — PI. 
 Wriglit. ii. GO. 
 
 Lower Colorado Valley to Now Mexico; authentic specimens liave not been collected within 
 the limits of the State. 
 
 3. C. palmata, Watson. Canescent wiUi short rough pubescence, apjires-^ed on 
 the leaves : stems leafy : leaves thick, cordate in outline, 2 or 3 inches broad, pal- 
 
240 
 
 CUCURBITACE^. Cucurbita. 
 
 inately 5-cloft to the middle with lanceolate acumiiuto lobes, whicli are oltcu ob- 
 tusely tootluul near the base, usually exceeding the petioles : llowers 3 inclirs long, 
 on stout i)edicels, lobes acutish : ealyx-tube an inch long, the teeth broailer and 
 three lines long or more: iVuit globt)se : seeds 5 lines long. — Troc. Am. Acad. xi. 
 137. 
 
 Sail Diego t'ouiity ; I'ujoii Vuiloy (JJlcocland) ; Liiiken's Slutiou, near tliu Jacuiiiba Aloiuitains, 
 Palmer. 
 
 4. C. Californica, Torrey iu herb. Canescent with a short white rigid pubes- 
 cence : leaves tliick, S-lubed, two inches broad, the triangular lobes acute or acumi- 
 nate, mucronate : tendrils slender, parted to the base : flowers an inch long or more, 
 on pedicels ^ to 1 inch long; calyx 4 or 5 lines long, the linear teeth 2 lines long. 
 — Watsi>n, r. c. 1 38. 
 
 Imperfect specimens of this eviileiitly distinct species were collected by Dr. Pickerimj on the 
 Wilkes Exploring Expedition, in Sacramento Valley, and what is apparently the same was also 
 found by Emory on Cariso Creek iu the southern part of the State. 
 
 2. MELOTHRIA, Linn. 
 
 Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in axillary racemes ; the fertile solitary. Calyx 
 campanulate, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted into oblong or linear-oblong seg- 
 ments. Sterile llowers with the stamens on the calyx-tube : lilaments short, free ; 
 anthers Tree, short and ovoid, rarely all 2-celled ; the cells straight and connective 
 usually produced. Pistillate flower on a long and slender pedicel, with 3 abortive 
 or rarely perfect stamens : ovary ovoid, constricted below the flower, with 3 pla- 
 centas and numerous horizontal ovules : style short, on an annular disk : stigmas 
 2-lobed. Fruit snmll, baccate, juicy. Seed ovate, flattened. — Slender herbs, with 
 simple tendrils, and small yellow or white flowers. 
 
 About 30 species, in the warmer regions of the world. 
 
 1. M. pendula, Linn. Stems very slender, climbing : leaves rather thin, cor- 
 date, an inch or two broad, repand-toothed, or acutely 5-angled or lobed, scabrous 
 or nearly smooth : sterile flowers few, in small racemes, '2 lines long, yellowish ; 
 calyx-teeth minute : fertile flowers on iiliforni ])edicels at length as long as the 
 leaves: ovary oblong: fruit subglobose, half an inch long, blackish when ripe: seed 
 numerous, \\ lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. [)-ll. 
 
 From the soutliern Atlantic Stales westward across the continent. In Southeastern Calilornia, 
 on tlio Colorado Uivcr, Iliijduw. 
 
 3. MEGARRHIZA, Torrey. Big-Root. 
 Flowers monoecious ; tlie sterile racemose or panicled ; the fertile solitary, from 
 the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate : teeth obsolete or very small. 
 Corolla rotate, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, with oblong ]Kii)illoso segments. Sterile flowers 
 Avlth the stamens at the base : lilaments short and coniuite : anthers free oi- somewhat 
 adherent; the cells somewhat horizontal, llexuous. Pistillate flowers pedicclled : 
 abortive stamens i)resent or none : ovary oblong to globose, usually more or less 
 echinate, 2-celled or more : cells 1 - several-ovuled : ovides ascending, horizontal, uv 
 pendulous, the attachment mostly parietal : style short : stigma 2- 3-lobed or parted. 
 Fruit mostly echinate, more or less iibrous within, bcconting dry, at length bursting 
 irregularly'* Seed large, turgid, ovoid or subglobose, smooth, not margined; hiluiu 
 linear, acute : cotyledons thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Stems 
 
:\!pgarrhiza. CUCURHITACE^. 241 
 
 olongiited <'uid climbing, from largo fusiform perennial roots ; leaves cordate, pal- 
 
 mately 5 - 7-lobcd or angled ; tendrils 2-5-cleft; llowers small, white. Fhnvering 
 
 in early spring. ■ — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 138. 
 
 A genus confined to the Pacific Coast, the species not well known, nearly allied to the Echiiw- 
 cystis of the Atlantic St.ates, to which it has liecn referred, but from which it is separated by its 
 thick perennial roots, its large turgid iinuiarginate seeds, and its tliick fleshy cotyledons, which 
 remain under ground in germination. The fiiiit in some species ai)pears to be wholly indidiiscent. 
 
 1. M. Californica, Torr. Nearly glabrous, with short scattered curved haii-s : 
 stem 20 to .'50 feet long : leaves 2 to G inches broad, with a deep closed sinus, more 
 or loss deeply 5-7-lobwl, but rarely to the middle ; lobes broad-triangular, abruptly 
 acute, mncronate, the sinuses obtuse: sterile llowc^ra (5 to 20) in slender racemes 3 to 
 5 inches long, somewhat pubescent, on slender i)edicels a lino or two long ; corolla 
 3 or 4 lines broad : fertile flowers 5 or G lines broad, without abortive stamens : 
 ovary globose, densely echinato, 2- (rarely 3-4)- celled, the cells 1-2-ovuled ; lower 
 ovule ascending, the upper horizontal, attached to the outer side of the cell : fruit 
 globose or ovoid, 2 inches long, densely covered with stout almost pungent spines 
 {\ to 1 inch long), 1 - 4-seeded : seed obovoid, 10 lines long, G in diameter, sur- 
 rounded by a shallow groove or darker lino, the hilum at the narrow base. — Pacif. 
 P. Pep. vi. 74. Echinocystis fabacea, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xii, 154, t. 9, 
 and xvi. 188. 
 
 Near the coast from San Diego to Punta de los Reyes. A specimen from Knight's Ferry on the 
 Stanislaus (Biyelow) has the ripe fruit much less strongly armed. Specimens from Cocoimmgo 
 (Biffcloin) may also belong here, though having the leaves more deeply divided with narrower 
 lobes, and the 4-celled fruit with 4 or 5 seeds in each cell. 
 
 2. M. Marah, Watson, 1. c. Scabrous or nearly smooth : stems 10 to 30 foot 
 long : leaves cordate or reniform, 3 to G inches broad, lobed nearly as in the last : 
 sterile flowers a half to an inch l)road, in simple or panicled k)osoly flowered 
 racemes, 4 to 12 inches long; pedicels slender, 2 to G lines long: fertile flowers 
 with abortive stamens : ovary oblong-ovate, more or less covered with .soft spines, 
 2 - 3-cellod ; ovules 1 to 4 or more in oaclj coll, ascending or horizontal, attacheil 
 to the outer side of the cell : fruit ovate-oblong, 4 inches long, somewhat attenuate 
 at each end, more, or less niuricate all over with weak spines : seeds horizontally 
 im})osed, flattish, suborbicular or irregularly ellijitical, an inch in diameter, about 
 half as thick, with an obscuri^ marginal furrow and pronunent lateral hilum, — 
 Marah mnrlcalnH, luillogg, Troc. (Jalil'. Acad. i. 3H. 
 
 Connnnn nrouiid and near Sun Francisco Iky. Cat^alina Island {linker), hut Rtorilo (loworsoiily. 
 
 3. M. Oregona, Torr. Much resembling the last : fertile flowers without abor- 
 tive stamens : young fruit similar in shape, sparingly muricate with soft spines, 
 3-4-cell(!d, the cells imbricated above each other, l-.sceded : mature fruit (so for as 
 known) an inch or two long, unarmed, with very thin walls : seeds as in the last, 
 or somewhat smaller (8 to 11 lines broad), attached to the outer side of the cell. — 
 Pacif. P. Pep. vi. 74. 
 
 CouHuon in Washington Territoi7 and said to range from Paget Roiuid to Klamath Lake. 
 
 4. M. muricata, Watson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous or .somewhat scabrous, often 
 more or less glaucous : stems G to 8 feet long : leaves 2 to 4 inches broad, orbicular- 
 cordate with a nearly closed sinus or broadly reniform, deeply r)-lobed, the divisions 
 all broader above and sharply sinuate-toothed or -lobofl : sterile racemes slender, often 
 very few-flowered : fertile llowers 3 to 4 lines broad, without abortive stamens, on 
 slender pedicels an inch or two long : ovary smooth or sparingly muricate, oblong, 
 acute at (Mu;h end : fruit nearly globoH(\ an inch in diameter, indeed or with a few 
 short weak spines near the base, 2-cell(Ml, 2-seeded : .sped nearly globose, half an 
 inch in diameter, ascending, attached to the outer side of the cell near the base, the 
 margin smooth. — Echinocystis muricata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. i. bl . 
 
242 DATISCACE.E. Majurrhlzn. 
 
 Angela (-ami», Caluvcnis t'ounty {lUth, liUjdow) ; near riacerville, Kello(j(j, Bolanulc.r. Sjieci- 
 inens collected by Fremont, llulse, antl oliicis, in tlie same legion (.IVom the Mokchimne Hiver to 
 the Upiicr Sacramento), may belong here tiioiigh with the ovary 3- or 4-celled, and in some other 
 minor resjiects ilillcrent. 
 
 5. M. Guadalupeiisis, ^V^ltson, 1. c. Nemly glabmus, the inllurcacunco suiue- 
 M'liut iiiibcdceiiL : liiuvus tliiu, 3 to 8 iuciii's bruutl, 3-51ubeil to the luiddle, tlio 
 lower lobes qiiiuh-angiilar, the upper acuuiinute, with few short teeth ; racemes 
 nearly simple, 4 to G inches long : eulyx-tecth liliform : comlla G to 8 lines broad : 
 fertile llowers without abortive stamens : ovary on a slender pedicel an inch lonf(, 
 ovoid, densely covered with short scd't spines, 2-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, 
 ascending : fruit ovoid, H to 2 inches long, acute above, somewhat pubescent and 
 with short scattered still spines, usually 2-seeded : seeds subglobose, an inch in 
 diameter, attached to the inner side of the cell, the margin smooth. 
 
 Guadalupe Island, on high rocks near the centre ol' the island, Paiiiier, 1875. 
 
 Order XLII. DATISCACEiE. 
 
 A very small and peculiar order, chielly represented by the following genus of 
 only two species. 
 
 1. DATISCA, binn. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, sometimes perfect. Calyx of sterile flowers very short, with 4 
 to 9 unequal lobes : stamens 10 to 25 ; iilaments short : rudimentary ovary none. 
 Pistillate flowers witii calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed : stamens 
 three, when present, alternate with the teeth : styles 3, bifid, opposite the teeth, the 
 linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 1 -celled, open- 
 ing at the apex between the styles. Seeds very numerous and small, in two to 
 several rows upon the 3 parietal i)lacentie : embryo cylindrical, in the axis of small 
 albumen. — Smooth stout perennial herbs; leaves une(]ually I'innatifid, with coarsely 
 toothed lanceolate segments, the U]iper scarcely lobed ; flowers axillary, fascicled, 
 nearly sessile. 
 
 Only two species known, one native of W. Asia, the other of California. 
 
 1. D. glomerata, llfnMi. <K; Hook. Erect, 2 or 3 feet high or more, branching ; 
 Icavi's ovate to iaiHcolatc. in outline, acuuduate, (i incluss long, the numcrdus lloral 
 ones shorter and more narrowly lanceolate : llowers 4 to 7 in each iixil td' the. elon- 
 gated leafy raceme, the fertile mostly perfect : anthers nearly se-ssile, 2 lines long : 
 styles longer than the ovary : capsule oblong-ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, slightly nar- 
 rowed toward the truncate triangular 3-toothed summit. — Gen. PI. i. 845. 2'ri- 
 cerastes glomerata, Presl, Piel. Huenk. ii. 88, t. 64; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 310, fig. 
 
 On stream-banks from Napa County to San Dernardino, and in the foot-hills of the SiiM ra Nevada 
 from Amador to Tuolumne County. 
 
 Order XLIIT. CACTACE^. (By Dr. George Engelmann.) 
 
 Green fleshy and thickened persistent nio.-stly lealless i)lants, of peculiar abj)ect : 
 globular or columnar, tuberculated or ribbed, or jointed and often flattened, usually 
 armed with bundles of spines from the " areola;," which constitute the axils of the 
 (mostly absent) leaves. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, usually 
 
MamilUiria. CACTACEtI*:. 248 
 
 ill many series, the coliering bases of all of which coat the inferior 1 -celled iiiaiiy- 
 
 ovuled ovary, and above it form a tube or cup, nectariferous at base. Style 1, 
 
 with several or numerous stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or rarely dry 1 -celled berry, 
 
 with numerous campylotropous seeds (without or with some albumen) on several 
 
 parietal placentae. 
 
 An order of few genera, comprising a large innnl)cr of species, i)eculiar to the warmer parts of 
 America, and confined in California to the southern and southeastern districts. 
 
 suiioHDKH 1. cAcri':,!':. 
 
 No leaves proper : spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolne 
 distinct. Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds 
 brown or black, mostly small. — The limits between the genera are arbitrary. 
 
 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowei-s (usually 
 
 small) from between the tubercles. Ovary naked. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 2. Echinocactus. Globose or oval plants, stouter than the last, usually ribbed ; bundles of 
 
 spines on the ribs. Flowers mostly larger, from the youngest part of the ribs clo.se above 
 the nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals. Seeds albuminous. 
 
 3. Cereus. Oval or columnar ])laiits, sometimes tall, ril)bed or angled ; bundles of spines on the 
 
 ribs. Flowers usually larger, close above bundles of full grown (older) spines. Ovary 
 covered with sepals. Seeds without albumen. 
 
 Si'nounRK n. OPUNTIE/E. 
 
 Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the 
 same areola as the always barbed spines : tube <if the (lowi^-s short, cui)-shaped. 
 Seeds larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. 
 
 4. Opuntia. branching or jointed jilants : joints flattonod or cylindrical. 
 
 SuiiouDKii III. l'EIRES('IF/K, with flat persistent leaves, sjiines never barbed, flowci-s 
 usually peduncled and often ]wnicnlate, with a very short tul)e, and large black albuminous secd.s, 
 includes the genus Pc.ire.icia of the tropics, in aspect very unlike the rest of the order. No species 
 have been found in California, but they may be e.xpected in the Peninsula. 
 
 1. MAMILLARIA, ll.nvorth. 
 
 Flowers about as long as wide ; the tube canipanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary, 
 often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, as well as the exsert succulent 
 berry, naked. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, exalbuminousor nearly so. Embryo 
 mostly short and straight, with extremely short cotyledons parallel to the sides of 
 the seed. — Small more or less globose or oval simple or cespitosc jdantg, the spine- 
 bearing areolic borne on cylindric, oval, conic, or angular tubercles, which cover the 
 body of the plant. Flowers from a distinct woolly or bristly areola at the base 
 of these tubercles, fully open in sunlight, mostly only for a few hours. 
 
 § 1. Floirrrs umally small, lateral from the axils of older or full -<jr own tubercles. 
 Our species have limpid juice and exsert ovaries. — EuMAMliiLARiA. 
 
 1. M. GrOOdridgii, Scheer. Oval to subcylindrical, mostly single, covered with 
 crowded ovate tubercles and a den.se mass of gray and ilusky thin sj)ines ; axils of 
 the younger tubercles woolly and bristly : the 10 to 15 outer spines radiating and 
 whitish ; the 1 to .'J itiiKU" ones longer, stouter and dark brown, of which l\u\ Rtout- 
 est is strongly hooked : lower sepals Iringcd : p(>lMls about H, ovate, awned : Htigmns 
 5 to G : club-shaped berry scarlet: seeds obovate, minute, black, delicately jjitted. -- 
 Salni. ('act. 1849, 91 ; Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 8, t. 8, fig. 9-14. 
 
,^A4 CACTACE/E. Muviilluriu. 
 
 ("oinmoii on siindy or gravelly soil or among rocks about Sun Diego {Parry, Aifnssiz, IlUcha>ck), 
 un.l on the niiglilM.ring islun.l.s, anil southwanl tlirongh tlui rouinsula, /K. (Jiil'h. From 2 or 3 
 lo (! or 7 indicsliigli, 1 lo lA lliick ; tiiliercK^.s '2^ to :5 lini's long ; radial siiincM '2\ to 5, and cen- 
 tral ones 6 to 7 lines long ; llowurB D to I'ilinea in dianiuler, ilirty yellowish tinged with red. 
 
 2. M. Grahami, Ku'^irliii. yimilur tu tlio lust : siiiuHcr, with HiuuUur loss cldsdy 
 pitted amis, but Imi-cr ami more iiuiikuuus (If) lo 'M)) .si-inua, uiul without uxilhiry 
 bristles. — Cact. Mex. liouiiJ. 7, t. G, lig. 1 - 8. 
 
 Common on the most nigge.l rocks on l>oth sides of the Colorado (.VcA(///, Neirlj.rri/), and cast- 
 ward into New Mexico. Heads 1 to a inches high, 1 to 1^ thick. 
 
 3. M. phellosperma, Kngehn. Ovate to cyliiulrical, usually simple : tubercles 
 lung-oval, with wuul ami bristles in their axils, aiul 30 to GO spines at the apex, in 
 
 2 or 3 series ; the outer thinner ami paler; the inner stouter and often darker; the 
 
 3 or 4 central spines stouter, daik brown, and one or several hooked : ilowers with 
 ciliate sepals and 12 to 13 acuminate petals : stigmas 5 : berry obovate or clavate, 
 crimson, containing rather li;w large globose reticulated and warty brown seeds, with 
 a large spungy appentlage. — Cact. Mex. iiound. G, t. 7. 
 
 From the eastern slope of the mountains near San Feliiie to the Mohave country, and through- 
 out Western Arizona. Heads 2 to [> inches high, 1 ^ to 2 inches thick ; tubercles i to 7 lines long, 
 not as much crowded as in the last two species, hut with a nuich larger number of spines, 4 to 9 
 lines in length ; tiower dirty yellowish red, about an inch wide. The seed is partially imbedded in 
 a curious spongy mass, an aril-like enlargement of the funiculus. 
 
 ^ 2. Fluircrs liin/cr, vertical, from the base, of a </roovc on the i/ouii<j ur nasctnt 
 tubercles. — CoiiVl'llANTllA. 
 
 4. M. Arizonica, Engelm. n. sp. Globose or ovate ; tubercles long-cylindrical, 
 ascending, deeply grooveil, bearing numerous straight rigid spines : the 15 to 20 
 exterior spines whitish ; the 3 to G interior ones stouter, deep brown above : llowera 
 large, rose-colored : sepals 30 to 40, linear-subulate, fimbriate : petals 40 to 50, 
 lance-linear, awned : stigmas 8 to 10, white: berry oval, green, with obovate com- 
 pressed pitted light brown seeds. 
 
 On sandy and rocky soil in Northern Arizona, from the Colorado eastward (Cones, Palmer, F. 
 Bischojf), and into Soutliern Utah (./. E. Johnson) ; probably in Southeastern California, l-arger 
 in all its jiarts than the foregoing sjiecies ; 3 or 4 inclies thick ; tubercles au inch long ; spines 6 
 to 15 Uncs long ; (lowers 2 to 2^ inches wide, very showy. 
 
 2. ECHINOCACTUS, Link & Otto. 
 Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with sepaloid scales, naked or 
 woolly in their axils. Fruit succulent or sometimes dry, covereil with the persistent 
 calyx-scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and usually crowned with the 
 persistent remnants of the lloAver. Seed obliquely obovate, black. Embryo curved 
 over the small albumen ; cotyledons parallel to the sides of the seed. — Mostly 
 larger, sometimes gigantic, globose or depressed, or ovate, or rarely subcylindric, 
 simple or very rarely cespitose ; bunches of spines on the more or less vertical ribs. 
 Flowers contiguous to and above the sjiines, on the latest growth of the jdant, often 
 from the nascent woolly areola) and therefore more or less vertical, open only in 
 sunlight. 
 
 * Scales of the ovary ovate, orbicular, or cordate, and mostly fringed, their axils 
 almost naked: fruit scaly, never woolly. — Leiocarpi. 
 
 +- Spines smooth. 
 1. E. Whipple!, Engelm. & Big. Heads solitary, globose or ovate, middle-sized, 
 with 13 (to 15) compressed and interrupted ribs : of tlie 7 to 11 outer and 4 inner 
 spines, the ivory-white upper ones are the longest and l)ruadest and recurved or 
 
J'Jchinocacius. CACTACE^. 245 
 
 twisted ; the lower are shorter, darker, and terete, and the lowest middle one hooked • 
 flowers 1 to 1| inches long, yellow: few (2 to 5) rounded fringed sepals on the 
 ovary, 10 to If) oblong ones on the tube: petals about 8: stigmas 5 to 7, short- 
 seeds large, minutely tuberculated. — Cact. of Pacif. K. Hep. iv. 28, t. 1 : Bot Ives 
 Colorado Exp. 12. 
 
 On the lower Colorarlo on the ronfincs of ralifornia, Arizona, and Utah (Bigelow; Ncwbcmi 
 H Enfjelmmin), and to Southern Colorado, Jirandcgcc. Heads .•} to .'> inches hifih ; spines 3 to 20 
 or 24 hues lonR, on prominent tul.ereles, which give the rihs a wavy or intorrnpte.l appearance : 
 seeds I, J to If hncH loiij^. ' ' ' 
 
 2. E. polyancistnis, ICngelm. .^ I'.ig. Heads solitary, mid.lle-sized, ovate to 
 eylindncal, with 13 (to 1 7) interrupted ribs: outer spines 20 or more wliite tlio 
 uppermost broader and longer; central spines 5 to 10, the upper one broadest, long- 
 est, recurved, white, the others brown, terete, and mostly hooked : flowers yellow, 
 2 to 21 inches long, with about 8 rounded fringed sepals on the ovary • seeds as in 
 the last. —Cact. of Pacif. K. Rep. iv. 29, t. 2, lig. 1, 2. 
 
 From the head-waters of the Mohave River {Biffdmo) to the sage plains of Southwestern Nevada, 
 Gahh. I erhnpa too nonr the last, from which it is (Hstinguisliod by tlin more muneious spines 
 inanvof thoninoroneshemg hooked, tlie larger (lowers, and more numerous sepals and petals 
 1 ends 3 to 10 inches high, 2 to 4 thick ; larger spines of the Moliave form 3 to 5 of the Nevada 
 plant only 1 or 2 inches long. 
 
 +- +- Spines, at least the larger ones, transversely ribbed or anmdated. 
 
 3. E. Viridescens, Nutt. Heads solitary, middle-sized, globose or depressed 
 with about 13 obtuse tuberculated ribs and a woolly depressed summit- spines 
 stout, reddish, straight or recurved, all annulatod, about 12 radiatin" and 4 (to 6) 
 stouter central ones : flowers greenish {\\ inches long), witli numerous (25 or more) 
 roundisli denticulate imbricated sepals on the ovary, as many on the tube, and about 
 tlie same number of oblong obtuse denticulate petals : stigmas 12 to 15, linear : berry 
 pulpy, green, scaly, with numerous small pitted seeds. — Torr. & Gray Fl i 554 • 
 Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 24, t. 29. ' 
 
 About Ran Diego, from the sea-l.each to tlie arid liilis and ri.lges inland ; cultivated in Europe 
 under the name oi E. Cahfornicm. Heads 4 to 7 inches in diameter, 3 to 5 inches high, more 
 rarely globose ; woolly vertical area (the youngest growth, where the spines are not yet d^veloiH>d) 
 an inch wide, surroimded l)y the numerous flowers. J l / 
 
 4. E. cylindraceus, Kngelm. Heads middle-siml or largo, ovnl or cylindrical 
 ofbni proliferous at base, with 21 (to 27) obtuse somewhat tuberculate ribs, and a 
 woolly spineless dejiressed top : reddish spines all stout and nnnulated, recurve.l or 
 flexuouR, 12 to 18 exterior, tlio lowest usually hooked, and 4 very stout central ones : 
 yellowish flowers 2 inches long, with 40 to 50 rounded fringed sepals on the ovary, 
 and about 25 fringed petals : stigmas and fruit as in the last. — Cact. Mex. Bound 
 25, t 30. E. viridescens, var. (?) ^..cylindraceus, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. 
 xiv. 338. 
 
 Colorado desert {ralmcr, Bischof), to the eastern slope of the mountains near San Felipe, Parry. 
 Cose y allied to the last, from which it is distinguished by its higher growth, more numerous 
 rihs, larg.T and more numerous snincs, and larger flower and fruit. Young i)lants glohose, with 
 fewer ribs ; older ones much higher than thick, 2 or 3 feet high, a foot in diameter, witli 20 to 
 nearly ,{() ribs ; radial spines 1 or 2, the central 2 inches or over in length ; green beny about an 
 
 5. E. Emoryi, Engelm. Heads solitary, large, globose or oval, with 13 to 20 
 obtuse tuberculated ribs: on the ovate areobne 8 or 9 robu.st reddish spines, angled 
 and annulated and slightly recurved, a stouter and longer one in the centre, turned 
 downward or more or le.is hooked : flowers large, i)urple, with numerous (25) reni- 
 form ciliato sepals on the ovary and as many spntulate ones on the tube : pclals 
 about the same number, lanceolate, laciniate-tootlicd towards the acuminate tip: 
 stigmas 18 to 20, erect, almost as long as the very robust style. — Eniorv Ken. 156 ; 
 Cact. Mex. Bound. 23, t. 28. J i > 
 
24g CACTACE/E. Echinocactns. 
 
 Arizona and Sononi to the Mohave region (Emory, Bigclow, Schoft), ami into Lower Californiu, 
 Oabb. Plants 1 or 2 and >vin 3 IWt high, 1 or 2 IVot tliiiik ; nil tlif si.inus viiy stout ainl 
 strongly cross rilihcd, 1.^ to :i imthcs long ; llowi-rs 3 inchea long, imriilish l.rowu outsidu ; ii.lals 
 red, with yellow margin ; sends murli like those ol' the next spciiis. 
 
 (5. E. Wislizeni, iMi^'flm. Vt^ry Inri^o, oval, nl lust cyliinlriciil or ullvn cliil)- 
 sIuijhhI, with l!l to ."{() coiiiiirc.s.si'il crDimlu ribs: (diloiig iireohu bouring various 
 spines ; in the centre -1 stout crossribbeJ ones, the lower one Ihittened ami curved 
 or hooked; abt)ve and below G to 10 slightly ribbeil, and laterally 10 to 20 
 long slender often llexuous ones: flowers greenish yellow, 2 to 2^ inches long: 
 ovary anil I'ruit inibricatcly covered with 30 or 40 to GO or 100 roundish cordate 
 sepals ; inner sej)als spatulate, 20 to 30 : petals as many, lanceolate, crenulate : style 
 divided to the middle into 12 io 20 stigmas : yellowish berry at last hard and dry ; 
 seeds over a line long, reticulated. -- W'islizeuus Kep. 1818, note 14; Cuct. MiiX. 
 Jjound. 23, t. 2i), 2G. 
 
 From the Kio (haiidc to the Colorado, northward into Utah and west into California ; flower- 
 ing throughout the summer anil autumn. Ol'tun 3 and even 4 feet high and 1 or 2 iu diameter, 
 with a woolly spineless top ; spines H to 24 iuehes long, grayish red, the thinner ones whitish. 
 E. Lecmitei, Engelm., seems to have heen founded on weaker plants of this, with the seeds of per- 
 haps No. 4. 
 
 * * Scales of the ovari/ subulate, often sj)ijiesceiit, copioaslt/ woolly in their axils ; fruit 
 eiivelojK'd in wool. — Eriocar[)i. 
 
 7. E. polycephalus, luigehn. & iJig. Middle-sized or large, globose, at last 
 cylindric, sprouting from the base; ribs 13 to 21, acute : circular areolui bearing 8 to 
 12 .stout compressed annulated curved reddish gray spines: flowers enveloped in a 
 nniss of dense white wool: i)etals about 30, lance-linear, yellow : stigiuas 8 to 11, 
 linear: dry berry full of largo angular seeds. — (Jact. of Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 31, t. 3, 
 fig. 4-G. 
 
 Gravelly or stony soil on the Colorado and Mohave rivers, and in the Califoruian desert {Bigc- 
 low) ; flowering in Fehruary, fruiting in Mareh. Heads sometuues 20 or 30 from a single hase, 
 4 to IJ feet high, tlie larger eyliudrie ones 2 to 2.\ feet high ; spines either all radial, or « to 8 
 outer ones surrounding t sloudr central ones ; flowers 1 k inches hmg ; ahout 100 rigid dark pointed 
 sepals upon the ovary are hidden in the wool, those of the tuhe sinnlar and ahout as many ; petals 
 ahout 30, narrow, yellow, just emc-rging from the wool ; seeds 2 lines long, wrinkled and minutely 
 tulierculate. 
 
 3. CEREUS, ilaworth. 
 Flowers about as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with 
 naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Ik-rry succulent, 
 covered with spines or .scales or almost naked. Seeds black, without albumen. 
 Embryo short iind straight or curved or hooked ; cotyledons usually contrary to the 
 sides of the seed. — Plants of all sizes, low or climbing or erect, sometimes enor- 
 mous ; spine-bearing areoke on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or, at least, 
 fully formed parts of the j)lant, not from any preformed areola, but bursting through 
 tlie epidermis just idiove the ])unche8 of spines; some open only in sunliglit, otiiers 
 only at night, others again are not thus iidluenced. Fruit often edible, sometimes 
 of very largo size. 
 
 § 1. Lo7o and vsualli/ cespitose plants, mostly with numerous oval or cylindric heads, 
 short Jlowers, c/reen sti(/inas, and spiny fruit : seeds snbf/lubose, covered with con- 
 Jluent tubercles : embryo straight, with very short cotyledons. — ECHINOCERICUS. 
 
 1. C. Engelmanni, Parry. Heads several from a single base, oval or cylin- 
 drical, with 11 to 13 interrupted ribs: radial spines about 13, whitish, often some- 
 what angled, straight or curved, the lateral ones the longest ; central oiu's 4, longer, 
 
Opuntia. CACTACE^:. 247 
 
 angular, variously colored : largo purplo (lowei-s open only in sunlight : ovary and 
 fruit with 25 to 30 spiny areola;, 15 to 20 upper scjiala, and as many lance-ohlong 
 petals: stigmas about 12, erect. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338; Cact. of Pacif. 
 R Rep. iv. 35, t. 5, fig. 4-10. 
 
 From tlie eastern slopes of the Southern Sierra Nevada, at San Felipe, into Arizona and Utah, 
 apparently abundant, Parry, Newberry, Palmer, and others. Heads usually 4 to 6 together, 5 to 
 10 inches hidi, 2 or 3 thick ; outer spines { to |, inner 1 or 2 inches long ; flowers 2^ to 3 inches 
 long and wide, appearing in .June. 
 
 § 2. Prumatic or cylindric, mos^thj hvanchwg : Jloirers nsna/fi/ lomier than wide : 
 stirjmas whitish : secdi^ obovate, usuaUi/ smooth or pitted : embryo ivith foli- 
 aceous curved cotyledons. — P^ucereus. 
 
 * Ovary and. fruit spiny. 
 
 2. C. Emoryi, Engelm. Stems erect, branching from the base, cylindric, with 
 16 to 20 ril)s, closely set with prominent hemispherical areohe bearing numerous 
 (30 to 50) thin straight yellow spines ;^ to 1 or 1| inches long; the 3 to 6 inner 
 ones longer and dellexed : flowers short, greenish yellow, crowded on one side of the 
 top of the stems : ovary with few sliort spines, which become formidal)le upon the 
 subglobose fruit. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. ; Cact. Mex. Bound. 40, t. GO, fig. 1-4. 
 
 On the gravelly mesas near the sea-shore at San Diego {Parry, Jgnssiz, Hiiclicock), and quite 
 abundant on rocky hills from Los Angeles to the Salinas Valley {Brewer), and into the Peninsula 
 to Kosaiio, Guhb. Stems 2 to 4 feet nigh, 1^ to 2 inches thick, often from a prostrate rooting 
 base, and forming dense thickets ; areolic 2 lines wide and 3 or 4 lines apart, densely covered 
 with the thin sharp and very brittle spines ; flowers usually on one side only, like tliose of § Pilo- 
 cerr.vs, '[^ to IJ incihcs long and a little loss wide ; fruit about an inch long ; seeds over n line 
 long, flhiiiing, minutely tuherculato. 
 
 * * Ovary and fruit scaly. 
 
 V,. oioANTEUS, Engelm., If) to 30 or even 40 feet high, very stout, with few erect bmnches 
 towards the upper jmrt, cream-white short-tubed flowers, and iaige oval edible fruit, which at 
 maturity bursts irregularly, and 
 
 C. TniTiiBEni, Engelm., 10 to 1,5 feet high, more slender, with many equally high ascending 
 branches from the base, similar flowers, and larger globose delicious fruits, are found in the 
 .adjoining territories of Arizona and Lower California, and may be looked for in this State. 
 
 § 3. Tall, cylindric, viostly tinhranched ; up>per flower-bearinr/ portion ivith more 
 crowded areola' and. lonyer denser thinner bristly or hairy spines : flowers 
 short : seeds as in the last. — Pilocerrus. 
 
 C. ScHOTTli, Engelm., 4 to 10 feet high, the lower part 5-anglcd, with distant areolae and few 
 very short and stout spines ; the upper flowering portion deeply 5-ribl)cd, with close-set areolre 
 bearing numerous setaceous spines, almost hiding the small flowers and small berries, — from 
 the same localities as the last two species, — may also be foiuul in Southern California. 
 
 4. OPUNTIA, Tourn., Miller. 
 Tube of the flower very short, cup-shapod. Petals spreading or rarely erect. 
 Ovary with bristle-bearing areola} in the axils of small terete deciduous sepals. 
 Berry succulent or sometimes dry, marked with bristly or spiny areolae, truncate 
 with a wide umbilicus. Seeds large, white, compressed, with the embryo coiled 
 around the albumen : cotyledons large, foliaceous. — Articulated much-branched 
 plants, of various shapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-likn; young branches 
 with small toroto subulate early docidu(Mis leaves, and in lh(Mr axil^ an areola with 
 numerous short easily detached bristles and, u.'^ually, stouter s]tine?, all barbed. 
 Flowers on the joints of the previous year, on the same areola; with the spines, 
 mostly large, open only in sunlight. Fruit often edible, often large. 
 
248 CACTACE/E. OpuHtki. 
 
 § 1. Joints compressed : rhaphe forming a pi'ominent hony margin around the seed : 
 embri/u com/detiug a little more than one circle around the scanty albumen ; 
 cotyledons contrary to the sides of the seed.—- I'latoI'UNTIA. 
 
 « /''riiit pul/iy. 
 
 1. O. Engelmanni, Siilm. lUisliy, cma-sintMuliiig, much bmiicliud : dhovalo 
 joints h to 1 i'odt long, .spui'suly iirnicd with hundlcrf of 1 to 3 or sometimes even f) 
 spines, llie stouter ones jingled, yellow, sometimes with a red-brown base; old trunks 
 losing their spines : llowei-s yellow, about 3 inches wide : petals broailly obovate, 
 truncate : the i)urplo oval juicy berry allout 2 inches long, with a large Hat um- 
 bilicus, and witli 20 to 2;') i)rown-woolly and slightly bristly areolic. — Salm. Cact. 
 cult. 1840, 2;<r) ; Kng( 111). C;aet. Mex. Bound. 47, t. 75, lig. 1 - 4. 
 
 Var. /3. occidentalis, Engelm. Spines fewer, stouter, farther apart : seeds 
 larger. — 0. orucU'iitnlis, Kngelm. & liig. in Cact. of Pacif. Iv. Pep. iv. 38, t. 7. 
 
 Var. (Oy- littoralis, lOngelm. Joints often larger, 1 to 1 ^ feet long: bunchi'S 
 of longer and more slender .s])ines closer togtdlier : fruit similar, but with 40 to 50 
 areoluj : seeds smaller. 
 
 Apparently a polynior})hous species, extending from Southern Texas to the i'lic'ltic, wliiili will 
 jirobably be ulentilied with .some older Mexican species when these jjlants come to be better 
 uuilerstood. The two i'orms of (California are eaaily distinguished by the charueteis given above;. 
 The var. occidadalis has been found on the western slojie of the ino\intains oast of bos Angeles 
 anil south wanl to San Isabel, etc., at an elevation of 1,(»0() to 2,000 feet, rarnj, Sc/iol/. 'i'hi! 
 areolte of the joints are H to 2 inches apart ; spines ^ to 1| inches long ; flowers 3 to 3^ inches 
 wide, yellow with orange centre; fiuit often 1^ inches thick ; seeds 2^ to 2| lines wide. The 
 second form, var. litloralis, extends on the coast from Santa Barbara and the islands in its gulf 
 (0. TUlmann) to San Diego, and southward, O. N. Hitchcock. Seeds 2 to 2J lines in diameter. 
 
 — The limits of tlu:se sjiecics arc dillicult to circumscribe, e8i)nciaily 'because comiilete sjieci- 
 mens are so hard to preserve and extensive observations in the Held have not yet been nuule. Of 
 the three following no more; is known now than there was twenty years ago. 
 
 2. O. chlorotica, luigelm. tt Jiig. Erect, bushy ; old trunks covered with 
 largo areoliu which, retaining tluiir vitality, constantly produce new spines ; joints 
 large, pale green, orbicuiar-obovate, with close-set areoliie, each bearing 1 to f) slemh;r 
 dellexed yellow spines : llowers yellow, 2i to 3 inches wide, with spatulate petals. 
 
 — Cact. of Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 38, t. G, lig. 1 - 3. 
 
 From Mohave Oieek eastward to Bill Williams Mountain in Arizona {Bifjelow) ; 4, 5, or even 7 
 feet high, reatlily recognized by the very spiny trunk and very pale broad joints j to 1 foot long. 
 
 3. O. angustata, luigelm. & Big. Prostrate or ascending, with obovate elon- 
 gated joints : large oblong areohe sparse, bearing brown bristles aiul few (1 to 3) 
 deflexed spines : fruit rather small, deeply umbilicate, with few large seeds. — Cact. 
 1. c. 39, t. 7, fig. 3, 4. 
 
 From Cajon Pass eastward into Arizona, Biyclow. Joints 10 inches long or more, not half iis 
 wide above, nanowed downward ; berry 1^ inches long, uariow ; seeds 3 lines wide. 
 
 4. O. Mohavensis, Engelm. & Big. Prostrate, with large nearly orbicular 
 joints, and more numerous (2 to 6) stout and long often curved brown spines. — 
 Cact. 1. c. 40, t. 9, lig. G - 8. 
 
 On Mohavo Creek, Biijdow. A doubtful form, of which flowers and fruit are unknown. It 
 .seems to apitroach (). phmcantha of New Mexico, and |icriiaps even the stouter western forms 
 of 0. liajiiic.s(iuii. It is indiiNileil iient merely for the attention of future explorers. 
 
 0. Tuna ami 0. Ku!Uh-1ni)I(!A, Mill., are probahly both naturalized alniut the old missioiis ; 
 one with stout yellow spines and insipid fruit, the last with weaker whitish spines, fruit delicious. 
 
 * * Fruit dry. 
 
 -»— Joints and fruit spiny. 
 
 5. O. rutila, Nutt. Prostrate, Avith thick obovate or elongated joints : areole 
 close, armed with numerous slender reddi.sli or gray flexible spines : large flowers 
 purple : stigmas green : berry deeply umbilicate, with large flat broadly margined 
 
Opmilia. CACTACE/K. 249 
 
 ivory-white seeds. — Nutt. in Torr. tt (Jray, Fl. i. 155. 0. erinacea, Engelm. & 
 Eig. Cact. 1. c. 47, t. 13, fig. 8-11. 
 
 From the Mohave region (liiffc/ow) to Southern Utah {Pahnrr), and up tlie Colorailo Valley, 
 Nuttall. This plant seems to he Nuttall's long-lost 0. rnlila, and also 0. erinacea of the 
 Mohave, the flower of which is unknown. Joints 2 to 4 ineiies long, IJ to 3 wide, and often, 
 especially iu young plants, thick and almost terete, thus apjtroaching to 0. fragilis : seeds 3 
 lines wide. 
 
 -»- -t- Joints a7id fruit 2}ubescent, ivithout spines. 
 
 6. O. basilaris, Engelm. & Big. Low, with obovate often rctuso or fan-shaped 
 joints, ])nin(;liing only from the base : areolic very close, densely covered with short 
 brown bristles : flowers large, rose-purple : fruit subglo])ose, with deep umbilicus, 
 and rather few large and tliick seeds. — Cact. 1. c. 43, t. 13, Hg. 1 - 5. 
 
 From the eastern base of the mountains near San Felipe through the desert and into Arizona, 
 Bitjelow, Newberry, Palvier, he. Joints 5 to 8 inches long, and often as wide near the top ; dis- 
 tinct from all other species of this region in its mode of growth, its pubescence, absence of spines 
 proper, and its very laige seeds (3J to 5 lines wide), which have a thicker but less prominent lim 
 than any other of this section. 
 
 § 2. Joints q/lindrical, more or less tuherculoted : rhaphe vsually not prominent, 
 therefore seed not margined : emhri/o forminrf less than one circle around the 
 more copious albumen ; cotyledons inconstant, contrary, oblique, or parallel to 
 the sides of the seed. — Cylindropuntia. 
 
 * Low plants with clavate joints, rvithout a firm ligneous skeleton : larger spines 
 
 angular-compressed, without sheaths : berries dry and very bristly. 
 
 7. 0. Emoryi, Engelm. Joints long, clavato-eylindrical, with linear-oblong and 
 very ))rominent tuliercles : spines numerous (15 to 30) in the upper bundles, the 
 5 to 9 inner ones stouter, angular-compressed : seeds large, irregular, the rhaphe in- 
 distinct. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 53, t. 70, 71. 
 
 Colorado deseit from San Felipe {Pnrrii, Birfr/ow) eastward, and into Arizona (Schott, Palmer) 
 and the Peninsuln, Gnhb. Joints 5 to 9 inches long, 1 to IJL thick; tubercles 1 to IJ inches 
 long ; fruit 2 to 2^ inches long ; seeds 2i to 3 lines wide. 
 
 8. O. Parryi, Engelm. Joints short, ovate-clavate with oblong tubercles : spines 
 12 to 20, reddish gray, the 3 or 4 inner ones stouter, triangular-compressed : seeds 
 smaller, regularly circular, with a broad and disfinet rhaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. 
 xiv. 339 ; Cact. of I'acif. U. l?ep. iv. 48, t. 22, lig. 4 - 7. 
 
 Gravelly plains near the Mohavo IHver {Bhjelow), and through the desert to the base of the 
 mountains, Parry. Joints 3 or 4 inches long, 1^ thick ; tubercles aliout | incli long. 
 
 9. O. pulchella, Engelm, Joints smaller, slender : tubercles small: spines 15 
 to 25, of which usually one only is stouter, flattened, deflexed : flowers purple : 
 ovary and fruit Avith long flexuous bristles : seeds small, with a broad rhaphe. — 
 Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 201 ; Hot. King Exp. 119 ; fig. in Simpson TIep. ined. 
 
 Sandy deserts of Southeastern Cnlifoniia and Nevada, and among the snge-bushes of the monn- 
 tnins, II. JCiKjchnnnn, ]V. (hihh, U'nhon. The juctlicMt and smiiilest i>i the clavate Opunliw, 
 the only one with purple (lowers ; joints rarely longer than 1 or 2 inches ; flowers l.{ lo 1^ inclics 
 wide ; seeds 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 * * More or less erect, much branched : joints cylindric : ligneou,^ skeleton solid or 
 
 tubular and reticulated : larger spines terete, coated irith a loose sheath. 
 
 ■¥- Fruit dry and spiny : flowers ycllou>. 
 
 10. O. tessellata, Ejigelm. Much branched, bushy, from a stout ligneous 
 trunk : joints slender, covered with angular flattened ashy-gray tubercles, bearing 
 above long single loosely sheathed spines : flowers small, yellow : small oval fruit 
 covered with long brown bristles : seeds with a very broad flat rhaphe. — Cact. of 
 Pacif R. Rep. iv. 52, t. 21. 
 
(;,rQ FICOIDE^. Opunlia. 
 
 Tbrou<'bout the Californian desert from the mountains to the Colorado, and into Arizona. 
 Bushes 4 to 6 feet high ; trunk solid, sometimes 2 inches in diameter ; joints only i or i inch 
 thick • spines an incli or two long ; llowers ti to 9 lines wide ; fruit 9 lines long ; seeds 2 lines 
 wide. 
 
 11. O. echinocarpa, Eii<,'oliu. & lUg. A low much-bramihud aiul ai.rcudiii^^ 
 shrub : joints uvulc rluviiLu, iloiiscly covuri'd with imnieru\is spines (."5 or 4 slouti-r, 
 8 to 16 weaker ones in a huncli), wliieli are loosely coated witli a wliilish glistening 
 sheatli : flowers i)ale greenish yellow, about 1^ inches wide : fruit depressed, deeply 
 unibilicate, very spiny : seeds lew {'2 lines wide), with a broad Hat rhaphe. — Cact. 
 1. c. 51, t. 18, lig. 5- 10 ; IJot. Ives Colorado Kxp. U. 
 
 Common in the desert from the mountains to the Colorado Uiver, and into Arizona. UMudly 
 only 1 to li fell high, vny showy from its eonsiiicuous shining sinuoa, an inch or two long. 
 
 \'l. O. serpentina, Kngilm. A large straggling dcuisuly bmncliud shrub: joinl.s 
 elongated, covereil with oljlong i)roniinent tubercles, which bear bunches of numer- 
 ous 'short spines, very soon losing their inconsi)icuous sheaths : Howers clustered, 
 greenish yellow, reddish externally : petals siKitulate, obtuse : stigmas 8, whitish : 
 fruit broadly oval, deeply umbilicate : seeds thick, irregular, with a narrow rhaphe. 
 — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338. 
 
 Common near the coast, at San Diego, Purnj, Hitchcock. Bushes 3 to 5 feet high ; spines 
 8 to 15 in a bunch, 3 to ti lines long ; llowers IJ inches wide ; fruit about 9 lines long. 
 
 ++ Fruit green, fleshy, and without spines : flowers red. 
 
 13. O. prolifera, Engehn. An arborescent shrub with elongated joints, covered 
 with oblong obtuse tubercles, which bear 3 to G or 8 spines, obscurely sheathed : 
 flowers densely clustered at the ends of the branches, small, brick-red ; fruit clavate, 
 obovate, or subglobose, strongly tuberoled, deeply umbilicate, almost always sterile 
 and often proliferous : seeds large, regular, with a broad prominent rliaphe. — Am. 
 Jour. Sci. 1. c. 
 
 San Diego (Parry, Sckott, Jtjassk), ui> the coast to San Buenaventura, and soutliward 
 into tlie rcninsula,"r/a/A Larger tlnui tlie last, with stouter more strongly tuberded joints, 
 and fewer and .nliorter spines, and easily distinguiah.Ml from it in llower antl fruit : longest spines 
 1 to U inches long ; llowers U inches wide ; seeds 3 linos in diameter, with a more pronunent 
 and broader rhaphe than its allies. 
 
 Several other OpmilicE, belonging to this la.st section, all with red flowers and fleshy fruit, are 
 found in Western Arizona and may also be expected on the western side of the Colorado. Tliey 
 are all erect much-branched bnsiies, covered with shining sheathed spines. The more northern 
 
 0. BloEi-OVii, Engelm., has sliort tubercles. 
 
 O. FULOIDA, Engelm. & I5ig., ami 0. mamii.lata, Scliott, both south of the Gila (perhaps 
 forms of a single species), have very jirominent tubercles, and small curiously irregular sceils 
 IJ to 2 lines long, with a linear rhaplie. 
 
 0. LEi'TOCAVl.ls, DC, including O. frulescem, Engelm., 0. vaginala, Engelm., and several 
 other synonym.s, is the slenderest of all Ojmutice, with long branches scarcely thicker than a 
 goose-nuill, small yellow llowers, and a small puli)y scarlet fruit ; connnon throughout all 
 Northern Mexico, ranging into Texas, New Mexico, and Western Arizona, and may also be 
 found west of the Colorado Uivcr. 
 
 Order XLIV. FICOIDE^. 
 
 A miscellaneous group, chielly of Hcshy or sm;cident plants, with mostly opposite 
 leaves and no stipules ; dilfering from Cari/ophyllacete and Fortulacaceie by having 
 distinct partitions to the ovary and capsule (which are therefore 2 - many-celletl) ; 
 the petals and stamens sometimes numerous in the manner of Caclaceoi (but the 
 former wanting in most of the genera) ; agreeing with all these orders in the campy- 
 lotropous or aiuphitn.pous seeds ; the slender embryo curveil i)artly or completely 
 round a mealy albumen. 
 
Scmvmm. FICOIDK.F,. 251 
 
 It. is nininly a tiopicnl and stil>tr(iiiicnl fnniily, "f tlif^ *^Mil AVorlil. Ottr Pncific ('mist lias only 
 two iixligoiiona rppipsoiitativcs, both insif^nirKniil, nnd ns ninny niiliiiiili/cd oin's, wliicli n|>|i('iir iis 
 \( wild on tlio sea-slioin. 
 
 * Calyx-tiibe adnatc to the ovary : petals and stamens very miiniTons. 
 
 1. Mesembryanthemum. Capsule 5-valvcd or nioic. Very flcsliy. 
 
 ♦ * Ovary free : ])ptal9 none : stamens few or many. 
 
 2. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, pctaloid. Stamens 5 to 00. Capsvdc cinuimsci.ssile. Succulent. 
 
 3. MoUugo. Sepals f). Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valvcd. Not succulent 
 
 1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn. Ici>Plant. Fig-Marygoi-d. 
 ("alyx-tube adnato to the ovary; tlie lobes usually 5, unequal, foliaceous. Petals 
 very numerous, linear. Stamens innuinerablo, with slender filaments, inserted with 
 the petals on the tube of the calyx. Styles 4 to 20, usually 5. Capsule 4 - 20- 
 eelled, dehiscing in a star-like manner at tlie depressed summit. Seeds minute, 
 very numerous. — Fleshy herbs or shrubs, rarely annual; leaves mostly oi)posito, 
 without stipules ; flowers mostly showy, terminal and in the forks of the branches. 
 
 A genus of about 300 species, principally S. African, but a few found in the Mediterranean 
 region, Western S. America, nnd Australia. The Calilornian species arc probably introduced. 
 
 1. M. cequilaterale, Haworth. Perennial, with stout prostrate or ascending 
 stems and sliort ascending flowering branches : leaves very fleshy, oppo.sitc and 
 clasping, linear, acutely triangular, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth : flowers solitary, 
 red, pedicnllato or nearly aoasilo, abotit 1 h inches in diameter : ealyx-tubn turbinate, 
 half an inch long or more, angled or tcr. to ; the larger lobes oft(Mi as long : stigmas 
 6 to 10. — DC. Prod. iii. 429. 
 
 On the sea-shore and in saline soils from San Diego to Punta de los Reyes. Also in Chili and 
 abundant in Australia and Tasmania, and very similar to ilA acinaciformc of S. Africa. Fruit 
 edible and pleasant, and the flowers veiy fragrant. 
 
 2. M. crystallinum, Linn. Annual or biennial, diffusely jirocumbent, covered 
 with large white glistening papillre : leaves flat, fleshy, often alternate on the 
 branches, clasping, ovate or spatulate, undulate : flowers axillary, nearly sessile, 
 wliito or roso-colored : calyx-tube campamilate, terete, 4 or T) lines long ; lolies ovat.c, 
 rctuso or acute : stigmas f). — DC. Prodr. iii. '148. 
 
 San Diego {Clevchind) ; Santa Cru7, Island (Rolhrnd-) ; rollected also by Firimmt. Ai.pnrontly 
 identical with S. African specimens. 
 
 2. SESUVIUM, Linn. Ska Purslane. 
 
 Calyx-tube turbinate, free from the ovary ; the lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, apic- 
 ulate on the back near the top, nierabranously margined, often colored within. 
 Petals none. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes, or many, inserted at the top of 
 the calyx-tube. Styles 3 to 5. Ca])sule ovate-oblong, membranaceous, 3 - 5-celled, 
 circumscissile at the middle, many-seeded. — Succulent smooth branching mostly 
 prostrate herbs, sometimes woody at base ; leaves opposite, linear to spatulate, 
 entire, without stipules or united by a stipule like membrane ; flowers axillary and 
 terminal, solitary or clustered. 
 
 Al)out 4 species are known, frequenting the sea-coast ami saline loi-alifios through the tropics 
 and warmer regions of the globe. 
 
 1. S. Portulacastrum, T.inn. Perennial : stems prostrate or n.^cending. herba- 
 ceous, often a foot long or more: loaves linear- t^ oblong fiblanceojnte, ^ to H 
 inches long, acute or obtuse : flowor* sessile or pedicellate : calyx 3 to T) lines long ; 
 
252 UMBELLIFER.E. MoUugo. 
 
 the lobes more or less purple : stamens many, — Ilohrbach in Mart. Fl. Bras, xiv^ 
 310, t. 70. 
 
 A vory viiriiiblo .siioi;ies, widely (listril)uteil around tho glol)e. It lias been collected ncsir Fort 
 Moliavo (C'ooiur), and is l'rei|Ui.'nt in saline or alkaline viilleyn tluough the interior i'loiii N. Nc^vuda 
 to Colorado and New Ml^\il■o, olUin willi naioli liroader leaves llian is ii.siiul in liie sea-eoa.st luiins. 
 
 3. MOLLUGO, Linn. Caupet-weeu. 
 Calyx 5-clelt nearly to the busi; ; the lobes herbaceous, membranously margined. 
 Petals none. Stamens 3 or 5, rarely twice as many, hypogynous. Styles 3. CJap- 
 sule free, thin-membranaceous, 3 - 5-celled, loculicidally 3 - 5-valved, the partitions 
 breaking away from the })ersistent central placenta. Seeds several in each cell, 
 longitudinally sulcato on the back. — Annuals, low and nmch branched, glabrous, 
 not succulent ; leaves linear to obovate-spatulate, entire, opposite and apparently 
 verticillato ; stipules obsolete ; flowers mostly on long pedicels and axillary. 
 
 About a dozen s|)ecies in the wanner regions of tlie globe. The following is tlie only one in- 
 digenous to N. America. 
 
 1. M. verticillata, Linn. Prostrate, covering tho ground, slender: leaves s])at- 
 \date ti) liiH'iu-olilaacenlate, an inch long or less: pedicels unibellatuly t'a.sc.ic.led at 
 tho nodes, slender, 2 or 3 lines long : siipals and oblong-ovoiil capsule about 1^ lines 
 long : seeils renitbrm, shining. — Itohrbach, 1. c. 240, t. 55. 
 
 On light sanily soils from tlie Columbia lliver southward ; at Eagle Creek, near Sliostfi, and 
 at McCumber's Flat {Brewer, Newberry) ; from Arizona to Colorado and New Mexico, and fre- 
 quent in the Atlantic States as a weed in cultivated grounds : thence southward to the W. Indies 
 and Brazil. 
 
 Order XLV. UMBELLIFER^. 
 
 Herbs with small flowers in umbels (sometimes contracted into heads), five epi- 
 gynous stamens and petals, and two styles ; tho calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, 
 which contains a solitary ovule suspended from the summit of each cell ; and tho 
 fruit splitting into a j)air of dry seed-like indehiscent carpels. Seed with a minute 
 embryo in hard albumen. Petals mostly valvate in the bud. Stem couimoidy 
 hollow. Leaves mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound : the jietiole 
 expanded or .sheathing at base. Umbels usually themselves umbellate, forming a 
 compound umbel : this is then usually called the umbel, and the partial umbels are 
 called umhellets. The bracts under the general umbel, when present, form an invo- 
 lucre; those under the umbellets, an involucd. The enlarged base of the styles, or 
 the common base of the two, takes the name of stylopodium : it is often surrounded 
 by or confluent with an epigynous disk, Etich of the two carpels is commonly 
 traversed by 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals between them are usually lodged 
 one or more longitudinal canals containing aromatic oil, tho vittce or oil-tubes. 'J'ho 
 face by which the two carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongatiun of 
 the axis between them is the carpophore: it is apt to split into twu branches, a 
 carpel suspended for some time from the tip of each. 
 
 A family of almost 200 genera and much above a thousand si)ccies, dispersed over all parts of 
 tlie world, but abundant only in warm, temperate, or eooliM- regions. Many are ])oisonous (Hem- 
 ln.;k, Waler-llemlock, kc.) : others allbrd esculent roots (I'arsnip, Carrot), or their herbage may 
 be eaten after blanching (Celery) ; several are innocent and aromatic (l'ifl> Fennel), at least tho 
 fruits (Caraway, Anise, &c.). 
 
UMBELLIFERiE. 253 
 
 The genera arc difficult, as they have to rest mainly on the fruit and seed : these are Ixjst ex- 
 amined in transverse slices. The whole order is divided into numerous tribes. These, being 
 somewhat recondite, are here dispensed with. 
 
 I. Umbels simple, or irregularly or imperfectly compound, the flowers .sessile or slightly pedi- 
 
 cellate. Oil-tubes none or obscure. 
 
 ♦ Leaves simple, not strongly lobed nor toothed : umbels simple or proliferous : flowers white, 
 
 without bracts : oil-tubfs none. 
 
 1. Hydrocoty-le. Leaves peltate or orbicidar. Fruit rounded, laterally compressed, smooth : 
 
 ribs fdiform. Creeping, aijuatic or subaqt\atic. 
 
 2. Bowlesia. Ijcaves ronii'orm, opposite ! Fruit ovate, turgid and ribloss, pubescent. 
 
 ♦ * Loaves spinosely toothed, or palmatoly lobed or pinnatifid : oil-tubes obscure. 
 
 3. Eryngium. Loaves rigid, spinosely toothoil. Flowers jiorfect, bracteato, sessile in dense 
 
 heads, bluish. Fruit covered with hyaline scales. 
 4." Sanicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, in irregularly compound um- 
 bels, mostly yellow. Fruit covered with hooked j)rickles or tubercles. 
 
 II. Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not furnished 
 with hooked or barbed prickles. Oil-tubes rarely wanting. 
 
 ♦ Fruit more or less compressed laterally, broadly ovate or subglobo.so to elliptic-oblong, not 
 
 broadly winged. 
 +- Seed terete, with involute margins : oil-tubes conspicuous : carpophore entire : flowers yellow. 
 
 5. De'weya. Fruit oblong or nearly orbicular ; ribs filiform or prominent : oil-tulM!S 2 or 3 in 
 
 the intervals. 
 
 -f- +- Seed deeply sulcate on the face : oil-tulms wanting : carpophore 2-parted : flowers white. 
 
 6. Conium. Fruit broadly ovate, with prominent equal obtuse ribs. 
 
 -H -f- -H Seed nearly terete or but slightly concave on the face : flowers white. 
 
 ++ Fruit small, not prominently ribbed : oil-tubes solitary : stylopodium depressed : umbels 
 naked, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 7. Apium. Fruit broadly ovate : seed not concave : carpophore entire. Biennial. 
 
 8. Apiastrum. Fruit cordate : seed concave and longitudinally incurved : carpophore 2-partcil. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 ++ ++ Fruit not prominently ribbed : stylopodium more or less jiromincnt : carjwphore bifid or 
 
 2-parted. 
 
 9. Carum. Fruit ovate or oblong ; ribs filiform : oil-tubes .solit<iry. Involucre and involucels 
 
 usually pre.sont. Leaflets linear, entire. 
 
 10. Plmplnelift. Fruit ovato, with a broad ronimissure ; ribs slightly proininont : oil-tulws 
 inimi^rouH. Unibols neiuiy naked. LeallclH cunente-ovnte, pinimtiliil. 
 
 n. Berula. Fruit nearly globose, emarginnte at l)ase, with thickened epicnrp : oil-tubes numer- 
 ous and contiguous. Involucre and involucels present. Loallcts ovate-oblong to linear, 
 laciniately toothed. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Fruit with prominent corky wings, didymous : stylopodium depressed : carpophore 
 2-parted. Stout perennials, with involucels and often involucres also. 
 
 12. Cicuta. Fruit broadly ovate, with thick obtuse wings : oil-tubes .solitary. 
 
 13. Sium. Fruit oblong or ovate : ribs wing-like : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. 
 
 ♦ * Fruit somewhat conipressed laterally, linear-oblong, with broad commissure, not winged ; 
 
 seed sulcate or rcnifbrm in section : carpophore 2-partcd, persistent : flowers white. 
 
 14. Osmorrhiza. Fiuit narrowly attenuate at base, hisiiid on the acutish angles ; oil-tubes very 
 
 obscure : seed sulcate on the face or somewhat involute. Umbels nearly naked. I>eaf- 
 lets ovate, cleft and toothed. 
 
 15. Glycosma. Similar ; fruit not attenuate at ba.se, very rarely hispid : seed broadly sulcate. 
 
 16. Podosciadium. Fruit not attenuate at base, glabrous : ribs filiform ; oil-tubes solitary or 
 
 in j>airs : seed reniform in section and longitudinally ridged on the fftce. Involucre and 
 involucels present. Leaflets linear. 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ Fruit not compressed, or morn or loss compressed dorsally, obhmg to orbicular. 
 -H Fruit not compressed : flowers white. 
 
 17. OEInanthe. Fruit oblong to glolwso : ribs corky and rcumded, with very narrow intervals 
 
 and solitary oil-tubes. 
 
254 TJ.M15KLLIFEK/E. J/i/drucoh/lr. 
 
 -t- +- Fruit somewhat couipresaitl dorsuUy ; tlio dorsal ribs rutlier naiTowly winged ; the lateral 
 wings broader, distinct : styloijodiiun somewhat proniiueut : seed bulcuto or concave : tall 
 herbs, with wliile Mowers. 
 
 18. Ligusticum. Dorsal ribs narrowly winged; oil-tubes several in the intervals, obscure; seed 
 reniloiin in section. 
 
 It). Beliaum. Dorsal wings Ijroader ; oil-tnbos solitary : seed nearly Hat on the face. 
 
 •i- -i- +■ l'"ruit much llattened dorsally. 
 
 ++ Lateral wings broad, distinct, the dorsiil more or less prominent : seed concave on the face or 
 
 nearly Hat. 
 
 20. Angelica. Dorsal wings narrower than the lateral : oil-tubes solitary. Stout herbs, with 
 
 white llowers and naked or nearly naked umbels. 
 
 21. Cymopterua. Dorsal wings as broad as the lateral ones : oil-tul)es one to several in the 
 
 intervals. Low perennial herbs ; llowers yellow or white ; involucres present. 
 
 ++ ++ Lateral wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs iilitbrm ; seed nearly Hat on the lace. 
 
 22. Peucedaiium. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes Jis long as the fruit. Involucre none. Low 
 
 perennials ; llowers yellow or white, not radiate. 
 
 23. Heracleum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubos solitary, ilavate, not reaching the base of the 
 
 fruit. Stout pubescent perennials, with white, often radiate flowers. 
 
 24. Ferula. Lateial wings corky, as thick as the fruit ; oil-tubes numerous, mostly obscure. 
 
 in. Umbels regularly compounil. Secondary ribs most prominent, armed with barbed or 
 hookeil pricldes ; oil-tubes solitary under the wings or ribs, consj)icuous. Hispid herbs, 
 wilh while llowers. 
 
 25. Daucu8. Seed" Hat on the face. Biennial or annual. 
 
 20. Caucalis. Seed furrowed on the face or involute. Annuals. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. M.a.k.sii Pennywort. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals slightly concave, valvate. Fruit flattened laterally, 
 suborbiculur, acutely margined, and with 2 or 3 more or less prominent nerve-like 
 ribs on each sitle ; oil-tubes none ; carpels not separating. — Stuooth herbaceous 
 perennials, growing in or near water, with slender creoi)ing stems ; leaves orbicular- 
 peltate or reniform, with scale-like stipules ; flowers inconspicuous, ai)pearing 
 through the summer, the umbuls simple or proliferous one above the other, on 
 slender peduncles. 
 
 A genus widely dispersed over the globe, of about 70 species, the larger number belonging to 
 the southern hemisplieie ; sparingly represented in the United States. 
 
 1. H. prolifera, Ktliogg. Lcavtis ptiltate, cnmrgiimte at base, simply <;r(!nate, 
 on pctioKis 1 to ;j iuchi's long : peduncles about et|ualling or exceeding tin! leaves : 
 whorls 1 to 4, about 8-ilowered (12-20-llowered, Ketlogg), witli numerous bractlets, 
 the pedicels a line or two long (3 to G lines, Kellogg) : fruit a line broad, slightly 
 emarginate at base ; ribs two on each side, prominent ; commissure narrow. — 
 Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 15. 
 
 A slender species, growing about San Francisco and elsewhere, first collected by C'hamisso ; 
 collected also by Coulter in " Sonora Alta," and by others in Me.xico. It has been referred to 
 //. vuhiaris of the Old World, from which it is distinguished by its nmch longer peduncles and 
 pedicels, the fruit in //. cahjaris being nearly sessile. 
 
 2. H. ranunculoides, Linn. lil. Stouter, usually floating : leaves not peltate, 
 orbicular, with 3 to 7 cienate lobes, on ])etioles 2 to 9 inches long: ijediiiiclcs much 
 shorter than the petioles, ^ to 3 inches long, relk'X(!d in fruit : llowers T) to 10 in a 
 capitate umbel: fruit 1 to 1| lines broad, with thickened scarcely angled margins, 
 rather obscurely 3-nerved on each side, longer than the pedicels. 
 
 About San Francisco ; San Diego Co. {Pahncr) ; and probably elsewhere. Connnon also in the 
 Atlantic States, and from Florida westward tlirougli Me.\ico. 
 
Satucula. U M BELLI I<ER.E. 
 
 255 
 
 2. BOWLESIA, Ruiz k I'avoii. 
 Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals elliptical, obtusish. Fruit broadly ovate 
 in outline, with a narrow commissure, turgid, becoming depressed on the back, 
 without ribs or oil-tubes. Seed flat on the face, slightly hollowed on the back, not 
 filling the calyx. — Slender herbs, with scattered stellate pubescence ; leaves oppo- 
 site, simple, with scarious and lacerate stipules; flowers white, minute, in simple 
 fow-floworod umbels on axillary poduiiclcs. 
 
 A down species, cliiofly South Amoricaii, oiio inngiiig nortliwnnl lo Moxico, Av'mma, nini 
 Cixlifornin. 
 
 1. B. lobata, Ruiz & Pavon. Annual, weak and slender, thiidy pubescent, the 
 stems dichotomously branched, a foot or two long: leaves thin, reniform to cordate, 
 i to 1^ inches broad, shorter than the slender petioles, do('])ly .^-lobcd, the acutish 
 lobes entire or 1 -2-toothed: peduncles much shorter than tlie petioles; the umbels 
 1 - 4-flowered : fruit a line long, sessile or nearly so, pul)escent, the inflated calyx 
 not adherent to the carpels, Avbich are at first but partially occupied by the seed. — 
 Fl. Peruv. iii. 28, t. 251 ; Torr. & dray, Fl. i. GOl. 
 
 In damp shady places, from the Sacramento Valley southward, rather rare. The species 
 doubtless mcludes B. tcncra, Spreiigel. 
 
 3. ERYNGIUM, Tonrn. Button Snakkuoot. 
 Calyx-teeth manifest, rigid and persistent. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, scarcely com- 
 pressed, covered with hyaline scales or vesicles ; the ribs obsolete, and oil-tubes (in 
 our species) wanting; carpels and seeds somi-torcto. — Herbs, chiefly perennial; 
 loaves rigid, coriaceous, spinosely toothed or divided ; flowers white or blue, sessile 
 in dense heads, bracteate, the outer bracts forming an involucre. 
 
 A genus of 100 or more species, of the warm and temperate regions of the glolw. Tlic 15 to 
 IS American species are mostly confined to the Southern Atlantic and (".ulf States. 
 
 1. E. petiolatum, Hook. Erect, 1 to .5 feet high, dichotomously branched 
 above, glaucous : ratlical leaves oblanceolate, spinosely and unequally serrate, atten- 
 uate into an elongated fistulous petiole, the cauline "mostly se.>?sile : heads globose, 
 half an inch in diameter, peduncled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, spinosely tipped, at 
 least the outer ones much exceeding the bluish flowers : calyx-teeth a line long, 
 exceeding the fruit, which is covered with subulate at length rigid scales. — Fl. i. 
 250; Torrey, Bot. Wdkes Exp. 315. E. articulatuvi, Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. 
 vi. 232. 
 
 Var. armatum, Watson. Bracts broader, entire, all similar and much exceed- 
 ing the flowers, scarcely dilated at base, rigid and with a thickened margin : stylo 
 shorter than the calyx : usually less glaucous. 
 
 In marsliPs from San Diego to tlio Cohiml)ia ; or in drier places, a dwarf state but 2 or 3 
 inches high. Tlio submerged leaves consist only of tlio terete jointed petiole without lamina. 
 The usual form lias tlie bracts more or less tootlied, the inner ones but little exceeding the flowers 
 or rarely as long ns the outer ones, the styles exceeding the calyx-teetli. The variety is men- 
 tioned by Dr. Torrey, in Bot. Wilkes Kxp.'.'nf), as jierhaps distinct. It has been collected from 
 Monterey to Humboldt County, Brewer, i^mnncls, Kellogri, kc. 
 
 4. SANICULA, Tourn. Sanicle. 
 
 Cnlyx-toeth nomewhat foiiacoous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, donRcly 
 
 covered with honked juiokles or tubcrctdate ; ribs obsolcle ; oil-tubes ninnerous. 
 
 Seed hemispherical. — Smooth ]ierennialR, with nearly naked steins ; leaves pal- 
 
 mately divided, the lobes more or less pinnatifid or incised ; flowers unisexual. 
 
25G 
 
 UMBWLLIFER.'E. iianicula. 
 
 in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, involucrate with sessile leafy usually 
 
 toothed bracts, the bracts of the involucels small and entire. 
 
 A gouus of II few btiittiroil .sjiecios, moro tliaii liiilf of tlieiii imtivo of North Aiiiericti, and of 
 these only two uru contiiu'd to tho n-f^ioii oast of tho Hocky Monntaius. The Califoniiaa siiccicjs 
 arc chiolly liiuitud to tho Coaat Itunyua uiul arc imculiar in tlmir habit, siiuiU fruit, kc. 
 
 * Leaves pabnately diokleJ, the lobes toothed, or lacerate, or pinnatijid ivith dccur- 
 rent seymaits : rootstocks thickened. 
 
 -4- Mature fruit shortly pedicellate : Jlowers yellow. 
 
 1. S. arctopoides. Hook. & Arn. Stems very short, with several divergent 
 scape-like branihes, ulteu much exceeding the leaves (3 to G inches long), each bear- 
 ing an umbel uf 1 to 3 elongated rays : leaves deeply 3-lobed, the cuneato divisions 
 once or twice laciniately cleft, with lanceolate acute spreading segments : involucre 
 of 1 or 2 sindlar leallets : heads large, 3 to G lines in diameter, with conspicuous 
 involucels of 8 tu 10 narrowly oblanceolate nu>.stly entire bracts : fruit shortly 
 pedicellate, 1,', lines long, naked at base, strongly ariiicd above. — liut. Ijcechey, 
 Ml ; lluuk. M. i. 25S, t. 91. 
 
 About Sun Fi-ancisi;o ami eastwunl in thu Sacramuiito Valley, in the jilaiiis ami on dry hillsides. 
 Strongly marked by its low s(;a\>e-like biamdies, large inviducels, and laciniately lobed leaves ; 
 
 Idant yellowish {^reen. Tlu! figure in Hook. Fl. repiescnts tlie sjieeies potirly, and but for tlie 
 argc solitary head might lie supposed to be fioni a low fuiin of <S'. luciuiala. 
 
 'I. S. Menziesii, lluuk. «fe Arn. Stem solitary, erect, 1 to 2.^ feet high, branch- 
 ing: leaves rounded-cordate, 2 or 3 inches broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed ; the })road 
 lobes sharply toothed or st)mewhat cleft and the teeth tip[)ed with slender bristles ; 
 upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed : umbel of 3 or 4 slender 
 i-uys ; involucre often small, of 2 or 3 narrow leallets, the involucels of G to 8 lan- 
 ceolate entire bracts a line or two long: sterile llowers nearly sessile: fruit 4 to 8 
 in each head, beconiing distinctly pedicellate and divergent, obovate, a line long or 
 more, covered with hooked prickles. — Bt)t. Heediey, 112; Hook. Kl. i. 258, t. DO. 
 
 in shaded woods from Santa t'lara County to tho British boundary. 
 
 -I- -t- Fruit sessile. 
 
 3. S. Nevadensis, Watson. Stem very short, the peduncles mostly from the 
 base, 1 tu (') inches lung : leaves tornate, tho divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed ; the 
 segments lobed or toothed : involucre pinnatihd and toothed, a half to an inch long : 
 rays about 5, sometimes branched, 2 to 5 lines long in flower, becoming | to U 
 inches long ; involucels somewhat one-sided, of several oblong acute bracts more or 
 less united at base : flowers yellow, the sterile equalling the pedicels : fruit covered 
 with stout hooked jnickles. — IVoc. Am. Acad. xi. 131). 
 
 Indian Valley, Plumas County, Mrs. M. E. P. Ames, 1874 ; Lcmmon. 
 
 4. S. laciniata, Hook. & Arn. With the habit of *S'. Menziesii: leaves cordate 
 or triangular, 3-jjartetl, the divisions laciniately 1 - 2-pinnatilid and the segments 
 laciniately tuothed ; the teeth spinusely pointed : flowers yellow : mature he-ads 
 small, globose ; the numerous fruit naked at base, hooke<l-bristly above. — Lot. 
 Ik'echey, 317. S. nitdicanlis, Hook. tVi Arn. 1. c. 
 
 From Sun Diego Id llumluildt County. A form is eolli'i'tod at San Diego and on tlio Muena- 
 vciilura with liirgiT liciids of IhiwerH and Iho divisioni of tho UtavuM more oblong; peihaps dJH- 
 tinet, but tlie fruit is uukuowu. 
 
 5. S. bipinnatifida, Dougl. Erect, a foot high or less, with usually a pair of 
 opposite leaves at base and 1 to 3 leaves above : leaves long-petioled, triangular to 
 oblong in outline, 2 or 3 inches long, ])innately 3 - 5-lobed ; the segments distant, 
 incisely toothed ur lubed, decurrent on the tootli(;d rachis ; teeth spinose-pointed or 
 unly acute : umbel with usually 3 or 4 elongated rays, the cleft involucre lateral : 
 
Deweiid. UMBKLLIFEH.E. 257 
 
 liojiils dense, 3 lines in dianieter : llowers ptirple or sometimes yellowisli ; involucels 
 very sliort : fruit eovercd with hooked liristles. — Hook. ¥\. i. 2r>S, t. 1)2 ; Torrcy, 
 ]Jot. Wilkes Exp. 314. 
 
 From the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia ; Sierra Co., Lcmmon. 
 
 * * Leaver twice or thrice pinnate, the segmenta small and not decurrent : Jlowers 
 ydlow : fruit sesxile : erect, very slender, hranchin;/. 
 
 6. S. bipinnata, Hook. S: Am. Koot fusiform, slender: steins a foot higli or 
 more : ultimate .segments of the leaves 3 or 4 lines long, acutely toothed : umbels 
 about 3-rayed, with a leafy involucre ; heads small, two lines in diameter, with a 
 small membranaceous - 8-parted involueel : fruit tuberculate at base, armed above, 
 H lines long. — Bot. Beechey, 347. 
 
 From Monterey to tlie Upper Sacramento Valley. 
 
 7. S. tuberosa, Torrey. Stem 3 inches to a foot high, from a small tuberous 
 root : leaves usually very finely divided, the segments less than a line in length : 
 rays 1 to 4 ; involucres leafy ; involucels small, of unetpial lobed segments : heads 
 small, the sterile flowers on long pedicels : fruit few, depres.sed, strongly tuberculate, 
 unarmed. — Pacif IJ. Hep. iv. 91. 
 
 I)?y hills, Mendocino County, to the Sacrnmcnto Valley. In the Sierm Nevada (DuflTiekl's 
 IJancli, lii(jdoK\ and Plumas County, Mrs. Ames) there is found a low form with less finely 
 divided leaves. 
 
 5. DEWErA, Torr. & Gray. 
 Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Di.sk and stylopodium depressed or wanting. 
 Fruit oblong-elliptical or orbicular, compressed laterally ;ribs somewhat prominent, 
 and with 2 or 3 obscure secondary lines between each pair ; oil-tubes 2 to 3 in the 
 intervals, conspicuous. Seed terete, involute, often enclosing a central cavity. 
 Carpophore entire. — Smooth erect perennial herbs, 1 or 2 feet high ; leaves pin- 
 nate or })i pinnate, mostly radical ; flowers yellow, in large umbels ; involucre none 
 or partial, the involucels 1 -sided. 
 
 An exclusively Califoinian genus, distinguished from Conium by the conspicuous oil-tubes, 
 from Arracacia (to which it is refeired by JJcntii. k Hook, in Oen. PI. i. SS.*)) by the depressed 
 stylojiodiuni and terete seed, and from botli by tlio undivided cinpophoro and more involute 
 seed. 
 
 1. D. arguta, Torr. k Gray. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 7, ovate to oblf)ng- 
 ovate, the lowest shortly pctiolulate and often subcordate, 1 to 1^ inches long, 
 finely and sharply serrate with niucronate teeth, the terminal one often 3-lolied : 
 peduncle elongated: rays about 12, without involucre, 2 or 3 inches long: invo- 
 lucels of 2 or 3 linear acuminate entire or toothed bracts : pedicels two lines long : 
 fruit oblong, three lines long, acutely ribbed, with rather broad commissure and 
 somewhat prominent erect calyx-teeth. — V\. i. 041 ; Torr. I'ot. Mex. Bound, t. 26. 
 
 Southern California, near the const, from Santa Paibnra to Snu I>iego. In woods and on dry 
 hillsides, rarely collected : root large and fusiform. 
 
 2. D. HartTVegi, Hray. Bather .<5tout : leaves bitcrnato and quinate, the leaf- 
 lets more deeply lobed and less sharply toothed than in the ]a.st : umbels similar ; 
 involucre none or of 1 or 2 loallets : fruit broader, 3 lines long ; calyx-teeth obso- 
 lete ; ribs iirominent, and oil-tubes marked by intervening ridges: S5ed involute, 
 enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 342. 
 
 Hills liordering the lower Sacramento (Hartirrg) ; near Snii Francisco, Kdloffg. 
 
 3. D, Kelloggii, Gray. More slender, leafy at bnse : leaves 3-ternate, the leaf- 
 lets a half to an inch long, mostly 3-lobed, murronately toothed : involucre none : 
 rays 10 to 12, an inch long or more; involucels of very small subulate bracts : 
 
258 
 
 UAIBELLIFER.'K doniuiu. 
 
 fruit two lines long and broad, with narrow commissure and no calyx-teetli, the ribs 
 liliform : seed involute, enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acud. vii. 343. 
 About San Francisco anJ Bolinas Bay, Kellogg, Bolandcr. 
 
 0. CONIUM, Linn. Poison Hemlock. 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed, the carpels with 
 5 prominent obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes none. Seed terete, with a deep narrow 
 groove on the inner lace. Carpophore 2-parted. — Tall smooth biennials ; leaves 
 largo, decompound; involucres and involucela small, 3-5-bracted; llowers white. 
 
 A gcnns of only '2 or 3 siiecies, nutivfb of llii- Old World, willi viridontly iioisouous but viilii- 
 iiblo niocliciiml inoju rlii>,. 
 
 1. C. maculatum, Linn. iSttni 2 to 5 I'eet high, from a white fusiform root, 
 branching, often spotted with purple : leaves bright green, the segments half an 
 inch long, pinnatilid, with acute lobes: umbels 12-20-rayed, the rays 1 to 1^ 
 inches long : petals obtuse or with a very short indexed \nm\i : fruit H lines long, 
 shorter than the pedicels. 
 
 Sparingly introduced in waste places in the neigliborlioocl of the older towns. The bruised 
 leaves exhale a sickly disagreeable odor. The extract of the ]ilant has pow.rfid narcotic and 
 alterative jiroperties, and is a valuable remedial agent in the hands of eonii)eteiit jihysicians. The 
 root ignoranlly eaten by childicn and others has not larely proved fatal in its etlects. 
 
 7. APIUM, Linn. Cici.euy. 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally 
 compressed, the carpels nearly straight, somewhat ribbed obtusely ; oil-tubes solitary 
 in the intervals. Seed nearly terete, not channelled nor concave on the face. Carpo- 
 phore entire. — Smooth ; leaves decompound ; umbels terminal, often nearly sessile 
 opposite the leaves ; flowers white ; involucre and involucels small or none. 
 
 Including about u dozen species, as limited by Beutham k Hooker, Rome widely distributed, but 
 half of them confuied to the Southern United States east of the Kocky Mountains. The only 
 species found in California is a native of the coasts of Europe, widely naturalized, under cultiva- 
 tion much changed and ini])roved, becoming the garden Celery. The cultivated Parsley is another 
 member of the genus {A. I'ctroscUnuin). 
 
 1. A. graveolens, Linn. liiennial, witli a fibnms root, erect, branching and 
 rather leafy, a foot <ir two liigh: leaves pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of broadly cuneate- 
 ohovato or rliond>oiilal lealhits, 3-5-lol>ed and si)aringly toothed, an inch or two 
 long, the ui»i)er ternate with nearly entire oblanceolatu leallets : umbels sessile cu- 
 very shortly pedunculate, naked ; rays G to 12 or fewer, slender, an inch huig or 
 less : fruit two thirds of a line long. 
 
 Rare in California, but has been collected in salt marshes from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and 
 also at Fort Tejon. 
 
 8. APIASTRUM, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, concave, obtuse. Stylopodium depressed ; 
 styles short. Fruit cordate in outline, laterally compressed with a narrow commis- 
 sure ; carpels incurved when mature, witlt 5 often obscure rugulose ribs ; oil-tubes 
 broad and solitary in the intervals, and a narrow one under each rib. Seed con- 
 cave and somewhat incurved longitudinally. Carpophore 2-parteil, rigid. — A 
 smooth slender branching Califoriuan annual ; leaves dissected, with linear seg- 
 ments ; umbels sessile, naked, fewrayed, in the forks or ojjposite to the leaves ; 
 llowers small, white. 
 
Pimpinrlln. UMBELLIFER.E. 259 
 
 1. A. angUStdfolium, Nutt. A span or two Ingli ; bninclics soiucwliiit diclioto- 
 mous : Iciivos 1 or 2 inches long, bitoruately or tritcrnately divided, with liiu'ur or 
 nearly liliforui scgnioiits : umbels and unibellets very uiieiiually .■{-4-rayed, the 
 slender pedicels at length sjjiuosely pointed Avith the persistent carpophore : fruit 
 half a lino long, somewhat broader, variable in the curvature of the carpels and in 
 the prominence of the ribs, which are sometimes nine, the i)rimary and intermediate 
 ones being nearly equally develoi)ed. — Torr. & Cray, Fl. i. 044 ; Torrey, Dot. Mex. 
 Bound, t. 28. A. ladfolium, Nutt. 1. c, the more coar.sely dissected form, llelo- 
 sciadiitm leiytnphi/Uum, var. (!) Iniifolium, Hook. & Arn. JJot. IJcechey, 347. 
 
 Frnnuitit in spring in tlic western portion of tlie Stato, from San Diego to Mendocino County, 
 on hillsides. In tlie figure cited, .some of the cliaracters of tlie fniit arc incorrectly shown. 
 
 9. CARUM, Linn. 
 
 Caly.\-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit ovate or oblojig, laterally com- 
 pressed ; ribs obtuse, scarcely prominent or nerve-like; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
 vals. Seed subtereto or somewhat dor.sally compressed, convex, flat, or slightly 
 concave on the fiico. Carpophoro 2-partod. — The Ainorican species form the sec- 
 tion 7iWo.<!?«uf, — smooth erect slender l)iennial herbs, with tuberous or fusiform 
 fascicled roots; leaves mostly simply pinnate with few linear Icailets ; involucre 
 and involucels of few to many entire Jeaflets ; flowers white ; calyx-teeth rather 
 prominent ; section of the seed very variable in outline. 
 
 Tlie genus as limited by Bentliam & Hooker includes about 50 species in tenii)crate and sub- 
 tropical regions, chielly of the Old World, one si>ccies (0. Cnrvi, the garden Carroway) bemg 
 often cultivated and extensively naturalized. The roots of both the ("alifornian species are a 
 prominent article of food among the Indians. 
 
 1. C. Gairdneri, lienth. & Hook. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, from a tuberous root : 
 leaves few, usually simply pinnate, with 3 to 7 linear leaflets 2 to inches long, the 
 lower leaflets rarely pinnate with entire or toothed divisions ; upper leaves usually 
 simple: umbels on long peduncles, 6 to 12 rayed; the involucre of a single linear 
 leaflet, or often wanting ; rays an inch or two long ; involucels of several linear 
 acuminate bracts equalling the flowers: fruit 1 to 4 lines long, ovate to oblong, 
 the styles usually half as long as the fruit. — yltniia Gainfnrn, Hook. <l' Arn. Bot. 
 Boechey, 349. Edoamia Oairdneri, NuM. in 'Jorr. i^ (iray, Kl. i. 012. 
 
 Frcfiuent from Washington Territory and Idaho to Southern California (chiefly in the Sierra 
 Nevada) and Utah, on hill.'iides and in the mountains ; flowering in Juno and July. The most 
 southern locality is Julian, San Diego Co., Pnlmcr. A broader leaved form (leattct-s 2 to 8 hnos 
 wide) is the var. latifolium of Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. 
 
 2. C. Kelloggii, Clray. Root tuberous and fascicled : stein 2 to 5 feet high : 
 lower leaves ternatc or biternate with pinnate divisions and linear segments ; upper 
 leaves becoming linear : involucre and involucels of 1 to 9 linear-subidato l.-ailets : 
 fruit ovate to oblong, 1| to 2^ lines long, with prominent stylopodium and very 
 short s^des, the ribs filiform. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. 
 
 Central California, near the const. A rather stouter plant with larger flowei-s and fruit. 
 
 10. PIMPINELLA, Linn. 
 Calyx-teeth miiuite or obsolete. Stylopodium cushiondike or conical. Fniit 
 ovate or broader than long, laterally compressed, with a broad commissure ; carpels 
 fi-angled, with distant usually slender ribs and several oil-tubes in the intervals. 
 Seed subtereto or dorsally compressed, nearly flat on the face, often free from the 
 locso ppicarp. Carpophore divided. — Mostly smooth ].erennials ; leaves decom- 
 pound ; umbels nearly naked ; flowers white or yellow. 
 
2g(j UMBELLlFERiE. Pimpmdla. 
 
 A luige x^^mis ill llu) Dill World uf CO to 7o siicck-s, tho I'ollowiiig almost its only luiiiuseiilii- 
 tivo ill Ainurica. 
 
 1. P. apiodora, Ciniy. Smooth, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout: heaves 
 mostly radical, 2 - iMeriiate, the cuneate-ovute leaflets laciniately pinnatilid and 
 toothed, ail inch lung: umbela long-pedimcled ; uiys G to 15, hiapidly puberiilent, 
 an inch or two long; involucre and invuhicels of 1 or 2 bracts, or wanting : liuwers 
 •white or pinkish : iVnit broadly ovate, 1^ lines long, the carpels 5-angled with 
 slightly prominent ribs : oil-tubes numerous (-t to 5 in the ilorsal intervals, G in the 
 lateral, and 8 or more in the commissure) : styles short : carpophore 2-parted. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 345, & viii. 385; Watson, But. King Exp. 121. 
 
 Sau Francisco and noithward ; Mendocino County {Bulunder) ; Oregon (Hull) ; Eastein Ne- 
 vada, IVatson. i*eifeetly mature I'ruit has nut yet been collected. The plant has a strong 
 pleasant odor, like that of Celery. 
 
 11. BERULA, Koch. 
 Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conical and styles short. Fruit nearly globose, 
 with a broad commissure, emarginate at base, tho ribs nerve-like, not raised above 
 the tiiick epicari) ; oil-tubes numerous ami contiguous, surrounding the terete seed. 
 Carpophore 2-parted, very slender. — A smooth [xuennial a(piatii! ; leaves jjinnate 
 and serrate ; involucres ami involucels of several lealleta ; liowors white. 
 
 A single species (often luferrftd to the genus Slum) coniinon iu Europe, and widely though 
 sparingly distributed through the United States and Mexico. 
 
 1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect but usually low, ^ to 3 feet high, the stem 
 stout and angled : leallets about G pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, ^ to 2 inches long, 
 often laciniately lobed at base, and the upper ones especially more or less deeply 
 cut-toothed : peduncles I or 2 inches long: rays an inch long or less; involucre and 
 involucels of G to 8 entire linear-lanceolate leaflets : fruit two thirds of a line long. 
 — Siuvi anguatifoHuia, Linn. 
 
 Collected at Fort Tejon {Xantns, Rothrock) though without fruit, and reported from San Fran- 
 cisco ; Sierra Co., LcvDnon. The Ilelosciudiuvi (0 CaliJ'urnkum of Hook, k Arn. Hot. Bcechey, 
 H'2, lins been doulitfully referred to this apecie.s, but is described as jnocunibent, the lower leallets 
 jiinnatifid or pinnate, and the styles long. Benth. k Hook. (Gen. PI. i. 893) speak of the fruit 
 of the specimen in herb. Kew as having the epicarp thin over the intervals as in species of Sium. 
 The reference is therefore probably incorrect and the s])ecies remains uncertain. 
 
 12. CICUTA, lann. Water Hemlock. 
 
 Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylo[)odium de[)ressed. Fruit broadly ovate or sub- 
 orbicular, slightly compressed laterally but the commissure narrow ; ribs broad and 
 obtuse, corky ; the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed subterete, Hat or 
 rounded on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth tall branching marsh peren- 
 nials, with stout hollow stems ; leaves pinnate or pinnately decompound ; umbels 
 of white flowers many-rayed, the involucre small or none, and involucels of several 
 small bracts : routs thick and fascicled, very poisonous : flowering in sumnuir. 
 
 A small genus of about half a do/en species, growing in dain|) or wet places, two of them very 
 widely distribute*! round the world in the northern hemispliere. The aromatic roots of the first 
 species have often proved fatal to those eating them, and the others are probably as dangerous. 
 
 1. C. maculata, Linn, Stout, 3 to G feet high : lower leaves on ])etioles 1 or 
 2 feet long, bipinnate ; the leaflets (1 or 2 inclies, sometimes 4 inches, long) oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate with the veinlets running to the sinuses, 
 occasionally lobed, the lower petiolulate : rays an inch or two long, rather slender ; 
 involucre usually wanting; involucels of to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets: fruit 
 
Osmorrhiza. UMBELLIFER^. 261 
 
 nearly 1^ lines lonj^, broadly ovate; ribs and broad oil-tii])os conspicuous: seed 
 nearly terete or soniewlmt hollowed on the face. 
 
 Across the continent from New England and Florida to Wasliington Territory and the Sierra 
 Nevada ; Mono Pass (Hnlander), and rejiorted from Fort Tcjon, Xanhui. It is doubtful wliether 
 it extends to the coast, most of the specunens repoi ted fiom that region belonging apparently to 
 C. Californica. The species is also native of Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. C. Bolanderi, Watson. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets narrowly lanceolate, 
 sharply long-acuniiuate, two inches in length, very acutely serrate, the veinleta 
 passing to the sinuses ; the lower leaflets petiojulate and oi'ten d(>eply lobcd : in- 
 volucre of several linear leaflets : fruit two lines long, nearly orbicular, strongly 
 ribbed and with broad oil-tubes, which are sunk in tlie chiinnellod seed. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. xi. 139. 
 
 At Suisun, in salt marshes, Bolandcr. 
 
 3. C. Californica, Gray. Very stout, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves pinnate, or the 
 lower bipinnate at base ; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, lanceolate, shortly acumi- 
 nate, rounded at base, serrate with the voinlets running to the teeth, often deeply 
 lobed on the lower side : involucre none, or a narrow leaflet ; involucels of several 
 lanceolate bracts : fruit broadly ovate, 1| lines long, strongly ribbed : seed not 
 channelled under the oil-tubes, rhomboidal or ovate in section, thinnest at the 
 commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. 
 
 In the neighborhood of San Francisco and southward to Santa Cruz (Ilartweg) and Monterey, 
 Brewer. 
 
 13. SIUM, Linn. Watf.k Parsnit. 
 
 Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium dejjressed and styles short. Fruit oltlong or 
 ovate, laterally compressed with a narrow commissure, the ribs j)rominent and wing- 
 like, corky ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Carjwphore 2-iiarted, slender and 
 usually deciduous Avith the fruit. — Smooth perennial aquatics, witli angled stems ; 
 leaves pinnate and leaflets serrate or pinnatifid ; involucre and involucels of several 
 bracts ; flowers white. 
 
 Half a dozen species are found in the northern temperate zone and a single one in Soutli 
 Africa. The following sjtecies, also Asiatic, is the only one indigenous in Californin. 
 
 1. S. Cicutaefolium, Gmelin. Stout, 3 to H f(>et high, branchiug: lower leaves 
 long-petiolcd, the caulino with a sluui dilated base ; leaflets fi to 8 jmirs, oblong- 
 lanceolate to linear, 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, sliarj>ly serrate or i-arely pinnat- 
 ifid, the upper ones shorter and narrower: rays 1 to l| inches long; involucre 
 and involucels of 6 to 8 linear bracts : fruit oblong, l^ lines long, very strongly 
 ribbed. — S. lineare, Michx. 
 
 Reported from Pose Creek, and mentioned by Torrey in Pot. Wilkes Kxped. and by Bolander 
 as growing near San Francisco. It is certainly found on the eastern slojie of the Sierra Nevada 
 in Sierra and Truckee Valleys, and thence ranges to Washington Territory, Colorado, the Sas- 
 katchewan, and the Atlantic. It is also identical with the plant of Siberia, the older name of 
 which is here adopted. Iknthnni & Hooker refer both this species antl the eastern S. Carxoni to 
 the genus yipium, but they are certainly not to be separated from the typical species i<f. lati- 
 JoHnm and landfolinm of the Old World. In all, the carpophore though delicate is always 
 2-parted, and the oil-tubes are 2 or 3 (perhaps rarely solitary) in tiie intervals. 
 
 14. OSMORRHIZA, Hafinesque. Sweet Cicfxy. 
 
 Calyx-teoth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowly alleinmle at base, acuto 
 
 above and tipped by the erect stylo, compressed laterally ami narrowed at the com- 
 
 missuro; carpels 5-angled, with somewhat prominent slightly corky wings, his|)id 
 
 with short ascending bristles ; oil-tubes numerous and very obscure. Seed terete, 
 
262 UMBELLIFER/K. Osmonhiza. 
 
 sulcate on the iaco or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. 
 
 Carpophore i-clel't. — Perennials, witli thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute ; 
 
 leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound; involucre small or none; umbels fuw, few- 
 rayed and few-fruited ; lluwers wliit(j. 
 
 A genus of liiilf ii doziii species. Tlio two species of Eastern America extend to Asia, wliiln 
 tlie two of California are conlined to the western coast. 
 
 1. O. nuda, Torrey. Eather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent 
 with spreading hairs : leaves twice ternate ; leatiels ovate, an inch or two long, 
 acute or obtusisli, rather deeply cleft and toothed: umbel long-peduncled, 3-5- 
 rayed, naked or witli small caducous involucre and involucels ; rays 2 or 3 inches 
 long : pedicels 3 to i) lines long : fruit slender, G or 7 lines long and a line broad or 
 less, acutely ribbed ; the style and «tyh)podium very short ; the attenuated base 2 
 lines long : seed terete, sulcate on the inner face. — Pacif. li. Pep. iv. 93. 0. bre- 
 visti/lls, Hook. PI. i. 272 in part, t. U7. 
 
 In the mountains from 8an Diego ()o. to Alaska and eastward to Colorado. It is doubtful if 
 the allied O. brcvi.slylis extends so far west as the Rocky Mountiiins. That s[)ecies is distinguished 
 by its larger and more acuminate leaflets, involucrate umbels, and larger fruit, and the seed more 
 angular and involute. 
 
 2. O. brachypoda, Torrey. About a foot high: leaves 2-3-ternato; leadets 
 ovate, an inch long or li;.s.s, acute, laciniuLely lobeil and tootiied : rays rather shorter; 
 involucre of one or few and involucels of \ to linear-acuminate bracts, the latter 
 equalling the llowcrs ; pedicels very short : fruit strongly and acutely ribbed, G 
 lines long by 1^ broad, the stout base but a line long ; stylopodium depressed and 
 styles very short : seed strongly 5-angled, the margins contiguous and closing the 
 deep central sulcus. — Pacif. P.. Pep. iv. 93. 
 
 A strongly marked species, seemingly confined to Central California ; Nevada Co. {Bigelow, 
 Prattcn), Santa Clara Valley (Goudulc), and Monterey, Parri). 
 
 15. GLYCOSMA, Nutt. 
 
 Characters as in Osmorrhlza except as regards the fruit, which is linear but not 
 attenuate to a narrow base, and usually glabrous ; stylopodium depressed and styles 
 very short : seed sennterete or angled, witli a rather broad sulcus on the face. In- 
 volucre and involucels wanting. 
 
 A group of plants of Western Ameiica, moi'e nearly allied to Osmnrrhiza than to Myrrhis of 
 the Old World, to whicii it is referred by IJcnthani k Hooker. The simcies are very much alike. 
 
 1. Qt. OCCidentale, Nutt. Rather stout, 2 feet high or more, linely puberulent 
 throughout, exce]»ting the inllorescenco: leaves 2-ternate, the leallets oblongdanceo- 
 late, H to 2| inches long, serrate : rays somewhat erect ; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, 
 exceeding the sterile llowers : fruit 7 or 8 lines long, rather acutely angled. — Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 639 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 38G. Myrrhis occidentcdis, Benth. 
 & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 897 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. 
 
 In the mountains from Oregon to Mono Pass, and eastward to the Wahsatch ; S. Utah, Parry. 
 
 2. G-. ambiguum, Gray. Glabrous, or somewhat hairy near the nodes: leaflets 
 rather smaller and more deeply gash-toothed, an inch or two long, ovate-oblong, 
 acute : rays more spreading ; pedicels a line or two long, not exceeding the barren 
 flowers : fruit 6 or 7 lines long, rarely bristly on the ribs at base. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 386. 
 
 Collected by KeUotjr/ & Harford in shady woods at Cahto, California, and by Hall at the foot of 
 the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. 
 
 3. G-. Bolanderi, G.ray. iStout, .somewhat puberulent : leaflets ovate, acute, 
 rather deeply gash-tuotlicd and lobcil : rays spreading ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long, 
 
(Enanthe. UMBELLIFER.^. 263 
 
 shorter than tlie storile flowers: fruit 9 or 10 lines long, li lines broad — Proc Am 
 Acad. vii. 346 & viii. 38G. 
 
 Shady woods of Humboldt and Mondocino rounties, Bolandcr, Kellogg. 
 
 16. PODOSCIADIUM, Gmy. 
 Calyx-teeth small, scarious, subulate. Stylopodiuiu short, conical. Fruit linear- 
 oblong, laterally compressed, with a rather broad commissure, somewhat contracted 
 at the apox ; ribs narrow and filiform ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 on the 
 commissure. Seed reniform in section, slightly channelled on the back under tlio 
 oil tubes, broadly furrowed on the face, with a central longitudinal ridge. Car- 
 pophore 2-parted. — Smooth branching Californian perennials; leaves pinnately or 
 somewhat ternately decompound, with linear leaflets ; umbels long-peduncled, with 
 involucres and involucels of several lanceolate acuminate subscarious bracts; flowers 
 white, polygamous. 
 
 1. P. Californicum, Gray. Stem 3 or 4 feet high: segments of the leaves 
 linear, entire or toothed, the terminal one elongated, an inch or two long ; upper- 
 most leaves simple : umbels 9 - 12-rayed, the primary umbel fertile, with rays two 
 inches long ; the others sterile, with rays an inch long and very slender pedicels 
 exceeding the bracts : petals shortly acuminate : fruit 4 lines long, shorter than the 
 pedicels, \\ lines broad, with obtuse ribs: oil-tubes and seeds as described in the 
 generic character. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. Chcerophylluvt (?) Californicum, 
 Torrey, Pacif. R Pep. iv. 93. 
 
 Collected only by Diijchw nt Knight's Ferry ; Mny. 
 
 2. P. Bolanderi, Cray. Two feet high : leaflets pinnate, the segments moro 
 narrowly linear : und)els many-rayed ; rays /) to 9 linos long ; the conspicuous 
 scarious involucels exceeding the pedicels : ])etala very loiig-ncumiuate, with the 
 niidvein strongly impressed : fruit 1^ lines long, oblong, the narrow ribs becoming 
 elevated and undulate ; oil-tubes more numerous and obscure, 2 or 3 in the inter- 
 vals : seed more compressed dorsally, and broader in proportion, not grooved on the 
 back, the facial sulcus broad and shallow and but slightl}-^ raised in the centre. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. 
 
 Mariposa Trail, among rocks, Bolander. 
 
 A closely allied plant, but difTciing from any of the preceding genera, has been collected in 
 the Yosemite Valley by both Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray, with the fruit however too immature for 
 its satisfactory determination. Tiie fruit as found is narrowly oblong, 4 lines lon<r, latenilly com- 
 pressed with a rather wide commi.ssurc, slightly ribbed on the back ; disk evident, but stylopodium 
 depressed ; oil-tubes obscure, probably solitary in the intervals ; seed subtcretc, with a deep tri- 
 angular facial sulcus ; carpophore 2-pai-ted. The idant is a foot high or less, glabrous, slender, 
 shortly caulescent ; leaves ternate or bipinnato, with linear acute segments, 1 to 3 lines long ; 
 umbels few-rayed, the rays very unequal, an inch long or less ; involucre none ; involucels of 1 
 or 2 small bractlets ; flowers yellow, the calyx-teeth obsolete. 
 
 17. CENANTHE, Linn. 
 Calyx-teeth rather prominent, acute. Stylojiodium short-conical, the styles at 
 length elongated. Fruit oblong to globose, not compressed, with a broad commis- 
 sure, the ribs rounded and corky, with very narrow intervals ; oil-tubes solitary. 
 Seed somewhat compressed dorsally, flat on the face. Carpophore iione. — Gla- 
 brous linrbs, mostly acpmtic ; leaves juiuinto or dccompouud ; undxds usually in- 
 volucrato ; flowers white. 
 
 The following are our only representntives of this genus, of which there are 20 or more species 
 in the temperate regions of the Old World. 
 
2QA UMJ5ELL1FK1UC. (Enanthe. 
 
 1, Qj. Californica, Watson. Biennial or jierennial ; stems succulent, usually 
 weak - to T) I'eet hi^li : leaves ternato and bipinnato, tlie jjinniu nearly hessihi ; 
 leaflets approxiniati', ovate, acute or acutish, toothed, often lobi-d at basi;, u hall" to 
 an inch long : unibel.s many-rayed, with one or two linear involuc.ral bracts or 
 naked; rays an inch lon^' or less; pedicelB numerous, short ; IVidt crowdeij, ncaiiy 
 1^ lines long, oblong, obtuse at ea(-h end, tiiii)ed with the lung si)rradiiig styles; 
 ribs and coniniissure very corky : seed somewhat dorsally compressed, usually 
 angled; oil-tubes at the angles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 139. 
 
 In marslies at Point Lolws, anil southwanl to San Diego County. 
 
 2. GEI. sarmentosa, Nutt. Very similar : leaves usually broader and more 
 open; lealiets acuminate, mostly smaller. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 617. Phellan- 
 ilrium aquaticum, Pursh. 
 
 Washington Territoiy and Oregon ; Pluuias Co., Lcnvmon. Tlie succulent stems have the taste 
 of Celery and are eaten by the 1 iidiaus. 
 
 18. lilQUSTICUM, lann. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodiuni usually conical ; margin of the disk undu- 
 late. Fruit ovate or oblong, with a broad commissure, somewhat dorsally com- 
 pressed ; ribs somewhat prominent and acute or narrowly winged, the lateral ones 
 usually broadest; oil-tubes obscure. Seed dorsally llattened, somewhat concave on 
 the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth perennials, usvudly tall; leaves pinnately 
 or ternate and pinnately decompound ; umbels many-rayed, naked or involuerate ; 
 flowers white. 
 
 A genus of about 20 or '2.') species, of the northern hemispheie, chiefly of the OKI Woild and 
 most of tliem rather obscurely characterized. 
 
 1. L. apiifolimn, lienth. & Hook. Rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, branching 
 above : leaves ternate or biternate, the divisions pinnate or bipinnate ; segments 
 ovate, f to U inches long, laciniately pinuatilid, the lobes acute or acuminate : um- 
 bels long-})ed uncled, without involucre or rarely with 1 or 2 slender bracts, the rays 
 1 or 2 inches long, scabrous-puberulent above; involucels of several narrowly linear 
 entire bractlets ; pedicels slender, 2 or 3 lines long : fruit oval, 2 lines long, with a 
 conical stylophore ; carpels somewhat quadrangular ; ribs narrow, acute ; oil-tubes 
 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissure : seed reniform in section, with 
 a medial longitutlinal ridge. — Gen. i. SJ12. Cpuquum apiifulium, Nutt. in Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. i. 041. 
 
 In the mountains from the Columbia River southward ; Yosemite Valley {Bolandcr) ; Big Tree 
 road and Ebbett's Vass{Breucr) ; Donner Lake, Torre i/. The Californiau plant agiees with that 
 of Oregon in all its cliaracters. Si)ecimens collei-ted at Tamalpais by Bigelow were rel'crred here 
 
 by Dr. Torrey, probably correctly, but they were only in flower. What ap[)ears to be the same 
 
 is also found in Colorado, but the Segments of the leaves are smaller, the involucels wanting, 
 
 and the fruit (immature) Homewhat larger. 
 
 A doubtful form, var. minus. Gray in herb., is found at Ostrander's Meadows (Bolandcr), and 
 
 Ebbett's yiissiBrcuxi-) ; stem 9 to 15 inches hi^'h, with 1 or 2 umbels ; leaves all nearly radical, 
 
 toruato-piunate ; the still immatiue fruit 2^ hues long, rather strongly ribbed, the seed more 
 
 depressed and witliout the central ridge. 
 
 L. «(;()i'Ul,(UiUM, (buy, tlm more imivalent species in tlio llocky MouutaiuH, may purhajia bo 
 
 found in the norlheru Sierra Nevada, dlMlingiiishud by the more depres.s<iil-rcniform boed and 
 
 by the oval more broadly winged fruit. 
 
 19. SELINUM, Linn. 
 Characters of Liyusticum, but the fruit rather more prominently winged, the oil- 
 tubes solitary and conspicuous in the intervals, and the seed nearly flat on the face. 
 — Tall stout branching perennials, with jtinnately tk-compound leaves. 
 
Angdicn. UMBKLLIFERvE. 265 
 
 A genus of ahout 25 species (nceonliiig to Hontli. k Hook.), almost cxelnsivcly of the northern 
 hemisphere ; perhaps half a dozen in North America. 
 
 * Involncels conspic7ions : pedicels slender: fruit smooth, tuifh thin tvings. 
 
 1. S. Pacificum, Watson. Leavo.s teniate-bipiniiatfi, the ovato acutish seg- 
 ments an inch long, laciniatoly tootlied and lobed : umbels on stout peduncles, 
 about 15-raycd, witli an involuoro of 2 or 3 lobcd and toothed leaflets, an inch 
 long, equalling the rays ; involncels of several narrowly linear entire or 3-toothed 
 bracts of|ualling the flowers; pedicels 2 or 4 lines long: fruit oblmig, 3 or 4 linos 
 long, \\ lines broad; stylo[)0(liuiri slightly promiii(>nt iibovc^ the disk; the wings 
 rather narrow ; oil-tubes conspicuous, very rarely in pairs : seed channelled under 
 the dorsal oil-tubes. — Proc. Aiu. Acad. xi. 140. 
 
 Saucelito Hills, near San Francisco, Kcllngrj k Harford. 
 
 * * Umbels naked ; pedicels very short or none, the fioivers and hirsute fruit crowded 
 or in globose heads : ivings corky. 
 
 2. S. capitellatum, Benth, «fe Hook. Very stout, 2 to 5 feet high, smooth : 
 leaves largo, with nmch dilated petioles, bi[)innate, tho few leaflets oblong- to linear- 
 lanceolate, an inch or two long, coarsely laciniatiOy toothe*! or lobed : unibels 2 or 3, 
 tomentose, 6-8-rayed; umbellets globose, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, the pubescent 
 flowers sessile on a dilated receptacle : disk prominent, the styl(>podium depressed : 
 fruit cuneate-obovate, 3 lines long, strongly ribbed, the lateral wings broader than 
 the 3 upright dorsal ones : seed reniform, with shallow grooves for the dorsal oil- 
 tubes. — Gen. i. 915; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 126. Sphiwiosciadium capitellatum, 
 (tray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 536. 
 
 Stream-banks in the Sierra Nevada, from Mono to Donner Pass, especially on the eastern sloj>e. 
 Another closely allied specues is fonnd in the mountains of Northern Nevada, S. KiNOii, Watson, 
 1. c, with less tomentose inflorescence, the fruit oblong-oval, on pedicels a line or two long. 
 
 20. ANGELICA, T,inn. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium depressiid. Fruit ovate, strongly 
 flattened dorsally with a very broad commissure, margined by the broad membra- 
 nous distinct lateral wing ; dorsal ribs prominent bid. narrower ; oil-tubes solitary 
 in tho intervals, or tho lateral in pairs. Seed flattened, the face flat or slightly con- 
 cave. Carpophore 2-parted. — Usually tall and stout perennials ; leaves pinnate or 
 compound, the toothed segments usually broad and the petioles much dilated ; um- 
 bels many-rayed, naked or nearly so ; flowers white or piirple. 
 
 About 30 species in the north temperate and Arctic zones ; ton or more North Americjin. 
 
 1. A. Brcweri, Gray. Glabrous or somewhat puberulent. 3 or 4 feet high: 
 leaves ternate or quinate and pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, 2 or 3 inches long, sharply serrate with ciispidate teeth, the lower some- 
 times lobed at base: peduncles long, often witli 1 or 2 entire dilated somewhat 
 membranous bracts : umbels naked ; rays 2 inches long : fruit pubescent, ol)long, 
 4 lines long and 2 broad, the lateral wings narrow and corky, as thick as the seed, 
 the dorsal obtuse and little prominent ; oil-tubes usually 6, besides 2 to 4 on the 
 commissure, the lateral or dorsal in pairs : seed more or less concave on the face, 
 with sometimes a longitudinal medial ridge, the oil-tulies sunk in deep depressions 
 on tho back. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 318; Watson, Hot. King pAp. 126. 
 
 In tho Sierra Novadft from rinmna Co. (,\fr.<>. /imr.i) to Kbhott's I'a.v and the Hig Tree road 
 (Polandr.r, Torrn/, Brewer) ; N. W. Nevada, JCalion. 
 
 2. A. tomentosa, W^atson. Very stout, hoary-toniento.se thro\ighout or the 
 stem glabrous : leaves quinately bipinnatc, the leaflets thick, ovate, acute, very 
 
266 UM BELLI FER.E. . Atigelica. 
 
 oblique at base, 2 to 4 inches long, the lower sometimes lobed, unequally serrate 
 with acutisli teeth : umbels naked, often dense, the rays 1 to 3 inches long : fruit 
 broad-elliptical, 3 lines long by 2 to 2i broad, the lateral wings thin and the dorsal 
 acutish : aeed thin, flat on the face, tli^o solitary oil-tubes in channels on the back. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. ill. 
 
 ill till) ("oust Ktiiigus, IVoiii Sail I'luiicibco to ftU'iulociiio County. 
 
 3. A. lineariloba, Gray. Glabrous, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves twice to 
 thrice (luiuatc, tlie Icallets linear, 1 or 2 inches long, cusi)idately acuminate, entire 
 or the lower ones 3-i)arted with the tlecurrent sometimes coarsely tootlied lobes 
 divaricate : umbels naked, the rays an iixdi or two h)ng : fruit smooth, 4 lines long 
 by two wide; lateral wings a little narrower than the seed, rather corky: oil-tubes 
 solitary, tlie lateral in pairs: seed nearly Hat on the face, channelled under the dmsal 
 oil-tubes. — I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. ;M7. 
 
 Mono Pass {Bulandcr) ; in the Suulliein Siena Nevada, Rolhruck. The thick root is sai.l not 
 to be sweet-scented. 
 
 21. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. 
 Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit 
 ovate or elliijtical, obtuse or retuse, dorsally llattened, the lateral ribs and some or 
 all of the dorsal ones expanded into more or less thickened ami corky wings ; oil- 
 tubes narrow, one to several in the intervals. Seed dorsally flattened, and more or 
 less concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Perennials, mostly low and often 
 cespitose, with a thickened root ; leaves pinnately and finely decompound, with 
 small narrow segments; umbels usually both involucrate and involucellate, few- 
 rayed ; flowers white or yellow. 
 
 Natives of Western North America, about 15 species, most of tliem confined to the region 
 between the h'ocky Mountains and the Siena Nevada. Tlie roots are extensively used by the 
 Indians lor I'ooiL 
 
 * Shurdi/ caulescent : Jlowers i/ellaio. 
 
 1. C. terebinthinus, Torr. & Gray. Erect, G to 18 inches high, smooth, leafy 
 at base : leaves rather rigid, thrice innnate ; leallcts a line long or less, linear-oblong, 
 acute, entire or 1 - 2-to(.thed : fertile rays 4 ti) fi, unetjual, | to 2 inches long ; invo- 
 lucre a single linear leallet or wanting, tlie inv<ducels of several short linear bracts ; 
 pedicels 1 to 2 lines long : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 or 3 broad, the rather thin 
 corky ribs a line broad ; calyx-teeth evident : oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 
 10 on the commissure: carp()])li()re ))crsistent. — Fl. i. 024. Stlinam terehliithinum, 
 Hook. Fl. i. 2G0, t. 1)5. C. /witiculaccus, C. albijlorus, ^ C. thupsoides, Kutt. in 
 Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 024. 
 
 One of the most widely distributed of the species, ranging from tlie Cascade Mountains in 
 Washington Territory to Ebbett's Pass (Brewer, at 9,000 feet alt.), and the Yosemite Valley 
 (Oraij), and in the mountains eastward to Colorado. As in other species the number of develoi)e(l 
 dorsal wings is variable. 
 
 * * Acanlescent or nearly so : flowers U'hite. 
 +- Xul alj'iiie. 
 
 2. C. montanus, Is'utt. Nearly acaulescent: leaves clustered at the summit of 
 the very short stein, smooth and glaucous, pinnate or bipinnate, the oblong seg- 
 ments pinnatihd with oblong obtuse entire or toothed lobes : ]>ed uncles 1 to 4 
 inches high, rather stout : involucre and involucels of broad and membranaceous 
 bracts, united at base, the involucre often short and cuji-like : rays about half an 
 inch long or less ; pedicels a line or two long : fruit 3 to 6 lines long, with thin flat 
 wings 1 or 2 lines broad ; calyx-teeth small ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on 
 
Peucedanum. TJMBELLIFER.E. 267 
 
 the commissure: seed concave. — Torr, & Cray, Fl. i. G24 ; Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 123, excl. var. 
 
 Var. purpurascens, Gray. Involucres and involucels very broad and conspic- 
 uous, nearly enclosing the flowers, obtuse, tinged or veined with purple and green : 
 fruit nearly sessile, large and very broadly winged. — Ives Colorado liep. 15. 
 
 Olio of the earliest spring flowers in the Great Basin, from Western Nevada and Northern Ari- 
 zona to Utah ; doubtless in Eastern California. The tyincal form seems to be mostly confined to 
 the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 3. C globosus, Watsf)n. Witli the habit of the last, the so^nionts of the loaves 
 somewhat broililer in c)utlino : involucre and involucels apparently none, and the 
 rays and pedicels obsoleto, the flowers and fruit being in dense globose heads, ^ to 
 1 inch in diamctcu' ; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the thin flat wings a line broad, narrower 
 at base : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure : seed slightly con- 
 cave on the face. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 141. 
 
 Northern Nevada ; near Carson City {Stretch, Wnfjion) ; Goshoot Mountains, Bcckwith. Re- 
 ferred to by Dr. Toirey, in Pacif. R. Reji. ii. 120, under C. vwntamai as an abnormal form, and 
 made a variety of the same species in Bot. King Exp. 124, the true fruit not having been 
 examined. 
 
 ' +- -(- Dwarf and alpine. 
 
 4. C. cinerarius, Gray. Acaulescent, with a subterranean creeping rhizoina : 
 scape (2 or 3 inches high) and petioles glabrous : leaves somewhat cordate in o\it- 
 line, bipinnate with toothed segments, glaucous-cinereous with a line rough puber- 
 ulence : rays few, short or almost none ; involucre of nuiMorous tiiiited somewhat 
 membranous long-acuminate segments : flowers ])urplish ; calyx-teeth small : fruit 
 3 lines long, the undulate wings less than a line broad ; oil-tubes 3 in the inter- 
 vals, several on the commissure : seed narrow, strongly curved with a deep central 
 channel. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 535. 
 
 At Sonora Pass and above Mono Lake in the Sierra Nevada (Bremer), at 0,000 to 10,000 feet 
 altitude. 
 
 5. C. NevadensiS, Gray. Cespitose, leafy, roughish pubcrulcMit : leaves rather 
 rigid, half an inch long, on short petioles, 3-lobed, the lobes 3 - 5-parted with lan- 
 ceolate-subulate segments : scape less than an inch high, terminated by an umbel of 
 3 to 5 nearly sessile umbellets, involncrato by several broad 3-5-cU'ft herbaceous 
 acute bracts: cnlyx-teeth lanco-suhulnte ; atyltvs h'lig; ovnry obHcuroly winged. — 
 Pro(!. Am. Acad. vi. 530. 
 
 On the summit of Mt. Dana, at over 13,000 feet altitude, lirnirr. \\\\>(s fruit is wauling, and 
 the determination of the plant is therefore in some measure uncertain. 
 
 22. PEUCEDANUM, Liun. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small and 
 depressed (in western species). Fruit suborbicular to oblong, strongly compressed 
 dorsally, the dorsal ribs filiform or slightly prominent, the lateral borders thin and 
 coherent till maturity ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or in pairs, or in a few 
 species still more numerous. Seed flattened, scarcely concave on the face, not chan- 
 nelled under the oil-tubes. — Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent 
 (usually shortly so) or acaulescent ; umbels without involucres (in western species), 
 mostly involucellato ; leaves pinnate to decompoundly dissected ; flowers yellow or 
 white. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. 
 
 A comprohouflivo genus of 100 or more sppi'len, restricted in Amerii-a to the region west of the 
 Mississippi, wliero 20 species are found. They diifer in giiiernl habit from most of those of the 
 Old World, but there seems no good grounil for a scpiuMtinn. The roots of nearly nil, m in 
 the last genus, are an important article of food among the Indiiins. 
 
2G8 
 
 UMiiELLIFER^. • " • Peucedanum. 
 
 8. 
 
 1' 
 
 MACtlUCAIU'UM 
 
 W. 
 
 I' 
 
 DAHYOAUniM. 
 
 0. 
 
 1' 
 
 MiCVADKNHIC. 
 
 ♦ leaves not deconipouiul, the seginuiits liirge or broad or elongated: flowers yellow : I'luit gla- 
 
 brous ; oil-tubc8 solitary. 
 
 Acaiilcscent, glabrous : It^allots ovate to narrowly lan.eolato, ouliro or 
 
 toothed at till) ajM'X : iiivoluiels none : fruit oblong. 1. P. l.ElocAKi-UM. 
 
 Mostly caulescent, iiuberulent : leaflets linear, entire : involueels snniU : 
 
 fruit olilong. '-2. P- tihtkiinatum. 
 
 Shortly eaukseent, j^'labrous : leaflets ovate, toothed : involueels pres- 
 ent : fruit orbicular. 
 Leaves ternato : leaflets cordate : fruit large, emarginate at each end. 3. P. Eukyptkua. 
 Leaves bitemate : leaflets oval, laciniate or pinnatificl : fruit smaller, 
 
 scarcely emarginate : calyx-teeth proniinent. 4. P. pauvifouum. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Leaves decompound ; segments narrowly linear ; })etiole3 broadly dilated : involueels con- 
 
 spicuous : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous, elliptical : caulescent, puberulent. 
 
 Segments ^ to 2 inches long : bractlets often lanceolate : ribs obsolete : 
 
 oil-tubes indistinct. 5. P. caruifolium. 
 
 Segments rarely J inch long : bractlets usually much dilated : ribs dis- 
 tinct : oil-tubes broud. 6. P. UTRICULATUM. 
 
 ♦ * » Leaves much dissected : low, pubescent. 
 
 Segments narrow : flowers yellow : fruit pubescent, oval : acaulescent. 7. P. vii.i.osuM. 
 Segments small : flowers while : somewhat caulescent. 
 
 Puljescent : fruit glabrous, oblong or broadly elliptical : involueels 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Villous-tonionloHo : fruit |onuuilo.so, orbicular or ovate. 
 
 (iluuoouH, puburuhmt : fruit homuwhal puliescout, KuindiHh to ovate. 
 
 § 1. Leaves not finely dissected, ternate or bitemate, sometimes quinate or with ])in- 
 nate divisions, the segments large, broad, or elongated : involueels small or 
 none : fiowers yellow; calyx-teeth obsolete, except in No. i : fruit glabrous; 
 oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
 
 * Acaulescent, glabrous : fruit oblong : involueels none. 
 
 1. P. leiocarpum, Nutt. Scape often very stout, | to 1^ feet high, from a 
 thick eloiigatetl root: leaves Liteniate or ternate-quinate ; leaflets usually thick, 
 ovate to narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, acute, sharply few-toothed near the 
 apex or the narrower form entire : hivse, of the umhel and umbellets often dilated ; 
 rays usually few, une(iual, 2 to 8 inches long; pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, us\ially 
 short : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, 2 lines broad, narrowed below, the ribs rather promi- 
 nent, and tlie wing half as wide as the seed ; oil-tubes distinct, the lateral sometimes 
 in pairs, 4 oji the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G2G ; Seseli leiocai-j>um, 
 Hook. FI. i. 2fi2, t. 93. 
 
 From Paget Sound to the Sacramento l{iv(!r, ami in the mountains eastward from Idaho to 
 Sierra County, Ixminon. The Californian .H|ieciuu'ns are the broader-leaved form, approaching 
 P. NuTTALi.ii, Watson {P. bUifoUam, Nutt.), which appears not to have been collected within 
 the State. It is distinguished liy its more ovate, very narrowly winged and more obscurely ribbed 
 fruit (3 to 4 lines long and 2 wide), with 3 or 4 obscure oil-tubes in the intervals and 4 to 6 on 
 the commissure ; leaves bitemate and leaflets ovate to orbicular. 
 
 * * Caulescent, except sometimes in No. 2 : involucellate. 
 +- Fruit oblong : leaflets linear, entire : puberulent. 
 
 2. P. triternatum, Nutt. Finely puberulent : stems 1 to 2^ feet high, with 
 rarely more than a single cauline leaf, often acaulescent : leaves biternate or ternate- 
 quinate, the divisions rarely pinnate ; the segments linear, or rarely oblong, acute, 1 
 to 4 inches long : rays few, unefiual, 1 to 4 inches long ; involueels of a few narrow 
 bractlets, usually snuvU ; pedicels very short : fruit rarely pubescent, 3 or 4 lines 
 long, 1 to 1^ lines wide, narrowest below, very narrowly winged, ilistinctly ribbed ; 
 oil-tubes distinct, 2 broad ones on the commissure. — Torr. & Ciray, Fl. i. 62G. 
 Seseli triternatum, Pursh ; Hook. Fl. i. 204, t. 1)4. 
 
Peucedanvm. UMBELLIFKR J<:. 26'J 
 
 From Piiget Sound nnd Idaho to Mendocino and Placer counties. The acaulescent form 
 (P. hptocarpum, Nutt.) is the more frequent in California, and may perhaps bo found to differ in 
 the form of the fruit, which sometimes at least is broadest near the base, narrowing upward. 
 
 P. SIMPLEX, Nutt., of Utah, is very similar, but with leaves only tcrnate or biternatc, fniit 
 orbicular, 5 or 6 lines long, emarginate at each end, the wings broader than the body, and the 
 ribs prominent. 
 
 P. AMnifiUUM, Nutt., which includes P. Iccvigatum, Nutt, extends from Oregon and Wa.shing- 
 ton Territory to Western Montana, and probably also occurs in Northern ralilornia. It is gla- 
 brous, a foot high or often much less : leaves with much dilated petioles, at least the lower ones 
 1-2-pinnate with long linear entire leaflets, the <ippcr often more dissected: involurels very 
 small or none ; rays an inch or two long : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, a lino wide, tho 
 wing half the width of the seed ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 broad and thin ones on the 
 commissure. 
 
 P. farinosUjM, Geyer, Hook. Jour. Bot. vi. 235, is a dwarf species of Oregon and Idaho, 
 which has not yet been collected in mature fruit. The short stems are slender, fiom a small 
 round tuber ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with linear entire leaflets ; flowers white, in small 
 open few-rayed umbels ; involucels of one or few small linear bracts. 
 
 There is apparently at least another allied species among those used extensively by the Oregon 
 Indians, and which may extend into Northern California, but of which the fruit ha.s not been col- 
 lected. It is low and acaulescent, with a very thick root, glabrous, the leaflets linear ; flowers 
 white (?), nearly sessile in the umbcllets, with often a quite conspicuous involucel. 
 
 -«- -t- Fruit orbicular : leaflets ovate, toothed : glahrouH. 
 
 3. P. Euryptera, Gray. Shortly caulescent, to 10 inches hi-^h, rather stout : 
 leaves ternate ; leaflets broadly cordate, somewliat lobed, coarsely and nmrronately 
 toothed, I to 1 inch long : rays 10 to 15, a half to an inch long, the pedicels short ; 
 involucels unilateral, of several lanceolate bractlets : fruit 5 lines in diameter, emar- 
 ginate at each end, the wings broader than tlie body; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
 vals and on each side of the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Euryptern 
 lucida, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, V\. i. 029 ; Torrey, I'.ot. Mo.\. I'.ound. 70, t. 27. 
 
 Gravelly hills near San Diego, NuttaU, Parry. 
 
 4. P. parvifolium, Torr. ct Gray. Very shortly caulescent, slender, 6 to 10 
 inches high : leaves biternate, deltoid in outline, 2 inches long, the divisions ovate, 
 laciniately lobcd and acutely toothed or pinnatifid : rays about ten, a half to an 
 inch long ; pedicels 3 or 4 lines long ; involucels of a few linear bractlets : c^ilyx- 
 teeth acute, one or two usually prominent : fruit orbicidar to l)roa(l]y elliptical, 3 to 
 3^ lines long, scarcely emarginate, the wings broader than the body ; ribs rather 
 prominent; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. 
 Ferula parvi/olia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Dcechey, 348. 
 
 Pine woods near Monterey (Douglas, Coulter, Parry) ; probably from the Sacramento to SantA 
 Barbara. 
 
 A somewhat similar species, P. Hallii, Watson, occurs in Orejjon, but with leaves more oblong 
 in outline, jiinnate, with deeply toothed or finely pinnatifid divisllons ; fruit broadly elliptical, the 
 wing half as broad as the body ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure. 
 
 § 2. Leaves decompound with narrowly linear sefjments and very broadly dilated peti- 
 oles : involucels conspicuous, of usually dilated scarinusly viarr/ined spatulate 
 or lancKolate bracts : flo7iiers yelloio ; calyx-teeth obsolete : fruit broadly ellip- 
 tical, f/labrous : caulescent, flnely puberulent. 
 
 n. P. caruifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, with ehnigated peduncles, 
 J to 1^ foet high : segments of the leaves ^ to 2 inches long : rays ^ to 3 inches 
 long ; bractlets of the involucels often lanceolate : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 lines 
 broad, the ribs obsolete ; wings half as wide as the body : oil tubes imlistinct, 2 or 
 3 in the intervals, none on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. P. vxarcjinatum, Benth. 
 PI. Ilartw. 312. 
 
 Central California, valleys and hillsides ; from Sacramento Valley to SantA HnrKni-a, froqueut. 
 
 6. P. utriculatum, Nutt. More catdescent : leaves more finely tlivided, the 
 sef'ments 1 to 6 lines long : bractlets rarely lanceolate, usually much dilated : fruit 
 
270 
 
 IMlJELJ.li'ElMO. J'cucedunu, 
 
 similar but distinctly ribbed ; the broad oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 to G on 
 the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G28. 
 
 From Wasliingtuii Tuiritoiy uiul Idaho to Soullieni Cluhforuia, heiiueiit ; Los Aiiguks {llich) ; 
 Ojui, Ouvdalc. 
 
 § 'S. Led i'cs irri/ Ji 11(1 1/ iliascdal with imrrnw mimcutu : Jlowcrs yellow: (iraiilcturiit, 
 
 pubescent. 
 
 7. P. villosum, iS'utt. More or less densely jjubescent, 3 to G inches high: 
 leaves witli very numerous somewhat crowded small narrow segments : llowering 
 umbels dense ; invohicels of several small linear bnictlets : fruit oval, ])uhes(:ent ; 
 oil-tubes probably several in the intervals. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 131. 
 
 The mature fruit is not knowu. The range appears to he froiu tlio base of the Siena Nevada in 
 Western Nevada to Noilliern Arizona and eastward to Nebraska and S. Utah. The species nearly 
 resenilile.s P. /ainiculacruui, Nntt., of tlie eastern plains, which is taller, with ample leaves anil 
 nearly filiform segments, the fruit smooth, witli prominent ribs and 1 to 3 oil-tubes in the intervals. 
 
 Another species, allied to P. /cuiiiculdccuiii, ranging from N. Utah to Idalio and ))ossiMy to 
 N. E. California, is 1*. mu.i.kI'oi.IUM, Watson. 'J'his is glaliroua tlirougluiut, with ample finely 
 dissected leaves, large broadly winged glabrous fruit, and solitary oil-tubes. 
 
 § 4. Leaves much dissected ivith small segments : flowers ivhile ; cahjx-teeth present: 
 somewhat caulescent or nearly acaulescent, pubescent. 
 
 * Fruit f/labrous, oblong or broadly elliptical. 
 
 8. P. macrocarpum, N utt. ^lore or less imbescent : stems usually tufted, \ 
 to 1 foot higli : fertile rays nearly equal, an incli or two long ; involucels conspic- 
 uous, of several somewhat foliaceous lanceolate or linear bracts, often united and 
 unilateral: fruit oblong, 4 to 10 lines long, 2 or 3 lines wide, exceeding the pedi- 
 cels ; ribs filiform ; wings half as wide as tlie seed ; oil-tubes solitary or rarely 2 or 
 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. G27 ; Watson, 
 Bot. King Exp. 130. 
 
 Var. eurycarpum, (Jrny. Fruit 4 or 5 lines wide, but slightly narrower at the 
 uuds, the wings liroader tlmn the seed : leaves usually rather more coarsely divided. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 385. 1'. uudicaule, var. (1) eliijilicum, Torr. & Gray, 
 Pacif. K. Pep. ii. 121. 
 
 Frequent from Wa.sliington Territory to the Saskatchewan, southward to N. California and N. 
 Nevada. The variety is apj)arently the more prevalent fomi in California, ranging from Oregon 
 to the Sacramento, and scarcely occurring east of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 * * Fruit lomentose or puberulent, oval-orbicular. 
 
 9. P. dasycarpum, Torr. & Gray. More or less densely villous-tomentose, 
 \ to 1 foot high : leaves finely dissected with narrow or filiform segments : fertile 
 rays nearly equal, an inch or two long; involucels of several linear to lanceolate or 
 oval bractlets, free or united at base : fruit orbicular or ovat(i, often acutish above, 
 tonientose, 4 to 7 lines long, 3 to 5 broad; ribs j)romineiit ; oil-tiil)es usually 3 
 (rarely solitary) in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. G28. 7'. tumentusuni, 
 Benth. PI. Hartw. 312. 
 
 Central Calirornia, from Mendocino antl Placer counties to San Luis Obispo, on dry hillsides. 
 10. P. Nevadense, AVatsim. Glaucous, puberulent: leaves less compoimdly 
 dissected, the .stjgmeiiLH coarser : rays often unequal, 1 or 2 inclii'S long; involucels 
 smaller, of .several linear-lanceohite bractlets, usually distiiutt; fruit somiiwhat pubes- 
 cent, nearly orbicular to ovate, 3 to 5 lines long, 2 to 4 wide ; ribs ])romini;iit ; 
 calyx-teeth obsolete ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, or 4 in the lateral ones (per- 
 haps very rarely solitary), 4 to G on the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 143. 
 P. uudicaule, Watson, liot. King I'lxp. 130, and others, not Nuttall. 
 
 On tlie eastern side of the Sierra Nevada fnin Nortlieast(U-n California to Sonora and New 
 Mexico. This much resembles P. ni'DIOAim.k, Nutt, to which it has been ordinarily referred, a 
 more uortlieru and eastern species, ranging from Nobmska and Northern Colorado to Idaho. 
 
Ferula. UMBEIJ.IFERyE. 271 
 
 23. HERACLEUM, I-inn. Cow rAitsNii-. 
 Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate; stylopodiuin conical. Fruit 
 strongly flattened, orbicular or elliptical, the broad wings coherent till maturity ; 
 dorsal ribs filiform or obscure ; oil-tubes obclavate, extending downward from the 
 apex rarely to the base, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed flat 
 and thin. — Perennials or biennials, mostly stout and pube.scent ; leaves ample, 
 lobed or compound ; umbels )nany-rayed ; involucre usually few-leaved, caducous ; 
 involucels many-leaved ; flowers white. 
 
 Aliout 50 species nre found in the north tnnpeiate zone of tiie Old World, a single one extend- 
 ing to America and ranging through much of British America and the United States. 
 
 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Very stout, 4 to 8 feet high, pubescent: petioles 
 greatly dilated; leaves ternate ; the divisions pctiolulate, round-cordate, 4 to 10 inches 
 broad, unequally lobed ; lobes acuminate, toothed : rays 3 to 6 inches long : flowers 
 large, the outer petals often dilated: fruit broadly obovate, 4 to 6 lines long, slightly 
 pubescent. 
 
 Wet soils in the mountains, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra Nevada at a height 
 of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. 
 
 24. FERULA, Linn. 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong- 
 elliptical or nearly orbicular, strongly compressed dorsally, the corky marginal wings 
 (in American species) as thick as the seed, coherent till maturity ; the dorsal ribs 
 flliform; oil-tubes very numerous, obscure, or sometimes wanting. Seed flattened. 
 Carpophore bifid. — Smooth, nearly acaulescent perennials, with thick fusiform 
 roots; leaves pinnately decompound; flowers yellow, in many-i-ayed umbels. 
 
 Nnttall's genus Lcptotccnia, of the western coast, kept distinct by Bentham k. Hooker, is re- 
 ferred by Dr. Gray to tliis large Old World genus. Pohj/wnin, of the Eastern Stites, is separated 
 only by its manifest calyx-teeth and more acuminate and impressed petals. In addition to the 
 following western species a fourth is found in S. Utah and New Mexico, F. Newberrvi {PeiLce- 
 danum Ncwherryi, Watson, in Am. Naturalist, vii. 301), of dwarfer liabit, strictly acaulescent, 
 and with less divided leaves. 
 
 * Leaves finely diviiled. 
 
 1. F. dissoluta, Watson. A stout coarse plant, the short stems numerous from 
 a very thick root, leafy at base : leaves broad, ternate and thrice pinnate, the ovate 
 or oblong segments a half to an inch long, pinnatifidly laciniatc-lobed and toothed, 
 puberulent on the veins beneath : peduncles stout, 1 or 2 feet long ; rays 2 to 5 
 inches long, involucrate with a few linear entire or lobed bracts ; involucels of 
 several linear bractlets : flowers yellow or purplish, numerous : fruit 8 or 9 lines 
 long, 3i broad, almost sessile, the thickened margin j of a line broad ; dorsal ribs 
 filiform ; oil-tubes very obscure and much interrujited, wanting on the commissure. 
 — Leptotirnia (Jiaaeda, Nutt. in Torr. «.% Omy, Fl. i. 030. Cynapinm (?) lUrjehmi, 
 Torrey, Facif. E. Kcp. iv. 94. Ferula disjecta, Ciray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348, 
 not Lcdcbour. 
 
 Valleys and hillsides, flowering in early spring, from Mendocino Pounty north to Piiget Sound ; 
 Klaniatii Lake {Frrvinvt) \ Murphy's Tamp, niijelmn. A sjieciuion from Borax Lake {Torrry), 
 having broad regularly elliptical fruit only 5 lines long, is no otherwise (lilTcrent. 
 
 2. F. multiiida. Gray, 1. c. Like tlie last, but witli more finoly divided leave.<«, 
 the umbels without involucre, flowers less densely crowded, nml the pedicels r)f tlio 
 fruit 2 to 12 lines long. — Watson, r>ot. King Exp. 127. Leptodvnia vudtifida, 
 Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Carson City nortinvard to Oregon, and cast to 
 Utah. The root is often very large. 
 
272 
 
 UMliELLIFER.E. Ftr,d,i. 
 
 * * Ltaves more coarsely divided. 
 
 3. F. Californica, Gray. Habit of the i)iecediiig : leaves teniate and pinnate, 
 or twiee ternaW, the leallels ciuieale-obovate or -oblong, an inch or two long, usu- 
 ally 3-lubeJ, coar-sely tuollied above, smooth : rays 2 to -t inches long ; involucre of 
 J or 2 narrow eloiigateil bracts; involueels wanting: fruit 5 to 7 lines long, 3 or 4 
 wide, a little narrower below, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long ; dorsal ribs indistinct 
 except at the ends ; oil-tubes distinct, somewhat anastomosing ; wing thinner than 
 in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Leptoicenia Cali/ornica, JMutt. 1. c. ; 
 Torrey, Pacif. K. Eep. iv. U2. 
 
 Napa Valley to Meiuloiiiu) Coiuity. 
 
 25. DAUCUS, Tmuii. Cauiiot. 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Disk and stylopodium mostly small and depressed. Fruit 
 ovate or oblong, the carpels semiterete or somewhat dorsally ilattened; primary ribs 
 filiform and bristly, the intermediate more prominent and winged with a row of 
 more or less united barbed prickles; oil-tubes solitary under the wings. Seed flat 
 on the face or nearly so. — Annual or biennial, setosely hispid; leaves pinnately 
 decompound with very small segments ; involucral bracts foliaceous ami divided, 
 those of the involueels entire or 3-lobed ; outer rays of the umbels often longest and 
 connivent over the inner ones in fruit ; flowers mostly Avhite. 
 
 Some 30 or more species inhabit the northern temperate legions of the Old World, of which 
 tlie cultivated Carrot, D. C'arota, is in many places naturalized, becoming a noxious weed. The 
 only recognized native species of tlie United States is the following. 
 
 1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual or biennial, erect, a foot or two high, retrorsely 
 liispid : leaves bipinnate, the segments pinnatifld, with short narrowly linear lobes : 
 rays 2 to 6 lines long, nearly ecjual ; involucre bii)inuatitid, as long as the small 
 ninbel ; involueels (■([ualling the yellowish flowers: fruit 1^ to 2 lines long, shortly 
 pedicellate, the prickhis usually equalling or exceeding the widtli of the body : seeil 
 somewhat concave on the face. 
 
 Widely distributed, ranging from tlie S. Atlantic States to the Pacific, and on the western 
 coast from Nootka Sound to Mexico. It has also been found in N. Patagonia and the Sandwich 
 Islands. A i)eculiar form was collected by Dr. Torrey near San Francisco, very low and scarcely 
 caulescent, the stout ]ieduncles 2 or 3 inches long ; fruit 1 to 1^ lines long, in dense subglobose 
 Leads, the rays being obsolete. 
 
 26. CAUCALIS, Linn. 
 
 Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium thick and conical. Fruit as in Dauctts, but 
 somewliat more laterally (compressed, and the seed involute or deeply channelled. — 
 Annuals, mostly hispid ; leaves dissected ; umbels few-rayed, often oiiposite the 
 leaves or sessile ; flowers white or purplish. 
 
 About 20 si)ecies, chiefly of the Mediterranean region, one or two widely naturalized. 
 
 1. C. nodosa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, the st(;ms 1 or 2 
 feet long, ri'tror.scly hispid: Icavcis pinnate with pinnatilid divisions: umbels naked, 
 opposite to the leaves, nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays: fruit ovate-oblong, a 
 line long, entirely covered with rough tubercles or usually Avith stout prickles barbed 
 or bent at the point : seed involute. 
 
 Native of Europe and N. Africa, introduced into Chili and Peru, and thence into California : 
 seen only from around San Francisco, Holder, Kel/oyy. 
 
 2. C. microcarpa, Hook & Arn. Erect, .slender, 6 to 15 inches high, nearly 
 glabrous : leaves much dissected, slightly hispid : umbels apparently sessile at the 
 
Aralin. ARALIACK/E. 273 
 
 oiula dl" Uio slcin and braiiclK-s, subtoiideJ by 2 or iiioro fuliaccMius disscdci] Ijiacls, 
 .'{ - Grayed ; rays sloiider, 1 to 3 inches long ; niubollots I'ew-llowercd, with unc(iiial 
 pedicels ; involueels of short entire bracts, rarely more foliaceous and divided : fruit 
 oblong-oval, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked i)ricklcs : seed deeply chan- 
 nelled. — Eot. Beechey, 348. 
 
 Dry liillsidcs, .Sac-ranicnto Valley. Of reputed efficary, npi'licd in ymultice, as a lenicdy for the 
 l>ile of lattlrsiiakes. Tliis nliuit is jiueuliar in habit, but lias a sei^d siniilaf to tliat of several of 
 the species of 6VfHm7?'.<t. It has been referred to JJ<ii(cu.i /)wc/i,t«<«.9 of Australia, which liowuver 
 liiis the prickles nhvaj's barbed and is a true Dmiciis. 
 
 Onmm XLVI. ARALIACE.aS. 
 
 Like Umhellifene, but i\m umbels not regularly comj)ound, stems apt to be woody, 
 
 petals imbricated in the bud, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit fleshy 
 
 (l)erry-like or drupaceous). 
 
 .\ rather large order in the warm parts of the world, represented in iMiiopo and in cultivation 
 by the Ivy, and in North America aiul Nortiiorn Asia iiuunly by the following genus. 
 
 1. AHALIA, Linn. Si'ikknaki). 
 Calyx r)-toothed or entire. Petals 0, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamen.s 5. 
 i)isk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2 - 5-celled : styles free or connate at 
 l)ase, at length divaricate : stigmas terminal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 
 3-r)-angled, fleshy externally; cndocarj) chartaceous. — I'erennial lu^rbs or shrubs; 
 leaves alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets : umbels mostly simple, 
 solitary, racemed, or panided ; pedicels jointed ; bracts small. 
 
 About 30 species, of which 8 belong to North America, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains, 
 the remainder to Eastern Asia. Probably the only Californian representative of the order is the 
 following spe(!ies. 
 
 1. A. Californica, "Watson. Herbaceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, 8 to 
 10 feet high, from a large thick root : leaves bipinnate, or the upper pinnate with 1 
 or 2 pairs of leallets, wliich are cordate-ovate, 4 to 8 inches long or more, shortly 
 acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth ; ujipcrmost leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate : umbels in loose terminal and axillary compound or simple racemose 
 panicles, which are n foot or two long and more or loss glandidar-tomentose; rjiys 
 numerous, 4 to G lines long; involucres of several linear bractlcts : flowers H to 2 
 lines long; disk and stylopodium obsolete; styles united to the n)iddle : fruit (im- 
 mature) 1| lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 144. 
 
 In shaded mountain ravines and moist places ; Ga\'ilan Mountains (Pirurr) ; Bolinas Bay 
 (Biijelov)) ; Sierra County, Lcmmon. Much resembling the eastern >/. rnc/;wo.<in, but dilTering in 
 its much greater size, fewer umbels, larger and with more numerous rays, and larger flowei-s and 
 involucres. It has not been collected in mature fruit. A. huniilis, of Mexico and New Mexico, 
 is distinguished especially by its large ])ulvinato atylo]wdium. 
 
 A. SPINOSA, another e.astern species, known as Hercules' Club, has become somewhat common 
 in cultivation. 
 
 Fatsia IIOurida, Benth. k Hook. (Echinopnnax, Dei-aisne k Planch.), is reported in Hook. 
 Fl. as having been collected in California by Douglas. It is frcipient in shady fir woods in the 
 Cascade and T'oast Panges, from the Columbia northward to Sitkn, and also extends so\ifhwanl 
 in the Coast Pange, but it is doubtful as belonging to this State. It has a stout woo<ly stem 6 to 
 12 feet long, creeping at Imse, leafy nt the sununit, iind very prii'kly throughout, making the for- 
 ests in ])la('es almost impassalile; the very large leaves pnlmntely lobed. nnd the capitntr umlx'N 
 in a long raceme. The genus is distinguished by valvate jietals, 2-S-celled fniit, j)edicels not 
 jointed, and palmatiful leaves. 
 
 Hedkua Hki.ix, the European Ivy, is very freiiuentiv cultivated, and near the coast is alreadv 
 half wild. 
 
27-1 
 
 COKNACE-K. Coniu.'i. 
 
 OuDEii XJ.VII. CORNACE^. 
 
 ' Trees or sluubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite leaves, no 
 
 stipules, and llowers in cymes (or cajjitate clusters) or si)ike3 ; the valvate petals and 
 
 stamens 4 and epigynous in fertile llowers (the former sometunes wanting) ; calyx 
 
 adnate to the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 - 2-seeded drupe or berry in 
 
 fruit. Seed suspended, anatropous, Avith a minute embryo in hard albumen. 
 
 An order of a ilozmi j^ciu-ni ami less than a bundreil species, widely distributed, but iiuiiidy iu 
 tlie teuiiieiate regions of I be iiortbein beinispliero ; most relateil to tlie iirst tribe of ('<i/tri/()lin(t<c, 
 but witb (hstinet jietals viilvate in tlie bud. Many are cultivated lor oinanient. Tlie burk of 
 (Jonius is bitter, and has been used as a substitute for Cinchona. 
 
 1. Cornus. Flowers peilect, iu cymes or a head-like cluster. Petals 4. Stylo 1 ; stigma ter- 
 
 minal. Ovary '2-celled. 
 
 2. Garrya. Flowers dieeeious, in eatkin-like sjiikes. Petals none. Styles 2, stigmatic down 
 
 tbe inner side. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. 
 
 1. CORNUS, Linn. Dogwood. Coknel. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-tuothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate, valvate 
 in the bud. Stamens 4, with slender lilaments. Style blender : stigma capitate (ir 
 truncate. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone. C'otyledons I'uli- 
 aceous. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, rarely arborescent ; leaves ojjposite, entire ; 
 flowers small, in dichotomous cymes or involucrate heads, white, yellowish or 
 greenish. 
 
 Mostly of the northern bemisiibere, a single sjieeies growing in Peru ; about 25 species, of 
 which 15 are found in the United States. 
 
 * Flowerx (/reeiilsh, in a dose cyme or head, surrounded by a couKjiicuous involucre of 
 
 \ to white petal-like bracts : fruit red. 
 
 1. C, CauadenBis, Linn. Stem .simph*, herbaceou.s, 3 to 8 inches high, from a 
 slender creeping subterranean rootstock : leaves mostly in an apjjarent whorl of G at 
 the summit, slightly pubescent with a2)pressed hairs, nearly sessile, ovate to oblong, 
 acute at each end, 1 to 2^ inches long; in the middle of the stem a pair of smaller 
 leaves, and scale-like bracts below : ))eduncle about an inch long: involucral bracts 
 4, ovate, 4 to 8 lines long : ovary silky : fruit globular, 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 Mendocino County (JSuhindcr), in swamps ; north to Sitka and across the continent. 
 
 2. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree, sometimes becoming 50 to 70 
 feet high : bark suiootli : haves more or less pubescent, obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 
 acute at each end: involucre of 4 to G obovate to oblong bracts, lA to .*} inches 
 long, abruptly acute to acuminate, yidlowish or white, often tinged with red : llow- 
 ei-s numerous, in »lens(i heads to 9 lines broad : fruit crowded among the large 
 abortive ovaries, 5 to G lines long, crowned by the \mnu\ limb of the calyx. — iS'ut- 
 tall, Sylva, iii. 51, t. Il7 ; Newberry, Pacif. Jv. lie)), vi. 24. 
 
 From Monterey and Mcuidoeino to Plumas counties, and noitbward to Fiaser Pi\er. A showy 
 tree, or large shrub, llowering in May, the flowers followed by largo clusters of crimson beirics. 
 Much resembliii}' the eastern C. Jlorida, and ai)paiently even more worthy of cultivation. Wood 
 close-grained and very hard. 
 
 * * Flowers yellowish, in sessile und>els, ajijjearin;/ before the leaves, involucrate with 
 
 4 small caducous, bracts. 
 
 3. C. sessilis, Ton-. A shrub, 10 to 15 feet liigh, with green bark : leaves 
 approximate, ovate, .-sliortly acuminate, pahi beneatli and a])pressed silky pubescent : 
 umbel terminal, l)ec(uning hib'ial liy the development of the shoot ; pedicels niinu'r- 
 
fhirrm. rORNACK/E. 
 
 27^ 
 
 ous, slender, silky, ?> to 4 lines lonj,' : involucre nearly as long, memhranaceous, soon 
 deciduous : petals narrow, acuminate : fruit oblong, 3 lines long. — But. !Mex. 
 Bound. 94, t. 7. 
 
 Moist ravines and foot-liills, Placer County. Mature fruit has not l)ccn collected. The Amer- 
 ican representative of an Old World group of two species, C. mas and C. officinalis. 
 
 * * * Flowers rvhite or creavi colored, ci/mose, not involnrnife : fruit tnhite, lead- 
 roloretl, or bine. 
 
 4. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. A slirub, G to 15 feet liigli, with smooth 
 purplish branches : leaves ovate, acute, mostly rounded or obtuse at ba.sc, 2 to 4 
 inches long, lighter colored antl more or less pubescent bcneatli with loose silky 
 hairs (not straight and appressed) : llowers in small dense round-topped cymes : 
 fruit small, 2 lines broad, subglobose, but little ileshy, slightly pubescent, blue(]): 
 stone broader than high, somewhat compressed, furrowed on the edges. — Mem. 
 Acad. Petr. v. 30, and Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. iv. 72. C. cirdnatus (]), Cham, in 
 Linna?a, iii. 139. C. alha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Becchey, 142. 
 
 From Snn Francisco soutlnvard to San Diego County ; on stream-bunks. 
 
 5. C. pubescens, Nutt. Kosombling the last and with a similar pubescence : 
 leaves oblong-elliptical or rarely ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, shortly cune- 
 ate at base : flowers in a somewhat larger and more sjireading round-toppeil cyme : 
 fruit white, larger and more fleshy, becoming glabrous ; the stone similar, 2| lines 
 broad. — Sylva, iii. 34. C. serir.ea, var. (1) or.cideiitalu, 'J'orr. ^ f Jray, Fl. i. G52. 
 
 Oregon aixl Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada to tlic Yoscmitc Valley ; also in 
 the Cuiamnca Jits., San 13iego Co., Palmer. These two species have always been confounded, 
 but .seem to be separated by good characters. The Cornel of the Hocky jMountnins and Utflh, 
 which has been relerrcd to this species, is the eastern C. stolonifrra, which also extcnils westwanl 
 to the Columliia. It is at once distinguished by the straight npprcsscd hairs, attached by the 
 middle, and has not been found in California. 
 
 G. C. glabrata, I5enth. A shrub, 5 to 12 feet high, gla1)rous or very nearly so ; 
 bark gray : leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each end or somewhat acumi- 
 nate above, an inch or two long, alike green on both siiles, on short slen<ler petioles : 
 Howere in numerous small open flat cymes ; ovaries silky : fruit white, globose ; 
 stone broader than high, 2 lines wide or more, scarcely compressed, not furrowed. — 
 Bot. Sulph. 18. 
 
 Ill the Coant UniigcH fioiii biiko County to the HouUierii pint of Moiili'ii>y lalso on Iho CosuniiKm 
 Hivor, Jiatlnii, 
 
 7. C. Torreyi, "Wntson. Shrubby : leaves oliovnto or oblanceolate, abruptly 
 acute or shortly acuminate, on rather long slender petioles, lighter colored and some- 
 what pubescent beneath with loose .silky hairs : cyme loose and spreading : fruit 
 white ; the stone obovoid, 2h to 3^ lines long, .somewhat compressed, acute at base, 
 ridged on the edges, tubercled at tiie summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 145. 
 
 Collected by 7)r. 2Vrcy in Central California, hut the locality not noted. The charactei-a of 
 the fruit arc very peculiar. 
 
 2. GARRYA, Dongl. 
 
 Flowers dicecious, in axillary aments, solitary or in threes between the decussately 
 connate bracts, without ]ietals. Caly.x of sterile flowci-s 4-parted, with linear val- 
 vate segments : stamens 4, with distinct filaments : disk and ovary none. Fertile 
 flowers with the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete : disk and stamens none : 
 ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendent ovules: styles 2, sligmaiic on the inner side, per- 
 sistent. Berry ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed : embryo minute, with 
 oblong cotyledons. — Kvorgreon shrubs, with 4-angled bmndilcts ; leaves opposil<^, 
 entire, coriaceous, the short petioles connate at ba.«!0 ; fruit blii(> or purple. 
 
276 
 
 COUNACEyl<:. ('«> 
 
 A "eims of about a ilozt-n specios, peculiar to tlie region from California to Texas and soulliward, 
 with a single one in the West InJies. 
 
 1. G. elliptica, l)ou<,'l. A stout shrub or small tree, usually only 5 to 8 fict 
 high : luaviis clliplical, 1 A to 3 inches long, rounded or acute and niucronate at the 
 apex, mostly truncate or"roundcd at base, undulate on the margin, densely tomcn- 
 toso beneatii, smooth above : aments solitary or clustered ; tlu; sterile 2 to f) indies 
 long, with bracts truncate or acute, silky, as also the calyx-lobes ; fertile amejits 
 stouter, 1 to 3 inches long, with acuminate or acute In-acts : ovary tlensely silky- 
 tomentose, sessile: fruit globose, 4 lines in diameter. — Lindl. l>ot. Iveg. t. lG.S(i; 
 Maout & Decne, Traite J5ot. 25G, ligs. 
 
 From Monterey northward to the Columbia near the eoast ; dry soil and hillsides, llowcring in 
 winter and early spring ; the staminate plant then very ornamental. 
 
 2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, becoming glabrous : leaves 
 ovate to oblong, not undulate, U to 2^ inches long, acute at each end, on petioles 4 
 to 6 lines long : aments solitary, 2 or 3 inches long, Avith acute somewhat silky 
 bracts ; the fertile aments rather slender : ovaries nearly glabrous : fruit globose, 2 
 to '2\ lines in diameter, shortly i)edicellate. — Pacif. li. Rep. iv. 13G. 
 
 From the Ui»|ier Sai:ramcnto to the Yoscnate Valley and in tlio Cuast Ranges to Mount llnmil- 
 lon, JJicuYi-, ]-«iavi.s ligliUtr green and less laihesecnt llian in llio hiht. 
 
 3. G. buxifolia, (iray. A snndl shrub, 2 to f) feet high : loaves oblong-ellipti(;al, 
 1 to l.>, inches long, l to 8 lines broad, acute at each end, smooth above, deusidy 
 white 'appre.sscd silky beneath; i)etioles 1 to 3 lines long: fertile aments an im;h 
 long, the short bracts acute, more or less silky : fruit globose, glabrou.s, nearly ses- 
 sile, 2h to 3 lines in diameter. — Troc. Am, Acad. vii. 349, 
 
 Red Mountains, Mendoeino Co., Bulandcr, Kellogg. 
 
 4. G. flavescens, AVatsun. A rather spreading .shrub, G to 8 feet high, pubes- 
 cent with closely api)ressed silky hairs : leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate to -oldong, 
 acute at each end, scarcely nuicromite, an inch or two long, Hat, entire, at length 
 nearly glabrous above, on petioles 3 to G lines long : aments j)endulous ; bracts G t(» 
 10 pair.s, broad, connate, acute or the lower acuminate, silky ; sterile aments 1 or 2 
 inches long, h)0.se, the pedicels (1 to 3 together) ecpialling or exceeding the bracts ; 
 fertile aments an inch long, dense, with solitary sessile flowers : fruit den.sely silky, 
 
 ovate, 3 lines long. —Am. Naturalist, vii. 301. (J. 1, Watson, Ym\.. King 
 
 Exp. 421. 
 
 Var. Palmeri, Watson. Pubescence densely tomentosc : leaves smooth above, 
 mucronate, on short(!r petioles : fruit globose, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. 
 
 Freijucnt IVom Souliiern Nevada and I'lah into Arizona and New Mexico, 'rin- variety at Mii- 
 (juatay, GO mihis from San Diego, on tlm Fort Yuma road, J'aliucr. branches ami leaves yellnw- 
 ish ; Iheimlii upon the beed stains a blight violet color. 
 
Sambucus. CArRIFOLTACEyE. 277 
 
 Division II. GAMOPETALiE. (By A. Gray.) 
 
 Floral envelopes both present ; the i)etals more or less united into a gamopeta- 
 loiis (othovwiso called nionoi)etalous) corolla. 
 
 Order XLVIII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 
 
 Distinguished generally by having opposite leaves without stipules, an inferior 
 2 - 5-celled ovary, and 4 or 5 equal stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, as 
 many as the lobes of the latter (in a single instance one fewer) and alternate with 
 them. — Flowers perfect. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, sometimes irregular ; the lobes im- 
 bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2-.')-celled, or not rarely by abor- 
 tion becoming one-celled : ovules either solitary and suspended or more numer- 
 ous, anatropous. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Embryo small, commonly 
 minute, in fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with a colorless juice and 
 no very active sensible properties, normally destitute of stipules, but in several 
 fl])ecio.s those, or appendages resembling them, appear : the inflorescence generally 
 cymoso. 
 
 A family of about a (lo;^on getipra nnd 200 species, of smnll econoinicnl iniportnncc (except ns 
 anrorilinfj Jloiieysnc.klcs and sonic otlior pliiiits for oninmontnl niltivation), mainly iiulipenons to 
 the nortliern temperate zone, rather fceMy represented in ("nlifornin. 
 
 Tribe I. SAMBUCE.E. Corolla whcel-slinped or open bell-shaped, remilar. iStyle short and 
 2 - .'i-parted, or as many sessile stigmas. Ovules solitary in the cells, snspemied. Fruit a 
 berrydike drupe. 
 
 1. Sambucus. Leaves pinnate. Seed like nutlets of the berrydike fniit 3 to 5. 
 
 2. Viburnum. Leaves simple. Nutlet of berrydike diu{)c only one, flattened. 
 
 Tiani-, IL TjONICERF'"/E. CoioUa from bcU-alinped to tubular, often irregular. Stylo elon- 
 gated, entire : stigma capitate. Leaves simido, niostl}' entire, Imt oecn.sionally sinuate- 
 toothed or pinnatifid on some vigorous shoots. 
 
 3. Linnaea. Corolla oliscurely irregular, 5 lobed. Stamens 4, imequal. Ovary 3-celled, two of 
 
 the cells containing sevem ini[)erfect ovules, the third a solitary fertile ovule. Fruit 
 dry, 1 -seeded. 
 
 4. SymphoricarpuB. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens n.s many as the lolx>.s. 
 
 Ovary 4-cclled ; but the berry-like fruit only 2-aeeded. 
 
 5. Lonlcera. Corolla more or less irregular, commonly 2-lippcd ( t )• Stamens 5. Ovary and 
 
 berry 2-3-cclled, several-seeded. 
 
 1. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Ki.i.F.n. 
 
 Calyx with 5 minute teeth. Corolla whcol-shapod or open urn-shaped, regularly 
 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 fo 5. " Ren-ies," really 
 drupes, small and globose, juicy, containing usually 3 (rarely 4 or .')) separate sced- 
 liko n\itlet3, each lilled by a single seed. — Shrubs, or even small trees, or some 
 nearly herbaceous, their rank and thick shoots lilled by n large pith, the licrbago 
 with a heavy odor. Leaves pinnately 5- U-foliolate : leaflets serrate, occasionally 
 incised or even divided, acuminate, sometimes stipellato. Flowers small nnd very 
 Tuimerous, in compound cymes, in ours white. 
 
278 CArRlFOLlACE.E. Sainbucus. 
 
 1. S. glauca, Nult. Arborescent, glabrous, or ofUai somewhat, jjubesceut with 
 short and still spreading hairs : U-allets 3 to D, of lirni tiixtiue, ovate or hmceohiti-,, 
 sharply serrate with rigiil s])reading teeth : cyme ilat, S-parted : I'ruit black, but very 
 glaucous, so appearing to bo white : nutlets obscunly rugose : pith of shoots white. 
 — Nutt. in Torr. & (Jray, Fl. ii. 13. 
 
 Coiuinoii thiougliout the State, and north and east of it ; 6 to 18 feet high, sonictiiues with 
 trunk to 12 inilu-s in diiiineter. Not easy to distinguish from S. nitjra of luirojie extcjit by the 
 whitened fruit, it well may be S. Mexicaiui, i'resl, to wliieh it was referred by Toriey in Pacif. 
 U. l{ei). iv. 95, Hot. Me.x. Bound. 71, and in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 330, but with doubt. 
 
 2. S. racemosa, Linn. Shrubby, mostly glabruus : leaflets 5 to 7, tliin, oblong- 
 lanceolate, much acuminate, very sharply serrate : cyme ovate or pyriform : fruit 
 bright red ; its nutlets obscurely rugose : pith of shoots brown. — Hook. V\. i. 27*J. 
 
 Along the mountain ranj^es, in woods, extumiing far north, 'fiio ('alifornian and Hocky 
 Mountain si)eciniens are as glabrous as the European plant ; in British America and Alaska it is 
 commonly pubescent, as in the Atlantic States \'d,\''\^ty puhcns, S. pubciis, Michx. 
 
 2, VIBURNUM, Linn. Arkow-wood, &c. 
 
 Calyx 5-tootbed. Corolla wheel-shaptMl or open campanulate, deejjly and regu- 
 larly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, oxsertotl. Stigmas 1 to 3. " Jjerries," really drupes, 
 containing a single Hat or llattish hard seed-like stone. — Shrubs or small trees, 
 with simple, but commonly toothed, and sonuitimes deeply lobed leaves, and white 
 flowers in a compound terminal cyme. 
 
 A genus represented by a dozen species in the Eastern United States, only two of which ex- 
 tend, well northward, to the Pacific. One of these is the Cranberry-tree, as well as the Snowball- 
 tree or Guelder Rose of ornamental cultivation: in this the cyme is radiate in the manner of 
 Hydraiuiea, the marginal flowers being neutral and greatly enlarged. There is one peculiar spe- 
 cies on the coast of Oregon, which extends into California, viz. : — 
 
 L V. ellipticum, Ilook. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with scaly buds : leaves 
 broadly oval or elliptical, roundish or very obtuse at both ends, 3 - 5-ribbed from 
 the base, coarsely dentate above the middle, the lower surface and petioles with the 
 young shoots hairy : cyme dense, peduncled : flowers all perfect : fruits oval, bluish- 
 black (half an inch long) ; the stone grooved on both sides. — Hook. 1<'1. i. 280. 
 
 In woods, Mendocino Co. (Kellogg) ; extending to the Columbia River. Related to I", pubcs- 
 cena and V. deututum of the Atlantic side. 
 
 3. LINNJEA, Gronov. Twin-flower. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes subulate, deciduous. Corolla obscurely irregular, fun- 
 nelform, 5-lobed. Stamens cue fewer than the lobes of the corolla, i. e. 4, inserted 
 low down on the corolla, included, two of them shorter. Ovary and the small 
 dry fruit 3-celled, one cell with a suspended fertile ovule and seed, the two othei-s 
 with several abortive ovules. Style slender : stigma somewhat ca])itate. — Con- 
 tains a single species. 
 
 L L. borealis, (Jronov. A low and almost herbaceous little evergreen, with 
 slender and crecjting or trailing stems : leaves round-oval, sparingly crenatc, nar- 
 rowed at base into sliort petioles : ptnluncles erect, slender, forking into two pedi- 
 cels at the top, each bearing a single delicate and fragrant nodding flower : corolla 
 tinged with p)urple or rose-color, hairy inside. 
 
 iloist mossy woods, Mendocino Co. ; common in Oregon and eastward, extending all round the 
 northern cool-temperate zone. The California locality rests on Dr. Bolander's authoiity. It 
 would be interesting to know if the si)e('.imens are of the oidinary type, or of the variety longi- 
 flora, ToiT. in Bot. Wilkes Exped., which is the usual form in Oregon, and is remarkable for its 
 larger flowers, the tube of tlie corolla with a long bipering Imse, and the slmder calyx-lobes three 
 times longer than the ovary. In Colorado the ordinary form only is fountl. 
 
Si/mphoricarpiis. CAPRIl'OLIACE.E. 270 
 
 4. SYMPHOEICARPUS, Dill., .Tuss. SNownr.URY. 
 Ciilyx f)-toothecl, occasionally 4-tootho(l, persistent. Corolla nearly or wholly 
 regular, from open campanulate to salverforni, 5 - 4-lobo(l. Stiimcns as many 
 as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celle(l ; two of the cells 
 few-ovuled but sterile ; the two alternate cells each with a solitary suspended ovule, 
 which ripens into a seed: stylo slender: stigma capitate, entire or 2-4-lobcd. 
 Fruit globular nnd borry-liko, rijx'ning two little bony flood-Iiko nutlets, each filled 
 with a seed. — Low and branching shrubs, with scaly buds, oval or oblong leaves 
 (entire, or occasionally some of them sinuate-pinnatilid), nnd 2-bractcolato flowers in 
 axillary and terminal spikes or clusters, rarely solitary ; the corolla white or pink. 
 
 — Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. 
 
 A North American genus, of several species, at least one of them in the mountains of Mexico. 
 S. racemmus, the coTnmon Snowberry of cultivation, and all the California sixjcies have snow- 
 white fruit. 
 
 § L Corolla short-campanulate. 
 
 1. S. racemosus, Michx. Shrub erect, 2-4 feet high, smooth, or the lower 
 face of the oblong or ovate-oval leaves pubescent : flowers in commonly terminal 
 short and loose interrupted spike-like racemes, which are often leafy at base, or some 
 solitary in upper axils : corolla very villous within at base of the lobes, which are 
 rather shorter than the tube : style and mostly stamens includeil. 
 
 Hillsides, from San Diego Co. to Oregon, thence eastward to the Northern Atlantic Stutca. 
 
 — The marked variety pmicifloncs, Kohbins in Gray Man., is not known from Califiirniu : 
 it approaches the following species. ,V. occiiirntnUs, U. I?r., if on the I'licilic side of the continent, 
 is only at the north : it may bo known by tlie deeper-idcft corolla with stronger l)card, exsertcd 
 stamens and style, and greater robustness. 
 
 2. S. mollis, Nutt. Low, diffuse or decumbent, softly and usually densely 
 pubescent : leaves oval, small (half an inch or less than an inch long) : flowers few, 
 in terminal clusters or in upper axils : corolla short and broad, inconspicuously 
 bearded or pubescent inside : stamens equalling the corolla : style shorter. — Torr. 
 & Gray, FI. ii. 4, A less downy form is S. ciliatm, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Woods, &c., common on the Coast Range, and not rare in the Sierra Nevada up to 5,000 feet. 
 
 § 2. Corolla from campannlate-obloixj to tubular : ,<<tamens included : style glabrous. 
 
 3. S. rotundifolius, Gray. Low, soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so : 
 leaves orbicular or oblong, thickish : corolla between oblong-campanulate and fun- 
 nelform, its tube only twice or thrice the length of the lobes and a little longer than 
 the style : nutlets of the fruit oval, turgid, very obtuse at both ends. — PI. "Wright. 
 ii. 66, & Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 
 
 Near Carson City, Nevada (Ande.rmii), and in Oregon {R'rUogg d- Harford) ; therefore, doubt- 
 less, williin the eastern boundary of tlio State ; thence to Utah and New Mexico. — Loaves 6 to 
 10 lines long. Corolla not over 4 lines long, broad from the base. 
 
 4. S. oreophilus, Gray, 1. c. Low, glabrous, or in western forms commonly 
 ns pubescent as the foregoijig, and the leaves similar : corolla tubular-funnolform. its 
 tube 4 or 5 times longer than the lobes and twice the length of the style : nutlets 
 of the fruit oblong, tapering to a point at base. — S. montauus, Gray, in Am. Jour. 
 Sci. xxxiv. 249, not of HBK. 
 
 Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Pass (PnJnndrr) to Sierra Valley {Tymmnn) ; 
 thenco east to the llocky Mountains in Colorado. Corolla fi or even (i lines long, nnd narrow ; 
 but in the ambiguous and more or less iiubescent form whiili nrevails on the Ixinlers of Califnmia, 
 only 4 or 5 lines long and rather broaclor. The nutlets of the fruit, when seen, mark a strong 
 dilference. 
 
 5. LONoiFi.oRTTS, Cray, 1. c, from S. E. Nevmla and rt^h, lias a still longer corolla, with 
 oblong lobes and a bearded style, wbirli well distinguish it. 
 
2gQ CAi'lllFOJ.iACE-E. Lonki-ra. 
 
 5. LONICERA, Linn. Honeysucklk. Wuudbisk. 
 
 Calyx minutely 5-toutheil. Corolla tubular, fuunelform, or oblong-canipanulate ; 
 the tube commonly gibbous at baso ; the limb irregulaily or sometimes almost regu- 
 larly r)-lol)eil, oilun bilabiuto {\, i. o. 4 loben in tho ui)i)or, I in tin* lower lii)). Sta- 
 mens 5, inserted on tbe tube of tho corolla. Ovary 2-3-cellea, with numerous 
 ovules in each cell : style filiform : stigma capitate. Berry several-seeded. Twin- 
 ing or erect shrubs, with sculy buds, and spicato or geminate llowers. Leaves 
 entire, or occasionally sinuuto-iiinnatiiid on vigorous young shoots. 
 
 Genus widely (Usiniseil over the noitlicin liemispliero, several cultivated for ornnninnt and 
 fi-a"riince, esitecially lliu Knro^lelln lioiieysuctklcs, L. Caprifoliain and L. KlruHca ; tlie Anuirican 
 Trumpet 'll., L. acmpcn-iirns, wliicli lias an almost regular (.orolk ; Chineso or Juimn II., L. Ja- 
 ponica, etc. '; and, anioug the upriglil species, L. Tarlarica, the Tartarean Honeysuckle. 
 
 L. CIMOSA, Toir., a conmiou Oregon sii(<-ies with corolla slightly Lihiliiatc, may occur in Cali- 
 fornia. Ai)|):'irently a lorni of it, with rather smaller leaves and llowers, was collected on San 
 Francisco Mountain, in Arizona, by Dr. I'alnier. 
 
 § 1. Stems or branches more or less twining or disposed to twine : flowers sessile in a 
 terminal inten'iqded spike or head, or some in the axils of the upper {and com- 
 monly connate) leaves, usually rather large and showy: calyx-teeth persistent 
 on the {red or orange) berry : corolla in all the Calif or aian species decidedly 
 bilabiate, the upper lij> i-lobed, the lower narrow and entire. {Sometimes 
 there are foliaceous stipxdes or lohat seem to be such between the leaves.) — 
 Caprifolium, DC. 
 1. L. hispidula, Dougl. in iiot. Keg. Foliaceous stipular appendages between 
 the leaves often present: leaves mostly oval, the lower short-petioled ; uppermost 
 pairs commonly connate : spikes naked, slender : corolla pink or yellowish ; its tube 
 hairy inside, not longer than the limb : stamens and especially the long stylo ex- 
 serted, more or less hairy at base. — All the Californian specimens seem to belong 
 to one species, of which this is the oldest name. — (Jniy, Troc. Am. Acad. viii. (527. 
 The leailing forms are : — 
 
 Var. Douglasii, the (irst described form, from Oregon : leaves (i - U inches long) 
 at least beneiith and their margins and slender branches hirsute or i)ulH'scent with 
 spreading hairs: inflorescence and pink flowers glabrous. — L. microphylla. Hook. 
 Fl. i. 283. Caprifolium hispidulum, Lindl. iJot. Jieg. t. 1761. 
 
 Var. subspicata: a bushy form, along the coast from IVfonterey Bay to San 
 Diego, seldom climbing, with small leaves more or less pubescent, the uppermost 
 often distinct ; the branchlets, inllorescence, and flowei-s glandular-pubescent. — /.. 
 subspicata. Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 349 ; Torr. Bot. :Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. 
 
 Var. interrupta: resembling the preceding, but glabrous throughout, often 
 glaucous : filaments slightly hairy at base. — L. interrupta, Benth. PI. llartw. 313. 
 
 Var. vacillans : mostly climbing, larger, either glabrous or pubescent, with or 
 without hirsute hairs : inflorescence and flowers glandular-hirsute or pubescent, 
 varying to glabrous. — L. Califomica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7. L. ciliosa, Hook. »V; 
 Arn., not of Foir. L. pilosa, Kellogg, Froc. Calif. Acad. i. 02. 
 
 Connnon tliroughout the State, on liillsides, iic. Corolla about half un inch long. 
 
 § 2, Stems in the American sjm.ies erect, never twining : all the leaves distinct : flowers 
 a pair {sessile or their bases united) at the summit of an axillary peduncle. — 
 Xylosteum, DC. 
 2. L. involucrata. Banks. Pubescent, leafy : leaves varying from ovate- 
 oblong to broadly lanceolate, mostly acuminate, thin, petioled : peduncles .shorter 
 than the leaf: bracts 4 to 6, forming a conspicuous foliaceous involucre: corolla 
 tubular, with short lobes, viscid-pubescent, yellowish : ovaries and black-purple 
 
CcplialantliHS. RUBIACEvE. 281 
 
 l)(',riiog (liatiiict. — L. Leilehnnri, Kscli., puhlishod a year later tliaii liaiiks's nanio by 
 SpnMigol. L. intermedia, Kollngg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 151, li^. 47. 
 
 Common in shady placns, rearliiiij; to the Rocky Mountains, Hiitisli Colunihia, and Lake Suix"- 
 rior. Shrul) 2 to 10 feet liigh : leaves 3 to 6 indies long. InvoluiTo a pair of foliaceous outer ovate 
 bracts, which become half an inch long, and 4 intoiior and tliinnor rounded biaets wliieli are 
 commonly united in pairs, all becoming yellowish or puiplish in age. Corolla from half to two 
 thirds of an inch long, obscurely bilabiate. 
 
 3. L. conjugialis, KoUopg. Slinib slciulcr, strafj<,'lii)p, soft-puhcsooiit, or 
 smoother when old : loaves ovate or oval, tliiii, sli()rt-|toti()led ; the lower obtviae ; 
 the tipper acute or acnininate : |)e(lunele,s lonj^ and .^slender : bracts nearly wanting 
 or minute at base of the partly or wholly united ovari(!S : corolla broadly gibbous at 
 base, nearly or quite glabrous outside, dark and dull i)nrple, bilabiate to below the 
 middle ; the broad up|)er lip barely 4-to()thed ; its throat, with the b<a.sc of the .stylo 
 and filaments, hairy: berry red. — Kellogg, I. c. f]7, lig. 15. L. Jireiveri, Gray, 
 Proo. Am. Acad. vi. 537, <^ vii. 349. 
 
 Woods of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. nortliwai-d, and in adjacent parts of Ne- 
 vada. Peduncle an inch or less in length, and shorter than well-developed leaves, or rarely longer 
 and exceeding the leaf, as described by Dr. Kellogg. Corolla hariUy half an inch long. 
 
 4. L. caerulea, Linn. Low, pubescent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse at both 
 ends, almost sessile : peduncles very short : bracts a single pair, linear-subulate, longer 
 thaii the united ovaries, which form a single globular blue berry : corolla yellowish- 
 white, funnelform, little gibbous and bilabiate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. 
 
 Sien-a Nevada, at 7,000 feet, Mariposa Co. {Bnlandrr) ; thence northward, into Asia, &c. : the 
 form with villous-pubcscont leaves and corolla : the Athuitic form has a glabrous corolla. 
 
 Ordeu XLIX. RUBIACE^. 
 
 Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules (or one tribo 
 with whorled leaves without stipules), along with an inferior ovary and regidar 
 4-5androus flowers. Flowers generally perfect. Calyx and corolla 4-5-lobed 
 or toothed ; the limb of the former above the union with the ovary sometimes 
 obsolete. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube 
 or throat, distinct. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules amjihitropous or anatropous. 
 Embryo in fleshy or horny albumen. — Herbs, shrubs, or in the tropics trees, 
 with colorless juice. Where the leaves nro whorled and unaccompanied by ap- 
 parent stipules, the supernumerary leaves are supposed to answer to stipules. 
 
 A vast order, of over 4,000 species and 340 genera, mainly tropical and subtropical, altliough 
 the tribe or division StcU.af.oc (with whorled leaves) is prevailingly of the northern temperate zone, 
 in no part of which is the whole family more feebly repre<;ented than in California. 
 
 The order yields imiwrtant products ; but Ihihin tinrtnria, the Madder plant, is the only one 
 cultivated for economical use out of tho tro])i<-s. The Coffee-]»1nut and species of Cinrhonn (yield- 
 ing IVruvian Hark) are tho most important representatives of tlie fnniily. — The tliree following 
 are all tho Californian or even Pacific North American genera ; but one of them is peculiar. 
 
 1. CephalanthuB. Shrub, •with opposite or whorled leaves and stipules within the petioles : 
 
 flowers in a dense head. 
 
 2. Kelloggia. Slender herb, with opposite leaves and stipules between the petioles : the flowers 
 
 cvmow. Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seedcd. 
 
 3. Galium. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules. Fruit 2-lobed. 2-scedod. 
 
 1. CEPHALANTHUB, Linn. niTTTON-ni-sii. 
 Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyrami<lal, 4-tnothed. 
 Corolla with a long and slender tube ninl a small 4-rloa lind\ Rt.amons 4. short, 
 borne on the throat of the corolla. Style very long and slender, nnich exscrtcd ; 
 
282 KUBIACEjE. CtphaUuilhus. 
 
 stigma ciipitato. Ovary 2-4-cello(l, uitli a solitary oviilo suspciiuled IVum tljc 
 suniiuit of eacli cell, lipi'iiiug into a dry inversely i)yraniiilal I'ruit, which splits Irom 
 the base upwards into 2 to 4 closed one-seeded portions. — Leaves ample, short- 
 petioled, opi)osito or in whorls of three or four : a short scale-like stipule bcLweiu 
 and within the petioles. Peduncles axillary and terminal, bearing single heads. 
 
 1. C. OCCidentalis, Linn. iShrub or small tree, with ovate or lanceolate 
 leaves 3 to 5 inches lung, smooth or jnibesceut : heads an inch in diameter, termi- 
 nating slender pijduncles : llowers white. 
 
 Along streams, coiimioii in California as in the Atlantic States, and extending into Mexico. 
 The Califoniian shrub (var. Ctdiforniciis, ]5enth. PI. Hartweg), like other southern forms, is com- 
 monly short-petioled. All the forms vary from sniooth to soft-pubescent. Ovary 2-celied. 
 
 2. KELLOGGIA, Torr. 
 Calyx-tube obovoid, somewhat llattened laterally, thickly clothed with stiff 
 short bristles ; the 4 teeth very small, subulate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, with 
 4 narrow oblong lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : 
 filaments llattish, short : anthers linear. Style very slender : stigmas 2, filiform, 
 papillose. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous OA'ule rising from the base of 
 oach cell. Fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, 2-coccous, hispid with hooked bristles, 
 splitting at maturity into 2 closed carpels, to the walls of whicli the seed adheres. 
 Embryo large in the fleshy albumen, straight. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. G (18G2) ; 
 Gray, PrOc. Am. Acad. vi. 53*); Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137; Torr. 1. c. 332 
 (1874). 
 
 1. K. galioides, Torr. 1. c. Slender perennial-rooted herb, about a foot high, 
 rather diU'use, glabrous or minutely pubescent : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile : 
 interposed stipules small and scarious : llowers small, in a loose forking cyme ter- 
 minating the stem or few branches ; the long pedicels thi(;kened at the a[)ex and 
 articulated with the ilower : corolla dull greenish-yellow, 3 lines long, pubescent 
 outside. 
 
 Damp places, commonly under the shade of trees or shrubs, along the foot-hills and in the Si- 
 erra from Mari|)Osa Co. northward, extending to Oregon, and eastward to Arizona (Palmer) 
 and Wyoming (P(rrrii) ; first discovered on the Walla-Walla lUver, by Dr. Pickeriiuj and Mr. 
 Brackcnridije, in Wilkes' Isxfiedition, when crossing from Oregon to Califoinia. The genus was 
 dedicated to Dr. Albert Kellogg of San 1^'rancisco, in lilting recognition of the arduous endeavors 
 of the earliest botanist resident in the State of California, whose botanical labors, prosecuted for 
 many years under abounding difliculties, entitle him to tlie gratitude of those who are engaged in 
 the preparation of this work, and of those who will use it. The plant is modest and unpretend- 
 ing, but peculiar. In the foliage and stipules it recalls HousUmia, in the flower an Aspcrula, 
 and the fruit is like that of Asperula and Galium, except that the embryo was found by Dr. 
 Torrey to be nearly straight. 
 
 3. GALIUM, Linn. Bkdstraw. Ci.eavkk.s. 
 
 Limb of the calyx obsohito. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, iivrely 3-i)arlcd. 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, short. Styles 2, short : stigmas capitate. 
 Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled : ovules solitary. Fruit twin, biglobular, dry, or some- 
 times fleshy when ripe, separating into two closed one-seeded carpels. — Herbs or 
 sometimes woody at base, with slender square stems, whorled leaves, destitute of 
 any apparent stipules (the stipules being supposed to be developed into leaves or 
 blades), and small llowers usually cymose. Roots of many species red, containing 
 a coloring-matter like madder, which is from a nearly related genus. 
 
Gnlium. urniACK/K 28.'] 
 
 A large genus, disporsed througli all temperate regions. Wlien tlie uppermost leaves arc re- 
 duced to a single pair, they occasionally show some rudiments of the projx-r stijtules of tlit order. 
 In several Califoinian species the flowers are diiecious. — Tlic spocies, being ratlier numerous, 
 may be more readily determined by the aid of the following artificial key. 
 
 Leaves mostly in whorls of eight. 4. G. Aparinr. 
 
 Leaves all in sixes : frliit not liniry. f>. G. a.spi^ukimum. 
 
 Leaves in fives and sixes : fruit hairy. 6. G. tiufi-oimfm. 
 
 Leaves mostly in fives or sixes on tlie stem, in foura on the branches. 7. G. tkikidum. 
 
 Leaves in fours, or some only in pairs. 
 Fruit berry-like, not haiiy. 
 
 Low, hispid : leaves ovato : root filirous. L G. Calikornicum. 
 
 Taller, with thicker woody root : leaves small, narrow. 2. G. Nuttallh. 
 
 Porennial-tufted, dwarf : flowers perfect, white : leaves crowded, awl- 
 shaped. 14. G. Anduewsii. 
 Fruit dry. 
 
 Low annual : leaves lanceolate : flowers perfect, white. 3. G. difolium. 
 
 Perennials, with dull purple flowers. 
 
 Leaves oblong-linear, minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous. 8. G. HobAN'DKRi. 
 
 Leaves ovato or oblong, cinereous-pubescent. ii. (L rnnKNs. 
 
 Perennial lierl), urect, wTiito-llowcrod ; leaves 3-norvcd, lanceolate. 10. G. uorkai.k. 
 Perennial, or woody at base : llowera dull yellowish or whitish, di<u- 
 cious : fruit long-hairy. 
 Tall: leaves linear. 11- G. ancu.stifomum. 
 
 Low : leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate : fruit very long-haired. 
 
 Glabrous and smooth. 12. G. BLOOMr.iii. 
 
 Cinereous-puberulent. 13. G. multifi,orum. 
 
 § 1. Frnit herry-like at maturity, as in Madder. — Ukluunium, Eudl., Bcnth. tt Hook. 
 
 1. G. Californicum, Hook. & Am. Low, mucli branched from an anntml (?) 
 reddish fibrous root, liispid Avith widely spreadinjf stiff hairs : leaves in fours, thin- 
 nish, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, cuspidately acute or mucronate : flowers dioeciously 
 polygamous ; the fertile ones solitary on short naked peduncles at the end of the 
 branches or on upper forks, recurved in fruit ; the sterile ones terminal in threes : 
 corolla yellowish ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous : fruit purple, gla- 
 brous or nearly so. — Bot. Beech, p. 349 ; Torr. & CJray, Fl. ii. 20, excl. var. 
 
 Common from Ran Francisco southward towards the coast. The larger forms with less rigid 
 hairiness resemble the S. American G. Edbun (and like it are nyt to have a minutely hirsute 
 or pubescent ovary) ; hut that is well distinguished by a small 4-Icaved involucel at the apex of 
 tho poduncln, within wliicli tlio flower Is bobsIIo. 
 
 2. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem rising from n thick ami firm or woody root or 
 rootstock, 1 to 3 foot high, or climbing higher on bushes, and much branching : 
 branchlots minutely aculoolate-scabrous on tho anglas : leaves in fours or tho upper- 
 most often only in pairs (3 to 5 or on branchlots only 2 or 3 lines long), thickish, 
 varying from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, mostly smooth except the spinulose- 
 ciliate margins : flowers solitary, minute : lobes of the white corolla ovate : pedicels 
 naked, reflexed in fruit : ovary glabrous : fruit small, decidedly baccate. — PL 
 Wright, i. 80, in note. G. si{ffrnticnmm, Nutt. in 'J'orr. ^ Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Hills and low grounds, Marin Co. to San Diego. Ai>parcutly varies greatly. Often "forms 
 thickets," or is supported on shrubs, in the manner of the eastern G. asjrrcllum. 
 
 § 2. Fruit dry at maturity. 
 
 * Annvals : fruit viinutely hispid with hooked bristles : flowers perfect. 
 
 3. G. bifolium, "Watson. Smooth and glabrous, small (3 to 6 inches high), at 
 length branched : leaves in depauperate specimens only a single pair, with bases 
 connected by a scarious sti]iular lino ; in vigorous sporimens 4 in the whorl.s, lance- 
 olate, the alternate pair (answering to stipules) from half to three .piartors smaller : 
 peduncles solitary, lateral and terminal, nake.l, l-flowc-rd, about equalling the 
 leaves when in friiit. spreading : corolla minufp, white : fruit recurved on tho apex 
 of tho pediinclo. — Hot. King. 134, t. M, tig. 8. 
 
284 
 
 RUBIACE.E. (Uili 
 
 Marshes near Peregoy's, Muriposa Co., at 7,(iOO feet (.-/. Gray) ; Sierra Vnlley {Lnmiuni) ; <lis- 
 covert'il liy Mr. U'ldsoit in tin; iiu>iiiitiiiiis of Nevada. Fruit iiroportionally lar-^e, a liiu: or a Uiio 
 ami a liulf in cliunielor. 
 
 4. Cr. Aparine, l.iim. Stem weak and spvoadiiig : leaves mostly in eij^hts, 
 liiioar-ul)laiic(H)iali) ; tliu mav[j[ius, midrili, ami angles of tlie branches anneil witli 
 snreailing or retrorsc spinuloso bristles : peihnuiles elongated, 1 — 2-llo\vered : corolla 
 greenisli-whito : Iriiit rather large. 
 
 Moist grounds, apparently throughout the State, and without doubt a native plant ; but only 
 in the smaller form (var. minor, llook.) : the leaves barely an inch or thereabouts in lengtli, 
 whereas in the ordinary eastern and European plants they are of twice that length, and the liiiil 
 larger. 
 
 * * AiiiuKil {{) with perfect Jlowers : fruit (jranulate-scabrous. 
 
 5. Gr. aspeiTimuni, ^Imy. J)iiriisely much branched, weak: the branches 
 slender, minutely and retrorsely spinulose : leaves in sixes, lanceolate or the lower 
 oblanceolate verging to oblong, tipped -with a slender cuspidate point, smooth ami 
 shining both sides, the margins and midrib beneath thickly and retrorsely spinu- 
 lose-ciiiate : llowers numerous, in naked cymes tenninating the branchlets : pedun- 
 cles and pedicels lilil'orm : lobes of the ap[)arently greenish-whito corolla ovate and 
 ucuto : immature fruit muricate granulate. — I'l. Feudl. GO, ^ I'l. Wright, ii. ()7. 
 (New Mexico and Arizona.) 
 
 Var. asperulum: leaves thinner, ilidler, all nu)re lanceolate, their margins and 
 midrib nuu;h less strongly ciliate, the bristles soujetimes obscure and not retrorse : 
 peduncles and pedicels fewer ami not divaricate : corolla apparently purplish : fruit 
 not seen. — G. asperriiaam, Watson, liot. King. 134. 
 
 In Mariposii Secpioia Grove (Bulandcr), .Sierra Valley {Lcmmo-it), and Ruby Valley, Nevada 
 ( Watson), if a variety of G. aspcrrimuiii, it nuist be a form growing in more shady places. 
 Leaves ^ to | of an inch long, those near the llowers smaller, almost awn-pointed. Corolla a lino 
 and a half in diameter. Perhaps the root is pereiuiial. 
 
 * vc « Pere)ini(tls. 
 
 +- With dijfiise or decumbent xvhoUy herbaceous sttum : fruit not lon(/-vilious : leaves 
 with more or less j^i'ovnnent luidrib, but no lateral nerves. 
 
 6. G. triflorum, IMichx. Hlightly and sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous, bright 
 green : stems pro(;und)ent ov reclining, minutely spinulose backwards on the angles 
 (or rarely smooth) : leaves in sixes or sometimes in lives, thin, oblongdanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, or cuspidate-acundnate, the margins and often the midrib 
 beneath beset with very short commonly retrorse and hooked bristles : peduncles once 
 or twice .'{-forked ; tlio pedicels divergent : con)lla greenish : fruit hirsute with 
 slen<ler hooked bristles, or when mature merely roughened. 
 
 Rather common in woods and thickets, from San Francisco northward and to the Sierra, ex- 
 tending through the northern parts of the continent. The foliage when drying exhales tlie 
 sweet scent of the European Aspcrula odoruta. Leaves one or two inches or less in length, 3 or 4 
 lines wide. 
 
 7. Gr. trifidum, I^inn. Glabrous or nearly so : stems slender, ascending or 
 erect, dilfusely branched, mostly roughened on the angles: leaves 4-6 in the 
 whorl, commoidy 5 or 6 on the stem and 4 on the branches, varying from linciir to 
 oblanceolate, obtuse, the miilrib and margins more or less scabrous : peduncles soli- 
 tary or in tlirees, not longer than the leaves : llowers very small : lobes of the white 
 corolla and the stamens often only 3 : fnut smooth and nakt'(l. 
 
 Wet and shady places, .same range as the [neceding. Stems 5 to LO inches high. Leaves 3 to 
 lines long. Corolhi barely a line broad. 
 
 8. Gr. Bolandei'i, Gray. Apparently erect, diffusely and paniculately branched, 
 ■ minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous : leaves all in fours, thickish, oblongdin- 
 
 ear, short, the margins and midrib beneath mimdely hispiil-ciliate : cynics sev- 
 cral-llowered, paniculate : pedicels about the length of the llowers : corolla dull 
 
aalinm. IIUBIACEJ-:. 9,sr, 
 
 l)tiri>le, its lobes ovate and acute : ovary glabrous but granulate. — Proc. Am. Acail. 
 vii. 350. 
 
 Sierra NevaJa (on llio Mono trnil, Bnln-nder ; Sierra Vnllry, I/-tnmn)i). Apjiarrntly of the 
 snino species is a ])lnnt in Hattan's collection, with similar (sterilo >.) llowers, but brunches nnil 
 I'olinge minutely hirsute. Plauts njiparently one or two feet high : base of stem not seen. Leaves 
 3 to 6 lines long. Corolla a line and a half broad. 
 
 9. Gr. pubens, Oray, 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent througbout witli short and 
 ratlier soft spreading liairs, diffusely much branclicd : leaves in fours, thickisli, 
 ovatn, or on tlio bninchh^ts oblong or oven oblong-linear, acutn or niucronate- 
 l)oinkotl : llowers polyganio-ilid'cious, tlio stcrilo in sf^vcralllowiM-iMJ ('loso eyniofl, the 
 I'ertilo fewer : peduncles and ))edi(;ela short : corolla dull purple, its lobes ovato and 
 acute : fruit minutely pubescent, becoming glabrous and smooth. 
 
 Var. scabridum, with shorter, less coi)ious, and rather scalirous i)ubcsceuce : 
 ovary glalirous. 
 
 Yoseniito Valley {Bolamhr, Tm-rcy, Oray). Stems about 2 feet long. Leaves 4 lines long. 
 Corolla 2 lines broad, sometimes 3-5-cleft. Fruiting pedicels little over a lino in length. 
 
 +- ■¥- With erect and wholbj herbaceous smooth stems : fruit smooth or merely jnibes- 
 cent : leaves 3 - b -nerved. 
 
 10. Gr. boreale, T.inn. Glabrous and smooth, or nearly so, strictly erect, leafy : 
 leaves in fours, lanceolate or almost linear, bluntish : cymes many -flowered, in a 
 thyrsiform panicle : corolla white : fruit very minutely hairy or smooth. 
 
 Shaded or open banks of streams, towanls Oregon ; t.licnce northward and eastward to the At- 
 lantic. (The plant of Xantus from Fort Tejon, No. 40, belongs to the next species.) 
 
 -«--(--{- With erect or ascevdinfi stems more or less wood;/, and poli/rjamodirrcious 
 {ifellnwish-white) Jlowers : sterile ovaries (jhihrous or naked : the fruit clothed with 
 Ion;/ ir/iite hairs, vhich are vol hooked at the tip. 
 
 11. G. angUStifolium, Nutt. Shrubby at ba.'^o, 1 to 4 feet high, glabrous : Ihn 
 brandies rigid or strict, smooth on the angles : leaves in fours, linear, mucronate- 
 acuto, rigid, 1-norved, veinle.ss, with barely scabrous margins : cymes small and nu- 
 merous in a narrow panicle : llowers very small, greenish-white : fruit hispid or 
 hirsute, \vith straight bristles not longer than itself. — G. trichocarpum & angnstifo- 
 lium (under trichocarpum), Nutt. in Torr. &: Gray, Fl. ii. 22. 
 
 Near the coast, Santa Rarbnra to San Diego, and east to Fort Tejon. l»isiiig to 3 or 4 feet high 
 when supported on bushes. Leaves from 3 to 8 lines long. The m.ile plaut, which ha.s smooth 
 and glabrous abortive ovaries, was taken for G. .vifnilirosiim in the Botany of the Mexican Boun- 
 dary, and for G. boreale in the Tejon collection by Xantus. The female plant does not accord 
 with any Chilian species, neither with the G. criocar/mm of Bartling (whether that be Hooker 
 and Arnott's si>ecic3 of that name, or G. Gi/tinsit), !ior with G. t.ricJior/irpnm, DC, which by 
 the character answers to G. C/iami.isovli, Hook, k Arn. Wherefore Nuttnll's name for one of 
 the forms may be adopted for this species. 
 
 12. GJ-. Bloomeri, Gray. Low, 3 to 12 inches high, wholly smooth and gla- 
 brous, much branched from the suft'rutescent base : leaves in fours, and some of the 
 uppermost only in pairs, ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, rigid, 1 - 3-nerved : flowers 
 yellowish-white, somewhat panicled ; the sterile ones very short-i>edicelled ; the fer- 
 tile mostly longer than the long villous hairs of the fruit, and erect. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vi. 538 ; Watson, Hot. King. 135. 
 
 Var. hirsutum, (!ray. Stems au'l leaves hirsute with spreading hairs: leaves 
 thinner : otherwise like a small form of G. Bloomeri. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, on the dry eastern slo]>es, towards Virginia City nn.l to La<wen Penk. kc. 
 Hnii-8 of tlie fruit a line or rather more in length. In thi^ ..nd lb- next the subslcnle or nn|HM-- 
 foctly fertile ovary is apt to develop a few long haiiN ; but the tndy ferlde fruit ih mostly cov 
 cred'with long haiVs. — The variety, from Sicrni Valley, I.nnnum. 
 
 13. G. multiflorum. Kellogg. Low, 3 to 12 inches high, cincreous-puberulcnt 
 or minutelv scabrous, branched from the suirriites(«.ent b;u;e : leaves in fours, or some 
 
286 
 
 VALEUIANACE.!-;. UalUu 
 
 of tiie lloml ones in jmirs (or even alternate), varying from rounJish-ovate to 
 oblong-lanceolate, apiculato, rigid, mostly 3-norvod : llowura yi'llowiali-wliile, soli- 
 Uiry or in tlireos at tlie eml of .short branches : fruit-bouring potUcels mostly longer 
 than the long villoua haii-a of the fruit, at length recurved. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 
 1)7 (IBCl); Watson, 1. c. G. hypotriclduvi, Ciray, 1. c. (18C6). 
 
 Dry oustiTii iiiirlioii of llio Siuini Novuiiii ; iiuur Doiuior Puss (Torreij) ; Sonora Pusa (Brewer) ; 
 Sierm Valluy, &c. ; and in Nevada. 
 
 G. STELLATUM, Kellogg, 1. c. (to whicli is evidently to be referred O. aoutissimuvi, Gmy, 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350), extends from New Mexico through Arizona {Palmer) to Cenos 
 Island, olf the coast of Lower California, and may be found within the State. It is remarkable 
 for its ovate-lanceolate rigid leaves, tapering to a pungent point. 
 
 4- ^- -H -(- With low and depressed stems thicklij set ivith persistent leaves, formunj 
 cushion-like tufts on the (/round : Jlowers perfect. 
 
 14. G-. Andre"WSii, Omy. Cuespitose on slender creeping rootstocks, glabrous : 
 leaves crowded in fuurs and in axillary fascicles, subulate or acero.se, rigid, shining, 
 p\ingent, 1 -nerved, or rather with a stout midrib, either naked or apinulose-ciliate 
 on the margins : Howers solitary or in threes, terminating the branchlets, very small, 
 on short or slender pedicels : corolla wliite. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 538. 
 
 Dry hills near the coast, from the liay of Monterey south to Fort Tejon, &c. Plant forming 
 tufts from 2 inches to a span in height ; leaves 2 to 5 lines long, half a line or less in width. 
 [The fruit, recently colieclcd by Pulincr, proves to be baccate and glabrous, showing lliat the 
 species is most nearly allied to <f. Nuttallii of the Kki.UI'NIUM section.] 
 
 OuDER L. VALERIANACE^. 
 
 These arc herbs, witli opposite leaves and no .stipules; the di.stinct stamens (1 to 
 4) almost always fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and borne on its tube; the 
 inferior ovary with two abortive or empty cells, and a single fertile one containing 
 a solitary pendulous ovule, rii)ening into a kind of akene. — Flowers perfect or by 
 abortion diiecious. Calyx sometimes obsolete, except its tube consolidated with the 
 ovary, sometimes with a limb composed of teeth, chalf, or bristles. Corolla tubu- 
 lar or funnelform, often irregular; its limb 3-5-cleft; the lobes imbricated in th« 
 bud. Style filiform : stigmas 1 to 3 : ovule anatropous. Fruit dry and indehis- 
 cent, either one-celled, the two other cells having disappeared, or more or less 
 3-celled, two of the cells empty or mere vestiges. Seed destitute of albumen, lilled 
 by the large and straight embryo : i-adicle superior. — Inflorescence cymose. 
 
 A family of nine genera and about 300 species, of small economical imi^rtance, except as yield- 
 ing the oflicinal Valerian (the jjeculiar odor anil properties of which prev.iil in the roots of most 
 of the perennial species), mainly belonging to the temperate and frigid parts of the world, spar- 
 ingly represented in North America. Only one Valerian has thus far been detected in California, 
 but there is a peculiar genus. 
 
 Corn Salads {Fcdia or Faleriancllu) are likely to occur in grain-fields, iiitroduceil from Euroi^, 
 but are not yet mot with. 
 
 1. Valeriana. Limb of the calyx inrollcd and concealed in llower, evoluto and iiapiius-like 
 
 in I'ruil, of iihimoHc bristles, {'onilla Hinirlcss. Stiimens :). Perennials. 
 
 2. Pleotritis. Limb of tlie calyx olisolete. 'I'ube of the corolla bearing a .>spur. Stiimens 3. 
 
 Annuals. 
 
 1. VALERIANA, 'l\.urn. Valkuian. 
 Limb of the calyx involute and concealed in the fluwering state, evoluto in fruit, 
 formed of numerous plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, deciduous. Corolla with 
 more or less cylindrical tjr obconical tube, which is often gibbnus but not spurred at 
 
IVeclri(,\. VALERIANACEyE. 
 
 287 
 
 iho baso : tlio limb about equally S-lobed. Stanioiis 3. Abortive cells of tlio ovary 
 small or obscure, obliterated in the akene-likn fruit. — Perennial herbs, with strong- 
 scented mostly thickened rootstocks or roots, simple or pinnate leaves, and white or 
 flesh-colored flowers in a terminal often panicled cyme. The flowers in some species 
 are either dimorjthous or polygamo-dioecious. — The roots of several are used in 
 medicine. The only species yet detected in this State is, 
 
 1. V. sylvatica, Richardson. !Miinitely pubescent or nearly glabrous : rnot- 
 sto(;k croei)ing : root-leaves entire and s])atulate or oval, or sometimes 3i)arto<l : 
 stem-leaves mostly i)innatcly divided into 3 to 11 broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovatc 
 unequal entire or toothed leaflets : flowers all perfect : corolla short and broad : 
 stigma almost entire. 
 
 Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, &c., from the Yosetnite to Doiiner Lake, thence eastward 
 and nortliward through tlie Continent. This has hecn tiiotiglit to be tlic European V. dioica, or 
 too near it ; hut the stigma is not 3-(;left, and no form is known with inclu<ied stamens and long 
 styk\ At the north it sometimes has smaller flowers with less protruded stamens ; but then the 
 style also is short. 
 
 V. KDUMS, Nutt., is common in the Rocky Mountains and eastward ; and it may be found in 
 the northeastern part of California. It is well marked hy the long lanceolate or linear leaves or 
 lobes of the leaves, with minutely downy margins ; and the (lowers are dioecious. 
 
 2. PLECTRITIS, (Lindl.,) DC. 
 Limb of the calyx obsolete or none. Tube of the corolla very gibbous, spurred 
 at the base ; the short limb more or less bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. 
 Stamens ,3. Ovary triangular, with empty cells at two of tho angles : stylo slender : 
 stigma somewhat capitate. Fruit winged on each side of tho fertile cell by the 
 remains of the open and enlarged sterile cells, tho wings incurved, making the fruit 
 saucer-shaped. — Annuals, nearly glabrous (except that the fruit is often puberu- 
 lent), with slender erect stems, oblong or spatulate entire or barely sinuate-toothed 
 leaves, the cauline ones sessile ; the dense contracted cymes in the axils of the u]iper 
 small leaves and terminal, forming an interrupted spike or head. Flowers snmll, 
 rose-color, subtended by pairs of subulate bracts, perfect. Stamens and stylo some- 
 times oxserted, sometimes more or loss included in tho same species. 
 
 Thoro Is a Chilian spccicfl vpfcrrod to Mils genus by Mcntliam nnd llenkcr, which has winglcHs 
 fruit. Tho two genuine species, connned to tho western side of North America, are Just alike in 
 lierbage, and to bo distinguished only by tho flowers. 
 
 1. P. COngesta, DC. Corolla about a quarter of nn inch long; its spur much 
 shorter and smaller than tho tube ; the limb distinctly bilabiate. 
 
 Moist soil, less abundant than tho next ; common in Oregon and extending into Utah. Varj'- 
 ing from a span to a foot or two in height. 
 
 2. P. macrocera, Torr. i^ Cray. Corolla considerably smaller ; its thick sjuir 
 about tho length of tho body, so. that it n])pejirs as if attached at tlie middle; tho 
 limb smaller and less evidently bilabiate. — Torr. i^-; (Jray, V\. ii. .00. J\ bnirhtj- 
 stemon, Fisch. & Meyer, ]nd. Sem. Petei'sb. 1835. 
 
 Common in low grounds, towanls tho coast and in the valleys. — Fischer .V Meyer's name is 
 the older, but is misleading, as the length of the stnmens is not a specific diameter, nnd they 
 omitted all mention of the real distinctions of the species. 
 
 OunKli DIPSACE.ffl, Ibe Teasel or Scabious Funnily, has no indigenous 
 representatives in America, and ni) truly naturalized species in (jdiforuia. liut 
 DiPSACUS FULLONUM, the FuUer'ii Teasrl, has been met with in wa.ste gmunds 
 near old settlements. It is proper to mention it, but it hardly nceils to bo described. 
 
9y^ COMPUSIT.E. 
 
 OuDEu LI. COMPOSIT-ai. 
 
 Known by having the flowers iu a head, surrounded by an invohicre (fonaing 
 the compound flower of the older botanists), and syngenesious anthers. — Fluwers 
 cither perfect, ixilygaiuous, or moncecious, or rarely diteciuus, or some neutral. 
 Corolla gamopiitalous (monopetalous). Stamens 5, or sometimes 4, inserted un the 
 tube of the corolla alternate with its lobes : iilameats generally distinct : anthers 
 synytntsions, i. e. united into a tube. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary erect anat- 
 lopous ovule : stylo one, 2-cleft or iJ-lobod ut the apex ; the lobes or ])rauches of 
 the stylo bearing stigmas iu the form of marginal linos on tlieir inner face. I'ruit 
 an akeiie. Seed (hvsLitute of albumen, tilled by the stmiglit embryo. — Caly.K with 
 tube investing and incDrpurated with the ovary ; its limb either wanting, ur in the 
 form of a border or crown, or of teeth, scales, awns, bristles, &c., surmounting the 
 ovary : it is called a pappus, whatever be its form or texture. Corolla e])igynous, 
 either strap-shaped {lujulate) or tubular ; iu the former case the 5 or 4 p(;tals of 
 which it is composed are sometimes indicated by the teeth or notches at the apex 
 of the ligait or expanded portion : in the latter case S-lobed or occasionally 4-lubed, 
 the lobes valvate in the bud, the veins of the tube forking at the sinuses ami 
 bordering the lobes. Anthers 2-celled, introrse, o{)ening on the inner face ; the 
 pollen brushed out of the tube by the lengthening of the style, some portion 
 of Avhich, or of its branches, in staminiferous flowers usually is beset externally or 
 tipped with a rough-bristly or papillose surface. Heads homoyamous, i. e. with all 
 their flowei-s alike, or heterogamous, i. e. of more than one sort of flowers. llomog- 
 amous heads are sometimes completely lujulijloruus, i. o. all the flowers with strap- 
 shaped or ligulato corolla, and in this case all hm-maphrodite ; sometimes discoid, 
 i. 0. with no lignlate flowers, llctorogamoua heads are commonly radiate, i. e. the 
 outermost or marginal flowers have enlarged and mostly strap-shaped corollas, and 
 are always female or else neutral : these are called flowers of the ray, or ray- 
 flowers, or shortly rai/s : those within are termed flowers of the disk or ilisk- 
 flowers. Some heterogamous heads are discoid, i. e. the marginal flowers allhough 
 unlike the central ones are all tubular, or at least not developed into rays. The 
 bracts or leaves of tho involucre which surround the head are commonly termed 
 ■ scales, whatever their texture. The commonly dilated extremity of the peduncle 
 on which the flowers are inserted is the receptacle. When the leceptacle bears only 
 flowers within the involucre, it is said to be naked: when there are bracts, usually 
 in the form of chaIVy sc;ales (thereftn-e termed palew, palets, or chaff) borne on tlie 
 receptacle, mostly one outside of each Jlow.-r, the* rectiptacle is said to ha 2)aleaceous 
 or chaffy. — Herbs, shruljs, or sometimes trees, various in ft)liage, with determinate 
 inflorescence as to tho order of the lieads, i. e. the terminal (U- central one iirst lUi- 
 veloped ; but the evolution of tlie l)lossoms in each head centripetal, i. e. the mar- 
 ginal ones earliest. — DC. Trodr. v., vi., k vii., pait 1 ; Torr. k (Iray, Fl. ii. 54- 
 504; Benth. & Hook. Gen. V\. ii. 1G3-533. 
 
 An immense order, found in all parts of the world, comprising about one tenth of all Phaenoga- 
 moua plants, iu North America and especially iu ("alifornia a still largti- proportion. Vt-iy 
 few are important for any active properties or useful products ; Imt many an; cultivalcd for orna- 
 ment. 
 
COMPOSIT.E. 
 
 2.S1J 
 
 Key to the Trihos In Cnllfornlii. 
 
 I. TU151J I.I FLORAE ; the corolliis tubular ami 5- (rarely 4-) tootlicil 
 or cleft in the peifect ilowers ; those with ligulate corollas (iiiys) 
 at the margin either pistillate or neutral. 
 Style-branches club-shaped, obtuse, neither hairy nor appendaged : (losv- 
 
 ers all perfect, never yellow. 
 Style-branches of jjorfect flowers flat and tii)pcd with a distinct flat ap- 
 pendage : anthers without tails : leaves all alternate. 
 Style-branches of the perfect flowers neither truncate nor tipped with any 
 appendage : anthers with tails : heads heterogaraous : recep- 
 tacle not long-bristly : corollas not deisply cleft. 
 Style-branche.^ of perfect flowers truncate-capitate or tipped with an ap- 
 pendage : anthers without tails : leaves or some of them often 
 opposite. 
 Receptacle chaffy, at least next the margin : involucre not scarious : 
 
 pappus not capillary. 
 Receptacle not chaffy : involucre not of imbricated scarious scales : 
 
 pappus not capillary. 
 Receptacle not chaffy or rarely so : involucre of imbricated partly scari- 
 ous scales : pappus a short c.romi or none. 
 Recpptado not chaffy : jjappus capillary and copious. 
 Style-branches without tips or apiiendnge, more or loss concreted to or 
 near the ape.t : corollas all tubular and very deeply (sometimes 
 irregularly) f)-cleft into long linear lobes : receptacle densely 
 bristly : anthers sagittate or with tails. 
 It. LABI ATIFLOR^ ; the corollas bilabiate and the flowers perfect. 
 III. LIGULIFLOR/E ; the corollas all ligulate (and 5-toothed at the 
 apex), and the flowere perfect. Juice milky. 
 
 2. EUPATORIACKit. 
 
 3. A.STKKOII)KyE. 
 
 4. iNULOIDEiE. 
 
 5. Helianthoide.«, 
 
 6. Helenioide*. 
 
 7. Anthemide*. 
 
 8. Senecionide-b. 
 
 9. Cynaroipe^. 
 
 10. MUTISIACEiE. 
 
 11. ClCHORIACE.£. 
 
 Key to the Genera. 
 
 Trihe I. VERNONIACEiE. Heads hon)ogamous and the flowers all perfect, with tubular 
 corolla, never yellow. Anthers sagittatt; at baSe. Branches of the style slender-subulate, 
 minutely hispid. , . . , . , 
 
 No plant of this tiibe, as thus defined, is known in California or in the regions nortli 
 of it. The only genus to be expected is E/cph/tiUopus, of which one or two species 
 are widely spread over the warmer parts of the world, and these may come in at the south. 
 
 Tkibe 11. EUPATORIACEiE. Heads homogamous and the flowers all perfect, with regular 
 tubular corolla, never yellow, or more than cream-rolor. Anthers nearly entire at ba.se. 
 Bmnchos of the stylo obtuse, ofttnior thickened ui)wards or club-slmpod, minutely papilloBe- 
 granular or smoothish, the stigniatic lines inconspicuous. 
 
 ♦ Papjuis of 2 to 12 stout bristles or awns, alternating with as many scales. 
 
 1. HofmeiBteria. InvohnTe and flowers as in BricMlia. Akcnos 4 - f)-aiigled or riblnsd. 
 
 ♦ * Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 
 
 +■ Receptacle naked. 
 
 2 Eupatorium. Akenes 5-angled. liristles of the pappus scabrous, rather rigid. 
 
 3. Briokellia. Akenes lO-ribbed or striate. Bristles of the pappus about in one senes, scabrous 
 
 or almost plumose, rather rigid. Involucre imbricated, 
 t. Adenostylea. Akenes lO-ribbed. Brisflns of the pappus very copious, hardly scabrous, 
 soft, white. Involucre not imbricated. 
 
 +-+- Receptacle chafTy, at least among the outer flowers. 
 5. Carphephorus § Kuhnioides. Akenes 10-ribbed. Pappus plumose. Involucre imbricated. 
 Tuire 111. ASTEROlDEiE. Heads cither heterogamous or homojiamous, the disk-flowers 
 with regular tubular corolla, the ray-flowers when present liRulate and pistillate only, 
 rarely neutral. Receptacle naked (not chaffy) except sometimes in No. 20. Antlien* 
 nearly entire at base (without tjiils). Branches of the style in perfect flowers flattened, 
 tipped with an appendage. Leaves mostly alternate. 
 Subtribe I. ASTERINE/E. Heads homogamous and the flowers perfect or heteroganious 
 and mostly radiate, yet several are discoid, or with merely filiform corollas to the pistil- 
 late flowers, but none diuecious. 
 
290 
 
 COM POSIT J-: 
 
 ♦ Pappus paleaceous or aiistifonn or coroniforni, i. e. of chatFy scales or awns or of few stout 
 awn-like bristles, or of very short bristles or scales sometimes united in a crown, rarely 
 obsolete or wantiiiy, never of indetinitely numerous capillary bristles. 
 
 +- Flowoiu all yellow. 
 
 ++ Involucre of coriaceous or firm-cliartaceous scales mostly with herbaceous or greenish tips, 
 
 commonly (No. i) o.Kceiilud) coated with a rosinouu or balsamic o.xudation. 
 
 6. Gutierrezla. Heads small and coiymbose or clustered, with rays ; the ilowers nil fertile. 
 
 I'uppus of several short chaify scales. 
 
 7. Amphiachyria. Heads small, clustered, with fertile rays ; the disk-flowers not fertile. 
 
 Pappus in the disk-flowers of long flattish and soft bristles rather than scales ; in the 
 few ray-llowers of chafl'y scales concreted at base into a cup. 
 
 8. Grindelia. Heads larger, solitary, terminating simjile branches, many-flowered, mostly with 
 
 rays and all the flowers fertile. Akenes glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 rigid and stout 
 caducous awns. 
 
 9. Acaxnptopappus. Heads without rays. Scales of the involucre chartaceous, with scarioua 
 
 and lacerale-Hmbriate margins. Akenes turgid, very densely white-woolly. Pappus 
 persistent, of numerous rigid chaliy awns, the longer ones equalling the corolla. 
 
 ++ ++ Involucre of thin more or less imbiicated scales, destitute of herbaceous tips. 
 
 10. Pentachaeta. Akenes compressed. Pappus of 5 (rarely 2 to 8) persistent slender rigid 
 
 bristles, sometimes unequal or all very short, sometimes obsolete or wanting. 
 
 +- +- Hays white, blue, or purple (jiever yellow) : disk-flowers yellow : akenes compressed. 
 
 10. Pentachaeta sometimes has white rays in one species. 
 
 11. Monoptilon. Papjuis a small crown and a single deciduous bristle which is plumose at top. 
 
 12. Eremiastrum. riiin)us of 8 to 10 thin scales cut almost into bristles, and within these 
 
 some stout bristles. Akenes with merely nerved margins. 
 
 * » Pappus of copious slender or capillary bristles. 
 
 +■ Flowers all with the limb of the corolla 5-parted into linear or elongated-oblong lobes, either 
 
 regular or the marginal ones palmate : no ligulate rays. 
 
 13. Lessingia. Heads 5 - 25-flowered. Flowers yellow, purple, or white. 
 
 ■i-+- Disk-flowers with the tubular corolla* merely 5-toothed or with 6 short lobes, perfect : ray- 
 flowers when present ligulate (pistillate, or in a few cases neutral). 
 
 +t Rays yellow, their akenes destitute of pappus. 
 
 14. Heterotheca. Nearly the same as Chrysopsis (No. 15), except that their larger and 
 
 thicker ray-akenes have no pappus. 
 ++ ++ Rays yellow or sometimes none : disk-flowers yellow : all the akenes with pappus. 
 a. Pappus double. 
 
 15. Chrysopsis. Heads radiate or in one section rayless. Pappus of two sorts ; the interior 
 
 of long capillary bristles, the exterior a set of short bristles or chaliy scales. Akenes 
 compressed. 
 
 b. Pappus simple : involucre imbricated. 
 
 16. Aplopappus. Heads radiate, exceiiting one or two species which have more or less folia- 
 
 ceous or green-tipped scales to the involucre, commonly broad and solitary, or somewhat 
 clustered, usually large or middle-sized. Bristles of the pappus copious and unequal, 
 somewhat rigid. 
 
 17. Bigelovia. Heads rayless (rarely an imperfect ray or two), homogamous, mostly cymosely 
 
 or corymbosely clustered, and narrow. Scales of the involucre dry, coriaceous or com- 
 monly chartaceous, appressed, rarely with green tips. Bristles of the pappus copious 
 and unequal. 
 
 18. Solidago. Heads radiate, naiTow, numerous and mostly small, racemed or panicled, or 
 
 .sometimes cymose. Scales of the narrow involucre njipressed, destitute ot herbaceous 
 tijis. Bristles of the pappus equal and nearly in a single series, slender. Style-append- 
 ages lanceolate or broader, never iililorm. 
 ++ ++ ++ Hays white, purple, or blue, never yellow : disk-flowers yellow, rarely turning jjurplish. 
 
 19. Sericocarpus. Rays few (about 5, white) : disk-ilowers rather few. Involucre narrow, im- 
 
 bricated, of appressed firm-coriaceous white scales with abrupt green tips. Akenes 
 silky, not flattened. Pappus copious, simple. 
 
 20. Corethrogyne. Rays mostly sterile ! (the style wanting and the ovary abortive), numerous 
 
 in a single series. Involucre imbricated. Style-ai)pendages of tlie disk -flowers thickly 
 beset with long bristles, forming a brush-like tuft. Akenes flattened. Pappus simple, 
 of pretty rigid unequal bristles. 
 
composittf;. 
 
 291 
 
 21. Aster. Rays numerous, almost always in a single series. Involucre imbricated. Style- 
 
 appendages subulate or lanceolate, not long-bearded. Akenes mostly flattened. Pap- 
 pus simple, copious. 
 
 22. Brachyactis. Hays very numerous and in more than one series, short. Involucre herba- 
 
 ceous. Stylc-appendagcs lanceolate, naked. Akenes flattish. Pappus simple, copious, 
 longer than the corollas. 
 
 23. Erigeron. Hays numerous, long and slender, or sometimes short, in one or more series. 
 
 Involucre of numerous narrow and mostly equal scales, little imbricated, not herbaceous. 
 Style-appendages short and broad, mostly obtuse. Akenes small, flattened, commonly 
 with a nervo or rib at each margin, rarely with one or more on tlie faces. Pappus sim- 
 ple or double ; the outer when present of short bristles or clia(Ty scales ; the other of 
 capillary scabrous bristles as in Aster, but commonly scantier, in a single series, and 
 more fragile or deciduous. 
 
 Subtrihe II. CONYZE^. Heads hcterogamous but never radiate ; the pistillate flowers in 
 more than one series ; their corollas a mere filiform tube, much shorter than the style ; 
 the perfect flowers with tubular 4-5-toothed corollas, much fewer in the centre of 
 the disk. 
 
 24. Conyza. Involucre campanulate, of many narrow scales. Akenes and pappus as Erigeron. 
 
 Heads small : flowers yellowish or whitish. 
 
 Subtrihe III. BACCHARIDE.^. Heads discoid and homogamous, unisexual, dioecious ; the 
 pistillate and staminate flowers on different plants, the former with tiliform corollas shorter 
 than the style. 
 
 25. Baccharis. Involucre imbricated ; the scales dry, not herbaceous. Pappus of very copious 
 
 and soft capillary bristles, less copious in the staminate flowers. 
 
 TniBK IV. INULOIDEiE. Heads discoid in all Californian gonnra, and hcterogamous, or 
 only when dioecious homogamous, with the ordinary tubular regularly 4 - 5-toothcd corol- 
 las, or commonly the pistillate flowers (which are exterior) with slender or filiform corollas. 
 Anthers sagittate at base, their auricles jiointed or tailed, rarely only acute. Branches of 
 the style never tipped with appendages : sterile (hermaphrodite-sterile) flowers with style 
 commonly undivided. Leaves almost always alternate, but opposite in No. 30. 
 
 Subtrihe I. PLUCHEINE.(E. Scales of the imbricated involucre (at least tlie outer ones) not 
 scarious. Receptacle not chaH}'. Head many-flowered ; the iiistillate flowers with very 
 slender or filiform trancate or minutely 2 -3-toothed corollas, the hermaphrodite but often 
 sterile flowers few on the centre of the flat receptacle. Akenes not exserted. 
 
 26. Pluchea. Involucre not white-woolly, its scales dry and thin. Pappus of fine capillary 
 
 bristles ; their tips not enlarged. 
 
 27. Tessarla. Invohirro whito-woolly, of coriacnous ratlicr rigid sonlcs. I'lippus of tho roiitrnl 
 
 flowers with thickonod tips to llio bristlos. 
 
 Subtrihe II. ADENOCAULONEjE. Scales of tho involucre herbaceous, few in a single 
 series. Receptacle not chaffy. Head few-ffowered ; Ixith pistillate and hermaphrodite- 
 sterile flowers with similar dilated tubular corollas ; the fomier rather fewer, and with en- 
 larged exserted akenes. 
 
 28. Adenocaulon. Akenes club-shaped and several times longer than the involucre, Wset with 
 
 some stipitato glands : pappus none. 
 
 Subtrihe 111. FILAGINE/E. Scales of the involucre mostly thin and scarious. ReceptAcle 
 with chaff" (scales of various texture) .subtending or enclosing the fertile flowers or akenes. 
 Pistillate flowers with filiform truncate or 2 - 3-toothe<l corollas. Low floccose-woolly 
 herbs with sessile and commonly glomerate small heads. 
 
 ♦ Akenes gibbous and compressed : corolla and style lateral : pnppus none. 
 
 29. Micropua. Fertile flowers few and in a single series on the short receptnclc, inclufled in 
 
 the laterally compressed very gibbous scales of the receptacle, which are firm-coriaceous 
 or cartilaginous in fruit, strictly enveloping the akene. 
 
 ♦ • Akonos straiglit or slightly oblique ; corolla and stylo tenninnl. 
 
 +- Chafl' loosely enclosing nt least the akenes : central flowers sterile. 
 
 30. PBilooarphuB. Fertile flowers numerous in several series on a dobnlar rocepfJirle, each in 
 
 an obovate hooded-saccate turgid memlimnaceous and rcticulalt><l cliaff. Pappus none. 
 Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
292 CUiMl'USlT.E. 
 
 31. Stylocline. Fertile flowers 5 to 10 or minierous, in two or more series on a cylindrical or 
 
 coliunniir rucf|ilaili« ; liieir clmtl" thin, siicciito or boat-shaped. Pappus of a lew cmlu- 
 cous bristles to tlie sterile Uowci-s, or uoiio. 
 
 ■+-+■ Chaff more open, subLending or hardly enclosing the fertile tlowers or their akenes, these in 
 more than one series : central llowers sometimes fertile. 
 
 32. Evaz § Hksi'ekevax. Iteceptacle villous, its centre elongated into a narrow column. 
 
 Akenes pear-shaped, llattish paiallcl to the subtending scale : pappus none. 
 83. Filago. Keceptacle obeonical or cylindraceous with a Hat summit. Akenes oblong, nearly 
 terete : pappus of numerous bristles to the perfect or sterile flowers, fewer or none to the 
 outer fertile Jlowers. 
 
 Subtribe III. GNAPHALlEyE. Scales of the involucre all thin and scarious, often pearly, 
 persistent. Receptacle naked. FloccoSe-wooUy herbs. Flowers in all the American gen- 
 em with capillary |>ai)pus, nearly in a single series ; the pistillate ones with iilifonn or 
 very slender corollas. 
 
 34. Antennaria. Heads completely dioecious ; the staminate with \individed style and bristles 
 
 of tlie pappus thi.:kened or barbellate at the apex ; pistillate with slender bristles of the 
 pappus united at base into a ring. Low caispitose herbs. 
 
 35. Anaphalia. Heads incom])letely dioecious ; i. e. the staminate ones with a few hennaphro- 
 
 dite but sterile flowers m the centre. Style commonly 2-cleft at the apex. Bristles of 
 the papi)U3 all separate, those of the sterile flowers little thickened upward. Taller 
 herbs. 
 
 36. Gnaphalium. llcinis all heterogamou.s, with ])istillate flowers very numerous in more than 
 
 one series, and lu.rnuiphrodite fertile ones fewer in the centre. Hristles of pappus slen- 
 der, not thickeneil upward. 
 
 Tribk V. HELIANTHOIDEzE. Heads heterogamous with ligulate ray-corollas, or discoid 
 and homogamous (or rarely heterogamous) ; the perfect or staminate flowers with tubular 
 regularly 4 - 5-lobed corollas. Receptacle chaffy (except sometimes among the disk-flow- 
 ers especially when sterile). Anthers often sagittate at base, but without tails. Branches 
 of the style in jjerlect llowers either truncate or tipped with an appendage. Pappus of 
 2 to 4 chaffy scales, awns, teeth, &e., or a cup or crown, never of capdlary bristles. Leaves 
 mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. Corollas most commonly yellow. 
 
 Subtribe L AJiIBROSIEyE. Heads small and discoid : only the pistillate flowers fertile ; these 
 few and with no corolla, or a rudimentary one in the form of a short tube surrounding the 
 base of tho style. Hermaphrodite-sterile or staminate flowers with campanulate limb to 
 the corolla ; anthers .slightly cohering or nearly distinct, their inflexed tijis often mucro- 
 nate or cus[)idiite ; the abortive stylo entire, with truncate ajiex ti]>ped with a minute radi- 
 ate tuft or brush. l'ai)pus none. Akenes in our genera obovate and thick. 
 
 * Heads heterogamous, a few fertile flowers at the margin. 
 
 37. Oxytenia. Fertile flowers apetalous : akenes long-villous, crowned with a protuberant 
 
 epigynous disk. Leaves pinnately divided, or the upper entire. 
 
 38. Iva. Fertile flowers with short tubular corolla : akenes naked. Leaves simple. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Headi homogamous, unisexual, monrecious ; tho fertile with 1 to 4 jjistillato ajietalous flowers 
 in a closed ami Iturlike or akeiie-like pointed involucre ; sterile with rather numerous 
 flowers in an open 
 
 -H 5-12-lobed or almost truncate involucre. 
 
 39. Hymenoclea. Fertile involucre one-flowered, appendaged with 9 to 12 scarious spreading 
 
 scales. Stem shrubby. 
 
 40. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre one-flowered, akene-like, bearing no more than a suigle row 
 
 of tiibercles or shoit spines. Herbs. 
 
 41. Franseria. Fertile involucre 1 - 4-flowered, 1 - 4-celled, armed with more than one row of 
 
 tubercles or prickles. 
 
 +- +■ Involucre to sterile heads of a few distinct scales. 
 
 42. Xanthium. Fertile involucre oblong, bur-like, 2-flowered, 2-celled, beset with numerous 
 
 hooked prickles. 
 
 Subtribe II. VKRIJESINEvE. Heads radiate, the rays either neutral or ])istillatc, or else ray- 
 less ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile, each subtended by a chatf ot the receptacle. 
 Akenes thick and 3-4-angular; or those of the disk laterally compressed (i. e. contrary 
 to the subtending chafi"), never obcomjnessed (i. e. flattened jiarallel with the chafl'). 
 Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 to 4 rigid awns or chaffy scales from the angles, 
 with or without some intennediate small scales. 
 
coMrosiTJo. 293 
 
 * Rcceptnrle plongjited, l)econung columnar. 
 
 43. Rudbeokia. Rays neutral, or very rarely none. Akenes quadrangular and compressed. 
 
 • ♦ Receptacle flat, convex, or rarely conical. 
 +- Rays pistillate and fertile. 
 
 44. Balsamorhiza. Pappus none. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, of the disk prismatic- 
 
 ipiadrangular or somewhat compressed. 
 4.5. Wyethia. l'ai)pus a chaffy-roriaceous crown or cup, continuous with the broad summit of 
 
 the prismatic-qiiadrangular or compressed akeno, persistent, irregularly cleft into 6 or 
 
 morn lohcs or Icetli, those on the angles Bomctimes olongateil into rigid cliafTy awns. 
 4(). Verbeslna. Pa})pus 2 slender or small awns ; the ilat akeiic margined by a broad wing, at 
 
 least in the disk -flowers. 
 
 -1- +- Rays neutral, or rarely none. 
 
 47. Encelia. Akenes flat and fbin-edged but marginlcss, strongly villous-ciliate : pappus none 
 
 or a pair of awns, but no intermediate little scales. 
 
 48. Helianthella. Akenes flat and the thin edges more or less margined : pappus a pair of per- 
 
 sistent awns or chafTy teeth, and a crown of intermediate (sometimes very minute) thin 
 cbafTy scales. 
 
 4n. Helianthua. Akenes thick, quadrangular-compressed or with the si,dcs convex, the edges 
 obtuse ; pappus a pair of caducous chaffy scales or awns. Receptacle flat or merely 
 convex. 
 
 50. Viguiera. Akenes of Helianthiis : pappus with chaffy scales between the awns. Recepta- 
 cle convex or conical. 
 
 Subtribe III. COREOPSIDEiE. Heads as in the preceding subtribe, except that the chafT 
 of the receptacle is flat or barely concave, and mostly deciduous with the fruit. Akenes all 
 obcompressed, i. e. flattened parallel with the subtending scales of the involucre and chaff 
 of the receptacle : pappus of 2 to 4 awns or tooth from the angles, or none. Involucre in 
 our gejiora double, tlio outer looso and more or less foliaccouH. 
 
 fil. PuglopappUB. Rays pistillate, perhaps sometimes neutral. Akenes long-villous or ciliate : 
 pappus of 2 large and bayonet-shaped naked chaffy awns. 
 
 r)2. Leptosyne. Rays pistillate. Akenes naked, winged or margined : pappus none or a mi- 
 nute cup. 
 
 .53. Bidens. Rays neutral or none. Pappus of 2 to 4 rigid retrorsely barbed awns. 
 
 Subtribe IV. GALINSOGE^. Heads, &c., as in snbtribes IT. and V. Akenes neither com- 
 pressed nor obcompres.sed. Pappus in both ray- and disk-flowers of numerous chaffy scales 
 or awns (rarely nearly none). See one exceptional I{cmizonia, No. 57. 
 
 54. Blepharipappus. Head rather few-flowered ; the rays pistillate. Akenes turbinate ; pap- 
 
 pus of 12 to 20 narrow and thin cut-fringed scales having a strong midrib, occa.sionally 
 nearly or wholly wanting. 
 
 Subtribe V. MADIE/E. Heads heterogamous, with ray-flowers fertile ; those of the disk 
 either perfect and fertile or sterile ; rarely the ray-flowers wanting. Involucre a series of 
 scales, each enclosing more or less a ray-akene, sometimes a few outer and empty or 
 bracteal scales. Receptacle chaffy only at the margin, the chafT forming a sort of interior 
 involucre, or else subtending either some or all of the disk-flowers. Style-branches of the 
 latter teiTninated by a subulate hispid tip. Pappus none for tlie ray-akenes (or abnor- 
 mally some rudiments in a few cases), composed of several awns or chafl'y scales or else none 
 in the disk-flowers. Herbs mostly glandular nnd viscid, and heavy-scented : upper leaves 
 alternate, the lower or lowest opposite. 
 
 * Akenes all laterally compressed, those of the ray wholly en<'losed in the carinato strongly in- 
 
 folded scales of the invohicri', which therefore l>ecomes deeply sulcjit^. 
 
 55. Madia. Pappus none, or of some small scales in the sterile flowers of one section. 
 
 ♦ » Ray-akenes turgid, more or less oblique or incurved, never laterally compressed, but mostly 
 
 rather obcompressed ; the investing scales of the involucre rounded on the Iwick. 
 
 50. Hemlzonella. Involucre strongly 4- C-.suleafo (in tlio mnnner of ilA^f/iVr) by the rompleto 
 enwrapping of the 4 or 5 akenes. Disk-flower one, fertile, in a sort of interior involu- 
 cre : pnppus none. 
 
 57. Hemizonia. Involucre many- few-flowered, less if at nil sulcnte or lolled ; its scales at 
 base half-enclosing the obovnto or .somewhat triangular i-ay-nkenes. Disk-flowers numer- 
 ous or few, all or some of thetn infertile : pappus of chaffy scales or non**. 
 
294 COMPOSIT.E. 
 
 ♦ * » Ray-akenea obcompresscd or clavate, completely enclosed in the involucial scales, which 
 are at base llattisli on the back with their thin margins abruptly infolded. 
 
 58. Lagophylla. Head t'ew-tiowered : ray-akcnes about 5, obovate, much ubcompiesbcd, smooth. 
 Disk-lluweis inlcrtile : pappus none. 
 
 50. Layia, Head muny-tlowoiod ; ruy.i 8 to 20, with obovato or somewhat cliivnto smitotli 
 akcnu.s. Disk-lhiwers or most ol' them fertile, their siniihir or narrower akeiiea often 
 pubescent : pajipus composed of bristles (,citiicr plumose below or naked) or of subu- 
 late-pointed scales, or sometimes none. 
 
 60. Achyrachaeua. Head many-liowered ; the tlowers all fertile. Akenes linear-cuneate or 
 
 clavate, 10-ribbed, some or all tlie ribs tuberculate-scabrous ; those of the disk with a 
 paj)pus of blunt silvery-scarious chatfy scales in two series, tiie inner as long as the 
 corolla. 
 
 TuiBE VI. HELEN IDIDE.E. Heads hetorogamous witli ligulato ray-corollaa, or discoid 
 and homogamous by llie absence of mys : the tubular disk-llowers perfect and fertile or 
 rarely sterile. Receptacle never chatfy (in one or two cases with awn-like bodies resem- 
 bling clialf). Anthers without tails. Ihanches of the style in perfect flowers either trun- 
 cate or tipped with an ap[)endago. Pappus of seveial clialfy scidi's or sometimes of awns 
 or rigid bristles, not rarely wanting. Leaves opposite, or all but the lowest alternate. 
 Involucre of herbaceous or membranaceous scales, in one or two or rarely 3 or 4 series. 
 Corollas most commonly yellow, both in disk and ray. 
 
 Subtribe I. JAUMIE/E. Involucre of broad scales regularly imbricated, the outer succes- 
 sively shorter, destitute (as also the herbage) of oil-glands. Akenes narrow, angled, in ours 
 destitute of pappus. Rays deciduous from the akenes. 
 
 61. Jaiunea. Involucre campanulato. Leaves opposite, connate at base, narrow, fleshy. 
 
 62. Venegasia. Involucre very broad. Leaves alternate, ovate or cordate, membranaceous, 
 
 long-petioled. 
 
 Subtribe II. KIDDELLIEiE. Involucre of narrow equal scales. Rays persistent on the 
 akenes, becoming papery. No oil-glands. Plants more or less white-woolly. 
 
 • Pappus of chalTy scales : rays very broad and few. 
 
 63. HlddelUa. Head scvoral-llowered ; tlie 8 or 4 rays broader than long, fow-nerved, raised on 
 
 a short slender tube, 3-lobwl. Leaves alternate. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Pappus none : rays 5 to 60. 
 
 64. Baileya. Rays destitute of a tube, 7-nerved. Akenes many-striatc, all fertile. Receptacle 
 
 nearly flat. I^eaves opposite. 
 
 65. "Whitneya. Rays with a snort tube, 10- 16-nerved. Akenes few-nerved, those of the disk 
 
 sterile. Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite. 
 
 Subtribe IIL HELENIE^E. (Boeriece dk Eaheleiiiece, Benth.) Involucre of nearly equal 
 or narrow scales in one or few series. Rays if any deciduou.s. No oil-glands. 
 
 » Akenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4-angled or compressed, but not with cartilaginous margins. 
 
 +■ Receptacle conical, convex, or in part of No. 67 & 68 flatfish or flat : involucre of few or seveml 
 erect appressed or united herbaceous scales. 
 
 ++ Rays few, very short and included : receptacle high-conical : leaves all opposite, entire. 
 71. Lasthenia in part. Involucre a many-toothed cup. 
 
 66. Burrielia. Involucre of 3 to 5 separate flat scales. Receptacle subulate or almost filiform. 
 
 Akenes slender : pappus of 1 to 4 rigid awn-.shaped scales. 
 +t ++ Rays exserted and spreading. 
 
 67. B^ria. Receptacle high-conical and mostly acute, minutely muricate. Scales of the invo- 
 
 lucre separate, lint, in a single series. Akenes linear or lincar-cuneato. Leaves all 
 opposite, entire or lacininto-pinnatilid. 
 
 68. Actinolepis. Receptacle convex or conical, or rarely almost flat. Scales of the involucre 
 
 wholly separate, becoming concave and involute around the ray-akenes. Antliers 
 tipped with a narrowish or very slender appendage. Akenes slender. Leaves opposite 
 or alternate. 
 
 69. Bahia. Heceptaclo flat, convex, or obtusely conical. Scales of the involucre separate or 
 
 partly united into a cup, not embracing any of the akenes. Rays entire or barely 
 toothed at apex. Akenes linear or oblong-linear, with large terminal areola : pappus 
 of blunt nerveless scales, rarely wanting. Leaves opposite or mostly alternate, com- 
 monly lobcd or divided. Ours all woolly plants. 
 
COMPOSITiE. 295 
 
 70. Monolopia. Receptacle conical. Scales of the involucre united into a cup or only at 
 
 base. Rays broad, 2-4-lobcd, in the typical species bearing n rounded appendage on 
 the opposite side of the throat. Akenes obovate or oblong, tiie outer ones oljconiprcsbcd ; 
 the terniinal areola small : pappus none. Leaves alternate or mrely opposite, entire or 
 pinnately parted. Woolly plants. 
 
 71. Lastheuia § Hologymnk. Receptacle conical. Scales of the involucre united almost to 
 
 their tips into a 10 - IS-toothed cup. Akenes linear-oblong : pappus none. Leaves all 
 opposite, entire, sessile and connate at base. Glabrous plant. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Rays none, the marginal pistillate flowers having short tubular corollas. 
 
 72. Amblyopappua. Head several-flowered. Involucre of 4 to 6 scales. Corollas all very 
 
 short, those of pistillate flowers 2 - 4-toothcd, of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Akenes 
 oblong-cuneate, 4-angled : pappus of blunt scales. 
 
 +- +• Receptacle flat : scales of the involucre narrow, chiefly linear. 
 
 +4- Heads with regular ligulate and pistillate rays. 
 
 73. Amanria. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, of numerous scales. Pappus none. 
 
 Leaves round-cordate, petioled, palmately lobed or toothed, all the lower ones opposite. 
 
 74. Hulsea. Involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered, of very numerous scales. Pappus 
 
 of 4 short thin-hyaline blunt and nerveless scales. Leaves alternate, pinnately lobed or 
 toothed. 
 
 7r). Rigiopappua. Involucre campanulato, rather many-flowered. Rays short and inconspicu- 
 ous. Pappus of 4 or 5 rigid opaque awn-shaped scales. Leaves alternate, linear, 
 entire. 
 
 ++ ++ Heads destitute of ligulate rays, and homogamous, at least in Californian species ; but the 
 marginal corollas sometimes enlarged. 
 
 76. Palafoxia. Involucre narrow, several-flowered. Lobes or teeth of the corolla narrow. 
 
 Pappus of hyaline scales traversed by a stout midrib. Roughish herbs or shrubs, with 
 alternate entire narrow leaves, and rose or purple flowers. 
 
 77. Chaenactia. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Lobes or teeth of the corolla short 
 
 and broad. Pappus of blunt hyaline nerveless or nearly nerveless scales, rarely want- 
 ing. Woolly, viscid-glandular, or nearly smooth herbs, with alternate 1 -3-pinnately 
 parted leaves, and yellow or flesh-colored flowers, the marginal ones commonly enlarged. 
 Rarely some rigid bristles on the receptacle. 
 
 • * Akenes turbinate or obpyramidal : leaves all or all but the lower alternate. 
 
 -f- Scales of the involucre or their tips spreading or rcflexed : rays cuncate, 3-5-lobed : pappus 
 
 of hyaline commonly awn-pointed scales. 
 
 78. Gaillardia. Rays neutral. Receptacle with some rigid awns among the flowers. Akenes 
 
 involucellate with villous haii-s. 
 
 79. Helenium. Rays commonly fertile. Receptacle wholly naked. 
 
 +■ +■ Scales of the involucre erect or anjiressed ; disk-flowers fertile, their style 2-cleft : akenes 
 nirsuto or villous. 
 
 80. Aotdnella. Rays 8 to 12, pistillate. Involucre of numerous scales. Receptacle conical or 
 
 convex. Pappus of 5 to 12 hyaline entire scales. 
 
 81. Syntrlchopappua. Rays 5, pistillate. Involucre of 5 concave scales which partly enclose 
 
 the ray-akenes. Receptacle flat. Pappus of numerous rough bristles, all united at base 
 into a ring. 
 
 82. Trichoptilium. Rays none. Involucre of about 10 thin and flat scales. Receptacle flat. 
 
 Pappus of 6 broad hyaline scales, cleft into many slender bristles. 
 
 +--»--»- Scales of the involucre not roflcxod, united nt the base, in n single series ; disk-flowers 
 sterile, their style entire : akenes ]>owdcry-pai>illose. 
 
 83. Blennosperma. Rays an elliptical or oblong ligide completely sessile on the pyriform 
 
 akene. Pappus none. Leaves pinnately parted. 
 
 * ♦ « Akenes oblong, flat, surrounded by a cartilaginous margin. 
 
 84. Perltyle. Involucre campanulate, of narrow scales. Disk-corollas 4-toothod. Papnus a 
 
 crown of minute scales or bristles, and mostly one or two awns. Leaves pnlmatcly lol>cd 
 or incised, petioled ; the lower opposite. 
 
 Subtribe IV. TAOETINE/E. Involucre of few or several eqmd sr-ales in a single .leries 
 with or without some bractlcts at base, spott'vl, ns also Iho (gl.ibrotis) folinge. with large 
 scattered volatile-oil-glands. Hence the herbage is strong-scented. Rays deciduous. 
 {Tagctes, the type of the group, common in gardens, probably occurs in waste places 
 near dwellings.) 
 
296 COM POSIT J-;. 
 
 ♦ Styles with long and sleiuler branches. 
 
 85. Dysodia. Head mostly with rays. Pappus single, of rigid cliafly scales dissected into 
 
 many biistles. 
 
 86. NicoUetia. Head with rays. Pai)[)U3 double ; the outer of capillary bristles, tlie inner of 
 
 5 thally awn-pointed scales. 
 
 87. Porophyllum. Head rayless. Pappus single, of copious rough capillary bristles. 
 
 » * Styles long, thickish upward, and with very short blunt branches. 
 
 88. Pectia. Head with rays. Pappus of awns or bristles. Leaves opposite, undivided, mostly 
 
 fringed near the base with slender bristles. 
 
 Tkibk VII. ANTHEMIDE/E. Heads heterogamous either with ligulate niy-corollas or niy- 
 lesa, tlio j)istillalu llnwers being sundl and tubular or uono, or houiogamoua, all the llowers 
 lK)rlei!t Willi regular tubular corollas, liecoplaclo nuked, or in Honio with narrow clialf sub- 
 tending the llowers. Anthers without tails, Hranchos of the style in the perfect llowers 
 with truncate or triincate-capitalo tiiis, or in heruiaphrodito-alorilo llowers undivided. 
 Akenes small, destitute of pappus or with a short scanous crown or ring. Leaves alter- 
 nate, commonly dissected. Involucre of dry or partly scarious scales, appressed and imbri- 
 cated in two or more (rarely almost in a single) series. Herbage mostly strong-scented. 
 
 ♦ Receptacle chalfy, at least among the central flowers : heads in our species with rays. 
 
 89. Achillea. Involucre narrow : rays short. Akenes obeompressed, margined. 
 
 90. Antheiuis. Involucre broad : rays conspicuous. Akenes 4 -5-angled or 8 - 10-ribbed. 
 
 * Peceptacle not chafly. 
 +• All the llowers furnished with corolla. 
 9L Chrysanthemum. Hays numerous and conspicuous. Ueceptucle Hat or convex. Akenes 
 several-ribbed or angled. 
 
 92. Matricaria. Kays in our species wanting ; the flowers all alike and perfect. Hei'eptaele 
 
 high-conical. Akenes angled, truncate at top. 
 
 93. Tanacetum. Kays none, but sometimes the marginal pistillate with enlarged and oblique 
 
 corollas. Heads corymbose. Akenes broad at the top, more commonly with a coroni- 
 I'orni pappus. 
 9i. Artemisia. Rays none. Corollas in the marginal pistillate flowera (when there are any) 
 slender and 2- 3-toothed. Heads panicled or racemose, small, often nodding. Akene.s 
 mostly obovoid and rounded at the top, with u snndl terminal areola and iro pappus. 
 
 -H +■ Pistilhito llowcis upelalous, merely naked pistils : ukencs obeompressed. 
 Df). Cotiila. Heads pediinclcd. Akenes not pointed with perslHlenl Htylo, those of j)islilluto 
 
 llowers stalked. 
 96. Soliva. Heads sessile. Akenes pointed with a long and indurated style, sessile. 
 
 Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^E. Heads heteroo;amous with ligulate -(rarely filiform) ray- 
 corollas, or sometimes homogamous and discoid ; the llowers perfect, or rarely stnminote, 
 and with regular tubular corollas. Ueceptado not chally. Anthers often sagittate at base, 
 but without tails. Branches of the style in perfect llowers mostly with truncate, or .some- 
 what capitate, or obtuse tips, rarely with any distinct appendage. Pai)pus of numerous 
 usually very line and soft capillary bristles. Leaves mostly alternate. Involucre almost 
 always of equal herbaceous scales, in one or two series, or with some short ones or bracts 
 added. Flowers usually yellow. 
 
 Subtribe I. TQSSILAGINEiE. Heads moncecious, the tubular disk-llowers staminate (in 
 Tussilagu), or dioecious : style in the tubular sterile llowers undivided or nearly so. 
 
 97. Peteisites. Heads dioecious and heterogamous : flowers white or purplish ; the fertile ones 
 
 pistillate and more or less conspicuously radiate. 
 
 Subtribe II. EUSENECIONEiE. Heads heterogamous or homogamous : the tubular disk- 
 flowers perfect and fertile, with 2-cleft style. 
 
 ♦ Leaves all alternate : bristles of the pappus barely scabrous or denticulate. 
 
 98. Tetradymia. Heads homogamous, 4 -18- flowered. Limb of the corolla 5-parted into 
 
 long linear or linear-lanceolate recurved lobes. Scales of the involucre dry, rather rigid. 
 
 99. Luina. Heads homogamous, about 10-llowered. Corollas with slender tube, long and nar- 
 
 row limb, and 5 short ovate-lanceolate lobes. Style-branches obtuse. Pappus soft and 
 white. 
 100. Psathyrotes. Heads homogamous, rather many-flowered. Corollas with very short 
 proper tube, long and narrow limb, and 6 short and obtiise glandular or villous teeth. 
 Pappus brownish and rather rigid, very unequal. 
 
COMrOSIT/K 
 
 297 
 
 101. Seneoio. Heads liotproffainnuH and radinto, or Iioniof^nTiions. Disk-i-nrolliiH 5- toothed or 
 
 5-lobed, mostly with slendor tube. Pappus copious, line and soil, white. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Leaves mostly opposite or all radical : bristles of the ])ap[)us in a single series, rigid, strongly 
 
 scabrous, barbellate, or plumose. 
 
 102. Arnica. Heafls heterogamous or occasionally homogamous. Pappus scabrous or barbellate. 
 
 Leaves all or some of them opposite. 
 
 103. Ralllardella. Heads honio^ainous. Scales of the involucre sli<;litly united below. Pappus 
 
 strongly plumose, white. Leaves all radical, alternate. 
 
 Tuinr, IX. CYNAROIDK^. Heads homogamous and the (lowei-s all perfect, with corollas 
 all tubular and dee^ily 5-cIeft, often bilabiately so {\ or §), or raicly incompletely dioe- 
 cious, sometimes (in introduced representatives) with a row of neutral flowers at the margin, 
 the corollas of which may be enlarged, forming a kind of false ray. Lobes of the corolla 
 not revolute. Receptacle Generally densely biistly. Anthers sagittate, with their auri- 
 cles often prolonged into tails. Style destitute of all terminal ap[>cndages or tips ; the stig- 
 matic branches either short or slender, but mostly united to the apex or near it, minutely 
 puberulent or granulate : at the origin the style is more commonly thickened into a kind 
 of node or thicKened and often pubescent ring. Akrnes usually thick-walled. Pappus of 
 capillary or rigid bristles. Leaves alternate, the tins or lobes and teeth commonly anned 
 with nnckles. Involucre often of spiny-tipped scales, imbricated in many seiies. — Only 
 Thistles are indigenous to the country, but one or two other genera have been introduced 
 from the Old World. 
 
 ♦ Flowers of the head all alike : bristles of the pappus cohering at base in a ring. 
 
 104. Cnicus. Pappus plumose : fdaments sepaiate, papillose-pubescent. 
 
 105. Silybum. Pappus naked : filaments monadelphous, glabrous. Leaves blotched. 
 
 * * Flowers at the margin of the head mostly sterile : bristles of the pappus separate, not plumose. 
 
 106. Centaurea, Akenes attached to the receptacle obliquely or by one side of the base. 
 
 Tiunr, X. MUTISIACE/E. Heads homogamous or sometimes heterogamous, with the limb 
 of the corollas bilabiate (S), one lip 3-, the other 2- toothed or cleft. Receptacle not 
 clothed with bristles. Anthers with long tails. Style-bi-anchcs obtuse or truncate and 
 destitute of any tip or ajipendage. Leaves alternate. — Only one .scanty Californian genus. 
 
 107. Perezia. Hea<l few -many-dowered : the (lowers all perfect and .similar, with distinctly 
 
 2-lipped corollas. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of copious capillary bristles. Akenes 
 beak less. 
 
 TiiiBR XL CICHORIACEiE. Heads homogamous, the flowers all perfect and with lignlate 
 corollas, the ligule 5-toothed at the apex. Style-branches filiform, papillose. Herbs (ex- 
 cept a few insular species) with milky bitter juice. — Tiio aubtrilx-s, not being well-marked 
 by obvious characters, hero give place to artificial .sections. 
 
 ♦ Pappus none. All but No. 108 arc genera which ordinarily have a [mppus. 
 
 108. Phalaoroserls. Scape simple: head erect before flowering. Akenes obscurely 4-.'^- 
 
 angled. 
 
 109. Microseris, partly. Scape simple : head nodding before flowering. Akenes 10- ribbed. 
 116. Malacothrix § Anathrix. Scape corymbose-panicled : hpa<ls rather numerous. 
 
 • * Pappus either chaffy or plumose, i. e. of awn-tipped chaffy scales, or of awns or bristles more 
 
 or less dilated into a scale at base, or of plumose i)ristlcs. 
 
 +- Receptacle destitute of chafT or bri.stles : akenes more or less hollowed out at the insertion. 
 
 109. Microseris. Flowers yellow. Akenes 8- 12-ribbcd : pappus more or less chafTy. Stemle.ss 
 
 or short-stemmed and longpeduncled, with head commonly nivlding l)efore flowering. 
 
 110. Stephanomeria. Flowers ]>ink or white. Akenes short, truncate at both ends, about 
 
 5-ribbed or angled : pappus of plumose or partly plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, 
 or narrow scales. Leafy-stemmed and branching, with small heails. 
 
 111. Rafinesqula. Flowers white or pink. Akenes tapering upwards into a narrow beak, 
 
 obscurely ribbed : pappus of cobwebby-plumose slender bristles. Leafy-stemmed and 
 branching, with rather large heads. 
 +■ +- Rocoptado with slender chafT between the (lowers : nkene.s inserted by a pointed Imso : pap- 
 pus of plumose bristles : flowers yellow. 
 
 112. Hypooheerls. Akenes glabrous, the inner ones at least tapering upwartls into a beak : 
 
 {)appu8 sordid or dirty white. 
 BOCOma. Akenes silky-pube.scnnt, tninoato and with a little -rown at the summit : 
 pappus bright white. 
 
298 COMPOSIT^iS. Hofmeisteria. 
 
 • ♦ ♦ Pappua of coi>iou3 i;aitiUury iiinl iiieiely scabrous or at most iniiuitely Urljellate luistles. 
 Ueceptui'lo iiakou, or in No. 115 uiid 110 willi soiiio delicate bristles between the lloweis. 
 
 •»- Akoiius not llutteuod : ])appu8 wliito, mostly bright white, 
 ++ All or most of it early deciduous or caducous more or less in a ring. 
 11-1. Olyptopleura. Akiinus 4-r)-anglod and with a soulptured surface, ivbru|>tly short-beaked 
 lioin a cup-shaped sliouldcr, and the beak cup-shaped at apex or hollow. Receptacle 
 naked. 
 
 115. Calycoseris. Akenes tapering into a slender beak, the apex of wluch is dilated into a 
 
 bcurioiis ciown or shallow cup. Keceptaclo with delicate bristles between the flowers. 
 
 116. Malacothrix. Akenes colunmar, truncate at both ends, 10- 15-ribbed ; the broad apex 
 
 with a prominent crown-like margin or sharp edge, either entire or denticulate, some- 
 times bearing a more persistent outer pappus ol' 1 to 8 stronger bristles. 
 
 ++ ++ Pappus more pereistent, simi)lc, the bristles separately if at all deciduous from the akene : 
 llowers mostly yellow. 
 
 117. Crepis. Scales of the involucre commonly carinate-tliickened at base or with firmer 
 
 midrib when old. Akenes 10-20-ribbed, smooth, more or less tapering at the apex, 
 not long-beaked. 
 
 118. Troximon. Scales of the involucre unaltered in age. Akenes 10-ribbed, not muricate- 
 
 roughened, above contracted into a neck or beak. 
 
 119. Taraxacum. Scales of the involucre unaltered in age. Akenes 4 -10-ribbed or angled, 
 
 the ribs becoming muricate, the apex developed into a long filiform beak. 
 
 +- +■ Akenes not llattened nor beaked : papjjus tawny or dirty white, mostly fnigile. 
 
 120. Apargidiuiu. Head many-tlowered on a simple scape. Flowers yellow. Akenes short, 
 
 not riblted : bristles of the jiaj)pus barlKjUate-denticulato. 
 
 121. Hieracium. Heads many-llowered. I'lowers yellow. Akenes short, 5 -10-ribbed: bris- 
 
 tles of the pappus scabrous. 
 
 122. Lygodesmia. Heads 5 - lO-fiowered. Flowers rose-color or pink. Akenes narrow or 
 
 slender : biistles of the pappus copious, scabrous. 
 
 -1- -H -t- Akenes Hat : pappus almost always bright white, fine and soft. 
 
 123. Lactuca. Involucie not tumid at base. Akenes with a beak or neck under the dilated 
 
 disk that bears the papjms, the bristles of which fall separately. 
 
 124. Sonchus. Involucre beconung tumid or fleshy-enlarged at base. Akenes destitute of 
 
 beak or neck, and having no dilated pappus-bearing disk ; bristles of the pappus decidu- 
 ous more or less in connection. 
 Crtpto.stemma CALENDUi.ACEA, R. Br., of the tribe Jrdotidecc, a native of S. Africa, but 
 naturalized in Australia, has been gathered by Mr. E. L. Greene near the landing at South Val- 
 lejo ; probably a ballast weed, and we may hope transient. It is a steuiless plant, with leaves 
 resembling those of Dandelion, but whitetomentose, at least beneath, the solitary heads on slen- 
 der scapes, and the ray-akenes enveloped in verv long wool. It is not worth while to introduce 
 another tribe into the series for this waif. 
 
 (Tin BE I. VERNON I ACEiE, wanting.) 
 
 Tribe II. EUPATOPJACEiE. 
 
 Heads all homogamous and discoid ; the flowers perfect, with regular tubular 
 corollas, never truly yellow. Anthers obtuse at base. Branches of the stylo obtust;, 
 inclined to club-shaped, minutely papillose-roughened or almost smooth, destitute 
 of any appendage ; the stigraatic lines indistinct. 
 
 1. HOFMEISTERIA, Walpers. 
 Head many-flowered. Involucre of imbricated narrow acuminate scales, the 
 exterior successively shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas slender, 5-toothed. 
 Branches of the style club-shaped. Akenes 4 - 5-angled. Pappus of 2 to 1 2 blen- 
 der bristles alternating with as many chafl"y scales. — Low plants, suff'ruticose at 
 base and branching, nearly glabrous, with long-petioled incised or lobed leaves, the 
 
RrickelUa. COMPOSITE. 299 
 
 lower opposite, the upper alternate, and long naked peduncles bearing solitary 
 
 heads. — Walp. Repert. vi. 106 ; Berith. & Hook. Gen. ii. 243. Helogyne, Benth. 
 
 Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14, not of Nutt. 
 
 Neither of the two known species have yet been found within the actual limits of the State, one 
 being farther south, the other southeast. 
 
 1. H. fasciculata, Walp. Scales of the involucre very numerous and closely 
 apprcssod, scarcely striate : akenes slender, flattish, hispid on tlie lateral angles : 
 pappus of 2 or 3 almost barhollate awns ami as many broad clmlly scales which are 
 truncate and lacerate at the summit: leaves palmately 3-r)-parted or cleft, and 
 with the divisions sinuatedobc*!. — Ilelnr/pie /(tacimldfa, U(>iith. Bot. Sulph. I. c. 
 
 Var. Xanti, Gray, Avith the leaves round-renifonu and luostly only obscurely 
 lobed. — Proc. Am. Acad. v. 158. 
 
 Lower California, Magdalena Bay, Hinds. Cape San Lucas, Xantus, the variety. 
 
 2. H. pluriseta, Gray. Scales of the involucre striate, looser and fewer (20 to 
 25): akenes shorter, terete - 5-angular, pubescent: pappus of 10 to 12 slender 
 barely scabrous awns or bristles and as many narrow acute or pointed chaffy scales : 
 leaves small, acutely and irregularly cleft or incised. — I'acif. 11. Rep. iv. 96, t. 9. 
 
 San Bernardino Desert to Williams' River and cafions of the Colorado, Bigclow, Newberry, 
 Parry. 
 
 2. EUPATORIUM, Toura. 
 
 IToad 3 - raany-flowered. Involucre various. Receptacle naked. Corollas 6- 
 lobed or 5-toothed. Akenes 5-anglcd, with no intermediate ribs. Pappus of 
 numerous rather rigid capillary scabrous bristles, forming about a single series. — 
 Perennials, mostly with opposite leaves. 
 
 A huge and widely dispersed genus, copious in the Atlantic States, extremely scanty in those 
 of the Pacific, two species barely reaching California. 
 
 1. E. occidentale, Hook. Almost glabrous, slightly glandular, a foot or two 
 high from a sulfrutescent base : leaves commonly more or less alternate, on very 
 short petioles, ovate, triple-ribbed near the base, somewhat serrate : corymbs small 
 in a crowded panicle: heads 15 - 25 flowered : scales of the involucre in nearly a 
 single series, shorter than the pink or pinkish flowers. 
 
 From oostorn slopes of the Sierra Nevada south to Ebbcti's Pass and the Yosemito Valley ; not 
 rare in Nevada and the interior of Oregon, in cahons, kc. 
 
 2. E. sagittatum, Gray. Minutely puberulent : leaves all opposite, petioled, 
 hastately sagittate, entire : heads single or in threes at tlie ends of the diverging 
 branches, peduncled : involucre imbricated, cylindrical, 30- 40-flowered ; the scales 
 coriaceous, appressed, with conspicuous foliaceous spreading tips : akenes glabrous 
 with the sharp angles hispid. — PI. Wright, i. 88, note. 
 
 Southeastern part of California probably (294, coll. Cou/der),' and adjacent parts of Mexico. 
 
 3. BRICKELLIA, Ell. 
 
 Head several - many-flowered. Involucre of imbricated striate-nerved scales, the 
 outer shorter. Receptacle naked. Corollas slender, 5-toothed or with 5 short 
 lobes. Style bulbous at base, the branches commonly thickened upward. 
 Akenes 10-striate or ribbed. Pappus of numerous scabrous or barbellato capillary 
 bristles, about in a .single series. — Herbaceous perennial or partly shrubby plants, 
 commonly rather glandular or viscid or dotted, most resembling I'Uipatnrium, except 
 in the many-ribbed or striate akenes ; the flowers white, whitish, or flesh-color. — 
 Gray, PI. Wright, i. 84. BricMlia, in part, Bu/hnxft/lin, <^' Clavipera, DC 
 
 A genus of about 40 species, with headquarters southeast of California. b,it scantily represented 
 within the State. 
 
300 
 
 COMPOSITE. BrkkelUa. 
 
 B. OBLONGiKOi.iA, Nutt., all licil), witli laiiecolate-obloiig eutiie uikI sessile leaves, a lew ler- 
 iiiiiiul rather large ami iiiaiiy-llowered heads, and iiiiiiulely glandular akeiies, occurs along rivers 
 in Oregon, and may be exiiected in tlio northern part of the State. 
 
 H. i.iNii OMA, I'liiton, like tiie ineeeding hut with nither narrower leaves, fewer heads, and mi- 
 nutely hispid akeiies, growing in Arizona and Nevada, may reach California, hut is less likely. 
 
 H. IIASTATA, Ik'iitii., a cain'sceiit tomentose species, with opposite, liustately S-lobed leavo.s, 
 and coryinhosc 12-llowered luads, has been found only far down in Lower Califoniia. 
 
 B. CuuLTEUl, (iray, with barely pubescent opposite hastate-triangular and sparsely toothed 
 leaves, and long-jMiduncIed about I'J-llowered heads, is known only by a specimen in Coulter's 
 collection, whicTi may not liave been collected within the State. Several plants of his "tlalifor- 
 nia" collection were gathered only in Arizona, or east of the Uio Colorado. 
 
 * Iltdds about an inch lou;/ : scales of the involucre obtuse : plant woolli/. 
 
 1. B. incana, (imy. I'huit piDhubly woody at base, white at least when 
 young with a clcpsc soil wool : leaves of the branches ovate or cordate, nearly 
 entire, sessile, alteiiialo (small), becoming naked and green with age : lieads soli- 
 tary terminating the loose branches, pt^duucled, very many-llowered : scales of the 
 involucre in 3 or 4 ranks, the outermost roundish, the inner linear-oblong : akenes 
 silky. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350. 
 
 Providence Mountains, San IJernadino Co., Dr. Cooper. 
 
 * * Heads half to three quarters of an inch long : plants minuteli/ pubernlent or pu- 
 bescent, and more or less glandular or viscid. 
 
 2. B. grandiflora, Nntt. Herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or coryni- 
 bosely branching, not viscid : leaves cordate-triangular, acute or acuminate, thin- 
 nish, coarsely serrate, 2 or 3 inches long, on slender petioles ; the lower ojiposite, 
 uppermost alternate : heads numerous in a naked corymbose cyme : scales of the 
 involucre thin, mostly acute : akenes nearly' glabrous. 
 
 l^ocky banks of streams in the Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Valley, &c.) ; and eastward through 
 the Rocky Mountains. Notwithstanding the iiainc of this species, the heads are only three 
 fourths of an inch long, or often shorter, cyliiidraceous, and less than half an inch broad. 
 
 3. B. Californica, (Iray. Shrubby at base, 2 to 3 feet liigh, paniciilately 
 branched : leaves alternate, ovate, somewhat triangvdar, or sometimes slightly cor- 
 date, mostly obtuse, irregularly crenate-toothed, 3-ribbed from the base, veiny, 
 roughish (an inch or so in length), on short petioles : heads spicate or racemo.se 
 along the leafy branches, half an inch long, 10- l5-flowered : scales of the involu- 
 cre with thinnish mostly obtuse straight tips. — PL Fendl. 04. {Bulbostyiis, Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. ii. 79.) B. Wrightii, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. R. Pep. v. 8. 
 
 Dry hillsides, fruin Mendocino Vo. nearly thiougli the State, and eastward at least to Utah. 
 
 4. B. microphylla, dray, 1. c. More branched than tlie last, viscid and 
 glandular : leaves smaller and with acute teeth ; those of the branches almost ses- 
 sile, half an inch long or less : heads clustered at the ends of diverging branchlets, 
 smaller : scales of the involucre rigid, all but the innermost with squarrose-spread- 
 ing herbaceous tips. — Bulbostyiis microphylla, Nutt. 
 
 Teliae Peak, near Lake Talioe {Lcminan) ; adjacent parts of Western Nevada {Torreij) ; thence 
 north and east to Oregon and Utah. 
 
 4. ADENOSTYLES, Cass. 
 Head few - many-flowen'd. Involucre of a single scries of erect scales, or some- 
 times with one or two smaller and lax exterior ones additional. Peceptacle naked, 
 flat. Corollas dilated above the slender tube, the 5 lobes spreading. Brandies of 
 the style somewhat thickened upward. Akenes terete, 10-striate, glabrous. Pap- 
 pus of verj-- copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with simi)le 
 stems, alternate cordate or reniform leaves, mostly on long jietioles, and corymbose 
 heads of flpsh-colored, white, or (-ream-colored Uowers. — Benth. Sc Hook. (len. ii. 
 247. 
 
Carphephoviis. COMPOSlTyR oqt 
 
 1. A. Nardosmia, day. FloocoHo-woolly : stem mtlior hIoiiI, 1 lo 2 iwX high, 
 2-3-lo!ivo(l, ami bnating 4 to 7 largo loosely corymhost; iit-ads : loaves rouud-reiii- 
 forra, 5-9-clert, whiti'-woolly bcnoath, boconiiiig naked above, the lobes eoarsely 
 toothed or cleft: heads an inch long, peduncled, about nO-lluwen-d : scales of tlic 
 catupanulate involucre 12 to 30, lanceolate-linear, aciuninate, a little shorter than 
 the disk : corollas yellowish, with elongated cylindraceous throat : anthers exserted : 
 akenes distinctly striate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G31. Cacalia Nardosmia Gray 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. 'J' 
 
 ^^ Open woods of Spruce and rine, Sonoma to Humboldt Co., Apiil, May, linlander, Kellogg. 
 "Flowers of the color of yellow beeswax, and exhaling the odor of honey or beeswax." This 
 striking and peculiar plant indeed a])pears to belong (notwithstanding the yellowish flowers and 
 their far greater number in the head) to a small genus otherwise restricted to the mountains of 
 Middle and Southern Europe. The leaves much resemble those of PetasUes palmata. 
 
 5. CARPHEPHOKUS, Cass. Sect. KUHNIOIDES, Gray. 
 Head many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical ; its scales imbri- 
 cated as in BricMlia, but less striate. Receptacle flat, AHiiished with some chaff 
 (resembling the innermost involucral scales) among tlio flowers, at least the outer 
 ones, and deciduous with the fruit. Corollas narrow, rather deeply 5-toothed, the 
 teeth oi)on or spreading. Akenes 10-ribbcd, live alternate ribs mostly stronger, 
 often 5-angular. Pappus a single series of equal plumose bristles. — Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. viii. 632. 
 
 This p;onu8 is founded on four sprnMOH of the Southern Atlantic States, with herbaceous mostly 
 H niplo hIciur, alternate l.-aves, mid niiddjo sized IickIm of rosn-purplo IJowrMs, nwHt roHcnibling 
 those of Luilns, the pappus of rather copious and unccnml bristles, which occupy more tlinii oiio 
 senes, and are at most sliort-barbellate. Tiie Californian species have loosely branching stems, 
 sufrrutescent at base, the lower leaves are opposite, the corollas pale and probably yellowish-white, 
 and the pappus, as above described, almost as plumose as that of Kuhnin. 
 
 C. ATRiPLiciFOMUS, Gray, was collected only in Lower California, near Cape Sun Lucas, by 
 XanhiH. It may be known by its laciniate-lobed leaves and the striate glabrous scales of the 
 involucn!. 
 
 1. C. junceus, Benth. Minutely hispid or nearly smooth, much liranchcd : 
 branches long and slender, rush-like, terminated by .solitary or loo.soly corymbose 
 lieads on slender podundos : the few and sparse leaves linear, entire or sparingly 
 lobed : involucro 3 to 4 linos long, rather shorter than llio flowoi-s, the outer scales 
 whito-pubescont and rather rigid: akenes i)uborulent : pappus of about 15 rather 
 rigid plumose bristles. — Bot, Sulph. 21. 
 
 S. E. borders of California, on or near the Colorado, Coulter, Nru-hcrrii, Cnoprr, kc. : apimrently 
 common in the adjacent parts of Arizona, and first made known from Hind's collection in Ix)wer 
 California. The flowers were noted by Dr. Cooper as " yellow," which is not likely. Thev may 
 be cream-color. .... 
 
 TmnK 111. ASTEROIDK/i: 
 
 Heads heterogamous with some marginal flowers ]ii.stillate (mroly neutral) and 
 commonly radiate (ligulate), or else homogamous, the corollas all tubular, or in 
 Baccharis homogamous but dioecious. Anthers appendagod at the apox, ohtu.se and 
 tailless at base. Branches of the style in perfect flowers more or less flat, margined 
 with conspicuous stigmatic lines, tipped with an ajipendage. Roreptarle naked 
 (not chafly), except in one Cnrrthrofji/iie. In Barrharh only fhe flowers are dinc- 
 cious, and the style in staminate flowers not distinctly appendaged and commonly 
 unbranched. Disk-flowers yellow, rarely turning purple. Leaves almost always 
 alternate. 
 
i^Q2 COMPOSURE. Uulitrrtzia. 
 
 6. GUTIERREZIA, Lagasca. 
 
 Heads corymbose, small or rather small, lieterogamous ; the rays few and fertile ; 
 disk-llowers peri'cct (in one species apparently infertile). Involucre obovate or 
 cylindraceous, its scales coriaceous, with greenish tips, closely imbricated, the outer 
 ones shorter. licceptacle convex or conical, liays short. Ai)pen(higes of the 
 style lanceolate or linear, hispid. Akeues terete, often somewhat turbinate. l*ap- 
 pus paleaceous, viz. of 7 to 9 or more chaffy scales, commonly distinct, and those 
 of the ray-llowei-3 shorter than those of the disk (in some Eastern species short and 
 more or less united in a ring or crown). — Herbaceous or sud'rulescent, glabrous, 
 ol'ten resinous, much branched from the base, with narrow entire leaves, ami corynj- 
 boso or fasciculate-crowded mostly small heads of bright yellow llowera. — Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. ii. 193; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 250, excl. sp. Brachyvis, Nutt. 
 
 Two or three othur species occur in Arizona, &c., but have not yet been found near the Califor- 
 nian bonlers. 
 
 1. Gr, £uthaniice, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ^lore or less woody at base, seldom 
 over a foot high : leaves narrowly linear, crowded : heads fastigiately corymbose 
 and crowded, or sometimes rather open-panicled : involucre turbinate, 2 lines long : 
 ilowers of the ray and disk each 3 to 9 : akeiies silky-pubescent : pappus of about 
 9 chall'y scales ; those of the disk-flowers linear or oblong-linear and obtuse, fully 
 half the length of the corolla, at least as long as the akene ; those of the ray shorter 
 and broader. — G. £uthairuce, divaricata, & Cali/urnica, Torr. & Gray, Fi. ii. 193. 
 Brack yr is, Nutt. 
 
 Dry hills along the coast and the Contra Costa Mountains : the var. Califounica {G. Calif ornica, 
 Torr. k Gray, 1. c.) ; taller than the eastern form, and usually with thicker heads, containing 
 more numerous ilowers, and the pappus rather longer. Tejon Valley, Dr. lleermann: a low form 
 with tlie fewest-flowered heads \g. vncrophylla, Durand k Hilgard, PI. lieerm. 40, — a lapsus 
 iorO. microccpluila), wliich i^xteiuls from W. Nevada {JFalson, kc.) to t\w east of the Rocky 
 Mountains. These are two extremes of n])parently one variable and wide-spread species. -- G. 
 microcephida, (liny, with which the Tejon iilant was confounded, hns still narrower, more cylindri- 
 cal, and smaller heads, with mostly a single disk-flower, and that iid'ertile. 
 
 2. Gr. linearifolia, Lagasca ("?). Suffruticose or herbaceous, 1 to 2 feet high : 
 leaves narrowly linear : heads loosely corymbose : involucre obovate, 3 lines long : 
 akenes minutely appressed-pubescent : pai)pus of about 12 oblong and obtuse or 
 spatulate chalfy scales hardly longer than the proper tube of the corolla. 
 
 Near Los Angeles, Dr. Gamhd. — In the size of the heads and in the pappus this accords 
 tolerably well wkh a specimen in Berlandier's collection, No. 1300, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 
 — which may be the obscure original of the genus, G. liuearifulia. Yet the Ilowers arc as many 
 as 5 to 8 in both ray and disk. It resembles the Chilian G. paniculata ; but in that the scales 
 of the pappus are narrowly lanceolate and nearly equal to the disk-corolla. 
 
 7. AMPHIACHYRIS, Torr. & Gray. (Sect, of Bkacuyius, DC.) 
 Heads corymbose or fascicled, small, heterogamous ; the rays fertile ; disk-flowers 
 hermaphrodite but wholly or mostly sterile. Involucre obovate or cylindraceous ; its 
 scales rather few, coriaceous, closely imbricated, the outer successively shorter. 
 Ivecoptacle convex. Kays 1 to U) : disk-flowers from 5 to 20 : appendages of the 
 style in the latter oblong, obtuse. Akenes terete, pubescent. I'appus of the ray- 
 flowers chaffy and coroniform-concreted ; of the disk-flowers setiform rather than 
 paleaceous, the very narrow scales or flattish bristles about the length of the corolla 
 and commonly more or less united at the base. — Low and bushy-branched gla- 
 brous plants, with entire subsessile leaves and yellow flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. C33. 
 
Orindelia. COMPOSITyE. 3q?j 
 
 1. A. Fremontii, Gray, 1. c. .Shrubby, 1 to 2 f.iet lii-li : leaves oljovate-spatu- 
 late, acuminate, shoit: heads sessile in compound corymbose clusters: involucre 
 (barely a quarter of an inch long) of 7 to 9 oval and obtuse thinnish scales, the tips 
 of which are obscurely greenisli : ray-flower only one, with a short obovate ligule 
 and a pappus nearly as long as its tube, composed of numerous narrow chalfy scales 
 united below into an irregularly clelt cup or crown : disk-flowers about fj, with 
 apparently Avell-formed but sterile ovary, nnd a pappus of about 20 flattish more 
 or less tortuous denticulate-hispid bristles, some of thera occasionally united or 
 sparingly \ivs.i\Q.\\Qi\. — Amphipappus Freviontii, Terr. & Gray, in Jour. iJost. Nat. 
 Hist. Soc. V. 4, & PI. Fremont. 17, t. 9. 
 
 On tlie Mohavo River and in the vicinity of the Colorndo, April : fonnd only by Fremont. 
 Benllmni and Hooker (Gen. PI. ii. 250), recognizing the nflinity of this with Amphiadiyris dm- 
 cunmloides, refer them both to Gutierrezia ; but it seems preferable to keep up the genus Amphi- 
 achyris and refer this peculiar and rare species to it. 
 
 8. GRINDELIA, Willd. Gum-plant. 
 Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches, or occnsionally moro or less corymbose, 
 heterogamous with the rays fertile, or in one species homogamous (rayless), many- 
 flowered. Involucre hemisph.eriail or globular, commonly coated with resin or 
 balsam ; its scales very numerous, imbricated, narrow, with coriaceous appressed 
 base and slender more or less spreading or squarrose green tips. Receptacle flat or 
 convex, foveolate. Kays numerous, narrow. P.ranches of the stylo tipped with a 
 lanceolate or linear appendage. Akenes compressed or turgid, or the outermost 
 somewhat triangular, glabrous, truncate. Pappus of 2 to 8 caducous awns or stout 
 corneous bristles. — Biennial or perennial and mostly coarse herbs, with sessile or 
 partly clasping leaves, often viscid or resinous, and middle-sized or rather large 
 heads of yellow flowers ; flowering in summer. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246. 
 
 A characteristic genus of the plains west of the Mississippi, extending to the Pacific coast and 
 to Mexico, with two or three species in similar regions of South America, not o%-er a dozen or so 
 in all. But they are difficult of discrimination, especially the western species, which are all dif- 
 fi'rent from the eastern. Some good characters may be furnished by the ripe akenes, which are 
 known in few sjiecies. 
 
 Tho balsninin ro.iln which oxudes from the herbage, most Inigely from thn forming hendfi, in 
 used mediciimlly, CHi^n'clnlly as a remedy for tho PITetits of Poison Ouk (AVmm lobnln). Kltlior tho 
 bruised plant is applied directly, or a decoction or alcoholic infusion. 
 
 * Stems a foot to a yard high, leafy : leaves from obovate to lanceolate. 
 
 1. Gr. hirsutula, Hook. & Am. Hirsutely pubescent or sometimes almost tomen- 
 tose with soft spreading hairs, or lower part of the stem glabrous, one to three feet 
 high : leaves sharply and irregularly serrate, from lanceolate to oblong, the lower 
 spatulate, uppermost usually with broad clasping base : awns of the jiappus 2 or 3, 
 flattish, nearly smooth. — P.ot. I)00ch. 147. 6^. mhricaulis, DC. Prodr. v. .316. 
 
 Under redwoods, &c., from Monterey northward, extending along the coast to Puget Sound. 
 Known by the pubescence, ami iisnally by the red or purpiisli stem : the involucre sometimes 
 tomentose, sometimes almost naked ; the tips of the scales, as in other si>ecies, either straight or 
 squarrose. 
 
 2. Gr. glutinosa, Dunal. Glabrous : leaves obovate, oblong, or oblong-spntu- 
 late, rounded at apex, sharply serrate above the middle : scales of the iiivolucro with 
 short tips : pappus of 5 to 8 rigid flattened chaff-like awns, their thin edges sparsely 
 serrulato-ciliolate. — A/tter r/lutiiiofus, Cav. Ic. ii. t. 168. 
 
 Sandy moist grounds, on the coast, Fort Point and bobos Crerk, near .Snn Francisco ; intro- 
 duced (0. The original of this s|>ecios is said to have come tVoin Southern Peru (not Mexico), n 
 ilistiict which bna given not a few plants to tho coast M' California. 
 
?AH 
 
 COMroSIT.K. (hiudtli 
 
 3. G. robusta, Null. Very glabrous, pale, usually stout : leaves I'mui luuailly 
 spatulate or ohloug to luuceohite, or the upper cordate-claspiug, coiuiaonly oljtusc, 
 sharply luoro or less serrate : involucre with at length scjuarrose tips : pappus of 2 
 to 3 or rarely 5 rigiil and Uattish nearly smooth awns : akenes mostly 1 - 3 toothed 
 at the apex. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 314. 
 
 Var. latifolia {(J. Uaifolia, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Aeail. v. 3G) is a robust and 
 broad-leaved form, with leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and the cordate-clasping oval 
 upper ones almost as broad : heads proportionally large. 
 
 Var. angustifolia {G. cuneifolia, Nutt. 1. c.) is a coast form, with rather lieshy 
 leaves varying from cuneate-spatulate to lanceolate, the upper nearly entire, all nar- 
 rowed at base. 
 
 Var. (?) rigida. A more glutinous and rigid form, with naked corymbose or 
 jianiculate heads, and rigid coriaceous leaves, some of them very sharply serrate : 
 growing in dry or arid exposures, away from the sea. 
 
 Cominou along the coast ; the last variety more inland, on tlio coast-runge, the I'ontia Costa 
 Mountains, &e. A polynioriihous species. 
 
 G. iNTEoniFOLiA, DC, ol' Oregon (wliich inclu<les G. strictn, DC.) may occur in the northern 
 part of the State. Tlie larger forms of it and the more entire-leaved forms of the jireceding are 
 not clearly distinguished. 
 
 G. niseoiDK.v, Nutt., of Oregon is a smnll-headed species wholly destitute of rays. 
 
 G. NANA, Nutt., from the same region, is a somewhat similar sj)ecies, bat dwarf, and with rays. 
 
 * * A .sjHiu or so ill luiyht : /eaves narrow/i/ and spatalate-linear, muinli/ radical. 
 
 4. Gr. humilis, Hook. & Arn. " Glabrous : stem herbaceous, simj^le, with a 
 single head : radical leaves linear, obtuse, tapering to the base ; the caidine ones 
 sessile, the lower narrowly linear and the upper reduced to subulate bracts : scales 
 of the involucre linear-lauceolate, with squarrose tips." — P)0t. Beech. 147. 
 
 Although Lay and Collie nuist have collected the specimen in the vicinity either of Monterey 
 or of San Francisco Bay, it has not since been identified. From a description and sketch of the 
 specimen in the Hookerian herbarium, it is ascertained that it is unlike any other known species : 
 the narrow radical leaves 2 inches long : involucre about half an inch high, its scales acute, only 
 the outermost loosely recurved or spreading, the otheis apjiressed. Ihiys rather munerous and 
 •dongated. The pai)pus is not tlesciibed. 
 
 9. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. 
 Heads many- (12-30) llowored, homogamous, the flowers all perfect and with 
 tubular corollas. Involucre hemispherical; tho scales imbricated in about three 
 ranks and closcdy apprcssed, oval or oblong, very obtuse, concave, coriaceo-charta- 
 ceous and whitish, with a greenish spot next the summit, margined with a scarious 
 and lacerately ciliate or fringed border ; the outer successively shorter. Eeceptacle 
 convex, alveolate, Hmbrillate. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. Branches of the style 
 tipped with a thickish subulate appendage. Akenes short and thick, turbinate, 
 densely silky-villous with very long white wool, 5-nerved under the wool. Pappus 
 between chaffy and bristly, rigid, of 12 to 18 paleoe or flattened chalfy bristles, 
 equalling the akene and the corolla in length and mostly somewhat dUated at tij), 
 and of about as many more slender andninequal shorter bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 viii. 634. — A single species : — 
 
 1. A. Bphaerocephalus, Gray, 1. c. (Jlabnms low shrub (1 to 3 feet high), 
 not at all glandular nor resiniferous, Avith rigid and angular straggling branches : 
 leaves narrow, entire : flowers light yellow. — Aplopappus {Acamplopappus) sphcero- 
 cephalus, Gray, PI. Fendl. 7G ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 1 2, t. 6. 
 
 Desert region bordering Arizona, lirst described from Coulter's Californian collection (No. 281), 
 
Penlurhala. COMPOSIT.E. 
 
 305 
 
 wlio vory i)iobnl)Iy found it only in At izoiin, wlipic it liiis sinco hrou raWrv.lcA hy Dr. AntixcU and 
 ])i: Palmer, mid in S. Utnli f.y /Vim/. — liculs less tliun Imll' itn inHi in diiunctiM-. Ix^uvcs 
 lineni-lanceoliile iind soniewliat simtnlute, half an incli or less in length, about a line wide. 
 Akenes 2 lines long, when mature resembling pellets of wool. 
 
 10. PENTACH^TA, Nutt. 
 Heads solitary, terminating slender branches, lioleroganious Avith the rays fertile, 
 or sometimes rayless, several - many-Howcred. Involucre of numerous or rather few 
 thin and smootli more or less scariously margined oblong or lanceolate scales, loosely 
 imbricated in two or more series, destitute of green tips. Keccptacle convex, sonie- 
 wliat foveolate. Rays few or numerous, with oblong ligulc on a slender tube, or 
 sometimes the ligule and sometimes the whole pistillate ray-flowers wanting. Disk- 
 corollas 5-toothed. Anthers tipped with a small subulate appendage. Branches of 
 the style in the disk-flowers bearing a long filiform-subulate but flattish appendage, 
 much longer than the stiginatic portion. Akenes oblong, compressed, hirsute. 
 l'api)us of 5 (rarely somewhat fewer or more numerous) slender and rigid persistent 
 serrulate-scabrous bristles, which are shorter than the disk-corollas, abruptly en- 
 larged (but not paleaceous) at the very base, occasionally unequal, sometimes all 
 reduced to short rudiments or wholly obsolete. — Low and slender annuals (wholly 
 Californian), more or less pubescent, or sometimes glabrous, with filiform-linear and 
 entire alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized heads. Corollas either all yellow, 
 or those of the disk sometimes'turning purple, the rays when present usually yel- 
 low, sometimes white! — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 249; (»ray, I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. 
 033. Aphantochceta, Gray in Pacif. Ii. Kep. iv. 43, t. 11. 
 
 A peculiarly Californian genus of two species {P. gracilis, Tkntli., of Mexico, Iwing an Oxy. 
 pappus), remarkable for having, like Lcs.iingia, cither yellow or white rays. 
 
 1. P. aurea, Nutt. At length diffusely branched, 3 to 12 inches high : heads 
 many-flowered : scales of the involucre lanceolate, mostly acuminate or acut^, and 
 with broad and thin scarious margins, the outer successively shorter : rays 7 to 40, 
 deep golden yellow : pappus of f) (or somotimos fi to S) hrisllos. 
 
 Dry plains, southern part of tlio State, chiedy known from Ran Diego Co., Nutldll, Parry, kc. 
 T>cavps an inch or le.sa in length, the upper reduced to small subulate bracts on the terminal 
 T)eduncle. Heads varying from a quarter to half an inch in length. Mature akenes not seen, 
 but ai)i)arently compressed as in the ne.xt. To this apparently belongs Iwth the varieties described 
 in Bot. Me.x. Boundary, 81. 
 
 2. P. ezilis, Gray, 1. c. Erect or with ascending branches, 3 to 8 inches high : 
 scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, but commonly mucronnto, nil of nearly equal 
 length and with narrow scarious margins : lieads in the larger forms nmny-flowci-cd 
 and with 10 to 14 sulphur-colored or sometimes white rays : jiajipus of 5 equal or 
 somewhat unequal bristles, or occasionally with some or nil the bristles obsolete. 
 (To this belongs the P. aurea of liigelow's collection in "Whipple's ICxpedition, of 
 Bolander's Catalogue, kc.) 
 
 Var. discoidea. Heads with from 9 to 20 disk-flowers and no rays : bristles 
 of the papi^us present. 
 
 Var. aphantochaeta. Heads, &c., as in var. discnnlcn, or with 3 to f) pistillate 
 marginal flowers destitute of ligule : pappus obsolete or nearly so. — Aphau(ochcr(a 
 exiUs, Gray, 1. c. 99, t. 11. 
 
 Hillsides, from Snnta Cruz to Nana Co., kr. Much like the foregoing. excei>t in the particu- 
 lars mentioned. Scales of the involucre seldom over 2 lines long, nlxiut lii or 18 in the fuller- 
 llowored heads, occupying two ranks of about e(|ual length, reduced to 7 or 10 and Romelimes 
 almost to a single rank in the fewer- flowered and depaupei-nte stntcs. Mature nkencs lint onJ 
 
^QQ COMPOSITE. MonoptlluH. 
 
 obovate, or some of them puiliap lutluM' triniigular, obscurely I'ew-iicrveil, Imiry. Funus williout 
 iMiliima, or with more w less rodiieeil l)rislle.s, {j;ruw miiigleil with the normal btiito. 'I'lie niyless 
 variety' liiis been coUecteil iit Auburn, iJusslan Uiver, San 1-oren/o Valley, kc, ami a very 
 dopuuiieralo stale about San Kraneiseo. Hut the state with ray-coroUus redueed to a tube, on 
 wliieli Aphanlovlnjda was Ibumleii, has as yet been Ueteeted only in Ih: J. M. BUjclow's .s|)eeiniens, 
 IVom Napa Valley. Near Vallejo a lorm wai eoUoelod by Ucv. E. L. (Jrecne with well-developed 
 mys pure white, exeept a pule yellow base. 
 
 11. MONOPTILON, ToiT. k Gray. 
 Head many-llowered, heterogamous ; the rays numerous in a single scries, fertile. 
 Involucre of numerous narrow equal thin scales, almost in a single rank. Recep- 
 tacle barely convex, naked. Corollas with rather hairy tube ; the white or purple 
 ligules oblong-obovate. Branches of the style tipped with a short obtuse ai)pendage. 
 Akenes oblong-obovate, compressed, one-nerved on each margin, or in the ray with 
 a lateral nerve also. Pappus double j the outer a minute almost entire crown ; 
 the inner a deciduous bristle which nearly e(j[uals the disk-corolla, scabrous below 
 and plumose for some distance from the summit downward. — Jour, liost. Nat. 
 Hist. Soc. V. lOG, t. 13. Only one species : — 
 
 1. M. bellidiforme, Torr. & (jiuy, 1. c A (Ulicato Daisy -like little annual, 
 hpremliiig on thu ground, an incli or two high, villous-piibcHcont : IcavtfH altornutc, 
 narrowly spatulate, entire : heads scattered, hardly peduncled, barely half an inch 
 in diameter, including the white and purplish-tipped or pink-purple rays : disk- 
 flowers yellow. 
 
 On the ilohavo desert or between California and the southwestern part of Utah, where a single 
 specimeu was collected by Fremont. Recently rediscovered in the latter region by Furry. 
 
 12. EREMIASTRUM, Gray. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the white rays numerous in a single series, 
 fertile. Involucre camjjanulate, of nearly equal narrow scales, the outermost nearly 
 foliaceous. Receptacle llattish, naked. Ligules oblong, entire. Branches of the 
 style tipped witli a lanceolate appendage. Akenes obovate-oblong, flat, one nerved 
 on each margin. Pappus of two sorts, i. e. the outer of 8 or 10 thin laciniately dis- 
 sected scales, each apparently comjjosed of several united bristles ; the inner of 
 about as many stout bristles or awns, and some smaller ones intervening. — Oray, 
 PI. Thurb. (Mem. Am. Acad, v.) 320. — A single species : — 
 
 1. E. bellioides, Cray, 1. c. — A low, Daisy-like, hirsute or hispid annual, 1 to 
 4 inches high, and sending olf procumbent branches ; resembling Monopiilon but 
 larger ; leaves alternate, narrowly spatulate, entire, disposed to be crowded under 
 the terminal solitary heads, and passing into scales of the involucre : head (includ- 
 ing the expaniled white rays) about two thirds of an inch in diameter, handsome; 
 the disk yellow. 
 
 Dry plains on the Colorado and Mohave lUvers, Thurber, SchoU, Newberry, Cooper, kc. Also 
 Southern Utah, Puiry. 
 
 13. LESSINGIA, Cham. 
 Head 5- 25-llowered ; the flowers all perfect, with limb of the corolla regularly 
 or sometimes obliquely parted down to the slender tube into 5 linear lobes, or the 
 marginal ones with the enlarged limb palmately parted into a kind of ray, in these 
 the stamens often abortive. Involucre campanulate or turbinate; its scales imbri- 
 cated, appressed, and mostly with herbaceous often spreading tips. Receptacle flat, 
 
U.isingia. (^OMPOSHM*:. f^Q*j 
 
 alveolate. Anthers included, tipped with a setaceous-subulate ujjpendage. Branches 
 of the style tipped with a very short and obtuse or truncate appendage which is 
 thickly covered with hispid bristles in a tuft, and often with a central cusp, or else 
 with a longer subulate and less strongly hispid appendage. Akenes all fertile, 
 silky-villous, turbinate or cuneiform, more or less compressed. Pappus simple, 
 mostly shorter than the corolla (especially in the marginal flowers), of numerous 
 miocpml rij^id Bcabroua bristlos, usually turning roddisli-hrown. — Annual or bien- 
 nial {probably never truly perennial) lierbs, all Californian, with slender branches, 
 clothed (at least when young) with flocculent more or less deciduous wool. Leaves 
 alternate, thickish, those of the branches sessile. Heads rather small. Flowers in 
 the original species yellow (sometimes turning purple in age), in most if not all the 
 others blue-purple or white. (Nerves of the corolla-lobes deejjly intramarginal, the 
 aestivation induplicate up to the nerve.) — Cham, in Linna?ii, iv. 203; Gray in 
 P>puth. n. Hartw. 315, in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & viii. 634. 
 
 § 1. Liinb of the corolla more or less obliquely or imlmniely b-parted, at least in the 
 marr/inal flowers : branches of the style very obtuse and toith a brtish-like tuft 
 of bristles, in which the minute setiform appendage (ivhen there is any) is 
 nearly hidden. • 
 
 1. L. G-ermanorum, Cham. Low, much branched, spreading on tlie ground, 
 at first whitish-tomentose, soon greener: lower leaves spatulatc and ])innutilid ; the 
 upper oblong or linear and 8])aringly incised or toothed, or on the brancidots small 
 and brnct-like, and occasionally granulosc-glandular, as are the spreading green tips 
 of the involucre : heads terminating slender divergent branchlets, 15 - 25-llowered : 
 corollas yellow, the marginal ones conspicuously enlarged, palmate and forming a 
 kind of ray, their stamens sometimes abortive. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Kxp. 33G, t. 7, 
 (style wrongly delineated.) 
 
 Hillsides and open grounds, rather abundant from San Diego Co. to San Francisco. Head with 
 flowers expanded about halt' an inch in diameter, the larger and pahiiate marginal corollas form- 
 ing a Ccntaurea-\ike ray. 
 
 2. L. ramulosa, Gray. Erect and diffusely paniculato-branched, a span to a 
 foot or two in height, white-woolly, becoming naked and usually glandular with 
 age : cauHne leaves oblong or lanCQolate, thickish, entire or serrulate ; those of the 
 branches small, ovate or oblong, closely sessile by a cordate partly clasping base, 
 gradually reduced to minute bracts : heads terminating slender diverging branchlets, 
 10 — 20-flowered : scales of the involucre acute and the greenish tips appressed : 
 corollas violet-])urple, tlie marginal ones a little enlarged and slightly oblique. — PI. 
 Hartw. 1. c. ; Bot. Wilkes £xp. 1. c. 
 
 Plains, &c., from near San Francisco to Mendocino Co. Heads rather snialler than of the 
 preceding. A slender and dilfnso form, with sniiiller h<'ads (vnr. tenuis), occurs frorn Monterey ? 
 {Doiiglns) to I'eru Cieek, at 5,100 feet, llothrtx-k. 
 
 3. L. nana, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and depressed, 1 to 3 inches high, very woolly : 
 simi)le or clustered stems thickly beset with the spatulato or lanceolate? entire lejive^: 
 heads terminal and axillary, closely sessile, 10 - 12-flowered : scales of the invo- 
 lucre linear-lanceolate, chartaceous and with scarious margins; the iniiormost con- 
 spicuously acuminate, almost cartilaginous when dry, equalling the disk : cor<>IIa.s 
 (apparently purplish) little exsortod, mostly regularly Hlobed. — Bot. Wilkes Kxp. 
 1. c. t. 7. 
 
 On the Sacramento, Dr. Pickrrinci, Pcv. Mr. Fitrh. Foot-liills of tlir so»ithcrn Sierra Nevnda, 
 J. Muir, Dr. Rothrock. A singuhir little plant, with the lirnds r.mipnratively large, i. e. hnlf an 
 inch long ; the purple pappus nearly equalling the corollas, and coiisi)icuou8ly contrasting with 
 the white wool. It is poorly figured in the work referred to. 
 
o(\o COMPOSURE. Leasiiiijiu. 
 
 § 2. Limb of the corolla rei/ularli/ 5-parted : brunches of the style tij>pcd ivith a 
 conspicuous slender subulate and less hisj/id <(/)j.ic/ida</e. 
 
 4. L. vil'gata, (!iay, 1. »!. Kn^ct, 1 ui- 2 Ibct liiyli, with virgatts branches, 
 (leiisc'ly nuccusu-WDdll.v, hecomin^ iiaUe.l with ago, but not ghuulular : cauliiit^ leaves 
 purtly elaspiny, entire, oblong, or the lowest simtulato ; thoao of the bianehes very 
 short, appressed, concave, carinately one-nerved, somewhat sagittate, about the 
 length of the 5- 7-liowered heads, which are solitary and sessile iu their axils, so as 
 to form a narrow interrupted bracteate spilce : involucre cylindraceous, of rather few 
 and blunt a[)pressed scales : pai)pus much shorter than the tube of the (probably 
 pale })urplo) corolla. 
 
 Noilhuin piu t of Culilbiiua, Dr. rickeriiuj, Fruf. Ncwlnrnj. Heads about 4 linos long. 
 
 5. L. leptoclada, CJray. Finely white-woolly : the erect slender stem and lili- 
 forni brandies soon glabrous : lower cauline leaves spatulate and sparingly toothed ; 
 the upper lanceolate or linear and entire, closely sessile by a sagittate adnate base ; 
 the uppermost diminished into remote subulate bracts : heads terminating the very 
 slender and mostly naked paniculate branches, 5 - 20-llowered : involucre turbinatt;, 
 especially when many-tlowered ; its scales many-ranked and the outer successively 
 shorter, all appressed and with acute greenish tips : corollas purple or sometimes 
 white, the jiappus etiualling their tube. — Troc. Am. Acad. vii. 351. 
 
 GravuUy or Himdy mdH, near Sun Fnmci.sco (Or^Blul Springs, fcc), nml Ihrougliout tho I'oot-iiiils 
 anil monntiiins in Maiiiiosa Co., Ilowcriiig July uud August. Varies iVoin :} or 4 indios to a foot or 
 two in height, and oxeeeilingly iu tin; number of flowers in the head, from 18 or 20 in the var. 
 TYPICA, Gray, 1. c., to only live in the var. MiciiOCEPUALA, in whieh the inflorescence is most 
 depaui)erate, while the var. tenuis is a reduced form, only 3 to 8 inches high. All are evidently 
 states of one species, — to which seemingly belongs a very branehed small form collected by Dr. 
 Horn iu Owens Valley. 
 
 14. HETEROTHECA, Cass. 
 
 Head many-flowered, lieteroganrous ; the rays numerous and fertile. Involucre 
 hemispherical, of numerous narrow imbricated scales, lieceptaclo nearly Hat, alve- 
 olate. Ligules narrow. Branches of tho style tipped with a hispid appendage. 
 Akenes compressed ; those of the ray triangular, very obtuse at summit, thickened 
 and destitute of pappus ; those of the disk thinner and flatter, silky-pubescent, Avith 
 a copious pappus of rusty or reddish capillary bristles nearly equalling the disk- 
 corollas, and an outer set of very short chaffy bristles. — Perennial or biennial hir- 
 sute or scabrous herbs, with alternate and mostly dentate leaves, and middle sized 
 heads of yellow llowers terminating tho branches. 
 
 1. H. grandiflora, Nutt. A span to a foot high : the leaves as well as the 
 stem hirsute with long and rather soft spreading hairs ; lower ones o\a\, sparingly 
 toothed, contracted into a slender petiole ; upper ones small and narrow : heads 
 mostly solitary : involucre glandular but not hairy : appendages of the style short 
 and obtuse : sliort outer pap|ius copious. 
 
 Near the coast, on sandy plains, from Monterey to San Diego. Heads not so largisas those of 
 tho Mexican //. inuloidcs. Akenes of the ray when young minutely pubescent, but becoming 
 glabrous. 
 
 2. H. floribunda, Benth. Stem 2 feet or more in height, very leafy to the 
 top, hispid, also minutely glandular : leaves mostly with a line and appressed pubes- 
 cence ; the lower ones ovate and Avith petiole auricled at base ; upfier oblong and 
 closely sessile : heads numerous, corymbed or panicled, snudl : involucre glandular : 
 appendages of the style acute : short outer i)appus cojiious. — Bot. Voy. Sulph. 24. 
 
 Near the coast, from San Pedro southward, Uiiids, Coulter, Puny. Heads less than half au 
 inch long : rays small. 
 
Chrysopsi!^. COMPOSITOR. oqq 
 
 16. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. 
 Head inany-flownrorl, hctorogamoua, with numcrons fortilo rays, or in two species 
 horaoganious, tlio rays being wanting. Involnoro canipanulato or licniisplicrical ; 
 the scales imbricated, narrow, acute, mostly with somewhat scarions margins, desti- 
 tute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, foveolate, or alveolate-toothed° Appen- 
 dages of the style-branches linear or subulate and hispid. Akenes oblong-linear or 
 obovato -oblong, compressed, hairy, the margins and each face commonly 1 -nerved. 
 Pappus alike in disk and ray, double ; the interior of copious rather rusty scabrous 
 capillary bristles of unequal length, the longer about equalling the corolla ; the exte- 
 rior a set of very short chaffy bristles or narrow little scales (slender and incon- 
 spicuous in § 2). — Low herbs (the Californian species perennial), with stems rather 
 thickly beset with alternate sessile leaves, and terminated by solitary or corymbose 
 (middle-sized) heads of yellow flowers, — Torr. & Gray, Y\. ii. 252. 
 
 § 1. Heads with rays: exterior pappus evident and more or less chaff?/ : herbage hir- 
 sute or villous. — CiiRYSorsis proper. 
 1. C. sessiHflora, Nutt. Hirsute, varying from hispid to soft-villous : stems a 
 toot or so in height, erect or ascending from tufted thick rootstocks : leaves oblonc/ 
 or the lower spatulate, mostly entire : disk-corollas beset externally near the summit 
 with some scattered very slender hairs : outer pappus squamellate. — The following 
 apparently all of one variable species. Nuttall's original, from Santa Barbara, &c • 
 not canoscont, eomowhat hispid and glandtdar : stem and bmnches leafy up to tlio 
 head, winch is as it wore involucrato by some lealy bracts : scales of the involucre 
 H ightly hirsute, usually glandular: outer pai)pus hardly longer than the breadth of 
 the ovary. (Involucre half an inch long.) — Nutt. in'l'mns. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 317. 
 
 Var. Bolanderi, Gray. Less glandular and mf)ro villous ; the obtuser leaves 
 densely so, sometimes canescently silky : involucre mostly leafy-bracted and more 
 pubescent : the conspicuous squamellate outer pappus longer. — C. Bolanderi, Gray 
 Proc. Am. Aead. vi. 543. — Both this and the, Jirst pass into 
 
 Var. echioides, Gray. Stem and branches more slender and less leafy, the 
 headsonly hall as large and not leafy-bracted : outer pappus as in the last or less 
 conspicuous. — C. echioides, Bonth. Hot. Sulph. 25, li- PI. ]I.iitw. 31G. 
 
 vpf «L*r ^''t^"' ""'^ ^'f "^y* •^'o"'''^'^ ^'"^r- «"ly tlieir scanty spcrinions of tlio original form 
 l^lT-T « V T- f '^'^'^'^rV S--^n Francisco to Noyo on the coast, Bolai^dcr, Kdhng. Var. 
 echioides Santa Cruz to San Diego, Jlinxh, Coulter, Ncioherry, Hartwcq, Boland^r, &c. - C. Bo- 
 frnW?l T "°. ^'^""^ ^'^ ih^Aehyra^a section, which is well marked bv its scanty inner and 
 truly chaffy outer pappus. The present species is in some fonns hard to distinguisli from 
 AT£,-J=;!;l;??'f?""'' ^",^^""^ly polymorphous species, extending from the eastern si.le of the 
 Mississippi to the coa^t of Oregon and to the State of Nevada ; therefore vor>- probably inhabiting 
 the nortliern part of Call ornia It is destitute of the scattered long hai,4 near the tip of the 
 disk-coroila, nnd the mvolucro is not glandular, but commonly minutely canescent. 
 
 § 2. Heads rayless : exterior pappus setulose, inconspicuous or obscure. — kymoDW, 
 Gray. {Ammodin, Nutt.) 
 2. C. Oregana, Gray. ]\Iuch branched, erect, a foot or two high, somewhat 
 hirsutely pubescent and rather viscid : leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, with a 
 prominent midrib : heads paniculate : involucre almost glabrous, composed of 3 or 
 4 ranks of successively longer thin and acuminate scales, only their midrib green, 
 the innermost equalling the jiappus : corollas slender : akenivs narrow : exterior pap- 
 pus indistinct. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia Orenana, Nutt. 1. c. ; 
 Torr. Pot. Wilkes Exp. t. 9. 
 
 In sand or gravel along streams, mouth of Eel River {Kellogg), Calistom (E. L. Gireiu), and 
 north through Oregon. 
 
3IQ COMPOSITE. Chrysopsis. 
 
 3. C. Bre'weri, (ii;i,y, 1. c. More minutely and sparingly pubescent nnil also 
 viscid glandular, a loot ur two high, with scattered und slender branches, which are 
 mostly tenninated by single pedunculate heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, entire, 
 Cribbed Iroin the closely sessile broad base: scales of the involucre of lirmer tex- 
 ture, lanceolate, rather lew and in only about two mnks, the longer little exceeding 
 the obovate and Hat akenes : corollas I'unnolibrm : exterior pappus of numerous very 
 tine and short bristles. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, in or near forests, from Mariposa Co. to Sierra Co. at the altitude of from 4,000 
 to 11,000 feet, Brewer, Torraj, Greene, &c. Heads half an inch long, fewer than in the preced- 
 ing : pappus soft, merely tawny. 
 
 16. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. 
 
 Heads solitary, terminating the branches, or sometimes corymbosely or spicately 
 clustered, many-flowered, rarely several-flowered, heterogamous and with fertile 
 rays, or very rarely homogamous, the rays being wanting. Involucre imbricated, 
 the scales with or sometimes without herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Keceptacle flat 
 or flattish, foveolate or alveolate-dentate. Appendages of the style-branches trian- 
 gular-lanceolate, or in the N. American species more commonly elongated-subulate. 
 Akenes varying from turbinate to linear, terete, angled, or more or less compressed. 
 Pappus simple, of copious and unequal rigid capillary (scabrous or almost barbellate) 
 bristles. — Herbs or low under-shrubby plants, of various aspect and foliage ; with 
 yellow flowei"s, and pappus varying from tawny to reddish, very rarely bright white. 
 Leaves alternate, rigid. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634:. Aplopappus, Pyrrocovia 
 (Hook.), Stenotus (Nutt.), Macronema (Nutt.), Frionopsis (Nutt.), Isopappus, (Torr. 
 & Gmy), & Ericamerla (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. JIaplopappus, Ericameriu (and 
 Macronema uiuler Chri/sopsU), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 253. 
 
 A pretty larf(o American gonuH, which, like its imaloguo. Aster, has to take in a great diversity 
 of forms, mainly andine and of the Kocky-Mountain region and adjacent dry iilains, but so 
 scantily represented in California that the species are more conveniently exhibited under an arti- 
 ficial key than in their natural subgenera or sections : — 
 
 Rays none : involucre elongated obconical, its coriaceous scales many- 
 ranked, all with short and abrujit squarrose herbaceous tips. 1. A. SQUARROSUS. 
 Rays none : involucre of a few thin and loose and 3 or 4 outer nearly 
 
 foliaceous scales : style appendages long and exserted. 13. A. Macronema. 
 
 Rays 10 to 20 or more. 
 
 Akenes silky-villous : pappus white : head solitary, peduncled. 
 
 Shrub 2 to 4 feet high : leaves narrow linear. 2. A. linearifolius. 
 
 Tufted plant 3 or 4 inches high : leaves spatulate. 3. A. acaui.is. 
 
 Akenes silky-pubescent : pappus whitish : heads several. 5. A. "■" 
 
 Akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. 
 Herbs : pappus tawny or reddish. 
 
 Leaves laciniate : heads 1 to 3, peduncled. 4. A. 
 
 Leaves serrate or entire : heads spicate or clustered. 5. A. 
 
 Shrub: pappus white : leaves filiform. 8. A. I'iNiKui.ius. 
 
 Rays 1 to 9. 
 
 llorbaceoua, with Inivos serrate and oblong. C. A. \V iirrNEYi. 
 
 Shrubby or 6ullVuti(()se, with leaves entire, and 
 
 Cuneiform-dilated. 7. A. cunkatus. 
 
 Filiform or shorter and very crowded : akenes glabrous. 9. A. EUicoiDES. 
 
 Filiform-linear with tapering base : involucral scales naked : 
 
 akenes pubescent. 10. A. RESINOSUS. 
 
 Narrowly or spatulate-linear : involucre narrow, with outer scales 
 
 leafy-tippcil, and the inner ones ciliate. 11. A. Br.ooMERi. 
 
 Spatulatc-lanceolatc or linear : involucre broad, with outer scales 
 
 loose and leufy, and the inner ones naked. 12. A. suffruticosus. 
 
 PANICULATUS, Var. 
 
 APARGIOIDES. 
 rANICUI.ATUS. 
 
Aphpappm. COMPOSITE. 3|| 
 
 1. A. equarrosuB, Hook. Sc Arn. Shrubby, niiinitply pubescent nnd some- 
 what glutinous : branclics very leafy : leaves rigid, oblong-obovate, obtuse, thickly 
 serrate with rigid pointed teeth, closely sessile or partly clasping, the midrib promi- 
 nent and the veins indistinct : heads several, si)icate or racemose-clustered, elon- 
 gated-obconical : the linear coriaceous scales of the involucre regularly imbricated in 
 many series, all with short and obtuse glandular herbaceous tips, which are usually 
 squarrose-spreading : rays none : disk-llowcrs numerous : appendages of the stylo 
 ovate-lanceolate : akenes glabrous : i)appus rather scanty, rigid. — Pyrrocoma grin- 
 delioides, DC. 
 
 Probably near Monterey ; collected only by Doujjlas. Leaves an inch long. Heads three 
 quarters of an inch : outer scales of the involucre very short ; inner successively longer ; inner- 
 most equalling the disk. 
 
 2. A. linearifolius, DC. Shrub one to four feet high, much branched, nearly 
 glabrous, glutinous from a resinous exudation ; the branches slender, terminated by 
 a solitary pedunculate large and showy head : leaves much crowded, narrowly 
 linear, mostly tapering to each end, fully an inch long, entire, more or less punc- 
 tate : scales of the hemispherical involucre about in two series, all nearly equalling 
 the disk, oblong-lancoolato, acute or acuminate, thin, with scarious margins and no 
 herbaceous tip: rays 12 to 14, oblong-lanceolate: disk-ilowcrs numerous: akenes 
 white silky-villous j pappus bright white, rather soft and deciduous. — Stenolus 
 linearifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 238. 
 
 Rocks and dry ridges, Monte Diablo and the Contra Costa range, and in the Sierra Nevada 
 (Mono Pass, &c.), extending to S. Utah. — Head almost an inch in diameter ; the tright yellow 
 rays nearly an inch long. Appendages of the style rather broad. 
 
 3. A. acaulis, Gray. Depressed : suffruticose caudex coespitose, bearing rosu- 
 late tufts of leaves : the flowering shoots simple and scape-like, or leafy only below, 
 terminated by a solitary head : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, entire, 
 mucronate-acute, rigid, about 3-nerved, veiny, pale, scabrous with a very minute 
 harsh pubescence : scales of the hemispherical involucre rather few in 2 or 3 series, 
 ovate, acute, chartaceous with more or less scarious edges and a carinate midrib : 
 rays 9 to 12 : disk-flowers rather numerous : akenes silky-pubescent : pappus white, 
 rigid and rather scanty. — Proe. Am. Acad. vii. 353. Stenotus acaulis, Nutt. I.e. 
 Aplopappus Nevadensis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 9, a large form. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, at Summit {linlandcr, h'rUoffcf, kc), and in similar stjitiona rnst to the 
 IJocky MoMiitniiifl. Flowering hIimiis or scapes 2 to 4 inchcH high. Heads u third of an inch 
 long ; rays half an inch. Lassen's Peak, Lcinmnn, 
 
 4. A. apargioides, Gray. Herbaceous, tufted from a thick and firm rootstock, 
 glabrous except soue scattered slender and usually deciduous hairs : flowering stems 
 slender, a span high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 peduncled heads : leaves lanceolate 
 or linear in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or spinulosely toothed, one-nerved and 
 minutely reticulate-veiny ; the radical ones 3 or 4 inches long, those of the flowering 
 stems few and smaller : scales of the somewhat hemisjiherical involucre closely 
 imbricated in about 3 series, linear-oblong, obtuse, nppressed, with herbaceous tips ; 
 the outer successively shorter: rays 20 to 24, ol)long : disk-flowers numerous: 
 akenes linear-oblong, glabrous : pappus of tawny slender bristles, rather deciduous. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, at Soda Springs, Tuolumne River, at 7,000 to 9,000 feet, Bolandcr. Heads 
 half an inch long, exclusive of the ray. 
 
 5. A. paniCUlatUS, Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous, glabrous : stems nearly simple 
 from a thickish rootstock, rigid and mostly virgate, a span in a foot or more in height : 
 leaves thick and coriaceous, lanceolate, acute ; tlm nidical ones elongated, sometimes 
 spinnloso-serrate ; the canline small, closely sessile, entire, ciliolate : heads rather 
 numerous, single or 2 or 3 together in the axils of bract like leaves, forming a loose 
 yirgate spike or raceme, or sometimes pedunculate and panicled : scales of the 
 
312 COMPOSIT.E. Aplopappus. 
 
 hemispherical invohicro rigid, linear-spatulute or oblong-lanceolate, with mostly 
 obtuse but mucronato herbaceous tijfs, appressed, in 3 or 4 series, the outermost 
 commonly short : rays 8 to 16, narrow : disk-flowers numerous : ovaries more or less 
 pubescent : akenes mrely pubescent : pappus tawny or reildisli, rather rigid. — 
 Homopappns paniculatus, Nutt. 1. c. Fproconia paniadata, Torr. & Oray, 1. c. 
 
 Var. vii'gatus, Cray, I.e. Slender: heads much smaller but broadish, race- 
 mose or spicule. 
 
 Var. stenocephalus, (Jray. Blender: larger stems branching and bearing 
 paniculate heatls : invohicre narrow-oblong or cylindraceous, 4 or 5 lines in length, 
 rather few-llowcred : rays 7 to 10: immature akenes silky-pubescent: pap})us 
 whitish. 
 
 Kn.stcrn slopos of tlie SiiMiii Niivada ; ('aisoii, Andcrsmx, ; a. virgnte foiia, to which also bdoiiga 
 Hall's No. 'ii'.G of Oiv^'oii coll. (rcrtiiud to A. l(tticci)ltdus), only that has very silky inihusi't'iit 
 ukciu!3. Ihulguiioit, Mono Co., IlnUindir ; tlio var. viiyatiis. Sierra Co., Lonniuti ; tho viir. 
 stenocephalus. ■ — A. leiiuicuiilis, Eaton, Hot. King., is another form, similar to the last variety, 
 but soft-hairy when young, with broader involucre of less rigid scales : it lias the same silky- 
 pubescent ovaries. 
 
 6. A. "Whitney i, Oray, 1. c. Herbaceous, slightly roughish-pubescent and glu- 
 tinous : steius muiierous and one or two feet high from a thickish rootstock, ecjuably 
 leafy to the summit : caulino leaves oblong (an inch long), tliin-coriaceous, sharply 
 dentate with rigid teeth, partly clasping, minutely reticulate-veiny : heads panicii- 
 lato-clusteretl and mostly leafy-bradeate : involucre oblong-campanulato 20-25- 
 llowered ; its scales narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, almost glabrous, between 
 chartaceous and coriaceous, mostly destitute of herbaceous tips, imbricated in 3 or 4 
 series, appressed, the outer successively shorter : rays 6 to 8, small, little surpassing 
 the disk : akenes glabrous, oblong-linear, striate : pappus copious, tawny or reddish, 
 fine but rigid. 
 
 Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, Mono trail and Sonora Pass, alt. 9,000 feet, Bolnnder. 
 Heads half an inch long. Disk-corollas narrow and merely 5-toothed as in Pyrrocoma ; but invo- 
 lucral scales narrow and thin. Style-appendages subulate-filiform. A good link between tho 
 sections rijrrucoinu and Ericamcna. 
 
 7. A. cuneatus, (>!ray. Shrub low and intricatoly branched, glabrous, at length 
 glutinous with resinous exudation : branchlets very leafy : leaves small (merely 
 half an inch long), thick, cuneate or obovate-spatulate with a narrowed base, and a 
 broad truncate retuse or emarginate apex, conspicuously resinous- punctate, one- 
 nerved, veiidess, entire : heads corymbose at tlie summit of the branches, about 
 24-llowered : involucre turbinate, shorter than the disk ; its scales regularly imbri- 
 cated in several series, laiKteolate, coriaceo-chartaceous, with somewhat scariuus mar- 
 gins and tip, carinate one-nerved ; the outer successively shorter : rays about 3, not 
 exceeding the disk : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, about the length of the 
 stigmatic portion : akenes linear-oblong, compressed, spareely hirsute : i)ai)pus rather 
 soft, scarcely tawny. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G35. 
 
 Bear Valley, Placer Co. in the Sierra Nevada, alt. 4,500 feet, Sept., Kellogg and Bolaitder. 
 Plant exhaling a cieosotic balsamic odor, apparently a low and matted bush or undcrshrub. 
 Head of the Kricamcria section, somewhat lamer and thicker than those of A. cricoides, tlie iiivo- 
 hicral scales more numerous and not ciliate ; the outer ones decreasing into very short and loose 
 siiuarrose bracts on the peduncle, none of them with foliaceous tips. In one (abnormal) head ail 
 the flowers were furnished with five or fewer linear or spatulatc external accessory divisions, borne 
 on the middle of the tube. 
 
 8. A. pinifolius, r.iuy. Shrub 2 to 4 fi^et high, erect, with fastigiato liiaiiclics 
 excessively Icaly, slightly pubesciMit when young, glal)iat(!, hanily glutinous: Icavna 
 erowded, tiliform-linear or acerose, cuspidate-acute, an inch long, somewhat i)unctate, 
 the fascicled ones when present very much shorter: heads solitary and sessile at the 
 summit of the branchlets, mostly exceeded by the closely involucrate uppermost leaves, 
 25 - 30-flowered : involucre campanulate ; its scales appressed, oblong or broadly 
 lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, with somewhat scarious minutely vilious-ciliflto 
 
AplopappHs. CUMrOSlTvK. 313 
 
 margins : rays 20 or morp, short and narrow : stylc-appendagcs subulate-filiform : 
 akones linear, nearly glabrous : pappus white. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. G.3G. 
 
 Near Los Angeles, in a dry river-bed, BoJn.nder, 1873. Head 4 lines high. Rays 2 or 3 lines 
 long. In some of the few specimens seen there are chaffy scales among the flowers and a transfor- 
 mation of some of the disk-corollas to rays, which is doubtless abnormal. The species is peculiar 
 and anomalous, but belongs to the same group as the next. 
 
 9. A. ericoides, Hook. Sc Arn. Shrub a foot or two high, much branched, 
 orect or decumbent, glabrous or cinereoUvS-pubescont, more or loss glutinous, exces- 
 sively liMvfy : loaves crowded and fasciclod, nearly t(Mete, the r.aulinn hliform and 
 lialf an inchtn- less in length, the fascicled ones only half as long and Itlunt : heads 
 corymbose and paniclcd, 7 - 10-(lowerod : involucre turbinate, shorter tiian the 
 disk ; its scales chartaceous, imbricated in few series, linear-oblong, obtuse, with 
 finely ciliato margins, the outermost passing into short and loose subulate bracts : 
 rays 3 or 4, short : style-appendages filiform-subulate : akenes glabrous : pappus 
 soft, tawny. — Ericameria microjthylla, Nutt., &c. 
 
 Dry hills, Santa Barbara to San Francisco near the coast : common. A remarkable Ileath-like 
 shrub. Heads narrow, hardly half an inch long. 
 
 10. A. resinosus. Gray. Shrubby, a span or so in height, very much branched, 
 glabrous, becoming very glutinous, leafy: leaves fdiform-linear, about an inch long, 
 acute, tapering to the base, mostly with some very short ones fiuscicled in their axils : 
 heads loosely corymbose, smaller than those of the preceding species, but with 
 rather more numerous flowers both of ray and disk, and^ the scales of the involucre 
 not ciliate : akenes pubescent. — Ericameria resinosa, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Not yet ''ound in California, but may bo expected on the frontiers of Oregon. Ajtparently col- 
 lected as yot only by Nuttall, in the IMuo Moimtains of Oregon, along with A. nnrms. 
 
 11. A. Bloomeri, Gray. Shrub a foot or two high, with numerous slender 
 virgato branches, glabrous, little if at all glutinous, leafy to the top : loaves narrowly 
 linear with tapering base, or spatulate-linear, mucronato, scarcely punctate, an inch 
 or two long: heads narrowly paniclod or corymbed, leafy- bractcd, 10-25-llowcred : 
 scales of the oblong cylindraceous involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 series, chartaceo- 
 coriaceous with a greenish midrib and scarious margins ; the inner linear-oblong, 
 thinner, and villose-ciliate, obtuse, a little shorter than the disk ; the outer shorter 
 and abruptly tipped with a subulate foliaceous appendage : rays 2 to 4 or solitary, 
 oblong, conspicuously oxsortml : style-appendages subulate-liliform ai\d much ox- 
 scrtod': akenes linear, finely i)ubcscent, glabrato : pappus whitish or ferruginou<». — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, vii. 354 (var. angmtatm), viii. 030. A. resinosus, Gray 
 in Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 10, not of Nutt. 
 
 Dry ridf^es and sterile plains ; head waters of the Sacramento (Dr. PlckrHnq) ; Mount SIwstA 
 at 6,000 feet (Brewer) ; Sierra Nevada east of the Yosemite, at 11,700 feet ; Sierra ^ alley (Urn- 
 mon) ; to Kern Co. (Rothrock) ; and in \V. Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Bolaiydrr. Heads 
 from two thirds to three quarters of an inch in length, with bright yellow ligulc ronspicuous 
 (half an inch long), and at least some of the outer involucral scales leafy-tipped in the manner of 
 Bmlnvin. Parryi an<l Howardii. The figure in the Hotany of the Wilkes Expedition docs not 
 repiescnt tlicse, although clearly made from a sl.'uder specimen of this species. The leaves varj- 
 from almost filiform to a line and a half in width. 
 
 12. A. SUffruticosuS, Gray, 1. c. Woody at base, .sending up tufted almost 
 herbaceous branches a span or' more in height, minutely glandular-pubescent and 
 somewhat viscid throughout, leafy to the top, the corymbose or fastigiate branches 
 mostly terminated with single heads : leaves linear with narrowed base, or spatulat«, 
 mucronato-acuminate, not rigid : involucre hemispherical or oampaindate ; its scales 
 in fow s(n'ie9 and almost equal in length, lanceolafe, acute, thm. slightly glandular, 
 sonio of tho outermost foliaceoustipped or passing into f.-liaceous bracts : rays 3 to 
 9, exsertod (or rarely none) : disk llowors 20 to 30 : style-nppen.lages filiform : 
 akenes oblong-linear, compressed, pubescent: pappus i-atlier soft, whitish, nt length 
 ferruginous. — Marronerna suffruticosa, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
314 COMPOSn\E. Aplupappm. 
 
 High Sierni Neviiik, at. Mono Piiss, I'yniiiiiil I'uak, Suinnut, kc, and tlirougli Nevada, llcud 
 nearly two thirds ol' an inch lung. 
 
 13. A. Macronema, Gray, 1. c. Woody at base, seiuling up soiuewhiit siuii»lo 
 wliite-woolly Lranches, a span hij^li : loaves ublong-lineur or oblauceolute, viscidly 
 ghviuluhir-pubcriiloiil, imt rij,M(l : huads Icriuiiud aiul solitary or somewhat clnsturwl, 
 about 20-llo\vur(jil : iiivohioro broadly campanuhito, shurtur than tlio disk ; its iiinor 
 scales thin, lanceolato or linear ; the outer of equal length, more or less ioliaceous 
 or passing into leaves : rays jione : style-appendages lilitbrm and much exserted : 
 akenes linear, 5-nerved, somewhat pubescent : pappus, &c., as in tho preceding. — 
 Macronema discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 On rocks in the Sierra Nevada; Mono Pass, at 10,000 k^t (.Bolander) ; Mount Stanford, at 
 8,000 feet (Lcmmon) ; tlience east to Colorado or Wyoming. 
 
 A. AKENAiiius, Benth., known only from Cape San Lucas, at the southern end of Lower Cali- 
 fornia, is quite out of our district. 
 
 A. spiNULOSU.s, DC, with pinnately cleft leaves, the commonest species east of the Rocky 
 Mountains, occurs in CouUci's Californian collection ; but a part of it was made between Califor- 
 nia and Mexico, and this species was in all probability pickcil up in Arizona. 
 
 A. NANUS, Eaton, fioni Nevada, a broader-lcaveil form of Ericamcria nana, Nutt. (which, as 
 the latter states, is near his E. resinosa), in its broader forms approaches A. suffnUicoiius, and 
 may occur in the northeastern part of the State. 
 
 17. BIQELOVIA, DO. 
 
 Heads coryniboso or cymoso-clustorod, rarely paniculate, 5 - 30-flowered, lioino- 
 gamous, tho ilowors being all jjorlect and with tubular corollas. Involucio imbri- 
 cated ; the scales dry, chartaceous or coriaceous, chiefly destitute of foliaceous or 
 herbaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat, foveolate or alveolate-dentate, rarely Avith a chaff- 
 like projection in the centre. Appendages of tho style-branches varying from ovate- 
 lanceolate to subulate or filiform. Akenes narrow, terete or angular, slightly if at 
 all compressed. Pa{)pus simple, of copious unequal capillary bristles as in Aplo- 
 pappus, or softer and more ecpial, tawny at maturity. — Herbs or undershrubs, with 
 narrow alternate leaves, and mostly small heads of yellow flowers (usually autum- 
 nal) ; all American and chiefly of tho United States. — CJray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
 638, Linosyris, Torr. & Gray, &c. Chrysothaviiuis, (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
 ii. 255, changed in appendix to Bigelovia. 
 
 It appears that the genuine species of Linosyris, of the Old World, occasionally develop white 
 or purple rays, thereby showing that they belong to Galaldla, a subgenus of Aster. Tiiese 
 American plants are, on the other hanil, closely related to ytplopappus, from which some of them 
 (even of the Chrijsothamnus section, which is on the whole so well-marked) are only arbitrarily 
 separated. Bigelovia and Chrysol/uimnvs are strictly of the same genus, so that the former name 
 must be adoi)ted. The species are more numerous in the interior region than in California. Ours 
 may be most readily made out by means of the following analytical key, which is mainly founded, 
 however, upon the proper characters of the natural sections here represented. 
 
 Scales of tho involiuiro not in consi)icuous vertical ranks. 
 
 Style-aiipendages ovate or triangular-subulate, shorter than the stigma- 
 bearing jiortion. 
 Leaves spatulate or obhinccolato, toothed or lobcd : lieads half an 
 
 inch long, I'i - 20-llowered. 1. B. Menziesii. 
 
 Leaves (iliform or nearly so, entire.* 
 
 Heads a quarter of an inch long, densely corymbed, 20 - 25-flowered : 
 
 scales of involucre lanceolate, acute. 2. B. arbouescens. 
 
 Heads fewer : scales of involucre oblong. 3. B. Cooimcki. 
 
 Style-appendages very long and slender : liranches mostly white-woolly. 
 
 Heads 20 - SO-tlowered, broad, leafy-br.acted (see above). Aj-lopappus Macronema. 
 
 * B. diffusa, Gray {Ericameria diffusa, Benth. Bot. Sulpli., and Solidago diffusa. Gray, also Liiio- 
 si/ris Sonoriensis, Gray) belongs here. As it lias lieen fouiul only at the southern extremity of Lower 
 California and on the opposite side of the Gulf, it is not likely to come within our limits. 
 
Bigehvia. COMPOSITE. 
 
 315 
 
 Heads 7 -ll-flowered, narrow: scales all thin, pradimlly acumiimtc. \. B. nni.ANiiKni. 
 Heads 5-flo\vered, narrow: scales abruptly sleiider-acuininato. 5. \\. Howaiidh. 
 
 Scales of the involucre carinate and obviously imbricated in 5 or sometimes 
 4 vertical ranks : style-appendages slender-subulate or fdiform (less 
 so in No. 10) : heads small, 5-flowered. 
 Involucre with abruptly mnch-acuminatc scales. 6. 13. ceruminosa. 
 
 Involucre with obtuse or hardly acute scales. 
 
 Having distinct abrupt green tips. 7. B. teretikolia. 
 
 Destitute of green tips. 
 Leaves punctate, very narrow. 8. H, panicui.ata. 
 
 Leaves not punctate. 
 
 Branchlets and leaves more or less white-woolly, at least wiien 
 
 young : heads i inch long. 9. B. graveolens. 
 
 Branchlets and leaves glabrous or roughish-puberulent : heads less 
 
 than i inch long : style-appendages shorter. 10. B. Douglasii. 
 
 1. B. Menziesii, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby at base, a foot or two high, nearly gla- 
 brous, often a little glutinous : leaves spatulato or lanceolate, rigid, spinulose-serrate 
 or pinnatifid-toothed : heads in small clusters terminating leafy branches, nearly 
 half an inch long, 12 - 20-flo\vered : scales of the campanulato involucre numerous 
 and regtdarly imbricated, coriaceous, with obtuse or rounded abrupt green tips : 
 stylo-appondagcs short and broad : nkonos short-linear, .silky-liirsute : pappus rather 
 rigid. — Pi/rrocoma Menziesii, Hook. & Am. Aplopappus (Aplodiscus) Menziesii. 
 Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. 
 
 Southern part of the State, extending into Arizona and Utah, and along the coast from San 
 Diego to Santa Barbara, and perhaps farther north. Variable in foliage, &c. To this may pos- 
 sibly belong Linofiijris denlalus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, from CeiTos Island, Lower 
 California. 
 
 2. B. arborescens, Gray, 1. c. 81iru])by, willi mimorous tufted erect l)ninches 
 on a short tree-liko stem, ?> to 9 feet high : leaves very numerous, 2 to 4 inches 
 long, very narrowly linear or soon by revolution of the margins becoming fdiform, 
 resinous-punctate, glutinous : heads numerous in crowded corymbs terminating 
 paniculate branchlets, 20- 25-flowered, barely 3 lines long: scales of the turbinate 
 involucre numerous and regularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute, destitute of green 
 tips: style-appendages lanceolate-subtdate, little shorter than the stigma-bearing 
 portion : akenes turbinate, minutely silky-pubescent. — Linosyris arborescens. Gray, 
 in Bot. Mex. Bound. 
 
 Dry hills through the Const Range, Santa Cruz to Tamalpnis. Except in the woody trunk, 
 this resembles a Solidago of tho Eutluimin. section ; and, indeed, a specuuen collected by Prof. 
 Brevier shows a decided tendency to form rays ; so that it may have to be transferred to that 
 genus. But the shrubby character and tho unequal bristles of the pappus are more congruous 
 with the present genus. 
 
 3. B. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, apparently low : leaver (only those of the 
 branches known) linear-tiliform, thickish, obtuse, resinous-punctate, glutinous, about 
 a quarter of an inch long : heads few in the terminal clusters, 6 -7-flowered, 3 lines 
 long : involucre narrow ; its scales rather few, regularly imbricated, oval or oblong, 
 chartaooous, doatittito of green tips : fltylo-ai)pondiig('s short, triangular-ovate : nkenos 
 turbinate, silky-viilous, lO-ribbed. 
 
 Eastern slope of Trovidcnco Mountain, in the Routhenstern bordf^rs of tho State, Dr. J. O. 
 Cooper. Resembles B. ericoidex, which has the 4-ranked involucre ond fdiform style-apjiendagcs 
 of another section : also resembles B. diffum, Cray, of N. W. Mexico (mciitinncd in foot-note on 
 the preceding page), which has more slender leaves with acute and recurved tip, blunter and 
 greenish tips to the involucre, and deeply-cleft corolla. 
 
 4. B. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, a foot or two high, slightly viscid-glandu- 
 lar, except the branches, which are coated with a close matted white wool : leaves 
 spatulate-linear or oblanceolate, about an inch long, not rigid, rather indistinctly 
 3-nerved : heads several in a corj'mbdike or soinewhat racemose cluster, 7 -ll- 
 flowered, nearly three fourths of an inch long: involucre narrow; its scales about 
 
;-]j(] COMl'USIT.i]. JJiyeluvia. 
 
 10, all thin, lanceolate, gradually acuminate, and wholly destitute of green tips, 
 except perhaps an outermost one j)assiMg into a hract : style-ajtpendages much 
 exserted, long ami subulate-IiliioMii : akenes linear, slender, silky-villous. 
 
 Sierra Nevada at Mono Pass, at 9 to 10,0l>0 feet, Bolandcr. Mucli like Aplopappiis MacronantL 
 (which was toimd near by, ami luij^ht ahiiost as well be of this genus) ; but the heads nanuwer, 
 I'uw-llowereil, the outer .siales of liio involueio suceessivcly sliortor and not loliaueous. 
 
 5. B. Howardii, CJruy, 1. c. Low, more or less shrubby, coated with some 
 close white wool when young, almost naked when old : leaves rigid, 1-nerved, linear, 
 1 or 2 inches long, the upper forming bracts to the somewhat spicato heads or clus- 
 ters : involucre narrow, oidy ft-lloweied ; its scales 12 to 15, regularly imbricated, 
 broadly lanceolate, nu)ro or less ctibwebby-woolly, particularly nt the nuugins, 
 abruptly and conspicuously acundnate, the outermost with a more or less foliaceous 
 appendage, the iuner with a sh^mUu- cus[> : style-ajtpondages much exserted, long 
 and subulat<'.-lilif(irui : akenes linear, silky-villous. — Linosi/ris Jlowardii, l*arry. 
 
 Var. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. ^lore rigid, especially the leaves, which incline 
 to be oblanceolate and indistinctly 3-nerved : involucre more cobwebby and some- 
 times glutinous, as well as more coriaceous, and with longer-tapering somewhat 
 recurving tips. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass, alt. 10,000 feet : a stunted foiTn, Bolander. The var. Ncvadaisis 
 at Ebbett's Pass, alt. 9,000 feet {Brewer), and in N. W. Nevada, Bluoiucr, Anderson, IVutson, 
 fic. The tyi)ical form chiitly in Colorado and N. K. New Mexico. Heads 8 or 9 lines long. 
 This var. J^'cvudcimis, which is at least a very marked variety, inidines to have its involuuial 
 scales in 5 rather obvious vertical ranks, and so connects the preceding with the succeeding 
 species. 
 
 G. B. ceniminosa, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, fastigiately much branched, 2 or 3 
 feet high, minutely woolly-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate and usually 
 balsamic-resinous with age : leaves liliform or narrowly linear with involute margins 
 (an inch or less long) ; those of the ilowering branches scattered, their tips often 
 recurved or uncinate : heads in snudl and ludved terminal clusters, barely 3 lines 
 long, O-llowered : involucre very juurow, resiuotis ; tho lanceolate carinate Bcale.s 
 imbricatcnl in 5 .strict vertical ruidis, yiillowisli, tlio keel exteiuled into a loug and 
 nleudcr recurved tail like aciimiimtiou : limb of the cm'olla rather deeply C-lobed, its 
 lobes linear-lanceolate : ovary silky-pubescent : pappus rather scanty : style-append- 
 ages very slender. — Linusyris ceruminosa, Durand & Ililgard, PI. Heerm. and iu 
 Pacif. II. Pep. V. 9, t. 6. 
 
 Tejou Pass, Dr. Ileermann ; who only has as yet collected it. 
 
 n. DEi'UES.SA, Oray, 1. c, Nuttall's Chrysotluminus dcpressus, one of the three species with gla- 
 brous akenes as well as with involueral scales 5-rankeii and tai)er-pointed, is said by Nuttall in 
 PI. Gambel. to have been collected "in the Sierra of Upj)er California." This nuist be wrong ; 
 for Dr. Gambel's own specimens are ticketed " Ivocky Mountains," and were in all jnobability 
 collected in the mountains of New ile.xico, where alone others have met with this species. 
 
 7. B. teretifolia, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, corymbosely very nnich branched, a 
 foot or les.s in height, coi)iously balsamic-resinous, glabrous : leaves liliform, obtuse 
 or somewhat thickened upwards, half an inch to an inch long, thickly resinous- 
 punctate, minutely pruinose-hoary, but soon coated with transparent resinous exuda- 
 tion : heads almost lialf an inch long, numerous in somewhat spicate or racemose 
 clusters, 5-llowere(l : involucre very narrow; its scales imbricated in 4 or 5 vertical 
 ranks, carinate, all with small and abrupt thickish obtuse green tips, the inner 
 linear-oblong, the outer successively shorter and passing into very short scale-like 
 bracts : lobes of the corolla very short : akenes linear, silky-jjubescent : style append- 
 ages long and filiform. — Linost/ris teretifolia, Durand & Hilgard, 1. c. t. 7. 
 
 Common on tho bare mountains around Tejou Valley, Dr. Ileerwann. "A small shrub, 
 strongly varnished and smelling of fir-balsam, covering extensive tracts of land." Also collected, 
 but past flowering, at Union Pass, Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer. The small green tip of tlie invo- 
 lueral scales commonly bears a gland. 
 
Bi,jelor!a. COiMrOSITJC. o-,^ 
 
 8. B. paniculata, r.ray, 1. c. Slinil)l)y(?), minutely pniinoso-ciiiorooug or gla- 
 brous: leaves (of the branches) linoar-lililonn, .'5 to 5 lines lon^', an-l the npimrinost 
 very short and subulate, resinous-punetate, as also the slender branchlets • heads 
 barely half an inch long at maturity, loosely panic.led, 5-llowered : scales of tho short 
 involucre only 10 to 12, oblong, obtuse, thin-chartaceous and pale throurdiout little 
 cannate, the innermost hardly exceeding the full grown linear villous akenes • limb 
 of the corolla rather deeply Sdobed : style-appendages long and iMorm. — Lino- 
 syris vmcidiflora, var. panicu/afa, Gray in Hot. Mex. IJound. 80. 
 
 Ciilifnniia, SchoU : tho atntioii unknown, l.iit d.Mil.tlosa in tho mnihnn imrt, nml iwobahlv in 
 the Ulterior. Imperfectly known, but seemingly a (juitc (lisUuct species. 
 
 9. B. graveolens, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, 1 to 4 feet high, when young whitened 
 more or less with a close white wool, at least on the branches, sometimes becoming 
 green and glabrous with age : flowering branches virgate, leafy : leaves linear (one or 
 two inches long, one or two lines wide), tlie broader ones 3-ncrved, tho narrower 
 1-nerved and at length often involute : heads half an inch long, mostly very numer- 
 ous, in corymbose clusters, 5-flowered : involucre narrow ; its scales imbricated in 
 
 5 vertical ranks, narrow-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or hanlly acute, moderately 
 carinate, thmnish, destitute of greenish tips, imbricateil in 5 vertic^d ranks : lobes 
 of the corolla short : akenes linear, silky-pubescent : style-appendages subulate- 
 filiform, considerably longer than the stigniatic portion. — /i. drar.unculoides & 
 Ahssouriensis, DC. Prodr. v. .329. Chrysocoma graveolens & nauseosa, Nutt. Gen. 
 Chrijsothamnus dracuncnloides & C. speciosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. 
 ser. vii. 324. Linmyria graveolens & L. albicaulis, Torr. <^' Gray, Fl. ii. 234! 
 
 — Has n wide range, and runs into several varieties, of which the Vollowing occur 
 in California : — 
 
 Var. glabrata, Gray, 1. c, with little Avoolliness, and tiiat deciduous, at least 
 from the leaves and involucre, or tho latter glabrous from the lirst. 
 
 Var. hololeuca, Gray, 1. c. Clothed with a dense close coat of white wool : 
 scales of the involucre oblong linear and very obtuse, only tho innermost glabrous : 
 corolla with very short lobes, its tube beset with a few long and delicate cobweb- 
 like hairs. 
 
 Var. albicaulis, Gray, 1. c. Like tho preceding variety in the white-woolliness, 
 or the leaves (becoming naked in age) and the narrower and less obtuse scales of 
 tho mvolucro slightly or not at all woolly : corolla with rather long lobes (tho 
 length double tho width), its tube beset with al)undant long and cobwebby hairs. 
 
 — Chrysothamn-us speciosus, var. albicaidis, Nutt. 1. c. Linosyris albicaulis, Torr. 
 
 6 Gray, Fl. 1. c. 
 
 In alkaline soil, on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake to Sierra Valley : 
 thence abundant through the interior to the borders of British (.^lumbia and the nlains east of 
 the Rocky Mountains. The var. Iwlokuca, Owens Vallev, Dr. Horn. Var. nlhtmulis above 
 JJonner Lake, at 10,000 feet, E. L. Greene, a rare form, anparcntly confined to a narrow district 
 m the interior, extending to the eastern part of Oregon and adjacent parts of Idaho. 
 
 10. B. Douglasii, Gray, ]. c. Shrubby, from G inches to fi feet high, never 
 woolly, glabrous, or roughish with a minute harsh pubescence, fnstigiutely branched : 
 leaves varying from very narrowly to broadly linear or lanceolate, rather rigid (nn 
 inch or two long), tho broader ones 3-nerved : heads a (piarter to a third of an inch 
 long, mostly numerous in a close corymb or cyme, fi flowered : .<;caIos of the invo- 
 lucre oblong or oblongdinear, obtuse, rather firm, destitute of greenish tijis, rather 
 few in 4 or 5 vertical mnks : lobes of the corolla rather long, spreading : nkenes 
 rather short, silky-villous : stylo-appendages narrowly subidate, usually oidy half tho 
 length of the stigniatic portion. — Linosyris visriilijlora, Torr. it (Jray, witli tho syn. 
 Crinitaria viscidiflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 24, but the flowers not viscid, even the invo- 
 lucre rarely so. — I'esides the smooth and glabrous ordinary form, there are in Cali- 
 fornia or on its borders, — 
 
328 COMPUSrr.E. .SolUlayu. 
 
 Var. serrulata, Gray, 1. c. : tho leaves iniimlcly ciliato or ub if aeiiiiluto witli 
 short ami sharp ri;^'iil bristles. — L. Si'irdlnta, Toir. 
 
 Var. tortifolia, Gray, 1. c. : nearly the same, hut with the rather broail leaves 
 remarkably twi.-.teil. 
 
 Var. puberula, (!ray, 1. c, : chielly a ihvurf form, either minutely or more con- 
 spicuously ami ruughly puberulent. 
 
 Eastern part of tlie Siena Nevada ; llience eastward to tlie Koeky Mountains, and northward 
 to Washington Territory ; al)undant llirough the dry interior districts. Var. tortifuHa, near 
 Aurora {Brewer), on Mount l)avidson, Nevada (B/ouincr), and Sierra Valley {Lemmon). 
 
 18. SOLIDAGO, i.inn. (Joujknkou. 
 
 Heads suuill, nujstly in panicles or panieled racemose clusters, rarely in corymbs, 
 
 lieterogamous ; the rays fertile. Involuero narrow, imbricated and the outer scales 
 
 successively shorter, ai)i)ressed, usually destitute of herbaceous tips, lieceptaclo 
 
 small, alveolate or limbrillate. ytyle-ai)pendages lanceolate or triangular subulate. 
 
 Akenes terete or angular, 5 - 12-ribbed. Pappus simple, of a single series of mostly 
 
 equal and slender scabrous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with virgate stems, 
 
 alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, the papi)us mostly didl white. 
 
 A large genus witli headiiuarters in tlie Atlantic United States, only u few on tlie Tacilic sido 
 of the continent ; llowering in autunui. 
 
 § 1. Stem hranchiny fredy ; the branches erect, leafy, and terminated by dense some- 
 times paniculate corymbs of clustered small heads : leaves linear : scales of the 
 involucre narroiv : rays inconspicuous but numerous: akenes pubescent. — 
 
 EUTUAMIA, Nutt. 
 
 1. S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, 3 or 4 feet high, jianiculately 
 branched, slender : leaves linear, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 to 4 inches long, 
 1 to 3 lines wide: heails in numerous snudl clusters {\ incli long): scales of the 
 invohmre xnWwv acute ; rays Ki to 20, not exceeding the 8 to 14 disk-llowers. 
 
 Couinioi) in wet places, especially near the coast, extending to British America. 
 
 § 2. Stem mostly simple : heads not in corymbs : rays usually more conspicuous and 
 fewer than the disk-Jtowers : akenes (/lab7'ous or nearly so. — Viugaurea, DC. 
 
 * Heads rather feio and large (a third of an inch long), in a narrow or raceme-like 
 panicle, or in simple clusters : disk-Jloivers 20 to 30. 
 
 2. S. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, glutinous : stem 
 rather stout, a foot or two high : leaves thickish, si)atulate, serrate, tapering (espe- 
 cially the lowest ones) into a hmg and narrow entire base or winged petiole ; the 
 ujjper ones small and gradually ])assing into bracts of the narrow and sjiikii-like 
 panicle, becoming shorter than the Inuids and entire : involucre campanulate ; its 
 scales oblong and obtuse, the outer with somewhat greenish tips : rays about 7, very 
 small and inconspicuous : akenes silky-pubescent. — Fl. ii. 202. *S'. petiolaris, 
 Less. (1), Hook. & Arn. in part. 
 
 Ahont Monterey. Leaves m glutinous tlnit they adliero linnly to the paper in drying. Sjiike- 
 like interrupted panicle htrictly erect, 5 to I) inches long. 
 
 3. S. Virga-aurea, Linn., var. multiradiata, 'lorr. & Gray. Glabrous or 
 somewhat i)ubescent, a span to a foot liigh : leaves few, lanceolate, acute, slightly 
 serrate or entire, the lower with long narrowed base : heads few in a rather loose 
 cluster or panicle,: scales of the involucre rather loose, lanceolate, acute, thin : rays 
 about 12, narrow, conspicuous : akenes minutely pubescent. — .S'. corymbosa, Nutt. 
 
 Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada ; niiparently rare in California, more common in the Rocky 
 Mountains, as are some other forms of this polymorphous or perhaps compound species. 
 
Sericocarpus. COM Vi )SIT.K. 3 ] () 
 
 * * I/cads amaller and numerous, croivded in a •pyramidal or elongated panicle. 
 
 4. S. Californica, Nutt. Hoary or grayish witti a lino and doso i)uljesceiico : 
 stem strict, I to 3 I'eet high : leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong and entire, or the 
 lower spatulate or obovate and with a few scattered sharp teeth : heads in short 
 erect or barely spreading racemes, which are collected in a narrow close virgate or 
 pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, acutish or obtuse, at 
 least the outer ones puberuleut : rays 7 to 1 2 and about as many as the disk-llowers, 
 small : akenes minutely pubescent. — Varies with longer, more spreading, and then 
 commonly one-sided racemes. — S. petiolaris, Hook. & Am. in i)urt. S. puherula, 
 Cham. & Schlecht. 
 
 Var. Nevadensis. Hoary with minuter pubescence, smaller, with looser and 
 fewer decidedly one-sided racemes, the involucre mostly glabrous : approaching 
 i^. nemoralis, but wants the canescent-silky akenes, &c. 
 
 Dry ground, Santa Barbara to Sonoma Co. A Californian representative of S. nemoralis ; but 
 mostly more tall and strict. Like that, it has its greener and rouglier (.S'. radula) state. The 
 heads of the latter sometimes 4 lines long and full ; ordinarily 3 lines long. Rays occasionally 
 abortive. Receptacle sometimes with alveoli extended into One or two awn-shaped scales, or else 
 boiling clialT resembling the inner scales of the involucre. Loaves one, two, or the lowest three 
 inches long. — The ambiguous var. Ncvadoisis, collected by Anderson near Carson City, and by 
 Dr. Horn in Owens Valley, &c. 
 
 5. S. elongata, Nntt. Slightly and minutely pubescent, or nearly glabrous : 
 stem strict, very leafy to the top, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves green, rather thin, lanceo- 
 late or sometiijies oblong, acute or acuminate, mostly serrate with some narrow and 
 sharp teeth (occasionally all the upper ones entire), triple-ribbed from below the 
 middle, veiny : heads very many, in compact erect or at length recurving racemes, 
 "which are crowded in a narrow or pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre linear, 
 small : rays 12 to 20, slender, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes 
 slightly pubescent. — S. stricta, Less. (?) 
 
 Moist or shady ground, from above Monterey, and along the Sierra Nevada, to Oregon and 
 British Columbia. Heads 2 to 3 lines long. Var. microcephaln, Kellogg ; a form with depau- 
 perate inflorescence. 
 
 6. S. Guiradonis, Gray. Completely glabrous : stem strict, slender, 2 or 3 feet 
 high: leaves bright green, thickish, entire; the upper linear and one-ribbed; the 
 lower lanceolate or oblanceolnto and tapering gi-adually into the long narrow base or 
 margined petiole, somewhat triple-ribbed : heads in a virgatn panicle : scales of tho 
 involucre lanccolato-subulato : rays 8 or 9, small: disk-ihjwors 10 or 12: akenes 
 almost glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, 
 
 Base of San Carlos, Fresno Co. (Gnirado) ; Tejon, &c., Rothrock. The vnr. spcdahilis, Eaton, 
 in Bot. King., if of this species, as is likely, has broader and obtuser scales to the involucre, 
 broader lower leaves, &c., and answers to narrow-leaved forms of S. sjxxiosa. It inhabits 
 Nevada, and probably occurs within the limits of California. 
 
 7. S. sempervirens, Linn. Completely glabrous : stem strict, and 2 or 3 feet 
 high : leaves rather lleshy, lanceolate, entire, tho lower tajiering into a long narrow 
 base, tho uppermost reduced to subulate bracts of tho virgate and nither dense 
 panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse : rays 8 to 10 : akenes minutely 
 pubescent. 
 
 Salt marshes near San Francisco, Bolander. Near tlie soutbern boundary, 60 miles cast of 
 San Difgo, Palmer. Appears to be tbe same as the Salt-Marsb GoUlenrod of the whole Atluntic 
 shore down to Mexico. Jt is a form with small lieads (3 lines long), approaching S. angustifolia 
 of Elliott. 
 
 19. SERICOCARPUS, Necs. 
 Head 12 - 15-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays about 5, distant, fertile, white, 
 sometimes inconspicuous. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulatc ; its scales 
 appressed, linear-oblong, firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous and white, with abrupt 
 
320 CUMPOSITJ;;. Sfricocurjnts. 
 
 short anil more or less spreading green tips, imbricated ; the outer successively 
 shorter, lieceptaclo smull, alveolute-tootlied. Style-appenduges lanceolate-subulate. 
 Akenes narrow, little if at all compressed, silky-pubescent or villous (whence the 
 generic name). Pappus simple, of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial Aster-like 
 herbs, with corymbed and rather small heads ; the disk-tlowers pale yellow, and 
 the i-ather small rays white. 
 
 A genus of thiee spucius of the Atlantic Uuited States, nnd of the following on the raciliu 
 side of the continent. 
 
 1. S. rigidus, Lindl. A foot or two high, scabrous with some very short and 
 rigid i)ubescence, or almost glabrous, leafy to the top : Icave.s oblong-lanceolatu, 
 acute or obtuse, entire, an imdi or two in haigth : heails half an inch or less in 
 K'ligLh : rays narrowly oblong, sometimes not exceeding the white pap[)us : akenes 
 slender, clothed with Ihie short pubescence. — JS. Oreyunensis, jShitt., the state with 
 rays conspicuous. 
 
 In woods, base of Mt. Shasta (Urewer), Yoseniito Valley (Bulandcr), and near Donner Lake 
 {Turrey) ; e-xtending to Washington Territory. 
 
 20. CORETHROGYNE, DC. 
 Head many-Uowereil, heteroganious ; the rays numerous in a single series, neutral ! 
 Involucre hemispherical or turbinate ; the scales narrow, mostly with green or green- 
 ish and more or less s[)reading tips, imbricated in several series, the exterior mostly 
 shorter. Peceptacle fiat, naked or somewhat alveolate, rarely with some chalF simi- 
 lar to the innermost involucral scales interposed among the outer flowers. Anthers 
 tipped with a slender cuspidate appendage, as in Lessinyia. Style-appendages short, 
 triangular-lanceolate or subulate, densely beset Avith long hispid bristles, forndng 
 a brush-like tuft (whence the generic name). Akenes and pappus of the ray abor- 
 tive or rudimentary, of the disk compressed like those of Aster, silky-vilious or 
 l)ubescent : the i)ap[)us simple, of rather copious but rigid iind unequal capillary 
 bristles. — Pather low Aster-like herbs, apparently always perennial, branched 
 from a somewhat woody base or rootstock, more or less white-woolly at least when 
 young ; the alternate leaves serrate with some sharp or coarse teeth towards the 
 apex, or entire ; heads middle-sized, solitary terminating the branches or somewhat 
 corymbose-panicled : rays violet, purple ov blue : disk yellow, sometimes changing 
 to purple : pappus becoming tawny or reddish. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. D7 ; (Jray in 
 Pot. Mex. Bound. 7G, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351. 
 
 De Candolle's character of chaff on the receptacle applies only to Douglas's specimens of the 
 original C. Calif ornica ; and in those it is not constant ; so that the species must inchule C incana, 
 Nutt. Then all those with smaller and (when well develoiied) corymbose-panicled heads appear 
 to belong to one species which blossoms through the season and under diti'erent exposures : some 
 of the forms gathered and described were winter states. The genus is a particularly well-marked 
 one, most related on the one hand to Lcssiiujiu, on the other to Aster. 
 
 * Bristles on the sfi/le-(ijjs forminy a rather scanty and small tuft : involucre cam- 
 panulate or turbinate. 
 1. C. filaginifolia, Nutt. Stems erect or ascending, about a foot high, com- 
 monly branching corymbosely or paniculately at the summit and bearing several or 
 numerous rather small heads : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, the upper 
 gradually reduced to subulate bracts : involucre (4 lines long) between turbinate 
 and campanulate ; tlie numerous scales a)»pressed, or with oidy the short greenish 
 lips squarrose-sjjreading, the outer regularly shorter, all glabrous or at lirst more or 
 
Aster. rOiMPOSIT.'E. 321 
 
 less lloccose-wooll}', or niinutoly granuloseglaiulular hut not puboscciit. — Asler {^ 
 filaginifolius, Hook. & Arn. Bot. J^eech. 14G. — Runs into various forms, of which 
 a common one with the lloocoso wool consi(leral)ly persistent on the stems and nar- 
 row leaves, and the involucre slightly if at all either glandular or squarrose, is the 
 original type of the species ; the more marked variant forms may be arranged under 
 the following varieties. 
 
 Var. virgata, Gray. J>ecoming glabrate and the involucre more rigid and 
 glandular: heads usually numerous and corymbed or panicled. — C. virgata, lienth. 
 Eot. Sulph. 23. Aplopappns (?) {Pyrochnda) ILenkci, DC. Prodr. v. 349. (Hteuke's 
 plant is from Monterey, California, not Afexico.) 
 
 Var. tomentella, Gray. Very white-woolly, at least when young, and the 
 loaves mostly shortoi- and broader. — C. tomentella, Torr. & Gray. AMer (1) tomen- 
 fe/lus, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. Diplopappufi leucophi/llus, Lindl. in DC. Corethrogyne 
 obovata, IJenth. 1. c. C. incana (() var., Benth. PI. Ilartw., is between the two vari- 
 eties, and unusually glandular. 
 
 Open places, San Diego to Santa Cruz, and in the interior to 'J'ejon and the Yoseniite. Rays 
 violet, a quarter of an incli long. 
 
 * * Bristles 071 the stylt-tips a dense and strong tuft : involucre hemhpheriral. 
 
 2. C. Califomica, DC. Stems erect or ascending, a foot or more high ; the 
 branches rather equably leafy throughout and terminated by single pretty large 
 heads : leaves linear lanceolate or linear, chiefly entire : involucre broadly hemi- 
 spherical (nearly half an inch long) ; its scales mostly narrow and acute, in fewer 
 ranks, and the outer only moderately shorter, rather loose, all glandular-pubescent : 
 rarely some chaff on the receptacle among the outer flow(>i-s. — C. incana, Nutt. 
 in Trans. Am. Phil. See. n. ser. vii. 290 (e.vd. syn. Lindl.) ; Torr. <^: (j!my, l''l. ii. 
 98, the form with no chaff on the receptacle. 
 
 Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego : seldom collected. Rays light luuple. 
 
 3. C. Spathulata, Gray. Stems decumbent, often a foot or so in length ; the 
 simple flowering branches 3 to 10 inches high, bearing single large heads : leaves 
 spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the larger half an inch to an inch wide, serrate at apex, 
 those of the flowering branches gradually reduced to subidate or linear : the hemi- 
 spherical involucre glandular ; its scales moderately unequal, and with loose herba- 
 C("nis tips: no cliaff on the recoptaclo. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317. 
 
 Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, near tlio eonst, at Shelter Cove and Fort Hrngg, Hohnuifr, 
 Kcllotjij. Heads as large as in the last : rays violet-hlno, half an ineh long. The dense white 
 wool sometimes deciduous from the leaves, which then heeome glandular-scahi-ous. 
 
 21. ASTER, Linn., Benth. & Hook. 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays several oi- numerous in a single 
 series, fertile, very rarely neutral. Involucre imbricated ; the scales commonly with 
 herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers tipped 
 with the usual lanceolate ovate appendage. Style-a]ipendages varying from trian- 
 gular-lanceolate to subulate. Akenes more or less compressed, rarely slender, 4-5- 
 nerved. Pappus simple, of copious slender scabrous capillary bri.stles. — Mostly 
 perennial herbs, Avith various alternate leaves, and solitary, corymbed, or panicled 
 heads ; flowering late. Rays white, purple, or blue : di.'^k-flowers yellow, often 
 turning purple : pappus dull white or tawny. 
 
 An immense genus, especially in North Amerii-n, its lieadciumters, hut re!iinrknt>ly inronspiru- 
 0113 in California. For this flora at least it is best to receive it in tlio extended form which it 
 reassumes in Bentham and Hooker's (Jenera Tlnntarum. Tluiv arc no s|K'eics west of the Rocky 
 Mountains with cordate in-tioleil leaves. 
 

 COM POSIT /E. Aster. 
 
 § 1. Biennials, rardy annuals or perennials, with leaves disposed to be incised or j'in- 
 natijid: scales of the involucre with green tips : rai/s sometimes sterile : akenes 
 with Strom/ vutn/iiial rihs and some slender nerves on both faces. (Involucre 
 covimonly resemblinii that of Corethro(jyne.) — ^iKCivM\i\mn\^iX\. {Madu^- 
 ranthern, Nccs. Dieteria, Nutt.) 
 
 * Rays stylij'erous, but sometimes infertile. 
 
 1. A. tanacetifolius, IIBK. Biennial or annual, pubescent and somewhat 
 viscid, a loot or less hiyli : leaves once to thrice pinnatilid, the lobes small and nar- 
 row : heads large, loosely corymbose : scales of the hemispherical involucre linear 
 and with spreailing herbaceous tips : rays 20 or more, violet : akenes villous. — 
 Machtkranthera tanacctifolia, Nees ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4G24. Dieteria coronopi- 
 folia, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 301. 
 
 S. E. Cahforuia, on the east sule of Providence Mountains, Dr. Cooper; thence through Ari- 
 zona to Colorado, east of tlie Uocky Mountains, and into Mexico. 
 
 A. (MACii.KitANTiiKKA) I'AuviFLouiTS, Cray, which occurs on the Gila in Arizona, and may l>e 
 found within the State, is sniootiicr and much smaller. 
 
 2. A. incanus, Gray, lloary with a line and close soft pubescence, slightly if 
 at all viscid, a foot or two high, loosely branched : leaves linear or narrowly lanceo- 
 late, entire, or some with a few lateral teeth, acute (an inch or so in length, abtuit 
 2 lines wide) : heads .solitary tcrnanuting the branches, largo : scules of the hemi- 
 spherical involucre linear-lanceolate, with long and squarrosu-spreuding or rellexed 
 foliaceous tips : rays 30 or nu)re, violet : akenes canescent. — Diplopappus in- 
 canus, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1693 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3382. Dieteria incana, Torr. 
 & Gray, Fl. ii. 100. 
 
 California, raised in England from seed collected by Douglas; the station unknown. Speci- 
 mens which accord with it were gathered in Guadalupe CaBon, Sonora, by Capt. E. K. Smith. 
 Head over half an incli in diameter across the disk : rays two thirds of an inch long. 
 
 3. A. canescens, Pursh. Biennial, minutely puberulent-hoary or often green, 
 afoot or so in height: stems rigid, corymbosely or paniculately branched above : 
 leaves varying from ol.long-lanceolato or the lowest spatulate to linear, incisely or 
 almost spinufosely toothed, or sometimes entire, those of the llowering branches 
 reduced to subulate biacts : heads few or numerous, solitary, or mostly corymbose 
 or panicled : scales of the campanulate or obconical involucre rigid, appressed, 
 with short more or less squarrose-spreading green tips, the outer successively 
 shorter : rays 20 to 30, violet or bluish-purple : akenes canescently-pubescent. — 
 A. biennis, Nutt. Gen. ii. liiS. Dieteria canescens, pnlverulenta, divaricata, vi.wisa, 
 & sessilijiora, Nutt. in 'I'rans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Macharanthera canescens, Gray, 
 1. c. ; Eaton in l5ot. King. 
 
 Dry regions, in the mountains behind San Diego and on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada 
 (Mono and Tahoe Lakes, &c.), extending north to the British boundary, and east to the eastern 
 base of the Rocky Mountains : a characteristic and most variable species ol tlie region. Heads 
 in the larger forms half an inch in diameter, and the rays half an inch long ; m others barely halt 
 that size, and the flowers much fewer. It is useless to distinguish particular varieties. Only low 
 and small-headed forms have as yet been found in California. 
 
 ^< * Rays completely neutral. — Hespekastrum, Gray. 
 
 4. A. Shastensis, (Jray. Dwarf from a perennial rootstock, branclied and 
 tufted from the base, a span high, puberulentdioary : leaves small, spatulate or ob- 
 long, entire : heads solitary terminating the branches, small: scales of the campanu- 
 late involucre lanceolate, somewhat hoary and viscid, the outer with loose green 
 tips, the inner nearly destitute of lierbaceous tips : rays 15 to 20, rose-violet. — 
 Macharanthera (Hesjjerastrum) <f:)hastensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 53U. 
 
 On Mount Shasta, at about 9,000 feet. Brewer. Resembles a dwarf state of the last. Involu- 
 cre 4 lines long : rays 3 lines. 
 
^^xi'''-' coMrosiTJ*:. 323 
 
 § 2. Perennials {]) telth leaves spinulosely pinnatijid-toothed or tnciml (or sometimes 
 entire) : scales of the involucre ivitk long-acuminate but not r/reen tips : pappus 
 of comparatively feiv (20 to 35) and very rigid bristles. {Transition to Town- 
 sendia.) — Megalastuum, Gray. 
 
 5. A. tortifolius, Gray (not Michx.). At first loosely white-woolly, when oai 
 somewhat roughish-hirMuto or glabrate, a loot or so high : branches naked and 
 peduncle-like at siunniit, bearing a solitary very large head : leaves coriaceous, 
 rigid, often twisted, oblong or lanceolate, veiny, strongly dentate or incisely pinnat- 
 ilid with divaricate spinuloso tooth : involucre lioMiispheriniJ ; its very numerous 
 Hcalcs lanceolatn-suhulato and setaceous-acuminate, the outer a lillle Hhort(>r : rays 
 violet-purple, very numerous, an inch long: pappus becoming reddisli. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 353. Aptopappus tortifolius, Torr. c^ Gray, in Bost. .lour. Nat. Hist. 
 
 Mountains near the southeastern borders of California (7>. Cooper) ; thence to S. Utah Fre- 
 mont, Newberry, Mrn. Thompson. This and A. {Mcgalml.rum) JFrujIUii, Gray, form a remarkable 
 section of the genus, which might almost as well lie referred to Towmsendia. Stylc-anpendaces 
 short, obtuse. Akenes (young) linear-oblong, silky-villous. Bristles of the pappus aljout 
 20 in a single series, strong, flattish, serrulate-scabrous, nearly eciualling the disk-corolla, and a 
 few slender and shorter ones internii.xed. 
 
 § 3. Perennials, with leaves merely serrate or entire. — Aster proper. 
 * Papjms rather rigid, some of the longer bristles thickened towards the summit : in- 
 volucre campannlate or turbinate; its scales very regularly imbricated in many 
 ranks, rigid, with short green or greenish tips, the outer successively shorter. 
 
 6. A. radulinus, Gray. ]{oughish-pubescent throughout : stem rather stout, 
 one or two feet high, branching above and bearing an open corymb of middle-sized 
 heads : leaves rigid and coriaceous, oblong, or the lower obovate spatulate, sharply 
 serrate above, tapering below into a narrowed entire base, prominently reticulate- 
 veiny, scabrous both sides, the midrib very prominent beneath : ])eduncles short : 
 involucre obconical, 4 or 5 lines long ; its scales rigid, apjirossed, lanceolate or ob- 
 long, obtuse or abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular-pubescent, 
 the tips mostly green: rays 15 to 18, white (perhajis not always so); akenes mi- 
 nutely pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388. A. Padula, Less, in Linntpa vi 
 125 ; Durand Si Hilgard PI. Pratten., not of Ait. 
 
 Dry open ground, Montmny to Mondocino Co. aheiipo to Oregon, E. HnU) : also in (ho Sierra 
 from Nevada Co. northward, Torvcy, Lrmmoii. This is iienriv leinted to A. rwi-piniu.f, i,indl., 
 of the region much farther north, — a nlant with larger heads and loaves, — while the smaller 
 forms are more, like A. monlanus, eiiually a northern species. 
 
 * * Pappus softer and equable. 
 
 -f- Low and diffuse : branches leafy to the top and bearing small mostly single heads. 
 
 7. A. Bloomeri, Gray, 1. c. Cespitose, a span or less in height, minutely cine- 
 reous-hirsute, and near the heads somewhat glandular : branches ascending : leaves 
 oblong-linear or the lower spatulate, 3 to 10 lines long, obtuse, entire, very rough 
 both sides with the short minutely his])id pubpscenco, the upiiennost j^issing into 
 scales of the involucre ; these 25 to 30, linear, acute, glandular and greenish : ravs 
 12 to 15, apparently purple, about 4 lines long : akenes minutely pubescent. 
 
 Moist flats near Mount Davidson, Nevada (probably also within the State lioundary), Blnomrr, 
 Lemmon. Heads 4 lines long. 
 
 -(- +- Stems erect and branching, leafy, bearing several or numerous rommonly panicu- 
 late or racemose heads: involucre imbricated, 
 
 ++ Its scales many-ranked, close, and with short green ti/is. 
 
 8. A. MenziOBii, Limll. Minutely hoary with a fine (either soft or scabrous) 
 pubescence, or glabrate below, a foot or two high : stem and branches virgate, rigid : 
 
324 COMruSlT^E. Aster. 
 
 leiives liuiceoliilo nv linear, ivcnto, I'liliiv, or tho lower obtusely serrate, rather rij^'id 
 (an inch or two lou;^^, 2 to 4 lines wiilu) : heads racemose or jiaiiicled, 4 or 5 lines 
 Ion*,' : invohiero caiiipaniiluto ; its scales nuiuerous and imbricated in several ranks, 
 thickisli, linear, with short usually somewhat ililated uud obtuse green tips, ap- 
 pressed, the outer succc^ssively shoiier : rays about 20, purple or violet: ukenes 
 com})ressed, minutely pubesceut. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 8. 
 
 "California, Menzies," accovdiiif; to Herb. Banks: but in Herb. Hook, said to be from "N. W. 
 coast." Upper Sacramento, 7>r. Pickering. Fort Tejou, Dr. Horn, Dr. llccrmann (^A. Duran- 
 (Hi, Nutt., ex Durand, in Paeif. R. Rep. v. 8), and common in \V. Nevada, mostly in a glabrate 
 form, the pubescence only on the ultimate branches. The species has been mistaken for A. fal- 
 caiiis, Lindl., which may indeed belong to it, and likewise with tho ne.\t. It is not at all re- 
 lated to A. conculor, as hindley siiliposed. 
 
 0. A. Chamissonis, Gray. CJlabrous, or above somewhat hirsute : stems 2 to 
 5 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the larger 
 ttbscurely serrate, 2 to 5 inches long, scabrous with sparse appressed pubescence, or 
 glabrous ; those of the dowering branchlets beconung small or minute and scjuar- 
 rose-spreuding : heads loosely panicletl, 5 or G lines long: involucre broadly cam- 
 pauulato or somewhat obconical ; its scales numerous and imbricated in several 
 nudts, thickish, linear or liuear-spatulate, with short and rounded green tips, tho 
 outer successively shorter: rays 20 to 25, ]»ur])le ov violet, nearly half an inch 
 long: akeiies sparsely and minutely pidie-scent. — Gniy, in Torr. Hot. AVilkos Mxp. 
 341. A. luulidii, Less. (!x Net's. A. C/iilciisis, l^ees Ast. 112; Torr. ^ Gray, 1. c. 
 A. speclabUis (1) Hook. & Am. liot. i>eechey. 
 
 Moist tliickets, &.c., common from San Francisco to San Luis Obispo, and probably elsewhere. 
 As this is not a Chilian species, and as Hsenke's no less than Chamisso's plant (if the former be 
 of this species) must have been gathered in California, we ought not to continue the false name. 
 Probably this as well as the preceding was included by Nuttall under the species (still unpub- 
 lished) which he proposed to call A. Duravdii. That name it was formerly thought might be 
 adopted for the present species, but it appears strictly to belong to the foregoing. And so the 
 I)resent may be named after the first, or next to the first, discoverer. 
 
 -h+ -h+ Involacral scales looser and more foliaceous. 
 
 10. A. Douglasii, Lindl. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so: stem slender, 
 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely 
 serrate, mostly ta[)ering at base, 2^ to 5 inches long : heads in a loose and leafy 
 panicle, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre hemispherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or 
 spatulatedinear, mostly green excejjt the base, loosely imbricated, the outer little 
 shorter : rays 25 or more, purple, half an inch or more in length. 
 
 Moist soil, northern part of the State and in tho Sierra Nevada ; common northward. 
 
 11. A. adscendens, T.indl. (1) Smooth and glabrous or nearly so : stems rather 
 simple, a span to two feet high : leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate, 
 entire : heads few, panicled or corymbose, peduncled, half an inch long : involucre 
 hendspherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or oblong, obtuse, chietty green, few- 
 ranked, and of nearly equal length : rays, &c., as in the preceding. 
 
 In the High Sierra Nevada, Yosemite Valley to foot of Mount Dana (Bulander), near Donner 
 Lake (Torrcy, Greene), ami eastward in the Humboldt and Rocky Mountains. Whether this 
 belong to the original ,t. iK/sccndmi.'i or no, it is tho var. Parri/i, Katon in Bot. King's Exploration, 
 and apparently the same as tlio plant of tho Colorado Rocky Alountains. 
 
 12. A. integrifolius, Nutt. Villous-pubescent when young, becoming glandu- 
 lar and viscid toward the summit : stem rather stout, simple, a span to a foot or 
 more high : leaves oblong lanceolate and the lower spatulate, entire, thickish, 2 to 4 
 inches long, with strong midrib and inconspucuous veins ; the upper clasping : heads 
 few or several, somewhat racemose or corymbose, half an inch long : involucre cam- 
 panulate ; the loosely imbricated scales nearly equal in length, lanceolate, the inner 
 ones thin and without green tips, the outermost partly foliaceous, all glandular- 
 pubescent : rays 15 to 25, blui>>h-purple : akenes pubescent : pappus rather rigid. 
 
Aster. COMPOSTTJ?. 325 
 
 Sioim Novadn, hotwoon f'link's and tlio Yosrtnitn, nt about 8,000 feet, Uolavrlrr. Nonr DoiiTicr 
 I^ako (.Torrr)/, (hrr.m), mid Siena Valley, Lrmmnn. Komid near Carson by Dr. Anderson; 
 thence east to the llocky ^lountaina. 
 
 +-+--{- Stems simple, naked at the summit, and hearing a single liead, or rarely 
 two or three : scales of the hemispherical involucre veri/ little imbricated, narrow, 
 nearly equal, and destitute of foliaceous or green tips. \A transition from Aster to 
 Erigeron.) 
 
 ++ Leaves broad or narrowish : style-appendages short and broad. 
 
 1 3. A. salsuginosus, liicliardson. Minutoly pubescent or glabrate : stem 6 to 
 18 inches high, leat'y to near the suniiuit : leaves entire; tlie lowest spatulate, obo- 
 vate, or oblanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper becoming lance- 
 olate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, with broad base usually halt-clasping ; uppermost 
 reduced to one or two subulate bracts : head solitary or two or three on naked 
 peduncles : scales of the involucre slender, glandular, nearly equal, 4 lines long, 
 loose : rays 30 to 40, violet or purple : akenes of the ray 5 - 6-nerved, of the disk 
 3 - 4-nerved. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2942. 
 
 Var. angUStifolius, Gray, liadical and lowest caulino leaves lincar-spatulato, 2 
 to 5 lines wide ; the upper linear : stems a foot high, naked above, bearing two or 
 three slendcr-peduneled heads. 
 
 Subnlpino and alpine meadows, in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; thence to alpine 
 regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and north to Alaska and the subarctic regions. A 
 handsome species ; the heads an inch and a half in diameter, including the expanded rays. The 
 variety. Sierra County, Lemmon. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaven very narrow ; style-appendages long and slrndcr-sidnilafe. 
 
 14. A. Andersonii, Gray. Lightly woolly when young, becoming glabrous : 
 stem simple and scapo-liko, a span to a foot high, tcrminal(>(l by a single rather 
 large head : radical leaves tufted, linear, almost grassy (2 to 8 inches long, from a 
 line to 4 lines Avide), coriaceous, 3-7-ncrved; tlie cauline smaller, the uppermost 
 subulate : scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, loose, more or less tomentose, 
 almost equal in length (4 or 5 lines long), the outer ones greenish : niys 16 to 20, 
 purple : akenes oblong, 4-G-nerved : bristles of the pappus barbel late-serrato. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 352. Erigeron Andersonii, Gray, 1. c. vi. 540. 
 
 Wet alpine meadows, kc. Sierra Nevada, from l^Iariposa to Sierm Co., at 7,fiOO to 10,000 
 feet. Discovered by Dr. Anderson, near Carson, Nevada. Expanded head with the raj's an 
 inch or more in diameter. 
 
 A. PULCHELLUS, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. is perhaps too near this, ond A. ai-pigenus, Gray, 
 1. c. viii. 389, la also closely related ; they form a peculiar group in the Xylorhim section of 
 Ortlwmcris. 
 
 § 4. Annuals or biennials, with chiefly entire narroui leaves: scales of the involucre 
 imbricated, narrow, destitute of distinct green tips : akenes narrow and 3-5- 
 nerved: pappus fine and soft, — OxYTniroijuM, Torr. K- Gray. 
 
 15. A. dlvarloatua, NuU. Glabrous, difTusely much briinrlied, a foot or two 
 liigh : the braiiclioa siomior : lower cauline leaves lanceolnte ; Mio u|)per linear and 
 at length subulate, very acute : heads small (3 or 4 lines long), loosely jianicled : 
 scales of the involucre 25 to 30, lanceolate-subulate, with greenish back and scari- 
 ous margins : rays linear, exserted, numerous in a single row : akenes very minutely 
 pubescent, 5 -6-nerved. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163. 
 
 Salt marshes, San Francisco, he, Bnlavdrr. This is the Pacific form, viz., Trijyolium con- 
 spicunm of bindley, and yi. Orciianns of Nuttall, which inhiibits the western const of tlic ronti- 
 nent down to Chili, and apparently is only local so far north as Cnlifornia. It dilfei's from the 
 A. divaricaJus of the Atlantic coast in tlie rather lirnicr nud greener scales of the iiivolnci-e, heads 
 inclined to be larger, and the branches less slender. The junture akenes in lx)th arc little com- 
 pressed and more or less distinctly .'i-nerved. 
 
09Q COMPOSIT.E. Brachyadis. 
 
 22. BRACHYACTIS, Ledeb. 
 
 Head luany-tloweved, heteroganious ; the rays very numerous and occuj)ying 
 more than one series, Icrtile : ligules small ami very slender or almost wanting. 
 Involucre loosoly imbricated in few series of herbaceous scales, or the innermost 
 somewhat scarious. lieceptaclo Hat, naked. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akeues 
 more or less compressed. Pappus simple, of copious fine and soft capillary bristles. 
 
 Ours are annual and nearly glabrous herbs, with narrow and entire somewhat 
 
 succulent alternate leaves, minutely ciliate towards their base, and paniculate or 
 racemose heads; the rays when developed purple or rose-color. — Benth. in Hook. 
 Ic. PI. t. HOG, & Gen. PI. ii. 271) ; Uray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. 
 
 1. B. frondosa, CJray, 1. c A span to a foot or so high, sometimes spreading 
 on the gnniud, suim!tiiiu;.s u[)rif^hl : leavtis sputulate-linear, about an inch long, the 
 uppermost passing into tlic rallicr broad and obtiitsu herbaceous scales of the invo- 
 lucre : heads hemisi)heiical, i lines long : rays with exserted lignle when well 
 developed a line long, linear, nuich longer than its style : akenes narrow, appressed- 
 pubescent. — B. ciliata, var. carnosula, Benth. 1. c. Tripolium frundosum, Nutt. 
 Aster frondosiis, 'Von: & Gray. A. anyustus, Gray, PI. Wright., &c. ; Eaton, Bot. 
 King Exp. 144. 
 
 Borders of boiling siiriiig, Souoia I'ass, in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander ; thence to N. Nevada, 
 S. Idaho, and New Mexico. 
 
 B. CILIATA, Ledeb., found east of the Rocky Mountains and far north, also in Siberia, has 
 naiTow linear leaves, linear and acute scales of the involucre, and ligule a mere rudiment, much 
 shorter than the pujipus and the style. It is Tripolium angustum, Lindl., and Aster amjuat us, 
 Torr. & Ciray, &.o. 
 
 23. ERIQERON, Linn. Fi.kabane. 
 Heads many-llowereil, heterogamous ; the rays fertile, very numerous and com- 
 monly occupying more than one series (in one or two species occasionally wanting) ; 
 the li<mles narrow, commonly elongated, in the last section very short and incon- 
 spicuous. Involucre hemispherical or sometimes campanulate, of numerous and 
 narrow rather firm and not foliaceous nor green-tipped scales, whicli are little imbri- 
 cated and hardly unequal. Beceptacle flat, rarely convex, naked. Corolla of the 
 disk-flowers narrow, 5-toothed, sonretimes 4 toothed. Style-appendages mostly short 
 and broad, obtuse. Akenes small, flat, and with only marginal ribs, rarely 1 - 2- 
 nerved on the face (especially in the ray-flowers). Pappus rather scanty, i. e. of a 
 single series of capillary rather fragile bristles, with or most comiiundy without an 
 external series of short bristles, these occasionally united into a crown or ring. — 
 Herbs, with alternate leaves, and heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays 
 violet-purple or white ; the disk yellow, often changing to purplish. 
 
 A largo goiuiH, widely disporsod over the world, 08|iecially the northern henuHpliero, imesiug on 
 the ono hand into Aslc.r, fruni wliicli It is <;hio(ly disthiguishod by u HiiiiyiliT invohicro and more 
 Hcanty and fragile uappus, and by more uuniorous and narrower rays ; w'liilo on Iho other Imnd a 
 jieculiar section, with «hoit and often minute rays, passes into Conyza. 
 
 § 1. Perennial {or No. 12 perhaps biennial). 
 * Rays inconspicuous, hut exserted, short, filiform, extremely numerous : heads some- 
 what racemed, small : jxippus simple. 
 
 1. E. armerieefolium, Tuiv.z. S])arsely more or less hirsute with spreading 
 bristly hairs : stems f-lusteretl un the small rootstock, a span to a foot high, leafy : 
 
Ericjeron. C0MP0SIT^5. 327 
 
 loavps hirsutoly ciliatc liolow tlio luiddlo, otliorwiso glabrous or ^lahrato,, entire ; the 
 cauline linear or linear-lanceolate (1^ to 4 inclms lon^f, 1 to 3 lines wide), tlie 
 lowest linear-spatulate or oblailceolate and nsually ta|)ering into slender j)etiolo.s : 
 lieads peduncled and simply racemose, or rarely panicled : involucre 3 or 4 lines 
 long : rays more numerous than the disk flowers, tlie purplish or whitish nearly 
 liliform ligules wdien fully developed projecting only one line beyond the pappus"; 
 disk-dowers uniform. — (Jray in Proc Am. Acad. viii. (548. E. Innchopkyllum, 
 Hook., apparently a largo form. E. glabratum, var. minor, Hook, E. racemosum, 
 or at least the var. nngnMifolinm, Nutt. 
 
 Saline gravol ami moist meadows in tlie Sierra Nevada, at 6,500 to 0,700 feet, Brewer, Bolan- 
 der. Also on mountains cast to Colorado, and thence northward. Kare in Siberia. 
 
 E. ACiiK, Linn., especially in smoother forms {/?. l)robachcnsL% Mill., E. elonqaliis, Ledeb. 
 &c.), occurring in the Hocky Mountains from Colorado north, may be exi)ectcd in the Sierra 
 Nevada. It may be known by its broader leaves, and an inner set of pistillate flowers with tubu- 
 lar-filiform corolla. There are none of these in E. crmcrucfoliiun. 
 
 * -^ Rays elongated and consjncAious, or wanting in some sjiecimens. 
 +- Leaves once to thrice ternatebj compound : 2^'^'ppiif simple. 
 
 2. E. compositum, I^irsh. Dwarf: loaves all or mostly crowded on the cos- 
 pitose rootstoeks, slentlor-petiolcd, hirsute; their divisions linear, obtuse, spreading; 
 the cauline (if any) simpler, or the uppermost mere linear bracts : scape an inch to a 
 span high, bearing a solitary proportionally large head (involucre 3 or 4 lines high) : 
 rays 30 to 50, violet, purple, or white, 2 or 3 lines long, occasionally none. 
 
 High peaks of the Sierra Nevada, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, on Mount Dana and Wood's Peak, 
 Brewer. Thenco through tlio Rocky Mountains to Arctic America and Greenland. 
 
 +- +- Leaves entire and narrow, clustered on the rootstoeks, fewer and scattered or 
 sometimes hardly any on the mostly simple stems, tvhich are terminated by solitary 
 heads. (No. 5 and No. 8 have stems more leafy and disposed to branch.) 
 
 3. E. ursinum, Eaton. Sparsely more or less hirsute, green, a span or less 
 high : leaves on the rootstock spatulate or linear-spatidate, tapering into a slender 
 petiole; those of the simple scape-like flowering stems linear-lanceolate (G to 18 
 lines long), glabrate, tlio uppermost remote from the solitary head : scales of the 
 invoIu(n'<i loose, glandidar and fiparsely hirsul(< : rays about 50, broadish, purple, 
 fully 3 lines long: pappus with a few distinct short bristles of an outer series. — 
 Eaton in JJot. King Ji^xp. 148. 
 
 On Mount Dana, at 12,800 feot, Bolander. More dwnif than tlio plant collected by Watson 
 in the Uinta Mountains, Utah ; the scapo less than 3 inches high, rciimps tliis is E. radi- 
 calum, Hook. 
 
 4. E. uniflorum, Linn. Green and slightly hirsute, or almost glabrous below, 
 a span or less in height : leaves of the rootstock tufted, spatulate, tapering into a 
 petiole; those of the simple and sometimes scape-like stem becoming lanceolate: 
 scales of the involucre loose, equal, very hirsute-woolly : rays 100 or more, blue or 
 purple, about 4 lines long. — Torr. & Oray, Tl. ii. 108. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, in Sierra Co., at 10,000 feet (AV//077), thence northward along the high 
 mountains and through the Rocky Mountains to the Arctic regions, and in N. Asia and F,urope. 
 A dwarf state, but otherwise like that of the Colorado mountains, with the conious and ehnractcr- 
 istic long hairs of the involucre gray or whitish, not dark as in the more northern specimens. 
 
 5. E. caespitosum, Nutt. More or less hoary with a fine chiefly spreading and 
 roughish pubescence : stems decumbent or ascending from the somewhat woody 
 rootstock, about a span high, mostly leafy : leaves from the rootstock objnnceolate, 
 tapering into a petiole, an inch or two long; the cauline linear or somewhat lan- 
 ceolate and sessile, obtuse : heads solitary (or sometimes two or tlirco and rather 
 small), siiort-poduncled : involucre hii*sute with short hairs : rays 30 to 50, whito 
 
09Q COMrOSlT.E. Kiujeiua. 
 
 or purplisli (about 3 lines long) : appendages of the style extremely short and 
 obtuse : akenes 2 - .'i-ncived, minutely hairy : the short s(iuaniollato outer pappus 
 
 conspicuous. , n i j 
 
 Var. tenerum, Gray. Slender ami small, with weaker stems and small heads ; 
 involucre only '1 lines high, less hirsute. 
 
 Eastern side of tlie Siena Nevada : thence to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. The 
 only genuine fonn collected on the borders of the State is from t'arson ("ity, /V. Anderson.-- 
 Vai- lencruni, summit of Silver Mountain near El.bett's I'ass, alt. 11,000 feet, Brewer. Also col- 
 lected by /F«<iwt on Star I'eak, N. W. Nevada, at 9,000 leet. 
 
 At Mono Pass, around rocks, Dr. Bolander icllected a plant winch would appear to belong to 
 E. cwspitomm, although with rather longer and narrower leaves : but the pappus appears to bo 
 simple. 
 
 C. E. Nevadense, <lray. Slighlly hoary with line mostly uppressud rouglii.sh 
 pubescence : slems eivct or ascending from long and slender subterranean roolstocks, 
 a span to a loot high, simi)le, lealy below, mostly naked above or scapedike, bearing 
 a solitary large head : leaves linear lanceolate or spatulate-linear, narrowed below, 
 the lowest into a petiole (the whole 2 to inches long), the cauline acute, the 
 u p perm o.st reduced to subulate bracts: involucre hirsute, also minutely glandular; 
 the scales mostly equal (4 lines long) : rays 25 to 30 in a single series, rather 
 broadly linear, white, 3 or 4 lines long : styleap[)endages ovate and acute : akenes 
 minutely pubescent. Hat, oblong, 2-nerved, or some of the outer 3-nerved (2 lines 
 long) : the short setilbrm outer pappus scanty and inconspicuous. -- Troc. Ain. 
 Aciul. viii. G49. L\ ca'spUosum, var. (/raudijiorum, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 153, 
 in part (viz. No. 548), not of Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Var. h) pygmsBUm, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and densely cespitose : leaves spatulate- 
 linear (half an inch or less "than an inch long, barely a line wide at the summit), 
 crowded on the rootstocks : llowering stems nearly naked and scape-like, an inch or 
 two high : heads much smaller : rays narrower, barely 3 hues long, purple. 
 
 Sierra Nevada : Mount Stanford and Sierra Valley {Bulander, Kellogg, Lemmon) ; and ia 
 Neva^la, Cedar Hill and on Mount Davidson (/lloomer), and West Humboldt Mountains, Watsuti. 
 Var. pyijmmum, Ebbett's and Mono I'ass, alt. !),600 to 10,750 feet, Brewer. 
 
 E. Ai:(ii;NT..VTiiM, (iray, 1. c., whi.-li S. Wntson collected on the footdiilla of the Tah-Ute 
 Mountains in Nevada, may be known by tiie fine silvery-silky foliage, soft-pubescent several- 
 nerved akenes, and conspicuous outer pai)pus. E. canu.m, Gray, has glabrous, narrow, several- 
 ribbed akenes. 
 
 7. E. Bloomeri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with minute appressed pubescence : 
 leafy stems short and tufted on the thickish rootstock : leaves crowded, Hliform- 
 linear, or the broadest spatidate linear tapering .into a filiform petiole., 1 or 2 
 inches long : flowering stems erect, naked and scapedike at least above the middle, 
 a span higti, bearing a solitary head : involucre somewhat campanulate (4 or 5 lines 
 high), vilfous ; the scales equal : rays none : style-appendages acute : akenes minutely 
 puljescent, flat, ol)long linear, and with only marginal nerves (2 lines long) : piq)i)us 
 simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 148. 
 
 Sierra Valley (?) BolandUr. Virginia and Carson City (Bloomer, Anderson), and W. Nevada, 
 Watson. Allied to the foregoing ; with foliage nearly of tlie following. 
 
 8. E. ochroleucum, Nutt. Minutely somewhat hoary with a fine appressed 
 hirsute pubescence, or glabrate : leaves very narrowly linear and tapering to the 
 base or nearly filiform, mostly crowded on the rootstocks, one or two inches long, 
 the cauline rather few and scattered : flowering stems slender, about a span high, 
 naked at summit, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 heads : involucre more or less 
 hirsute (barely 3 lines high) ; the scales rather rigid : rays 30 or 40, cream-color or 
 white (2 or 3 lines long) : akenes minutely pubescent, 2 - 3-nerved : pappus plainly 
 double, the outer of very short subulate squaraelliB. 
 
 Sierra Nevada near Summit ; thence eastward and northward nearly to British Columbia. The 
 forms with leafy stems approach the next. 
 
Erigeron. COMPOSIT.E. 329 
 
 ■(- -f- -t- Leaves oitire and narrow, numerous all along the hranchinrj jlowering stenix: 
 akenes in all "l-nerved or onli/ some of the outermost ^nerved. 
 
 ++ Leaves all filiform, canescent. 
 
 9. E. filifolium, Nutt. Hoary Avitli minute appressed pubescRnce ; stonis a 
 span to a foot or more high from a somcwliat woody (lecumhont base or brancliinfj 
 rootstock, slender, usually coryml)osely branching : leaves very narrowly linear (an 
 inch or two long, a lino or much less in width), and becoming filiform, the upper- 
 most reduced to miniito subidate bracts : invohicro canescent and somewhat hirsute, 
 2 or 3 lines high, the outer scales shorter: rays CO to 80, white or pink (3 or 
 4 lines long) : akenes sparsely and minutely hairy, becoming glabrous : pappus 
 almost simple;, the short outer bristles indistinct. — Diplopappus filifolius, Hook. 
 Chrysopsis canescens, DC. 
 
 Phimas Co. {Lcmmon) ; near Carson City {Anderson), thence northward, rather common in 
 the interior districts to Oregon and Idaho. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves fl,at, from narroivly linear to lanceolate. 
 
 = Pappus simple or the outer of fine and short bristles : heads (except in the last) 
 corymbose at the summit of the very leafy stern : rays in a single series. 
 
 10. E. Breweri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with fine and short scabrous-hirsute 
 pubescence : stems ascending or erect from a slender creeping rootstock, a span to a 
 foot high, slender, leafy to the summit, bearing solitary or few corymbose heads : 
 leaves short (half an inch to an inch long), linear-spatulato or narrowly ol>lance- 
 olate : involucre glabrous (2 or 3 lines high) ; its scales glabrous, unequal, the outer 
 successively shorter: rays only about If) (remarkably few for an Erigcrnn), violet, 
 narrow : pappus nearly simple, the outer set of bristles if present very short and 
 inconspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541. 
 
 Woods of tlie SieiTa Nevada, Mariposa Co., at 4,000 to 6,000 feet, Brewer, Torreij, Gray. 
 Above Carson City, Nevada, Avdcrson. This might as well be ranked as an Asler, of the 
 Orthomcris section, except for the style-appendages and an obvious relationship to some of 
 t"he following species. 
 
 11. E. corymbosum, Nutt. Scabrous-hirsute and somewhat hoary with short 
 spreading pubescence : stems clustered, erect, a span to a foot or more high, corym- 
 bose nt the summit, bearing several pedunculate heads: leaves linear or linear- 
 lanceolnte, acute, tapering to the base, about 2 indues long: involucre canescentiy 
 hirsute (2 or 3 lines high), formed of nearly equal scales : rays 30 or 40, violet or 
 purple, slender : the short bristles of the outer pappus rather manifest. — Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. ii. 178. 
 
 Eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Dr. Cooper. Incomplete specimens, perhaps not of 
 this species, which holongs much further north, in the interior of Oregon, kc, hut mny he 
 expected along the noitheastern borders of the Stat*. The lioary pulwscence principally, and 
 probably insumciently, distinguishes this from E. dcctimbeiui, Nutt., of Oregon, which, in turn, 
 nearly approaches the next. 
 
 12. E. foliosum, Nutt. Sparsely and minutely scabrous-hirsute, or nearly gla- 
 brous : stems erect from a creeping rootstock, one or two feet high, coryrabosely 
 branched above, bearing several short-peduncled heads : leaves numerous to the 
 summit, either broadly or narrowly linear, obtuse (from an inch to at most 2 inches 
 long, and from 2 lines to half a line wide), the lowest sometimes spatulatc : invo- 
 lucre varying from minutely hirsute to glabrous (3 lines high), the narrow scales 
 unequal : rays 30 or 40, narrow, purple-blue or white (sonietimes none) : short 
 bristles of the outer pappus present, but inconspicuous. — Nu(t. in Trans. Am. I''hil. 
 Soc. n. ser. vii. 309, & PI. Gamb. 177. J'J. Dnuglasii, Torr. k Gray, Fl. ii. 177. 
 Diplopappus (V) occidentalis, Hook. A' Arn. —A broader-leaved form with conspicu- 
 ous purple rays is the type of this polymorphous species. The extreme fornis to be 
 noted as varieties are 
 
330 
 
 COMPOSIT^ii). Engeroii. 
 
 Var. stenophyllum, Oniy. Leaves a lino or less in width, sometimes becoiuiiis 
 ulmust lililuiiii.- A'. skiwi>li'i/llain, Niilt. PI. (iiuub. 17G, not of (Jmy in Tacil". K. 
 
 Ki^l). iv. UH. , ,. 
 
 Vivr. inornatum, <!niy. Loaves vavyinjf from spatulate-lmear and A ur J luii's 
 wide to very narrowly linear; involncre ^dabrous : rays none. 
 
 Open woods, &c., from HuiaboKlt uiul Neviula to San Diego Counties, both tlie broader and 
 the narrow-lea vt!d I'ornis. Var. inornatum, which may prove distinct, Mendocino Co., Kellogg 
 and Harford, in several forms; Upper Sacraii>cnto (Newberi-y, "A". JJoiujlasii, var."); near 
 Uonner Lake {Torrcij), and Sierra Valley, Lemmon, &c. If this species, through its longer- 
 leaved forms, should be found to pass into E. decumbens, Nutt., of Oregon, it will still be most 
 l)roper to preserve the name q{ E. foHosum, of the sanro age as the other, although Nuttall lirst 
 described it from an imperlect si>ecimen, and not very correctly as to the akene ; but he re-identi- 
 fied it in his pai)er on Dr. (iambel's collection. 
 
 Kellogg and Harford's No. 31)8 is a remarkable dwarf form, apparently of the var. inonialum, 
 approachmg E. sujifilcx : the involucre is minutely glandular, as also is tho minute roughi.sh 
 punescencc on the branches and leaves. 
 
 13. E. Bupplex, Gray. Villuns-liirsute ; stems a span or two long from slender 
 rootstocks, decumbent, mo.stly simple, terminated by a solitary and peduncled head : 
 leaves spatulate-lanceolatu, mostly acuto (about an inch long and 2 lines wide), the 
 uppermost becoming linear : involucre villous (about 4 lines high), the scales nearly 
 equal and loose: rays wholly wanting: pappus nearly simple. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 353. 
 
 Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, Bolundcr, Kellogg. Collected by Mr. Andrews several 
 years ago, station unknown. 
 
 = = Pappus conspicuously double, the 07iter manifestly chaffy : rays very numerous 
 or none. {Hoot perhaps not perennial.) 
 
 U. E. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute or hispid with long spreading 
 hairs : stems tufted, a span or more high, commonly branching, more or less leafy : 
 leaves spatulate-linear or the radical ones spatulate : involucre hirsute (about 2 lines 
 high), its scales nearly ec^ual : rays narrow, purple or white, 4 or 5 lines long, 
 or in tho 
 
 Var. aphanactis, Gray ; the rays wanting or reduced to an abortive ligule 
 shorter than its style. — Proc. Ajn. Acad. vi. 540. 
 
 Sierra Nevada on the eastern slope in Nevada (^nc?c?so?i, Torrcy), near to and doubtless within 
 the State line ; only the rayless form : thence eastward throughout the interior region. In both 
 forms the outer pappus is sometimes of narrow and acute, sometunes ol decidedly broad and 
 erose or truncate chaffy scales. If not perennial-rooted the species should be placed .ne.\t to 
 E. divergcns. 
 
 .^+ ^+ ^^ Leaves broader {from lanceolate to obovale), in one sj)ecies serrate: rays 
 extremely numerous : outer pappus indistinct if any. 
 
 15. E. speciosum, DC. Sparsely hirsute or almost glabrous : stem stout, erect, 
 1 to 2i feet high, furrowed, branching above, very leafy to the top, bearing 
 several or numerous corymbose heads: cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 entire, bright green, hirsutely ciliate {\\ to 4 inches long), closely sessile or i)artly 
 clasping ; the radical ones spatulate anif tapering into a petiole : heads rather large : 
 scales Zi the involucre .sparsely hirsute, very narrowly subulate : rays very narn.w 
 and mnnerous, violet-purple. — Stenactis speciosa, Limll. Bot. Peg. t. 1577 ; Hook. 
 Bot. Mag. t. 3G07. 
 
 "California, Douglas" ; but it lias not since been oolleiled in the State ; yet probably it 
 occurs in the northern districts, as it is common throughout the moister parts ol Oregon and 
 Washington Territory, whence it was long ago introduced into gardens Heads showy, tully an 
 inch and a half in diameter, including the rays, which are halt an uich long. 
 
 16. E. glaucum, Kor. Hirsute or villous with spreading hairs : stems ascen.l- 
 ing, a span to a foot high, leafy below, bearing solitary or few very large heails : 
 
Eriyeron. COMrOSIT^.. 331 
 
 leaves somewhat succulent, glabrate with age, 1 to 4 inches long, all broad and 
 obtuse, obovate or spatulate-oblong, entire ; the lowest and radical ones narrowed 
 below into a margined petiole, and rarely with a few tectli : involucre villous and 
 somewhat viscid : rays not very narrow, violet. — Axler Ca/i/oniiats, Less. Stetiadis 
 glauca, Necs. Woodvillea calendidacea, DC. Erifjeron maritimum, and i)rol)ably 
 E. hispidum, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Sea-shore, from Monterey to Oregon ; flowering at almost all seasons. Head 2 inches in diam- 
 eter, including the rays, the namo inappropriate, as the herbage is seldom at all glaucous. 
 
 17. E. Philadelphlcum, liinn. I'tiboscent or rather hirsute : Htenis erect from 
 a perhai)s biennial root, 1 to 3 foot high, leafy to the summit, hearing several or 
 numerous corymbose rather small heads : leaves oblong, or the upper oblong-lan- 
 ceolate and partly clasping at base ; the lowest obovate or s[)atulate ; all njore or 
 less irregularly toothed, occasionally nearly entire : involucre minutely appressed- 
 hirsute : rays very narrow and numerous, llcsh-colorcd or reddish-i)urplc : pajipus 
 simple. — E. jmrpnreum,, Ait. 
 
 Moist open grounds, aj)parently not rare through the le!)gth of California and in Oregon ; com- 
 mon in the Atlantic States. Heads less than an nich in "diameter, including the slender rays. 
 
 § 2. Annuals or sometimes biennials, with small or rather small heads and conspicuous 
 rays: pappxis plainly double; the outer a crown or circle of chaffy squamellte 
 rather than bristles, hardly longer than the breadth of the akene and persistent ; 
 the inner of the ordinary slender bristles, but scanty, and deciduous or cadu- 
 cous. — Phalacroloma, Torr. & Gray. 
 « Branched from the base arid spreading : pappus alike in ray and disk ffowers. 
 
 18. E. divergens, Torr. i^: Gray, lloary-pubesoent, diffuse, a span to a foot or 
 80 high, corymbosely l)ranching ; tlio branches terminated by solitary ])cduncled 
 heads : leaves linear, the lowest spatulato and sometimes sparingly toothed or 
 incised : involucre hirsute (about two lines higli) : rays very numerous and slender, 
 pale purple and white, or sometimes bright blue-purph% 3 lines long : receptacle 
 commonly very convex. — E. Bellidiastrnm, Gray in Hall, Oregon Coll. ; Eaton in 
 Bot. King Exp. 150, not of Nutt. (which has simple very deciduous pappus, broad 
 white top to the akene, very flat receptacle, and is ujiknowu west of the Rocky 
 Mountains). 
 
 • Sierra Valley (Lcnmon, with bright-colored rays) : common in Oi-cgon and Nevada, probably 
 in all adjacent parts of California ; extending to Nebraska and New Mexico. Near Tort Mohave, 
 Dr. Cooper; a form like E. cincrcum, Cray, whicli is apparently a low variety, with less convex 
 receptacle. ' 
 
 * * Stem erect, 2 to ^^ feet high, branching only above : heada numerous, loosely corym- 
 bose, comparatively small : ray-flowers having only the short outer pappus, th^ slender 
 bristles ivanting, and in the diRk-flowers very deciduous : rays white. 
 
 19. E. Strigosum, Muhl. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, roughisb or somewhat 
 grayish with a very short appressed pubescence : leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower 
 spatulato and sometimes toothed : lieads loosely corymbed : rays 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 Plumas Co. (Lcmmon) to Oregon ; a form with coarser and looser hairiiuws than the eastern 
 plant, approaching E. annmcm. 
 
 E. ANNUUM, Pers., differs from this in being larger (3 to 5 feet high), hirsute with spreading 
 hairs, and the ovate or ovate-lanceolate lower leaves coarsely toothed or cut. It is a weed of cul- 
 tivated grounds, originally from the Atlantic States, now dispersed over the northern tennM-rate 
 regions, and probably has reached or will reach California. 
 
 § 3. Anmials, with very numerous small (not over 2 linrx long) and narrow heads in 
 a panicle : rays inconspicuous or minute (whitish), hardly exceeding the pale 
 xje.llow or whitish disk-flowers : pappus simple. — C/ENOTUS. 
 
 20. E. Canadense, Linn. (Horseweed.) A homely weed, with slender strictly 
 erect st^.ra, from a few inches to 4 or 5 feet high, nearly glabi-ous or sparsely 
 
332 U(.)M rOSlT Ji Conyza. 
 
 hirsute, thickly beset witli linear entire leaves, or those at the base broader and cut- 
 lobed : leaiy panicle generally long and narrow : pappus simple. 
 
 Wiuitc and culliviUfil LNouiKis, everywhere having tlio aspect of na introduced weed, common 
 uhuobt nil over tlio worUl. 
 
 24. CONYZA, Linn. 
 
 Heads many -flowered, heterogamous, but not radiate ; the pistillate flowers in 
 many series and more numerous than the fertile ones, with only a filiform truncate 
 corolla shorter than the style ; the few central flowers tubular and perfect, or some 
 of them infertile. Involucre of narrow numerous scales, lieceptacle flat or convex, 
 naked. 8tyle-api>endages siiort. Akenes small, flattened, visually nerved only on 
 the margins. l'ai)[)us as in Erujtroii, in ours of simple scanty caj)illary bristles. — 
 Mostly tropical or subtropical weeds, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and 
 small corymbose or i)anicled heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. 
 
 1. C. Coulteri, Gray. Annual (]), somewhat viscidly pubescent, one or two feet 
 high, very leaiy to the top : leaves closely sessile, linear-oblong or the lower spatu- 
 late, coarsely toothed or incisely pinnatitid, a])out an inch long : panicle narrow, 
 virgate : heads very numerous, small, barely 2 lines long : involucre hairy : central 
 perfect flowers 5 to 7. — Troc. Am. A(^ad. vii. iifif). C. suhdeairrem, (Jray, I'l. 
 Fendl. itc., not of DC. JCrigenm discoidta, KeUogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. .OS. 
 
 S. E. borders of the State {Coulter, Cooper) ; on tlie Saii Joaquin {Kellogcj) ; and through Ari- 
 zona to Colorado and Texas. A homely weed. 
 
 25. BACCHARIS, Liniu 
 
 Heads many-flowereil, homogamons, diuicious ; in the sterile plant the flowers 
 seemingly perfect as to style &c., but with abortive ovary ; in the fertile pistillate 
 only. Involucre of dry imbricated scales, destitute of herbaceous tips, the exterior 
 successively shorter. Ifeceptacle commonly flat and naked. Corolla of the fertile 
 flowers small and filiform, truncate, wholly destitute of ligule, shorter than the 
 style : in the sterile flowers tubular with a somewhat expanded 5-cleft limb : the 
 style usually 2-cleft at summit, sometimes undivided. Akenes small, several-ribbed. 
 Pappus in the fertile flowers of copious mostly soft and fine capillary bristles ; in 
 the sterile commonly less coi)ious or less elongated, often tortuous and move den- 
 ticulate. — Shrubby or sometimes herbaceous plants, ours all glabrous, often gluti- 
 nous, with alternate leaves and small mostly clustered heads of white or yellowish 
 inconspicuous flowers. 
 
 A very large genus in South America, a few reaching tlie United States throughout its southern 
 borders, and extending noithward along either coast. 
 
 « Leaves broad, short and obtuse, commonly few-toothed : heads panicidate-glumerate 
 on the very numerous branches : paj>j)us in the fertile flowers at lenyth much exceeding 
 the involucre. 
 
 1. B. pilularis, DC. Shrub | to 4 feet high, glutinous : leaves sessile, obovato 
 or cuneiform, about an inch long, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally 
 entire : heads 2 or 3 or more in a cluster from the axils of the upper leaves, globu- 
 lar, 2 or 3 lines long, the fertile pappus becoming 4 or 5 lines long. — B. pilularis 
 & £. consanguinea, DC. 
 
 Common in sandy soil along the whole length of tlie coast, and reacliing Oregon ; flowering in 
 autumn. De Candolle's speeilic name may relate to the sixe nntl form of the lloweiing heads, or to 
 small globular excrescences, probably galls, which often occur on some branchlets. 
 
Jiaccharis. COMrOSIT.K. 333 
 
 * * Leaves long and Vftrr'ow, acute, sharp!)/ serrnlate or entire : hendu in a nnhd rom- 
 poitvd co7ym/) or c'/me terminating the hcrhareom striate Jharrrinij liranrhrs: bristles 
 of the pappus in fertile Jlowers less copious (20 to .'}()) and little elongating. 
 
 2. B. Douglasii, DC. Slimbby at base, glutinous : leaves lanccolato and very 
 acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate (3 or 4 inches long) and sharply more or less 
 serrulate, triple-ribbed, the uppermost smaller and narrow : heads numerous in a 
 terminal compound corymb : scales of the involucre in the sterile heads broadly, in 
 the fertile narrowly lanceolatedinear, the scarious margins erose-ciliate : receptacle 
 conical! — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259, excl. syn. Nutt. &c. 
 
 Sandy soil and borders of swamps, San Fiancisco to I^os Angeles. The flowering branches are 
 herbaceous. Bristles of the pappus in the fertile flowers denticulate-scabrous. 
 
 3. B. viminea, DC. IMore shrubby, hardly glutinous, paniculately branched : 
 leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire or sparingly denticulate (one to barely 
 three inches long), in<listiuctly 3-nerve(l : heads (3 lines high) rather numerous in 
 terminal corymbs and somewhat racemose clusters on short lateral branches : scales 
 of the involucre very thin, broadly lanceolate or the outer ones triangular-ovate, 
 "with scarious margins eroso and mostly villous-ciliate : receptacle flat (as in most 
 species) : pappus of the fertile flowers of smooth bristles. 
 
 Border of streams, Nana Co. to I.os Angelos. A willow-like shrub : foliage eaten readily by 
 horses and mules. This has been confounded sometimes with B. Dowjlisii in collections. 
 
 4. B. glutinosa, Pers. SufTruticose, less branched than the last : leaves lanceo- 
 late or linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, 3-nervcd from near the base : heads 
 numerous in a terminal compound corymb, rather smaller than in the last : the 
 Bcalos of the iiivolucro similar but of llrmnr and more cliartacoons texture : bristles 
 of the pappus scabrous-denticulate. — Ji. Pingra'a, Nutt. in Trans. Amcr. Phil. Soc, 
 not of Molina. B. ccerulescens, var.. Gray in Bot. ]\Ie.x. Bound. 83. 
 
 San Diego, Nuitall. Los Angeles, Wallace. We cannot now ascertain whether this is 
 Hooker and Aniott's B. glufi.nosa, but it appears to be the Chilian species, and B. Alainani, DC, 
 of Mexico, seems hardly different. 
 
 5. B. Ccerulescens, DC. SufTrutico.se, 2 to 8 feet high, scarcely glutinous : 
 leaves lanceolate, 3 or 4 inches long, acute or acuminate at l)oth ends, sharply and 
 rather remotely serrate or serrulate, 3-nerved from near the base : heads very numer- 
 ous in a compound terminal corymb, small : involucre only 2 lines high ; the scales 
 chartaceous, lanceolate or the outermost ovate-lanceolate, with very narrow and 
 nearly naked scarious margins : pappus of the fertile flowers of scabrous bristles. 
 
 San Diego and San Luis Rey (Parry), Fort Mohave {Cooper, Sdwtl), and through Arizona to 
 Texas and Mexico. 
 
 » * * Leaves small and narrow, obtuse, or tlie paniculatebj miich-lrranched stems and 
 slender rush-like striate-a.ngled branchlets nearly naked. 
 
 G. B. Emoryi, Gray. Suffruticoso : leaves linear, scattered, half an inch or less 
 than an imdi long, entire : heads solitary t(>rminating th(( ])aniculnto branchleU : 
 involucre of the sterile heads 2, of th(^ feitile 3 lin(>s high ; the scales subctu'iaccous, 
 obtuse, the outer ovate, innermost linear : pappus of the fertile (lowers line and copi- 
 ous, attaining half an inch in length : akenes lO-striate. — Bot. Mc.k. Bound. 83. 
 
 San Diego and San Bernardino counties, and in Arizona. 
 
 7. B. sergiloides, Gray, 1. c. SufTruticose : flowering branches often leafless : 
 leaves spatulate or almost linear, a third or a quarter of an inch in length, or 
 reduceil to mere scales, mucronate, entire : heads numerous and panided, the sterile 
 ones nvK'^tly clustered : involucre of the sterile heads 1 i. of the fertile 2 lines high ; 
 the scales ovate-lanceolate, or the innermost linear, rather acute : jiappus of the 
 fertile flowers less copious and little exceeding the involucre : akenes fcw-nerveil. 
 
 Southeastern borders of California, Bigelow, Dr. Lc Conic, Palmer. Also in Arizona. 
 
^34: COMrurilT.K. I'lmMea. 
 
 Triuj.: IV. INIIl.OIDErE. 
 
 Heads heterogaiuous with tlic inargiiial or outer flowers pistillate (in the true 
 Inuleoe radiate in the manner of Asttroide(e, but there are none of these in Cali- 
 fornia), or in our genera discoid, with wholly tubular corollas, but those of pistil- 
 late flowers mostly liliform or very slender, rarely homoganious and more or less 
 dioecious. Anthers appendagcd at the apex, sagittate and the auricles acuminate or 
 tailed (rarely only acute) at base. Branches of the style in perfect flowers margined 
 with stigniatic lines up to the very apex, not tipped with an appendage : sterile 
 flowers comuionly with undividtul style. Akones small, excejjt in Adenocauluu. 
 Leaves alternate, except in Psilocarphas. JHowers in the head all of one color. 
 
 26. PLUCHEA, Cass. 
 
 Head discoid, many-flowered, most of the flowers pistillate and with minutely 
 2-4-toothed corolla, a few hermaphrodite but sterile flowers in the centre with a 
 tubular 5-lobed corolla. Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, thin and dry 
 (purplish), appressed, ovate or lanceolate. Receptacle flat, naked. Stylo of the 
 hermaphrodite flowers minutely 2-toothed or undivided. Akenes small, 4 - 5-an- 
 gled. Pappus uniform, a single series of fine capillary bristles. — Mostly glandular- 
 pubescent, with aromatic or heavy odor ; the small heads in corymbose cymes, the 
 flowei-s whitish or purple. 
 
 1. P. camphorata, PC. Annual herb, a foot or two high, with minute some- 
 what viscid pubescence : leaves oblong-ovate varying to broadly lanceolate, irregu- 
 larly more or less toothed, nearly sessile, somewhat succulent : cyme corymbose, 
 <l(>nso : involucre tinged with purj)lo, minutely viscid-pubescent. — Torr.it (^ray, 
 ¥\. ii. 2GI. 
 
 Salt marshes, Bay of San Francisco {Pickering ami Brackenridge, Bohindcr) ; San Diego, Palmer. 
 Nevada and Arizona ; also eastward along the whole Atlantic coast of the United States. 
 
 27. TESSARIA, Kuiz & Pavon. 
 
 Head and flowers like those of Pluchea ; but scales of the involucre of firm tex- 
 ture ; the outer even coriaceous, broad and short, the innermost narrow and some- 
 what scarious. Pappus of the central flowers (in our species) of flrmer bristles with 
 abruptly dilated tips. — Silky canescent shrubby plants, with cymoso or corymbose 
 rather small heads of purplish flowers : all Western South American, excejit the fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1. T. borealis, Torr. &, Gray. Shrub, with virgato branches, very leafy to thti 
 top : leaves lanceolate^ very acute, entire, sessile, silvery-canescent : heads in a small 
 sessile cluster terminating the branches: involucre broaiUy campanulate ; its outer 
 scales tomentose and ovale, the inner linear and scarious-flmbriate at the tip : recep- 
 tacle not hairy : hermaphrodite flowers G to 8 : the bristles of their pappus niore 
 rigid and with conspicuously enlarged tijis. — ]joory. Rep. 143; PI. Fendl. &, PI. 
 "Wright.; Sitgreaves, Rep. t. 5. Poiypajijms sericeus, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 
 
 Sandy borders of streams, from Vctntina Co. (Uothruck) and southeastward (Coulter, Palmer) 
 through Arizona and New Mexico. Called Cuc/dmillu by the Alexicans, Arrowwood by trav- 
 ellers. 
 
Micropus. COMPOSITyE. 
 
 :J35 
 
 28. ADENOCAULON, Hook. 
 Head discoid; the 4 to 7 marginal flowers pistillate; the 5 or 8 central ones 
 sterile by the abortion of the ovary and stigma; both kinds M'ith nearly similar open- 
 funnelform 4 - 5-Iobcd corolla. Involucre of 5 ovate herbaceous scales in a single 
 series, relloxed in fruit. lieceptacle Hat, naked. Anthers sagittate at base, not 
 tailed. Akenes oblong-club shaped, large, several times longer than the small in- 
 volucre, obscurely fow-ribbed, toward the summit beset with stipitate glands. Pap- 
 pus none. — Herbs with slender paniculately brniiching stems, altornQto and cordftto 
 or reniform thin leaves, which beneath are clothed with lloccose white wool (as well 
 as the stem), at least when young, long margined or winged petioles, and very small 
 
 paniculate heads of whitish flowers ; the pedimcles beset with viscid glands. 
 
 Hook. P.ot. :Misc. i. 119, t. 15, & Fl. i. 308; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 94; Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. viii. 053. 
 
 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Peronnial, one to three feet high : leaves mostly dcltoid- 
 cor<lato and more or less angulate-lobed, very white-woolly beneath, green and early 
 glabrous above, 2 to 4 inches wide : upper part of the stem and especially the long 
 and slender peduncles beset with stalked glands : akenes a third of an inch long or 
 even more. 
 
 Redwooils, from Santa Cruz Co., also in the higli Sierra Nevada, nortli to IJritisb Columbia, 
 thence east to Lake Superior. Leaves rarely somewhat lyrate hy a pair of small basal lobes. 
 There are one or perhai)s two nearly related species in Japan, MamUhuria, and the Himalayas, 
 and two in Chili. _ •' ' 
 
 29. MICROPUS, Linn. 
 Head discoid, several-flowered; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla forming 
 a single series, each wholly enclosed (except the branches of the style) in a con- 
 duplicately infolded and laterally much compressed very gibbous chafl" or scale, which 
 becomes firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous in fruit, and falls at maturity with the com- 
 l)letely enclosed akene, inclined at length to dehisce into two valves : the herma- 
 phrodite but storilo flowora, with 4-r)-toothe(l tubular corolla, few and naked in 
 tho centre. Involucro of few scarioua Bcalos. lJoco])taclo small and HJiort. Akene 
 obovato and gibbous, laterally compressed, smooth, its apex (bearing tho corolla and 
 style) lateral. Pappus none. — Low floccose-woolly annuals ; with entire leaves, 
 and the small heads in sessile clusters. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 297 (excl. § 3 
 & § 4) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 651. 
 
 The genus belongs to the warm -temperate region of the Old World, excepting the following 
 outlying but evidently indigenous species. 
 
 1. M. Californicus, Fisch. & Meyer. Slendor, a span to a foot high, mostly 
 erect, simple or branched, with rather close-pressed Avhite wool: leaves linear: heads 
 in lateral and terminal clusters which are inclined to be spicate : fructiferous smles 
 very woolly, under the avooI smooth and even, half-ohrordate, and with a subulate 
 beak terminating in a somewhat dilated scarious apex : embryo nearly straight. 
 — M. {R/i>/nch(ifrpi.t) nnf/nstifolivi^, Nntt. 
 
 Var. SUbvestitUS, Gray: a form with smaller friictifcrotis scales, clothed with 
 much less wool and that more ai)presse(l, so that the shape is distinctly seen: but it 
 seems to pass into tho ordinary condition. 
 
 Onen grounds, rommon nearly throughout the length of the Slate, cxtiMuling to the islands 
 off Lower California ; also in Oregon. Tho variety from Arroyo Grande, tlie Contra Costa 
 range, &c. 
 
o^^ CUiMPUSlT.E. J'sUucaqjhus. 
 
 30. PSILOCARPHUS, Nutt. 
 
 Head discoid, inuiiy llowcrcil ; tiiu pistilluto lluwcrs with liliform cuvullu, imuicr- 
 oua (20 to 40, mruly 10 to 12), in sevisrul serioa on the doproaaod-globular rt'ciiittiiclo, 
 ouch looacly uiicloacd in uii obovuto or Buuii-obconluto lioodud-aiiccutu vuaicuiur or 
 iiilliiUid chilli' *•!' in:a\v, ('li)tli(id with aol't wool, (jC iiioiiibntiiuccoua tuxtiiic, ita a|i«x 
 iiili'orao and luoio or Icks beaked with a hyahiiu hcuIo ; thu hcriuaphrodilu but Htoiihi 
 Ihiwcra linv and iiukcil in tho ccntio, witii tubidar -1 - 0-toothud corolla. Hi.'alcH ol' 
 thu iuvubiciu lew and auiall, Hiaiiuiis. AUciio idiluug or c) lindiacoous and luodcr- 
 aliily coiupressed, straight (ita small areola tenninal), small and loose in the sac of 
 tilt: bcale, wliich In inoiv. or ]e»* ujm.-ij dtnvii the iiiiicr lace. i'ii\)\tU6 none. — Low 
 and mostly depressed lloccose-woolly annuals, with entire leaves, which are mainly 
 opposite ! Heads small, in terminal capitate clusters and in the forks of the branch- 
 ing stems, involucrate by the upper leaves. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G52. 
 
 Peculiar to Oregon and Ciiliforiiia, and one or two species in Chili. Oui-s appear to be redu- 
 cible to two, bom the tirst of which the Chilian F. (jlobifcrus dillerb, perhaps too slightly, in ita 
 broader leaves and proportionally wider as well as smaller akenes. 
 
 1. P. Oreganus, Nutt. Beset with loose Avhito wool, especially the heads, 
 becoming dilluaely branched, mostly forming spreading tufts : loaves linear t»r the 
 uppermost narrowly oblong : ukenes cylindraceous and slightly compressed, about 
 three fourths of a line long. — F. yluhiferus, Nutt. excl syn. ; a loose woolly form. 
 F. brevissimus, Nutt. ; dwarf-depauperate state of the same. F. Oreyanus, Nutt. ; a 
 state with the white woolliness somewhat appressed. 
 
 Var. elatior, Gray, 1. c. : the most remarkable form, probably an unusually 
 luxuriant condition, a span high, almost erect, with leaves nearly an inch long, and 
 the cluster of heads large in proportion ; as yet found only at Portland, Oregon. 
 
 Santa Barbara to Oregon near the coast, in low grounds along streams. 
 
 2. P. tenellus, Nutt. Canescently tomentose with finer and more a])pressod 
 wool, which soon detaches from the slender or liliform dilfusely very much branched 
 stems, forming prostrate tufts a span or two in diameter : lower leaves spatulate- 
 linear and the upper spatulate : heads smaller, in fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter, but 
 the fertile flowers fpiite as nunuuous : akenes fusiform-oblong, half a line long. 
 
 Low grounds, common bom Sun Francisco, &c., southward. 
 
 3L STYLOCLINE, Nutt., char, cvtcmlcd. 
 Head discoid, many-Uowereil ; the pistillate llowers with liliform corolla, several 
 or many in 2 or many scries, on the columnar receptacle, each with the ovary and 
 akene loosely enclosed in the base or body of an ovate broadly boat-shaped clialf or 
 scale of the receptacle, of scarious or firmer membranaceous texture ; the hermaphro- 
 dite but sterile flowers few in the centre, on the narrow sumnnt of the receptacle, 
 involucrate but not enclosed by 4 or 5 merely concave scales of the receptacle ; 
 their tubular corollas 4-5-toothed. Scales of the involucre hyaline and incon- 
 8l)icuous, or hardly any. Akenes obovate or oblong with a narrow base, slightly 
 oblique or straight ; the areola terminal. Pappus none to the akenes, ci)mmonly 
 a few caducous scabrous bristles around the sterile llowers. — Low lioccose-woolly 
 annuals, Avith entire and alternate leaves (in the manner of the tribe), and small 
 heads in glomerate clusters. In affinity intermeiUate between the preceding genera 
 and the next : Western Nortli American, with one species in Alfghanistan. — 
 (.Iray, 1. c. Micrapus § 3 & § 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 
 
I'Jvax. COMI'USIT.K ,S37 
 
 § 1. Feiiile flowers numerous; (heir chafl)/ siihtendiiKj sca/rs iinhricnfrd in. vuiny 
 
 series in an ovoid head, thin, wholly or jiarthf hi/aline, those next the sterile 
 
 flowers narrower but similar : jmpjms rommonli/ presott to the sterile floivers. 
 
 — EusTYLOCLiNE, Gray. [Stylocline, Nutt.) 
 
 1. S. gnaphalioides, Nutt. A span or less in lioiglit, loosely wliito-woolly, 
 diffusely brancheil : leaves broadly linear or the u]){)er oblonjf, obtuse (barely a 
 quarter of an inch long) : fructiferous scales lightly woolly on the back, broadly 
 ovate, a firmer central portion at the base saccate and enclosing the akeno ; the 
 remainder barely concave and hyaline. — Pacif. K. Koj). iv. 101, t. 13. 
 
 Open grounds, from tlie Stanislaus to Monter<\v, NuUa/l, Andrews, Uigr.low. Seldom collected ; 
 apparently not common. 
 
 2. S. micropoides, Mray. Lower : leaves linear and .somewhat lanceolate, 
 acute : fructiferous scales ovate, with the whole lower jjortion boat-shaped and 
 involving the akene, very woolly on the back, except the upper expanded hyaline 
 ]wrtion. — PI. Wright, ii. 84. 
 
 Southeastern borders of California on the Colorado River {Ncicbcrry), and tlnough Arizona and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 § 2. Fi-rtile flowers 5 to 10; their chaffy scales in not more than two series, boat- 
 shaped and involving the akene, of firm membranaceous texture and with a small 
 hyaline tip, as in Fsilocarphus ; the 5 uppermost scales sterile and larger, 
 forming an involucre round the sterile flowers, herbaceo-coriaceous, open, tapering 
 into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent and at length stellately spreading. 
 
 — ANCiSTROOARrnus, Gray. 
 
 3. S. fllaginea, Gray, 1. c. A span or less liigli, slender, erect, canescent with 
 line and appresscd wool : leaves narrowly linear or somewhat dilated upward : invo- 
 lucre outside of the woolly fructiferous scales obscure or none : pappus to sterile 
 Howers none. — Ancistrocarphus fllagineus. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350. 
 
 Mendocino Co., at Round Valley, Eel River, Bnlandrr. Tliis curious little plant has the 
 aspect of Filarfo Gallica : the heads are inconspicuous : the most prominent parts when developed 
 are the rigid sterile scales (about 2 lines long) with their hooked tips, adapted to attach the 
 small plants, at maturity, to the fleece of. sheep or the coat of cattle. 
 
 32. EVAX, G.ertn., subgenus HESrEREVAX, Gray. 
 
 Head discoid, many-flowered; the pistillate flowers with fdiform corolla in sev- 
 eral series on a convex villous and centrally elevated columnar receptacle, each 
 subtended by an ovate barely concave chartaceous chaffy scale : hermaphrodite but 
 sterile flowers several (G to 10) on the upox of the column of the receptacle, in- 
 volucrate by a whorl of 3 to 5 thicker chaffy scales. Scales of the involucn> 
 few and resembling the chaff of the receptacle. Akenes obovate-oblong with a 
 narrowed base, fltraiglit, more or loHa enn»profl.'=io(l paraliiO to the flubtending chair, 
 very smooth. I'appus none. — G-ray, in Pacif. K. Pej). iv. 101, t. 11 ; Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 350, & viii. G51. 
 
 Evax is an Old-World genus, to which is appended this peculiar Cnlifornian tyjie, apparently 
 of a single species. 
 
 1. E. caulescens, Gray, 1. c. Loav annual, one to three inches high, branching 
 from the base, densely white-woolly : leaves spatulate, with blade a (piarter t^ 
 nearly an inch in length, tapering into a slender petiole : heads incimspicuous in 
 sessile terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary, a line or two in length : chaffv scales 
 of the receptacle becoming rigid, those surrounding IIk! sterile flowers thicker and 
 woolly inside. — Fsilocarphus caulescens, Benth. PI. llartw. 319. 
 
;^,38 ' COxMP0SIT.E. Filayo. 
 
 Valleys in alluvial or gravelly soil, from liiimlwldt Co. and the Sacramento to San l-uis Obispo. 
 The specimens ilibtributeil uniler No. 415 of Kellogg and llurfoid's collection, with shorter and 
 smaller leaves, have a very slender column to the receittaclo, and less villosity. Bolander's I'rom 
 Mendocino Co., otherwise similar, have a shorter and thicker cohunn, and nuieh villosity to 
 the roceptucle. In none is tlio cohunn so thick as represented on the plate above cited. 
 
 83. FILAGO, Linn. 
 
 Head discoid, the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla few or many in more than 
 one series on the obconical or short-columnar but flat-topped receptacle, each in the 
 axil of a concave or boat-shaped hyaline chalf or scale, or nearly enclosed in it ; the 
 perfect and fertile or rarely infertile flowers several in the centre, with tubular 4-5- 
 toothed corollas. Akenes oblong, almost terete, commonly glandular or roughish- 
 papillose. Pappus a series of rather copious capillary scabrous bristles, or commonly 
 none to the outer pistillate flowers. — Mostly erect and low or slender lloccose- 
 woolly annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and small heads in capitate lateral and 
 terminal clusters : natives of the Old AVorld, one or two sparingly naturalized and 
 two indigenous in the New. 
 
 1. F. Californica, Nutt. Erect, a span or two higli, slender, often paniculately 
 branched : leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, about halt' an inch long : clusters of 
 ovoid and somewhat angled heads axillary and terminal : pistillate flowers 8 to 10 : 
 their scales broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, very woolly outside, almost en- 
 closing the akene, the hyaline tip broad and very obtuse ; inner scales narrowly 
 oblong, nearly glabrous, very obtuse : ukenes gland ular-roughish : pappus none to 
 the exterior flowers. — F. Californica '& F. parvula, Torr. & Gray. Gnaphalium (?) 
 filaginoides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 359. 
 
 Open ground, common through the western part oi" the State, and evidently indigenous. Most 
 like the European F. arrcnuis. 
 
 ¥. AiilzuNiCA, (hay, in I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. (552, the second native species, collected in Ari- 
 zona anil Guadalupe Island, oil' Lower CaliConiia, is a peculiar small species, with prolil'erous lili- 
 form naked branclies, somewhat resembling i'. spulhulata, and is not unlikely to occur in the 
 southern part of the State. 
 
 34. ANTENNARIA, Gicrtn. 
 Head discoid, diojcious, niany-llowered ; the pistillate with filiform truncate 
 corollas shorter than the 2-cleft style ; staminate with tubular 5-lobed corollas and 
 style with undivided truncate apex. Involucre of imbricated scarious persistent 
 scales, at least their tips white or colored. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. 
 Akenes small, nearly terete or flattish, mostly glabrous. Pappus a single series of 
 capillary bristles ; those of the fertile flowers very slender, connate at base and so 
 falling from the akene in a body; those of the sterile often crisped, mostly thick- 
 ened at the apex, like the ant(!nnfo of some insects (whence the generic name). — 
 Low white-woolly cespitosu perennials, with alternate entire leaves, and usually 
 corymbose, sometimes solitary small heads ; belonging to mountains or cold regions, 
 excepting the common A. plantatjimfuUa, of the Atlantic States, which also extends 
 ■westward and northward to Oregon. (The common Everlasting, A. margaritacta, 
 is now included in the next genus.) 
 
 A. RACEMOSA, Hook., of Oregon, &c., is remarkable for little wool, loosely racemose or panicu- 
 late heads, bristles of the pappus rather less united at base, and style of steiile flowers slightly 
 2-lobgd at the apex. 
 
Avfeinwrin. COMPOSIT^E. 339 
 
 § I. Bristles of (lie pappns of the sterile flowers hardly at all thickened hut sparsely 
 barbellate at the summit ; of the fertile flowers smooth : akene oblonrj linear, 
 cinereous with a minute 2nibescence, consisting of short bi-uncinate hairs ! 
 
 1. A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gray. Depressed, fonuing close matted tufts only an 
 inch or two liigli : the thickish rootstocks creeping : leaves spatulate, silky-woolly 
 both sides, crowded on the branches of the rootst(.ick : heads solitary and sessile, 
 proportionally large, terminating extremely short or occasionally more developed (one 
 or two inches long) leafy steins : scales of the tur])inatc involucre mostly glabrous, 
 brownish ; those of the sterile head ovate-lanceolate, of the fertile more narrowly 
 lanceolate and acuminate. 
 
 On tlie Sierra Nevada, along tlie eastern border of tlic State ; tlicnce nortliward and eastward 
 to and rather beyond the Rocky Mountains. There are two forms, one (var. Nuttallii, Eaton, in 
 Bot. King Exp.) with head only 3 or 4 lines long; the other (var. mncrocephiila, Eaton) with large 
 liead, the fertile when in fruit sometimes as much as 9 lines in length. On the Spi[>en River, 
 Washington Terr., a var. {flagcllaris) was gathered in the Wilkes Expedition, with liliform pro- 
 liferous shoots or stolons. 
 
 § 2. Bristles of the pappus of the sterile flowers clavate or thickened at the apex : 
 akene shorter, glabrous or minutely papillose : heads in a cluster {or occasion- 
 ally solitary) terminating a leafy or rarely scapiform jlowering stem. 
 
 * Cespitose by means of surculose or stolon-like leafy sterile shoots from tlie base : up- 
 
 rigid flowering stem simple. 
 
 2. A. dioica, Gaertn. Eadical shoots forming broad matted tufts on the ground, 
 bearing rosettes of spatulate or oblanceolate white silvery-tomentose leaves : flower- 
 ing stems 2 to 10 inches liigh, bearing mostly linear heaves and several or numerous 
 beads in a close corymb : scales of the involucre with obtuse or roundish mostly 
 pearly- white but often rose-colored tips, of rather papery texture : bristles of the 
 pappus of the sterile flowers abrujitly dilated into a broad and flat tip. 
 
 Sierra Nevada above Yoseniitc Valley, and northwanl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and 
 tiiose of Nevada, Oregon, &c., usually at liigher elevations tlian in tlic Old World : collected in 
 the Klamath country by Dr. Cronkhitc, and Sierra Valley by Lcrmmm, with bright rose-colored 
 heads : doubtless the white forms not wanting in the northern and northeastern parts of the 
 State. Dr. Kellogg, in Proc. (_'alif. Acad. v. 45, has described this a-s a flnnpluiJium near O. 
 purpurcum, viz. G. Ncvadensc, Kellogg. 
 
 3. A. alpina, Grertn. Radical shoots less tufted : leaves nearly as in the pro- 
 ceding, but less silvery : flowering stems an inch to 4 inches high, bearing a close 
 cluster of few heads, or sometimes n single head : scales of the involucre livid-brown 
 and thin-scarious (occasionally the innermost with white or whitish tips), acute or 
 acutish in the fertile, more obtuse in the sterile heads : bristles of the pappus in 
 the latter with less abrupt and broad tips. 
 
 Along the Sierra Nevada at 10,000 feet or more, and in the alpine portion of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, extending to the arctic regions, also in the Old World. 
 
 * * Destitute of stolons or prostrate sterile shoots, or with few very short ascending ones. 
 
 +■ Stems simple and virgate from a rather stout rootstock, the naked summit bearing a 
 corymb of broad heads : bristles of sterile pappus with conspicuously dilated tips. 
 
 4. A. Carpathica, I\. Brown. Silvery white-woolly : stems a span to a foot 
 or more high : radical and lower leaves lanceolate and ohlanceolate, conspicuously 
 3-nerved ; the upper becoming linear : beads large (at least the fertile ones 4 or /) 
 lines long), few or several in a close corymbose cluster : involucre very woolly 
 and turbinate at base ; its scales livid or brownish and in the sterile heads with ob- 
 tuse white tips, those of the fertile beads more scarious and acutish or acute : akencs 
 smooth and glabrou.g. — The form corresi)onding with the European plant about a 
 span high. 
 
340 COMPOSlTJi. Anlennariu. 
 
 Var. pulcherrima, Hook., is often a foot and a half high, with lowest leaves 3 
 to 5 inches long, luid 3 to 12 lines wide; the uppermost reduced to linear or subu- 
 late bracts. 
 
 Not yet detected witliin lliu limits of Culifoniia, the nearest stations being in the lluvullah and 
 Ettil liiunboidt Alountains, Nevada, H^attii/n. The next much resembles it. 
 
 5. A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-silky : stems slender, 8 to 2U inciies 
 higli : radical und lower leaves IVuni linear-lanceolate to spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, 
 the others linear: heads small (2 or 3 lines long), n\imerous in a corymbuse cluster: 
 involucre nearly glabrous ; its scales barely brownish at base, all M-ith white (or 
 rarely rose-colored) and rather papery tips, those of the sterile heads very obtuse, of 
 the lertile less so : akenos glandular. — The tyi)ical form, with all the leaves very 
 narrow, is known only in Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 
 Var. argentea, Gray, has all the lower leaves wider, oblanoeolate or even spatu- 
 late, an incli or so long, 3 or 4 lines broad. — Pacif. K. liep. iv. 54. A. argentea, 
 Benth. PI. Hartw. 319. 
 
 Mountains, Upper Sacramento to Mariposa Co., above tlie Yosemite Valley, &c. Biistles of 
 the pappus in the fertile plant very slightly united at base, nmch less so than in the American 
 forms of A. C(irj/alhicu. 
 
 +- +- ASleum simple or braaclicd from a cespUose base, leaj'y : (he heads paaided or 
 racemose and narrow. 
 
 G. A. microcephala, Gray. Silvery-silky : stems slender, erect, a span higli, 
 leafy nearly to the summit : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, or the lower spatulate 
 and the upper linear, above gradually reduced to small subulate bracts : heads small 
 (about 2 lines long) and rather few-howered, numerous in a loose naked panicle : 
 involucre glabrate, of wholly scarious and tlun obtuse scales, destitute of papery 
 tips : akenes very glandular : pappus of fertile flowers not longer than the corolla, 
 of the sterile with much dilated tips. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74. 
 
 Sierra Co., Lanmon : first detected in Washoo Valley, Nevada, by Mr. Stretch. Involucre 
 liglit brownish, the tips of the inner scales sometimes rose-colored. 
 
 7. A. Geyeri, Gray. Densely white-woolly : branches barely a span high from 
 a prostrate tufted base, very leafy to the top : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or sjjatu- 
 late, short : heads (3 or 4 lines long) thickish, cylindraceous, the fertile usually few 
 and somewhat spicatcs the sterile liardly more numerous and rather corymbose : 
 involucre woolly below ; Llie inner scales with glabrous obtuse iia[»ery tips, which 
 are either ivory-white or deep rose-colored : bristles of the sterile papi)us gradually 
 and moderately Ihickened upwards. — Ph Pendl. 107, &i Pacif. Iv. lve[). 1. c. 
 
 Northeastern borders of California, Newberry. Sierra Co., Lciamon. Discovered by Getjer in 
 the interior of Oregon. 
 
 35. ANAPHALIS, DC. Eveulasting. 
 Heads discoid, incompletely dia-cious ; viz. the pistillate with filiform 2-4- 
 toothed corollas very numerous, and a few (or occasionally no) hermaphrodite but 
 sterile flowers, with tubular 5-lobed corollas, in the centiHi ; the staminate nearly as 
 in Antennaria. Involucre campanulate, of many ranks of mostly snow-wdiite scari- 
 ous scales. Receptacle flat, naked. Style in the staminate flowers usually 2-cleft 
 merely at the apex. Pappus a single series of capilhuy bristles, unconnected at base, 
 in the sterile flowci-s (at least in our species) slightly thickened upwards. — Peren- 
 nials, all Asiatic (Himalayan, &c.), except one species, with wholly the aspect of 
 Gnaphalium, which is dispersed all round the northern hemisphere, especially 
 through Xorth America, viz. 
 
GnnphaUnm. COMPOSITE. 
 
 341 
 
 1. A. margaritacea, Henth. White-woolly, ono to tliroc foot lii-'ii, leafy up 
 to the bmad compound corymh : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches 
 long, mainly l-nerved, the upper face early becoming glabrous and green : scales of 
 the involucre very numerous and pearly white, obtuse, not longer than the flowers 
 -—Gnaphahum margnritaceinn, Linn. Antennaria margaritacea, R Brown, kc. 
 
 Thickets and open grounds from near San Francisco northward, mostly in cool districts : 
 ATnf- iT abundant in (al.for.ua hut common in Oregon, a3 it also is in the Northern 
 Atlantic States and in Northenstcrn Asia. 
 
 36. QNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cudweed, Eveulasting. 
 Heads all alike, discoid, heterogamous ; the pistillate flowers numerous in several 
 series, with filiform corollas ; the perfect and fertile flowers fewer in the centre, 
 with tubular 4 - 5-lobed corollas. Involucre campanulate or ovoid, of several or 
 many ranks of scarious or scarious-tipped scales. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. 
 Stylo in perfect flowers 2-cleft. Akenes oblong or obovate. Pappus a single series 
 of capillary bristles, -which are barely scabrous and not thickened upward. — Floc- 
 cose-wooUy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and yellowish or whitish flowers. 
 A largo genus, widely dispersed over the world, only a few of them North American. 
 § 1. Bristles of the pappus unconnected, falling separateli/. — True Gnaphalium. 
 * Heads or clusters terminating the erect stem or its branches : scales of Uie involucre 
 very numerous and more or less bright-colored, white or whitish, rarely tinged rose- 
 color or ijellowish, and glabrous except the base. {.Vostly biennials ?) 
 
 -t- Corymbose or sometimes densely glomerate heads broad. 
 
 1. G. decurrens, Ives. Eather stout, from ono to nearly three feet high, vis- 
 cid-glandular under the more or less deciduous or loose avooI : leaves conspicuously 
 decurrent, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (1^ to 3 inches long, 2 to 4 lines broad), 
 acute : heads very numerous in dense corymbose clusters : involucre broadly cam- 
 panulate, white (sometimes becoming sordid); the scales oval or ovate. The 
 
 var. Californicum (G. Calif ornicum, DC.) has jnostly a bright white involucre, 
 rarely tinged with rose-color; the scales obtuse. 
 
 Common on hillsides, from San Diego through Oregon, where it occurs with duller-white in- 
 volucre as xn ih&G (kcurreiv< of the Northern Atlantic States. Akenes smooth except under a 
 strong lens, which shows mmuto scabrous points. 
 
 2. G-. Sprengelil, Hook. & Am. Commonly rather stout and strict, a span to 
 a foot and a half high, leafy to the top, densely white-woolly, not glandular : leaves 
 linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, somewhat decurrent : heads in a dense capi- 
 tate cluster or a few clusters : involucre campanulate ; its scales oblong-oval, obtuse, 
 white, rarely tinged yellowish, often becoming rather sordid or tawny : akeno.s 
 almost smooth. — r,ot. Beochey, l^O; Torr. ,^ Cray, Fl. ii. 427. G. luteo-album, 
 mainly or wholly, of American authors. 
 
 Hillsides, &c., apparently throughout the State, thence northward to Oregon and ea.stward to 
 New Me.xico. O. hilco-album, Linn, (which the more slender forms of this approach, and to 
 which G. Vira-vira of Chili seems to belong) is a weaker plant, witli fewer clusters of heads, more 
 tawny involucre, and akenes studchul with glandular elevations. Very jirohably G. Sandiricai- 
 sium, Gaudichaud, is an older name of this species. 
 
 -«--«- Paniculate rather than corymbose heads narrow: stems at length loosely much 
 
 branched. 
 
 3. Gr. microcephalum, Nutt. White-woolly, not glandular : stems a foot or 
 .two high, slender : leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate (an inch or so in length), 
 
342 COMPOSITiE. Gnaphaliam. 
 
 slightly decurrent : heads in numerous small clusters terminating the paniculate 
 branches : involucre cylindraceous becoming narrowly campanulate ; the scales 
 dull white, obtuse or acutisii. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 404 ; 
 Gray, PI. Wright., &c. 
 
 Above the Yosemito Valley (Dolander), and Siena Valley (Lemmon) ; perhaps also near l^ay of 
 Saa Francisco. Also in ()iej,'on, Nevada, and cjvst to New Mexico. Heads 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 4. Gr. ramosissimum, Nult. Viscid-glandular, green, lightly woolly : stems 3 
 to 6 feet higli : leavea linear-lanceolate, acute, conspicuously decurrent : heads very 
 numerous and either separate or clustered on the loosely paniculate branches : invo- 
 lucre somewhat turl)inate ; the scales dull white and often tinged with rose-color, 
 acutish. — PI. Gamb. 17.'} ; Gray in P)ot. Wilkes Exp. 3G3. 
 
 Hay of San Francisco to Monterey. Heads not lari,'er than those of the foregoing species. The 
 wlor anil the glamliiiur heiliage aa in </. ilirurrciui, 
 
 * * Heads small, inconspicuous, in sessile lateral and terminal caj/Uate looolly clus- 
 ters, subtended by leaves : involucre of rather few and sordid or brownish scales : 
 stems low and ivtak or diffuse, from an annual root. 
 
 5. Gr. palustre, Nutt, Loosely very woolly, an inch to a span high, mostly 
 erect and branching mainly from thebaso : leaves spatulate verging to lanceolate or 
 linear : heads 2 lines long : scales of the involucre linear, obtuse, pale brown with 
 whitish tips. — G. palustre & G. (/ussi/pinum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 
 
 Common in moist grounds through the I'aiiific States, and eastward to and beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 G. ULiGiNosuM, Linn., the common little Cudweed of the Eastern States and the Old World, 
 has been credited to (.'alifornia, but probably by mistaking small forms of the foregoing, iVoni 
 which it may be distinguishwl by its more ditiuse growth, heads only a line long, and propoi lion- 
 ally broader scales of the involucre, of a chestnut-brown color. 
 
 § 2. Bristles of the pappus united at base into a ring : heads in axillary sessile 
 clusters or sjyicate-cjlomerate : involucre as in the preceding subdivisio7i (of 
 brownish and not very numerous scales). — (iAMOCHiKTA. (Gamocha'ta, Wed- 
 dcll.) 
 
 6. Gr. purpureum, Linn. A span to a foot or more high, ascending from an an- 
 nual or more emluring root, coated with appressed white wool: lower leaves spatulate, 
 their upper surface often becoming naked and green ; upper leaves mostly spatulate- 
 linear, gradually dinunishod to luiicts of the glomerato-spicato inllorescence, the 
 lower small clusters of which are commonly rather distant : involucre tawny or 
 brownish tinged with ijurplish. 
 
 Pacific shore, from ("ohinibia Hivcr to Santa Barbara (and again in Chili, &c.), agreeing with 
 the plant of the Atlantic const. <}. uslulatum, Nutt. 1. c, from Santa Barbara, is probably the 
 same, perhaps of the more southern G. spicatum form. 
 
 TiiiBE V. IIELIANTIIOIDE^. 
 
 Distinguished from Asteroidece chiefly by the chaff on the receptacle, at least next 
 the margin, and subtending fertile flowers, pappus never capillary or of numerous 
 bristles, and the leaves all or most of them opposite ; the corollas commonly yellow ; 
 the branches of the st'ylo often truncate or tipped with a cone or cusp : from lleleni- 
 oidece known by the chaff of the receptacle, &c. 
 
 The first subtribe (Ambrosieoe, which might as well be regarded as a tribe) is most peculiar in 
 the Artemisia-like habit, and the few or solitary fertile flowers, with corolla wanting or leduced 
 to a short tube, and leaves not rarely alternate. 
 
 The whole tribe is much more copio\isly represented in the Atlantic States than in California. 
 
Hymenodea. COMPOSITE.. . 343 
 
 37. OXYTENIA, Nutt. 
 Head heterogamous, discoid, about 5 marginal flowers pistillate and apetalous, 
 consisting merely of ovary and 2-cleft style; the other flowers 10 to 20, staminate 
 (their ovary and stigma abortive), Avith funuelform 5-Iobed corolla and uiulivided 
 style, and nearly distinct anthers, these with blunt tips. Involucre of about 5 thin 
 and broad scales. Eeceptacle chaffy, a spatulate villous scale subtending each or 
 most of the sterile flowers and falling with them. Akencs obovate, turgid, beset 
 "with long villous hairs, crowned (at least when young) with a largo and protu- 
 berant annular disk. Pappus none. — Genus nearly related to the next, of one 
 species, viz. 
 
 1. O. acerosa, Nutt. Shrubby, 3 or 5 feet high, whitened with a fine pubes- 
 cence : branches rigid, rush-like, mostly naked, terminated by the racemose or 
 paniculate-clustered inflorescence of small woolly heads : leaves as far as known 
 alternate, either pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate or the uppermost simple and like tlie leaf- 
 lets, i. e. very narrowly linear and revoluto so as to appear filiform or acerose, 2 to 4 
 inches long, rigid. — PI. Gamb. 172. 
 
 Southeastern borders of California and adjacent parts of Arizona, in a desert region, Gambel, 
 Lieut. Wheeler. 
 
 38. IVA, Linn. 
 
 Head heterogamous, discoid ; a few marginal flowers pistillate and with a short 
 
 tubular corolla ; the other and more numerous flowers staminate (their ovary and 
 
 stigma abortive), with funnolform 5dobcd corolla and undivided style: anthers 
 
 nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre few and mostly in a single series, commonly 
 
 united into a cup. Receptacle chaffy with linear or spatulate scales subtending 
 
 sterile flowers. Akenes obovate, thick, naked, often granulate ; no disk at the apex. 
 
 — Leaves simple, at le.ast some of the lower opposite. Heads small, nodding on 
 
 short pedicels, either in the axils of the leaves, or in terminal spikes or panicles. 
 
 A genus of several species on the eastern side of the continent, one of which extends from the 
 Missouri llivor to tlio Pacific, viz. 
 
 1. I. axillaris, Pursh. Perennial, branching, a span to a foot and a half high, 
 varying from minutely hirsute to glabrous, and the sessile entire leaves from 
 broadly linear to spatulate or obovate (about an inch long) : heads solitary in their 
 axils, hemispherical : scales of involucre about 5, broad, united at base or beyond 
 the middle. 
 
 Var. pubescens. Villous with lax spreading hfiirs ; the involucre turbinate and 
 almost entire. — Gray in Bot. "Wilkes Exp. 350. 
 
 Sandy and usually saline soil, near the coast, also along the western borders of the State, and 
 north to British Columbia. The variety from bay of Sun Francisco. 
 
 39. HYMENOCLEA, Torr. k Gray. 
 Heads homogamous and unisexual, monoecious ; the staminate ones many-flow- 
 ered ; the pistillate one-flowered ; the two kinds intermixed in the axillary sessile 
 clusters, or the staminate in upper axils. Staminate flowers in a hemispherical 
 licad, with an open 5-C-lobpd iiivolucro, similar to those of ylvihmsia (oidy the 
 chair of the receptacle is much dilated, and the inflexed tip of the anthers is blunt): 
 pistillate flower solitary in a closed and akenedike involurro, which is pointed with 
 a slender beak from the tip of which the style protrudes, its middle adorned 
 
344 COMPOSIT.E. Hijmenodea. 
 
 with 9 to 12 broad and silvery-scarioua persistent wings: corolla none. Akene as 
 in Ambrosia, S:.c. — Low and much branched hhnibby plants, of arid deserta, Arto- 
 jnitiia-liku in habit; with idturnatu linuui^lilifonn luavua, minutely canesoont beneath, 
 the lower sparingly pinnately i»arted, and small lieada sessile in i)rofu8o panielt)(l 
 clusters. — ri. lu-ndl. 7'J ; Torr. VI l''remont. t. 8. 
 
 1. H. Salsola, Torr. & Gray. Fruiting invulucre spindle-shaped and strobile- 
 like, being covered with the spirally disposed orbicular scales (each a quarter of an 
 inch long), which are imbricated when moist, but spreading when mature and dry. 
 
 Sandy saliiio upliinda near tlie Mohave lliver (Fremont, Cooper), and through tlie desert interior 
 to N. W. Nevada, on the borders of CaUt'ornia, JFalii07i, Leiiimon. 
 
 2. H. monogyra, Torr. & Gray. Fruiting invohicre smaller (2 lines long), 
 bearing at the muldle a single whorl of obovate or rhombic-reniform radiating scales. 
 
 Kiver liottonis, San Diego {Cleveland), thence to tlie Gila : not rare in Arizona, &c. Plant 
 3 to 5 feet liigh. Tlie young plant so named in the Botany of King's Expedition belongs to the 
 preceding species. 
 
 40. AMBROSIA, Tourn. UA(iWKKn. 
 Heads homogamous and unisexual, niona'cious (sometimes nearly dioecious) ; the 
 pistillate one-llowered, mostly in the axils of npi^sr leaves ; the staminate several- 
 llowered in panicled or single terminal racemes or spikes, without bracts. Stand- 
 nate flowers in an open seveml-lobed or almost entire truncate herbaceous involucre, 
 subtended by slender or filiform chaff; their corollas broad and 5 • toothed ; their 
 anthers almost distinct, tipped with a slender-acuminate inflexed appendage ; ovary 
 and stigma none or rudimentary ; style with truncate tip radiately timbriate. Pis- 
 tillate tlower in a closed akeno-like one-celled involucre, which at maturity is armed 
 below the short rigid beak with a single row of 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines, or 
 sometimes naked : corolla none. Akene ovoid or obovate, thick : pappus none. — 
 Weedy coarse annuals, or perennials, with mostly lobed, pinnatifid, or piniialely 
 divided and cleft leaves, the lower at least opposite ; the small heads greenish, or 
 the sterile flowers barely yellowish. Chiefly American and widely diff"used, but 
 apparently very scanty in California. 
 
 1. A. artemisiaefolia, Linn. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-hirsute : 
 leaves thinnish, twice pinnatihd : fruit (i. e. fruiting involucre) smooth below, not 
 reticulated, armed with about ti very acute horns or spines. 
 
 This, the common JioiiuDt IVormicood or Bitter weed of the East, can hardly be absent from 
 California. S. IValson collected it in Nevada, and others in Oregon. 
 
 2. A. psilostachya, UC. Perennial, more strigosely hirsute than the forego- 
 ing, with thicker and less divided leaves, the upper only once pinnatifid : fruit 
 puberulent, rugose-reticulated, without horns or spines, or with short and rather 
 blunt ones. — A. coronopifoiia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 291. 
 
 San Luis \\i.'.y {Coulter, Parry); l?ay of San Francisco {Pickering &w\ Brackenridfje) ; San 
 Diego Co., I'aliiicr. Also in Nevada, and thenco eastward lo Texas and Illinois. 
 
 41. PRANSERIA, Cav. 
 Heads, flowers, &.c., as in Ambrosia, except that the fertile involucre is armed 
 with more than one rank of prickles or spines, and is l-4:-celIed and 1 -4-flowered. 
 — All American herbs or suffrutescent plants; the greater part North American 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
Frnni^erin. COMTOSITyE. ' o^c 
 
 § 1. Fertile involucre \-2-celled, armed with several stout or fattened and stravjht 
 
 or merely curved spines. 
 
 * Annual: spines on the fruit very flat and broad. 
 
 1. F. Hookeriana, Nutt. A foot or so high, rough-hirsute: leaves twice 
 pinnatihd, either green or strigosely hoary beneath : ra.^cmes panicled : fruitin<r 
 involucre smooth ov sonietunes sparingly hirsute, ahout 3 lines Ion" • its wi.lelv 
 spreading spines lanceolate-subulate and thin. — Ambrosia amnthicarpa, J look. 
 
 Lo. AnKolos. Bvcurv. Knston. lu,r,lors of tl.o Stnto, M„no T>nk.. Botamhr. Tl.onro rmnmo.i 
 to Oiojron, Icvivs, Ncl)iivskn, &c. li.voluoio ap|miontly always ono-ll..w(M(!.l and ono-collo<l. 
 
 * * Perennial, sometimes woody at base. 
 
 +- Leaves twice or thrice pi nnat el y parted, their ultimate divisions small. 
 
 2. F. dumosa, Gray. Shrubby and divergently much branched, a foot or so 
 high, canescent with hue and close white pubescence : leaves with rather few obtuse 
 lobes, some of them only simply pinnatifid : fruiting involucre nearly glabrous ■ the 
 spines flat and subulate. — Kep. Frem. 2nd Exp. 31G. F. albicaultJi Tor/ PI 
 Fremont, 16. , . . 
 
 Gravelly plains, southeastern borders of the State, Coulter, Schotl, Cooper, he. Also in Arizona. 
 
 3. F. pumila, Nutt. Herbaceous, a span liigh, canescently silky-hirsute : " root 
 creeping": leaves thrice pinnatifid, the lobes crowded : spike dense : "spines of the 
 fruit not exserted." — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil." Soc. n. ser. vii. 344. 
 
 Near San Diego, NuftaU, Parry. All the specimens seen are yoni.g, and the fruit unfonned 
 hut Delpino (Studj sopra Artem.), who makes of tliia a Reims {Ilnninmhrosin) says that tlin 
 nj.per fertile involucres are 2-cellcd and 2-llow(MTd, the lower one-coll.Ml and onc-llowered. Nnt- 
 tall assigns sliort spines to the fruit. Very i)rol.al)iy tliis species is a dwarf Avibrosia tmuifolia. 
 
 4. F. bipinnatifida, Nutt. Herbaceous : stems decumbent or trailing, 2 or 3 
 feet long, somewhat hirsute : loaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, canescently hirsute or 
 almost silky: spike dense: fruiting involucre ncariy glabrous; its spines rather 
 short, stout, conical-subulate, flattened. 
 
 Along the sea-shore from San Diego to British Columbia. Fraiting involucre 4 or 5 Hues 
 long, rather narrow. Perhaps, as Lessing supposed, a form of the next. 
 
 -t- "*- Leaves undivided or merely incised. 
 
 5. F. Chamlssonis, Less. Herbaceous : stems trailing, a foot or two long, 
 stout, appressed-hirsute : leaves silky-canescent or silvery, varying from oval to 
 cuneate-oblong, contracted at base into a long petiole, unequally and obtusely ser- 
 rate, sometimes incised, rarely almost pinnatifid : spike dense : fruiting involucre 
 sparsely hirsute ; its spines very stout and flattish. — F. Chamissonij<, var. malv,v- 
 folia, Less. F. cuneifolia, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Sea-shore, in sand, from San Francisco north to British CoUinibia. 
 
 6. F. deltoidea, Torr. Herbaceous with more or less woody base, low, canes- 
 cent with a hnoaiKl close woollinoss, which is partly deciduous with nge : branrho,s 
 slender : leaves varying from deltoid-ovate or almost hastate to rhombic-lanceolate, 
 obtusely and finely serrate, sometimes sparingly incised, on slender petioles : sterile 
 heads rather loosely racemed : spines of the ovoid 2-flowered involucre flat and 
 thin, broadly lanceolate subulate, pubescent or alino.st glabrous. — PI. Fremont. 
 15, & Jiot. Mex. I5ound. 80. 
 
 Southonstern frontiers of the State : common on the Gila : also in T,ower Galifoniia if, as is 
 prolmhle, tills is also /'. chninpodiij'olin , Hcnth. Hot. Snlpii. 20, the older name. 
 
 7. F. eriocentra, Gray. Shrubby, low, hoary-pubesrent : branches slender : 
 leaves varying from cuneato to lanceolate, sparingly inrisod : heads mostly glomerate : 
 fruiting involucre and its rigid neariy terete subuhite spines; rj.ithcd with long vil- 
 lous wool. — Proc. .\m. Arad. vii. 3.'^5. 
 
346 COMPOSITE. Franserui. 
 
 Southeastern borders of the State : eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. On the 
 Colorado, Newberry. iMuiting involucre in the si)eciniens examined one-celled and one-seeded. 
 
 § 2. Fertile involucre mostli/ 2-rclled and 2-Jhwered, small, armed tvith short and 
 stoat incurved hook-tipped spines : leaves dissected. 
 
 8. F. tenuifolia, ^!niy. Herbaceous, iippavcntly j)uromiial : Hteiii orucl, 1 to 3 
 feet high, hirsuLu : leaves twice or thrice piiinatilid or dissected, strigosely pubescent 
 or hirsute, or sometimes even canescent beneath ; tlie ultimate divisions linear ; 
 small lobes often interposed on the rhachis : sterile spLkes simple aud elongated or 
 paniculate : fertile involucres glomerate, at maturity only one or two lines long, 
 ovoid or globular, minutely pubescent : its short and stout subulate spines more or 
 less incurved and with uncinate tips. — PI. Fendl. 80 ; 1*1. Wright., &c. 
 
 Southciiatorn liordcrij of the Stiitc, thonco eastward to the Gulf of Mexico; also in the Sand- 
 wich Islands, and in Lower California, Cape San Lucas, Xantiis. Doubtless it is also F. hispida, 
 Beuth. Bot. Sulph. (although that is said to have sometimes four Howors in the involucre) : but 
 the present name will still hold, as Ambrosia tenuij'olia, Sjjreng., is, it appears, the very same 
 species. 
 
 § 3. Fertile involucre 2 - i-celled, 2 - A-Jlowered, thickly beset (like Xanthium) xvith 
 slender and rather soft hook-tipj)ed prickles. 
 
 9. F. ambrosioides, Cav. Tall, 4 to 6 feet high, with a woody base, hirsute- 
 pubescent: leaves oblung-iunceolate with mostly truncate or conlate base, acuminate, 
 unequally toothed, 3 to 5 inches long, tiio petiole sometimes wing-ap[)endaged at 
 base : sterile raceme rather loose : fruiting involucre lialf an incli long, minutely 
 hispid. 
 
 Occurs near the southeastern and the southern frontiei-s of the State, and probably within its 
 limits. Not rare in Mexico. 
 
 42. XANTHIUM, Touni. Cocklebuii, Clothur. 
 
 Heads homogamous and unisexual, niona>cious, in axillary or terminal clusters 
 or short interrupted s[iike3; the pistillate 2-llowered and underneath the several- 
 flowered staminate. IStaminate Uowers as in Ambrosia, except that the involucre is 
 of several distinct and narrow scales, and the receptacle more or less elevated, its 
 chaff broader. Pistillate flowera enclosed in a bur-like ovoid or oblong closed 
 indurated involucre, which is 2-celled, 2-flowered, and armed all over with strong- 
 ly hook-tipped prickles : corolla none. Akenes obovoid, thick : pappus none. — 
 Coarse and vile annual weeds, with alternate petioled leaves ; the three or four 
 species perhaps all natives of America, but now widely dispersed over the world ; 
 probably none indigenous to California. 
 
 1. X. stnimarium, Linn. Stems a foot or two high, not prickly : leaves del- 
 toid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly serrate, often slightly incised, rough and 
 green both sides, on long petioles : fruiting involucre over half an inch long, thick, 
 tipped with a pair of strong beaks, pubescent or sometimes hispid between and on 
 the lower {)art of the crowded prickles. 
 
 Waste grounil near dwellings, &c. ; also on the sea-const. The common Cocklcbur, npymrcntly 
 less conunon than nt the east ; but botli the ordinary form occurs and var. ec/iinatum, Torr. k 
 Gray, with thicker and glandular-hispid involucre. 
 
 2. X. spinosum, Linn. Hoary-pubescent : stems much branched, bearing long 
 and yellowish triple spines by the side of the leaves : these lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, canescent beneath, often 2 - 3-lobed or cut, tapering into a short petiole : 
 fruiting involucre narrow, half an inch or less long, more sparsely prickly, the beak 
 inconspicuous. 
 
 Sea-coast, San Juan, &c. ; also in the IVwt-hills, Calaveras Co.: introduced from Chili. 
 
Balsamorhiza. COM POSITyE. 
 
 347 
 
 43. RUDBECKIA, Linn. Tonk-flowkr. 
 Head many-flowered, hetorogainous, with noutral my -flowers, raroly lioraogamoua 
 by the absence of these ; disk-flowers perfect. Invohicre of foliaceou.s commonly 
 unequal scales in one or two series, mostly spreading. Kcccptacio remarkably ele- 
 vated, in ours columnar, at least at maturity, so that the [)erfect flowers are spicate ; 
 each flower subtended or partly embraced by a chafl". Rays long and nearly entire. 
 Disk-corollas cyliudraceons, r)-toothed. Akeiies quadrangular and mostly laterally 
 compressed, smootli, crowned (in our sj)ccics) with a persistent chad-like cup or 4 
 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with nlternute 
 leaves, disk-flowers from dark brown to greenishyellow, and mostly yellow rays ; 
 all North American, l)ut ordy two west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1. R. Californica, Gray. Stem simple, about .3 feet high, .3 - .5-leaved, the 
 long and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single largo head : leaves finely 
 soft-pubescent, 3 to 5 inches long, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, pinnately veined, somewhat toothed ; the middle ones sometimes with a pair 
 of lateral lanceolate lobes at base ; uppermost sessile ; lower tapering into a slender 
 petiole : scales of the involucre linear : rays 2 or 3 inches long, narrowly oblong, 
 yellow : disk columnar, one or two inches long, dusky brownish : akenes com- 
 pressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned with a pappus of 4 irregular thickish chaffy 
 teeth more or less united at base into a cup. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357. 
 
 Wet grassy places in the Sierra Nevada : at the Mariposa giove, Bolnndcr. Previously col- 
 Iflotoil by lhi(fi/(i/i, porhap« in tlio nanio diHtrict,. 
 
 U. onOMiKNTAMR, Nutt., of Oroj^on and Utnli, dllTorH in its Hniootli mid nioic nnnicionn nn woli 
 RS broader loaves, and has no rays at all. 
 
 44. BALSAMORHIZA, Hook., Nutt. Ralsam-koot. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers, and perfect disk- 
 flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader, of more or less imbricated scales, the 
 outer loose and herbaceous or often foliaceous. . Receptacle flat or barely convex, 
 with linear-lanceolate chaff (often with herbaceous tips), subtending and partly 
 embracing the disk-flowers. Rays oblong or lanceolate, with short tube (deciduous 
 except in one species) : disk-corollas cylindrical. Branches of the style of perfect 
 flowers slender, hispid throughout or on the long filiform appendages. Akenes of 
 the ray obcompressed (i. e. flattened parallel with the scales) and oblong, of the disk 
 prismatic-quadrangular or more or less compressed. Pappus none. — Low peren- 
 nials of Western North America, mostly of the arid plains ; with thick terebinthine 
 roots, chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems ; the few cauline leaves alternate 
 or occasionally opposite, and the rather largo head of yellow flowers con\monly soli- 
 tary. (Named from the resin or balsam of the root.) 
 
 The thick roots, or tubers, from which sometimes tlie turpentine-tjistcd resinous bark is peeled, 
 are cooked for food by the Indians, especially in Oregon, under the names of Pnxh, Kdyoum, &c. 
 Tlie seeds are also eaten. — Besides the species here described, 
 
 B. (Kaluactis) Cauf.yana, Oray, of the interior of Oregon, forms a peculiar Rnbgenus, having 
 rays which become papery, like those of a Zinnia, and jiersist on the fruit ; the akenes are cinere- 
 ous-pubescent and all (luailrangular, those of the ray less flattened (olx-om pressed) than is com- 
 mon in the genus. Tlte stem, moreover, bears several heads. 
 
 B. MACR0rnvi,LA, Nutt., of the no(;ky Mountain region only, is a genuine sixries, near the 
 variable B. Jfookcri, and like it with leaves both undivided and ninuatejy parted on the same 
 root ; but these or their divisions are entire, almost glabrous ana smooth, and the involucre is 
 generally foliaceous. 
 
348 COMrOSIT.ii:. Balsumor/uza. 
 
 1. B. Hookeri, Nutt. Canescent with fine mostly soft and close pubescence: 
 leaves usiiully oiico or twice ])innately parted or divided, lanceolate in outline, a 
 span to a loot long, s|)reading ; the divisions crowded, comuumly incised : scapes 
 naked or 2-leaved near the base, equalling or surijussing the leuvos in length, bear- 
 ing a single head : scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, acuminate, ran-ly 
 some of the outermost broailer and loliaceous. — Hdiopsis (() baUamorhUa & tere- 
 binthacea, Ilo(jk. Itulsamorhiza Hookeri, terebinthacea, hirsuta, & incaiia, Nutt. in 
 Trans. Am. Phil. SStjc. n. ser. vii. 34 1). 
 
 Hills near Oiikliiml, Kellogg. Near Suiioinii, ^ii/o'/ow (wrongly named B. mncrophylla). On 
 the eastuni sidu of the SiiTiu Neviula, Jiloomei; Anderson, Leinmon. CoiuiiKin on tho plains of 
 Novudii, Oregon, kc. li. lursula is a form with more hirsute pubesceni'e : 1!. incaua, a variety 
 remarkable for its soft and white wool : />'. liicbiiUluia'.a, with roughish |iiiliesceiu:e, has some 
 of the leaves merely iueised or sharply toothed, others pinnately-iiarted or piiuiatilid. 
 
 2. B. sagittata, JSIutt. ISilvery-canescent with dense mostly appressed soft 
 wool : leaves entire, cordate-sagittate or sometimes deltoid-hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, 
 on still longer petioles, all radical, or one or two small lanceolate jjetiolate bracts on 
 the scape, which bears a single or sometimes 2 or 3 heads : involucre mostly very 
 woolly. — Buphthaimuni sayittatum, Pursh. Es])eletia sagittata & heliant/ioides, 
 Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Balsamorhiza (Artorhiza) sagittata & heli- 
 anthoides, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 
 
 Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, on the Iwrders of the Stafp, &c. (Jndnson, Bloomer, Wat- 
 son) ; thenee to and beyond the Koeky AU)uutains from Colorado to hluho and Dakotah. 
 
 3. B. deltoidea, Nutt. Green and more or less pubescent, or almost glabrous : 
 leaves deltoid-cordate or more broadly and deeply cordate, more or less serrate, occa- 
 sionally entire, 3 to 9 inches long and on longer petioles, all radical, or 2 or 3 small 
 ones or bracts on the scape : heads solitary or rarely a pair : scales of the involucre 
 lanceolate or linear, obtuse. — B. glabrescens, Benth. PI. Hartw., is only a smoothi.sh 
 form, with leaves entire. 
 
 Mcjist ground, fiom Tejon and Ojai to Humboldt Co. and Oregon. Akenes flat, those of the 
 disk eompressed ; of the ray obeompressed, as they are in all these species. 
 
 4. B. Bolanderi, (Jray. (Jlabrous or glabrate, somewliat glutinous; a span to 
 a foot high, witli mostly scales instead of leaves from the rootstock : leaves about 3, 
 alternate along the stout stem, cordate or ovate, entire, 3 or 4 inches long, on 
 moderately long petioles : head solitary, short-peduncled ; outer scales of the invo- 
 lucre oval or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, foliaceous ; the inner ones nar- 
 row and very villous, resembling the chaff of the receptacle. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 356. 
 
 Auburn (Bolavdcr), and on the Upper Saciamento, Fremont, Bach. Head largo. Akencs flat, 
 of the disk compressed, of the ray obeompressed. 
 
 45. WYETHIA, Nutt. 
 
 Head many-flowered, hcterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers and perfect disk- 
 flowers. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of scales ; the 
 outermost foliaceous and often enlarged, the innermost mostly smaller and chaffy. 
 Koceptacle Hat or m^arly so ; the rigid linear or lanceolate chaff subtending the disk- 
 flowers flattish or partially folded around the akenes. Kays elongated : disk-corollas 
 cylindrical, 5-toothed, glabrous or nearly so. Branches of the style in perfect 
 flowers produced into subulate-fdiform hispid appendages. Akenes prismatic-quad- 
 rangular, or those of the disk laterally compressed, and with obtuse or acutish 
 angles, nervose, their broad summit continued into a persistent and firm chaffy-cori- 
 aceous crown or cup, which is uno(iually cleft into 5 or more lobes or teeth, or is 
 
Wijethia. COMPOSIT^C. 
 
 349 
 
 more truncate and produced (at tlio angles) into 1 to 4 chaffy rigid awns. — Peren- 
 nial herbs ; with simple (rarely branching) stems from a stout root, rootstock, or 
 caudex, alternate mostly entire and ample leaves, and solitary or few and largo or 
 middle-sized heads of yellow llowers. — Nutt. Jour. Acad. Pliilad. vii. 38, & Trans. 
 Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 351 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G.'54. Alar<;onui, DC. Prodr. 
 
 A genius of several species, all niitives of the region between tlie Uoeky Mountnins and tlie 
 Pacific ; — (ledicntedhy Nuttnll to Captain Wyeth, with wlioni he nftcrwards crossed tlie continent 
 and by De Candolle, two years later, to Hernando do Alarcon, a nol)le Spanisli navigator who first 
 (in 1540) visited and surveyed the coast of California. It is to lie regretted that tlie "enus cannot 
 commemorate one of the earliest explorers of the country : but the name may designate a section. 
 
 § 1. A/cenes thick, obtusely qnadrangtdar, croivned with a conspicuous calyx-like pap- 
 pus of ovate or lanceolate coriaceous teeth more or less united at hase into a 
 cup: heads very large and broad (the disk l)^to2 inches in diameter); invo- 
 lucre ope7i and leafy. — Alar^onia, Gray. 
 
 1. W. helenioides, Nutt. Soft-tomentose, or with ago becoming almost gla- 
 brous a loot or two high : leaves oblong or oval ; radical ones a foot or more long, 
 4 to () inches wide; caulino about half the size, all contracted at base iuto a short 
 lictiolo : lieails mostly leafy at base : outer scales of tho involucre ovato-lanceolato or 
 
 ovate, sometimes toothed : akenes more or loss pubescent at top when young. 
 
 Gray, PI. Fendl. 82. Alan^onia helenioides, DC. Melarhiza inuloides, Kellogg. 
 
 Hillsides ; common near San Francisco and through the valley of the Sacramento. Akenes 
 liajf an incli and tho pappus 2 or 3 lines long. Teeth of i\w corolla ovate-lanceolate, somewhat 
 hairy outside. 
 
 2. W. glabra, Gray. Green and glabrous throughout, minutely resinous-glan- 
 dular or viscid : leaves otherwise as in the preceding, or more commonly tooUied, 
 and the upper perhaps narrower : akenes and pappus glabrous, the lobes of the lat- 
 ter minutely ciliate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. 
 
 Hillsides, San Luis Obispo to Marin Co. (A specimen from Rolander's collection is said to 
 come fioni Mount Dana, at 12,000 feet; but some error is to be suspected.) Heads nearly as 
 large and leafy as in IF. helenioides, the bracts or leafy involucral scales often surpassing the 
 rays. Disk-corolla with ovate wholly glabrous teeth. Foliage said to have a viscid exudation 
 of agreeable odor. 
 
 § 2. Akenes leas thick, and with acute angles, at least those of the disk laterally com- 
 pressed : heads less large. — True WvrTiiiA. 
 * Involucre hemispherical or broader : pappus short and aivnless. 
 
 3. W. ovata, Gray. Tomentoso with soft ])ubescence : stem 2 feet or more 
 high (apparently from running rootstocks), leafy, occa.sionally branching : leaver 
 broadly ovate or the larger somewhat cordate, acute or acuminate, 3 to G inches 
 long, all petioled : involucre an inch in diameter ; its scales broadly lanceolate, 
 seldom equalling the disk-flowers, mostly with a coriaceous erect ba.so and more 
 or less spreading acuminate herbaceous summit : akenes linear-oblong (about 4 lines 
 long), minutely pubescent, crowned with a pappus of G or 8 short and broad 
 unequal chaffy teeth, all of them somewhat united at the b;ise. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 357. 
 
 Dry hillsides, Mariposa Co., from the foot-hills to above the Yosemite, Bridges, Dolandtr, &c. 
 Bays 10 to 24, about an inch long. 
 
 * * Involucre narrow, of rather feiv erect scales: pappus 1 -4-atvned. 
 
 4. W. mollis, Gray. Tomentoso Avith very soft white wool, which is partly 
 deciduous with age : stems 2 or 3 feet high, often bmnching above and bearing 2 to 
 4 racemose naked lieads, rather leafy : leaves oblimg or sometimes ovate, 3 to 9 
 inches long, becoming rigid and prominently reticulated, contracted at base into the 
 
350 COMPOSITE. Wi/ethia. 
 
 petiole, or the uppermost with rounded or ahuost cordate base : involucre campauu- 
 late ; its scales 1 to 12, ovate-lanceolate or obluug-lauceolate, mostly herbaceous, 
 and longer than the disk-ilowers : rays 10 to 15 : akenes linear-prismatic (5 lines 
 long), miiuitely i)ubes(:cnt at sunuuit, crowned with a very short truncate chally cup 
 and 2 or in tlie ray 3 to 5 subulate awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, from above the Yoseniito to Mono Lake, Mount Dana, Souoni Pass, &,c., and 
 adjacent parts of Nevada. Involucre about an inch long, conmionly very white-wouUy, some- 
 times, like the whole plant, glabra te. Said to grow in large patches. 
 
 * * * Invulucre hroadly campaindate, of numerous loose scales : pappus 1 - Pawned. 
 
 5. W. angustifolia, Nutt. Green and hirsute, at least the simple stems, a span 
 to 2 ieet higli : leaves elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, occasionally ser- 
 rulate ; the radical anil lower onus a si)an io a lout long ; the upper sessile, shorter 
 and uften broader : head naked : scales ol" the involucre numerous, broadly linear or 
 lanceulate ; most of them herl)aceuus or t'uliaceous, loose, ciliate with villous or hir- 
 sute hairs: akenes (3 lines lung) minutely pubescent at summit, bearing one or 
 two (or those of the iiiy 3 or 4) stout minutely hirsute awns, with some very short 
 intervening chalfy scales, more or less luiited at base (rarely awnless). — Alarconia 
 angustifuUa, 13C. Wi/dhla aiu/ustifolia & W. robustu, Nutt. in Trans. Am. l*hil. 
 Soc. vii. 352. Jlelianthus loinjifolius, Hook. II. J/ooLerianus, DC 
 
 Plains and hillsides, from Mcniteroy east to the foot-hills an<l north to Oregon. A rather 
 common and variable spccitts. There are indications of an allied species in the foot-hills of Mari- 
 posa and Tuolumne Counties. 
 
 W. HEi.lANTn()ii)E.s, Nutt., his original species, which is imperfectly known, but resembles IF. 
 anffuslifolia, with a more leafy stem, and 
 
 W. AMPLKXiCAUi.is, Niitt., wluch is very smooth and glabrous, with upper leaves closely ses- 
 sile (both with commonly awnless pajipus), inhabit a region northeast of California, but have 
 not been found very near the borders of the State. Their thick roots or rootstocks are used for 
 food by the Indians, along with those of Balsaviorhiza. 
 
 46. VERBESINA, Linn. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous Avith fertile rays, or rarely by their abortion 
 homogamous ; the disk-Uowers perfect. Involucre of immerous or rather few scales. 
 Ileceptacle convex or conical ; the chaff embracing the akenes. Akenes flat (later- 
 ally much compressed) and wingevl on the margins, or those of the ray wingless. 
 Tajjpus of 2 awns, either free from or united with the wings. — Chielly lierbs; with 
 opp(Jsite or alternate leaves, and mostly yellow llowers ; natives of the warmer i)arts 
 of America : only the following reaches the borders of California. — Benth. & Hook. 
 Gen. ii. 379. 
 
 1. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, more or less hoary-pubescent, or 
 sometimes smoothish and green : stem loosely branching, a foot or two high : leaves 
 triangular-ovate or somewhat cordate, or the upper nearly lanceolate, coarsely and 
 incisely serrate, and with iuteiTupted margined or winged petiole dilated at base 
 into a toothed or laciuiate foliaceous clasping auricle : heads large, corymbose : 
 scales of the hemispherical involucre loose ; the outer set linear-lanceolate and acu- 
 uiinate, foliaceous, fully equalling the ilattish disk : rays numerous, cuneate-oblong, 
 bright golden yellow, 3-lobed at summit : disk akenes surrounded by a broad 
 whitish and thickibh wing, which at the summit is little if at all exceeded by the 
 short and very sl(;nder awns of the pappus. — Xhuenesia encelioides, Cav. Ic. ii. GO, 
 t. 178; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 359. 
 
 On the Piio Colorado, or at least tlirou^h that region all the way to Te.xas, and the northern 
 provinces of Mexico, now widely dilT'used over the wanner jiarts of the world, and not rare in 
 gardens. The wild plant along our borders is mostly a low and canescent form (var. cana), but 
 It becomes luxuriant and greener in moist and richer soil. 
 
Encelia. COMPOSITiE. 35 1 
 
 47. ENCELIA, Adanson. 
 Head many-flowered, lieterogamous, with several or numerous neutral rays, or 
 rarely homogamous, the rays wanting; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre hemispherical 
 or campanulate, of more or less imbricated and herbaceous scales. Receptacle flat- 
 tish ; the chafi" subtending the disk-flowers mostly thin, concave or folded around 
 the akenes. Disk-corollas cylindraceous or somewhat funnelform, 5-toothed. 
 Style-appendages commonly more or less elongated, hirsute. Akenes flat (laterally 
 much compressed) and thin-odged, but wingless, obovato or oblong-ovul with more 
 or less emarginate or bidentate summit, long-ciliate or naked. Pappus none or a 
 pair of awns ; no intermediate scales. — Perennial lierbs, or with shrubby base (all 
 American and chiefly Western) ; with opposite or alternate and simple but sometimes 
 lobed leaves, and middle-sized or pretty large slender-peduncled heads of chiefly 
 yellow flowers, those of the disk occasionally brownish or purple. — Benth. & Ilook. 
 Gen. ii. 378 (incl. Geroea, Barrattia, & Sinisia) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656. 
 
 § 1. Akenes villous-ciliate : pappus none, or mere rudimentary awns to the abortive 
 ray -akenes : leaves all or all but the very lowest alternate. — True Encelia. 
 
 i. E. Californica, Nutt. Woody at base, 2 to 4 feet high, strong-scented; 
 minutely pubescent and rather hoary, or becoming green and smoother : leaves (an 
 inch or two long) varying from ovate to broadly lanceolate, entire or occasionally 
 repand-toothed, rather indistinctly 3-ribbed from the base, abruptly pctioled, the 
 broader ones rounded nt base : involucre whito.-villous : rays numerous, an inch 
 long, 2-4 toothed at the end: akenes obovato, very long-villous on the callous 
 margins, the notch at summit very shallow. 
 
 Dry hills near the coast, Santa Barbara to San Diego, and thence to the Gila, where it is vari- 
 able, often smaller, dopauperate, apparentlj-including all that lias been referred to E. conspcrsa, 
 Benth., of Lower California. Akenes less cinarginato and leaves loss narrowed at base than in the 
 Chilian U. oblongifoUa. 
 
 2. E. farinosa, Gray. Shrubby at the base, silvery-canescent with a dense and 
 furfuraceous white tomentum, wholly glabrous Avhere this is deciduous : leaves 
 ovate or ovato-lancoolato with mostly cunoato base, entire, obtuse, 3-ribbed at base : 
 heads rather small and numerous, on slender peduncles, in a naked panicle or 
 corymb : involucre much shorter than the disk : rays 6 to 10, barely half an inch 
 long: akenes obovate and with a deep narrow notch, long-ciliate. — Emory, Rep. 
 143. E. nivea, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 88, not of Benth. 
 
 Southeastern California, and adjacent parts of Arizona, Coulter, Pnrry, Newberry, Cooper. 
 
 § 2. Akenes villous-ciliate and with a pappus of 2 chaffy avms : leaves mostly alter- 
 nate, naked-petioled. — Ger.ea, Benth. {Gercva k Simsia § Gera'a, Gray.) 
 
 3. E. eriocephala, Gray. Ilerbaceoua (perhaps annual or biennial) : stem 
 mostly simple, a foot or so high, leafy towards the base, naked and simple or loosely 
 corymbose above, sparsely hirsute : leaver very hirsute with long and spreading 
 white hairs, obovate or spatulate, and tapering into a margined jietinlc, or tlio upper- ' 
 most lanceolate and sessile, mostly with some coarse teetli : scales of the homispher- 
 ical involucre linear-lanceolate, loose, green and somewhat villous (a.s well as glan- 
 dular) on the back, densely villous-ciliate with very long white hairs : rays 12 or 
 more, oblong-obovate, nearly entire: akenes runoato-obovate, very villous on tho 
 sides as well m margins, each nuirgin produced at the broadly notched sinnmit into 
 a rigid naked persistent awn. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. Gt)7. Gera'a rauesrens, Torr. & 
 Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48. JSimsia ((renpa) canescens, (rmy, 1^1. Fendl. 85. 
 
 Port Mohave, Fort Yuma, and elsewhere along the Colorado and vicinity. Coulter, Frevxont, 
 
o.-o COMPOSIT.E. L'nctlia. 
 
 Ncwhcrnj, S'cltott, Cooper, kc. This iiuist be a showy plant, with its) (mostly coiyinbosi!) luuils 
 uilonied witli Inoail frnhli'ii yi'llow niys (less tliim iiu inch litnj,'), ami undoineath tlic green srales 
 of till) invdliicrii rriiij<cil with lung wliitu Iniirs. Tho original aimeiliu nanio is changuil on lucitunl 
 of tiio olil KiifcUit cuiifscciin. 
 
 '1. £]. frutescens, (!iiiy. Slniilihy ladow, liispid-HciibrouH, loosnly imicli Iminclictl, 
 2 or iJ lecL lii)^li : 1mhih;Ii(«s luiiiiiiniUiig ill sinj^'lo luii^'-puduiiclod litwida : Iciivos 
 small (rarely an inch in length), obloiij< or ovale, sometimes sliylitly cordate, 
 entire or obscurely toothed, sliort-petioled : heads small : involucre scabrous-hispid 
 or canescent : rays G to 12, cuneate-oblong and 3-4-lobed, sometimes wanting: 
 akenes obovate and with a shallow notch, glabrous on the sides, very villous on the 
 margins and the rather short or une(iual (occasionally obsolete) i)ersistent awns. — 
 Troc. Am. Acad. viii. Go7. >Si>Hsia (Gercfu) frufesceus, Gray, Bot. Mex. JJound. 81). 
 
 Gravelly ravines, &c., soutiieasteni borders of C'lilifornia and adjacent parts of Arizona, Nevada, 
 and Utah, Fremont, Enwnj, Acwbcrri/, kc. Cordilleras near Sun Felipe, Sullon Hayes. 
 
 48. HELIANTHELLA, Ton. & Gray. 
 Head many-llowered, heterogamous, with rather numerous neutral rays and per- 
 fect disk-flowers. Involucre hemispherical, of loosely imbricated linear-lanceolate 
 scales ; tho outer mostly Ibliaceous and attomiato-ucuminate ; innermost shorter and 
 somewhat cluilly. lieceptacle Hat or convex: chall' eiubiacing the akenes. Disk- 
 corollas cylindruceous, D-loothetl j tho tooth i)uborulent-boartled. 8tylo-a]»})endug(!a 
 hirsute, mostly short and obtuse. Akenes flat (laterally much compressed), obovate 
 or oblong, with thin and acute or narrowly wing-marginod edges, and commonly 
 emarginato summit. Pappus an awn or chall'y tooth from each margin, and with 
 intermediate (often very small) thin chaffy or almost setiforin scales, both occasion- 
 ally almost obsolete. — Perennial (North American) herbs ; with both opposite and 
 alternate entire leaves, large and chieily solitary and long-peduncled terminal luiads 
 of yellow flowers, and the general habit of Ihliaiitlius or Wi/cthia. — Torr. ^ (iniy, 
 Fl. ii, 333 ; the second section including the tyjjical species ; with leaves lanceolate 
 or broader, and connnonly trij)le-ribbed near the middle. 
 
 1. H. Californica, Oray. Minutely hirsute-pubescent : stems slender, one to 
 three feet high, occasionally bmnched : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, mostly oppcisite, 
 all tapering into petioles : head often foliaceous-bracted : rays seldom much if at all 
 longer than the involucre : chaff obtuse : akenes obovate, smooth and glabrous 
 throughout, narrowly margined, minutely ciliate when young only near the summit: 
 pappus of two short triangular or subulate chaffy teeth and a crown of minute 
 squamellae, nearly obsolete at maturity. — Pacif. Ii. Rep. iv. 103. 
 
 Napa Valley, Bigelnw. Near Clark's, Mariposa County, A. Gray. Sierra Valley, Lcminon. 
 
 H. LANCEOi.ATA, Torr. & Gray, wliich has akenes naked and with a pair of slender awns but 
 hardly any crown ; II. UNiFi.oitA, Torr. & <!niy, witli large head, akenes silky-villous on tho face 
 as well as margins, a jmir of stout awns, and a cons|)icuous crown of long and nariow sijuamellie 
 between them; and possiMy 11. I'AUitvr, (hay, with nuu'h smaller heads, narrower leaves, b\it 
 similar akenes, yet shorter or obsolete awns (at least its variety viultiaiu/is, II. inullicuulis, Eaton 
 in 13ot. King K.\p.), occurring north and east of California, nuiy be found near its bonk 
 
 lers. 
 
 49. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunfloweu. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with neutral ray- and perfect disk-flowers. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical or broader, of imbricated scales, more commonly with narrow 
 
 herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat or convex, with chaff embracing the 
 
 akenes of the disk-flowers. Rays mostly entire : disk-corollas cylindrical, 5 toothed. 
 
HeNanlhx.i. COxMl'USIT.E. 353 
 
 Branches of the style tipped with a subulate hisi)id appendage. Akencs thick, 
 commonly obovate-oblong, either 4-angled or somewhat lenticular, laterally more or 
 less compressed, the edges obtuse as well as margiidess. Pappus caducous, of 2 
 chaffy awns or pointed scales, one from each principal angle of the akene, sometimes 
 with two or more very small and thin intermediate scales, which are equally cadu- 
 cous. — Coarse annuals or perennials, with entire or merely toothed leaves, at least 
 the lower ones mostly opposite, and solitary or somewhat corymlwso heads, of largo 
 or middle size. Hays yellow : disk yellow, brownisli, or sometimes dark jjurplo. 
 
 A genus of iienrly tlireescore sjwcics, nil Aiiiuricnii mid cliielly toiniifinlo Norlli AiiiPricaii, 
 most of tliem in the Atlantic United Stiitcs, very few in California. 
 
 * Av)iVfi/s, yiitJi haven Cribbed (tt base, (til bid the loivent iisitaUi/ nltfriKite : receptacle 
 ftat : disk brown is/i or dark pnrplisli. 
 
 1. H. annuus, Linn. Largo, hispid and rough : leaves deltoid-ovate and the 
 lower more or less cordate, acuminate, 3 to 7 inches long, all petioled : scales of the 
 involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly slender-acuminate : chaff of the recep- 
 tacle shorter tlian the flowers : akones in tlio wild plants appressed silky-pubescent, 
 '1\ to 4 lines long: ])appus of 2 chaffy scales. — The wild plant, with peduncles 
 moderately if at all thickened, receptacle an inch or so in diameter, and even the 
 lower leaves not much cordate, is H. lenticularis, Dongl. in Bot. Beg. t. 1205. 
 
 Banks of .streams, and open places, in the eastern and sonthcni part of the State, more common 
 in Nevada, and thence to Nehraska and Texas. Seeds nsed for food hy the Indians. In all jn-ob- 
 ahility this wild sunflower of the plains is the original of the lonrj-cultivatcd //. nnnnvs:. A 
 spocinion from Fort Tcjon, by Xantus, would ho n^forrnd to that s|iei'ieH. 
 
 2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. Slender, about 2 foot high, branching : leaves from ovate 
 to ovate-lanceolate, conimotdy almost entire, contracted at base into long and slender 
 petioles : head rather small : acuminate tip of the chaff of the receptacle not longer 
 tlian the flowers : akenea more or less appre.ssed-pul)escent. 
 
 Occurs sparingly in the eastern .and southern parts of the State and Nevada : common in Utah and 
 eastward nhnost to tlie Mississippi. Seemingly j)asses into depauperate forms of the preceding. 
 
 '^. H. Bolanderi, (trny. Stem hirsute, branching, 2 foot or more high : leavers 
 ovate-lanceolate or tlie lower rhomboid-ovate, acute or acuininajc, very sliarply and 
 coarsely serrate, on slender petioles : heads somewhat i)ani(rl(M|, short-jiedunch'd : 
 involucre loosely hirsute ; its scales linear-lanceolate, nttcnuate-acuminate, loose, folia- 
 coous, longer than the disk, mostly equalling the 10 or 12 rays : cliaff of the receptacle 
 entire or nearly so, tipped with an awn exceeding the dark purple corollas : akones 
 silky-pubescent : pappus of 2 subulate chaffy awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544. 
 
 Lake County, at the Geysers, Bolanclcr. Also collected by Bridrjcs, hut hahitut unknown. 
 Heads small. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, on petioles of about half their length. 
 
 4. H. exilis, Oray, 1. c. More or less hirsute : stems .slender, branching, a foot 
 high : leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, obscurely 3-norvod at base, 
 lapering into ^ short petiole : heads very small, on slender sometinu^s leafy-bractoil 
 peduncles : scales of the involucre nearly a.s in the jiroceding : mys 5 to H : chad' of 
 the receptacle produced into an awn-like cusp which eipials the dark-jiurjile corollas: 
 akenes nearly glabrous : pappus of 2 ovate-lanceolate ebaffy scales. 
 
 Wet places around Clear Lake, Bolnnder. Long Valley, Mendocino Co., a larger form, one or 
 two feet high, Kr.H.nrjrj. Hoiids 4 to lines hi^h. A form, jJrohnMy of this species, with even 
 the u])per leaves mo.stly opposite, scales of the involucre broader and erect, and the long hirsute 
 hairs mostly wanting, was collected in Owens Valley by Dr. Horn. 
 
 * * Perenniah : receptacle convex : disk dull yellow. 
 
 5. H. Californicus, DC. Stem glabrous, rather slender, 2 to 5 feet high, 
 simple or branching : leaves alternate or some of them opposite, minutely scobrous- 
 
354 COMPOSlTa-E. lldianlhKs. 
 
 pubescent, short-petiuled or nearly sessile ; the lower lanceolate or soiuetimes uvate- 
 lanceolate and acuiuinate, either entire or obtusely serrate, 4 to 8 inelies lon^' ; the 
 upper usually siualh'r ujid more narrowly lanceolate, entire : heads mostly on slender 
 rather short pediuich's : scales of tlio involucre slender,' linear-lanceolate, tajierin*,' 
 iiit(j louj,' and Hpreailiii^' acuiniuato tips : raya Ifi to 20, an inch or more long : chair 
 of the receptacle blunt : ukenes very Hat, j^labrous : pappus of 2 or 3 lanceolate 
 chall'y scales. — //. gijanteus, var. insulus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. 
 
 Along streams, common near Sun Francisco, &c. ; extending into the foot-hills of the Sierra 
 Nevada uj) to 4,000 feet. Kootstofk thick and tuberous, with a terebinthine juice or exudation. 
 Sides of the akene Hat and entirely destitute of angles. Larger leaves triple-ribbed. 
 
 H. NuTTALUi, Torr. & ^iray, which grows in N. W. Nevada, has more slender stems, more 
 linear leaves, scales of the iiivolucn; hirsute-ciliato towards the base, chall'of the recepUiclo acute, 
 pappus more slender, ami akeuo (when young) with evident latcml angles. 
 
 60. VIGUIEEA, HBK. 
 
 Head, llowers, &c. as in lldianthas, but usually of smaller size; imbricated invo- 
 lucre less herbaceous ; receptacle inclined to be conical ; and, especially, the pappus 
 less deciduous or even persistent, consisting of 2 or more scarious chaify scales on 
 each side between the awns. — Chielly tropical or subtropical American : only one 
 species has actually been observed within the limits of the Htate. 
 
 In Lower California (Caiio San Lucas) there are a few s])ecies, such as F. ddioidea aud V. lamen- 
 tosa, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. v. IGl, and y. subiiiclsa, Benth., which may be related to tlie fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1. V. laciniata, Gray. Shrubby (i), minutely scabrous-hispid, branching : leaves 
 on the branches alternate, ovate-lanceolate or obscurely hastate in general outline, 
 incisely lobed or pinnatilid, tapering at base into a short petiole, coarsely reticulate- 
 veined, sparsely [)apillose-l)ispid : heads corymbose, less than half an inch long : 
 involucre short ; its scales oblong-ovate and coriaceous : flowers yellow : rays 8 to 
 10: receptacle convex: pappus apparently deciduous; its chaffy awns about the 
 length of the sparingly ciliato akene ; the truncate intervening scales conspicuous, 
 more or less conlhient into one on each side, aud erosely fimbriate at summit. — Bot. 
 Mex. Bound. 81). 
 
 East of San Diego, Schotl, Nexuberry, Clevdand. Apparently a low bushy i>lant, shrul^by at 
 base, and with slender herbaceous branches. 
 
 2. V. nivea, Benth. (i) Silvery-white with ajjpressed and dense silky jmbes- 
 cenco (hairiness rather than tomentum), low or procumbent : leaves ovate, entire or 
 nearly so, 3-ril)bed at ba.se, the lowisr ones opposite : peduncle slender, nio.stly bear- 
 ing a single head : scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, silky-tomentose, in about 
 2 series, rather loose : chaff of the involucre rather shorter than the flowers : rays 10 
 or 12, yellow : akenes (ovaries) oblong, somewhat villous : pappus of a few thin and 
 small chaffy .scales and a pair of chaffy awns, or sometimes the awns reduced to 
 scales and not longer than the hairs of the ovary, deciduous. — Encelia nivea, Benth. 
 Bot. Sulph. p. 27 (?). Helianthns {Harpalium) tephrodes, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 
 90. BahiopsU lanata, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 35 (?). 
 
 S. E. California, at Mirasol del Monte, in tlie desert, SdinU. An iniHimiilete specimen, proba- 
 bly identical (aUliongh tlu^ leaves ari^ nioslly alternate) with Hentiuim's EiuxUa niwii of Lower 
 California, wliicli he supposes may Ito Kcllogg's liiiliiopsis laiiaia, of the same region, and would 
 now (in (Jen. I'l. ii. 370, 378) refer tu rif/uicni. 
 
 51. PUGIOPAPPUS, Gray. 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays 7 to 10, more or less pistillate and 
 fertile ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre broadly campanulate, double ; the outer of 
 4 or 5 loose and somewhat foliaceous, the inner of mostly 10 thinner and rather 
 
Lrplomjne. COMPOSIT/K. 355 
 
 longer croct soiiles. lieco|tt;iclo lliit; its clialT tliiii and swirious, linoiir or laiicoolate, 
 deciduous with tlio fruit, liays mostly broad and truncate, obscuri'.ly 3 - 4-lobod 
 or crenate, niany-nervod. Disk-corollas with a short-bearded or beardless ring at 
 the summit of the slender tube ; the dilated limb 5 lobed. Style-branches of the 
 ray-flowers often short and included ; of the disk-flowers tii)ped with a very short 
 cone or nearly truncate. Akcnes obcompressed, flat, oval or oblong ; those of the 
 ray broader, glabrous or nearly so, more or less wing-margined ; those of the disk 
 wingless, villous or ciliate, coherent at base with the subtending aj)pressed chaff. 
 Pappus of the ray none, of the disk a })air of long bayonet-shajx^d cliaif'y awns, little 
 shorter than the corolla. — Glabrous annuals, all Californian ; with alternate leaves 
 once or twice pinnatcly parted into linear lobes, and showy heads of golden-yellow 
 flowers, terminating hmg naked peduncles. — Gniy, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 659. 
 Agnrista, DC. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 337, not of Don. I'ugiopapjyus, Gray in 
 Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 48, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545. 
 
 This genus and the ne.xt take the plnce of Coreopsis in California. 
 
 Coreopsis Atkinsoniana, Dougl., the only species known to occin- west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tnins, — a species which resembles the well-known C. tiiictoria of tlio Arkansas region, common 
 in all gardens, — belongs to Oregon, and may be expected in tlio bordering pai t of California. 
 
 1. P. calliopsidens, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy below : lobes of the leaves 
 linear : head large : scales of the outer involucre ovate, united at base : rays obovate- 
 cuneiform : ray-akenos with a tliin winged margin ; tlioso of the disk clothed with 
 very long villous hairs on the margins and inner face. -- At/nn'sfn ca/lioj>8uiea, DC. 
 Prodr. V. 569. Coreopsis calliopsidea, IJolander, Cat. PI. San Prancisco. 
 
 Moist hillsides and plains, from the Ray of San Frnncisco southward. Variable in size : rays 
 from half an inch to an inch long, and from 4 to 10 lines wide. Disk-corollas with a short- 
 bearded ring on the tube. 
 
 2. P. Bre"weri, Gray, 1. c. Much smaller than the preceding, with finer divis- 
 ions to the leaves : scales of the outer involucre linear : rays rather narrow : akenes 
 of the disk long-villous on the margins and the middle of the inner face, otherwise 
 glabrous : chaffy awns of the pappus stouter, only half the length of the akene. 
 
 Dry bills near San Buenaventura, March {Brewer) ; San Bernanlino desert, Parry. Rays half 
 or two thirds of an inch long, 2 to 4 lines wide : disk-corollas with a Iwardless ring. Ray akenes 
 nearly as in the next ; those of the disk more like those of the preceding, except in tiieir smaller size. 
 
 3. P. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. A span high, leafy oidy at the base : the small 
 head on a nearly naked scape : leaves almost simply i)innately parted into a few 
 narrowly linear rather fleshy divisions : scales of the outer involucre broadly linear : 
 rays broad : ray-akenes narrowly oblong, roughish, and with thickish wing-liko 
 margins ; those of the disk slightly ciliate. 
 
 Drv plains, on Mohave Creek (IHgclmr) nnd Fort Tojon, Dr. Horn. The plant from San Buena- 
 ventura, inadvertently referred to this species in Proc. Am. Acad. v. (M5, is the preceding. 
 The head of this only half as large. Rays rpmdrate-oblong, 4 or C linos in longtli. Ring on the 
 tube of disk-corollas distinct but beardless. Akenes of the disk inclined to be sterile ; but this is 
 also the case in the first species. 
 
 52. LEPTOSYNE, DC. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays sevend or numerous, pistillate; 
 disk-ilowora perfect. Involucre double; the otiter of fi to 8 narrow and hioso foliu- 
 ceous scales; the inner of 8 to 12 erect more mend)ranaceou9 scales. ]{eceptnclo 
 nearly flat ; its cliafi" thin and scarious, linear or lanceolate, deciduous with the 
 fruit. Rays oblong or obovate, 3-toothed or lobed at the end, 10-uervcd. Disk- 
 
356 COMPOSIT.E. Leplosijue. 
 
 corollas with slender tube girt by a ring at the suuimit, and a funnelibrm or 
 more dilated 5-lobcd limb. iStyle-branches of the disk-llowera truncate-capitate or 
 tipped with a very short cone ; those of the rays little exserted. Akeiies obconi- 
 pressed, ilat, more or less wing-iuargined, similar in disk and ray. Pappus none, or 
 a minute callous cup. — Low glabrous annuals, or larger and more enduring plants 
 with thickened succulent stems, all Californian ; leaves chiefly alternate, once to 
 thrice pinnately parted into narrow linear or tiliibrm lobes ; the showy heads of 
 yellow flowers terminating long naked peduncles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G57. 
 Tuckermannia, Nutt. 
 
 CoitEOCAiiPUs (wilh Acdma), Beiith. Bot. Sulph., coutaina two or three still obscure sj)ei;ies of 
 Lower Calilbrniu, iiUied to this and the piecodiiig genus, but not very likely to occur within the 
 limits of the St.ite. 
 
 § 1. Annuals, a span or more h'ujk^ with long naked peduncles: heads an inch or an 
 inch and a half in diameter, including the oblong or cuneate-obovate more or 
 less 3-lobed rags : scales of the outer involucre linear. — True Leptosyne. 
 
 1. L. Douglasii, L)C. Leafy only at the base : the peduncles all scape-like : 
 disk-corollas with a conspicuously bearded ring : akenes sparsely beset with capitate 
 rigid bristles, the winged border at length very tliick and corky, the summit with 
 an entire cup-like ring in place of {)appus. 
 
 Dry or sandy soil, from near San Francisco (?) to San Diego. Except in the southern part of 
 the State apparently less common than the next. 
 
 2. L. Stillmani, Gray. Stems more leafy below : involucre commonly some- 
 what hairy at base : disk-corollas beardless : akenes surrounded by a thick and 
 corky rugose wing, smooth and glabrous except the inner face, which mostly be- 
 comes sparsely papillose, and often bears a row of tubercles on the midnerve : the 
 cup in place of pappus either entire or 2-lobetl. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 92. 
 
 Hillsides and plains, Valley of the Sacramento to the Bay, &c. ; the common si>ecie8 in the 
 central part of the State. Kuyu somewhat cuneate-obovate. 
 
 3. L. Newberryi, Gray. Leafy only at base : the peduncles scape-like : disk- 
 corollas with a shorter tube bearing an inconspicuously bearded ring : akenes 
 (young) with a very thin wing, both faces minutely glandular-bristly, the cui) at the 
 summit obscure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. 
 
 Sitgreaves Pass, on the Colorado, Newberry, (.'amp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. Terhaps not 
 within the State. 
 
 §2. Succulent thickened steins or rootstocks perennial, leafy, often branched: leaves 
 rather Jleshg : heads large. — Tuckehmannja, (iray. 
 
 4. L. maritima, Gray. Stems rather low, herbaceous, from a fleshy tuberous 
 base or caudex : peduncles a span to a foot or more long : heads (including the nar- 
 rowly oblong slightly 3-toothed rays) 3 or 4 inches in diameter : ring of tube of tlie 
 corolla naked : akenes smooth and glabrous, bordered by a narrow tliinnish wing or 
 margin, wliolly destitute of paj^pus. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 538 ; Kegel, Eev. llort. 
 1872, with plate. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355 ; Torr. 
 Bot. Mex. Bound. U2, t. 31. 
 
 Sea beach at San Diego, and on the islands. A striking and showy plant. In cultivation a 
 short naked awn is rarely produced from each margin of the akene ! 
 
 5. L. gigantea, Kellogg. Stems shrubby or fleshy-woody, 2 to 8 feet high 
 and 1 to 5 inches in diameter, leafy at the top : heads numerous and corymbose!, 
 rather short-peduncled : inner scales of involucre with a prominent midrib : divis- 
 ions of the leaves more filiform. 
 
 Sun Miguel and Santa Barbara Llands, Uurfunl, L'npl. Fvnuy. Uuudalupe Island, I'alnnr. 
 
Blepharipappus. COMPOSITE. 35^ 
 
 63. BIDENS, Linn. Run-MARinoM,. 
 Head many-flowered heteroga„.ous and the 3 to 10 mys neutral, or homogaraous 
 and the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre double; the outer of a few mostly 
 fohaceous loose or spreading scales; the inner of several erect and more membn^na 
 ceous scales. Receptacle flat or convex ; the thin narrow chaff deciduous with the 
 fruit. Akenes obcompresse.l, either broad and very flat or narrow, beakless, bearinjr 
 a pappus of 2 to 4 rigid and retrorsely barbed awns. _ Annual or perennial herbs 
 wdh opposite leaves, and small or middle-sized heads of yellow or sometimes white 
 flowers; some of them vile weeds. The species are numerous, and very widely 
 distributed over the world, but there are remarkably i... in California or in the 
 J acilic region. 
 
 * Akenes broad : leaves merely serrate. 
 
 two'hS.''^l'^^^f^®'?°'f ®^' ^,^'''^^- ^""""^' ^^"^^°"^' ^«^fy to the top, a foot or 
 3 to 5 there r''^ ^"T'Y'^ tapering to both ends, clo.sely sessii;, serrate 
 ravs fi n ^0 ?; l^e^'lf/'-^ther large and showy: scales of inner involuci; broad 
 rays 8 to 10, golden yellow, oblong or oval, an inch long : akenes wed.rc-shaped • 
 
 S^xedZstleT ' '° ' "''" ^°"^ ^""^ '^^''^'^ ^^'"^ ^'8id or almost p^S; 
 
 JS^:^2.T7ti^.:^;:i^z^ *'^ ^^^^^"^ ^^^ ^'^ *^^ «^^- ^^*-^^ ^^ ^^--. 
 
 raves' or'^wX^hoironp", of I'Tf '^'^ n ^^''^h,g™^« *" Oregon, has smaller leaves, heads without 
 E r, n oieft T^ ofbghter ye low, and smaller Imrbs to the akene antl awns. The two per- 
 
 Vo';ge:^:T±bly Ui: Setlin^r "'"" ' "'''"■ '^"^ ^"■"°"' " ''''■ ^"'^"■^' ^'' '''"^''^'^ 
 
 * * Akenes long and narroto {Spanish Needles) : leaves divided or compound. 
 
 2. B. pilosa, Linn. Annual, more or less hairy, or merely the leaves sparselv 
 
 ^rr7:Tw *--fi-t-l-the Wr 5-parted into ovate inLely cleft or sCply 
 
 serrate thin leaflets: heads small, without rays or with 2 or .3 small and whit^h 
 
 ones: akenes linear, smooth, or the outer ones upwardly hispid-scabrous at lelst 
 
 Or? Fl if .3M "''^' 2-^-'^^^"'^^^- -^^- C-i^for^^ca, DC Pmllr. v. SOo! Torr & 
 
 Santa Barbam to Los Angeles, near water-cour.ses, kc. A weed widelv difTnoed nvr>r tl,« 
 
 le^nrSi^X^S^XSlf "'^' vesemblesa.,... with finely di^ded 
 54. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook., Torr. k Gray. 
 
 Head heterogamous, with 3 to G pistillate rays : di.^k-flowers 7 to 12 perfect, some 
 of the central infertilo. Scales of the involucre fi to 10, nearly in a flinglo scricvs 
 lanceolate, erect, almost equal. Keceptaclo convex, chafly ; the chafl" thin and 
 membranaceous, deciduous with the fruit. Rays short and broad, cuneiform, 3- 
 lobed. Style in the rlisk-flowers long, thickened upwards and hairy, 2-cleft only at 
 the apex (the branches obtuse and not appendaged). or in the central and sterile 
 flowers nearly entire. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of 10 or 12 linear 
 hyaline scales, traversed by a stout awn like midrib, the margins lacerately fringed 
 so as to appear plumose, rarely wanting. —Annual, corymbosely or paniculately 
 branched ; both rays and disk-corollas whitp ; tho anthers brown-purple. Only 
 one variable species. 
 
358 COMPOSIT.E. niepharqniiqmii. 
 
 1. B. scaber, Hook. A span to a foot high, rough-pnbenilent and somewhat 
 hispid, above niuro or less glandular : leaves alternate, narrowly linear and with 
 margins revolute (or small ones on the branehlets involute) : lu-ads a (piailer nr less. 
 than hair ati ineli hnig, terminating slender branches. 
 
 Var. lEGVis, <liay : a tbrui witli the lnuve.s, iit least thosti ol' the branches, ahnost 
 8niooth and mucli appressud. 
 
 Var. subcalvus, tJray : a state with the jjappus both of ray and ilisk reduced to 
 minute hyaline vestiges, hardly exceeding the hairs of the akene. 
 
 SieiTa Valley, and alDiig the eivsteru ranges of the Sierra Nevada ; cinnniun thiouyli the inteiior 
 in Oregon ami Nevada. Var. Iccv is is No. 118 of Bridges coll. in herb. Kew, referred to nnder 
 Heviizoiiia in (Jen. PI. ; the locality not recorded. Var. subcalvus, Siena Valley, Bohmdcr, 
 Lenimon: apparently mixed with the cuninion state. 
 
 56. MADIA, Molina. Tauwicku. 
 
 Head few - manydiowered, heterogamous, with 1 to 20 pistillate rays, or rarely 
 the rays entirely wanting ; the diskdlowers hermaphrodite, either fertile or sterile. 
 Involucre a single series of herbaceous scales, which are carinate and conduplicate, 
 enclosing as many akenes, their free tips erect or involute. Receptacle flat or 
 convex, with somewhat herbaceous chad between the ray- and diskdlowers, usually 
 more or less united into a cup, otherwise naked or lindnillate hirsute. Kays more 
 or less cuneiform, 3dobed at summit. Akenes linear-oblong or clavate-oblong, 
 incurved or nearly straight, laterally compressed, minutely many-striate, glabrous 
 (those of the ray with Hat sides), wholly destitute of pappus, or in one section a 
 chall'y-plumose pappus to mostly sterile diskdlowers. — Glandular and more or less 
 viscid heavy-scented annuals ; with linear or lanceolate entire or slightly toothed 
 leaves, at least the upper alternate ; and oitlier peduncled corymbose, or pauicled, or 
 clustered heads of yellow llowers, opening at evening, early morning, or in cloudy 
 Aveathcr. All natives of the Pacilic States, one species also in Chili. — lienth. & 
 Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 293; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 187. Madia, with Madaria 
 (DC), Anisocarpus (Xutt.), Amula (Nutt.), & Harpa-carpus (Nutt.), Torr. & 
 Gray, Fl. 
 
 § 1. Rays conspicuous and mostly numn-ous (9 to 20) : dish-Jlowers also numerous 
 but sterile, or the exterior ones fertile, with pubescent corollas. — ^Maoakfa. 
 
 * Disk-flowers with a pappus composed of fimbriate or jdumose-lacerate and slender 
 chaffy scales. {Anisocarpiis, Wutt.) 
 
 1. M. Nuttallii, Gray. Hirsute: stem slender, a foot or two high: all the 
 lower leaves opposite, denticulate or occasionally beset with slender salient teeth : 
 heads rather .small and paniculate, tenuinating slender glandular peduncles : scales 
 of the involucre with short inconspicuous tip.s, rather large for the size of the head : 
 fertile akenes obovated'alcate, the many-striate sides nerveless ; those of the disk all 
 abortive: pappus very much shorter than the corolla. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
 391, it ix. 188. Anisocarpus madioides, Is'utt. 
 
 In woods, not rare from Monterey to Oregon. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 6 lines wide, 
 thin. Kays half an incli or less in length, cuneiform, strongly three-lobed, twice the length of 
 the involucre. 
 
 2. M. Bolanderi, Gray. Villous-hirsute : stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves all 
 but the lower alternate, chiefly entire (the lower 3 to 10 inches long) : heads 
 middle-sized, racemose (on short or long peduncles) : scales of the involucre with 
 rather slender tips : rays short but exserted : chatt" of the recepta(de linear, uncon- 
 
Madia. COMPOSITE.. 359 
 
 nected : akenes narrow and elongated, minutely and all sparsely hairy, even those 
 of the ray, the latter saliently 1 - 2-nerved ou each face ; outer ones of the disk 
 apparently fertile : pappus of almost setiform plumose unequal chaffy scales, the 
 longer ones little shorter than the corolla. — Anisocarpus Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 360. 
 
 Woods of the Sierra Nevada : in the Mnripcsa Sequoia grove, and at Donncr Lal<e, Bolandcr. 
 Ileaiis lialf nn inch high : rays 3 lines long. Akenes 3 lines long ; those of the ray lanceolate- 
 falcate, sometimes bearing the rudiments of a pappus like that of the disk, but much reduced ! 
 
 « * Disk-flowers wholly destitute of pappus, either all or onlij the central ones xterile : 
 leaves almost all alternate. (Afadaria, J)C.) 
 
 3. M. elegans, Don. Pubescent, and more or less hirsute or even hispid, as 
 well as glandular, one or two feet high, or in depauperate slender forms only a span 
 or so in height : heads loosely corymbose or paniculate : scales of the involucre with 
 slender linear tips : rays (10 to 15 in the larger, 5 to 9 in depauperate forms) elon- 
 gated, acutely 3dobed at apex, yellow throughout, or often with a brown-red spot at 
 base : disk-flowers all sterile, on a strongly convex hirsute-iimbrillate receptacle : 
 fertile akenes obliquely obovate, the areola at the thick truncate summit depressed. 
 — Madaria elegans k M. corymhosa, DC, (tc. J/, racemosa, Nutt., one of the 
 slender forms. 
 
 Hills and plains, throughout California and in Oregon and Nevada. Very variable in size, 
 pubescence, glandulosity, and number of flowers in the head ; but all apparently of one species. 
 The larger forms are handsome in cultivation. 
 
 4. M. radiata, Kellogg, yiscid-pubescent and glandular, 2 or 3 feet high : 
 heads pretty large : scales of the involucre with short tips : rays 9 to 20, golden- 
 yellow, broadly oblong or somewhat cuneiform, obtusely 3-toothed : disk-llowers 
 also fertile except the central ones, on a nearly Hat and glabrous receptacle ; their 
 akenes somewhat clavate and 4-angular, straightish, with depressed areola at 
 summit ; ray-akenes narrowly obovate- falcate, flat, tipped with a very short beak 
 which is reflexed upon the summit of the akene. — Proc. Calif Acad. iv. 190. 
 
 Near the mouth of the San Joaquin River, Bolnndcr. Head broad : ligules lialf an inch long, 
 abrupt at base. 
 
 § 2. Rays short and more or less inconspicuous, \2 to \,or rarely wanting altogether: 
 disk-flowert numernus or few, all fertile, destitute of pappus, and with corolla- 
 tube pubescent : receptacle flat and smooth. — I'^umadia. 
 
 5. M. sativa, Molina. Viscid-hirsute and glandular, heavy-scented, one to 
 three feet high : heads racemose or paniculate, often glomerate : ray-flowers 5 to 
 12: disk-flowers about the same number: akenes obovate-oblong and slightly 
 curved, or those of the ray obovate-lunate, those of the disk commonly (and of the 
 ray sometimes) l-ncrved down the sides. — The following forms jiass freely into 
 each other. 
 
 Var. congesta, Torr. & Gray : a large and very glandular, common form : the 
 many-flowered heads sessile in crowded clusters : akenes (as in the Chilian plant) 
 rather narrow and mostly angled by the prominent nerve on tlie two sides. — M. 
 capitata, Nutt., not ''congesta" as printed in Torr. & Gray, Y\. ii. 404. 
 
 Var. racemosa, Gray : a smaller and more slender form : commonly fewer-flow- 
 ered heads rather loosely racemose or panicled : akenes usual with less prominent or 
 obsolete lateral nerves. — Af. racemosa, Torr. <fe Gray, 1. c. Madorella racemosa, Nutt. 
 
 Var. diSSltiflora, Gray : like the preceding or more dopauperalo, with Rcatten>d 
 or panicled smaller and mostly fower-flowered bonds, oflm oidy f) rays nnd us fi>w 
 disk-llowers: akenes inclined to short-obovate (I^ to 2 lines long), nnd with cither 
 flnt nnd nerveless or else "l-norved sides. — JA dissitiflora, Torr. it Gray. Madoi-ella 
 dissitipmi, Nutt. • 
 
!60 
 
 COMPOSITE. Madia. 
 
 Plains and hills, throu^'liout California, Oregon, and the interior region ; the Tarweed of the 
 eastern part of the State. An exceedingly variable siiecies. 
 
 G. M. glomerata, Hook. Koughish-hirfluto und glandular, slender, very leufy, 
 about a I'uot liigli : leaves narrowly linear, entire (1 to 3 inches long) : heads small 
 and narrow, in dose clii.sLors terminating tiio stem or paniculate branches, (ir in the 
 upper axils : ray-llowers 2 to 4, or sometimes solitary or wanting altogether : ilisk- 
 liowers 2 to 4 : akenes slender and straightish, at least those of the disk, which are 
 either compressed or prismatic-fusiform and rather acutely 4-5-angled (2 to nearly 3 
 lines long). — Aviida (jracUis & A. Idrsula, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Sierra Valley, and all the adjacent eastern portion of the Sierra Nevaila ; thence through the 
 interior even to the Saskatchewan. A true Madia with flowers reduced, sometimes to a mini- 
 mum. 
 
 § 3. Rays 4 to 8, vert/ short, nut exceedin;/ the solitary, disk-flower, which is fertile, 
 and enclosed in a 3 - 5-toothed herbaceous cup : corolla glabrous : akenes of 
 the ray obuvate-iunate and mure or less pointed : those of the disk straiyht and 
 obliquely obuvate. — IlAUi'JiCAUPUS. {Uarpucarpus, Nutt.) 
 
 7. M. filipes, CJray. Hirsute and glandular, a span to a foot higli, slender : 
 leaves narrowly linear : heads small (hardly 2 lines in diameter), globular, on long 
 filiform jxuluncles, loosely paniculate. — J'roc. Am. Acad. viii. 391. Sclerocarpus 
 exujuas, Smith (I). Narpacarjius viadarioidcs, Mutt. //. exi(juus, Gray in Fiot. 
 Mox. Bound. lUl. 
 
 Common in open grounds, at least from Monterey northwards, extending near the coast to 
 Tuget Sound. 
 
 56. HEMIZONELLA, Gray. 
 
 Head few -flowered, heterogamous ; the rays 4 to 5, pistillate ; the disk-flowers 
 solitary or rarely a pair, perfect and fertile. Involncre torosely lobed in the manner 
 of Madia, i. e. of as many herbaceous scales as there are ray-flowers, each infolded 
 and completely enclosing its akene, but rounded on the back and generally flattish 
 on the inner face. Chalf of the receptacle an herbaceous 3 - 5-toothed cup or inter- 
 nal involucre enclosing the disk-Uower. Corollas glabrous or merely glandular : ray.s 
 extremely short. Akenes obovate or fusiform antl more or less obcompressed, and 
 those of the ray incurved, glabrous or sparsely hairy ; the small terminal areola 
 oblique, either sessile or raised on an ai)icidation or short beak. Pappus none. — 
 [.ow and dillusely branched or diminutive annuals, all (lalifornian, hirsute* and 
 glandular; with linear entire and mostly opposite leaves, and small heads of yellow 
 flowers, at least the lateral ones leafy-bracted. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 18<J. 
 
 In their heads, and somewhat in their general aspect, these little plants resemble the Harpae- 
 carpus -section of Madia ; their akenes are as completely enclosed, although from the form of the 
 akene the involucral scales are not conduplicate or carinate. It is better to separate them from 
 Hemizmiia, as a genus intermediate between that, or Lugap/n/Ua, and Madia. 
 
 1. H. parvula, Gray, 1. c. Dillusely branched, 2 or 3 inches high, hispid with 
 Avhite hairs : leaves narrowly linear, an inch or less long, the uppermost clustered 
 around the short-peduncled or almost sessile heads : akenes narrow, falcate, between 
 triangular-oboompressed and fusiform, tij^ped with a very short incurved beak. — 
 Ilemizonia (Ileinizonella) parvula, (hay, Proc. Am. Acail. vi. 541). 
 
 Klamath Valley, within the borders of Oregon, Cronkliite. Also in the collection of Kdlvyy 
 and Harford, the station not recorded, and the specimens too young. 
 
 2. H. Durandi, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely much branched, a span or so high, hirsute 
 or somewhat hispid : leaves linear, about half an inch long : central heads naked 
 on slender peduncles, the lateral ones 2-bracteate at ba!>e or short-peduncled : akenes 
 
Hemiznnin. C,0;yi 1>0SIT/K. 
 
 361 
 
 slightly hairy ; those of the ray obovate-oblong and obcoinprnssed, tipped with a 
 short indexed beak. — //em'2o»,ia {Hemuonella) Diirandi, (Iniy, 1. o. llnrpf^cnr- 
 pus mndarioides, Duraiid, not of Nutt. 
 
 Dry hills, common through the foot-hills and the Sierra Nevada Iroin Marii.osa County north- 
 ward, and m Nevaila. ' ^ 
 
 3. H, minima, dray, I. c. An inch or two liigh : hsaves lialf an inch or less in 
 length ; the uppermost equalling or barely surpassing the short-peduncled or almost 
 sessile heads : akenos olwvate, d(>cidedly obcompressed, glabrous or nearly so, tippe.l 
 with an inlloxed apiculatioii, but not hmki^A.— Jlrnmnuin {llrmiznnrlht) miinnut 
 Gray, 1. c. ' 
 
 Dry sterile soil in the Sierra Nevada : Soda Spiings, Brcrrr. Rotwren Nevada Fall and Cloud's 
 nest, G7-ay. 
 
 67. HEMIZONIA, DC, Torr. & (Jiay. Tauwf.i-.d. 
 
 Head many - few-flowered, heterogamous, with 1 to 20 i)istillate mys ; the disk- 
 flowers several or numerous, hermaphrodite but usually all and always the central 
 ones infertile. Involucre of as many scales as ray-flowers, which are concave and 
 half enclosing their turgid akenes, or sometimes a few loose and empty outer ones. 
 Receptacle flat or conical, chafi'y only between the ray- and disk-flowers, or through- 
 out. Rays 2 - 3-toothed, cleft, or parted : disk-corollas funnelform, r)-lobetl. Akeno^s 
 of the ray turgid, more or less gibbous, obovoid and often triangular, commonly 
 minutely stipitate ; those of the disk, when formed, narrower and seldom truly 
 fertile. Pappus none in tlio ray, or in one species rudimentary ; either none or of 
 several chafi'y scales or awns in tlie disk. — Annuals or biennials, some with indu- 
 rated stems, and one frutescent, all Californian, mostly glandular and viscid, heavy- 
 scented : some of them are Tarweeds or Rosin-weeds of the Californians. Leaves 
 narrow, all but the lowest alternate : heads middle-sized or small ; the flowers yel- 
 low or white, with brownish anthers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 394 ; Gray, 
 Proc. Am. Ac. ix. 190. Hemizonia, Hartmannia, & Cabjcadenia, DC. Osmadenia, 
 Nutt. Hemizonia & Calycadenia, Torr. k Gray. 
 
 § 1. Fertile akenes very oblique, the small terminal areola from the siwimii of the 
 inner angle or face on a narrow beak or apicrdation '; the surface dull, often 
 rugose or tuberculate : flowers yellow. — Hartmannia, Gray. 
 
 * Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy only between the ray- and dL^k-floioers ; the chaff 
 mostly united into a cup or internal involucre: heads small or middle-sized: akenes 
 of the ray rugose or somewliat tuberculate when mature, inserted by a short and. 
 thickish incurved stipe: disk-akenes all sterile and mostly abortive, usuallt/ bearing a 
 pappus of small scales. {Hartmannia, DC.) 
 
 -I- Rays and disk-flowert few or several ; the former with tube thickish nt base; the 
 latter with conspirAious pappus of chaffy lace)-ate-toothed scales : heads comparatively 
 small, bracteate, mostly sessile or fascicled : scales of tlie involucre lanceolate, more 
 or less carinate toward the base. 
 
 +-¥ Perennial and woody, exceedingly leafy : rays about 8. 
 
 1. H. frutescens, Gray. Erect, 2 feet or more high, deci.lclly shrubby, with 
 nnnierous iiistigiato flowering brandies very leafy to the top. hirsute, aromatic and 
 viscid : leaves flliform, and with tufts of shorter ones in the axils, entire, or rarely 
 with one or two short lateral lobes : heads thyrsoid-racemose : involucre nearly gla- 
 brous : rays 8 or 9 ; the lignles obovate-oblong, 2- 3 tonfhed. about the length of 
 
;j(j2 CUAirOSITJi. Utiiuzonia. 
 
 the involucre : chail' of the receptacle of as many narrow linear scales which are 
 mostly distinct: receptacle convex: ilisk-llowers 10 to 12, with well-formed but 
 empty ovary : pappus of 5 linear ilenticulato scales, about half the Icnglli of tlio 
 ovary. — I'roc. Aui. Acad. xi. 7'J. 
 
 |{(i('ky iii'iii'i|iit'it in llm iiilciior til' (iiiM(litlii|io IhIiukI, oil' Lowor (.'iilil'oriiiii, lh\ J'uliinr, IH7.'). 
 The only known Mpuclos \\\\W.\\. iluoa iidI inluibit llio 8Uitu, licio j^ivon to conmiolo tlio mconnl of 
 the genua. Leaves tin incli or so long, involucre little over 2 lines high, llay-akeaes as in the 
 
 section ; tho stipo at base and the curved beak at the apex pretty long : sterile disk-akenes con- 
 taining an abortive ovule. 
 
 ++ ++ Annuals or biennials (as are all the folloit/ing species of the genus), the stems, 
 however, sometimes indurated in age : rays only 5, broad and short : disk-Jlowers 
 5 or 6. 
 
 2. H. ramosissima, Benth. Diffusely and paniculately much branched, slen- 
 der, a foot or so in hciylit, almost glabrous, above viscid-glandular : cauline leaves 
 chiefly entire, linear, small, sessile with broadish liase, occasionally and sparsely 
 beset, especially on the margins (us also are the branchlets), with some hispid or hii-- 
 sute hairs : heads scattered or somewhat fascicled on tlie leafy branchlets : pappus 
 of sterile akenes of 8 or 10 bnjad and tluckish chaffy scales. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 
 30; Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. 
 
 Common houi Santa Ikrbara southward. Heads 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 3. H. faBCiculata, 'I'orr. & Gray. Paniculately branched above the base, a 
 span to a loot or two high, sparsely hirsute or hispid : radical leaves once or twice 
 pinnately parted ; cauline leaves linear, either laciniate-pinnatilid, few-toothed, or 
 entire, an inch or two long, those of the branchlets shorter and mostly entire : heads 
 fascicled in corymbose clusters : ])ai)pus of the sterile akenes of narrower chalfy 
 scales. — llartmannia fasciculata, I)C. II. glomerata, Nutt. 
 
 Common from Monterey to San Diego. Kxlmles a strong balsam >vhich is injurious to wool. 
 
 +■ +■ Hays 12 to 20, oblong-cuneiform, xvith slender glandular tube ; their alcenes gen- 
 erally occupying two series : disk-Jloivers more numerous: heads larger and mostly 
 loose, terminating curymbosely jtaniculate branches. 
 
 4. H. angustifolia, DC. Dillusely branched from an at length indurated 
 base, a span to a foot high, hirsute and viscid-glandular throughout : cauline leaves 
 all entire, linear (chiefly less than an inch long) ; rays 12 to 15 : pappus of the sterile 
 disk-ovaries none, or a row of minute short bristles rather than scales. — //. multi- 
 canlis. Hook. & Arn., ex (Jray in J>ot. Mex. Bound. 100. //. decumbens, Nutt. PI. 
 Gamb. 175. 
 
 Var. Barclay! diifers in having the ovaries of the disk-flowers enlarging into 
 sterile akenes bearing a conspicuous chaffy laciniate pappus : mature fertile akenes 
 more incurved and with an unusually conspicuous terndnal beak. 
 
 Open grounds, from San I'^iancisco and Monterey southward. Var. Bardoyi, Monterey {B«r- 
 clay, witli laciniate pappus), San I.uis Obisjw {Brewer, with l>roader scales to the pappus, much 
 as in //. ramosistiima). Akenes rather obscurely rugose, tipped with the more or less prominent 
 narrow beak, the little stipe at the base usually incurved and dilated at the insertion. 
 
 5. H. corymbosa, Torr. & Gray. Corymbosely branched, a foot or so high, 
 hirsute, nujre or less viseid and glandular ; radical and most of the caidine leaves 
 pinnatilid with linear lobes ; uppermost and those of the branches linear and entire : 
 rays 15 to 25 : pappus of the sterile disk-ovaries of minute scales, mostly cut into 
 chatty bristles, or sometimes almost none. — II. angustifolia, ]ienth. PI. Hartw., not 
 of DC. llartmannia cori/mbosa, DC. Hemitonia rnacrocephala, Nutt. PI. Ciamb. 
 174. //. balmmifera, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. G4, fig. 13. 
 
 Low grounds, common through the central and western ))ortions of the State. Heads, includiii'j 
 the expanded golden yellow lays, an inch or more in diameter, many-llowered. Uuy-ukenes witli 
 the short upturned beak somewhat dilated at the ti{t. 
 
Ihmizonia. COMPOSITE.. 363 
 
 * * Receptacle faf, luith a distinct chaff for each of the 8 or 10 disk-flowers half en- 
 closing Its sterde akene : heads small : rays 5 ; akenes smooth and even, but dull. 
 
 (5. H. Virgata, dray. More or loss gl.andular, but f^'labrous or slightly liii-siite • 
 8tera slciuler, a f.x.t or two high, siini.lc or virgatcily l)ranche(l : caulinc leaves 
 linear; tho lower laciniate or ahnost pinnatifid ; up[.er entire ; those of tlie branches 
 and of axdlary fascicles very small (2 or 3 lines long), (crowded, each tii>i)ed with 
 a truncate gland : heads numerous, virgately racemose : corollas glandular, the 6 
 ligules short and broad : scales of tho involucre and the similar chaff of the recep- 
 tacle rather chartaceous, obovate or oblong, consjjicuously beset over tho back with 
 largo and prominent tack-shaped stijiitato glands : akenes obovate, 5-an<rled • pannus 
 none. — liot. Hex. Bound. 100. "" 
 
 Foot-hills, fee, from Napa to Los Aiigeles. Heads narrow, 3 or 4 lines long ; tl.o glands often 
 a Jnll ha ( Ime m Icngtli, resembling those of the section Cahjcadniia. Tlie gland terminating 
 the smaller leaves is more or less cup-shaped in tlie dried specimens. Disk-akencs almost fertile 
 1 he plant exhales a balsamic odor. 
 
 * * * Receptacle convex or conical, manrj-floivered, chaff 1/ tliron</hont ; the cliaff distinct. • 
 heads middle-sized : rays rather nnmerons, and usually in more than one series, 
 short, apparently pale yellorv : akeiies hardly if at all ruyose, those of the disk 
 some of them more or less fertile {these with a depressed central terminal areola). 
 — (§ Olocarpha, DC, excl. sp.) 
 
 7. H. macradenia, DC. Loosely branched, a foot or two high, stout, hirsute 
 and viscid-glandular : lower caulino and radical leaves laciniato-pinnatilid ; the others 
 narrowly linear; uppermost and those of the axillary fa.scicles filiform-subulate, 
 tipped with a truncate gland : heads mostly glomerate at the end of tho branches : 
 scales of the involucre and some of tho chalf beset on tho back with large long- 
 stipitate glands : rays roundish-cuneiform, 3-lobed : fertile akenes obovate, 5-angled, 
 short-beaked from the inner angle : receptacle strongly conical : pappus none. 
 
 Dry open ground, from tho Bay of San Fnincis(;o southward. One of the commoner "Tar- 
 weeds," exuding a heavy-scented viscid matter, which blackens the noses of horses. Notwith- 
 standing its frutescent aspect, the root is annual, or at most biennial. 
 
 8. H. pungens, Torr. & Gray. Simple and at length much branched, a span 
 to nearly a yard high, hirsute or sparsely hispid : caulino leaves pinnatilid, or the 
 lower bipinnatifid with short spinulose-acnminato lobes ; those of tho branchlots 
 and fascicles entire, small and crowded, lancoolatn or iinear-subulato, rigid, spinn- 
 lose-tii>[)cd, ns are the scales of the Icufy-bracted involucre and tho narrow chaff of 
 the receptacle: rays scarcely exceeding the disk, narrow, 2-3-toothcd: j>appus 
 none : receptacle strongly convex. — Ilartmannia punqen.9. Hook. ^- Am. ; Hook 
 Ic. PI. t. 334. 
 
 Dry hillsides, from San Francisco southward to San Diego, where a very sparingly hirsute form 
 occurs. The root of this species also is annual. Akenes as in the preceding, but smaller. 
 
 9. H. Fitchii, Gray. Panicnlately branched, rigid, a span to a foot high, villous 
 or somewhat hirsute : radical leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted into few linear or subu- 
 late divisions ; caulino leaves (or the upper ones) like those of the branches, sub- 
 ulate-linear (about an inch long), rigid and spinulose-tipped, very pungent, tho 
 villous jiubescence generally accomjianied with small very long-stalked glands : 
 heads foliose-bracteato : scales of the involucre subulate : rays oblong, 2-toothed, 
 little exceeding the disk : chaff of the convex and hairy receptacle pointle.^s, bearded 
 with long villous hairs : fertile akenes obovate, 3-angled, .smooth, very gibbous ; 
 sterile disk-akenes with a pappus nearly equalling their corollas, composed of 8 to 
 12 narrowly linear and rigid chaffy scnlo.>^, wlii(;h arn more or less tinited at baso 
 and fringed or bearded at tip. — Pacif. H. Pep. iv. 108. 
 
 Valley of the Sacramento ; Clear Lake ; Long Valley, Plumas Co., kc, to Carson Valley, 
 Alpine Co. A well-marked species : some younger and less villous forms resemhie //. punqriiji; 
 but the chaff is not pungent, always more or less villous-bennled, nu'l the |»ai>pus is ehiMacteristic. 
 
364 COMPOSIT.-E. HtnuzoHia. 
 
 § 2. Fertile aktnes slii/hlli/ oblique caul with depressed terminal areola Uardly erreu- 
 tric, (jlahrous, smooth and even, vbovate and obscurdy triangular, inserted btj 
 a minute injlexed stipe, mostly in two series : heads {corymbose) inany-Jlowered, 
 and toith conspicuous strongly 'S-lobed rays {exjHinding in sunshine) : receptacle 
 convex, c/iajfy Ihrouifhoul, the inner ch{l)' very thin : disk-akenes abortive, desti- 
 tute of pappus. — KuuEMlzoNiA, Clmy. (Jlemizonia, DC, as to tlio typical 
 sj)ecies of both sections.) 
 
 10. H. congesta, DC. yomewhat corymbosoly or pauiculately braiicluHl 
 above, a foot high, lathcr villous than hirsute with long mostly soft hairs, slightly 
 glandular towards the suiuiuit : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, or tlie 
 lower (commonly oppositti) oblanceolato aiul sparsely serrulate : heads rather few : 
 sciiles of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips : outer series of chalf of the 
 receptacle somewhat similar to the scales ami distinct or partly united : rays light 
 yellow. 
 
 Low ground, in the western part ol' the States Douglas, &c. Head, including the expunded 
 broad rays, about an inch in diameter. This ypccies is insufficiently known. Some specimens 
 which have been referred to it prove to have white rays, and to be a less glandular and more 
 villous form of the next ; from which, however, the yellow llowers ought to distinguish the 
 present species. 
 
 11. H. luzulaefolia, DC. Corymhosely or iianimilately much branched, a span 
 to 2 feet high, villous, or below lloccose-woolly when yi»ung, above becoming very 
 glandular and viscid : leaves linear, entire or merely denticulate, the lower elongateil 
 and 3 - 5-uerved : heads numerous, middle-sized or small, mostly on short naked 
 peduncles : scales of the involucre with short herbaceous tips : outer series of chaff 
 united into a cup : rays (6 to 10) and disk-flowers white, sometimes tinged with 
 pink. — //. sericea. Hook. & Arn. //. rudis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. ; a much-branched 
 summer state, witli small heads and small very glandular upper leaves ; the long 
 and silky-woolly Luzula-like lower leaves gone. 
 
 Dry open grounds, common throughout all the western part of the State, and very variable, 
 especially in the size and number of flowers in the head ; blooming continuously from April 
 or even March till Novemk'r. Involucre from 5 or (5 to 2 lines hi<;li : mvs from 5 to 2 lines long, 
 broadly cuneiform. The var. frwjarioidcs, Kellogg, I'roc. t'alif Acad. ii. 70, fig. 14, apjiear-s 
 not ditferent from the ordinary form of the sjjecies, but is said to have "the refreshing odor of 
 strawberries." 
 
 § 3. Akenes of dish mostly tvell-formed and sometimes the outermost truly fertile {then 
 hairy), tnrbinate-quadrangular or slightly obcompressed, straight, furnished 
 ivith a conspicuous chaffy pappus ; of the ray obovoid-triangular, slightly 
 oblique, and (he terminal areola little if at all eccentric: rays 1 to 7, vei-y 
 broad, palmately 'S-lobed or parted : heads narrow, small .• receptacle small 
 and Jlat, the herbaceous chaff only between the ray- and disk-Jlowers : leaves 
 entire and narroiuly linear with revolute margins, or filiform, or those in 
 axillary fascicles and clusters about the heads subulate, but obtuse, commonly 
 tiprped, and sometimes beset on the back, with disk-like or when dry saucer- 
 shaped and either sessile or short-stipitate glands {tvhence the name). — Caly- 
 CADENIA, Gray. {Calycadenia, DC.) 
 * Diffusely paniculate-branched : branches fiUform : chaff of the receptacle united. 
 ■^ Disk-shaped glands none : ray-akenes apiculate at both ends, rugose. 
 
 12. H. tenella, Gray. A span to a foot high, minutely glandular, also sparsely 
 liispid when young : leaves linear-filiform, the lower an inch or two long, upper- 
 most reduced to filiform bracts : heads terminating the very numerous and widely 
 spreading filiform branchlets, cylindraceous : rays 3 to 5, white, 3-paited down to 
 the long and slender tube ; disk-flowers 5, white marked with purple : ray-akenes 
 glabrous, rugose, raised on a short stipe and tipped with a short and thick truncate 
 
Hanizonia. 
 
 COMPOSITyE. 
 
 beak ; (hsk-nkenes obscurely hairy, tlioir pappus of 4 or 5 lanroolate firra-chaffv 
 sea cs tapering into stout rougli awns, au<l cf as many intern.o.Iiate short trunoato 
 and lacerate scales. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191. Osmadenia (cnella, Nutt. Calvca- 
 dema tenella, lorr. & Gray. 
 
 +■ -H DMwped or saucer-shaped short-stalked r,land terminatinrj the fascicled leaves 
 and (tracts: ray-alnm not apknlate at either e.ml, the terminal areola depressed 
 tlie surface smooth and even : Jlowers apparently white. 
 
 13. H. Fremontii, Gray. A span high, with ascending ])ranches, slightly hir- 
 sute or hispid : leaves narrowly linear, roughish : heads several-bracted, terminal 
 ami axillary, sliort-peduncled ..r nearly sessiln, campanulato : rays 5 to 7, 3-nartod 
 th<,ir tube very short; disk-llowers about 20: chair of the recoptaclo fonning a 
 12- l.t-toothed cup: pappus of disk-akenes 10 chally scales, at least the alternate 
 ones longer ami subulate-awned, not longer than the ^k^n^.-Calycadeuia Fremontii, 
 Gray, Hot. Mex. liound. 100. 
 
 California, Fremont. The particular station unknown. 
 
 U. H. pauciflora, Gray. About a foot high, with liliform diverging often 
 zigzag branches, minutely scabrous, sparingly hispid, especially along the inar-ins 
 ot the lower portion of the linear-filiform leaves : heads distant and sessile in "the 
 axils along the branches as well as terpinal, cylindrical: ray solitary, 3-parted down 
 to its short tube; disk-flowers 3 combined into a 3-toothed tubular cup, their pappus 
 ot 5 subulato-awned and 5 small intorniediato truncate chaffy scales. — Cah/cadenia 
 paucijiora, Gray, 1. c. ^ 
 
 sin^cfbeen mefwijr'' *''" '*'*'''" ""known. Both species were collected in 184G, and have not 
 
 * * Virrjate; the, stem, or branches strict: heads mostly in. the axih, either solitary or 
 clustered : rays deeply 7,-lohed or sometimes ?,parted ; their akenes with truncate 
 summit slightly if at all apiculate : disk-corollas narroia and long, 5-toothed ■ 
 Jlowers m some and perhaps all the species open only through evening and 
 morning. '^ j y 
 
 -!- Soft-pnhescent, not at all hispid: heads somewhat paniculate or in short-ped uncled 
 axillary clusters. 
 
 .Ji.^i"""!"^' ^'"'T "V"'"* ^ ^""'^ ^''-^^' ^"'^'^'^ ^^-'th a soft fine pubescence, 
 not even hirsute except on the margins of the uppermost leaves and bmcts : these 
 tipped with a tack-shaped or saucer-shaped and short-stalked gland, or sparsely 
 be.set with similar glands : flowers white ; rays 3 to D, almost equally 3-parte<l and 
 with short but slemler tube; disk-flowers 5 to 10 : chaff of the receptacle united 
 into a 6-8-toothed cup: ray-akeiies somewhat rugo.se, and the broad terminal 
 areola rather protuberant : pappus in the disk of 5 or f, subulate-awned scales nearly 
 twice the length of the akenes, and of one or two a.hlitional short and blunt scales. 
 — H. angustifolm, D.iran.l, PI. Horm., Pacif. R. Pep. iii. 10, not of DC. Caly- 
 cadenia mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3G0. 
 ^^Foot-l.ills, Mariposa and Fresno Counties ; very common at White and Hatch's. Bolaudfr, 
 
 -k-+- Glabrous and smooth, or some of the hirer leaves .•^lightly and sparsely hispid : 
 heads scattered, solitary in the arils and terminal. 
 10. H. truncata, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high ; fhe virgatc stem some- 
 times paniculately branched above: leaves very narrowly linear, the short upjier- 
 most and the bracts tipped with a very largo and aliiiost sessile saucer-shaped 
 gland : flowers yellow ; rays 5 to 8, 3-cleft. with verv short tube ; disk-flowers 10 
 
366 COMPOSIT.E. Iltmizoniii. 
 
 to 20 : chair of receptacle more or less distinct, truncate : ray-akenes as in the piu- 
 ceiling : pappus ol' tliost* of tliu disk wliort and awnli^s ; tlio scales 7 to 1(>, i)ljlt)ng, 
 incisely or iiinbriatcly Lootliod, very nmcii shorter than the akoue, rarely wanting. 
 — C'uli/cacltnia truncdtu, HC. 
 Dry grouml, Vulluy ol' lliu Sucruiiunito to Momlociuo Co., iu, 
 
 -J- -t- -f- Setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the margin of the leaves or bracts : heads 
 sessile or nearly so, and often clustered in the axils and at the summit of the stem : 
 short-stipitate or almost sessile saucer-shaped glands at the tips of the upper and 
 fascicled leaves, bracts, d;c., and often on their sides. 
 
 17. H. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot or so high, more or less 
 liii-suto or hispitl with white bristly hairs, especially on the margins towards the 
 base of the almost lilitbrm leaves : heads solitary in the axils : " Uowers yellow " : 
 pappus of 10 subulate awn-pointed chatl'y scales, or some of them shorter and 
 truncate or obtuse. — Calycadenia villosa, D(J. 
 
 Open grouiula, i)i the western jKut of the Stiite, Valley of the Sacramento, &c. Collected in 
 "Long Valley" by Dr. Kellogg, who notes that the "(lowers are yellow," probably pale. Glands 
 few or somethnes none except the terminal ones. Rays 3 or 4 ; disk-flowers 5 to 10. Except in 
 the slenJerness, the scattered solitary heads, and, if constant, the "yellow" flowers, it is difh- 
 cult to distinguish this from forms of the next. The .specific name, villusa, which is hardly ever 
 appropriate even in Cali/cadcniii, may give way in the trunsfericnce to JJcinizuiiia. 
 
 18. H. multiglandulosa, (Jray. A span to 2 feet high, more or less hirsute and 
 liispid, especially towari-ls the ba.se of the almost lilitorm leaves : stipitate glands mostly 
 present and often copious on the upjier leaves, bracts, involucral scales and united 
 chalf : heads solitary or clustered in the axils, and connnonly capitately or spicately 
 crowded at the summit of the stem : llowers white, sometimes tinged -with rose- 
 color : pappus of 10 or 12 chalfy scales, either all or about half of them subulate- 
 acuminate or awn-i)ointe(l, the others short and pointless. — Cali/cadenia multiglan- 
 dulosa &, C. cephalotes, I)C. ; Torr. & Gray : the former a state with scattered heads 
 and very copious tack-shaiied glands ; the latter with heads all or most of them 
 capitate-crowded at the siunmit. 
 
 Open dry grounds ; common through the western part of the State. No reliance can be 
 placed upon the abundance or rarity of the glands, the crowded or more scattered heads, nor the 
 j)ubeseence of the al<encs, in tfiis and the preceding species. Tlie ray-ovaries are rarely ([uite 
 glabrous, conmionly a little hairy at toj), or s|iarsely so throughout. The scales of the pappus 
 aie sometimes all alike an<l subulate or awn-pointed, or some of them so ; but usually the alter- 
 nate ones are short and blunt. These characters are so mingled that varieties cannot well be 
 defined, at least with the present materials. 
 
 § 4. Akenes nearly as in § 3, hut more nearly equal-sided, acutely ]0-ne7-ved or ribbed, 
 all more or less hirsute and tvith depressed terminal areola, this bearing a 
 coroniform jxijipus in the ray, and a pappus of about 20 equal plumose awns 
 in the disk-akenes, only the central ones of the latter sterile. — ELtl'HAiuzoNiA, 
 Gray. 
 
 19. H. plumosa, Gray. Two or three feet high, with the heads racemose- 
 paniculate along the virgate branches, somewhat setose-hispid and with line rather 
 viscid pubescence: caiilino leaves unknown; those of the flowering brandies all 
 short and bract-like, oblong, tipped and often spar.sely beset (as are the similar 
 scales of the involucre and the outer chalf of the rece|)ta{;Ie) with short-stipilate and 
 pale saucer-shaped glands : corollas " yellow " or more probably white ; those of the 
 ray 7 to 10, dee]dy and irregularly 3-lobed, of the disk 10 to 12. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. ix. 192. Calycadenia 2^1 umosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49. 
 
 A'^alley of the Sacramento. Sent from Stockton to Dr. Kellogg by an unknown collector. 
 Heads rather broad, 3 lines high, exclusive of the rays ; these with their short tube about 4 
 lines long. Receptacle flat or neariy so, pubescent ; its chaff of distinct scales in about two 
 series, the inner smaller. Ray-akenes fidly a lino and a half long, turbinate, with a more con- 
 tracted base, and a rounded summit having a rather small and not protuberant areola, bearing a 
 
Lagophjlla. COMPOSIT.E. 367 
 
 rather firm scarious cup-liko small pappus, its margin ciliate and obscurely fimbriate. Uisk- 
 akencs nearly 2 lines long, oblong-tarbmato, ami witli a broad terminal depressed areola, Imrdered 
 with the pappus of about 20 equal and rather stout barbate-plumose awns, of fully a line in 
 length. All the outer, and sometimes all but one or two of the inmost disk-akenes are seed- 
 bearing. On account of the anomalous pa]>pua to the disk-flowers tiiis species might Ix; sought 
 for in the group to which Blephnripappua belongs, and which it much resembles in the disk- 
 pappus. It really forms a new section in the present genus. 
 
 58. LAGOPHYLLA, Nutt. 
 
 Head several-flowered, heterogamoiis, with about 5 pistillate fertile ray.s, and as 
 many hermaphrodite but sterile disk-flowers. Involucre of as many herbaceous 
 scales as ray-flowers, which are flat on the back, witli margins at base infolded, so 
 as to completely enclose their obcorapressed akcnea, and commonly 2 or 3 looser 
 and more foliaceous empty exterior ones or bracts, lleceptacle small and flat, 
 bearing a series of 5 or 6 distinct chaffy scales, subtending disk-flowers. liays cunei- 
 form, palmately 3-clcft or parted : disk-corollas 5-lobed. Akcncs of the ray more 
 or less obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straiglit, pointless; tlio.so of 
 the disk slender and abortive, all destitute of pappus. — Soft-villous or hirsute 
 annuals, of California and Oregon ; with ropentodly brandling slender stems, alter- 
 nate or opposite mostly entire leaves, and small heads of pale yellow or apparently 
 white flowers. 
 
 * Leaves chiefly alternate: heads leafy-bracteate. 
 
 1. L. ramosissima, Nutt. A foot or two high, at length paniculatcly very 
 much branched : lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate and somewhat silky- 
 hirsute (an inch or two long) ; the upper and those of the branchlets successively 
 smaller and copiously villous with long and soft hairs, especially along their mar- 
 gins, often becoming concave or involute when dry : heads almost sessile, clustered 
 on the leafy branchlets : rays hardly exsertod, yellow : fertile akenes carinatcly one- 
 nerved down the inner face. — Torr. Sz Gray, Fl. ii. 402. L. ^nininia, Kellogg in 
 Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 53. 
 
 Dry hillsides, common through the middle and northern part of the State, and in adjacent 
 parts of Oregon and Nevada. Stems brittle : loaves cariy deciduous from the stoma niid tho 
 lit length smooth filiform branches. 
 
 2. L. dichotoma, Bonth. A foot or so high: leaves more strigosely pubescent; 
 the cauline ones spatulate and often coarsely crenate, those of the branchlets and 
 bracts hirsutely ciliate : heads sessile in the forks of the repeatedly dichotomous 
 almost naked branches, and terminating their fdiform peduncle-like extremities : 
 rays much exserted, apparently white : fertile akenes concave and nerveless (but 
 minutely striate) on the inner face. — PI. Hartw. 317. 
 
 Plains of tho Sacramento and Feather Rivers, ITnrhvrfi, Filch, Jii'jrlmr. Heads larger than in 
 the preceding ; the ligales conspicuous, about 3 lines long. 
 
 * * Leaves commonly or mostly opposite : heads nalrd, terminal, slender-pcduncled. 
 
 3. L. fllipes, Gray. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, soft-villous, 
 and witli some small sti[)itate glands : leaves linear ; some nf the lower rnuline 
 sparsely lacnniate-denticulate (2 or 3 ijirlics lonj:) ; ihoso of Ihe branchlot.s short 
 (4 to 2 lines long), not ciliate : head small, hractless, on a filiform peduncln : rays 
 exsertod, apiiarontly white. — Pacif P. I^ej). iv. 100, S: Mex. P<mnd. 101. 
 Hemizonia filipes. Hook. & Am., apparently, but the specimens of Pouglns not 
 seen. 
 
 California, Dovglas. On the Sacramento, Fitch, Ncivhcrry, &c. Seemingly a rare species. 
 Akenes not yet known. 
 
3G8 CUMPOSIT.E. Luyia. 
 
 59. LA.YIA, Hook. & Am. 
 
 Head many-flowered, heteiogaiuous, Avith 8 to 20 pistillate rays and numerous 
 perfect disk-flowers, all fertile, except occasionally some of the central. Involucre 
 lieniispherical or very broadly cuiupanulato, of as many scales as ray-flowers (and 
 sometimes a few external enipty ones), flat or nearly so on the back, their abruptly 
 dilated thin or scarious margins or auricles below infolded on either side so as to 
 meet and enclose the ray-akene. Keceptacle broad and flat, or rarely convex 
 (pubescent where not chafl'y), a series of chafl' like an inner involucre subtending 
 the outermost disk-llowors, or in some species with thinner clmlf subtending uU or 
 most of them, liuys cuneiform or oblong, 2-3-lobed or toothed at the apex : disk- 
 corollas cylindraceous-funnelform, 5-lobed at summit. Akenes of tlie ray obovate- 
 oblong or narrower, obcompressed, glabrous (with one exception) and smooth, 
 destitute of pappus, but crowned with a protuberant disciform areola; of the disk 
 nearly similar or linear-cuneate, mostly hairy, and with a various pappus of 5 to 
 20 bristles, awns, or chafiy scales, either naked or plumose, or occasionally none. — 
 Annuals, all of the Califurnian region ; with leaves nearly all alternate and often 
 incised or pinnatifld, and showy heads of yellow or yellow and white flowers 
 (mostly with brown or purple anthers), terminating the somewhat paniculate or 
 corymbose branches. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 103; lienth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2. 395, 
 where the synonymy is given. 
 
 Rudiments of pappus occasionally occur on the ray-akenes, as a small scale, or a bristle or two, 
 but they are evidently abnormal. The species are arranged under three sections, mainly by tlie 
 pappus : otherwise several ot them are almost exactly alike. 
 
 § 1. Pappus of \^ to 20 {or rarely fewa-) aunts or stout bristles which are long- 
 plianose or villosc betoiv the middle : receptacle chaffy only at the marf/in, 
 rarely avioiuj some of the outer disk-jloivers : akenes all narrow and somewhat 
 clavate, crowned with a protuberant annular or rarely almost cupulate disk, 
 especially in the ray. Plants all hispid or hirsute and S]rri)ikled above with 
 dark-colored stipitate glands. — Madaroglossa, Gray. (Madaroylussa, DC.) 
 
 * Hays white (or rarely purple), cuneiform and 3-lobed ; the disk yelloiv. 
 
 1. L. glandulosa, Hook. & Arn. A span to a foot high, loosely branching, 
 roughish with short hiypid hairs : leaves linear, the upper ones all small and entire, 
 the lower often lanceolate and sparingly incisely i)inuatilid : heads middle-sized or 
 smaller: rays 8 to 13, conspiciiously exserted : disk-akenos appressed silkyvillous : 
 pappvis mostly bright white, the very copious villous woul much shorter thuii the 
 stout bristles, thu inner portion at length crisped and interlaced. — Blepharipappus 
 glaiidulosus, Hook. Eriopappus glandulosus, Arn. Madaroglossa angusiifotia, DC 
 
 Var. rosea, Gray. Pays rose-purple ; otherwise api)arently identical with the 
 ordinary form. 
 
 Dry and open grounds and bare plains, from the Dalles of Oregon through the eastern poitions 
 of the Sierra Nevada to bos Angoles Co., and eastward to New Mexico and Utah. The Var. 
 rusca, at Ojai, Ventuia Co., S. F. J'eckhaiu : apparently ditl'ering only in tliu color of the rays, 
 which in the species are white. Heads variable in size : rays fiom a third to half an inch in 
 length. L. Neo-Mcxicana, Gray, PL Wriglit., is the same, with the occasional development of a 
 crown of chaffy pappus on tlie ray-akenes. 
 
 2. L. heterotricha, Hook. Sc Arn. A foot or two high, erect, rough-hispid 
 and somewiuit viscid : leaves linear or lunceohile, from entire to laciniate-|)innatili(l : 
 heads pretty large : rays 10 to 18, fully twice the length of the disk, oblong-cunei- 
 furm, bright wliite : disk-akenes villous-pubescent : pappus white or whitish ; the 
 
Laijia, COMPOSITyK. 3f,f) 
 
 villous wool all straij^lit and erect, a little or sonictiines iiiiicli slioiter than the mthcr 
 slender bristles. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 32G. Madaroglossa liderotriclia, DC. 
 
 Opon grounds, thiougli the western part of the State, especially in the San Joaijuin Valley. 
 Heads with disk half an inch high ; the large and showy elongated rays three nuarters of an inch 
 long. The copious stijiitate black glands, intermixed with the short hispid and above apparently 
 
 soinew 
 
 The copious stipitate black glands, intermixed with the short hispid and 
 hat viscid bristles, suggested the specitic name. 
 
 3. L. carnosa. Torr. Sc dray. Dwarf and depres.sed, rising only 3 to 5 inches 
 high, more or less hirsute-pubescent : leaves succulent, spatulate or the upper linear- 
 oblong, the lower often sinuate-pinnatiiid : heads small : rays 8 to 10, very short 
 (slightly surpassing the involucre), apparently white : akenes both of ray and disk 
 jtubescent : pap[)us dull whitisli, its slender bristles very sparsely plumose with 
 straight villous hairs to much above the middle. — Afadaro(/lossa carnosa, Nutt. 
 
 Sands of the sea beach, San Diego (NttttaU), Monterey {Parry), Punta de los Reyes, Bigdow. 
 The rays (nowhere stated to be yellow) appear to be white, and they are very inconspicuous. 
 
 * * Rays as well as disk-flowers yellow. 
 
 4. L. hieracioides, Ilook. Sc Arn. A foot or so high, very hispid with long 
 and spriMiding rigid bristles, which ubovo aro sonunvhat viscid : L-aves varying from 
 linear to oblong, laciniate-toothod or almost pinnatifid : heads small : rays U) to 15, 
 small, a little e.xceeding the disk : disk-akenes minutely pubescent : pappus rusty- 
 brownish ; the straight and erect villous hairs rather scanty and little shorter than 
 the bristles. — Madaroglossa hieracioides, DC. 
 
 Open grounds, San Francisco to Monterey, &e. Stem not rarely spotted by the dark -colored 
 bases of the bristles. Loaves mostly only an inch or so in length. Heads only 3 or 4 lines high : 
 rays seldom 2 lines long ; their akenes aometinioa showing rudiments of pappus. 
 
 5. L. gaillardloides, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, loosely branched, 
 hispid and glandular like the preceding : leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower com- 
 moidy pinnatiHd : heads pretty large : rays 12 to 20, orange-yellow, cuneate-oblong, 
 twice or tiirice the lengtii of the disk : disk-akenes silky-pubescent : pappus dull 
 white or rather rusty ; the erect and not abundant villous hairs all straight and con- 
 siderably shorter than the bristles. 
 
 Open grounds, common through the western part of the State, especially near San Francisco 
 Bay. Rays in well-developed plants two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, ("half of the 
 receptacle soniotimes (as originally desciil>cd) among the outer disk-llowers, but commonly only 
 bciwccn the disk anil ray. In lloiuiider'H (tollcction fnmi {'"orcst Hill, riiu-iM' Co., are HiMM'iinoMn 
 uiidislingniHJiablo from L. pndni'.lHV.I a of that locality, and ni>parcnlly growing with it, nut with 
 the pajjpus of the present K])ecics. 
 
 6. L. elegans, Torr. Sc Cray. Resembles the preceding, but rather hirsuto than 
 hispid, and the linear cauline loaves less pinnatilid : rays 10 to 12, lighter yellow, 
 obovate-cuneiform, about twice the length of the disk : pappus mostly white ; its 
 copious villous hairs much shorter than the awn-like bristles, the inner crisped and 
 interlaced. — Madaroglossa elegans, Nutt. 
 
 Open grounds, Ukiah to Santa Barbara and T>os Angeles. In the pappus this resembles 
 L. ylandulosa ; and the rays are similar, except in their color and rather larger size. 
 
 § 2. Pappus, receptacle, glandular herbage, and whole aspect of the preceding section, 
 but the (5 to 25) aivns or bristles of the papjnis naked, or rarely tcanting. — 
 Callichuoa, firay. (Callichroa, Fischer & Meyer.) 
 
 7. L. pentachaeta, Cray. Sparsely hirsute or hispid as well as glandular, 
 loosely l.)ranched : leaves mostly pinnatilid and the lower even bi]Mnnati(id, with 
 long linear lobes : rays largo, golden yellow, olilong-ciineiform : disk-akenes minutely 
 pubescent, soTnetimos almost glabrous ; ])appus of 5 or raroly fewer rigid smootli 
 bristles, or sometimes wanting. — Pacif. \l. Kop. iv. 108, t. 1(5. 
 
 Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ; on the Stanislaus {Uiijelnv) and near Forest Hill, Placer Co., 
 ItiiJmiifrr. Heads showy; the numerous apparently deep yellow rays half nn inch or so in 
 length. 
 
870 CUMPOSIT^ii. Layia. 
 
 8. L, platyglossa, (Jmy. Aloro or less lursutu tw wdU us gliuululur, loosely 
 bniiiciiiii;; : lower U;iiv(!s comaiouly jiimiulilul : mya large, cunuate-ohovuto, bright 
 light yellow, uml eoiiiiiioiily with wliiLish ti[)s to the lobes : ilisk-akeiu-s ailky-liir- 
 suto : puijpus uf 15 to 25 u[)vviudly seubrous stout and rigid awii-lilce bristles, whieli 
 are usually only u little shorter than the corolla. — PI. Fendl. lOii. Callichroa 
 phUt/ylossa, iMscher tV; Meyer, Ind. ISeiu., & Hort. Potrop. t. 5 ; IJrit. Fl. (^ard. ser. 2, 
 t. 373; Bot. ^lag. t. 3719. Madaroglossa hirsuta &l M. august if olia, Nutt. 
 
 Var. breviseta, <Jniy. Pappus barely one halt" the length of the corolla or of 
 the akene : leaves mostly pinnatiiid. 
 
 Coiiiiaoii tliioaghout tlie whole western portion of the State : the variety, Los Angeh^s, Jiiye- 
 luw. The ordinary form is fauiiliur in cultivation. About San Francisco it is popularly named 
 Tidy-iijjs. 
 
 § 3. Pappus of subulate amus or of chafy scales, either naked or margined tvith 
 scanty long villous hairs at base, or none : receptacle chaffy throughout : akenes 
 oblong-obovate : herbage less hispid or hirsute than in the foregoing, and wholly 
 destitute of glands. — Calmolossa, Gray. (Calliglossa, Hook. & Arn. Oxy- 
 ura, DC Calliachyris, Torr. & Gray.) 
 
 Tiieso jilanta all loolv vi^y mucli alike, and ((-xccptiug /.. Frnnontii) are hardly distinguiHliahlo 
 in aanuct ; yet they dili'er in .smii piutitidars (iiat they caiuiol lie redueed to one or even two poly- 
 nioriiliuu.s Njifi'ies. The sealis of liie iuvoluere are Woolly iuMidu ut the muninit imd maiKinN t'l' 
 llie inl'olded |iortioii, inoHtsu in A. Firiiioiilii. Tim rayt* In all are aniph*, eaneil'orm, and U-lobed 
 at the end, yellow, or sometimes with nearly white tips. 
 
 L. DouGLASii, Hook. & Am., whicli is known only by a specimen collected "between the 
 Narrows and the Great Falls of the Columbia" by Douglas, and preserved in the Hookerian herba- 
 rium, ajjpuars to be a species intennediate between the present .section and Madarocjlussa. See 
 Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 104. 
 
 '.': Receptacle Jfat : pappus present : disk-akenes more or less villous. 
 
 9. L. Fremontii, (J ray. Dillusely brancliing, slender, a span or two high, 
 puberulent and somewhat hirsute: leaves mostly pinnately parted and with short 
 linear-oblong divisions : scales of the involucre very woolly inside at the infoldfd 
 portion: rays ileeply 3dobed : i)a))pus of about 12 ovate-lanceolate and subulate- 
 pointed chally scales, about the length of the akene, with some interposed attenu- 
 ated villou.s hairs resembling those of the akene but longer. — I'l. Pendl. 103. 
 Calliachyris Fremontii, Torr. & ^^ray, in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. 140. 
 
 Valley of the Sacramento, Frnnmit, kililbnaa, Ilnrturij. Also near Auburn, I'laeer Co., 
 Buhuultr. 
 
 10. L. calliglossa, <lray. Loosely branching, a foot or so higli, rather glabrous, 
 but the leaves (piunali'ly parted, or on the branches entire and sniall) thickly ciliate 
 Avith short hispid bristles : rays commonly paler or whitish at the tijjs : ])ai»[)us of 
 10 to 18 very unequal scabrous or near the Viase occasionally somewhat barbellate- 
 ciliate awns. — PI. Fendl. 103, Calliglossa Douglasii, Hook. <^' Arn. Oxyura 
 chrysantheinoides, Lindl. l>ot. Heg, t. 1850 ; Fischer & I\Ieyer, Hort. Petrop. t. 0. 
 
 Var. oligochseta, (Jray. l^ippus of only two awns in nnuiy or most of the 
 flowers, the others reduced to little scales. 
 
 Not rare through the western part of tlie State ; the variety at Petaluinii, ami Santa Ro.sa 
 Valley, Ncn-bcrry, liolunila-. 
 
 ■■k * Jieceptacle strongly cADioex : jutppus none : disk-akenes glabrous. (Oxyura, l)C.) 
 
 11. L. Chrysanthemoides, (iray. Like the |)receding in aspect, or leaves 
 sometimes more "scabrous-pubescent and less ciliate : akenes broader and glabrous, 
 and with no epigynous disk, the dilated base of the corolla covering their apex. — 
 Oxyu7-a chrysanthemoides & Hartviannia ciliata, DC. 
 
 Hillsides and low grounds, near San Francisco, &e. Kays, as in the foregoing, about half :in 
 inch long, deeii yellow, the tips inclined to be whiti.-ih. 
 
Jaumea. COMrOSIT.E. 371 
 
 60. ACHYRACHiENA, Schaucr. 
 Ple.ad many-flowered, heterogaiuous, with G tu 10 very short pistillate and fertile 
 inconspicuous rays; the disk-ilowers also fertile. Involucre oblong-canipanulate ; 
 its scales lanceolate, as many as ray-flowers, flattish on the back below and each by 
 its infolded thin margins enclosing an akene, or one or two empty ones besides. 
 Ilecoptacle nearly Hat, chaffy at the margin and among some of the outer disk- 
 (lowcrs; the outennoat clinfV roHombliiig tlio scales of tlio involucre, the rest inoro 
 mombnuiaceous or scarious. J^iys very small, hanlly cxceoding tlio disk, ilio 
 palmatoly 3-cloft concave ligtilo barely exceeding its style and much shorter than 
 its slender tube : disk-corollas slender, 5-toothed. Akenes linear-cuneate or clavate, 
 somewhat obcompressed, or in the disk nearl}' terete, 10-ribbed, and with the alter- 
 nate or all the ribs tuberculate-scabrous at maturity ; those of the disk truncate at the 
 apex ; those of the ray rounded and with an epigynous protuberant areola ; the 
 former with a jjappus of about 10 silvery linear-oblong blunt scarioua scales in two 
 sei'ies, the 5 outer considerably sliorter than the alternate inner ones, which are as 
 long as the corolla. — A single (Californian) annual species, with narrow loaves, 
 only the lower opposite. 
 
 1. A. mollis, Schauer, A span to a foot or so high, erect and mostly slender, 
 villous-pubescent and somewhat glandular or viscid : leavers long-linear, entire, or 
 the lower sparingly laciniate : heads solitary and peduncled, terminating the stem 
 or fastigiate branches, at most an inch long : flowers whitish or yellowish, the rays 
 turning brownish. — LejnJostephanus mach'oides, liartling. 
 
 Common in fiolda and opon lo'w groinuls tln-ougli tlio woalorn nnd cciitnil jioitions of tlic Stnto. 
 Becoming conspicuous by the expansion of (lie iiapims when thy nml divergenco of the nkencs, 
 forming a globular silvery-chaffy head, somewhat resembling tliat of Thrift {Arnicria vuhjaris) : 
 tlie longer pappus a (piarter of an incli long ; the akene about the same length. 
 
 Tribk VI. IIELENIOIDE^. 
 
 Distinguished from Helianthoidece by the absonco of chaff on the receptacle, from 
 Anthemulea; by the herbaceous scales of the involucre, mostly larger ami longer 
 akenes, &c. : the pappus when present of chaffy scales, awns, or sometimes awn-liko 
 bristles, rarely of finer or capillary bristles, but then the herbage dotted with trans- 
 lucent oil-glands. — Belonging chi<^fly to the New World, and especially to "Western 
 Korth America. 
 
 61. JAUMEA, Ters. 
 
 Head raany-flowered, with pistillate rays, or rarely none ; the flowoi-s all fertile. 
 Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate or somewhat turbinate, composed of very broad 
 and imbricated scales, the outer shorter and fleshy. Eeceptacle naked, in the Cali- 
 fornian species conical. Corollas glabrous. Style-branches of the disk-flowers tippeil 
 with a very blunt short cone. Akenes all alike, linear, 10-nerved, more or less 
 angled. Pappus in S.American species chaffv, in ours none. — Herbs or slightly 
 woody |)lants, glabrous, with opposite nnd entir(> linear (livshy h-avcs. rontiati" at 
 base, nnd solitary middle-sized heads of yellow flowej-s, cui peiluncles somewhat 
 thickened at the apex and terminating the branches. — Benth. it Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 
 397; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194. Coinngi/ne, Less., DC. 
 
;n2 
 
 CUMI'OSIT.E. Jaumtu. 
 
 1. J. camosa, (Jniy. Stems proeuiubont or uscending, herbaceous : leaves 
 linear ur hputulale-liucui', very Uushy, somewhat terete when fresh : head erect on a 
 short peduncle: rays (J to 10, linear, small : roce[)tacle lHt,dily conical, smooth and 
 lleshy : akenes wholly f^labroiis, destitute of pappus. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. iJOO. 
 Coi/Kii/i/iie airnosd, Le.ss. ; ToiT. Si ("iiiy, Fl. ii. 410. 
 
 Salt inuislies along the coast, hom San Di»go to Sun Fruncisco, and to Paget Sound. Its 
 near relative inhabits the eastern shore of extni-tropical South America, and has a iiapijus, 
 but no rays. 
 
 62. VENEGASIA, DC. 
 
 Head many-llowered, with numerous pistillate rays ; the Howcra all fertile, in- 
 volucre very broad, imbricated in several mnks ; scales round-ovato ; the outermo;>t 
 somewhat foliaceous, the inner successively more membranaceous and a little colored, 
 a few of the innermost smaller, narrow and scarious. lieceptacle Hat, naked. Tube 
 of the corollas glamlular-bearded, especially at base : rays elongated, entire or 2 - 3- 
 tootlied at the narrow apex : disk-corollas elongated-cylindrical. Style-branches 
 of the disk-flowers very obtuse. Akenes oblong-linear, many-nerved, somewhat 
 5-angled, destitute of pappus. — A stout herb, with alternate cordate petioled leaves, 
 and rather large heads of yellow tlowers. 
 
 1. V. carpesioides, DC. Several feet high, with pithy and nairly glabrous 
 branches, leafy to the top : leaves membranaceous, cordate or some of them ovate- 
 deltoid, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, sprinkled beneath with some minute resinous 
 atoms, slender-petioled : heads terminal and from the upper axils, on short slender 
 peduncles. — J'artheiiopsis maritimus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 100. 
 
 Kocivy banks of streams, &c., Santa Barbara and southward.. Heads handsome, fully two 
 inches broad, iucluduig the (about 15) long rays. It would be well worthy of cultivation. The 
 genus commemorates an early writer upon California, the Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. 
 
 63. KIDDELLIA, Nutt. 
 
 Heads several-llowered, with 3 or 4 i)istillate rays ami 5 to 12 disk-Uowers, all 
 fertile. Involucre narrow, cylindraceous, of 4 to 10 linear-oblong and coriaceous 
 equal woolly scales, which are connivent but distinct, except at the very base, and 
 a few thinner or scarious ones within, sometimes a narrow external bract or two. 
 Itcceptacle Hat, naked and smooth. Kays large for the size of the head, very broad, 
 abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 3-lobed at the enti, 5-7- 
 nerved (the nerves converging and uniting in pairs within the lobes), becoming 
 papery, persistent on the akene. Disk-corollas elongated-cylindraceous, with a very 
 short proper tube, 5-toothed at summit ; the teeth glandular. Anthers linear, mi- 
 nutely sagittate or emarginate at base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers short, 
 truncate-capitate at the apex. Akenes narrow, terete or nearly so, obscurely striate 
 or angled, glabrous, or in one species cobwebby-villous. rapi)us of 4 to G iiyaline 
 nerveless and pointless chally scales. — Low and branching woolly herbs, [trobably 
 all perennial ; with alternate spatulate or linear leaves, either entire or the radical 
 ones pinnatoly incised, and corymbose small heads of golden yellow flowers, much 
 resembling those of a section of Zinnia which belongs to the .same region. — Cray, 
 PI. Fendl. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. 
 
 There are three species, nil of the Texano-Aiizonian region ; namely, 11. antclinuideit, of Texas 
 and Northern Mexico, which is remarkalile for the long cobwebby hairs on the akene, and the 
 pappus-scales as it were dissolved at the a|»ex into similar hairs; It. ^^/(//■/(« of Nuttall, with 
 
'/"'■/'".'/"■ coMi'osnM';. 
 
 37:5 
 
 ciitiro pnppufl-floalp.s, wlilch rxtoii,la f,,,,,, W. A,kniisns MmoukI. S. Ufnli to S. Arizona, wlirro a 
 lonn with solitary slondnr podiinclpd licads w.us ini.stnkcii for tlio tliird or following species. 
 
 1. R. Cooperi, (Jray. A foot or two liigh, tonicntoso-canescent ; somewhat 
 naked with age : loaves narrowly linear, entire, minutely punctate : lieads soli- 
 tary on filiform peduncles terminating the branches : akenes glabrous : jjappus of 
 oblong erose-laciniato chaffy scales, about a quarter of the length of the glandular 
 disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. 
 
 Fort Mohave, on gravelly banks, Coo]m: Also on or nair the higher Rio Colorado, NcmhtrrM 
 Leaves an inch or less in length. Involucre ahout 3 lines long. Kays nearly half an inch longi 
 and about 4 hnes broad, usually four in number. Pappus irregularly lacerate-toothcd above; 
 the teeth few, sometimes slender and almost capillary. 
 
 64. BAILEYA, Gray. 
 Head many-flowered, with 5 to 50 pistillate rays in one or more series ; all the 
 flowers fertile. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous and nearly equal thin-herba- 
 ceous linear woolly scales, about in two series. Roceptaclo flat or barely convex, 
 naked. Knys largo, oval or oblong-cuiioate, broadly 3-tootho(l at the apex, 7-norvod, 
 tapering into a narrow but not tubular base, becoming scariona-papory (but very 
 thin), persistent on the truncate ni)ox of tho akcno. Disk-corollas tubular-funnel- 
 form above the short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandular-bearded. Anthers 
 linear, minutely sagittate at base. Style-branchos short, with truncate-cai)itate 
 apex. Akenes oblong-linear or slightly club shaped, somewhat angled, many- 
 ribbed or striate; the apex truncate, sometimes obscurely toothed by the extension 
 of the ribs, or in the ray callous-thickened. Pappus none. — Ploccosely white- 
 woolly herbs (of the Arizona-desert region), apf.ai-ently all annuals, a foot or so 
 in height ; leaves alternate, soft, the upper lanceolate or linear, the lower once or 
 twice pinnatifid ; heads of yellow flowers terminating slender peduncles, mostly 
 showy from the abundance of the persistent, at length deflexed, thin and sulphur- 
 colored rays. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 105, k Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195. 
 
 Thispnua, which rommomorates one of our worthiest naturalists, the. late Professor Railev 
 now claiins the placo vyhich was originally suggcstod for it, nanudy, with lUddrUia, these two 
 genera with tiio following constituting a woll-markcd subtribc. 
 
 1. B. pauciradiata, Gray, 1. c. Slender, paniculately bnvnchcd to the summit, 
 somewhat villous as well as woolly : loaves mostly linear, tlie upper entire, tho 
 lower elongated and laciniato-pinnatifid : peduncles slender, .seldom over an inch 
 long : head small, rather few-flowered : tlio oval mys 5 or fi (sliort-unguiculate only 
 3 or 4 lines long) : the disk-flowers 10 to 20 : akenes evenly many-striate, 'rou<di 
 with minute points. 
 
 iSoutheasteni Iwrdor of tho State, on tho Uio Colorado, in sand, (\mUrr, SrfintI, C,^,,,n: 
 2 B. ploniradiata, Gray, I. c. Wholly floccose-woolly, much bmnched fnuii 
 the base : the branches erect, terminating in mostly long solitary pedunclos : lowp.<;t 
 leaves obovate or spatulate, once or twice pinnatitid into ol)long or broadly linear 
 lobes ; the upper linear, 3-cIeft or entire : head middle-size.l and many-flowered : 
 the rays 25 to 40 in 2 or 3 ranks, dilated-obovato and broadly 3-tootiipd (4 or 5 
 hnes long) : akenes angled with .strong and .striata witli intermediate more slender 
 ribs, minutely scabrous or nearly smooth. 
 
 California, Coulter. Not uncommon in Arizona, and througli Sonoia and Sonthorn Tt/ih to 
 the l)ordcrs of Texas : perhaps not collected witliin the State. 
 
 3. B. multiradiata. Gray, 1. c. TVnsely floccose-woolly : .stem simple or 
 sparingly branched below, bearing long naked' or sometime.^ se.qpe-like pednnclci 
 
g-j-^ COMPOSIT.E. W'hilntya. 
 
 (from 4 inches to a foot in length) : knaves nearly all once or twict' i)innatili(l : ht'iul 
 larg(i : rays 40 or r)() iu about 2 ranks, iMineate-ohlanci'olatc (iully half an incii 
 lou"): alicnes as in tlm prccedin}", smooth and glabrous or with some resiimus 
 globules. — Torr. in Kmory Kep. 144, t. G. 
 
 Ill tlio Ciililoniiiui collofUiiii i)f ('oullcr. Very piolmltly coHccUhI in Arizmm or Soiioni, wlicm 
 this apucioa occurs, as also further eustwurd. 
 
 65. WHITNEYA, Uiuy. 
 Head niany-llowered, with 7 to 'J pistillate fertile rays : the disk-llowers appar- 
 ently perfect, but infertile. Involucre campanulate, of 9 to 12 thin-herbace(jus 
 lanceolate-oblong or ovate-lanceohito and ec^ual scales, in a single or somewhat 
 ilouble series, more or less concave at base. Keceptaclo conical, somewhat foveolate, 
 villous. Kays large, elongated, minutely 3-toothed at the apex, many- (10 - 1C-) 
 nerved, the nerves also prominent on the short tube, becoming thin-papery, and 
 persistent on the mature akene. Disk-corollas tubular-fumielform, with a very 
 short proper tube, persistent on the infertile ovary, obtusely S-toothed. Antbcrs 
 linear. IStyle-bninches of the disk-Howers linear, hirsute-i)uberulent externally, 
 extended a little beyond the stigmatic lines into an obtusish tip. Akenes of the 
 ray oblong somewhat obcompressed, obtuse at both ends, lightly several-nerved, 
 wholly destitute of papi)us : those of the disk similar, but sterile. — A low jjcrennial 
 herb of the Sierra Nevada, canescent ; the mostly simple stems bearing 2 or 3 pairs 
 of opposite entire or obscurely denticulate leaves, and solitary or few slender- 
 peduncled showy heads of golden yellow llowers. — Gray, iu Troc. Am. Acad. vi. 
 549, & ix. 195. 
 
 1. W. dealbata, Ciray, 1. c. About a foot high, from slender and naked creep- 
 ing rootst(Jcks : lisives obovate or spatidale and tapering into petioles, or the np|ier 
 small and huice.ohite, lioaiy with a very line and close woolliness : rays oblong-Ian 
 ceolate, about an inch in length. 
 
 In open woods, &;c., at an elevation of 5,000 to 7,000 feet, from above the Mariposa Sequoia 
 grove northward along tlic Sierra Nevada, Jirciver, Bolandcr, Ordij, kc. A handsome plant, of 
 a very distinct genus, whicli was dedicated to the accomplished Director of the Calit'ornian State 
 Geological Survey, in the prosecution of wliich it was discovered. It seems to occur through a 
 coiisitrerahle range in the Sierra ; and it is likely to be prized in cultivation. The original 
 character of the genus is lu^re luatcriidly corrected. The rays commonly bear rudiments of sta- 
 mens in the form of sterile lilamciits : their lower surface is puberulcnt, as also the akenes and 
 nearly the whole surface of the disk-corollas. 
 
 66. BURRIELIA, DC, Iknth. 
 Head several-flowered, with one to five very short rays which hardly ecjual the 
 more numerous disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous, of 4 or 5 (rarely 3) 
 oblong thin-herbaceous scales. Receptacle subulate or almost filiform, rough with 
 projecting points on which the akenes are inserted. Tube of the corollas slender, 
 as long as the campanulate 4-5-lobed limb and as the barely spreading oval or 
 oblong ligule. Anthers oblong, more or less auricled or sagittate at base, tipped 
 with a slender lanceolate or linear-liliform appendage. Style-branches tipped with 
 subulate-acute minutely hirsute ajipendages. Akenes long-linear or somewhat fusi- 
 form, llattish, with indistinct marginal or other nerves. Pappus of flattened subu- 
 late awns or awn-like rigid scales, fully as long as the corolla, of the disk-llowers 
 2 to 4, of the ray one or two or rarely none. — Small and slender annuals (all 
 
r^ria. coMPosriM':. 375 
 
 Californian), barely liairy ; wiMi opposite entire linear leaves, and slender-pcdunelcd 
 heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. — DC. J'rudr. v. G63, in part; 
 Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 398. 
 
 1. B. microglossa, DC. Sparsely hairy, a span higli, l)ranehing : rays 1 to 3, 
 inconspicuous, shorter than their style : appendages to the anthers lanceolate : 
 style-appendages broadly subulate : akenes minutely and sparsely hispid. 
 
 Low mouiu], ill the iioiRhhorliootl df San Francisco. Heads a quarter to a tliinl of an indi 
 in length. 
 
 2. B. leptalea, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, mostly simple : leaves 
 very small and narrow : rays 4 or 5, longer than their style but "shorter than the 
 disk : appendages to the anthers almost filiform : style-appendages narrowly and 
 abruptly subulate from a broad base : akenes minutely scabrous-hispid. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vi. 546. 
 
 Santa Lucia A[ountain9, on tlie Nacimiento River, Brewer. Receptacle subulate, giudually 
 tapering from a broadish base, little shorter than the involucre. 
 
 67. BiERIA, Fischer & Meyer, Bentli. 
 Head many-floAvered, with 5 to 12 or 14 exserted pistillate rays; all the flowers 
 usually fertile. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, formed of a single series 
 of herbaceous oval or oblong-lanceolate flat scales. Receptacle strongly and usually 
 acutely conical, rough or muricate with projecting jjoints wliich bear the akenes. 
 Pays oval or oblong, entire or 2 - 3-toothed : disk-corollas with a very slender or 
 filiform tube equalling or longer than the campanulate or cyathiform S-lobed limb. 
 Anthers oblong, bimucronulate or somewhat sagittate at base, tipped with a deltoid- 
 ovate or oblong obtuse appendage. Style-branches tipped with a very short capitate- 
 truncate or flattened and very obtuse appendage, Imt its centre sometimes pointed 
 with a short bristle or rarely a more substantial cusp. Akenes linear, subclavatc, or 
 linear-cuneate, more or less coinpressed and 4 -5-angled or nerved ; those of the ray 
 not at all embraced by the involucral scales. Pappus of a few awns with chaffy- 
 dilated base, or of awned or partly awii-jjointed chaHy scales, or else wholly wanting. 
 — Aimuala (all (Californian), mostly low or small, pubescent (U' almost glabrous; 
 with opposite linear and entire leaves, or else laciniate-pinnatilid into linear lobes, 
 and small or middle sized heads of yellow flowers on slender peduncles, terminating 
 the stem and branches. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 
 i.x. 19G. Burrielia, DC. 1. c, oxcl. sp. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. sp. J)irh(rta, 
 Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 § 1. Pappus uniformly 7ione : ahenea somewhat rounded at the apex, the areola 
 rather small : leaves all entire. [B<vria, Fischer S:. Meyer.) 
 
 1. B. chrySOStoma, Fischer & Meyer. More or less pubescent, or the margin 
 of the narrow linear leaves sparsely hirsute, a span to a foot and a half high : scales 
 of the involucre 5 to 12, oblong-ovate or oval-oblong, acute : rays as many, oval 
 or oblong : receptacle rather broadly conical but acute : akenes subclavate-linear, 
 glabrous but most commonly glandular. — Fischer k Afeycr, Iiid. Scm. r>ec. 1835, 
 »t Sert. I'otroj). t. 7; l)on.,\nri(. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 3!)5. Hin-rirtln hivsuin, Nutt. 
 Ji. chrj/soMonin, Torr. i^: CJray, l"'l. ii. 10(5, 37'.). 
 
 Var. macrantha {finrrielia. chri/sostovia, var. vvn-rantha. Gray, Pacif M. Hep. 
 iv. 106) is a form strikingly largo in all its j)arts, a foot or more high ; tlie hoacl 
 broad and ample; the obhjug rays from half to three (piaiters ol'nn ituh long. 
 
376 COMPOSIT.E. Boeria. 
 
 Hills ftiul moist giouml, thiou^'hout the western i)ait of the State ; the huge viuiety in wct 
 niciiilowfl on tlio (toiwt, lioni Miiriu Co. {Jliyduw) to lluuibohlt Co. {BoIuikI'i; Kcllo(j<j, &e.), luus.s- 
 insr into iho onlinuiy I'min. The opiiosile ihiiumiiemto extreme is conimon t'luiher mnitli and in 
 tlie inleiior, iiioluilily in wleiile Hoil, with iililonn stems only a or 4 inches iiigh, and the wales 
 ol" the involiii'ie and rays reiluced to 5 or li, the hitter only 2 lines long. AkiMies narrow, .some- 
 times bjiai'sely dotted, sonielimes thickly heset willi minute ghuuls or gliindular fioints. Style- 
 ajipendayes truntalo-eapituto. 
 
 § 2. Fappus present and of 2 to 5 {rarely 8) uniform awns or aivned chajfi/ scales 
 (or rarely wantuu/) : akenes truncate at the apex ; minutely cinereous-puberu- 
 lent : leaves except in B. plat year pha entire. {Burrielia, DC, mainly.) 
 •A Chaffy scales of the pappus entire. 
 
 2. B. gracilis, Gmy, 1. c. Closely resembles the precediii'^', but smaller than 
 its larger I'unus, a span or more high, branching ircely : scales of the involucre 10 
 to M, oblong-lanceolate : rays as many, oval or oblong: receptacle very narrowly- 
 conical, acute : akenes slender : i)ai)pus in the ray of 2 or 3, in the disk of 4 or 5 
 awns, with a subulate or lanceulate chally-dilated base. — Burrielia gracilis, DC. 
 1. c. ; liook. Bot. Mag. t. 3758. 
 
 Open ground, aijjiarently eommon I'rom San Francisco 15ay southward. Itays 3 or 4 lines 
 long. Awns of the luiiipiis sometimes very little dilated at hase. 
 
 3. B. tenerrima, Cray, 1. c. Like the preceding or usually smaller and more 
 Blonder: acalea of the involucre and rays 5 to I) or 10: receptai'le rather hinadly 
 conical and hardly acute : sh-niler awns of the pappus 2 or more from a broad and 
 ovate cliaify base. — Burrielia teneii-ima, DC, probably. B. parvijiora, IS'utt. 1. c. 
 B. lonyifolia, Nutt. 1. c.1 
 
 Y\Q\\\ the Sacramento southward through the State, and in Arizona. Distinguished horn the 
 preceding chielly by the broad and short scales of the jjajjiius ; probably passing into it. 
 
 4. B. platycarpha, Gi-ay, 1. c. A span high, slender, loosely branching, 
 slightly pubescent : leaves narrowly linear aiul entire, or some of them 3-cleft : 
 peduncle mostly thickened next the head : scales of the involucre 6 or 7, ovate, 
 distinctly 3-nerved : rays as many, oblong : receptacle acutely conical : akenes cune- 
 ate-linear : pappus both in ray and disk of 7 or 8 firm oblong-ovate chaily scales, 
 tipjied with a slender awn of about the same length. — Burrielia platycarpha, Gray 
 in Dot. Mex. Bound. 97. 
 
 Valley of tiie S.ieramento, Stillman. A slender form also (collected by Fuiltun. Scales of tlie 
 involucre 4 lines long in the principal specimens. Stylc-appcndages truncate or very obtuse, but 
 sunnounted by a short abrupt cusp. 
 
 * * Ch((ffy scales of the pappus laciniate. 
 
 f). B. Palmei'i, Cray. Dwarf, less than a si)an high, rather stout, dill'iisely 
 brancheil from the base, hirsute-pubescent : leaves linear, thickish, all entire : 
 peduncle thickened under the head : scales of the involucre 9 or 10, ovate, thicki.sh- 
 herbaceous, with midrib carinate-thickened and salient at base, and lateral nerves 
 indistinct : rays as many, oval, rather short : receptacle obtusely conical : akenes 
 linear and slightly narrowed below : pappus of 5 (or sometimes more) broadly ovate 
 limbriate-laciniate scales, those of the disk with a stout nwn, of the ray mostly blunt 
 and awniess. — Proc. Am. Acad. ined. 
 
 r.uailalupo Island, olf bowiir California, 7/r. E. Palmer. Introduced to comi'leto the account 
 of the genus. Head 'i lines high and broad : rays '2 lines long. 
 
 § 3. Papptis of truncate or pointless short chaffy scales between 2 or 3 awned ones or 
 
 naked awns, or sometimes wanting : akenes truncate at the apex : receptacle 
 
 obtusely conical : leaves or some of the lowermost laciniately cleft or j^i'i^ati- 
 
 fid. — DiciiJJTA, Gray. (Dichata, Nutt. 1. c.) 
 
 6. B. maritima, Gray. Low and diffuse, pubescent when young with loose 
 
 cobwebby hairs, becoming nearly glabrous : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire. 
 
Adnwlrpis. COMPOSHMC. 377 
 
 or tlio lownat spariii|^ly ImMiiinto-tontlicd : Rcalofl of tlio invnincro and Rliort. oil)i(Milnr 
 raya to 8 : ak(MiC3 miniitnly hairy : pappua of 3 to 5 ptoiit awna and at least t\vi<',(! 
 as many small and narrow laciniate chall'y scales. — Ihirridla nuiritima, (Iray, J'mc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. SryS. 
 
 On tlic Faralloiias, ronky islets ofT San Francisco, Afr. Gruhcr. Tlie rays in the specimen do 
 not exceed tlie disk, but, being broad and flat, probably tliey may become more conspicuous. 
 
 7. B. Fremontii, Oray, 1. c. Slender, a span liigh, somewlint liirsnte-pubcs- 
 Cftnt : leaves narrowly linear and entire, or with 2 to 5 very narrowly linear lobes : 
 scales of the involucre and rather sliort oval rays 10 to 12 : disk-corollas slender and 
 with a long narrow tube : pappus of mostly 4 slender awns, and as many or twice 
 as many short linear or oblong and entire or 2cleft blunt scales, or sometimes want- 
 ing. — Dichrrta Fremontii, Torr. in PI. Fendl. 102. Biirrielia (Dic/ueta) Fremontii, 
 Benth. PI. Hartw. 317, a state (always"?) without i)appus. 
 
 Valley of the Sacramento (Fremont, Hartior.g) and near Vallejo, Greene. Ovaries minutely 
 
 f)nbc9ccnt, or, in the form from Hartweg, without pappus, glabrous ex(;cpt at the summit. Upper 
 eaves inclined to bo dilated bolow, nnd to have 3 to 5 palmiitcly-disposed lobes. 
 
 8. B. Tlliglnosa, Oray, 1. c. Diffuse, at length decumbent, a span to a foot high, 
 loosoly pubescent with eomowhat cobwebby hairs: lower or most of the leaves 
 copiously pinnatilid from a broad or broadish rha(dua ; the lobes narrowly linear : 
 scales of the involucro nnd oblong oxserted rays usually 10 to 13 : throat of disk- 
 corollas very broad, and narrow tube rather short : papi>us of 2 or 3 stout chaliy- 
 subulate awns, and as many or twice as many intervening conspicuous and broad 
 truncate and laciniato-fimbriate scales. — Diclujita uliginosa, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Var. tenella. Gray, 1. c. (Dichu'ta tene/la, Nutt. 1. c), is only a depauperate 
 state, on drier .soil, with narrow linear leaves, and more of them entire ; the rays and 
 involucral scales reduced to 8 or 9, or rarely to 5 or G, 
 
 Low grounds, common through tlie western i)ai-t of the State. Very variable. Leaves in the 
 larger plants a span long, and the stems luxuriant in proftortion. Akenes a line long, oblong- 
 linear and a little narrowed downward, sometimes pubescent, sometimes glabrous, apparently in 
 plants growing together. 
 
 68. ACTINOLEPIS, DC, Benth. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with few or numerous pi.stillato rays ; all the flowers fertile. 
 Involucro campaiuilato, of a single series of oblong or lanceolate thin-herbaceous 
 scales, which become concave or involute and embrace more or less the ray-akencs. 
 Receptacle naked, convex or conical, or in an ambiguous species flat. Rays oval or 
 oblong, 2 - 3- toothed : disk-corollas with narrow tube and carapanulate 6-lobed 
 limb. Anthers tipped with an abrupt narrowisli or very slender appendage. Style- 
 branches with a truncate-capitate (or rarely conical) tip. Akenes linear and mostly 
 tapering to the base, or linear-cuncate ; tliose of the my commonly somewhat in- 
 curved. Pappus a series of chalfy scales or squamellrc (either few or numerous), 
 which are either pointless or extended into an awn, or sometimes none. — Low and 
 difl'use or depressed annuals, all of the Californian region, mostly woolly, in one 
 section glandular; with opposite or alternate commonly toothed or pinnately-partcil 
 leaves, and small or proportionally rather large lieads terminating tlie branches. 
 Flowers all yellow, or the rays occasionally white or rose-color. — Gray in Proc. 
 Am. Acad. ix. 197, 
 
 A rather well-marked genus, as rightly characterized on the original species by Torrey and 
 Gray, now hapi)ily extended by ncntliam' in the Gcnci-n rinntnnim, nnd still more nuRmented in 
 the paper rofened to above. The section placed foremost resembles H'lTin, section Dic/uitn fnym 
 which it is distinguished by the partial enclosure of the rnyakcncs iu the si-nles of the mvolucrc. 
 
378 CO^rrOSIlVE. AcUnolepi^. 
 
 § 1. Not woolii/, bttl mostly ylantlalar, diffuite, luith opposite piniKttt'li/ 2^'^''^*^^^ ^'' ^''<^ 
 radiait twice jtiuiuUtli/ dissedal Itaven, their segiueiUi linear and attenuate : 
 heads on slender peduncles, and ivith rather large and manerous (i/elluio) rai/s: 
 involnrre rather broad : receptacle acutely conical : anther-appeiulai/es oblong. 
 — i'Til.oMiatis!. (/'tilomeris, ^'utt. llyvienuxys, Ouypapjius, luir. iV; (Jru}'.) 
 
 As yet, it is imcertaiii wlietlier the following are mere varieties of one, or wlietlier they retain 
 their small distiintions uniformly. If at length redueeil to one the iianio A. curoiuiria should bo 
 preferred, Nuttall's name (probably suggested by a likeness to Chrysanthemum, cm-oiuirium) being 
 a year or so earlier than llijiiicnoxys Cati/oniicu of liooker. 
 
 * Minutely ylioidular-pubescent : rays 10 to 15, elonr/ated-oblony : involucral scales 
 
 oliUmy-lanceulate : receptacle pubescent, 
 
 1. A. coronaria, timy, 1. c. Dillusi'ly hmucliiug elendor stoms a foot loiif,' : 
 pappus ul" 10 (or 8 Lu 12) iiiuceolHto or oblong cleiiUouliito scales, all tapering into 
 awns a little shorter than the disk-corollas, or in the ray fewer and some of them 
 awnless. — Ptilomeris coronaria & P. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Anier. Phil. Soc. vii. 
 382, Shortia Calif arnica, Nutt. in garden catalogues. Hymenoxys Calif ornica, 
 Hook. ]>ot. Mag. t. 3828 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 280, with var. coronaria. 
 
 Near San Diego, Nultall. So far as we know collected only by him, and in cultivation from 
 his seeds. l)e.scribed as " very glabrous" in the Botanical Magazine, doubtless incorrectly. Rays 
 nearly half an inch long, usually VI. 
 
 2. A. anthemoides, Gray. Leaves perhaps more copiously divided and glan- 
 dular, and heads rather smaller : pappus none. — Ptilomeris (Ptilopsis) anthemoides, 
 Nutt. 1. c. Hymenoxys calva, Torr. tt Gray, 1. c. 
 
 AVith the preceding, Nuttall. Also towards Julian City, Bolander. 
 
 3. A. mutica, Gray, 1. c. Like the foregoing : pappus of 6 to 8 quadrate-oblong 
 scales, eiose-laciniate at the truncate or very obtuse summit, shorter than the proper 
 tube of the corolla, occasionally one or two of them slightly awned. — Ptilomeris 
 mutica, Nutt. 1. c. 11 ynienoxys mutica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Near San Diego, A^ul/a/l ; by whom only it has yet been collected. 
 
 « * More or less pubescent, but hardly if at all glandular : rays G to 8, shorter, oval: 
 involucral scales ovate : receptacle glabrous. 
 
 4. A. tenella, Gray, 1. c. Smaller than the foregoing : the heads and leaves 
 about half the size of those of J. coronaria : lobes of the latter shorter and blunter 
 as well as fewer : i)appus of 5 to 8 short quadrate scales, which are lind)riate at the 
 broad sunuuit, or some of them occasionally bearing a delicate short awn. — Ptilo- 
 meris tenella, ^k, P. ajjinis, Nutt. I'l. (Jamb. 173 ; llu) latter a form with some of the 
 l>appus awned. 
 
 Near Los Angeles, Gambd. Eays 2 lines long. 
 
 § 2. Floccose-woolly : most of the leaves alternate: invohicre narrow: rays rather few, 
 obovale : receptacle convex or obtusely conical : akenes mimitely liairy or some- 
 times glabrous : pajtpus 0/ 8 to 10 or more scales or squamelUe. — True 
 
 ACTINOLEPIS. 
 
 * Heads small and sessile or leafy-brncted, with only 5 {or " 3 to 5 ") yellow rays : 
 receptacle merely convex : anther-appendages ovate- lanceolate : pappus of subulate or 
 almost setifonn scales, commonly wanting in the diskjlowers. {Actinolepis, DC.) 
 
 5. A. xnulticaulis, DC. Seldom a span high, dilfuscly branched from the 
 base, the white wool below somewhat deciduous with age : leaves cuneate or spatu- 
 late with a long tapering base, the summit obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed : scales 
 tif the ])appus 10 to 15, une.(]ual, very slendcn-, usually (but not always) wanting in 
 all the disk Uowers. — llouk. Ic. t. 325 ; IJut. Mc.\. IJound. t. 33. 
 
Ihhia. COM POSIT/!':. HTO 
 
 Dry plains, coinmon from Santa Barliara s'huthward. Ilcails soniowhat (histpicd ; tlip invo- 
 lucre only 2 lines long, llaya f^cncrally S. The .st^ite with paiipus in tlie disk .i-s well jus ray was 
 collected by Prof. Brewer in the SantaMaria Valley, Santa Iftez Mountains, &c. 
 
 * * Headi^ more or less pedunrled (ermuinfinrf the hrnnches, with G <o 8 rays : recep- 
 tacle obtmelij conical: anther-appendages ahrnpth/ tipped vnth a very slender 
 linear-Mtiform appendage {in the manner of Biirrielia) : jmppus both in disk and ray 
 0/ 8 or 1 chaffy scales. 
 
 R. A. Wallace!, ('Vny, 1. c Donsoly clotliod witli \o\\<^ and very ilnr.coac 
 ■white wool, at lenj^'th ditrusely much branclinl, an \w\\ to a spaii hi-^h : leaves 
 obovate or spatulato, entire or (somewhat 3-lol)0(l at the apex : .scales of the invo- 
 lucre obtuse : pappus of 8 or 10 short and firm oval or oblong obtuse and pointless 
 nerveless scales. — Bahia Wallacei, Gray in Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 105; the form with 
 golden yellow ray as well as disk. 
 
 Var. rubella, Gray : a form Avith pale purple an<l white rays. — Bahia rubella, 
 Gray in IJot. Mex. IJound. 95. 
 
 Dry plains, from near Los Aiigoles aiid San Felipo, Wnllarc, Parr;i (the variety). Also on the 
 Colorado {<^«pt. Ilinlw),), niul tlio southern borders of Utah, Palmer, Si/rr. A.s yet a rare speeieM. 
 Style-branches tippi'd with a short subulate cone 1 Scales of the iiivolviero involute with age m 
 the manner of the genus. 
 
 7. A. lanosa, Gray, 1. c. Loosely floccose-woolly, an inch to a span high, at 
 length dili'usely l)ranched : leaves linear, mostly entire : scales of the involucre 
 linear-oblong, rather acute : rays white or rose-color : akcnes slender : pappus of 4 
 or 5 subulate scales tapering into a slender scabrous awn, and as many alternating 
 oblong and awnless or pointless scales. — Burrielia (Dichata) lanosa, Gray in 
 Pacif. R. Hep. 1. c. 
 
 Gravelly hills and plains, on the Colorado, near the Mohave, kc, Bifirlow, Coojyr. Also in 
 Arizona and S. Utah. Style-branches obtuse, or apiculate with a minute cusp. Scales of the 
 involucre almost condupli(;ately infolded at maturity, enclosing the akene. 
 
 § 3. Floccose-ivoolly, depressed, tvith mostl y alternate leaves: involucre narrow: rays 
 8 or 9, small: receptacle flat : al-enes linear, compressed, with callous margins 
 exceedingly villous : j^appus of 2 chaffy scales : anther-appendages oblong- 
 ovate. — Eatonet.la, Gray. 
 
 8. A. nivea, Gmy, 1. c. An inch or ro high, in a Pmnll tuft from a Blonder 
 root, white with Hoft wool: Imvoa much crowded, obovate Hpiiliilnlf^ entire : \m\i\ 
 barely exscrted on a short naked peduncle : sc:des of the involucre linear-olilong, 
 acute, partly embracing the comparatively large akenes of the my : pappus of a 
 pair of broadly ovate conspicuous scales tapering into a slender short awn which 
 nearly equals the disk-corolla. — Burrielia nivea, D. C. Eaton in Watson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 174, t. 18. 
 
 Foot-hills on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, IVnho.r. Vrry likely to orrur within Iho 
 State. A remarkable plant, evidently related to the foregoing, but it iniKht W regarded as the tyi>e 
 of a new genus. Head barely 3 lines long. Hays apparently either pale yellow or wlnte. Style- 
 appendnges very short and obtuse. Akenes almost 2 lines long, linear and slightly narrowed 
 downward ; the faces flat, smooth an<l shining, blackish ; a callous stu.ug rib to each margin, 
 which is .lensclv villous with very long and soft white haii-s : scales of the pappus answering to 
 the margins, the recepUcle is descnbed as convex : but it is flat in the specimen exaiinnc<l. 
 naked and scrobiculate. 
 
 69. BAHIA, T>agasca. 
 
 Head many-Howered, with 4 to 15 pistillate rays; nil the flowers fertile. In- 
 volucre a single or moro or less (hmble aeries of thin-herlmceous oval or iMiicoolato 
 appresaed equal scales, either piano or barely concave, not otnbracinp akenes, dis- 
 tinct, or united at base, or rarely for a greater length. ]?ec.-ptacle flat, convex, or 
 conical. Kays oval, obovate or oblong, entire, or barely toothed at the apex : disk- 
 
oy(j CUMPOSIT^E. Ihhia. 
 
 coi-ulliis willi II iiiirrow but iioiiimoiily rutliev Hlutrt iind glaiululiir or liirsulu i)V()|>cr 
 tubo. AnUu'ia tipiH'tl witli tin oviito apiKMidugo. 8lylo-bmii(;bus willi truncuU)- 
 cui>ittito or obtuso tip, sometimes witb a short subulate-conical apiKUulago. Akeucs 
 narrow, linear or oblouj^-linear and tapering to the base, 4-angled, the i)\dtescenco 
 minute or none; the terminal areola large. Pappus of several (4 to 12) blunt and 
 nerveless scarious scales (in true JJahia often callous-thickened next the base), 
 rarely obsolete or wanting. — W. North American with a few Mexican and extra- 
 tropical S. American plants, perennials, with perhaps a single exception ; with oppo- 
 site or all but the lower alternate entire or divided leaves, aud mostly peduncled 
 heads of yellow flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 402. 
 
 Altliougli the tyiiical section is leiivcscnteJ eastward of California, all our specic^s are of tlie 
 two following sections ; the lirst s[)eeies, howevei', approaches Bahiu proper ; the last section con- 
 nects with Mwiuto/zia. 
 
 § 1. Ferennial, sometimes ahruhhy at base, Jfoccose-tvoolit/ or cottony: leaves mainly 
 alternate and vuistly either jnnnately or teruately jxirted or lohed : scales of 
 the cavipauidate or obovoid involucre erect, commonly a little united at base, 
 oval or oblan;/, more or less carinately one-nerved : throat or limb of disk- 
 coroUa rather narrow: style branches truncate, or rarely minutely tipped: 
 scales of the pappus wholly nerveless. — Euu)l'llYLLUM, (Jray. (Kriojihyllum, 
 Lagasca. TrichophyUum, Nutt.) 
 
 « Heads corymbose or cymose, small, short-pedicelled, with only i to 8 short rays : the 
 wool close and cottony : stems tvoody at base, leafy to the top : leaves alternate. 
 
 1. B. artemisieefolia, Less. Two to four feet high, loosely branching, whitened 
 when young with a coat of close cottony avooI, which is mostly nearly deciduous 
 with age, excei)t from the lower surface of the once or twice pinnatitid leaves ; their 
 lobes few, linear, obtuse, witli revoluto nuirgins : heads numerous in irn^gular pa- 
 niculate cymes : involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, slightly if at all woolly ; its 
 scales 8 to 10, oblanccolate or narrowly oblong : receptacle convex, strongly alveo- 
 late and to(»thed : scales of the i)ai)pus 8 to 12, oblong-linear, the four answering to 
 the i)rinciind angles or nerves of the akene rather longer. — Jl stachadifolia & var. 
 Californica, DC, a stunted foim, Avith leaves less lobed, or the ujjpermost, as often 
 liappens, entire. 
 
 TJocks and hlulls, coninion from tiiu Hay of San Francisco to Santa l^urhara. Decidedly 
 Hhruliliy. Leaves Hunn^whut lik(^ liiose of Artanisiu vidijuris. lieadn 8 or i lines long : Hcales 
 of the'invohicru distinct to the hast; or nearly so, hocouiing concave at maturity. Kays (5 to 8. 
 If this is the Kriojthrilhtiii sttvchadi/ulium of Lagasca, that speciUc name has j)riority ; hut 
 the leaves of that are (hy implication) entire, and it may be an unrecognized species from Mexico, 
 as stated. 
 
 2. B. confertiflora, DC, A foot or two high, white with a coat of close wool, 
 which is somewhat deciduous with age : branches erect and commonly fastigiate, 
 slender, naked at sunnnit and terminated by a small and dense few- to many- 
 llowered corymbose cyme : leaves small, of cuneato outline, pinnately A - 7- parted 
 (rarely 3-parted) into narrow linear lobcts : involucre obovoid or narrow cumiianulate ; 
 its scales about 5, broadly oval : receptacle convex or low conical in tlie centre, not 
 alveolate: scales of the pappus 8 to 14, oblong-linear, somewhat nniH"iual. 
 
 Var. trifida, Gray (U. tri/ida, Nutt.), seems to be merely a form growing in 
 more exposed stations ; with the leaves mostly sessile or tapering into a broadly 
 margined petiole, and 3- 5-cleft at the apex into shorter lobes. 
 
 Hillsides, &c., from the Bay of San Francisco to the Sierra Nevada and south to San Diego. 
 Shruhby at base, the llowering shoots mainly herbaceous. Involucre 'I lines long. Flowers 
 deep golden yellow : rays 4 or 5, broadly oval or orbicular. 
 
liuhia. cumposhm:. 881 
 
 * « Heads larger, solitary, terminating naked peduncles : scales of the involucre oval 
 or oblong: sterns herhaceous or nearly so, mostly nnmerovs from the root, erect or 
 ascending from a decumbent base; the ivhite wool usually Jloccose and cojnous : lower 
 leaves often opposite, the others alternate. 
 
 +■ Leaves narrow or cut into narroro lobes : akenes mostly slender: pappus conspicu- 
 ous, of 8 or 10 oblong or oval scales, the alternate ones commonly shorter or 
 smaller. 
 
 3. B. lanata, DC. A foot or two l»igh, slcndor : loaves pimiatcly cleft or parted 
 into 3 to 7 laiicoolato or linear lobes, which are entire or sonietiines again few-lobed 
 or incisely tootlied ; uppermost and lowest leaves often nndivided : peduncles slen- 
 der : rays mostly 8 or 9, oblong, conspicuous : akenes glabrous or minutely liirsute- 
 puberulent. — //. lanata, tenuifolia, ieucophylla, & achillrmides, DC Achillea 
 lanata, Pursh. TrichophyllMm lanatum, I^Iutt. Heleniuni lanatnm, Spreng. Eri- 
 ophyllnm ca'spilosiim, Dougl. in Dot. Keg. t. 1167, one of the broader leaved forms. 
 'J'lie following are some of the varieties or forms of this polyniorphous species : first 
 taking for the type Pursh's and Nuttall's original, from the interior of Oregon, <^c. ; 
 witli middlo,-si/,(Ml liead.'^, glabrous and shortish akenes, and narrowly or ligulate- 
 linear lol)(\s to the leaves. B. Ieucophylla, DV., is founded on a form of this, with 
 leaves rather laciniate-toothcd or cleft than pinnatitid, and the wool more persistent 
 on the upper surface. 
 
 Var. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray {B. tenuifolia, DC), is merely the most slender 
 form, simple-stemmed, with very narrow lobes to the leaves, and .small heads. 
 
 Var. grandiflora: has larger heads, the involucre (at most half an inch high) 
 densely clothed with persistent wool : akcnos sparstily hirsuto-jtuberulent : leaves 
 usually retaining tho wool on both sides, and few-lobed or laciniate, or the upper 
 linear and entire. — B. Ieucophylla, Torr. & Gray, in part. B. lanata, Benth. PI. 
 Hartw. 317. 
 
 Var. achillceoides {B. achillceoides, DC.), with branching leafy stems, more or 
 less laciniately bi[)innatifid leaves, middle-sized or small heads, and minutely hir- 
 sute-puberulent (sometimes glabrate) akenes. 
 
 Var. brachypoda: a stout form, with thickish and obovate leaves pinnatifid 
 into short linear-oblong (entire or I - 2-toothed) lobes, some of tho upper opposite : 
 heads rather small, corymbose-clustered or in threes on short or shortish jieduncles : 
 nkenes glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Common in Cnlifornia, especially nortliward near tlio const, cxtomliiig to PiiRot Sound and tlio 
 interior of Oregon ; the typical form not seen soutli of Ukiah. V^ir. grnvdi flora, on liillsidos, 
 along tho Sacramento an<l its tributaries. (A form between this and the next variety, Guadahipo 
 Island off Lower California, Dr. J'dlm^r.) Var. achilhnnidcs, near San Francisco and northward. 
 Var. brachypoda, on the sea-coast at Shelter Cove, Mendochio Co. ; a sea-side and seemingly 
 rather abnormal form, perhaps of De Candolle's B. Ieucophylla. Receptacle varying from convex 
 to decidedly coincal ; but the differences in this respect not con-elated witli the other very 
 various differences in foliage, size of the head, smoothness or otherwise of the akenes, &c. Tube 
 of the corolla mostly glandular-hirsute, sometimes beset with almost sessile glands. Scales of the 
 pappus varying from oval to broadly linear, .sometimes of two lengths and forms, sometimes all 
 nearly alike. It seenn imiwssiblo to distinguish tho forms here inilicateil into species. 
 
 4. B. integrifolia, DC. About a sjian high, in tufts : leaves varying fron\ 
 linear to spatulate, entire, incisely few-toothed, or the lower and more dilated ones 
 S-.'i-lobed : heads rather small or middle-sized : rays to 8 : disk-corollas minutely 
 glandular, especially the tube : akenes glabrous, or sometimes obsrundy glamlular 
 towards the summit. — Trichojdiyllum viultlfiorum, JS'utt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 
 37. 7\ integrifolivm. Hook. Fl. i. 31G. Bahia Ieucophylla, Torr. S:. (Jniy. in jmrt. 
 B. cuneata, K(dlogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49, a form with more toothed or 
 lobed leaves. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, at or above 8.000 feet, from Mono Pass nortliward, through Nevada and 
 the interior of Oregon, to tlic Rocky Mountains. Involucre 3 or 4 lines Iiigii. Ih'cejUjide vary- 
 
38i5 coMrosnvK Buiua. 
 
 ing from convex to low conical. B. intctjrifoliii is the older specific niinie uiuicr this genus, and 
 the better one, although Tru/iophi/lluin iiiuilijlorum was earlier imblisiied. 
 
 5. B. gracilis, llouk. & Am. A span or so in heiglit, Lraiiched from tlie base, 
 slender : luavca narrowly linear and entire, or dilated above and 3-])arted or 3-Iobetl: 
 liwuLs sleniler-pudiinc-led, raLlier small : mya 5 to 7 : diak-corollas and akenes cou-snicu- 
 ously ylandular. — JJ. leucujj/ii/lla, in part, Eaton in Watson, Bot. King Exp. 173. 
 
 Known thus far only from Snake Fort, interior of Oregon {Tolmic), and the not leniotc 
 Robert's Station, Nevaila, iralaua. Tolniie's plant has simple entire leaves, as far as known, 
 heml rather large in proportion, the involucre 4 lines high, and the receptacle low convex. The 
 variety collectetl by Watson is canescent with lino appressed wool, leav(!S mainly 3-parteil, nar- 
 rower and rather smaller heads, and a narrower conical receiitacle. It is likely to occur, in one or 
 both forms, in the northeastein part of the 8late. 
 
 +- -J- J^tavcs luostly broader and with short (lud broader lobes ; 2^(i]>jius very short, 
 soiaetuues obsolete or ivaiUiiKj ! 
 
 6. B. arachnoidea, Fiseher & Meyer. A foot or two high, loosely branched, 
 disposed to becoim; rather woody at base, (;lothed with loose floccose wool : leaves 
 dilated, varying from rhombic or cuneate in outline to oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
 tliin, 3-5-lobed or incised; the lobes or coar-se teeth mostly oblong: involucre 
 broadly cami)anulate or hemispherical (3 or 4 lines high): rays 10 to 13, large: 
 disk-corollas with very glandular-hirsute tube : receptacle low convex or sometimes 
 more elevated : akencs comparatively short and thickish, hardly longer than tlie 
 disk-corolla: i)a])pus of few or several very short scales, sometimes however longer 
 than the breadth of the akene, sometimes almost or i|uite obsolete. — Oray, PI. 
 Eeudl. 100. B. latifolia, iJenth. Bot. Sulpli. 30. 
 
 Oiien and shady jihues, especially among Ikdwoods, common near the coast from Santa Cruz 
 to Menilocino Co. Leaves more fre(|uently ojiposite on the lower part of the stem and on steiile 
 shoots than hi the other species. Pappus sometimes reduced to a mere border, or even wanting 
 altogether. In a specimen of this sort, collected by Holander in the Mariposa Sccpioia grove, 
 quite beyond the ordiiiaiy ninge of this species, tlui leaves on the low llowering stt^ins are un- 
 usually narrow, no that the jilaiit might almost bo taken hir an cpaitpoBO state of /^ hitcgrifolut. 
 Hut tlie ludpcr tube of tiui disk-corolla, as usual in the present .speciea, is densely very hiisulo 
 with many-j(iinl<'d and sci^mingly glandular hairs. 
 
 7. B. parviflora, (iray. A span or less higli, dilfusely branching, tloccose- 
 woolly, sh;nder : leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, 3 — 5-lobed, or the upper entire, 
 from half to a quarter of an inch or less in lengtli : involucre narrow, only 2 lines 
 long : rays 5 or 0, hardly longer than the disk : disk corollas nearly glabrous : 
 receptacle conical : aktuies somewhat fusiform, the outermost ndnutcly hirsute, the 
 inner glabrous : pappus of short nearly ecpial scales. — li. Wallacci, (Jray in J'roc. 
 J5ost. Soc. iS'at. Ui.st. vii. Mf), not of I'acif. Ji. \W\k 
 
 Near Fort Tejon, Xun/us. The smallest of the genus. 
 
 § 2. Annual, Jlocctdose-woolly : leaves alternate, entire : scales of the involucre touted 
 hy their mari/ins into a earn] nmu late S-i)dobed cup: style-branches truncate: 
 scales of the pappus wholly nerveless. — I'sicuuo-MuNOLoi'iA, Uray. 
 
 8. B. ambigua, Oray. ]More than a span high, slender, loosely branched ; the 
 branches terminated by .slender- peduncled small heads : leaves spatulate-linear or 
 oblanceolate, (entire, ta|)ering to tlie base, se.ssile : receptacle conical, narrow : rays 
 8 or 9, oval, hardly exceeding the ovate-lanceolate lobes of the involucre: tube of 
 disk-corollas liirsute : akenes linear or the outermost oblong-linear, jirismatic, 
 glabrous, or the outer ones slightly hairy : jiapjuis a crown of (J to 1) very slant 
 and obtuse hyaline scales, or sometimes none. — Lasthenia {Monolojiia) arublyua. 
 Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547. 
 
 Near Fort Tejon, Fh: Harti, 1864. Not sime met with. Lenves less than an inch long, 2 
 lines or less wide. InvohRie about 3 lines long ; the scales strictly in a single series and united 
 for two thirds of their lengUi into a rather narrow eampanulate cnji. Heceptacle minutely scro- 
 
Monoloina. COMPOSHVE. 383 
 
 biculnlo, liiirely smootli. l?nys Imicly two lines in lonj,'tli. oval, Hlifjlilly S-cronato nt tlio end. 
 Disk-corollas with almost canipaniilate linili ; the ovate tcctli or short loiics nearly iR-aiilless. As 
 this has not only the pappus but the narrow piisniatie akcjies of Jidhia, it is relerred to this 
 genus, as iJcntham suggested, notwithstanding the ganiophyllous involucre. 
 
 70. MONOLOPIA, DC. 
 
 Head many-flowcrcd, with 8 to 10 pistilhite rays; some of tlio disk-flowers often 
 sterile. Involucre a single (or in M. minor somewhat double) series of tliin-herba- 
 ceons flat equal scales, united at base or iiito a hemispberical ctip. Ivcccptacle more 
 or less conical, naked. IJays broad, 2 - 4-toothed or lobed at the summit, some- 
 times with an opposite small lobe or appendage at the base of the ligule : disk- 
 corollas with a rather slender tube and a dilated-funnelform or cainpanulato throat 
 or limb, the ovate lobes more or less bearded. Anthers tipi)ud with ovate append- 
 ages. Style-branches truncate-obtuso. Akenes obovate or oblong, quadrangular- 
 com])ressed or flatter, the outer ones obcomprcssed or triangular, with terminal 
 areola small, wholly destitute of pappus. — Californian floccoso-woolly or cottony 
 animals : with mostly alteruato or aonu'times niaiidy opposite entire or piiinately 
 parted leaves, and terminal slondor-i)eduncled lioads of yellow ilowei-s. 
 
 The tyjjc of the genus, our seeond section, is jU. mnjor. Excc|)t for this species it were better 
 to inclucle the first section in Bahin. Tlie best character of the genus is furnished by the 
 broader and flattened akenes, supplemented by the constant absence of pappus, — not in tlm 
 gamophyllous involucre, which varies in the original species, and nearly fails iu one form of it. 
 
 § 1. Loir, a span high: leaves (alternate) not claspinfj, sometimes jyetiolc.d and pi n- 
 natifiii : rays destitnte of the little appendage, barely 2 - Ztoothed at the apex. 
 — Pheudo-Bahia, Gray. 
 
 1. M. bahiaefolia, l>enth. Slender, Avhiti.sh with close cottony wool : loaves 
 linear-ol)lanceolate or spatulatc and entire, or some of them obtusely 3-lobed (about 
 half an inch long) : scales of the involucre united about to the middle : akenes 
 hairy, especially towards the rounded suinjuit. — PI. Ilartw. 317. 
 
 Var. pinnatiiida, Gray. Leaves (sometimes an inch long) nearly all once or 
 oven twice pinnatcly i)artod into oblong or linear lobes. — Afnnolopia Ileermanni, 
 Durand. 
 
 Ilillsidns, &;c., Valley of the Sacramento, narlu'c<j. The variety, Calavorns To., Dr. /frrrmniin. 
 Also near Auburn, Placer Co., Bolnndcr. Involucre broadly camj)anulato or hemispberical, '2^ 
 lines high. Kays about 8, oval or oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, lleceptacle, at least in the variety, 
 narrowly conical. Akenes a line long, rather broad and fl.attish, with small areola. 
 
 2. M. minor, T)C. Loosely very woolly, mostly pinnately 3-.5-p;uted into 
 linear divisions : scales of the involucre united only below the middle, rather obvi- 
 ously in two series : ovary glabrou.s. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 313. 
 
 California, the locality unknown, collected only by Dniii/his. Head hemispherical : receptacle 
 apparently little elevated. Dvarics obovate-oblong. Lobes of the corolla bearded. 
 
 § 2. Larger: leaves entire or somewhat toothed, ses.vle and partly clasping: rays 
 dilated, coar.<^elg 3 - i-toofhed or lobed at the stinunif, the base on the opposite 
 side of the •'<tyle appendaged with a small and rounded denticidate lobe. — 
 True MoN'OL<jPiA. 
 
 3. M. major, DC. White or whitish with floccose wool, sometimes })ecomiug 
 glabrate and green, a .^pan to 2 feet high : leaves varying fnnu linear to broadly 
 lanceolate or the upper lanceolate-oblong, entire or coai-sely and uueipially ropand- 
 sorrate : scales of the broadly campanulate or hemispherical involucre united to or 
 above the middle: akenes glabrous or very minutely hirsut.e-ind)erident. — Hook. 
 h;. PI. t. 344, it I'.ot. iMag. t. :5S3<). 
 
•J^4 . COMI'OSIT.K. Mouolaj,iu. 
 
 Viir. lanceolata, CJiivy, is merely a state with tlio scales of tiie involucre sepa- 
 rato down aliiiubL to tlie base, and the akenes jn.'rliaps unil'uriuly itubcnilcnt. — 
 Jl. tanceolata, Nutt. VI (Jaiub. 175. 
 
 Coiniiion tliroujjli tlio cinilml purl of tlio Htuto, iiiiil IVom Sun KniiR'isco I5iiy to Sun Dioffo. 
 Tho vmifly iiliouL l.os An^'ilcs, kr., A'litliill, I'urnj, Jlrewcr. Also on tlio Sun Jouijuin, /''iriniinl. 
 I<i!iivos 1 lo -1 im.iii'.s lon^ ; llio lowiT onus not luicly opposilo. llcuils jiirlly lur^c l{uys 
 about 10, I'loni a tliinl to ii I'liU inch long, proportion^illy bro;ul, with base abruptly i:ontnicti;il 
 into a short and sk-ndur tuiu!. Akenos a liuu to a lino and a halt' long. It is through somu niis- 
 tiike, as the speeiniuns and original description show, that Henthani refers Nuttall's M. lanceulata 
 to Bahia arachnuulai. It is really a slate rather than a variety of M. major. 
 
 71. LASTHENIA, Cass. 
 Head luany-lloweruil, with f) to 15 pistillate rays; all tho flowers fertile. Invo- 
 lucre a single series of herbaceous scales, united by their edges almost to their tii)s 
 into a 5 - 15-toothed campanulate or hemispherical cup. Receptacle conical, naked, 
 muiicate or papillose with projecting points which bear the akenes. Kays very 
 shurt and included, oblicjuely truncate, or in one species large and exserted : disk- 
 corollas with narrow tube and campanulate or cyatliiform 4 - 5-lobed limb. An- 
 thers ti[)i)ed with small ovate or obK)ng appendages. 8tyle-branches capitate-truncate 
 or obtuse. Akenes linear or linear-oblong, compressed (tho faces liariUy if at all 
 angletl or obviously costato), their terminal areola largo, bearing a pappus of 5 to 10 
 lirm and thickish mostly subulate-pointed scales nearly as long as the disk-corolla, 
 or in one species none. — Slender (Western American) annuals, green and gla- 
 brous or nearly so, somewhat succulent ; with the linear and mostly entire leaves 
 opposite (even to the uppermost), sessile and more or less connate at the base ; the 
 heads of yellow llowers on terminal peduncles, M'hich are more or less thickened at 
 tho summit, sometimes nodding. — The lirst section is intermodiato between tho 
 genuine Ldslhenia and iMonulcpui. 
 
 § 1. llni/s (unplt and coii.yjicuous, numerous: akenes linear-ohlo)tg, wliolly ihdilute 
 
 of pappus. HOLOUYMNE. 
 
 1. L. glabrata, Lindl. A span to 2 feet high, simple or branched from the 
 base and dill'use, glabrous or slightly pubescent : leaves sometimes one-toothed 
 or lol)ed on each side (1 to 3 inchiis long, 1 to 3 lines wide) : involucre 10-15- 
 tootlied : rays oval, l! - .3-tootlnHl at the end : disk-corollas as long as the glabrous 
 akene, their lol)es sparsely papillose-barbellate outside (as in Munulupia). - — L. t'ali- 
 fornica & (ilubraUi, Lindl. l>ot. Jieg. t. 1780, ik t. 1823. HoUuiymne (jlabrata, 
 liartling. ; Hook. IJot. Mag. t. 3730. Movolopia (/lairata, I'ischer & Meyer. 
 
 Low grounds, coniniou from Mcn<locino Co. and San Francisco Bay to Santa Bnrbara. In the 
 larger forms showy ; the expanded ray becoming an inch or more in diameter. 
 
 § 2. Corollas xhort ; the few anil very short rays wholly inconspicuous, not txceediiuj 
 the disk-jUnvers, little surpassiiKj the j)aj>jms. — True L.\STIIKNIA, 
 
 2. L. glaberi'ima, Di-'. Low, with stems weak or decumbe,nt, a span or two 
 long: leaves rather succulent, entire (an in(;h or two long, a line or two broad): 
 involucre broad, about 15-toothed: corollas shorter than the rather broadly linear 
 and jninutely i»ubescent akenes, their lobes naked : jjappus of 5 to 10 firm chalfy 
 scales, 2 or 3 of thcMu subulate pointed or short-awned, the others mostly lacini- 
 ately cleft or erose. 
 
 Wi't meadows, along or near the coast, from Monterey / to Mendocino Co., and Oregon. 
 Involucre about 3 lines high. Hecejitacle in-oadly conical. Ours is not very dillcrent from tho 
 Chilian s|ic(Ucs, the only remaining one of the genus. 
 
Hulsea. C0MP0SITJ5. 385 
 
 72. AMBLYOPAPPUS, Hook. & Arn. 
 Head several-flowered, heterogamous but discoid, 4 or 5 marginal flowers pistil- 
 late ; the 10 or 12 others perfect ; all fertile. Involucre of 4 to 6 oval or obovate 
 thin-herbaceous equal scales, as long as the disk, tlieir concave-carinate centre partly 
 embracing ray-akenes. Ileceptaclo small, conical. Corollas all very short, tubular, 
 and with short and obtuse at longtli connivent tooth ; those of the pistillate flowers 
 unoipially 2-4-toothod and shorlor than tlio.ii' etylo; thoHO of tho porfoct Howoi-a 
 T) toothod. Antliora short. Stylo-branchoa short, in tho porfoct liowoi-e truneato 
 and minutely tuftod at tho summit. Akoncs oblong-turbinato, 4-nnglod. Pappus 
 of 8 to 12 equal oblong blunt and nerveless chaffy scales, which are opaque and 
 thickened at base, much shorter than the akene, about equalling tho corolla. — Only 
 one species. 
 
 1. A. pusillus, Hook. & Arn. A low glabrous but somewliat glutinous aromatic 
 annual, a si)an or so high, corymbosely branched above, and with small heads of 
 yellowish flowers terminating the numerous branchlots : leaves alternate or the 
 lower opposite, narrowly linear, mostly simple and entire, some pinnately 3-5-parted. 
 — Hook. & Arn. in Hook. Jour. Bot. iii. 321. Aromia tenuifolia, Nutt. Infantea 
 Chilensis, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 257, t. 48. 
 
 Around Saii Diego : probably introduced from riiili, where it is coniniou along tho const. It 
 also Inhabits Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. 
 
 73. AMAURIA, Iknth. 
 Head many-flowered, with numerous pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Invo- 
 lucre hemispherical ; its scales linear, almost ctpial, in 2 or 3 scries, the outer nearly 
 herbaceous, the inner somewhat scarious. licceptacle flat, naked. Kays almost 
 entire : disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothcd. Style-branches niif(jrm, tipped with a 
 short-subulate acute appendage. Akenes linear, 4-iingled, destitute of pappus. — 
 Only the following species. 
 
 1. A. rotundlfolia, Bonth. A somowhat .shrubby (]) viscid-pubcwiont and low 
 plant ; witli the leaves opposite or the upper alternate, petiolcd, orljicular-cordata, 
 incisely toothed or lobed : heads (about half an inch in diameter) loosely corym- 
 bose : corollas yellow, those of the disk and tlie tube of the (about 20) rays gland- 
 ular-hispid : akenes nearly glabrous. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 32, it Oen. PI. ii. 404. 
 
 San Quentin, Lower California, lat. 30° 21', Hinds. Known oidy by the specimen described 
 by IJentham. The habitat is so near tho southern boundary of the .State that this obscure plant 
 may be looked for in the vicinity of San Diego. 
 
 74. HULSEA, Torr. k Cray. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with numerous narrow pistillate rays and very many disk- 
 flowers ; all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or broader, of narrow and lax sorae- 
 Avhat equal scales in 2 or 3 series, the outermost herbaceous, the innermost more 
 scarious. Receptacle flat, naked, somewhat foveolate. liays linear, entire or 
 minutely 2-3-toothed at the ti|) : disk-corollas narrow atid (>longa(od, and with 
 a slender proper tube, .^-toothcMl. Atithers tipi)ed with an ovale appendage. Slylo- 
 hmnehoH witli Romowhat dilated rounded tips. Akenes clnvatediiioar, cnmpreKHCMl- 
 (piatlrangular, black at maturity, villous. Pappus of 4 short and very thin hyaliue 
 chaffy scales, which are pointless and nerveless, mostly l)road, and laceiate at the sum- 
 
:-J8G COMl'O.-^lT.K. Huhea. 
 
 luit. — I'croiiiiiul and aomo uf tliciii apiuireiitly bioiiniul ur aiimiul licrlirf, all uf tho 
 Caliruniiaii yiorni Novada, glaiulular-pubobcout, and sume also woolly ; with altcr- 
 uatu pimiately lobcd ur toothed leaves, and large heads of yellow llowers, or the 
 mys in one species imrple. 
 
 Au interesting genus, dedicated to the discoverer ol'tlie lirst species, the late Dr. G. \V. Hulse, 
 foruieily ol' Louisiana, who made some collections in California. 
 
 * totems tlum/ated and bearing several racemose or corymboae heads : scales of the 
 
 iuvolucre linear and acuminate. 
 
 1. H. Californica, Torr. & Gray. Tall, viscid-pubescent : heads 3 to 7 on au 
 apparently naked stem or peduncli!, subtended by ovate lanceolate bracts (hall' an 
 inch long) : rays yellow : scales of the pappus rountled-ciineate, the truncate apex 
 denticulate. — liot. Mex. Bound. \)i>. 
 
 Mountains east of Sau Diego, in bushy pht(!es, I'arr;/. iSase of stem and leaves still unknown. 
 Kays lialf an inch long, furnished witii stciile filaments. AkiMies a tjuarter of au inch long. 
 
 2. H. heterochroxna, Gray. Two feet high or nion;, viscid-pubescent, leafy to 
 the to[): leaves oblong, thin, coarsely and sharply tootheil ; the uppermost subtend- 
 ing the •( or f) raceniosti heads ovate and partly clasping; lowest narrowed to the 
 sessile ba.se : corollas hirsute ; rays very nunu'rons, purple : scales uf the papjais 
 erose-denticulate, two of thoni oblong, the alternate two much shorter. — True!. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 3U'J. 
 
 Yosemite Valley, on granite debris, Bulander. Involucre fully half an inch high. Rays 40 or 
 50 ; the small ligule only 2 or 3 lines long, sparsely hirsute : tubes of all the corollas very hir- 
 sute ; those of the disk apparently tipped with purple when old. Akenes 3^ lines long. 
 
 =k * Stems or branches leafy and terminated by a solitary head. 
 
 3. H. brevifolia, G<ray, 1. c. A foot high, glandular-jjubescent : stem simjjle 
 or with slender simi)le luanches : leaves narrowly oblong or the lower spatidati', 
 repand-toothed, obtuse, sessile : heail ratlier small and narrow : scales of the invu- 
 lucre linear, barely in two series: rays only 10 or 12, light yellow: scales of the 
 papj)Us nearly entire, obUuig, the alteinate ones rather .shorter. 
 
 In tile Mariposa .S('(|uoia grove, Jlolmttlcr. Leaves an inch and a half or less in l(!iigih. Invo- 
 lucre half an iiicli high. Kays 3 or 4 lines long. Akenes 3 or 4 lines long. The liabit of the 
 ])lant is more like that of the foregoing species ; but the stem or branches with only terminal 
 heads. 
 
 4. H. algida, Gray. A span to a foot high, glandular-pubescent, and when 
 young more or le.sM villous or woolly : stem stout and simple (or scsveral from a 
 thickish rootstock or i-oot), very leafy below : leaves ligulate or linear-s[)atulale, 
 coarsely toothed or incisely almost pinnatilid, .sessile ; the lower crowded and with 
 entire scai-ious spathaceous bases y)artly sheathing the base of the stem ; the upjier 
 sj)arser and gradually reduced to linear bracts : head large and broad : involucre 
 woolly, its linear-attemuite scales numerous in at least 3 series, loose : rays 50 to GO, 
 yellow: jjappus of very broad and short strongly limbriate-laccrate scales. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vi. 547. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, on rock.s, &(•., at and above 10,000 feet; Mount Diuia and Wood's I'cak, 
 Brewer, Bolaiulcr. Mount Lyell, J. A/uir. Above Sierra Valley, Lciiimon. Lowest leaves 3 to 
 t) inches long, a quarter to half an inch wide. Heads almost an inch high, with rays half an 
 inch long. Akenes 3 lines long : pappus not longer than the hairs of the ukene, the scales some- 
 times concreted. Plant, according to Dr. liolander, " very odoriferous with the copious balsamic 
 secretion." 
 
 * * * /Stems depressed or largely subterranean (in volcanic scoria), leafy at summit, 
 
 terminated by a solitary head : peduncle sometimes scape-like. 
 
 5. H. nana, (jray. Glandular-pubescent : leaves pinnatilid or iuci-sed, aiul 
 Avith a rather long margined petiole : peduncle an inch or two long : scales of the 
 
r„l<,foTin. COMPOSTT/K 337 
 
 involucro oblong-livnccolato, in 2 sftiio.s : rays 20 or 30, yolldw : scales of tlic jmj)- 
 pus liinliriato-laccmto. — Pucif. 1'. IJcp. vi. TH, t. 12. 
 
 Var. Larseni, with tufted steins leafy almost to the head. 
 
 Crater Pass, Oregon, lat. 44°, Newberry. The variety on Lassen's Peak, Bolander and 
 Larsen. 
 
 6. H. vestita, Gray. Wliite-wooUy when young ; the scapes soon naked and 
 glandidar : leave.s obovato or s])atulatc, tapering into a short petiole, entire or nearly 
 so : scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series : rays 20 to 30, yel- 
 low : scales of the very silvery and conspicuous jjappus erose-toothed, the two 
 longer ones oblong and equalling the proper tube of the corolla, the alternate ones 
 shorter as well as broader and truncate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547. 
 
 On a volcanic hill south of Mono Lake, at the height of 9,000 feet, Brewer. Leaves an inch or 
 so long, very white with the floccose wool, which may be deciduous. Head an inch high at 
 maturity. JJays barely 3 lines long. 
 
 75. BIGIOPAPPUS, Gray. 
 
 Head rather many-llowcred, with 5 to 12 pistillate rays; all the flowers fertile. 
 Involucro a single or somewhat double series of rather rigid herbaceous subulate- 
 linear erect scales, similar to the uppermost leaves, at length coucavo and half 
 embracing akenes. Receptacle flat and naked. Rays not exceeding the disk, the 
 oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule not longer than its tube : disk-corollas slender and 
 with 3 to 5 short erect teeth. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with short and flat 
 linear atiginatic portion, tipped with a longer slendor-subulato hispid appendage. 
 Akenes linear, slender, compressed, minutely rugose, sparsely hirsute, those of the 
 disk more or less 4-angled. Pappus of \ or 5 rigid ami wholly opacpio subulate 
 awn-shaped scales, as long as or surpassing the corollas, or in the ray one or two 
 nmch shorter. — A single species. 
 
 1. R. leptocladus, Gray. Slender annual, a span to a foot high or more, mi- 
 nutely hairy and roiighish, with narrow linear altiirnate entire leaves, and corymbose 
 or panicuktf. filiform branches, inclined to bo long and naked, terminateil by small 
 heads of inconspicuous (leshcolorcd or i)ur])lish flowers. — Pro(!. Am. Acad. vi. 548 ; 
 iJcnth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 40G. 
 
 Dry ground in the foot-hills, both of the Coast Range (Napa Co., kc.) and of the Sierra Nevada ; 
 extending into Oregon (where it was first collected by Dr. Lyall) and Nevada. 
 
 76. PALAFOXIA, Lnga.sca. 
 
 Head 10- 30-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular (but the marginal 
 Romotimos with enlarged and irregular ray-liko corollixs, and in one eastern species 
 with pistillate 3-cloft rays). Involucre canipanulate or turbinate ; the scales mom- 
 branaceoiis or herbaceous, in (»no or two series. HivepUich' llat ami nakcMl. Corolla 
 various ; the lobes usually long and narrow. Style-branches fdiform,' minutely 
 glandular-hirsute. Akenes 4 - 5-angled, linear or elongatrd-obpyramidal. Pappus 
 of 4 to 12 hyaline chafl"y scales traversed by a strong midrib, commonly shorter 
 and blunter in the outermost flowdrs (rarely nearly wanting). — Herbs, or some- 
 times shrubby, roughisb-iiubcscent or scabrous, and mostly glandnlnr above ; with 
 narrow alternate and entire 1 - 3-nerved leaves, and small or middlc-sizod solitary or 
 loosely corymbose heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers. 
 
 A small genus confined to the southern borders of the United Stntos nnd to Mcxi.o, polymor- 
 phous as to the corollas, which in all the eastern North-American s|K?cies have n cnrnpanulate 
 
r>y^ COMPUSIT.E. ralaj'uxai. 
 
 limb very deeply cleft or parted into narrow linear lobes. One ol" the following species occui-s 
 on tlie soutlieastern borders of the State ; the other only further south, but it is here included 
 for comparison. 
 
 1. P. linearis, Lugascu. Herbaceous, cinereous scabrous, a foot to three I'cet in 
 lioight : loaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly ucuto : heads narrow, loosely 
 corymbose and slender pednncled : scales of th^o involucre narrow linear in a single 
 series : fiowei-s all perfect and alike or nearly so : the pale purple corollas with lobes 
 shorter than the elongated nearly cylindrical throat : i)appua of 4 to 8 linear scales, 
 which are more or less pointed or short awned by tiio projection of the tai)ering tip 
 of the very stout midrib, nearly t-ipudling the corolla, or in the iiuter llowers some- 
 times very short and blunt.- - llo(»k. i)ot. Mag. t. 21."J2. A(/enUuvi liiitare, Cav. 
 Ic. iii. t. iiOf). 
 
 vVlong the Colorado, at Fort Yuma, Mohave, &c., Coulter, ISchoU, Newberry, Cuofier. Extends 
 through the adjacent parts of Arizona to Mexico. Heads an inch or less in length. Tliis is tlic 
 species on which the genus was founded. 
 
 2. P, leucophylla, Gray. Shrubby, 6 to 10 feet high : leaves linear, obtu.se, 
 thickisli, wliitened willi a close and dense silky-hirsute pubescence : papjjus of 4 
 linear-oblong blunt ami emarginate-scales, consideraldy shorter than the flesh- 
 colored corolla and the -1 alternate shorter ones, Avhich are S[)atulate-oblong, with 
 midrib vanishing at the niiiUlUi ; some of the outer akenes with u short i;orneons 
 crowu instead of the scales: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Vnn,. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 291. 
 
 Carmen Island, in the Gulf of California, Dr. Palmer. 
 
 77. CHiENACTIS, DC. 
 Head homogamous ; the ftowei-s all perfect and tubular, but an outer series almost 
 always more or less enlarged, usually forming a sort of ray. Involucre campauulate 
 or hemis])herical ; its scales narrow, more or less herbaceous, equal, in one or two 
 Hurios, usually becoming concave and inclined to embrace subtonded akones. Ke 
 ceptacle Hat, foveolate antl naked, in one species with bristle-shaped rigid chalf sub- 
 tending most of the llowers ! Corollas tubular inclining to funnelform, ami with 5 
 short obtuse lobes, or the marginal ones either slightly or conspicuously enlarged 
 above, with the dilated linxb 5-cleft, sometimes irregularly or obli([uely so, approach- 
 ing to palmate ; their nerves deeply intramarginal. Anthers linear. Style-branclies 
 narrow, tapering into a slender-subulate or occasionally obtuse minutely hirsute 
 appendage. Akenes slender, linear, tapering to the base, more or less 4-angled, 
 commonly pubescent. Papi)us of 4 to 12 awnless and nearly or quite nerveless 
 liyaline chaffy scales (in the marginal llowers mostly shorter), in one anomalous 
 species wanting. — Herbs, chielly of humble stature, annuals or biennials (or some 
 po.ssibly perennial), all of the Californian region ; with alternate 1 - 3-pinnately 
 dissected leaves, and middle-sized or large pedunculate heads of yellow, white, or 
 llesh-colorcd llowers terminating the loose or (toryndxtse branches. — Gray, I'roc 
 Am. Acad. x. 7:5. 
 
 Macrocarphiis, Nutt., haidly forms a primary section, ami (,'. carphodinia, with its anomaly 
 of chaff to tlic receptacle, is otherwise just like the related species. In one or two species the 
 receptacle might perhaps be said to be cliatfy next tlie margin, there being two ranks of invu- 
 lucral scales subtending llowers. 
 
 § 1. Pappus })rf!itiU. — True Cii.enactis. 
 
 * doroUan yellow, llit outerjiuml outs abviouult/ tulaiytd at the suinviit, and l/itir 
 liiiili iiKjrf or A-.v.s- irrc(/iilarli/ rt-loltrd, fonuliu/ a .'«iji of ra//. 
 
C/umactis. , •( );^i l>()SI T.E. ^^go 
 
 -.- Pappmofi or .ometime.'^ 5 nho„t rqnnl mo,ffy ohhuuj-laur.olafc ncutisk scales, or 
 in the marginal Jfowrrs irrf,j„lar and unequal as well as shorter. 
 
 1. C. lanosa, DC. Whitisli with floccosc l)ut (looidnous wool, the oldor leuvps 
 becoming glabrous, a span or more high, brancherl and leafy only at the base ■ tlie 
 simple naked peduncles therefore long and scape-like, l)earing solitary hea.ls : leaves 
 with few narrow y linear divisions, or the uppermost entire: enlarged marginal 
 corollas with short ovate lobes, hardly surpassing those of the disk. 
 
 3 to'Ii1m.h"'i,,n'''" ^^""*'"'"^ *" '"'"'' ''''"' ^^'"«"- """•'•'' '""■'•b- l"'l'' ••" i>"li l'i«li, "n |"Mlun.-lrs 
 
 2. C. glabriuSCUla, DC. Lightly floccose-woolly, at length somewhat glabrous 
 branching throughout, a foot or so high : leaves with several rather short thickish 
 obtuse linear divisions : heads on stout rather long pruluncles : scales of the involu- 
 cre rather broadly linear and olituse : marginal corollas with conspicuously enlarged 
 and radiating palmate limb, the lobes oval or oblong. - Var. me),acephah., Gra/in 
 lacit. R. Rep IV 104, is merely a stouter form, with mostly larger heads and 
 flowers ; so is G. demidata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 177. 
 
 Opoi, gronn.^^ from the Unpcr Sacramento, and along the loot-I.illH of tl.e Sierra to Los 
 Angeles. I athor stoat. Heads from half to three fourths of an inch high, inclined ol^ ™ 
 bose, on peduncles from 2 to 7 inches long. " '"''""''' ^ "^ ^^i^y'"- 
 
 3. C. tenuifolia, Xutt. Slightly and .lelicately woolly when young, becomin^r 
 nearly glabrous, a span to a foot or more high, leafy and branching to the top 
 leaves once or somewhat twice pinnately parted into very narrow or filiform lobes • 
 heads somewhat corymbose, on short peduncles : scales of the hemispherical involucre 
 narrowly linear and very numerous : enlarged marginal corollas with short some- 
 what irregular lobes and not surpassing those of the disk. — C. iilifolia, Gray, PI 
 Fendl, 98. . .' » j> • 
 
 Vicinity of San Oiego. Hmds barely 4 or ^ jiues high, hn.ad in i.ioportiMn, on i.o.hmclos of 
 sne'il^s "VheVJ/r^ 1 " -k".''? ''^^''^.^''-''t- Akenes nnK-l> si.orter than in L {.receding 
 species lie C. fihfoha, described from a single specimen lielonging to the Dublin Univei-sitv 
 herbarium, is probably a form of this rather than of the preceding spedes. " 
 
 ■f- -J- Pappiis, at least of the disk-floxvers, double, of 4 ordinary and of \ to ^ ver,, 
 
 much smaller alternating scales. 
 
 4 C. hoterocarpha, Gray. A span to nearly a foot Iiigh, lightly and loosely 
 
 woolly when young, simple or branching above, leafy : leaves pinnately parted into 
 
 4 to J narrowly linear unequal divisions : scales of the involucre broadly linear • 
 
 t" ,f on'"'''«'"''^ ^^'■""'''•^ ''^'^^' "^^^"f? lobes mostly surpassing the disk. — PI 
 J^endl. 98. 
 
 Var. tanacetifolia, Gray. Dwarf, with l)ipinnate]y parted leaves mostly tufted 
 at the base; their lobes numerous, very short, crowded, often oblong or oval : root 
 biennial. — 6. tanacetifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545. 
 
 On the Sacramento and its tributaries, Ukiah, &c., Fremont, Ilnrtirrq, Bnlmuhr The vari- 
 ety Lake Co. near Hear Lake, Botandrr. Heads about half an inch" high ; the i,ednncle an 
 inch or two long. I anpus of tiie outermost flowers sometimes as in the inner, or irreKular an.l 
 .sliorter, sonietinios much shorter and the small outer scales wanting. 
 
 » * Corollas white or flesh-colored, 
 
 +- The marginal ones obviously enlarged and somewhat obliquely 5-lobed, but not 
 surpassing the disk : pappus of on,ly 4 or sometimes 5 7t snail y equal scales : scales 
 of the involucre numerous and narrow-linear. Herbage with minute woolliness 
 which early disappears, then glabrous, minutely granular or glandular above. 
 fi. C. brachjrpappa, Gray. Corymbosely branched, a foot high : loaves twi(!o 
 
 pinnately parted into short-linear and rather rigid divaricate lobes : peduncles short : 
 
 scales of the pappus truncate and almost square or slightly cuneate, one fourth v->f 
 
 the length of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 30O. 
 
390 COMl'OSIT.E. Clutnactii. 
 
 Southeastern Nevaila, Miss Scads ; iiiiiy l)c looked lor on tlic Colorailo : addiil lu coniplett: tlio 
 account of the gi-nus. 
 
 (). C stevioideB, Hook, i^ Ani. CJorymbobcly hmiu'.liud, a spun or luoro high : 
 l(MiVD3 uiicu ur huimiwliiit twico pimmtuly piuiod inU) miiiow lijiear lobes, Uio upiu;!- 
 m(»atly oiiliro : scales ul" tlio pa[i[)Us lanccolato or iuin'i»\vly ol)luiig, uciilc, uol iimcli 
 shorter than tho akum;. 
 
 Sand-hills on the Colorado, Hear the Mohave, &u., mill through Nevada north to Pyramid Lake 
 and east to Utah and New Mexico. Heads rather sujall, on iieduncles from half un inch to an 
 inch and a half in length. 
 
 4- +- 'The iiuinjinal corollas little or not at all eiilaryed, reyular or near 1 1/ so. 
 
 ++ Scales of the involucre tapering into a Jiliforni or setaceous-subulate tip : /xtj'j'us of 
 4 equal scales : pubescence minute and glandular, no wooUintss. 
 
 7. C. carphoclinia, Gray. Corymbosely branched, slender, rigid, a span high : 
 leaves once or twice [)inuately parted into nearly lilifurni lolies : invohicre eainjjanu- 
 late ; its scales with rather al)riii)t and short setaceous (jr subulate tips (sometimes 
 sparsely hispid as well as glandular-viscid) : receptacle furnished with 5 to 10 slen- 
 der and rigid persistent awns subtentling Howers and almost equalling them in 
 length : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceoliite, acuminate, nearly as long as the akene, 
 more than half the length of the corolla, or in a few of the outermost llowers short 
 and truncate. — Uot. Mex. llountl. i) 1. 
 
 Southeastern borders of tiio Strife ; ut Fort Yuma {TInnnas) ; on the (iila and Colorado Desert 
 {Scholl, A. B. Graij) to S. Utah, J'urry. Also Northwestern Nevada near the borders of Cali- 
 fornia, Lemmon. Remarkable for the pidece (rather than fiinbrilloe) of the receptacle in the form 
 of awns, subtending some or most of the disk-llowei-s. 
 
 8. C. attenuata. Gray. IJesembles the preceding; but leaves ap])arently less 
 divided and more liliform : heads smaller (5 lines long), much narrower and fewer- 
 flowered : scales of the involucre narrow and more concave or involute : receptacle 
 naked, as in the genus generally : scales of the i)appus broadly obovate-cuneate and 
 truncate, many times sliorter than the corolla or the akene, little excelling the 
 liirsutc hairs of the lattt;r. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 73. 
 
 Ehrenberg, Arizona, A. E. Janvier, from W. M. Caiiby ; possibly on the borders of Califoiiiia 
 also : added to comi)lete the genus. 
 
 ++++ Scales of the involucre obtuse and j)ointless : pappus double, i. e. <f 4 long and 4 
 very short and dijTcrentli/shaped scales : leaves once orr somewhat twice jnnnatijid or 
 the ujipennost entire : woolUness thin and soon deciduous. 
 
 9. C. Xantiana, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout ; tho stem 
 or branches terminated by a solitary large liead on a thickish i)eduncle : leaves 
 pinnately parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear and distant lobes, the terminal one 
 elongated : scales of the involucre narrowly linear, rather loose : anthers at length 
 mainly exserted : pappus of 4 lanceolate scales almost equalling the corolla, and 
 4 exterior ones wliicli are obovate or obcordate and several times shoiter. — Proc, 
 Am. Acad. v. 545. 
 
 Var. integrifolia, Gray, 1. c. A slender simple-stemmed form, with most of the 
 narrow linear elongated leaves entire, rarely a lobe or two, and tlio head narrower 
 and fewer-flowered. 
 
 Near Fort Tejon, Xantus. Owens Valley, Dr. Horn (the variety). Western borders of 
 Nevada, Anderson, Lemmon. Head an inch or less high, on a niost|y iistulous iiedunele of an 
 inch or two in length ; one or two of ihe ui)])erni()st simide leaves passing into involucral bracts. 
 Corollas a (juarter of an inch long ; the short lobes of those of the disk sparsely bearded exter- 
 nally ; those of the margin twice or thrice as large. Akenes fully 3 lines long. 
 
 10. C. macrantha, D. C. Eaton. A span high : leaves pinnately or somewhat 
 twice pinnately parted into broadly linear or oblong lobes : scales of the involucre 
 linear : anthers iuchuled : pappus of 4 linear-oblong scales about half tlu; length of 
 
aaillardia. COMPOSrr.K. 391 
 
 the corolla and 4 cuneatc-ol)l(iii|^f ones three or four tinn's shorter. — Bot. King Exp. 
 171, t. 18. 
 
 Western holders of Nevada {Newberry, JVatson, Levim.nn) ; therel'nie piobahly witliin the 
 State : extends east to S. Utah, Capl. liiilwp, Parry. Heads from half to three fourths of an 
 iiuih long, on short slender peduncles. Corollas flesh-colored, sonic of the marginal with more or 
 1(!S3 enlarged limb. 
 
 ++++++ Scales of the involiirre ohtnse or pointless : pappus of S to 12 similar obloiuf- 
 linear scales, little shorter than the flesh-colored corolla : leaves commonly twice 2nn- 
 natifid into fine and short very obtuse lobes. {Afacrocarphiis, Nutt.) 
 
 11. C. Douglasii, Hook. ^'. Arn. A span to 2 feet high, from an annual or 
 hionnial root, white-tomontose or glabrato : loaves narrow-ohlong in outline ; the 
 lobes very many and crowded : heads corymbose, rarely solitary (half to two thirds 
 of an inch high). — C. Douglasii & C. achilleoefolia. Hook. <t Arn. ; Torr. in Stans- 
 bury Rep. t. 6. Ilymenopappus Douglasii, Hook. ¥\. i. 31G. 
 
 Through the Sienii Nevada, thence through Oregon and ea.st to Wyoming and Colorado. 
 
 12. C. Novadenslfl, ("Jray. Leas than a span high, deiirossed, in a perennial 
 tuft : leaves with ovate or cuneato general outline and much fewer lobes, white 
 woolly : heads solitary, on peduncles a little surpassing the crowded leaves. — Hyme- 
 nopa}rpus Nevadensis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 
 
 Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada ; Lassen's Peak {Brctcer, Lcmmon) ; alx)ve Summit {Kel- 
 logg) ; Mono Co., Muir. 
 
 § 2. Papptts wanting : scales of tlie involucre acute. — Acaiipii.ka, Gray. 
 
 13. C. artemisieefolia, Gray. Somewhat viscid-pubefscent, a font or two high : 
 the naked summit paniculate, bearing slender-peduncled rather small heads : leaves 
 1 - 3-pinnately divided or parted, the small ultimate divisions short and linear : 
 scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate : corollas apparently fl(;sh color (rather than 
 " pale yellow ") ; the marginal ones little or hardly at all enlarged. — Acarpha;a 
 artemisioifolia, Gray, PI. Fendl. 98 ; Bot. Mex. Pjound. 95, t. 32. 
 
 Near San Diego, Coulter, Parry, Cleveland. 
 
 78. GAILLARDIA, Fongeioux. 
 Head many-floworcd, with several neutral rays. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 
 3 series ; the outer larger, foliacoous and taper-pointed, spr(m<ling or at length ro- 
 flexed above the coriaceous and appressed base ; the inner smaller and partly scari- 
 ous. lleceptacle convex or hemispherical, with one or more a^vns among the flowers 
 Avhich may be taken to represent chaff. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft at the 
 end : disk-corollas elongated-cylindraceous, with 5 pointed teeth, which are beaided 
 with jointed hairs. Anthera with long ovate-lanceolate tips. Style -branches tipped 
 with a bri.stly tuft, and extended beyond it into a filiform hispid apjieudage. 
 Akenes obpyramidal or oblong turbinate, each surrounded by a tuft of villous hairs. 
 Pappus of 6 to 10 hyaline chaffy scales, traversed by a strong midrib, whicli is con- 
 tinued into a naked awn of about the length of the corolla, or in the sterile rays 
 the scales awnless. — Scabious-like herbs, all North American, pubescent with 
 many-jointed hairs ; the leaves altei'nate, minutely impressed-punctate, varying from 
 ontiro to inoi«od or even iiinnatifid ; heads solitary and long-pedunclcMl, largo anrl 
 showy ; disk-flowers usually purplish or brownish ; the rays yellow or partly dark 
 purple. 
 
392 COMPOSIT.M UaiUardia. 
 
 G. PiNNATiKlDA, ToiT., of Coloniilo luiil New Mexico, may apmouch L'iililoiiua by way ol Ari- 
 zona. The following Wt-stfiii speidus is almost suie to bo loiuul along the. nortlu-rn borders of tlur 
 Slalo, and is thiin-foiu adniiltiHl. It is the only truly perennial .species, except the laif and 
 remarkable (L maul is, (iray, in Am. Naturalist, ix. ti73, recently discovered by Dr. Tarry in 
 Southern Utah. 
 
 1. G. aristata, Pursli. Poicimiiil, a .span to a foot or luoio liij^h : lowest Ifuvi-.s 
 sputuluti) or ol)laiii't'(tl;tti', .sidiiotiiiioa piunatilid, tapoiiug into iH'-tiolf.s ; tlio tipper 
 sessile ami often entire : bristles on the receptacle slender, much longer than the 
 akenes, sometimes almost as long as the corolla : rays 10 to 18, an inch or more in 
 length, yellow, sometimes tinged with purjile at the ver^' base. — Lindl. l>ot. Ifeg. 
 t. 1186 ; Hook. Bot. J\Lag. t. 29-10. 
 
 Plains and open ground, common through Oregon, extending to the Saskatcluiwan region. 
 
 79. HELENIUM, Linn. SsKiiisii-wEicK. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with numerous or several pistillate (rarely infertile or 
 neutral) rays : disk-flowers small and very numerous, all fertile. Involucre of one 
 or two series of mostly small scales ; the outer ones foliaceous or herbaceous, narrow 
 and unequal ; innermost shorter and more membranaceous ; all spreading and at 
 lengtii refloxed. IJeccptacle mostly globular or homisphorical, naked. Rays nearly 
 or quito destitute of tube, mostly cuuuato, palmutely S-H-lobed, usually drooping : 
 disk-corollas cylindraceous above the usually very short and narrow proper tube ; 
 the 5 or sometimes 4 teeth short and obtuse, glandular. Style-branches with capi- 
 tate-truncate tips. Akenes turbinate, striate-ribbed, hairy on the ribs. Pappus of 
 5 to 12 thin or hyaline chaffy scales, with or without a midrib, and either blunt, 
 apiculate, or awn-pointed. — Erect simple or branching herbs (N. American and 
 Mexican) ; with all the leaves alternate and all but the lower sessile, often decur- 
 rent into wings on the striate stem ; heads small or large, on naked peduncles 
 terminating the stem or branches ; flowers yellow, or those of the disk at tip turn- 
 ing brownish or purplish (the rays in some eastern species in jtart brown-purple). 
 Foliage minutely inq)ressed-i)unctate, or dotted with resinous globules, puLerulent 
 or nearly glabrous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202. 
 
 * Heads large, the disk an inch in diameter and the rays about an inch lomj : root 
 perennial : stems, So., somewhat woulli/-j>ubescent when yoany. 
 
 1. H. Hoopesii, (Iray. Stem stout, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, bear- 
 ing 1 to G heails on rather slender peduncles : leaves pale, glabrous or becoming so, 
 thickish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest spatulate with a long tapering base : 
 rays cuneate-linear and moderately 2 -3- toothed at tip, these and the involucre 
 tardily retlexed : scales of the pappus lanceolate, gradually tapering into a subulate 
 or awn-like point, a little shorter than the disk-corolla. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 
 18G3, 65. 
 
 Sierra Nevada at Sonora Pa.s3 (lircwcr, Bolandcr) ; thence to the Hoeky Mountains in Colorado.. 
 Leaves 2 to 4, or the lowest 8 to 10, inches long, half an inch to an inch and a half wide. I)i.,k- 
 corolhi with a rather long tube. Akenes rather slender. 
 
 2. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Stem stout, a fi)ot or two high, simple or sparingly 
 branched, leal'y below : heads on mostly long and luiked very thick peduncles en- 
 larging at the summit : leaves obovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire : rays cuneate, 
 3-lobed, deflexed (in the \isual manner of the genus) : scales of the pappus lanceolate 
 or subulate, commonly beset with 3 or 4 almost setiform teeth, and tapering into a 
 slender awn which almost equals the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. 
 
AcUnella. COMPOSITvE. 3<Jo 
 
 ...„ nns . ... 
 
 striking large-llowcrca species. Hays an iiicli long wlion well developed. Disk at first dcprcsscd- 
 hemispheiiail, becoming globular in fruit : the sumnut of the peduncle thickened under it. 
 
 * * Heads rather lan/e, the glohoxe disk half an inch or more wide, and the rays half 
 to three fourths of an inch long : root perennial : herbage glabrous or minutely 
 pubescent. 
 
 3. H. autumnale, Linn. Stem leafy to the corynibDse anminit, a fdot to 3 or 
 4 foot IiIkIi : loaves broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 inche.s lonj;), fifton aorrato : heads 
 niosMv sevoriil on slondc^r rather Hhort poduneloa ; seah^s of the ])ap|)U.s ovate or 
 ovato-lancoolato and awn-pointed, from iialf to two thirds the l(<n<.;th of the corolla. 
 
 Probably along the northern bonlors of the State, being coinnion in Oregon (the vai'. grandi- 
 fioriim, Torr. & (tray), also in Nevada ; thence to the Atlantic States. 
 
 4. H. Bigelovii, Oray. Stern from one to three feet high, commonly simple : 
 leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong; varying to linear, entire (3 to G inches long, 3 
 to 6 lines or rarely over an inch wide) : head on a slemler peduncde from 3 to 18 iiiclies 
 long : rays numerous, half an inch or more in length : disk depressed-globose, from 
 half to two thirds of an inch in diameter : scales of the pajipus ovate-lanceolate or 
 siibulate, tapering into an awn considerably shorter than the corolla. — Pacif. K. 
 Hep. iv. 107. 
 
 Wet ground, Sierra to Yosemite "Valley, &c., and westward to Lake Co. A very branching 
 specimen, with much shorter i-ays, collected by Prof. Brewer, (near Monterey ?) may bean extreme 
 form of this rather than of the ibllowing species. 
 
 * * * Heads middle-sized or small ; the rays .ihnrter than the globose disk, about a 
 quarter nf an inch or less long : root annual or biennial: stems loosely branching. 
 6. H. puberulum, "DC. Two to four feet high, paniculately much branched, 
 
 minutely ciiiereous-i)uberulent : branches terminating in long shmder peduncles : 
 loaves lanceolate ami entire, or the lower oblong and rarely incisoly toothed, nearly 
 all much decurront : involucre mostly short and inconspicuous, as also the rellexed 
 mys : scales of the pappus ovate, with a short n\ucronate tip or awn, one third or 
 one fourth the length of the corolla. 
 
 Common along water-courses and shores through tlie western portion of tlin St«te, from San 
 Francisco lUy southward. Disk half an inch or less in diameter. Kays 2 or at most 3 lines 
 long, usually few. //. Mexkanum, so called, in the Hotnny of Whipple's Expedition, from 
 Holinas Bay, appears to be a form of //. jnibr.rulum, to which may also belong Coulter's No. 
 357, although it has more slender rays and blunt pappus-scales. The materials of lioth are 
 insufficient. 
 
 6. H. laciniatum, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the base, 
 cinereous-puberulcnt : leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly laciniato-pinnatifid, little 
 decurrent, one or two inches long : scales of the involucre mostly longer than the 
 rays, these shorter than the disk : scales of the pap]>na ovate, abruptly tapering into 
 a conspicuous awn, a little shorter than the broad corolla, about the length of the 
 akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203. 
 
 «' California," probably on the southeastprn bordei-s, Coulter (No. 350., 3r)a). Yaq\u T^iver, 
 Sonora, Dr. Palmer. Peduncles about 3 inches long. Hca<l with yellow disk 4 to 6 lines in 
 diameter ; the rays 2 or 3 lines long. Disk-corollas a line long, their pi-oi^>cr tube e.Ktrcmely 
 short. 
 
 80. ACTINELLA, Nutt. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with 8 to 12 pistillate mys ; all the flowers fertile. Invo- 
 hicro hemispherical ; its scales in 2 or 3 sericfl, nearly e(]ual, ovate or lanceolate, 
 rigid or coriacooua (or the inner with margins membranaceous), npi^ressed. Kocejv 
 taclo conical or strongly convex, naked, sometimes villou.s. l^iys conspicuous. 
 3-toothed or S-lobed at the truncate extremity ; disk-comllas elongat^'d-cylindm- 
 
394 
 
 C(jM1'U.S1T.E. Acluitltu. 
 
 ceuud, with 5 emit ahorl (often glaiidular-hcanlcd) Uiclh. Style-branches of the 
 
 perfect Uowers with (lilatttd-tniueate iiiiiuitely poiiicillate tip. Akenessliovt, tmhinatc, 
 
 ailUy-liiisuto. I'appiis nl' A to 12 hyaline 1 -nerved or iioiveleHH chully Hcah'.s ; tlit! 
 
 nerve when con«|tic,iioiis .sonietiiiu^i |)ri)jecting into an awu. — (Jhietly perenniid.s 
 
 (of VV. IMorth America), low or acauleacent, disi)0Hed to he woolly at base of the 
 
 stem; the leaves alternate, pinnately [)arted or entire, nsiially resinons-inijjressed- 
 
 puuctate : heads peduneled, terminating the stem, scape, or branches, sometimes 
 
 loosely corymbose : flowers yellow. 
 
 The acaulesceut species iiiliubit tlie Rocky Mountains and the plains eastward. Those in and 
 near Cahfornia have leafy and branching rigid stems, in tut'ts IVoni persistent somewhat woody 
 rootstocks. 
 
 1. A. Richardsonii, Nutt. A span to a foot and a half high, varying from 
 hoary with sliort wocdiiiu-.-sa to nearly glabrou.s, leafy to the to]) : leaves rigiil, ]tidi- 
 olecl, 3-7-parte(l into linear or ahno.st liliform divisions, or some of them eMtii(! : 
 lieiids mostly inimenKis and corymbose : .scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, the 
 outer series united at base : receptacle conical, glabrous or minutely })ubescent ^vhen 
 young : scales of the pappns f) to 7, ovate-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, either 
 slightly or considca-ably shorter than the disk-corollas, mid-nerve hardly any. — 
 Pia-admia Richnnlwnii, Hook. VI i. :U7, t. lOH. 
 
 Var. oanescens, l>. C-. ludon. A hoary form, barely u Hpun liigii, with fewer 
 and larger heads, and shorter ovate antl merely acute scales of the pappus. — Mot. 
 King Exp. 175. 
 
 Collected on the northern borders of the State in the Wilkes Expedition : common in the 
 interior of Oregon and in Nevada, extending to and beyond the Rocky Jlonntains. Sierra Valley, 
 Lcinmcm. The latter a form with large lieads (about 5 lines high), in this respect, and somewhat 
 in the p.ippus, approaching the remarkable var. canescciis, which was found only on one of the 
 Eastern Humboldt Mountains. 
 
 2. A. Cooperi, Gray. Two feet high, with loose and more simple virgate 
 branches terminated by single heads, ininutely pubendent : lower leaves unknown ; 
 upper ones 3-parted into narrow linear divisions : recei)tacle convex, densely villous: 
 rays elongated, acutely 3-cleft at the summit : scales of the pai>i)ns 5, broadly ovate 
 and obtu.se or slightly j)ointed, travensed by an obscure niidnerve, not half the 
 length of the disk-corollas. — J'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 359. 
 
 Southeastern border of the State, on Providence Mountains, at the altitude of 5,U00 feet, 1»: 
 Cooper. Head as large as in the variety of the preceding ; the rays longer. 
 
 81. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Gray. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with 5 pistiljate rays; all the flowei-s fertile. Involucre 
 cylindraceous, of 5 equal and oblong carinate-concave scales, which partly enclose the 
 ray-akenes. Eeceptacle Hat, naked. Hays oval, obtusely 2 - 3-toothed at the apex : 
 disk-corollas nearly funnelform, glabrous and naked, 5-lobed ; the lobes ovate- 
 oblong. Anthers tipped with a long lanceolate appendage. Style-branches linear, 
 surmounted by an ovate-lanceolate Hat appendage. Akenes linear-turbinate, with 
 5 strong and obtuse hirsuto-villous ribs, truncate at summit, the terminal areola 
 large. Pappus of numerous barbellate white bristles in a single series, shorter than 
 the disk-corolla, united at base in a ring (and some of them higher up), and decidu- 
 ous together. — A low diffuse white-woolly aniuial, with alternate 3-lobed leaves, 
 and wholly the aspect of Actinolepis, to which it is clearly related. — Gray in Pacif. 
 R. Rep. iv. 106, t. 15. 
 
niennospcnna. CO M PCS IT. K. 395 
 
 1. S. Fremontii, (5r;iy. Two or tliroo iiichos Iil^'li, much rcsciubling Adino- 
 h'pin Wttlhicn: l(!aves spiifculato or narrow cuncatc, .'J-lolu-d at l.li(i apex, or some- 
 times nearly entire : earliest liead slender-peiluncled, the otliers clustered : Uowcra 
 golden yellow. 
 
 In the desert region of tlio soutlieiistern borders of the .'^talo (Soda Lake, Dr. Cooper), and in 
 S. Nevada and Utali {Fremont, Ncicbcrrij, Capt. JJishop, rnhncr). Ilea.ls 3 lines, rays barely 2 
 lines long. 
 
 82. TRICHOPTILIUM, day. 
 
 Head many-ilowored ; tlio flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre hemispher- 
 ical, of about 10 ovate-lanceolate thin-herbaceous almost eipial scales, somewhat in 
 two series. Receptacle flat and naked. Corolla cylindiaceous, Avith 5 short and 
 sproadin<; ovato lobes ; fdaments inserted just alwve its base. Style-branches with 
 dilated and very obtuse or truncate tips, but no proper appendage. Akencs oblong- 
 turbinate, hirsute. Pappus of 5 broad hyaline or at length firmer nerveless chafTy 
 scales, -which arc dissected into slender but rather rigid bristles, the middle ones 
 little shorter than tho corolla. — A single species. 
 
 1. T. incisum, Gray. A small and depressed winter-annual, diffusely branched 
 from tho root, a span or less in height, clothed throughout with long and loose or 
 somewhat deciduous white wool, under which it is somewhat hirsute or glandular : 
 leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong-cuneate or si)atulate, coarsely and 
 sharply toothed or cut-lobed : heads (about 4 lines long) solitary on slender petlun- 
 cles, tho earlier ones scapo-liko : corolla " yellow." — 15ot. Me.x. Pxnind. 97; Torr. 
 IV.if. \{. Rep. v., t. f). 
 
 Gravelly hills, of the Colorado desert region near Fort Ynina, Mohave, kv., Fremont, Thurhry, 
 Lieut. Dn Bnrrii, Cooper. Tho latter, who fonnd it in ravines of the Caldo Valley, states that 
 tho flowers are yellow. Akenes inenibranaecous, slightly f) - (inerved, soniewlmt angular : mp- 
 pus-scales (including the bristles, of which the outer are regularly shorter) about the length oi 
 the akene. 
 
 83. BLENNOSPERMA, bes.s. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with 5 to 12 pistillate rays, atid sometimes as many apeta- 
 lous pistillate flowers ; tho disk-flowers numerous, all sterile. Scales of the hemi- 
 apherical involucre 5 to 12, in a single series, equal, oblong, jdane, membranaceous, 
 somewhat united at base. Receptacle flattish, naked. Rays an elliptical or oblong 
 entire ligule sessile on the ovary, without a tube. Corollas of the disk-flowers with 
 narrow tube abruptly expanded into the broadly campannlate 4 - 5-lobcd limb. 
 Anthers oval. Style in the fertile flowers with flat linear or oblong stigmatic lobes, 
 in the staminate flowers undivided and capitate or disk-sliaped at summit : tlioso 
 flowers with barely a rudiment of ovary. Fertile (ray) akenes pyriform, obscurely 
 8-10-ribbed, destitute of pappus, powdered as it were with pa])illro which when 
 moistened apparently develop into jelly. — Low and difl'usely bmnching annuals 
 (of Chili and California), glabrous or nearly so j with alternate leaves pinnately 
 parted into narrow linear divisions, and rather small pedunculate heads of light 
 yellow flowers, terminating the brapches. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272; Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. ix. 200. 
 
 1. B. Californicum, Torr. Sc Gray. About a span high : !><'id."s of the involu- 
 cre and rays 7 to 12 : a series of pistillate flowers within and alternating with the 
 rays : style-branches of the fertile flowers oval or oblong, flat. — Coniothele Cah- 
 fornir.a, DC. 
 
;>()(; COMPOSITvE. Pcrilyk. 
 
 Moist giouml, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. Scales of the involucre sometimes tippeil 
 witli iturpie. lliiys 2 or 3 lines long. Tlie minute papillie on tlie ukene, as seen under the 
 niicroscojie, swell up when wetted, open at the e.vtruinity or split into two valves, and emit two 
 long tilaments of e.xtrenie tenuity, tiie whole apparently forming a gelatinous mass enveloping the 
 ukene ; just iis occurs in Crdcidiuin and in .some s})ecie3 of ScMciu, &c. From this peculiarity it 
 took its generic name, whicli means "luucilagiuuus mieJ." 
 
 tMiociiiiUM MiM.TK'Aiii.i;, Hook., is a Hmull plant riistunlillng Jlli'iini>sprnna, l)\il with a fuga- 
 cious capillary jjajipus. It is common along the coast, of Oregon, hut has not been iletcctcd in 
 California ; the specimen so nanidl in the Botany of the Mexican Boundary, collected by Dr. 
 Stillman, proving to bo iilciuwsjKrma. See Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. 
 
 84. PERITYLB, Bentb. 
 Tlofttl muny-lK>\voiT(l, witli iiistillato mys or occuaiuimlly none ; tho llowera all 
 fertile. Involucre cuinpamilaLe, of nearly etjual scales, slightly carinate on the 
 back, in a single or double series. Keceptacle llattish or conical, naked. Riys 3- 
 toothed : disk-corollas 4-toothed ; the tube glandular. Style-branches tipped with 
 (or insensibly changing into) a short and obtuse or more commonly subulate or 
 iiliform, hairy appendage. Akenes oblong, flat (laterally compressed), dark-colored, 
 bordered by a cartilaginous mostly ciliate-bearded margin. Pappus a series of 
 hyali)ie or setiform scales, usually nmre or less united into a cup or crown, and 
 commonly a slender awn from one or both margins. — Low annuals or j)erennials, 
 of tho southern j)art of California and adjacent regions ; with petioled usually 
 palmately-lobed or incised and membranaceous leaves, at least the lower ones oppo- 
 site, and pedunculate rather small heads terminating corymbose or paniculate 
 bi-anches (rarely in a corymbose cyme). Kays white (or sometimes yellow 1) : disk- 
 llovvers yellow. — lienth. Bot. ^\\\\A\. 23, t. 15, & Gen. PI. ii. 398; Cray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. ix. 194. 
 
 In our view, as stated in tho paper above cited, tho crown of pa]ipu8 furnishes a better charactor 
 than tho slyUi-apjM!ii(higis, m anytliinif in tin- involucre, to distuiguish this genus from Lap- 
 /laiiiia, Olio species of which also has short and blunt stylo-appendages. Luphamm nearly takes 
 the 2>ltiee of J^critijlc eastward, and one species of it inhabits tlie soutliern part of Nevada. 
 
 P. INCANA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ined., recently discovered on Guadalupe Island, Lower 
 California, is aii anomalous sj)ecies, stout and somewhat frutescent, as white-woolly as Scnecio 
 Cineraria, and with numerous layless heads in a ciowded and naked pedunculate corymb. 
 
 1. P. Californica, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate : l<;aves mostly opposite, 
 broadly ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed or somewhat lobed : rays oblong, perliaps 
 yellow : style-appendages short and obtuse : akenes hispid-ciliate : the outermost 
 obovate and with mucli thickened corky-cartilaginous margins, the inner obovate- 
 oblong and with nerve-like margins, narrowed at the top : awns of the pa[>pus one 
 or two, scabrous. 
 
 Probably only in Lower California; Bay of Magdalena, Hinds; Cape San Lucas, Xantics. 
 Heads 3 or 4 lines long. Throat, i. e. the expanded upper part, of the disk-corolla, rather shorter 
 than its tube. Peccptacle almost fiat. 
 
 2. P. plumigera, Cray. Clandular-puberulent above, the base of stem un- 
 known : leaves of the brunches ovate or oblong, small, toothed : heads smaller than 
 in the foregoing: rays oblong, apparently white : style-appendages short and obtuse: 
 akenes oblong, not contracted at the apex, very densely villous-ciliate : awn of the 
 pappus only one, nearly equalling the corolla, sparsely liispid-plumose above. — I'l. 
 Fendl. 77. 
 
 California, Cotdler. Probably from the southeastern borders of the State or adjacent portion 
 of Arizona. Receptacle strongly convex. 
 
 3. P. Acmella, Cray, 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat glandular : lower leaves 
 opposite, ovate and deeply 3-cleft ; the upper alternate and somewhat hastately 
 
Diinodw. COMPOSIT/R. ;-^(j7 
 
 3-l(tl)C(l : licads small : rays broadly cmieatc-ohloiif^ : stylo-appondagcs sliort and 
 a(;iitisli : akoiies c)l)long, densdy hispid-ciliatc : awns of tlu! pappus 2, niucli shortor 
 than the corolla, S(-al)rous. — ,Spilanthes Pseiuh-Acmella, Hook. ^ Arn. 13ot. lieechey, 
 150. Bnltonia § Dichetophora, sp., Bcnth. Sc Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 2G9. 
 
 Monterey Iky, L'ly k Collie. Routlicni part of tlie Stntc, CouUcr. Receptacle merely convex. 
 Heads 2 lines higli. Throat iiml linili of the disk-eorollas lonp;cr than tlie tulxj. 
 
 4. P. Emoryi, Torr. Sparsely hirsute as well as gland\dar : leaves round-cordate 
 or fan-shnped in ouMine, H-O-eleft and the lolies copiously incised, the upper alter- 
 nate and less lolxnl : scales of the involucre rather broad : rays short, wdiitc, broadly 
 oval : style-ai)pendages oblong and obtuse : akenes narrtnvly oblong, hispid-ciliatc : 
 awn of the iiappus only one, very slender, sparsely barbellate above, or in 
 
 Var. nuda, Gray, with no awn. — P. nuda, Torr. in Pacif. It. Pep. iv. 100. 
 
 Desert legion, aloiifr the Kio Colorado on both sides, near Fort Yuma, &c., and on the Gila. 
 Heads rather largo for tlie genus, 3 or 4 lines higli : receptacle broad, nearly flat. Rays said in 
 the l?()tany of the Mexican boundary, p. 82, to be " plainly yellow " ; but the ticket of Dr. 
 Cooper's specimens from the same district states that they are white. So they are in Palmer's 
 Guadalupe plant, 'riiroat or expanded jiart of the disk-corolla shorter than the tuljo. Style- 
 appendages certainly slmrt and obtuse ui the original specimens. Yet in one, seemingly of 
 the same si)e(;ics (vnr. nuda), but with larger rays, collected in 1870 on Carmen Islaml, Lower 
 California, by Dr. E. Palmtr, these appendages are somewhat longer and subulate-acute ! So, 
 also, ill specimons recently collected by him on Guadalupe Island. This is evidently n winter- 
 animal ; and so apparently nre all the foregoing. 
 
 5. P. leptoglossa, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves (of bran(;hes) small 
 and alternate, ovate and somewhat cordate, slender-petioled, coarsely or doubly 
 toothed : scales of the involucre narrow : rays linear, rather long : style-appendages 
 iiliform and acute : akenes linear-oblong, hispid-ciliolato : awn of the pappus only 
 one, very slender, barely scabrous. — PI. Fendl. 77. 
 
 California, Coulter. Known only from his collivrtion. Heads large for the genus, 5 lines long ; 
 receptacle merely convex. Rays 4 to 6 lines long : disk-corollas with slender tube and a remai-k- 
 ably long and narrow cylindrical throat. 
 
 P. Pauryi, p. Aoi.ossa, and P. coiiONOriFOl-lA, Grny, tlie latter witli distinctly white rays, 
 belong to a region further eastward. 
 
 85. DYSODIA, Cav. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with few or numerous pistillate rays or sometimes nono ; all 
 the flowers fortilo. Iiivohicro cyliiulracoons or campanulate, of rather rigid equal 
 scales in a single series, often united below, commonly subtended by a row of bracts. 
 Keceptacle flattish, naked, often alveolate, fimbrillate, or hirsute. Pays entire or 
 2-3-toothed at the apex: disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Style-branches of the 
 perfect flowers slender and tipped with a subulate or nearly filiform hispid append- 
 age. Akenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4 - O-angled or many-nerved. Pappus single, 
 of 10 (or rarely more) firm chally scales -which are deejdy disserted into many rigid 
 scabrous bristles, about eipialling the corolla. — Herbs (all Mexic^'in and N. Ameri- 
 can) ; with strong and mostly disagreeable scent (whence the generic name), opposite 
 or aHernate leaves, and peduncled heads of yellow, orange, or reddish flowers : sr^t- 
 tered oil-glands rather conspicuous in the foliage and involucre. 
 
 D. CHRYSANTilEMOiPF.s, Lagasca, common along the waters of tlie Missis-xippi and tlience to 
 Mexico, may approach California by way of Arizona. 
 
 1). Hi-KCKmA, Gray, a Htriking aiid npparenlly Hliiubbv Mpecies, with rounded tcnmte lenlloti 
 and large heads, wa.s discovcitMl at Cajie Han Lucas in Lower California, far beyond our limits. 
 2'he following have ))een found in the State. 
 
 1. D. porophylloides, Gray. T^oosely much liniiiclicd. abmit 2 fci-t high, 
 glabrous : branches slender and rigid, strinte, terminated by middle sized heads : 
 
oQg COMPOSIT.E. Dijsodia. 
 
 leaves alternate, siuiiU, mostly 3 - O-piirteil into lincar-laiiceolatc or sul)ulatG divis- 
 ions wliit'h are seldom yiaiid-beaviiig ; all the upper reduced to subulate })ra(;ts ; 
 those suhtendiiij,' the involucre very short and simple: scales of the involucre linear, 
 abruptly acute, beset with oblong oil-glands, coalescent : rays few and inconspicu- 
 ous : " llowers yellow " : scales of the pap[ius deejjly parted into about *J bristles. — 
 VI Thurb. 3-'2. 
 
 Soutliuuateiii horilcra of the Stiite at Sail Fuhpo (Thurbcr), ami Fort Mohiivo, I)r. Coo/ji'i: 
 Also collected lit Caiup Uiiint, S. Arizoim, hy J>r. Palmer, with more develoiicil leuHets. llciul 
 liulf to three (i»uirtcis of an inch long. Hays linear, not longer than the disk, hardly surpassing 
 tlie style. 
 
 2. D. Cooperi, (ir.iy. .Scabrous-puberulent, "2 feet high," stouter than the 
 l)receding and willi head fully an inch long : leaves (of brunch) lauceolate, rigid, 
 coarsely ami spinulosely few-toothed, and parted near the sessile base so as to form 
 a pair of subulate stipule-like lateral lobes : bracts of the involucre and scales linear- 
 subulate and attenuate-acuminate, gradually i)assing into each other, carinate with 
 strong midrib : rays somewhat exserted, " jiurple " : papi)us as in the preceding. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 201. 
 
 youtheiisteru borders of the State, eastern side of rrovidt-nce Mountains, Dr. Coojia: The 
 lower leaves arc ]a-ohably more divided. 
 
 86. NICOLLETIA, Cray. 
 
 Head many-Uowered, with a series of pistillate rays; all the llowers fertile. Invo- 
 lucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 equal oblong scales, calyculate with one or two snmll 
 exterior scales. Receptacle convex, naked. Hays oblong, minutely 2 - 3-toothed : 
 disk-corollas slender, S-toothed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers slender, con- 
 tinued into filiform acute hispid appendages. Akenes linear, slender, terete, taper- 
 ing to the base, pubescent. Pappus double ; the outer a series of cai)illary bristles 
 like those of Porop/ii/llam ; the inner of 5 thin chalfy scales with midrib produced 
 into a bristle or awn, n(;arly c(iualling the disk-corolla. — Low and branching 
 glabrous annuals ; with alternate leaves, i)innately divided into a few narrowly 
 linear or subulate lobes, and short-peduncled rather large heads terminating the 
 branches. Oil-glands in the foliage and involucre few and large. Kays pink or 
 purple, the disk-llowers (always/) yellow. —Torr. Frem. Rep. 2d Exp. 315; PI. 
 Wright, i. 119, t. 8 ; P.ot. Mox. l5ound. 93. 
 
 There are two sixcios, both riiro ; one found near the southwestern borders of Texas, tlie other 
 near tiie .soulhcasteni hordi'rs of Cahh)rnia. The genus was dedicate.! to the memory of tlie 
 distinguished geogiaidiical explorer and astronomer, J. N. Nicollet, under whom Fremont unliated 
 Lis work. 
 
 1. N. OCCidentaliS, Gray, 1. c A span or more high : leaves thickish and 
 with short lobes, the uppermost close to the head : scales ui the i)appus lanceolatc;- 
 .subulate, tapering into a short slender awn. 
 
 Sandy banks of the Mohave River. Fremont, Dr. (,;>o/>rr. The latter found it at Camp Cady, 
 and lias recorded tliiil tlu' lays are ])ur|ile, the disk yellow. 
 
 87. POROPHYLLUM, Vaillant. 
 llead several- many llowered, with all the llowers perfei:t. Involucre cylindrical 
 or cylindraceous, of 5 to 10 oblong or linear eipial scales in a single series. Kecep- 
 tacle small, naked. Corollas with a slender or filiform tube, and a narrow 5-cleft 
 limb. Stylc-brandics slender, tipped with a subulate-liliform hispid appendage. 
 Akenes long and slender, nearly terete, striate or anglcil. Pa[)pus of cojjious rather 
 
Pedis. COMPOSITE.. 300 
 
 rigid scabrous capillary bristles, about the Icngtli of the corolla. — Herbs, sometimes 
 
 with ligneous base, glabrous and often glaucous ; with slender branches terminated 
 
 by pedunculate heads of yellow, whitish, or purplish llowcrs, and altemnto or below 
 
 opposite leaves; these and the scales of the involucre marked by scattered immersed 
 
 oil-glands, in the manner of Tageies, &c., therefore strong-scented. 
 
 Species all American, chiefly of Mexico and farther south, a few alonj; the honlors of tlio 
 Unitoil .States, two in liowor California, but only the following within tlio Stato. 
 
 1. P. gracile, IJenth. Slender, loosely much branched from a rather woody 
 base, a foot or two high : lower leaves linear with tapering base, the upj)er nearly 
 filiform or slendcr-subulato : scales of the involucre 4 to G, oblong-linear, obtuse, 
 with narrow scarious margins: head 5 - 15-flo\vered : akenes scabrous-puberulent, 
 narrowed at tlie summit. — Bot. Suli)h. 29. P. Greggii, var. minor, Gray. 
 
 Gi-avelly banks, Fort Mohave anil south waid (Dr. Cooper, &c.), San Diego, Cleveland. Unnds 
 three quarters of an inch long : flowers'" purple " or "dirty wbite." Herbage with a stiong 
 fragrant or fennel-like odor. According to Mr. Johnson, who collected it on the Colorado Uivcr, 
 it is there called " Poison 'flower." 
 
 88. PECTIS, Linn. 
 
 Head several -many-flowered, with pistillate rays; the flowers all fertile. Involucre 
 cylindrical or campanulate, of a few e([ual and mostly carinate-concave scales in a single 
 series. Receptacle small, naked. I?<ays entire or 2- 3-toothed at the ape.x : disk-corollas 
 mostly slender, 5-toothed, sometimes unequally. Stylo long, somewhat thickened uji- 
 wards and minutely hispid ; the branches very short and obtuse or truncate. Akenes 
 linear or filiform, niany-striato. Pappus of few or rather nuMUMous bristles, or some- 
 times of a few awns, with or without some small chalfy scales, sometimes in some 
 or all the flowers of little scales oidy, these united into a crown. — Low odorous 
 herbs (all American) ; with opposite narrow and cliiefly entire leaves, their margins 
 beset with some long bristles, at least toward the base, in their substance as in that 
 of the involucre bearing some scattered oil-glands. Heads small, or sometimes i-ather 
 ample for the size of the plant, scattered : floAvcrs yellow. 
 
 P. PUNCTATA, Jnc(|. [Pcctidium, DC), witli its pappus of 3 or 4 very rigid sinonlh awns, atid 
 P. MULrrsETA, Bonth., with a pappus of 2 or 3 bristles or none in the disk, and leaves conspicu- 
 ously bristle-fringed, grow in Lower California. P. riiosruATA, Cav., with broadish leaves nn<l 
 sessile heads, comes into Arizona ; as does P. IMBKiinis, Gray, a inW si)ccips rcninrknblc for the 
 want of bristles to the leaves. The following are attrilnited to California solely on the authority 
 of Coulter's collection, from which they were fust described ; and they may nil havo Iweii col- 
 lected east of the Rio Colorado. 
 
 1. P. papposa, Gv^y. Annual, glabrous, diffusely mtich branched, a span to a 
 foot high, "lemon-scented" : leaves elongated-linear (2 or 3 inches long, loss than :i 
 lino wide), furnished with very few bristles at biise : heads slejider-poduncled, scat- 
 tered or coryndjose, about 20-flowcred : scales of the involucre to 8, linear : rays 
 elongated, linear-oblong: pappus in the ray a scaly crown, in th(> disk of IT) to 20 
 cai)illary and very unequal barhcllate bristles. — V\. Fendl. 02. 
 
 California, Coulter, No. 331. Common in the Gila Valley and through Arizona, ScUotI, Pithnrr, 
 Wriyht, &c. Akenes slender, minutely hirsute with Handuhirtipix-d and sometimes hooked 
 hairs. Scales of the involucre nearly infolding the my-akeues, ns in all mw H|>ocies. 
 
 'i. P. Coulterl, (Irny, 1. <i. Annual, puborident, dilfu«e, 2 or 3 iiu;hcH high : 
 leaves narrowly linear (about half an inch long), spai-sely brislle-fringetl : heads on 
 peduncles mostly longer than tlio leaves : scales t>f the involucre and o.XRcrled rays 
 about 5, both oblong : pappus in ray and disk nearly alike, of 2 t<» 4 short and 
 stout awns wliich are retrorsely brist]v-harl)ed. 
 
400 CUMPUSlT.ii. Ptclis. 
 
 California, Coulter, No. 330. Arizona, Dr. Palmer. Invohiure 2 or 3 lines long ; the whole 
 head 4 or 5 lines long, rather lew-liowercd. 
 
 3. P. iilipes, <^Jiay, 1. c. Annual, slender and dill'use, glabrous : leaves narrowly 
 linear (an iueli i)r ni(»ro lunj,', buldoni u lino wido), simrin<>ly briatle-IVinj^'od at haso : 
 |iiti|iiii('l(M i'.ii|iilliii'y, tiiKt til' (wo iiK'hcH ion^: mciiIch ui' tlio invulucri) fi, nillicr Itrtimlly 
 linear, obtuse : rays t;.\.serLoil, oblong' : diHli llowers about 5 : nkenes slender : jiapiius 
 of ubout 2 (1 to 3) slender awns wliieli are gradually sligbtly dilated at base and 
 minutely scabrous towanls tbe apex, in the disk sometimes a minute crown with a 
 solitary awn. 
 
 California, Coulter, No. 329. New Me.xico, Thurber, BU/elow, Henry. Janos, Chihuahua, 
 Schott. Involuerc narrow, 2 to 2^ lines long. Only Coulter's plant shows the sliort crown of 
 the ilisk-pajipus. There is no trace of it, and the awns are 2 or 3, in the other specimens, which 
 are from a district farther cast than that probably traversed by Coulter. Bentham thinks it 
 likely to be F. Taliscuna, Hook, k Am. ; but it does not accord with the character of that 
 species. Probably it has not been collected within California. 
 
 Tuiiib; VII. A^'TIIEMIDE.E. 
 
 Distinguished from JJclenioidew by the drier nu)re scariously margined or tipped 
 and imbricated siudt^s of the involucre ; from Astenndeie by the same and by tho 
 truncate tijis of tho style in the perfect lloNvers, never continued into an apjieudagft ; 
 tho pa[)pus none or a mere crowji. Belonging mainly to the Old World, very few 
 in Western Noith America, except of Artemisia. 
 
 89. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yaiiuow. 
 
 Head numy-llowered, with few or several pistillate rays ; all tho llowera fertile. 
 Scales of the narrow involucre imbiicated in iaw series, aj^pressed, mostly Avith 
 scarious margins, itcceptaclu from llattish to conicid, with thin chaif Mubtending 
 the llowers. J fays mostly short or broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcomi)ressed, 
 surrounded by a narrow and cartilaginous margin, ilestitute of pappus. — Perennial 
 herbs {numerous in the Old AVorld, but very few in the New), rather strong-scented; 
 with alternate either serrate or i)innately dissected leaves, and small corymbo.se 
 beads of yellow or white or sometimes rose-colortnl flowers. 
 
 1. A. Millefolium, Linn. A foot or two high, or lower on mountains, villous- 
 woolly at least when young : leaves lanceolate or linear in general outline, twice 
 pinnately parted into line linear acute and 3 - 5-cleft lobes: heads small, crowded 
 in a compoiuid corymb-like cyme : rays 4 or 5, obovat(i, white, rarely rose-color 
 (occasionally becoming tubular) : akenes slightly margined. 
 
 Common in the Sierra Nevada up to 11,000 feet, extending through nil the mountain.s north- 
 ward and eastward ; not rare in the western )»art of tlie State at tlie level of the sea ; there 
 Itcrliaps introduced fnun the Old World ; liut ili;uiy indigenous all round the northern hemi- 
 sphero. 
 
 00. ANTIIEMIS, l.uui. Cii.vMuMii.K, 
 
 Head many-llowered, with numerous pistillate or sometimes neutral rays; tho 
 «lisk-flowers fertile. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales very numero\is, imbricated 
 and appressed, scarious-margined, with a more rigi<l centre. Receptacle from con- 
 vex to oblong-conical, chaffy with slender or thin scales or awns, sublending the 
 ilowers, at least the central ones. Uays commoidy conspicuous. Akenes obovoid 
 or oblong, 4-r)-angh!d, S-10-ri]>bed, or many-striate, truncate at the ai)ex. Pappus 
 
Matrintrln. CO^^POSn^K ^Q] 
 
 none or a sliort chafTy crown. — Herbs, of numerous species in tlie Old World, a 
 very few have bocomo roadside weeds in the United States. The only common 
 one is the May-weed, which has reached California, viz., 
 
 1. A. Cotula, Linn. A much branched, somewhat pubescent, strong-scented 
 and acrid annual, a foot or less high : the alternate leaves tlirice pinnately divided 
 into small linear-subulate lobes : heads rather small terminating the branches, 
 somewhat corymbose : rays soon refle.xed, white, sterile, having an imj)erfect stylo 
 or none : disk-flowers yellow : receptacle conical, naked toward the margiu, but 
 with almost bristle-sha[)ed chaff near the centre : ])appus none. — Maruta Cotula, 
 Cass. : differing from true Anthemis in the sterile rays, &c. 
 Sparingly found along roadsides : introduced, but not yet common. 
 
 91. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with numerous pistillate rays; the disk-flowers usually all 
 fertile. Involucre hemisj)herical or flatter; the more or less scarious short and 
 appressed scales imbricated in several series. liece[)tacle flat or convex, naked. 
 Rays usually elongated : tlisk-corollas often flattened (obcomprcssed) or 2-winged 
 below, 4 - 5-toothed. Akenes sliort, nearly terete, several-ribbed or angled, trun- 
 cate at the tip, mostly (in ours) destitute of i)appus. 
 
 A laige and diversified genus in the Old World (especially when it includes Leucanthemum and 
 Pi/reihrum), but not indigenous to North America except in the arctic regions. Only one species 
 is much naturalized in the United States, viz. 
 
 1. C. Leucanthemum, Linn. A perennial wcimI, spreading from sliort run- 
 ning rootstocks, nearly glabrous, a foot or two high : steins siiiii>le or sparingly 
 branched, the naked summit bearing a large head: leaves incisely pinnatifid or 
 toothed ; the lower spatulate ; the upper becoming linear and smaller : scales of the 
 involucre with somewhat rusty tips : rays white (over half an inch long) : disk 
 yellow : akenes many-ribbed. — Leucanthemum vuhjare, I^ain. 
 
 In fields nt Santa Cruz ; jirobably in some ntlier ]ilaces : introduced from the Old AVorld. Not 
 yet, perhajts may not become, in California the troublesome weed that it is in the Atlantic States, 
 whore it takes possession of meadows, and is known as O.r-cye. ]),xisy. White Daisii, and fFhilf\ 
 
 V'Ct<.(f. 
 
 92. MATRICARIA, binn. 
 Head many-flowered, with or without rays. Involucre hemis[)hcri(ml or flatter, 
 of numerous and more or less scarious appressed scales in few series. Keccj)tacle 
 conical or ovate, naked. Corollas, akenes, &c., as in the preceding genus. Pai)pus 
 none or a minute crown. — A rather large genus of the Old World; only the fol- 
 lowing on the Pacific coast, where it is apparently indigenous. 
 
 1. M. diSCOidea, DC. Annual, a span or two high, branching, glabrous, 
 leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected into numerous short and narrow 
 linear divisions : heads small, short-pedunclod : involucre of broadly oval scales 
 with white-scarious margins: rays none: disk greenish-yellow, much elevated: 
 receptacle high conical : akenes with an obscure coroniform margin in place nf pap- 
 pus. — Af. (auacetoideK, Fischer k ]\Ieyer. Santolinn suaven/enx, I'ursh. Tnnacetum 
 matricarioides, Less. 7\ suaveolevs, Hook. T. panciflornm, DC. Arteminin matri- 
 carinides, Less. Cntvla. matricarioiden, Bongard. Lepidnthcrn (in errata) or Lrpi- 
 danthus snaveofens, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 
 
 Waste grounds, through the whole length of the State, and north to Unnlnskn. It has 
 migrated to and beyond tlio Mississinjii us a weed, as also to some iilnces in the north of Europe. 
 Said to be used in C'alifornia as a domestii; remedy for agues and bowel-complaints. IloAda a 
 quarter of an inch, or in fiuit half an inch in length, greenisli-yellow. 
 
402 r(JMPOSIT,E. Taaacduin. 
 
 93. TANACETUM, Linn. Tansy. 
 Head muiiy-llowered, lieteiogcimous, with the ilovvers all tubular, the uutenuost 
 series pistillate, or rarely these wanting when the flowers are all perfect, mostly all 
 fertile. Involucre of numerous dry more or less scarious and brownish imbricated 
 and appressed scales, lieceptacle flat or convex, naked. Corollas of the pistillate 
 flowere ecjually or obliquely 2 - 5-toothed ; of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Akenes 
 generally about 5-ribbed or angled, or the marginal ones 3-sided ; the broad trun- 
 cate summit bearing a short and scarious coroniform pappus, or none. — Strong- 
 scented herbs ; with alternate mostly compound or lobed leaves, and corymbose or 
 mrcly solitary erect lu^ads of yellow flowers. 
 
 A mcHlenitcly lurgo gt'Uiis in thu Old World, wiilcly roiireaonted by T. vulgare, Linn., the coni- 
 nion Tunsji, which, so I'ar as wc know, is not at all naturalized m California ; but there is u 
 stouter iniligenous species on the coa.st related to it. Then, in the interior dry region there are 
 three or four peculiar species (section S/j/i(t;ronicria of Nuttall) related to certain others in Asia ; 
 the one found in California much ap[)roachea Artemisia. Ours are perennials. 
 
 ^i Pappus tvideal : leaves very much dissected into inuumei-able divisions. 
 
 I. T. Hnronense, Xutt. Soft-hairy, usually mu(;h so when young: stems 
 stout, a foot or twu liigli, very leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissecte<l ; tlio 
 very small and numerous lobes oblong or linear and much crowded : h(^ads large, 
 half an inch in tliameter, on sUjut i)etluncles : corollas of the pistillate flowers rather 
 conspicuous and somewhat ray-like, 3 - 5-lobed, the tube flattened, slightly winged 
 at base : akenes very obscurely ribbed : pap])us toothed. — T. cainplioratuin, Less. 
 2\ Douglasii, DC. T. elegans, iJecaisne, V\. Serres, t. 1191. Omalanthns campho- 
 ratus, Less. Omalotes caviphorala, DC. 
 
 Sandhills, along the (toast, from San Francisco to Paget Sound. Also on the Ujjpor (Ji'cat 
 liiikos, and from Jludson's May to the iiortlierii borders of Maine. 
 
 * * PdppiiH none: /cares once or twice pinnate! i/ dissected into rather few divisions. 
 
 '2. T. potentilloides, (!ray. Silvery-silky: stems numerous from a stout root, 
 tlilfuse or aseendiiig, a .span to a foot long, spar.sely leafy : radical leaves twice pin- 
 nattdy divided and peticdeil, the cauline mostly sessile and once divided into linear 
 entire lobes ; u])permost reduced to nearly simple bracts : heads 3 to G in a loose 
 corymb (sometimes rathcsr panicled), hemispherical, about 3 lines broad : scales of 
 tiie involucre about 10, broadly obovate, silky-tomentose : receptacle flattish, very 
 hirsute: llowcus all fertile; the pistillate ones with a small and slender 2-3- 
 toothed corolla: akenes obovate-turbinate, 3 - ^-angular, thin and vesicular, with 
 truncate broad summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204. Artemisia potentilloides, (hay, 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 55L 
 
 Kastern part of the Sierra Nevaila, in Sierra Valley (Lemmon), and Carson City, Nevada, 
 .Indcrsou. Tlie corymbose heads as well as tlie broad and abru])t top of the akene refer this to 
 Ttinacetum. The akene is thin and utricular, forming a loose investment to the seed : when 
 soaked it swells up and lieeomes jelly-like ; and its cells under the microscope siiow spiral 
 threads. 
 
 94. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wou.mwoud. Saok-uusu. 
 Head several -niany-llowered, heterogamous, with the flowers all tubidar and the 
 outermost series pistillate, or liomogamous by the absence of these ; the more 
 numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile. Scales of the involucre dry and 
 more or less scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, ajipressed. TJeceptacle flat- 
 ■^i.sh, convex, or hemispherical, nak(!d, sometimes hairy. Corollas of the pistillate 
 llowers slemler and small, 2 - 3-tootii('d ; of the perf.-ct flowers enlarged above. 
 
6. 
 2. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 PRACITNCULOIDES. 
 NOHVEOICA. 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 n. 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 A. 
 
 VULOARI8. 
 DISCOLOR. 
 LUDOVK'IANA. 
 rvrNOCKlMtALA. 
 
 Sl'lNEKCENH. 
 
 Arlrmm,,. CO^rrORTT.E. /J03 
 
 n-tooMicil. Antlinrs usually witli narrow tips. Akonos oLovnid or ol)long, mostly 
 roundod at the apex and with a rather small terminal areola, almost always j^labrous. 
 Pappus none, or in one species a vestige. — Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and 
 odorous ; with alternate leaves most commonly dissected, and the numerous small 
 h^ads of yellow or yellowish flowers usually nodding, and racemose or panicled, 
 sometimes paniodate-spicatc. 
 
 All iiiiiiioiisn gcmis iniiiiily of tlio nortliern hemisphere, its hefiihiiiarters in Northern Asi.i ; not 
 inaiiy species in California, and fewer still in the Atlantic Slates ; hut ahonmliii^ through tlio 
 interior arid region, where the Sugr-bitshrs form (i characteristic feature. Our species are all per- 
 ennials, A. Imiinis, Wilhl., not having been I'onnd so far west. To facilitate tlio detenniuation 
 of the species an artificial key is appended. 
 Heihaceons, or hardly woody at the base ; 
 
 Oreen and nearly glabrous : leaves linear, entire, 
 Green, becoming glabrous : leaves twice pinnately parted, 
 White-cottony underneath the leaves ; upper face green. 
 Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, a(uite, 
 Lobes of the leaves narrowly linear, 
 White-col tony throughout, 
 Silky villous all over, 
 Shrubby and si)iny : heads few and scattered, 
 Shrubby, unarmed. (See also No. 7.) 
 
 Grayish-puberulent : pinnate leaves with long filiform divisions, 1. A. Californica. 
 
 White-pubescent : leaves palmately cleft or toothed, sometimes entire. 
 One to 6 feet hi^h : leaves about 3-toothed, 9. A. tridentata. 
 
 A sjian or two high : leaves deeply cleft or some entire : 
 
 Their 3 lobes linear, 10. A. trifida. 
 
 Their 3 to 5 lobes obovato or spatulate, 11. A. aruusoula. 
 
 § 1. Flowers hetprognmnns {Rome of the marginal ones pistillate onlij), hut all fertile : 
 receptacle not villous. — Abuotanum, ]>csser. 
 
 * Shrnhhy : lobes of the cinereons-2}uberulent leaves filiform-luiear. 
 
 1. A. Californica, Less. About 4 feet high, with a decidedly Avoody base, 
 very leafy : leaves all pinnately 3 - 7-parted into almost fdiform divisions, or some 
 of the uppermost entire : heads small and numerous in narrow racemose panicles : 
 scales of the involucre broad, nearly glabrous : akenes somewhat turbinate and 
 3-5-ribbed, utricular, with a very broad and somewhat toothed summit. — A. 
 Fischcriaiia, Besser. A. foliosa Sc A. abrotanoides, Nutt. 
 
 Dry banks, from below Santa Barbara to San Francisco. Heads roundish, about 2 lines in 
 diameter. Keceptacle hemispherical, naked, not hairy, as said by Nuttall. 
 
 * * Herbaceous : leaves or their lobes linear-lanceolate or broader. 
 
 +- Not ibhite-cottony : corolla sparseli/ hairy. 
 
 2. A. Norvegica, Fries. A span to 2 feet high, stout, loosely villous'-pubescent 
 when young, or glabrous : leaves mostly bipiimately parted or cleft into linear- 
 lanceolate or broader acute lobes, or the uppermost reducerl to trifid or pimi)lo 
 bracts: heads large, in a simple naked panicle or loose mcome : scales of the invo- 
 lucre oblong, brownish : akenes oblong, about 5-angled. — Novit. Suec. ed. 1 (1817), 
 56. A. rnpestris, Fl. Dan. t. 801. A. arctica, Less. (1831). A. Chamissonixina, 
 *Besser in Hook. Fl. 
 
 North side of Wood's Peak in the Sieri» Nevada, at 0,000 feet, Brciocr. Also in the Rocky and 
 other high mountains to Alaska, Arctic America, E. Siberin, and the Norwegian Alps. Heads 
 globular, about 4 lines in diameter. 
 
 -t- -t- Leaves ivliite-rnttony-tovientose uvderneath or on bnlli sldin : rorolla glabrous. 
 
 3. A. vulgaris, Linn. A foot or two high ; brancdiing : leaves green and gla- 
 brous or soon becoming so above, cottony-tomentose bonenth. Incininti'lv onco or 
 twice pinnatiiid, or souie of the upper sparingly lobcil or loolln-d ; tlu- lobes lanceo- 
 
404 
 
 COMIHJ.SIT.E. 
 
 late, tapering and acute : heads munerous, spicately clustered in a leafy panicle, 
 ovoid or globular, luoaely woolly-canescent or becoming glabrous. — The typical 
 forms are common tlauughout the northern portion of the Old "World, especially in 
 Asia. 
 
 Var. Californica, IJesscr. Stems commoidy simple and tall : leaves sparingly 
 pinnatilid, 3 - T) -parted, and the upper merely toothed or entire. — A. hettrophylla, 
 Nutt., &c. 
 
 Dry soil, not rare near the coast from San Francisco northward (a very large form at Shelter 
 Cove, Humboldt Co., Bolander) : also in the Sierra Nevada. A very widely spread and most 
 variable specius, into wliicli both the following appear to pa-ss by transitions. 
 
 4. A. discolor, 1 )ougl. Low and slender, a foot high : leaves green and gla- 
 brous above, iinely cottony-tomentose beneath, nearly all once or twice ])innalely 
 parted into narrow linear lobes : heads smaller, si)icately clustered in a narrow and 
 rather naked mcemedike panicle, globular, nearly glabrous. 
 
 Sierra Nevada at Ebbett's Pass, &c.. Brewer. Thence northward and eastward to the Cascade 
 and the Rocky Mountains. Exactly the yl. discolor has not been met with in California. The 
 specimens are between it and some forms of the preceding, and, with the Nevada plant of King's 
 Exi^edition, varying to A. incompta, Nutt. 
 
 5. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. From one to three feet high, cottony-tomentose 
 tliroughout: leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, entire, sparingly toothed, 
 or some (d' the lower occasionally 3 - 5-clt'ft, the upper surfaces ometimes losing its 
 wool ; heads very numerous ancl spicatcly clustered in a narrow and usually clcuso 
 panicle, ovoid or globular, small. 
 
 Dry open grounds, Monterey and elsewhere in the western part of the State (with broad and 
 entire leaves, Ilartwcg, Rutlan, &c.) : more common, in Jiarrow-lcaved forms, on the eastern slope 
 of the Sierra Nevada, thence abundant to and nmch beyond the hocky Mountains. 
 
 § 2. Floivers hetefOf/amoits, as ia the preceding section, but only the jdstiltate jUnvei's 
 at the marrj in fertile ; the ovary of the otherwise perfect flowers abortive, their 
 style mostly undivided and tufted at the apex. — Duaounculus, ])esser. 
 
 •+- Fertile akenes and corollas glabrous : stems herbaceous or barely woody at base. 
 
 6. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Green and glabrous, or a little i)ubescent 
 when young, branching, 2 to 4 feet high, in tufts : leaves linear, entire, some of the 
 lower rarely 3-cleft : heads small and very numerous in an ample compound leafy 
 panicle, mostly ixulicclled. 
 
 Common in the Sierra Nevada, also found westward (banks of San Leandro ("reek, Jiolandcr ; 
 Fort Tcjon, Dr. Horn) ; and through Nevada and Oregon to beyond the Mississippi, lleatls 
 only a line or so in diameter, glabious. The herbage is destitute of the sharp odor and taste of 
 A. JJrocunculus. 
 
 7. A. pycnocephala, DC. Densely silky-villous all over : stems mostly sim- 
 ple, a foot or two higii, somewhat woody at base : leaves once to thrice pinnately 
 parted into ratlier few and crowded chiefly linear lobes : heads numerous, spicately 
 clustered in a dense virgate panicle. — Also A. pachystachya, DC. 
 
 Sand hills along the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co. Heads fully 2 lines in diameter : 
 involucre very villous. 
 
 -»- -»- Fertile ahtnes and the corollas villous with long crisped hairs : stems woody. 
 [Picrothamnns, Nutt.) 
 
 8. A. spinescens, D. C. Eaton. A span to a foot C)r so high, -with stout and 
 spreading rigid branches, bearing .sharp spines, villous-tomentoso : leaves small, 
 petioled, pedately once or twice ])arted into linear-spatulato or oblong lobes : heads 
 rather few and loosely racenutse or sjjicate on a persistent si)inescent rhachis: scales 
 of the involucre few (f) or G), round-obovate, lua'baceous with scarious margins. — 
 Bot. King Kxi). 180, t. 1!). Ficrothamnns dest^rtorum, Nutt. 
 
Colula. COMPORIT/K. .105 
 
 Tlirnugli the interior ile.serf, from the Hooky Mountains to tlie. enHtcrii luisc of tlie Sierm Nevadn ; 
 iirohal)ly within tlie Inmiers of the State. Well referred by Prof. Katon to Artemisia ; but the 
 habit and the woolly akenes are peculiar. 
 
 § 3. Floivers in the head all perfect and fertile. — SKRirniuiUM, Be.sser. 
 
 The N. Amoriean species of this see^tion are tlie true Safjc,-bush:.i or S!nge- brushes of the interior 
 arid region. Their licad.s are always few-flowered, generally narrow, an(l the scales of the invo- 
 lucre little scarious. 
 
 A. CANA, Pursh, the Jf'ild Sage of Lewis and Clarke, or what Pursh took to represent it, is the 
 more northern species, with linear entire loaves, and probably does not nearly approach the 
 borders of C-alifoniia. 
 
 9. A. tridentata, Nutt. Shrubby, a foot to 5 or G feot liigh, b\ishy-])i-anchcd, 
 c.anesceiit : leaves crowded, cnneate varying to linear-cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed at 
 the truncate apex, or the uppermost entire : heads spicate-clustered on the branches 
 of the compound narrow panicle, obovoid or oblong, 5 - 6-llowered. 
 
 Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Sonora and Mono Passes, through Nevada and the 
 Rocky Mountains, in immense abundance. The larger stems attain the diameter of 5 or 6 inches 
 in favorable situations. Heads about 2 linos long. 
 
 10. A. trlflda, Null Shrubby, a span nr two IiIkIi, iii turts, (•.lvnofl(•.(^nt : loaves 
 linciir and (3iitiro, or many of thoin lincar-cniKMvto and donply cloft into 3 linnar 
 lobes : heads more simply spicate, 3 - 8-flowered. 
 
 Ebbett's Pass and Mount Dana (lircwer, Bolandcr); and through Nortlicni Nevada to tlio 
 Kooky Mountains ; often accompanying the foregoing. 
 
 11. A. arbuscula, Nutt. Shrubby in dense tufts, barely a span high, very 
 canescent : leaves cuneate, deeply 3-cleft, or the side divisions again 3-lobed ; the 
 lobes from obovate to linear-spatulate : heads loosely spicate, about 8-(lowcred : outer 
 scales of the involucre more herbaceous and rigid. 
 
 High Sierra Nevada, near Summit Station, E. L. Greene.. Thence eastward to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 96. COTULA, Linn. 
 Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; one or more rows of marginal flowers pistil- 
 late and apetalous, mostly pedicellate ; the proper disk-flowers perfect and either 
 fertile or sterile. Involucre of about two ranks of nearly equal somewhat scarious- 
 marginod scales. Jlecoptaclo commonly flat or convex, naked, papillose. Disk- 
 corollas short, 4-toothe(l. Akonos obcoinpro.<?sod, mostly with thick or spongy 
 margins or wings, and notched at summit, destitute of pappus. — Small annuals or 
 some perennials, strong-scented when bruised ; with alternate leaves, and solitary 
 slender-ped uncled inconspicuous heads of yellow flowers : chiefly of the southern 
 hemisphere, whence two species have reached California. 
 
 1. C. COronopifolia, Linn. Glabrous, rather succulent: stems creeping and 
 ascending, a sj)an to a foot long : leaves lanceolate or oblong-linoar, laciniato-pin- 
 natifid, toothed, or the upper entire, the base or broad petiole clasping or slioatbing : 
 marginal and pistillate flowers in a single series and on long pedicels : disk-flowers 
 on shorter pedicels. 
 
 Wet places around Ran Francisco Bay : doubtless introduced. Now widely diffused over the 
 world, mainly in the southern hemisphere. Head half an inch in diameter or less. 
 
 2. C. australis, Hook. f. Somewhat hairy : stems slender, diff'usely much 
 branched, a spaix high : leaves usually twice pinnately parted into linear divisions : 
 heads very small : marginal pistillate flowers in two or three ranks, pcdicellod ; the 
 disk-flowers hardly so. — Fl. N. Zeal. i. 128. 
 
 Waste places, San Francisco, Kellogg : also gathered in Oregon t>y E. Hall. Prolmbly a wnif 
 from Australia or Now Zealand, where it alwunds. 
 
40G COMI'OSIT-K. Soliva. 
 
 06. SOLIVA, Kuiz & Pavoii. 
 
 Head mauy-flowcred, hcteiogamuus, of many pistillate and apetalous ilowci-s, and 
 a few perfect but mostly sterile ilowers in the centre. Scides of the invi)hu're ft to 
 10, nearly equal, in ono or two series, scarious-margined. Keceptaclo tiat, naked. 
 J)isk-ilowei's tubular, thickish, 2 - G-toothed ; their stylo often undivided. Akeiics 
 obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous maigins, the summit of Avhich is usually 
 pointed, and the apex armed by the indurated persistent style, destitute of pajipu-^. 
 — Small and depressed herbs of S. America (one naturalized on tlie shori's of the 
 Atlantic United States, and one seemingly indigenous to California): leaves petioled 
 and pinnately divided into small and narrow segments : heads sessile, in fruit glo- 
 bose : ilowers greenish or yellowisli. 
 
 1. S. daucifolia, Nutt, Annual, diffuse or creeping, about a span high, soft- 
 hairy: leaves once or twice pinnately dissected into rather few linear acute divisions: 
 heads small (2 or 3 lines broad), sessile in the forks : scales of the involucre ovate, 
 acuminate : akenes minutely hairy, obovate, with the broad or narrow and thin 
 wings entire, each terminating upwards in an incurved tooth or j)uint. — Torr. vV: 
 Gray, Fl. ii. 425. 
 
 Moist grounds neiir the coast, from Suiitii biubani to Mendocino Co. Mudi like ,V. sess-i/is of 
 Chili ; tho wings of the akcncs very variable in breadth, bioad and thin in sonic wcll-dcvclojicd 
 specimens, often wanting towards tho base of the akene, or rarely developed there into separate 
 teeth or lobes. 
 
 Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^. 
 
 Distinguished generally by the involucre of one or two series of more or less 
 
 herbaceous ecjual scales, or calyculate with some shorter ones at base ; the p.appus of 
 
 soft and tine capillary bristles, giuieraily more delicate than in any of tho prc(;eding 
 
 tribes ; and tlie nutoptaclf, not chalfy. Anthers often sagittate at base, but without 
 
 tails. Style- branches of perfect flowers various, but commonly truncate or somewh.it 
 
 capitate at tip, rarely prolonged into an appendage. Flowers almost always yellow. 
 
 ■ Ckocidium Min.TicAi'f.F., Hook., found on the banks of the Columbia River, a delicate little 
 plant with tlio aspect of Scnccio, is likely to occur on the northwestern borders of the State. 
 
 07. PETASITES, Tourn. 
 Head many-llowered, het(in)g!imous, more or less dioecious; the numerous pistillate 
 flowers in the margin either with filiform or (in ours) with distinctly ligulate rays. 
 Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous ; its scales nearly in a single series, and 
 usually with some small and loose subulate bracts at base. Receptacle flat. Flowers 
 in the sterile plant very numerous in the disk and rather few in the ray ; in the 
 fertile very few perfect or infertile ones at the centre, the rest pistillate. Cordla 
 of the hermaphrodite flowers with a 5-cleft limb ; their style entire or barely 
 2-lobed at the club-shaped puberulent summit. Akenes glabrous, 5 - 10-ribbed. 
 Pappus of copious long and soft capillary bristles, fewer in the sterile flowers. — 
 Herbs of northern regions ; with creeping rootstocks, sending up large radical pal- 
 mately veined leaves on long petioles, and stout scapes in si)ring, beset with scaly 
 or imperfectly foliaceous clasping bracts, and terminated by a racemose or cymo.so 
 clusterofratiier small hciids: Ilowers p\irplish or white. — J'l'fattiUs & iVardosmia, DC 
 
Tftrmhjmln. COMPOSITJC. 407 
 
 'I'lin AiMciican apecioa me of tlio Nardosmin section, willi iiioic coryml'ose lieads and rlecidiMl 
 vnys. Tlio low species of the group are very nearly related : the most southern one, and the only 
 one found in C'alifoniia, is the following. Hut P. sagitlaUt {Aardo.iniia, Hook.), of the Ilocky 
 Mountains, may i>ossibly occur. 
 
 1. P. palmata. Clothed with loose cottony wool when young, becoming gla- 
 brous with age : leaves rounded in outline, very deeply 5-7-ck'it, the lobes incisely 
 toothed or lobed : flowers dull white, deliciously scented : rays in the sterile heads 
 oblong and conspicuous, in the fertile ones narrow and shorter than their style. — 
 tnssilaijn palmata, Ait. Kew. oil. 1., iii. 188, t. 2. Nanln.vnia palmafa, Ilook. 
 
 Damp woodlands, from San Francisco northward. Also in Oregon and sparingly to New Eng- 
 land and Ijabrador. 
 
 98. TETRADYMIA, DC. 
 
 Head 4 - 9- (rarely 18-) llowercd, honiogaiuous ; the flowers all tubular and per- 
 fect. Involucre cylindrical or rarely cainpanulate ; its scales 4, 6, or sometimes 
 more numerous, oblong or narrower, rather rigid, more or less concave and carinatc, 
 nearly equal, in one or two series, and rarely with short external ones at the base. 
 Receptacle small, flat or nearly so. Corolla with a slender tube, abruptly dilated 
 into a 5-partcd limb ; the lobes linear or lanceolate, traversed by a more or less 
 evident mid-nerve. Anthers cxserted, linear, raucronately sagittate, the auricles 
 connate. Style-branches with minutely penicillato apex tipped with a very short 
 and obtuse or sometimes more conspicuous and acute cone. Akenes terete, oblong 
 or somewhat fusiform, obscurely H-nerved, long-villous or glabrous. Pappus of 
 copious fine and soft capillary scabrous bristles. — Low and much branched shrubs 
 (of the interior arid region, mainly between the Sierra and the Tiocky ^fountains) ; 
 with alternate linear or subulate entire leaves, and corymbose or racemose clusters 
 of middle-sized heads : corollas yellow. — DC. Vwdr. vi. 240 ; Gmy, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. ix. 207. 
 
 In the paper above cited, the genus is extended so as to include an ambiguous spcics, con- 
 stituting the third section. 
 
 § 1. W/iite-woolli/, except the nmall terete fascicled leaves in the axils nf the jn-imari/ 
 leaves converted into spines : involucre of 5 or G scales, f) - ^d-Jlowered : bristles 
 of the pappus in a single series, almost equalled and concealed by the finer but 
 similar pappus-like long tvhite hairs which densely clothe the ak^ne ! — Lago- 
 TIIAMNU9, Torr. (fe Gray. (Lar/othamnus, Nutt.) 
 
 1. T. spinosa, Hook. <fe Arn. From 2 to 4 feet high, with rigid divaricnto 
 branches, clothed with dense white wool and armed with sharp slonder spines : 
 leaves crowded in the fascicles, succulent, linear or terete, glabrous (about 3 lines 
 long), mostly shorter than the spines : heads racemose or scattered along the bmnches 
 (half an incli long), short-peduncled. — Lacjotliamnus microphyllns k L. ambicjuns, 
 Nutt. 
 
 Eastern borders of the State ; San Bornadino Co., on Providence iMountains {Cooper), and 
 through the Nevada desert to Idaho. 
 
 § 2. White-woolly, or sometimes almost glahrate : involucre of 4 or 5 concave scales 
 containing four flowers : bristles of the pappus very copious : akenes either 
 very villous or in the same species glabrate or glabrous/ Imitictiiahymia, 
 Torr. (^ Cray. 
 
 2. T. canescens, DC. A foot or two high, unarmed, silvery-tomontoso : loaves 
 narrowly linear, varying to linear-lanceolate or somewhat spatulnto (and from an 
 
^Qg COxMPOSlT.E. Telnuhjmia. 
 
 inch to barely halt' an inch lony), tho wool porsistont : heads coryinhusely chi.stcind. 
 — Delcsa. ic. iv, t, 01). 
 
 Dry hills ami pliiiiiH ; I'loiu Mono l,ako, &(i. {Brcwe.r) tluougli Noviulii to tho inti rior of Oiu/(on 
 iiiul iilului, mill, ill lilt) viir. incniiiii{T. incnnis, Niitt., which luw shorter loaves iiiul lieads) cast- 
 waril to Now Moxico, Culonulo, ami Wyoming. Heads in tho luiger-loavcil I'onii alumt tlinm 
 i|iiailers ul' an iiuh long ; in tho other sonielimea only hall' an inch. Lobes of the corolla nearly 
 linear, tho iniil-nervc or axis connaonly carinato-thickened tVoni the apex downward. Tips of the 
 style-branches usually nearly as ligured iu the plate cited, or the base of the cone distinctly liis- 
 pid, but occasionally the cone is more prominent, acute, and hispid with a few stiti' bristles. In 
 sucli specimens, and also in some others, the ovaries are perfectly glabrous ; in others, the ukenes 
 become glabrous. 
 
 3. T. glabrata, Torr. & (jray. A foot or two high, unarmed, cottony-toiuentose 
 with very white but more deciduous wool : leaves rather tleshy, becoming glabrous 
 in age ; the primary ones linear-subulate and conspicuously mncronate (half an inch 
 long), erect or appressed on the brancin^s of the season; those of tho fascicles shorter 
 and" obtuse: heads coryndwse. — Tacif, li. Jiep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton in Uot. King 
 Exp. 193. 
 
 Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada on the borders of the State, Beckwilh, Anderson., Leimncni. 
 Thence tlirough the desert to Salt Lake. Heads and llowers nearly as in the preceding. Style- 
 branches tiiipcd with a very short and obtuso cone. Akones seemingly always densely villous. 
 
 T. NuTTAi.i.ii, Torr. iV (Iray, the spiny species of this section, apparently has not been met 
 with west of Ulah or Main). 
 
 § 3. Karli/ (/laliratc, uimniinl : Iruvi-n ull rcdaml to subulate (/treii miltn ; tlnm at 
 the summit of the branddets passmg into the scales of the \5 - IS-fioivered 
 campauulate involucre, which thus becomes imbricated! — Lepidospauton, Gray. 
 
 4. T. squamata, Cray. Paniculately branched, 3 or 4 feet high: branches 
 slender : leaves reduced to very snuiU thick and rigid-pointed scales : heads ra- 
 cemose or paniculate : involucre glabrous, of 8 to 12 inner scales in 2 or more series 
 and subtended by several or numerous shorter bracts : lobes of the corolla linear- 
 lanceolate : style-branches Avith acute and minutely hairy tips : akenes rather short, 
 completely glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 2U7. Liuosyris squaviata, Gray, 1. c. 
 viii. 290. 
 
 Var. Breweri, (Jray, 1. c Branches slemler and rush-like, minutely and remotely 
 scaly : involucii; aiiblended ]>y few Lracts. — Carphejihorus junceus, Durand, Tl. 
 lleerm. in Pacif. Ji. liep. v. 8, not of Benth. 
 
 Low hills and canons. Sierra Santa Monica, towards the sea, Bretccr. Tejon Pass, Hecrmaun. 
 The above is the var. Bmuxri. The var. I'nhncri is of the Colorado desert in Aiizomi (Dr. 
 Falnier) : it has more rigid l.ranchlcts, rather closely beset with thickish green scales, those of the 
 pedicels thinner, imbrii ut.'d ami |)assing into those of the involmre, which thus appiius to be 
 many-ranked ; and the nappus is very copious. Mead in both formsabout \ lines long. Although 
 (|uite glabrous, the vestiges of woolin the axils, at Ica.st in var. I'alincri, .show that the plant 
 may have been white-cottony at fust. 
 
 99. LUINA, Benth. 
 Head about 10-flowered, homogamous; tho flowers all tubular and perfect. Invo- 
 lucre campanulate, of 10 or 12 linear-lanceolato dry and rather rigid carinate-one- 
 nerved equal scales, shorter than the llowers. Receptacle Hat. Corollas with a 
 slender tube and u tubular-funneUbrm 5-lobed limb; its lobes ovate- lanceolate, 
 spreading, with mid-nerves more or less evident and extending down the throat. 
 Anthers soon exserted, linear, minutely and mucronately sagittate at base. Style- 
 branches linear-semiterete, minutely papillose-puberulent externally, very obtuse, 
 totally destitute of appendage. Akenes terete, obscurely 10-striate, glabrous, or 
 with a few scattered line hairs. Pappus of copious soft and white scabrous capil- 
 lary bristles. — A cottony-woolly low herb ; with simple stems from a stout woody 
 
Pun tin/roles. COMrORITJC. 4()9 
 
 rootstock or caiidox, alternate sessile and entire leaves, and small corymbose heads 
 of light yellow llowers. — Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1139, d" Gen. PI. ii. 438. 
 
 1. L. hypoleuca, Benth. A foot high, eqnally leafy to the top : leaves ovate- 
 ohlong or elliptical, obtuse, an inch long, reticulate-veiny, very white beneath, 
 becoming green and glabrous above with age : heads half an inch long, on rather 
 slender peduncles, 3 to 9 in an open cluster : corolla-lobes almost half the length of 
 the funn(>lf()rm throat. 
 
 Var. Californica, Gray. More densely woolly : ui)per surface of the leaves 
 hardly becoming naked : lobes of the corolla only a third or fourth of the length of 
 the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. 
 
 The spocies wns collected by Di: LyaU- only in tlie Cascade MonnUiiis, on tiin frontiers of Hrit- 
 ish Columbia. Var. UnJifornica, on Chinniey Rock, Mendocino Co., and on the coast mountains 
 back of Santa Cruz, California, Kellogri. 
 
 100. PSATHYROTES, Gray. 
 Head rather many-flowere<l, homogamous; the ilowers all tubular and perfect. 
 Involucre campanulate, of one or two series of nearly ecpial somewhat herbaceous 
 scales, or the inner more scarious. Receptacle flat or barely convex, naked. Corol- 
 las narrow, with proper tube usually' very short, 5-toothed ; the teeth short and 
 obtuse, externally glandular or viscid-bearded. Anthers minutely sagittate-auricled 
 at base. Style-branches obtuse or somewhat truncate, destitute of any distinct 
 appendage. Akenes turbinate or oblong with narrow base, villoiis or hirsute. 
 Pajipus of copious and uneiiual rather rigid (naked or merely scabrous) capillary 
 bristles, shorter than the corolla, generally rusty or ])rownish. — Low and more or 
 less glandular or viscid-pubescent herbs, of heavy or balsamic odor (mostly of the 
 interior desert region) ; with alternate leaves, and rather small or middle sized heads 
 of light yellow or yellowish flowers. — PI. Wright, ii. 100, t. 13, (^ Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 363, & ix. 206. 
 
 § 1. Verj/ Into or prost7'ate aixf (lifTusehf much hravrhed annnah : Icntvs rounded and 
 toothed or anr/led, on fon;/ petioles : heada sdiort-pctialrd in (he forks, no^/dinf/ 
 after flowering : akenes turbinate, very villous : bristles of the pappus rigid 
 and almost in a single series. 
 
 1. P. annua, Gray, 1. c. Scurfy-pubescent or mealy-hoary : leaver coarsely an- 
 gulate-toothed, the lower rounded or reniform and the upper dilated-cuneAte : corol- 
 las yellowish. — Bulbostylis (Psnthi/rotes) annua, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 179. 
 
 In saline desert soil, Mono Lake (Brewer), western part of Nevada {Torrej/, Watson), and prob- 
 ably Arizona (not New Mexico) ; first collected by Dr. Gambcl. A span high : leaves about 
 half nn inch lonjr and broad : heads 3 or 4 lines high. The herbage nnich resembles some species 
 of Atriplex of the Oin'nne section. Style-braiwhes of this and the following capitollnte-truncftto 
 with a slight penioillation, of the Senecionoid or Hclenioid type. 
 
 2. P. ramosissima, Gray, 1. c. Resembles the foregoing, but truly woolly : 
 leaves crenately few-toothed : corollas bright yellow : akenes sliortturbinate. — 
 Tetradymia {Polydymia) ramosissima, Torr. in En)ory Rep. 1848, 145. 
 
 Gravelly hills of the southeastern borders of the State, near Fort Mohave (Cooper) : and in 
 Arizona on the Gila, Emory, Fremont, Thurber, Parr;/. 
 
 § 2. Erect, rigid, and seemingly rather woody at base: hairs srssilr ami filiform : 
 akenes oblong : bristles of the pappus less rigid. — Peuckphvllum, (iray. 
 
 3. P. Schottii, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot high, with ascending branches, 
 leafy to the solitary erect head, nearly or quite glabrous, 1)ut somewhat glutinous : 
 
41 (J (;0.\IIH)SI'1\K. Seiitciii. 
 
 leaves vif^iil, almost uc.fini.->(^ Imt pointless, iinprcssed-pinictate: lioatl l()-lG-tloweri;(l, 
 fully Imiriin inch lonj^ ; .siiilcs of the involucro about lli in a Bingle wries, with tips 
 rdsiiiiililin^' tho ItiuvcH, and tho thinner hase Konanvhal^ dilated : akenes (oi' rutlit-r 
 ovaries) ohh)ng. — J'cKCCp/ii/lluin kScIloUH^ <^ii"ay, Hot. iMex. Hound. 7-1. 
 
 Cdloiiiilo hottDUi la Sdiioiii (Muxicti), Sckntt, Fol>. H, 18r)f). A llowcilrsa Hiu'ciiiimi .(illrclotl 
 hy Dr. Nowbony on tlio "('nlonulo of ("aliroriiia, Jaimiiry If)," laay lio tliia ; iml is iiioir. ^'liili- 
 noua, ami is iierhaps a Bhjdovia or Aplopappus. Leaves m\. inch or less in length, punclalc in 
 the manner ol' Aplopapjius unci of many Eupaloriacecc. The flowers wcie said to be yellow, but 
 they seem to have been only yellowish. The style- branches are like those of Luina, or more 
 obtuse, and wholly destitute ol" any ainmndago or tip. 
 
 101. SENECIO, Linn. Groundsel. 
 
 Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays, or occasionally homogamous by tho want 
 of the rays ; the llowers all fertile. JScales of the involucre herbaceous, mostly 
 narrow, equal in a single series, or calyculato with a few short scales at the base. 
 ltecei)tacle Hat or merely convex, naki-d. l)isk-corollas usually narrow, 5-toothed 
 or 5-lobed. Style-api)endages of the disk-liowers mostly capitate-truncate, tho apex 
 nnnutely tufted or hispid, rarely with a little cusp. Akenes terete or somewhat 
 angled, usually 5- 10-ribbed. Pappus of very numerous and mostly white line and 
 soft capillary and merely scabrous bristles. — Herbs or shrubby plants ; with alter- 
 nate leaves, and usually coryndjoso or solitary heads of yellow llowers (at least in all 
 the American species) : akenes commonly glabrous, or beset with some short hairs 
 or papillae, Avhich become turgid when wetted, open at the apex, and emit one or 
 two uncoiling spiral threads. 
 
 This is counted as the largest genus of Phfeuogamous plants (of little under 1,000 species), and 
 is very widely spread over the world, tho species of each great region for the most part peculiar. 
 Hut North America is by no means rich in species, the central regions, however, more so than 
 either tho Atlantic States or tho racilic slope. 
 
 S. CiNKiiAiiiA, DO., of the Meditorrumian ie>j;ioii, a (ionimon ho\iflO-itlaiit (known in cultiva- 
 tion as the /)iisti/ j)/i//ri; iVom its whiti-niiMM), is in K(^llogg and Harford 8 distributed (M>llcctU)n, 
 said to have beeii gathered on the shore of the IJtiy of San Francisco, near Alameda. It is doubt- 
 less a waif from cultivation. 
 
 S. '/ KLOCClFEKUs, DC, is Malacothvix saxatilis. 
 
 * Root annual: rays none or minute: tveeds introduced frorn Europe into tvaste or 
 cultivated grounds. 
 
 1. S. vulgaris, Linn. A span to a foot high, branching, leafy to tho top : 
 leaves clasping at base, pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes and the spaces between them 
 sharply toothed: scales at the base of tho involucre conspicuous and blackish- 
 tipped : rays none. 
 
 Near San Francisco, &c. : the common Groundsel of Europe. 
 
 2. S. sylvatiCUS, I.inn. More slender : leaves less clasping and with narrower 
 lobes : heads smaller : scales at the base of tho involucre f(;w, minute, Jiot bluckisli : 
 rays jn-osent but minute, hardly longer than tho disk-llowors. 
 
 Introduced from Europe: San Lula Ubiapo (brewer), ami San Diego, Coo})cr. Maro Isiand, 
 Orccnc. 
 
 * * Root annual : rays conspicuous : indigenous species. 
 
 3. S. Califomicus, DC. A foot or two high, with slender rather simple stem, 
 glabrous or with some scattered hairs: leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest oblong, 
 varying from sparsely denticulate to pinnatifid ; the cauline with mostly clasping 
 base; their lobes oblong or broadly linear: heads corymbose: rays elongated: 
 akenes canescent. — aS". Coronopus, Nutt., a form of this with the leaves decidy or 
 oven doubly pinnatifid. 
 
Snircio. COMPOS IT/K. 411 
 
 Low grounds, coinmon fVoni Saiitii Ikrbaia to Sun Oicgo, and in nil lliu sonllicin |)iiii of the 
 State. Heads barely or less than hull an inch in length. 
 
 * * * Hoot perenniaL 
 
 -I- Leaves or the lobes of ^innately parted leaves all linear and entire: stems often 
 
 more or less woody at base. 
 
 4. S. Douglasii, DC. White with cottony wool, or becoming nearly glabrous : 
 stems in tufts, 2 to G or 7 feet high, the lower portion or base persistent and even 
 elirubby, leiify to tho top : loaves linear, entire and acute (2 to 4 inches long and 
 less than 2 lines wide), or pinnately parted into 3 to U similar lob s : heads corym- 
 bose or sometimes nearly solitary terminating tho branches, rather large (half to two 
 thirds of an inch long) : involucre calyculate with loose slender Hubulato bracts, 
 some of them little shorter than the acute or acuminate proper scales of the involu- 
 cre : rays elongated : akenes minutely canescent. 
 
 Gravelly or rocky banks of streams, kc, from Ijako Co. southward through the State, and into 
 Arizona and Nevaila. ,S'. lomjiJolms, Benth., of Mexico, to which belongs S. filifoluis, S. sparti- 
 oidr.i, and probably S. Itidde/lu, Torr. k Gi-ay, with mostly smaller heads, more herbaceous 
 involucre, and shorter and few calyculate bracts, represents this in and ea.stward of tho Hocky 
 Mountain-s, and apparently passes into it. ^S^. Rrrjiomnnlanii.x, D(J. Prodr. vi. 429, is probably 
 another synonym, and the "Ileal dclMonto" of IlaMiko is Jfontcrey, California. 
 
 -t- -«- Leaves broader, all or some of them pinnately parted or pinnate: rays numerous 
 or several and conspicuous : akenes r/lahrous. 
 
 5. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Early glabrous : stem slender, a span to a foot or more 
 high from a slender creeping rootstock, sparsely leaved : nidical and lower caulino 
 leaves potioled and pinnately divided, tliin and nu'inbranaceous ; leaflets 3 to 7, 
 roundish or cuneato, incisely and obtusely lobed, tho terminal leaflet larger and 
 sometimes slightly cordate, the lower on the radical leaves often small or minute 
 and entire, on the cauline leaves stipule-like : heads few or snveml and corym- 
 bose : involucre nearly destitute of bracts at tho base : rays 4 to G. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 362. 
 
 Sandstone bluffs, Mendocino Co., Bolander. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Harford and Dunn. 
 
 6. S. eurycephalus, Torr. <^ Gray. Floccose- woolly or early glabrous : stem 
 rather stout, 2 feet or more high : leaves pinnately parted or divided, somewiiat 
 lyrato; lobes or leaflets 7 to 15, cuneato and acutely incised or cleft, or ii\ tho upper 
 loaves becoming linear : heads mostly numerous iu an ample corymb and large : 
 involucre broadly carapauulato, with very few and inconspicuous calyculate bracts : 
 rays 10 to 12, elongated. — PI. Fendl. 109. 
 
 Low grounds, from Sonoma Co. and the Sacramento, along the Contra Costa Range, kc. A 
 very laige and coarse-leaved form (var. major, (Jray, in Parif. R. Rep. iv. Ill) in Calaveras Co., 
 near Murphy's, Bujdow. A variable species, both in foliage and the .size of the heads. These, 
 in the larger, two thirds of an inch long and fully half an inch broad, and bearing rnys Imlf an 
 inch in length : in specimens from Monte Diablo, in Kellogg and Harford's collection, of only 
 about half that size, not larger than those of S. aureus. 
 
 7. S. aureus, T.inn. Very loosely floccose-wooUy when young, soon naked, or 
 oven glal)rous from tho lir,st, a foot or two high, or alpine forms .<;inaller : radical 
 leaves or somo of them entire or merely serrate, from round-cordate to oblong or 
 spatulate, slender-petioled ; the others mostly lyrately pinnatifid or lyrate, or only 
 incisely toothed ; upper sessile or partly clasping, spatvdato or lanceolate : heads 
 few or numerous, corymbose (3 to 5 lines high) : involucre scarcely calyculate : ray.s 
 8 to 12, occasionally wanting. — An exceedingly variable species; the typic4\l form 
 with thinnish and soon glabrous leaves, tin; nidical ones cordate or roundish and 
 toothed, and the lowest cauline apt to be lynte. 
 
 Var. multilobatUS, Gray (or S. multilobatus, Torr. i^': Gray, V\. Fendl., and S. 
 Fendleri, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. in part), if perennial, is a form with thicki.sh 
 loaves, nearly all lyrately or otherwise pinnately parted, and the bonds numerous. 
 
412 COMPOSITE':. .'Seneci;. 
 
 Var. Balsamitas, Torr. & (iray, has thinner leaves, even llie radical ones lan- 
 ceolate or elun^Mteil-oblung, tlie cauline pinnately-parted. 
 
 Var. borealis, Torr. t^ <^'niy, is a low i'orni, a span to a foot or more high, soon 
 glabrous, with thick and lirni small leaves ; the radical obovato or spatulate anil 
 merely toothed, 8(tiiiu(.iiiii'S only ut the apex; caidiue ones usually lew : heads one 
 or two, or several. Alpine I'orms of this pass into the next species. 
 
 Moist or wet ground, chielly in the Sierra Nevada : the ordinary form from near Moiuit Dana 
 (Brewer), thence eastwaril and northward to the Atlantic. The var. multilobatus hardly in (Jali- 
 Ibrnia (as the original is lioni Nevada or Utah, and t'ouUer's iilant very likely is of the foregoing 
 K[iccies), but occur.s aa near a.s the rah-lHo Mouiituins in Nevada. Vur. BahcuiiiUt luu) heen 
 collected no nearer than Oregon. Var. borealis at (.'arson, Suuunit, &.C., and an alpine form 
 connecting it with 8. canua from high [loaks, Mount Dana, &c. The most polymorphous species 
 of the genus. 
 
 ■»--»--{- Leaves lanceolate or broader, entire, serrate, or rarely some of them laciniate : 
 
 akenes glabrous. 
 
 ++ Low, small-leaved : heads few or solitary. 
 
 8. S. canus. Hook. A span or two high, white with a dense close wool which 
 is mostly permanent : leaves entire or rarely few-toothed ; the radical and lowest 
 oblong, oval, or spatulate (an inch or less in length and with rather slender peti- 
 oles) ; the upper occasionally sinuate-pinnatilid : heads few : involucre nearly naked 
 at base: rays 8 to 12, oblong, yellow, occasionally wanting. — Hook. Fl. i. 333, 
 t. 116. 
 
 Highest portions of the Sierra Nevada, Mount Dana to Silver Mountain, &c., at 9,000 to 
 12,000 feet {Brewer, Bolandcr) ; also on the Hiunboldt and Rocky Mountains, and thence far 
 northward. On the higher peaks of the Sierra apparently passing into an alpine state of S. aureus. 
 Heads 4 to 6 lines liigh : rays 3 or 4 lines long. 
 
 9. S. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. A span or two in height, diffusely much 
 bi-anched from the root, glabrous, leafy : leaves thickish and rather succulent, an 
 inch long or less, from rountl-obovate to spatulate, obtusely and irregularly toothed, 
 tapering into a narrow-cuneato base or short winged petiole: heads on short and 
 bracted peduncles terminating 1 ho stems or ehort branches : involucre sparingly 
 calyculate at base: rays 8 to \'l, yellow. — Fl. ii. 445; Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 
 1863, 67; Eaton in Eot. King Exp. 192. 
 
 On Lassen's Peak, Leitimun. A rather small form. A species of the Rocky Mountains, before 
 found as far west as those of Utah. 
 
 10. S. Greenei, Gray. Less than a foot high, lightly clothed with loose cob- 
 webby wool when young, inclined to be glabrous with ago : leaves chielly radical, 
 oval or round i.sh and mostly Avith a cuneatt^ base, coarsely crenato-serrate (an inch or 
 more in length) rather long pctioled; the cauline smaller and nearly sessile, sometimes 
 reduced to subulate bracts : heads mostly solitary, sometimes 3, large : involucre 
 (half an inch or more long) campanulate, wholly naked at base : rays 9 to 14, oblong- 
 linear, deep orange or llame color; disk-corollas also orange at the tips: style- 
 branches bristly-fringed ro\ind the base of the obtusely conical tip, which is pointed 
 with a central cusp. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. 
 
 Woods near the Geysers, Napa Co., E. L. Orceiw. Rays fully half an inch long. Akenes 
 glabrous. A showy bi)ccios. 
 
 ++ ++ Taller, afoot or two, sometimes a yard or m,ore high, naked at summit, the upper 
 leaves decreasing to bracts, commonly with loose woolliness when young, but green 
 and glabrous or nearly so with age. 
 
 = Heads pretty large and broad ; the cavijxinulate or hemispherical involucre ^ to Q 
 lines long, loosely calyculate with some slender-subulate bracts. 
 
 11. S. Clarkianus, Gray. Nearly glabrous, apparently from the first: stem 
 strict, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-angled, leafy almost to the top, bearing several or 
 
Senccio. COMPOSITE. 4 ] p, 
 
 nuiiiorous corymbose lieads : caulino leaves lanceolate, elongated (4 to 8 inches long), 
 taj)ering to both ends and the lower into jietiolcs, laciniately (h-ntute or even pin- 
 natilid into narrow and acute salient teeth or lobes: bracts snl)tending tlio involucre 
 almost filiform, some of tliem nearly e<iualliiig tlio numerous and narrow acute i)ropcr 
 scales : rays 10 to 15, elongated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 302. 
 
 Mariposa Co., in the natural meadow at Clark's Ranch (named for the proprietor, Galen Clark, 
 E.sq., Commissioner of the Mnrijwsa Crove nnd Voscmite Valley), Bolnndcr. Heads from half to 
 two thinls of an ini'h long. Teeth or lolics of thn leaves liorizi>iitiil, sometimes half an inch long 
 and Huhiilnte-lnnceolMto, Homet.imcs very short. K(«n Co., It Hinirk. 
 
 12. S. Mendocinensis, (Jray, 1. c. lieset or clothed witli some loose wool 
 when young, almost glabrous witli age : stem stout, 2 or 3 feet liigii, striate, naked 
 at summit, bearing several corymbose heads : leaves somewhat succulent, repand- 
 toothed or denticulate ; the radical and lower caulino varying from oval to lanceo- 
 late (3 to 5 inches long), mostly narrowed into margined petioles; the upper much 
 smaller, narrowly lanceolate and sessile, and above reduced to subulate bracts : 
 calyculate bracts of the involucre slender-subulate, rather copious, little shorter than 
 the numerous lanceolate very acuminate proper scales: rays 12 to If), oblong, rather 
 sliort : akenes prismatic. 
 
 Near the coast of Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, Bolamh'r, Ifarford. Also collected 
 in Oregon by Kel/o/jif. Heads two thirds of an inch or moie in length, broad and very many- 
 flowered, with thickened turbinate base or sununit of peduncle, which is doubtless fleshy in the 
 manner of the allied S. integer rimus. .\kcnes prismatic and strongly striate-angleil, nearly 3 
 lines long. It is this species rather than .S'. luifr.ns that is to be compared with the East Asian 
 forms of aS'. pra/enais (var. polyccphnlun, Kegel ; S. Picrotii, Miipiel, fee), which have heads of 
 about the same size, but the involucre not calyculate. 
 
 S. iNrKor.iilMMUs, Nnit., of the mountnins of IMnh, Coloniilc, nnd Wyoniing, jierhnpR also in 
 Nevada, is less tail, barely a foot or two high, with entire or linely glanihilar-deniiculatc leaves, 
 and smaller heads similarly llcshy-thickcned at base. The scales of the involucre are broader 
 and rather obtuse, and the calyculate bracts much fewer nnd mostly short : akenes more 
 stiiate. 
 
 = = Heads smiillcr nnd mirron'er : invnbirre not over 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, 
 ohsicurehj and sparimjli/ cah/eidnte. 
 
 13. S. lugens, liichards. Clothed with a thin and loosp lloccose wool wIhmi 
 young, eaily or later glabrate, somc^times appearing as if wholly glabrous: stem from 
 a foot or less to 2 or rarely 3 feet high, ])earing several or numerous closely corym- 
 bose heads : radical and lower leaves obovate-oblong and oblanceolate or rarely 
 ovate, glandular-denticulate, rarely more toothed (2 to 5 imihes long), tapering into 
 short margined petioles ; the upper cauline mostly rcdiuted to lanceolate or subu- 
 late bracts : scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, barely acute or obtusish, their 
 tips almost always blackish : rays 6 to 12, linear-oblong, conspicuous (rarely want- 
 ing) : akenes angl.-d. — Hook. Fl. i. 332, t. 114. 
 
 Var. exaltatUS. Taller or more robust : leaves repandly or some of the \ipper 
 oven laciniately toothed; the radical slender-petiolcd. — A', e.raltafus <t .V. rordatus, 
 Nutt. 
 
 Low grounds, not rare in the Sierra Nevada, at the altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; eastward to 
 the Rocky Mountains, northward to Arctic Amenca. Var. ej-a/lnhis, at t^isco, Cahto, kc, and 
 in Oregon. Involucie 3 or at most 4 lines high, from cylindraceous to campanulnte. Rays 4 or 
 5 lines long. The typical S. hiijens is green or early glabrous, rather narrow-leaved, and the 
 upper or even almost all the cauline leaves much reduced in size, so that the stem, which seldom 
 exceeds a foot or two in height, is often naked for most of its lengtli. The var. ej-rjllnhts (as 
 understood from Nuttall's character rather than from some specimens named liy him) is a coarser 
 form, wholly of the I'acilic side, with leaves inclined to be lootlied or even hicininte. the rndi<'al 
 rather long-petioled : indeed, with the rays and involucre of this species along with the foliage of 
 the next. 
 
 Var. Foi, rostra. Gray (S. hignis, vnr. cxftltatu.i, Eaton, in Hot. King Ex]).), of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains in Colorado and Utali, but not yet met with in California, is hoary with the white wool up^ 
 to the flowering state, and the stem conspicuously leafy iilmost to the top. 
 
414 COMPOSlTyE. Seiiecio. 
 
 14. S. aronicoides, ])C. Loosely and BOinuwliat hirsiitely woolly wlieu youn^', 
 glubroua when oUl : bU;m atoul, a foot to u yiiid high, hearing numerous small heads 
 in dense compound eymose eluslers : leaves oblong, varying to ovate or lanceolate 
 (3 to 5 inches long), irregularly and oi'ten coai-sely toothed, or the lower cavUine 
 sometimes laciniate-pinnatilid, th(! uppermost voduced to bracts: scales of the invo- 
 lucre lanceolate, acunnnate, not black-tipped : rays none, or occasionally one or two 
 short ones: dislc-ilowers 10 to 20. — *b'. exalUUus var. unijiosculosus, (iray in Tacir. 
 R Kep. iv. 111. 
 
 Low groumls, CDiinnoii about tlie Bay of San Francisco, the Geysers, &c. A dwarf and nearly 
 entire-leaved variety, arounil Lassen's I'eak, Lemmoa. Involucre 3 lines long. 
 
 15. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous apparently from the first, pale or 
 even glaucous : stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high, many-leaved and bearing numerous 
 paniculate-covynd)ose small heads : leaves thickish, entire or occasionally denticulate 
 or repand, mostly lanceolate, with broad and strong midrib ; the lower 5 to 9 inches 
 long and tapering into a stout petiole ; the upper successively shorter and sessile : 
 scales of the narrow involucre obhjiig-liuear, rather obtuse, mostly brownish-tipped : 
 mys 2 to 6 and linear, or sometimes wanting : disk-llowers 8 to 20. — Torr. & Gray, 
 Fl. ii. 440. 
 
 Wet grounds, Lake ("o. and Siuista Co. (Brewer) ; salt niarsli at Vullejo (Orecnc) ; in the Siena 
 at Mono I'ass {Ilolaiuirr) ; near Carson (.liidcrsiin) ; and tiienee to the lioeky Mountains. A 
 lieculiur aiieeies. Invohiero 3 lines long, in speeiniens from Valiejo 4 lines lung and ray less. 
 
 ++ -I-+ ++ l\dl, 2 to 5 feet high, equably leafy to the top, glabrous throughout or marly 
 so, not woolly ivheu young : involucre cylindraceous, subtended by a few loose and 
 nearly setaceous bracts : akenes glabr'ous. 
 
 16. S. Andinus, Nutt. Stems extremely leafy, often branching: leaves lan- 
 ceolate or linear-lanceolate (or the lower oblong), tapering to both ends, either 
 sharply and closely denticulate or entire ; the cauline nearly sessife : heads small, 
 very luimerou.s, corymbose-paniculate : rays G to 8. 
 
 Near Carson Cily, Nevada (An,lrrso„\ and llierefore prulmlilv within Ike linuts of tlir Stair : 
 not lure nortliwanl and cnslward lo llie Kocky Aluunlains, along streains. IKmuIh varialile in 
 size and in nund)er of llie llowers, from 1 to lines high. 
 
 1 7. S. triangularis. Hook. Stems mostly simple : leaves all but the ujiper- 
 mo.st petioletl and deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, or even hastate, acuminate, 
 thickly dentate (either coarsely or sometimes finely) with sharp salient teeth : heads 
 rather numerous, ccnyndiose : rays G to 12. — Hook. FI. ii. 332, i. 115. 
 
 Low or wooded moist j,Mounds of the Sierra Nevada ; Mariposa drove, &e. (Jlrewcr, Bolundcr), 
 Donncr Lake (7'(*/;v;//), Sierra Valley (/.(.;/(//((';/) ; through Nevada lo the Koeky Mountains, and 
 north to British Cohunhia. Heads varying from 4 to 7 lines high. 
 
 102. ARNICA, Linn. 
 Head niany-Howerod, with pistillate rays, or sometimes homogamous by the 
 absence of the ray.s ; tlie llowers all fertile. Involucre usually broadly campanulate, 
 naked at base ; the scales thin-lierbaceous, lanceolate or linear, equal, in one or two 
 series, lleceptaclo Hat, naked. Rays (dongated : disk-corollas with distinct and 
 usiudly elongated tube and I'unuelhniu or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Style-ap[)end- 
 ages obtuse, pubescenL Akenes linear, r)-an-l(nl or 5-10-ribbed, somewhat hirsute 
 or nearly glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or 
 barbellate capillary bristles. — Pereiniial herbs; with mostly simple stems from 
 cnicping root.stocks, bearing solitary or few usually long-i)eduucled and rather large 
 heads of yellow llowers ; the leaves oppositt^ (!) or in omi or two Californian species 
 occasionally alternate, sint|)h', entire or merely lootheil. 
 
Arnica. COMrOSITyK . 4-15 
 
 A genus of few spcdcs, of difnrult (lisnrimination. One, tlic ofTicinnl yirnka monlann, is 
 ppciiliar to Europe ; nnotlicr, found in higli northern regions all round tlic world, l)ut sparingly in 
 lin rope, extends southward along the mountains of the western part of our continent as far as 
 (California; the others are indigenous to similar regions in this country, excejit that one is con- 
 fined to the somewhat Southern Atlantic States. 
 
 * liadical and Imrer caiiline leaves cordate or truncate at bajie and longpetioled. 
 +- Some or most of the leaves alternate : heads several in a naked jmnicle, rayless. 
 
 1. A. parviflora, Gray. A foot or so in lieiglit : leaves mainly at or near the 
 base of the sloiuler stem, deltoid-laiiccolato or ovate-lanceolate, seldom cordate at 
 base, unc(|ually dentate ; the upper ones small ; all petiolcd and commonly alter- 
 nate : heads small (only half an inch long) : akenes not j)ubescent but minutely 
 glandular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363. 
 
 Chaparral, Humboldt Co., Bolandcr. Leaves an inch or two long, on petioles of at least ecjual 
 length. 
 
 2. A. discoidea, Benth. About two feet high, stouter and more hairy : leaves 
 (ivnte or oblong, coarHcJy and irregularly ilentntt^, eitlier c.ordaln or truncate or nirely 
 Romcwliivt cuiioato at base ; tlin upper HUiall and sossile, oIltMi allernate : Jieads 7 to 
 \) liiit\s long: involucre villous and glandular: akenes sparsely i)ube3ccnt, beconiing 
 glabrate, not glandular. — PI. llartw. 319. 
 
 In woods, not rare from Monterey northward. Lower leaves 2 or 3 inches long, on petioles of 
 equal length. 
 
 -f- -f- Leaves all opposite : heads solitary or few, usually luitli. lonr) rays. 
 
 3. A. cordifolia, Hook. A foot or two (or in alpine forms a span or so) higli, 
 sparsely more or less hairy : lower leaves ovate or roundish an<l deeply cordate, 
 mostly coarsely toothed, connuoidy only 2 pairs on the stem ; the upper i)air sessile 
 or nearly so, small, and often narrowed at base : head an inch long : akenes hirsute : 
 rays usually about 12 and an inch long, rarely Avanting. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, near Sierra Valley (Lermnnn) and Carson {Anderson) ; thence east to the Rocky 
 Mountains and northward through Oregon. Mt. Hamilton in the Contra Costa Range, J^rciwr; 
 a rayless form ; the same collected also in Sierra Valley by Lcm.nwn, along with an ordinary 
 form. 
 
 Ki « Nadicnl leaves rounded or sonietiihat cordate at hnse and slender-petioled; the 
 cavline mostly closely sessile hi/ a broad hnse. 
 
 4. A. latifolla, Bongard. A foot or so bigli, sparsely pul)oscont or almost 
 glabrous, bearing solitary or few heads : caulii\o leaves 2 to 4 pairs, ovate or deltoid- 
 ovate, sharply and usually coarsely serrate, all alike, or the uppermost smaller and 
 narrower : head half to three fourths of an inch long : akenes slightly pubescent or 
 at length glabrous. — A. Memiesii, Hook. Fl. t. 111. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, from Nevada C^. {Lcmmon, Greene) ; thence north through Oregon to Alaska, 
 and east to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 * * * Radical and lower cauline leaves never cordate or truncate at base, but often 
 tapei'ing into petioles, the lomer most pairs of j^etioles commonly sheathing at ba.se. 
 
 These species are exceedingly difficult, ami apparently pass into each otlier throughout the whole 
 series. The akenes vary too greatly in the character and amount or absence of the pubescence to 
 furnish distinctions. 
 
 5. A. mollis, Hook. A foot or two high, somewhat liairy wit.li either soft or 
 slightly harsh pubescence, leafy to the top, bearing solitary or 3 rather large broad 
 heads : loaves thin, oblong or the upp(>r ajid closely sessile ones oviite-lanceolato with 
 a broad base, mostly serrate or dentiodate : rays pretty large, deep yellow : iiapj)us 
 so densely and strongly barbellate as to be almost plumose. 
 
 Vosemite Valley or near it, and near Mount Dana (Hirim) : UDrlh ti> Briti-^h Colnmbin and 
 eastward to Lake Supeiioi', the White Monntnins of New Ihinipshin-. kr. l,i;ivcs '.\ ti> .1 imhrs 
 
410 . COMPOSIT/K Ant ;<•<,. 
 
 long, an incli or so wide ; the caiiline 2 to 4 pail's. Podiiiicles 2 or 3 inches-long. An ambigu- 
 ous and reduced alpiiio form in the high ranges east of the Yoscmite Valley, Brewer. 
 
 6. A. Chamissonis, Loss. Dillurs from tlie last in its narrower (couimonly 
 oblong-lanceulate) acuiuiiiate or acute leaves, all but the upiienuost with tapering 
 base, the cauline 4 or b pairs ; and the pappus barl)i'.llate with hno and rather sparse 
 ilenticulations as in most ol" the species. — DC Prodr. vi. 317. 
 
 On the Truckee h'ivcr in Neviuhi (iiccdidiiig to 15ot. King Kxp.), Ihereforo doulitlcss also in 
 California, as it is a species of wooded disliicts: thence nurlhward to Ahiska, &c. 'I'lic jihinls 
 of the llocky Alountaiiis, &(;., referred to liiis in the Flora ol Noith America, and later, mainly 
 belong to tiie next. 
 
 7. A. foliosa, Nutt. A foot or two high, commonly strict, from running root- 
 stocks, tomcntose-pubescent, leafy to the to|), bearing 3 to 7 coryml)o.s(; rather 
 small and shortisli-peiluncled lieads : leaves lanceolate, mostly callous-denticidate, 
 and with about 5 paralhd nerves or ribs : rays rather short, usually pale, yidhtw. — 
 Nutt. in Trans. Am. I'hil. JSoc. n. ser. vii. 407, excl. var. nana. A. C/uunissonis, 
 Torr. & Gray, 1"'!., in part. A. inonUaia, Hook., in i)art. 
 
 Var. incana, Gray. White with lloccose dense wool, which is deciduous with age. 
 
 Wet meadows, in the Sierra Nevada, from Kern Co. {llulhruck) to Oregon ; extending east- 
 ward to lliu llocky Moiiulaius and Saskatdiewan. In California more commonly tlie var. incana : 
 l;aku Talioo {Jlrciocr) : Lako Waalioo (Torrey) : Sionu Valley, "in deep water," JMandtr. 
 Leaves from 2 or a to 5 or ti inchiis long, from 4 lines to an inch in width, mostly obtu.se ; tlio 
 upper closely sessile, the lower with tapering bases or petioles clasping at the insertion. Involu- 
 cre half an incli high, somewhat viscid-glandular under the deciduous pubescence, as is the herb- 
 age generally, not at all hirsute or hispid. Hays 4 or 5 lines long. Akenes minutely hairy or 
 glandular, or nearly glabrous. The white-woolly form is very strikuig ; but it passes insensibly 
 into Nuttall's A. foliosa ; of which A. lonyi/olia, Eaton in Bot. King Exp., may be also a form. 
 
 8. A. alpina, ^lurr., Lajstad. A span to a foot and a half high, more or less 
 hirsute-pubescent, bearing stilitary or sometimes 3 long-peduncled mostly large 
 heads : leaves entire or sparingly denticulate ; the cauline in one tu 3 pairs, lanceo- 
 late or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones small ; radical ones spatulate, oblong, or 
 oval, about 3-n(U'ved : rays large, deep yellow. — A. anf/uiftifolui, Vahl in Fl. Dan. 
 t. 1524; 'J'orr. & Ciray, 1. c. A.fuhjcns it A. jdantaffinea, Pursli. 
 
 In the Sieri-a Nevada (in meadows of Sieira Valley, Lemmon, &c.) ; thence north waid through 
 Oregon to the Arctic regions, and east to the Rocky Mountains and plains of the Missouri ; also 
 Greenland and high northern Eurojwj and Asia. Exceedingly variable. The Californian specimens 
 are large and rather broad-h-aved Ibrms. Kays three cpiarters of an inch long. J. alpina is the 
 moreai)jiropriate mmu', and is conceded to lie the older ; but wc cannot find it in "iMurr. Sy.sl. 
 Veg. 1774," as cited by Erics. 
 
 103. RAILLARDELLA, Cray. 
 
 Head several - many-flowered, homogamous ; the ilowers all fertile, involucre 
 cylindraceous, naked at base ; the scales 7 to 14 in a single series, linear, equal, 
 lightly united into a tube or cup to or above the middle. Receptacle flat or barely 
 convex, naked. Corollas like tho.se of the disk in Arnica. Style-branches elongated, 
 hirsute, and produced beyond the long stigmatic lines into an acuminate tip. 
 Akenes linear, llattish, striate-nerved, hirsute. Pa})pus a single series of (20 to 25) 
 rather stout and rigid strongly ciliate-plumose bristles, about the length of the corolla, 
 bright white. — Acaulescent herbs (of the Sierra Nevada) ; with stout creeping 
 rootstocks, bearing tufts of linear or oblanceolato entire radical leaves, and a eim])le 
 naked viscid-glandular .scai)e, terminated by a rather large head of yellow flowers. — 
 Eenth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 442. liniUanHa, Sect, lia'dlardella, (^ray, Pruc. Am. 
 Acad. vi. 550. 
 
 Tiiis interesting genus, along with the Hawaiian llaUhirdla, seems rather to belong to the 
 Jlckiiiuidca-, next to Dubjutin ; but tlio technical characters would cause it to be looked for here. 
 
Ciiicus. COMPOS I 'IVK. 417 
 
 wlipro Bcntham hns placed these genera, althougli tlie bristles of the pappus arc somewhat too 
 stout and flattish. 
 
 1. R. scaposa, Gray. Somewhat liirsuto as well as glandular : scape a span to 
 a foot high, sometimes with a leaf or two towards the base : involucre 20 - 30-flow- 
 ered (an inch or less long). 
 
 Sierra Nevada, in the Yoseiiiitc and Mono districts, at tlic elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, 
 Brewer, Bolander, Gray. 
 
 2. R. argentea, Oray. Leaves shorter, only one or twoniiclu's long, silvery- 
 silky : sc.apii one to four inches high: involucre narrower, 7 - in-lloworcil (Inilf nn 
 inch or more long). 
 
 Higher Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 11, 000 feet ; Mount Dana to Sonora Pass {Brewer, Bolaiider), 
 above Dojuier Lake {E. L. Greene), and on Lassen's Peak, Lcmmon. 
 
 Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEvE. 
 
 Tlie only Californian representatives of the tribe are Thistles, of well-known 
 appearance, and a Centaurea or two, of the ^lediterranean region, sparingly natural- 
 ized in fields and around harbors. Even Burdocks are nnknown. 
 
 Cynaua Scoia-mus, Linn., the Artichoke of the Old World, — remarkable for the tliick fleshi- 
 ness of the receptacle and scales of the involucre, which are edible, — is occasionally spontaneous, 
 jirobably escaped from cultivation. 
 
 104. CNICUS, Linn. TumrLK. 
 
 Head many-llowered ; the llowers all perfect and fertile, with tubular corollas 
 deeply (often more or less unequally) 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Involucre globular, 
 ovoid, or at maturity sometimes campanulatc ; the mostly narrow .scales imbricated 
 in many series, more commonly tipped with a spine or cu.spidate point. Recep- 
 tacle flat, fleshy, densely clothed with bristles. Filaments commonly papillose- 
 liairy, distinct : anthers sagittate at base, the auricles frequently extended into tails. 
 Style fdiform, sometimes thickened or with a pubescejit ring or node at the base of 
 the miinitoly puberulont atigmatic ])oriion ; wliicli in our sptvicH is almost always 
 slender, consisting of two fdiform branches which are more or less firmly united by 
 their inner faces up nearly or quite to the tip. Akenes glabrous and smooth, thick- 
 Avallcil, obovate or oblong, more or less compressed, attached by their very base. 
 Pappus of copious and rather rigid long and plumo.sc bristles in a single scries, con- 
 nected at the very ba.so into a ring, so that they remain united after detaching. 
 Kut rarely the bristles of some of the outermost flowers are slightly or not at all 
 plumose. — Stout herbs, more commonly biennials, with alternate and usually 
 prickly leaves, and large or middle-sized beads; the flowers purple, red, pale yellow, 
 or white. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 4G8 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. 
 Cirsium, Tourn., DC. Prodr., &c. 
 
 A large genus, widely dis))erscd over the northern hemisphere, most numerous in the Old 
 "World. It seems necessary to ftdlow Hentham in restoring the I^iiuirean name of Cnicu-i, includ- 
 ing, however, a good deal more tiinn the Cirsium of Cassini, De ("andolle, kc Two Enropenu 
 Huocics, whii'h are common niid lronbh>Home in tlie Alhintic Stiites, srM'm nol 1o Iiavo rencliiMJ 
 ('nllfonila, viz. — 
 
 V. I.ANCKOI, ATI'S, the conunon Fidil Thistle, whidi is well miiiknl l.y {]w l.-nves being decur- 
 ront on tlio .stem, and t.Iieir upper surface very hiusli or nhnost jnickly. 
 
 C. AUVENSis, the Panada Thistle (l)nt not indigenous to ("anndn), wilh numerous small henda 
 whii'li incline to be ditecions. 
 
418 COMPOSIT-K. Cnuus. 
 
 § 1. Scales of the uiooiucre oppressed and closely imbricated {except in the last 
 s/iecies) ; the outer scales successive.li/ shorter, not appenduijed nor mart/itied, 
 ti/tped with a mostlt/ sprtadimj prickit or point ; (he innermost rarely ivith a 
 small scarious tip. 
 
 * Low sjircifit, with simple stein and (jrtcu or (jrccnish le.aves, <tt least ivhen old, id- 
 thouyh more or less cobwebby when youny : heads proportionally larye : aiither-tips 
 sharp-pointed. 
 
 1. C. Drummondii, var. acaulescens, (.hay, 1. c. The larger fonns of tlit; 
 species (wliich occur in the IJocky JMoiiuLaiiis, ami I'roiu Oregon to Saskatchowaii aiul 
 the Arctic region) have a stem iVoni a span to a foot or even 3 or 4 feet high, ami 
 large heads: the variety, which reaches California, has the more or less smaller heads 
 sessile or almost so in the centre of the tuft of radical leaves ; these lightly woolly 
 when young, at least beneath, lanceolate, not deeply pinnatihd, with short and 
 broad-margined petiole : scales of the involucre thin and proportionally large ; the 
 outer ovate-lanceolate passing into lanceolate, tapering into a weak and short or 
 slender prickle : corollas mostly reddish purple ; the lobtis shorter than the throat. 
 — Cirsium acaule, var. Americanuvi, (Jray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863. 
 
 Open ground along tlic Sierra Nevada, chielly on the eastcin side. Corollas an inch or move in 
 lunglli. 'flio heads wliun .several in a close cluster aio smaller and nanower, when .single ocea- 
 .sioinilly '2 inches long. 
 
 ± C. quercotoruiu, (Imy. J.ightly woolly when young, iiud bomewhat hairy : 
 stem a foot or less high, occasionally branching, leafy: leaves rather rigid, pinnately 
 or sometimes even almost bii)innately parted, more prickly : heads large and broad 
 (about two inches higli) : scales of the involucre very numerous, closely apjjressed, 
 all but the imier ones iirm-coriaceous, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, and rather 
 abruptly tipped with a short rigid cusj) or jirickle : corollas apparently puiple, fo\ir 
 of the lobes much higher united, the other longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 40. 
 
 Hills at Oakland and ilsewiiere near San Knuuasco, Jlolandiu; Kclhxjii. In Holamlci's si.eeimen.s 
 tlie heads are naked-iiedmieled ; the outer .scales very rigid, with thinnish and erose-ciliolalo 
 margins, the outermost very short and almost ovate, all merely mucronate or (fusi)idate-tini)ed. 
 Dr. Kellof,'f,''s speeimeiis, pi'oliably from le.ss exposed ground, have less rigid loliaf'e, and iuvohicie- 
 seales more like those ot U. Jhumiiwndii, less abruptly tipped with a short rigid prickle. 
 
 * * Taller species, u'ith jiermanently and densely white-woolly leaves, at least under- 
 
 neath, sometimes becominy yreeii and naled above. 
 
 +- Involucre ylobular, of Jirm or thick-coriaceous closely appresstd scales, tippied wUh 
 
 an abrujit spreadiny prickle : jlowers purple, sometimes cream-color or white. 
 
 3. C. Breweri, Cray, 1. c. Tall (4 to 10 feet high), branching, white- woolly : 
 leaves elongated and ])innati{id : heads numerous and panicled, rather small (an 
 inch or kss long) : involucre at first cobwebby ; the outer scales short and bioadish, 
 the back marked with a greenish or ])urplish thickenetl and somewhat glutinous or 
 glanduhir spot at the blunt tip, which bears a weak prickle : lobes of the corolla 
 shorter than the throat : anther-tips almost obtuse. 
 
 In a canon near San .Tuan, Monterey Co. (Brewer) : and in swamps and moist grounds of 
 Strawberry Valley near Mt. Shasta (Brewer), also in Mendocino and liumboklt Counties (Bulan- 
 der, KelUxjii and Jfur/oril) : near Car.son City, Nevada, .Indcrson. The tall growth and tlio 
 deltoid almost blunt tip to the anther-appendages mark this si)ecies. 
 
 4. C. undulatus, Gray, 1. c. Iiather low (a foot or two liigh), white-woolly : 
 leaves rarely bticoming naked above : heads solitary or few (from 1 to 2 inches 
 long) : involucre nearly as in the last or .sooner naked, with or without the viscid 
 or greeiush spot or cievated line at the tip : lobes of the 'corolla as long as the 
 throat: anther-ti])s very sharp-pointed. — Cirsium undulatum (Spreng.), C. Douy- 
 lasii (DC), an<l C. hreuifolium, Null. 
 
Cnicus. COM POSI TyE. 419 
 
 Var, ochrocentrus, Gray. Leaves deeply pinnatifid and exceedingly armed 
 with slender yellowish prickles: scales of the involucre broader and flatter, destitute 
 of glutinous spot or ridge, and armed with a long and rigid prickle. — Cirsixim 
 ochrocentrum, Gray, PI. Fendl. 110. 
 
 Open grounds, from tlie upper Mississippi and from Texas to the coast of Oregon, from wliicli 
 the ordinary form probably extends into the northern i)art of California. Var. ochrocaUrus, a 
 mostly southern variety nflecting arid districts, generally very distinct in character, reaches the 
 Hiorra Ncwadii at Silver Mountain, wlioro it was collected by Prof. Jimvcr. 
 
 •k- 4- Involucre narrower, hemming cam paunlate or ci/llnt/rareoiin ; tin nca lea fewer and 
 less closely imbricated, thinner and chartac.eons, (/raduall// longer, more tapering 
 into the j^rickle or prickly point : floivers carmine or purple-red : antlier-tips merely 
 acute. 
 
 5. C. Arizonicus, Gray, 1. c. White-woolly, leafy to the top, 2 to 4 feet high, 
 branching and bearing several short-peduncled or sessile heads : leaves lanceolate, 
 pectinately toothed or ])innatilid, slender-s])iny : outer scales of the involucre ovate- 
 oblong, the next lanceolate and rather abruptly narroweil into a prickly-tipped 
 acumination : lobes of the corolla fully twice the length of the throat : stigmatic tip 
 of the style short. 
 
 Common in Arizona and S. Utah ; most likely inhabiting the southeastern borders of our Sbite. 
 Heads 1^ to 2 inches long, apparently oblong or cylindra(;eous before exiiansion, the involucre 
 becoming campanulate. "Flowers bright carmine" or "bright red-purple." Filaments spar- 
 ingly hairy or sometimes almost glabrous. Anther- tips remarkably blunt. Stigmatic summit 
 of the style only half a line or in age a line long alwve the manifest node, much shorter than in 
 any other of our indigenous North American species. 
 
 6. C. Andersonii, Gray, 1. c. Blonder, 2 or 3 f(^ot high, sparsely ](>uved, the 
 white wool ratiicr cobwebby and deciduous: leaves mostly pinnatilid and moder- 
 ately prickly-toothed : heads nakod-peduncled : scales of the campanulate involucre 
 less unequal and in fewer series than in any of the foregoing, somewhat loo.se ; tho 
 outer rather narrowly lanceolate and the succeeding more subulate, gradually taper- 
 ing into a short prickly point ; the innermost very long and slender : lobes of the 
 corolla not longer than the throat. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Carson City and Donner Lake, Ander.ion, Torrcy, Bo- 
 Inndcr. Head 2 inches long. Flowers crimson-red. Tips of the appendnges of the anthers trian 
 gular, either acute or acutish. Stigmatic tip to the stylo filiform and moderately elongated ; 
 node obsolete. 
 
 § 2. Scales of the involucre of almost equal or moderately vnrqnal length, nil hut the 
 innermost tapering gradually into a long marginless and mostly greenish and 
 spreading or ascending usually spiny-tipped acumination. 
 
 * Heads large (mostly 2 inches high) : flotvers crimson : involucre densely long-icnolly 
 when young ; the scales tapering gradually from a. short coriaceous oppressed ba.ie 
 into long and slender but rigid spreading spinescent tips. 
 
 7. C. OCCidentalis, Gray, 1. c. Very wliito witli long and dense won), 2 to T) 
 ftiet high, stout : leaves lanceolate and tho lowest oblong, siiuiato-piiuiatiliil or the 
 upper merely toothed, rather weak-prickly, the upper surface often bocoming naked 
 with age: involucre globose; its scales with very long and slender rigid mostly 
 subulate or almost needle-shaped and merely prickly-pointed tips, the lowermost 
 nsually widely spreading : corollas bright crim.son or purple-red, regularly deleft ; 
 the lobes one and a half to twice the length of the throat : tips of the anther-append- 
 ages triangular-acuminate. — Cardans orridenfalis, Nutt. I.e., with orronenua char- 
 acter. Cirsivm Cov/teri, (\ ray, J'l. "Wright, ii. 110; J'latou in Mot. King I'Ap. 11)5. 
 
 Open grounds, not rnre apparently throughout the State, and witliin the iKirders of Nevada. 
 A striking species, with its white cottony wool, and inigo and brond licids of biiglit red flowci-s. 
 Heads 2 inches high, or sometimes considerably less. Sciijcs of the invobn-ie an inch and a lialf 
 or less in length, mostly letaining the dense and long cobweblty wodl. I'Mnwrrs mi incli and a 
 
^20 COMTOSITJ-;. Cjiirns. 
 
 liair long in the larger heads. Stignuitic tip of the style naked and ratiier short. This jiioves to 
 Ijc Nuttall's Cardiiua occidental in, and this specitic name may well be used in the changes u( 
 nomenclature rendered necessary by the adoption ol" the generic name Onicus. As in several 
 species ol' the genus, some of the outermost pa[)pus wants the plumes, but in the rest it is as con- 
 spicuous and the bristles as stout and numerous as in most Thistles. 
 
 * * Heads smaller (not over an inch and a half high) : Jiowers ivhite, a'eam-colur, or in 
 one species pxirple : herbage and involucre less densely white-woolly, or naked with age. 
 
 +- Scales (if the involucre ratlier rigid, with broadish appiressed coriaceous base, taper- 
 ing into pungenllg spiny-pointed tips; the outer somewhat shorter and spreading. 
 
 8. C. Andrewsii, (imy, 1. c. At leatj,th green, tlu> thin and loose cobwebliy 
 wool boiug ilucidiioua, uppurontly tiill ami panieulutuly branched : cauline leaves 
 lanceulute uuil luciiiiate-iiiuniitilid : involucre very cobwebby: lubes of tlie equally- 
 clel't (apparently wliito or whitish) curolla about twice the length of the tliroat : 
 anther-tips triangulur-ucutc. 
 
 Founded on a single sjjecinien, collected by Dr. Aiulrcws, probably not far from San Francisco 
 or Sacramento ; dittering from the following in the lengtli of the corolla-lobes (3 or 4 lines) 
 compared with the throat (1^ to 2 lines) ; the whole corolla luirdly an inch long. 
 
 y. C. Californicus, (Jray, 1. c. Kather loosely white-woolly, at least when 
 young, 2 to 5 leet high : leaves either sinnatuly or deeply pinnatilid ; involucre 
 more or less cobwebby, or at length almost nuked : lobes of the white or cream- 
 colored corolla shorter (the four jnore united often nuich short(;r) than the tiiroat. 
 — Cirsiurit Calij'ornicuin, Gray in Pacif. li. IJep. iv. 112. 
 
 Dry ojien ground, from the Stanislaus River {Biijclow) to Santa Clara Co. (Brewer), and near 
 San Diego {Cuupr/r, Cleveland) : apparently in other parts of the State and the borders of Nevada, 
 in varying forms. 
 
 +- +- Scales of the involucre thinner and less rigid, looser and more sle)ider from the 
 base ; the outer only tveakly prickly-pointed. 
 
 10. C. edulis, Gray, 1. c. Loosely coljwebby when young, soon green : stem .'i 
 to 8 feet high, rathcir sucxulent and tender, leafy to the top, bearing rather few 
 more or less paniclud or clustered heads : leaves thin, mostly only sinuate-pinnatiiid 
 and obtuse : involucre very uobwobby when y(jang, mostly innocuous : corolla pur- 
 ple (perhaps sometimes whitish), slender, ecjually or somewhat unequally 5-cleft ; the 
 lobes becoming nearly filiform with a thickened ti|», considerably shorter than the 
 throat. — Cirsium edule, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Wet or shady jihiccs, especially in IJcdwoods, from San Francisco Hay northward thruugli 
 Oregon to Ihiti.sh Columbia. The stems, stripped of iiurU and leaves, are said to Ik^ ciilrn niw 
 by the Oregon Indians ; whentre the name of the species. 
 
 11. C. remotifolius, Gray, 1. c. Tall (3 to 8 feet high), sparsely-leave<l, 
 especially tt)wurds the naked ])anicle, scarcely or lightly woolly, except the under 
 side of the leaves, which also is commonly white but sometimes naked with age : 
 leaves mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate or linear prickly-tip])ed and spinulose- 
 edged divisions : involucre lightly col)webby when young, at length nearly naked ; 
 its scales all slender and thinnish, linear-attenuate and mostly equal in length, 
 loosely ascending, slightly and weakly prickly-])ointe(l : corolla yellowish-white; 
 three or four of the l<dies uniteil higjier up, shorter than the throat. Carduus 
 remotifolius, llook. Cirsium rcmotifoliiim, DC C. stenolepidum, Mvitt. I. c. 
 
 Low grounils along streams, in Oregon, and south to Humboldt Co., California, Kclluycj and 
 Harfurd. A well-marked species, although the name is not always ai)propriate. 
 
 § 3. Scales of the globular involucre, or most of them, with a dilated and erosely lacer- 
 ate or cut-fringed scarious appendage. (Echinais, Cass., DC.) 
 
 12. C. carlinoides, Schraidc, var. Americanus, (iray. A foot or two high, 
 branching: leaves sinuately or sometimes dtteply pinnatilid, more or less prickly, 
 
Cnihruira. COMI'OSIT-R 421 
 
 wliitn IxMicaUi witl\ ii rloso coal of col.loiiy wool : liciids solilmv (tif iiirc|y cluslcicd) 
 at l,lio smuinit of tho hmiiclics, at lirst iioddiii;^' (ulxmt an iiK^li liigli): Hcali^s of tlio 
 involucro iioarly glabrous (or slightly woolly when young, but wholly (Institute of 
 jointed hairs), most of them terminated by a consjiicuous and pectinately lacerate 
 ovate or lanceolate searious spreading appendage, tipped with a short ])rickle or 
 cusp : corolla une(pially cleft, the four more united lobes considerably shorter than 
 tho throat : anther-tails laciniate. — C. ncariosum, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Marin and Mendocino ("ounties, Sanvtdx, Bolandr.r, Kdhgri, &c. Also in the Rocky Monn- 
 tnins of Colorado. Apparently not distinct from the ("ancasian and Siberian C cariinoides, 
 Schrank, llort. Monac. t. 11 (Kchiiiais car/inoidrs k E. mdaiis, ('ass., DC. llort, Genev. t. 22), 
 although tlie outer scales of the involucre are not spinosely fringed, nor so prickly-pointed, 
 and somntinics are not at all appendnged. If distinct, Nuttidl's name of srnriosus could be used. 
 His description seems best to accord with JIail and Harbour's No. 55!), wliich looks very mucli 
 like a hybrid between C. carlinoidcs and C. rcmolifoUux. 
 
 C. Parryf, Gray, 1. c., of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, is anotlier species of this section 
 verging to the preceding. 
 
 105. SILYBUM, Gicrtn. Mii.k-Tuisti.i;. 
 
 Head many-llowercd, with Icafy-ljractcd spinoso involucro; tho lloworH all perfect 
 and fertile. Filaments smootii and raonadelphous. Pajipus of stiff and almost 
 chaffy bristles in several series, not plumose. Leaves blotched with white. Other- 
 wise as in common Thistles. 
 
 1. S. Marianum, Goertn. A stout annual, nearly glabrous : leaves large, ob- 
 long or obovate, sinuato or pinnatitid and i)rickly-mnrgin(-d, clasping : lu^ad very 
 large, solitary : flowers i)ink-purple or red. 
 
 San Luis Obispo, on rocky hills, and probably elsewhere : a native of the Mediterranean region, 
 introduced, probably through cultivation. 
 
 106. CENTAUREA, Linn. Stau-Tiilstle. 
 Head many-flowered ; the flowers all with tubular and deeply 5-cleft corollas, 
 some of the marginal ones commonly neutral (and often with their corollas en- 
 larged) ; the others perfect and fertile. Involucro globular ; the scales tij)ped or 
 margined with spines or a searious appendage. Keceptaclo very bristly. Akenes 
 mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above the base. Pappus of numer- 
 ous rigid or sometimes chaffy naked bristles. — Herbs of various aspect (300 to 
 400 species), nearly all of the Old "World, whence two have reached California as 
 weeds of cultivation ; both species destitute of the " false-rays," i. e. their marginal 
 neutral flowers not enlarged and conspicuous. 
 
 1. C. Melitensis, Linn. Annual, a foot or two high, pauiculately branched, 
 roughish-pubescent, and when young with a little deciduous wool : loaves broadly 
 linear; tho radical pinnatifid ; caulii\o barely toothed or entire, decurrent : heads 
 rather small : most of the scales of the involucro tipped with a spine which is 
 fringed at base with a few prickles : corollas yellow, not enlarged. 
 
 Old fields and waste grounds ; common on the western borders of the State : intrcxluced from 
 Southern Europe. 
 
 2. C. SOlstitialiS, Linn. Annual, loosely whito-woolly : caidine leaves linear : 
 heads larger than in the foregoing: outer scales of the invobicre with .3 to 5 jialrante 
 small prickles at the tip ; tho micldle ones with a long and stout spine in adtlition : 
 corollas more conspicuous, yellow. 
 
 Fields, Oakland (Bnfrtndrr), San Diego {Pulmri), and i.i<dml>ly rlsowhcrc ncnr th.' ctHtst : a 
 weed of cultivation ; introduced from Southern Europe, 
 
422 CDMPOSIT.E. Pcrezia. 
 
 Tribe X. :MUT1SIACE/E. 
 
 These are BUahialiJlorce, i. e. liuve thuii norollaa bilabiate, one lii) inostly 3- 
 tootlied, the otlier 2-lobcil or cleft, the lobes or lips revolute. As the flowers am 
 more conuuoiily all pcrloi-t, and the stylo similar, they may bo conibiimled with tho 
 Thistle-tribo, in which tho corolla is olton more or less two-lippeil or irregular. But 
 the lobes of the latter become revolute in the present tribe, and tho receptacle is 
 never clothed with a coat of bristles. — Tho tribe is most laigcly represented iii 
 South America ; oidy one genus reiiches Califorida. 
 
 107. PEREZIA, Lugnsca. 
 
 Head several - many-Uowered ; tho llowcrs all perfect. Involucre turbinate or 
 campanulate ; its scales imbricated, lanceolate or oblong, mostly chartaceous. Recep- 
 tacle Hat and naked. Corolla with slender tube and bilabiate limb ; the outer lip 
 mostly longer and 3-toothed ; the inner 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Anthers Avith long 
 naked tails at base, and a lanceolate terminal appendage. Akenes elongated-oblong, 
 terete or slightly angled, often obscui'ely narrowed at apex, commonly glandular. 
 Pappus of coj»ious scabrous capillary bristles. — Herbs ; with alternate and mostly 
 rigid leaves, and solitary or usually paniculate heads of {)urple or white tlowers. — 
 Gray, PI. Fendl. & PI. Wright. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 500. 
 
 A genus of 40 or 50 species, South American and Mexican, and a few within the borders of tho 
 United States. 
 
 1. P. microcephala, Gray, 1. c Two or three feet high, branched and glan- 
 dular-puberulent above, leafy to the top : leaves thin, oblong and the upper ovate, 
 all cordate-clasping, with tlie sinus shallow, minutely glandular-scabrous, coarsely 
 reticulate-veiny, closely .spinulose-deiiticulate : heads copious, corymbose at tho 
 summit of tlii(paiii(;iilal,(! itrauclies : seiiles of the involucre all abruptly very acute, 
 l)uberulejit-glaiidular ; tiio innermost a little shorter than the 10 to 15 rose-puri>lo 
 Howers. — Acourtia microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66. 
 
 Near Monterey (Douglas), Santa Barbaia (Torrei/), and San Diego Co., 7>. Cleveland, Palmer. 
 Involucre 3 or 4 or at lengtli f) lines hi^'li : pappus at maturity lialf an incli long. In tlie siieci- 
 mcns of Douglas, described by De Candolle, the iiowers are immature. 
 
 2. P. Arizonica, Gray. A foot or two high, almost glabrous : leaves more 
 deeply cordatcly or sayittately clasping : heads fewer and rather smaller, in 
 cymose corymbs : scales of the involucre obtuse, pubescent on the edges, otherwise 
 glabrous and not glandular; the innermost only half the length of the 8 to 12 
 white or llesh-colored flowers. — R microcephala, Gray in coll. Parry, Is'o. 141, 
 Am. Nat. ix. 273. 
 
 Arizona, Dr. Palmer. S. Utah, Dr. Parry. Probably also No. 293 of California collection. 
 Coulter. Palmer's plant is said to exhale "an agreeable aroma." 
 
 Tride XI. CICHORIACE/K 
 
 Completely marked by the ligulate and perfect flowers throughout the head : the 
 
 ligules almost always 5-toothed at the apex. Herbs, with a bitter milky juice. 
 
 Lett\ice, Endive (a variety of tho Cichory), and Salsify {Trac/opogon porrifoUus, which is apt to 
 run wild around cultivated grounds), are the common cultivated esculent plants of the tribe, all 
 of the Old World. The tribe consists of oO or 60 genera, even as consolidated by Bentham in the 
 new Genera Plantarum, and is fairly well represented in California. It is so strictly natural that 
 it is ditlicult to divide it into well-hmited natural subtribes or into genera. 
 
Microseris. (^ONrrOSIT.K ' 42^} 
 
 108. PHALACROSERIS, Omy. 
 Head rather many-flowoiod. Involucre campainilato, of 12 to IG equal lanceolate 
 and somewhat herhaceous scales, in one or two scries, their barely united bases 
 becoming somewhat dilated and concave in fruit, occasionally a loose and linear 
 subtending bractlet. Ileceptacle convex, naked. Ligules linear, rather short, 
 Akcnes short-oblong, becoming slightly incurved, obscurely 4 - ^-angled or nerved, 
 truncate at both ends, smooth and even, destitute of pai)pus. — A single species. 
 
 1. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Perennial, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate or oblan- 
 ceolate, entire, in a tuft from the short and thickish dark-colored rootstock : scapes 
 perfectly simple and naked, a span to a foot high : flowers orange-yellow. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 3G4 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 507. 
 
 Wet meaflows (Westfall's, &c.) of the Sierra Nevada, alt. 7,000 to 8,000 feet, .south of the 
 Yosemite Valley, Bolnnder, Torrcij, A. Gray. Head not nodding before exmnsion ; involucre 
 barely half an inch high. Flowers open in sunshine. 
 
 100. MIOROSERIS, Don. 
 Head several - many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate ; the 
 thin-herbaceous or membranaceous scales from linear-lanceolate to ovate, either regu- 
 larly imbricated or mainly in a double series, the outer short and calyculate. Recep- 
 tacle flat, naked. Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes terete or rarely 
 somewhat angled, 8-10- (sometimes 12-14) ribbed, truncate at the apex, occa- 
 sionally narrowed above into a sort of neck or beak, furnished with a basal callosity 
 which is more or less hollowed at the insertion ; the outermost frequently pubes- 
 cent. Pappus of few or several (mostly 5 to 10, .sometimes 12 to 24) awn-bearing, 
 chaffy scales, or slender awns or bristles with more or less paleaceous dilated base, 
 either naked or sometimes plumose, rarely by abortion wanting. — Annuals, bien- 
 nials, or some perhaps perennials, glabrous or slightly furfumceoii.s-pnberulent, with 
 chiefly radical and often pinnatifid leaves, and heads of yellow flowers terminating 
 scapes or long peduncles, commonly nodding before expansion. — Don in Phil. Mag. 
 xi. 388 (1832); Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. i.\. 207. JM/nnfin, (Jolla (1835). Lrp{. 
 donema, Fischer I'k Meyer (1835). Fichtna, Sdiultz in Linna-n (1835). Cn(at\ DC. 
 (1838); Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121. Phi/llopappun, Walp. in Uimxxi (1840). 
 Urojyappus & Scorzonella, Nutt. (1840). Min-oseris & ScorzoneUa, Benth. k Hook. 
 Gen. PI. ii. 506, 533. 
 
 A genus of sixteen species, all Western North American, cxcpj)tiiig two in the soutlicrn hemi- 
 sphere (one in Chili and one in New Zealand and Australia). De Candollc's name of Cnlni.i, under 
 which our species have become familiar, has to give way to the much older and less happily 
 chosen one of J/icmwri's, to include also Srorznnd/n, contrary to Mr. Hentham's opinion. The 
 hollowed callus at the insertion of the akenn is about the same in all, and the imbrication of the 
 involucre passes by degrees into the simpler calyculate mode. Tlic fusiform roots of the so-called 
 perennial 8{)ecies seem to be only biennial. 
 
 § 1. Fappm plumose and white: akenes slender, terete, not nttenwrte either towards 
 apex or base : stems more or less branching, from a fusiform {probably bien- 
 nial) simple or fascicled root. — Ptilqphora, Gray. 
 
 1. M. nutans, Gray. iSIendor, a foot or m high, inoRtly nt length loosely 
 branched : leaves entire or laciniato-pinnatilid into linear lolio.s, varying from lili- 
 forni-Hnear to spatulate, or the radical even oval : heads 8- 20-fl()wered, on .slender 
 peduncles: involucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 10 linoar-lanceolatn gradually acumi- 
 nate principal scales and a few short and lonsp ralycnlato ones : pnjipus of 12 to 20 
 
424 COMPOSIT.'E. Mlcruseris. 
 
 oblong small scales tipped with a several times longer whito and soft pliwnoso awn. 
 — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. Scurzondla nutans (deyer), Hook, iu jAiiul. 
 Jour. l5ot. vi. lin.'J. I'ti/o/ihora nutans, (Jray, Tl. lu-niU. 113. t'alais [I'tilophora) 
 nutans, (iray in Pacil". K. Kup. iv. 112. Utepkauomeria inteiniedia, Kellogg in I'roc. 
 Calif. Acad. V. :5U. 
 
 Low or moist f^iouiiils, throughout the Siorrii Noviuhi, iVoiu Mariposa Co. north to Washington 
 Territory and thence east to Montana. Heads in flower halt an inch high, narrow ; the golden- 
 yellow flowers open through tlie day. Akenes 3 lines and pappus about 4 lines long. The root is 
 said to be eaten raw by the Indians. 
 
 2. M. major, var. laciniata, (^ray, 1. c. Mostly stouter and more branched 
 from tin; base, aiul i]\v. leaves in this variety generally pinnately parted into slender 
 linear divisions : invcdiune of lanceolate and more acuminate scales, which are im- 
 bricated in three lengths, the outermost shortest: bristles of the pappus not (piito so 
 plumose as in M. nutans. — Calais {Ptilophora) major, var. laciniata, dray, V\. 
 Fendl. 113. C. gracililoba, Kellogg, 1. c. 48. 
 
 Long Valley, Mendocino Co. {Kcllucjij), and Idaho, on Clear Water, Spalding. 
 
 § 2. Pappus of 5 ^0 10 ve7-i/ long-awned scales, either almost plumose or naked: akenes 
 not attenuate towards the apex and hardly totvards the base : involucre reyn- 
 larlij imbricated, the outer scales (jradually shorter : stems simjjle or mostl// 
 branching : root fusiform and probably biennial. — Scoit/oNKM-.v, (hay. 
 [Scorzondla, Mutt., iienth. C(dais § ISconondla, (iray.) 
 
 * Akenes slender, as in the first section : awns or bristles of the pappus barbellate 
 
 or almost plumose, rusty-colored. 
 
 3. M. sylvatica. Gray, 1. c. Stem a foot or so high, rather stout, commonly 
 simple and scapedike, rarely leafy to the middle : leaves laciniate-pinnatitid or 
 toothed : head many-flowered : involucre campanulate ; the scales all acuminate, 
 the outer from an ovate or ovatedanceolate base : ligules rather long : scales of the 
 pappus to 10 (mostly 10), oblongdanceolate, considerably shorter than the slender 
 awn. — Scorzondla sylvatica, l>enth. I'l. llaitw. 320. Calais [A nacalais) sylvatica, 
 Gray in Tacir. M K'ep. iv. 113. 
 
 Var. Stillmani, Gray, 1. c Dilfers in the narrower scales of the involucre, 
 which are lanceolate and gradually tapering from the base, and the awns of tin; 
 pappus (sometimes at least) less strongly barbellate. 
 
 In woods or low grounds, on tlie Sacramento and its tributaries, Hnrlwcy, Bitfclmo, &c. The 
 var. collected by Slillnuin, Suitiuc/s, and on Mark West Creek by Bix/clow. Peduncle or scape 
 G to 12 inches long. Head an inch high. Akenes (seen in the mature state only in the variety) 
 3 lines long, glabrous or minutely scabrous. 
 
 * * Akenes mostly shorter (terete, or in one species soinetimes more or less i-b-anylcd) : 
 
 awns of tlie pappus only denticulate or scabrous. 
 +- Scales of the involucre all long-acuminate : pappus of 8 or 10 short and small 
 entire scales tipped ivith a very long capillary awn : stems tnore or less branching 
 and leafy below : ligules elongated. 
 
 4. M. laciniata. Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, commonly stout : leaves 
 from narrowly to very broadly lanceolate in outline (4 to 16 inches long), commonly 
 laciniate-]unnatitid and the lobes long and slender : heads large : scales of the in- 
 volucre all broad, the outer ovate and abru[)tly acuminate : scales of the pajipus 
 ovate or ovatedanceolate, only a third or fourth the length of the (sometimes jiris- 
 mati<-) akene. — I/ymenonenia ? laciniatum, llook. V\. i. 301. Scorzonella lacini- 
 ata, Nutt. in Tmns. Am. Phil. Soc. n. .ser. vii. 426. Calais (Scorzonella) laciniata, 
 Gray in Pacif. K. Pep. 1. c. — Passes into 
 
 Var. procera. Gray, 1. c. Stem stouter and more leafy, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 
 broadly lanceolate or oblong (1 to 2^ inches wide), merely denticulate, occasionally 
 laciniate : scales of the pappus mostly rather narrower or more tapering into the 
 
3nrrosens. COMPOSIT.R. ^25 
 
 awn, occasionally almost obsoioto. — Hrjmenoimna ? ulaucnm, Hook., seems to bo a 
 small form of this. Calais glanca, var. procera, (}ray, Pioc. Am. Acad. vii. 364. 
 
 fiH^l3/V?,r'>r"""''" '" ^'''«°" towards the coast : Ukiah (A'cfhgr,) ; with laci,.iate.pinnati- 
 fid leaves but with narrower papi.us-scales. Tlie var. procera, on hills, Sonoma Co. to Mcii.iocino 
 Co &c. {Bolamlrr lorrcy, KcU.hj,,) and to Klamath Co., Oregon, Cronkhilc. Pe<lunclrs often 
 a loot long. Head three miaiteis of an inch to an inch long, esi)ecially in the variety, which ha.s 
 It broad in proportion, and the outer scales of the involucre fiom 3 to 5 lines wide. Corollas 
 bright sulphur-yellow. Akenes 2 to nearly 2^ lines long when mature. 
 
 T). M. leptosepala, (Jray, 1. o. Mostly in.M-n elonder than thn ])reco(linir • 
 leaves siinil.u'ly oithov entire or laciniate-i.iiinatiii.l : head smaller: scales of the 
 involncro all lanceolate (or the outermost ovate-lanceolate) and f^Tadually acuminate- 
 pappus-scales about one lifth of the leiif^th of the more slender akene. — ScorzoneUa 
 lepUmpala, Nutt., 1. c. (]ahm liolnn.deri, (Jray, I'roc. Am. Ac;id. vii 3G/) C 
 laaniata, Gray, 1. c. viii. 302, coll. Hall, No. 313. 
 
 SwampsIMcndocino and Iluniboldt Counties (Bnlandcr, Kdloc,,,): .also in Oregon. Involucre 
 fiaU an inch or innrc; high, narrower than in tlio la.st, as well as thJ scales n,-irrow and more taper- 
 ing ; but the outermost are .sometimes rather broad. ' 
 
 +- -f- Scales of the involucre all rather obtuse : pappus of 5 two-chft scales, tvith a 
 jn-oportionally shorter axon in the sinus : acaulescent : liijules short. 
 
 6. M. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a si)an or two high, simple : leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatiHd or entire : scales of the involucre ovate or oblon", in 
 about 3 series : awns of the pappus rather strongly denticulate, e.xtending to only 
 twice or thrice the length of the 2-cleft scale. — Calais Parryi, Gray in Pacif K 
 Rep. iv. 122, ik Bot. Mex. JJo.nid. 104. 
 
 Nenr San Diego Pnm/. ITend barely linlf an incli liigh. Akenes not formed in tlio sppcimen 
 1 he species was referred to the Cahca/ais section on account of the pappus ; but the involncro 
 reters it to Scorzoiiella. 
 
 § 3. Pappm of IS (or rarely fewer) scales or awns, not plumose nor harhellate, sordid: 
 akenes taperinr/ more or less from below the truncate ape.r to the base: involucre 
 of mostly equal principal scales and a few short calyculate ones at base : an- 
 nnals, acaulescent, with simple scapes and small or viediocre heads. Proper 
 scales of the involucre lanceolate, and leaves either laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, 
 in all the species. — Eucalais. {Calais § Eucalais, DC.) 
 
 * Awns of the pappus slender, naked and fragile, and with the scale at base nearly 
 obsolete, sometivies deciduous or tvanting. 
 
 7. M. aphantocarpha, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rather slender : head 
 half an inch high, many-flowen;d : lignles short : capillary awns of the pappus 
 barely scabrous, nearly twice the length of iho.akcm. — Calais aphantocarpha. Gray, 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. 
 
 Var. teneUa, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span liigh, with smaller and fewer-flowered 
 heads : akenes inclining to clavate, the summit being mostly a little contacted • 
 awns of the pappus 2 to 5, with a distinct chafly-diiated bai^e, deciduous or very 
 fragile, sometimes apparently wanting. — (7rt/aja (Aphanocalais) teneUa, Gray in 
 Pacif. \i. Rep. iv. 114, t. 17. 
 
 Hills of the Contra Costa Range near Monto Diablo (Hrcwcr), and in the same part of the State 
 5J|t»me/.9 The var. tcvella, Napa Valley, in grassy places {Bignlmo), and on the Sacramento, 
 I'llcfi. Akenes scabrous on the strong ribs, tapering towards the base, and the summit also slightly 
 contracted, but with no neck : the outermost pubesrent, fully 2 lines long in the larger form 
 The variety is most probably only a depauperate form of t)io larger. 
 
 * * Scales of the pappus consplcnouH, 
 +■ From oblongdanceolate to oblong-ovate and acute, more or less tapering into the awn. 
 
 8. M. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a span to a foot or more high : leaves 
 generally pinnatcly parted into numen)U3 divisions : calyculate scales of the invo- 
 
,(2(; COMI'OSIT.K. .}ficn>seris. 
 
 lucre mtlier luunevous and uf two leiij,'tli3 : ukenes short aiul nut at all narrowed at 
 the suniiait : scalt-s of the pappus naked or }ninutely scabrous externally, varying' 
 from ovaLe-lancoolato to oblung-lunceolate, and tailoring gradually into a blenilor 
 longer awn. — Cdlain Jii(/etoi>u, (Iray in Pucif. II. Kep. iv. 113, t. 17. 0. Doiig- 
 l((ail, (iray, I. e. I'c Hot. Mu.\. Hound. Kit, lutt uf DC. 
 
 Moist iiliic»'8, (ioiniiiDU ospcciiilly about tlie Hay of San Frnucisco. llciul half an inch liigh. 
 Akenus '2 or at niotst 2^ lines long, rather turbinate : pajjpus 3 to 5 lines long. 
 
 9. M. Douglasii, Oray, 1. c. Between the last and the next : akenes more 
 slender, fusit'orui, tapering toward the summit almost as much as toward the base : 
 scales of the pappus silky-villous externally, of firmer texture, ovate-oblong and more 
 or less tapering into a rather stout long awn. — Calais DoiKjlasii, DC. Prodr. vii. 
 85 ; Hook. & Arn. liot. Ueechey, 361. 
 
 California, probably near Monterey, Douglas. As yet known only from his s^ieciinens. Akenes 
 3 to 3.^ lines long, in shape most like thos(! of the seetion Calocalais. Pappus including the awn 
 fully 5 lines long ; its st:alcs resembling those of the next s|iecies in texture, but narrower and 
 acute : the akene.s very dilfcrent from those of the next or of the preceding si)ceie8. Hut the 
 plant is too little known. 
 
 4- +- Pappus-sades orbicular or vtrij broadly ovate, and obtuse or retuse at the apex, 
 abruptly awned : akenes thick; slightly or not at all constricted under the broad 
 apex. 
 
 10. M. cyclocai'pha, Cray, 1. c. Like laigor forma of ^f. Biyehvii: awns of 
 the pappus slender, twice or thrice the length of the ample and (in the typical form) 
 mostly glabrous and smooth scales. — Calais cyclocarpha. Gray in Pacif. K. Pep. iv. 
 115, t. 18. 
 
 Var. eriocarpha, Cray, 1. c. Awns of the pappus rather shorter, and its 
 scales consi)icuously silky-villous externally. — C. eriocarpha. Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vi. 552. 
 
 Giussy plains and hillsides, Napa Valley (Bifjelow), and Humboldt Co. {Kellogg) ; the latter 
 showing a few long loose hairs on the back of the papi)us-scales, which suggest the union of tho 
 var. criocnrpha : this collected at Nipoma {Brewer) and on Monte Diablo, Bloomer. The larger 
 heads three (piarters of an inch high. Akenes 2\ to 3 lines long ; and the pai)pus-scales some- 
 times nearly 2 lines in length, sligiiliy erose-denticulate at the broad summit, more or less invo- 
 lute when dry. 
 
 11. M. platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. Resembles the jireceding : awns of the pap- 
 pus only about one third of the length of the broail round scale : young akenes not 
 contracted under the smnmit. — Calais platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 San Luis liey, on clay hills, Ptirnj. Known only in a single specimen, without full-grown 
 akenes. Scales of the pajipus nearly smooth, almost 3 lines long and fully 2 lines broad. 
 
 § i. Pappus not plumose, of 5 or rarely more atoned chaffy scales : akenes long and 
 slender, fusi/orm, tapering gradually upivards into a narrow neck or even 
 beak : involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, of lanceolate scales, the few 
 exte)-ior ones unequal and less distinctly calyculate : stem very short, branching 
 and leafy at the base, and sending up simple scape-like peduncles : corollas 
 very short, apparently transiently expanded, at evening or morning (I). — 
 Calocalais, Cray. {Calais § Calocalais, DC.) 
 
 * Scales of the papjms only 5, lanceolate or oblong, abruptly awned from a notch 
 caused by the early sj>litting of the apex of the scale : leaves linear, mostly narrow, 
 either laciniate-pnnnatifid or entire: root annual, slender. 
 
 12. M. Lindleyi, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : pappus rusty-brownish ; its 
 scales about the length of the beakless but somewhat contracted akene, scabrous- 
 puberulent externally, oblong-lanceolate, their midrib continued beyond the (at first 
 .shallow) notch into a rather stout scabrous awn of nearly its own length. — Calais 
 Lindleyi, DC, 1. c. 
 
Slephanomerid. COMPOSIT/K. 427 
 
 ApparcTitly not uncomnion tlirongli the western jmrt of tlm Stsito, down to Sun l)inp;o (Cleve- 
 land) ; mixed with the next in collections, and generally confounded with it. 
 
 13. M. linearifolia, Gray, 1. c. A H[vAn or two liigli, oitlun' slciidcr or the long 
 scape-like i)e(luiicle thickening vipwanls : leaves wluai young Ronictinics lightly 
 pubescent or villous-ciliate : pappus bright white ; its scales etpialling or shorter 
 than the more or less beaked akcne, linear-lanceolate, smooth, bearing a very slender 
 sliort awn from the deep notch. — Calais linearifolia, DC. 1. c, cxcl. syn. Uro- 
 pappns linearifolim Sc U. (jramlifiorus, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Plains and low grounds, conunon, extending eastward to Nevada nUd New Mexico. Varying 
 much in size and in the number of flowers in the head : this from half an inch (in depauiwrato 
 plants) to fully an inch long. Akenes 4 or 5 lines long, slender, some of them merely uuich 
 tapering upwards, some very distinctly beaked. Delicate awn of the pappus from one fourth to 
 less than half the length of the silvery-white scale. 
 
 14. M, macrochceta, (Iray, 1. c. A foot or so high : pappus probably white ; 
 its scales oblong, much shorter than the beaked akeno and the very slender awn 
 which rises from a deep notch. — Calais macrocha;ta, <.!my, PI. Fendl. 112, it 
 IVif. K. Rop. iv. 113. 
 
 Near San Francisco, Bi'jclow. Known only from Higelow's inunnturo appcimons, and from tlio 
 original ones collected on the northeastern borders of Oregon by Mr. Spnldiuij : also a poor 
 specimen ticketed by Nuttall " Uropappus grand,iJIorus, 8an Diego," given by him to Mr. 
 Durand. 
 
 * * Scales of the pappus 20 to 24, slender and awn-like, tapering r/radnalli/ into a 
 true aivn : root apparently perennial, or perhaps biennial. 
 
 15. M. troximoides, Gray. Nearly acauloscont : leavon narrowly linear, entire, 
 tliickish: scapo about a foot high: j)appus white, longor than thn akoiie, which \^ 
 fusiform, smooth, gradually tapering toward the summit, but not beaked. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. ix. 211. 
 
 California, No. 600 of Kellogg and Harford's distribution : probably from Humboldt Co. A 
 remarkable plant, between Microscri.t and Troximon. Also in Maho {Spaldivg) and Montana. 
 Head in fruit an inch long, narrow : corollas not seen. Akenes 4 lines long. Pappus two or 
 more series of awn-shaped scales, a quarter of a line wide at base aiul to the middle, thence 
 tapering into the merely scabrous rather rigid aAvn. 
 
 110. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. 
 Head 3-12-flowered. Tnvolucro cylindrical or rarely campanulato, of a scries of 
 linear equal scales and some short calyculate ones nt base, rarely with some inter- 
 mediate ones so as to be morq or less imbricate. Receptacle Hat, naked (in one 
 anomalous species alveolate). Akenes oblong or short-linear, mostly columnar and 
 strongly 5-ribbed or angled, glabrous, often rugose, truncate at both ends, the broad 
 base hollowed at the insertion, the apex rarely somewhat narrowed into a neck. 
 Pappus white, a single series of (5 to 25) more or less rigid bristles, which are plu- 
 mose for their wliolo length or at the upper part, occasionally 8on\ewhat chaffy-dilated 
 at base. — Pnnicnlately branching and usually slender glabrous herbs (all W. North 
 American) ; with narrow leaves (the upper diminished to scales or bracts), and 
 small heads of pink or flesh-colored flowers, open in the early morning. — Nutt. in 
 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; "Renth. «k Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 533, pxcl. Ixafiiifnipiin. 
 
 § 1. Heads small: pappim of 5 to 15 riqid- hrintles irith more or lr.1,0 srah-like 
 dilated base, or even scale like throurfhovt, plumose towards the xummit. — 
 Hemiptiuum, Gray. [IlemiptHiiim, Gray in Rot. Mex. P>ound. 105.) 
 
 1. S. Schottii, Gray. Resembles the next, and with similar 5 -flowered heads: 
 pappus of 5 or 6 linear-lanceolate and blunt rigid scales or srarionsly margined awns, 
 
428 CUMPOSIT.E. Sttphaiwmeiia. 
 
 which are ratlier shorter than the minutely scabrous akenes, naked below, and 
 sparingly baibellate-pluniose towards tlie summit. — Ilemiptilium Schottii, Gray, 
 in Bot. Mex. i>ound. 105. 
 
 Oil the Gila, Schott, tlicreloie beyond tlie limits ol" Califoinia, but likely to occur on the 
 ColoiHilo. 
 
 2. S. pentachaeta, Kutun. A loot high, probably annual, excessively brancheil, 
 paniculate : lower leaves linear and sometimes runciiiate-toothed ; upper reduced to 
 minute scale like bracts : heails 3 or 4 lines long, 5-rtowered : involucre of about 5 
 principal scales : akenes oblongdinear, columnar, truncate at both ends, slightly 
 narrowed only at ba.se, rugosci-tuliercled betweiai the angles : pappus ol" T) slender 
 rigid bristles, loiigca- than the akene, sparingly ])ectinate at the somewhat dilated 
 base, thence nakeil to the middli',, above rather copiously jilumose. — ]>ot. King 
 Exp. I'J'J, t. 20. 
 
 Tnickee anil Humboldt Valleys, Nevada {JFatson): piolmbly reaching the borders of the State. 
 Perhaps a form of the next, with a diminished number of bristles to the pap^ms. 
 
 3. S. exigua, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculattdy and difTusely much 
 branchetl liuui an amiual ruot : radical and lower leaves linear or narrowly lanceo- 
 late, runcinate-pinnatihd or toothed ; the ujiper slender and mostly entire exce|)t at 
 the partly clasiiing base ; tho.se of the branchlets reduced to minute and obtu.se 
 bracts : heads 3 to 5 lines long, 3- U-Uoweretl : akenes and jtappus as -in the preced- 
 ing, but the latter of more numerous bristles, "usually 3 from each angle of the 
 akene, and with their slightly dilated bases commonly united." — Eaton, 1. c. 1U8, 
 t. 20, fig. 6, 7. Jlemipiilium Bi(jelovii, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Near Fort Mohave {Cooper), to Sierra Co. (Lemmun), and Carson City {Anderson, &c.) ; thence 
 through Nevada and New ilexico to the borders of Texas. 
 
 § 2. Heads mostli/ small: bristles of the pappus \2 to 25, slender and plumose 
 throuff/iout : receplade completely naked. — SriiPHANOMEiiiA proper. 
 
 * Involucre narrow, []-H- flowered, most commonly 6-Jiowered, its outer scales all 
 short and catyculatc. : branches striate, slender and naked; their leaves vsnally 
 reduced to small bracts : tower leaves linear ; the radical ones yenerally runcinate- 
 pinnatijid. 
 
 4. S. paniculata, Nutt. Stem erect from an annual root, 1| to 3 feet high, 
 with rather simple ascending virgate branches, along which the short-pedicelled 
 heads are commonly racemose-panicled : involucre 3 or 4 lines long : akenes mure 
 or less rugose or tubercidate between the narrow ribs. — Eaton, 1. c. iig. 5. S. vir- 
 (jata, T>eiith. ]>ot. Suljih. 32. 
 
 Hills and plains ( common through the State and in Nevada. There are two forms as to the 
 akenes; one shorter and thicker, with narrowed base, and usually strong and numerous rugosities 
 between the distant ribs, as figured by Prof. Eaton in the Botany of King's exploration : this is 
 S. vircjata, Benth., and is the common Californian form, with the heads disposed to be si)icate- 
 racemose along the rather rigid virgate (sometimes .somewhat pubescent) branches. The other 
 form has narrower akenes, like those of S. cxiyua, with slight distinct tubercles in place of the 
 strong rugosities ; and the heads are more panicled. Ai)parently these characters do not always 
 coincide or hold out. ' 
 
 5. S. minor, Nutt. Low : stems paniculately and loosely much branched from 
 a perennial root, a span to a foot or more high ; tlio slender and somewhat rush like 
 branches terminated by the heads : involucre 4 to G lines long : akenes with broad 
 and strong (at length minutely scabrous) ribs having narrow grooves between, 
 columnar or slightly narrowed at the summit. — aS". 7ninor, heterophylla, tk rnncinata, 
 Nutt. 1. c. Prcnanthes (!) tenuifolia, Torr. Lyi/odesmia minor, Hook. Fl. i. 205, 
 t. 103. Jamesia. paucljhra, Nees in Neu-wied, Trav. 
 
 Dry jdains, along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada {Bolanda; Torrey) to Oivgon and to 
 the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. A New Mexican form of the .species has narrower, 
 almost smooth, and more tapering akenes. 
 
linjln exii 11 id. (_<0 M I'os I T /!<: 
 
 42!) 
 
 a MViuo,;r_^i,A, Eaton, 1. c t. 20, of Nortliwoston. Utali, is a more simpler i.nr.nnial species, 
 with aiiialldr 3-iloweml heads ; ami l>-^>v.3, 
 
 a. TiiuiinKUI, (Imy, PI Thurb., a larRer-flowere.! annual or biennial of Arizona and New 
 Mexico. Iheso are the only recognized species, besides those here described. 
 
 * « Involucre broader, about 1 0-floivered, and with some outer locales of intermediate 
 length : stem,s leafy to the top ; the short peduncles mostly naked. 
 6. S. lactucina, Gray. .Stoms a span or two lii^Mi from a perennial root 
 cnryinhosely l)ranclH!<l : loaves linear or hmceolatc, nuicinatcdenlienlato or entire' 
 elongated : mvolncm half an in.-h long, of C, to 'J inner scales, a few looser calyeu- 
 late ones, and one or two of intermediate length and diameter : akenes oblong- 
 linear, terete, very smooth, the ribs slender. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. " 
 
 ^ Wooded region of the Sierra Nevada, at about 5,000 and 6,000 feet, in and near the Marii>osa 
 se-iuoia grove {Brewer Bo/andr.r) ; also in the northern part of the State, at McCumbers (Acw- 
 >ernj), and pine woods of Mount Shasta, Brewer. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide 
 ['lowers delicate rose-color. 
 
 more 
 
 Se 
 
 b. 
 
 Flowers delicate rose-color. 
 
 § 3. Heads larger, about \2-fl,owpred : scales of the campanulate involucre 
 
 numerous and imbricated in about 3 series, the outer successiveli/ shorter: 
 
 receptacle alveolate, and the margins of the alveoli fimbriolate-hirsute : bristles of 
 
 the pappus 15 to 20, short plumose for their whole length. — Alloseris, Gray. 
 
 7. S. Cichoriacea, Gray. Minutely toraentose-puberulent when younc^, ri^id • 
 
 stem 2 leet or more high, leafy below, and with virgate branches naked above • 
 
 leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, runcinately toothed, the teeth rigid : heads somewhat 
 
 mcemoso or panicled, short-peduncled : scales of the involucre rather loose and 
 
 rigid, lancoolato : young nkoiios short and smooth : pappus sordid or dull wliite. — 
 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. 
 
 Near Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn Leaves 4 or 5 inches long (the lower unknown), not unlike those 
 of Cichory, but rigid Involucre fully half an inch high. Corollas probably roso-color. An 
 ambiguous i.lant, both on account of the involucre, to which, however, the prece.ling species 
 Iliiil Ime "" ''"P^"'''"^ "" account of the alveolate receptacle, the short-plumose pappus, and its 
 
 Cn^TADEM'.iA WiiEP.r,r,ni, Oray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218, discovered in Southern Nevada 
 on the borders of Arizona, has been recently detected in N. W. Nevada, by I^mnwn and Cnsr so 
 near the border of the State that it may bo expected within. The plant has the a.speut of a Sir- 
 phnnomcria, or of a Lygodcsmia ,- but tiio akones of the live (hnvc-rs nin severally imrtly enclosed 
 in the cannato base of the subtending scales of tlio iiivolu.'re, and the papi.us consists of f,vo 
 ngid awnlike naked scales, having a few shorter bristles adiiatc to their base, 3 to 5 on each side 
 The root is perennial. 
 
 111. RAFINESQUIA, Nutt. 
 Head many- (15-30-) flowered. Involucre conical-cylindraceous, of 7 to 15 
 equal linear acuminate principal scales, and a few loose and shorter calyculato ones. 
 Recej)tacle naked, flat. Akenes terete, slender, obscurely 5-ribl)ed or angled (nearly 
 smootli and glabrous, or the outermost pubescent), gradually atteiniated into a slen- 
 der beak; the broad base hollowed at the insertion, but destitute of a distinct callo.s- 
 ity. Pappus white or whitish, of 10 to 15 capillary bristles which ai-e .soniy long- 
 plumo.se from the ba.so to below the tip. — Leafy-stemmed and branching glabrous 
 annuals ; with pinnatifid leaves partly clasping at base, and rnther lar^e heads 
 terminating the paniculate branches; corollas white or flpsh-color. — Nutt. in Trans. 
 Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 429 ; (imy, PI. "Wright, ii. 103. 
 
 A well-marked genus (although joined to Slephannm/'ria by nenthaniX "f two known 8i>ecics, 
 both Californian, and one exclusively so. The akenes are excavated at tlip brnnd insertion in the 
 manner of Scorzonera and Aficroserii, but wholly want the callous ai)p(>n(inge. In fho fint siiociea 
 the flowers are only transiently expanded according to Nnttall, and the appeai-nnoe of all the 
 specimens conforms to this. Hut Dr. Holamlnr h.is loun<l th.in o|)eii during tlie whole ilny. 
 
4:>U CUMroSlT-K. Itujintsnuia. 
 
 1. R. Californica, Null. Eatlior stout niul nnicli branching, 2 or 3 Ibet hiyh : 
 lower leaves pretty large, oblong ; upper gradually reduced to small bracts : invo- 
 lucre becoming thick at base and more or less conical ; its rather numerous calycu- 
 late scales subulate anil spreading ; the j)roper scales 1 2 to 15 : ligules short, white : 
 akenes tapering into a very slender beak us long as the body : pappus dull white, 
 the bristles line and sol't. — Torr. iiot. ]\lex. Eound. 10(i, t. 34. 
 
 Thickets and slmdy groumls, from Sail Francisco Bay to Sun Diego ; aoiiietiiucs in grain-tielils 
 in the eastern part of the State : llowering in spring. Heads about two thirds of an inch high. 
 
 2. R. Neo-Mexicana, (J ray. About a foot high, more simple : leaves laiiceo- 
 lato : head narrower, 15- 18-ilovvered : proper scjiles of the involucre 7 or 8, the 
 calyculato ones short and rather few : ligules rather large and conspicuous, llesh- 
 color or nearly whitt; : uktsnes tapering graduidly into a lirnior beak which is mostly 
 shorter than the body : pappus bright white, of 10 or 12 more rigid and uruchnoiil- 
 plumose bristles. — 1*1. Wright, ii. 103. 
 
 Sand-liills near Fort Moliave {Cooper) ; thence through S. Utali {Mrs. Thompson, dipt. Bishop) 
 to tlie Rio Grande near El Taso, C. IVright. Head an inch long, exclusive of tlie corollas, which 
 are two thirds of an inch long. 
 
 112. HYPOCHiERIS, Linn. 
 
 Head several - many-llowered. Involucre oblong or campanuluto : the scak'S 
 
 imbricated, lanceolate, appressed, the outer ones successively shorter, lieceptacle 
 
 flat, furnished with thin and narrow scarious chaft" subtending the flowers. Akenes 
 
 glabrous or merely scabrous, 10-ribbed, oblong or fusiform, at least the inner ones 
 
 tapering upwards commonly into a beak. Pappus a series of flne plumose bristles, 
 
 and often with some shorter and outer naked bristles. — Herbs with either leafy or 
 
 naked stems, bearing solitary or somewhat corymbose long-peduncled heads of 
 
 yellow lloW(irs; the leaves toothed or pinnatilid. — Henth. tt llook. (Jen. ii. 519. 
 
 A rather largo gduiis of tlie mountains and temiierato regions of tlio Old World and of Soutii 
 America (now made to include Achijrophonis, Adansou) ; none indigenous to Nortii Amerim, 
 hut the following is simriiigly naturalized in California, as it is in various other parts of the 
 world. 
 
 1. H. glabra, Linn. A span to a foot or more high from an annual root, 
 glabrous or nearly so : leaves all or mostly in a radical tuft, oblong-spatulate 
 or oblanceolate, ol)tuse, coarsely sinuate-toothed : scape commonly branched : outer- 
 most akenes truncate at the summit, the others tapering into a limg and slender 
 beak : pappus of capillary bristles, which are intricately plumose below but nearly 
 naked toward tlu; apex, and of some line and shorter naked outer bristles. 
 
 In fields, near S;iii Francisco and Santa Cruz {Kef/oij;/, Anderson); doubtless introduced from 
 Euro])e. Ileatls a little over half an inch in length. 
 
 113. ANISOCOMA, Torr. k (bay. 
 Head rather many-llowercil. Involucre cylindraceous, imbricated ; the s(;ales all 
 obtuse, thin-herbaceous, with broad whitish-scarious margins ; the inner broadly 
 linear and equal ; the others comparatively short and broad, oval, or the outermost 
 nearly orbicular. Receptacle flat, furnished with' long and bristleform chalf sub- 
 tending the flower.s. Ligules conspicuous. Akenes linear-turbinate, terete, 10-nerved, 
 silky-jnibescent, attenuate to a sharp point at base, the truncate summit crowned 
 with a narrow cu[) like border or ring. Pappus very white, of 10 or more rathcir 
 rigid bristles ; the about 5 longer ones (equalling the involucre) long-])lumose above 
 
Coiycoscris. coMrusrjvK. 43 [ 
 
 the middle ; the others much shorter ami less plumose or often quite naked. — A 
 single species. 
 
 1. A. acaule, Torr. & Cray. A low, but showy, stemless winter-annual, gla- 
 brous at maturity, altliougli when young with sojno whito-woollinci.ss, which fringes 
 the edges of the short and ro8idat(;-tuftod runciiiate radi(;al leaves : scapc.s a span or 
 less high, naked : head propoitionally large (an inch or more long): corollas yellow. 
 — Torr. (^ (iray in Jour. Boat. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. Ill, t. 13 ; Eaton in JJot. King 
 Kxp. 197. PtfroHtcphnnua runciiiatHS, Kellogg in Troc. ('alif. Acad. iii. 20, lig. 4, 
 bailly characteri/(Ml. 
 
 Dry itlaiiis and IiIIIh, fioiii Fort Tcjoii to tlio Colnrndo, ninl (Voiii Sinria Vulloy through Western 
 Novnda. First t-ollectod liy Frtmnnl. No <loid)t tliiH is Dr. Kcllogg'a ricroslcpluiniis, but it haa 
 no sucli akcties as are described and rudely depicted. 
 
 114. GLYPTOPLEURA, D. C. Eaton. 
 Head 8-18-flowercd. Involucre cylindraccous, of 7 to 12 lanceolate thindierba- 
 ceous and somewhat scarious-margined equal scales, wdiich are united at base into a 
 cup and unchanged in fruit, subtended by a few loose calyculate scales or foliaceous 
 bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes narrowly oblong, mostly slightly incurved, 
 terete, not contracted at base nor hollowed at the insertion, with 5 thick and 
 rounded ribs or angles, which are obscurely rugose, but on their sides elegantly can- 
 cellate-sculptured, so as to present a row of pores in the narrow intervals ; above a 
 cup-shaped shoulder surrounds the base of a short and thick Cribbed beak or neck, 
 which is dilated at the apex into a pappus-bearing disk and hollow, at least at the 
 top. Pappus bright white, caducous, of very numerous and equal fine and hardly 
 scabrous capillary bristles in several series ; the outermost falling separately, the 
 inner slightly cohering in a ring at ba.se. — Small and depressed winter-annuals or 
 biennials (of the iiiterior desert), glabrous, many-stemmed, forming flat tufts oidy 
 an inch or two high ; the stems or simple branches terminated by sessile rather 
 largo heads of roso-purplo or white flowers ; the heaves runcinnto and mostly with 
 margined jielioles, tliickisli. — Eaton, IJot. King Kxp. 207, I. 20; llenth. t^ Hook. 
 Gen. ri. ii. 523 ; Gray, Troc. Am. Acad. ix. 209. 
 
 1. G. marginata, Eaton, 1. c. ^Margins of the short and crowded lobes and 
 teeth of the leaves, or the whole of the obtuse teeth, Mdiito-scarious ; the uppermost 
 and the subtending spatidate bracts (which mostly equal the 1 Ti - 1 8-flowerod heads) 
 pectinately scarious-fringed : rays (always 1) small : akenes minutely cinereous, the 
 beak rather deeply cupped. 
 
 Truckee Pass of the Virginia Mountains and elsewhere on the western borders of Nevada 
 {Wnison, Lemmon) ; therefore probably witliin the line of tlio State. A rurious ami most inter- 
 esting little plant. Heads rather over half on inch long, bnrdiy lising above tlie rndtcnl leaves : 
 involucre of about 12 scales. Akene 2 lines long, besides its beak of fully half a line in length. 
 
 G. SETULOSA, Gray, of Utah (Palmar), has fewer flowers and scales, larger rays (a)>jmrently 
 white turning to pink), and smaller subtending bracts much sboittrr tlian tbe narrow bead ; tliesc 
 and the leaves want the scarious margins and slender fringes, which are represented, however, by 
 a slight callous edge and a few bristles on the lobes ; the akene.s arc quite glabmus, and their 
 beak tubular to tbe base. 
 
 115. OALYOOSBRIS, Gn.y. 
 Head nmny-flowoml. Involucre double, viz. of one or two series of ('(pial lanco- 
 ojato })rincipal scales, and sf^veral short and Iooho calyculate outer ones, all scnriou-s- 
 margined. Ivecojdacle flat : a persistent cajjilhiry bristle suhteniling onv\\ flower 
 
41)2 CD.Ml'OSIT.K. Calycuseris. 
 
 and equalling the ukenes in length. Ligules elongated. Akencs soniowliut fii.si- 
 form, 5- lO-ribbed, tapering into a beiik, the apex of which is crowned with a 
 scarious persistent cup denticulate at the margin. Proper pappus of numerous fine 
 and capillary white bristles, which are united at the base and separate in a ring. — 
 Low glal)rous annuals (New Mexican and Californian), branching from the base, 
 and bearing middle-sized pedunculate heads ; the leaves pinnately parted into 
 linear divisions, or the smaller and scattered upper ones almost entire : j)edunoles 
 and involucre sparsely beset with stout-stalked tack-shaped glands. — 1*1. Wright, 
 ii. 104, t. U, ife r.ot. i\[ex. Bound. 106. 
 
 1. C. Parryi, fJray. Flowers yellow: akenes smooth, slender, with 5 acute and 
 intermediate obtuse ribs, the beak slender. — Jiot. Mex. iiound. 1. c. 
 
 Mountains east of Monterey, Jnne, Parr}/. A IVagnientury specimen, the only one known, 
 wanting tlie base of tlie stem and tlie lower leaves. 
 
 ('. Wmoirni, Oiay, 1. c, the other and Letter known species, inhabits the eastern part of New 
 Mexico : it has iose-coli>n;(i flowers, and stouter akenes, witli thick, very obtuse, tubereulate- 
 roughened ribs and thiekish beak. Dr. Palmer collected specimens in Utah witli akenes some- 
 what intermediate in character ; and Dr. Newberry found others, in W. New Me.vico (without 
 fruit), whicli show liardly any of tlie curious glands. 
 
 116. MALACOTHRIX, DC, Ton-, k Gray. 
 Head many-Uowered. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous ; the scales either 
 loosely imhricated, or mainly ecjual, and calyculate with a few short ones at base, 
 lioceptacle flat, naked, or sometimes with delicate and fragile or deciduous capillary 
 bristles interpo-sed between the Uowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, 
 terete and 8- 15-striate-ribbed, or 4-5-angled by the stronger or primary ribs, 
 little if at all contracted at base ; the broad truncate apex furnished with a crown- 
 like entire or denticulate border or sharj) edge, sometimes evidently re[)resenting 
 an outer pappus: the ordinary pappus bright white, consisting of a single series of 
 soft and scabrous or toward the base minutely barbellato cai>illary bristles, which 
 are caducous more or less in a ring, and commonly of a few (1 to 8) outer and 
 stronger as well as smoother more ])t!rsistent bristles : in an anomalous species, all 
 the pappus is wanting. — Herbs (peculiar to the western parts of North America) ; 
 with soniewhat lealy or scape-like and mostly branching stems, middle-sized or 
 small pedunculate heads, commonly nodding before expansion, and pinnatilid 
 or occasionally entire leaves. — Torr. & Gray, Y\, ii. 485 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 113; 
 Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 518 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213. Leptoseri.s, 
 Leucoseris, iK: Mahtcovitris, Nutt. 
 
 § 1. Invalitcre of numerous hroad and blunt silver i/scarious scales, with only a (jreen 
 midrib or centre, re(/ul(rrli/ imbricated in scoeral .series, the outer successively 
 shorter and rounder : receptacle beset with slender jjersistent bristles : corollas 
 white or at first cream-color, chanyiay to pink or purple in dnjinij or fadiny. 
 
 1. M. Coulteri, Gray. Annual, a foot or two high, glabrous and somewhat 
 glaucous, rather leafy : leaves laciniate-i)innatiiid or toothed ; tlie radical and lower 
 cauline oblong or spatulate, sessile ; upper auriculate-clasping and ovate-lanceolate, 
 gradually reduced to bracts : heads terminating the loose branches : akenes acutely 
 about 15-ribbed and 4-5-angled, the sunuuit more or less denticulate by the 
 projection of the ribs : one or two stouter bristles of the i)appus nearly persistent. 
 --P1. Fendl. 11.3. 
 
jUnlac.olhvLc. ('OA[?O.SIT.K. ^oo 
 
 First c^llootod by CouUcv, prol.nl.Iv in tlio soutl.crn pnit of tl.o Slnto. Sitmonvos Pnss (AV„> 
 t'-'n-' A-v'rT?; Hiver and San Lnis OMspo, 77r..r,-. Apparently on tl,.> S.rran.onto or San 
 Joaquin /i<c/i, Kellogg Involucre over l.alC un inrh in dianiftcr, not unlike tl.at of a Xcranllu- 
 mum. Structure m other respects wholly that of Malacothrix. 
 
 § 2. Involucre of narrow and acute or acuminate scales, slightl;/ if at all scarious, in 
 
 2 or 'i series. (Pappus present.) — Malacothrix pro])er. 
 
 * Annuals: fioivers light yellow, often turning purple. (Leptoseris, Nutt.) 
 
 +- Head large, solifari/, terminating mostly simple naked scapes. 
 
 2. M. Californica, DC. Loosely long-woolly whoii young, sometiintvs nearly 
 
 glabrous M'lth age : leaves mostly all in a radical tuft, laciniately i)innately parted 
 
 into very narrowly linear divisions : scapes ascending, a sjjan to a foot high : scales 
 
 of the broad involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated: akenes narrow" minutely 
 
 and obtusely striate-ribbed (aoutish and with a minute callus at the base) : outer 
 
 ])ai)pus of 2 persistent bristles, between the bases of which arc several very minute 
 
 pointed tentli. "^ 
 
 Var, glabrata, l-.aton in Dot. King Exp., 201, is a form apparently destitute of 
 wool, even when young. 
 
 Open grounds, rather common from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego, n>id east to the 
 borders of Nevada and S. Utah, wliere the smooth variety was collected hy Anderson, IFatson 
 Jarrij, &c Head as large as that of a Dandelion, on a scape wliicli is usually naked to the base' 
 rarely with a leaf or two, and with a tendency to bear lateral heads. 
 
 +- +- Heads smaller and paniculate on branching stems or .scapes: involucre of equal 
 
 scales and a feto short calyculate ones at base. 
 
 +-^ Pappus with one or more somewhat persistent stouter and naked bristles. 
 
 3. M. Torreyi, Gray. A span to a foot and a half high, rather leafy, nearly 
 glabrous : branches and e.'^pecially the peduncles more or lo.=!S beset with some gland- 
 tipped bristles : heads rather large : involucre campanulate and many-liowered : 
 akenes linear-oblong, very strongly ribbed ; the 5 principal ribs almost \ving-like, 
 the pair in each interval much less i)rominent : outer jiapims of 4 to 8 (usually b) 
 stout persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of which arc minute teeth. 
 — J'roc. Am. Acad. ix. 213. M. sonchoides, Torr. in Stansbury TJcj). 31)2; Gray, 
 ri. Wright, ii. 105, in part; Katon in Jiot. King Kxj). 201, not "of Torr. Sc (j'ray. 
 
 Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, on the borders of the State; {Aiiflrr><ov, U'n/snn, T^mmnn) • 
 thence east to Salt Lake and the southern part of Utjih. Involucre sometimes half an inch hich' 
 generally smaller. ° ' 
 
 4. M. Xanti, Gray, 1. c. Slender, glabrous or slightly woolly when young • 
 stem scape-like and loosely panicled, a foot or more higli : Ip.avos mostly radical, 
 runcinate-pinnatifid, thin; the cauline ones small and with aluumt filiform lobes 1 
 heads small : involucre cylindraccous, rather few-flowered : akenes linear-oblon<', 
 obtusely 15-ribbed, with 5 ribs moderately stronger, the cup-liko apex obtusely 6- 
 toothed : outer pappus of 3 to 5 very slender and partly persistent bristles. — 
 M. parmjlora (?), Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 163, not of Benth. 
 
 Cape San Lucas, Lower California {Xnntus). It may occur in the southern part of the State. 
 
 5. M. Cleveland!, Gray. Slender, glabrous : stem mther naked, loosely pan- 
 icled, a foot or more high, bearing numerous heads: leaves thin, all linear, spar- 
 ingly laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre campanulate, mther many-llowered ; the 'scales 
 green with brownish or jiurplish tips : young akenes cylindraceoiis, ecpiably and 
 lightly striatn-nerved : outer i)iippus of one slout bristli' "an<l a crown of many con- 
 spicuous thin and white teeth; soft bristhvs of (he inner pappus disposed to fall 
 separately. — I'roc. Am. Acad. ined. 
 
 Near San Diego, D. Clnrhmd. Also Ouadnlnpe Island, Lower (".ilifoi nin, /);•. /s. Vnlmrr. 
 Leaves a line or two wide, even the radical ones seldom over 2 ..r :5 lines broad, IVoni 1 to 3 inches 
 
4^4 COMruSlT.E. Muluiulhru: 
 
 • 
 long. InvoUicro biirely 4 lines high. Thu cousiucuoiia inuiiy-toolhed crown to the akeiic ia hero 
 oviJontly i)ai)i)us, umi of Iho suries to which tho stout bristle belongs. 
 
 M. FKNDi.iiai, Oray, PI. Wright,, of New Mexico, is known by its rather large heads, and 
 dark-colored cylindical and enually 15-ribbed akenes, with the cup-like upex entire, and a sinylo 
 iicrsistent bristle ; in asjicct it resembles M. Torrcyi. 
 
 +-I- +->■ All the bristles of the. pappus deciduous in a riiuj : the border of the akene naked 
 or increli/ denticulate. 
 
 6. M. obtusa, Beuth. A span to a foot or more in height, ghiLruus, except 
 some woollineab wlieu young : stems h>osely paniculutely branched, scape-like or 
 few-leaveel below : leaves runcinate-pinnatilid, their lobes and teeth obtuse and 
 rounded : heails small : involucre n.irrow-campanulate (3 or 4 lines long, contain- 
 ing ratlier numerous or sometimes lew llowers) : akenes obovate-oblong, obtusely 
 Jingled by the 5 stronger ribs, the small intermediate ribs either obscure or evident, 
 tiie slightly narrowed apex with a narrow entire border. — M. obtusa &■ M. parvi- 
 Jlora, IJenth. 1*1. llartw. 3lil, the latter apparently no more than a slender and 
 small-Uowered form. 
 
 Open ground, rather common from Monterey to Humboldt Co., and Sierra Valley. In this 
 species the capillary bristles of the receptacle are often manifest, and alwut twice the length of the 
 akenes, but fragile or ilcf.iduous ; sumetimes only traces of them are to lie found. 
 
 7. M. sonchoides, Torr. & (!iay. A sjian high, dilliisely sprcMuling, nearly 
 glabrous, sltuiter ; radical leaves runcinate-i)inuaUlid with tt^eth or lobes somewhat 
 spiniiloso-i)ointetl : heads larger : akenes linear-prismatic, live of the 15 ribs being 
 stronger than the rest; the summit hardly contracted, bearing a crown-like minutely 
 15-denticulate white boi'der. — M. obtusa, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 202, in part. 
 Leptoseris sonchoides, IS'utt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 438. 
 
 N. W. Nevada, Lemmon, 1875. Utah to Nebraska. The most eastern species; but now de- 
 tected so near to California that it probably will be found within it. 
 
 * * Perennials or sometimes probably biennials, with a firm or somewhat wood;/ 
 
 base: no outer pappus of bristles. (Malacomeris &. Leuroseris, Nutt.) 
 
 +- Flowers yellow : plant white-woolly. 
 
 8. M. incaiia, Ton: & Gray. Low, white with cottony wool : leaves mostly 
 crovviled on a (biennial '{) crown or on short stout .stems, pinnatilid : llowering stems 
 scape-like, a few inches high, bearing one or two rather large heads. — Malacomeris 
 incana, Nutt. 1 c. 
 
 San Diego, on an island in the bay. Collected only by Nuttall, whoso specimens are 
 imperfect. 
 
 4- +- Flowers white {chanyinf/ to rose-color ?) : stems leafy, paniculately branched, a 
 foot or two hi<jh, apparently from a j^trennial root. 
 
 9. M. saxatilis, Torr. Sc Gray. Minutely and lightly tomentose, or nearly 
 glabrous : leaves lanceolate or tlie lower somewhat spatulate, or those of the branches 
 liiuiar, entire, laciniate-toothed, or sparingly pinnatilid : involucre campaimlatc; or 
 hemispherical, about half an inch high ; the short calyculate scales numerous and 
 passing into loose subulate bracts: akenes linear-oblojig, lO-ribbed, crowned willi 
 an obvious 10-denticulate border. — Gmy, 1. c. M. saxatilis & M. commutata, Tcur. 
 & Gray. Lencoseris saxatilis ^^ L. Callfornica, Nutt. 1. c. Ilieracinni l Califor- 
 nicuin, DC. Senecio flocciferus, DC. 
 
 On the coast at Santa Barbara and southward. Seems to pass into the next, unless the akenes 
 fm'nlsh a character. 
 
 10. M. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, with slender panicu- 
 late peduncles: leaves narrowly linear or the upper filiform, mostly pinnately parted 
 into few divisions : akenes obovate and with an obscure nearly entire border. -- 
 Lencoseris tenuifolia, Nutt. 1. c! 
 
fh-epis. COM PosriMo. 435 
 
 Santa Barbara {NxUtall), and in the southern part of tlic Statn (Coitlkr), to the valley of tlic 
 Gila, Schott. There are no pei-sistent bristles to the pappus, as is wrongly stated in the Botany 
 of the Mexican Boundary. 
 
 § 3. Pappus wholly tvantinff : otherwise as in Malacothrix proper : flowers white 
 and purple. — Anathrix, Gray. 
 
 11. M. platyphylla, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat 
 glaucous : leaves ail radical, dilated-cuneilbrm and nearly sessile, almost truncate, 
 acutely and uno(iually dentate or denticulate : scape naked, a i"oot or two liigli, 
 loosely corymbose at Llio summit and l)earing numerous small heads : involucre of 
 oblong eijual scales and a few very short calyculato ones. 
 
 Gravelly soil near Fort Mohave, Dr. Coo])cr. Involucre campanulato, aboiit 3 lines higli : 
 ligulcs of nearly twice that length. Leaves 2 or 3 inciics long, thin, veiny. The fruit is as yet 
 unknown. 
 
 117. CREPIS, Linn. 
 Head several - many flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, usually 
 double ; viz. the priucij)al scales equal, with some short calyculate ones at base, 
 rarely more imbricated, in fruit often becoming carinato or boat-shaped towards the 
 base by the thickening and induration of the midrib. Ecceptacle flat, naked, some- 
 times alveolate. Akenes oblong, linear, or fusiform, nearly terete or obtusely 
 angled, 10 - 20-ribbed, generally somewhat contracted at base and more tapering at 
 summit, sometimes even beaked. Pappus simple, of copious and white capillary 
 merely scabrous bristles, which are either persistent or singly deciduous. — Herbs, 
 of various habit and wide distribution (mainly of the northern temperate regions 
 of the Old World), commonly with middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. — Torr. <k 
 (Jray, Fl. ii. 487; Eenth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 511. 
 
 * Minutel;/ ciiiereons-tomeutose : stems clustered from a perenvial mot : leaves lacini- 
 atehj pinnatifid into narrow lobes or teeth: involucre of equal linear principal scales 
 and a few short cali/culate ones: akenes fusiform, not beaked, smooth, lO-striate- 
 rihbed, as long as the pappus. 
 
 1. C. occidentalis, Nutt. Dwarf or stout : stem a span to a foot or so high, 
 few-leavoil, bearing few heads, mostly on thickish peduncles : leaves runcinatoly pin- 
 natifid or pinnately i)arted, broadly lanceolate in outline, with the ape.x acute or 
 rarely prolonged: involucre 12 - 30-flo\vered, furfuraoeous-tomento.se, occasionally 
 beset with scattered and brownish bristles; the princijjal scales 8 to 15: akenes 
 with tapering summit, striate with 10 even and strong narrow ribs. — Psilochenia 
 occidentalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 437. 
 
 Var. Nevadensis, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 50, is a dwarf form, Avith 
 finely somewhat twice pinnately parted leaves ; and var. subacanlis, Kellogg, is a 
 much-reduced state of the same. 
 
 Var. COStata, dwarf or stout, with many-flowered heads, has the akenes very 
 strongly ribbed, sometimes hardly narrowed at the summit, sometimes conspiruously 
 narrowed. 
 
 Var. crinita, from "Washington Territory, is shaggy with long brownish or 
 yellowish hairs on the peduncles and involucre ; the bristly hair.s in somewhat 
 similar Californian specimens glandular. 
 
 Pry hillH, from Mendocino Co. and flMoughout iiorthcnstern portions of the Siorni Nevada to 
 Washington Territory, Montaiui, and Colonido. The vur. AVrdr/ivi.t/.v occurs at Sunnnit, Nevada 
 Co., &c. A form of var. cnstnta, Sierra Co., Lrvuiiov. The glandular st.ife of var. crinita, Sicim 
 and Plumas Co., Lcmmon, Mri*. I'ldsifer Avirs. The foliage, heads, and akcucs of this s|>ccipa 
 are not a little variable. Nnttali etiuld have seen no well-formed fruit, for he describes the 
 akencH as not striate. 
 
4^j(j COMi'USlT.E, CVe/^is. 
 
 2. C. acuminata, Nutt. Less tomentose : stum slender, 1 to 3 feet hiyli, 
 beuiing an o\)imi cyme ul" iiumeroua and slonder-ped uncled narrow heads : leaves 
 riincinately pinuutilid into lanceolate or linear lobes below, and the a[)ex prolonged 
 into an entire tail-like acuiuination: involucre 5- 15-llowered, eitlier tonientulose 
 or glabrous, nurrow-cylimlrical, 5 to 7 lines high; the principal scales 5 to H: akencs 
 10-striate, with a tapering aununit. — Torr. in Stansbury Jiep. Iil)2, t. 8 (the akene 
 too tapering at summit). C. ocddentalis, var. gracilis, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 'lO'i, 
 slender forms. 
 
 Dry ground, from near (^lear Lake {Neivberry, Torrey, &c.) and Yosemite and Siena Valleys 
 (Bolunder, &e.), to Oregon and Iho Rocky Mountains. Akoues generally rather longer tlmn 
 the i)a[)i)U3. 
 
 « * Glabrous or slij/htlt/ hair//: stems or viostlif naked scapes and a crotvu of radical 
 leaves from a solitari/ and titick probably bieit,nial root, beariiKj a few lomj-peduncled 
 heads. 
 
 3. C. glauca, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the young 
 heads : leaves all radical, glaucous, oblong or oblauceolate, runcinate-pinnatitid or 
 denticukite, thickish, hardly petioled : heads small: involucre 15 - 20-Ho\vered, of 
 about 12 narrow and cipiul scales and 3 or 4 small accessory ones: akenes oblong, 
 incurved, slightly narnnved at both ends, lU-ribbed, bhorter than the rather scanty 
 • kitiiduous |)appus. — Crc/iidiniu (/laiicmn, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 I,ow giound.s in nalini; .soil, Western Nevada ( /r((/«(;/i) to the I'latte : not yet lound on the 
 borilers of Calilornia, luit it may be e.x|)ecte(L Involucre 3 to 5 linea long. Akenes only 2 
 lines long. 
 
 4. C. Andersonii, G»ray. Glabrous, or with some woolly pubescence when young : 
 leaves mainly radical, ublong-obovate or lanceolate, laciniately-toothed or rarely run- 
 cinate-pinnatifid, nearly sessile : heads rather large : involucre many-ilowered, mostly 
 glandular-pubescent when young; the scales imbricated in about 3 series, linear- 
 lanceolate or oblong-linear : akenes fusiform, many-striate, smooth, tapering gradu- 
 ally into a short but rather ilistinct beak. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 553; Exiton in 
 liot. King Ex[). 203. 
 
 Low grounds, near Carson City {Anderson), and a enuleseent form in uplands (whieh may bo 
 Crcpidiuiii aiuhsvviis, Nutt.). and Sierra Valley {Lciiuiwn) : extending into Nevada, fi'atsoit. 
 Heads half to two thirds of an inch long. Akenes a lines long, including the beak : jiapims 
 rather deciduous. 
 
 CuEPis luiNciNATA, Torr. & Gray, is most like 0. gluuca ; but has a hispidly glandular and 
 pubescent involueie, narrower akenes, and the thinner leaves not glaucous. It belongs to the 
 Uoeky Mountain district, ami probably does not approach California. 
 
 C. Cooi'iCKi, riniy, is the Malacothrix crcpoidcs, Cray in Pacif. U. Rojt. xii. 49, a snudl- flowered 
 si)eeics with the asiieet of Muhtcothriui oUusa, but not the characters ot that genus, it is in L. 
 Hall's collection from near Portland, Oregon, and may perhaps be expectetl m the northern part 
 of California. 
 
 ■:^ * * Glabrous or nearly so, dwarf, perennial : heads from the crown avioruj the 
 radical leaves, or on scapes hardly exceeding them. 
 
 5. C. nana, Kichardson. Leaves in a depressed cluster, rather glaucous, (jblong 
 or spattilate and lyrate or lyrately toothed, or Bometimes roundish and smidl, the 
 latiiial divisions being wanting, commonly long-petioled : heads clustered at the 
 crown, or sijveral on a sca[)o or stem an inch or two high : involucre cylindraceous, 
 10 _ 14-tlowered, of G io 8 linear (d)tuse glabrous scales, ami a few «hurt calyculate 
 ones at base : ihiwers yellow turning pink : akenes slender, linear and obscurely 
 fusiform, not beaked, iinely striate. — Hook, in Parry's 2d Voy. 31)7, t. 1 ; Torr. 
 & (Jray, 1. c. 
 
 High Siena Nevada, at Sonora Pass (a single and somewhat ambiguous specimen), Brewer. 
 Also in the northern liocky Mountains, extending to the Arctic coast, an<l in Silieria. The nar- 
 row heads nearly half an inch long. 
 
Trorhiwu. (^()M rUSI'lM'!. 
 
 437 
 
 118. TROXIMON, Nult. 
 Head iiiaiiy-floworcd. Invohicic cainpainiliitc or cyliiidracoons ; tho scales mostly 
 lanceolate, imbricated in few series, tho outer often loose and somewhat foliaceous 
 or bract-like. Receptacle flat, naked, sometimes fovcolate, in one species occasion- 
 ally (and abnormally) with a few chaffy scales among the llowers. Akenes oblong 
 or linear, terete, 10-ribbed; the apex contracted into somewhat of a neck, or pro- 
 longed into a beak ; the broad base or a basilar callus to a narrower ba.se more or 
 less hollowed at the insertion. Pappus of copious bright white or whitish capillary 
 merely scabrous bristles, which are either persistent or sepai-ately deciduous from 
 tho dilated terminal areola. — Acaulescent perennials or annuals ; with clustered 
 radical leaves, and simple scapes, bearing solitary large or middle-sized heads of 
 yellow or rarely orange or purplish flowers. — Benth. it Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 522. 
 Macrorhynchus, Less., DC, &c. Stylcjjjoppus, Kymapleura, Sc Cryptoplexira, Nutt. 
 in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 430-433. 
 
 A RcuiiH of mwoml simcica, natives of North Aincririi wost of tlio Mississippi mui two or tliiro 
 n South America, iH-ini? now nxlcii.lfMi, by Mr. nrntliam, to Pinlmicc Mmrorhwchm. Tlio 
 latter, with hliform Leak to the akciie, seems ahuiulantly distinct from tho eastern beakless 
 1. cmpidntuvi, whicii onglit to be regarded a.s the type of the genus. IJut T. rjlaucum and T 
 miraTitmcum connect them. See Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 215. 
 
 § 1. Al-mcR fmiform, glabrous, tapering fjr ad nail y into a short or rather stout nerved 
 brnk: pappm persistent and rather rigid: root perennial. — Notiiothoximon. 
 
 1. T. glaucum, Nutt. AVhen young hirsute-pidjescent, or nearly glabrous: 
 leaves varying from linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate and with entire or undulate 
 margins, rarely laciniate-pinnatilid : scapes a si)an to a foot high : scales of the invo- 
 lucre all or all but the outermost and shorter ones acuminate : mature akene taper- 
 ing into a stout beak of not more tiian half the length of its body. — Uot. Mag. 
 t. 34G2. Afacrorhynchus glancnx, Eaton in Dot. King Exp. 204. 
 
 Var. taraxacifolium, Gray. Large : leaves 7 to 10 indies long and some- 
 times an incli and a half wide, from lanceolate to obovate-oblong, entire, toothed, or 
 sometimes pinnatifid : scape a foot or two high : involucre an inch high ; its scales 
 all acute or acuminate. — T. ta.ra.racifnl.inm, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. e. 
 
 Var. laciniatum, Oray. A dwarf or small form, with scapes 2 to 6 inches 
 high : leaves laciniately and runcinately pinnatifid, or occasionally entire and linear. 
 — Macrorhynchns glaucns, var. laciniatns, Eaton, 1. c. Troxivion parvifhrmn, 
 Nutt. 1. c, is an entire-leaved form. 
 
 Ea-stern bordnrs of tho Sierra Nevada, from Carson City to Sierni VhIIcv, in the alxive two vari- 
 eties (the var. lacinuitum on Mount Dana and Carson I'ass, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Brewer, and 
 Summit, linlnnd/ir) ; north to Oregon, and ea.st to beyond the Korkv Mountains, mostly in low 
 grounds. Corollas yellow, sometimes turning imrplo in age. Tlie var. <1n,<^iicrphnhiin, with hairy 
 n!id larger somewhat foliaceous outer scales to the involucre, occasionally liiw ejmiry Rcalcs on tlin 
 recepiacde. 
 
 2. T. aurantiacum, Hook. ISfore slender, a span to a foot or more high, more 
 glabrous : leaves thinner, inclined to oblanceolate or spatulnlc, ofttMi denticulate, 
 sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre (H to 9 linos high) mostly of two series of 
 less acute scales, the outer about as long as the inner and broailer : mature akenes 
 tapering into a slender beak of nearly or fully the length of the body. — Hook. Fl. 
 i. 300, t. 1 04. T. piimiltim, Nutt. 1. c, a small form. MacrorhyncJiuJi troximoidis, 
 Torr. (% Gray, Fl. ii. 491. 
 
 Meadows or low grounds : same range as the last, and forms of tlio two often confounded. The 
 only Californian specimens seen are from " liear Valley Mejidow.s, at 4,000 foot" {liolnndfr and 
 KcUorjcj), and with pinnatifid leaves, but no fiuit. b'ipe akenes distinguish the specie,s from the 
 preceding: the p.ippus also is less persistent. The coiollas are orange, often turning to purple. 
 
438 
 
 CUMPOSIT-E. 
 
 § 2. Alenes obloiuj or /ani/onn, mostly acute or uarroweU at (mst, and someivliat 
 obliqueli/ instrlnl hij a small distinct callus (outermost occasiunalii/ jmbtscent), 
 i/te apex produced into a lomj {iLSually very lon(j) and Jlliform or capillary 
 nerveless leak: pappus fine and soft, tardily deciduous. — ^Iacuouiiynciius. 
 (JIacrorhynchus, I.oss., \)C) 
 
 * Root perennial : akcnes either yradually or abruptly taper iny into the slender and 
 
 Jiliforni beak. 
 
 3. T. apargioides, Less. A span to a foot or so \\v^\\ from a long and ollt-n 
 largo I'ubilorm luot, liirsiitu or glabrous: leaves variously pinmitilid or laeiiiiatc: 
 scapes slunder, asceniling: head iiiiddlo, sized or ratlier suiuU : ukenes liiiear-fusit'irin, 
 acutely or tlio inner ones liglitly ribbed, nearly e(|ualling or a little shorter than the 
 beak. — i.innu'a, vi. b()\. liarLhausia Lessinyii it Macrorhynchus Lessinyii, llitok. 
 & Arn. Bot. IJeechey, l-t5, 3G1. J/, huinilis, IJenth. Tl. Hartw. 320. M. llar- 
 j'ordii, Kellogg. 
 
 Siiiuly or iiiaiHliy groiimls ; coiiiiiiDn along the coast, from Monterey to Oregon. Tliia specicH 
 is well (lesciiiieil in tlie leiuark that it \i:mu\\A\sti Apuryin. (uUuiiiudtts (\. e. Lcuntodon aulu)nnalc), 
 and also, in its smaller form, Kriyia Viryinim. Like these the foliage is very variable. Involu- 
 cre from 6 to 9 lines high ; the outer scales sometimes more foliaceous. Akenes 2 lines and the 
 beak 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 4. T. Nuttallii, CJi'ivy. About a foot high : leaves glabrous, varying from ol»- 
 long-spatulate and laciuiate-pinnatilid to linear and entire : scapes rather stout ami 
 liead rather large : scales of the involucre narrow : akenes fusiform-linear, slender, 
 llnely and closely ribbed, ecjualling the beak in length. — Proc. Auj. Acad. ix. 21(). 
 Stylopappus elatus, Nutt. 1. c. Macrorhynchus elatus, Torr. & dray, 1. c. 
 
 Meadows, from the Yosemite Valley (Bolandcr) to Oregon, Natlall, Hall, Ncvius, &c. Head 
 about an inch high. Akenes 4 lines and the beak 3 or 4 lines long. 
 
 5. T, grandiflorum, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent or almost glabrous: leaves 
 lanceolate or oblancciolalc, mostly laciniato-pinnatilid, tho lobes ascending or spread- 
 ing : scape oim to 2.\ feet high : head largo {an inch higli) ; outer scales of tho in- 
 volucre commonly loose and foliaceous, varying from ovate to lanceolate : akenes 
 short-fusiform or oblong, abruptly tapering into the capillary beak of several times 
 its length. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216. Stylopjapjpus grandiflorus, Nutt. 1. c. 
 Macrorhynchus f/randifiorus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Var. tenuifolium, Gray. ]\Iore slemler, and heads somewhat smaller : leaves 
 pinnately parted into narrow linear divisions. — JStylopappus laciniatus, var. lonyi- 
 foiius, Nutt. I. c. 
 
 Var. laciniatum, Gray. More slender and lieads much smaller : outer scales of 
 the involucre not dilated : leaves lanceolate or linear and variously laciniate. — 
 Stylopappus laciniatvs, Nutt. 1. c.'i 
 
 Meadows and hillsides, from Monterey Co. along the coast range to Oregon. The var. teiiui- 
 folium has been collected only in Oregon and Washington Territory. The species is well marked 
 when in fruit by the short and small akenes (only 2 lines long), with very long and capillary 
 beak, 6 or 8 lines long. 
 
 * * Root 2>erennial : akenes abruptly beaked from a truncate apex. 
 
 6. T. retrorsum, Gray, 1. c. Almost woolly when young with soft loose hairs, 
 or glabrate : leaves runcinately and deeply pinnatilid, tho linear-lanceolate lobes ull 
 turned downwards, the apex usually prolonged and entire, all tipped with a callous 
 gland : scapes about a foot high : head large (1^ inches long in fruit) but narrow: 
 outer scales of the involucre short and lanceolate, the inner long and linear : akenes 
 short-linear, closely 10-ribbed, their callous or slightly broadened summit very obtuse 
 or truncate at maturity ; the cajullary beak very long. — Macrorhync?i}(s retrorsus, 
 Benth. PI. Hartw. 320 ; Gray in Hot. Wilkes Exp. 373. J/, anyustifolius, Kellogg 
 in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 47, a small form of the species. 
 
Apnnjidhnn. CONrPOSI'lMC. .J39 
 
 Tiioliiiniio to Mondocino Counties (//'rrr/i/v^, liiijrlmr, Iii)liiiiifrr), nlso Piscn (AV/oj^) ; tlmnco 
 to tli(^ soiitlmrn bordcia of Oregon (I'ickr.rinq nnd Jh-nrl.riirii/tjr), in ojioii iiiiic woods, fcc. 
 UpiiiaikaMo for tlic narrow retrorsc lohca of tiio loaves, and tlio nlinipt siiintnit to tlio, akrnes. 
 These are nearly 3 lines long, while the well-formed beak attains the length of nearly an inch. 
 
 * * * Hoot annual : plants moatlij loto and small, occasionally suhcaulescent. 
 
 7. T. Chilense, (Jray, 1. c. More or less pubescent or liairy : leaves varying 
 from spatulato to linear-lanceolate, and from denticulate to laciniato-pinnatifid : scapes 
 Hl(>jid(M', a span or floinotiniea nearly a fdot lii^li : invohien^ (i to !) lines lii^li ; the 
 scales in about 2 series : akenes varyiuf^ from short-obhtn^ to fusiform and with 
 acute or wing-liko ribs, or the outer sometimes lO-winged, usually one half or one 
 third the length of the filiform beak. — Macrorhynrhns C'hilcnsis, Less. >Syn. 139 ; 
 Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 256. Af. heterophyll as (Nutt.) it M. Californiciis, Torr. 
 I'k Gray, Fl. ii. 493. Kymaplenra heterophylla, Nutt. 1. c. ; the state with the outer 
 akenes mostly undulate-winged at maturity. Cryptopleura (Jalifornica, Nutt. 1. c. ; 
 the occasional and evidently abnormal state, with some of the outer akenes fleshy- 
 thickened and the ribs obsolete. 
 
 Open grounds ; common throughout California and Oregon, extending through the interior to 
 Utah. Flowers deep yellow, expanding but oneo at midday. A most variable species, especially 
 a-s to the akenes ; in some of the forma agreeing wholly with Chilian specimens. More connnonly 
 the akenes are rather shorter and their beak longer. The state of the akenes on which Nuttall 
 founded his Cryptopleura has been only once or twice met with. The rugose-winged state is not 
 uncommon, and in various degrees, or affecting merely some of the outer akenes. 
 
 119. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANnr.i.ioN. 
 Head many-flowered. Invohicro obk)ng-cam])aindate, of thin and narrow some- 
 what membranaceous scales in two sots ; tlio inner equal aiul erect in a single series ; 
 the outer short and calyculate, commonly loose. Keceptacle flat, naked. Akenes 
 oblong or fusiform, angled, about 10-ribbed, attenuate at base, mostly muricate on 
 the ribs towards the apex, wdiich lengthens into a long filiform beak. Pappus of 
 copious and white capillary scabrous bristles, nearly persistent. — Acaulescent 
 perennials or biennials (widely diffused over the Avorld but mainly northern) ; with 
 fi.stulous naked scapes from the tuft of radical leaves, bearing a single rather large 
 head of yellow flowers, open through tho morning. 
 
 1. T. DenB-leonis, T)osf. Loaves runcinate, the lobes toothed : outer scales of 
 the involucre loose or redexed, the inner destitute of a callous horn at the tip. — 
 Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. 
 
 There are some indications of the Dandelion as an introduced plant ; but it is as yet very local. 
 The indigenous state, occuning in the liocky Mountains and in Oregon, 'may be cxpecte<l in the 
 mountains northward. 
 
 120. APARGIDIUM, Torr. & Gmy. 
 
 Head rather many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous, of several narrowly lanceo- 
 late and one-nerved equal scales nearly in a single series, and a few short and loose 
 calyculate ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes linear-oblong, columnar, glabrotis, 
 not tapering at either end. Pappus of copious and unequal barbellat^.-denticulato 
 capillary bristles, or the outer and smaller ones barely scabrous, all mther fragile, 
 brownish. — A einglo species. 
 
 1. A. boreale, Torr. & Gray. .Steudess jierennial, glabrous : leaves linear lanceo- 
 late, elongated, obscurely and remotely denticidate or entire : scape slender, a span 
 to a foot high, bearing a single middle sizod hoad, nudding bofore opening : flowers 
 
440 CUMl'OSIT.E. J/nruciinu. 
 
 light yellow. — Fl. N. Am. ii. 474. Apan/ia borealis, l>oii<;ai(l. Ltoittodon. horea/c, 
 DC. Microseri<i borealis, Sclmltz Bip., ex Herder, liot. kailile, iii. (4), 28. 
 
 In bogs, Mendocino and llunilioldt Counties, Bolunder, Kellogg. Oiegon to Alaska. Referred 
 to Leoiitodun by Heuthani and Hooker : but none of tlie bristles of tlie i>api)us are either eliafly- 
 dilated at kise or plumose ; nor is there any true Leontodon indigenous to Anieiita, witli wliicli 
 to associate it. 
 
 121. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkwki;!). 
 Head many-llowcrcd, or soiucLimus only 10 - 20-fio\vereil. luvulucro cainpaim- 
 late or cyliiulraceous ; the suilea herbaceous and narrow, the inner ones equal, the 
 outer eitiicr i^radually shorter or only short aud calyeulate, not altered in age. Iteeep- 
 tticlo Hat, naked, s(tiiirtiiiu's more or less liiuhrillate-tocjthed. Akcne.s ol)long or 
 colunnuir, terete or 4 - a-angleil, mostly lU-ribhed or striate, glabrous und smooth, 
 the apex truncate. Papi)us of one or two series of capillary rather rigid and per- 
 sistent but often fragile scabrous bristles, brownish or sordid in hue. — l*erennial 
 herbs ; with merely tootheil or entire leaves, often coarsely or bristly hairy or glan- 
 dular ; the paniculate or rarely solitary heails nutldle-sized or snudl ; corollas yellow 
 or sometimes white. — Torr. & dray, Kl. ii. 174. 
 
 A very large and dillieult genus in Kuro|>e, niodcaateiy n'|iresenl(^il l>y pfiuliar s|ic(ies in North 
 America, and with a few andiiio 8[ie(ies in South Anieriia. 'I'lie spi:cies of the westtun side of the 
 continent are peculiar, e.\ce[>t that IL Canadcn^He, whicli nearly api)roaihe.s or passes into //. «//t- 
 hellatum of the Old World, crosses the northern Rocky Mountains into ■Washington Territory and 
 Oregon. All the (.'alifornian species have small heads and a nearly simple calyculate involiu-.re. 
 
 * Heads only 10- l5-Jfowered : akenes taperimj upwards, 
 
 1. H. Bolanderi, C!ray. Small : leaves mostly radical in a tuft, sessile, oblong- 
 spatulate, nearly entire, glabrous excei»t for the long spreading bristles which fringe 
 the margin and at lirst beset the ujjper surface : scape slender, a span high : slen- 
 der peduncles and cylindrical involucre naked and glabrous or nearly so : corollas 
 yellow : akeues luUy as U)ug as the jjuppus. — I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 3(55. 
 
 On Red Mountain, Mi^ndocino Co., Buhnukr. Heads 2 to 4 lines, and involucre 4 or 5 lines 
 long ; the latter of 7 to 9 [uincipal scales and one or two short ones, all obtuse. Akenes terete, 
 moderately fusiform, 2 lines long, lightly striate. 
 
 * * Heads 20 -^-{ra rely 10- lb) Jiowered : akenes short, not tapering upwards. 
 
 2. H. Breweri, Clray. Low : stems 3 to 9 inches high, leafy to the top, branch- 
 ing, ilensely clothed (at least bel(jw), as are the spatulate-lanceolate or linear-oblong 
 leaves, with very long and soft villoits hairs : heads numerous, paniculate-corym- 
 bose, 10 -20-tiowered : involucre of linear-lanceolate acute scales, somewhat glan- 
 dular-hirsute and occasionally shaggy with long bristles : corollas yellow. — Pro(;. 
 Am. Acad. vi. 553. 
 
 Sierra Nevada in Marijiosa and Tuolumne Counties, in open places, at from 7,000 to 11,000 feet 
 of elevation. Involucre about 3 lines long ; the akenes a lino and a half. 
 
 3. H. Scouleri, Hook. Usually a foot or two high and rather stotit : stem 
 leafy, bearing loosely panictdate 20- 40-llowered heads, beset, as also the mo.stly 
 lanceolate and entire leaves, with very long and spreading villoii.s-liispid bristles, 
 oftener from a papillo.se base : pedicels and involucre glandular-hisjjid or sometimes 
 only glandular-puberulent : corollas yellow. — Hook. Fl. i. 298. 
 
 Sierra Valley in the Sierra Nevada, Lerninon. Common near the coast from British Columbia 
 to the southern part of Oregon, and east to the Rocky Mountains ; doubtless in all the adjacent 
 parts of California. 
 
 4. H. albiflorum, Hook. 1. c Usually 2 feet or more high : stem leafy below, 
 simple or i)aniculately branched and bearing several or numerous small heads on 
 
Li/;p(hsni in. CO M 1 'OS I TA>]. ,j 4 ] 
 
 slcndor glabrous peduncles : leaves oblong or oblong-spatulatn, often denticuhitc or 
 repand-tnothed, sparsely or tlie lower thickly beset with long and spreading villous- 
 hisi)id bristles, as is tiio bas(» of tiio stem : involucre narrow, about 2()-llowercd, 
 smooth and glabrous or beset with some scattered long bristles, not glandular : 
 corollas Avhite. — //. argutum, JNutt. 1. c. (!), from Sta. IJarbara. 
 
 Open woods ; common throngh the State from Snn Dii-RO Co. nortliwani, and in the loot- 
 hills of the Siena Nevada; extending to Hiitisli Columl)iii and eastward to the Hocky Moun- 
 tains. Involucre 3 to 5 lines long. Akencs a line and a half long, cvcidy and strongly striate- 
 ribbed. 
 
 5. H. triste, Willd., var. gracile, firay. Slender, a span or two high : stem 
 1 - 2-leaved or sometimes nearly lealless, bearing few heady, tomentose-puberulent 
 or almost glabrous below : the suminit or peduncles and involucre villous or hirsute 
 with long and blackish hairs : leaves oblong-spatulate, entire or denticulate, taper- 
 ing into a slender petiole : corollas yellow. — //. gracile, Hook. 1. c. ; Fries, Symb. 
 & Epicrisis Ilierac. 
 
 Var. detonsum, dray. A form destitute or nearly so of the dark soft hairs 
 even on the invohicre, or with scattered and more bristly and sometimes glandular 
 ones in their place ; the heads rather smaller. 
 
 Ebbett's Pass, Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 feet {Brewer), the var. Hrtnnsum ; also in the Rocky 
 Mountains and in Oregon, accompanied by and nassing into the black-headed form of the northern 
 Rocky and Cascade Mountains, //. {jracilr, Hook. This in turn clearly i)a3ses into the Alaskan 
 H. triste. ; which has very long and dense daik gray hairs to the heads, shorter stems, and hir- 
 sute upper leaves. 
 
 122. LYGODESMIA, Don. 
 
 Head few-flowered. Involucre cylindri(;al or cylindraceous, of 4 to 8 narrow 
 membranaceous scales in a single series, with a fcnv short calyculate ones at base, or 
 rarely more unequal and imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Akenes linear, terete, 
 5-striato or ribbed (the ribs mostly broad and low, separated by narrow grooves), 
 often tapering at summit, but not truly beaked, the callus at base hollowed at the 
 insertion. Pappus of copious barely scabrous capillary bristles, either rather soft or 
 rigid, dull white or sordid, persistent. — Low perennials (rarely annuals or bien- 
 nials), palo and glabrous ; with slender and rather rigid either rush-like or divari- 
 cate striate branches, narrow entire or laciniate-pinnatifitl leaves, the ui)per mostly 
 reduced to subulate scales or bracts, and small or middle-sized heads of rose-colored 
 flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 530; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. 
 
 A genus of five or six species, natives of the dry interior region, except that one species inhab- 
 its Texas and Florida ; in the flowers and general aspect resembling St^plianoineria, but with a 
 simple scabrous pappus. One species has been collected just within the bonlers of the State : 
 another approaches so nearly that it may claim admission. 
 
 1. L. juncea, Don. Perennial, copiously and corymbosely l)ninc.hed from the 
 base, about a foot high, rigid: lower leaves linear-subulate, an inch or two in length, 
 entire, the upper all reduced to little scales or brartlets : heads nHowered, hnlf an 
 inch long, erect at the summit of the simple brancdilets : liguk^s oblong : i)appus 
 line and soft. 
 
 Unionville Valley, Nevada {Watson), thence eastward to the Missouri River. Involucre of 
 equal scales and a few calyculate ones at base, as in all the species except the next. 
 
 2. L. spinosa, Nutt. Perennial, or possibly bienninl, the root or crown sur- 
 mounted by a dense tuft of wool : stems divergently and often tortuously much 
 branched, rigid, and the branches spinescent : lower leaves linear, entire or slightly 
 toothed; upper ones suludate and on the branrhlets rediieed to ininute scale,««: liends 
 3-5-Howered, small, on short lateral peduncles or spurs : involucre of few unequal 
 
442 COMPUSITJ-:. Lacluca. 
 
 Kiul imbricated scales, the lowest ovate, the upper successively longer and oblong- 
 lanceolate : pappus of rather rigid light-brownish bristles. 
 
 Gravelly hills, or in sand, Mono Lake (IJolander), anil through the western pail of Nevada, 
 near the northern borders of which it was first collected by AiUiall. 
 
 123. LACTUCA, Tourn. LicrnicK. 
 Head few - niauy-llowered. Involucre cyliudraceous or sometimes canipanulate, 
 seldom thickened at base; the scales thinnish, in two or few series, the outer shorter. 
 Receptacle Hat, naked. Akenes ilat, I'rom broadly oval to lanceolate, the sides few- 
 several-ribbed, the apex contracted and commonly i)ii)longed into a beak, its 
 summit abruptly dilated into a disk which boars the (usually bright white) coi)ioU8 
 pappus of very soft and tine uniform antl merely denticidato capillary bristles, falling 
 separately. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, glabrous, or with some bristly hairs, with panic- 
 idate middle-sized heads of yellow or blue flowers. — IJenth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 
 524. Lactuca & MuUjtdium, Cass., DC, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 495, 497. 
 
 A large genus in the Old World, represented by a few species in North America ; but no 
 genuine Lactuca (with broad and Hat akenes and long filiform beak) is known on the Pacific side 
 of the continent. The only Californian species being intermediate between true Lacluca and 
 MuUjcdiuiu, it is the more expedient to follow Benthani in suppressing the latter genus. 
 
 1. L. pulchella, DC. A foot or two high, wholly glabrous: stem commonly 
 simple, leafy, bearing a loose and naked panicle of several or numerous rather largo 
 heails : leaves pale, from oblong-lanceolate to linear, either entire, runcinately few- 
 toothed, or sparingly pinnatiiid : pedicels scaly-bracteolate : involucre cylindraceous, 
 20-30-ilowered, the outer scales successively shorter: corollas blue: akenes oblong- 
 lanceolate, rather thick -edged, several-ribbed on each face, miiuitely scabrous, taper- 
 ing into a rather long stout beak, the ui)pt^r part of which is pale and less hrm in 
 texture. — Jj, iiite<iri folia, Nutt. (ien. KSonchiis pulrhellns, Pursh. A'. SihiricuH, 
 Itichardson, not of Linn. JIuli/edluia pulcktUuvi & kderophyUum, Nutt. 
 
 Eastern part of the Siena Nevada, north to Oregon, and east nearly to the Mississippi. Heads 
 three fourths of an inch long. The root is apparently biennial or annual. 
 
 L. LEUCOPHAiA {Sonchus Icucophwus, WilKl., and MuUjediuin leucophceum, DC.) extends across 
 the continent from New England to the coast of Oregon, and may occur in northern California. 
 It is a tidl and coarse species, known by its runcinate leaves, ample panicle of rather small heads of 
 pale blue or whitish (lowers, rusty-colored pappus, and beakless akenes having only a short neck. 
 
 124. SONCHUS, Linn. Sow-Tiiistle. 
 Head many-flowered. Involucre lliishy-thickened at base, ovoid, conical, or cam- 
 jianulate ; its scales more or less imbricated, the outer shorter. Eecejitaele flat, 
 naked. Akenes compressed, oval or oblong, several - many-ribbed or nerved, desti- 
 tute of a beak or neck and of a dilated pappus-bearing disk. Pappus of copious 
 very fine and soft white capillary bristles, most of them somewhat united at base so 
 as to be deciduous together, a few separate and stronger ones sometimes less decid- 
 \U)U3. — Leafy-stennucd and mostly glabrous herbs, generally of coarse aspect, with 
 somewhat coryndioso or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Probably none of them 
 indigenous to this country, but the first and second species, the common annual 
 So^v-Thistles, are weeds almost all over the world. 
 
 1. S. oleraceus, Linn. Two or three feet high : leaves runcinate-pinnatilid or 
 rarely undivided, beset with short and soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped 
 base with acute auricles : akenes minutely rugose-scabrous. 
 
 Waste grounds around dwellings ; but no Californian specimens yet seen. 
 
fMiirrnlm. l.onVAAACKA']. ,| .| 3 
 
 2. S. asper, Villars. T.ikn tlio preceding or tailor : leaves more strongly and 
 rigi<lly spiny-tcjotlied, and the auricles of the clasping base rounded : pedicels more 
 commonly glandidar-bristly : akenes sharp-edged, smooth. 
 
 Waste places, not only around towns but also far in the interior. 
 
 3. S. tenerrimus, r>inn. Slender : leaves pitmately parted, mainly into linear 
 or narrowly lanceolate divisions, merely 8[»inulose dcnticnlato along the margins : 
 heads rather few: akenes narrow and thickish, rugose scabrous. — Ton. & Gray, 
 Fl. ii. 500. JS. fenuifo/ii(s, Ntitt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 438. 
 
 Around San Diego, Nuttall. Doubtless introduced from tho south of Europe. Apparently 
 not since collected. 
 
 Order LII. LOBELIACE^. 
 
 Herbs, mostly with milky juice, alternate simple leaves, and scattered or race- 
 
 raose flowers, tho calyx adnato to the whole or tho lower half of the ovary, and 
 
 Rtamojia usually free from tho corolla; distinguished from Campanulacfrv (to Avhich 
 
 tho order is now commonly reduced) by tho irregular corolla and both monadol- 
 
 phous and (usually) syngenesious stamens. — Flowers perfect. Limb of tho calyx 
 
 divided down to the ovary into 5 lobes. Corolla inserted just where the calyx 
 
 separates from the ovary, variously lobcd or cleft ; the lobes valvate or lightly 
 
 imbricated in the bud, two of them usually different from the others in size or 
 
 shape and union, so that the limb appears bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the 
 
 lobes of the corolla : filaments united into a tube above the base and commonly to 
 
 the top ; anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united into a ring, e.xcept in 
 
 the anomalous Nemacladus. Ovary 2-celled with axile, or 1-celled with parietal 
 
 placentae : ovules numerous, anatropous : style entire : stigma commonly 2-lobed 
 
 and girt with a ring of hairs. Fruit in ours a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small 
 
 in the axis of fleshy albumen. Juico more or less acrid. 
 
 The large and widely distributed penus Lohrlia (of almnt 200 sporics) is strangely absent from 
 Californiii ami tho whole Pacilio North Anioricnn const; Imt it is spmiiigly re])n'seiitcd by 0110 
 iMiiraitia, which diirors in not having the tubo of tho corolla split down ono (the ni>imrcntly 
 upper) side. — Sco Appendix. 
 
 TuiBK I. LOBEIJE/E. Anthers ns well as filaments united around the style. Corolla as it 
 were 2-lippcd, two of the lobes smaller and more separated from the other united three, 
 erect or divergent. 
 
 1. Laurentia. Corolla with a rather long entire tube. Capsule 2-vnlved across the top. 
 
 2. Downingla. Corolla with very short entire tube. Capsule linear and elongated, opening 
 
 down the sides by one to three long fissures, one-celled. 
 
 TninE II. CYPHIE/E. Anthers separate, and filaments jiartly so. 
 
 3. Nemacladus. Corolla narrow : one lip of two almost distinct jK-tals, the other of three more 
 
 united ones. Capsule 2-vnlved at tho top. 
 
 1. LAURENTIA, Micheli. 
 Calyx-tube and adnate ovary top-shaped or oblong ; the T) lubes nnrmw. Corolla 
 with tube as long as the limb, not split down ; its lai-ger nud 3-cleft lip widely 
 spreading; tho smaller of 2 moro erect or diverging divisions. Filaments and 
 anthers completely united ; two of tho latter miinitoly bristle-tufted at tho oi)CX, 
 nearly included. Stigma moro or less 2-lobed. Capside 2-valved across tho pro- 
 jerting free apex, 2-celled. Seeds oblong or almost fusifnrm. — Low and dilTusc or 
 
^^^ LOHKLIACI'LK. Lunrentia. 
 
 creeping small herbs, resembling Lobelias, with axillary blue flowers. — lienth. & 
 Hook. Geu. PI. ii. 549. 
 
 I. L. carnosula, Ikutb. A glabrous diffusely branched or spreading annual, 
 somewliat succulent, 2 to 5 inc.lios iiigh : leaves sessile, oblong-linear or lanceolate, 
 entire, a cpuuter to half an inch long : peduncles lilifonn, even the lower inu(;h 
 longer than the leaves, the upper becoming corymbose or racemose : lobes of the 
 calyx linear, foliaceous, alK)Ut the length of the obconical tube and fully eipialling 
 that of the corolla : larger lip of the latter deeply 3-cleft into roundish-obovate lobes, 
 bright blue, with the 2-ridged palate yellow or whitish ; the smaller lip of 2 lanceo- 
 late lobes. — Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. lieechey, 3G2, where the undi- 
 vided corolla-tube is unnoticed. Porterella camulosa (by nusspelling), Torr. in Cat. 
 ri. Hayden Kep. 1872, 488; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177. 
 
 Low and niiulJy places, in Sierra and Indian Valleys (Levwiun) ; thence noitheastwaid to Wyo- 
 ming Territory. A pretty little plant, in asp(;ct and llower resenililing the next genus, and the 
 corolla in vigorous specimens not much smaller ; known at once by the short and broad caj)sule 
 opening at the top. The late Dr. Torrey dedicated it to Prof. Thomas C. Porter, one of the 
 authors of the Flora of Colorado Territory ; but it proves to belong to a very old genus, chiefly 
 of the Mediterranean region and Southern Africa. 
 
 2. DOWNINGIA, Torr. 
 
 Calyx-tubo ami adnate ovary very long and slender, stalk-like, 3-8iilod, usually 
 twisted ; its limb divided down to the ovary into 5 lanceolate or linear foliaceous 
 lobes. Corolla with a very short but entire tube, and a bilabiate limb ; the smaller 
 lip of two narrow recurved or spreailing divisions, the other very broad and 3-lobed. 
 Filaments and anthers both united into a somewhat curved tube : two of the latter 
 bristle-tipped. Capsule very long and slender, early becoming 1 -celled, with two 
 parietal tiliform placentte, remaining closed at the apex, but the sides dehiscent by 
 two or three long fissures. Seeds as in the foregoing genus. — Low and spreading 
 glabrous annuals (of Oregon aiul California, and a third, species in Chili), rather 
 succulent or tender; Avith sessile and narrow entire leaves, the upper ones reduced 
 to bracts, and axillary sessile ilowers ; the corolla deep blue with a white or yellow- 
 ish centre. — Torr. in Pacif. K. Eep. iv. IIG; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Clintotiia, 
 Hough, not of Paf. 
 
 Under tlie name of Clinliuiia our two species have (U)nio into cultivation as ornamental annuals, 
 hut are riitlier dilliriill to miniiige. A mnv nmiie liein^ reiiuired, Dr. Torruy dedicaled tlio ^cuiim 
 to the nienioiy of his friend, tliu late Andrew Jackson Downing, of New York, wiu)se treatise 
 upon kndscaiie ganlening ami other horticultural and arboiicullural writings are still of sterling 
 value. 
 
 1. D. elegans, Torr. Leaves acute, varying from ovate to lanceolate : smaller 
 lip of the corolla of two lancetdate divisions, the broad lip moderately 3-lobed, its 
 centre a broad white spot. — Cliutonia elegans, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1241. 
 
 Northern part of (California, and through Oregon. C. mnjmbosa, A. T)('. Prodr. vii. 347, is a 
 stouter and more leafy-stemmed variety, the ovary little longer than the subtending leaf. Ordi- 
 narily the slender and stalk-like ovary or capsule is over an inch in length, and the upper lloral 
 leaves so small that the inllorescenco is like a raceme. 
 
 2. D. pulchella, Torr. Very like the foregoing, but the leaves mostly nar- 
 rower and obtuse : the two diviwiijus of the smaller lip ovute-lanceolate or oblouf^, 
 the larger lip nuich dilated and deeply 3-lobed, intensely uzure-blue with a large 
 white or yellowish centre. — Clintonia pulchella, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1909; Sweet, 
 Brit. Fl Card. ser. 2, t. 412. 
 
 Valley of the Sacramento to Oregon and Nevada. Plant 3 to (J inches high, rather more fleshy, 
 weak. Both species inhabit moist or wet places. 
 
iyem(icl,((ln.i. CAMI\\NlILACI0y1<:. . ^^r 
 
 3. NEMACLADUS, Nutt. 
 Calyx tube short, obconinal, adiiate to tho lower half of tlie ovary; its limb parted 
 into 5 unequal lobes. Corolla short, S-parted, or the two petals forming the lower 
 lip often distinct to the base, and longer tlian the tlirec which form the 3-partcd or 
 3-lobed tipper lip. Filaments mona(leli)hous above the middle : anthers distinct, 
 surrounding the stigma, oval, glabrous. Stylo slender, its apex incurved, a little 
 shortor than the anthers : stigma capitate, 2-lobod, .subtended by an obsolete naked 
 ring. Ovary 2-cellod : ovules 10- 18 in each cell. Capsule about two thirds hu- 
 porior, ovoid, loculicidal from the top. Seeds oval. — Nutt. in Tnuis. vVm. riiil. Soc. 
 11. ser. viii. 254; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108, t. 3.5; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. 
 xiv. 28, where the relationship to Cr/phia (of S. Africa) is indiwited. — A single 
 species. 
 
 1 . N. ramosissimus, Nutt. 1. c. Slender annual, about a span high, "lactes- 
 cent," widely and at length excessively brandling: branches filiform, zigzag: radical 
 leaves oval and toothed, tufted ; cauline ones all minute, linear or subulate, sub- 
 tending the branchlets and the racemose capillary naked ]»eduiicles : flowei-s minute 
 (a line or two long) : corolla flesh-color, the two longer <livisions spatulate-oblong, 
 the three others rather broader : seeds oval. 
 
 Sandy or gravelly open places ; comnion through the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills • thence 
 east to New Mexico. 
 
 Order LTH. CAMPANULACE^. 
 
 Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves without stipules, aii<l regular flowers, 
 having the calyx adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5 or rarely 4) inserted with 
 but hardly upon the corolla, alternate with its lobes, these valvato in the bud ; the 
 fruit a many-seeded 2 - 5-cclled capsule. — Calyx persistent. Stamens earlier than 
 the stigmas; the 2-celled introrse anthers opening in tiie bud before the corolla ex- 
 pands. Style single, its upper portion be-set with collecting hairs ujion which the 
 jiollen is largely deposited ; its .summit 2-5-lobed or cleft ; the stigmas being the 
 papillose inner face of these lobes, which connive until some time after the corolla 
 expands. Ovary 2 - 5-celled (rarely imperfectly so), with the placentre in the axis. 
 Ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule usually opening by valves or boles nt or 
 near the top. Seeds small, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers 
 commonly showy, more frequently the corolla blue, and withering without dropping 
 off: inflorescence for the most part centrifugal, the terminal flowers opening first. 
 
 There are a few foreign genera witli hnccato fruit, and one with ronnnte anthers. A rather 
 fiinall family, mainly of tomperato regions, spniingly icpreHPiitcd in North Anioiica. and iw indi- 
 genous plants almost iihsent lioin South America (the L'Muxmr Iwing linre kept soj)arate), hut 
 abounding in the Old World, which furnishes numoious ornnmental species to the gardens. 
 Otherwise the order is without oconoinical importance or known active ([ualities. 
 ♦ Ovary and capsule long and narrow, or at least oblong. 
 
 1. Githopsls. Capsule opening at the top liy a hole left by the falling away of the ba.sc of tlie 
 style, between the long and leafy calyx-lobes. 
 
 2. Specularia. Capsule opening ontlio sides by 2 or 3 little valves which leave small round 
 perforations. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Ovary and capsule short an<l broad or globnlnr. 
 
 3. Heterooodon. Thin walls of the capsule bursting indefinitely between tho riljs. Cnlyx- 
 lobcs very broad. 
 
 4. Campanula. Cnpsule opening on the sides bv .3 to r. ^uimII v.iIv.w leaving dcfiiiito round 
 perforations. Calyx-lobes narrow. 
 
^^y > CAMPAMULACK.-E. UUhupsh. 
 
 1. QITHOPSIS, Nutt. 
 
 Flowers all nliko. Ctilyx with u cluvtito lU-iibbed tube, and 5 long and 
 imrmw loliucooub lobua. Corolla tubulur-campanulalo, 5-lobod. Filaiuunla ahoiL, 
 dilalud ut tliu baso. Ovary iJcoUod : btigniua 3. Capsule clavato, ol" lirni tex- 
 ture, strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid culyxdobos of its own length or 
 longer, opening between them by a round hole left by the falling away of the base 
 of the style. Seeds very numerous, between oblong and fusiform, smooth. — The 
 calyx with its long leafy lobes resembles that of Lychnis Githago, whence the 
 generic name. A single, but variable species, published by Nuttall in Trans. Am. 
 riiil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258. 
 
 1. G. specularioides, Nutt. Low, annual, an inch to a span higli, either 
 almost glabrous or mure commonly (the var. hirsuUt, Nutt.) the stems or the whole 
 herbage beset with shurt spreading hairs : leaves lanceolate-oblong or linear, sessile, 
 coai-sely toothed : llowers terminating the stem and few branches, slightly pe- 
 duncled, erect : coi'olla deep blue, usually witli a white centre, either shorter or 
 moderately longer than the narrowly linear and rigidly 1-nerved (rarely few-toothed) 
 calyx-lobes ; its lobes ovate : capsule rigid, either sessile or tapering graihially into 
 a thick and rigid peduncle. G. cah/cina, Henth. V\. llartw, 321, a form witii 
 abort corolla and long calyxdobes. G. piddidUt, yidk6, in Linniea, xxxvii. 714, 
 the form with longer corolla. 
 
 Open and low grounds, common tliiougli tlie western portion of the State, extending east to 
 the foot-liills and north to Oregon. 
 
 2. SPECULARIA, Heister. 
 Flowers all alike, or in the American species dimorphous; i. e. some of tlie earlier 
 ones smaller and with merely rudimentary corolla which never opens, close-fertilized 
 in the bud ; these with calyxdobes mostly only 3 or 4. Later are llowers with fully 
 developed corolla, &c. Calyx-tube jjrismatic or elongated-obconical ; the lobes 5, 
 narrow. Corolla sliort and broad, wheelshaped when fully expanded, 5 lobed. 
 Filaments short. Ovary 3 celled, or sometimes 2-celled : stigmas as many. Capsule 
 more or less elongatetl, opening by 2 or 3 small lateral valves which leave a round 
 or oval perforation, usually over a partition. Seeds numerous, ovoid, or rounded 
 and Uattish, smooth. — Annuals; with sessile or clasping cauline leaves, and terminal 
 and axillary blue or puri)le flowers. {Dysmicodon and Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c.) 
 
 1. S. biflora. Gray. Stems slender: leaves closely sessile, ovate or oblong, 
 somewhat crenately toothed, the upper gratlually reduced to lanceolate bracts, 
 which are at length shorter than the {lowers they subtend : flowers one or two in 
 each axil, nearly sessile ; the lower ones mostly with a calyx of 3 or 4 ovate or 
 subulate short lobes and no developed i)etals ; the upper and later ones with f) 
 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-loluis, which are shorter than the develoj)cd corolla : 
 capsule oblong-cylindra<;(M)us or obscurely prismatic, inconspicuously ribbed, the 
 valvular openings just below tlie sumiuit : seeds lenticular. — Camjxaiula bijiora, 
 Kuiz & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f G. 0. MonttvUleus'is, Spreng. '\ C. Lado- 
 vicicma, Torr. Dysmicodon Cali/ornicion iV <mitum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 n. ser. viii. 257. 
 
 Open grounds, near towns and settlements along the coast : perhaps introduced, both here and 
 in the Southern Atlantic States, from S. America. A span to a foot or more in height, simple 
 or witli few branches, glabrous, except usually a line of minute and stout bristles turned back- 
 wards which roughen the angles of the stem and sometimes of the calyx-tube, also on the 
 margins and veins of the haves. The principal stem-leaves only lialf an inch long. Fully 
 
Campanulu. CAM PANULACE^!:. 447 
 
 developed corolla half an inch hmnd. Cnjisules abont 4 lines long. Intermediate in ajipear- 
 ance between S. falatta, A. DC, of tlie Old World, and S. per/olinta, witii wliicli Aljili. iJe laii- 
 doUo and otliei'8 have confounded it ; but (juite distinct from botli. The name is not a happy 
 one : but there are frequently two flowers in each axil, one later than the other. 
 
 2. B. perfoliata, A. DC. Stouter, r span to two feet liigli, simple or with sim- 
 ple branches, very leafy tliroughout, roughish-liairy, rarely almost glabrous : leaves 
 clasping, round-iiordato, crenate : flowers sessih^ in the axils, often clustered, of two 
 kinds, as in the preceding s])ecies : caj)sule oblong or slightly clavate ; the valvular 
 openings as low as tho middle. 
 
 Open cronnd.s, I'lumas Co. {Lctmnnn) to Oregon, luid common tluoiigh the Atlantic States; 
 also in Mexico. 
 
 3. HETEROCODON, Nutt. 
 Flowers of two sorts ; the lower and earlier ones with merely rudimentary corolla 
 and fertilized in the bud. C^alyx with obovate or inversely pyramidal tube much 
 shorter than the foliaceous lobes ; these are broadly ovate, sharjily toothed, veiny, 
 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers. Corolla short-carapanulate, 5-lobed. 
 Stamens and style as in Campanula. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and 
 membranaceous, the delicate Avails bursting indefinitely on the sides. Seeds numer- 
 ous, oblong, obscurely triangular. — Nutt. 1. c. viii. 255. A single species. 
 
 1. H. rarifloruxn, Nutt. A very delicate little annual, sparsely bristly-liirsute, 
 otherwise glabrous, with leafy filiform stems 3 to 20 inches long, <lifTusely branch- 
 ing : leaves rounded and with cordate base, partly clasping, acutely and coarsely 
 many-toothed, thin, 3 to 6 lines wide : flowers terminal becoming lateral, also axil- 
 lary, solitary, sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, 1 to 3 lines hmg, rather shorter than 
 the well-dovoloped pale blue corolla, mostly longer than tlio capsule, tho sides of 
 which give way vaguely in age, but not by hidves. 
 
 Shlidy and grassy jdaces, from Napa Co. and Mariposa Co. (at 4,000 feet) to Oregon : also 
 collected in the mountains of Nevada. Reduced by Hontham and Hooker to Campanula, but 
 better kept up. 
 
 4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bellflowku. 
 Flowers all alike. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate or near it, 5dobed 
 or 5-cleft. Stamens 5 : filaments dilated at base. Capsule short, 3-5-cellcd, open- 
 ing on the sides or near the ba.se by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves leaving round per- 
 forations, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, all of the northern hemi.s])here, 
 many with showy flowers ; the inflorescence centrifugal or irregidar. 
 
 Tho few Californian (indeed all tho North American) species arc bluo-flowcred, destitute of any 
 appendages between the calyx-loljes, and the stigmas and cells of the capsule only three. 
 
 * Stem-leaves all linear or lancenlnte and entire. 
 
 1. C. rotundifolia, Linu. A span to a foot liigh, glabrous, slender and weak : 
 radical leaves roundish ovate or heart-shaped and toothed, on slender jietioles, early 
 withering away ; stem-leaves all narrow : flowers several on sleiuler piMluncles which 
 are iiodding in fruit : calyx-lobes very slender : corolla campanulate : jiod ojiening 
 by small holes or valves close to the base. 
 
 This, the common species round the northern hemisphere, occur! near the borders of the Staff- 
 north and east, and doubtless within the limlLs, growuig in crevices of rocks, in shady places. 
 Tho corolla varies from half an inch to an incli in length. 
 
 « * Stem-leaves ovate or oblomf-lanceolate, toothed : capsules apparentlj/ not droopin;/ 
 in fruit, and openinfj by holes above the base. Species peculiar to Cali/nnna, except 
 the f}7-st, tvhich e.rtendv northivards. 
 
448 
 
 EKICACE.K. Canunuudu 
 
 2. C. Scouleri, Hook. A foot or so high, glabrous or slightly pubescent : stems 
 slender, braucinng, spreading, pauiculately several-llowered : leaves generally all 
 sharply serrate anil ucuiniiiate, mostly tapering below into a petiole, the lower ovate 
 and sometimes almost (entire, the upper ovatcdanceolate, or the \ippermost nar- 
 rower : llowers long-pedicelleil : calyxdobos slender-aubulatis a little sliorter than 
 the open oampanuhite 5-eleft corolla, the lobes of which are ovate-oblong : style 
 exserted. — Hook. Fl. t. 125. 
 
 Indian Valley, Plumas Co. (Lemmmi) to Oregon and Britisli Columbia. A broad-leaved fonn. 
 (Jorolla 4 lines long, clelt to latlier below the middle, the bud oblong. 
 
 3. C. prenanthoides, Durand. A foot or two high, roughish-pubescent or 
 glabrous : stems clustered, rather simple, racemosely or paniculately several-llow- 
 ered : leaves very shar|)ly and mostly coarsely serrate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 
 acute ; those of the stem mostly sessile, or the lower short-petioled : pedicels shorter 
 than the flower : calyx-lobes slender-subulate, usually much shorter than the corolla, 
 the narrowly lanceolate widely «i>reailing lobes of which are 2 to 4 times the length 
 of the tube : style long-exserted. — PI. I'ratten. in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. 
 (1855) ii. 93; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3GG. 6'. JiUjiora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. 
 Acad. ii. 5. C. RoezLi, liegel, Animad. PI. Hort. Petrop. 1872, G. 
 
 In redwoods, from Santa Ciuz to Jlendocino Co., and through the foot-hills up to Sierra Valley. 
 Corolla 5 to 8 lines long, naiiow, lylindriial before expansion. Caiisulo with broad and retuac 
 base and G salient ribs. 
 
 4. C. linneeifolia, (!ray, I. c. Clabrous, but margins of leaves and angles of 
 stem retrorsely hispid-scabrous : stems weak, a span or two high, simple, or corym- 
 bose at summit, single- or few-llowered : leaves oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 
 crenate, all but the lowest sessile : peduncle as long as the flower : calyx-lobes 
 broadly lanceolate, acute, about half the length of the bell-shaped corolla, the lobes 
 of which about ecpud the tube and are commonly retrorsely hispid-ciliato : style 
 included. — WalUenbe.njia Call/ornica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158, f. 4i), 
 judging from the ligure. 
 
 In swamps at Noyo, Mendocino Co., lialnndcr. Leaves 4 to i) lines long. Corolla half an 
 inch long. A deHcate and peculiar species. 
 
 C. UNIKLOUA, Linn., a very low one-llowered species, with narrow leaves, extends from the 
 arctic regions along the higiiei- llocky iMountains to Colorado, and to those of Utah at 11,000 feet : 
 it may occur on the higlicr sununits of tlio Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Order LIV. ERICACE^. 
 
 AVoody plants, or in the later suborders perennial herbs, with symmetrical and 
 mostly regular flowers ; the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes 
 of the corolla, and inserted with, but hardly ever upon it ; the anthers 2-celled, and 
 the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink ; the pollen of 4 united grains (except 
 in MonotroptLf:) ; the ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or 
 calyx ; the seeds small, and with small or miinite embryo in copious albumen. 
 Corolla genendly gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, imbricated or rarely 
 convolute or vulvatu in the bud, the iusertion and that of the stamona hypogyuous, 
 or when the calyx is adnate e})igynous, around an annular disk. Style single : 
 stigma not rarely girt with a naked ring. Ovary with as many cells as the petals 
 or rarely one or two fewer : the placentie in the axis, with one exception. Ovules 
 anatropous. Leaves simple, commonly alternate, in some opposite, rarely in whorls, 
 articulated with the stem, destitute of stipules. 
 
 A large and important order, of wide distribution, very sparingly represented in California, 
 but it chinis several of tlie most striking slirubs. Althuugli generally inert, and the fruit when 
 
ERICACEAE. 449 
 
 liaccatc esculent, or nt. least innoceiil, yet tlie leaves of aoine (siieli as IJcarberry) arc used in 
 medicine, and others are reputed poisonous to eattie ; wliih; llie lioney made Irom tlic Wossoms 
 of Rlindodcndron and Azalea has Irom early times a bad reputation. Very many arc prized in 
 cultivation for their showy flowers. 
 
 Suborder I. VACCINIEyE. 
 
 Corolla and stamons epigynous, i. e. raised to or near tlio summit of tli(3 ovary, 
 the calyx-tube being adiiate. Fruit a berry, crowned with the vestiges of the calyx- 
 teeth. — Shrubby plants, with scaly leaf-buds. To tliis belong the Huckleberries 
 of the Atlantic States, the Blueberries, Bilberries, and Cranberries, all of the genus, 
 
 1. Vaccinium. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed on the summit of the ovary. Stamens 8 or 10. Berry 
 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Suborder II. ERICINEiE. 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous, or rarely of distinct petals, and with the stamens hypo- 
 gynniifl, the calyx being free. Anthers introrso in the bud. — Shrubby plants or 
 Hiniill trcM^s. 
 
 ♦ Fruit flcflliy, a liorry or a l)on7-llkn dnipo : corolla fi-tootlied, dociduous. 
 
 2. Arbutiia. <")vary fi-cpllcd, mnny-ovulod. IWry mntiy-sended. 
 
 13. Arctostaphylos. Ovary 5-10-colled, with a single ovulo in each coll. Drupe 5-10- 
 seeded or by abortion fewer. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Fruit a capsule enclosed within a fle.shy calyx, seeming like a berry. 
 
 4. Gaultheria. Corolla 5-toothcd or 5-lobed. Ovary S-cellcd, S-lobed. 
 
 * * * Fruit a naked capsule, the calyx remaining dry underneath. Corolla deciduous. 
 +■ Anthers with points or awns : cajisulc loculicidal. 
 
 5. Leucothoe. Corolla with a narrowed 5-toothed orifice. Leaves petioled. 
 
 6. Cassiope. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Leaves scale-like or Heath-like, sessile, im- 
 
 bricated. 
 
 ■^+- Anthers destitute of points, awns, or other appendages : capsule septicidal. 
 
 ++ C'orolla gamopetalons : pedicels subtended by foliaceous or firm-coriaceous persistent bracts : 
 seeds with a close coat : leaves evergreen. 
 
 7. Bryanthus. Leaves lleatli-like. Corolla without ])ouches. 
 
 8. Kalmla. Loaves l)road. Corolla with 10 jioucdios liolding the anthci-s. 
 
 ++ +t ('orolla gamopotalotia : pedioela subtended l)y Ihin scnrious bracts, forming a scaly bud, 
 
 these deciduous when the flowers develop : seed-cont loose. 
 ft. Menzlesla. Corolla globular-campanulate, 4-toothed. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 10. Rhododendron. Corolla funnclform or campanulate, 5-lobcd. 
 
 ++ ++ +t Corolla 5-potalous : seed-coat loose. 
 
 11. Ledum. Leaves broad. Flowers in an umbel : scaly bracts deciduous. 
 
 SunoRDEu TIT. PyROLE/E. 
 
 Corolla of 5 (rarely 4) distinct jietals, and with the stamons hypogynous, the 
 calyx being free. Anthers extmrso in the bud, the pores downward, introrse in 
 the open flower, the pores upward. Seeds extremely numerous, with very loose 
 cellular and translucent coat, many times larger than the nucleus. — Herbaceous or 
 nearly herbaceous and broad-leaved low perennials, one species leaflc'^s. 
 
 12. Chlmaphila. Flowers in a corymb or umlwl on a leafy stem. IVtaN widely spreading. 
 
 Stylo very short, top-shaped : stigma broad and orbicnlar, ]>eUntn. 
 
 13. Moiieses. Flower solitary on a scape. Petals widely spreading. Style sti-aight : stigma 
 
 5-niycd. 
 
 14. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme on a scape. Petals not widely spreading. Stylo long : stigtnn 
 
 various. 
 
450 ERICACE.^^. Vuccinium. 
 
 .SuuouDKR JV. MONOTJiOPExE. 
 
 Corolla and stainons hypogyiious. Pollen-gmins simple. Capsule loculiciilal. — 
 Root-pax-asitic scaly-biactud herbs, wholly destitute of green foliage, rather variuus in 
 structure, by sumo of tlie genera intimately connected with Ericineoi and Pyrohis ; 
 the last-enumerated genera anomalous in placentation, (Order Monotropeoi, Eenth. 
 & Hook. Gen. PI.) 
 
 * Ovary and capsule 4 - 5-celled, with placentae in the axis adnate to a thick central column. 
 4- Corolla wanting. 
 16. Allotropa. Calyx of 5 sepals. Anthers extrorse in the hud, introrse in the developed flower, 
 in the nuinnur of I'ljiola : the colls opening down to the middle. 
 
 -i-+- Corolla gamopetalous : calyx complete, of 5 sepals : anthers not reversed. 
 
 16. Pterospora. Flowers racemose. Corolla globular-ovate, the short lohos recurved. Anthers 
 
 •2-awiibd on the Itack in the manner of many Ericiiuie. 
 
 17. Barcodes. Flowers in a thick scaly spike. Corolla campanulate, the lobes erect. Anthers 
 
 not appendagcd. 
 
 -i--i--j- Corolla 4-5-petalous, and calyx incomplete or bract-like, both deciduous : anthers hori- 
 zontal or peltate, opening transversely : disk 8 -10-toothed. 
 
 18. Monotropa. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding, the fruit upright. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Ovary and ciipsulo 1 -celled, or .spuriously 4 - r>-cclled by the meeting of ])arietal plaeentaj : 
 no central column : antiiers erect, imappeudaged ; tlio cells opening lengthwise into 2 valves. 
 
 19. Pleuricospora. Flowers spicate. Sepals and petals each 4 or 5, limbriolate-laceiate. An- 
 
 thers linear. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with 4 or 5 bilamellate placentai. Seeds ovoid, 
 with a close and thin shining coat. 
 
 20. Newberrya. Flowers capitate. Sejials 2, bract-like. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular-urn- 
 
 shaped, 4-5-lobed. Antiiers oblong. Ovary with 4 or 5 two-parted placentae uniting 
 more or less around the open centre. 
 
 1. VACCINIUM, hinn. Cuanbeuky, Bilbeuuy, &c. 
 Corolla epigynous, various in shape. Anthers Avitli the two cells separate, taper- 
 ing upwards into a tube and o])ening by a hole at the apex. Style long : slignm 
 simple or more or less capitate, without a ring. Fruit a many-seeded berry crowned 
 with the vestiges of the 4 or 5 small teeth of the calyx. — Gray, Chlor. Bor. Am. 
 52, & Man. Bot. Nortliern U. S. 
 
 The species abound in tlio eastern and more northern parts of North America, but are few indeed 
 in California (none of the; easlern /Shuharii type), and all except one rare. Yet the following east- 
 ern species may penliance he found along tlie northern borders of the State or at great elevations. 
 
 V. OxYCOccus, Linn., Snudl Omnha-rij, which is found round the world farther north, may 
 occur in the higher northern parts of the Sierra Nevada ; but we have seen no specimens from 
 even so far south as Puget Sound. 
 
 v. MACROCARroN, Ait., Large Cranberry, of the Atlantic side of the continent ; said in Hook- 
 er's Flora to be " plentiful in swampy grounds near the confluence of the Columbia with the 
 Pacific, where its berries are boiled and eaten by the natives under the name of Soolubic/t, Doug- 
 las." Attention is called to this, as no one has since met with this or any other Cranberry in 
 Oregon. 
 
 V. c.EsnrosuM, Michx., a very dwarf sjiecics, with deciduous obovate leaves, and blue berries, 
 occurring on the mountains in the northeastern part of Nevada and in Oregon and northward, ex- 
 tending to Labrador. 
 
 « Leaves Jecldaous : antltera with, a pair of Inn;/ (iwn-lilce apptndui/es on the back : 
 corolla short, white or Jlesh-color. 
 
 +- Flowers solitary/ in the axils on a recurved peduncle. 
 
 1. V. pai"vifolium, Smith. Siirub much branched, 1 to 6 feet high, glabrous : 
 branches and branchlets .sharply angled : leaves oval or oblong, very obtuse at both 
 
Arbulits. ERICACE.K. 45] 
 
 cmkLs, nearly tmtirc, dull, very short-i)etiole(l, pule beneath : calyx 5-lobeil : corolla 
 globular, S-toothed: stamens 10: berries pale red, insipid. — Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 128. 
 l\(>(hvoo(ls, &c., Mendocino Co., Bolander. Common from Oregon to Sitka. Ix-ave.s from a 
 third to n full inch long. 
 
 2. V. ovalifolium, Smith. A more straggling shrub, with terete branches, 
 larger and mure veiny leaves, ovoid corolla, and large edible blue berries. — Hook. 
 1. c. t. 127. 
 
 (-ommon in Oregon, and extending to l^akii Hiiiinrior ; coninionly iiaHocjatfMl with V, parvi- 
 folium, and tlioroiore probably roaching the nortlioru part of tlio "Stjito on tiio coast. 
 
 3. V. Myrtillus, Linn. Low undershrul), glabrous, with Bliarply angled green 
 branclilets : leav(\s ovate or oval, bright green and usually shining, veiny, serrate, 
 very short-petioled : border of the calyx almost entire : corolla between globular 
 antl campanulate, r)-toothed, sometimes 4-toothed : stamens 10 or 8 : berries blue- 
 black when ripo. — Our plant is wholly the 
 
 Var. microphyllum. Hook., with clustered stems only a span or less in height : 
 leaves from the sixth to barely half an inch long : flowers only about 2 lines long : 
 berries according to Watson (I'ot. King Exp. 210) light red. Ihit in the Rocky 
 Mountains and in Oregon the berries are dark-colored, and the parts all larger, yet 
 not crpialling the European Bilberry in size of foliage, fruit, &c. 
 
 Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 feet (Mariposa Co., Gray), thence northward, and 
 eastward at high elevations. 
 
 +- +■ Flowers 2 or 3 or solitart/ from a separate seal;/ bud, short -pediaicled. 
 
 4. V. OCCidentale, Gray. Low shrub, [glabrous : leaves thinnish, dull and 
 pale both .sides, from oval to obovato-oblong or oblanceolate, entire, acutish or 
 obtuse, rather obscurely veiny (half to three fourths of an inch long) : ilower mostly 
 solitary : lobes of calyx and of the oblong-ovate corolla 4 : berry small, 2 or 3 lines 
 in diameter, blue with a bloom, sweetish. 
 
 Sierra Nevada at 6,000 or 7,000 feet, fiom Mariposa to Sicrni Co., Bnlandcr, Anderson, Lcm- 
 man, &c. Mountains of Utiih, H'a/son. 
 
 V. ULlGlNOStiM, Linn., the Hilberry of Europe, kc, from Oregon noithward, has rounder 
 leaves conspicuously reticulated beneath, shorter and broader corolla, and Ijcrrics much larger. 
 
 * * Leaves e^iergreen ami coriaceous : parts of flower in flves and the stamens 10: 
 anthers not awned on the bad: 
 
 5. V. ovatum, Pursh. Shrub erect, 3 to 5 feet high, with numerous spreading 
 branches and hirsute branchlets : leaves thick, very smooth, shining above, ovate 
 varying to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate with rigid small teeth, short-petioled : 
 (lowers crowded in very short and numerous axillary aii<l tormin.d niccmoa : corolla 
 campanulate, pink : catyx-tc'eth as long as the 5-celled ovary : berries dark pur|)Ie 
 turning black, witliout a bloom. — Lindl. l)ot. Reg. t. 1354. V. lanceolatum, DC, 
 oidy a narrow-leaved form. 
 
 Along the roast range, &<;., os])Ci'in]ly in roilwooila, from Monterey to Oipgon. porries edible. 
 
 2. ARBUTUS, Tourn. MAnisoSo. 
 
 Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla ovate, globular, or urn-shaped, .O-toothed ; the 
 teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included : anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of 
 reflexed awns on the back below the summit ; the cells opening by a terminal pore. 
 Ovnry raiHCMl on a liypogynoiw dlHk, ^-colled : ovuIoh nuniemuH on ii (loHJiy p]ar(<nfA 
 projecting from the inner angle of each coll. Style rather long : sfignni ohluHo. 
 IJorry with a rough or granular nurfaco, maturing povoml seedH in each roll. — 
 Small trees or shrubs, with evergreen and eoriaceous alternate leave.i. and white or 
 
^^2 EKlCACE.l!]. Arbutus. 
 
 llesh-colored llowerd in a tcrmiiml piuiiclo or cluster of racemes. — Cleiius of a few 
 epocius ill tho warin-leuipuruto purLioiis of tlio Old World, auioiig them the i)traw- 
 htrry-tri-e, tho fruit of which is eatublo, two or tlireo iu Mexico, and our well-known 
 Madivilo, viz. 
 
 1. A. Menziesii, I'ursh. A handsome tree, or southwards a shrub, with very 
 hard wood, and close and smooth bark turning brownish red (the older exfoliating) : 
 leaves oval or oblong, either entire or serrulate, pale beneath, bright green above : 
 i-acemes dense, minutely tomentose : corolla almost globular, white : berries dry, 
 orange-colored (hardly eiitable), with surface granulate. — Nutt. 8ylv. iii. 42, t. U5. 
 A. p°octr(i, l)o\\'^\. in Lindl. lU.t. Jicg. t. 17.03. A. laurijUia, Lindl. Hot. IJeg. 
 XXV. t. 07, a smaller leaveil Mexican form. 
 
 Along the coast ranges and sparingly on tlie loot-liills, extending north to I'uget Sound, and 
 southea'stward into Mexico and Texas. In the northern coast ranges this is sometimes a mag- 
 nilicent tree, HU or lt)() Icct iiigh, witli trunk IVoni one to tliree feet in diameter. Indeed, a tree 
 in Miirin Co., iiortii til' 'raiiial|)ais, measured '2;J feet in eireumlVrencui at tho smallest part of the 
 trunk below the branehes, and some of the nmin brunches were 2 or 3 i'eet in diameter. South of 
 San Francisco Bay it is usually a small spreading tree or a large shrub. 
 
 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adanson. ]\lANZANrrA. 
 
 Flowers liko those of Arbutus (but occasionally 4-merous and 8-androus), except 
 that tho D to 10 cells of tho ovary ci)ntaiu each a single suspended ovule, and tho 
 berry-like fruit a circle of 5 to 10 separate or separable bony seed-like stones, or else 
 these cohere more or less, sometimes completely into a solid several-celled or by abor- 
 tion occasionally 1-celled stone. — Shrubs or small trees; witli the alternate leaves cori- 
 aceous and persistent (in all but an arctic-alpine species), either entire or with a few 
 irregular teeth ; the white or roso-colored flowers iu terminal often clustered racemes. 
 
 Gray in Pacif. 11. Eep. iv. 116, note; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 581. Comaro- 
 
 staphylis, Zucc. Xcrobotrys & Xylococcus, Nutt. Daphnidostaphylis, Klotzsch. 
 
 The freater i>art of the S]>ecies aie Califonuan (including the Uva-ursi, which extends round 
 the woHd) : tiieir discrimination is diliicult. As to the genera proposed by Zuccarini, Nuttall, 
 and Klotzsch, mainly ujion the concretion of the .stones ol' the Iruit, this sometiuuss takes jdaie 
 even in A. Uva-ursi, and is variable in our other species. A. puiuj ens and A. gUnau, otherwise 
 hardly distinguishable, diller greatly in this respect. 
 
 §1. Drupe not ivarty ; the flesh at maturity mealy ; the stones commonly stj>urute or 
 separable, at least some of them, not rarely some of them nnited or -1-celled 
 and 1- seeded : bracts Jirm and persistent. 
 * Ovary and depressed-globose fruit more or less pubescent : branchlets often hispid. 
 
 1. A. Andersonii, Gray. Erect, G or 10 feet high : branchlets minutely tomen- 
 tose when young, hispid with long and white bristly hairs : leaves thin-coriaceous, 
 green and glabrous, except the bristles on the midrib beneath, lanceolate-oblong or 
 ovate-lanceolate with a strongly sagittate-cordate base, sessile or nearly so, mucro- 
 nato-pointed, mostly .spiuulose-scrntlate (2 or .'5 inches long) : fruiting pediceLs id)out 
 etpialling tho bracts: drupes rtHhlish, much dei)ressed, 4 or 5 lines in diameter, 
 densely clothed with exceediiigly viscid bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 811. 
 
 In the mountains behind Santa Cruz, among redwoods (Big-trco Grove), Dr. Anderson. Fila- 
 ments somewhat hirsute. Bark jialer than in the Manzanilas. 
 
 2. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Erect, 2 to 6 feet higli, tomentose when young, 
 hispid with long spreading hairs on the branchlets, petioles, &c., but these some- 
 times nearly wanting : leaves thick and very rigid-coriaceous, varying from oblong- 
 lanceolate to ovate and even cordate, entire, rarely serrulate, often cuspidate-mucro- 
 nate, usually becoming vertical (one or two inches long) : flowers in very short 
 
Arcto^taphylos. ERICACE^. ..^ 
 
 Kog. t. 1.9 ; Hook. H. n. t. i;U), ct- Hot. Ma^^ t. .'5220. A. conllfoUa, \L\\ 1 c 
 
 I ng long bnstly l.airs on the branches : leaves oval (iialf to two thinls of an inch 
 
 I long , rounded at both ends, someti.nes obscurely cordato, very sh<,rt-,.e io ej 
 
 mostly entire thick and rigid, bright gre.u, the upper sur ace sLn n'^racS 
 
 -trr!v::"S vi^.^lJr'''"^ ^"=^" '- I-^^-^- ovary n.inute,y^to.eZ: 
 
 « * Ovarif glahrom : no hispid hairs on the branches and petioles. 
 4. A Uva-ursi, Spreng. Prostrate, trailing or somewhat creeping almost cla- 
 brous: leaves spatulate or oblong-obovate, obt.^e or retuse : flowe^rs ii smaU and 
 short racemose clusters : lilaments bearded : fruit red. 
 
 Doubtless in the State on the borders of Oregon and northern Nevada ; thence not rare north 
 
 Inoi ^{ P^"^^^^' ^"i<^; ^''T^> '^^^'"'*''. tufted, minutely iomentoso-pubescent : 
 loaves obovate-oval or oblong-obovate, obtuse, or son,o ..f them more or less mucro- 
 nate-tipped, pale : flowers as in the preceding but smaller : lilaments siurincdy 
 bcanlcd or nearly naked. -A. pumila c^- A. acuta, iXutt. 1. c. y;rr»/.,„V/,.i, „/,,?//. 
 
 ttvdsof Linch lon| ' ""^ ^'""' '^'' '"'' ""^^ ''"'•"""^ *"^'^- I^e<'^ves from half to two 
 
 6. A. pungens, HBK. Erect or at Ingli elevations procumbent, min.itelv 
 cinorcous-tomentoso when young, or glabrous : smooth close bark brownish-red 
 (mahogany-color) : leaves commojdy becoming vortical bv a twist of the distinct or 
 pretty long petiole, very rigid, often glaucous or pale, entire or occasionally dentic- 
 ulate wi h a few sharp teeth, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, most of them 
 pungently mucronate-acuminate or cuspidate : flowers crowded in very short ra- 
 cemes, on short glabrous pedicels: filaments strongly ciliate bearde^^ 
 turning dull red. - HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. iii. t. 2r)9 ; Torr. in En.ory Kep. t. 7 
 Arbntas pungens, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 144. Andromeda (?) venuhsa DC 
 Prodr. yn. 607. Ardostaphi/los Hoolrri, Don. A. nla^ca, Watson, Bot. 'xing 
 Exp 210. Aerohotrj/s venvlosus, Nutt. I. c. ; Benth. VI llartw. 321. Daphnido- 
 staphi/hs pnnr/ens i^ J). Jlookeri, Klotzsch. 
 
 Dry and barren ridges cverywhoro, Iwth on the coast and at great olovnt ions, oxtondinc north 
 into Oregon, cast to tjtnh and New Mexi-o, and south into Afexi.-o. This, the com on 7an\ 
 zanrtn, ,s exceedingly variable indu.ling. as it must, the S,nnJI M.mmuta, Nh h at Toleva- 
 tons is procnmbcnt, rising only a few inches in height, and larger forms, with erect s ems tor- 
 ihmeterThn:;^'-;.'^"?.'" ^'^'l^ ""' '''' ^^ J" height ; the short trunk sometimes a Sotin 
 
 a rSierrn im ' 1^^ "^l"'''"^ "?" ^'^ ^'■"""' •, '^""^' "'' *'"^'"' ^'''^''' ^^P^-^i^Hy i" tl'e foot-hills 
 
 a nv 1 A. \ T"'''''' ""'""'-^ °: '1'."*". «''^'""'"'- '^"'' "■'♦'• '"•""•' '".-I larger: pale or glaurou., 
 and ova or ovato leaves, commonly deslitul.. ,.f the i.ung.-nt tip. a.o ns.mllv referred to ,1 
 g^nuca, but that ,s distinguished by its remarkable fruit, '^^rhe fruits of the plesent species ar^ 
 not larger than t_hose of ./. tonwv/osa, oidy 4 lines in diameter, tlie nulh-ts onlv a line or two in 
 (liametcr, separable, or one or two jmirs cohering, tlie pntameu of less thi.kness than the cavity 
 Ihe specific name, pun^jcns, is seldom appropriate for the Californian plant. "'''- •■•■"• •- --'-- 
 by Indians and bears. 
 
 The fruit is eaten 
 
^j,^^ ElUCACEJ^]. Ardostaphijlus. 
 
 § 2. Drupe smooth and glabrous, with a solid tvoody or boni/ l-5-celltd and I - 5- 
 seeded stoue in a thin pulp. — Xyi.ococcus. {X i/hcoccus, Null.) 
 
 7. A. glauca, Limll. Erect, 8 to 20 feet liigh. mucli bvaiiGhed (iVom a trunk 
 sometiiues a iout in iliameter at tlio base), completely glabrous, glaucous : leaves 
 ri"itl, varying I'runi oblong to rounil-ovato anil slightly conlate, vertical by a twist 
 uHhe petiole, with or without a small mucronate tij) : racemes panicled : bracts, &.C., 
 as in the precetling : pedicels slender and minutely hirsute-glandular : lilaments 
 somewhat ciliatc at base : fruit red, large ; the 5-celled stone half an inch in diam- 
 eter. — LiniU. liot. lieg., a brief character in a note under t. 17131. 
 
 Dry hills, IVoiu Monterey (Douglas) to San Diego {Cleveland, kc). Thhi Great-berried Manza- 
 nita is hiuilly to Ihj distiiiguislied in llower tVoni tlio liirge and ghtnci'sent form of the preceding, 
 except hy tlio glaniluhir ii.mH<i1s. Miit tliu fruit is far larger, oftener three fourths of an \\u\\ in 
 diameter; tlie nutlets coniplctcly consolidated into ii globose woody stone, of great thickness and 
 solidity ; the hve cells all towards the centre, each with a fertile seed. While very like the pre- 
 ceding in asi)ect, it is associated willi the next by the fruit. 
 
 8. A. bicolor, Gray. Erect, 3 or 4 feet high, leafy only at the end of the 
 branches : leaves ovate-oblong or oval, thinnish-coriaceous, entire, pinnately veined, 
 soon glabrous abovo anil shining, whitish-tomentoso beneath, as also the branchlets 
 and the ovate chartaceuus bracts of the short spicato raceme : calyx of 5 nearly dis- 
 tinct round-ovate ind)ricateil se[»als, somewhat colored : corolla urceolate, rose-color 
 or tinged with red : lilaments scarcely dilated at base : style long : stigma capitate. 
 — Xylococcu.s bicolor, Nutt. in Trans. Am. I'hil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258. 
 
 " Near Monterey," Nultull. Near San Diego, Dr. Cooper, D. Cleveland. Flowers in March 
 and April. Leaves an inch or two long. Scaly spike or dense raceme barely an inch long. Fruit 
 the size of a pea, yellow turning red, the solid stone maturing 4 or 5 seeds, or by abortion only 
 one. 
 
 § 3. Drupe ivith a granulate or ivarty surface, as in Arbutus; the cells cohering into 
 a several-celled stone. — Comauostai'IIYLIS. (Comarostaphylis, Zucc.) 
 
 9. A. polifolia, llliK. Erect, f) to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, cuspidate, pale beneath : raceme elongated ; the lower bracts foliaceous, the 
 upper becoming siibidate and shorter than the slender bracteolate pedicels : calyx- 
 lobes triangular : corolla reddish : fruit dark purple, minutely warty, its stone 
 5.celled. — Nov. Gen. & Sp. iii. 277, t. 258; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108. 
 
 Below San Diego, near the boundary, and in Mexico. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, willow-like. 
 
 4. GAULTHERIA, binn. Winticimuikkn. Sai.ai.. 
 
 Calyx 5-clert, geniTally colored like the corolla. Corolla urceolate or camimim- 
 late, 5-toothed or 5-li)bed. Stamens 10, included : anther-cells oi)ening by a hole at 
 the apex, each usually 2-awned or 2-pointed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-lobed, depressed 
 and umbilicate, many-seeded, enclosed at maturity in the calyx, which enlarges and 
 becomes fleshy after the corolla falls, and imitates a globular berry : this is eatable 
 and aromatic-ilavored. Shrubby or almost herbaceous plants ; with broad evergreen 
 leaves, and white or sometimes rose-colored flowers, mostly axillary or in axillary 
 racemes, from scaly bmls. 
 
 A rather wide-spread gcnu.s, mostly American and Asiatic, non(( F-uroyiean, of temperate regions 
 or on mountains. The original species, confmeil to Atlantic North America, is the well-known 
 Aromatic IV InUrgrcen, G. piociimbens. 
 
 1. G. Myrsinites, Hook. Very low, spreading over the ground in tufts : the 
 slender stems and branches decidedly woody : leaves ovate or rotund (half to an 
 inch long), the margins beset with minute more or less bristle-pointed teeth : flowers 
 solitary in the axils of the leaves, on short 3 - 4 bracteolate pedicels : corolla rather 
 
Camope. ERICACE^. 455 
 
 campanulate and 5-lobe(l : filaments slender and smooth : anthers naked, obscurely 
 •4-pointed. — Hook. Fl. ii. 35, t. 12!). 
 
 In forests, near the northern borders of llie State {Dr. Ncwbcrnj) ; without much douht also 
 within its limits, thence tlirough Oregon and the Rocky Mountains. Tlie /rMi< scarlet, aromatic, 
 said to bo delicious. 
 
 2. Gr. Shallon, Pursh. Shrubby stems spreading or ascending a foot or two in 
 height: leaves ovate or slightly cordate, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), finely serrate 
 (the tooth when young bristlo-tipped), sinning : ilowoi-s in terminal and axillary 
 commonly jmnicled or compound glaiidular-viHcid raonmeH : bructH scaly : j)odicel8 
 recurved and 1 - 2-bractcolato below tlio middle: corolla ovate, tlio narrow oiilico 
 H-toothod : filaments broad : anthers with a pair of awn-liko ai)[)endag03 on tho 
 summit of each cell : fruit purple, becoming black. — Pursh, PI. 284, t. 12; Hook. 
 Bot. Mag. t. 2843 ; Lindl. Bot. Pteg. t. 1411. 
 
 In redwoods, &c., from the Bay of Monterey to Oregon and northward. Fruit a much-esteemed 
 article of food of the Oregon Indians, called by them Hhal/.mi according to Lewis and Clark, or at 
 present Salal. 
 
 5. LEUCOTHOE, Don. 
 
 Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals, more or less imbricated in the bud, or very 
 
 early open, not enlarging or becoming fleshy in fruit. Corolla cylindraceous or 
 
 ovate, "with contracted mouth and 5 short spreading teeth. Stamens 10 : filaments 
 
 subulate : anthers naked, or the cells 1 - 2-pointed or awned at the apex, which 
 
 opens by a large pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculi- 
 
 cididly /)-valved, many-soodod. — Shrubs; with poliolod and commonly serrulate 
 
 veiny loaves, racomoso inlloresccnco, and abundance of white flowers ; tho bracts and 
 
 bractlets mostly scalo-like ; and tho flowers articulated with tho pedicel, or this with 
 
 tho rhachia. — Gray, Man. Bot. 293. 
 
 Genus still somewhat uncertain in extent ; the original species in tho Atlantic United States ; 
 the recently-discovered Californian one a true Lcucothoe, altiiough differing in some particulars. 
 
 1. L. Davisice, Torr. Evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, nearly glabrous: leaves 
 bright green, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse at both ends, obscurely spinulose-serrulate 
 (an inch or two long) : racemes slender, erect, terminal and from the upper axils, 
 forming a cluster : flowers pendulous : bracts and bractlets at tho base of the 
 recurved pedicels short and scarious, ovate or roundish : sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
 whitish : anther-cells distinct to the middle, 2-pointed at tho apex. — Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 400. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada; near Eureka, Nevada Co., discovered by Miss N. J. Davis. Plumas Co., 
 Mrs. Pulsifcr Anus, Lemmon. A beautiful shrub : flowers abundant : corolla 3 lines long. Fniit 
 unknown. 
 
 6. CASSIOPE, Don. 
 
 Calyx of 4 or 5 membranaceous ovato sepals, imbricated in tho bud, persistent, 
 bractless. Corolla broadly campanulate, 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 8 or 10, included : 
 filaments subulate : anthers short, fixed near their apex, furnished with a pair 
 of recurved awns at tho insertion ; the turgid ovoid cells opening by a largo ter- 
 minal pore. Style tapering upwards. Capsule globular, 4 - 5-celled, loculicidally 
 4-5-valved ; the valves soon 2-cleft ; the largo placontnc pendulous. Seeds numer- 
 ous with a doflo coat. — Smidl arctic or alpino snU'rutoscoiit ovorgrnens, willi tho 
 crowded or imbricated foli.ago and aspect of Heaths or Club-Mosses; the white or 
 rose-colored flowers solitary and nodding on tho apex of slender and erect naked 
 peduncles ; these suiTOunded by scaly bracts at their base. 
 
,j^5G ERIC ACE Ji. Cassiope. 
 
 A peculiar genus of ten species, of the northern frigid regions, extending southward only along 
 high niountains, mainly Aniurican and Asiatic, two reaching high northern Europe, live North. 
 Auieiican. 
 
 1. C. Mertensiana, Don. Bmnclu^a ascending, in tufts, G to 12 inches liigli, 
 coverutl tliruiigliuiit wil.li tliu UiiiveM, wliieli imi upin'osseil und closely inibrieiitcil iii 
 I'uur ranks, liiiek, sinuotli, not over '2 liin-s long, ovatu-ohlong, keulud on the buck : 
 peduncles lateral: corulla niodeiiitely 5-lobed : style rather slender. — Andromeda 
 Altrtensiana, liongard, Veg. yiteh. t. 5. A. cupressiiia, lluuk. Fl. ii. 38. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevaihi, at or above 10,000 feet, from Mount Dana to I^assen's Teak {Bremer, 
 liolandcr, 4tc.) ; thenco to Alaska. Corolla 3 lines high and 4 broad. 
 
 C. TErKAGONA, Don, which reaches Oregon and the Rocky Mountains, is very similar, except 
 that there is a deep groove down tho back of tlio leaf, and the {lower is rather smaller. 
 
 7. BEYANTHUS, Steller, Gray. (Incl. Phyllodoce, Salisb.) 
 
 Calyx of 5 or rarely 4 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla campanulate and 
 more or less deei)ly lobed, or ovate, and I)arely 5-touthod ; tho lobes or teeth widely 
 spreading or recurved. .Stamens 10 or 8 (rarely fewer) : filaments filiform : antheis 
 opening by terminal oblique chinks. Style slender: stigma 5 - 4-lobed, or nearly 
 entire. Capsule globidar, septicidally 5 - 4-valved from the summit. — Dwarf ever- 
 greens ; ■with woody stems thickly beset with linear obtuse Heath-like leaves ; tho 
 llowers in a short raceme or umbel-like clubter from the summit of shoots of the pre- 
 ceding year, each pedicel from the axil of a firm foliaceous bract. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 307. 
 
 Consists of several arctic-aljiino species. Dr. Maximowicz, perhaps with sufficient reason, 
 •would retain thyllodoce und BriKvnthus, notwithstanding our li. llrewcri, on account of tho 
 •1-nicrous llowers, deeply parted condla, and naked exserted common peduncle of B. Gmelini. 
 ikil lliu new Caliiornian species dillera about oa much from tho true r/tijlloduccs as from tho 
 original Bri/iuUhiin, agreeing with tho latlur conspicuously in its deeply dolt corolla and long- 
 exserted stamens. 
 
 On the other hand, I?iiitham nnd Hooker's flenera riantarum proposes to solve the didlculty 
 by cutting the knot, and the series, in the middle, referring to Brijanthus all the sjjecies with 
 open-campanulatc corolla, and only these : under tliis view both of the species known in California 
 would l)elong to Bri/aiU/nin, - -lo ui\ internii:<liate section, which may lie named PAitAimYANriUJS : 
 corolla open-campunulale, more or less ii-cleft or lobed : no common peduncle. 
 
 1. B. BreTveri, Gray, 1. c. Stems rigid, ascending, a span to a foot high : 
 leaves snioutli ur nearly so (3 tu 7 lines long), narrowly linear, obtuse ; the margins 
 strongly revolnte : llowers at lirst as if umbellate, at length rather racemose : foli- 
 aceous bracts ovate or lanceolate : pedicels glamlular, soon longer than the flowers : 
 sepals glabrous : corolla rose-jjurple, almost saucer-shaped, 5-cleft fully to the mid- 
 dle : stamens (7 to 10) and style much exserted. 
 
 High and rocky summits in tho Sierra Nevada, at 10,000 feet und upwards, from Mariposa to 
 Sierra C^o., Brewer, Turrcy, Bolander, &c. The handsomest species of the genus. 
 
 2. B. empetriformis, (^ray, 1. c. A span or so in height, more branched than 
 tho precetling : umhcilatc llowtns much smaller : corulla (liardly over 2 lincis long) 
 rose-color, campanulate; its lobes nnich shorter than the tube: stamens iiududed : 
 style sometimes exserted. — Mciiziesia einpdri/ormis, Smith; (Jraham in Hot. Mug. 
 t. 3176. il/. Unihdini, Hook. i"l. ii. 40. I'hi/Uoduce empdi-i/onnia, iJun. 
 
 Rocks on Mount Shasta, at 8,000 feet and higher, Brewer. Also high northward and in the 
 Rocky Alountains. 
 
 8. KALMIA, Linn. American Laurel. 
 Calyx of 5 ne<irly distinct sepals imbricated in the bud. ('orolla wheel-shaped or 
 saucer-shaped, with 5 short lobes, and beneath these 10 small pouches, in which the 
 
Rhododendron. ERICACEAE. 457 
 
 anthers are severally lodged. Stamens 10: filaments filiform: anthers opening hy 
 
 a terminal hole or cliink. Stylo slender : stigma depressed. Capsule globular, 
 
 septicidally r)-valvod : the placenta) pendulous. Seeds slender. — Evergreen shrubs ; 
 
 with entire coriaceous leaves, either opposite or alternate, and showy llowers mostly 
 
 in an umbel or corymb ; the pedicels subtended by coriaceous ami persistent bracts. 
 
 Tlifi Kalmiag arc all American and of tho eastern side of the continent, excciiting tlic following, 
 which ranges northward from Newfoundland to Alaska, and southward on high mountains. 
 
 1. K. glauca, Linn. Shrub spreading, from a span to 2 feet high, veiy glabrous, 
 with Hat ascending branches : leavbs opposite or sometiiues whorled in threes, 
 nearly sessile, narrowly oblong or appearing linear when the margins are revolute, 
 white and glaucous beneath : corymb terminal, of several or few flowers, tho lower 
 bracts resembling the leaves : pedicels filiform : corolla lilac or chocolate-purple, 
 half an inch in diameter. — Ait. Kew. ii. t. 8 ; Bot. Mag. t. 177. 
 
 Siena Nevada ; on Mount Dana, at and above 11,000 feet, in marshy places, Breioer. Also 
 Webber Peak, Lcmmon. Only tho var. microphi/lla, Hook., i. c. a dcpaunerato state, rising 
 littlo above tho ground. Mr. Wntson found it on similar liigi» nioiuitains \n Nevada. It extends 
 to the .lubarctic regions, and south to lat, 41° in tho Atlantic States. 
 
 9. MENZIESIA, Smith. 
 Calyx small or minute, mostly 4-parted or toothed, glandular-ciliate. Corolla 
 from globular-urnshaped to campanulate, obtusely lobcd. Stamens mostly 8, 
 included : filaments flat : anthers rather short, naked : tho cells opening at top by 
 an obli(iue poro or chink. Style slender : stigma ca[)itate-truncate. Capsule glob- 
 ular or ovoid, mostly 4cellcd and 4-valved, septicidal. Seeds numerous, scobiform 
 (like fine sawdust), the coat being very loose. — Deciduous-leaved shrubs (unequally 
 divided between Japan and N. America) ; the foliage resembling that of Azaleas ; 
 the small flowers in terminal umbels (sometimes becoming lateral), developed simul- 
 taneously with the leaves, from separate scaly buds ; their thin-scarious scales or 
 bracts early deciduous. 
 
 1. M. ferruginea, Smith. Loosely branched shrub, 2 to 5 feet high : loaves 
 disposed to be crowdetl at the end of tho branches, thin, short-petioled, oblong- 
 obovate, entire, acute and with a callous gland-like mucronato tip, more or less hir- 
 sute with rusty hairs and some chaffy bri.stles, especially on tho midrib and margins ; 
 branchlets and pedicels also glandular : corolla purplish or greenish, short-campanu- 
 lato with at first tho mouth contracted. — Ic. Ined. t. 36. 
 
 Woods of Oregon and northward : doubtless in the northwestern part of California, but not yet 
 seen : extends eastwanl nearly to the Upper Great i.akes, and a variety of it inhabits the Allegha- 
 nies. The only American species. Japan has several. 
 
 10. RHODODENDRON, binn., including Azam: a. 
 
 Calyx very small in our species. Corolla large, varying from funnelform to cam- 
 panulate, 5-lobed, often slightly irregular. Stamens 5 to 10 : filaments filiform, 
 commonly declined : anthers short, the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink. 
 Style long, commoidy declined or incurved : stigma truncate or capitate. Capsule 
 woody, septicidally G-valved from tho summit. Seeds very numerous and small, 
 scobiform, i, e. with a loose cbafl'-like coat. — Ornamental shrubs ; with alternate and 
 entire leaves, usually crowded on the flowering branches ; the showy flowers in 
 terminal umbels or corymbs from ample scaly buds, the thin sc^ales or bracts decidu- 
 
^gg EK1CACE.E. lihododendron. 
 
 ous when the flowers develop. — Maximowicz, lihodod. Asiic Or. 13; Lenth. & 
 
 Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 599. 
 
 Ilhododaidrons aiul Azaleas, although dillerent enough as to our common species, arc quite un- 
 (listinguialiable wlien tlio whole are t^ikon into view. 
 
 U. Ai.niKi.out'M, Hook., (.1" tlio \\oo.l.s of Oregon and northwanl, which niay occur within tlie 
 liniita of the SUite', ia a aiiecies with hitoial llowora and 10 stamens, but deciduous leaves. 
 
 § 1. Flowers from a lanje and special scaly terminal bud: stamens 10 : leaves coria- 
 ceous and evergreen. — Kuhiiodouenduon, Maxim. 
 
 1. R. Californicum, Hook. Shrub 3 to 8 feet liigh, glabrous : leaves oblong, 
 with a bhoit acute point, bright green above, pale beneath : umbel many-llowered : 
 calyx minute, slightly S-lobed : corolla rose i)urple, broadly campanulato ; the broad 
 lobes undulate, upper ones ycllowibh and spotted within : stamens shorter tium the 
 corolla : lilaments incurved at the apex : ovary silky-hairy : capside oblong. — liot. 
 Mag. t. 4863. 
 
 Forests of tlie northern part of the State (Mendocino Co., &c.) extending to Oregon {E. Hall). 
 Shrub 3 to 8 feet higii, resembling R. Calaicbicnsc of the Alleghanies, hut with more showy 
 flowers of about the same size. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long : corolla 2 inches or more in diameter. 
 This solitary Californian true Rhododendron or Rose Bay is well deserving of cultivation. 
 
 § 2. Flowers from a large and sjiecial scaly terminal bud, close belotv tvhich are 
 separate leaf buds from which the shoots of the season proceed : stamens com- 
 monly 5 and exserted : leaves deciduous. — Azalea, Planchon, (fee. {Azalea, 
 Linn., mainly.) 
 
 2. R. occidentale, Gray. Shrub 2 to G feet high, with shoots glabrous or 
 minutely pubescent when young, not bristly : leaves obovate-oblong, sometimes 
 approaching lanceolate, bright-green and shining above, minutely pubescent, 
 glabrate, the margins minutely hispid-ciliate : scales of the llower-bud somewhat 
 canescent : flowers api)earing after the leaves : sepals distinct, oblong or oval, con- 
 spicuous : corolla miimtely viscid-pubescent outsido, white, with the upper \o\w yel- 
 low inside; the narrow fiinnelform tube equalling the deeply R-cleft slightly irreg- 
 ular limb ; the lobi:s ovate : stamens and style much ex.serted, nunlemtely curvoil : 
 capsule oblong. — Azalea occidentalis, Torr. &i (!ray, Tacif. It. Ivep. iv. 110; Hook. 
 Bot. ]\[ag. t. 5005 ; Torr. liot. Wilkes Exj). 381. A. calendulacea, var., ]]i-nth. 
 PI, Hartw. 321. lihododendron calendulaceum, Hook, (fe Arn. Dot. Beechey, 3G2. 
 
 In wooded distric^ts along streams, almost throughout the State, extending to the mountains 
 east of San Die^o, but conunon northward. Leaves 1^ to 4 inches long, becoming of a rather 
 firm texture. Mowers 2^ to '6 inches long, fragrant. This charming Californian Azalea, the 
 great ornament of the wooilcd districts, belongs rather to the group of the eastern R. viscosuni, 
 than to that of R. ailcndulaccum, the lloweis ajipearing in siunmer or late s}iring, after the leaves 
 have developed. The bright green foliage makes a fine setting for the large ami copious white or 
 sometimes slightly rosy llowers, variegated by a pale yellow band. The fragrance is unlike that 
 of the eastern species, and not so dclicidus. 
 
 11. LEDUM, Linn. Labradou Tea. 
 "■ Calyx small, 5-cleft. Corolla of 5 distinct and spreading oval or oblong petals. 
 Stamens 4 to 10 ; fdaments liliform : cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore. 
 Stylo liliform, persistent. Capsule oval or oblong, septicidally 5-valved from the 
 base upwards : placentic pendulous. Seeds slender, with a loose coat. — Low and 
 more or less evergreen shrubs ; with broad alternate entire leaves, their margins dis- 
 posed to be revolute, and the lower surface either resinous-dotted or rusty-woolly ; 
 the flowers small and white in a terminal umbel-like corymb, which is developed 
 from a large scaly bud, its thin scales or bracts deciduous when the flowers are 
 developed. 
 
Mnnese^f. ERICACEyI5. 459 
 
 li. rAi-uarnE, I.iiin., wliioli ginws lomul tlin world fur iiorUi, nml \,. i,AliKni,iirM, Ait., wliicli 
 extends from Newloundland to Oregon (the only other species), nro not met with in California, 
 wliich has a peculiar species, viz. 
 
 1. L. glandulosum, Niitt. Shrub 2 to G feet liigh, erect, glabrous or nearly 
 so : leaves oblong or oval, pale and dotted with resinous scaly dots beneath, and 
 when young somewhat resinous above, slender-petioled : corymbs terminal and 
 sometimes axillary, often compound : stamens 4 to 10 : capside oval. — 'JVans. Am. 
 Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 270 (subgon. Ledodoidrov) ; Watson, J5ot. King Exp. 211. 
 
 Mendocino Co., along the coast range, to Oregon, and tlirougli the Sierra Nevada, at and above 
 4,000 feet : also in the Nevada and Rocky Mountains. I/cavcs an inch or two long, tiio margins 
 little or not at all revolute, the lower surface destitute of tiio wool of the other species. Flowers 
 resembling those of L. latifolinm. 
 
 12. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsi.ssrwa. 
 Corolla of 5 rotately spreading orbicular and concave petals. Stamens 10 : fila- 
 ments enlarged and hairy in the middle : anthers extrorso in the bud, introrse in 
 the flower, opening by a round hole at the tapering summit of each cell. Stylo very 
 .short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed umbilicato summit of tho 
 ovary : stigma broad, orbicular, its border somewhat R-crenato. Capsule doprcs.sod- 
 globose, 6-lobc(l, 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent from tho apex downwards, tho 
 edges of the valves glabrous. — Low, nearly herbaceous, evergreen perennials: with 
 long underground shoots, ascending stems bearing thick and smooth shining shar])ly 
 serrulate leaves in irregular whorls or pairs, or scattered, and a terminal naked 
 peduncle supporting a few fragrant flowers in a corymb or umbel, tracts scaly. 
 Petals white or flesh-color, waxy : anthers violet or purple. 
 
 A small North American genus, extending into Mexico, the commonest species also in Europe 
 an<l Japan : in the latter also a peculiar species very like one of ours. All grow in dry wooas, 
 especially on hillsides and in the shade of coniferous trees. 
 
 1. C. Uiubellata, Nutt. A span to a foot high, branching : leaves oblanceolate 
 or wedge-shaped, entire towards the tapering base, bright green, not spotted : pe- 
 duncle 4-7-flowered: bracts narrow, deciduous: filaments hairy on the margins 
 only. — Barton, Veg. ]\Iat. Med. t. 1. G. conjmbosa, Pursh. Pyrola umbellata, 
 Linn. ; Bigel. Med. Jiot. t. 21. 
 
 This, the common Pipsisscwa or Prince's Pine of tho Eastern States, Oregon, &c., also found 
 both on the eastern and western sides of the Old World and in Mexico, appears to be rare in 
 California and only in the north. Mount Shasta (^?-e?«cr) ; Mendocino Co. {Bolander); Sierra 
 Valley, Lemmon. 
 
 2. C. Menziesii, Spreng. A span high, sparingly branched : leaves varying 
 from ovate to oblong- lanceolate, acute at both ends, small {h to 1^ inches long), 
 purplish beneath, sometimes variegated with white above : peduncle 1 - 3-flowered : 
 bracts ovate or roundi.sh : fdamonts villous on tho dilated middle portion. — Hook. 
 Fl. ii. 49, t. 1.^8. Pi/rola Menziesii, Don. 
 
 Pino woods, in the Sierra Nevada, and from Mendocino Co. northward, through Oregon. 
 Most resembles tho eastern C. maculata and the recently discovered C. Jojjonica. 
 
 13. MONESES, Snlisb. 
 Corolla as in C//fnm/)A?7a. Stamens 10: filaments not enlarged in the middle, 
 subirlate, naked : anthers as in Chimaphila, but tho cells contracted into a distinct 
 short tube at tho extremity. Style cxserted, straight : stigma large, peltate, and 
 with 5 short radiating lobes. Capsule as in Chimaphila. Parts of the flower occa- 
 sionally in fours instead of fives. -- A single specips known, viz. 
 
^gQ ERICA CE^. Moneses. 
 
 1 M. uniflora, Gmy. A small and low perennial, with a cluster of round or 
 obovate "shuit-pctiolod (•.renul.ao loavos, and a scape li to 4 inches high, tcnuuiatcd 
 Ly a handsuiue white or lK:sh-culored llowcr two thirds of an inch in diameter. — 
 I'l/roia uiiijlont, Linn, Moneses (jmndijUmi, Salisb. 
 
 In coKl bogH roiui.l tlw ik.iIIi.tii lioiiiisplioro ; iIouMIohs witliiii tho limits of tlio Stuto ul liigli 
 olovutioiis, us it otxuib iioiili ami cjibl of ihciii. 
 
 14. PYROLA, Touni. WiNTHUoiiKiiN. 
 
 Corolla of 5 concave and more or less converging petals. Stamens 10 : hlaments 
 ascending or straight, subulate, naked : anthers as in the preceding genera, either 
 witli or without a tubular prolongation of the extremity of the cells, which open by 
 a round hole. Style generally long : stigma 5dobed or 5-rayod. Capsule depressed- 
 globose, 5dobed, 5-celleil, loculiciilally 5-valvetl from the base upward : edges of the 
 valves commonly cobwebby when opening. — Low and smooth perennial herbs; 
 with running subterranean shoots, broad and petioled leaves close to the ground, 
 and a more or less scaly bracted scape bearing a simple raceme of white, greenish, or 
 rose-colored nodding lluwers. 
 
 The "eiius, ami sevuml of tho 12 to 14 species, cxteiul round the world in tho cooler parts of 
 tho noilhcni teiniicrato zone. Sonio divide it into three genera, but on characters of small 
 account. 
 
 § L Corolla and stamens regular: petals ivith two tubercles at base inside: style 
 straight : stigma large, depressed, at length obtusely 5-lobed. 
 
 1. P. secunda, Linn. Leaves clustered or somewhat scattered on ascending 
 shoots, thin, ovate, serrulate, on naked petioles : scape 3 to 5 inches high, bearing 
 several or numerous Uowers in a close one-sided raceme : petals oval-oblong, green- 
 ish-white, not at all spreading, shorter than tho slender style : anthers blunt. 
 
 Wotids in the higlier Sii-im Nevada, at Donner Pass, &c. ; thenco northward anil cast ward 
 round tho workl. 
 
 § 2. Corolla somewhat irregularly spreading: staviens more or less declined and 
 curved toivards the upper side of the Jiower : style long, turned downivard and 
 more or less curved : stigma narrower than the apex of the style, surrounded 
 by a ring or collar, from which the 5 lubes {more or less concreted into one, 
 and at first almost included) at length conspicuously project. 
 
 2. P. rotundifolia, Linn. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, orbicular, varying 
 to ovate, round-obovate, or round-re ni form, on .slender naked petioles : scape with 
 the loosely many-llowered raceme 6 to H inches high, scaly-bracted : bracts lanceo- 
 late or ovatedanceolate : lobes of the calyx mostly lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate 
 and about half the length of the broadly obovate (white, greenish-white, or rose-pur- 
 ple) petals : cells of the anther slightly contract(^d into an obscure neck uniler the 
 orilice. — The Caliibrnian specimens as yet seen all belong to the 
 
 Var. bracteata, Cray. A large form : leaves 2 or 3 inches long, often serrulate: 
 scape a foot or more high, usually con.s[»icuously but remotely scaly-l»racled : anthers 
 prominently niucroiiate at base. — J\ bracteata, Hook. /'. elata, }i\\ll. Thdaia 
 bracteata, Alefeld in Linuiea, xxviii. 57. 
 
 In coniferous woods, Mendocino to Sierra Co., and nortli to British Columbia. The var. 
 uliijinosa. Gray, common on tlie northern borders of tlie Atlantic States, occurs on tlic niountaiiis 
 in Nevada, anil a form near it at Caison City. It has smaller pink ilowers with red-purple 
 anthers, and shorter triangular- ovate calyx-lobes. 
 
 3. P. picta. Smith. Leaves thick, coriaceous, pale (at least beneath, sometimes 
 purplish), and above commonly variegated or blotched with white, ovate varying to 
 obovate and oblong-spatidate or lanceolate-oblong, on short or else margined petioles : 
 
Pterospora. ERICACEAE. ^61 
 
 scape witli the mostly short raceme 4 to 8 inclies high : bracts small : lobes of the 
 calyx ovate, short, not half the length of the roundish greenish-white petals : cells 
 of the anther contracted into a neck or short tubular prolongation below the orifice. 
 — P. (lentata, Smith, a form with the narrower leaves more or less serrate. Thdaia 
 spatulata, Alefcld, 1. c. 
 
 Open wooda, from tho Mariposa firovo along tlio Sierra, and from Mendocino Co. to British 
 Columbia. Leaves an inch or two Ions, in the nariower forms tapering into the petiole, which is 
 from a (piarter to a full inch in length. Rootstocks erect, branching, rigid. Peculiar to the 
 I'acific side of tho continent. 
 
 4. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves coriaceous, not shining, orbicular or ap])roach- 
 ing it, often retuso, small, commonly much shorter than the petiole : scape and few- 
 flowered raceme 4 to 8 inches high : bracts inconspicuous : lobes of the calyx 
 broadly ovate or roundish, very short, appressed to the base of the oval-obovate 
 white and little-spreading petals : cells of the anther distinctly contracted below the 
 orilice into a short tube. 
 
 Hills near Downievillo, Yuba River, Biqelnui, according to Torrry. Apjmrently rare on tho 
 Pncific sido of tiio coiitin(Mit ; connnon northward on tlin Atlanlic Hido, and aJHo in nortlicrn 
 i'iiu'opc. litmvcs half nil inch (o an inch, Hoinetlincs ovoii an inch and a half long. 
 
 5. P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes leafless, 7 to 12 inches high from a long and 
 deep scaly-bractiMl and doubtless parasitic rootstock : raceme loosely many-flowered : 
 lobes of the calyx ovate, acute, very much shorter than tlie obovate Avhite petals : 
 cells of the anther contracted into a short tube below tlie orilice. — Hook. Fl. ii. 
 48, t. 137. 
 
 Fir woods, along the Sierra Nevada from San Diego Co. to Shasta Co. and to Riitish Colum- 
 bia. Scajic reddish. Flowers about as large as those of P. rotuvdi/olia : sutures of the capsule 
 not cobwebby in dehiscence. A peculiarly interesting plant, on account of its living the parasitic 
 life of the Monotropcce. 
 
 15. ALLOTROPA, Torr. & Gray. 
 Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 10, glabrous : 
 anthers short, 2-lobed, extrorse in the bud, soon becoming introrsely pendulous on 
 tho slender filament ; the cells opening by a chink reaching to near the middle. 
 Ovary globose, C-collod : stylo at first very short, at lengh longer : stigma largo, 
 l)eltnto-cfipiiato. Soods vory nuinnrous on tho thick pliicontio in tho axis, linonr 
 with a small central nucleus. — (Hot. Wilkes Exp. 385, 1874.) Cray in Pacif. 11. 
 Rep. vi. 81, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3G8. — Single ai)ocios. 
 
 1. A. virgata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A reddish or whitish herb, a span to a foot 
 high, glabrous, rather fleshy, with a thicker base, beset with ovate-oblong or lanceo- 
 late scales, continued into a virgate many-flowered spike : flowers crowded, very 
 short-pedicelled, 2-bracteolate, a quarter of an inch long ; the upper ones about 
 equalled by the bracts : sepals shorter than tho fdiform filaments, whitish. 
 
 Mendocino Co., near Bear Harbor {Bnlnndcr, Krllngij), generally under Qiicrcus daisijlora ; 
 Sierra Co., Jycmmun. Thence in the Cascade Mountains to Washington Territory. 
 
 16. PTEROSPORA, Nntt. riM:niiors. 
 Calyx deeply .^-parted, short, persistent. Corolla withoring-per-sistcnt, globular- 
 ovate, with contracted mouth ; tho ,5 very .short lobes recurved, almost convolute in 
 tho bud. Stamens 10, included: filaments subulate: anihers short, crert in tho 
 bud (or just before anthesis horiwnital) ; each coll bearing a deflexed awn on tho 
 back near tho base, ojieiiing lengthwise. Style short : stigma r)lobed. Capsule 
 depressed-globular, 5-lobed ; the thin valves persistent by the cohesion of the i)arti- 
 
462 ERICACEAE. Ptcrunpuru. 
 
 tious witli the centml axis, from which the i)luccntu3 are pcnduious. Seeds very 
 numerous, ovoul, with a tliin nearly ch)se coat, ajjicuhite at base, and at apex, bewar- 
 ing a broad hyaline and reticulated wing-liko appendage, many times larger than 
 the seed itself. — Nutt. Con. i. 38G ; Liudl. Collect, t. 5. — Single species. 
 
 1. P. andromedea, Kutt. A stout, purplish-brown or chestnut-colored and 
 clammy-pubescent herb, 1 to 3 feet high : the lanceolate scales or bracts small, 
 crowded at the base, scattered above : raceme long, virgate, niany-flowered ; the 
 spreading and recurveil [ledicels slender, as long as the linear scarious bracts : 
 corolla white, a c^uarter of an inch long, somewhat viscid : capsule a third of an inch 
 in diameter. 
 
 In dry soil, under pines or otlier eouiferous trees and oaks, from Monterey northward, extend- 
 ing to British Columbia and through the Northern Atlantic States. 
 
 17. SABCODES, Torr. Snow-Plant. 
 
 Calyx of 5 oblong erect sepals, shorter than the corolla, persistent. Corolla 
 cylindraceous-campaimlate, moderately 5-lobed, the lobes little spreading, persistent. 
 Stamens 10, included, glabrous : lilaments slender : anthers linear-oblong, attached 
 by the outside a little above the base, not appendagetl, the 2 cells united through- 
 out and with a very narrow connectivo, openiug by the whole obliquely truncate 
 apex. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled : stylo columnar : stigma capitate, slightly 5-lobed. 
 Capsule fleshy ; the thick placentie adnate to the axis for their Avhole length. Seeds 
 very numerous, oval ; the coat cellular-reticulated, but closely fitted to the nucleus, 
 except a conical protuberance at the apex. — Torr. PI. Fremont, in Smithsonian 
 Contrib. 17, t. 10. 
 
 1. S. sanguinea, Torr. 1. c. A stout fleshy herb, a spau or two in height, of a 
 bright red color, luore or less glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed, at least iip tt) thn 
 raceme, with firm fleshy scales; the lower ones ovate and closely imbricated, the 
 npper gradually more scattered, narrower, and passing into the linear bracts, which 
 mostly excued the llowcns, thuir mar^^ins gland td;ir-c,iliatu : i)iidicels erect, at kuist 
 the upper ones short : corolla half an inch long, rather fleshy, glabrous. 
 
 In coniferous forests, esjieiaiilly tliuso of Sequoia and Abies, tlirough the Sierra Nevada from 
 4,000 to y,000 feel, sliooliu',' ft)ith and flowering as soon as tlie snow melts away. 
 
 18. MONOTROPA, l.iun. Indian 1'iimc. IMnk-S.m-. 
 
 Calyx of 2 to 5 lanceolate often loose and dissimilar bract-like scales, deciduous. 
 Corolla of 4 or 5 erect spatulate or oblong scale-like petals, which are gibbous or 
 saccate at base, tardily deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals : filaments 
 filiform-subulate : anthers more or less reniform, transverse upon the apex of the 
 filament; the cells more (U- less confluent into one, opening across the top. Style 
 columnar, tubular, more or less dilated at the a[)ox into the ilisk-liko or somewhat 
 funnelform obscurely -1 - 5-crenate stigma. Disk confluent with the base of thu 
 ovary, bearing 8 or 10 deilexed teeth. Capsule ovoid, 4 -5-celled: the thick pla- 
 centaj covered with innumerable minute loose-coated seeds. — Low fleshy-scaly herbs, 
 white or reddish, turning brownish ; the clustered and loosely scaly stems rising 
 from a ball of matted fibrous roots ; the flowering summit at first nodding, becom- 
 ing erect in age. — Two or three species, of two well-marked subgenera, by many 
 i-eceived as genera ; but the differences are rather unimportant. 
 
Neivberrrja. ERICACEAE. 
 
 46^ 
 
 § 1. FUnvers solitary, terminal: anthers opening equally by 2 chinks. 
 1. M. uniflora, Linn. Plant whito (rarely rosc-colnr), inodorous, a span luch 
 glabrous : calyx represented by 2 to 4 bracts or sepals, the uppermost larger : petals 
 5 and stamens 10 (rarely more) : stigma naked. 
 n,inW T^ "^"""Jf ■ A?f ^t- IT'l '" California ; but occurs in Oregon, though perhaps less com- 
 
 § 2. /'Vo?/w« flfww/ in a npike or clone raceme, with mnrr. rerpdnr sepah, and the 
 petals more saccate at base, the terminal Jlower mosth/ with 5 petals and 10 
 stamens ; the others respectively \ and 8 {or rarely fewer) : anthers more reni- 
 form ; the cells completely conjlnent into one, which opens by 2 unequal valves, 
 one broad and spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted: margin 
 of the sttgma glandular or hairy. — Hypopitys. {Ilypopitys, Dill.) 
 2. M fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot high, glabrous, except a minute pubes- 
 cence ot tiie spike-hke raceme : the obovate-cuneate bracts and the spatulate sepals 
 ero^ely or laciniately fimbriate : some flowers with only 3 petals and 6 stamens — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G29. 
 
 California.'"''*^'""' ^"^"^'^^ Mountains. Oregon, E. Hall. It may be expected in Northern 
 
 Toul'<UhZ''^Ju% Vl"";' "'■ ^-T ^"^ "'■ "''"■ '■''^^*^^" "f t''^^' tJ'« ^=""^"^0" Pine-sap, extending 
 round the world in the temperate zone, occurs in the northern part of Oregon. It is pubescent 
 or rarely glabrous, and the scales and bracts nearly entire. puoescent 
 
 19. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. 
 Caiy.x of 4 or 5 oblong-lancoolato scalo-liko sopuls, with laciniately fnubriato mar- 
 gins. Corolla of as many nearly similar oblong i)otals, shorter than the calyx. 
 Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous, included: anthers linear, orocfc upon tlio apox of the 
 fdiform flattish filament and hardly wi.ler than it, apiculate at the retuse apex ; 
 the cells united throughout, opening lengthwise from the base to the apex. Ovary 
 ovate, tapering into a style of about its own length which bears a depressed-capitate 
 stigma, one-celled, with 4 or 5 bilamellato parietal placentip, which are ovuliforous 
 throughout. Capsule lleshyl Seeds obovato, with firm mther polished coat closely 
 htted to the nucleus. -Plants light brown or whitish, with the aspect of ^fono. 
 tropa, sect. Hypopitys, but stouter; the stem crowded or at first imbricated with 
 the scales ; flowers in a close erect spike. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 369. 
 
 1. P fimbriolata, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high, glabrous or nearly so • 
 scales of the stem ovate-lanceolate, the lower with erose edges, the upper and bracts 
 with scarious whitish and fimbriate margins. 
 
 In the Mariposa Grove, Bolandtr. There ai'e indications of a Mexicaji species. 
 
 20. NEWBERRYA, Torr. 
 Calyx of 2 scale-like sepals, resembling bractlets. Corolla oblong, somewhat 
 urceolato, 4 - 5-lobed, withering-persistent ; the lobes spreading, ovate, hairy inside. 
 Stamens 8 or 10, somewhat included : filamonts filiform, above the middle bearded 
 with long Iwiirfl : anthers obl.u.g, ornot ; 1,1m cells opening lei.gl.liwi^o. from top to 
 bottom, into two une.pial valves. Ovary ovate: stylo elongated, hairy above: 
 Bhgma depressed-capitate, entire, umbilicate and pervious : placentic 4, each 2-parted, 
 the two broad plates covered with ovules on both sides, and their edges meeting or 
 
4(j4 LENNUxVCE.li;. Ntwierrya. 
 
 coliei'ing, leaving a central cell (if correctly understood). Inlloresceuce capitate. — 
 A binglo ini[)i'rrcctly kiunvn apucies. 
 
 1. N. COngesta, 'I'urr. (ilal)n)us, browniah : simple stems a span liigli, clothed 
 with hti'si'ly iiiiltrii'ulcd t»val or ohh)Mg and ohacurely oroso Bcaksa ; the upii(«rmust 
 running largo lirarla to the cupitato-crowilud llowers. — Ana. Lye. Kuw York, viii. 
 55 ; lienth. & llook. (Jisn. PI. ii. GOG. Ileinitomes com/entum, Gray in Pacif. ]{. 
 Kep. vi. 81, t. 12 : descrii)tion and liguro faulty, and name inapplicable, therefore 
 changed. 
 
 Soutliern part of Oregon, upper part of Des Chutes Valley, Newherri/. Near California, and 
 probably occurring within its limits. It is very desirable to rediscover this little-kaowu phmt. 
 
 OiiDEii LV. LENNOACE^. 
 
 Root-parasitic fleshy herbs, scaly, destitute of green herbage, with the aspect of 
 Muuutropem and Orobaiichacett, but nearer the former ; remarkable for having the 
 ])arts of the llower almost always more tlian five and the cells of the ovary at least 
 doubled, these onc-ovuleil, the stamens adnato \\\) to the very throat of the tubular 
 corolla (anthers on very slu)rt lilaments, 2-celled and opening lengtiiwise), ami the 
 fruit drupaceous. — Comprises three genera and not more than four species, of 
 Mexico and California. — Torr. in Ann. Lye. New York, viii. 51; Solms-Laubach in 
 Abhandl. Nat. Halle, xi., & DC. Proth-. xvii. 37 ; lienth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 621. 
 
 1 . Pholisma. Flowers spicato. Sepals and short lobes of the corolla 6, rarely 5 : stamens aa 
 many in a siii;,'li) series. 
 
 2. Ammobroma. Flowers covering the upper surface of a dilated concave receptacle. Sepals 
 about 10, lililorm and plumose. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 6 to 10. 
 
 Lknnoa, Llav. k Lex. (Corollnphyllum., II BK.), has the parts of tlie flower in eight, and the 
 stamens in two series below the throat of the curved corolla. 
 
 1. PHOLISMA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx of G (or rarely 5) linear se2)aLs, shorter than tiie corolla, naked. Corolla 
 tubular, obscurely fiinnelform, withering-persistent; the lobes as many as the sei)al3, 
 short and broad, undulate and plaited-imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as 
 the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, borne in the throat in a single 
 rank. Ovary and drii[)aceous ('}) fruit 12 - 20-celled, depressed-globose. Style 
 long : stigma G- 10-crenate-lobed. — A single species. 
 
 1. P. arenarium, Nutt. Brownish fleshy herb, of simple sterns, a span high, 
 puberulent, thick, clothed with small erect scales : spike at first capitate, at length 
 oblong, dense : llowers sessile, rather longer than the linear bracts (about 4 lines 
 long), purplish.— Hook. Ic. PI. t. G2G. 
 
 Sandy soil and at the base of hills, near Monterey and San Diego, Dougliis, Nultall, &c. Paia- 
 sitic on the roots of oaks? 
 
 2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. 
 Calyx of mostly 10 lililorm ijlumo.so-hairy sepals, ecpialling the usually G-lobed 
 corolla ; this and the stamens and pistil nearly as in Pholisma. 
 
 1. A. Sonorae, Torr. lioot of thick tortuous fibres : stems simple, elongated, 
 beset with lanceolate acute mostly api)ressed scales, the summit dilated into a fun- 
 nelform receptacle, with recurved or sju'eading margins ; the whole cavity densely 
 lined with .short-pedicelled llowers : corolla about 4 lines long : ovary about 20-celled. 
 — Ann. Lye. New York, viii. 51, t. 1. 
 
Statice. PLUMBAGINACE^. 465 
 
 Siindliills of the desert Iwnleiing tlio licad of tlio. (Julf of California, nroiind Adair Hay, in the 
 Mexican State of Sonora ; "very abundant in the liills, tlie wliolc jilant except the top buried in 
 the sand, apparently attached to some other root or substance," Co/. A. li. (iraij. Eaten by the 
 Papago Indians, after roasting oi- drying in the sun ; the fresh plant " when cooked luscious, 
 resembling the sweet potato in taste, only more delicate," according to the discoverer. The 
 locality is uot far below the borders of the State. 
 
 Ordkr LVI. PLUMBAGINACEJS. 
 
 Chiefly maritime liorbs, witli the base of tlio alternate leaves clasping the stem at 
 tlieir insertion, regular flowers with tlie parts in live throughout, the stamens oppo- 
 site the petals, and the ovary one-celled with a solitary ovule rising from its base. 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx tubular or funnelform, 5-plaited, 5-toothed, pei-sistent. 
 Corolla hypogynous ; in Plumbago gamopctalous and salverform ; in our genera 
 .5-petalous, with long claws barely united into a ring at base, commonly convolute 
 in the bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, adnato to their base : anthers 2-celled, 
 intronso, opening lengthwise. Ovary ^-angled at summit, containing an anatropous 
 ovule lianging from the apex of a long funiculus which rises from the base of the 
 single cell : styles 5, distinct or united into one. Fruit utricular or akene-like, in 
 the bottom of the persistent calyx. Seed with a straight embryo in mealy albumen. 
 Cotyledons flat : radicle short. — Leaves mostly entire : stipules none. 
 
 A small and unimi)ortnnt order, of no active qualities except tlint the roots are astringent ; 
 chiefly indigenous to the Old Worhl ; the genus Plumbago, of warm climntoH, with ganiopctnlous 
 corolla, furnishing some ornamental species for cultivation, is partly slirubby : the native North 
 American species are merely one Thrift, and one Mnrsh-Roscviarif. 
 
 1. Armeria. Flowers in a globose head, on a simple scape. 
 
 2. Statice. Flowers panicuTntc or corymbose on a branching stem or scape. 
 
 1. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. 
 Flowers in a single globose head (composed of numerous glomerate spikclets each 
 subtended by a scarious bract), which is raised on a scape. Calyx scarious, funnel- 
 form. Corolla of 5 nearly distinct long-clawod petals, each with a stamen attaclied 
 to its base. Styles 5, filiform, united only at the very base, delicately plumose 
 below, stigmatose above along the inner side. Utricle at Icngtli bursting irregularly 
 at base. Steraless perennials ; with narrow linear persistent leaves in close tufts, 
 the naked scape with a reversed sheath under the head : flowers rose-color. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Leaves flat, 1 -nerved: bracts very obtuse, the outer- 
 most often mucronate : lobes of the calyx abrui)tly mucronato-pointcd. — Statice 
 Armeria, Linn. 
 
 On hills and beaclies, along tlio roast : a tall form, with scapes a foot or two higli, and rather 
 rigid leaves (//. nndinn, var. Califnrnica, Boissier in DC. Prodr. xii. fi82), apparently most like a 
 Chilian form of a widely diffused and considerably variable species, connuon in the Old "World ; 
 by some carefully discriminated into several species. 
 
 2. STATICE, Linn., Willd. M.\ni^ii-Rn.sRMAKV. 
 Flowers in small spikes or clusters crowded at tlie oxtromities of a branching 
 scape; their structure nearly as in Armeria. Styles glabrous, distinct: introrse 
 stigmas shorter, sometimes terminal. TTtride indehiscent. — Leaves commonly with 
 a broad coriaceous blade tapering below into a petiole. 
 
46G 
 
 FltlMLil-ACE-K. 
 
 1. S. Limonium, T.inn. Rootstock thick, very astringent: leaves obuvate- 
 ohlong, tlucki-sli, Ikbhy curiaceous, pale, tapering into a petiole : scape a I'uot ov two 
 high,°mucli-branclieil, cuiymbt)se-panicled, bearing the numerous 2 - 3-llo\vcrea 
 spTkeiets on one sitle of its divisions : outer bract ovate, herbaceous on the back, 
 much smaller tiian the broadly scarious innermost bract: calyx-tube more or less 
 hairy on the angles. 
 
 Salt marshes on the coast ; the var. Califounica (i\ Califomica, Boiss. in DC), with denser 
 and more coiymbose iullorescence than the Atlantic coast plant (var. Caroliniaiia), but closely 
 resembling the H. Livionium of Europe. 
 
 OuDEii LVn. PRIMULACE^. 
 
 Herbs, Avith perfect legular llowers, well marked by having the Btamcns as many 
 as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube (only in Glaux 
 the corolla is wanting and the stamens on the calyx alternate with its lobes), a 
 single entire style and stigma, a one-celled ovary, with the ovules borne on a free 
 central placenta, and a capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8-cleft, commonly 5-clcft, hypogy- 
 nous, except in Samolus. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovules several or 
 numerous, on a globular central placenta, — amphitropous (except in Ilottoula, which 
 we have not). Embryo small, in ileshy or horny albumen. — Leaves simple, mainly 
 entire : stipules none. 
 
 An order of about 20 genera and twelve times that number of species, widely distributed over 
 the world, but mainly in the temperate and frijrid portions of the northern hemisphere, of no 
 marked active properties and small economical importance, except to the florist ; not largely 
 American, and very scanty in California, where only Dodccalheon is conspicuous. 
 ♦ No sterile filaments : calyx wholly free from the ovary. 
 
 +- Flowers umbellate or sometimes solitary, on a naked scape : corolla imbricated in the bud. 
 
 1. Dodecatheon. Corolla 5-purted ; its divisions rclloxod. Shimens projecting ; lilamcnls 
 
 nionadclpliouH, shorter than the connivont saj^attulo or lanceolate anthers. 
 
 2. Primula. Corolla salverform, or funnelform with a Hat limb, the tube rather long. An- 
 
 tliers obtuse, included. „.,.,.,, i- *u 
 
 3. Androsace. C"orolla short-salverform or funnelform, small, with tube hardly exceeding the 
 
 limb. Antliers obtuse, included. 
 +- +- Flowers axillary on leafy stems : corolla convolute in the bud, or none in No. 7. 
 
 4. Trientnlis. Corolla 7- (iVO-) I'arlcd rotate. Capsule opening lengthwise. 
 
 5. Anagallia. Corolla n-imrlcd, hmgcr than tlio calyx, rotate. Capsule ciicumscissile. 
 (5. Centunculus. Corolla •! -5-clelt, shorter than the caly.x. Capsule cucumscissilo. 
 
 7. Glaux. Corolla none. Calyx colored. Capsule opening at the top by valves. 
 
 * Sterile filaments alternate with the lobes of the corolla : calyx-tube partly adnate. 
 
 8. Samolus. Corolla caiapanulato, 5-clcft ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Flowers 
 
 racemose. 
 Lysimacmia. It is remarkable that no species of this rather large genus is known in 
 California. But L. ciliata occurs in Oregon, and may reach the northern part of the btate. 
 It belongs to a section (Sh-ironnma) which has the lobes of the corolla uivolute severally around 
 the stamens. The genus is most like Trlcnlalis, but the parts of the llowcr live, and the stems 
 eipiably leafy throughout. 
 
 1. DODECATHEON, Linn. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions rellexed in ilower, afterwards erect over the 
 capsule. Corolla with extremely short tube, a dilated and thickened throat, and 
 an abruptly rellexed 5-i)arted limb ; its divisions long and narrow, entire. Stamens 
 inserted on the throat of the corolla : lilaments .short, monadelphous (but separable 
 
IhHJfCitlhrau, I'RIMUI.ACK.K 40 
 
 abovo ill age) : authors huiceolute or linear (yellow or violet), introrae, more or less 
 connivont around the filifonn exserted style. Stigma small. Capsule ovoid or ob- 
 long, splitting from the apex into 5 or more teeth or valves : placenta columnar, 
 many seeded. — Perennial smooth herbs, acaulescent ; with a tuft of membranaceous 
 leaves, and below fibrous roots springing from a short erect crown, sending up a 
 naked simple scape, which is terminated by an umbel of few or many (rarely even 
 solitary) handsome llowci's: these at lirst gracefully pendulous on the recurved sum- 
 mit of the pedicels : after llowering the pedicels are erect. Involucre of a few 
 slender bracts. Corolla purple, pink, or sometimes white. The Howers occasionally 
 vary with all their parts in fours. 
 
 1. D. A^eadia, Linn. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate, entire or 
 more or less toothed: scape 3 to 15 inches high: umbel 2 - 20-llowcred. — So far 
 as we can make out, only one species occurs, which extends across the continent, 
 and on the Pacilic side tlirough fully 40 degrees of latitude (viz. from Guadalupe 
 Island, Lower California, to those within Bohring Straits), varying imiu(!usely and 
 inextricably. The Pacific forms (which usually have rather shorter or blunter 
 anthers tliau the Atlantic) may, as to their leading features, bo mainly but loosely 
 arranged under the following varieties. 
 
 Var. brevifolium : common through the wanner ])arts of tlie State: leaves 
 round-obovato or spatulate, one half to an incli and a half long, sbort-pctioled, tliick- 
 ish : scape a span to near a foot high, few - manyllowfired : capsule ovoid, hardly 
 exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. — D. eUipticnm, Nutt. ex Durand, PI. 
 Pratt, in Jour. Acad. Pliilad. n. ser. ii. 95. D. intcgri folium, lientli. PI. llartw. 
 322, not of Michx. 
 
 Var. lancifolium: common in wet mountain meadows, llowering in summer: 
 leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-s{)atulate, 3 to 10 inclies long (including the short 
 margined petiole), quite entire, mucronate : pedicels and culyx commonly minutely 
 glandular ; the lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate lob;\s of the latter nearly equalling 
 the short-ovoid capsule. — D. Jajf'raifi of the gardens. 
 
 Var. alpinum: a diminutive state of the foregoing, on the higher mountains, 
 at 9,500 to 12,000 feet : the narrow loaves an inch or two, the 1 - 3-nowcre(l scape 
 2 to 4 inchoa high : pedicels and calyx quite glabrous. 
 
 Var. macrocarpum : a mostly largo and stout form, from yVlaska soutlnvard : 
 spatulate or oblanceolate leaves 5 to 10 inches long (including the petiole) : scapes 
 often a foot high, several - many-flowered : capsule oblong or almost fusiform (half to 
 three fourths of an inch in length), about twice the length of the narrow calyx- 
 lobes. — A form which may be referred hero, with laciniatcly-tootlied spatulate 
 loaves, was collected on the mountains of Ventura Co., Bremer. 
 
 Var. frigidum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5871, k S. Watson, Bot. King Exp. : in- 
 cludes various forms, ranging from the high Sierra northward to the islands within 
 Behring Straits : leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, with either 
 short or slender petiole: scape a span or more high, few -several-flowered : calyx- 
 lobes longer than the tube, varying from broadly to ovate-lanceolate, shorter than 
 the oblong (or sometimes ovoid ?) cajisule. — D. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. ; Seem. 
 Bot. Herald, t. 9. 
 
 Var. latilobum: leaves thin, oval, undulate-toothed, 1 to 2^ inches long, ab- 
 ruptly contracted into a petiole of nearly twice the length : scape a span to a foot 
 high, 1 -flovoral-flowenvl ; calyx-lolx^s ovate or triangular-ovate, ni)t longer than the 
 tube,, about half the length of the narrowly oblong capsule. — I). }fe.a(lia, var. fri- 
 gidum, Watson, 1. c, in jiart. (Kast side of Cascade ^Its., AVa-shington Territory, 
 Ljfall. Wahsatch Mts., Utah, Watson.) 
 
 Stations niul gcogmphicnl rnii^c siifTioipiitlv sin'ciliiMl above. 
 
468 
 
 PRIMULACE.E. Primula. 
 
 2. PRIMULA, Liiin. Puimuose. 
 
 Cttlyx 5-cleft. Corulla cominuiily salvorfurm, enlarging nioro or less just aLovo 
 tlio insortiun ol" tlio alann'iia ; tliu lijnb 5-partoil ; lobes ubuvato, or oliconlalu. Stamens 
 incliuleil, tlibtinct. SLiguia cai)itato, iloi)ru»bed. Capbulo ovoiil, 5-valvud at summit, 
 the valves again usually li-clel't. Seeds very numerous on the largo central placenta. 
 — Perennial herbs ; with clustered leaves at the root or rootstock, and simple 
 scapes bearing solitary or usually an umbel of several handsome flowers. 
 
 Primroses, Cowslips, and Auriculas of the gardens are Old World representatives of this genus. 
 In California only one indigenous species has been detected, but that is a new and charming 
 accession to the genus, viz., 
 
 1. P. Buffrutescens, Gray. Glabrous: leaves thick and rather coriaceous, 
 cuneatespalulate, coarsely toothed at the apex, jjcrsistent and crowded on lirm and 
 rather Ueshy-ligneous creeping and densely matted rootstocks : scape 3 - 7-flowered : 
 involucre of a few short and subulate bracts : calyx campanulate, minutely glan- 
 dular-puberulent, deeply 5-cleft : corolla deep maroon-purple with a yellowish eye ; 
 its tube longer than the calyx, but hardly longer than the obovate-emarginate or 
 obcordate lobes. — Proc. A)n. Acad. vii. 371. 
 
 On exposed rocks of tho Sierra Nevmln, at tlio elevation of 9,000 to 11,000 feet ; above the 
 Yo.seniilo Valley, Uruhjcs {who fir.st drscoveri'd it), Muir, ic. Silver Mountain, iiMUctr, Mt. 
 Stanford, Bolamhr, Kdltnjij. Tho thick nnilted rootstocks liU the crevices of rocks, and are 
 more creeping than in any other species. Leaves an inch long, or rather more. Scape 3 or 4 
 inches high. Corolla fully two thirds of an inch in diameter. 
 
 3. ANDROSACE, Tourn. 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla short-salver-shaped or almost rotate ; the tube shorter than 
 the calyx; throat commonly constricted; the small limb 5-parted. Stamens and 
 short style included. Capsule 5-valved, few - many-seeded. — Very small or deli- 
 cate herbs ; with clustered leaves, and small umbellate or sometimes solitary flowers, 
 usually on a scape : corolla white or nearly so. 
 
 Jfainly an aljiino or .sub.ilpino f^'cnns, chiefly of tho Old World ; no species yet detected in Cali- 
 fornia or on its immediate borders ; but the two following may be expected at the north. 
 
 A. SEiTENTRioNALi.s, I.iiiu. : a barely pulierulcnt annual or biennial, with an open tuft of 
 lanceolate or oblong radicul haves, fntni which are sent up numerous liliform scapes, an inch to a 
 spaa high, bearing"i loose umbel of .several flowers, on lonj,' lilifoini pedicels : caly.K-lobcs ovate- 
 Kubulato, green, ennalling tlic very small corolla. — Mountains of Nevada and northward to tho 
 arctic regions, and in the Old World. 
 
 A. Fii.lFouMis, Eetz, is similar, but glabrous, with broader leaves, and ovate and bluntish 
 more membranaceous calyx-lobes shorter than tho corolla ; this, as in the preceding, only a line or 
 so in diameter. — Occurs in the mountains of the southwestern part of Oregon, as well as in the 
 Rocky Mountains ; also Northern Asia. 
 
 4. TRIENTALIS, Liim. Star-floweu. 
 Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 7-parted, sometiraes G - 9-parted, widely spread- 
 ing from tho very base. Filaments slender, spreading, united in a ring at the base : 
 anthers oblong, revolnto after discharging tho ludlon. Style liliform : stignm small. 
 Cap.sule at length splitting into 5 valves, few-seeded. — Low and glabrous perenidals ; 
 with filiform tuberiferous rootstocks, sending up simple stems, which bear alternate 
 scales or sometimes small leaves below, and a whorl of fully developed leaves at 
 the summit, in their axils slender peduncles supporting a star-shaped white flower. 
 
 The Atlantic States have a peculiar species, T. Americana, Pursh, with long lanceolate leaves 
 tapering to both ends, and grailually acuminate divisions to the corolla. The Pacihc States have 
 only forms of the Old World species. 
 
Glaux. PRIMULACE^:. 469 
 
 1. T. Europaea, Linn., var. latifolia, Torr. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, spring- 
 ing from ii well-l'urtned little tuber, ikmuI}' leafless : leaves 4 to G, uhovate (jr oblong- 
 oval : corolla often tinged with purple ; its divisions oblong and al)ruptly sharp- 
 pointed. — T. latifolia, Hook. Fl. ii. 121. 
 
 Woods, chiody along the Coast Ranges, from Monterey north to Oregon, &c. Mature leaves in 
 the Calil'ornian plant olten 4 inches long. 
 
 Var. ARCTICA {T. arctiai., Fischer), which has very much smaller and obtuser leaves, more or 
 less scattered along tlie stem, occurs in Oregon and northward. 
 
 5. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. riMrr.iiNEi,. 
 
 Calyx and rotate corolla .'J-parted ; the divisions of the latter broad. Filaments 
 slender, bearded : anthers ovate. Style slender : stigma small. Capsule globose, 
 opening by a transverse line round the middle, the top falling off as a lid. Seeds 
 numerous, immersed in the globular placenta. — Spreading or prostrate herbs ; with 
 mostly opposite or vphorled leaves, disposed along the whole length of the stems and 
 branches, and flowers on axillary peduncles. Naturalized along both coasts, but not 
 indigenous to North America. 
 
 1. A. arvensis, Linn. Annual : leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the pedun- 
 cles, commonly opposite, sometimes in threes : flowers opening only in sunshine, 
 scarlet or purple, sometimes blue or white : petals obtuse, fringed with minute teeth 
 or stalked glands. 
 
 Common in waste and cultivated grounds near the coast : introduced from Europe. 
 6. CENTUNCULUS, Linn. 
 
 Calyx 4 - 5-parted ; the lobes narrow. Corolla very small, shorter than the calyx, 
 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube globular ; the lobes acute. Filaments short : anthers cordate- 
 ovate. Capsule as in Anagallis. Seeds minute. — Small and low annuals, with 
 mostly sessile entire leaves, and minute flowers in the axils : the inconspicuous 
 corolla white. 
 
 L C. minimus, Linn. An inch to a span high, simple or diffusely branched, 
 glabrous : leaves alternate, obovate, 2 or 3 lines long, narrowed at base : flowers 
 almost sessile, the parts in fours ; calyx-lobes slender-subulate. — C. lanceolatus, 
 Michx. Fl. i. 93. 
 
 Low grounds : not yet seen in the State ; but occurs in Oregon, and in South America, as well 
 as in the Atlantic States, and in Europe. 
 
 7. GLAUX, Linn. Sea-Milkwoht. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate and petal-like. Corolla wanting. 
 Stamens 5, borne on the base of the calyx alternate with its lobes. Filaments 
 rather shorter than the calyx : anthers conlato-ovato. Style filiform : stigma capi- 
 tate. Capsule globular, 5-valved, few-seeded. — A single species, nearly confined to 
 saline soil. 
 
 1. Q-. m,aritim.a, Linn. Low glabrous and rather glaucous perennial, with long 
 and slender rootstocks and roots : branching stems 3 to 9 inches long, leafy to the 
 top : leaves opposite or occasionally alternate, fleshy, oblong, varying cither to 
 linear or to ovate, half an inch or less long, minutely dotted: flowers axillary, 
 almost sessile, white or purjilish. 
 
 On the Roa-slioro, and in more or Iphs sjilino soil in the interior. Occurs also on the Atlantic 
 coast, and all round the northern liemisphcre. 
 
470 STYKACACEyE. Samolus. 
 
 8. SAMOLUS, Linn. Bkookvvked. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, its base coherent with tlio lower part of the ovary. Corolla 
 campaiuilate, 5-cleft : a slender tuotli answering to a sterile lilament borne at eacli 
 sinus. True stamens 5, short and included, inserted on the tube of the conjlla. 
 Capsule globular, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. — Glabrous low herbs ; 
 M'ith alternate entire leaves, and small wliito llowers in loose racemes. Most of the 
 several sjjecies are of the southern hemisphere ; one is cosmopolitan, viz., 
 
 1. S. Valerandi, I. inn., var. Americanus, (Jray. Stems branching and 
 spreading, t) U> la inchrs long, slender, leai'y : leaves obovato : racemes often pan- 
 icled : brads none at the base of the slender pedicels, but minute bractlets on tliem 
 near the middle : lobes of the calyx ovate, shorter than the corolla. 
 
 Along brooks, &c., scarce in CaHluraia, but found aortli of it, and as far south as the moun- 
 tains beliinil San Diugo. 
 
 Order LVIII. STYRACACEiE. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, regular perfect flowers, 
 a calyx adherent at least to the base of the ovary, stamens mostly at least twice 
 the number of the petals or lobes of the corolla, and more or less united with each 
 other and to the base of the corolla ; the seeds few, with a slender embryo in fleshy 
 or horny albumen. — A single species of the typical genus, and that rare, represents 
 this liimily (of seven genera and over 200 species) on the Pacific side of N. America. 
 
 1. STYRAX, Tourn. Stohax. 
 
 Calyx persistent, truncate, campanulato, the border merely denticulate or irregu- 
 /arly toothed, in the N. Amoricau si)ecjies cohoront ut its base with that of the 3-celled 
 many-ovuled ovary. Corolla of 5 or sometimes 4 to 8 soft-downy petals, which are 
 united at base into a very short tube, deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments flat, 
 monadelphous at base ijito a short tube which is coherent with the base of the 
 corolla: anthers linear, 2-celled, fixed by the base, introrse; the cells opening 
 lengthwise. Style filiform. Fruit globular, its base girt by the persistent calyx, 
 at first rather fleshy, at maturity dry, commonly splitting into 3 valves, 1 -celled, 
 filled with a single large globular seed, which resembles a small nut ; the seed-coat 
 being thick and crvistaceous. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen : 
 cotyledons broad and flat: radicle slender. — An Asiatic and American genus, warm- 
 temperate or tropical, with scurfy or stellate-downy herbage, and mostly handsome 
 flowers. 
 
 1. S. Californica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high: leaves ovate or oval (1 to 
 2\ inches long), obtu.so at both ends, entin^, miiuitely stellately pubescent, at least 
 when young, and even hoary beneath: llowers few in a cluster or coryjubose raceme, 
 on a short terminal ])eduncle : pedicels clubshaped : divisions of the white .soft- 
 downy corolla 5 to 8, sjjatulate-lanceolate (half an inch or more in length), imbri- 
 cated in the bud : filaments monadelphous nearly to the middle : bony seed half an 
 inch in diameter. — Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 4, & Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 118. 
 
 Foot-hills, from Calaveras Co. to the Upper Sacramento, first collected by Fremont. A hand- 
 some species, with flowers much larger than in any of those of the Atlantic States, except the 
 Texan S. plaUini/nfin, Engelm. 
 
Menodora. OLEACEifl. 471 
 
 Order LIX. OLEACE^. 
 
 Trees or slmibs, rarely herbaceous or nearly so; with mostly opposite leaves, with- 
 out stipules ; the flowers hypogynous and diandrous, rarely triandrous, while the 
 parts of tlie regular calyx and corolla aie four or more, but one or both of these 
 are sometimes wanting, or the petals distinct, or rarely reduced to two. — Anthei-s 
 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells alternate with the stamens, 
 mostly only a {)air of ovules in each : stylo ono or none : stigma usually 2-lobcd. 
 Fruit various. Embryo straight and large, mostly in albumen. 
 
 _ A family of about 20 genera and nearly 300 species, of wide distribution, sparingly represented 
 in Noitli America, especially so in California, being represented only by a couple of Ashes, and 
 by Menodora (of tlie Jessamine-tribe) on the southeastern border. 
 
 Olea EiJRor^A, Linn., the OHvc-lrcr,—ih(i type of the order, — with complete flowers and the 
 lobes of the corolla valvato in the l)ud, was early introduced from Europe, by the Missionaries, 
 and its fruit is still an important product of the southern part of the State, for olives and oil. 
 
 HEsrEnKL.T;A PALMKni, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, incd., is a tree, of a new genus, with distinct 
 spatulate petals and evidently drupaceous fruit, recoutly discovered by Dr. E. Palmer oil Guada- 
 lupe Island, bower California. 
 
 Menodora. Flowers perfect. Corolla eampnnnlate or funnel form. Capsule 2-partcd, mom- 
 bianaccouH. Almost horbacoous ; leaves often alternato. 
 
 Fraxinua. Flowers polygamoug or direoious. Petals 2 to 4 or none. Fruit a ono-socdcd 
 samara. Irees : leaves opposite, pinnate. 
 
 1. MENODORA, Ilumb. & Bonpb 
 Calyx with a short and turbinate tube, and 5 to 14 narrow lobes from its trun- 
 cate border. Corolla campanulate, funnelform or almost rotate, mostly 5dobed ; 
 the lobes imbricated in- the bud. Stamens 2, sometimes 3, on the tube of the 
 corolla: anthers oblong or luiear. Style slender: stigma obtuse or somewhat 
 2-lobed. Capsule didymous, mostly 2-parted, membranaceous at maturity, circum- 
 scissile, the upper part of each lobe falling as a lid, leaving the scarious membrana- 
 ceous base. Seeds 2 (or rarely fewer) in each cell, ascending, large, and with a 
 fleshy or when dry a spongy outer coat, destitute of albumen. — Low and under- 
 shrubby or nearly horbacoous plants ; Avjth sessile loaves, not rarely alternate, and 
 terminal mostly somewhat cymose flowers, which are rather showy. — Gray in Am. 
 Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 41. Bolivaria, Cham. & Schlecht. 
 
 A genus allied to Jasminum, of a dozen or more species, most of them on the U. S and Jlexi- 
 can frontiers, one in extra-tropical South America, one in South Africa. Two species reach our 
 borders. '^ 
 
 1. M. spinescens, Gray. Shrubby, two to four feet high, with rigid and 
 divaricate spinescont branches, obscurely puberulent : leaves reduced to minute and 
 mostly alternate scales, or small, spatulato-linear, and fascicled on the short flowering 
 branchlets : flowers short-peduncled or nearly sessile in tlie fascicles of loaves : lobes 
 of the deeply parted calyx 5 or rarely 6, a little shorter than the funnelform li"ht 
 yellow corolla : fllaments shorter than the anthers : divisions of the capsule almost 
 distinct, divaricate, obovoid. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388. 
 
 Providence Mountains, in the southeastern part of the State, T>r. Cooprr. Also S. E. Nevada, 
 I>r. Anderson. Apparently for the most part leafless ; the leaves in the flowering branchlets a 
 Jiiio or two long, (.'orolla 3 linos long, its lobos a lino long. Carpels 3 lines long, very tartlily 
 cirfuniHcissuo. o i c^ j j 
 
 2. M. scoparia, Engclm. ]\Iss. Shrubby at base, 2 or 3 foet high, paniculatcly 
 branched, glabrous and smooth or nearly so : leaves of the herbaceous flowering 
 shoots very commonly alternate, linear or lanceolate, entire ; the uppermost reduced 
 
472 APOCYNACE.E. Fraxinus. 
 
 to small subulate Lmcts ; the lower oblong or obovate and short-petioled : calyx- 
 lobes f) or G (rarely with intermediate ones, making 8 to 10), about the length of 
 the tube of the almost rotate yellow corolla : divisions of tlie capsulu globose. — 
 J/, scubra, vur. (jlabrtsctiDi, (iray in Watson, Cat. PI. Wheeler, 15. 
 
 SoiitliuiiHlorii liDitliMN of tlid Siiilti, lh\ Cooper, Jh; I'ulvier. Arizona, Dr. I'uhner, Or. Smarf, 
 Lieut. U'licdcr. Sitltillo, Mt\\i(:(), (//•<•//;/ ; on wlioso spoolinons Dr. Eiigeliiiiiiin iiuUcatcd llio 
 species. It proWiibly passes into M. scubra, Gray, of Arizona, New Mexico, und Colorado. Lobes 
 of the corolla 3 or 4 lines long, exceeding the tube. 
 
 2. PRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small and i-cleft, or merely toothed, or 
 obsolete. Petals of 4 or sometimes only '1 petals, either distinct or united at Ihuso. 
 Stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4, hypogynous : anthers proportionally large. Ovary 2-celled ; 
 a pair of anatropous ovules pendulous from near the summit of each cell. Fruit a 
 samara, winged from the summit, usually only 1-celled and 1-seeded. Embryo with 
 flat cotyledons, in fleshy albumen. — Trees ; with tough and straight-grained wood, 
 petioled and pinnate opposite leaves, and numerous small flowers in crowded pani- 
 cles, developed with ov before the leaves, from separate buds. 
 
 A genus of about 20 spccues, of the norlliern temperate zone ; rei)resented in California by two 
 species ; one of llieni of the Ornus or potaliferous section. 
 
 1. F. dipetala, Hook. &l Arn. Small tree, glabrous: leaflets 5 to 9, or rarely 
 3, oval or oblong, serrate, mostly petiululate, when old rather coriaceous, an inch or 
 two long : panicles effuse : calyx usually 4-toothed, sometimes almost entire : petals 
 only 2, obovate-oblong with a short claw, white, 2 lines long, equalling the linear 
 anthers : fruit narrowly spatulate-oblong, mostly retuse, an inch long, and the base 
 merely sharp-edged ; or in one form almost obovate, wing-margined to the base and 
 nuich shorter. — Bot. JJeechey, 362, t. 87; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, 167, var. (1) 
 trifoliolata. Chionanthus fraxmifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. v. 18. 
 
 Not uncommon through the western part of the State. 
 
 2. F. Oregana, Nutt. A fine tree : leaves tomentose, or becoming naked when 
 old : leaflets 5 to 7, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 2 to 4 inches 
 long : male panicles dense, with oblong anthers ; fertile panicles ample : flowers all 
 with a minute calyx and no petals : fruit marginless at base, gradually margined 
 upwards and produced into an obhmceolato or si»atulate retuse wing, the whole 1 to 
 1^ inches long. — N. Am. Sylv. iii. f)'.), t. 99. F. pubesceas, var.. Hook. Fl. ii. 61. 
 F. grand'ifolia, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 33. 
 
 In ravines and along streams, from the Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., and from the vicinity of 
 San Francisco northward to Oregon, Avhere it is common and forms a large timber-tree. In foliage 
 it resembles the Black Ash, but the wood is light colored and much like that of the White Ash of 
 the Atlantic States, is used for the same purposes, and appears to be equally valuable, ft is known 
 as Oreyon Ash. 
 
 Order LX. APOCYNACE^. 
 
 Shrubs, trees, or (ours) herbs, with acrid milky juice, opposite entire leaves, 
 destitute of stipules, regular flowers with all the parts in five, except that there are 
 only 2 carpels, and these usually distinct as to the ovary, Avhile the styles or stig- 
 mas are united : stamens borne on the corolla alternate Avith its lobes, which are 
 convolute and sometimes also twisted in the bud : the anthers disposed to cohere 
 with the stigma : and the pollen of the ordinary powdery grains. Calyx free, or in 
 Apocynum adnate to the very base of the ovaries. Seeds anatropous or aniphitropous, 
 
Cydadenia. APOCYNACE.^]. 4-^3 
 
 often bearing a tuft of down (a coma). Einbryo large and straight, in sparing 
 
 albumen. 
 
 A large family in the warmer regions, sparingly represented in tlie temperate zones, only two 
 small genera reaching California, one of them peeuliar to it. 
 
 1. Apocynum. Stamens on the base of the campanuhite corolla: little .scales of the latter 
 opposite the lolics. (jlhinds of disk 5. 
 
 2. Cycladenia. Stamens on the tnl)e of the short-funnelform corolla, which bears minute 
 appendages alternate with the lobes. Disk a ring or onj). 
 
 1. APOCYNUM, Toiirn. DodiiANK. Ini.ian IIk.mp. 
 
 Calyx 5-partc(l ; its short tube coherent by the disk with the base of the oviirios. 
 Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, toward the base bearing a triangular scalo-Iike appen- 
 dage opposite each lobe. Stamens borne on the base of the corolla : filaments very 
 short : anthers of firm texture, sagittate, conniving around the solid stigma, to a 
 ring of which the broad summit of the connective adheres. Proper style none. 
 Ovaries 2, ovoid, in fruit forming a pair of long nnd slender follicles, (jlands 5 
 around the base of the ovaries. Seeds numerous, bearing a long tuft of silky down. 
 — Perennial herbs (N. American, and one in the Old World) ; with branching 
 stems, an extremely tough fibrous bark (used by the Indians for cordage), mucro- 
 nate-tipped leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in terminal and axillary 
 small cymes : flowering in summer. 
 
 1. A. andrOBsemifolium, Linn. Erect, with divergent branches, glabrous, in 
 one form soft-tomentoso, at least when young : leaves ovate or roundisli, an inch or 
 two long, abruptly and sotaceously callous-niucronate, conspicuously petioled: cymes 
 open : corolla open-campanulato ; its lobes recurved ; its tube much exceeding the 
 calyx. — Bot. Mag. t. 280 ; Bigclow, I\Ied. Bot. t. 36. 
 
 AVooded districts, Sierra Nevada to Mt. Sliasta ; thence north to British Columbia and east 
 to the Atlantic. 
 
 2. A. cannabinum, Linn. Erect or ascending, with less spreading branches, 
 a foot to a yard high: leaves oblong, sessile or almost so, 2 to 4 inches long: flowers 
 smaller and^ in closer cymoa : corolla narrower and witli barely spreading lobos, 
 groonisli-whito J the tubo not longer than tlio calyx. 
 
 Along streams, from the southern borders of the State and from near San Francisco to Oregon, 
 Nevada, &c., and east to the Atlantic. Tfiis is tho species generally used as Indwn Hemp ; its 
 bark yields a fine and very tough bast-fibre. It is apparently rather rare in Californi.^ although 
 occurring through a wide range. 
 
 2. CYCLADENIA, Renth. 
 Calyx 5-parted, hypogynous, naked ; the lobes narrow lanceolate or linear. 
 Corolla short-funnelform, with 5 roundish lobes; the proper tube short, pubescent 
 at the throat, where is a minute callous appendage alternate with each lobe above 
 the insertion of the stamens. Glandular disk an entire shallow cup surrounding the 
 base of tho ovaries. Filaments inserted on the tube, short : anthers sagittate, both 
 tip and basal lobes slender-cuspidate ; otherwise as Apon/num. Style long and 
 filiform : a conspicuous r)-lobed membranous ring under the cai)itato 5-anglcd and 
 truncate stigma. Folliclpa laneoolato, smooth, many-seodod. 8oe<lfl ovate, narrowed 
 nt tlio apox, Avhioh bears a long and copious luft of down. — Depressed perennial 
 horbfl (peculiar to California) ; with fleshy branching rootstocks, low and simple or 
 sparingly branched stems bearing 2 to 4 pairs <.f loaves ; these ample, thickish, 
 
474 ASCLEPIADACE^E. Cydadtuia. 
 
 ovato, several-ribbed from or near the base ami with a stronger midrib, the base 
 contracted into a conspicuous margined ])etiole : peduncles terminal, becoming 
 lateral, scapo-liko, c.ymosely or corymbosoly fuw-llowered j the bracts alternate : 
 pedicels iilil'oriii, much t\visi(Hl after ilowering : corolla rose-color or puiplu. — PI. 
 llartw. 'i'1'1, k (^uM. ri. ii. 7l'8. 
 
 1. C. humilis, Dtnth. 1. c. Glabrous throughout and green, or with minute 
 hoarinuss wliun young : leaves ovato or sometimes obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches 
 long. 
 
 " Mountains of the Sacramento" (Ifarlweg), of Sliasta Co. (Brewer), and of PUimas Co., Le7n- 
 mon, &.C. Corolla three I'ourtlis and the lol)c.>i ono fourth of an inch in length, in.sertod on a thin 
 Ihit disk at the bottom of the cal} \, surrounding the nearly entire saucer-shaped nectary which 
 characterizes the genus. 
 
 2. C. tomentosa, Ciray. Tomentose-hirsute throughout : leaves ovate and ob- 
 long-ovate (l! or S iueliiis long, besides the petiole) : calyx hirsute. 
 
 Plumas Cu., lietween lily Meadows and Indian Valley, with the preceding (of which it may be 
 only a variety), Lciiiihuh. 
 
 Ouni:u LXI. ASCLEPIADACE^. 
 
 Ilorba (as to tomperate regions), with milky Juice, no stipules, and regidar llowors 
 
 with the parts in live, except that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries, but a 
 
 common stigma ; the stamens surrounding and attached to this j the pollen in solid 
 
 masses, in ours all the pollen of each anther-cell in one waxy mass. Leaves entire, 
 
 generally opposite, sometimes wliorled, rarely alternate. Calyx and corolla in ours 
 
 almost valvate. Flowers usuall}'- in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of follicles. Seeds 
 
 almost always with a coma of silky down. 
 
 A largo order, nearly related only to the preceding, from which the peculiarities of tlio 
 stamens, mentioned above, readily distinguish it, widely distributed over the temperate and 
 warmer parts of the world, but very scanty in Europe, and feebly represented on the Pacific side 
 of North America. The sensible propeitics nearly tbose of Apocynucea:, the juice more or less 
 acrid and containing caoutchouc, and the inner bark (especially in Asclcpia.s) abounding with 
 very tough bast-libre. 
 
 * Erect herbs : a hooded appendage (nectary) behind each anther. 
 
 1. Aaclepias. An incurved horn or projecting crest from the cavity of each hooded appendage. 
 
 2. Goni pilocarpus. Ko horn to the api)endage3. 
 
 » ♦ Twining herbs. 
 
 3. Sarcostemma. Crown a ring in the tluoat of the rotate corolla : pollen -mas.ses vertical. 
 
 4. Lachuostoma. Crown as in ^st^cyws.- pollen -nuisses horizontal, ^ac Apjjendix. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS, Linn. Milkweed. Silkweed. 
 
 Calyx and corolla both deeply 5-parted ; the divisions small and reflexed. Fila- 
 ments inserted on the very base of the corolla, monadelphons, short, often very- 
 short, crowned behind each anther with a conspicuous hood-liko ap[)endage, from 
 the cavity of which rises a subulate and \isnally falcate horn : anthers conniving 
 around and adherent to the solid stigma, their thiu and broad scarious tips inllexed 
 over its truncate summit, the wing-like cartilaginous edges meeting and more or 
 less projecting between the hoods : wax-like pollen-mass of each cell pear-shaped, 
 tapering above into a stalk by which it is suspended, along with a pollen-mass from 
 an adjacent anther, to a black gland affixed to the upper edge of the stigma alter- 
 
Asclrpins. ASCLEPIADACE^.. 475 
 
 nate with tho anthers; the 10 polloii-magges, tlicreforn, hanging in pairs from the 
 fivo glands, oxtricatod from tlio colls only by tho agoncy of insects, being carried 
 away along with the glands (generally by their legs). Ovaries with short styles, 
 the tips of which readily separate from the massive common stigma (to tho under 
 side of which the pollen-tubes are directed). Follicles ovate or lanceolate. Seeds 
 numerous, flat, downwardly injbricated all over the large and soon detached pla- 
 centa ; tho upper end with a long tuft of down (coma). Embryo large, with broad 
 flat cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial (American) herbs; with copious milky 
 juice and tough bark, and numerous flowers in umbels, the peduncle generally 
 between the opposite leaves: involucre a whorl of small usually subulate bracts. 
 Flowering in summer. (Comparatively few species west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 very few west of tho Sierra Nevada.) 
 
 * Hoods erect, broadening npimrd, twice the length of the stamens and stigma, the 
 
 horn short from near its summit. 
 
 1. A. subulata, Decaisne (?). Glabrous, pale or glaucous : branches rigid and 
 rush-like, leafless, or with a few terete subulate or filiform leaves above : umbels race- 
 mose, short-peduncled : pedicels and ovate sepals cinereous-pubescent when young: 
 lobes of the greenish-white corolla oblong-ovate, a third of an inch long : hoods a 
 little elevated on the column of united filaments, purplish, 3 or 4 lines long, undu- 
 late and somewhat 3-toothed at the apex, crested' through the middle, the crest 
 terminating near tho summit in a short and subulate nearly included horn : folli- 
 cles lancM'oliito, smooth. — •Torr. Hot. Mex. Hound. 10 1. 
 
 Below San Dirj^o nlong tlio Lower Cnlifoniian boundary lino, P(rrrjf, CIrrrJnnd. ' I^avinos on 
 tho lower lUo Colorado, Scliolf, Cooper, Pahnr.r, Tho iiodimi'ios aio not rollrxrd : otlicrwiso tlio 
 apociniens accord with Decaisno's brief cliaractcr, taken from a plant in I'avon's collection. 
 
 * * Hoods spj'eading, tapering upward, more than twice the length of stamens and 
 
 stigma, the horn projecting from near its base. 
 
 2. A. speciosa, Torr. Soft-tomentnse, or smoother when old: stem stout, 2 to 
 4 feet high, leafy to the top: leaves opposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, almost sessile, 
 acute or pointed, 4 to 6 inches long : ])eduncle longer than the numerous woolly 
 pedicels : flowers dull reddish-purple : hoods longer tiian the corolla, abruptly con- 
 tracted above the short involute base or body into the long and nearly flat lanceo- 
 late portion : column of filaments hardly any : follicles ovate-acuminate, densely soft- 
 spiny and woolly. — Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. 218. A. Donqlasii, Hook. Fl. ii. 53, 
 t. 142, h Bot. Mag. t. 4413. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Valley, Bolander, to Pluinaa Co., Mrs. Pu.hifer Amrji, &c.) : 
 common through Oregon, and eastward to tho plains east of ^the Rocky Mountains. Hoods at 
 length half an inch long. Tods 4 inches long, resembling those* of >4. Cornnii, tho common Milk- 
 wood of tiio Atlantic Stntos. 
 
 * * * Hoods erect or ascending, not exceeding the stamens and stigma, 
 
 +- Ovate, obtuse, entire, comparativelg small ; the exserted horn rising from below its 
 middle : flotvers small and numerous : leaves narrow. 
 
 3. A. fascicularis, Decaisne. Glabrous, slender, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves in 
 whorls of 3 to 5, or the lower and uppermost opiiosite, sometimes also with fas- 
 cicles in tho axils, linear and linear-lanceolate, slightly jjotinleil (2 to 5 inrhes long, 
 1 to 6 lines wide) : peduncles slender, ofton in wiiorls : pedicels and calyx com- 
 monly puberulent : flfiwers white or whitish : lobes of the corolla oblong (2 lines 
 long) : column of filaments half as long as the anthers : horns longer than the 
 hood, subnlato, and conspicuously inc\irvod over thf summit of the stigma : follicles 
 
476 ASCLEPIADACEJi]. Aadepius. 
 
 slender-fusiforiu, smooth. — DC. Prodr. viii. 569; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 282. 
 A. macropliylla, Nutt. PI. Gtunb. 180. 
 
 Hillsides, &c., throughout the State, e.vteuding noithvvard and eastward into Oregon uud Nevada. 
 
 +- 4- 1 foods broad and veutricose or saccate, truncate or notched at the broad .^nmiiiil, 
 viokI/i/ iitrliidiinj t/ic a/roju/li/ incKrvcd-unciiiate horn, which rises from near the snm- 
 viit : leaves broad and /)ru/)ortiuii(dli/ lan/e : Jiowers rather large : corolla greenish- 
 or yellowish-ivhite : the hoods usually Jlesh-colored. 
 
 ++ Glabrous thromjhout, low : leaves 3 or 4 pairs : hoods saccate, open only at top. 
 
 4. A. cryptoceras, S. Wutson. Stems decumbent, a span to a foot high, sim- 
 ple : Iciivos (i[)p(jailc, liroadly ovato or orbicular, an inch or two long, very short 
 petiolcd : unibch nearly sessile, Icnv-lluwured : lobes of the corolla oblong-ovate, 
 nearly half an inch long : saccate huuda sessile (a quarter of an inch long), 2-clei't at 
 the suniinit, each lobe anteriorly abruptly subulate-pointed, the slender sickle-shaped 
 horn included. — But. King Exp. 283, t. 28. Acerates latifolia, Torr. in Fremont 
 Kep. 317. 
 
 Mountains near Humboldt Lake, Nevada, Watscm. May therefore be expected on the eastern 
 borders ol' California. Extends to Utah and Idaho, Nuttall, Fremont. 
 
 ++ ++ White-woolly, even to the outside of the corolla in bud, but the ivool sometimes 
 deciduous with age, leafy : lobes of the corolla oblong-ovate, about 3 lines, and the 
 hoods 2 lines long, the latter open down the inner side : ovaries glabrous, but the 
 young follicles tomentose. 
 
 5. A. vestita, Hook. & Am. Stem a span to 2 feet high, stout, simple ; leaves, 
 opposite, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, almost sessile (3 to 6 inches long), all 
 but the lower gradually acuminate, the base of the upper often cordate : umbels 
 almost sessile, luany-llowered : hoods slightly raised on the short lilanumt-sheath, 
 obli(piely truncate, so as to bo broadly rliond)ic when outspread and the lateral 
 angles acutc^ a bntadiy triangular or vomer-.sha|»ed ascending croat rather than horn 
 attached to nearly tlie whole length of tlio liood and not exceeding it. — Uot. 
 Jkechey, 3(53 (not Hook. Mot. Mag. t. 410(1); Engelm. in Am. Nat. ix. 349. 
 A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif. It. Jtep. iv. 128, not of Benth. 
 
 From near San Francisco and Monterey to tlie foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. In one or two 
 of the hoods the crest or horn has been found nearly wanting. Follicles ovate, minutely tomen- 
 tose-pubescent. 
 
 6. A. eriocarpa, Benth. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, often sharply angled : leaves 
 not rarely 3 or 4 in a whorl, and the upper occasionally alternate, oblong-lanceolate 
 or oblong, acute (4 to 7 inches long) : peduncles of the many-Howered umbels an 
 inch or two long, ecpialling or exceeding the pedicels : hoods rather conspicuously 
 elevated, broader tiiuu high, ventricose, the ti'uncate upper portion emarginato at the 
 back, much e.vtendcd inward horizontally, and enclosing the horizontally [)ruduced 
 vomer-shaiHid cre.st rather than horn. — PI. llartw. 323 ; Engelm. 1. c. 
 
 Dry hills, from Monterey (Ifartweij) to Owen's Valley (Dr. Horn), and behind San Diego, 
 Cleveland, Painter. Flowers commonly larger than in the foregoing : the horizontal ciest twice 
 longer than high, conformed in shape to the \ipper part of the hood, which merely encloses it. 
 
 7. A. leucophylla, Engelm. Stem 2 to 4 f(!et higli : leaves as in A. vestita, 
 but closely sessile: peduucles of the many-llowered umbels longer than the pedicels, 
 as in A. eriocarpa : hoods erect, much narrower, oblong (or when outspread obovate) 
 with rounded entire summit ; the falcate or claw-shaped horn attached below the 
 middle, ascending and incurving over the stigma, longer than the hood. — Am. 
 Nat. ix. 349. 
 
 Southeastern borders of the State ; Frovidence Mountains (Dr. Cooper) and southward {Dr. 
 Palmer) ; thence to S. Utah, Parry. Woolliness fine and white, but deciduous, as in A. vestita. 
 Dr. Palmer's specimens are green and glabrate. Corolla greenish ; the hoods yellowish. 
 
Sarcostemma. ASCLEPIADACE/E. 
 
 477 
 
 2. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Biowii. 
 
 No horn to the hoods of tho stamens : otherwise as Asdepias ; equally diverse in 
 the form of the hoods, &,c. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 753. 
 
 Acerafes, Ell, ami ^m»;<^W^ Nutt., are regarded as sections of this genus, which represents 
 Mcl^-ptas in the Old World, mainly m Africa. Jf the few Nortli American species only were con- 
 cerned, they were better reunited to Asdepias. Our first section is peculiar. 
 
 § 1. Ilonds saccate, pointless, more or less depending, loiver tlnvi the anthers, open 
 wholly or partly doion the hack, as if 2-valved. — Schizonotus, Gray. 
 
 1 . G. tomentOSUS, Gray. White-toraentose, even to the outside of tho greenish- 
 whito urpuridish corolla, closely resembling J sc/cy^ms vestita : stem 2 or 3 leet high, 
 acutely angled : leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, acutely acuminate (about 4 inches 
 long) : umbels nearly sessile, rather few-flowered : filament-sheath manifest under 
 the crown ; the hoods almost orbicular in outline, laterally compressed, centrally 
 attached, reaching to near the middle of the anthers, 2-valved fully half-way round, 
 i. e. from the upper edge of the insertion to the middle of the hack. — Acerates 
 tomcvfosn, Torr. lint. ]\I(>x. Hound. IGO, t. 44. 
 
 Var. Xanti, Gray. Hoods nioro (lei)('n(ling, rather longer than broad, open two 
 thirds down the back. 
 
 Dry liills, from behind San Diego nortliward (Parr!/, Thurbcr, Filch, Pcckhnm), and on the 
 north side ol Monte Diablo {Brcicrr, Bolandcr): the variety near Fort Tejon {Xnnlus) and Oiai 
 {leckhim) ■ and some of the specimens from Monte Diablo approach it. Sepals linear-lanceolate. 
 Lobes of the corolla oblong-ovate, about 4 lines long. Hoods '2^ or 3 lines long : summit of the 
 filament-sheath obtusely callous-toothed between the hoods on each side of the salient-angled base 
 of tho wings of the anthcra : anther-tips very large and broad. ° 
 
 2. G. purpurascens, Gra^'. Canescently puberulent : stems ascending, a span 
 to a foot iiigh : leaves ovate and more or less cordate, obtuse, thickish (an inch or 
 two long), short-petioled : flowers small, numerous in a compact umbel : peduncle 
 longer than the pedicels : lobes of the red-purple corolla oblong : hoods white, oval, 
 Avholly below the short greenish anthers, adnate by their whole length to nearly the 
 Avhole length of the filament-sheath, dorsally 2-valved from top to bottom. — Proc 
 Am. Acad. x. 76. 
 
 Lake Co , on the exposed summit of a mountain near the Ooysers, E. L. Greene. Lobes of the 
 corolla fully 2 linos and hoods ono lino long. Wings of tho anthora lunato, not truncate and 
 angled at imso. 
 
 § 2. Hoods cucullate, erect, open down the front, somewhat snrpassin<; the anthers. 
 
 3. G. cordifolius, Benth. Green and glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate 
 or ovate lanceolate with cordate-clasping base, mostly acute, opposite, rarely in threes, 
 2 to 5 inches long : umbels loosely many-flowered : pedicels long and filiform ': 
 calyx hairy ; its lobes lanceolate : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval : filament^ 
 sheath short : hoods purplish, thin, oblong, with obliquely truncate and acute-an<tled 
 summit, attached at and near the base, the fissure down the front narrow : follfcles 
 ovate-lanceolate, smooth and n^ahvom. — Acerates cordifolia, Benth. PI. Hartw 323 
 A. atropurpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. G5. Asdepias ecornntnm, Kellocrcr, 
 1. c. 55. ^'^ 
 
 Common in the Valloy of the Sacrnmcnto and through tho foot-hills, up to Indian Valley and 
 ^Z }= r H ,7 "?'■''' .•"!•'"■ ''''";^ "'' "r **' 2 inches in longth : pedicHs an inch or loss long. 
 
 LVn l?fl, 1° T Y ""■ ^ ,'"'• 1- "'!•'' ,''""''" 2 '"'"'' '""K • ^ i-'ii'- "'• li-.<'ar-subulate teeth alter- 
 nate with the hoods, one each side of the salient angulate-truiu-ate base of the anther-wings. 
 
 3. SARCOSTEMMA, W. I!mwn. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deojily 5-cleft, an entire or crenato ring forming 
 a crown in its throat. Short sheath or ring of monadclphous filaments bearing 
 
478 
 
 GENTIAN ACE^i). ijurcusltmma. 
 
 behind each anther a lleshy and Ihittish appendage. Anthers, fruit, »fec., nearly as 
 Asdejnas. — Twining licrbs ur partly shrubby plants) (of the warm regions) ; with 
 opposite leaves and umbellate llowers. 
 
 1. S. heterophyllum, Engclm. Tuberulent or almost glabrous : twining stems 
 liliform : leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, some of them cordate oi' 
 hastate at base, a lew tapering into the petiole : umbels several-llowered, long- 
 peduncled : corolla dull purple or whitish, almost 5-parted ; the lobes ovate, with 
 scariouswhite more or less ciliate margins, cinereous-pubescent outside, nearly 
 smooth within, thrice the length of the linear-lanceolate hairy calyx-lobes : api)en- 
 da<'es of the stamnns ro\indish, rather longer than the anthers : follicles lanceolate 
 and slender-pointed, pubcrulent. — Torr. in I'acif. li. Ke]). y. 3G3, & IJot. Mt^x. 
 Jiound. Mil. 
 
 Var. hirtellum. lOrect, but inclined to twine, two feet high, slender, minutely 
 but densely pubescent all over with short siyeading hairs : leaves all linear and 
 tapering at base : llowers one half smaller, " whitish-yellow, fragrant." 
 
 Climbing over bushes in the southern ])art of the State, Parry, Cooper, Cleveland. Extends 
 into Mexico and Texas. Corolla about halt' an inch in diameter, except iu the variety. The lat- 
 ter near Fort ilohave, Dr. Cooper. 
 
 OuDER LXII. GENTIANACE^. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with colorless and bitter juice, ejitiro opposite and sessile leaves 
 (except in Menyanthes and sometimes in Sivertia), no stipules, perfect and regular 
 llowers, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, 
 inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma ; ovary one-celled with two 
 parietal placental, becoming a septicidal capsule ; style one or none ; the stigmas 
 commonly two ; seeds luimerous and sometimes innumerable, rarely few ; and the 
 end)ryo small or minute in copious albumen. Calyx ])ersistent. Corolla nu)stly 
 convolute in the bud, rarely valvate with the edges turned inward, usually Avither- 
 ing-persistent. Seeds anatro[)ous or amphitropous. — An order of about 40 genera. 
 
 SuitoKOicu I. GENTIANE/K 
 
 Lobes of the (withering-persistent) corolla convolute in the bud. Seeds some- 
 times covering the whoK) walls t)f the capsule, the coat usually thin. Leaves opi)o- 
 site or whorled (or alternate in Swertla), entire ; the cauline sessile. 
 
 Tl\e following genera, not yet known to occur within or very near the borders of California, may 
 be expected in the northernmost jjarts of the State : 
 
 Pi.KuaoovNE (uoTATA, Orisel)ach), like an annual Gentian, but with rotate corolla. 
 
 Halenia (deflicxa, (hisebach), known by the spurs, one under each lobe of the corolla. 
 
 SwKUTiA (I'KUHNNis, Liun.), most like one of the smaller species of Frasera; the leaves alter- 
 nate ! or only the upper ones opposite. 
 
 Kustoma, a genus with showy sky-blue flowers, and a tllil'orni style, belongs lo the region east 
 of llio southern l>orders of the State. — See Ajipciidix. 
 
 1. Erythraea. Corolla salverform, red. Anthers s])irally twisted after shedding the pollen. 
 
 Style .sliinder, at length deciduous. Calyx 5-partcd. 
 
 2. Microcala. Corolla shoit-salveiform, yellow. Anthers short, not twisting. Style iu ours 
 
 ])eisi.stent : calyx merely 4-to()thed. 
 
 3. Gentiaua. Corolla from campanulate or funnelform to salverform. Style none or hardly 
 
 any : stigmas 2, thin and Hat, persistent. Seeds very numerous and small. 
 
 4. Frasera. Corolla rotate, 4-partcd, each lobe bearing one or two fringed glands in the form 
 
 of bhallow iiits. Style di.^tinct, persistent : stigma small, entire or 2-lobed. Seeds few 
 or several, large. 
 
Krythruia. GENTIANACE.E. 479 
 
 SuBoiiDER II. MENYANTHE/E. 
 
 Lobes of the corolla induplicate in the hud. Seeds rather few and with a thick 
 hard and close coat. Aquatic or bog plants, with alternate leaves, sometimes of 3 
 leaflets ; the petioles sheathing at base. — Represented only by 
 
 5. Menyanthes. Corolla deciduous, 5-clcft ; tlic lobes within white-bearded : (lowers racemose. 
 1. ERYTHR^A, Pers. Canciialaoua. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd, or occasionally 4-partod ; the divisions slender. Corolla salver- 
 form, withering-persistent on the capsule ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 
 inserted on the throat of the corolla : filaments slender : anthers oblong or linear, 
 twisting spirally (in 2 to 4 turns) after shedding the pollen. Stylo filiform, at 
 length deciduous : stigmas, in ours wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, before expansion 
 commonly appearing as if united and compressed-capitate. Capsule from oblong- 
 ovate to lanceolate-cylindraceous ; the sutures little or considerably introflexed. 
 Seeds very numerous, globular or oblong, with a close reticulatc-pittcd ooat. — 
 Eow herbs (both of the Old and Now World, in warm-teniporato regions), mainly 
 annuals; with bitter roots, cymose inflorescence, and usually pink or rose-red flowers 
 (whence the generic name). 
 
 Like the Gentians, these plants are bitter tonics ; and, in California as well as in Chili, are in 
 medicinal repute, under the name of C'ancJialngua. Dr. Enf^clmann points out a character in 
 the stigmas, i. e. tliat in the European species, excepting tlio peculiar K maritima, tliey are 
 broadly ovnto or with rounded smnmit, white in the American they are either cuiieato or flabclli- 
 form, the summit truncate, or in E. Qkilams emarginate. 
 
 E (GYUANnnA) cninoNioiDKS (not of Torr.) and E. sprciosa {G,,rmidra, Griscbach, and 
 Jienth. IJot Sulph. t. 45)— large-flowered si)ecics, which liardly dilier except in the shorter 
 hlaments of the latter — are Mexican only, and are sectionally distinguished by havincr the 
 apparently pale and broad corolla-lobes rather longer than the tube at the time of opening and 
 the capsule oval. In all the following the capsule is from elongated-oblong to fusiform. 
 
 * Corolla large; its limb at first almost as long as the tube : seeds globular: iyi- 
 
 fiorescence corymboselj/ cymose : peduncles as long as the calyx. 
 
 1. E. venusta, Grny. A span to u foot liigh, simple nnd cymoaoly sovoral- 
 flowcivd at summit, or corynibosi^ly brancliod : leaves from nvat.o to oblong-lancoo- 
 lato, rather obtuse (half to near an inch long) : calyx-lobes very narrow dow^ii to tlio 
 base: corolla deep and bright pink with a yellow centre; the lobes oval and obtuse, 
 beconiing oblong, 4 to 6 lines in length : filaments rather longer than the oblong- 
 hnear anthers. — ^, chimninidrs, Torr. Bot. Mex. r.nund. 150, t 42 excl svn 
 E. tricnniha, Durand in Tncif II. Hep. v. t. 9, not Griscb. ' 
 .^^.TZlS'Jrt "V t!»%^°"t''7;" P-'^'-t of the state, and extending (mostly in a smaller form) 
 tm^t ^rZt ■ ""■' ^'•' ."':. *' "^"^ ^'^^^ ^''^^- '^^'^ "•-'"^'^ K'^'^" '" ^-""Iter's collec- 
 spcciet of ^J^^,T' '" "°'' '''"'""^ '"'■ ''"'• "" ''"'"l-^°"'-t -^"'l '^"" "f tl'« I'ugost-noworod 
 
 * * Corolla with lobes shorter than the tube: seeds oblong: inflorescence cymose- 
 clMsered ; the crowded fiowers sessile or nearly so in the forh, and the lateral ones 
 with a 2Mir of bracts under the calyx : stigmas small. 
 
 2. R trichantha, Grisebach. A span or less high, fastigiately branched : loaves 
 Jrom broadly oblong and obtuse t(^ lanceolate and acute ((> to 12 linos Ion") • lobes 
 ol the roHo-HMl con.Ihi lancoolulo, fully l,„lf M,„ Inngll, of the tube at 1,1.0" timo of 
 expansion (3 or 4 linos long), becoming narrow ami by involution nouminato with 
 ago: calyx-lobes liliform-triquotrous : anthers linear. — Gent. 14(), it DC Prodr. ix 
 60, excl. var. angusti/olia. 
 
 Common near the coast from Lake Co. and the Valley of the Lower Sacramento to Monterey. 
 
480 GENTIANACE^. Knjthru^a. 
 
 3. E. floribunda, Deiitli. More slouJur and inllorescence more open : lobes 
 of tho liyliL rDsu-culorcil corullii oblong, becoming lanceolate in age, liartlly 2 lines 
 long, only a third or one Iburtli tho length of the tube : anthers oblong : calyx- 
 lobes more subidato and less carinate than in the preceding. — PI. llartw. 322. 
 
 Viilluy of lliu iiacraimintti, Jlaiiwcij. AImo, in ii dwarf uaU fcwcr-lloworod form, Sinrni Vulloy, 
 Lciiiinoii. 
 
 * * * Corolla-lobes (\h to 3 lines long) much shorten' than the tube: seeds ylobvlar: 
 anthers oblony : Jloivers sparsely paniculate or solitary, peduncled. 
 
 4. E. Muhlenbergii, (Jrisebach. Two inches to a span high, simple or branched 
 from the base: leaves mostly oblung, obtuse, and about half an inch lung: peiluncles 
 mostly shorter (sometimes much shorter) than the llowers : lobes of the ruse-red 
 corolla oval, very obtuse, becoming oblong (often 3 lines in length). — A\ Muhlen- 
 beryii, Grisebach, 1. c. as to Caliiuruiau plant unly ; Eenth. PI. Hartw. 322. 
 
 Hills, Monterey to Sau Francisco Hay, not uncommon. The Pennsylvanian plant, on which 
 Grisebach mainly loumled liis E. M aklcnbcnjii, is E. rainosissima, introduced horn Europe ; hut 
 the name may be kept uji for the L'alifornian species, although meaningless, as Muhlenberg had 
 nothing to do with it. 
 
 5. E. Douglasii, Gray. IMostly slender, from 2 to 12 inches high, loosely 
 paniculate : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and acute, or the lower ones nar- 
 rowly oblong (from half an inch to nearly an inch in length) : peduncles long 
 and lilil'orm, commonly strict and tlie earlier or central ones an inch long or 
 more: lobes of the pink corolla oblong (l)arely 2 lines in length): seeds globular, 
 hardly a cpiarter of a line long. — Cicendia exaltata (wrongly characterized), Grise- 
 bach in Hook. Fl. ii. CD, t. 157, A. Erythrcea NuttaUii, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 
 276, in part. 
 
 Along the eastern borders of tho State from Fort Mohave northward, and sparingly on the 
 western : also in Oregon, Idaho, and Noithern Utah. Neither of Nuttall's unpublished names 
 {E. tenella for a dwarf state, and E. elala for a taller one) seems aj)propriate : so we have imposed 
 the name of tho first collector, DoikjIus. 
 
 E. NiiTTAi.i.il, "Watson (Hot. King Kxp. 276, t. 29 mainly), is distinguished from E. Douiihisii 
 by the acutish lobiis of tho commonly larger corolla, and the oblong seeds, which are fewer and 
 much larger, a third of a line long. It occurs in Nevada, as near as Ruby Valley, and in adjacent 
 parts of Idaho and Utah, Nuttidl, H. Eiii/clmann. Although two of the three of Nuttall's un- 
 published names, cited liy AVatson under E. NutUdlii, belong to the plant now distinguished as 
 E. Douglasii, yet Mr. Watson's figure and description relate mostly to tho species for whicii the 
 name is here retained. 
 
 2. MICROCALA, Link. 
 Calyx l-toothcd, 4-8ribbed. Corolla shortsalverform, withering persistent on 
 tlio ovoid capsule, Stamens short, inserted in the throat : anthers round-cordate. 
 Style liliform, in ours persistent or tardily deciduous : stigma peltate-dilated, at 
 length separating or separable into 2 broad plates. Seeds, &c., as Erythrcea. — 
 Little annuals, one in the Old World, and one or two in South America, whence 
 the following may have reached California. 
 
 1. M. quadrangulariS, Grisebach. An inch or two high, filiform, simple and 
 one-llowercd, or briinclicd at basi;, with one to three ]);iirs of minute oval or oblung 
 leaves i)clow : peduncle strict and naked, tjuadraiigular : calyx short, strongly qmid- 
 rangular, and as it were truncate at bottom and tup, at least when in fruit ; the 
 teeth distant and very short : corolla sall'ron-yellow, barely twice the length of the 
 calyx, open only in briglit sunshine, closing in the afternoon. — DC. Prudr. ix. 03 ; 
 Prugel in Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t. 58, f. 3. Exacum quadranyulare, Willd. E. injla- 
 ium, Hook. &, Am. Cicendia quadranyularis, (-Jrisebach, (ieut. 157. 
 
 Hillsides and moist meadows about 8an Francisco, Martinez, and Vallejo, where it may readily 
 have been introduced ; but also on the coast near Mendocino {Bolaiider), under Finus coiUorla ; 
 so that it may be imligfuous. 
 
(frnli.n,,,. ( J KNTI A N AC'K J-). 481 
 
 3. GENTIANA, I.iun. Okntian. 
 
 Calyx 4 - 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, funnclforin, campanulate, or 
 sometimes salverform, often with plaited and toothed folds in the sinuses, withering- 
 persistent. Stamens included : anthers sometimes cohering in a ring or tube. 
 Style none or A'ery short : stigmas 2, thin and flat, persistent. Capsule septicidal. 
 Seeds very numerous and small, sometimes lining the whole wall of the capsule ; 
 the coat usually but not always loose. — Herbs; with bitter roots, opposite loaves, 
 and terminal or clustered flowers, usually showy, appearing in summer or nutumii. 
 
 Tho typicnl and tlio largest goniis of llio family, coinnilsliig 150 Hpocios, widely <listrlliuloil over 
 the cooler regions of the world, moderately represented in Oregon anil the Hoeky Mountains, aa 
 well as in the Atlantic .States ; but few reach Calironiia, and those are scarce and confined to the 
 Sierra Nevada or to the northern part of the State. 
 
 § 1. No plaited folds in the sinuses of the corolla: anthers versatile: root in ours 
 annual, or rarely biennial. — Gentian ella. 
 
 * Flowers small : corolla nearly salvershaped, crowned with afrinr/e of bristles on the 
 
 base of the lobes within. 
 
 1. Gr. Amarella, Linn., var. acuta, Engelm. From a span to a foot or more in 
 height, slender, simple or paniculately branching : leaves thin ; the larger an inch 
 long and oblongdanceolate ; the lowest obovato or spatulate; uppermost ovatedan- 
 ceolate : flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, or rarely solitary, forming a narrow 
 panicle : corolla light blue, a quarter to half an inch long ; its 5 short lobes from 
 ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or becoming acute. — G. acuta, Michx., &c. 
 
 In the Siena Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, at 5,000 feet and over ; tlience far north- 
 ward and eastward, running into various fomis. 
 
 * * Flowers large for the size of the plant ; the parts usually in fours : corolla desti- 
 tute of fringe across the base of the lobes, but their edges sometimes fringed : a row 
 of glands between the bases of the f laments : capsule stipitate. 
 
 2. Gr. simplex, C! ray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high from a small ami slender 
 annual root, simple, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves (4 to 9 
 linos long) and a single slcndor-pedunculatn llower : corolla blue, 1 to 1^ inches 
 long ; the oblong-spatulato lobes entire or erose-toothed, or mrely with a few bristly 
 teeth low down on the sides : seeds smooth but longitudinally stiiato, narrow, wing- 
 less when mature, but somewhat cellular-appendaged at each end. — Pacif. \i. Rep. 
 V. 87, t. 16. 11 o F 
 
 Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, in wet groiuid, from Placer Co. at 8,000 feet (Brctocr), above 
 Sununit (E. L. Greene), and Siei la Co. (Lcnwwii) to Klamath bake in Orcgoji, Newberry, lietween 
 G. harhellata, Engelm., of the Colorado liooky Mountains (which is ])crennial), and depauperate 
 forms of tlio next ; but tlio seeds very different, wlien mature not wiuf;od, however, as represented 
 in tlio figure above cited : tliey are lanceolate in outline, the nueleus coarsely striate, produced 
 into a tliickish cellular base, and at the other end into a more subulate empty tip. 
 
 3. G. serrata. Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high from a slender annual root, 
 simple or the larger plants branched from the base, bearing iow or several pairs of 
 lanceolate or linear leaves, all narrow at base or the lowest oblanceolate, and termi- 
 nated by a long and naked one-flowered peduncle : corolla light blue, mostly an 
 inch and a half long; the oblong or spatulate-obovate h.bos commonly erosely 
 toothed around the summit and often fringed down the sides : seeils oval, wingless, 
 the close coat rough with minute ])rojecting scales. — (Fl. Dan. t. 317) Fl. Norveg. 
 101, t. 2, lig. 3-5 (17GG); Fries, Summ. Scand. 190. G. detonsa, IJottb. Act. 
 llafn. X. 254, t. 1, llg. 3 ; Grisebnch, Gent, k in Hook. Fl. ii. 04, Sec. G. brachy- 
 petala, Bungo, Consp. Gent. 225, t. 11, fig. 3. 
 
 Var. holopetala, Gray. Lobes of the corolla rather bmail and short, entire or 
 obscurely erose-denticiilato round the summit : seeds a.s in the fringed form. 
 
482 
 
 GENTIANACEit:. 
 
 Wot giouml, in tlio hij^hor regions of Uio Siena Ncvmlti : Soda Springs of tlie Tuohunnt"., at 
 8,600 feet (a l)ygi"y f"""'. ""'y '^ to 5 iuche.s liigli, witli leaves merely 4 or 5 lines long ami eiowded 
 towards the base), to Mariposa t'o. above the Vosemite (mueh linger, a sjmn lii^di ur more), Ho- 
 luiuli.r. Both of the variety, which accords with tiio Scandinavian [ilaut, exeejit m the cntireiiess 
 of tho corolla lobes, which also occurs in Kuropcan apeciuiens. The larger form, (}. iktonm, var. 
 barbula, Fruelich ami liiisebacli, which is common eastward of the Uocky Mountains, whero it too 
 closely iii)[aoaches (/. crinilu (tiie common Fringed Uentiau of tho Atlantic States), is unknown in 
 California and Oregon. It is singular that, while only entire petals are known of this species in 
 California, the O. sinqAcx, described with entire petals, has them sparingly fringed in most of the 
 specimens now known. 
 
 § 2. Flailed folds ut the sinuses of the short/unnel/orm or cam2)amilate blobed 
 [in ours blue or bluish) corolla: anthtrs erect and fixed: root perennial.— 
 
 rNEUMUNANTHl!;. 
 
 * Plaits extended between the lobes into conspicuous cleft or lacerate appendui/es. 
 
 +- Loiv, zvith decumbent one-Jloivered stems : leaves ivitk cons/ncuonslt/ connate-sheathiu;/ 
 base, the upjjtnnost becoininy bracts to the Jlower. 
 
 4. G. Newberryi, (Jray. Dwarf (2 to 4 iuclies high) : flowering stem.s 1 to 4, 
 ascending IVoni around a short central axis Avhich bears a rosette of obovate or 
 spatulato leaves, of abotit an inch in length : cauline leaves 2 to 4 ])airs (half an 
 inch long) ; tlie lowest obovate, tho uppermost oblanceolule : calyx-lubes oblong or 
 lanceolate, nearly as long as tho tube: corolla broadly fiinnelforni (over an inch 
 long), ))alo blue, within white, and grecnish-dotteil ; its lobes ovate, niucioiiate, 
 longer than the slender-subulate tips of the 2-cleft or laciniato interposetl appen- 
 dages : seeds oval, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84. G.cali/cosa{i}, Gray in 
 Pacif. It. Kep. vi. 8G, not of Grisebach. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet; Crater Pass in Oregon, lat. ii' (Newberry), Lassen's 
 Peiik {Brewer), and Mariposa Co. south of tho Yosemito, Bolander. Somewhat related to 0. 
 frigida, which inhabils tho alpine region of tho Ilocky ilountaina. 
 
 5. G. setigera, (iray. Stems stout, but dilFusely spreading from a thick caudex, 
 a foot or less long, ])oaring 7 to 10 jmirs of thick very obtuse leaves : lower leaves 
 round-oval ; upper obhtng ; two uppermost i)airs involucrate around the ilower (all 
 an inch long, or the lower shorter) : calyx-hjbes oval, about the length of the tube : 
 corolla oblong-canipanulate, apparently with dull i)uri)lish tube and the ovate lolies 
 blue : appendages in the sinuses snndl and short, but extended into 2 or 3 capillary 
 bristles whicli almost eipial the lobes. — Proc. Am. Aead. xi. 84. 
 
 Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bohindcr. Corolla an inch and a half long, 
 rather broad ; the lobes nearly half an inch long. Sheaths of the leaves mostly a (puuter uf an 
 inch long. Forming secils orbimilar and winged. 
 
 ■H +■ Mostly erect and taller, 1 - sever al-Jlowered, leafy : leaves not conspicuously 
 connate-sheathim/ at base, except the lotver pairs. 
 
 6. G. calycosa, Grisebach. A span to a foot in height : leaves ovate (an inch 
 to lialf au inch long) ; tho lower decreasing in size, the one or two uppermost pairs 
 involucrate around the one to three sessile flowers : calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lance- 
 olate, equalling or rather shorter than the short tube : corolla oblong-campanulate, 
 blue (over an inch long) ; appendages in tho sinuses laciniate, shorter than the 
 broadly ovate lobes: bi'.cds lanci^olate, wingless. -•■ (u'ut. 21i2, i^ in Hook. Fl. ii. OH, 
 t. 14G. 
 
 Sierra Nevada at 8,800 fi:et in Placer Co. {Brewer); Calaveras Co., near Murjjhy's {Lcmmm) ; 
 also collected at .some unknown station by Brid</C3. Occurs in the northern Kocky Mountains 
 and those of the interior of Oregon. Harely 2 or 3 llowers from the axils. 
 
 G. Pakkyi, Engelm., of the Colorado Ilocky Mountain.s, collected by lyatsun in the northeast- 
 ern part of Nevada, dilfers principally in the iimch smaller culyx-lobes, and the leaves are some- 
 times narrower. 
 
 7. G. ailinis, Grisebach. A foot or two or sometimes only a span high : leaves 
 from ovate-obloug to linear-lanceolate (an inch or so in length), the uppermost 
 
i'^-cona. (JKNTIANACK.K. 
 
 483 
 
 narrower : Mowers mostly .5 to 20 and raceuioso or spicatc, forming a loafy thyrsus 
 (rarely solitary in depauperate plants) : calyx lobes narrow and unecpial, mostly 
 linear and the longest shorti^r than the tube : corolla short-funnelform, blue (an 
 inch or more in length) ; appendages triangular, acute, mostly 2-cIeft or 2 - 4-cuspi- 
 date, shorter than the round ovate lobes : seeds ovate or ()l)Iong, flat, wing-margined. 
 Var. ovata, (5ray : a form with ovate or oblong huives, and fewer" commonly 
 larger flowers , the calyxdobes lanceolate and as long as the tube ; the lobes of the 
 corolla commonly rounder. 
 
 Northeastern portions of the Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 feet, &,c. ; thence north to British Co- 
 lumbia, and ea.stward to the Hocky ]\tountaiiis from New Mexico to Rupert's Laud Tlie var 
 from near San Francisco {Bolandrr) to Klamath Valley in Oregon {Cronkhite) and the borders 
 ot British Columbia {LyaU), appearing to be dilferent, and with the aspect of the next but 
 passing into ordinary forms of the species. ' 
 
 * * Ap2)endaf/es of the plaiu in the simixes hardbj a„i/, or short and broadly trun- 
 cate, naked : seeds wimjless : only the lowest pairs of leaves with sheathing base. 
 
 8. G. SCeptrum, rxrisobach. Erect, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy : leaves from ovate 
 to oblong-lamieolate (an inch or two long) : flowers several and raeomosoly or spi- 
 cately clustered, sometimes almost solitary: corolla campanulate, an incl'i and a 
 half long; its lobes bro.ad and rliombic-rounded : seeds somewhat fusiform, narrowed 
 into a cellular appendage at both ends. — Hook. Fl. ii. 57, t. 145. 
 
 Var. humilis, Engelm. ined. Much smaller : stems slender and weaker, a foot 
 or two long, one-few-flowered: corolla an inch and a (piarter in length- the sinuses 
 sometimes 2 - 3-crenate. — (7. 3fenziesii, Grisebach, 1. c. G. afllnis, Orav in coll' 
 K Hall, No. 426, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. .' . j 
 
 .Jll '"'^'r^J'^'Sl i' 'T.™''" "\ ^'''§'"'' '^"'^ ** '"'"^y oonfidently he expccte.l in the north- 
 oastern part of the State. The var. humilis, on Mendo(;iiio Tlains, JMam^r ■ Oregon E Hall ■ 
 
 f^JitT'' *^"' ^'"^ ""'^^T^ "V".^ '^°"'^^ ^- ^^''"-'^■«'-'- At first view it seems a'bundantW 
 distmct from G. scepfrum. Calyx-lobe^ variable, as in all these species, commonly longer than 
 the tube, and uneipial, lanceolate or oblong-linear. ■" o 
 
 4. FRASERA, Walter. 
 Calyx deeply 4-parted, slightly imbricated in the bud. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, 
 persistent; the divisions convolute in the bud; their inner face furnished with a 
 large depressed gland or pair of glands, which arc bordered by a fringe, sometimes 
 u crown of bristles or scales at their base. Stamens inserted on the very base of 
 the corolla : filaments subulate, distinct or obscurely monadelphous at base. Ovary 
 ovate, tapering into a conspicuous and persistent style : stigma small, 2-lobed or 
 entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened, strictly one-celled, few - 30-seeded. 
 Seeds comparatively large, flat, sometimes margined. — Glabrous and commonly 
 stout herbs, or one slender species puberulent, all North American, and all but one 
 far-western; with a thick and purely bitter biennial root, an erect leafy stem, bear- 
 ing opposite or whorled leaves (which when broad are nervose, and in most species 
 cartilaginous-margined), and abundant rather large flowers in cvmose clusters ; the 
 corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted. Parts of the 
 flower sometimes in fives? 
 
 The root of the Atlantic species, /: Carofhu-.nsis, has been used in modirinr ns a bitter tonic 
 This (with capsule strongly flattened parallel with the valves) and 
 
 s,/;i.r',yn?"^I'r^',"''-t- /^"' ■'""!■• 'l°*- "'• ^^S- «f ♦•'« i"to.ior of Oregon (the only known 
 nnn, n 1 1 I r ' f""'"^''^, ""^ mentioned below), hn3 marginless leaves and single roun<l glands 
 upon each lobe of the corolla. The style in the latter is short, as in Sicrrfin We have not 
 seen any flowers with their parts in Kves, either in this or in /'. albicnulis, although lK)th are so 
 oescnbetl by Hooker. '^ 
 
484 UENTIANACEiE. Frasera. 
 
 § 1. ^ pair of glands on each division of the corolla : divisions of the calyx linear : 
 Jloivers in a narrow leafy thyrsus : capsule much Jlatteued contrary to the deep 
 boat-shaped or almost conduplicate valves. 
 
 1. F. speciosa, l)ou<,d. 8tout, 2 to 5 feet lii^^li, very leafy : leaves uervose, in 
 whorls of lour to aix, not \vliite-uiary;iiie(l ; tlio radiciil and lowest caulino obovate 
 or oblong, G to 10 inches long, above lanceolate and becoming linear: llowers on 
 slender ut length strict pedicels in umbel-like pedunculate cymes (or some fascicled 
 in the axils), forming a long virgate thyrsus : corolla greenish-white or barely tinged 
 bluish, conspicuously dark-dotted, not longer than the sepals ; its divisions oval- 
 oblong, bearing a pair of oblong and strongly fringed glands about the middle, 
 crowned at base by a fringe of 8 to 10 long setaceous lilaments. — Cirisebach iu 
 Hook. Fl. ii. 00, t. 153. Tcssaranthium radialum, Kellogg, Pn)c. Calif. Acad. ii. 
 142, tig. 41. 
 
 Along tho eastern parts of the Siena Nevada (from Tuolumne Co. Brewer) ; thence northward 
 to the interior of Washington Territory, and east to Wyoming and New Mexico. Divisions 
 of the corolla two thirds ot an inch long; the fringe-like crown adnate to their base, and wholly 
 separate from the base of the quite distinct stamens. Style not longer than the ovary : seeds 30 
 or more. 
 
 F. PANicuLATA, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126, is a New Mexican species of this section, im- 
 perfectly known. 
 
 § 2. A single (jland -with a. notched sintunit on each division of the thickish corolla : 
 divisions of the calyx ovate-lanceolate or broader : flowers loosely and tffasely 
 cymose-panicled. [Mature capsule unknown.) 
 
 2. F. Parryi, Torr. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves opposite and in threes, 
 lanceolate, with cartilaginous white margins; the lioi-al and bracts oblong and ovate : 
 divisions of the whitish and dark-dotted corolla ovate, commonly acute, half an 
 inch long ; the fringed gland below its middle. Innately obcordate and with rounded 
 naked base. — Bot. Mox. Bound. 150. 
 
 Southern part of the State, cast of San Diego and Los Angeles, Coulter, Wallace, Parry. 
 Ovary apparently llattisli i.arailcl wilh the carjiels : ovules rather few. 
 
 F. Ai.noMAUGiNATA, Watson, Bot. King Kxp. 280, of Southern Utah and Nevada, and to be 
 looked for on the southeastern borders of California, is of this section. It is a small species, nar- 
 row leaved ; the divisions of the corolla conspicuously cuspidate ; and the fiinged obcordate dark 
 gland on the middle of the petal runs into an adnate scale-like appendage, fixed by its back quite 
 down to the base, the fnse margins fringed, and united across the base by a small laciniate portion, 
 forming a somewhat hooded base, as in the next. 
 
 § 3. A simjle oblong or linear and entire (/land reachlw/ from near the base to near 
 the middle of each division of the thinnish [pale blue or lavender-adored) 
 corolla : divisions of the calyx subulate- lanceolate : Jloivers thrysoid-glomerate : 
 capsule flattened parallel with the valves, few-seeded. 
 
 3. F. nitida, Benth. Glabrous throughout (not minutely and closely pubeiulent 
 as in F. albicaulis), a foot or more high, slender : leaves only 3 to 5 pairs, linear 
 (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide, the radical longer and gramineous), white- 
 margined : flowers glomerate in 3 or 4 pairs of short-peduncled or subsessile dense 
 cymes or glomerules, forming a naked and interrupted spicate thyrsus : lobes of the 
 corolla ovato-oblong, becoming lanceolate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the gland with a sliort 
 inllexetl fringe all round, which is longer and more laciniate at the hooded base: 
 crown stamiiieal, consisting of linear or obh)ng laciniate or nearly entire scales alter- 
 nate and ])artly connate with the bases of the lilaments. — Tl. llartw. 322 ; Torr. in 
 Pacif. B. Bep. iv. 120. 
 
 Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada (Ilartwcg, Bic/clow, kc), and Sierra Valley {Lanmon, &c.), to 
 Oregon, Lyall, Ncvius. Probably this may bo only a variety of F. albicaulis of Oregon (Hook. 
 Fl. t. 15-1), extending as it does into the range of that species. The crown appears to be dill'erent, 
 but its characters are variable. 
 
Menyanthes. TOLEMONIACE^R. 485 
 
 5. MENYANTHES, Toum. Buckbean. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly canipanulate, tlio lobes valvate in the bud with 
 the margins turned inward, the upper surface densely white-bearded, deciduous. 
 Stylo slender, persistent : stigma 2dobed. Capsule globular, rather fleshy, inclined 
 to burst irregularly. Seeds not very numerous, but large in proportion : the seed- 
 coat hard, smooth and shining. — A single genuine species, flowering in sjjring. 
 
 1. M. trifoliata, Linn. Low and smooth ])oronnin.l, with long and stout creep- 
 ing rootstocic, bearing alternate leaves, with long i)eiiolos sheathing at base, and 3 
 oblong leaflets : scapo naked, elongated, terminated by a short raceme of white or 
 pinkish flowers : anthers dark brown, sagittate : in soiuc flowers tho style, in others 
 the fllaments are long-exserted. 
 
 In shallow water or wet ground, near San Francisco (Bigchiv), and Sierra Valley (^frs. Pulsifer 
 Ames) ; extending round the world in the nortliern portion of the temperate zone. 
 
 OiiDER LOGANIACE^. There is a Buddhia in Coulter's Californian Collection, No. 625, 
 which we do not possess. As none has been detected since, it is more probable that Coulter's 
 specimen was gathered on the route to California^ as far south and east at least as Arizona. 
 
 Order LXIIL POLEMONIACE^. 
 
 Chiefly herbs, Avith bland and colorless juice, simple or divided leaves, and no 
 stipules ; readily distinguished from related orders by having all the parts of the 
 regular flower Ave, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobcd style; 
 the fruit a loculicidal 3 - many-seedod capsule, with placenta in the axis. Calyx 
 imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla convolute in the b\ul, not plaited, rarely 
 a little irregular. Stamens on tho corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct : anthers 
 introrse, opening lengthwise. Stigmas occupying the inner side of the narrow or 
 filiform lobes of the style. Valves of the capsule usually separating from a thickish 
 triangular axis, which bears the seeds : these amphitropous or nearly anatropous, 
 small, with a thin or soft coat, commonly developing mucilagn when wetted. Em- 
 bryo rather largo, straight, in tho axis nf flnshy albumiMi. — A fow havo eufl'rutoacent 
 or more woody stems. In Gilia, § 6, the cells of tho ovary and the stigmas are 
 occasionally reduced to two. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 247. 
 
 Mainly an American and especially a North American and Mexican order, of few genera, but 
 many species, increasing in number westward, most abundantly represented in California ; of no 
 marked sensible qualities or economical uses, excepting ornamental cultivation. 
 
 CoB-TvA scANDRNS, Cav., of Mcxico, a well-known cultivated climber, is an outlying member of 
 this order, its pinnate leaves tendril-bearing, and a large fleshy disk encircling the base of the 
 ovary. 
 
 * Corolla quite regular : seeds wingless. 
 
 1. Phlox. Stamens unequally inserted and included within the narrow tube of the salver- 
 
 shaped corolla. Seed-coat unchanged in water. Leaves opposite, entire. 
 
 2. Collomia. Stamens unequally inserted in or below the throat of the funnelform or salver- 
 
 shaped corolla : filaments slender, often cxserted. Seeds copiously mucilaginous when 
 wet. Leaves all or mostly alternate, sometimes divided. 
 
 3. Gilia. Stamens equally inserted on the throat or tube of the corolla : filaments not declined. 
 
 Seeds almost always mucilaginous when wet. Leaves various. 
 
 4. Polemonium. Filaments more or loss doclinod. Otiiorwiso nearly ns Oilia. Leaves all 
 
 pinmilo mill iiltornnto, and corolla HJiort. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Corolla with limb somewhat iiregularly cleft : seeds wing-mnrgined. 
 6. LcBselia. Stamens more or loss oxscrted. Upper sinuses of tho corolla more deeply cleft 
 than the others. 
 
4gg rOLEMONIACE^. Phlox. 
 
 1. PHLOX, Linn. 
 Calyx narrow, 5-cleft. Corolla salveiiorm, with' a narrow orifice and broad or 
 rounded lobes. Stamens included, very unequally inserted on the upper part of tlio 
 tube: lilanients nsually very uliort. OvuIoh and seeds solitary in each cell (or the 
 ibrnier sometimes 2 or 3). Ca])sulo small, ovoid. Seed with a simple and close 
 coat, neither mucilaginous nor developing spiral threads when wet. — Herbaceous 
 or suiFruticose plants (ours all perennial), with simple and entire opposite leaves, or 
 the uppermost alternate, and rather showy terminal or cymose Howers ; the corolla 
 white, purple, &c., in all the Californian white or light rose-color. 
 
 A genus of nearly 30 si)ccie3, all North American and one Siberian, several of tliem famiUar in 
 ornamental cultivation. The Pacitic species are few, and dilferent from those of the Atlantic States. 
 
 * Loose ; tvith Jloioering branches mainly herbaceous from a woody base: leaves linear 
 or lanceolate, spreading/, mostly an inch or tivo lowj : fioivers peduncled and loosely 
 cymose-clastertd. 
 
 1. P. speciosa, Vm»\\. Viscid-puberulent above or nearly glabrous : flowering 
 stems a foot to ;i yartl liigh, dilVusely ascending from a branching woody base: leaves 
 lanceolate or linear, one or two inches long, tlie upper broader at the base: Mowers 
 corynd)ose, showy : lobes of tlio corolla obcordate or sometiniea merely omargiuate, 
 a third to half an inch long ; the tube little exceeiling the calyx : style not longer 
 tban the ovary nor the stigmas. — Gray, I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. 25G. /'. Sahini, 
 Dough, a northern form with almost entire corolla lobes. P. occidentalis, Durand 
 in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125. /'. divaricata, Durand, PI. Pratten, in Jour. Acad. Philad. 
 n. ser. ii. 97. 
 
 In the Sion-a Nevada and its foot-hills, Placer to Plumas Co., and northward to the borders 
 of British Culumbia ; chiclly the larger and broader-leaved form. 
 
 2. P. longifolia, Nutt. Somewhat viscid-pubescent or glabrous : tufted stems 
 about a sjjan high froui a woody base : leaves narrowly linear and an inch or two 
 long in the typical forms : Howers smaller : lobes of the corolla obovate or oblong- 
 cuneute, entire or retu.se, a fourth to a third of an inch long ; the tube con.siderably 
 longer than the angled calyx: style long and slender. — Jour. Acad. Philud. vii. 41 ; 
 Gray, 1. c. P. htmitis, Dougl. in DC. Prodr. ix. 306. 
 
 Var. Stansburyi, Gray, 1. c A rather dwarf and rigid form, more pubescent, 
 with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, sometimes of about half an inch in length; 
 appearing very distinct, but it passes into the genuine form. — P. speciosa, var. 
 Stansburyi, Torr. Bot. i\lex. Round. 145. 
 
 Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, from near Carson City and Sierra Valley {Andermi, Lennnon, 
 &c.), thence far eastward and northward through the inteiior regions to and beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 * * Cespitose and depressed, forming broad or dense matted tufts : fioivers tifssile, 
 
 terininatiny the densely leafy branches, 
 
 -t- Leaves ncerose or subulate, rigid or loose, green, destitute of cobwebby hairs. 
 
 3. P. Douglasil, Hook. Forming broad but rather open tufts, glabrous or a 
 little pubescent : leaves acerose, commonly spreading, half an inch or less in lengtli, 
 and with fascicled shorter ones crowded in the axils, their margins naked or nearly 
 so : tube of the corolla longer than the calyx ; the lobes obovate and entire, about 3 
 lines long. — VI ii. 73, t. 158. 
 
 Var. dififusa, Gray, 1. c. : a form of moister or more shaded stations, with pro- 
 cumbent stems, and laxer less rigid leaves. — P. diffusa, ]ienth. PI. Hartw. 325. 
 
 Var. longifolia, Gray, 1. c. : a form with mon; slender and rigid leaves, from 
 half to two thirds of an inch in length. 
 
CoUnmia. POLEMONIACE^R. 487 
 
 Sinrra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. to Sliasta, at 5,000 to 10,000 fpot, thcnco far nortluvard and 
 eastward ; on tlio westward slope mainly the var. diffiosa. A varialilc sjwcics. 
 
 4. P. caespitosa, Nutt. Forming dense and cusliion-like tufts 3 or 4 inches 
 liigh: leaves short (2 to 5 lines long), from acerose-subulate to oblongdinear, rigid, 
 erect or ascending and usually imbricated, completely covering the short stems, their 
 edges ciliate with short bristly hairs, otherwise glabrous : flowers as in the preced- 
 ing but smaller. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. t. 6. 
 
 Higlior Sierra Nevada : on Silver Mountain at 11,000 feet {Brc.vrr), the var. r.nndc.iuiala ; a 
 very compaet, Hmall-lcaved and small-flowiMed form, which lias been (lonfoundod with /'. Jloodii, 
 The species, in several forms, extends eastward to the llocky Jlountains. 
 
 +- •+- Leaves hoary with soft pubescence or cohwebbij wool : flowers white. 
 
 5. P. canescens, Torr. & Gray. Forming broad and mostly compact mats, a 
 few inches high, gray or whitened by tlio woolly pubescence : leaves acerose or slen- 
 der-subulate, ascending or somewhat spreading, rather rigid, 3 to 5 lines long : tube 
 of the corolla longer than the calyx ; the lobes obovate, entire or emarginate. — 
 Pacif. R Rep. ii. 8, t. 6. 
 
 Eastern aide of the Sierra Nevada on the borders of the State (Bloomer, JVaismi), and through 
 the interior country to Utah and Wyoming. 
 
 P. MuscoiDES and P. bryoides, Nutt., are smaller species, in dense moss-like tufts, with the 
 downy leaves compactly imbricated in four ranks, natives of the interior and llocky Mountains. 
 
 2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla aalvorform or tubular-funnolform ; tho throat commonly 
 enlarged. Stamens usually more or loss oxsertod, witli slender filamonts, unequally 
 inserted in or beneath tho throat of the corolla. Ovules and seeds solitary or several 
 in each cell. Seod-coat simple, when wotted producing coj)ioiis mucilage (whence 
 the generic name), which is usually filled with long uncoiling spiral threads. — 
 Chiefly annuals (North American, and one or two extra-^tropical South American), 
 mostly glandular-viscid ; witli alternate leaves, or tlio lower opposite, cither entire, 
 incised, or pinnately compound : flowers cymose-clustored or panicled, or scattered. 
 
 § 1. Corolla salverform, or with the throat or upper part of t/ie tube somewliat en- 
 larged : seeds solitanj in each cell, or 2 or 3 in the last species. 
 * Leaves simple and sessile, entire, or the lower occasionalli/ few-toothed or laicised. 
 -t- Calyx-tube obconical or top-shaped : leaves all but the lowest altem.ate. 
 
 1. C. grandiflora, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high, rather stout: leaves 
 linear, oblong-lanceolate, or the uppermost almost ovate (2 or 3 inches long) : flowers 
 capitate-crowded at the summit and in the upper axils : calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla 
 
 bulfor salnum-color (an inch long and tho oblong lobes 4 lines long), showy 
 
 Lin.U. Pot. Keg. t. 1174 : Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 2894. 
 
 Sierra Nevada and higher foot-hills, from San Diego Co. uorthward ; thence to OrcRon and the 
 llocky Mountains. 
 
 2. C. linearis, Nutt. More branched, and when old spreading, a span to a foot 
 or more in height : lower leaves linear, upper lanceolate : flowers capitate-crowded 
 as in the foregoing, but smaller : calyx-lolies triangular-lanceolate and very acute : 
 corolla yoilowish-whito or brownish-purple, slender, half an inch long or less; tho 
 oval lobes about a line long. —Gen. i. 12G ; Lindl. Pot. Peg., t. 1166 : Hook. Bot. 
 Mag. t. 2893. 
 
 Var. subulata, Gray. Difl'usely muf;h branched, a span or so in height, more 
 viscid : leaves acute : flowers fewer in the clusters, and some scattered or nearly 
 
438 POLEMONIACE^. Collomia. 
 
 Proc. 
 
 solitary in tlie lower forks : calyx-lobes more subulate from a broad base. — 
 Am. Aeacl. viii. 251). C. tinctoria, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 17, t. 2. 
 
 Siena Neviulu, nuiiiily in tlie eastern portion ; thence to British Coliunbia and the northern 
 regions ea.st (»t' the Houky Alountnins. Tlie var. subuhda, which is peculiar in aspect, and may ho 
 distinct, on tliu caslurn honiursof the State, I'roin Nevada Co. to Oregon, and in Nevada. 
 
 3. C. tenella, (iray, Dillusoly branched, slender, 3 to 5 inches higii : leaves 
 narrowly linear, with a tapering base (sometimes an inch and a half long) : flowers 
 scattered, solitary in all the forks, almost sessile ; calyx-lobes broadly triangular and 
 acute, shorter than the tube ; corolla narrow, puridish, 3 or 4 linos long. — Proc. 
 Am. Acail. viii. 25'J. 
 
 Sierra Nevada ; soulli of Yosoniite Valley, at 8,000 foot {Oray) ; Nevada and Utah, Watson. 
 -H -H (Jali/x-tuhe rounded at base and wry short : many lower leaves opposite. 
 
 i. C. gracilis, Dougl. A span or two in height, in age corymbosely much 
 })ranchcd : tlu; ilowers at length somewhat scattered : leaves lanceolate or linear, or 
 the lowest oval or obovate (an imdi or less long): corolla rose-purple, turning bluish, 
 less than half an inch lung, narrow ; the tube hardly exceeding the linear calyx- 
 lobes ; the oval lobes less than a line long. — Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. 
 t. 2924. 
 
 Hills, not rare through the State ; extending to British Columbia and to the llocky Moun- 
 tains ; also in Chili. The seeds are mucilaginous, but want the spiral threads of all the otlier 
 species. 
 
 * * Leaves deeply cleft or compound, the lower petioled : stems loosely branched. 
 
 5. C. gilioides, Benth. A span to 3 feet high : lower leaves simply pinnately 
 parted into few or several linear lateral lobes, or the larger terminal lube oblong 
 and toothed: upper leaves 3-5-divi(lod: flowers scattered or some what clustered; 
 lobes of the nearly H-jtartod calyx linear-subulate, its base rounded: corolla pink 
 or purplish, its slender tube about half nn inch long, twice or thrice the length of 
 the calyx : stamens moderately uncfpial in insertion : capsule globular, 3-seeiled. — 
 C. (jiutinosa, 15enth. in \)C, a more viscid form. Gilia divaricata, Nutt. PI. 
 Gaud). 155. 
 
 Moist gi'oimd, common through the western part of the State, and extending to the Sierra 
 Nevada : variable. 
 
 6. C. heterophylla, Hook. A span or two in height, diffuse : leaves mostly 
 pinnately parted or the upper pinnatitid, and the lobes incised or cleft ; the upper- 
 most often entire and broader, subtending the capitate-clustered flowers (or these 
 rarely somewhat scatt(;red) : lobes of the merely 5-cleft calyx ovatedanceolate or tri- 
 angular, acute ; base of the tube in fruit acute : corolla purplish, half an inch long : 
 stamens very unequally inserted : capsule oval ; the cells 1 - 3-seeded. — Bot. ]\Iag. 
 t. 2895; Bot. Ileg. t. 1347. Coiirtoislabipinnatijlda, Reichenbach, Ic. Kxot. t. 208. 
 Navarretia heteroi)hylla, Henth. in !)(! 
 
 Moist ground, Monterey to British Columbia. Stamens sometimes short, sometimes longer. 
 
 § 2. Corolla fannelform : seeds or at least the ovules several in each cell. 
 
 7. C. leptalea, Cray. Slender, with diffuse and filiform branches, 2 to 18 
 inches high, minutely glandular : leaves narrowly linear, entire, or some of ' tlm 
 lowest occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes : flowers eflusely jianicled, on indeed 
 filiform ])eduncles : calyx small, its lobes subulate: corolla i)ink-red, 5 to 10 lines 
 long, with slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a 
 wide-funnelform throat about the length of the oval spreading lobes. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 2G1 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 262, t. 65. Gilia capillaris, Kellogg in 
 Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. 
 
 Common on moist or wet banks, and more depauperate in <lrier soil, in the Sierra Nevada, at 
 4,000 to 9,000 I'eet. Unlike any of the foregoing in habit. 
 
Oilia. POTJOMONTACK/E. 480 
 
 3. GILIA, Tiwxt k Pnv. 
 Corolla funnclforni, salvorform, or sometimes short-campanulato or rotate, regular. 
 Stamens equally inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla ; the mostly slender 
 filaments sometimes uneciual in length, not declined. Ovules and seeds several or 
 few or rarely solitary in each cell. Seed-coat, with few exceptions, mucilaginous 
 when wetted, and in many with uncoiling spiral threads. — Herbs or sufTrutescent 
 plants ; Avith either opposite or alternate and simple or compound leaves, many 
 species with* showy flowers. 
 
 A somewhat polymoiplions genus, of nearly 70 species, belonging to the United States west of 
 the Mississippi, excepting one species to the east of it and two or three in extra-tropical South 
 America : several cultivated for ornament. Our species blossom in spring, except in the higher 
 mountains. 
 
 I. AU or moat of the leaves opposite at least on the main stems, sessile and palmately 
 parted or rarely entire. (Seeds more ordess mucilaginous in toater, hut ivith no 
 spiral threads.) 
 
 § 1. Corolla from short-funnelform to almost rotate; the lobes ohovate : filainents 
 slender : anthers oval : ovules many or sometimes few in each cell : low or 
 slender loosely and mostly small-Jlowered annuals : the leaves with divisions 
 filiform or setaceous, appearing as if whorled, or in the last species entire. — 
 Daotylophyllum, Benth. (§ Dactylophyllum & Dianthoides, Benth.) 
 
 * Flowers short-pedicel led or almost sessile in the forlrs of the stem : corolla campan- 
 
 ulate, its lobes entire : leaves ^-parted. 
 
 1. GJ-. demissa, (Jray. Diffusely nuicli branched, rather rigid, barely a span 
 high,-profusely-llowered : lobes of the loaves aceroso, half an inch long: lobes of 
 the 5-parted calyx subulate, scariously margined below, uneipial, the longer ecpial- 
 ling the white 5-lobed corolla : stamens included : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. viii. 263. 
 
 Southeastern borders of the State, near Fort Mohave, Br. Cooper. Also Southern Utah, Mrs. 
 Thompson., Parry. Upper leaves often alternate. 
 
 * * Floivers on capillary or filiform pedicels, loosely paniculate : corolla from rotate 
 to short-funnelform, its lobes entire: leaves '>^- 7-parted, those of the branches fre- 
 qxiently alternate. 
 
 2. G. liniflora, Benth. Erect, or at length diffuso, in tlio largest forms a foot 
 and a half high, almost glabrous : divisions of the loaves nearly filiform, Spiirrey- 
 like, about an inch long : flowers loosely paniclcd : corolla white, rotate when fully 
 open, from 10 to 6 lines in diameter, twice or tlirice the length of the calyx, 
 5-parted down to the very short tube : fdaments pubescent at base : ovules 6 or 8 
 in each cell. — Bot. Mag. t. 5895. 
 
 Var. pharnaceoides, (iray, is similar except in the ro(biced size, in the smaller 
 forms a span high, with capillary branches : the (sometimes pale flesh-colored) 
 corolla about 4 lines in diameter. — G. pharnaceoides. Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161. 
 
 Not rare through the western part of the State, in both forms : the small variety extending to 
 Oregon and Utah. 
 
 3. Gr. pusilla, Benth. Small, 2 to 6 inches high, at length diffuse, often 
 scabrous-pubcrulent : divisions of the leaves liIiform-Rul>idate or acerose, less than 
 half an inch long, shorter (mostly much shorter) than the scattercil cnpillary pedi- 
 cels: corolla nearly white, or purplish with yellow throat, helween rotate anil sliort- 
 funnelforra ; its lobes broadly obovate : filaments nearly glabrous at i)ase : ovules 3 
 to 5 in each cell. — Corolla 1^ to 2 lines long and little exceeding the calyx, in the 
 form answering to the Chilian species. 
 
490. rOLEMONIACE^. Gilin. 
 
 Var. Califomica, (^<iay, 1. c, has corolla 3 lines long, twice the length of the 
 calyx, and llmMt uHcm hiownish : pciliinclcs fmiucntly an inch long. — (J. Jilijies, 
 iJcnth. ri. llaitw. 32."). 
 
 Not iiiKioiimioii ill till! wostiiiii )'iut of till! Slato; and in Novada ami Utah {H'uts(ni), Ixilh 
 llio Biiiallur aiul llio laig. r ll..wciv<l loiiiis ; tliu lattor iimloiiiiiiatiiig. 
 
 4. Gr. Bolanderi, (!niy, 1. c. Very like the preceding: but the lube of the 
 blue or ])ur|)lc-tingod curolla longer and narrower, about etpialling the narrow 
 and cylindraceous calyx-tube, and rather longer than the limb (consisting of the 
 oblong lobes and a very short slightly dilated throat) : filaments inserted just beluw 
 the sinuses : ovules 2 to 5 in each cell. 
 
 Dry liills, Sonoma Co. (/Jofundtr) to Plumas Co., Mrs. Pahifer Ames. Corolla 3 or i lines 
 long : iialuiulci -i to 12 lim;.i long. 
 
 5. Gr. aurea, Nutt. Dill'use, 2 to 4 inches high : divisions of the roughish 
 hisi)i(hdous leaves narrowly linear, a quarter of an inch long : peduncles shorter or 
 little longer than the tlower, corymbose : corolla usually yellow, open and short- 
 funnelform, half an incii or less in diameter; the roundish-obovate lobes about 
 the length of the obconical throat and the short })roper tube : filaments inserted 
 just beneath the sinuses, glabrous: ovules about 10 in each cell. — PI. Oamb. 
 155, t. 22. 
 
 Var. decora, (Way, 1. v.. -. corolla white or i)ale violet, with or without brown- 
 purple in the throat : pedunch's sometimes elongated. 
 
 Santa Barbara to the Mohave, and thence to New Mexico. The variety on Monte Diablo 
 (Brewer), and in the southern part qi the State, Freviont, &c. 
 
 * * * Floiuers mostly short-peduncled terminnting the branches: corolla with fringed- 
 toothed lobes : leaves all ojyposite aiul entire. 
 
 6. G. dianthoides, Endl. An inch to a span high, minutely pubescent or 
 almost glabrous, the stronger jilants fastigiately or dill'usely branched from the base: 
 leaves filiform-linear, obtuse : corolla lilac or pale purple with darker or yellowish 
 throat; the am|)le lobes cuneate-obovate, limbriately or erosely tootheil round the 
 broad summit, longer than the shurt-funnellorm tube : ovules 10 to 20 in each cell. 
 — Atakt. Dot. t. 29; Benth. in DC. I'mdr. x. 314; Hook. Bot. ]\lug. t. -1876. 
 Femlia dianlhlilora, Benth. in Hut. Beg. /'. sjK'ciusa & F. concinna, IS'utt. I'l. 
 Gamb. 157. 
 
 Common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and on Catalina Island. A charming little plant, 
 with abundance of comparatively largo blossoms ; the corolla less than an inch long. 
 
 § 2. Corolla salvcr/orm, but the tube shorter than the calyx ; the broad cuiuate-obovatu 
 lubes slightly crenulate, strongly convolute in wstivation : stamens inserted loiv 
 on the tube of the corolla and included in it : ovules many in each cell : capsule 
 narroivly oblong : erect and vay glabrous annuals: leaves opposite and entire 
 or 3 - bdividtd and seemingly whorled. — LlNANTiius, Endl. 
 
 7. Gt. dichotoma, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span to a foot high, remotely leaved : 
 leaves or their divisions filiform : flowers nearly sessile in the forks or terminating 
 the branches: calyx with cylindrical tube (5 lines long) wholly white-scariou.s 
 exce])t the 5 filiform green ribs, which are continued into acerose-linear lobes : 
 corolla white, large and showy (the lobes from half to nearly a full inch long) : 
 anthei-s linear : seeds globular, with a loose cellular outer coat, unchanged Avhen 
 wet ! — Linanthus dichotornus, Benth., formerly. 
 
 Dry or moist ground, nearly throughout the western part of the State. Tube of the corolla 
 sometimes purplish. 
 
 G. BiGEi.ovii, Gray, 1. c. (Watson, Bot. King Exp. t. 25), wliich occurs from Arizona and 
 Utah to the borders of Texas, is distinguished by its much smaller flowers, the lobes oC the corolla 
 only 2 lines long and hardly oxceiuling the cjdyx, and the oval or oblong seeds have a close coat, 
 developing nnicdage when wetted. 
 
Gilia. POrEMONTACE.I^. 491 
 
 § 3. Corolla salvcrform, mostly with a filiform elongated lube, and the throat Rome- 
 times abruptly dilated : stamens inserted in the throat or orifice : anthers 
 short : ovules numerous : erect annuals, with leaves as in the preceding, ami 
 handsome hid sometivies small fioioers croivded in a terminal capitate cluster. 
 — Lkptosiphon, Eutll. {Leptosiphon, Bcntli., formorly.) 
 
 * Stems leafy : sessile leaves palmatebj 5 - 1 -parted and so seemingly whorled, also 
 fascicled in the amis ; their divisions linear-filiform : filaments slender, more or less 
 exserted [their length and that of the style different in different individuals, i. e. 
 dimorphous). 
 
 -«- Corolla comparatively large and its tube short. 
 
 8. G. densiflora, Bcnth. A span to 2 feet high, rather stout and strict : divis- 
 ions of the leaves numerous, fih'forjn, rather rigid, in somewhat distant apparent 
 whorls : tube of the white or rose-purple corolla little if at all exceeding the villous- 
 hirsute bracts and calyx ; its lobes nearly half an inch long, obovate. — Leptosiphon 
 densifiorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans. 1834, t. 18, c^' Bot. Keg. t. 1725; Jiot. Mag. 
 t. 3578. G. grandifiora {Leptosiphon grandifiorus, Benth.) is the same with the 
 tube of the corolla a little longer than usual. 
 
 Samly soil, through the western part of the State from San Francisco Bay southward. 
 
 +- +■ Corolla smaller, with a filiform tube S to G times the le^igth of the ovate or oval 
 lobes ; the latter from 1 1 f o 4 li?ies long. 
 
 9. G. androsacea, Steudel. Erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high : corolla 
 lilac, rose-pink, or almost white, with a yellow or dark throat ; its tube {about an 
 inch long) much exserted beyond the hirsute or villous-ciliato bracts and subtending 
 leaves, tlirico the length of the lobes (these 3 or 4 lines long). — Lrpfosiphon andro- 
 saceus, Benth. 1. c. t. 18, & Bot. Reg. t. 1710; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3491. 
 
 Var. detonsa, ('ray, 1. c. : a slender and almost glabrous form, the bracts and 
 leaves merely hispidulous-ciliate. 
 
 Var. rosacea : a dwarf and more tufted form, only a span high, very florifer- 
 ous, with bright rose-red corolla, — Leptosiphon parvifiorus, var. rosacens, Ilook f 
 Bot. Mag. t. 5863. 
 
 Hillsides, throughout the western part of the State and up to tlio liigher foot-hills of the Sierra 
 Nevada. Var. ddonsa, in tl\o mountains of Monterey Co. (/irrmn-) ; also co]|(u-ted by Jln'tffjrs. 
 An intornipdlatc form near Carson City, Anderson. Var. rosacea, near San Francisco, Kellogg, 
 &c. A beautiful species in cultivation. 
 
 10. Q-. micrantha, Steudel. Slender, at length diffuse, about a span high : 
 tube of the corolla extremely .slender (three fourths to an inch and a half long), 4 to 
 6 times longer than the lobes ; these 2 or 3 lines long, from yellow to cream-color 
 and pale purple or whitish : pubescence of the bracts and upper leaves sliort and 
 soft. — G. lutea, Steudel., Benth. Leptosiphon parvifiorus & L. luteus, Benth. in 
 Bot. Reg. G. micrajitha, var. aurea, & G. longituba, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324, 325. 
 
 Hillsides, through tlie western part of the State. Passes liy larger-flowered forms {G. longituba, 
 Henth.) into var. rnsarm of the preceding. 
 
 11. G. tenella, Benth. Low and mo.stly depressed, small : tube of the corolla 
 6 to 9 lines long, less slender in pro[)ortion to the size of the limb (the latter rose- 
 color or pink with a yellow throat); the lobes barely a line and a half long: 
 bracts and leaves hispidulous-ciliate. — PI. Ilartw. 325. Leptosiphon bicolor, Nutt 
 PI. Gamb. 150, chiefly. 
 
 Dry hillsides, Snnta IWbara to INiget Sound. 
 
 12. G. Ciliata, Benth. 1. c. More rigid and hirsute, a S])an to a foot high : tube 
 of the rose-colored or purple or at length whitish corolla little if at all exserted be- 
 yond the .very hirsute or hispid-ciliato bracts and subtending leaves, half to three 
 quarters of an inch long, the lobes only a Hup and a half long : calyx-lobes acerose. 
 
492 rOLEM(3NIACE.E. Gilia. 
 
 Hillsides, Marii)Osa to SiBvra and Mendocino Counties, and along the western borders of Nevada. 
 Grayish with short jmbescem-e on the stems, and witli long hairs, both soft and rigid, on the upper 
 loaves. 
 
 « « Stems leajlcis Ulow : leaves entire : anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla. 
 
 13. G. nudicaulis, (iniy. Au inch to a spun high, wholly glabrous, siini»li3 or 
 branched I'roiu the basu : leaves several and densely crowded, forniiug au involucre 
 around a terminal capitate cluster of flowers, linear to ovate-lanceolato, obtuse, 
 rather fleshy, half an inch long ; the small ovate cotyledons usually persisting 
 below : corolla white, pinkish, or jiale yellow ; its lobes cuneate, Avitli repand or 
 1 - 3-tootheil summit, 2 or 3 lines long, shorter than the slender tube. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. viii. 200. Cullumia nudicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Eot. lieeuhey, 3C9. 
 
 Moist sandy ground, along the eastern borders of the State (Carson City, Anderson, &c.) to 
 Utah and Colorado. 
 
 § 4. Floiuers as in § 3 ; but tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx, the throat 
 more funnelform, and ovules only 2 to i in each cell : filaments and anthers 
 short : perennials, more or less ivoody at base : leaves opposite and 3 - 1 -parted, 
 so appear iny to he whorled. — Siphon ELLA, Gray. 
 
 14. G. Nuttallii, Gray. A span to a foot higli, many-stemmed from the 
 woody subterranean base : divisions of the leaves narrowly linear, rigid (half to 
 three fourths of an inch long), mucronato, hispidulous-scabrous, the lower shorter 
 than the internodes : flowers in a capitate terminal cluster : calyx rigid, cylindra- 
 ceous, soon 5-parted, not scarious, the lobes lanceolate-subulate : ovules a pair in 
 each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 207 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 265, t. 26, fig. 8. 
 
 Eastern borders of the Sierra Nevada (near Carson City and on Silver Mountain, Anderscm, 
 Brewer) ; thence to Utah and Arizona. 
 
 15. Gr. floribunda, Gray, 1. c. Taller, more slender and bushy, corymbose at 
 summit : divisions of the leaves acerose (half to a full inch long), and nearly 
 smooth : flowers cymose-clusterod (delicate-scented), some of them rather slender- 
 
 " pedicelled : ovules 4 in each cell. 
 
 Near the southern borders of the State, Coulter, E. fF. Morse, Clcoeland. Also Arizona, Palmer. 
 
 II. All the leaves alternate {in our species) and palmately parted, a'oivded on the 
 woody stems. [Seeds unaltered in water, developing neither mucilage nor 
 spiral threads.) 
 
 § 5. Corolla salverform, with tube viore or less exceeding the calyx : filaments short, 
 inserted in or below the throat : (Dithers short, included : ovules numei'ous in 
 each cell : seed coat close, as in J'hlo.c, developing neither spiral threads nor 
 mucilage when wetted : woody based perennials or undershrubs, I'hlox-like, 
 very leafy : leaves alternate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the 
 axils, jmlmately 3 - 7 -parted ; the divisions acerose or subulate, rigid and 
 pungent : fiowers showy, sessile, solitary or few in a cluster at the end of short 
 branches or branchlets. — Leptodactylon, Benth. (Leptodactylon, Hook. & 
 Arn.) 
 
 G. Watsoni, Gray, of Utah, is remarkable for its opposite leaves, and nearly herbaceous ilow- 
 ering-slenm. ■ Tliu lollowing are decidedly shrubby. 
 
 10. G. Californica, Henth. in DC. 'J^vo or three feet high, with spreading 
 rigid branches, villous or so ft- pubescent when yonng : leaves widely spreading : 
 corolla rose-color or lilac ; the amjile limb an inch and a half in diameter, and the 
 broadly cuneate-obovate lobes often erose on the margins : anthers linear-oblong, 
 included in the upper i)art of the tube : ovules 20 or more in eacli cell. — Leptodac- 
 tylon Californicum, Hook, k Arn. Bot. Beechey, 349, t. 89 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4872. 
 
 Dry hills, throughout the southern part of tlie State, and north at least to Monterey. A hand- 
 some species. 
 
Giliu. POLEMONIACE.E. 493 
 
 17. G. pungens, Pontli. 1. c. A spnn to a foot or so in lioif^'lit, bnsliy : more or 
 less viscid-pubescent, or nearly glabrous : rigid leaves littlo aproiiding or erect : 
 corolla white or rose-color; the lobes narrower and only half as large as in the pro- 
 ceding: anthers borne in the throat, oblong: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Gray, 
 1. c. 268. G. pungens & G. Ilookeri, IJenth. in DC. Cantua punyens, Torr. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. ii. 221. Phlox Ilookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. t. 159. 
 
 Var. squarrosa, Gray, 1. c. : subulate divisions of the leaves stouter and soon 
 spreading or squarrose-recurved. 
 
 High and dry parts of the Siena Nevada (common above the Yosemite Valley), and through 
 the interior of Oregon, to the Kocky Mountains ; tlie var. squarrosa, from the western bordcra of 
 Nevada, through the dry interior. Probably Douglas mistook in a.ssignitig yellow flowers to this 
 species. 
 
 in. All or nil hut (he lowest leaves alternate and more or less jjinnately compound, 
 cleft, or toothed, or rarebj quite entire. {Seed-coat when welted usually develop- 
 ing spiral threads as ivell as mucilage.) 
 
 § 6. Floivers capitate-glomerate or at least densely clustered, leafy-hracted: bracts and 
 calyx-lobes often laciniate, rigid-acerose or spinulose-tipped. Corolla slender, 
 tuhular-funnelform or almost salverform, and with small oblong lobes : fila- 
 ments inserted in or below the throat : anthers short : cells of the ovary and 
 stigmas sometimes only 2 : annuals, mostly viscid-pubescent or glandular, never 
 white-woolly, with once or ttvice pinnatifid or incised leaves, their lobes com- 
 monly pungent : the bracts sometimes palmately rather than pinnately cleft. — 
 Navarretia, Gray. {Navarretia, Euiz & Pav.) 
 
 * Stamens included in the throat of the corolla: ovules 8 /o 12 in each cell. 
 
 18. G. squarrosa, Hook. Sc Arn. Eigid, rather stout, becoming much branched, 
 very glandular-viscid, fetid: leaves twice pinnatifid, or pinnately parted and the 
 divisions either parted or incised : upper leaves and- bracts spinescent : corolla blue, 
 rarely whitish, 4 or 5 lines long, rather shorter than the usually entire calyx-lobes : 
 stamens unequal in length and slightly so in insertion. — G. pungens. Hook. Bot. 
 Mag. t. 2977. Iloitzia squarrosa, Esch.soh. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826, 283. 
 Navarretia squarrosa. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 368 ; I'.enth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 
 N. pungens, Hook. Fl. ii. 75. 
 
 Open ground, common through the western part of the State and in the foot-hills, extending to 
 Oregon. ® 
 
 * * Stamens more or less exserted : corolla slender, 3 /'o 5 lines long. 
 
 -J- Leaves twice pinnatifid, at least the loiver ones : ovules \ to i in each cell. 
 
 19. G. COtulaefolia, Steudel. Rather stout and rigid, a span to a foot high, 
 tomentose-puberuleut, or above villous-pubcscent and minutely glandular : most "of 
 the leaves twice pinnately divided or parted into slender-subulate divisions ; the 
 upper and the bracts spinescent : tubo of the violet or whitish corolla hardly longer 
 than the sparsely villous calyx: ovules 1 or 2 in each cell: capsule usually only 
 l-8oedod. — Navarretia pubescens & N. cotnhvfolta, \\m\,\\. 
 
 Dry hillsides, conunon tiirough the western part of the State and in the foot-hills of the Sierm 
 ^evada. Exhales the odor of Anthanis Cotula. 
 
 20. G. intertexta, Rteudol. At length diffusely much branched, a span high, 
 neither viscid nor glandular: stems retror.sely pubescent: leaves mainly globrovis ; 
 their divaricate acerose and spinescent divisions cither sparingly divided" or simple : 
 llowers densely glomerate : base of the bracts and tube of the calyx densely white- 
 villous with long s])reading hairs : corolla white, little exceeding the calyx : ovules 
 and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — Navarretia intertexta, Hook. Fl. ii. 75. 
 
 Dry hills, from near San Francisco to Sierra Co., and noitli to Washington Teiiitoiy. 
 
494 POLKMONIACE.E. Gilia. 
 
 G. MINIMA, Gray, n dwarf and tufled iiwirly glabrous white-flowered species, related to this 
 and the next, inhabits the interior dry region, but has not been I'ouud west of Utah. 
 
 21. Gr. Breweri, <Jriiy. A span liigh, or less, ut liiugth much bnuiclied and dii- 
 fusely lulled, Hiiiiiilt.'ly glandulai'-pubt'iulcnt tliroughuut : divisions of lliu leaves 
 acerose and mostly entire : lluwers in less dense leal'y heads : corolla yellow, hardly 
 lunger than the slemler subulate calyx-lolM's ; the lube of the latter very short : 
 ovules and seeds mostly solilary. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. UGD. 
 
 Dry ground, in the Siena Nevada, fruni Placer Co. to Sierra Co. at 6,000 to 8,000 feet {Brewer, 
 Bolaiulcr), and through Nevada to Wyoming Territory. 
 
 22. Gr. leucocephala, Oray, 1. c. A span high, rather slender, loosely branched, 
 not glandular, glabrous, e.\cept ii little wooUiness ut summit and on the thin calyx- 
 tube : leaves soft, with commonly simple linear liliform divisions j those of the 
 bracts hariUy pungent: heads dense : corolla white, lunger than the culyx : ovules 
 2 in each cell. — Navarretia leucocephala, lieiith. I'l. Ilartw. 324. 
 
 Daini) or low grounds, arounil San Francisco Bay to the Sacramento and Mendocino Co. 
 
 -i- +- Leaves only once pinnalijid or incised, or many of them entire, 
 
 ++ All slender and Jiliforni, except the bracts of the small heads, which are more or less 
 pulmately 3 - i> cleft : corolla small (3 or i lines long), rather slender. 
 
 23. G-. divaricata, 'lorr. Dilfusely branched, slender, a span or mure in 
 lieighl, suiuewhat pubescent, hartlly at all glandular, the bracts and calyx mure or 
 less wuully-pubescent : liliform branches proliferous : divisions of the uppermost 
 leaves and the similar bracts acevuse : corolla purple or (ai>parently) yelluwish : 
 ovules 5 to 7 'in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. 
 
 Lake Co. to Mariposa Co. up to 8,000 feet. 
 
 24. G. iilicaulis, Torr. A span or two high, moderately or at length widely 
 branched, slender, viscid-glandular, especially above ; branches naked : upper leaves 
 liliform or setaceous and entire ;' bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes {umgont, 
 the inner ones shorter than the violet corolla : ovules mostly solitary in each coll. — 
 (iniy, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 
 
 Mariposa Co. to Untie Co., Jcffray, Torrcij, Mrs, Ptdsifer Anus. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves broader, ric/id, linear or lanceolate, and with spinulose lobes: sterna stottt: 
 flowers densely glomerate : corolla violet or ])urple, barely half an inch long ; about 
 twice the length of the pungent calyx-lobes. 
 
 25. Gr. viscidula, Oray, 1. c. A span high, or less, at length much branched, 
 viscid-pubescent : cauline leaves mostly slemler and laciniate-pinnatilid ; the as- 
 cending lobes acerose or subulate ; llural ones bruader and mure spinescent ; bracts 
 more dilated at base and i>almalely cleft : ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. — Navarretia 
 viscidula, Benth. PI. llarlw. 325, a small form. 
 
 Dry hills, .Santa Barbara lo .San Francisco, kc, and to the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 2G. Gr. atractyloides, Steudel. A span high, simple or much branched, viscid- 
 pubescent, very rigid, especially the fuliage : cauline leaves lanceolate, the upper 
 becoming bruailer ami the lloral ovate, all pinnatilid, with widely spreading subulate 
 sijine-like lobes : leafy heads rather few-ilowered : ovules G or 7 in each cell. 
 
 Open dry giound, from San Diego to Santa Cruz. Leaves, ut least the llorul ones, almost carti- 
 laginous. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Leaves dilated toivards the apex, at least the upper ones : sterns depressed : 
 Jlowtrs proportionally large, less croivded. 
 
 27. G-. setosissinia, Gray, 1. c. An inch ur twu high, at length forming a 
 depressed lull, cinereuus-pubescenl ur glabrato : lower leaves linear and slightly 
 luuthed, the upper becumiug ublanceolate, spatulate, ur with a cuneate 3-lobed 
 
CtWo. I'OLEMUNIACE.E. 49", 
 
 dilated apo.x, niore or less incised, all the teeth or lobcvs and here and there the even 
 margins beset witli very long white bristles, many of the lower in pairs : oalyx-lobes 
 sinnlarly setose-tipped : corolla pnrple or purplisii, G to 9 lines long : ovules several 
 or rarely few in each cell. — Navarretia setosissima, Torr. ct Giay, in Ives Colorado 
 Exp. 22. N. Scholtii, Torr. But. Mex. Bound. 145, a small form. 
 
 Gravelly plains, on the Rio Colorado and the Mohave, and Providence Mountains (Coulter 
 Newberry, Coo))er, he), extending to Southern Utah. 
 
 § 7. Flowers, in/lorescetice, ttc, nearly as in the forer/oinp section ; but the anthers 
 loiif/er and always exserted : corolla (salver/orni) more conspicuous : ]>laii(s nil 
 white loith Jloccose wool, at least when youn(j, and neither r/landtUar nor viscid. 
 — IIUORLIA {Hurjelia, JJenth. in Bot. Keg. Gilia § I'lwjelia Si Psendocol- 
 lomia, Eenth. in DC). 
 
 * Hoot jierennial : stems woody at the base : -anthers linear-sagittate : ovules several. 
 
 28. G. densifolia, Benth. A foot or two in liQight : stems virgate from a woody 
 base, leafy to the top : leaves rigid, linear, iaciniate-pinnatifid or incised ; the short 
 lobes few or several, sulmlato : flowers ninnorous in a compact head : corolla over 
 lialf an inch in length, vi()l(!t-l)luo, two or throo tiinoa Uio length of tlio calyx (tlio 
 lobes 3 lines long): anthers linear. — llngelia densifolia (a short stout form) and 
 //. elongnta, Benth. 
 
 Dry hills, from Santa Clara Co. to the Mohave, and in Southern Nevada. 
 * * Root annual : stems slender, at length loosely brnnehed, a foot or less in heir/ht ■ 
 leaves and their few {if any) divisions flUform : Jlowers rather few in the small 
 clusters. 
 
 29. Q. virgata, Steudel. At first strict and simple-stemmed, at length branched 
 from the base or throughout, sometimes glabrate : tube of the IjIuo corolla lon^rer 
 than the calyx : anthers (when dry) linear, deeply sagittate, a lino long : ovules 2"to 
 in each cell. — Jhigelia virgata, Benth. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 200. 
 
 Var. floribunda, Gray, 1. c. Low and rather stout : even the upper leaves 
 pmnately 3 - 7-parted : the numerous heads and flowers fully as laroe as those of 
 G. densifolia. '^ 
 
 q„!?f?rV"'' -l^^"';;"'' "y *" f '^" P'^«°,'':"|, ^"^"t to the Rio Colorado. Tho rcnmrkal.lo variety from 
 Santa Clara to. (Brewer) to Tojon, 1] nllace. 
 
 30. O. flOCOOSa, Gray, 1. c. Smaller tlian the ])rncoding : leaves mostly entire • 
 corolla about 4 linos long, blue or becoming white Cprobably never "yellow")- 
 anthers hnoar-oblong (barely half a lino in length) : ovules l' to 4 in each cell. — 
 Hugelia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Gilia lutescens, Steu.lel ; Benth. in DC. (But 
 the ilowers were doubtless bluish, faded to dull white.) 
 
 neS'MonteX'^"'' "^ ^^^ ^^^^' ^™"' ^^^ ^^°^''^^' *" *^' '^''"'^''' ^'•' """^ "^'* *° ^^'''''- "^^'^ 
 31 G. filifoUa, Nutt. Like the preceding, but more rigid : leaves mostly 
 3-pai-ted : corolla blue or bluish, little if at all exserted : anthers oval, very .small : 
 ovules 4 to 6 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. l.^G ; Gray, 1. c. 
 
 ancfNevadrVhut'^^H^"''''^^^^^^ ^^^''''^'''^■^' <« the Mohave (Cooper). Arizona, 
 
 to distinguish preceding probably run together, and all these annual species are hard 
 
 § 8. Flowers capitate-crowded or somewhat looser, bracteate : corolla white or pur- 
 plish, salverform, mostly with a short tube: stamens shorter than the lobes of 
 the corolla, inserted in or near the sinuses .- anthers short : Idbes of the calyx 
 and of the leaves tipped with an awn-like but not jmngent cusp : low biennials, 
 annuals, or short-lived perennials, usually visrid-jmbescent with vian //-Jointed 
 hairs, and with simply jjinnatifld or entire leaves. — Elaimiockra, Nutt. 
 
496 POLEMONlACEJi). Gilia. 
 
 * Pertiiiiial, densely-Jlowered. 
 
 32. Gr. COngesta, Hook. Woolly-pubescent, becoming glabmte, tufted, 3 to 12 
 inches liigh : k'uvea pelioled, luucli cu)\vile(l on the short sterile shoots, scattered on 
 the erect llowering stem, thickish, mostly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 shortdincar 
 or oblanceolate divisions, which are not rarely ao crowded as to ap[)ear j)almato or 
 pedate : llowers numerous in solitary or a lew corymbose naked and dense heads : 
 corolla white ; its tube hardly longer than the calyx and the oval lobes (these a lino 
 or two long) : exserted lilaments as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell 
 — Fl. ii. 75, & Ic. PI. t. 235. 
 
 Siena Nevada at 10,000 t'tet and upwards, in Placer and Nevada Counties (Brewer, Bolander, 
 E. L. Greene), and on tlie noitlicrn border of the State (Kcwbemj) : thence to Oregon and tlie 
 Rocky Mountains. The var. crclvifolia. Gray {O. crcbrifulia, Nutt. ), with entire and more 
 glabrous leaves, occurs in the northeastern part of Nevada. 
 
 » * Annual, low and s^ircadiny, looseli/ branched: Jlowers fewer, more leafy-hracted, 
 in less dense clusters : lobes of the ccdyx and leaves conspicuously cuspidate-tipped. 
 
 33. Gr. pumila, Nutt. Slightly woolly-pubescent : leaves narrowly linear, en- 
 tire or witii 2 to -1 narrow lobes : tube of the corolla (3 or 4 lines long) about twice 
 the length of its lobes ami of the calyx-lobes : lilaments shorter than the lubes of 
 the corolla: ovules 5 uv in each cell. — 1*1. (lamb. 15G. 6'. trijida, l?enth. in 
 Kew Jour. lU.t. iii. 2U1. 
 
 Foot-hills of tlio Truckcc; AU)untains, North western Nevada, Watson. Tlienco east lu Now 
 Mexico and Wyoming. 
 
 34. Gr. polycladon, Torr. Puberulent or sparsely pubescent, with elongated 
 branches leatiess below : leaves short, spatulate or oblong in outline, incisely pin- 
 natifid into several small and irregular lobes; those of the branches mainly clustered 
 around the flowers (half an inch long) : corolla barely 2 lines long, its tube hardly 
 exceeding the calyx-lobes : anthers almost sessile in the throat : ovules only a pair 
 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 268. 
 
 Mountains on the western borders of Nevada, JFatson. Thence east to Utah and the borders 
 of Texas. This and tlie ])receding will doubtless be detected within the State. 
 
 § 9. Flowers thyrsoid-panicled, hardly bracteate: corolla (red) salverform with a lomj 
 and sliijhtiy funnel/or m tube, very much suipassiny the calyx: stamens inserted 
 in or below the throat of the corolla, not longer than its lobes : anthers sIlotI : 
 ovules numerous in each cell: biennials, merely pubescent, with simple virgate 
 stem and lan/c showy blossoms. — ll'OMOl'ai«, Bonth. 
 
 35. Q. aggregata, Sprcng. .\ foot to ii yard liigh : loaves thickish, jiiunatoly 
 l»arted into 7 to 13 lin(^ar mucronulato divisions, or in tho upper leaves fewer: 
 llowers in small clusters, disi)osed in a simple or sometimes branching virgate naked 
 panicle: calyx commonly glandular ; its lobes subulate: corolla scarlet (varying to 
 pink or rarely white) ; its tube an inch long, 2 to 4 times tho length of the ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute soon recurved-spreading lobes : filaments slen- 
 <ler. — Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218 (Cantua ayf/re.gata, Pursh). G. jmlchella, 
 Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 74. Ipomopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1281. — Runs 
 into various forms, of which tho most marked is 
 
 Var. Bridgesii, Gray, 1. c. : a rather low form, loosely somewhat few-flowered: 
 corolla said to be j)urple: calyxdobes short and broadly triangular-subulate or ovate- 
 deltoid : lobes of the leaves very obtuse, seldom mucronulate. 
 
 Rocky ravines, kc. Sierra Nevada, tliroughout its length, to Oregon and Idaho, and east to the 
 Rocky Mountains. The variety collc<.ted only liy Jirid(iis, — station in California unknown, — but 
 various specimens of the Sierra Nevada apinoach it. Flowers "very fragrant," even more showy 
 than those of the related O. ctironopifulvi of the Southern Atlantic States. Stamens in some in- 
 dividuals included, in others consj)icuously exserted ; these with style ecjually or even more 
 exserted. 
 
^''''"- POLEMUN 1 AC I'LK. 49- 
 
 :?0. G subnuda, To.r. A span to a loot liitrh, glan.lulur-puljerulcnt : leaves 
 chiefly at the base, spatulate or oblong, incisely toothed or slightly few-lobed : those 
 ol the naked stem small and entire, and above reduced to minnto bracts- flowers 
 somewhat clustered at the summit of the branches of the naked panicle- calyx-lobes 
 broadly subulate : corolla orange or scarlet ; the tube half an inch long, thrice the 
 length of the ovate obtuse lobes. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. 
 
 Western mrt of Nevada (A'. //. Sf retch), and Arizoim (Neu-berry, Palmer) : mav be expected on 
 the eastern Orders of Cnlifornia. In the specimens, the anthers are inchidod, o^short mamenS. 
 
 § 10. Flowers capitate-glomerate or panicled, or scattered, nma.lh, braclless ■ corolla 
 {hlne, purple, or whUe) from funnelform to campaniilnte or almost rotate ■ 
 stamens included or not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments slender ■ leaves 
 mostly pmnately incised or twice or thrice pinnatdy dissected. — Eugilia 
 honth. mainly. ' 
 
 * J) war/ perennial, few-Jlowered among the leaves : ovules solitary. 
 
 ,.,.?''• ^ Larseni, Gray. Depressed, rising an inch or two out of ground from 
 fdilorm subterranean running shoots, soft-pubescent : leaves much crowded at the 
 summit but alternate), somewhat pedatcly 5-7-partod or the upper 3-cleft : the 
 lobes 2 to 4 lines long, linear-oblong, or the larger more dilated and 2 -3-cleft • 
 flowers almost sessile, little exceeding the leaves: corolla funnelform, violet-purple' 
 nearly half an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx; the lobes broadly 
 oval. — Troc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, '^ 
 
 On bassen's Peak, in loose soil of volcanic ashes, Lcmmon and John Lrvrscn This sin^rnlar 
 
 n of^irahf I'notnvf f '° '^'"'« to.the .Yavar.^.V. section ; but (hTlls of the fa 
 ™?l' I 1 ^ n "S '^' "'^'" "7'^" '° '""°^' fis nuicronatn, and the flowers mo not rai.itato- 
 
 * * Annuals: ovules and seeds few or numerous in each cell. 
 ^ I^ooflrTT'l"'" f "'' ^'''■'^^'^' '^'''''' ""■ ^'"'^ '^^'^•''^ peduncles: stems erect, 
 Z:!tZ!7d::^s!^ ''''-' ''--'' ''"'' -^ '--- V^^^^^n^y dissected into very 
 
 bra^ndie^\bo?e*^*l^°lf ^^^^^°"^°^ ^ ^i^tlo pubescent : stem slender, loosely 
 branched above : calyx glabrous or nearly so : lobes of the light blue (rareW white) 
 corolla narrowly oblong or almost linear (2 lines long), nearly of the length of the 
 narrow tube. -Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2698 ; Lindl. Eot! Reg. t. HTO " 
 
 Low grounds, not rare, from tlie Bay of San Francisco to Oregon. 
 
 somLw^K^hf^f ^' ^'"tl- ,^^^^ *^" P'-^^^'^>"- ^"^ "-'^-^"y stouter, often 
 somewiiat glandu ar : the capitate clusters and flowers larger or less compact • calvx 
 more or ess woolly its lobes with short recurved tips : lobes of the 3la obovate 
 
 I^SC't Is ^ " ' '"" '"^^^' '"^ '''''-''' '^'"''^^■'■^ --^' .lilat^b - iLt 
 
 Hills and sandy ground, common through tlio westcn part of th., State. 
 ■H .- Flowers in small and rather- loose clusters, or else scattered iu the open panicle 
 
 ^\i7laZZ/r ''"'"t " ^'^^■'^^ ^''""^'^^^ ^'■-•^''rf ^nto,/ine aud narrow seaments : 
 r/t;,^ irJr?f '"^ o"^/o^-.M,W.o/-a« inch loug : herbage son, ewha^ viscid- 
 pubescent or glandular, or glabrafe : stems erect or at leuath difFusrh, spreading. 
 
 Jni ^•, "^"f*i«',«"lls ^^^'"th. A span to a foot or so in height, sin.plo in dopan- 
 pemte an. early plants, loosely branched in larger nnd later: flowers f w or vml 
 SS^nrJ; '^? '" •*; ^'"^^^^J-^^'-'^ting the slender naked peduncles, short-peT 
 celled or almost sessile; corolla (a third of an inch long) violet, with proper tube 
 
498 rOLEMONlAOE^li. Uilia. 
 
 shorter than the viscid calyx, and the obovate lobes not longer than the lunnel- 
 furia til rout : cupsulu ovoid. — 0. achUlea-folia, Ijndl. Bot. Reg. t. 1G82 ; Hook, 
 liot. Mug. t. 3110, nul ol' liunth. 6'. millc/oliata, Fischer & Meyer ; a dilliisu cul- 
 tiviitcd lona. 
 
 Vur. tenera, iimy, 1. c. : u Blender, depiuipendo, few-llDWered Htule, with tlio 
 peduncles, uv at leatit some of them, one-llowered. — G. utriola, Liebmann, Ind. 
 Sem. liort. Hula. 1853. 
 
 In dry ground, common throughout the western part of the State. Slender depauperate forms 
 abound iu poor soil. 
 
 41. Gr. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two in lieight, in age diffusely 
 branched : ilowcrs few in the loosely paniculate and rather short-peduncled clusters : 
 pedicels sliorter than the viscid-puberuleut or rarely glabrous calyx : corolla (one 
 third to half an inch long) with very short proper tube and ample eampanulate- 
 funnelform throat, which is pale yellow or orange below, dark purple above, and the 
 lilac or violet roundish lobes longer tlian tlie stamens. — Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; 
 Lindl. liot. Keg. t. 17U1 ; Bot. Mag. t. 31G3. 
 
 Common through the western part of the State and the fout-hills ; famihar in cultivation. 
 
 42. Gr. tenuiflora, Benth. Commonly u foot high, slender : radical and lower 
 cauline leaves wilii shorter lobes than in the two preceding species : upper leaves 
 few, small, ixud simpler ; llowers mostly slender-pedicelled in the loose panicle : 
 corolla pur[)le or rose-color, funnelform with slender tube, 4 or 5 times the length 
 of the calyx (7 to U lines long) ; its lobes broadly obovate and longer than the 
 stamens. — Lindl. Bot. lleg. t. 1888. 
 
 Var. latiilora, Cray, 1. c. : a form with shorter tube to the corolla, more abruptly 
 dilated throat, and broader limb : radical leaves sometimes simply pinnatihd. 
 Dry ground, Monterey to San Diego, &c. The variety, Los Angeles, &c,, Fremont, JVallace. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves once or sometimes twice pinnatijid, or merely incised or toothed : Jlowers 
 loosely panicled. 
 
 = Corolln, /tunic/form, from less than a quarter to half an inch long : seeds many, 
 
 43. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A sjjan to a foot high, at length loosely nmch 
 braaclied, .somewhat viscid or glandular, when young usually a slight woolliness 
 upon the foliage : radical and lower leaves pinnately parted into numerous short 
 oblong or lanceolate and commonly few-toothed or incisely-lobed divisions ; the 
 upper with simple and fewer mostly linear divisions : pedicels some slender and 
 some short or nearly wanting : corolla violet-purple or bluish, twice or thrice the 
 length of the calyx. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883, Ipomopsis inconspicua, Sniith, 
 Exot. Bot. t. 14. Cantna parvijlora, Pursh. This is the smaller-flowered form, with 
 tube of the corolla at lirst shorter than the calyx, and lobes only a line long. It 
 passes by gradation into 
 
 Var. sinuata, Cray, 1. c., with tube of corolla more slender and exserted, and 
 lobes often 2 lines long : lobes of tlie radical leaves commonly narrow and entire. — 
 G. sinuata, Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 313. G. arenaria, Benth., appears 
 to be a form of this, from the sea-beach at Monterey, with short ovate lobes to 
 the radical leaves, and a sleader corolla-tube, seemingly passing into G. tenuijlura. 
 
 Dry or gravully grouiul, conunon nearly throughout tlio Stale and in Oregon, and eaat tiuough 
 the Rocky Mountain region. 
 
 44. Gp. leptomeria. Gray. A span high, minutely glandular or viscid : leaves 
 mainly in a radical tuft, narrowly oblong (about an inch long), pinnatitid with very 
 short lobes or merely incised ; the cauline small, linear, entire, mostly reduced to 
 bracts of the ample and elfuse cymose panicle : pedicels some liliform, some shorter 
 than the calyx : corolla nearly white, li to 3 lines long, slender, approaching salver- 
 form, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the lobes ovate, sometimes repandly 
 
Pohmoniitm. POLEMONIACE.E. .qo 
 
 2-3-tootliod and acute half a line long: seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ' - 
 I roc. Am. Acad. vni. 278; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 270, t 2G, fi" G 7 
 
 Northwestern Nevada, on the borders of California (/ra<50«, Lanvion) ;' ea^t to'utlih. 
 = = Corolla campanulate, white or nearly so: seeds fetv. 
 
 45. G. micromeria, Gray. DifTuse, 2 or 3 inches high, very slender almost 
 
 'i^:Z il"';'"' T' r ""■ ''-'"T I^'""^*^«'^' "'^'' li-ar-obW very obtu^ lobes 
 tho of the branches l.near and entire, gradually reduced to bracts : flowers sparse 
 
 tTltl V "'a "^a' ^'^,^'' «-^«^^^'Iing t'l>e caly.K: capsule globular, longer than 
 the style. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279 ; Watson, 1. c. t. 26, fig. 12 - 16. 
 
 Nevada, Tmckee Valley to the East Humboldt Mountains, JFaison. Probably 
 
 Nortli wester 
 
 reaches California. 
 
 .JL^l campanulata, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, 2 or 3 incites high, somewhat 
 
 SrC ";ho""fV, ^""T ''''' ^'T'^f'' ^P^""°^^ ^°^^hed or incis'ed (half an 
 inch long) , tho.e of the slender paniculate branches similar, or narrower and entire • 
 p d ce s mostly shorer than the flower : corolla 4 lines long, with hardly any propel 
 tube moderately r,-lobed, about twice the length of tlie lanceolate-subulate lobes 
 ^Lrfnl r^^^i ^ '''/^^' ^''''' scariously margined toward the base: stamens 
 
 inserted low down : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. _ Watson, 1. c. t. 26, fie.. i,6 - 18 
 
 4. POLEMONIUM, Tonrn. Gheek Valeu.ax. 
 Flowers as in Gilia § J^u.rlra, but the corolla short and broad, the stamens 
 somewhat ch^chned the filaments hairy-appendaged at base. - Perennial or rarely 
 annual herbs; w.th pinnate or pinnately parted loaves, and mostly showy flowers 
 Calyx herbaceous; its divisions and those of the leaves pointless. Corolla more 
 commoidy blue, varying to white. 
 
 invalUatod by th. annual P mSaSmonlZiZ^ a'' '," ""> "'S'""' >!'«'«■ '» '•<"<='> 
 coroll. on thS otl.er. »»«"•»"•»« on tlie one hand, and one or more wit], fnnnelform 
 
 § 1. An„ual, diffuse: rotate coroUa darter than tl^ »„tyx; H„,„er, scaiUred 
 n.«:tlStcoirin?- '■"""""•"'• """ "'«-"' '•»"•- «f Nevada ,.,„.™, „v,„„, 
 
 e..«™: e,v,.e., co,™w,"ft:Zei:,: i^ ::^ ^ rc}:r'«:;nri;is 
 
gyQ POLEMONIACE.E. Pohmonium. 
 
 lavender, or sometimes nearly wliitu) half an inch or mure in diameter : seeds one 
 or two in each cell. — /'. palchtltam, nun<;e ; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. Ic. t. 20; Lindl. Uut. 
 lieg. t. 1304. P. Richardsoiii, (Iraliani in I5t)t. iMag. t. 2800. 1'. capitatum, ijenlh. 
 in DC, not of Kschscholtz. 1'. pakhtrrimum, llouk. Bot. ]\Iag. t. 2i)79. 
 
 High Sienu Nevada, at iiml iibovo 8,000 feet, fiDin MHri|)osa Co. (Brewer) to Lassen's Peak 
 (Lcviiuun) ; east to tlie liiglier Ki.cky Alouiitaiiis, uortli to the Arctic regions, Siberia, Spitz- 
 bergeii, kc. A polyiiiorpbuus siiecics. 
 
 3. P. caeruleum, Linn. Olabrous or viscid-pubescent, 2 or 3 feet (or in arctic- 
 alpine forms a span or two) in height, leafy, usually bearing numerous flowers in an 
 interrupted narrow thyrsoid panicle or in hjose corymbose cymes: leaflets 11 to 21, 
 from lincar-laiiccdluto to ovate oblong (.^ to U inches long): calyx cleft tour beyond 
 the middle : conjlla an inch or more in diameter (bright blue, varying to white), 
 sliorter than the stamens or at least than the stylo : seeds several in each cell, in 
 ours acutely angled. 
 
 Low grounds, not rare from San Francisco to the high Sierra Nevada. Extends north to the 
 Arctic coast, and east to tlie northern Atlantic States (sparingly), and through the north of Asia 
 and Europe. A striking form, var. foliosissiinum, Gray, approaching P. Mexicanum, occurs in 
 the Kocky Mountains and those of Utali. 
 
 § 3. Ferenniat : corolla with truly funnelform tube longer than the calyx : wjlores- 
 cence capitate or spicate : leajlels mostly palinatety divided. 
 
 4. P. confertum, <Iray. A span or more high from stout and branching or 
 tufted rootstucks, on the summits of which the radical leaves are densely crowded, 
 glandular- viscid and musk-scented : leaves narrowly linear in general outline, erect; 
 leaflets very numerous and crowded, sometimes even imbricated, sessile, most of 
 them 3-5-parted and seemingly whorled ; the divisions from round-oval to linear- 
 oblong, and from a line to a quarter of an inch or more in length : llowers in a 
 single dense capitate cluster, or in age spicate, honey-scented : corolla (blue, and a 
 white variety) with narrow funnelform tube (half an inch long) twice or thrice the 
 length of the rounded lobes: ovules 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. IHGS, 73, 
 tV; Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. 
 
 Among rocks on higli peaks of tlie Sierra Nevada, at 12,000 to 13,300 feet ; Mount (Joddard and 
 Mount Dana {Brewer), Mount Lyell {J. Muir); and on the higher mountains of Nevada and 
 Colorado. Ours are of the condensed and small-leaved form. 
 
 P. viscosuM, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 154 (mainly, Nuttall having mixed the two), is between the 
 above anOP. humilc, and is known only in tlie more northern llocky Mountains. 
 
 6. LCESELIA, Linn. 
 Flowers nearly as in Giiia § Ipomopsis, except that the tubular-funnelform 
 corolla is irregular, as it were bilabiate (|), one of the cuneate or oblong lobes being 
 separated by deeper sinuses. Stamens declined. Seeds few in each cell, ovoid, 
 mucilaginous when wetted. — Rigid herbs or undershrubs (natives of Mexico) ; 
 with alternate and simple and entire or sharply serrate leaves, and showy red or 
 blue flowers in terminal or lateral clusters, with or withotit scarious dilated bracts. 
 
 1. L. tenuifolia, Cray. Nearly glabrous : stems woody at base, slender : leaves 
 very narrow, spinulose-niucronato ; the lower ]iinnately partcid into a few subulate 
 short lobes ; the upper entire and liliform (about an inch long) : branches loosely 
 few-Uowered at the summit : calyx bractless : corolla scarlet, nearly salverfurm ; its 
 oblong lobes truncatcly 3-toothed at the apex, about one third the length of the 
 narrow tube : capillary hlaments inserted low down and much exserted : ovules 8 or 
 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86. 
 
 Tantillas Mountains, below San Diego, within the borders of Lower California, Mr. Dunn, 
 Dr. Palmer. Probably also within the southern line of the State. Corolla an inch long : calyx 
 3 lines long. See Appendix. 
 
HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 501 
 
 Order LXIV. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 
 
 Known in general by liaving the scorpioid inflorescence (and often the rough 
 hairiness) of the Borraginar.ea;, along with an undivided 1 - 2-celled 4 - ruany- 
 ovuled ovary, and the two styles distinct at the apex if not to the base, the flowers 
 regular and 5-androus, and the fruit a capsule, with the two jilacentaj parietal or 
 borne upon the half-partitions, — Flowers perfect. Calyx mostly 5-parted or of 5 
 separate sepals, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in 
 the bud. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Stigmas 
 terminal, small and simple or more or less capitate. Only in Romamoffia are the 
 stigmas as well as styles completely united into one. Ovary commonly hispid or 
 hirsute, at least at the top. Capsule in all ours loculicidal. Seeds amphitropous or 
 anatropous, with a close and commonly reticulated or pitted coat, and a horny or 
 linn" fleshy albumen, contaim'ng a small embryo. — Mostly hoi'bs, a few shrubby; 
 with alternate or rarely opposite loaves, no stipules, and an insipid colorless juice. 
 Flowers sometimes in perfect cymes, or solitary and terminal and becoming lateral 
 by the forking or the unilateral continuation of tlio stem, or more commonly re- 
 duced to either geminate or single scorpioid and bractless false spikes or racemes, 
 which are in the following 'descriptions simply called sjnkes or racemes. — Benth. 
 Hydrophyll. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 272 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 287 ; Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 312. 
 
 A family of about 120 species, in over a dozen genera, all American, except a few outlying 
 species of Jl'i/iirolca, mostly North American, and nicreasing in number and variety from the 
 Atlantic coast westward, very fully represented in California. Wholly inert plants, of no eco- 
 nomical importance ; but several of the Californian species are familiar ornamental annuals in 
 general cultivation. 
 
 Tkibe I. HYDROPHYLLE/E. Ovary and capsule one-celled ; the cell lined with the pla- 
 centae in the form of a rather fleshy or when dry membranous sac, attached primarily to 
 the walla l)y two parietal lines, enclosing 4 to 20 amphitropous ovules and (often by abor- 
 tion fewer) seeds. Stylo 2-iJoft. Corolla almost always convolute in the bud. Seeds 
 aphorical or roundish-oval, with cartilaginous albumen. Herbs. 
 
 ♦ Flowers in crowded or capitate clustora : stamens and stylo longer than tlio corolla. Ours 
 
 perennials, with calyx not appondaged nor much enlarged after flowering. 
 
 1. Hydrophyllum. Calyx with narrow divisions. Corolla campanulato. Filaments bearded 
 
 in the middle. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Flowers solitary on slender peduncles or loosely racemose : stamens and stylo shorter than 
 
 the corolla : calyx enlarged after flowering. Winter annuals. 
 
 2. Nemophila. Calyx with a reflexcd lobe at each sinus. Corolla rotate or opcn-campanulate, 
 
 niiistly longer than the calyx. 
 
 3. Ellisia. Calyx naked at the sinuses. Corolla campanulate, shorter or little longer than the 
 
 Tribe II. PHACELIE^. Ovary 1 -celled, or 2-celled by the meeting of the two narrow or 
 httle ddated placenta; in the axis. Style 2-cleft (in Romnmnflli entire"). Capsule loculi- 
 cidal, separating the nlacentre, which usually remain borne on the middle of the 2 valves, 
 either directly or on the half- partition. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Calyx naked at 
 the sinuses. Seeds between amphitropous and anatropous, with cartilaginous or firm fleshy 
 albumen. Herbs. 
 
 ♦ Leaves all opposite and entire. 
 
 4. Draperia. Corolla tubular-fuunelform, destitute of internal appendages. Stamens unequal 
 
 and unequally inserted. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Flowers in a terminal 
 scorpioid cyme. 
 
502 HYDROPHYLLACE/E. Hijdrophyllum. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Leaves all or all but the lower alternate : flowers in cymes, scorpioid spikes, or racemes, or 
 rarely in the forks of the stem. 
 
 +- Stylo from 2-* left at the apex to 2-parted. 
 
 5. Phacelia. Calyx of 5 similar or slightly dissimilar mostly narrow divisions. Corolla do- 
 
 cidiioiiH, not yidiow. Stamens oijually inserted low down. Flowers clustered, spiked, or 
 racemud. 
 
 6. Emmeuauthe. Corolla yellow or cream-color and scarious-pei-sistent. Otherwise as the 
 
 preceding genus. 
 
 7. Conanthus. Calyx of very narrow and similar divisions. Corolla deciduous, tubular-funnel- 
 
 form : the une(iual stamens unenually inserted on its tube. Flowers solitary in the leafy 
 forks and terminal. 
 
 8. Tricardia. Calyx of 3 outer much enlarging cordate sepals and 2 inner linear ones. 
 
 -I- +- Stylo and even stigma entire. 
 
 9. RomanzofiBa. Calyx of similar ilivisions. Corolla destitute of appendages. Leaves round- 
 
 reuiform and cienate-lobed. Flowers racemed. 
 
 ♦ « ♦ Leaves (alternate) all radical : peduncles in their axils 1 -flowered : style 2-cleft at apex. 
 10. Hesperochiron. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, deciduous. 
 
 TiuBK HI. NAMK.'E. Ovary (more or less completely 2-celled), capsule, dehiscence, &c., 
 nearly of J'hticdicic. Styles 2, distinct to the base, their tips thickened or stigmas capi- 
 tate. Herbs or shrubs. 
 
 IL Nama. Corolla funiiclform. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valvcd ; valves undivided. Low 
 
 herbs or sullrutesfcnt : leaves entire. 
 12. Eriodictyon. Corolla funnelform or almost campanulate. Capsule crustuccous, splitting 
 
 into 4 equal half-valves. Shrubs : leaves toothed. 
 
 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WAXEaLEAF. 
 Calyx 5-partecl into narrow divisions, nearly unchanged after flowering ; the 
 sinuses in our species entirely without appendages. C<irolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; 
 the lobes oval, convolute in the bud, in the tube a nectariferous grooved appendage 
 opposite each lobe. Filaments and stylo liliform and exsertud beyond the lobes of 
 the corolla : the former bearded witli some long hairs near the middle : anthers 
 linear or oblong, inflexed in the bud. Ovary hispid with stiff straight hairs, 4- 
 ovuled. Capsule tardily 2-valved, 1 - 4-seeded. — Perennials (an annual species 
 in the Atlantic States); with erect and sparingly branching stems from clustered 
 horizontal rootstocks, mostly pinnately parted long-petioled leaves, and white or 
 violet flowers in close or capitate pedunculate cymes. 
 
 A wholly North American genus, of six species, f^MOwing mostly in wooded or shaded places ; two 
 of them peculiar to the Hoi-ky Mountain and Pacific regions and found in California; a third, y'vi. 
 
 H. ViitGiN'icuM, Linn., is common to the Atlantic States and Oregon, and may be looked for 
 on our northern borders. This may readily be known by being comparatively smooth, and with 
 only 3 to 5 divisions to the cauline leaves, which are of ovato general outline. 
 
 1. H. capitatum, Dougl. Only a spau or so high, in tufts, with rather small 
 rootstocks and coarse fleshy-flbrous roots : leaves soft-hirsute or pubescent, and with 
 blade shorter than the petiole, ovato or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches 
 long, pinnately parted or at base divided into 5 or 7 crowded 2 - S-lobed leallets or 
 divisions ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronato : flowers in a close capitate cluster 
 on a very short {)eduncle : calyx very hispid : corolla bluish or violet : anthers ob- 
 long. — ]k'Mth. in I.iiui. Trans, xviii. 273. — In California we have only 
 
 Var. alpinum, AVat.son. Almost steudess, the comparatively open cymes and the 
 petioles of the leaves rising directly out of the ground ; the calyx more white-hairy 
 and less hispid. — Bot. King Exp. 249. 
 
 Sierra Nevada (Plumas Co., Mrs. Pulsifer Ames) to Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Watson, &c. The 
 ordinary form of the species from Utah to Washington Territory. 
 
Nemophila. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 503 
 
 2. H. OCCidentale, Gray. A foot or two high, hirsutely pubescent or above 
 somewhat hisjjid : leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, parted or below 
 divided into 7 to 15 oblong and mostly incised divisions : peduncles longer than 
 the petioles and generally surpassing the leaves (4 to 9 inches long), bearing one or 
 two rather small and capitate clusters of bluish flowers : calyx very hispiil or hispid- 
 
 ciliate, deeply parted into lanceolate rather obtuse divisions : anthers linear. Proc. 
 
 Am. Acad. x. 314. //. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 125, not of Dougl. 
 
 Var. WatSOni, Gray, 1. c. Commonly lower, sometimes only a span or°80 high 
 and almost stcmiesa, rather soft-pubescont, especially the lower side of tho loaves, 
 whi(!li, as well as tho calyx, is often palo and whitish or canoscont : cymo rather 
 open. — //. macrophyllum, vur. occidtntale, Watson, Bot. JCing Exp. 248, mainly. 
 
 In woods, DufTield's Ranch in tlie SieiTa Nevada {Bujdow), Mendocino Co. {Kdlogij), and in 
 Ore";on. Var. IFatsoni, Sierra Nevada, Bolander, Anderson, Mrs. Ames; thence to mountains 
 of Utali, Watson, Parry. The larger and more hirsute form, with corolla 4 lines long and pale 
 or white, and liirsutn pubescence, approaches the eastern H. macrophyllum, which is larger and 
 with a diircrent calyx. The var. Watsoni has rather smaller and blue flowers, the calyx less 
 hispid, but variable. 
 
 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. 
 Calyx 5-parted and with a supplementary reflexed lobe at each sinus, enlarging 
 more or less in fruit. Corolla rotate, or inclined to campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; 
 the lobes convolute in the bud ; the throat appendaged more or less with 10 internal 
 scales or plaits. Stamens and mostly the style shorter than the corolla : fdaments 
 naked : anthers linear or oblong and sagittate. Ovary, capsule, &c., nearly as in 
 Iltjdrophyllum. Ovules 4 (i. o. a pair on each placenta) or considerably more 
 numerous, ripening from 1 to IG seeds. — North American annuals, tho greater 
 number Californian, germinating in autumn and flowering tho following spring ; with 
 tender herbage, diffuse ^r at length procumbent stems, and pinnatcly lobcd or 
 divided loave.s, all more or less hirsute : peduncles terminal or lateral, one-flowered, 
 slender : corolla blue, violet, or rarely nearly white. IMost of tho species are well 
 known in the gardens as ornamental annuals. 
 
 * Leaves mostly alternate : stems lorn; and weak, beset with, sparse and stiff reflexed 
 bristles by which the j^lant is disposed to climb ; later flowers unaccompanied by 
 leaves and therefore loosely racemose, ovules only 4. 
 
 ,.}• ^' aurita, Lindl. Stems 1 to 3 feet long : leaves all with an auriculate- 
 dilated and clasping base or winged petiole, above deeply pinnatifld into 5 to 9 
 oblong or lanceolate and mostly retrorse lobes : calyx appendages small : corolla 
 violet, nearly an inch in diameter, its internal appendages broad, partly free, in 
 pairs at the base of each stamen . seeds globose, reticulated and the spaces deeply 
 sunken. — Bot. Reg t. 1601 ; Brit. FI. Card. ser. 2, t. 338 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 290. 
 Low shady grounds, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego. 
 
 2. N. racemosa, Nutt. Weaker and more slender : leaves shorter, rather ovate 
 in out ine, with fewer divisions, and a naked petiole not auricled at base : flowers 
 one half smaller, tho upper ones decidedly racemose. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. 315. 
 
 San Diego, Nuttall. Catalina Island, Ball & Baker. 
 
 * * Leaves all opposite, not auricled at base, common!// surpassed by (he slender 
 peduncles : ovules 7 to 24, rlprniny about 4 to 1(1 seals; these usually with a sort 
 of caruncle. 
 
 3. N. maculata, Bonth. Loaves lyratoly pinnatind into 5 to 9 short lobos, or 
 the uppermost only 3-lobed : corolla white with a strong violet blotch at the top of 
 
j^Q^ lIYDROPIIYLLACEiE. Xemophila. 
 
 each lobe ; its very broad internal scales hii-sute on the free edge : seeds globular, 
 nearly smooth, with a very prominent uipple-like caruncle. — Lindl. iu Jour. Hurt. 
 Soc. iii. 319, & Hg. ; I'uxt. Mag. xvi. t. G ; Fl. Serres, v. t. 431. 
 
 Coinmon thn)Uf,'li Uio wostorn luul middlo portioiia of the State. Corolla over an iiicli, but less 
 tliaii 2 iiii;lie.s iii iliamtaor. 
 
 4. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and some- 
 times 2-3-lol;cd small divisions : corolla bright clear blue; its internal scales short 
 and roundisli, partly free, hirsute with short hairs : seeds oval, somewliAt corrugated 
 or tuberculate. — IJenth. llydrophyll. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 275 ; Bot. J{eg. t. 1713 ; 
 13ot. I^lag. t. 3485. iV. Meuzitsii, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Eeechey, 372. 
 
 Coinmou in low or ilaiui) grounds, (lisi)luying its bright Uue flowers IVom the earliest spring. 
 Corolla from over an inch down to little over half that diameter. 
 
 5. N. Menziesii, lluok. & Arn. ymaller than the preceding, and the leaves 
 less divided : corolla from light blue to nearly white, and sprinkled with dark dots 
 or spots, at least towards the centre, or (in cultivation) the spots conlluent into a 
 brownish purple eye ; its scales narrow and wholly uillierent by one edge, the other 
 ed"e densely ciliate : seetls oval or oblong, either even or more or less tuberculate 
 when ripe. — Lot. Beechey, 152 .k 372 (excl. var. ^). N. linljiora, Fischer & Meyer, 
 8ert. Petrop. t. 8. N. pedimculata, Benth. 1. c. ; small-llowered form. N. atomaria, 
 Fischer & Meyer, 1. <■-. ; I'.ot. Leg. t. 1940; Lot. Mag. t. 3774. N. discou/alU, Fl. 
 Serres, ii. t. 75, a cultivated form with large dark eye to the corolla. 
 
 Low or shady grounds, not unconunon. Corolla from half an inch to near an inch in diameter. 
 
 * * * Upper leaves often alternate and the lower opposite, mostli/ longer than the 
 
 pedu7icles, and slender-petioled : flowers small : ovules only 4 : seeds from \ to \ : 
 
 caruncle viostbj deciduous or evanescent. 
 
 0. N. parviflora, Dougl. Blender and weak, or procumbent : leaves jiiunately 
 5-9-partetl or cleft, or sometimes many only 3-5-lobed ; the divisions obovate or 
 oblong, obtuse : corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, somewhat 
 campanulate, but the lobes longer than the tube, its internal appendages oblong, 
 wholly adherent by one edge, glabrous or nearly so. — Benth. 1. c. iV. parviflora 
 & iV. pedunculata (not of Benth.), Hook. Fl. ii. 79. iV. heterophylla, Fischer & 
 Meyer, 1. c., a rather large-llowered form. 
 
 Low and shady grounds throughout the State, and north to British Columbia : very variable in 
 size and folia-^e Forms with larger and less lobed leaves, all the upper ones alternate, have been 
 mistaken for"v. viicrucal yx, of the southern Atlantic States ; which has minute calyx-appendages, 
 and the smaller corolla destitute of scales within, its lobes shorter than the tube. 
 
 N. BUEViKi.ouA, Cray {N. parviflora, Watson, Bot. King Exp., as to his specimens), oollect.-d 
 in the mountains of Northern Utah by Watson, and in the adjacent Snake Country by Tol- 
 mie mav reach the northeastern borders of the State. It is distinguished from N. parvijiura 
 by the oblong-lanceolate acute and entire divisions of the 3- 5-parted leaves, a much larger calyx 
 in fruit (3 lines long), and horn all by the broadly campanulate corolla bemg decidedly shorter 
 than the calyx, in the manner of Jillisia. The calyx-appendages are conspicuous. In W atson s 
 specimens the leaves are all alternate, in Tolmie's all that are developed are opposite. 
 
 3. ELLISIA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, st(illatcly enlarging and more foliaceons under the fruit, the 
 sinuses destitute of a[.i)endages. Corolla either narrowly or broadly campanulate, 
 mostly short in proportion to the calyx ; the internal appemlagcs at base minute or 
 obsolete ; the lobes in the Californian species usually one outside and one inside in 
 the bud. Stamens and style shorter than the corolla : filaments naked : anthers 
 oval or cordate. "Ovary, capsule, &c., nearly as in the preceding. — North American 
 annuals, ours commonly germinating in autumn and floAvering from early spring, 
 
^raperia. HYDROPIIYLLACE^. 5O5 
 
 more or less hirsute ; the leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, once to thrice 
 pinnatifid. Flowers small, on solitary simple peduncles in the forks, or bractless 
 and loosely racemose at the summit of the branches : corolla white or whitish. — 
 (The following are all the species known, excepting the Eastern and original 
 E. Nyctelea, Linn.) 
 
 § 1. Leaves once pinnatebj parted: ovules only 4 and all enclosed in the dilated invest- 
 inrj placentae m the manner of tlie tribe : seeds globose, reticulated. — Ellisia 
 proper. 
 
 1. E. membranacea, I'ienth. Sparsely beset with some short and rigid bristly 
 hairs, otherwise glabrous : stems a foot or so in length, weak, soon prostrate : 
 leaves pinnately divided into 3 to 9 linear very obtuse and mostly entire divis- 
 ions; the petiole wing-margined: flowers mainly racemose on a terminal pedun- 
 cle : calyx-lobes oblong or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the 
 open campanulate corolla, not exceeding the 1 - 2-seeded capsule. 
 
 SIm<ly ntul dnmp plams, from tlio lower pnrt of tho valley of tho Sacrainoi.to to San Dicco 
 Slos '" '^"'®^°'"- ^^'^'"y ^°''''"« °"^y ^ '"^v scattorod and voiy stout flubulato 
 
 § 2. Leaves mainb/ twice or thrice pinnatifid: ovules 8, viz. a pair on the back as 
 tvell as on tU front of each placenta: seeds oblong-oval, dissimilar, usually two 
 remaining concealed after dehiscence. — Eucuypta. (Eucrypla, Nutt.) 
 2. E Chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Somewhat hirsute and pubescent : stem a 
 ioot or two high, erect, paniculatoly branched : loaves Tansy-like, dissoctc<l into 
 very many small and short divisions : llowors all loo.scly racomoso : calyx-lobos ob- 
 long or broadly ova , shorter than the open-campanulato corolla, about onuallincr the 
 small capsule, which is generally 0-soeded : the mostly 4 ordinary seeds encTosed 
 between the placentce rugose-tuberculate and free in dehiscence; while between each 
 placenta and the valve (which it exactly lines and is conformed to) is concealed 
 ^ ZflT'fT Tl'r.^^'n' ^^-^'l =- ^^J^^nce Nuttall's name. - Lcrypta pani- 
 c«/a^a cfe Yf ''^«. Nutt. PL Gamb. 1.^9. Phacelia micrantha, var.(]) bijnLaSfida, 
 Torr. in Bot. Ives Colorado Exped. 21. •' 
 
 Shady grounds not uncommon from Bay of San Francisco to Snn Diego. Corolla and the 
 
 8tellate..sprenchng fruiting calyx about 3 lines in dinmotor, sometimes smaller So are two 
 
 X edirtWWx 'Jh^b.^: ''•:.'"'?• ^ril^^-ly-loh- "bovato in fndt.andVi'olla barely 
 
 abirHlSor^han thi eorolln n ?.r"*'"'' ''^'•\*" ^'^^ '«"^''"'' '^"'^ "^'>""« calyx-lobos consider- 
 
 ^fcofNuSrs^r^^tt ""* *'"^ ^"" ^■"«''^''"' '''' '•" ""^ «overali;„ccord with the char- 
 
 4. DRAPERIA, Torr. 
 Calyx 5-parted to the base ; the divisions or sepals filiform-linear. Corolla tubu- 
 lar-funnel form, with 5 short lobes; tube within destitute of appendages. Stamens 
 uiieciual in length, and unequally inserted low down on the tube of tho corolla in- 
 cluded. Ovary strictly 2-celled, with a pair of ovules pendulous from near the 
 summit of each cell. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex. Capsule globose 
 somewhat didymous, membranaceous; the thin half-partition adhering to the middle 
 of each valve, mostly without the thin placental i.ortion, which separates with tho 
 4 seeds. These are oval, angled, ami with a smoothisli close coat. — A single 
 species, peculiar to California. 
 
 ,n-.Vb?"l,®^.f^^f'T''''\ ^ \""' '''F^'^^y spreading, grayish silky-hirsute, peren- 
 nial herb : he slender stems obscurely woody at the base : leaves all opposite, ovate, 
 entire, slender-petioled : flowers crowded in the scnrpioid spikes of a pedunculate 
 
506 HYDROPHYLLACEJ?. Phaceliu. 
 
 once or twice 2-forke(l or 2 - 4-rayed cyme, shoit-pedicelled : corolla purplish. — 
 Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 401, & x. 316. JVama syslyla. Gray, 1. c. vi. 37. 
 
 Not rare in sliailed ami wooded ravines in the Sierra Nevada, at the elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 
 feet, from the Yosemite to I'laeer Co. Corolla less than half an inch long. Tliis interesting genus 
 was dedicated by Dr. Toiicy to the ilistinguished Trofessor Diaper of New York. 
 
 5. PHACELIA, Juss. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the divisions usually narrow and similar. Corolla from 
 almost rotate to narrow-funnelform, deciduous, commonly with appendages upon the 
 inside of the tube in the I'orni of 10 vertical plates or lamellnj ap[)roximate in |)air3 
 between the buses oi" the tiluments, or else udnato more or less to their base one on 
 each side. IStamens ctpiuily inserted low down or at the base of the corolla. Ovules 
 and seeds from 4 (a pair to each placenta) to very numerous. — Herbs, mostly 
 branched from the base ; with simple or compound alternate leaves, or tlie lower 
 opposite, and more or less scorpioid spicate or racemose cyraose inflorescence. Co- 
 rolla blue, violet, purple, or white, never yellow, except sometimes the tube or 
 throat. 
 
 As now received (see Proc. Am. Acad. x. 316), this genus comprises nearly half the order, viz. 
 al)OUt 50 N. American species and two or three of Mexico and Chili. One, the earliest-described 
 species, is common to the two continents and ranges almost throughout their length. The genus 
 is mainly western, and is largely icpresented in California and along its borders. 
 
 § 1. Ovules and seeds only 4, a pair to each placenta. — Eupiiacelia, Gray. 
 
 * Lower leaves opposite : spikes or branches of the cyme hardly at all coiling (or scor- 
 pioid), destitute of hispid or hirsute hairs : corolla-appendages at base of Jildinent 
 short. 
 
 1. P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, barely a span high, with opposite ascending 
 bmnchcs, glulinuiM luid glaucitus below, glandular-pubescent above : loaves nar- 
 rowly lance(ilut((, (".nliru, tuj)ering into an obscure petiole, opjwsite or nearly so ; the 
 upi)ermost only alternate, e(pialling or surpassing the rather loose cyme or its si)ike- 
 like divisions : corolla narrow-campanulate, blue, a little longer than the calyx : 
 stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 31G. 
 Nama racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, v. 51. 
 
 Wooded region of the Sierra Nevada, from Calaveras grove to Summit Station, liolander, 
 Kelloijg. Corolla and globular capsule each only a lino or so long. Seeds alveolate-reticulated. 
 A gciuiine Phacelia in sti ucture, with the aspect of lYaiiia. 
 
 * * Leaves all but the very earliest alternate (as in the genus generally) : 2)ubescence 
 or some of it hisjrid or hirsute, especially the inflorescence of spikes conspicuously 
 coiled in the bud, and mostly in jxiirs or cymose-clustered : internal appendages 
 of the corolla manifest, and more or less united with the base of the fl laments. 
 
 +■ Leaves either simpde and entire, or vrith a pair or two of siynilar and smaller leaf- 
 lets or lobes : capsule ovate, acute. 
 
 2. P. circinata, Jac(i. f. A span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial 
 stout root, hispid, uud the foliage strigose, either green, grayish, or canescent with a 
 sottish pubescence : leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute, oblicjuely and 
 simply straight-veined ; tlie lower tapering into a petiole and some of them more 
 commonly bearing one or two pairs of lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ; the 
 dense spikes tbyr.soid and crowded : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, 
 longer than the linear or oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes : tilanients much exserted, 
 sparingly bearded. — Eclog. i. 135, t. 91 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 298. P. heterophylla, 
 Pursh. P. Californica, Cham. 
 
Phacelio. HYDROPHYLLACE^.. 507 
 
 Var. calycosa, Gray, 1- c. Divisions of the ciilyx largor and more fbliaceous, at 
 length with narrowed })ase, obovate-spatulate or oblong, when ohl reticulated. 
 . Very common in dry open grounds, extending north to I'ritish ("oliimMa, east to and beyond 
 the Rocky Mountains, southward into Mexico, and even to Patagonia. A very variable sjjccies ; 
 the more dwarf states sometimes with neaily leafless an<l scape-like stem. 'J'he variety may be 
 common in California ; but thus far .seen only in a cultivated specimen raised by E. Hall, and 
 wild from Rorax Lake {Torrcy), and foot-hill.s, Marijio.sa Co., A. Gray ; also, a form with large 
 and green entire and ovate leaves, collected on the Mission hills, .San Francisco, by Kellogg. 
 
 3. P. Bre"weri, Gray, I. c. Foliage, habit, and pubescence as in the foregoing, 
 but smaller and more slender, from nn annual root : leaves seldom an inch long, 
 many of them 3 - S-parted, tlie lanceolate lateral lobes a.scending : corolla (barely 3 
 lines long) more broadly campanulate, blue or violet, nearly twice the length of the 
 linear calyx-lobes : lUaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. 
 
 On Monte Diablo, on dry and soft sandstone. Brewer. In character this approache.s the Chilian 
 P. brachyaniha, Benth. ; but that has softer pubescence, broader and almost all entire leav&s, 
 longer calyx, narrower corolla, and still shorter stamens. 
 
 4. P. humilis, Torr. & Clray. A span high, diffusely branched from a slender 
 annual root, pubescent, or the indorosconco hirsute : leaves spatulato-oblong or 
 oblanceolate, rather obtuse, all entire, or rarely some of the lower with 1 to 3 lateral 
 ascending lobes, the veins lax and sparingly branching : spikes at length slender, 
 solitary or loo.3ely paniclod : corolla (2 or 3 lines long) l)right indigo-blue, rather 
 deeply 5-lobed, surpassing the linear calyx-lobes : filaments moderately exserted, 
 glabrous or bearded with very few hairs. — Pacif. R. Hep. ii, 122, t. 7 ; Watson, 
 Bot. King Exp. 250. 
 
 Var. calycosa, Gray, 1. c. A less-branched and more slender form, with corolla 
 apparently pale, and the calyx-lobes dilated-spatulate, as in the analogous variety 
 of P. circinata. 
 
 Northeastern part of the State ; Sierra and Nevada Counties, at .'i.flOO to 0,000 feet {Beckwith, 
 Bohmdcr, Lemmon) : also in the adjacent parts of Nevada, Anderson, Watson, &c. The var. 
 calycosa, from near Mono Lake, Bolandcr. Only in Bolander's specimens have any divided leaves 
 been seen. 
 
 -(- +- Leaves simple, rounded and cordate, incisely lobed and serrate. 
 
 5. P. malvaefolia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, loosely branching, hispid with 
 spreading or retlexod stinging hairs, and the foliage more or less pubescent : root 
 unknown: loaves green, membranaceous, all petioled, somewhat palmately 5-9- 
 lo^ed, acutely toothed (2 inches or more in diameter): spikes solitary or in pairs: 
 corolla (pale or white ("?), 3 or 4 lines long) surpassing the unequal linear and spatu- 
 late calyx-lobes : stamens much exserted : seeds alveolate-scabrous. 
 
 Bay of San Francisco, Chnmisso {\Am\^a., iv. 494) ; not since detected, until lately collected by 
 Dr. Kellogg, at Potrero. The bristles appear to sting like those of a Loasa. 
 
 -«--»--«- Leaves once to thrice pinnatifid or pinnately compound, ohlonrj or narrower 
 in general onfline : style 2-parted : corolla light violet or blue, varying to white : 
 calyx {excepting the first species) bristly-hispid, its lobes not rarely dissimilar. An- 
 nuals, the species dific,ult to discriminate. 
 
 6. P. crenulata, Torr. A span or a foot high, viscid-pubescent and very 
 glandular, and the calyx birante but not hispid : leaves oblong or linear-oblong in 
 outline, crenatoly lobed or pinnatifid, or at l)aso lyratoly divided ; the lobes short 
 and rounded, the larger ones oblong and .sometimes crenatoly incised : spikes clus- 
 tered : corolla rotate-campanidate, bright violet : stamens and .stylo much exserted : 
 calyx-lobes oblong-linear or sonrnwhat spat\date, (M]tiiiIIitig the glolndar capsule: 
 seeds with corky-thirkened and transversely corrugated inlh'xed margins and contml 
 ridge. — Watson, Bot. King P'xp. 2r)l. 
 
 Near the border of the State in Washoe Co., Nevada, Lemmon. The deeply pinnatifid form : 
 occurs through Nevada to Arizona and New Mexico. 
 
508 IIYDROPHYLLACE^. • Phacelia. 
 
 7. P. tanacetifolia, Bonth, Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, ronghish-hiisute or hispid : 
 leaves D- 17 dividetl into linear or oblong-liuciir ouee or twice piiiiiately-purLed or 
 cleft divisions, all aessilo or nearly so; the lohes small and mostly linear ol)loiig : 
 spikes cymosely chistered, at length elongated; the very short pedicels ascending 
 or erect : corolla light violet or bluish : stamens and style usually very much 
 exserted : calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of the oval 
 or oblong-oval capsule. — Bot. Keg. t. 1G9G ; Brit. ¥\. Chad. ser. 2, t. 3G0 ; Hook. 
 Bot. ilag. t. 3703. 
 
 Sandy or gi-ivelly banks of streams, &c., tlnougliout the western part of the State. Generally- 
 well marked by its much dissected Tansy-like foliage, which gives the specific name : this is 
 jMirticulaily applicable to the form called by Thurber var. ienutfolia (Bot. Mex. Bound. 143), a 
 very fine-leaved state. 
 
 8. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Divergently branched or straggling, bolow merely 
 pubescent or hispid, above hispid and commonly glandular-viscid : leaves pinnately 
 5 -7-divided or parted into oblong or even linear pinnatilid-incised divisions : spikes 
 clustered and elongating little in age, the short pedicels soon horizontal : stamens 
 and style moderately exserted : calyx-lobes from linear or spatulate to obovate, more 
 than twice the length of the almost globular capsule. — Benth. in Linn. Trans, 
 xvii. 280 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 80. J\ lauuctti/olia, var. luti/olia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. 
 Bound. 143. 
 
 Var. hispida, (iray, 1. e. Conspicuously bearded with long and white spreading 
 bristles, like Borrage, especially the spikes, which are more open and racemose in 
 fruit, sometimes elongated : calyx-lobes from narrow spatulate-linear to more broadly 
 spatulate, in fruit sometimes half an inch long. 
 
 D17 ground, apparently from San Fianciseo Bay to the southern limits of the State, and in all 
 the dry regions east of the crests of the Sierra Nevada, whence it ranges far northward and 
 southward, passing into the foregoing. The var. hispida, a striking and less known form, if 
 not distinct species, occurs from Santa Barbara southward, Nuttall, Xuntas, Torrcy, Cleveland. 
 
 9. P. ciliata, Benth. 1. c. A span or two high, resembles depauperate or low 
 forms of the two preceding with less dissected foliage : leaves rarely divided but much 
 incised or cleft and toothed : spikes simple or in pairs, at length loosely-tlowered, 
 the short i)edicels ascoiKling iji fruit : stamens and commonly the style not surpass- 
 ing the more o])en or almost rotate corolla : calyx-lobes from linear-lanceolate to 
 ovate, thin, bristly only or chielly along their edges (whence the specilic name). 
 
 Near the coast, from San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento southward. Tlie included stamens, 
 if constant, should mark this sjjccies. 
 
 V. PHVLLOMANICA, Gray, is a remarkable new species of this subdivision, most j)eculiar in 
 having all or a part of tlio sepals pinnatitid or trilid and foliaceous ; and the j)ube3i;enco is very 
 soft. It was discovered ou (Juadalupo Islanil, Lower California, by Dr. E. I'alnur. 
 
 § 2. Ovules and seeds several oi' numerous to each placenta, the latter not transversely 
 corrugated : tube of the corolla aj^pendac/ed ivith 10 internal vertical plates or 
 lamellce in pairs. — Eutoca, Gray. {Eutoca, 11. Brown.) 
 
 * Stamens and style capillary and much longer than the open-campanulate corolla. 
 
 +■ Perennial, silky -pubescent or canescent : leaves once to thrice 2>innatijid. 
 
 10. P. sericea, Gray. A span or two high : stems simple, rather leafy : leaves 
 with numerous narrow ami mostly linear lobes : (lowers much crowded in a narrow 
 spike-like cluster : corolla violet-blue or sometimes whitish, cleft to the middle, 
 persistent in fruit around the base of the capsule (as in no other 8])ecies); the in- 
 ternal appendages oblong and free from the stamens : style 2-ch:ft at the ajiex ou]y : 
 seeds 12 to 18, ribbed and reticulated. — Amer. Jour, ycience (18G2), xxxiv. 254;; 
 Watson, ]>ot. King Exp. 252, Kutoca saricea, (Jraham; Bot. Mag. t. 3003. 
 
 In the higher mountiiins of Nevada (as well as in the Rocky Mountains), also in the south- 
 eastern borders of Oregon, and thence northward ; therefore probably in the northern sierras of 
 California. 
 
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 50<J 
 
 -f- -H Perennials, with soft and not bristly puhescence : corolla sJiort-campanulale, vnth 
 very large ami broad internal appendages united, in pairs to or across the base of 
 the filament : leaves all petioled : stems nearly simj^le : floivers cymose-clustered. 
 
 11. P. hydrophylloides, Torr. A span or two high from a. thickened root or 
 rootstock, canescently pubescent, above hirsute and glandular : leaves silky-pubes- 
 cent both sides, ovate or rhombic (an inch or two long), obtuse, incisely. few-toothed 
 or lobed, or the lowest lyrate, liaviug one or two nearly separate small basal lobes : 
 flowers in a glomerate pedunculate cyme, the short si)ikes of which hardly lengthen: 
 corolla violet or whitish : anthers short-linear : style almost 2-parted : capsule about 
 the length of the slightly hispid calyx, short-pointed, G-8-8eeded. — Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 400, & x. 323. 
 
 Dry sandy or gravelly soil, in the liigher sierras, from Mariposa to Sierra Counties, Brewer, 
 Bolander, Lcmmnn, &c. Has the aspect of a Uydrophyllum, whence the name. 
 
 12. P. procera, Gray, 1. c. Several feet high, minutely soft-pubescent, glan- 
 dular at summit : leaves green and membranaceous, 2 to 5 inches long, ovate- 
 lancoolato and ovate, acute, mostly incised-pinnatilid or cleft ; the lobes 2 to 4 pairs 
 and acute : spikes ii\ a 2-partod or crowded oynio, somewhat lengtlienod when old : 
 corolla white or bluish: authors oblong; stylo cloft hardly to tho middle: calyx not 
 at all hispid : capsule nearly blunt, 10- 18-seeded. 
 
 Mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, at 4,000 to 6,000 feet, in Nevada and Sierra Counties, 
 Bolander, Lemmon. 
 
 •+-•«--(- Annual, bristly hispid, branching. 
 
 13. P. loaScCfolia, Torr. A foot high, very hispid with long and spreading 
 bristly hairs (as in P. malvafolia, which it resembles), also viscid-pubescent : leaves 
 ovate or oblong, or the lower almost cordate, more or less pinnatifid and the lobes 
 incisely toothed : spikes rather crowded : corolla whitish, a little longer than the 
 calyx-lobes ; the senn-cordate broad internal appendages auriculate-inflexed at the 
 base, where they are united with the base of the filament, free and pointed at the 
 apex: ovules 12 to 18. — Eutoca loasafolia, Bcnth. 1. c. 
 
 Near MontCTey, Dongla% Parry. Seldom collected and little known ; in aspect between P. 
 malv<B/oiia and P. ramosissima. 
 
 * * Stainens equalling or slightly exceeding the rotate-campamtlate corolla. 
 
 +■ Appendages of the corolla large, semi-ohovnte, the pairs united at base before the 
 base of the filament : root perennial? 
 
 14. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, above viscid-pubescent: 
 stem stout, a foot or two liigh, loosely branched : lower and radical leaves lyrate 
 and oblong in oulrline, at base usually with one or two pairs of small and incised 
 lateral divisions ; the terminal division and the short-petiolcd upper leaves ovate or 
 oval (2 or 3 inches long), coarsely lobed or toothed, truncate or subcordato at base : 
 cymes once to thrice forked, the divisions racemose : corolla large (almost an inch 
 in diameter), white ; its internal appendages almost as broad as long : anthers ob- 
 long ; style cleft to near the middle : ovules 40 or 50 on each dilated placenta : 
 capsule ovate, acute, many-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322. 
 
 Mendocino Co., on Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Bolaudrr. A strikinsr and pe- 
 culiar species, allied in moat respects to No. 10 and 11, in others to P. Innsoc-folm ; but the 
 stamens and style sligiitly if at all longer than the lobes of the ample and almost rotate corolla. 
 It is uncertain if the root is perennial. 
 
 -I- +- Appendages of the corolla long and narrow, free from (lie filaments: calyx-lobes 
 linear: style 2-cleft at apex: annuals, a span to afoot high. 
 
 15. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hirsute or jnibescent : stem simple or corymbose 
 at summit : leaves once or twice pinnately divided or parted into numerous short 
 
510 HYDROPIIYLLACE.E. Phacdiu. 
 
 oLlong or linear lobes ; tlie lower petioled ; tlie upper sessile and less divided : 
 flowers cyniose-elustered : corolla pale blue or nearly white : capsule about tlio 
 length of the calyx : ovules 40 or more : seeds minutely alveolate in vertical lines. 
 — Eutoca Frauktiiiil, \\. lUown in Frunkl. Jour. App> t. 27; Bot. Mag. t. 2985. 
 
 Southwastcrii bonlitrs of Idaho, iiiul themforo Hkuly to occur in tho iiorlheuslem borduis of 
 Culifornia : c.xloiids iiuilln-ustvvuid to Liiko Superior uud Boar Luko. 
 
 IG. P. Menziesii, Torr. Cinereous pubescent, and above mostly roughish-hir- 
 sute or even hispid, at length paniculately branclied : leaves usually sessile, linear ur 
 lanceolate and entin-, or some ot" them cleft into 2 to 5 linear or lanceolate entire 
 divisions or lobes : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, the spikes or spike-like racemes 
 at lengtli elongatetl and strict : corolla bright violet, varying to while : capsule 
 shorter than the calyx : ovules 12 U) lb : seeds oblong, reticulate-]ntted. — llijdro- 
 phi/Uum lineare, Purali., Kl. i. \\S\. J'Jutoc.a Mi'mitsii, Jv. Jirown, 1. c. ; Hook. liot. 
 Mag. t. 3702. E. maUijlura, Duugl. ; Lindl. Lot. Keg. t. 1180. 
 
 Coinniou iu open {ground tliruuj,^li tlic norths n part of tlie Sii'iiii Ncviidu, tlionce to Utah, Hiit- 
 ish Columbia, ice. It is veiy-lloriferous aud handsome ; the corolla usually deep violet, half to 
 three fourths of an inch iii dianietei-. 
 
 * * * Stamens shorter than the corolla (in No. 20, 21, sometimes equalling it) : 
 iiijlorcscence sj/ici/orm or racemose. 
 
 4- Leaves jiinnalijul, eloinjatcd-oblontf or sputulate ; the lobes short and obtuse : apjicn- 
 daijes of the corolla narrow and nearly free from the fdaments. 
 
 ++• Floivers (small) in at length elongated spikes. 
 
 17. P. brachyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, above 
 viscid-glandular: leaves short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or obtusely few- 
 toothed : spikes solitary or in pairs, slender : flowers very short-pedicelled : lobes of 
 the campanulate nearly white corolla about half the length of the tube: style 2-cleft 
 above the uuddle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, thin, shorter than the calyx : 
 seeds G or fewer to each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324. EtUoca brachyloba, 
 Benth. 1. c. 
 
 Near JUIonterey and Santa Ikrbara, in o])en ground, Douglas, Brewer, Torrey. 
 
 ++ -n- Flowers loosely racemose and long-pedicelled : stems loiv or diffuse, a span or 
 less high : leaves mainly at or near the base. 
 
 18. P. Douglasii, Torr. Pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs : 
 leaves clongatcd-ohlong or linear in outline, pinnatitid or pinnately parted into sev- 
 eral or numerous pairs of lolies; the terminal lobe hardly larger than the others and 
 not parallel-veined: caly.x-lobes sputulate: corolla oi»en-campanulate, rather large: 
 ovules 12 to 14 on each ililated placenta: capsule ovate, nmcronate. — Futoca Doug- 
 lasii, Benth. 1. c. 
 
 Open grounds, rather common from Monterey southward. In aspect considerably resembling 
 Nemophila insitjnis. Pedicels an inch or less in length, spreading. Corolla lialf an inch high, 
 and proportionally broad when expanded. 
 
 19. P. Davidsonii, Gray, 1. c. Low and depressed : hoary with appressed hir- 
 sute hairs and a minute close pid)escenco : leaves deeply pinnatilid into one or two 
 pairs of triangular entire lateral lobes, and a much larger oblong or lanceolate termi- 
 nal one, tho cons))icuous veins of which are nearly parallel, or some ujjper leaves 
 entire : racemes few-flowered : calyx-lobes oblanceolate or linear : corolla small 
 (3 lines long), violet-colored : ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. 
 
 Kern Co., California, Prof. Davidson. In aspect resembling tlie species of tho next section and 
 P. humilis, but with the long pedicels of the preceding ; tho llowers much smaller. 
 
 -t- 4- Leaves entire, or the loiver rarely 1 - 2-lobed, not cordate, the veins parallel or 
 converging as in P. circinata : no glandular pubescence : calyx hirsute or hispid 
 
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 511 
 
 with long spreading futirs ; appendages of corolla united to the base of the fila- 
 ments. 
 
 20. P. circinatiformis, Gray. Erect, a span high, hispid and pubendent : 
 leaves ovate and ohlongdanceolate, conspicuously j)arallei veined, soniewliat strigose : 
 raceraes or spikes dense : corolla narrow, almost funnelforin, little longer than the 
 calyx, apparently pale or white, much surpassing the stamens : ovules about 4 to 
 each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 325. Eutoca phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. 
 
 California, Doiiff/n.i ; only known in his collection, probably from Montoroy. Una tho oflpoct 
 of a small foriii of /'. circinala. 
 
 21. P. curvipes, Torr. DilFuse, 3 or 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent : 
 leaves oval or lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender jjctiole : racemes simple, 
 soon loose ; the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla open-campanulate, violet 
 or blue: style 2-cleft to the middle: ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. — Watson, 
 Bot. King Exp. 2.52. 
 
 Eastern foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ( JVatsoii), extending to Owens Valley, Dr. Horn. Re- 
 sembles P. humilvi. Pedicels a quarter to half an inch long, even the lowest not commonly 
 deflcxed and then upturned ; so that the name is seldom apiilicable. Corolla 3 lines long : the 
 hispid calyx in fruit 4 or 5 lines long. 
 
 22. P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less 
 hirsute and pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occa- 
 sionally 1 - 2-toothed or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes 
 at length loose : the pedicels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at 
 the apex : corolla open-campanulate, pretty large (three fourths of an inch in diam- 
 otor when expanded), violot : ovules 1 2 to 20 on each placenta. — Eutoca divarimta, 
 Bonth. ; Lindl. Bot. Hog. t. 1784; Hook. Bot. ]\lng. t. 370(1. E. Wrnngeliana, 
 Fischer & Meyer; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. sor. 2, t. 302, a form with loaves inclined to 
 he 1 - 2-lobed or toothed. 
 
 Common about San Francisco Bay, &c. : a showy species in cultivation. 
 
 +- -t- -t- Leaves entire or creyiate-lohed, roundish ; the veins divergent, mosthj obscure : 
 pubescence glandular, not at all hispid: appendages of the narroiv-campanulate 
 tvhite corolla nearly free from the unequal filaments : fiowey-s small (only about 2 
 lines long) in a loose raceme. 
 
 23. P. pusilla, Torr. 1. c. Only 2 or 3 inches high, slender : loaves roundish- 
 oval or oblong, entire, seldom half an inch long : llowers few on fdiform pedicels : 
 capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and slightly pointed, 18- 24-seeded. 
 
 Under sage-brush and junipers, east of the Sierra Nevada, extending to the borders of Califor- 
 nia, JFatson. 
 
 24. P. rotundifolia, Torr. 1. c. Diffusely branched, slender, 2 to 4 inches 
 high : leaves thin, round-cordate, crenately 7 - 13-toothed or somewhat lobed, much 
 shorter than the petiole : flowers on perlicels shorter than the calyxdobes : style 
 obscurely 2-cleft at the apex: capsule oval-oblong, abruptly pointed, 60-100- 
 seeded. 
 
 Southeastern borders of California (on the ^lohavc, &c. Conpcr) to Southern Utah. Leaves half 
 an inch or less in diameter, nearly palmately veined. 
 
 § 3. Seeds (several or numerous) transversely corrugated : ofltertvise as in § 2. Low 
 annuals : stamens vnequal and shorter than the corolla : style 2-cleft only at 
 the tip. — MicnooENETES, Gray. [Aficrogenetes, A. D(3.) 
 
 • Corolla almost rotate, the tube being shorter than the lobrs : the internal appendages 
 10 transverse callous ridges just below the throat, remote from the .<!tamrns. 
 
 25. P. micrantha, Torr. Slender and delicate herb, branching and spreading 
 or procumbent, slightly hirsute and glandular : leaves thin, pinnately parted into 
 
512 HYJDKurilYLLACE.E. Phacdiu. 
 
 5 to 9 obovate or oblong mostly entire divisions ; the upper with dilated and some- 
 times auricled and i)artly olas[)ing base ; the lower with margined petiule ; racemes 
 yeuunate or panielcd, very loitse : ))edicels as long as calyx : curoUa blue with yel- 
 lowish tube (barely '1 lines bri)ad), little surpassing the spatulato eidarging calyx- 
 lobes : cai)sule glitbuhir, liU - L'l-seeded : seeds cylindraceous, ineiirvod, very doeply 
 rugose transvei-siily and tuberculate. — Hot. ^lex. Bounil. 144; Cray, I'roc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 327. 
 
 Along the Rio Colorado {I'arnj, Bhjelow), and eastward through S. Arizona to tlie Kio Grande. 
 
 « * Corolla funnelfoi'iiL or cyliiitlruceuus ; the internal appe^idaijes vertical, long and 
 narroiv, united more or less extensively to the base of the jilaments : style more or 
 less hairy below : haves pinnatijld and with naked petioles: seeds Jinely reticulated 
 as well as coarsely ruyose. {Phacelia § Euylypta, Watson.) 
 
 +- Corolla white or pale purple, little longer than the calyx. 
 
 26. P. Ivesiana, 'lurr. A span high, diilusely branched from the base, hir- 
 sute-pubescent and glandular : leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or 
 oblong divisions, rarely twice pinnatitid : racemes loose, 6-20-flowered : appendages 
 of the corolla almost free from the lilament : calyx-lobes linear : cajtsule oblong, 
 16-24-seeded. — Lot. ]ves Colorado Exp. 21. 
 
 Arizona from the borders of California {Ives), Soutliern Nevada, and Utah. 
 
 -«- -t- Corulla conspicuously longer than the calyx ; the limb mostly bright purple or 
 violet-blue ; the throat and tube whitish or yellowish. 
 
 27. P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c A span to a foot high, much branched from the 
 base, viscid-puberulent : loaves simply pinnatihd into 7 to 15 obovato or short- 
 oblong mostly entire lobes : llowera sliorL-pedicelled, crowded in an elongating 
 spike : funnelform corolla (3 to 5 lines long) fully twice the length of the spatulate 
 calyxdobes; the appendages united below to the lilament : capsule oblong, 20 -3U- 
 seeded. 
 
 From Koru County llirouyli Western Arizona and Southern Nevada to Soutliern Utah. 
 
 28. P. bicolor, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, barely a span high, 
 viscid-pid>e.scent : leaves twice pinnately parted or merely i)innatiiid into small 
 shortdincar or oblong lobes : racemes or spikes loosely 10-20-llowered : funnelform 
 corolla (5 to 7 lines long) about thrice the length of the almost linear calyx-lobes ; 
 the long and narrow appendages united for more than half their length with the 
 filament, forming a narrow tubular cavity -behind it: capsule oval-oblong, about 
 16-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King Ex[). 255. 
 
 Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada (Siena Co., Lcmmon, &.C.), and adjacent parts of Nevada, 
 fn-st collected by Dr. Anderson. The largest-flowered of these species; the rather showy corolla 
 purple, witli a yellowish tuVie and eye. 
 
 29. P. gymnoclada, Torr. 1. c. Branched from the base, low, somewhat viscid- 
 pubescent; the primary branches decumbent, long and naked below: leaves obovate, 
 oval, or oblong, obtusely toothed or almost pinnatihd, mostly shorter than the 
 petiole : spikes several-llowereil : the short-funnelh)rm corolla (3 or 4 lines long) 
 not twico tlio length of the obscurely spatuhite and hirsute calyx-l(d)es {\U> appen- 
 dages as iu the jirecoding) : capsule oval, or oblong, 5- lli-seeded. 
 
 Truckee Pass and Winneniucca, Watson, Lcmmon. Therefore probably within the eastern border 
 of California. Lenimon's specimens are better developed tlian Watson's, without such long naked 
 branches from tlie loot ; the ovules about 12, only -1 or 5 ripening into pretty largo seeds : the 
 capsule oval or elliptical. 
 
 30. P. crassifolia, Torr. 1. c Diffusely branched, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid- 
 pubescent : leaves thickish and rather fleshy, rougbish, half an inch or less long, 
 oblong-ovate, tapering into a short petiole, the lower with some short blunt teeth, 
 
J'lx'c^w. H Y DROPII Y LL A CK/K. 5 ] ^ 
 
 tlio upper entire : raooiiies loosely fow-llowcrod ; short pedicels sprcaflini,' : fmmcl- 
 ibrm corolla (3 or 4 lines long) fully twice the length of the linear calyx-lobes; 
 the appendages small and obscure : cai^ulc ovoid, 6 - 8-seeded. — Watson, 1. c. 
 I?eese River Valley, Nevada, JVatson. Not unlikely to be also Califoinian. 
 
 § 4. Like § 2, but no appendarjes ivithin the rotate-campanulate corolla or on the base 
 of (he filaments : ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated placenta', the 
 latter pitted : very glandular annuals. — Gymnobytiius, (Jray. 
 
 31. P. viscida, Terr. A foot or two high, branching and hirsute at base, very 
 glandular-viscid above : leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly and irregularly 
 toothed or incised, an inch or two long : flowers in loose racemes : corolla dee"!) 'j'^i^ 
 with purple or pale centre (sometimes white), from 6 to 10 lines broad, about the 
 length of the very slender filaments : style 2-parted : capsule ovate, abruptly pointed. 
 — liot. iMcx. l5ound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eutoca viscida, Benth. in Bot. Keg. t. 1808; 
 I Jot. ]\Iag. t. 3572. Cosm.anthus {Gymnohythus) viscidus, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 29G. 
 
 Var. albiflora, (Jray {Ktdoca a Ihiflora, ^ l^xxtt), is a white-flowered form, other- 
 wiH(> similar. 
 
 Opru giouiitls near tlio coast, from Santii Hnrlmra soiitliwanl. 
 
 32. p. grandiflora, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding, perhaps more hispid 
 at the base of the stem ; but the light blue or white almost rotate corolla about 
 double the size. — Eutoca r/randiflora, Benili. 1. c. E. speciosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 
 l.)8, Cosmanthns (Gymnobythus) fjrandiflorus, A. DC. 1. c. 
 
 Santa Barbara to San Diego, Ihuglns, Nultall, Pcckham, Cleveland, kv. 
 
 § 5. Like^ 4, hut with a small truncate or emarqinate scale adnate to the inner base 
 of each capillary exserted filament: style 2-cleft above the middle: corolla either 
 oblong-campanulate or open-campamdate : q'lavdidar annuals — Whitlwu 
 (4ray. 
 
 * Corolla open.-cam2Kmulate : ovules and seeds jiot very numeroris. 
 
 33. P. Parryi, Torr. 1. c. A span or two high, hirsute or even hispid as well 
 as glandular-viscid : leaves ovate, irregularly doubly toothed or laciniate, or the 
 
 owest pinnate ly jiarted, the upper cauline longer tlian their petioles : racemes very 
 loose at ength ohnigatod : i)edicol8 widely spreading, slender (from half to a full 
 inch long) : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet with a yellowish or white 
 O-myed eye, lialf an inch long, about twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes : 
 filaments boarded, a little exserted : ovules 20 or 30 to each i)la(;enta. 
 Near San Diego and Los Angeles, Parry, Cooper, &c. 
 
 34. P longipes, Torr. Apparently low, slender, loosely branched, glandular 
 and slightly hispid (base of the stem unknown) : cauline leaves round-oval or 
 cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5 - 8-toothed (half an inch l-mg), shorter than their 
 petines: racemes very loose: corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white. 
 ..-cleft to the middle, nearly twice the length of the spatulate-linenr sparsely hispid 
 calyx-lobes: style rather deeply 2-cleft : ovules only 8 or 10 to each placenta: seeds 
 lew. — Gray, 1. c. 322. 
 
 Santa Barbara Co., Torrcy. No one else has yet met with it. 
 
 * * Corolla oblonrj-campannlate, the tube cylindraceous-ventricase : ovules and seedji 
 very numerous on the dilated placentoe. — ( Whitlavia, Harvey.) 
 35 P. Whitlavia, Gray. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and 
 glandular: leaves ovate or deltoid, obtusely and incisely" toothed, longer than the 
 petiole : raceme loose and elongating : tube of the viol.^t '(or rarely white) corolla an 
 inch or so long, twice or thrice the length of the n.un.led lobes an.l of the narrow 
 calyx-lobes : stamens conspicuously exserted. — Whitlavia yrandiilora, liarv. in 
 
514 llYIHiOPIlYLLACE.E. Emmenanlht. 
 
 Loml. Jour. But. v. 312, t. 11 ; Hmjk. Hot. May. t. 4«13. ir. vuaor, Iluivey, 1. c, 
 a depauperate form. 
 
 Los Angeles to San fk-rimrdino, Coulter, JVallacc, AnliscU, ic. Piizcd in cultivation, as are 
 several of the foregoing species. 
 
 6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions similar. Corolla campanulate, yellow or 
 cream-colored, persistent. Otherwise as in Pluiceiia § Eutoca & Microgenetes. Low 
 Calitbrnian annuals. — C^ray, Proc. 1. c. x. 328. Emmenanthe & MiltUzia, A. DC. 
 
 § 1. IttsanblliKj r/iacelid § Microf/eiieles : seeds more or less rugose transinnsely : 
 Jlowtrs siiudl : calyx-lobes broader upivards. — MlLTiTZlA, Gray. (Millitsiu, 
 A. DC.) 
 
 * Corolla briijht yelloiv, merely 5-lubed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both 
 in Jioiver and in fruit, tvithering-persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube 
 within mostly luith 10 narrow appendages : style 2^^'sistent : herbage pubescent. 
 
 1. E. parviflora, CI my. Low and depressed, ratlier densely pubescent, viscid ; 
 leaves deeply [jiMUiitilid : Uowera si)icate-crowded, very short-pedicolled : corolla not 
 longer than the almost linear sepals: stylo hardly longer than the 20 - 4U-ovuled 
 ovary. — Pacil". li. Pep. vi. 85, t. 15, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 328. 
 
 Shore of Lake Klamatli, Oregon, Newberry. Tlierefore proLaLly extending into the noilheni 
 borders of California. 
 
 2. E. lutea, Cray, 1. c. Difluse, minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid but 
 slightly if at all glandular : leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few-toothed or pin- 
 natitid : Howers rather crowded in short racemes : corolla (3 lines long) surpassing 
 the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes : style filiform, uiuch longer than the about 12- 
 ovuled ovary. — E. p>arviJiora, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257, not of Gi-ay. Eutoca 
 lutea, Hook. & Arn. I5(jt. Beechey, & Ic. PI. t. 354. Miltitzia lutea, A. DC. 
 
 Northeastern part of tli(! Sierra Novadu (^/uZtrsovi, IVulson, he), and through Nevada to the 
 borders of Idaho. 
 
 3. E. glandulifera, Torr. ]\Iore slend(;r, 3 to 5 inches high, diffuse, glandular 
 as well as viscid : leaves small (half an inch or less in length), oblong or spatulate, 
 incisely few-tootlied, or tlio u[)per entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or 
 racemes ; corolla narrctwly campanulate, exceeding the linear calyx-lobea : style lili- 
 Ibrm : ovules to 12. — Wahsou, Hot. King Kxp. 257.' 
 
 Eastern side of tho Sierra Nevada, iit ("arson City, on the bordorH of California, Jiidersan, ll'at- 
 son. Corolla 2 lines long ; no appendages detected. Perliaps only a variety of the preceding. 
 
 « * Corolla apparently nearly tvhite, 5-cle/t, usually shorter than the calyx and cap- 
 sule ; internal appendages not manifest: leaves rathei' fleshy and entire, tapering 
 into a petiole : capside 8 - \0-seeded. 
 
 4. E. glaberrima, Torr. 1. c. Wholly glabrous and glandless, stout and some- 
 Avhat succulent, a sj^an or less high, diffusely decumbent : leaves oblong-spatulate or 
 obovate (half an inch or more long), some of the lower occasionally 2 - 4-toothed : 
 flowers few or several in short or at length elongated spikes or strict racemes ; pedi- 
 cels short and appressed : corolla not exceeding the thick spatulate or oblong calyx- 
 h)bes, hardly surpassing the glabrous ovary, rather shorter than the lirm-coriaceous 
 capsule, which is jiointed with the indurated base of the stylo. — Wutson, Bot. King 
 Exp. 257 ; Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Low saline ground, Humboldt Sink and Reese Valley, Nevada, JVatson, on whose authority it 
 is said to bo tlie "Eutoca nrdiaidcs" of the IJotany of the Ives Colorado Expedition. Not yet 
 found within California, but may be expected. Fruiting calyx and capsule 2^ lines long, thick, 
 tardily dehiscent. 
 
IVkanUa. HYDROPIIYLLACE^-:. 515 
 
 5. E. pusilla, Clray. Soft-pubescent, an inch or two high, erect, <at length 
 brancliecl t'roni the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulato, 2 to 5 lines long and 
 with slender petiole of equal lengtli : flowers 3 to 7, scattered in a filiform loose 
 raceme, the primary one scapiform ; pedicels spreading : corolla about half the 
 length of the linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes and also of the ovoid very 
 obtuse and pointless capsule : style very short and deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
 xi. 87. 
 
 Northwostorn Novndn, IFatson (young snociinons, takon for a statt; of J'haccfia pusilla), also 
 Jjcmmon. Calyx in blossom one lino, in fnut 2 lines long. Corolla apparently white, persistent, 
 investing the base of the capsule. Seeds strongly coirugatod. 
 
 § 2. Larger, with loose 2^fifi'icled racemes : seeds coarsely 2^ittcd : calyxdohes broader 
 downtvard : style deciduous : corolla cream-colored, with short rounded lobes, 
 destitute of appendages. — Emmenanthe i)roper. 
 
 6. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous-pubesceut, some- 
 what viscid : leaves pinnatitid; the lobes iiumerou.^, short, somewhat toothed or 
 incised : pedicels filiform, at base sometimes brivcted, as long as the at length nod- 
 ding flowers : filaments almost free from the broadly campanulate unwithering 
 corolla : ovules about IG. 
 
 Open ground, not mre from Lake Co. to San Diego, extending cast to Southern Utah. Flowers 
 handsome : corolla almost half an inch long. Seeds a lino long. 
 
 7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. 
 
 Cnlyx deeply 5-pnrtod, the lobes very narrow and similar. Corolla funnolfonn, 
 not appendagod, deciduous. Stamens unequally inserted nroro or less high on the 
 tube of the corolla : filaments slender. Stylo 2-cleft at apex, sometimes nearly 
 entire: stigmas capitellate. Ovary and capsule 2-cclled, 10- 20-seeded. Seeds 
 with a thin nnd translucent coat, nearly smooth, the sid('S obscurely rugose or 
 excavated when mature. — "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 25G ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
 X. 329. Eidoca (?) sect. Conanthus, A. DC. 
 
 1. C. aretioid.es, Watson, I.e. A small and depressed winter-annual, repeatedly 
 forked from the very base, two or three inches high, soon forming a matted tuft, 
 liirsute-hispid, flowering copiously a long time : leaves spatulate-linear (an inch 
 or less long) : flowers sessile in the forks, half an inch long : corolla with a nar- 
 row tube and rather ample limb, purple. — Eutoca aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
 Beechey, 374 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 355. 
 
 Dry eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and adjacent portions of the interior region, from Oregon 
 to Arizona. Plant with mostly the characters of Noma, except tlie united styles. Stamens and 
 stylo varying in length and height of insertion, npi>arently from dimorphism. 
 
 8. TRICARDIA, Ton. 
 Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar, tliree ouf cr ample aiid round-cordate, thin- 
 lierbaceous, enlarging and becoming scarious and reticulated with ago ; the two 
 inner small and linear. Corolla broadly campanulate, deciduous ; internal appen- 
 dages 10 narrow plaits, free and rather distant from the unequal filaments. Style 
 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, incompletely 2-cellod : ovules 4 to each placenta. Flowers 
 raeomo.Ho, vntlior few : corolla pin-plisli. — S. Wataon, Bot. King Kxp. 258, t. 21. 
 
 1. T. WatSOni, Torr. in Bot. King, 1. o. A low perennial, branched from the 
 base, a 8])an high, rottony-puboscont, but nearly glabrous when old : leaves all alter- 
 nate, entire ; the radical aiul lower caulino spatulatelanceolate (one or two inches 
 long) and tapering into a margined petiole; the upper much smaller and more 
 
P^^Q liYDKUPliYLLACEyE. Romumujia. 
 
 oblong, shovt-petioled or sessile : pcilicels recurved in fruit : the enlarged heart- 
 almpod supiils mucji iuir^'or thim thu ovivto pointed 8-sooded capsule ; sUiniuua and 
 stylo inchultiil. 
 Tnickuo I'ubs, kc, Nuvmlii, Walson. Probably oxtoniling to tlio Culiforiiiii lino. 
 
 9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes similar. Corolla more or less funnelform, not 
 appendaged Avithiu, deciilnous. Stamens inserted on the base of the tube of the 
 corolla, unecpial. Stylo undivided, liliform : stigma small, entire. Ovary and the 
 retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly so. Ovules and pitted-reticulated seeds numerous, 
 on narrow-linear placentai. — Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of 
 Saxifrages : the leaves mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, cre- 
 nately 7-11-lobcd, long-peti(dcd : the scapes or (lowering stems raccmosely or pa- 
 niculately and loosely biiVend-Uuwored. Coiollu pink or purple, varying to white, 
 delicately veiny. 
 
 A genus of two species, the original one, 11. Unalasclikensis of Chaniisso, found only on Una- 
 laska and adjacent islands. 
 
 1. R. SitcheiiBis, Hongard. Slender filiform rootstocks bearing small grain-like 
 tubers : scapus weak, a s[)an long : i)udicels spreading and lunger than the llowers : 
 calyx-lobes glabrous, oblong-linear or lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla, 
 a little shorter than the capsule: style long and slender. — Veg. Sitka, 41, t. 4 : 
 Hook, f IJot. Mag. t. 6109. 
 
 In shady woods along the Coast Range, especially m redwoods, from Santa Cruz northward ; 
 extending to Alaska. 
 
 10. HESPEROCHIRON, S. Watson. 
 
 Calyx 5 parted, rarely G-7-partod, and the lanceolate or linear lobes sometimes 
 unecpial. Corolla canipanulate or rotate, 5-cleft, rarely 6 — 7-cleft, deciduous. Sta- 
 mens inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, unecpial, included : lilaraents 
 subulate. Ovary partly one-celled, tapering into a short style, which is barely 
 2-cleft at the tip : stigmas minute. Ovules immerous, on dilated placentaj, borne 
 on incomplete semi-dissepiments. Capsule loculicidal, 15 - 20-seeded. — Dwarf 
 and stemless perennials or possibly biennials, soft-pubescent; with spatulate or 
 oblong entire leaves on margined petioles, and from their axils naked one-ilowered 
 scapes, of about the same length, bearing a solitary purplish or uearly white flower. 
 Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary : 
 seeds rather large, and with a somewhat fleshy minutely reticulated coat. — Bot. 
 King Exp. 281, t. 30; Gray, 1. c. 330. 
 
 An anomalous genus, hut probably of this order, peculiar to California, Oregon, and the adja- 
 cent interior region. Only ono siiucies has been found in California, and it is doulttful if the 
 Bocond is distinct. 
 
 1. H. CaliforniCUS, "Watson, I. c. Leaves cojjious in a rosulate tuft (an inch 
 or two long, besides the petiole into which the bhule abruptly contracts or gradually 
 tapers): corolla obloiig-campanulate ; its lobes shorter than the tube. — Ourisia 
 Calif ornica, Benth. Bl. Ilartw. 327. II. lati/ulius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad, 
 v. 44, a large state. 
 
 Hills and meadows of the Sierra Nevada, from the Yoscniite nortliward to Washington Territory, 
 and east to Nevada and Utah. Corolla from 5 to 8 or y lines long : the lobes oblong. 
 
Namn. IIYDROrHYLLACE^. 517 
 
 n. PUMILUS, PoTtcT (T''i/lars>a pumila, Dougl. ; Oriscb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, t. 157), has fewer 
 leaves from <i more slender rootstock, and a nearly rotate corolla with lobes longer than tlie tube, 
 this densely bearded within. It grows in springy or marshy ground, in the Rocky Mountains of 
 Idaho and Northern Utah (nearOgden, HatjcLen), &c. 
 
 11. NAMA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx deeply 4-parte(l. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform ; the tube 
 (lostil.uto of intorunl appondagoa. Staninna often iinoqnal, and unequally inaortod, 
 intdudod. Stylos 2, di.stiiuit to the base : stiyniaa Roniowliat capitate. Capsule 
 thin, completely or inconi[)letoly 2-cellod by the mooting or approximation in the 
 axis of the two thin and dilated placenttiR, 2-valved ; the valves entire. Seeds usu- 
 ally numerous. — Low herbs or sufTrutescent plants; with entire leaves, and purple, 
 bluish, or white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337, viii. 282, & x. 330. 
 
 The species are all American, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands, most numerous near and 
 in Mexico. Of the seven known within the United States four inhabit California ; and n fifth, 
 N. stcnocarpinn, Gray, common on the southern border of Arizona (and well marked by its almost 
 linear capsule) may yet be found near the southeastern frontiers of our State. 
 
 § 1. Annuals, pubescent or hirsute : flowers terminal and lateral or in the forks, short- 
 pedwicled or sessile : seeds with a thin and translucent close coat. 
 
 1. N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hirsute or 
 hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, most of the upper ones sessile : liowers lateral and 
 solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal and one-sided nearly bractless clusters: sepals narrow- 
 linear, hardly if at all broadened upward, shorter tlian the purple corolla : capsule 
 narrowly oblong, 30-40-seeded : seeds nearly smooth. 
 
 Along the Rio Colorado (mostly a low form, with soft pubescence, and occasionally 3 or 4 styles 
 and placentae!), thence east to Texas. 
 
 2. N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf and depressed, commonly 2 or 3 inches high, 
 pubescent, hirsute, or sometimes rather hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, all or most 
 of them tapering into a petiole : ilowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very naiTOw- 
 linear, not at all broader upward, usually much shorter than the bright purple or 
 "crimson" corolla: capgulo ehort-oblong, 10- IG-scodod. 
 
 Interior (loHort region, from the Uio Colorado and tlio Mohnvo, tlirongli W. Arizona, Nevada, 
 and Utah, to Waslnngton Territory. Flowers showy, ns in Conmif.kus, which it much resembles 
 (but that has the styles united into one) : corolla 4 or 5 or even lines long : fihunents very 
 unequally inserted, somewhat subulate. Seeds much larger and fewer than in the preceding. 
 
 3. N. Coulteri, Gray. A span high, diffusely branched, hirsute-pubescent and 
 somewhat viscid : leaves short, oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole : 
 flowers short-pedicelled in the forks : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not half the 
 length of the narrow funnelform corolla: capsule narrowly oblong, 50- 60-seeded : 
 seeds obscurely wrinkled or pitted. 
 
 No. 4G3 of the Califoniian collection of Coulter ; not since found ; perhaps really collected in 
 Arizona or Mexico. 
 
 § 2. Suffruticose, silky-rvoolly : flowers clustered. : ovary and styles hirsute. 
 
 4. N. Lobbii, Gray. Depressed and procumbent, forming broad matted tufts ; 
 the older stems woody and rigid : leaves narrowlj-- spatulate or linear, tapering to a 
 nearly sessile base, an inch or two long ; the younger ones Avhito with tlio soft vil- 
 lous wool; tho older becoming naked and thnir margins r('V()Iul(\ morn or less ]ior- 
 sistent: flowers clustererl in the upper axils and at tho summit: sepals very slender, 
 more than half tho length of tho funnelform purple corolla (this half an inch long). 
 
 On rocks, &c., not rare in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, first collected by Lobh. 
 Fniit riot vt Rppn. 
 
518 BORRAGINACE.^]. Eriodidyon. 
 
 12. ERIODICTYON, Benth. 
 Calyx deeply S-parted, the lobes or sepals not broader upwards. Corolla fiiiinel- 
 form or approaching «;;unpanulato or salvorform. JStanions more or less iiiLJiideil. 
 Stylos 2, distinct to the base ; thoir tips or the stignuis clavato-capitate. (Japsule 
 cnistaceous, small, globose-ovato and pointed, 2-cellod and with dilated placenta', 
 4-valved, i. e. at lirst loculicidal in the manner of the tribe, then septicidal, thus 
 splitting into four hard and thick half-valves, closed by a portion of the partition 
 on one side and partly open on the other. Ovules rather numerous, but seeds few. 
 — Low shrubs (Californian, &e.); the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, 
 pinnately veined and with finely reticulated veinlets conspicuous on a fine woolly 
 ground (whence the generic name), at least underneath, their margins beset witli 
 rigid teeth, the base tapering into more or less of a petiole. Flowers in scorpioid 
 cymes collected in a terminal panicle : corolla violet or purple, varying to white. 
 Filaments variably adnate to the tube of the corolla, sometimes almost up to the 
 throat. — Benth. But. .Sulph. 35. 
 
 1. E. tomentosum, Benth. White or in age rusty-colored with a dense coat 
 of short villous down, G to 10 feet high; branches leafy to the top: leaves oblong 
 or oval, very rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : calyx and corolla villous, the 
 latter somewhat salverform and about twice tlie length of the former, — Torr. Bot. 
 Mex. Bound. 148. E. a-assi/oHum & U. tomentosum, Benth. 1. c. 
 
 San Gabriel and Fort Tejon to San Diego, &c. Corolla hardly half an inch long. 
 
 2. E. glutinosum, Benth. Smoothish, glutinous with a resinous exudation, 
 3 to 5 feet high : leaves (3 to 6 inches long) lanceolate, irregularly serrate or nearly 
 entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute close woolliness, 
 glabrous above : cymes in a long naked panicle : corolla tubidar-funnellonn, thrice 
 the length of the sparsely and slightly hairy calyx. — ]Vi(jandia Califoraica, Hook. 
 k Arn. Bot. Jieechey, 3(54, t. 88. 
 
 Dry hills ; common throngh the western and southern portion of the State. Corolla half an 
 inch long. Infusion of the balsamic-rcsiniferous leaves in spirit used as a tonic. 
 
 K. ANou.sTiroi.iu.M, Nutt. 1*1. fianil). (A', glutinosum, var. anguslifolium, Torr.), is found only 
 in the interior, from S. Nevada and Utali to the adjacent borders of New Mexico. It is barely 
 distinguished from E. g/utinosum by its linear leaves with revolute margins, and almost campau- 
 ulate corolla only 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 Order LXV. BORRAGINACE^. 
 
 Mostly roughish-pubescent herbs, with colorless and inert juice, alternate entire 
 leaves without stipules, scorpioid inflorescence, and perfect regular 5-andr()Us llowers; 
 the ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, ripening into seeil-liko 
 nutlets, or when undivided 4-celled and 4-ovuled and splitting into nutlets (if 
 drupaceous containing Heed-like Htcnies). Calyx free, /)-j)arled or fi-cleft, pi isist- 
 ont. Corolla with a Globed lind), commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens 
 distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with the lobes : an- 
 thers 2-cclled, opeiung lengthwise. Ovules solitary, anatropous, ami)hitro[»ous, or 
 almost orthotropous ; the orifice and the radicle of the straight end)ryo (mostly with- 
 out albumen) always superior or when the nutlets are horizontal centripetal, or in 
 one anomalous genus inferior in an erect nutlet. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. 
 
BORRAGINACE^. 519 
 
 Tho onc-sidcfl and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straigliten as the blossoms 
 develop : these sometimes scattered : bracts frequently wanting. Echinm, an 
 Old World genus with irregular corolla and stamens, has not reached California 
 (although tho common species is naturalized in the United States) : nor are there 
 any of the first and second tribes with fleshy or berry-like drupaceous fruit ; these 
 belonging mainly to tropical regions. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48. 
 
 A rathnr largo order, of vvido distribution, comprising l)ctween 60 and 70 genera, of no econotni- 
 cnl importance, except tliat tlio roots of several yield a red dye, and those oT Comfrey were of re- 
 pute in popular menicino as a demulcent, while some, such as Heliotropes and Forget-me-nots, 
 arc cultivated for ornament. Altiiough the ("alifoniiau genera arc hardly more numerous than 
 those of the Atlantic States, the species are twice as many. 
 
 As in the foregoing order, tho scorpioid flower-clusters are termed spikes or racemes, although 
 the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts, when these are present. 
 
 EcHiniocAUVA AuizoNiCA, Gray, a new genua of a single species from the middle of Arizona, 
 is doubtless wholly out of our range. The asjject of the plant is wholly that of an Eritrichinm : 
 but the nutlets are as it were stipitate and indexed over the short free style, with the thick 
 and cartilaginous elongated bases or stalks united in pairs, the whole bearing some likeness to 
 four viper-heads. 
 
 Tribe I. CORDlEiE. Style terminal, once or twice forked ; the branches tipped with a 
 simple stigma. Ovary laterally 4-lobed or entire. Generally woody, ours herbaceous. 
 
 1. Coldenia. Corolla-lobes imbricated or partly convolute in the bud. Style simply and deeply 
 
 2-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 (or by abortion fewer) one-seeded diy nutlets. 
 
 Tribe II. HELIOTROPIE^E. Style tenninal, sometimes very short or none, entire : stigma 
 a fleshy ring or the margin of a disk, which is mostly surmounted by a conical append;ige. 
 Ovary entire or laterally 2 - 4-lobed. Inflorescence unilateral. Herbs or sometimes 
 shrubby plants. 
 
 2. Hellotropium. Corolla imbricated in tho bud, with tho sinuses plaited. Fmit splitting 
 
 into 4 one-seeded or 2 two-celled and two-seeded nutlets;. 
 
 Tribe III. BORRAGE/E. Stylo central, entire or nearly so, tcnninated by a single stigma 
 or pair of stigmas destitute of any aj)pendage, its base surrounded by the divisions of the 
 deeply 4-parted ovary, which in fruit are separate dry nutlets. Inflorescence mf>st]y uni- 
 lateral and scorpioid. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants, commonly scabrous or 
 hispid. 
 
 * Nutlets naked in the base of the equal and unchanged calyx. 
 
 4- NntlotB fixed by thoir vory Imso to a Hat roceptiudo, oront ; tho Rear flat mid rather sinnll. 
 
 3. Llthospermum. Nutlets bony. Flowers loafy-bractod. Corolla-lobes imbricated in tho 
 
 bud, as in all the following but No. 4. 
 
 4. MyoBotis. Nutlets thin-crustaceous, smooth. Inflorescence bractless. Corolla-lobes con- 
 
 volute in the bud. 
 
 +- +■ Nutlets fixed by some part of the inner angle or face, either next the base or higher up, to 
 a conical, low-pyramidal, or more elevated receptacle (gynobase), 
 
 ++ Unarmed and except one species unappendaged, erect. 
 
 5. Mertensia. Flowers violet or blue. Nutlets rather fleshy, becoming coriaceous. Smooth 
 
 or H()ft-i)ubcscent perennials. 
 
 6. Amsinckia. Flowers bright yellow. Nutlets roriacooua or crustaccoua, fixed above the 
 
 base. Cotyledons 4, that is each of the pair 2-parted ! Hristly-hispid annuals. 
 
 7. Eritrichium. Flowers in o\n-s wiiite. Nutlets coriaceous or cartilaginous, ovato or tri- 
 
 angular. Hirsute or hispid, mostly annuals. 
 
 ++ ++ Glochidiate or otherwise armed or prickly nutlets, becoming burs (sticking in the fleece or 
 hair of sheep and cattle) : calyx open or spreading in fruit : corolla blue or white. 
 
 8. EohinoBpermnm. Nutlets erect : tho margin surrounded by bni bed -tipped prickles. Flow- 
 
 ers Hinnll, ill piirlly liracti'il riiccmes or spikcH. AiiiiiimIh or bi('iiiiinlH. 
 0. Cynoglosaum. Nutlets becoming depicsscd, obliipie or hoii/oiitnl, all the back covered 
 with short and stout barl)ed-tip|»ed bristles or prickles, iit maturity separating from the 
 receptacle from tlie base upwaids and liangiug awhile from the .stylo. Flowers larger, 
 in bractless panidcd racemes. Ours perennial. 
 
520 BORRAGTNACE^. Coldenia. 
 
 10. Pectocarya. Niillcls diver^'nnt iiiul horizontal in pairs, oblong, somewhat boat-slia|.o(l hy 
 
 ti wiiig-likd toiiUicil or puclinutu liiudrr, wliiih buars inoru or less hook-tiinied biisLlus. 
 Klowcis vi'iy sniiill, wliilo, scattcmi along lealy branches. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Fortilo niilldt invcsliul by two united and iMirniito-appendagi'd divisions of the very uiieqnal 
 calyx ; tlio oLliora storilu : seed oreul and radicle interior ! 
 
 11. Harpagonella. Kmclircrous iiortiou of tlio ealyx bur-liko, about 7-horncd, the horns or 
 
 processes armed with hooked bristles. l''lowcrs very small, scattered along the lealy stem 
 and branches. 
 
 1. COLDENIA, Linn. 
 
 Calyx 5-partL'd or (lei'i)ly O-clel't (or in one species 4-parted). Corolla .shovt- 
 
 funneltbrm or salverlonu ; tiro lobes rounded and usually between convolute and 
 
 imbricated in the bud (one lobe wholly exterior). Anthers oval. Style 2 -cleft or 
 
 2-parted : stigmas small, capitate. Ovary more or less 4-lobed, in fruit forming 
 
 4 or fewer one-seeded nutlets. .Seeds tlestitute of albumen : cotyledons thick. — 
 
 Low herbs or sull'rutescent plants, with mostly white small flowers in sessile 
 
 terminal and lateral clusters. — DC. I'rodr. ix. 558 ; Gray, Proc^ Am. Acad. v. 
 
 340, viii. 292, »k x. 48. I'tquUia, Pers. (Jalapmjoa, Hook. f. St<'yuocarpus, 
 
 Piilocalyx it Kddi/Uy 'I'orr. & Cray, Pacif. Iv. Ivep. ii. IGi). 
 
 Tho original speciea is Kast Indian and also widely dispersed ovor the warmer parts of tho 
 world ; the sections i:>lc<jnoc(tr/nis and I'lilucalij.c, and also Eddya, inhabit tho southern borders 
 of tho United States from Arizona or New Mexico eastward (one of them C. hispidissima, 
 which has naiTow and excessively hispid leaves, &c., may approach the eastern borders of our 
 State) ; the section Tiquilia consists of two Western South American species ; and finally ours 
 form the section Tiquiliopsis, characterized by scales or plaits at the base of the corolla- 
 tube, and cotyledons either horseshoe-shaped and surrounding or else entire and incumbent on 
 the radicle. 
 
 1. C. Nuttallii, Hook. Annual, prostrate and many times forked, hoary-pubes- 
 cent and sparingly hi.spid : leaves ovate or roundish, about 2 lines long and on 
 petioles of equal or greater length, marked with 2 or 3 strong veins on each side of 
 tho midrib: Howers densely clustered in the forks of the stem: lobes of the 5-parted 
 calyx linear, sparsely hispid, eijualling the tube of the pinkish or white corolla : 
 hlaments shorter than the iinthers, inseited iiigh uj) on the corolla-tube, at the base 
 of wliich within are 5 very short adnate scales : stylo almost 2-parted : nutlets ob- 
 long-ovate, smooth and shining, rather thin, marked with a linear ventral scar : 
 embryo straight : cotyledons elongated horseshoe-form, the 4 long basal lobes almost 
 enclosing the long radicle. — l>enth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 296 ; A^'^atsoJl, liot. 
 King Kxp. 248. Ti<jiiii/i<i. hreri folia, Nutt. in herb.; Torr. Hot. Mox. iiound. i3(), 
 k Hot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 411, t. 12 A. 
 
 Arid plains, along the eastern borders of the State {Anderson, Torrey, &c.), extending through 
 the arid interior district from Washington Territory to Arizona, and eastward to Wyoming 
 Territory. 
 
 2. C. Palmeri, Cray. Perhaps perennial and slightly woody at base, whitened 
 with a line and close i)ubescence, not hispid : branches ascending : leaves obovato 
 or ovate, 2 to 4 lines long and witli shorter petioles, strongly marked or lineate Ijy 
 about G pairs of straight veins : lobes of tho 5-cleft calyx lanceolate, about half tho 
 length of the tube of tlie (bluish) corolla, which bears 5 salient plaits extending 
 upwards (piite to the base of tlie slender lilaments : nutlets only one or two ripen- 
 ing, these globular and with a round scar : cotyledons entire and thick, incumbent 
 on the radicle! — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49; Watson, liot. King Exp. 
 247. Tiquilia brevifolia, var. plicala, Torr. Bot. JMex. Bound. 136. 
 
 Sand-hills, alon^ the Rio Colorado and the lower part of the Mohave, and adjacent parts of 
 Arizona, Cooper^ Emory, Scholt, Palmer. Mr. Watson found evident albumen ; but in mature 
 seeds there is merely a trace. 
 
miiotropium. BORRAGINACEiK. 521 
 
 2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tomn. HFLioTnoi>E. Turnsolk. 
 Calyx 5-partod. Corolla funnelforni or salverforni, imbricated and the sinusos 
 plaited in the bud. Stamens included : filaments mostly short or none : anthers 
 connivent and sometimes cohering by their usually acuminate or mucronatc tips. 
 •Style entire or none : stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or umbrella- 
 shaped disk, which is surmounted by a conical, capitate, or subulate often 2-cleft 
 appendage (this obsolete in //. Citrmtnavicnm). Ovary 4-cellod, 4-ovu1(m1. Fruit 
 (h-y, often -l-lobod, sometimes 'J-lobed, splitliiig itit(» 4 oiio-seedod or RoiiuMimos into 
 2 two-aocdod nutlets. Embryo eitiior straight or curved, commonly surrounded by 
 some albumen. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, with the usually small flowers more 
 commonly spiked and bractless, sometimes accompanied by leafy bracts ; the so- 
 called " spikes " one-sided and coiled at the apex, straightening as the blossoms 
 open. — (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. 
 
 A large ^niiiis, widely dispersed over tlio wanner paits of the world, representee! in tlie United 
 States liy ('idly a dozen speeics, oidy three of whicli occiu- in California, and two of these are of 
 great range. The Sweet Heliotrope of cultivation is Peruvian (//. Fcnmanum, Linn.). //. Lidi- 
 cum, Linn., the common representative of the section Tiaridium, Lchm., or Hcliopliytum, DC. 
 (by these and other authors regarded as a distinct genus), altliough a common weed of waste 
 grounds in warm-temperate and tropical countries, appears not to have run wild in California. The 
 two following are true Heliotropes, with fruit of 4 one-seeded nutlets, distinct stamens, flowers in 
 bractless spikes, &c. 
 
 § 1. Fruit i-lohed, Rpliitiwj into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — True IIrliotuopium. 
 
 1. H. Curassavicum, Linn. A glabrous and somewhat glaucous succulent 
 herb, a span to a foot high, difTusely spreading : leaves oblanceolate, varying either 
 to linear or to obovate-oblong (an inch or two in length) : spikes mostly either in 
 pairs or twice forked, forming a kind of cyme : flowers crowded, pure white, rather 
 large for the genus : stigma sessile, umbrella-shaped, nearly flat-topped, as broad as 
 the glabrous ovary. 
 
 Sands of the sea-shore, also in damp saline soil in the interior ; widely spread over the world. 
 Specimens froni Tejou {liothrock) apparently have blue flowers ! 
 
 2. H. inundatum, Swartz. Annual, hoary with a fine approsscd pubescence, 
 a foot or two high : loaves spatulato-oblong or sometimes oblanceolate, tapering at 
 base into a slender petiole : spikes 2 to 4 in a cluster, filiform : flowers very small 
 and close : corolla only a line long, white : stigma sessile, thick, surmounted by a 
 short blunt cone. 
 
 California, Coulter (probably on the Rio Colorado) : thence to Texas ; also West Indies, Tropical 
 America, &c. 
 
 § 2. Fruit 2-glohose, solid, each lobe or carpel splittinrf into 2 hemii^pherical one-seeded- 
 nutlets: corolla pretty large : style long : truncate cone of the stigma bearded 
 with a tuft of strong bristles. — Euploca, Gmy, {Fuploca, Nutt.) 
 
 3. H. COnvolvulaceum, Cray. Annual, with diffuso or spreading branches 
 from the base (a span to a foot long), hoary or strigose-hispid : leaves oblong-lance- 
 olate or ovate, petioled : flowers scattered, short-pedicelled, generally opposite the 
 leaves, sweet-scented, opening towards evening : corolla white, with the upper part 
 of the hairy tube somewhat enlarged and the orifice narrowed, and a rotate scarcely 
 lobed but i)laitcd border : anthers with slightly cohering tips. — ISlem. Am. Acad, 
 vi. 403 ; Proc. Am. Acad. v. 340, x. 50. Fvploca convolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. 
 Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v, 189; Torr. in Marcy, Rep. t. 15. 
 
 In white sand near "Soda Lake," Dr. Cooper. Otherwise known only east of the Rocky 
 Monntains, nii sjindy plains, from NebrnekR to Tpxns. 
 
522 BOllRAGINACE^. Lithosjiermum. 
 
 3. LITHOSPERMUM, 'I'oiun. Gromwei.l. Puccoon. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Cundla salveiiuini or runuelfonu ; its lobus louudeil, imbricated 
 in the bud. FihuneiiLs short. Style slender : stigma capitate - 2-lobed or some- 
 times truncate. Ovary ol" 4 distinct lobes. Nutlets 4, or by abortion fewer, ovate, 
 bony, nuked, usually white and smooth, erect, attached to the Hat rccejitaclo by the 
 base ; the scar Hat, rather small. — Herbs, usually with red or violet-colored roots 
 which contain coloring-matter, pubescent or hairy ; the flowei-s in or near the axils 
 of the upper leaves, or loafy-sjiiked. 
 
 A genus of a coiisiilenililo uuniber of species iu the Old World, several in North America, of 
 which the most .striking are the Paccooim. One of these, L. canescens, reaches Arizona, and a 
 species much Hko it has heeii sparingly found hi Cahfoniia, viz.: 
 
 1. L. Californicum, Oray. Perennial, a foot or two liigh, soft-hirsute through- 
 out : leaves lauctH-lute or oblong (about 2 inches long) : corolla apparently bright 
 liglit yellow, hardly an inch long ; its narrow tube almost twice the length of the 
 soft-hirsute calyx; the open and enlarged throat nearly naked; lobes very short. — 
 L. cunesceus, var., Torr, Pacif. li. liep. iv. 124. 
 
 Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Liyclow. Plumas Co., Lemmon. The former in flower, the latter 
 in fruit : IVuiling hianches not elongated. 
 
 2. L. pilosum, Is'utt. Perennial, pale or hoary with a soft hirsute pubescence : 
 stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, very leafy : leaves narrowly lanceo- 
 late (2 to 4 inches long), mostly tapering from base to apex : flowers crowded in a 
 leafy cluster : corolla dull greenish-yellow, hardly half an inch long, silky outside, 
 the open throat naked or nearly so : nutlets broadly ovate, acute, smooth and pol- 
 ished. — Jour. Acad. Philad. viii. 43 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 238. L. ruderale, 
 Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 89. 
 
 Hills and cafions of the Sierra Nevada (Sierra Valley, Carson, &c.), and through the interior to 
 Ikitish Columbia, and east to Dakota. 
 
 4. MYOSOTIS, Linn. auoiUMON-GuAss. Fouoet-mk-not. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. Corolla between salverform and rotate ; the tube 
 rarely surpassing the calyx ; throat with small and Ijlunt crests at base of the 
 rounded lobes ; these convolute in the bud. Stamens, pistil, &c., as in Lithosper- 
 mum. Nutlets smooth, somewhat compressed, thin-crustaceous in texture, attached 
 to the flat re(!e[)tacle by the very base ; the scar minute. — Low herbs, mostly soft- 
 hairy ; with stnall lluwers in so-called spikes or racemes, bractless, but sometimes 
 there is a leaf or two at base of the inflorescence. Corolla blue, varying to purple 
 or white. 
 
 Species rather numerous in the cooler parts of the Old World, veiy few in the New. None 
 have yet been detected in California ; but the following are not unlikely to occur, and are there- 
 fore briefly characterized. Both are of the section in which the calyx is closed or with lobes erect 
 in fruit, and some of its loose hairs or bristles minutely hooked at tip. 
 
 1. M. verna, Nult. Annual or biennial, at lirst erect, a span to a foot high, 
 roughish-hirsutt) : leaves Hpatuluto-oblong : racemes strict, often h'afyatbase: pedi- 
 cels in fruit ecpudling or shorter than the rather untupiuUy 5-cleft hispid calyx, the 
 lower part erect, the upper .spreading: corolla white, very small. — Jil. versicolor 
 & M.Jlaccida in part, Hook. Fl. (?). Lycopsis Viryinica, Linn. 
 
 Coast of Oregon ; a larg(i and loose form, with nutlets unusually largo (var. macrosperma. 
 Chapman) ; rather conimun through the Atlantic States. 
 
 2. M. sylvatica, Hoffmann, var. alpestris, Koch. Perennial, in loose tufts, 
 pubescent or barely hirsute, a span or so in heiglit : leaves oblong-linear or lance- 
 
Amsinckia. BORRAGINACEiR. 523 
 
 olato ; racemes rather dense : pedicels short and mostly spreading : corolla with 
 bright blue or at first purj)lo limb about 3 lines in diameter. 
 
 Mountains of Oregon and northward (to be souglit in tlic high Sierra Nevada or on the north- 
 western borders of the State) : extending to the Arctic regions, and in Asia and Europe. 
 
 5. MERTENSIA, Roth. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted or fi-cleft, herbaceous. Corolla salvcrforra or somewhat funnel- 
 form, with rounded lobes, the open throat naked or with mostly inconspicuous 
 crests. Filaments in our species broader than the anthers. .Stylo filiform : stigma 
 minutely capitate. Nutlets ovate or somewhat triangular, between fleshy and cori- 
 aceous, dull, commonly somewhat wrinkled Avhen dry, sometimes smooth and 
 vesicular, fixed, u.sually by a projection of the ventral angle towards or above the 
 base, to a low pyramidal or convex receptacle or gynobase. — Perennials, remarkable 
 in this order for their smoothness; Avith broad leaves, and racemose or paniculato- 
 clu.sterod (lowora, which nro \iHually nodding or inclinnd on rather Hlondor podicols, 
 only the lowest leafy-bractcd : llowors blue, violot-purplo, or rarely white. — DC. 
 1. C.J Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. sor. 2, xxxiv. 339 & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52. 
 
 A genua of a dozen or more species, divided between North America and Northern Asia, one 
 species, the handsomest and largest-flowered, peculiar to the Atlantic States, and one small- 
 flowered maritime species (M. vinrif.iina) on all the nort)iern shores. On the Pacific coast this is 
 not known to occur south of I'uget Sound. Besides the following, Af. paniculata, Don, and 
 Af. n/pina, Don, hoth common in the higher Rocky Mountains, are likely to be found nlso in 
 the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 1. M. Sibirica, Don. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so, a foot or more high, 
 rather succulent, leafy : leaves pale, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, 2 to 5 inches 
 long, or the lowest larger and broader, minutely ciliate : flowers at first clustered : 
 corolla half an inch or less long, much longer than the oblong obtuse divisions 
 of the calyx ; the 5-cleft limb about half the lengtli of the tube : stamens protrud- 
 ing out of tlie throat, and the capillary style early projecting beyond the lobes. — 
 Gray, 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 239. Pulmonaria Sibirica, Linn. Mertensia 
 denticulata & cilinta, DC 
 
 Along mountain stronms, in tho Siena Novadn, BoJnndr.r, Lcmmnn. Also in tho mountnins 
 eastward, and in N. E. Asia. Flowers handsome, violot-bluo. 
 
 e. AMSINCZIA, Lohm. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, pei-sistent. Corolla salverform, or at the throat somewhat funnel- 
 form, more or less plaited in bud at the sinuses, with tube exceeding the calyx, and 
 rounded lobes: throat naked or rarely with minute liairy tufts opposite the lobes. 
 Filaments short : anthers oblong or oblong-linear. Stylo filiform : stigma capitate- 
 2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular or triquetrous, coriaceous or crustaceous, affixed 
 above the base to an oblong-pymmidal gynobase ; the scar ovate or oblong. Coty- 
 ledons each 2-parted ! — Hispifl annuals (of Western America, one in Chili), with 
 oblong-ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose spikes or racemes, 
 without bracts, except sometimes to the lowest. P>ristlos mostly from a cons]>ic- 
 uous pustulate base. Flowers, at lea-st in some species, dimorphous as to insertion 
 of stamens and length of style. — Fi.scher & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Ilort. Petrop. 1835, 
 26; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. 
 
 The species are difficult to characterize, except the last, which has a ])eculiar fruit. 
 
524 BORRAGINACE.E. Amsinckia. 
 
 § 1. Nutiels broadly ovate-tnam/tdar, somewhat incurved, narrowed at the apex, con- 
 vex and somewhat ridged on the back, dull, roucjhened-c/ranulate, rucjose, or 
 muricate ; ventral anyle acute and prominent down to the rather broad scar. 
 « Nutlets beset with slender pricldi/ projections. 
 
 1. A. echinata, <iiiiy, 1. c. Kivct, 3 ibct liij,'li : loaves luiiccoluto or broadly 
 linear : corolla .slender, apparently light yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, not broadened at 
 the throat, twice the length of the yellowish-liispid calyx: anthers borne in the 
 throat, oval-oblong: nutlets thickly armed with long and narrow rather soft spiny 
 projections, antl between these sharp granulate i)oints, not rugose. 
 
 Sandy plains, west of Fort Mohave, Cooper. The nutlets are peculiar ; otherwise the species 
 resembles some forms of the next. 
 
 * * Nutlets granulatc-rutif/hened or rugose, the muricate points very short if any, the' 
 back convex or at length keeled or ridged. 
 
 2. A. spectabilis, Fischer &, Meyer, 1. c. Erect, slender, a span (when depau- 
 perate) to a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla 
 twice or thrice tlie length of the linear lobes of the rusty or reddish-yellow-hispid 
 calyx, nearly half an inch long ; the throat enlarging, and the expanded limb a 
 third to half an inch in diameter ; anthers oblong-linear, when high protrmling from 
 the thmat : nuthits grunulute-rugosu, roundish on tiio buck. — A. J)oiiglasiana, A. 
 DC. I'rodr. X. 1 1 8. 
 
 Open ground, throughout the soutliern and western part of the State, and as far northeast as 
 Plumas Co. The corolla has 5 minute bearded tufts in place of crests in the throat, when the 
 stamens are inserted low down the tube ; these not found when the anthers are borne in the 
 throat, which is more plaited than in the other species. 
 
 3. A. intermedia, Fischer & IMeyer, 1. c. Erect, usually a foot or two high : 
 the bristles even of the calyx whitish or merely yellowish : leaves linear or only the 
 lower lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; its tube a little surpass- 
 ing the narrow-linear calyx-lobes ; the limb barely 2 or 3 lines in diameter : antiiers 
 oblong, high or scjmetimes low on the tube : nutlets not half the lengtli of the 
 narrow calyx-lobes. — A. lycopsoidts, partly, of authors, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 
 
 Dry open giounds, on tlie eastern boideis of tlio State (Carson City, Anderson) and common in 
 the interior country to LJtah, klaho, and Oregon. Also near the coast in Sonoma Co., &c. ; on 
 the sea-shore j)erhai)s passing into the next species. 
 
 4. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. More branching and diffuse in age : leaves mostly 
 lanceolate, or even obh)ng, greener, and the bjiarse bristles with conspicuous pustu- 
 late base : lower jiart of tlio at length lax spikes commonly loal'y-bracted : corolla 
 light yellow, 3 lines long itr lea.s ; tlio tube ocpiidling or hardly HurpUMMing the lan- 
 ceolate calyx-lobes, which are hardly twice the length of the nutlets : antiiers short. 
 — Del. 8em. llort. Hand). 1831, 7 ; Oray, 1. c. in part. Lithospermum lycopsoides, 
 Lehm. Pug. PI. ii. 28, & Hook. Fl. ii. 89. 
 
 On the coast, San Franci.sco Bay to Paget Sound. limb of the corolla a line or two broad. 
 
 * * * Nutlets nearly flat on the back, not keeled, coarsely granulate. 
 
 5. A. tessellata, Cray. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the 
 bristles of the calyx rusty-reddish or ])aler : corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; 
 the throat plaited ; the tube rather longer than the lanceolate obtuse calyx-lobes : 
 anthers oblong : nutlets broadly ovate, obscurely ridged on the jlattened back, 
 thickly covered witli truncate warty granulations, which are conipactcil in more or 
 less wavy transverse lines (so as to appear rugose), clusely htting like the blocks of 
 a pavement. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. 
 
 Dry or aiid grounds, from Tejon (Xantus), and the mountains north of Monte Diablo (Brewer), 
 to the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada {Andersmi, fjeintnim), and through Nevada {Walson, &c.) 
 to Southern Utah, Parry. 
 
J'Jnlrir/iium. BURKAaiNACK/K. 525 
 
 § 2. JVntlets ovate-triqnetrom, ^traujht, at viatun'ti/ tohiii.s/i, smooth and jwlished, 
 attached by the. lower part of the shar]^ inner angle, the scar 7iarrow, all three 
 faces Jlat or nearli/ so. 
 
 6. A. vernicosa, Hook, k Aru. Sparsely bristly, simple or loosely branched, a 
 foot or two high : leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate, : corolla light yellow, 4 or 
 5 lines long, and the limb 2 lines in diameter ; the tube longer than the linear-lan- 
 ceolate calyx-lobes : nutlets shaped like a grain of buckwheat. 
 
 Vnr. grandiflora, Gray. llobust, more hispid, nnd rcnmrknbly largo-flowored ; 
 the more exserted and somewhat funnelfomi tube of the corolla nearly half an inch 
 long, and the ample limb broader: calyx-lobes often combined, so as to ap])ear 
 as 3 or 4 : nutlets broader, and rather concave on the back. — A. grandijlora, Klee- 
 berger, ined. (Stamens low on the tube, and style very long, in the specimen ; 
 while in those known of A. vernicosa the stamens are borne in the throat.) 
 
 Wcstein part of the StatP, probably near Monterey, Coulter, Dowjlas. Tlie veniaikablo variety 
 which may be quite distinct, at Aiitioch, Kellogg. ' 
 
 7. ERITRICHIUM, S.ln,ader. 
 Calyx 5-parted and persistent (one species excepted), erect or closed in fruit. 
 Corolla salverforni with tube mostly short and not exceeding the calyx, with or 
 without arching crests in the throat; the rounded lobes imbricated in the bud. 
 Filaments short. Style short or sometimes long : stigma minutely capitate. Ovary 
 of 4 lobes. Nutlets 4, or sometimes by abortion fewer, usually ovate and more or 
 less triangular, coriaceous or cartilaginous, destitute of Avings or appendages except 
 in one species, attached by the inside of the base or some part of the ventral face 
 or angle to a convex, pyramidal, or more elevated and even subulate roceiitacle 
 (gi/nobase), which when slender is usually called the base of the style. — Mostly 
 hispid or hairy herbs, mainly annuals, with usually small or minute and either 
 bractcate or bractless flowers, which are white in all our species, except No. 15 ; the 
 leaves narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55. Eritrichium, Plagiobothr'ys, & 
 Krynitzlcia, Fischer k Meyer ; A. DC. Prodr. Piptocalyx, Torr. 
 
 A rather large genus of N. America, N. Asia, &e., one extending into the Alps of Europe, a 
 few South American. Ihe greater part of our species inhabit the region stretching from Rupert's 
 Land to 1 exas and westward. ' 
 
 § 1. Nutlets attached by the inside of the base only to a slightly elevated receptacle: 
 small or low and diffuse or spreading annuals, more or less hirsute, with linear 
 leaves, the loiver ones oftener opposite: flowers ivith or tvifhont bracts: fruiting 
 calyx rather open, except in No. 2. 
 
 1. E. Chorisianum, DC. Diffusely branching or at length decumbent stems a 
 span or two long: leaves broadly or narrowly linear (I to 3 inches long, 1 to 4 
 linos wide) : flowers loosely racemose, on spreading pedicels which are generally 3 
 to .) times longer than the calyx, both yellowish-hirsute when young : corolla with 
 lobes longer than its tube and much surpassing the calyx ; the' limb 2 to 4 lino^ in 
 diameter; yellow crests in the throat conspicuous: nutlets roughish, somewhat 
 keeled down the hack. — Myosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. Eritrichium 
 connatifohnm, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103, fig. 51. 
 
 Wot grouml, flhoros of Snn Francisco Buy ftiid soulli to Montoroy. Kiion-n bv the iiodicols. of 
 which the oailier an.l longer are usually half an iudi long, but th.^ later ones much shorter. 
 
 2. E. Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, generally upright, a span to a foot high : 
 leaves narrow: flowers rather crowded in naked spikes (these often in pair's), 
 the lowest leafy-bracted, the rest bractless : pedicels very short and nearly erect, 
 
526 BUKKAdlNACE.E. EritrichUiin. 
 
 only half the length of the fruiting calyx (half a line to a line long) : corolla smaller 
 than in the preceding : nutlets smaller and smoother, but rugose, broadly ovate. — 
 Myosotis Scouleri, Hook, tt Am. Eritrichium plebeiian, Torr. in Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 
 124, not of DC, which i.s an Alaskan species more like tl)o preceding. 
 Moiwl or nilliur dry Huil, Sun Fruiuinco May to Orojjuii, &.l'. liutwciiii the lual luid tliu iii'xt. 
 
 3. E. Californicuni, DC. Slender, spreading, 2 to 10 inches high: leaves 
 mainly altenmle, small, narrowly linear : llowers very small, almost sessile, in fruit 
 scatteretl, chieliy accompanied by a leaf or bract : corolla hanlly surpassing the 
 calyx, its limb only a lino or loss in diameter and shorter than its tube; the crests 
 in the throat smooth and inconspicuous: nutlets ovate or oblong, more or less rugose- 
 roughened. — M i/dsotis ()(di/oruic(i, YisvAwv it Mcsyer. 
 
 Var. subglochidiatiuu, Cray. Souicuhat succulent : nutlets when young more 
 or less hirsuLe or hispid (especially on the crests of the rugosities), some of the 
 bristles at length stouter and glochidiate under a lens ; the roundish carunculate 
 scar almost strictly basid. 
 
 Si>ringy or wut places, rather common, extending through Oregon and Nevada to and beyond 
 the Hoeky Mountains. T)ie remarkable variety (whieli passes into the accompanying ordinary 
 form), Placer to Sierra Co. {KcUogij, Lcmmou), Nevada {Ifutsou), kc. 
 
 § 2. Nutltts attached by the middle of the someivhat concave inner face by a large a)id 
 roundish 2"'otuberant scar to a heniisjiherical or (/lobular receptacle, broadly 
 ovate-triangular and somewhat incurved, rugose on the back : low, mostly vil- 
 lous-hirsute annuals, vnth small Jlowers like those of the preceding section. — 
 Plagiobothhvs, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57. 
 
 * Nutlets not vitreous-shininy, the wrinkles elevated narrow meshes. 
 
 4. E. fulvum, A. T)C. An incli or so to a foot higli, slender : leaves linear or 
 the lowest rather spatulato : spike naked, at first dense, in fruit elongating : calyx 
 densely clothed with rusly-yellow or niddish hairs : corolla 2 or 3 linens in diameter : 
 nutlets (a line long) didl, rugose with elevatotl narrow moshoa bounding minutely 
 granulaled-rougheiuHl or at length smooth surfaces, an indistinct ridge down the back. 
 — Myosotis fuloa, Hook. & Arn. IHagiobothrys rufescens, i'lscher & .Meyer, tkc. 
 
 Couunon through the State, in open grounds, extending through Oregon, &c. Also in Chili. 
 
 5. E. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Generally larger than the foregoing, vilious-hir- 
 sute with white or whitish hairs: nutlets larger (1^ lines long), less dull, with 
 hmger transverse but otherwise similar Uieshes and a more distinct dorsal ridge, the 
 surface either granulate with some projecting points or smoothish. — riagiobothrys 
 canescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 33G. 
 
 Open grounds, common through the State, mainly towards the coast, and Washington Terr. 
 
 * * Nutlets vitreous-shining or jwrcela in-like, the wrinkles narrow and impressed 
 transverse lines mostly running unbroken from the low and narrow dorsid ridge to 
 the margin of the broad poster im' face. 
 
 G. E. tenellum, Gray, 1. c. Seldoni a span high, hirsute with mther soft hairs, 
 those of the caly.x. only fulvous or yellowish : stems erect and slender from the 
 roflulato tuft of radical leaves: these broadly linear or spatidate lanceolate (one 
 third to an inch long), the cauline shortiM' or smaller : siddom any bracts among the 
 rather few flowers of the spike : corolla a line or two in diameter : nutlets (a line 
 long) broadly ovate. and okscurely cruciform from the abrupt contraction of base and 
 apex, cartilaginous, the broad and low transverse ridges separated by very narrow 
 impressed lines and cons])icuously muricate. — Myosotis tenella, Nutt. in Kew Jour. 
 Bot. V. 21)5. J'Jritrichium fulvum, Watson, Bot. King K.\p. 243, not of DC. 
 
 Sierra Nevada and foot-hills, especially northward, to British Columbia and through Nevada, 
 Idaho, kc. The Iruit is very characteristic. 
 
Kriirkhium. nORIlAGINACKiT]. r)27 
 
 7. B. Torreyi, Cray, 1. c. DitHiso or dpcumbent, rougli-liirsutc or even hispid, 
 the hairs even of tlie oalyx not yellowish : stems branching and uniformly leafy : 
 leaves oblong (half an inch or less in length) ; the uppermost forming similar 
 bracts to the lax leafy and interrupted spikes : corolla apparently as in the preced- 
 ing species: nutlets broadly ovate and only the apex contracted, the broad trans- 
 verse ridges separated by narrow sunken lines, very smooth, or obscurely tuberculate 
 along the sides. 
 
 Siona Nevada : YoHoniito Valloy niul Mountnins, Torrry (a ratlior slondor and iipriglit form, 
 with bracts hardly aurpassing tlio llowora). Siona Valley, Lcmmnn : a diUnaoly spri'udiiig Ibrm, 
 with copious bracteal loaves, like those below, accompanying ami much exceeding the (lowers. 
 
 § 3. Calyx only ^-cleft, at maturity separating about the middle of the short tube by 
 a transvei-se division, the membranaceoxis base persisting under the fruit, 
 while the rest falls away : othertvise as in tJie next section. — Piptocalyx, 
 Gray, 1. c. {Piptocalyx, Torr.) ^ 
 
 8. E. Circumscissum, Oray, 1. c. Very low and diffusely mucli-branched 
 annual, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout : narrow linear loaves 
 (half an inch or less long) anil minuto llowors crowded on the branches, forming 
 leafy spikes : corolla without crests in the throat, bearing the stamens on the mid- 
 dle of the tube : nutlets (less than a line long) oblong-ovate, very smooth, attached 
 by almost the whole length of the narrow-grooved inner angle to the narrow almost 
 subulate receptacle (gynobase) which bears the short stylo. — Lithospermum circum- 
 scissum. Hook. <k Arn. Bot. IV-echey, 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. JJot. 
 Wilkes Exp. 414, t. 12 B; Watson, 1. c. 240. 
 
 Southwestern borders of the State and along the cnstcrn side of the Sierra Nevada ; also through- 
 out the interior arid region to Utah, Washington Territory, and Wyoming. 
 
 § 4. Calyx {as in the genus generally) deeply 5-par(ed, persistent, or sometimes at 
 maturity falling off tvhole with the fruit enclosed: nutlets attached by the ven- 
 tral face or angle, either from base to near the middle or for almost the rvhole 
 length, to a high jiyramidal or subulate receptacle {gynobase), which when 
 slender is commonly called the base of the style : the scar either a narrow 
 groove or broader. — Krynitzkia, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 There are several species besides the following in the interior region, some extending to the 
 plains oast of the Rocky Mountains and to Texas. 
 
 * Nutlets rounded {or at least not margined or acute-angled) at the sides, attached to 
 a slender mostly subulate gynobase by a narrow {or in No. 1 2 domnwardly ividen- 
 ing) scar or groove, occupying nearly its whole length : calyx very hispid, much 
 disposed to fall off when ripe as a sort of bur : style short : corolla small or niinnte : 
 annuals, mostly low and slender : flowers in at length elongated bractless spikes. 
 {Krynitzkia, Fischer & Meyer.) 
 
 -t- Nutlets very smooth and shining. 
 
 9. E. oxycaryum, Gray. Hirsute and somewhat canescent, a span to a foot 
 high, slender : leaves narrowly linear : spikes rather densely flowered, at length 
 strict : corolla naked in the throat : bristles of fruiting calyx rigid, partly reflexed, 
 inclined to have hooked tips : only one nutlet maturing, that lanceolate-ovate (a line 
 and a half long), much longer than the gynobase, to which it is attached only by 
 the lower part of the slender ventral groove. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 
 
 Open grounds from Tejon to Oregon, also Arizona. Corolla only about 2 lines wide. 
 
 10. E. leiocarpum, Watson, 1. c. Hough-hispid and loosely branched : leaves 
 linear: s|)ikes often Incoming loosely-flowered below: corolla (2 or 3 lines wide) 
 ■with crests in tiio throat : (^alyx very bristly : nutlets all 4 maturing, ovate or 
 oblong-ovate (barely a lino long), attached by the greater part of the slender groove 
 
528 BUliltA(ilNA(Jl'J.K. J'Jnlft'chunn. 
 
 to tlio subulato gyii()l)as('. — ICr/iiiiosjifrnuim leiocarpum, luul afterwards Krynitzkla 
 leiocarjxt, Fiaclicr i\: Mryor. Mi/usotis Jlaccida, l)i)Ugl., ut loast in part. 
 
 Coiniudii ill open gioiiiiils, extuinliiig to Hritisli Columbia and ucioss Iho Hocky Moiuitaiiis. 
 Variiibio in sizo ami aiip(.ar,iiico. 
 
 +- +- :\'u(ld!i </ranulate-roit(/hened. 
 
 11. E. muriculatuni, A. ])(J. (l); Turr. Kesembles tlie foregoing; but the nut- 
 lets are luuslly larger and broader, tbe grooved scur wben ripe wider and deeper at 
 base, and the rounded back either sparsely or densely granulate-roughened. — Torr. 
 Bot. Wilkes Exp. 41G, t. 13 A. A'. anyudi/oUam, Watson, But. King Exj). 241, 
 not tlie true one of Torrey. 
 
 Nearly the same range as the last, and not uncoiniuoii. 
 
 12. E. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with very stilf spreading bristles, often 
 accompanied by softer hairs, low, dill'usely branched : leaves narrowly linear : calyx 
 very closely sessile and mostly persistent in the densely Huwered spikes, its lobes 
 almost iiliibrni in fruit (less than 2 lines long, not lunger indeed than their rigid 
 tlivaricate bristles) : corolla minute, but its crests prominent : nutlets miinite (barely 
 half a line long), oblong-ovate, minutely and densely granulate, the scar gradually 
 broadening from api'x to base, allixed by its whole length to tiie conical-subulate 
 gynobase. — Tacif. U. iJep. v. 3G3. 
 
 Soiillioaalnni liiirdi'rs (if < 'alil'Driiiu {Coullcr, Thomai, Tharki; kc.) ami mljuconl purt« of Ari- 
 zona ; also Lower {'uUroruia. 
 
 * * Nutlets roundish at the sides, somewhat incurved at maturity, attached to a pyra- 
 midal gynohase by a shorter narrow salient scar : calyx less hispid, not separating at 
 maturity: style short: corolla larger {limb 3 or 4 lines in diameter). (Intermedi- 
 ate between this section and § Plagiohothrys.) 
 
 13. E. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villoushirsute and somewhat his- 
 pid : stems erect or spreading, a sjian high, rather stout : leaves from spatulate or 
 the upper oblong to obk)ng-linear : llowers very short-pedicelled, crowdeil in short 
 spikes or clusters, which are sometimes leafy at base : calyx-lobes lanceolate : tube 
 of the corolla not longer than its lobes, the crests consjiicuous : nutlets triangidar- 
 ovate, with the summit at maturity incurved, roughish-rugose on the llattish back ; 
 the scar linear-lanceolate in outline and somewhat salient, extemling from above the 
 broad rounded base to beyond the middle. — Bot. King Exp. 243, t. 23 ; (jray, 
 1. c. 60. 
 
 KasUini portion of tlio Sierra Nevada ; Truckeo Pass, Sierra Valley, and adjacent jiarts of Nevada, 
 U'ttlsoii, IxmuuDi. Malure IVnit of an apparently decumlmnt form was colleetod by Mr. bennnon, 
 in 1874 and 1875. 
 
 * * * Nutlets three-sided and with acute lateral angles, attached by the lower part of 
 the ventral angle to a subulate or narroiv-columnar gynobase; style mostly long: 
 anthei'S linear-oblong : co7'olla rather large and the crests in its throat very promi- 
 nent and arching : stout biennials or perennials, ivilh thyrsi/urni ItaJ'y-bracteate 
 inflorescence : the calyx and pedicels persistent in fruit. 
 
 14. E, glomer^tum, DC. IJoot biennial, or in the mountain form jierhaps 
 perennial, a span lo a foot high, grayish-hirsute and hispid : leaves spatulate and 
 linear-spatulate : tube of the corolla not suri)assing the linear-lanceolate lobes of 
 the very bristly hispid (sometimes yellowish) calyx, and hardly longer than its 
 lobes, the limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter: millets tuberculato-rugosc on the back. — 
 Cynoglossum glouieratuin, Pursh. Myusotis gloineraia, Nutt. ; Hook. El. ii. 82, t. 162. 
 
 Hiwh Sierra Nevada, lidin Mariposa to Sierra eounties, thence eastward and northward to 
 British Columbia and the idains eixst of the Kocky Mountains : only the low and less hispid form 
 (var. huniile, Gray) in California. — The two following species, not yet actually found within 
 the State, may be expected. 
 
Echinospcrmnm. BORIIAGINACE^O. r,20 
 
 15. E fulvocanescens, dray, I. c. ])inVrs from the proccdinrr in tlio ncrcn- 
 ma c..csp,t,<.so roots, softer silky-.stri.oso hairiness of the leaves, and iLr -Mneius- 
 ye Icnv ha.rs ol the calyx tnI>o of corolla longer than the calyx, 'twice or thn 0^0 
 length oi Its own lobes (hmb 3 or 4 linos in diameter): nutkts granulate-roiHi 
 ened. — E. glomeratum, var. (?) fulvocanescens, Watson 1 c ^ 
 
 theS aZ'thfnLt ''^'"''' '" ""'^ ''''^'•^° ^"^ '^^''•""•^'- ^ntcnncdiato in aspect between 
 
 n f?^; ,^'/®"<;°P^^"°^' ^- J^^- rnronnial, and ahnost woo.ly at hase, a span to 
 a foot Ingh m t.dts, silvery-canescent and somewhat strigose : loaves lanceola an 
 linear, acute: spicato-glomerato iniloresceneo and calyx" hirsute am Ti if wj 
 
 low!) corolla exceeding the calyx and twice or thrice the length of its lobes • stvlo 
 very long: nut ets ^^Jitish, ivory-like, smooth an.l polished in to 2 lint on.) - 
 Myosotis kncnphcea, Dougl. in Hook. 1. c. t. 1G3 V J •'^ ^ ^"i^ long;. — 
 
 deS'^f ^ii^irnt^tn^ffi, 'Z.^'"^'' '''^ '^ «''"^^-" U^^'>' --^-'^ the bor- 
 
 * * * * 
 
 L,. ;/ "^^'-''^ "^'-'-""^^^ ''^^'''. ^f^«^ &y ^/'^^z- «'/../« lem;(h to the subulate cjyno- 
 ;, L f / . '^ ««'-;-o"^ .7^00.6 /m^;«,^ a 7ttor. or less wUhned base, one of them 
 vnihont lateral angles (as in 9 c£- 10), the other three with their lateral anale, 
 
 17. E pterocaryum, Torr. Slender annual, hirsute, loosely branching, loaves 
 linear or the lowest spatulate : flowers in naked and nmstly brLtle s Sina or 
 ,X";!'n "''"V^i^"'/ -1^-^?^- '^^^l-^S - in fnnt oiato,en;Lh;tl"^^^ 
 Itt. King^^^^^^^^ Wilkes Exp. 415, t. 13 B^Watson, 
 
 8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Rwartz. Stickseed. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent, spreading or roflexcd in fruit. Corolla short-salver- 
 iorm and with conspicuous arching crests at the throat. Short filaments style 
 ovary, &c^, as in EriiricUum. Nutlets 4, erect, attached by their ventral ainde for 
 most of heir length to a subulate or broadly pyramidal gynobase, the side^ sur- 
 rounded by one or more rows of rigid prickles with backwardly barbed (glochidiate) 
 tips, either distinct or confluent into a border or wing, the back unarmed or some- 
 times similarly prickly, -forming a bur, wliich is carried in the wool and hair of 
 animals. — DC. ]. c 
 
 1. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Annual, roughish hirsute, a span to a foot or tM'o 
 h gh, much branched : leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somo^^dlat spatulate 
 ol)tuse; the upper becoming bracts of the loose leafy .pikes Tlo^^^^ 
 merely spreading, stout, shorter than the narrow and at lon'-Mh uno 1 l n^ 
 
 cdyxwhich.mostly exceed the fruit: corolla small, a line".r two I "e .^^^^^ 
 lets bordere,! by a single row of su],ulate barbed prickles, their bases 7,fte broad- 
 ened and more or loss confluent; the back and si<los thickly bosot witi m 3ar 
 sharp points or tubercles; scar and gynobase slender. - A'. Rilnu.kii ar W 
 
,"30 liUKllAGlx^ACE.K. A'chiuusjn-rmum. 
 
 tale, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 24G, t. 23, fig. 9 to 12. £. jxttulum, Lcliiii. in Hook, 
 Fl. ; Torr. l)ot. Wilkes Exp. 418, not of Lehni. Aspcr. A\ Lujjpula, Hook. & Arn. 
 Bot. Beecliey, not of Echiu. 
 
 Var. cupulatum, (Iiay. Prickles of the fruit with broadened bases united into 
 a coriaeeiius wiug, which souietinies forms ii deej) imp on tho back of the nutliit, it.s 
 inargins incurved and thickened. — J'J. ulriduiu, Meoa in JMou-Wiod, Trav,, not of 
 Ledeb. A', litdowskil, var. stridum, Watson, 1. c. 
 
 Dry plains, along the ciusturii side of the Siena Nevada ( W(Usmi, &c.), and through the whole 
 interior region, eastward to MinnesoUi and Te.\as (also in N. Asia). The variety with the other 
 form, and passing into it by gradations; sonietiines one of the four nutlets bordered with distinct 
 prickles, while the other three aie deeply cupped l.y their union up to near their harhed tips. — 
 The E. palulam of Silieria has the little tuhendis on the back and aides of tlie nutlets fewer and 
 arranged in regular rows, as indicated by Mr. Watson. 
 
 2. E. deflexum, Eelun., var. floribundum, Watson. Biennial, lioary-pnbes- 
 cent or hirsute : stem erect, from a foot to 4 feet high, with erect paniculate 
 branches : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long : racemes jian- 
 icled, at length shuider ; the lower bract rather leafy, the upper ones minute or 
 wanting : peclicels slender, a Une or two long, much longer than the calyx, detlexed 
 in fruit : corolla sky-blue (rarely wliite), conspicuous, the limb a quarter to fidly 
 half an inch in diauietcr : nutlets bordered by a single row of numerous subulate 
 barbed prickles with hascs nu»re or less conlluent ; the Hattish bai;k miinittily rough- 
 granulate or rarely smooth ; tiie scar short ami broad : gynohase broadly conical- 
 pyramidal. — J'J. Jloribunduin, Lehm. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 104. 
 
 Open woods, not rare through the State, and eastward to and beyond the Rocky Mountains ; 
 northward, on the borders of British Colunrbia, passing into the smaller-flowered and {(reener form 
 which well represents the European and Siberian K deflexum. On Mount Shasta, Prof. Hrewer 
 collected an ambiguous form, tall and stout, with upper eauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and partly 
 clasping, and fruit largti, the nutlets e([ually prickly all over the back ; perhaps u distinct species, 
 jiossibly E. dij)'ai>uni, Lehm. 
 
 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. lIouNo's-TONoub:. 
 
 Calyx r)-parted, persistent, opiui in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or funnelform, 
 with conspicuous arching crests at the throat. Stamens and style included. Nut- 
 lets 4, clothed over the whole ba(;k with short ami stout prickles having minutely 
 barbed (glochidiate) tips, or sometimes merely muricate, oblitiue or horizontal 
 (although the lobes of the ovary are erect or ascending, and with an ascending 
 anatropous ovule), the inner angle being carried upwards by the growth of the 
 pyramidal gynt)basc to which the nutlets are affixed by a large scar, separating 
 at maturity froiu beluw uinvards, hanging for some time by a process which at 
 length peels off from the style. — Coarse and broad-leaved herbs, with lower leaves 
 large and loug-petioled, and middle-sized flowers in bractless panicled racemes ; the 
 nutlets forming " burs." 
 
 C!. OKFiciNAi,K, biini., tlio common Ifound's-longue, is a coarse biennial weed of the Old World, 
 abundantly iiat\n-alized in the northern Atlantie States. It has not nuuhed California, ui.pi.r- 
 ontly. The plant so mime.l in the. Botany of iU'cciicy's Voynge doubtless belongs to the following 
 species. 
 
 1. C. grande, I )ougl. A thick-rooted perennial, about 2 feet high, pubescent 
 when young witli mostly soft slender hairs, or the stem and the upper face of the 
 leaves glabrous : radical and lower eauline leaves ovate-oblong, usually rounded or 
 cordate at base, long-i)etiole(l ; the upper ones similar, but smaller and with taper- 
 ing base or short margined petiole : panicled racemes or cyme snuill, on a long 
 naked peduncle terminating the sbou : corolla blue or violet, its tube longer than 
 the calyx, but hardly longer than the ample roundish lobes. 
 
IfarpagoneUa. BORRAGINACEiT;. 531 
 
 Woods, from Motitoioy to Wasliiiifjton Territory. An tuiuR\m11y Btnootli fortn from riiimiw 
 Co., Mrs. I'ahifcr Amc.1. Nutlets not seen; the moderately enliuging lobes of the ovary only 
 sparsely and minutely muricate on the back. 
 
 2. C. OCCidentale, Gray. ALout a foot liigli, leafy to the top or nearly, rough- 
 ish-hirsute : leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse and witii a small point ; 
 radical and lower ones oblong-spatulate and tapering gradually into a long narrow 
 base or winged petiole ; the up[)('r closely sessile and half-clasping : peduncle 2 or 3 
 inches long, bearing a small mostly forked cyme : corolla purple or violet, its tube 
 twice or tlirico the length of the short and roundisli lobes : ntitlets horizontal at 
 maturity, very convex and tumid as in the Eastern C. Vinjinicam. — I'roc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 58. 
 
 Sierra Co. and northward, Lcmmon (in fruit), Rni. R. Burgess (in flower). 
 
 10. PECTOCARYA, DC. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent, spreading. Corolla very small, salverform or funnel- 
 form, with crests in the throat. Stamens and very short stylo included. Nutlets 
 widely spreading in pairs, horizontal, oblong or almost linoar, surrounded by a more 
 or leas incurved wing-like border, which is sometimes deeply cut into stout bristle- 
 bearing teeth, or is more or loss beset with stiff bristles or slender prickles, the tips 
 of which are simply hooked. Gynobase very short. Radicle of the embryo centrip- 
 etal, i. e. pointing to the gynobase. — Low and insignificant slender annuals, dif- 
 fusely branching ; with hoary strigose-hirsuto pubescence, narrow linear leaves 
 (barely half a line wide), and very small lateral flowers scattered along the branches, 
 on very short peduncles: corolla white. — DC. Prodr. x. 120; Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. x. CI. 
 
 A weinis of probably only two variable species, and perhaps of only one, inhabiting the western 
 coa-st of America from Chili to California, perhaps dilfused since the introduction of sheep and 
 cattle, the nutlets being bur-like. 
 
 1. P. lateriflora, DC. Nutlets about 2 lines long, surrounded by a rather 
 broad and thick ex[)anded wing, which is deeply cut or parted into about 9 to 15 
 triangular-aubidato teeth, more or leas tipped with liook-bristly points. — Cynoglon- 
 snm laterijlorum, Lam. C. pilomm, Kuiz ik, Pav. Pednr.arya Idtn-iffora, linearis, ife 
 (a slender form) Chilensix, DC. 1. c. P. Chilensis, var. Cn/ifonn'ra, Torr. in Pacif. 
 J'. Hop. iv. 124, whore tlie character in the Prodromus as to the position of the 
 radicle is corrected. 
 
 Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Los Angeles to Arizona and Southem Utah {Parry, Bigclow, he). 
 Also coast of Peru an<l C!hili. 
 
 2. P. penicillata, A. DC. Plants very slend(!r : nutlets little over a line long, 
 with narrow and entire or rarely few-toothed wing, tlie apex tliickly beset witli 
 hooked bristles, the sides more or less incurved and naked or sometimes bearing a 
 few scattered bristles. — (' ynoglossitm pe.niciUatimi, Hook. & Arn. 
 
 Common in sandy or gravelly soil along and near the coast. Also in N. W. Nevada, between 
 Long Lake and Soila Lake Valleys, Lcmvwn. Probably passes into the preceding. 
 
 11. HARPAGONELLA, Gray. 
 Calyx irregular; three of the sepals distinct nearly to the base, two united to 
 near the middle. Corolla ahuost rotate, liardly surpassing the calyx; the throat 
 with obtuse crests ; the roundish lobes imbricated in the bud. Style sliort : stigma 
 somewhat capitate. Divisions of the ovary globular, attached by the base to a; 
 nearly flat receptacle, two of them apparently always abortive. Ovule nearly erect, 
 
532 CONVOLVULACEJ<:. Huqjuyoudla. 
 
 anutropous, tlio orilico iiii'ciior. iS'utlets mostly 2, collutural, oblong, coriaceous, 
 lieiiocLly siiioutii, ol>li(iuoly tixcil by the buso ; oiio of Lliciii imkcd, ubcoiuliiig, and 
 usually it' not always inicrtile ; the other larger und completely invested by the two 
 united lobes of the uuw very oblicjuo calyx, in the form of a bur (somewhat 
 resembling that of a small Franstriu), being sparsely beset with 7 to D long and 
 diverging soft spines, wliich are anned with short hook-tipped bristles, liadicle 
 iiderior or centripetal. — A little herb with the aspect of Pectocart/a. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. xi. 88, 
 
 1. H. Falmeri, Oray, 1. c. Diifuso and slender annual, a span high, minutely 
 strigose-hirsute : lt;aves linear-lanceolate : Uowers very small, lateral at all the nodes, 
 on short at length dellexed peduncles : corolla white, miimte : spines of the fruiting 
 calyx as long as the bur-like body ; the 3 free calyx-lobes small and rather remote. 
 
 (Juadalujic l.slaml, Lower California, Dr. E. Palmer. Althougli iVom a station two hundred 
 miles below the lino of the State, this curious little plant is not unlikely to occur along the 
 borders, iu company with J'cctocari/a, with which it is associated on Guadalupe Island. 
 
 OuDKK LXVl. CONVOLVULACEiE. 
 
 Herbs, or some shrubs in warm climates, more commonly twining or trailing, 
 many with milky juice ; all with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular perfect 
 flowers ; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate 
 with them (5, rarely 4) ; the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct much-imbri- 
 cated sepals ; ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a pair of erect or ascending ovules iu eacli 
 cell, the cells occasionally divided, so as to form 4 one-ovided half-cells; capsule 
 generally globular ; seeds 1 to 4, ijroportionally large, with a large embryo and 
 a little mucilaginous albumen. Inllorescence axillary : peduncles 1-flowered or 
 cymosely several-flowered. Flowers oftener large and showy, and opening only 
 once. 
 
 An order of nearly 30 giMiera and numerous species, widely spread over tlie world, but most 
 abundant in warm t'oiintrics, nioderalcly wM roprcsonled in the Atlantic United SUiles, at least 
 in the Southern, but tlu'ie are wonilcrfuUy few on the Pacific side. Lower ralifornia has several, 
 all of the tropical types and (|uite beyond our reach. The order yields purijative medicines, such 
 as .lulapnnd Scaniniony, and ono important article of food, Sweet-Potato, the root oi JpomuM Iki- 
 la/tis ; also some ornamental llowers. 
 
 Evoi.vuLUs, Linn., a genus of low and slender plants, not twining, small-Howereil, and remark- 
 able for having two styles each 2-cleft, is represented by two or three species leaching as near 
 as Lower California and Arizona. 
 
 DiciioNDKA, Forster, a genus of two small creeping Iierbs, — one of them most widely diffused 
 throughout the warm-temperate and tropical regions of the world, the other Mexican extemling 
 into Arizona, &c., — appears to be wholly absent from California. The genus is known by the 
 anomaly of two distinct ovaries as well as styles. 
 
 Tkibk L CONVOLULE.'E. Plants with ordinary green herbage. Embryo with broad and 
 thin foliaceous cotyledons, folded and crum[ilcd in the seed. 
 
 \. Convolvulus. Corolla plaited and usually convolute in the bud; the limb mostly entire or 
 5-angled. Style single: stigmas 2, linear, or oblong. (Ii-oakka will bo known by its 
 caj)itate or 2-3-capilate stigma.) 
 
 2. Cressa. Corolla not plaited, 5-cleft. Styles 2, distinct, each witli a capitate stigma. 
 
 TiiiiiK II. CUSCUTINE/E. Twining parasites, whitish or yellowish, wholly destitute of green 
 foliage. Embryo liliform ami s[iiral, destitute of cotyledons. 
 
 3. Cuscuta. The only genus. Corolla not plaited, 4-5-lobed. Styles in ours 2, and stigmas 
 
 cii|>itato. 
 
or 
 
 con 
 
 Convolvulus. CONVOLVULACEJi;. roo 
 
 1. CONVOLVULUS, Linn. BiNnwKEn. 
 Corolla 'campanulate or sl.ort and opon-funnolforiu, witli more or loss 5-anc.ulate 
 obscurely 5-lobed border, deeply i.laited down tl.o sinuses in the bud; the plaits 
 nvolute, commonly straight, sometimes contorted (either in the same direction as 
 the plaits overlap or in the opposite). Stamens included. Style filiform • stigmas 
 2, subulate, or in ours flat, and from narroAvly lin(,ar to oval. Capsule globose 
 2-<!nlIed (soinetinios imperfectly so) : colls 2-ovulod and coninionly 2-H.u>d,.,l • dej.iH- 
 conco when perfect septifragal, i. o. the valves separating from th'o partition Em- 
 bryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons, folded and crumpled in the seed — 
 Stems twining, trailing, or in some erect and bushy. Peduncles solitary in the 
 axils, in ours one-flowered, or occasionally 2-flowered. Ours are all perennial herbs. 
 A rather large genus in the Old World, sparingly represented in the New 
 
 * A pair of thin membranaceo-foliacfon. bracts dose tc, the calyx, and envelopina U 
 
 of- partly so. ~(Calystef/ia,n.'livo\vn.) 
 
 +■ IFerhage rather fleshy : stignins ovale or oval. 
 
 lo.iVl^^®M^^^°®"^ HT'- .^^'^'•'ti'n«> low, glabrous: stems a foot or less in 
 length, trailing, rarely attempting to climb: leaves kidney-shape.l, entire or o 
 scuro y angu late-lobed, an incli or two broad, long-potiolo.l : bracts o" cordat 
 
 c^ns rr ^" 'TV '''fl' ^''''^ '' 1^'^n^''-^''' ^" ""^'^ "r more in en' h • 
 
 capsule becoming one-celled. - C^/y,^.^,-^ SaUlanella & C. rnnformi., R I'.rown 
 
 fSL^'S^J'^J!:^ ^°' ""^^'""^^ '"^ ^"°^* ««""^- ^^'^'^ly d-tributed over'the 
 
 ■K +■ Not fleshy: stir/mas linear, or at most oblong-linear. 
 
 sevtaf feef b^r*f?' ^7' ?''^T '' ""'""^^'^ pubescent: stems twining, 
 several feet high : leaves from broadly ovate-triangular with a deep and naiTow 
 basal sinus to narrowly lanceolate-hastate; the posterior lobes often l-noXd 
 peduncle elongated, not rarely 2-flowered withi'n the bracts; thesTovat; or xnre y 
 oblong, commonly surpass ng and enclosint? tbn nKrv • „^,. i ,.,'"'' "r. i^re'y 
 
 1 JO 15 inc., J,, „„•;, i^,^..,..Js^z^>i:^:i,:^^/[j'^'^'- 
 
 thoni) to Snn Diego (Cooper CfrvrhJ)-vur 11.', ^ ^"'^''^ '^'"'" t^^" "^'1 ''^ o"" "f 
 
 peduncles and ver^lrroTi\,ear!^noolatoW^^^ "iV'V'" '""[I"' ^^■'»'' ^-dowered 
 
 site extreme, resembling a lar.e amf WoaTfeavv^^^ l^'^'^.l"' ^^r"""' The op.x,- 
 
 gu£heri;^s^-;ts-:s^rs^i?:l-^^ 
 
 Wha't^id?-!?!^'!"'^''''^' ?'"7'\ ^^'""t^^y -^"'l '•'^tl'-^ 'l-"«Hy pubescent, or some- 
 ntof'l ''''"/' '^ ^"7" '!"' ''"'r'l'-""t. "rproduci'ng trailing nton-s a 
 tato nangul,ir-l,,.s atn and the later ones acute, nnd the basallobes son etimTs 
 
 o;/ :'T::r^Tr^'''':^ l-lundes shorter than the petiolo : bmcts oblong or 
 oval, not unhke the outer sepals and equalling thorn, or rather shorter: co^IIa 
 
534 CUKVOLVULACE.'E. CuuvuIoiUuh. 
 
 wliito, cream-color, or (Icsli-color, U to 2 inclios long. — DC. I'lodr. ix. 405. t\di/- 
 s(('(/ia subacatUis, ilook. 6i, Ani. JJol. Beuclioy, 303. 
 
 llill.s tiiiil luiiik.s, ]\liiriii Co. to Sua Luis Oliispo. lUiulo ol' llie leaf from hiilf an inch to uii 
 iiicii or iiioio ill Icii^'lli : |k!(1uiu-Ii)s 1 to 3 inches hnig. 
 
 4. C. villosus, (imy. Donsoly ami sot'tly vvliito-tomcntoso throughout : atoms 
 a span to '1 lout long, tmiling or feebly twining : leaves from reniform-hastate to 
 sagittate, the ui)per acuminate, mostly hinger than the petiole ; the basal lobes 
 often angulate-1 - 2-toothed : peduncles mostly shorter than the petiole : bracts oval 
 or ovate, as long as the calyx : corolla cream-color, an inch long. — Proc. Am. Acail. 
 1. c. Convolvulus (n. sp. i), Torr, in Pacif. li. liep. iv. 127. Culystefjia villosu, 
 Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. 
 
 Dry hills, from the Upper Saliniis River, Monterey Co., and Tejon, to Plumas and Sieiia 
 counties. The silky-villous wool very soft aud velvety. 
 
 * * No califx-llke bracts, sometimes a pair of leaves close under the Jloiver or a jxiir 
 of bracts at some distance below it. 
 
 5. C. luteolus, Oiay. (ilabrous or pubescent : stems at length 2 or 3 Inct Lmg 
 and twilling : leaves triangular-hastato or sagittate, the basal lohi's sometimes 
 2-lobed : peduncles commonly us long as the leaves, bearing a i)air of linear or 
 lanceolate entire foliaceous bracts a little below the llower ; a second llower occa- 
 sionally from the axil of one of them : sepals mo.stly broad and roundish : coroHii 
 jiale yellow, an inch or more in lengtii. — I'roc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Jpomwa sa<)i(tij'oUa, 
 Hook. & Arn. liot. Beechey, 151 ((), but the stigmas are linear. 
 
 Var. fulcratus, Gray, 1. c. More })ubescent : a pair of hastate or sagittate small 
 leaves for bracts either below or close to the llower. — C. CaUfornicus, Torr. Pacif. 
 \i. Pep. iv. 127, not of Choisy. 
 
 Hillsides from Lake and Colusa to Alameda counties. Variable in foliage, generally glalirous; 
 the bracts from 1 to 4 lines loiii; and aliout tlie same distiuico below the calyx. Vur. fiilcrntiis, 
 which in aspect sometimes much resemhlcs the less downy fonns of the preceding species, comes 
 from the foot-liiils of the Sierra Nevada (Sononi, Bi(fdoiv) to Fort Tejon {U'alUtcc, Hum), and 
 Cajon I'ass (C'uu//cr) : its Liacteal leaves commonly half an inch long. 
 
 (3. C. longipes, Watson. Glabrous throughout, erect and much branchinl, the 
 filiform brandies sometimes twining : leaves small and sparse, rather short-juitioled, 
 or the up])er sessile, entire, or most of the lower hastate by a pair of oblong or 
 linear divaricate basal lobes : peduncles 1-tiowered, 2 to 6 inches long, imked, or 
 ■with one or two distant small leaves remote from the bractless calyx : corolla yel- 
 lowish, over an inch long. — Am. Nat. vii. 302. 
 
 Owen's Valley or near Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn. Southern Nevada, Litiut. IVIuelcr. 
 
 2. CRESSA, Linn. 
 
 Corolla deeply 5-cleft, not plaited ; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the 
 
 length of the somewhat campanulate tube, lightly convolute in the bud, or with one 
 
 lobe external. Stamens and the two distinct entire styles exserted. Stigmas 
 
 capitato. Capsulo 2-valved, by abortion commonly ono-seedod. — A single species. 
 
 1. C. Cretica, 1-inn. I'enMinia! herb, ii span or two high, croct or diffuse, 
 exceedingly brancheil, silky-villous and hoary : leaves very numerous, small (2 to 4 
 lines long), almost sessile, mostly ovate-lanceolate or oblong : llowers sessile or 
 short-peduncled in the up[)er axils : corolla 2 or 3 lines U>ng, white, silky-pubescent 
 outside, a little longer than the calyx. — C. IVnxillensis, IlIiK., a name for the 
 American form, which does not much diifer from that of Australia (C. australis, R. 
 lirovvn), but is more silky than that of Europe. 
 
 Saline soil, along the whole length of the coast. Also in alkaline soil in valleys of the Monte 
 Diablo Range, Brewer. Extends to Arizona, &,c., and coast of S. America round to S. Brazil. 
 
Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE.K 535 
 
 3. CUSCUTA, Toiiin. DoDDKiu 
 (Hy Dr. Gkohok, Knoki-mann.) 
 Calyx 5- (sometimes 4-) cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short-tubular, 
 the spreading limb 5 - 4-parte(l, between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not 
 plaited. Stamens mostly furnislic<l with a scale-like fringed appendage below their 
 insertion in the throat. Ovary glubosn, 2-cdlcd, 4-ovule(l. Styles in all our species 
 2, distinct. Capsule 1 - 4-see(led, circumscissile (bursting transversely), or mostly 
 baccate. Embryo fdiform, spirally coiled in the (when dry) hard-fleshy albumen, 
 destitute of cotyledons, sometimes furnished at the upper part with a few alter- 
 nate scales (belonging to the plumule), germinating in the soil, but not rooting 
 in it, developing into fdiform and branching annual stems of a yellowish or reddish 
 hue, which become parasitic on the bark of herbs or small shrubs, being attached 
 by means of suckers at the whole surface of contact (the base soon dying away), 
 twining extensively, bearing occasional small scales in the i)Iace of loaves. Flowers 
 small, cymoso or densely chistercd, white or whitish, usually produced Into in the 
 season. — Engolm. in Amor. Jour. Sci. 1842, & Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. (1859) 
 i. 453. 
 
 A widely distributed genus of nearly 80 species, divided into three subgcnem ; tlie fii-st, Eucus- 
 c!(te(witli distinct styles and elongated stigmas, and circumscissile capsule), indigenous cx.du- 
 Hively to the Old World, although the injurious Flax-Dodder has been introduced with flax-seed 
 into the Now ; tho second and largest, Grammica (with distinct styles and cnpitato stigmas), 
 belonging principally to tho New; tho third and smallest, Momqti'nn. {%x\{]y styles united into 
 one), scattered over the whole globe. Tho Calilbvnian species are all of the section Cli.ifo,jrnvi- 
 mica, having capitate stigmas and a baccate or indehisccnt (;apsule. The following species, 
 natives of Aiizona or Utah, are not unlikely to reach California: — 
 
 C. TENUIKLOKA, EngeliTi. and C. obtusifloua, HBK., both with closed or haccate capsule: 
 C. APPLANATA, Eugclm., C. onoNTOLEPis, Engelm.. and C. umbkllata, HBK., with capsule 
 opening regularly round the base. 
 
 * Capsule (Jepressed-glohosc. 
 1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems cai)illary : flowers small (about a line long), 
 in small umbel-like cymes, i)odicollato : tube of the broad-campantdato coroTla 
 included in tho broadly lubod calyx, as long as or rather shorter than its ovate- 
 lanceolato inflexed-pointed lobes: scales large, broadly oval, deeply fringed: styles 
 shorter than the largo depressed ovary : capsule depressed-globose, girt at tho 
 base by the persistent corolla : seeds 4. — Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed 2 336 
 & ed. 5, 378. ' ' 
 
 Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Kcllo(jg. Not rare from the Mi.hlle Atlantic States to Texas, 
 nut thus tar found only once in California. 
 
 9 
 
 C. Californica, Choisy, and Tlook. ^ Arn. Stems capillary; flowers snnxll 
 or middle-sized, pedicelled in loose, few-flowored cymes : I(d)es of tho calyx acute : 
 lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than tho shallow cam- 
 panulate tube : filaments mostly as long as the linear-oblong anthers : scales none, 
 or sometimes indicated by rudimentary inverted arches near the base of the tube ': 
 ovary small, mostly depressed, with slender styles; capsule depressed.— DC. Prodr. 
 ix. 457. — Tho extreme forms are : 
 
 Var. breviflora, Engelm. Flowers scarcely more than a line long : ralyx-lobes 
 acuminate, equalling or surpassing tho tube of the corolla: filaments and anthers 
 short : styles as long as the ovary : corolla withering at base of or around the 2-4- 
 seeded capsule. — Engelm. in Trans. St. J.ouis Acafl. Sci. 1. c. 499. 
 
 Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers longer-pedicelled, U to 2\ lines long: 
 calyx-lobes short, or sometimes long and acuminate and even recurved at tip : lobes 
 
536 CONVOLVULACEJi:. Cuscuia. 
 
 of tlie corolla slender, longer than the tube or even twice as long : filaments and 
 anthei-s more slender: styles much longer than the ovary : capsule mostly 1 -seeded 
 and enveloped by the corolla. 
 
 Not rare thvou^'li tho western part of the State. The sliorter-flowered variety tYom the cmust at 
 Monterey (Harltcc(j) to Cleai- Luke {Tunry), ami to the Tuohunno in the Siena Nevada (Jlulun- 
 ilcr) : a low plant, ol'tcn only a lew inches high. Tho var. louijiluba, principally near the coiiat in 
 the southern part of the State, SantA liarbara to San Diego and into Arizona, in arid localities, on 
 EriviioHuin, kc. These extreme anil the numerous intermediate forms are easily recogiiizeil by 
 the delicate white shar|)ly-lobed llowers destitute of tho substumineal scales : lolies of calyx and 
 corolla never overlapiiing. 
 
 * * Capsule more or less conical or pointed. 
 
 3. C. salina, n. «[). Kngelm. {Stems slender: flowere (1^ to 2 J lines long) 
 j)cdicelled in loose cymes, shorter and wider than in tho next ; lobes of the calyx 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and overlapping 
 denticulate lobes and as the shallow campanulate tube of the corolla: filaments about 
 as long as the oval anthers : fringed scales niostly shorter tlian tlie tube, sometimes 
 incomplete : styles as long as or shorter than tiie pointed ovary ; capsule conical, 
 surrounded (not covered) by the withered corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — C. suhinclusa, 
 var. abbreviata, & C. Culifornica, var. (?) squamiyera, Engelm. 1. c. 499, 500. 
 
 Saline marshes, on various Cheno|>odiac(!ous j)lant3, especially Salicornia: liay of Sau Francisco, 
 C. irriijld, IloliiuUd; Kclloijii. Also extending to British Columbia (Xv/«.//), and in the inlerior 
 to Arizona and So\ithcrn Utah. In many respects intermediate between the preceding and the 
 following species ; but distinguished from the former by the presence of infrastamineal scales and 
 the larger llowers ; from the latter by the less crowded llowers, with shortor more delicate and 
 open corolla. 
 
 4. C. SUbinclusa, Durand & Ililgard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or 
 short-pedicelled, at length in largo (half-inch or inch thick) clusters, 2| to 3i or 4 
 lines long : calyx-lobes ovate-hmceolate, acutisli, overlapi»ing, much bhorter than 
 the cylindrical at last urn-shaped tube of the corolla : loboa of the corolla much 
 shorter tlian tube, ovate-lanceohite, acute, minutely crenidate or pa|)illose : antiiers 
 t)Vid, nearly hcssjId; HrulcH narmw, iVingcuj, reaching only to tliu middle of the tiihe: 
 slender atyles longer than the ]»ointed ovary : ca[)sule conical, capped by the with- 
 ered corolla : seeds mostly solitary. 
 
 The most common Californian species, on shrubs or coaree herbs througliout the State, mostly 
 in the mountiiins, the coast ranges as well as the Sierra Nevada, but also along the coiist. The 
 long and narrow tube of the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and fleshy and usually 
 reildish calyx, readily distinguishes this species. > 
 
 5. C. decora, Choi.sy, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (1^ to 2| lines long) 
 pedicelled in loose clusters : lobes of the lieshy calyx acute, as long as the broatlly 
 campanulate tube of the corolla : lobes of the latter as long a-s its tube, ovate-lance- 
 olate, minutely jtapillose-crenate, spreading and with acute inflexed tips : scales 
 large, broadly oval, deeply fringed : cai)sid() ])(»inted, enveloped by the remains of 
 the corolla : seeds about 4. 
 
 Near Clear Lake, Bolaadcr ; on a Senecio. A variable species of the southern Atlantic Stjites, 
 extending through a large j)art of Ameiica, ai)parently rare in California. Tho only specimen 
 seen belongs to the large-tlowered form, which often has deep pinple anthers and stigmas. Tex- 
 ture of the corolla fleshy, granular-papillose. 
 
 G. C. denticulata, luigelm. Stems caf)illary : llowers small (about a line long), 
 short-pedicelled in small umbel-like clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate 
 corolla included in the rounded-lubcd and denticulate calyx, and as long as its 
 round-ovate spreading lobes : anthers oval, on very short filaments : scales reaching 
 to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip : styles as long as the 
 ])ointed ovary : .stigmas very small and hardly capitate : capsule covered by the 
 withered corolla, 1 - 2-seede(i. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. 
 
 Southwestern Utah, Pavrij. To lie looked for in adjacent parts of California. 
 
S0TiANACEy1<:. 537 
 
 OuDKii LXVH. SOLANACEiE. 
 
 Herbs or slinibs (commonly rank-scented), with colorless juice, alternate leaves 
 and no stipules, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers on ])ractless pedicels, the corolla 
 valvato or sometimes imbricated and usually plaited in the bud, a single style, and 
 a (normally) 2-celled ovary ; the fruit a many-seeded ])erry or capsule ; the embryo 
 slender and mostly curved in (leshy all)umcn : — distinguished from Scrop/iularincea' 
 by the regular 5-androus flowers ; from tlie preceding orders with free calyx and 
 stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, by the plaited corolla along 
 with a single style, placenta} in the axis, numerous seeds, curved embryo, &c. Seeds 
 campylotropous or aniphitropous. Calyx usually persistent. Flowers solitary or 
 cymose, mostly unaccompanied by bracts, and the cymes or their branches oftener 
 socund or scorpioid an<l imitating racemes, in the manner of Borrar/lnaceo', &c. 
 Leaves commoidy uno(piaIly geminate, and peduncle distant from the nearest leaf. 
 
 A largo mid widely difrnscd onlfr, iiiiiinly airctitinf; tlio wnnuor imi ts nf tlin woilil, Imt moat 
 spiniiif^ly roiircaciitcd in Califonna. Narcotic and poisonous proportios provail in it, as oxcnipli- 
 licil by tlie Dpiidly Niglitsliado of Kiiropo (Jf.ropa /JcNadoiina), Ilonlmiin {Jfi/nnci/iriivi.s), Tohncco, 
 kc. Nevertheless it rnrnishes important esculents, such as the Tomato and ICgg-plant, condi- 
 ments, such as Capsicum, and one staple article of farinaceous food, the I'otato. 
 
 Tlie five natural tribes which the order comprises being rather diflicult to characterize, and the 
 Californian genera few, it is more convenient to omit the former from the synopsis, in which, 
 liowovor, the natural armngomcnt is mainly followed. 
 
 NicANDKA rnvsALOioKs, Ga;rtncr, sometimes called Apple of IVru, a widely dispersed weed 
 of waste grounds and gardens, is very lil<ely to be introduced, but has not yet been met with. It 
 is like a tall Phymlis, but larger-Howered, very smooth, and with a fivc-ccllcd berry, which dries 
 as it ripens and bursts irregularly like a capsule. 
 
 I. Fruit a berry, from an ovary of 2 or rarely (except in cultivated plants) of 3 or more cells : 
 
 embrj'o coiled or curved. 
 
 * Corolla rotate or barely campanulate, valvate and mostly induplicatc or ])laited in the bud. 
 
 1. Lycopersicum. Anthers united into a cone ; the cells oponiiif,' lenj^thwisc down tlie inside : 
 
 filaments very short. Leaves pinnately compound, the loadi'ts stalked, lierry naked. 
 
 2. Solanum. Anthers distinct, Init generally conniviiifr, longer tlinn the liiaments ; their cells 
 
 opening at the ape.K by a hole or slit, but often almi longitudinallv. 
 
 3. Capsicum. Anthers distinct, sliort, not longer than tli(! iiliinicnt, "the colls opening length- 
 
 wise, without a terminal hole. Calyx herbaceous, girting only the ba.sc of the berry, 
 and with little or no border or lobes. 
 
 4. Chamseaaracha. Anthers distim^t and not connivcnt, short, on slender rilamenf.s, opening 
 
 lengthwise. Calyx enlarging close around but not completely enclosing the berry, not 
 reticulate- veiny. 
 
 5. Physalis. Anthers distinct, opening lengthwise, without pores. Calyx enlarging, becoming 
 
 bladdery-inflated and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the berry. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Corolla tubular or funnolform, imbricated or induplicatc-plaitcd in the bud. 
 
 6. Oryctes. Ilerbaceous. Calyx r)-i)arted. Corolla ntoothed. 
 
 7. Lycium. Diffusely brandioil .shrubs, commonly sjuny, with entire loaves. Calyx 3-5- 
 
 toothed or cleft. Corolla 4 - fi-lobed. Hcrry minutely stalked in the calyx. 
 
 II. Fruit a capsule, but .sometimes a fleshy one : corolla plaited in the bud. 
 * Calyx deciduous, leaving a short base under the fruit : seeds large : embryo curved. 
 
 8. Datura. Capsule dry, or somewhat succulent but at length bursting, prickly, 2-celled, and 
 
 the cells incompletely again 2-celled. Corolla convulute ius well as plaited" (i. e. tlie plaits 
 convolute) in the bud. 
 
 ♦ * Calyx persistent : seeds small : embryo sliorter, stnilKhtish. 
 
 9. Nicotiana. Capsule smooth, with 2 (rarely more) simple cells, sjilittinfr at the apex into as 
 
 many valves, and these 2-cleft, mostly enclosed in the tube of the toothed or IoImmI calyx. 
 10. Petunia. Capsule smootli, 2-celled, 8imi)Iy 2-valvcd. Calyx 5-partcd, with narrow and 
 foliaceous lobes. 
 
538 SOLANACE.E. Lycuptrsicum. 
 
 1. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomaio. 
 Flowers as in Solaiium, cxcupt tlmt tlio anth(;id (on very short lilanionts) are united 
 l)y their eonti^iimis eilges into a cone, and their eolls ojjen longitiulinally (h)\vn the 
 whole length of the inner laee, not by a hole at the apex. — Herbs ol' the warmer 
 part of America, one species widely dispersed in cultivation ; the small racemose 
 llowers on peduncles which soon become lateral or opposite a leaf : peilicels articu- 
 lated and reliexed in fruit. 
 
 1. L. esculentum, Mill. (Tomato.) Annual, widely spreading, rank-scented, 
 Ijirsute ami ghuiduiar, at least the bmnclies : leaves interruptedly once or twice 
 j)innato ; the larger leallets cut and toothed, the interposed small ones roumler 
 and often entire: corolla yellow: berry edible. — ^olanum LycojJtrsicum, Linji. 
 
 The coiainoii Tomaio piobably has run wild in cultivutcil iuid waste grounds in the southern 
 part of the State. Var. CEitAsuouMK (Cherry Tomato) is soeniingly native along the southern 
 borders oi' the United States as far west as Aiizona, probably reaching California. The parts of 
 the flowei-, normally five, and two in the ovary, are often increased in the cultivated plant, and 
 very connnonly two or more Howej^s are blended into one. 
 
 2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nioutsuade. Potato. 
 
 Calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted or cleft (or sometimes 4-10-parted or lobrd); 
 
 the lobes of the latter valvate in the bud, with nuirgins usually turned inwards 
 
 more or less, or the sinuses plaited. P'ilaraents short: anthers distinct,. although 
 
 often conniving ; the cells with a hole or chink at the apex, in many species also 
 
 opening lengthwise. Style elongated : stigma mostly entire. . Ovary with 2 cells, 
 
 or rarely more, becoming a berry. Seeds many. Hat. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubl)y 
 
 plants, of various aspect and foliage. 
 
 One of the largest genera known, chiefly indigenous to warm climates, a moderate niunbcr in 
 temperate regions, but cxcecilingly few in Ihe raiitic United States. S. timikkosiim is the com- 
 nion I'otato. S. Jlici.oNiJKNA, the Aubergine or Kgg-plant. S. hkieuodoxum, Dunal, and 
 S. kostuatitm, Dunal, peculiar species extending from Mexico well into the United States east 
 of the Rocky Mountains (and remarkable for prickliness, for somewhat iriegular coiolla, one 
 anther mucli larger and longer than the rest, and the beriy comjdetely and closely invested by 
 the prickly calyx), might be exj)ected to reach California by way of Arizona ; but they have not 
 been met with here. 
 
 * Ntvtr 2>rkldi) : anthers not taperiiu; upward, disponed to dehisce from top to bottom. 
 
 +- Corolla, {mostly white) deeply b-clej't or ^-parted, small. 
 
 1. S. nigrum, Linn. Annual, or sometimes becoming woody at base and more 
 enduring, widely branching, green and almost glabrous : leaves more or less ovate 
 and sinuate-toothed, sometimes merely repand or nearly entire, acute or acuminate : 
 Howers in small and pedunculate lateral umbellate clusters : berries small, black 
 when ripe, or rarely reddish. (The common Black Nightshade.) 
 
 Var. Douglasii, (Jray. Varying from almost glabrous to hoary-pid)erulent, and 
 from one to several feet higli : leaves apt to be coarsely toothed, and the Ihjwers 
 larger (sometinu's half an incii or more in diameter) : fruiting calyx erect. — S. Domj- 
 lasii, Dunal in DC. I'rodr. xiii. 4i)- 
 
 Waste and cultivated ground.s and along streams towards the coast ; mainly or wliolly the 
 var. DoiKjlusii, which is .seemingly indigenous, sometimes very large, and "shrubby at base." 
 S. umbem/erum, var. trachi/dddon, Torr. in I'acif. H. Hep. vii. 12, from Santa iRez, is of this 
 iorm. Southward it runs into the var. noUiflorum, which inclines to have entire leaves and 
 glabrous fdaments, and the fruiting calyx retlexed. In multifarious forms this weed occurs in 
 almost every country. At least hfty of the speei.ts admitted by Dunal in De Candolle's Prodromus 
 are by other authors redui-eil to this. The lierries have the ni-ulaliou of being poisonous, hut 
 ni some parts of the world they arc safely eaten. 
 
Capsicum. SOLANACE.K. 539 
 
 2. S. triquetrum, (^;\v. Perennial and more or less woody nt base, glabrous : 
 the slender and trian<,Mdar bmnches disposed to climb or to bo flexuous : leaver 
 deltoid-cordate or hastate, sometimes 3-5-lobed, the margins entire; the middle 
 lobe varying to lanceolate or even linear: umbellate pedunculate clustei-s rather lew- 
 flowered ; berry red. — Cav. Ic. iii. 30, t. 259. 6'. Limlheimerianum, Scheele in 
 Linn?ea, xxi. 700. 
 
 From 'IVxa,s westward along tlic southern frontier ; given on tlie authority of a sterile specimen 
 siud to 1)0 Califoniian, hut more likely irom Arizona. 
 
 -•- 4- Cnro/ln [violet or hfne nntl xhowj/, often rjreen (Did yelhno in the throat), \S-anr/led 
 or very moderatehj h-lohed, very ptt : pedunrAen short, terminal or becoininff lateral, 
 (learin;; an open forkiuij or umbellate ryme ; a nodose or cupshaped enlan/ement 
 under the artieulation at the base of each slender 2>cdicrl : berries j>urj)le, the base 
 covered by the somewhat enlarged calyx. 
 
 3. S. Xanti, Cray. Perennial, nearly herbaceous except the base, pubescent 
 with simple glandular hairs, or sometimes almost glabrous: brant^hcs slender: leaves 
 thinnish, ovato or ovato-oblong, ontiro or repand, or randy aurioulatodobed at the 
 usually obtuse or rounded or subcordato base : corolla from three fourths to a full 
 inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90. 
 
 Var. Wallacei, Gray, 1. c. Leaves and flowers much larger ; the former 3 or 4 
 inches long and the corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : inflorescence and 
 branches villous with long and viscid many-jointed hairs. 
 
 Common through tho southern part of the State, and north to Santa Barlmia ; also on the l)or- 
 ders of Nevada, and in Sierra Co. Has heen confounded with the following, and is almost a.s 
 polvmorphous ; is known hy the puhescence of simiilo and jointed hairs, commonly tipped with 
 a gland. Named for Xanlics da Vcacy, one of the first to collect it. Var. IVnllacci, Catalina 
 Island, a striking form. 
 
 4. S. umbelliferum, Eschscholtz. Perennial from a shrubby base, minutely 
 hoary-pubescent or toinentose with sliort many-branched hairs, occasionally almost 
 glabrous : flowering branches mostly short and leafy : leaves obovate and oblong 
 and commonly obtuse, sometimes ovate and acute, entire (half an inch to an inch or 
 two in length); the upper acute or narrowed, tho lower and larger ones rounded at 
 base : flowers few or several in umbel-like clusters : corolla about three fourths of 
 an inch in diameter. — «?. Californirnyn Si ."?. f/enistoides, Duniil in ]JC. ; tho latter 
 a fitarv(Hl and twiggy form with sniiili livivos. 
 
 Conunon from the foot-hills of tho Slerm Nevada to tho roast, and snuih to Ran Diego Co. 
 A very polymorphous species, producing through tho season it-s handsome violet-hluo (or rarely 
 white) llo-wers. 
 
 * * Sometimes pricMy : anthers longer, tapering vpwards, openin.fj only at the tip. 
 
 5. S. elaeagnifolium, Cav. Low perennial, or tho base somewhat woody, silvery- 
 whiteiied all over by a dense and rather scurfy pubescence composed of many-rayed 
 stellate hairs : prickles straight and small on the branches an<l midribs, but some- 
 times wanting : leaves lanceolate or oblong, siimate or entire : peduncles at first 
 terminal, few-flowered : calyx 5-angled and with slender lobes : corolla violet, 
 moderately 5-lobed, an inch or less in diameter : ovary tomentose : berry yellowish, 
 at length nearly black. 
 
 A Mexican ami extra-tropical South American species, extending from Texas to Arizona, and 
 ma shrubby form (,S'. Hin<Manwn, Henth.) to Lower California: probably in the southeastern 
 part of tho State. ' ^ 
 
 3. CAPSICUM, Toum. Cayknnk rrri-Kit. Cirii.i:. 
 
 Cnlyx short, minutely toothed or truncate, little enlarging, girting tho base of 
 
 tho acrid and somptinu's juic(Oesa berry. Ccu'olla 5 - O-clcft. Anthers shorter or 
 
 not longer than tho filament, oblong, blunt ; the vv\U opening lengthwise. Other- 
 
640 SOLANACE.E. Capslain>. 
 
 ■wise as Solanum. — IloiLs or shrubs, natives of the warm parts of America, green 
 und mostly glabrous; wilii many-times forking stems, ovutu und entire or barely 
 reliant! thinnish leaves, and small llowers on solitary or cymoso-clustered pedicels. 
 Corolla mostly white and the anthers bluish. 
 
 C!Ai'sieuM AN.Niui.M, l.iiiii., iH the Cayciuio Tepper, or Chile Colorado of the Mexicuiis, with 
 laigo iiiul long pud-like I'luit, ol' very warm ana pungent acridity. 
 
 1. C. baccatum, Linn. Shrubby, a foot or two high, Avith slender diverging 
 branches : leaves ovate, slcnder-petiuled : berry globular, as large as a j)ea, on a 
 blender erect peduncle. 
 
 Wild along the Mexican fioiititir, and in Arizona, probably within the borders of the Stale, the 
 form called C. micrujihylluni Ijy Dunal in DC. l*rodr. 
 
 4. CHAM^SARACHA, Gray. 
 (Jalyx 5dobed, enlarging after llowering, but remaining rather lierbaceous, not 
 reticulated, incomjiletely investing the rather dry-gl(d)ose berry. Corolla rotate, 
 fi-angnlate. Antliei-s short, on slender (not at all connivcnt) lilaments ; the cells 
 opening lengthwise throughout. — Low jierennial (Texano-Calilbrnian) herbs; with 
 the corolla of S<imclni and a calyx between that of l^dautim un<l J'/ii/sdlin, with 
 rather narrow leaves tapming into margineil petioles, and in their axils liliform 
 solitary or sometimes geminate i)edicels, which are mostly refracted or recurved in 
 fruit. Corolla white, yellowish, or tinged with violet. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. VI. 
 ii. 89L Saracha § C/iaincesaracha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 62. 
 
 L C. CoronopuB, Gray. Diffusely much branched, green, almost glabrous, or 
 beset with some short and rougJush hairs, a span high ; leaves lanceolate or lini-ar 
 with cuneate-attenuato base, varying from almost entire to laciniate-pinnatiiid : 
 calyx somewhat scurfy hirsute with 2-forked hairs : corolla yellowish, half an inch 
 or less in diameter : berry nearly wdiite : seeds thickish, rugose and favose. — Sa/a- 
 nnm Coroywjms, Dunal in I)C. Prodr. xiii. G4. WUhania (1) Coronopus, Torr. JJot. 
 ^lex. Bound. L'iS. Saracha {Ckavia saracha) Cororxqms, Gray, 1. c. Saracha 
 acutifoiia, Miers in Ann. ik, JNLag. JS'at. liist. 1849] (but the flowers too small). 
 
 Aii/ona (Pulmcr) and S. IJtali {Capt. Bishop) to Texas and Colorado. Not met with in Cali- 
 fornia, unless it be Snmcha acntifolia of Miers, and it is probable Coulter's specimen on which 
 that was founded came from Arizona. The more eastern and broader-leaved specimens are near 
 to C tiunUdd, which is jaibcscent and glandular. 
 
 2. C. nana, Gray. Many-stemmed from slender creeping rootstocks, barely a 
 span high, cinereous-))uberulent, comparatively largo-leaved : leaves crowiled, ob- 
 long-ovate aiKl ovate-lanceolate, entire or undulate (the blade an inch or two long, 
 and at base contracted into a petiole of equal length) : peduncles mostly shorter 
 than the petiole : corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9 lines in diameter : fruiting calyx 
 hemispherical and with distant subulate teeth : seeds flat, smoothish. — Saracha 
 nana, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Eastern jjart of the Siena Ncvmhi in Nevada and Sierra counties, Kdlufjg or Bolundcr, Lan- 
 viOH. Connects with Physali.', ihrough P. (jniiidijlora. 
 
 5. PHYSALIS, Linn. GuouNn Ciikuuv. 
 Calyx 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering and becoming membranaceous and veiny, 
 forming a loose bladdery envelope enclosing the 2-eelled juicy berry. Corolla rotate 
 or commonly with an open-campanulato ))ase, 5-angulate or obscurely lobed. An- 
 thers oblong or linear, not connivent, on short or slender filaments ; the cells open- 
 ing lengthwise throughout. — Herbs, widely distributed over the world, mainly in 
 
Oryctes. SOLAN ACE^.. 541 
 
 tlio wanner regions, the greater iiunilier Antorican, but tlinro aro remarkably few in 
 Oregon and California, and tlioso only on tiio borders. The fruit of several species 
 is edible when cooked, but of little importance. 
 
 § 1. Corolla violet or purple, open-rotate : seeds thickish and obs,curely tuberculate- 
 rvgose : calyx, pedicels, and all the young j^^^i^ scurfy-granuli/erous 
 or mealy, otherivise wholly glabrous. — Cham/Kphysalis, Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. X. 62. 
 
 1. P. lobata, Torr. Low, di(rus(>ly branched or at length spreading and do- 
 cnmbont from a thickish perennial root : loaves oblong-spatulatn or obovato, vary- 
 ing from nearly entire to angulato-toothed and pinnatilid, tajteriTig into a margined 
 petiole : pedicels usually in pairs, longer tlian the llower : corolla from half to two 
 thirds of an inch wide : fruiting calyx globular-inilated, about half an inch long. — 
 Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 22G. Solanum liiteolijlurum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. Saracha 
 acntifolia, Miors] 
 
 Dry plains, from Texas to Arizona ; probably reaching the southeastern border of California. 
 
 § 2. Corolla white, greenish, or yellow, mostly rotate-campanulate : seeds smooth and 
 even, minvtely punctate : no scurf or mealiness, and leaves never tridy pin- 
 natifid. — True Physams. . 
 
 * Root perennial : anthers yellotv : corolla not spotted or dark in the centre : leaves 
 
 th ickish. 
 
 2. P, crassifolia, Benth. Palo or minutely hoary with an extremely short and 
 fine ahuost imperceptible pubescence: leaves at length nearly glabrous (half to an 
 inch nnd a iialf long), ovate or round-cordate, repandly few-toothed or almost entire: 
 pedicels long and slender : corolla apparently cream-color, half an inch in diameter : 
 fruiting calyx an inch long, O-angled. — Bot. Sulph. 40. /'. cardiophylla, Torr. 
 Bot. Mox. Bouml. 153, a form with mostly round-cordate leaves. 
 
 Along the Rio Colorado (7yii/e/o!<;, &c.), east of San Boniardino (/'ar?-?/), and in Lower California. 
 
 P. OLAniiA, Benth. 1. c, is a diffuse and small-leaved species, as yet known only in Lower 
 California, well marked by bein^ perfectly glabrou.s, even to the calyx, the leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late and approaching hastate ; oUierwise nearly like P. crassifolia. 
 
 * * Boot annual : anthers tinged with blue or violet : corolla greenish-yelloxv ivith a 
 
 dark centre : leaves thin or soft. 
 
 3. P. sequata, Jacq. Green and almost glabrous, a foot or two high, widely 
 spreading : leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand : pedicels very short : 
 corolla less than half an inch broad : fruiting calyx ovate-globose and little angled 
 at maturity. — Jacq. f. Eclog. 2, t. 137 ; Gray, 1. c. 
 
 This is in Coulter's Californian collection, probably from the most southern part of the State, 
 as it is a Mexican species. 
 
 4. P. pubescens, liinn. A foot or two high, widely spreading, villous or 
 I)uboscent with viscid spreading soft hairs, strong-scented : leaves ovate or cordate, 
 varying from entire to angulate-toothed, rather tender, about 2 iTiches long : pedi- 
 cels .shorter than the ovate strongly 5-angled fruiting calyx : corolla barely half an 
 inch in diameter. 
 
 Fort Yuma, on the Rio Colorado (Thomas, kc), thonco eastward to the Atlantic States, where 
 it is common. 
 
 6. ORYCTES, AVntsoii. 
 Calyx deeply 5 cleft, with narrow lobes, somewhat enlarging in fruit and loose, 
 nearly the length of the globose rather few-seeded dry berry. Corolla short-tubular, 
 a little exceeding the calyx, 5-toothed, plaited in the bud ; the lobes nearly erect. 
 
542 SOLAN ACE.'E. Orydas. 
 
 Stamens soraewliat unequal in length : lilaments sUiudur, inchuled : anthers very 
 short. Seeds, lialjit, &c., of I'hysaUs and the related genera. — A single species. 
 
 1. O. Nevadensis, AVatson. Annual herh, a sjjan high, with some ratlier 
 scurfy visciil iJidjcscence: leaves ovate, ohlong, or lanceolate, with undidatc margins, 
 tlio hase tapering into a jjctiole: pedicels 2 to 4 in an axillary sessile umbel: corolla 
 blue or purplish, 3 lines long. — Uot. King Exp. 27-1, t. 18, hg. 5- 10. 
 
 Eastern foot-hills of the Virginia Mountains, Nevada, in stony barren soil under Artemisia 
 bushes, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, Watsan. Not again met with as yet. Mature fruit 
 is desired. Evidently the seeil ligured was imnialure and the embryo uot fully grown. 
 
 7. LYCIUM, Linn. 
 Calyx 4-5-toothed or more deeply clelX, persistent ut the haso of the herry. 
 Corolla varying from short-funnelform to tubidar, the 4 or 5 lobos commonly im- 
 bricated in the bud, the sinuses often plaited. Filaments filiform, included or 
 exserted : anthers short, hxed by the middle ; the cells opening lengthwise. Ovary 
 2-celled, slightly stalked in the calyx : style liliform : stigma cajjitate. Berry many- 
 seeded. Seeds roundish : embryo coiled or curved, slender, — Shrubs, mostly 
 spiny, diffusely much branched ; with entire alternate leaves, -commoidy fascicled in 
 the axils or on short axillary spurs, in our speiiies small and spatulate or somewhat 
 linear, nearly veinless. l^etlicels solitary or fascicled, mostly from the leafy fas- 
 cicles. Flowers white or purplish. Berries small, usually red, sometimes white. 
 
 A large genus, dispersed over the wami-temperate and subtropical zones, one species, native 
 of the Levant, &c., conuiionly planted for ornament in the Atlantic Uniteti States (under the 
 name of Matrimony Vine), but it is by no means showy ; several are indigenous to the Mexican 
 frontier and its vicinity. Of these L. I'AI.mdum, Miers, the laigest flowered of all, with corolla 
 nearly an incli long, L. Pai,mei;i, Gniy, from W. Sonora, Mexico, with long calyx-lobes, L. 
 I'AKViFLOKUM, Only, from S. Arizona, with corolla only one sixth of an inch long, and two little- 
 known species of Lower ralifornia, viz. L. iikkvii'KS, Benth., with 5-mcrous slender flowers and 
 ucicular sitincs, and L. Kiciiii, (iray, may licnMifler lie found within the State. But the follow- 
 ing are all that aie now known within or ncai- its borders. l'\ii' an account of the North Anieiican 
 species, see Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 4.5, vii. 388, & viii. 2!)2. 
 
 ■■:= Lohes of the calyx foliaceo as, as lung as the tube. 
 
 1. L. Cooperi, Gray. Minutely pubescent, with stout branches and some very 
 short .spine.s : leaves sjjatulate, a))parently somewhat viscid, half an inch or more 
 long : pedicels about the length of the cylindraceous or when old cam])iinulate 
 calyx, both somewhat hirsute ; lol>es of the latter oblong and not longe.r than the 
 tube : corolla ai)])arently white, narrow-funnelform, half an inch long, its ovate 
 lobes .short : lilaments hairy at hase: anthers oval, mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 388. 
 
 San Bernardino Co., on the eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. 
 
 2. L. macrodon, Cray. Puherulent, becoming glahrate : leaves spatulate nb- 
 lanceolate, only 2 to 4 lines long : pedicels very short : calyx minutely viscid ; its 
 lobes narrowly linear and twice the leugMi of tlie sliort campanulate tube, half 
 the length of the narrow corolla : lilaments slightly hairy at base : anthers oval- 
 oblong, — Proc. I. c. vi. 4(j. 
 
 Califomia or Nevada, Fremont (coll. 1849 ; not otherwise known). 
 
 * % Calyx ivith 4 or 5 short tedh, or sometimes irrecjularly 2 - 3-drft. 
 +- Corolla very small and short. 
 
 3. L. Californicum, Nutl. in herb. Glabrous, very much branched, 2 to 4 
 feet high: branchhls spiucsccnt : litaves thick and lleshy, very small, in tlie fascicles 
 
^"''"■"- SOLANACE.I^. 5^0, 
 
 .1 linn orUvohn^, fro.u ovmI or ..Imvat. (,,. oLlnn^ or R,,a(,„l.it.', or on viKomns 
 or n I ''''-"''r'':* "':"f 'r"T= ""^'^''•^ -vHy .sossiln or on pclicols of on., 
 4-toothe(l calyx, its 4 oval rotatoly sproading lobes l.anlly a line long, 
 flnwr^''^''"! o'f-^"' r ''^'''^■^V" '^"•"^'' ^^'"""'^ (without flowers), Cooper,'' a eve! avd Tho 
 
 -t- +- Corolla a third to half an inch in length. 
 
 Ju.ui^lTTf' ^T' ^- "■ r^T^'^^' f ^■^I'''1^^'-"l^-"t. ^ to 4 feet high: leaves 
 ep.iti, ate, 4 to ij hues l-uig : pedicels not longer than tlie obloiig-caini«imIate or 
 
 5'ioi;; rn;:"; r'^" ■ r^";^ ""'^"*^" ■^'^"''^^ ^'^'i'^''^'"- ^••''"'-' * ^^ ^ \h"s tng 
 
 O-iobed, tlie lobes ovate and very short : filaments nearly naked 
 
 orohh^nlTr^r'f^^'T^','- '• ,^''''^^''°"«' 3 to 8 feet high: leaves nearly spatnlato 
 01 ol lanceolate, G to 14 Inies long: pe.licols usually as long as the oah'x 2 lines 
 
 JrilnllTo r • %"' "T^ r'^'' ''"^l^^"'' '' '' ^'"''•'' 1'"% tubnlar-funiielforni 
 g a.liia lly on arging from base to summit, with 4 or 5 short and broa.l sproa.lim^ 
 h.lms the edges of these minutely tomentoso : lilamonts woolly at base berries 
 red, "not edible." — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. 
 
 Soutlieostern borders of the State, lower part of tl.c Rio Colorado to S Utah on low saline 
 flats, Thomas, Cooper, Parry, kc. Extends eastward to the borders of Texas. 
 
 (>. L. Andersonii, Gray, llesombles the preceding ; but is lower, 2 to 4 f<-et 
 h.gli, sma ler-leaved, very abundantly llowered ; the white corolla narrower and 
 
 Z: with n :ic '"r '"- r' 1"'"^ r'^ ' '' ' ^'"^^ ^^"''''' -"1 ^^^^ «l'-t roun d 
 lobes with naked edges : pedicels an.l calyx only a line long: berries bright red 
 or amber-colored, 'ripening a month earlier than those of the preceding, edrWe "- 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp 275 • Parry 1 c 
 
 sSiS-rttiiurr^h^^^^ ^y-/^J5.i;:d^k'%;.ri/^^r 
 
 8. DATURA, Linn. 8THAM0NriTM. TiioitN-Arrr.r.. 
 Cnlyx prismatic or tubular, 5-tootliod, deciduous after fioworin.r by a transverso 
 separatmn near the base, which persists as a circular plate under the frnit Corolla 
 funnelform, with an ample expanded border which is strongly 5-pIaited and the 
 plaits convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly incUuled : filaments long and filiform • 
 anthers opening lengthwise. Style long: stigma 2-lipped. Capsule thickish,' 
 prickly or muncato all over, with 2 proper cells, each .livided more or less by 
 a false j-artition which bears the two broad tmnsverse placent-e across its middle 
 Seeds very numerous, rather large, reniform. Embryo slender and coiled - 
 Hants (our species coarse herbs), of rank odor and narcotic-poisonous qualities- 
 with ovate pet.oled leaves, and solitary mostly large flowe.-s in the forks of the 
 stem, on short peduncles, pro.luced through the season. (^,rolla commonly white 
 or tinged with violet, sometimes fragrant. 
 
 Cliiefly niitivofl of tropical Aiiioricn. but now widely iMmr,\ over li.e w„rld TI,,.,. ; r 
 
 nrv,mnmia., consistinR of soft-wooded nrbores,-ont or ,1.1 v h n s ' , /.' '"'""";• 
 
 IniKo s ^o of which ,1h, ,-o,nn,onest is 1). A,nuuMCA^l e Tm- Sr , h,:*'!^ 1^^ "' 
 
 an.l which nmy stan.l the winter without pr..te.'tion in ti.e so h ,' ,V t of .n ^^^/^^^^^^ '^^^ 
 w.1.1 or spontaneous spe.ues are herbs, with tl,e flower e .' ct ' ' State. -Our 
 
544 SOLANACE.E. JJutura. 
 
 § 1. Calyx-tuhe prismatic, acutely b-anyled : border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth : 
 capsule dry and of Jinn texture, ividved from, the top: seeds tvith a thick and 
 rouyh dark-colored coat : rout annual. 
 
 * Capsule erect as well as the floiver. 
 
 1. D. Stramonium, l-inn. ((Jummon Stramonium.) Smooth, green, 2 or 3 foot 
 liigh : leaviis aiuimtely ami Iiiciuiately angled and toothed : corolla white, about 
 3 inches long : capsule thickly beset with short and stout prickles, the lower ones 
 coTuiuonly shorter than the upper. 
 
 Waste grounds, especially near towns, sparingly naturalized, probably originally from Asia. 
 
 2. D. Tatula, Linn. Like the i)receding, except that the stem is reddiah- 
 purple, the corolla })ale violet, and the prickles on the fruit about equal. 
 
 Not yet recorded I'roni California, but probably introduced in some places, from Tropical 
 America. 
 
 3. D. quercifolia, IIBK. Green, and tlie young herbage commonly a little 
 pubescent : leaves sparingly but deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; corolla nearly as in the 
 foregoing : capsule urnied with unequal and llattened prickles, some of them large 
 and strong, even an inch long. 
 
 Along the Rio Colorado, especially in Arizona ; perhaps indigenous, as it is a ilexican species. 
 * * Capsule noddiny on a recurved peduncle. 
 
 4. D. diBCOlor, IJernh. Jvathor low, pubescent : leaves laciniutely or sinuately 
 toothed : corolla 2 or 3 inches long, white with a purple tinge : capsule globose, 
 pubescent, armed with stout large jjrickles. — (iray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165. JJ. 
 Thomasii, Torr. in Tacif. \l. IJep. v. 302, it Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. 
 
 Along the Rio Colorado, at Fort Yuma, &c. ; thence into Mexico, from whicli it is likely to 
 have been introduced : yet it may be indigenous. 
 
 § 2. Calyx tubular and nearly cylindrical : capsule nodding on the recurved short 
 peduncle, globose, succulent, bursting from the ajjex someivhat irregularly 
 at maturity : seeds jlatter, xvith a softer and pale smoothish coat. 
 
 5. D. meteloides, DC. Perennial, pale, being coated with a very minute and 
 soft whitish pubescence, from one to 4 feet high : leaves mostly only repand or 
 entire : calyx 3 and corolla 7 or 8 inches long ; the latter white or suffused with 
 violet, the widely exi)anded border with 5 (not 10) slender-subulate con.spicuous 
 teeth : capsule 2 indues in diameter, thickly beset with short and weak equal 
 ])rickle3 : seeds bordered by a narrow and uniform cord-like margin. — Dun. in DC 
 Prodr. xiii. 544 (with erroneous descr.); Gray in I'ot. !Mex. Bound. 154. IJ. Mttel, 
 var. quinc/uecusjiida, Torr. in Pacif. II. Ivep. vii. 18. I). Wrightii of the ganlens, 
 & Kegel, Gartenll. viii. t. 2G0. 
 
 Southern part of the State, extending nortliward ns far as to Santa Barbara on tlie sea-shore, 
 and eastward to Texas, and in adjacent jiarts of Mexico. Now common and very ornameiitul in 
 cultivation. 
 
 9. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. 
 Calyx campanulate or ol)long, 5-toothed or moderately lobed, persistent, closely 
 investing the capsule, ('orolla various, but commonly funneliorm or salverform ; 
 the limb plaited and the plaits more or less convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly 
 included : anthers short, opening lengthwise. Style long : stigma capitate or de- 
 pressed, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule smooth, with 2 (rarely more) cells, and veiy 
 immerous seeds on broad placentae borne in the axis, 2-valved from the top, and 
 the valves tluiuiselves soon 2-ch'ft, thus becoming as it were 4-valved. Seeds very 
 numerous and small, oval or roundish, somewhat pitted. Embryo straightish. — 
 
Nkotiamu SOLAN ACK.E. rir 
 
 Herbs (or one or two soft-woody plants), nearly all of American origin, heavy- 
 scentetl, viscid- pubescent, narcotic-poisonous, with mostly entire leaves and panicu- 
 late or racemose ilowers, some of them ratlier sliowy. Our species all annuals. 
 
 § 1. Floivers pink-red {sometimes in. cultivation white), open through the day: capsule 
 
 septicidal, dividing the two placentae as well as the 2)artifion. Tau'acum. 
 
 1. N. Tabacum, Linn. (Common Toiucco.) Tall, large-leaved, with a iianiclo 
 of ahort-pedicelled Ilowers: corolla 2 inches long, funnclform with a wide or inllatod 
 throat, and sjireading acute or acuminate lobes. 
 
 Var undulata, Hendtner. Leaves very long and narrowly lanceolate, nndulato 
 l)olow tiie middle, gradually and much tapering to the slender apex : corolla-lobes 
 also much acuminate. —iV. caudata, Nutt. VI Gamb. 181 1 
 
 The common Tobacco, of Central or South American origin, is merely cultivated in California 
 lh.9 may have been the case also witli Nuttall's N. mudata, from Monterey ; whicUp S to 
 be he same as the Ya^ui Tobacco, found in a cultivated state in Aruona or Sonoraf W ir 
 lalrmr. It is probably the A^ lancifolia, WiUd., and A^. Ybarreiuns, IIBK. 
 
 § 2. Flowers xuhite, greenish, or yellowish : capsule septifragal, leaving the thin par- 
 tition with the undivided jolacental column in the centre. 
 * Corolla more or less constricted at the orifice, dull-colored, open through the dag; 
 the lobes short and rounded. 
 
 2 N. rustica, Linn, father stout, a foot or two high : leaves petioled, ovate, 
 or the lower somewhat cordate, these oftener a foot long: panicle thyrsiform- calvx 
 broad, and with short and broad teeth, shorter than the globular at first onlv 
 2-vayed capsule : corolla short an.l broad, less than an inch long, hanlly thrice the 
 length of tiie calyx, oblong-inflated from the short narrow base : the broad lobes 
 reticulate-veiny. 
 
 Waste grounds, in California, a^ well as eastward and nortlnvard, probably escaped from 
 aboriginal cultivation : the native country uncertain. ^ ^ escapea Horn 
 
 3 N. trigonophyUa, Dunal. Ii,vther slender, one to three feet high • leaves 
 ssile, oblong, 2 to 4 inches long, or the upper smaller; the lower obovate, with 
 
 narrow tapering auriculato and partly clasping, the upper with broader an.l juore 
 olttsping base : racomo at length loose luul virgat(s ^viih bracts Hiimlj or somotimos 
 wanting ; po.li.jols mtlior unilatenil : calyx with flubiilaln.lanccolato t.H>tli, almuL 
 o'pialliiig the ovato 4-valvod capsule : corolla greenish-whit.s li"»s than an iiicli loii<r 
 narrowly tubular and gradually enlarging upwards, a little constricted at the orifice 
 DunnlT .?Q m ''Tl^ 5-lobed.--DC. Prodr. xiii. 002. N. ipomopsiflora, 
 Dunal, 1. c. 559 (Mo^ino k 8esso, Ic. Mex. Ined. t. 909): dray, Proc Am Acad 
 v. 16G. N. multijlora, Torr. in Pacif. M. Pep. v. 302. 
 
 thrMoh^e S Colorn .?r1r ' ;" ^^''^^'''^K ^?""''^ ^^"' ^'''^'''^'^y '■^"'" f^rtlicr south), and on 
 theMoh.ivc and Colorado (/^(,/c/ow, Cooper); thence southward into Mexico and ea-st to Texas 
 Comparison of a tracing of Mo^ino and Hesse's figure leaves little ,loubt of tbe ] nti^y of DunaTs 
 two species : but the name here adoj.ted was founded on specimens, the other upon a figle only 
 
 * * Corolla with open more or less dilated orifice to the long tube, rohite, sometimes 
 with a greemsh or blmsh tinge, expanding at sunset, closed bi, dai, except in very 
 clondy weather. > .' .' i- ^ y 
 
 J.\ 5'n"®''",f ^i' '^°"'- V ^"'''^ "' ^"'" ^''"^' -■ ^^^^^« '-^^ P^tiolod ; the radical 
 oval or oblong; the lower caul.ne ovate-lanceolate or narrower; ti.o upper narrowly 
 luncooiato or linear and loni^-tanerim/ f,<. t.l.n n,.i„f . d, „.,,,... i i.. .'..:..... i _i / 
 
 podici 
 
 ato or linear and long-taporing to the point : flowers 1oos(>Iy pnnicl 
 el led : upper bract.s minute or none : calyx with triangularlaiweol 
 
 I'll, Hhorf- 
 
 ■ „„l , . '.,' ., , ," ; "• ^'".'•■'^ " "■" tiinM-^mariMiiceoIate teeth 
 
 mich shorter than the tube and rather shorter tlian the 4-v,ilved capsule: corolla 
 ully an^ inch long, narrow-salverform, with obf,us,.lv 5-Iobnd br,nler a third to 
 lialt an inch in diarantor. — Watson, Hot. Kiii.r l-^xj) 27(; t 27 
 
54G SCUUriiULAlllACE.E. XicoUuua. 
 
 Dry plains aiul liills, Monterey Co. to the Moliavo, iiud along the eastern borders of the State 
 in Nevada ; eabt to Colorado. 
 
 5. N. Bigelovii, W'alsun. J.uiger iiml stouter than the pieceiliiig : leuves i)h- 
 long ov ubluiig laiiLuuliitu (1 to G iuclics long, or tlio uppermost siiialler), ouly tho 
 lower ones i)etiole(.l; some ol" tho upper often with broailer anil partly clasping base: 
 liower.s scattered : teeth of the calyx linear-lanceolate and surpassing the ovate 
 •i-valved capsule : corolla nearly salverforni, with tube an inch and a half long, and 
 a 5-cleft border of an inch or more in tliameter, its lobes triangular and acute. — 
 Jiot. King Exp. 1. c. t. '27. iV. jilumbayini folia, var. (() Jii(jtiuvii, Torr. in I'acif. li. 
 Itep. iv. 27. 
 
 Not unconunoii, I'roni bake Co. to San Diego, and east to the borders of Nevada. Very visi^id 
 and stinking : this and the preceding much used by the Indians. 
 
 N. QUAnitiVALVis, I'nrsh, and its variety multivalvis (A", multivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
 t. 1057), may be expected in tho northern part of tho State, being not luieommon in Oregon. 
 It may bo distinguisiied from A. Bujelovii by its lower and stouter habit, corolla with proportion- 
 ally shorter tube, broader obtusely 5 - 7-lobetl border, and globose at length thin-walled capsule 
 of four cells, in the var. inuUiculvis of several cells; — an anomaly in the genus. No certain 
 indigenous habitat is known : the plant was cultivated by the aliorigines from the ]\lissouri Kiver 
 to the I'ucilic, and greatly jfrizcil lor its tobacco. A'. JJiijcluvii is perhaps the origiinil of it. 
 
 10. PETUNIA, .luss. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the ilivisions luirrow and I'oliaceous. Corolla funnel- 
 form or somewhat salverform ; the 5-lobed limb plaited in the bud. IStamens 
 unequal, included : filaments and tip of the style more or less incurved. Stigma 
 dilated-capitate and 2-lobed. Capsule simply 2-valved (the valves entire), leaving 
 the placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous, small, scrobiculate. Embryo straightish. 
 — Viscid-pubescent herbs, with entire leaves and lateral or at lirst terminal llowers. 
 
 The oommon Petunias of the gardens are mixtures of two showy species from Buenos Ayies. 
 Very ditlercnt in appearance is the following. 
 
 1. P. parviflora, -I uss. A snudl and iusignilicant annual, nmch branched, spread- 
 ing or nearly pn^strate, pubescent : leaves narrow-spatulate, hardly half an inch 
 long, almost sessile : Howers small (about a third of an inch long), very short- 
 peduncled: calyx-lobes resembling the leaves: corolla purple with a yellowish tube, 
 its short retuse lobes slightly uncujual : capsule ovoid. — Ann. ]\lus. I'ar. ii. 21(), 
 t. 47. Sutpii/iosiiis proslralu, Hook. & Arn. JJot. IJeechey, 123, 370. 
 
 Common on the aca-shorc from the IJay of Monterey soutii : also in Texas, and S. America. 
 
 Order LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^. 
 
 Known by the irregular (more or less bilabiate) corolla with lobes imbricated in 
 the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, single style, 2-celled many - few-seedetl 
 capsule with the placentui in the axis, ami seeds with a small embryo in cojiious 
 albumen. The oxcei)tions do not concern tho Californian llora, except an intro- 
 duced Mullein, which has 5 perfect stamens. — l''lowers peri'ect. Calyx oi 5 or 
 sometimes 4 distinct or variously united sepals, ('orolia 4 - 5-lobed or i:lcrt, com- 
 moidy bilabiate (ij, i. e. two lobes funning the ujjper and three the lower lip), im- 
 bricated in the l)ud, not plaited. .Stamens borne on the tube of the ci)rolhi, 4 and 
 tlidynamous or only 2, tlij lifth and upper stamen and sometimes the two lateral 
 or anterior ones either alisent or reduced to sterile fdaments or vestiges, rarely (in 
 Vcr/uisrinii, iV'c.) all live present and fertile. Stigma entire, or with two (upjH-r and 
 
SCROPIIULARIACEyE. 547 
 
 lower) lobes. Ovary 2-celled, the placentic l)eing firmly united in tlio axis (or in 
 Mimulus § Diplactis little if at all so) : ovules V(!ry numerous or occasionally few ; 
 anatxopous or amphitropous. Seeds mostly small. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, 
 very rarely trees, destitute of colored juice, with the general inflorescence indeter- 
 minate in all genuine members of tlie order, but when compound the partial in- 
 florescence determinate, i. o. the axillary clusters are cymes : in Veronica, (fee, in- 
 dotorminato, i. e. racemes or si)ikoa. 
 
 A Inrgo nnd wido-aproad finiiily, of ovor 150 f^onora, luunoronsly roprofloiitwl in California, 
 Goiiernily Litterish, many inert, soino narcotic-poisonous, tiic common I'^oxglovo {Dixjilalis) of 
 Europe useful in medicine and ornamental in cultivation, as are species of Pailstcmon, Collinsia, 
 Mimulus, and others. 
 
 I. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in the hud. 
 * Stamens all five present and anther-bearing. 
 
 1. Verbaacum. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments woolly. Leaves alternate, 
 
 ♦ * Stamens two pairs with anthcra, or one pair in No. 4 : capsule opening by holes or chinks 
 near the apex : corolla personate, gibbous or spurred at base anteriorly : peduncles 1-Howered. 
 
 2. Linaria. Corolla strongly bilabiate, spurred at base, 
 
 3. Antirrhinum. Corolla only saccate or gibbous at base. Stamens 4. 
 
 4. Mohavea. t'orolla merely gibbous at base. Fertile stamens 2 : anthers coniluently 1 -celled. 
 
 ♦ * * Stanjens two pairs with anthers : cajisule opening from top to bottom by valves : leaves all 
 
 opposite or whorled; 
 +- Stigma small and entire or minntoly 2-cleft : calyx 5-i)artcd. 
 
 6. Scrophularia. Corolla erect, short and A'cntric-oso, with 5 short lobes ; the anterior one 
 
 reflexed, the others erect : a scale in the throat on the upper side answers to the fifth 
 stamen. Peduncles cymosely sovoral-floworeil. 
 C. Collinsia, Corolla declined, with ventricoso tube gibbous posteriorly, bilabiate, the middle 
 lobe of the lower lip folded lengthwise into a sac which encloses the stamens and stylo : a 
 gland on the liaso ol the corolla answers to the fifth stamen. Peduncles 1 -dowered. 
 
 7. Tonella. Corolla obscurely if at all bilabiate ; the lobes rotately spreading, flat : otherwise 
 
 nearly as Colliimn. 
 
 8. Pentstemon. Corolla more or less bilabiate, o])e.\\. Sterile filament of the fifth (posterior) 
 
 stamen long and conspicuous. 
 
 ■i-+- Stigma dilated, 2-lippcd, or a broad disk ; peduncles all 1 -flowered. 
 
 0. Mimulus. Calyx 5-toothed or barely 5-cleft, 5-angled. Cells of the anther contiguous. 
 
 10. Stemodla. Calyx deeply 6-parted. Cells of the anther separated, as if stalked. 
 
 ♦ * * * Stamens only a single pair with anthers : the anterior pair reduced to sterile filaments 
 or sometimes wanting altogether : capsule opening from top to bottom by valves : stigma of 2 
 flat lobes : calyx 5-partcd : leaves all opposite : ]iedunelcs 1 -flowered. 
 
 11. Gratiola. Sterile filaments simjile or none. Cansnlo 4-valved. 
 
 12. Ilysauthes. Sterile filaments uneipially 2-forkcd, borne high on the throat of the corolla. 
 
 II. Lower lip of the corolla covering the upper in the buil. 
 • Corolla rotate or short-campanulate, not evidently bilabiate. 
 
 13. Limosella. Calyx (S-toothed) and corolla (.'i-cleft) campnnulate, nearly regular. Stamens 4, 
 
 nearly eipial : anthers coniluently 1 -celled. I'eiluncles scape-like, l-llowered. 
 
 14. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4 -lobcd, campanulate. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled. 
 
 Flowers racemed. Leaves alternate. 
 
 15. Veronica. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed ; the lower lobe narrower. Stamens 
 
 2 : cells of the anther confluent at their tips. Flowers mostly racemed and leaves 
 opposite. 
 
 ♦ • Corojlii. lllbninr ; the nppev Up (ijnlfii) erect or Incnrvcd. Inlnnilly conipn'MMcd ; llie l(i\v(>r 
 variinis : stanions a,siMMiding under or enclosed in the upper li]t : ciipsiilc lucidicidnl : (lowers 
 spicato or rarely racemed." 
 
 +- Anthers une<pially 2-celled or sonu-tinios I-ccIIimI. 
 
 16. Castilleia. Corolla narrow', with lower lip very .short, or small in iiro|)nrtinn to (he upper. 
 
 ("alyx tubular, cleft anteriorly or i)osteiinrly or iioth. Mostly perenniMls. 
 
548 SCiiUrUULAlUACE.E. VerbascuiH. 
 
 17. Orthocarpxis. Corolla with saccate lower lip huge in proiiortion to the upiier. Calyx 
 
 liiliuiiir or (:um[iaiiulati), 4-clcrt. All Imt one anmiiil.s. 
 
 18. CordylanthuB. l-ipsol' llin corolla holli short, of Hourly oiiual length; the lower merely 
 
 a-ereniilate. Calyx !S[iathaceous, 'ii-leaved, anterior and posterior, or the anterior division 
 wanting. Anniial.s. 
 
 •H ■♦- AnlliorH eijually '2-ct'llud. 
 
 19. Pedicularis. Calyx irregular. Corolla various ; lower lip 3-lobed. Perennials. 
 
 1. VERBASCUM, Linn. Mullein. 
 
 Calyx 5-parteJ. Corolla rotate, more or less irregularly 5-lobe(l, the lobes broad 
 
 and rounded. iStanieua 5, all with anthei-s, but more or less dissimilar : all the lila- 
 
 luentd or the three ui)[)er woolly : anthers transverse. Style flattened and eidarged 
 
 at the tip, entire. Cai)sule globular, many-seeiled. — Flowers in racemes or spikes. 
 
 The Mulleins all belong to the Ohl World : some are introdueed weeds in the New. Hut oven 
 the eonniion one, K. T/itijtsus, is yet unknown on the I'aeilic coast, althougli a Moth Mullein, 
 dillerenl Iruni that found in the Atlantic States, is sparingly spontaneous. 
 
 1. V. virgatum, Withering. Annual or biennial, 3 or 4 feet high: leaves ob- 
 long, creiiate-lootheil, nearly ghibrous : raceme loose and virgate, somewhat hairy 
 anil glandular : pedicels not longer than the broadish calyx-lobes, sorue of them 
 clustered : corolla yellow or sometimes white : lilaments all violet-bearded. 
 
 Waste grounds, natiindized in a lew places, horn Southern Europe, inoUbly by way of Mexieo. 
 
 2. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-flax. 
 Calyx r)-parted. (Corolla strongly bilabiate, personate, i. e. with a prondnent 
 palate to the lower li[) nearly closing the throat, the base at the front continued 
 into a dependent spur. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled. Stigma nearly entire. Cap- 
 sule opening by an irregular hole near the top of each cell, many-seeded. 
 
 While the Ohl World aliounds in species, only one or two are indigenous to the New. Even 
 tlie eonimon Toad-llax of Europe, Z. vahjarus, which is a pernicious although liandsonie weed in 
 the Atlantic States, is happily yet unknown in California. 
 
 1. L. Canadensis, Dum. A .slender and nearly glabrous annual or bieniual, a 
 spnn to 2 feet high, with liiieur alternate leiives tm the erect liowering stems, but 
 tile smaller and broader oncjs crowded on procumbent radical shoots oftener opposite 
 or whorled : flowers small, blue, in a terminal raceme, on erect pedicels not longer 
 than the slender curved spur. 
 
 Sandy ground, less conniion than in tlie Atlantic States, extending far into South America. 
 
 3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. Snai'UUA(;on. 
 Like Linaria, except that the corolla has merely a sac-like ])rotuberance or gib- 
 bosity at base in front, instead of a spur. Sometimes the cells of the capsule oi)cn 
 by two holes. — For N. American species, see Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372. 
 
 A genus of soveral Old World species and of as many ('alifornian ones, none in the Atlantic 
 States, except that the cultivated Smipdragon, A. imjus, and the insignilicant A. OroiUiuin, aro 
 disposed to escape from gardens. 
 
 A. cvAriiiKKiuiM, M(Mitii. Mot. Sulph., is disscribod from bower California, an annual, willi 
 eupshaped seeds. Nothing like it has been detected in the State or on its bordeis. 
 
 § 1. Herbs, with entire leaves short-petiokd or sessile, all hut the lowest alternate: 
 corolla with very protuberant palate closing the throat or nearly so : seeds not 
 eupshaped nor maryiued, but ruyose-pitted or tuberculate : capsule oblique, the 
 persistent style or its base bent forwards. {Ours are all annuals, so far as 
 the root is known ; the upper lip of the corolla sjireadiny, and the lobes of 
 the lower dejlexed.) — Antikhhinastuum, (Jhavannes. 
 
Antirrhinum. SCROniULARIACEyE. 549 
 
 * Fred, 3 to b feet high, destitute of prehensile branchiets: flowers crowded in a spike 
 
 or raceme, mostly rose-colored. 
 
 1. A. virga, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous : stem strict and simple (its base unknown) : 
 upper leaves linear, gradually diminished upwards into sulndato or setaceous bracts 
 of the long and naked spike-like raceme : flowers mostly secund, soon horizontal : 
 corolla with narrow tube (half an inch long) fully twice the length of the lips : 
 dilated tip of the longer filaments broa<ler than the anther. 
 
 Known only in a collection made by tho lato Thomas lhid(jcs, the .station luiknown. 
 
 2. A. glandulosum, Lindl. A tall and rather coarse herb, very glandular- 
 pubescent and viscid throughout, branching and leafy : leaves lanceolate, mostly 
 sessile, gradually passing into bracts of the (lenso spike or raceme : sepals unequal : 
 corolla (over half an inch long) ])ink with a yellowish palate : capsule tipped with 
 a long persistent style. — Ijot. Reg. t. 1893. 
 
 Gravelly beds of streams, from Santa Cniz southwards. 
 
 * * Erect, a sj^an or two high, destitute of prehensile or tortile hrnncMets : Jioivers 
 small, yellowish or didl-colored, sessile or nearly so in the axiLi of the almost uni- 
 form leaves, beginning nearly at the base of the stem : sepals equal, linear : whole 
 style indurated and persistent. 
 
 3. A. COrnutum, Benth. Villous and viscid, simjily branched : leaves linear- 
 oblong or lanceolate (an inch long), tho lower tapering into a short petiole : fila- 
 ments all dilated at tip : style rather longer than the capsule : seeds echinate and 
 pitted. — n. Hartw. 328. 
 
 Vftlloy of tlio Sacraninnto, Ifnrlurrf. No ouo oIho lina yi^t fonnd il. Tovolla loss lluiii lialf nn 
 inch long ; tho lips nearly as long a.s tlio tube ; the sac at base prominent. 
 
 4. A. leptaleum, Gray, 1. c. Slender, viscid-pubescent, mostly simplo-stomincd: 
 lower leaves almost linear (less than an inch long); tho upi)er and smaller spatulate- 
 oblong: shorter fdaments hardly at all dilated: style rather shorter than tho capsule: 
 seeds rugose-pitted. — A. cornntum, Durand, Pacif. IL \\q\\ v. t. 10, not Benth, 
 
 Banks of streams, Mariposa to Kern counties, Bolander, &c. Corolla a quarter of an inch long. 
 
 * * * Erect or spreading, branching, slendei', producing filiform and at length tortile 
 axillary branchlets, by which the plant is disposed to clim'h : calyx unequal: corolla 
 (small) short, both lips spreading, the lower larger and as long as the tube. 
 
 4- Floivers in a naked spike or dense raceme : bracts minute. 
 
 5. A. Coulterianum, Benth. Stem weak, 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support 
 by its numerous filiform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, glabrous below, as are 
 the linear or narrow-oblong and distant leaves : spike villous-pubescent and viscid, 
 virgate, 2 to 10 inches long: pedicels usually shorter than tho linear or lanceolate 
 obtuse sepals, which are shorter than the ovate-oblong capsule : style short. — 
 ])C. Prodr. X. 592. 
 
 Santa Ikrhara Co. to San Piego, Coultrr, IVallnce, CJcvchml, kc. Corolla either vlolot-pnrplo 
 or white, with a yellowish palate, this and tho lower lip forming the larger y)art of the flower, 
 the tube only a quarter of an inch long. Tendril-shoots mostly below the inllorescence, some- 
 times from the lower part of it. 
 
 -H ■¥■ Flotvers {purple or blue, rarely white) scattered along the slender difuse branches, 
 in the axils of leaves or leaf like bracts, some of them often accompanied by tortile 
 prehensile branchlets : upper sepal conspicuously larger than the others ': leaves 
 short, from linear to ovate. 
 
 ++ Peduncles mostly shm-ter than the calyx, sometimes hardly any : tube of the corolla 
 rather longer than the lips : seeds tuberculate. 
 
 G. A. vagans, Gray, 1. c. Very diffuse, sparingly bristly, often glandular. 
 
550 SCKUl'lIULAJilAClOJO. Autlrrluuiu,,. 
 
 varying to glabrous : leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate : llowers comparatively large 
 (half-inch long) : sepals or at least the oblong upper one equalling the tube of tlie 
 corolla, the others linear : saccate base of the corolla broad : style sleuiler, as long 
 as the ca])sule. — A. CouUerlamim, var. appeiu/iciilatum, Durand, 1. c. 11, t. 11. 
 
 Var. Bolanderi, (aay, 1. c, a form growing in tlie shade of ]{ed\voods, has 
 broader and tlninu;r leaves, those on tortile branchlets orbicular, and an unusually 
 lai'ge })osterior sepal. — A. Breiveri, var. (I) ovali/oliiim, Gray, 1. c., n\ay be a form of 
 this with shorter calyx. 
 
 Wooded ])laecs, ajiiiaruiitly cominon tlaoughout the western part of the State ; the variety, 
 Marin Co., liolmukr. 
 
 7. A, Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Slemler, paniculately branched, more or less viscid- 
 jHibescunt or puberulcnt, at first erect and with few tortile branchlets : leaves 
 from oblong-linear to oval (half an inch long): tube of the corolla (3 linos long) 
 considerably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, narrowly saccate at the 
 base : style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deHexed, and rather shorter than 
 the capsule. 
 
 Lake to ileudocino and I'lumas couulies, rutber conuaon. 
 
 -h+ -I-+ Feduncles inostly slender, many of them longer than the flower : tube of the 
 corolla rather shorter than the sjireadiiKj lips : capsule tipped u>ith the nearly 
 straight style or its jicrsistent base. 
 
 8. A. Nuttallianum, r.enth. Viscidly soft-pubescent, or below glabrous, at 
 length a foot or two high and dill'usely much-branched ; the tortile bmnchlets few 
 or more leaf-bearing than in the precetling : leaves ovate or the lowest slightly cor- 
 date (an inch long), those of the branchlets gradually much diminished and nearly 
 sessile : some of the lower peduncles longer than the flowers, often tortile : sepals 
 ovate or oblong, shorter than (or the broader upper one almost equalling) the tube 
 of the corolla; this 2 or 3 lines long, merely gibbous at base: capsule oblong: seeds 
 sharply and strongly ribbiul. 
 
 Coiiiniou ill the soullieni part of tlio State, about Los Angeles, San Diego, &c. 
 
 y. A. Kingii, Watson. (Uabrous, slender, a span to 2 or 3 feet high, loosely 
 branching, at length ])roducing more or less tortile branchlets : leaves linear or the 
 lower lanceolate, tapering more or less into a petiole : peduncles as long as the 
 calyx, sometimes fully as long as the llower: sepals linear-oblong, slightly glandular; 
 the upper one as hmg as the corolla (2 or 3 lines long' and obtuse); the others about 
 the length of its tube, which is nusrely gibbous at base : capsule globose : .seeds 
 pitted and tuberculate. — Hot. King Kxii. 215, t. 21. 
 
 Diy valleys, along tbe western boiders of Nevada ( Walson, Leinmon), and east to Salt Lake. 
 
 § 2. Herbs, with entire or lobed leaves and no jn-ehensile branchlets, mostly climbing by 
 tortile filiform petioles or peduncles, or by both, mainly glabrous : corolla ivitk 
 the prominent palate wholly or jtartly closing the throat: capsule and calyx 
 ec/ual-sided or nearly so : seeds as in the j>receding : all hut the loiver leaves 
 alternate. — Mauhandella, (Iray. 
 
 * Annuals, tvith narrow and short-pet ioled leaves, but long and filiform prehensile 
 jH'dnnrtrs : calyx ndher shorter than the globose capsule. 
 
 10. A. Strictum, Gray, 1. c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high, some- 
 what pubescent below : lower leaves lanceolate, the upper linear, and the upper 
 floral ones filiform; the latter much shorter than the tortuous racemose peduncles: 
 corolla violet-purple, half an inch long, gibbous at base ; the palate hairy : capsule 
 crustaceous, tii)])ed with a straight style of equal length. — . Maurandia stricta, 
 Hook. & Arn. J3ot. Beechey, 375. 
 
 Mountains behind Santa Barbara, Douglas, Brewer. 
 
Mohavea. SCROl'llULARIACE.E. 551 
 
 11. A. Cooperi, Cray, 1. c {;iiiiil)iiij,' (2 or 3 i'vH) by tlio long filiforn) i)c- 
 tlimclcs : steins very slender, at longlli nincli l)rancli('(l : lowest leaves ovale or 
 oblong, the others linear, and the upper floral minute : corolla bright yellow (liaU" 
 an ineh long), conspicuously saccate at base; the palate hairy: stylo deciduous from 
 the thin-walled capsule : seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. 
 
 I?aviiic3 on tho Moliavo, Conpr.r, Abnrndingcr. Also Southern Utali, Parry. 
 
 12. A. filipes, Gray. More delicate Clian the preceding, with broader and 
 tliinner leaves, very capillary tortile peduncles, and very small llowers': corolla 
 "white," little exceeding tho calyx. — Dot. Ives Colorado Kxp. ID. 
 
 Desert arroycs on the Arizona .side of the Colorado. Perhaps a deiiaupci-ate form of A. Cooperi, 
 with imperfectly developed corolla. 
 
 * * Perennial, climbing by the sle)id.er tortile petioles and axillary peduncles : leaves 
 lobed or cordate : cali/x longer than the globular capsule. 
 
 13. A. maurandioides, r.ray. Either low or tall-climbing, glabrous, slender : 
 leaves triangular-hastate or more cordate, tho lobes at base often Avith a posterior 
 tooth: corolla (purple or sometimes white, 6 to 12 lines long); its palate nearly 
 closing the throat : sepals lanceolate, very acute : style slender : seeds corky-ribbed. 
 
 Proc. 1. 0. vii. 374. listeria antirrhinijiora, Poir. Maurandia antirrldniflora, 
 
 Willd. Ilort. Berol. t. 83; Bot. l\ii». t, 1643. 
 
 A Mexican and Texan species, common in cultivation, extending wostwnnl through Arizona to 
 or near the Colorado. 
 
 § 3. Shrubbi/ and erect : leaves mostly opposite or in threes, evergreen, entire : corolla 
 tubular with short lips: the smooth palate prominent, but not closing the 
 throat : capsule globose, not oblique : style straight, slender : seeds as of the 
 preceding sections. — Gamhelia, Gray. {Gambelia, Nutt.) 
 
 14. A. speciosum, Gray, 1. c. A much-branched shrub, 3 or 4 feet high ; 
 the young parts soft-pubescent, the older glabrous, at least the oval or oblong 
 thickish and firm leaves (these an inch or two long and half to an inch wide) : 
 flowers in short terminal racemes and in the axils of the upper leaves : pedicels like 
 the leaves or l)racts usually verticillato : corolla scarlet, liardly an inch long; the 
 tube cylindrical except the gibbous base, twice or thrice the length of the narrowly 
 lanceolate soimLs, 3 or 4 times the length of tho short lips : stigma entire or emargi- 
 iiate : capsule ))ubescent, opening by a chink on each side of the slender straight 
 stylo : seeds oblong, truncate, strongly rugoso-ribbed. — (^anibrUa speciosa, Nutt. 
 PI. Gamb. 149, t. 22. 
 
 Island of Catalina, Gamhd. Also Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, in flower and fruit. 
 Palmer. A showy slirub, with bright red flowers ; these pubescent outside : the foliage not un- 
 like that of Ccstrum diurnum. • 
 
 15. A. junceum, Gray, 1. c. Perhaps shrubby, glabrous, 2 feet high: leaves 
 small, oblong-linear : tube of the corolla 8 lines long. — ^f. juncea, Benth. Bot. 
 Sulph. 41. 
 
 From iSan Diego to Bay of Mngdalena in Lower California, Hivds. Not since seen ; perhaps 
 same ns tho pre(!eding. 
 
 SACotTi-AUIA A^RATrnil, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Aca<l., from fVrros Islund, off Lower California, 
 " which has been conjectured to be a Jlussdlin, is probably a form of Gulvcsia Limctisls, a shrubby 
 plant of the Pacific coast, near the last section of Anlirrhinunu 
 
 4. MOHAVEA, Cray. 
 Calyx of 5 lanceolate ac\nninato and nearly equal sepals. ('oroUa with short tube 
 merely gibbous at base in front, and a very ample and bilabinle bid. somewhat cam- 
 panulate- erect limb ; the lips bntad and almost fan-shaped ; uppin- one 2-lobed ; the 
 
55'2 SCKorHULAKlACE^'E. Aloliuvm. 
 
 lower 3-lobed and bearing a prominent but comparatively small palate, bearded 
 down its middle; all the lobes bruad, erose-denticulate and abruptly short-acumi- 
 nat6. Fertile stamens 2, with anthers one-celled by conlluence : the other pair 
 reduced to rudimentary sterile iilaments. IStiyma depressed-capitate. Capsule 
 globular, thin-walled, tipped with the persistent style, the nearly ecpud cells open- 
 ing near the top by a transverse chink. Seeds numerous, oblong, smooth on the 
 back, cupshaped and with thickened corky sides on the inner iace. A single 
 species. — Gray in Pacif. II. Hep. iv. 122, Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 19, & I'roc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 377. 
 
 1. M. viBcida, Cray, 1. c. An erect annual, a span to 2 feet high, borym- 
 bosely hrancluul, pubescent and very viscid : leaves lanceolate, entire (2 inches 
 long), tapering into more or less ot" a j)etiole; the lower opposite, the ui)per alternate: 
 ilowers in the axils ol' the upper leaves and corymbose or at length racemose at 
 the summit, short-pedicelled : corolla sulphur-colored and somewhat purple-dotted 
 (an inch and a half long). — Antirrhinum coufertijiorum, lienth. in DC. 
 
 Gravelly banks, from Foit Mohave to Fort Yuma on the Colorado, and adjacent parts of 
 Arizona, lirst found by Cuidlcr and FreiiiwU. 
 
 5. SCROPHULARIA, Touiu. Fujwour. 
 
 (.'alyx deeply r)-cleft, the lobes usually broad and rounded. Corolla short, with a 
 ventricose globular or oblong tube, unequally 5-lobed ; 4 of the lobes erect (the two 
 upper longer), the fifth or lower one recurved or spreading. Stamens 4 in two 
 pairs, inserted low down on the corolla, shorter than the lobes : anthers transverse 
 and by confluence one-celled ; a rudiment of the fifth stamen conspicuous in the 
 form of a scale borne on the upjter side of the throat of the corolla. Stignm entire 
 or emarginato. Capsule ovate, septicidal, many-seeded. Seeds tuberculato-rugose. 
 — Chieily perennial herbs, of homely aspect; with opposite leaves, and loose cymes 
 of small flowers in a narrow terminal panicle or thyrsus. 
 
 1. S. Californica, Cham. Nearly smooth perennial, 2 to 5 feet high : pedun- 
 cles and pedicels of the open panicle minutely glandular : leaves oblong-ovate with 
 a truncate or cordate base, or narrowly deltoid, coarsely doubly toothed or incised, 
 sometimes laciniate; the lower ones occasionally with a pair of detached lobelets 
 near the summit of the petiole : rudiment of the sterile stamen spatulato or luir- 
 rowly cuneiform, either rounded or somewhat pointed at the apex. — Linniea, ii. 
 585. S. nodosa, var., Benth. PI. Hartw., &c. 
 
 Moist grounds, from San f)iego to San Francisco, &c., and east to Nevada. Varialile in the 
 foliage and size of flowers and capsules. Corolla 3 to 5 lines long, dull or lurid purple. 
 
 S. NODOS.'V, Linn., of the Atlantic States and Europe, extends west to Utaii and apparently to 
 Oregon. It may therefore occur in the northern jtart of the Stiite. It is distinguished by 
 the larger and orbicular sterile stamen-rudiment, and the leaves are merely serrate, rarely at all 
 incised. 
 
 6. COLLINSIA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx dec|>Iy 5-cleft, .sonunvhat campanulato. Corolla with tube more or less 
 ventricose and gibbous or saccate on the upper side, more commonly declined, con- 
 spicuously bilabiate; the upper lip 2-cleft, and its lobes more or less recurving; the 
 lower 3-lobed and larger, its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading, the middle one 
 comluplicate into a keel-shaped sac and including the declined stamens and style. 
 Stamens 4 in two pairs, with long Iilaments ; the lower or anterior pair inserted 
 
CoUinmi. i=!CROriI II L A RT A CE/K 
 
 ;r,3 
 
 Irife'her on tlio corolla timn tho otlior : anthers rnmidrciiironii, tlimr two cells con- 
 fluent at tho apex into one. A gland at tho haso of the corolla on the upper side 
 answers to tho fifth stamen. Stylo (iliform : stigma small, entire or minutely 
 2-cleft. Capsule ovate or globose, at first sopticidal, but the valves soon 2-clcft. 
 Sce<ls few or several in each coll, aniphitropous and peltate ; the face concave. — 
 Winter annuals (all North American and mainly western) ; with Himplo opposite 
 sessile leaves, or the lowest petiolcd and the upper whorled, and usually handsome 
 flowers in their upper axils : pedicels solitary or cymosely umbellate-clustered, or in 
 whorls ; the upper tiers commonly naked by the diminution of the later leaves into 
 small bracts. Corolla blue, purple, or white, sometimes yellowish, commoiily two- 
 colored. The plants mostly spring from seed in autumn and flower early the next 
 
 season. In garden cultivation the Californian species flower directly as annuals. 
 
 The stamens and style not rarely rise out of the sac of the corolla into a more erect 
 position boforo all tho pollen is shod. — Cray, Prnc. Am. Acad. xi. 91. 
 
 Tho short haso of tho corolla holow tho Imlgiup wo will cull i]w tube, nnd tho whole in natod 
 am l.ulginf5 poitio.i up to tho clH't, tho IhronL The little organ which ataiids in place of tlio 
 fifth stamen, wo call sunply the gland. ^ 
 
 * Flozversshort-pedicened or nearly sessile, mostly 6 or more in each dose and ichor l- 
 like or head-like cluster, only the lowest clusters subtended by leaves, the others bit 
 small brads. 
 
 ■k- Corolla strongly declined ; the much inflated and saccate gibbous throat fully as 
 broad.^ as long and forming an obtuse or right angle tvith the very short proper tube: 
 gland short and small, sessile: upper pair of filaments viore or less bearded toivards 
 the base. 
 
 I.e. bicolor, Benth. A foot or so high, from nearly glabrous to hirsute and 
 above somewhat viscid-hairy : leaves more or less toothed and oblong or lanceolate • 
 the upper usually ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a broad often subcordate and 
 nervose-veuied base : pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calvx : corolla 
 party-colored the lower bp violet or rose-purple and the upper paler or nearly white), 
 occasionally allw'hite; tho saccate throat very oblique to tho tube; tho rccurve.l- 
 aproading upper lip a little shorter than tho lower. — Hot. Reg t 17:14 • ]hit Y\ 
 Gard. ser. 2, t. 307 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3488. C. hderophylla, Graham in licit. Mag. t." 
 3695, tt form with 3-cleft lower loaves, whicli is rare. 
 
 fli'r^ ni'i'l^°''' «"=•; foV"'.''"g,^!i'-o"gJ> ill tho woatorn part of tho State. A puro white- 
 S^^IJrt&frttfoVL"!^^^^^^ '^' ^''^ '^-^ ^«^''-) -•^''' ^^'- --t «1-T specie:, 
 
 2. C. tinctoria, Hartweg. Foliage, <^c., like the preceding, above generally 
 more visc.d-inibescent : flowers almost sessile : lobes of the calyx linear or oblon/- 
 l.near, mostly obtuso : corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with smno 
 purple <!<; 3 or hneg ; the axis of tho strongly snccate-ventricoso throat at right 
 'Ztw%fi ito ^'V^^';''''^,5 the upper lip ami its lobes very short. - Benth. Bl. 
 Hartw. 328 (1849). G. barbata, Bosse in Verhand. Gartenb. Preuss. 1853, & Bot. 
 Zeit. xii. 905. C. septemnervia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 224, lig. G9. 
 
 Moist grounds and hanks of streams, along tlio western slopes of tl,e Sierra Neva.la and 
 through Its foo -h.lls. The yellowish or brownish and visei<lglnndulnr Sseenr; som^^^ 
 ¥}Te nntff '"^T1'?'^V'^'■'^''^'"^ *''^ «"«'"•«' ^'^'^"'^'^ Vyoh^^M the specfic name 
 
 -•--I- Corolla less declined or cni-ved ; the gibbous but not saccate throat much lovqer 
 than broad: loiv species, a span or so high : leaves crenate or obtusely toothed,' ob- 
 tuse, often thvhsh m texture, sddom over an inch long. 
 
554 SCROl'llULArtlACE.E. ColliusUi. 
 
 ++ Filaments and interiur of the throat of the corolla somewhat bearded: ajijier lip of 
 the latter crtstless : calyx-lobes broadish, obtuse. 
 
 3. C. bartsiaefolia, iV-ntli. ruberulent and somewhat glamlular, rarely liairy 
 ul)ove : alum sLiicL ami riimpli; (ir iDoaely branclieil : leaves from ovalc-obloii',' to 
 linear : llower-wlmrls 2 to 5, rarely only one : calyx either naked ur villous : upper 
 lip of the corolla about the lenyth of the curved gibbous throat ; the lower narrow 
 at the base, ita lateml lobes emarginate or obcordate : gland sessile and elongated, 
 porrect. — DC. Trodr. x. 318. C. bicolor, var., Eenth. PI. llartw. 328, no. 1881. 
 C. hirsata, Kellogg, 1, c. 110, hg. 3-1, hairy form. 
 
 Common throughout the central ami westoni parts of the State to the foot-hills of the Sierni 
 Nevuila, mostly in sandy soil, (omlla lioni half to two thirds of an inch long, iiuriilish, [laio 
 violet, or whitish : npiu-r lip with a low tiansvuise callosity at the origin of the Ihnb, bordering 
 u snuill hot'ded de[iression. 
 
 4. C. corymbosa, Herder. Minutely i)uberulent or nearly glabrous, branched 
 from the base and dilluse or decumbent, tufted : leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, 
 rather lleshy : llowers mainly in a single terminal and leafy-bracted capitate cluster : 
 upper lip of the stmightish corolla very short, its limb (spreading above the trans- 
 verse callosity) almost obsolete ; lobes of the elongated lower lip entire : gland 
 small, oblong, llattish, short-slipitate. — Ind. Sem. Tetei-sb. 18C7, & CJurtonli. 18G8, 
 35, t. 5G8 ; Clray, I'roc. Am. Acad. vii. 378. 
 
 Coaat of the nortliern part of the State ; on the beach nt Fort Hrngg, Humboldt Oo., Bolnndcr. 
 Described from cultivated specimens, the eeed said to come from Me.xico, which is most unlikely. 
 Corolla three fourths of an inch long ; lower lip white or somewhat cream-colored, the very short 
 upper one blue or bluish. 
 
 +-^ -^-^ Filaments and interior of the corolla ylabrous : xqjper lip of the latter promi- 
 nently crested. 
 
 5. C. Greenei, Gray. Small and slender, glandidar-puberulent : leaves oblong- 
 linear and tai)ering to the base, rather coarsely and sparsely dentate : ilowei's few 
 (2 to G) in the clusters, on pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx : lobes of the 
 latter acutish : ui)per lip of the violet purple corolla much shorter than the oblong 
 throat, about half the length of the lower, crested above the gorge and under the 
 origin of the limb with a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each side, which are 
 connected by a less elevated transverse ridge ; the lateral lobes of the lower lip 
 small : gland small and sessile. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. 
 
 Crevices of rocks, bake Co., E. L. Orcevc. Corolla 5 linos long : the callosity of the ujiper 
 li|>, whicii is obvious in some oilier species, is in this developed into a projecting '2-loolhid 
 crest. 
 
 * * Flowers slender-pedicelled, solitary or lanbellate-tvhorled. 
 
 +■ Glabrous or minutely more or less puberulent : at least the lowest leaves broadish or 
 
 roundish and more or less toothed: lobes of the calyx acute, longer than the capsule. 
 
 G. C. grandiflora, iJougl. A span to a foot or so in lieight : upper leaves from 
 spatulate-oblong to lineardanceolate ; the ilornl mostly in whorls of 3 to 7 : i)edicel3 
 at least as many in the whorls, not longer than the flowers : calyx-hjbes tapering 
 from a broad base to a slender subulate point : corolla strongly declined ; the very 
 saccate throat broader than long, and with its axis almost transverse with that of 
 the tube, about the length of the pale or white upi)er lip ; the larger lower lip deep 
 bright blue or violet : lilaments glabrous : gland sessile and cai)itate. — Lindl. J5ut. 
 Keg. t. 1107. 
 
 Shady liillsides, Mendocino Co. (Bolnndcr, Kelhnig) ; thence north to Washington Tenitory. 
 Corolla about half an in('h long ; the lobes a little undulate or merely emarginate : a pair of 
 strong and hood-like callosities on the upper lip. Nearest C. viulacea of Arkansas, which has 
 obcordate-cleft lateral lobes to the corolla and much less acute calyx-lobes. Notwithstanding 
 the name, this is iiy no means the largesl-ilowered species, but the blossoms are numerous 
 and showy. 
 
Tondla. SCROPIIULAlirACE.E. 55.3 
 
 7. C. sparsiflora, Fisclif^r <^ Meyer. Slender, diU'iisc or erect, a span to a foot 
 hif:;li : upper li^ives linear-obloii^' or linear-lanceolate, seldom taperiii*,' at base, 
 merely opposite, or the minute upper floral ones in threes : pedicels solitary, in 
 pairs, or some ot" the upper in whorls of three, longer or shorter than the liower : 
 calyx-lobes from ovate to deltoid-lanceolate : corolla (mostly violet) strongly de- 
 clined ; the inllated saccate throat very oblique on the tube, about the length of the 
 upper lip : lilaments hairy below: gland sessile and projecting forwards, cylindricjil- 
 subulato. — Jnd. Som. Petcrsb. (18;{r)) ii. 33. C. jmrvijiom, var. sjimsijiura, iJcnth. 
 in ])U. C. solifnria, Kellogg, 1. c. ii. 10. 
 
 Sliaded l\illsi(les, kc, from near San Francisco noithwnid. Corolla 4 to lines long: the upper 
 lip and the middle lobe of the lower commonly yellowish and pnriilo-dotted, or paler than the 
 ample and violet lateral lol)e3. Calyx-tnljc conuiioiily tinged with pnrple. 
 
 8. C. parviflora, Dongl. Low, at length diil'use, a span high : leaves mostly 
 oblong or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire ; the floral often in 
 threes or fours or even fives : pedicels 1 to 5, mostly longer than the small flowers : 
 calyx-lobes lanceolate, a little shorter than the blue moderately obli(}ue corolla, the 
 oblong gibbous-saccate throat of which is longer than the lips : filaments all gla- 
 brous : gland small and cai)itato, short-stipitato : stigma 2-clel't. — Lindl. Dot. Reg. 
 t. 1802; Hook. Fl. ii. 94, by misprint as C. jmncijfora. C. minima, Nutt. in Jour. 
 Acad. Philad. vii. 47. 
 
 Shady moist gronnds, from the coast north of San Francisco to the Sierra Nevada ; thence 
 northward to Washiti^ton Territory and Lake Snperior. Corolla 2 to 4 lines long, rather narrow. 
 Nuttall's C. minima is a depauperate form, early flowering from the seed, with corolla (3 or 4 
 lines long) fully twice the length of the shortish calyx. 
 
 4- -♦- Glandular: leaves entire, narrow: hhru nf the aihjx ohdinr, slmrtcr than the 
 
 capsule. 
 
 9. C. Tonreyi, Oray. Slender, erect, a span or so high, divergently branched : 
 leaves thickish ; the lowest narrowly spatulate ; the others linear with a tapering 
 base, maiidy opposite, or the floral in threes or fours ; all the uppermost of these 
 reduced to minute bracts: pedicels 2 to 7 iji a whorl, rather longer than the flowers: 
 corolla deep violet-blue, almost thrico the lengtli of the calyx, moderately declined, 
 the gibbous throat with the tu])o about the length of the lower lip : filaments gla- 
 brous : gland sessile, subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378. 
 
 Common in tho higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co., Tnrrry, 
 Bohuukr, WaLwn, &c. Somewhat viscid, heset with minute dark glands. Corolla 3 or 4 lines 
 lonw ; the plaits forming the margins of the sac of the lower lip terminating below in a spur-like 
 projection. Seeds oblong, more terete than usual, and large lor the size of the capsule, a line 
 long. 
 
 7. TONELLA, Nutt. 
 
 Corolla obscurely bilabiate ; the 5 more or less unequal lobes somewhat rotately 
 
 spreading, the lower not complicate nor enclosing the soon ascending stamens and 
 
 stylo ; tho tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds from one to four 
 
 in each coll. Caulino leaves mainly tornately divided or 3-parted. Otherwise as 
 
 in Collinsia. — Nutt. ex r>enth. in DC. Prodr. x, 593 ; Oray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
 
 378, & xi. 92. 
 
 1. T. COllinsioides, Nutt, 1. c Slender annual, diHTusoly branched from the 
 base, nearly glabrous : branches filiform, a span to a foot long : radical and lowest 
 caulino leaves ovato or rotmdish, somewhat lobed, erenatn or ontiro (a (pmrter to 
 half an inch long), on slender petioles; the others shorter-pctioled or sessile, 3-]iarted 
 or divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets ; tho floml ones sometimes 
 in whorls of three, and the uppermost simple, and shorter than the slender filiform 
 pedicels ; these solitary, or in pairs, or .sometimes 3 in a whorl : flowers minute, at 
 
fJ56 SCRoniULAlUACE.'E. PentsUncn. 
 
 most a line and a half long : corolla a little longer than tlie calyx ; its 5 lobes of 
 ecjiuil lengtli, but the unterior one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger 
 than the lateral ami i)i)sterior oblung ones, and sepurated fruni theuj by ileeper 
 sinuses : ovuli-s suHtaiy in each cell : cajisulo considerably exceeding the calyx. — 
 Colliusia (eiitl/ii, Hcnth. in DC. I'rudr. 1. c. 
 
 Moiulocuio Co., iieur Ukiiili, in shady giiuuid {KcUoijij, Jhlandcr) ; also in Oiugon, where it was 
 first collected by Natlull and later by E. Hall. 
 
 T. FLOKiBUNDA, Gray, the other species, has been collected only in Idaho, on the Koos- 
 kooskie River, by S/ialdiiii/, (leyer, kv.. It is nuieh larger, a loot or two liigh ; the sterna termi- 
 nating in a rather erowiled racenio of whorls, each of \i to (i conijiurutivoly showy flowers ; the ojien 
 (iinrple) corolla over a iinarler of an inch in diameter and thrice the length of the calyx ; the 
 tiu'co lobus answering to the lower li|i iibovate and nearly alike, smuUcr thuu those of the V!-cleft 
 \i[)[wv li[i ; the ovnlcs and seeils 3 or 4 in each cull. 
 
 8. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. 
 Calyx R-parted. Oondla with a cuii.sjjicuons and mostly elongated or ventricoso 
 tube ; the throat gibbous on the lower if on either side ; the limb more or less 
 bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-cleft, recurved or spreading. Stamens 4, 
 declined at base, ascending above ; the lifth (posterioi) stamen represented by a 
 conspicuous sterile fihinient : anthers with tluiir cells mostly united or confluent at 
 the summit. Style long : stigma entire, (^'apsule ovate, septicidal, many-seeded. 
 Seeds angled, wingless. — Perennial herbs, or a few shrubby ; with opposite (rarely 
 verticillate) leaves, the upper sessile or partly clasping^ the floral gradually or 
 abruptly reduced to bracts. Flowers (appearing in summer) commonly showy 
 and racemose-panicled, the peduncle from tlu) axil of the floral leaves or bracts 
 generally 2-bracteolato when single-flowered, oftener cymosely few-seveml-flowerod. 
 Corolla red, blue, purple, or white, rarely yellow. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 
 56 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 456. 
 
 A well-marked g(>uns of nearly 70 sjjecios, nil North American with a few Mexican, mucli more 
 nnnierous in the i'acilic than tii'e Atlantic States, most so in the intermediate region. Several 
 are common in ornamental cultivation. In a few instances the rudimentary stamen has been 
 found to be antheriferous. 
 
 CiiELONE NEMOKosA, Dougl., a native of the woods of Oregon, has been met with in the Cas- 
 cade Mountains about 200 miles north of the California line. It would be taken for a Fcntstcmon 
 except for the seeds, which arc broadly winged. 
 
 § 1. Anthers ivith cells at length diverging or divaricate, so as to become transverse, 
 
 and opening for their whole length, 
 
 * Anthers long-woolly : stems suffrutescent. 
 
 1. P. Menziesii, Hook. Branching and tufted at the woody base, a span to a 
 foot high, nearly glabrous ; the flowering shoots erect : leaves coriaceous, oval or 
 oblong, mostly beset with some small rigid teeth, an inch or less in length : pedun- 
 cles almost always l-ilowered, and forming a short somewhat glandular raceme : 
 corolla about an inch long, pink-red ; the narroAV but gradually expanding tube and 
 throat much longer than the li))s. — Gerardia frulicosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 423, t. 18. 
 P. Neioherryi, Gmy, in Pacif. li. Pep. vi. 82, t. 14, the var. Newherryi, Gray, 
 Proc. 1. c. 
 
 On rocks, through the Sierra Nevada at 5,000 to 12,000 feet ; thence north to British Columbia 
 and the northern Kocky Jlountains. Showy in blossom, running into several varieties ; the Cali- 
 fomian form apparently always with pink or rose-red corollas. 
 
 * * Anthers glabrous, or sometimes with a few scattered beard-like hairs. 
 
 •¥■ Stems woody, at least the base : leaves somewhat coriaceous or chartaceous, small, 
 
 mostly very short -jxt ioled : Jllaments all bearded at base. 
 
PenMemon. SCROI'IIULAUIACK.IO. rr7 
 
 00 / 
 
 ++ Corolla red, loncf and narrow-tuhular {an inch or more in lenpth) • (he vpper lip 
 erect; loiver more or less spreading: injlorescence somervhat glandular, paniculate 
 or cj/mnse : sterile ji lament bearded down one side. 
 
 to \of.: f^°'^^°li"S. ^^«"th Scrn,n1,Iinrr over bushes by long sannentose branches 
 to sevei-al ieet in height, scabrous-puberiilent, very leafy : leaves somewhat cordate, 
 ^hnrn r'"''w Ti 1^'""''''^'' ''''■'^' ''^"^^'^ '"^'^"te and serrate or denticulate with 
 sharp salient teeth : the veins impressed on the u,)per aiul prominent on the lower 
 lace : flowers ma somewhat leafy i.anicle : i)ed.incles divaricate : calyx-lobes ovate- 
 lancoolato: corolla scarlet (an inch and a half long, the upper lip over half nn 
 
 bea^"led'fl'oin''H.!:T*' Y"" ^^"' ^:^?>'^'^ \- Santa P.arbara. Sterile filament densely vcllowish- 
 ueauiea iiom the apex for some distancie downward. " 
 
 nnb;.^; f ^'^"'^OSUS IJentli. Lower than the foregoing, a foot or two high, soft- 
 
 o tut h ZT^^^fT'' ''^^ '"/'^^ '•''•• ^"^^^^ "^^^'^"S «^ °^'^>' obtuse, 'acute 
 or acutish at base slightly and sparsely denticulate (half an inch to nearly 2 inches 
 iong; the veins disposed to be parallel : flowers few or rather numerous in a close 
 corymbiform tennmal cyme : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla scarlet (an inch 
 long). — lorr. J5ot. Wilkes Exp. 395. 
 
 Inif Hfe*stat'io,?,mi'rtw,"'' ' "^'^V""?*.''! '^^ ^T^^'' ^'"""" ^'""'"^'•"^ ''' domuperate specimens), 
 boartirvTanfspS^ ^° ''''' ^"'^^^^"'^ ' *^'° sterile lilanlt abo'ut e,ualli 
 
 4. P. ternatus, Torr. Glabrous, the long virgate shoots glaucous, 2 to 4 feet 
 
 J igU : leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate or denticulate with sharp rigid teeth, all but 
 
 ho upponnost in whorls of throe : flowers in a more nako.l long ami narro^ virgate 
 
 puiclo: calyx-lobesovato or broadly lanoeoluto: corolla pale scarlet (an inch lon^, 
 
 the lobes or lips 3 lines long). — Bot. Mox. r.ound. 115. 
 
 Mountains east of San Diego {Pamj, Cleveland), and Fort Tcjon, XaiUus. 
 
 "^IL^^f r 7"" T ^T '^'^^7 "" /"'-^'^ ""''^^ ^''''P^' (^^(f '0 *^o thirds of an inch 
 long), the tube much shorter than the widely gaping lips, of which the npver is arch 
 mg and merely notched, and the loxver pendulous-recurved ^^ 
 
 =et:"f „:,ri's tt^^ ' ">^- -™--" °" ^^ X^ ^^ 
 
 Dry hill, .„d b.„ks, throughct the rooLhill, of th, Sierr. Ncvad, „„d the Const l!a„<-c 
 
 upper ax Is . calyx-lobes roundish-ovate : corolla very broad for its lonatb nnr« 
 
 I30C. Mag. t. bl57. P. Lobbii, of the gardens," Illust. Ilort. 1862 t 315 
 
 yelbw fl:weS!^' "' ''" ^'""'^^ ""* '^'^ "'^"* ^-^ ^'^"- -"^ «- I^-'-^l- 'Po-ulia; for its clear 
 
 ......Cornnajlesh.color or purplish {half an inch long): the tube aud throat longer 
 
 tlian the short spreading lips 
 
558 SCliOriiUL Alii ACE J^. Ptnlslemon. 
 
 sliarply and sparsely denticuliite (al)out an inch or less long), shorter than the inter- 
 nodes : panicle virgate and rac(!iiioso, loose : peduncles long»;r than the subtending 
 lloral leaves, cyniosely 2 - 7-llowered : very short pedicels and calyx glandular: 
 sterile lilanient strongly yellow-beanled on one side of the curveil ui)ex. 
 
 Long Viilley, Munilociii.i ("o. (/w7/(«7(/, 1869) ; Phiiims Co, {Lemmmi, 1874). llcscmljlcis /^. 
 brevijiuriis in Iniliit uiid loliugo ; but the leiivus proportionally broader and the llowers fewer ; the 
 form of tlie corolla nearly that of the suceeeding s))ecies. Divisions of the calyx ovate-lanceolate 
 and gradually much acuminate, rather dry. Corolla in Dr. Kellogg's specimens " llesh-eolored, 
 inclining to pink veins, with red-pur[)le throat," externally somewhat glandular, not bearded, the 
 general form campanulate, the lips about 2 lines long ; upper 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. ilaia 
 peduncles an inch or more long. 
 
 -H- -»— /Stems herbaceous, generalli/ sim2)le. 
 
 +-^ Corolla at least an inch Ioikj, showy, never red ; the short inhe abrupfli/ dilated 
 ■into an ample and wide ventricose throat ; the broad and roundish lobes spreaditij : 
 plants ylabroas : leaves lanceolate or ovate : jjajiicle naked and elongated. 
 
 = Leaves all entire and distinct at the base : panicle strict and racemedike or spicate; 
 the ])eduncles and pedicels both short. 
 
 8. P. glaber, J'ursh. Very smooth throiigliont, n foot or two liigh : leaves 
 mostly lanceolate or the lowest oblong or spatnlate, the upper closely sessile: panicle 
 very narrow, a span to a foot long : corolla l)luo or violet, or varying to purplo, 
 ventricose-oblong or between <;anipanulate and funnelfoim above the narrow tube : 
 anthers either glabrous or with some scattered short hairs ; the cells not dehiscent 
 quite to the tip, so that they never open widely : sterile, lilament either naked or a 
 little bearded on one siile at the apex. — F. glabra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 738 ; Eot. Mag. 
 t. 1672. F. Erianthera, Nutt. in Eraser Cat. P. speciosus, Dough; Lindl. Bot. 
 Keg. t. 1720. P. Gordoni, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4319. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada from Nevaila Co. northward to Oregon (mainly the western form with 
 narrow leaves and wholly naked sterile filament and anthers, the F. spcciosus of Douglas); thenco 
 eastward to ami much beyontl the llocky Mountains. 
 
 = = Leaves or some of them beset ivith rigid sharp teeth ; the upper connate-per- 
 foliale : panicle long and open, most of the peduncles and pedicels of the several- 
 Jloioered cymes being slender. 
 
 9. P. Palmeri, Hray. Glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate, or the lower 
 oblong-lanceolate, the upper pairs broadly united : panicle ami calyx conimoidy 
 puberulent and a little glandular : corolla white or cream-color partly suil'used with 
 pink or ros(*, very abruptly dilated and broad-campanulato above the narrow short 
 tube, the lind) an inch broad : sterile lilament densely yellow -bearded above. — 
 Proc. 1. c. vii. 378, & viii. 291 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. G064. 
 
 Native of Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, in the latter found on the foot-hills of Trinity Moun- 
 tains {JViitison) so near the eastern hue of California that it doubtless occurs within it. 
 
 10. P. spectabilis, Thurber. Smooth throughout, inclined to be glaucous, 2 to 4 
 feet high: leaves ovate or oblong, the upp(;r pairs united into a roundish or oblong 
 disk with acuminate ends : ])anicle often 2 feet long, loosely many-flowered : corolla 
 abruptly oblong-cam|)anulate beyond the narrow tulu^, i)ur])le and tla; hibi's often 
 blue: sterile fdament naked. — (Jray in Pacif. U. h'ep. iv. 119, ifcBot. Mex. Bound. 
 113; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 52G0. 
 
 Dry plains and hills, Ventuia Co. to San Dit^go (fii-st collected by W. A. Wallace), thence to 
 the northern part of Arizona. One of the handsomest siiecies. 
 
 ■^■^ ■^■'r Corolla two thirds or three fourths of an inch long, not scarlet-red; the tube 
 gradualli/ and moderafelg enlarged above ; the rountiish lobes short and s/>7'eading : 
 plants glabrous throughout and glaucous : leaves thicklsh, closeli/ sessile. 
 
PenMcmon. RCROPIIULARIyVCE/K 559 
 
 11. P. Cleveland!, Gray. About 3 foet liigh, ratlier leafy: leaves oblong, irreg- 
 nlarly and shar[)ly toothed (2 inches long); tlie floral merely small ovatc-siibulato 
 bracts of the loose and naked virgate panicle: few-flowered peduncles and pedicels 
 slender: calyx iK^rbaceous; the lobes ovate: corolla crimson (three fourths of an 
 inch long), tubular-fiinnelform, distinctly bilabiate ; the lobes barely one cpiarter 
 of the length of the tid)o including the throat : sterile filament moderately bearded 
 at and below the dilated tip. — Troc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. 
 
 Cnfion Taiitillns, in Tiowcr Caliroviiin, about 25 miles below tlic State boundary {Cleveland, 
 Palmer) ; ca-st of Snii Heniaidino, Parry. 
 
 12. P. acuminatUS, Dougl. A foot or so high, leafy: leaves from ovate to 
 oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long), entire; the upper and the floral ones inclined 
 to be cordate-clasping : flowers numerous in a long and mostly interrupted virgate 
 spike-like panicle, the base of which is usually leafy, mostly several in the floriferous 
 axils : i)edicels and especially the peduncles short : lobes of the calyx narrow or 
 acuminate : corolla lilac-pnri)le or violet, with open throat and widely 8i)reading 
 lobes : sterile filament strongly bearded at the dilated tip (rarely naked) : capsulo 
 lirm-coviacooufl and acuminato. — liindl. But. Ifng. t. 1285. J\ nidilnx, ]3ougl. 
 J\ FemUeri, Gray in I'acif. Ji. Rep. ii. 108, t. f). 
 
 Near lIuinl>ol<lt I,akc, Nevada, IFatson. Tlieroforo not improliably roaeliinf^ the bovdei-s of 
 the State. A neat species, widely diffused northward and eastward through the interior region 
 to and beyond the Rooky Mountains. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Corolla half an inch or leas in length, blue, purplish, or whitish, moderaieh/ 
 
 enlarging above ; the roundish lobes spreading. 
 
 = Leaves serrate or toothed. 
 
 13. P. deustus, Dougl. A s[)an to a foot high, in tufts from an almost woody 
 branching base, glabrous : leaves all sessile, from ovate to linear-oblong, sehkuu over 
 an inch long, sharply serrate Avith many or rarely few narrow teeth (occasionally 
 some of them entire) : narrow and virgate or spike-like panicle mostly leafy below ; 
 the clusters several — many-flowered, close : peduncles and pedicels short : corolla 
 cream-color or buff, sometimes with a tinge of rose : sterile filament naked. — Lindl. 
 Bot. Keg. t. 1318. P. heterander, Torr. Sc Gray, in Pacif. I?. Rep. ii. 123, t. 8. 
 
 Diy rocks and banks, eastern side of the Sieira Nevada (Sierra Valley, Lemninn, kc), to the 
 Ulterior borderH of IhitiHli Colunibin and Wyoming Terr, VnrioH much \u (lie folinge and more 
 or IcHH deimo or interrn|>tnd iiilloroHcenuo ; also In tlia sepnU, which uni conuminiy InncoolaUt 
 luid rather long, sometimos shorter, rarely almost ovate. /'. lirlennitler is a narrow-leaved and 
 strict form, from Heckwith's Pass, in which tho Htorilo filamont was fftund to be antheril'erous ; 
 but this occasionally happens in cultivated plants of other simcics, and has not been found a 
 second time in this. 
 
 V. ovATUS, Dougl. Bot. Mag. t. 290.1, a native of the woods of Oregon, may reach Talifornia : 
 it is a foot or two high, minutely pubescent, has thiniiish and bright green ov.^te or somewhat 
 cordate and acutely serrate leaves, and a rather open naked iianicle of blue flowers. 
 
 = = Leaves quite entire. 
 
 14. P. Gairdneri, Hook. A span high, in tufts from a somewhat woody base, 
 minutely cinereous-puherulent throughout : leaves all linear or the radical linear- 
 spatulato, seldom an inch long, the margins sodii rovolute : flowers few and almo.<5t 
 simply racemose : calyx somewhat glandular : sterile fdament bearded down one 
 side. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. 
 
 Virginia City, Nevada (Bloomrr), doubtless also within the State line : nl«o in tho dry interior 
 of Oregon. 
 
 I'. I.AIMOIFOUI'S, Tlook. k Am., a still dwnrfer species, wliolly glubrons, with simple .stems 
 and leaves almost filiform, sparingly inhabits the same interior region, and may reach tlie north- 
 eastern borders of the State. 
 
 I'. AMniouiis, Torr., also with liliforni leaves ami riieemose (lowers, but tidier nnd brniudiing, 
 is of more southern range through (he interior, and is not known Curt her west tintn Southein 
 Utah. 
 
560 SCRorilULAllIACJ-LW. I'tnldeiuon. 
 
 15. P. confertus, Duugl. A span to a foot or more liigh, wholly glabrous: 
 stem strict ami siiii|)k', : leaves lanceolate or ol)l()ng-liinceolate, or the lower spatulate- 
 oblong, an inch or two long : the upper pairs often distant : flowers numerous and 
 crowded in sliort-[)eilunclcd or sessile clusters ami very shortpediceHed, furniing an 
 iuterruitted s[)iivo of 2 to f) api)areut whorls, or sometimes a solitary terminal lu^ad : 
 edges of the calyx-lobes usually scarious and lacerate : corolla (a third to half an 
 inch long), either yellowish cream-color, violet or blue, the short lower lip bearded 
 inside: sterile filament bearded at the tip. — JJot. Eeg. t. 12G0. P. procerus, 
 Dougl. ; Bot. Mag. t. 21)54 ; the var. avrulto-parpureus, Gray, 1. c. 
 
 Moist grounds, coiimioii in the liigher portions of the Sieira Nevada ; tlionco north to Wasli- 
 ingtoii Territory and east to the Kocky Mountains. Only violet- or blue-liowered forms yet found 
 in California, but .some are pule. 
 
 ++ +-f ++ ++ Corolla deep and brujlit red, tuhular, fully an inch long : the short lobes 
 or lips less spreadlny^ hardly longer than the diameter of the throat : pertfectly 
 glabrous plants : leaves thickish, all but the loivest closely sessile by a broadish 
 base, the upjjer pairs more or less cordate-clasping : stamens included: slender 
 sterile filament naked. 
 
 IG. P. centranthifolins, Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate, very leafy, 1 to 
 3 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or the lower lanceolate-oblong or narrower : 
 ])aniclo narrow, commonly a foot or two htng: pedicels slemler: corolla very narrow- 
 tubular and okscurely bilabiate ; the short-oblong lobes alike except that the pos- 
 terior are united higher : anthers opening widely (in the usual way). — Hook. liot. 
 Mag. t. 5142. 
 
 Open and dry grounds, from Monterey ? and Santa Barbara southward. A showy species ; the 
 narrow corolla bright verniiliou-colored. Tlic. name comes from the resemblance of the foliage to 
 that of Centranthus ruber. 
 
 17. P. Eatoni, Gray. Hardly if at all glaucous, a foot or two high : leaves 
 from lanceolate to Jiearly ovate: panicle narrow and racemose, a span to a foot long: 
 corolla gradually a little broadening upwards ; the roundish-oval lobes nearly alike 
 except that the two of the ui)per lip are uniteil higher, all nearly erect : cells of the 
 anther diverging from the first or divaricate, never spreading open, the line of dehis- 
 cence stopping short of the apex. — I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. 395. P. centranthifoiius, 
 Watson, Bot. King Kxj). 219. 
 
 Oiien dry gnunid, from thr south(!vn part of the State (Walliicc) to Utah. Also a very showy 
 species, with bniMdcr corollas than the last, in c(d()r h^ss verging to scarlet. It belongs to the 
 same group as J', liarlnilns (which is connnon in cultivation) and 1'. ttnUrbis, natives of the 
 southern llocky Moiuitains and Northern Me.xico. 
 
 1'. I'UNicicus, (Iray, is another red-llowered species in Arizona, but it has not been found veiy 
 near California. 
 
 § 2. Anthers hoi'seshoe-shajJicd, reniform, or sagittate ; the cells opening from the con- 
 fluent apex dotvii only to or below the middle, leaving the bases saccate (the 
 edges (f the chink usually denticulate or bristly-ciliate). 
 
 * Leaves entire : corolla scarlet, tubular. 
 
 18. P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high, up to the inflorescence glabrous : 
 leaves j)ale or glaucous, thickish, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, or tlie lowest ob- 
 long-spatulate ; the upper not broadened at base (as in the two preceding) : flowers 
 in a loose virgate naked panicle or raceme; the clusters 1-5-llowered: slu)rt pedun- 
 cles and pedicels as Avell as calyx somewliat glandular-i)ubescent : corolla slightly 
 and gradually enlarging upwards, an inch long ; the short lips 3 or 4 lines long, 
 npper one erect and 2-lobed at apex, the lower 3-parted and its oblong lobes recurved : 
 anthers deejdy .sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379. 
 
 Kocky 1)anks, Voscmite Valley, &e. (.liridips, lUdnmlcr), to Kern Co. {Rothrock) ; and itast- 
 ward to Hill Williams Mountain, in N. Arizona (Palmer), and S. W. Colorado, Brandeijee. 
 
Pentstemon. SCROPIIULARIACEJC. 561 
 
 * •-;■- Leaves entire : corolla purple or blue. 
 
 +- Corolla rathei- slender, half an inch or so long : sterile filament cojnmonli/ a little 
 bearded down one side. 
 19. P. gracilentus, (hay. A foot or moro liigli, up to the inflorescence gla- 
 brous : stems slender, lew-leaved and with long internode.s above, terminating in a 
 loose mostly naked and short panicle : leaves lanceolate, or the upper ones linear 
 and the lowest oblong: slender 2-6-llowered peduncles and short pedicels as well 
 as tlio calyx glandular-puhoscent : corolla bright violet-blun, tubular and gradually 
 broadening upwards; the lij)s (2 lines long) moderately siiroading, — Tacil". K. Kop. 
 vi. 82, & rroc. Am. Acad. vi. 75. 
 
 Shaded ground or banks, througli tlie noitliern portion of the Sierra Nevada (Newberry An- 
 derson, &c.), and on Mt. Shasta above 8,000 feet, Brewer. 
 
 +■ -t- Corolla larger and ventricose-dilaled above ; the broad lips widely spreading : 
 sterile filament glabrous : fiowers racemose-panicled, shotvi/. 
 
 20. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Glabrous or minutely lioary-puberulent, not 
 glandular, pale, and sometimes glaucous, sending up many virgate leafy stems, 2 to 
 5 feet high from a persistent woody base : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest 
 oblong-lanceolate, the floral diminishing into narrow subulate bracts : peduncles 
 1 - 3-flowered, mostly short and erect : corolla pink or rose-purple, or with shades 
 of violet, fully an inch long, ventricose-funnelform above the narrow rather slender 
 base. — Bot. lleg. t. 1899; Bot. Mag. t. 3853. 
 
 Dry banks of streams, through the western part of the State, from San Diego to Mendocino 
 Co. Tlie anthers, as ni all the following, are ciliate witli short and stiff bristles along the line 
 of openmg, and otherwise cither glabrous or sparsely hirsute underneath. All these are showy 
 species ; and they seem to run into one auotlier. The calyx is variable. 
 
 21. P. azureus, Benth. Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves as in 
 the preceding, or inclined to be more lanceolate or with a broader base: corolla 
 similar, but azure-blue or approaching violet, sometimes with red-purple tube, 
 mostly rather broader and larger. — ]M. Ilartw. 327 ; Gray, I'roc. 1. c. vi. 75. 
 
 Var. Jaflfrayanus, Gray. A foot high : leaves broader ; the lower spatulate- 
 ol)]ong, tho upper from oblong-lanceolato to ovate. — P. glancifolins, Gray in Pacif. 
 K ]{op. vi. 82. P. JaJ'rai/anus, Hook. Jiot. Mag. t. 5045. 'j\ hderoplu/llus, var 
 lati/olins, Wataon, Bot. King Kxi). 222. 
 
 Common through the interior, from tho Sacramento Valley eastward : the vanetv in the Sierra 
 Nevada ; also m the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. 
 
 22. P. laetus, Gray. Cinereoiis-puberulent or pubescent and above glandular 
 a foot high : leaves from lanceolate to linear or below to spatulate • panicle more 
 open; tho peduncles and pedicels often spreading: corolla as of the preceding or 
 smaller, an inch long, blue.— Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147 c^- Proc Am 
 Acad. vi. 76. , . . 
 
 Near I.os Angeles ( ll^allacc) and Tejon {Xa7itiis) to the Sierra above tho Yosemite Valley, &c. 
 
 23. P. Roezli, Pegel. Smaller, a span to a foot or so high, below glabrous or 
 minutely puberulent, above (at least the inflorescence) glandular-pubescent • leaves 
 all lanceolate or linear (an inch or more long) : panicle open and often compound ; 
 the few-flowered or loosely several-flowered peduncles and tho jiedicels commonly 
 diverging : corolla from half to two thirds of an inch long, bluish or pale violet — 
 Kogol in Proc. St. T^etersb. Bot. Gard. ii. 320. P. heterophyllus, var. (?), Terr. & 
 (Jray in Pacif. Ii. \h^\). ii. 122. ' 
 
 Higher Sierra Nevada, in Nevada nnd RleiTa counties, IlrrhHth, Lnnnwu, kc. Also Wafihoo 
 Valloy, Nevada, Sfrdcli, kc. |{oH(.uil)IeH a reduced form of /'. UvIh!,, but moro glahrons, and tho 
 owors much smaller, i^ogol Ihids occasionally some scattered hairs on the sterile fdnmont' wo 
 lind none. 
 
fjg2 SCROPIIULAJilACE.E. Peutslemon. 
 
 * * * Leaves all or some of them sharply serrate or laciniate : corolla purple or 
 mostly violet, with ample ventricose-iitjlated throat ; the upper lip somewhat and the 
 lower mure widely sjircadiin/ ; the lobes short and roundish. 
 
 21. P. triphyllus, Dougl. A loot or two high, nourly gluljioua: stems slender, 
 piuiiciilalcly braiiclii'tl, k-al'y : leaves liiiiceoliito or linear, slmrply loothoil or liiciniule- 
 piiinatiliii, about an inch long, many of the middle ones in whorls of three or four, 
 and of the upi)ermot)t alternate : peduncles 1 - 3-llowered in a simple or compuund 
 loose and sometimes leafy panicle : corolla fully half an inch long, less enlarged in 
 the throat than the following : sterile lilament densely bearded at the tip. — Liudl. 
 Bot. Reg. t. 1245. 
 
 Not rare in Oregon and Washington Territory ; said in tlie Botanical Register to have been 
 found by Dutujlus in Is'oithern Calilornia also. 
 
 25. P. Richai'dsonii, Dougl. Like the preceding, but more branched and 
 dilfu.se, 2 feet or more higli : h-aves ovate-lanceolate or narrow, acute, laciniate- 
 toothed or pinnatilid, an inch or two long, oi)pusite or on the branchlets alternate : 
 panicle loose and irregular, glandular : corolla an inch long, much enlarged at the 
 throat, violet : sterile lilament slightly bearded at the tip. — Lindl. Bot. lieg. t. 
 1121 ; Hook. Bot. I\lag. t. 3;i'Jl. 
 
 Norlliurn i>iut of the .Stale, Kclloij;/ & IJur/onl. Tlienco throiigli Oregon to Washington Torr. 
 — The lluvu following Oregon Hpucies liuvo not been detected in Culiforniu, but iiro so likely to 
 uccur thai their names and ntain disdnelions aru aii{iundud. 
 
 P. uiKKi'sus, Dougl. (ilulirous or merely puberulent above, 2 or 3 feet high ; the ascending 
 stems simple or branching at the sunmiit : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely or finely ser- 
 rate, the upper slightly cordate and clasping at base : panicle rather leafy ; peduncles and pedicels 
 ratlier short : corolla over half an inch long, light purple : sterile filament bearded at the tip. — 
 Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3645. In aspect most like P. ovatus. 
 
 P. VENUSTUS, Dougl. Glabrous throughout: stems strict and simple, erect, very leafy: leaves 
 narrower than in P. diffusus, of firmer texture, mostly oblong-lanceolate, beset with close sharp 
 teeth : panicle narrow or thyrsiibrm, usually naked : corolla usually more than an inch long, 
 violet-purple; the lobes ciliate. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309. 
 
 P. Gi.ANDTTi.osrs, Dougl., is a rather large-leaved and large-flowered species, probably growing 
 in shade, clothed with a short anil soft-downy more or less glandular pubescence : leaves thin, 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, moderately serrate; the upper cordate-clasping, acuminate, often nearly 
 entire ; the floral ones nio.slly longer than the short peduncles in their axils : pedicels very shoi t : 
 corolla pale violet, I'ldly an ini;h long, much brondeneil above : sterile filament glabrous. 
 
 P. CANOS()-B.\i'.iiATUM, Kellogg in Proe. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, — described from a .specimen col- 
 lected in the Sierra Nevada by Mr. I/v/cIihu/s, said to have "scarlet or red" peduncles, a 
 "colored" corolla with "lower lip slightly 2-notelied, eariuate, densely bearded below, mostly at 
 the extremity, with whit(! or long transpaicnt frosted hairs," — is a complete ]iu/./le. As the 
 tube iif tlic'iiiroUa i.s siiiil to bu "nhoit, like that of P. brcvijbrus," it nniy belong to that 
 species. 
 
 P. KOSTUiFLOiui.M, Kellogg, 1. c, from the same source, — said to have linear-lanceolate leaves, 
 narrow creamy-yellow corolla, with linear and acute lobes to the lower lip, — is wholly confound- 
 ing in its characters. 
 
 9. MIMULUS, Linn. Monkey-flower. 
 Calyx tubular-prismatic or campanulato, mostly plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, 
 rarely 5-cleft, often ohliiiuo. Corolla funnelform, with included or rarely prolonged 
 and oxserted tube, bilabiately 0-lobed ; the upper lip 2- and the lower 3-lobed or 
 parted ; the lobes plane or roundish, more or less s])reading or those of the upper 
 lip turned back; a pair of jjalatino ridges (either bearded or naked, and more or 
 less intruded) running down the lower side of the throat. Stamens 4 : the anthers 
 oftener approximate in pairs, their cells divergent. Style filiform : stigma bilamellar, 
 with the lips or lobes commonly petaloid-dilated, or more or less entire and peltate- 
 funnelform. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, the placentie either remaining united in 
 
.Uinndns. SOUOPTIUI-AniACE/K 568 
 
 the axis, or separating and borno by the lialf-paititioiis on tho middle of the valves. 
 Seeds very numerous, small, oval or oblong, mostly with a close smooth coat, often 
 apiculate at each end. — Herbs, or one peculiar species shrubby ; with opposite 
 simple leaves, and axillary flowers on simple peduncles, wholly destitute of bractlets, 
 sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to bracts ; the 
 flowers various in color, commonly handsome, usually appearing in long succession. 
 — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 95, Mimulm, Diplacus (Nutt.), ^ Eanamis (Honth.), 
 with Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 3G8. 
 
 A genns, as here maintained, of 40 or 50 species, far the greater number Pacific-North 
 Ameiican, a few extending to extra-tropical South America, one or two Asiatic, Australian, or 
 even South African. Several species, chiefly indigenous to California, are prized in ornamental 
 cultivation. 
 
 In this and rchited genera, tlie lips of the stigma close with a (jaick movement ujwn leceiving 
 pollen or being otherwise touched. 
 
 § 1. Corolla tvith a lonp filiform tube, very much ej-Kcrted hei/ond the iiarrotv pria- 
 viatic oblique cali/x : stamens stronr/li/ didi/nanioiis ; the anthers approximate 
 in pairs, forming crosses: style ptd>escent above: stigma variable: capsule 
 cartilaginous, filling the calyx or its lower 2^(f>'t, gibbons at base, sulcate at the 
 septiferous sutures, very tardily dehiscent; the valves bearing the placenta;: 
 dwarf Californian annuals, in the earlier stage the {purple or variegated) 
 corolla much longer than all the rest of the j^lcf-nt : leaves entire or obscurely 
 few-toothed. — (Enoe, Gray. 
 
 M. liATiFoiJUR, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, a species recently discovered by Dr. Palmer on 
 Onadiilupe Island, Lower California, accords with this section except in having a shorter and 
 barely oxsortod tube to the oorolla (which otherwise is nearly that of M. Doxglnsii): so that this 
 section might as well bo merged in Eunnnns, to which Hontham referred it ; but the very long and 
 slender tube of the corolla in tho two following species is very chamcteristic. 
 
 1. M. Douglasii, Gray. Leaves ovate or oblong, .^-^-ncrvod at base, mostly 
 contracted abruptly into a short petiole : calyx soon very gibbous at base on the 
 upper side : lower lip of the corolla very much shorter than the ample erect upper 
 one, sometimes almost wanting : capsule linear or linear-oblong, nearly terete but 
 strongly 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat in flexed at tho very base : seeds oval, 
 apiculate at both ends. — J/", nanus, var. subunijlorus, Ilook. k Am. Bot. Beechey, 
 378. Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 374.- 
 
 Gravelly hills and banks, rather common through nearly tlie whole length of the State. Stems 
 at first flowering half an inch or less, soon rising to a span in height. Later flowers distinctly 
 peduncled. Calyx about half an inch long ; its orifice very oblique and the teeth short and 
 obtuse. Corolla with tube -an inch to an inch and a half long ; the funnelfonn dilated throat 
 about 3 lines long, deeper pink or pur[)le or spotted, with some yellow below ; the broad and 
 2-cleft upper lip as long as the throat. Stigma in some specimens with a long and lanceolate 
 upper lip and a very short and obtuse lower one, or with two broad and une(iual connate lips, or 
 eccentrically disk-shaped, or sometime^ with very broad and equal connate lips and appearing 
 saucer-shaped or centrally peltate when expand*^ed, in tho manner of tho next section : tho 
 dincri'iii-oM uniiccoinpanied by other distinctions. Capsule .T to f) lines long. Seeds hardly half a 
 lino long. 
 
 2. M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, with narrowed base sessile 
 or nearly so, obscurely nerved : calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the 
 very oblique orifice, and the teeth longer : lower lip of the corolla about the length 
 of the upper; the 5 lobes somewhat similar: capsule somewhat comjjressed, short- 
 oval or ovato, very obtuse, tho anterior and posterior edges acute : .seeds obovatn, 
 oblicpio. — Joiir. Ilort. Soc. iv. 222, .lune, 181!). ICuuanus doulteri, Gray ox Bouth. 
 PI. Uartw. 320, Aug., 1849. 
 
 Var. angustatus, (?ray. Leaves small and narrow : tube of corolla (2 inches 
 long) very slender. — Eunanus Coulteri, var. anqustatus, ( Jrav, Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vii. 38 L ' ■ 
 
564 SCROPIIULAKIAOE/E. Miinulus. 
 
 Valley of the Sacramento to Plumas and Mendocino counties. The slender var. in Long Valley, 
 Plumas Co., Bolandcr. Muuli like the preceiliu'^, except in the points noted. Tube of the 
 corolla from 1 to 2 inches loii^ ; the limb obliiiue, but the roundish lobes of the two lij)s nearly 
 ctfual, " pink with adccji ( riiuson spot upon the buso of each lube, and a bri{^ht yellow slain along 
 tliu lower lip" {Liiullii/ ; htnuo the nanio). Slif,niia of two broad and rounilod und numtly etpial 
 lip.s, which lire uiiilnd ho iih In form wlioii nxpandud n Hiuiccr-Hhapud dUk. CapHuhi alinoHl bony, 
 only i! or li lines hmg, and about 2 lines wide, furnlsliud wllli a groove at the He|illferous suture 
 on the sides. JSeeds ilouble the size of those of M. JJutiylasii. — It is well that Lindley's ajjpro- 
 priate name is the earlier ; as there was a mistake in supposing this species to have been in Coul- 
 ter's collection. 
 
 § 2. Corolla from tabula r-funnel/orm to nearly campanulate ; its lobes about equal 
 ■in leu(/lh : calyx camjuimdate or barely ohlumj, angled in the manner of 
 Miviulus proper : style gland alar-pubescent above : stigma a peltate-funnelfoi-vi 
 and entire or obscurely 2-lubed dilated disk : capsule between membranaceous 
 and coriaceous ; the valves in dehiscence bearing the placentce : dwarf or 
 low annuals, viscid-pubescent or glandular. — Eunanus, Gray. {^Euuanus, 
 Beiith. ill part.) Cluscly cuuiiccta tliu piecediug soctiun with truu 
 Mimidus. 
 
 * Small- and sltnder-Jiowered : corolla 3 io G lines long : calyx-teeth nearly equal. 
 
 3. M. leptaleus, Gray. At length mucli branched, 1 to 3 inches high : leaves 
 from spatulatti-oblung to lanceolate-linear (half an inch or less long) : teeth of the 
 campanulate calyx ovate or triniigulai', a quarter or one tliird the length of the tuhe, 
 a little shorter than the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule : corolla crimson-red, slender, 
 •with hliform tube, little enlarged throat, and oblique limb (IJ to 3 lines wide). — 
 Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 9G. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, in gravelly soil, above the Yoseniite, at about 6,000 feet {Miss Dix, Gray), 
 and Sierra Co., Lemmon. Capsule 2 lines long. 
 
 * * Large-Jlowered for the size of the plant {an inch to a span high) : corolla 7 to \l 
 lines long, fiinnelf arm, with widely spreading limb; the proper tube not much if at 
 all longer than the calyx: calyx hardly at all oblique, the teeth almost equal. 
 (Species seemingly too nearly relateil.) 
 
 4. M. Bigelovii, Gray. An inch to a span high : leaves oblong and the upper 
 ovate, acute or acuminate : teeth of the calyx subulate (about 2 lines long when 
 well developed), half the length of the broadly campanulate tube ; the lower ones 
 shorter : corolla with cylindraceous or narrow throat and ample rotate-spreading 
 limb : capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx, the 
 valves membranaceous. — Eunanus Bigelovii, Gray in Pacif. li. Rep. iv. 121. 
 
 Gravelly hills and ravines, on the Mohave and Colorado {Bitjelvw, Cooper), and Tcjon (Xontun), 
 to Western Nevada {Bloomer, Torrcij), and Southern Utah, Parry. Corolla crimson or purple, 
 with yellow centre. 
 
 5. M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. Prom an inch to at length a span in height : 
 leaves from oblong or the lowest obovate to lanceolate : teeth of the calyx broadly 
 lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long, fully one fourth the length of the tube) : 
 corolla (either deep crimson-] uu-ple or yellow) with narrow tube rather longer 
 than the calyx, and a gradually dilated fuunellbrm tliroat : capsule with tapering 
 Qj)ox rather exceeding the calyx; valves chartacuous. — Hot. ik'ochey, .'JTH (var. pln- 
 rijlorus). Eunanus Tulmiad, Ueuth. 1. c. J'J. Fremonti, "Watson, Bt)t. King Exp. 22G. 
 
 * Var. (1) bicolor, Gray : a duubtful form, with throat of the corolla abruptly much 
 dilated and " dark purple, the limb yellow." — Eunanus bicolor, Gray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 381. 
 
 Hillsides and banks, throughout the Sierra Nevada, extending more or less into the western 
 part of the State, and into Nevada, the eastern borders of Oregon, and to Wyoming. The gieater 
 part of Hooker and Arnott's description of M. lumiis relates to var. subimijloriis, i. c. to M. 
 Douglaaii. The var. bicolor, from the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co. (^Brewer), 
 is known only from scanty young specimens, and may be i^uito distinct. 
 
Mimulm. SCROrHULARIACEyE. 565 
 
 G. M. Fremonti, Gray. Two to four inches liigh : loaves narrowly oblong, or 
 the lowest spatulati", obtuse : teeth of tlio calyx (less than a line long) ovate, ohtuso 
 or acutish, less than a quarter of the length of the tube, surpassing the proper 
 tube of the crimson corolla : throat of the latter gradually dilated, funnelform, — 
 Eunanua Fremonti, Benth. 1. c. 
 
 Southern part of the State, Cotdfrr, Fremont (his specimens probably from the San Joaquin 
 Valley or further south), Wallace, &c. 
 
 « * * A7iiple-Jlowered : calt/x with nianifestb/ ohlique orijice and unequal teeth, the 
 upper larger ; propei- tube of tlie corolla short and included. 
 
 7. M. Parryi, Gray. Less than a span high, slightly glandular : leaves oblong 
 or oblanceolate, entire (half an inch long) : teeth of the canipanulate oblique calyx 
 acute ; the upper and larger one ovate ; the others subulate from a broad base, a 
 third or a fourth the length of the cainpanulato tube : corolla yellow or sometimes 
 pitik, funnelform, two thirds of an incli long : capsule oblongdanceolate, not longer 
 than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 97. 
 
 Gravelly hills, near St. George, Southern Utah, Parry (No. 147). Beginning to flower at tho 
 first or second pair of loaves. 
 
 8. M. Torreyl, Gray, 1. c. A epan to a foot liigh, eimplo or loosely branching, 
 viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, entire (half to a full inch 
 long) : teeth of the moderately oblique calyx all very broad and obtuse, the upper 
 and larger one barely a line long : corolla funnelform, from half to three fourths of 
 an inch long, pink-purple : capsule lanceolate-oblong, chartaceous. — Eunanus Fre- 
 monti, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep, vi. 83, not of Eenth. 
 
 Through tho Riorra Nevada, in niotst grounds, at 4,000 foot and \ipwiudfl, f?oni l^faripoaa Co. 
 nortli wards : fust collected by Ncwherry m Phunas Co., and next by Torrcy and othere. Calyx 
 teeth fully as broad as long. Capsule 3 or 4 lines long. 
 
 9. M. Bolanderi, Gray. A foot or less high, somewhat simple, viscid-pubes- 
 cent : leaves oblong, entire or sharply denticulate (one or two inches long), tho 
 lower exceeding the flowers : teeth of the very oblique calyx lanceolate ; the upper 
 and longer one 3 lines long, half the length of the oblong tube ; corolla purple, 
 about an inch long, with short wholly included tube and ample throat : capsule 
 fusiform-subulate, somewhat coriaceoiis. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380. M. hrevipes. 
 Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not of Benth., a largo form. 
 
 Foot-hills and lower port of tho Sierra Nevada, Bridge^ JMandcr (at Clark's), Uiijchw (at 
 Knight's Ferry on tlie Stanislaus). Lobes of the corolla rather short. Stigma sometimes un- 
 equally bilamellate or very obliquely peltate. 
 
 10. M. brevipes, Benth. A foot or two high, viscid-pubescent : stem mostly 
 simple : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest somewhat oblong, entire or sharply 
 denticulate with salient teeth (from 1 to 4 inches long) : teeth of the calyx very 
 unequal, acuminate, the upper one fully half tho length of the broadly "canipan- 
 ulate tube : corolla yellow, with very short included tube, campanulate-ventricose 
 throat, and ample rounded lobes, when expanded an inch and a half in diameter: 
 capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriacoous. — DC. Prodr. x. 309; Gray, Bot. Mex. 
 Bound. IIG. 
 
 Hillsides, San Diego to Santa Barbara. A very large-flowered species, quite unlike tho rest of 
 the section, but connected with it through the immediately precednig species. 
 
 § 3. Corolla funnelform., inith the proper tube little or not at all erceedinrj the lon(j and 
 
 » narrow prismatic calyx : sti/le glandular : stigma almost equally 2-lipped : 
 
 placentiv meeting but not cohering in the axis, in dehiscence borne on the linear 
 
 firm-coriaceous valves : shrubby plants, with glutinous exudation and thickish 
 
 firjn leaves. — T)ipr,ACUS, Gray. {Diplacus, Nutt.) 
 
 11. M. glutinOBUB, Wondland. Two to six feet high, nearly glabrou.s or mi- 
 nutely pubescent : leaves from narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, and from minutely 
 
566 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus. 
 
 dentate to nearly entire (1 to 4 inches long), the margins in<;lined to be rcvolute : 
 peduncles in the axils of the leaves, either a little or much shorter than the narrow 
 prismatic calyx : corolla ^ to 2 inches long, in the typical form buif or salmon- 
 color; the lobes either erose-tootheil or eniarginate. — Jac{i. llort. Scha-nb. iii. 3G4. 
 M. aurantittcus, (Iiirt. lUit. Mag. t. 'i^^\. Diplacns (/liilinostis \: lallj'olius, Niilt. in 
 Ann. A; JNlag. Is'at. Hist. i. 137. D. stdUUus, Kellogg, Troc. Calif. Acail. ii. l.S. 
 A common and very polymorphous species, which runs into the following principal 
 but indejinite varieties. 
 
 Var. puniceus, willi red or scarlet flowers on mostly slender peduncles : lobes 
 of the corolla simj)ly obcordate or eniarginate, or sometimes irregularly toothed : 
 calyx glabrous. — Diplacus puniceus, Nutt. 1. c.; Hook. Eot. Mag. t. 3G65. J), 
 glutinusus, var. puiiiceuti, Uenth. in DC 
 
 Vur. linearis, witii red-brown or sulmon-coloreil llowors on very short pedun- 
 cles: calyx commonly pubescent: leaves linear and with nearly entire soon revolute 
 margins, more rigid. — M. linearis, lienth. Scioph. Ind. 27. Diplacns leiAanthus, 
 Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Var. brachypus, with salmon-colored flowers of pretty large size (fully 2 inches 
 long), on very aliort peduncles : calyx viscid-pubescent or villous : leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, entire or nearly so. — Diplacus lonyijiorus, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Dry uiul rocky hanlcs, &c., counnon (Voni San Diego to San FrancLsco Iky ; coniuion niid very 
 ornanientul in luillivation, especially .;h ii green-liouse plant : llowering almost tlirou^'h the year. 
 Kven in tlio wild state it exliiliits a great diversity of colors ; but it seems imiiossiWc to distin- 
 guish the loniis as sjieeies. The last variety eolJeeted by Coulter (No. &M), near Santa Barbara 
 by Nutlall, and a form of it, eonue.;tiii<; with ordinary .")/. yluiinusus, in San J-uis Oliispo Co., 
 by Brewer. 
 
 § 4. Corolla iiriih short and included proper tube: calyx ivith plaited-carinate salient 
 angles, 5-toothed, the strong nerve traversing the teeth: style glabrous: stigma 
 2-lippe(l, the li]is, ovate or roundish and equal : placentit remaining united in 
 the axis of the capsule, or dividing merely at top (in M. rubellus sometimes 
 completely) ; the. thin and often membranaceous valves tardily separating from 
 the axis : annual or perennial herbs. — MlMULUS proper. 
 
 * Large-flowered : corolla 1 |^o 2 inches long, red or rose-color, with cylindrical tube 
 and throat longer than the limb : calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly 
 equal : anthers hairy or nearly glabrous in the same species : peduncles elongated : 
 seeds ivith a loose dull epidermis wrinkled lengthwise : leaves several-nerved f rum the 
 base : root perennial. 
 
 12. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous with viscid hairs: leaves ovate and the 
 upper often connate, the lower commonly obovate-lanceolate, all erosely dentate : 
 corolla scarlet, witli tube hardly exceeding the calyx ; the limb remarkably oblique, 
 the upper lip nearly erect with the lobes turned back, the lower reflexed : stamens 
 projecting. — l.indl. in Ilort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3 ; J)rit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 358 ; 
 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 35G0. 
 
 Common along water-couises throughout the State and in Oregon ; much prized in cultivation. 
 Capsule oblong, tluu-chartaceous when dry ; the valves tardily separating from the placenta- 
 bearing a.xis. 
 
 13. M. Le"wisii, Pur.sh. More slender than the foregoing, greener, minutely 
 somewhat viscid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-ovate to hmceolato, merely denticu- 
 late : corolla rose-red or jialer (the throat spotted witli yellow) ; its tube longer than^ 
 the calyx ; the roundish lobes all si)reading : stamens included. — Pursh, Fl. ii. 
 427, t. 20. M. roseus, Dougl. in Lot. Peg. t. 1501; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; Brit. 
 Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. 
 
 Shady or damp places and along streams, tbroughoiit the Sierra Nevada and in the northern 
 part of the State, extendinf; through Oregon and to the hocky Mountains. Capsule as in the 
 preceding. 
 
Mimulus. 
 
 scRoriiuLARiACE/!*;. 567 
 
 * >k SvmlI.er-fiowered or .winll-Jfmvnrd, but ihe yMow (sometimes coppery or reddish) 
 
 cnrolUi, often a fidl inch or more iony in M. lutens : seeds, except in ihe first species, 
 
 ivith smooth and thin polisheil coat. 
 
 +- Leafy -stemmed, glahrovs, or merely ptdjescent or glandular. 
 ++ Ca/y.r ohliqne at the orifice, especially in fruit; the upper tooth largest: leaves 
 
 viosily broad and thiii, at least the lower very distinctly or abruptly petioled, all 
 
 3 - several-nerved at base. 
 
 14. M. luteus, Linn. Erect or difruse, from a fibrous annual root, and com- 
 monly pero.nuial by sbort stolons, glabrous or merely puberulcnt ; the ordinary 
 erect form a foot or two or even 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval or roundish, 
 sometimes cordate, several-nerved from base and near it, sliarply and irregularly 
 dentate, or the lower occasionally lyrate-laciniate ; the upper sessile ; the Horal 
 becoming small and bract-like, often connate : peduncles becoming racemose, equal- 
 ling or shorter than the flower : calyx becoming ovate-inflated in fruit and the 
 upper tooth conspicuously largest: corolla from IJ to f of an inch long, yellow, 
 often (lotted within and soraotimoa blotcliod with brown-rod or purple. — Bot. l^Iag. 
 t. 1501, 33G3; IJot. Keg. t. 1030, 17UG; Andr. J5ot. l{op. t. 0(51. M. gutlatas, 
 DC. ; Hook. El. ii. 99. M. variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. M. nvnlaris, 
 Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1575 ; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. M. lyratus, Benth. 
 Scroph. Ind. 1. c, a state with lower leaves lyrately laciniato at base. M. Scouleri, 
 Hook. 1. c, a narrow-leaved form. M. glabrains, HBK. (1) M. Roezli, Regel. — Runs 
 through numerous and very various forms. The following are dwarf or depauperate 
 varieties. 
 
 Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or less bigli, equably leafy to the top : loaves lialf 
 an inch to an inch long, ovate or oval, denticulate or some of them entire : stems 1-4- 
 flowered: corolla proportionally largo (an inch or loss long). — Proc. Acad. Philad. 
 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 224. M. Tilingii, Pogel, Oartenll. 18G9, t. 
 631, — the same plants the second year developing into the ordinary condition of 
 the species, and figured by Regcl, 1. c. 1870, 290, t. GG5. M. cupreus, Veitch, in 
 Gard. Chron. 1864, 2; Regel, 1. c. 1864, t. 422 {M. luteus, var. cuprea, Hook. f. 
 Bot. Mag. t. 5478), — a form with the corolla turning orange or copper-red. 
 
 Var. depauperatus, Gray. Slender, mostly smooth, and Avith sharply-toothed 
 or laciniato leaves (from a fourth to half an inch long), slender i)otiolos, and filiform 
 peduncles twice or thrice the length of the small flowers : corolla only a third or 
 half an inch long: Bomo forms much approaching M. alsinoides ; but the calyx is 
 that of M. luteus, except in size. — M. inicrophyllus, Bonth. in DC. 1. c. M. tend- 
 lus, Nutt. herb., not of Bunge. 
 
 Moist or wet grounds, very common, cxtendins; north to the Alaskan Islands, east to the 
 Rocky Mountains, and sotitii along the Andes to the extremity of Chih. The var. alpinus in 
 the Sierra Nevada, &c. The var. dcjm.uperattis consists of reduced forms, flowering as tiny or 
 slender annuals, in Oregon and California. 
 
 M. DKNTATUS, Nutt., fron\ the woods of Oregon, if a variety of this species is a peculiar one, 
 glowing in much shade. Tlio jdaiit so named in tlic l^otniiy of 'Wliiiiples Expedition (Pacif. R. 
 Rep. iv" 64) is a smaller-flowered and depauperate form of M. hitcvs. 
 
 M. AUSiNOinEs, Dough, of Oregon and British Columbia, resemhles the last variety of M. Ivtcns, 
 but is known by the narrower calyx, in fruit oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and tlie teeth very short ; 
 also by the filiform at length divaricate peduncles, of an inch or more in length, and nearly all of 
 them longer than the ovate or roundish leaves, tlieso nil i)etio]ed. The Inrgest forms are a foot 
 high, and dillusely much branched, with narrow corolla half an inch lung. The smallest (var. 
 mtniimis, Benth.) are minute, with corolla only 2 lines long. 
 
 15. M. laciniatUS, Gray. Annual, glabrous, small and very slender, a si^n or 
 loss in height, dilfusn : caulino loaves oblong or si>atulate, mostly laciniately few- 
 toothed or lobed, sometimes hastate, 1-nervod, a (piarter to half an inch long and 
 with filiform petiole of equal or greater length : petl uncles about the length of the 
 
668 SCROPIIULARIACE.E. Mimulus. 
 
 leaf: flowers very small : calyx short, ovate in fruit, the upper tooth prominently 
 largest : corolla yellow, barely 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acail. xi. 98. 
 
 Mariposa Co., oa the south fork ol" the Morced, at Clark's Ranch, Oraij. A peculiar littlo 
 species. 
 
 ++ ++ C<ili/x nut (iUi(/iic or scared i/ so, the teeth all equal : erect and small auuitahi. 
 = Leaves all distinctly petioled. 
 
 IG. M. Pulsiferae, Gray. Puberulent-glamlular throughout and viscid, branclied 
 from the base, baiuly a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, or the 
 radicfd roundish, sparingly denticulate or entire, 3-nerved at the acute or cuiieato 
 base, about half an inch long (on petioles of 2 to 4 lines), about the length of tlu) 
 peduncles : calyx with very short ovuto-triangular teeth, the tube oblong in fruit 
 (3 or i lines long) : corolla yellow (5 lines long), barely twice the length of the 
 calyx. — Proc. Am. Acatl. 1. c. 
 
 Sierra ami Indian Valleys in the Sienu Nevada, Bolander, Mrs. Puhifcr Ames. 
 = = Leaves all but the loiuest sessile. 
 
 17. M. inconspicuus, Gmy. Glabrous throughout, 2 inches to a span high, 
 simple or branched from the base : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, entire, more or less 
 3-5-nerved, all but the lowest closely sessile by a broad base (a quarter to half an 
 inch long), e(iualling or shorter than the peduncles : calyx with minute teeth, in 
 fruit oval and ai)pearing truncate (4 or 5 lines long) : corolla about 5 lines long, 
 yellow or rose-color. — Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 120. 
 
 Damp hillsides, iVom Los Angeles to the Sacramento River, Bigelow, Bridges, Rattan. An 
 ambiguous Ibrni with more evident calyx-teeth. Contra Costa Mountains, southwest of Monte 
 Diablo, Brewer. 
 
 18. M. bicolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent, from 2 inches to a span or more 
 high, simple or branched from the base : leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate with 
 tapering base, denticulate or toothed, very obscurely 3-nerved at base, seldom an 
 inch long ; the lower ta])ering into somewhat of a margined petiole ; the upper 
 shorter than the ixuluncles : teeth of the calyx cons})icuou.s, triangular (about a lino 
 long) ; the tube oblong, 4 lines long in fruit : corolla more than twice the length of 
 the calyx ; the limb comparatively am})le, yellow, or the lower lip usually white. 
 — PI. liartw. 328. M. Frattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98 
 (1855). 
 
 Moist banks, not uncommon in the foot-hilla of the Siena Nevada, and through the centml 
 part of the State. Calyx commonly dotted with puri)le. Corolla two thirds to three fourths of 
 an inch long. 
 
 19. M. rubellus, ( Jruy. Viscid-puberulent or even pubescent, varying to glabrous 
 with some viscidity, 1 to G inches high, branched from the base : leaves from spatu- 
 late-oblong to linear, narrowed at base, entire (rarely with one or two denticulations, 
 a quarter to two tliirds of an inch long) ; the lowest often obovate or roundish, and 
 tapering into somewhat of a p<;tiole ; the nerves obscure and the texture rather 
 fleshy : peduncles about the length of tlie flower : calyx oblong (mostly 3 lines long 
 in fruit) ; the teeth short and usually roundish : corolla either little or else double 
 the length of the calyx, yellow, red or crimson-purple. — Bot. Mex. Bound. UG; 
 Watson, Bot. King Exp. 225. M. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in 
 l)art. 
 
 Var. latiflorus, Watson, 1. c. A low and large-flowered form, blossoming almost 
 from the ground, nearly glabrous : corolla much surpassing the calyx, often half an 
 inch long, with narrow exserted tube rather abruptly exi)anded into an ample lind), 
 deep yellow with jturple spots. — M. montioides, Gray, 1. c, mainly. 
 
 Conmion through the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills, and through the dry interior to the 
 Roi'ky MounluihH luid Nc^w Mi-\ifo. Tlio vuricty nour t 'iirMon, and in the hi«h Noulhurn Siorin.s. 
 A i»olymorphouh littlo spocios, the size of the Howor varying wonderfully. There is also a form 
 
Mimnlus. SCROPHULARIACE/I'l 569 
 
 with calyx-tenth as long in proportion as those of M. hirohir. In tlie rlehisccncc of the nieni- 
 branaceous capsule the placenta sometimes splits into two ptirtions adiiate to the valves, but as 
 commonly is barely 2-cleft at the summit. The whole plant is often purj)lisli. 
 
 -(- -(- Leafystemmed, viscidly villous or pilose : leaves all petioled, thin and broad, 
 toothed, more or less pinnately veined : corolla yellow : calyx slightly if at all 
 oblique. 
 
 20. M. floribundus, I)ou<fl. Animal, ornct or wiMi iniinornus ascondiiig 
 limiic.linH, II Hi)iiii or two lii^li, llowdriiig from tll(^ \i\m\ : l(>iiv(w oviild (half to a full 
 inch long), tlio lower slightly cordate : \\\)\\{\v pndiinclds longer iliaii llio hwvm : 
 calyx sliort-campaiiulato, becoming ovato in fruit -{liarely a (juarlor of an inch 
 long) ; tlio toetli short, equal, broadly triangular : corolla barely half an inch long : 
 capsule globose-ovate, obtu.se. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1125. 
 
 Moist ground, throughout the Sierra Nevada region (Bigelow, Lemvwn, Rothrock) ; thence to 
 Oregon and tlie Rocky Mountains. 
 
 21. M. moschatUS, Dougl. Annual, or perennial by the creeping stems, diffuse 
 and decumbent, beset with very soft long hairs, strongly niusk-scented : leaves ovate 
 or oblong, short-pctioled (an inch or two long), mostly exceeding the peduncles : 
 calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanulato in fruit (a tliird of an inch long) ; the 
 teeth somewhat unequal, rather long, acuminate : corolla two thirds to a full inch 
 long : capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118. 
 
 Wet and nnuldy ground ; common in the mountains, especially northward, extending to 
 British Columbia, and eastward to Utah. The Californian specimens of this, the Mxisk-plnnl of 
 the gardens, incline to have a longer corolla, fully thrice the length of the calyx, and twice the 
 size of that of the plant in conunon cultivation. 
 
 4- ■+- -i- Scapose. 
 
 22. M. primuloides, Benth. Perennial by stolons, <lwarf : loaves sessile, from 
 broadly obovato to linear-oblong, entire or toothed, 3-5-nerved, obtuse (a quarter 
 to a full inch long), all crowded \\\ a radical tuft at the base of the iiliform (1 to 3 
 inches long) scape, or, in large and vigorous plants, in several approximate ])airs 
 on a stem which is as long as the one or two peduncles (1 to 4 inches) : calyx 
 narrow (in fruit oblong and at most 3 linos long), with short and equal teeth, less 
 than half the length of tlio fuimolform golden yellow corolla. — l^ogol, (Jm'tonfi. 
 1872, t. 739. 
 
 Wet meadows in the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Wliitney northward to Oregon, and in 
 Nevada ; only at considerable elevations. Leaves at first villous with long and soft jointed 
 hairs : peduncles and calyx glabrous. Corolla varying from 3 to 8 lines in length. 
 
 § 5. Corolla, dec, of Mimulus proper : calyx short and ^-cleft, not prismatic nor toith 
 carinate angles or lobes : capsule and divided placenta; as of the section 
 Eunamis : lotv animal. — Mimuloides, Benth. under Ilerpestis. 
 
 23. M. pilosus, Watson. Annual, a span or more high, much branched from 
 the base, leafy, villous throughout with long and soft white and somewhat viscid 
 hairs, flowering from almost all the axils : leaves lanceolate or almost oblong, entire, 
 sessile, the later ones about the length of the peduncles : calyx oblique, the upper 
 tooth longest and about the length of the tube, all oblong or ovate : corolla yellow, 
 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the lips short and Avitli equal lobes, a 
 pair of brown-purple spots on the lower : capsule oblong-ovate, acute. — Bot. King 
 liXp. 225. Ilerpestis {Mimuloides) pilosa, Benth. in ('omp. l?o|,. T\Iag. ii. 57, ^ 
 ])C. 1. c. 394. Mimulus exilis, Durand, in l»acif. !{. Hep. v. 12, t. 12. 
 
 Gravelly banks of streams ; very common, extending into the borders of Ncvndn. bobes of 
 the calyx plane and nearly nerveless; the tube without rilis, a slight inflexion corresponding 
 with the sinuses. The anther-cells are oblong, not "linear." The stigma is lulanieliate, as in 
 the genus, not "entire." 
 
570 SCR0r.IIULARIACE.4i;. Str.iuodiu. 
 
 10. STEMODIA, I.iim. 
 Calyx deeply S-parted ; tho tlivisions luuruw and nearly e(^ual. Corolla short; 
 the upper lip 2dobed ; tlie lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included : cells of the an- 
 thers 8(fparat(!d and even short stalktul. Stiynia 2 lobed.* (Japsule short, .sopticidal 
 and tho valvus at ]uii;_;th ^iiaitcd : tho placenta left in the axia. Seeils numerous. 
 
 — Viscid-pubescent herbs, chielly tropical, with opposite or whorled leaves, and 
 solitary llowers in their axils ; these sometimes becoming spicate or racemose at the 
 sumniit of the stems : a \ya\v of bractlets at tho base of tho calyx. 
 
 1. S. dui'antifolia, Swartz. Krect, a span to a foot high: leaves lanceolate, 
 sharply serrate, mostly narroAved below and then with a dilated partly clasping 
 base : llowers sessile : corolla pur|)lish, a (piarter of an inch long. — S. vciiicUlaris, 
 Link; lieichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 14'J. 
 
 Wet grouuda : suutlieiu boideii uf thu Slate, Coullcr, Paimcr. Extends to S. America. 
 
 11. GRATIOLA, Liiiu. IIkdok-IIvssui-. 
 Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and hardly unequal. Corolla with upper 
 lip entire or 2-lol)ed ; lower one 3-clt'.i't. Stamens included, only 2 fertile ; thciir 
 anthers with 2 transverse (tells on a broad connective ; the anterior jiair reduced to 
 simple sterile lilaments or wanting. Style commonly bent at the tip : stigma of 2 
 flat lobes or lips. Capsule many-seeded, 4-valved, leaving the thick placenta in the 
 axis. — Low and branching herbs ; with opposite sessile leaves, and small solitary 
 flowers on simple naked peduncles in their axils, with or without a pair of bractlets 
 under tho calyx : flowering in summer ; tho corolla in ours whitish and yellowish. 
 
 A gcnu3 of iil)oiit 20 speiits, widely distributed over tho world, iiiaiiily in teiiii»enitu climates, 
 inliaLitiiig wet plmcs. 
 
 1. G. Virginiana, Linn. ^Minuti-ly viscid-])uberulont, a span high, dilfuse: 
 leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate, mostly narrower below : ])eduncles e([nalling or 
 surpa.ssing the ieiives : u pair of conspicuous bractlets at the base of the calyx : 
 corolla ('I lines long) twice tlie length of the calyx : capsule ovate. 
 
 Ill the Siena Nevada, I'lamas Co., &c. (Lciniuou) ; thence tlaough Oregon to tlie Atlantic States. 
 
 2. Gr. ebracteata, Uenth. Lower and more erect, glabrous, obscurely viscid : 
 leaves lanceolate, acute, oftener entire : no bractlets to tho calyx, which about e(pials 
 the small corolla : calyx globose. — DC. JVodr. x. 51)5. 
 
 Northern part of the State (Ukiah, Bohmdcr), and in Oregon. Root annual. 
 
 12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. 
 Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Corolla with a short and 
 erect 2-lobed iq)})er lip ; the larger lower one 3-cleft and spreading. Stamens only 
 2 fertile, included, with 2-c,elled anthers; tho anterior pair slerile, inserteil high up 
 on tho throat of tho corolla, consisting each of an unequally 2-lobed lilament ; the 
 Mhorter lobe smooth and tooth-like, tho longer one glandular. Stylo straight: stigma 
 of two small flat lobes or lips. Cajisule small, many-seeded, 2-valved ; the edges of 
 the valves separating from tlu; jiartition, which is left with the un<livide(l placenta. 
 
 — Small and low annuals, glabrous ; with opposite sessile leaves, and solitary 
 1 -flowered Aliform and naked peduncles in their axils, the upper becoming racemose 
 by the reduction of the subtending leaves to bracts. Flowering all summer. 
 
 A genus of several species, distrilmted over the worhl in the manner of OraHoJd. 
 
Synthyrh. SCROPIIULARIACE^. 571 
 
 1. I. gratioloides, Honth. Diirnsoly liranchiii,^', about a span h'v^h : leaves 
 ovate or ublcng, spaiiiigly toothed or entire : podiincles mostly twice the length of 
 the leaves, divergent in t'riiit: corolla violet or purple, 3 or 4 lines long. — Capraria 
 gratioloides, Linn. 
 
 Wet places, in the Sierra Nevada {Lcmvion) : tlicnce to Oregon and through the Atlantic 
 States ; also in S. America. Occurs on the coast of France, but probably a casual introduction. 
 
 13. LIMOSELLA, Linn. Munwoitr. 
 
 Calyx cnrtipannlato, H-toothod. Corolla bctwoon rotate ai\d eanipaniilato, 5-cloft, 
 nearly regtdar. Stamens 4, nearly equal : anthers coufluently 1-celled. Style short, 
 club-shaped: stigma thickish. Capsule globose, many-seeded, 2-valved ; the edges 
 of the valves separating from the delicate or evanescent partition : the thick placenta 
 left in the axis. — Diminutive and glabrous annuals, rooting and creeping in mud, 
 especially when saline; with narrow entire fleshy leaves, in clusters around the 
 simple 1-llowcrcd podunclos or scapes, and nt the end of tho runners, or when scat- 
 tered alternate. Flowers small : corolla white or purplish. 
 
 1. L. aquatica, Linn. An inch to a span high : petioles longer and in water 
 much longer than the linear or spatulate-oblong or oval blade, and longer than the 
 peduncles. 
 
 Along the sea-shore, also in and beyond the Sierra Nevada, in brackish mud or sand, or in 
 apparently fresh water ; thence to the Rocky Mountains. Common in the Ohl World. In 
 our broadest-lcavod form (Sierra Valley, Lc.mmmi), the blade is two thirds of an inch long and 
 one third wide, in the narrower and smaller less than a line wide. L. icnnifoUn, Nutt., wiiich 
 takes its place in tho Atlantic States and in the southern hemisphere, has fleshy petioles with 
 no distinct blade. 
 
 14. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla campanulate, Avith 4 slightly spreading more or less 
 unequal lobes, or sometimes divided irregularly, sometimes wholly wanting. Sta- 
 mens 2, inserted on the upper side of the throat (rarely a lower pair inserted near 
 tho base of tho corolla on tho lower sido) : anthora 2-collpd ; tho cells parallel and 
 distinct. Stylo slender : stigma small, undivided. Capsulo flattened, obtuse or 
 emarginate, loculicidal; the valves cohering below by the partition to tho central 
 many-seeded placenta. — Perennial herbs (all North American, and chiefly west- 
 ern), with alternate and crenate leaves, the radical roundish or cordate, and a spike 
 or raceme of small purplish or greenish flowers, terminating a leafy stem or a naked 
 scape. 
 
 L S. reniformis, I'enth. Slightly hairy or glabrous : loaves all radical, round- 
 reniform, thin : scape when in blossom hardly surpassing the leaves (3 to 8 inches 
 high), bearing a short and loose raceme of several flowers: corolla "blue," about 
 twice tho length of the calyx. — DC. Prodr. x. 454. Wulfenia reniformis, Benth. 
 Scroph. Ind.; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 171. 
 
 Var. cordata : a form with rather coriaceous and smaller leaves ; the blade an 
 inch long and ovate-cordate : probably growing in a more exposed situation. 
 
 Tho spocioa occurs in tho woods of Oregon. This variety, on gravelly hillsides, Red Mountain, 
 Mondocino Co., Kellogg. 
 
 8. nunnA, Ronth. 1. c. (Oumvmidrn rvhrn, Tlook. 1. c. lOn, t. 172), belongs to Oregon, hut 
 may inhabit tho northern part of tho State, it is stouter and coiuser, imbcscent wlicn yonnp, 
 has ovate or oblong thickish leaves, those of the flowering stem several and sessiln, tho flowers m 
 a donso spike and destitute of corolla. The other species are more eastern. 
 
572 SCR0PHULARIACEJ3. Veronica. 
 
 15. VERONICA, lanii. Speedvveli-, Buooklime. 
 
 Calyx 4-piirtoil. CmoUa rotate, 4-j)iu'tod ; tho lower lobo and suiuetiraea tho 
 lateral onoa narrower than tho otliei-s. Staiuena 2, inaerted on tho throat of the 
 corolla, Olio each hide of ita uii[K)r lobo, oxaortod ! colls of Iho anthor conlliuint at 
 the apex, Style tipped with a somewhat capitate stigma. Capsule compressed, 
 few- many-seeded ; the dehiscence generally loculicidal. — Leaves opposite or some- 
 times in whorls, or in one species mostly alternate. Flowers small, in racemes or 
 spikes, or sometimes solitary in the axils, blue, purplish, or white. 
 
 A genus of about 150 species, distributed ahnost tlirougbout the world, mainly in temperate 
 and Irigid redons, not largely represented in North America, and scanty in California. In hi"h 
 latitudes of tlie aoutheru hemisphere several are shrubs or trees : one or two of these are in orifa- 
 mental cultivation. 
 
 * Low peretmials, ivith opposite leaves. 
 
 +- Racemes axiliary : plants ylabruus, decumbent or ascending, rooting at base. 
 
 1. V. Americana, Schweinitz. Stems a span to 2 feet long : leaves ovate or 
 mostly oblong, seirate, rather succulent, short-petioled, the base slightly cordate or 
 truncate : racemes op|»osito, slcnder-pcduncled, mauy-Uowered : j)ediccls slender, 
 diverging : corolla bluish with purple stripea : caiKsule turgid, many-soedod. 
 
 ^ In broolvH and dilc.lie.s, not anoommon : extending nortii lo Alaska and cast to the Atlantic. 
 Formerly confounded with the V. licanbuntja of Europe. 
 
 V. Anaoallis, Linn., like the preceding but with sessile and mostly clasping acute leaves, 
 occurs both north and east of California. 
 
 V. scuTEi.LATA, Linn., growing in cold swamps northward, is also in Oregon. It is well 
 marked by its linear sessile leaves, louse racemes from alternate axils, filiform divaricate pedicels, 
 and very Hat few-seeded deeply notcheil cajisules. 
 
 -J- -H L'aceme terminal, leafy below : pedicels short, erect: cajjside flat, several-seeded. 
 
 2. V. alpina, Linn. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous below : simple stems 
 erect from a somewhat creeping base, a span or more high : leaves oval, oblong, or 
 the lowest roundish, somewhat toothed or entire, sessile : raceme spike-like, few- 
 flowered : corolla blue: capsule obovato or oblong, slightly notched. — The (h'een- 
 land and American form, var. Warmskioldii, Hook. JJot. Mag. t. 2795. V. Worms- 
 kioldii, lioemer & Schultes. 
 
 High portions of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,500 to 10,000 feet {Brewer, Bolandcr): also in the 
 alpine region of tho Rocky J\lountuins, of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and through 
 tho arctic rcgiuns. 
 
 3. V. serpyllifolia, Linn. ]\Iinutely pubescent or glabrous, branching and 
 creeping at base, leafy : llowering shoots about a span high : leaves round-ovate or 
 oblong, obscurely crenate, thickish, barely half an inch long ; the lower short- 
 petioled ; the upjjer gradually diminished into lanceolate or oblong bracts : raceme 
 strict: corolla whitish or bluish with deeper stripes: capsule strongly notched, 
 broader than long. 
 
 Not yet received from tho State, but doubtless in the Sierra Nevada, as it occurs northward 
 and eastward, extending through tho cooloi- parts of tho northern hemisphere. 
 
 * * Low annual: all the upper leaves alternate. 
 
 4. V. peregrina, Linn. ]\Iinutely pubescent or glabrous, a span or more high, 
 erect, branching : leaves rather succulent, mostly linear-oblong, obtuse ; the lower 
 commonly toothed ; the upper entire and narrower, gradually dinunishing, but all 
 longer than the very short-pedicelled flowers in their axils : corolla inconspicuous : 
 capsule rounded-obcordate, many-seeded. 
 
 Waste and cultivated grounds, especially near habitations, everywhere aitpearing like an intro- 
 duced weed, but doubtless of American origin. 
 
CastiUeta. SCllOPHULARIACE.E. 573 
 
 16. CASTILLEIA, Linn. f. rAiNTiTD-Ctir. 
 Calyx tubular, more or less cloft either in front or behind, or Loth ; tlie lobes 2 
 and lateral, or 4. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally c.oni pressed, especially the 
 long and conduplicate or carinato-concave upper lip (galea) ; the lower lip short or 
 minute, always small in comparison with the upper, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or some- 
 what saccate below the short teeth ; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. 
 Stamens 4, enclosed in the upper lip : anthers 2-cellcd ; the cells oblong or almost 
 linear, unequal, the outer one fixed by its middle, the inner one smaller and pendu- 
 lous. Style long : stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 2- 
 valved, the valves bearing the jjlacenta on their middle. Seeds numerous, with a 
 loose and cellular favose coat. — Herbs, disposed to turn blackish in drying, perennials 
 and sometimes a little woody at base, or a few annual ; most of the leaves alternate, 
 all sessile, the floral ones or their tips, as well as the calyx-lobes, commonly petaloid- 
 colored (red, sometimes whitish or yellowish). Flowers in terminal and simple 
 spikes, without bractlets. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 335 ; Watson, Bot. 
 King Exp. 456. 
 
 A genus of 30 or more species, all American, except one in Northern Asia, the greater jiait 
 North American west of the Mississippi and in the Andes. The brightly colored floral leaves or 
 bracts of most of them are more showy than the flowers, the corolla being commonly yellowish or 
 greenish. 
 
 § 1. Annual: leaves all entire and linear-lanceolate; or the npj^er floral sometimes a 
 little dilated and incised : calyx narroiv, as deepli/ cleft behind as before and 
 usually more so : all the lower flowers pedicdled. 
 
 1. C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. Pubescent : stem strict and mostly simple, a foot 
 to a yard high : flowers scattered or the upper crowded in the leafy spike, curving : 
 calyx and the upper bracts tinged with red : corolla an incli or more long, yellowish, 
 or the tip reddish, surpassing the calyx ; lower lip very short but ]irotuberant, its 
 callous oblong teeth rather shorter than the keels beneath them, the upper lip almost 
 as long as the tube. — Bot. Beechoy, 154. 
 
 Moist gronnds or along stroiuns, fron\ Sun Diego to tlio Snoranionto. Tlin ]ilnnt figiu-od under 
 this name liy the lato 0. A. Moycr, in the Sertum Potrop. ii., is apparently a conunon large- 
 flowered form of C. parvijiora, i. e. 0. Douglasii, Benth. 
 
 2. C. minor, Gray. More slender, a foot or two high, simple or paniculately 
 branching, the pubescence somewhat viscid : flowers at length scattered in a virgate 
 leafy spike, straight : upper bracts red-tipped, slender : corolla little exceeding the 
 green calyx, 6 to 9 lines long, yellowish ; its lower lip extremely short and not 
 j)rotuberant, its teeth thin and rounded ; the upper lip rather broad and not half 
 the length of the tube. — C. aflinis, var. minor, Gray in r>ot. Mex. Bound. 119, & 
 Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 
 
 Not yet found within the limits of the State, but near by. in Nevada, at Carson City (Andfrson) 
 and Truckeo Valley ( Watson) ; also in Arizona, and east to New Mexico and Nebraska. 
 
 § 2. Perennial : leaves all narrow : calyx narroir, deejily cleft before, A-toothed 
 behind; the teeth subulate. 
 
 3. C. linarisefolia, Bonth. Glabrous below, morn or loss woolly-puboscont at 
 summit, 2 to 3 or oven f('(>t higli, slender, sometimes iianiculntdy branched above: 
 leaves not broadened at base, linear, entire, or some of th(> upper and lh)rnl 3-ch'ft : 
 spike dense, or below loose : flowers soon curved, the lower s]iort-])edicell('(l : corolla 
 an inch or two long, narrow, scarlet or red, as are also the calyx and the lobes of the 
 bracts ; the falcate upper lip commonly yellow or yellowish, as long as the tube, 
 
574 SCKOPllULAKIACE-E. CuslilUiu. 
 
 wliolly exserteJ ; the lower lip extruiiiuly short, callous and protuberant. — C. cau- 
 (Jens, DuranJ in Pacif. 1{. l{ej». v. 12. 
 
 Sides of rocky liills, lu'iir Fort 'J\-jon lunl iii the Sierra Novudn, chiefly in the eastern ranges 
 anil at about 8,000 I'ett ; lliunco alony Ihu niuiintains to Now Mtxieo, (Colorado, and Wyonung. 
 
 § .'i. Pti'tiuiinl: ai/t/x cleft more tti' lens behind an veil as be/ore; the lobes therefore 
 r'ujht and left, two and entire or notched, or else '1-parted, maklug 4, variable 
 in this resptct. 
 
 * White-woolly, rather shrubby at base. 
 
 4. C. foliolosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two higli, clothed with a matted white 
 ■wool (cunaistiuj,' of intricately branched hairs), which becomes loose M'ith age : 
 leaves rather sliort and very uumeruiis, being often in fascicles in the axils, linear 
 and entire, or with a pair of linear divaricate lobes; the upjjer iloral deft and their 
 lobes with more or less dilated yellowish or red tips: the 2 calyx-lobes broad, retuse 
 or merely notched, nearly eepudling the corolla, the lower lip of which is very 
 small. — liot. Beechey, 154 ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. 
 
 Hillsides, Mendocino Co. to San Diego, most eoiniuon southward. Seeds elongated-oblong, 
 somewhat club-shaped. 
 
 * * Fabesctnt or villoiis-hirsate with simple hairs, or below glabrous, herbaceous. 
 
 +- Leaves short and small, broad and obtuse. 
 
 5. C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from 
 the base, the copious soft-hirsute pubescence viscid : leaves from round-obovate to 
 oval, half an inch to an inch long, sometimes 3 - 5-lobed, especially the dilated 
 floral ones, the uppermost red ; tlie 2 calyx-lobes broad and nt)tched or 2-lobed at 
 the summit, hmger than the tube of the corolla ; the loAver lip of which is very 
 short, callous, and the teeth inilexed. 
 
 Along and near the coast, Mendocino Co. to Monterey. Corolla about two tliirds of an inch 
 long ; the narrow u])per lip rather longer than the tube. 
 
 +■ +- Leaves or their lobes from lanceolate-oblong to narrowly linear. {^The species 
 variable and difficult.) 
 
 ++ Upper lip of the corolla elongated, as long us or longer than the tube, many times 
 longer than the very short lower Ujj: Jloral leaves or their lobes dilated and petaloid, 
 scarlet or crimson, rarely yelloivish or whitish : calyx mostly tinged with the same 
 color : corolla yelloivish often tinged with green, sometimes with red. 
 
 6. C. parviflora, Bungard. Inom villons-pubescent to hirsute, especially above, 
 a span or two to a loot or two higli : leaves laciniate-cleft or incised, sometimes 
 entire : corolla an inch to half an inch in length ; the lower lip not callous-saccate 
 and protuberant. — A^eg. Sitcha, 157; Cray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. C. Toluccensis, 
 Cham, ik ISchlecht. in Linuiea ii. 579 ((), not of HBK. C. coccinea, Lindl. Bot. l\eg. 
 t. 11 3G, not of Spreng. 6". hispida, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii. 105. C. Douglasii, 
 Benth. in DC. ]^odr. x. 530. LJuchrorna angustifolia & E. Bradburii, Nutt. in Jour. 
 Acad. Pliilad. vii. 4G ; small forms. 
 
 Open grounds, from the mountains behind San Diego nortliwanl throughout the State, extend- 
 ing to Silka, and tlirougli tlie nioiMit.iius to Diikotuli, ke.. The earlier name is the least nppro- 
 ])rialo antl is uvea misU^Miliiig; liio lluwiMs wlicu well ilevelnpcd being as largo as in the eiislmn 
 C. aicciiica, or even largiu', except in some dwiirl'ed mountain forms. Sac below the leetli of the 
 lower lip thin and little projecting, longer than deep, 3-carinate ; the teeth (at first involute and 
 always small), remarkably variable, sonietinu-s lanceolate and acute and as long as the saccate 
 portion, or the ndddle one shorter or obsolete ; sometimes all short and ovate or deltoid; occa- 
 sionally all three truncate and extremely short. 
 
 7. C. miniata, Dough Glabrous below, more or less pubescent above, commonly 
 2 feet higli, strict, often slender : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, almost always 
 entire ; the bi-oader floral ones or bracts of the clo.se spike at most incised or 3-cleft, 
 
Orthocarpus. SCROniULARIACE.E. 575 
 
 flliortcr than tlid flowors : c.orolliv inoro tlmn an incli lon;^, narrow ; llio linoar-lan- 
 ccolato u])por lip consi)icuously lun^' and oxscjrlod ; tlio lower very pmUihorant, as 
 (loop as long, calloius and nianininjibrni, witii tho ovaLo short tcu-th involuLo. — 
 Hook. Fl. ii. lOG. C. pallida, var. mininta, (Jlray in Amor. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada and other mountainous districts, extending northward and eastward 
 through the same range as the preceding. 
 
 ++ ++ Upper lip of the corolla considerably shorter than the tube, barely twice or thrice 
 the length of the comparatively conspicuous lower lij). 
 
 8. C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, above commonly villous with long 
 and weak cobwebby hairs, especially tho dense leafy-bracted spike : leaves all or 
 mainly entire, membranaceous ; the lower linear ; the upper from narrowly to ovate- 
 lanceolate ; the iloral or bracts often sparingly laciniate or cleft, colored usually with 
 "white or yellowish, e(i|ualling tho flowers (these commonly an inch long) : lower 
 lip of the corolla only one third or half shorter than tho upper. — C. Sibirica, 
 Lindl. Baitsia pallida, Linn. This is Siberian and Arctic N. W. American. 
 
 Var. septentrionalis. Commoidy less pubescent, often almost glabrous, a span 
 to two feet high : bracts not rarely tinged with purple : corolla two thirds to three 
 fourths of an inch long ; its lower lip loss large, from one third to half tho length 
 of the upper. — C. septentrionalis, Lindl. Bot. .I\og. t. 925 (1825). C. acuminata, 
 Bpreng. Syst. ii. 775 (1825, Bartsia acuminata, Pursh, unless this be C miniata, a 
 slender pale form of which comes from Sitka, &c.). 
 
 Var. OCCidentaliS. Barely a span high, tufted : leaves rather rigid, narrow ; 
 the \ipper canline as well as the sparingly colored (pale) bracts often 3-cleft : corolla 
 a third to half an inch long ; its lower lip about half tlio longth of tho upper. C. 
 occidentalis, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 230. 
 
 Even the var. septentrionalis, which abounds on the liigher moinitnins north and cast of Cali- 
 fornia, and extends across the continent liigh northward to Labrador, lias not been met with 
 in the State. Var. occidentalis (belonging to the higlier alpine region of the Rocky Mountains), 
 on the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Sierra Co., Brewer, Bolander, 
 Lemmon. 
 
 17. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. 
 Calyx short-tubular or oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes cleft before and 
 behind, and the two lateral divisions 2-clcft or parted. Corolla tubular; tho upper 
 lip (galea) little or not at all longer than tho lower, like that of Casiilleia but 
 shorter, small in comparison with the inflated 1 - 3-saccate lower one. Stamens as 
 in Castilleia, or the lower and smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting. Style, cap- 
 sule, &c., similar. — Low annuals, with two exceptions (of the Californian region 
 and one South American), more or less resembling Castilleia in foliage and inflores- 
 cence, very nearly related to it through the first of the following species, although 
 tho later onos are conspicuously dillVrent. 
 
 § 1. Lower lip of the corolla simply or someichat triply saccate, and hearing 3 
 conspicuous mostly erect teeth or lobes; the np])er lip broadifh or narrow: 
 stigma capitate: anthers all 2-celled : sced-cont very loose, cellnlarfavose and 
 arilliform : bracts tt>i(k more or less of colored tips. — Castilleioides, 
 Gray. 
 
 Closely connof'tfl with nnstillrin, through C. hrri/lnrn, the porpiniinl specii'q truly nmbiguous 
 between tlio two genera, but retnined here on ncrount of the size ol' (Ik- iowi-r lip. whit-li nearly 
 equals the short upper one. hi extending I^cnthain's section OncorrlnixrhuR (so called because it 
 inchi(les Lehmann s genus Oncorrhynchns), the sectional nainn is chnngrd on account of its inap- 
 propriateness : for the galea is not hooked in the original South American species, nor in any 
 other, except in the anomalous 0. purpurascens. 
 
576 SCR0P11ULARIACE.E. Orthocarpiuf. 
 
 * Root perennial ! : lips of the short and yellowish corolla somewhat equal, the upper 
 beincj hroadish and blunt (straight) and tlie lower rather obscurely saccate : Jila- 
 vieuts (/labrous. 
 
 1. O. pilosus, Watson. A spun or two high, uuuiy-stenuiieil from the linn root, 
 citlier solL-villous or hirsute, very Jealy : Iwives rather rigid, at least wlien old ; the 
 lowest linear and entire; the others 3-5-parted into narrowly linear diverging lobes; 
 the lower tloral similar, the upper ones Avith more or less dilated and sparingly 
 colored (white or yellowish) tips : spike dense, rather short : calyx somewhat 
 etpially 4-elert into narrow linear lobes which nearly equal the corolla, or theso 
 united at base in pairs : lower lip of the corolla at lirst equalling, at length a little 
 shorter than the ujjper ; its lobes ovate, shorter than the slightly saccate portion 
 beneath. — 0. jKillescens, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 3liU, & Proc. Am. Acail. 
 vii. 384, except a.s to Nultail's i)lunt. 0. j)allescens (iho more rigid form) & 0. 
 pilosus (the softer villous form), Watson, iJot. King Exp. 231, 459. 
 
 Higlier parts of the Siena Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Sierra Co., and on Mount Shasta, at 
 5,000 to 9,000 feet (Brewer, Torreij, Kcllotjff, Lcmmon, kc); and in the interior of Oregon and 
 Idaho. CoroUa d to 8 lines long ; the lips only 2 lines long ; lower with the slightly ventricose 
 portion rather longer than tlie lohes, obscurely callous below the base of these, within more or 
 less plaited-tri&iccate. Stigma large, strongly capitate. 
 
 0. P.A.LLESCENS, Gray, 1. c, as to Nuttall's Euchroma pallcsccns only (and wliieh may best 
 retain the name, since one is provided for the species confounded with it), proves to be identical 
 with 0. Parriji, Gray in Amer. Nat. viii. *2U, from the Rocky Mountains in Western Wyoming. 
 It is distinguished by a minute and somewhat hoary pubescence (even the inflorescence destitute 
 of villous or hirsute hairs), less leafy stems, looser spike, and the pair of calyx-lobes broader and 
 united liigh up, lower lip of the corolla rather more ventricose, and the floral leaves or bracts 
 nearly if not absolutely without colored tips. 
 
 * * Root annual, as in all the following species. 
 
 +- Filaments glabrous : vpper lip of the corolla straight or nearly so, naked, narrow, 
 lanceolate-triangular or broadly subulate ; the lowei- moderately ventricose, and 
 ivithin somewhat jtlnittil-trisaccate for its whole length; its teeth or lobes erect and 
 coHSj)iruous, obtoiig-Hncar : cajtsule oblong or oval. 
 
 2. O. attenuatUS, Gray. Slender, strict, a sjjun or two high, mostly simple, 
 above hirsute-pubescent : leaves linear-attenuate with a few .setaceous lobes, or the 
 lower entire : spike virgate, loosely-flowered below, in small specimens Avith few 
 and rather scattered flowers : bracts Avith tlieir slender divisions barely Avhite-tijjped : 
 corolla narroAv throughout, only half an inch long, white or Avhitish, Avith oiie or 
 two purple spots on the lower lip, the narrow teeth of Avhich nearly equal the 
 upper. — Pacif. K. Pep. iv. 121. 
 
 Borders of San Francisco Hay, &c. Also Oregon (E. Hall) to Puget Sound, Lynll. Resembles 
 a slender form of 0. hispidus, but in character more like a dejiauperate 0. densiflorus, into which 
 it may pass. 
 
 3. O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span 
 to a foot high, above soft-pubescent : lea\'es linear or linear-lanceolate and gradually 
 attenuate, Avith a few slender lobes, or the lower entire: spike dense, many-flowered, 
 at length cylindrical, or the lower floAvers somewhat scattered : bracts 3-cleft, about 
 equalling the flowers ; the linear lobes Avith jiurplish and Avhito tips : corolla from 
 two thirds to near an inch long, purpU; and white (the lips or their tips usually 
 purple), the teeth of the moderately dilated lower lip shorter than the upper. — 
 Scroph. Ind. & in DC. Prodr. x. 53G. 
 
 Low grounds along the coast, from San Luis Obisi)o to Sonoma Co. Tlie stem is commonly 
 erect, rather than "difliise" ; and the van hUifolius, Benth., with few or no lobes to the cauline 
 leaves, is the conunoner form. Seeds small, short-oval, the mature nucleus very loose in the 
 cellular coat. 
 
 4. O. castilleioides, Benth. At length diffusely much branched, a span or 
 
OrthocarpuH. SCROPIIITLARIACE.1^. 577 
 
 two liigli, soniewliiit piiboscent or in tlie mostly (louse short spikes sometimes vil- 
 lous-hirsute : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, entire or laciniate-incised 
 into rather short and blunt lobes ; the upper and the bracts more cuneate-dilated, 
 equalling the flowers, herbaceous, the blunt tips whitish or yellowish : corolla near 
 an inch long, dull white, often purplish-tipped ; the lower lip considerably dilated. 
 
 Pine woods and low groiiiids near the sea-shore, Monterey to HumhoMt Co. , and along the 
 coast to Washington Territory. Seeds oblong, twice or thriee larger than tliose of the preceding, 
 to which the species is much more nearly related than to the next. 
 
 +■ +- FilamenU pubescent : upper Up of the corolla long and almost linear, obtuse 
 and hooked at the apex, densely red-bearded; lower lip with three very small and 
 somewhat didymous little sacs at its broad apex, directly under and not larger than 
 the short and rounded recumbent teeth or lobes : stigma very large, dejn-essed-capi- 
 tate : capsule ovate. 
 
 5, O. purpurascens, Benth. Erect, at length diffusely much branclied at the 
 base, rather stout, a span to a foot high, hirsute : leaves above tlio lanceolate or 
 linear base laciniately once or twice ])iiinatcly parted into narrow linour or filiform 
 divisions : spiko dense and thick, oblong, at length cylindrical : bracts about the 
 length of the flowers; their laciniate-lobed divisions or their tips and those of the 
 calyx-lobes crimson-purple and rose-color : corolla about an inch long, the tube 
 yellowish or whitish, the summit crimson or red. 
 
 Common along the hills and moimtains of the coast, from Monterey to TInmholdt Co., so 
 abundant as to give the ground a purple hue for miles in some places : occasionnlly, with duller 
 or only pallid color, in salt marshes. The reddish soft and copious beard of the narrow and 
 liooked upper lip, which marks this species, is composed of many- ami close-jointed hairs. Seeds 
 oval ; the loose arilliform coat deeply favose. 
 
 § 2. Lower lip of the corolla simply saccate or nearly so, its 3 teeth very short and 
 inconspicuotis or obsolete; the upper lip moderately smaller, short, ovate-tri- 
 angular ; the tube hardly if at all sinyassing the calyx : stigma small and 
 entire : anthers cdl 2-celled : seeds with a very loose costate-reticulated coat : 
 bi-acfs all herbaceous. — True Orthocarpus. (Orthocarpits, Nutt.) 
 
 G. O. luteus, Nutt. A span to a foot high, with strict simple or virgately 
 branclied stem, minutely pubescent and nioro coarsely hirsute: flowers leafy-spicate : 
 loavos linoar-lancoolato, ontiro or 3-cloft ; tlio floral onos Himilnr or often broader : 
 onlyx-tooth lunceolnto, acuto : corolla goldon yellow (half an inch long), iu)t ox- 
 cooding tliG iloral loaves or bracts ; the lips of equal length and not very diflbreiit 
 in size. — 0. strictus, Benth. ; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 172. 
 
 Dry banks and plains, along the northeastern borders of the State (Carson and Lake Washoe, 
 Nevada, Anderson, Torrey) ; thenco northward and eastward to British Cohmibia and to the 
 Upper Mississippi. 
 
 7. O. tenuifolius, Benth. A span or more high, somewhat hairy or glabrate : 
 flowers in a dense thick spike : leaves or at least the upper ones hispid-ciliate ; the 
 lower linear and mostly 3-5-cleft, with the divisions linear-filiform; the floral or 
 bracts broadly ovate, incisely 2 - 3-cleft or toothed, or often entire, becoming thin 
 and reticulated in age, usually imbricated over the flowers or fruit : calyx-teeth 
 subulate : corolla purplish ; the upper lip becoming longer, slightly hooked at 
 the tip. — Bartsia fenvifolia, Pursh. O. imbricatus, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 458. 
 
 Dry ridges, Sierra Nevada, near Summit {E. L. Greene), and Lassen's Peak (Lemmon) ; thence 
 to British Columbia and Montana. Spikes from 1 to at length .1 or 4 inches long ; the broad 
 imbricated bracts strikingly and abruptly dilferont from the leaves below. The Califoniian 
 specimens arc of the sinootiier form, very nearly that described as 0, ixihricnlits. 
 
 8. O. bracteoSUS, Benth. In foliage and as|ioct resondiling the jireceding, but 
 the bracts deeply 3-cleft and with triangular-lanceolate lobes (their pubescence rather 
 hirsute), shorter than the bright rose-purple corolla : lower li]> of this ampler and 
 more saccate ; the upper with narrower and more decidedly hooked tip. 
 
578 SCROrilULARlACEJ!;. Orlhumr^ju.i. 
 
 Plumas Co., Lemmon. Thence north to British Cohnnhia. Corolla over half an inch long, 
 slightly or decidedly pubescent. 
 
 0. ToLMiEi, Hook., is a .snioothish and loosely branching species of this section, with attenu- 
 ate and mostly entire lisivcs, Howcrs in short and at Icnglli loose spikes, and smooth yellow 
 corolla seldom hall' an incli long. It inhabits Utah and tlie interior of Oregon. 
 
 0. I'liuruuKO-Ai-uii.s, dray (Watson, iJot. King' Kxp. 4r>8), the only remaining sjieeics of this 
 section, is a native of New iMe.Kico and S(jutlieni Utah. It is known by its attenuated and uniform 
 leaves, slender loose spike, and especially by tiie more exserted and slender tube of the (pui [.lo 
 and white) corolla, the galea also rather narrower ; so that it connects with the next section, 
 with some species of which it agrees in having the loose seed-coat coarsely reticulated, but not 
 eostate nor with the areolations in longitudinal rows. 
 
 § 3. Lower lip of the corolla conspicuously 3-saccate, and vei'y much larger than the 
 slendtr ii/iper one; its teeth small or mi mite ; the tuhe Jili/orni or slender: 
 stiyma capitate, suinetimcs 'l-lobed : bracts (dl herbaceous and like the leaves, or 
 their tips somewhat colored in 0. yracilis and the last species. — Tuu'iiYSAmA, 
 lientlj. {Triphysaria, I'iscliei' & Meyer.) 
 
 * Anthers one-celled : lower lip of corolla saccately 3dobed from the end : seed-coat 
 close, conformed to the 1 - 2-apiculate nucleus. 
 
 +■ Stamens soon free from the less involute oblony-lanceolale upper lij) (f the corolla. 
 
 IJ. O. pusillus, lii'iith. Weak and diU'iiso, Imiiiclied irom tlio base, 2 to (i 
 incliea liigli, suiiiewhat hirsute: leaves 1 - 2-i>iiiiiatilid or lloml ones 3-f)-purted 
 into lilitbiiu or almost setaceous divisions, exceeding the scattered and inconspic- 
 uous flowers : corolla purplish, glabrous, 2 or 3 lines long ; the tube not exceeding 
 the calyx and little longer than the ]ii»s; the ujiper lip considerably lunger than 
 the moderately 3-lobed lower one, a little surpassing the longer stamens : capsule 
 globular. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. Prodr. x. 535. 
 
 Low ground, around San Francisco Bay, and in Oregon. Lower lip rather open und with 
 beardless throat ; the sacs short. 
 
 10. O. floribundus, Benth. 1. c Slender and erect, a span to a foot high, 
 almost glabrous, iastigiately branched : upper part of the leaves jiinnately i)avted 
 into linear-lililorm divisions, some of them incisetl : spike many-Uowercd. dense 
 above : bracts of the upper flowers not exceeding the calyx : stamens about the 
 length of the soon open upper lip of the corolla ; the lower lipt with 3 diverging 
 oval sacs ; their scarious teeth lanceijlato and erect. 
 
 Hillsides, common around San Francisco Bay. Corolla white or cream-color, half an inch 
 long, glabrous or the tulie .slightly jiubcscent ; this twice the length of the calyx ; two longi- 
 tuilimil villous lines on the inside of the lower lip corresponding to the sinusea between the sacs. 
 
 "t- -»- Stamens more strictly enclosed iu the acute involute-subulate upper lij) : lower 
 lip of 3 obovate or ylobular-injlated sacs, tomentose-puberulent underneath or gla- 
 brous, not more than a quarter of the length of the filiform and mostly densely 
 pubescent tube; the tivo folds ivithin separating the sacs villous-bearded : jloivers 
 numerous in a rather dense spihe : upper bracts not exceeding the calyx ; the lower 
 and tite cauline leaves above the broader entire base pinnateiy parted into slender 
 setaceous or jiliform divisions. 
 
 1 1. O. erianthus, iHUith. 1. c. Erect, fastigiately nuich branched from near the 
 base, soft-pubescent, a span or two high : corolla sulphur-color, witii the very 
 slender and acute slightly falcate up])er lip (and sometimes the throat) dark purple; 
 the tube tbi'icc the Icngtii of the calyx (half to two thirds of an inch long). 
 
 Var. roseus, with rose-colored corolla (or white turning rose-purple % ) ; tin; tube 
 shorter. — TripJiysaria versicolor, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Seni. I'etersb. ii. 52? 
 
 Moist grounds, common from Monterey Bay northward. The variety in sandy fields, Noyo, 
 Mendocino Co., Bohuulcr. Fischer and Meyer describe their plant above cited (which must have 
 come from north of San Francisco) as having a white corolla changing to rose-color, and the 
 tube twice the length of the calyx. The beard within the lower lip is denser in this than iu the 
 
nrthocarpm. SCROPHULAKIACE.K. 579 
 
 12. O. faucibarbatUS, (Jrny. Nculy <^MaI irons, or tlu; Imicts, <tc., witli some 
 short liirsutc i)ut)o.scoiice, rather stout, and tlio, hranclios fewer : leaves rather coarser: 
 corolla aiiparcntly white and with sniall<>r sacs ; the he;ird within less conspicuous; 
 the strai<j;ht upper lip barely tinj^'ed with purple : otherwise nearly as 0. erianihns. 
 — Pacif. K\ IJep. iv. 121 ; Watson, T.ot. King Kxp. 4r)7. 
 
 Moist giouiKlH, aioinul San I'^rancisco l'>ay ami iiorthwanl to Mciidociiio Co., aiipaicntly not 
 rare. 
 
 * vc Anthers 2-ceUed; the lower cell mostly small and imperfect in the first two species: 
 seed with an outer loose and arilliform coarsely reticulated coat. 
 
 +- Lower lip of the corolla very broad ; the sacs deeper (horizontally) than long, 
 
 +4- ComjxirdtivcJy small : narroio vpper lip truncate at the tip : capsule oblong, obtuse. 
 
 I'i. O. gracilis, Pxinth. Minutely ])uhc.sceiit, or below ^dabrous, branched from 
 the l)as(' ; the slender branches a span or more high: leaves .3-parted into linear- 
 liliform divisions, or some of the lower nearly entins : np])er l)raets shorter than the 
 rather closely S]ncate flovvcr.s, the tii)s of their lobes puriilish-tinged : corolla pubes- 
 cent, purplish ; its slender tube twice the length of the calyx ; lower lip decidedly 
 shorter than the upper ; its sacs small but deep, somewhat conical. 
 
 Califoiiiia (near Montcroy?), Plouglns, Nittfall. Wc have only specimens from Douglas. 
 Corolla 7 lines long; the npper lip 2 lines ; lower one a line deep. Seeds broadly oval, in a very 
 loose and lacc-likc arillil'onu coat. 
 
 ++ ++ Sacs ampile : upper lip subulate : capsule ovate : stem simple or few-branclied : 
 spike thickish and commonly dense, at least above. 
 
 14, O, campestris, Penth. (Jlabrous or nearly so below, above (the calyx and 
 base of bracts) hirsute or hispid, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves and bracts narrow-linear 
 and entire, rarely Avith a lobe or two : calyxdobes lanceolate, often united in pairs : 
 corolla white ; the erect and scarious teeth of the lower lip slender and rather 
 conspicuous. — PI. Ilartw, 329. 
 
 Fields in the valley of the Sacramento, Hartnrtj. Plumas Co., Mrs. Pitlsifer Ames. Corolla 
 about throe fonrtlis of an imli long : lower lip 2 lines d(!cp. 
 
 15. O. lithospermoides, P)enth. Hirsute above, pubescent below, about a 
 foot high, strict and simple or with some erect brandies, very leafy : leaves lance- 
 olate or lanceolatedinear and all but the lower with few or several slender lobes; 
 the floral with a dilated base and somewhat palmate lobes almost eipialling 
 the crowded Uowers : calyx-lobes linear: corolla cream-color, "often turning pale 
 rose-color " ; the sacs very ventricose (fully 3 lines wide) ; the teeth short and incon- 
 spicuous. 
 
 Hillsides, and moist meadows ; connnnn through the western part of the State from San Fran- 
 cisco Bay and the Sacramento northward. Corolla an inch long or rather less. 
 
 -t- -t- Lower lip of the corolla, less ample, surpassed by the subulate upper one ; the sacs 
 vol deeper than fonp : hirsute, strict and simple, or the larr/er plants branching, tcith 
 leaves and lobes linear and mostly attenuated : spikes leafy : calyx-lobes slender. 
 
 U). O. lac ems, P>enth. A span to a foot high, rather softdiir.sute and above 
 viscid : leaves mostly ])innately parted or the ujiper floral pnlmately 3 - 7-cleft into 
 long and narrow divisions or lobes : leafy spikes at first dense, at length loose : 
 calyx-lobes shorter than the tube: corolla yellow, its sacs about as deep as long, — 
 PI. Ilartw. 329. 0. hispidm, Watson, P.ot. King Kxp. 230, in i)art, ^'c. 
 
 Open grounds, from tlie valley of tlie Sacramenfo {Ifur/irrif) and tlirougli the Sierra Nevada, 
 where it abounds from Mariposa Co. to Sierra Valley. Corolla two thirds or half an inch long ; 
 the tube little or considerably longer than the calyx, lielated on one hand to 0. lilhoxpcrmoidrjt 
 in its larger forms, in the smaller ones to 0. his/ndus, with which it has lieen confounded. 
 
580 SCKUPIIUi.ARIAC.lKJ-:. Urlhoauyus. 
 
 17. O. hispidus, Death. Strict, mostly slendei ami little bmnclied, hirsute: 
 leaves witli lew slender ilivisioiis, ur the lower entire : leafy spike virgate : calyx- 
 lobes much shorter than the tube : corolla whitish or pale yellow, its sacs rather 
 narrow and longer than deep. 
 
 Common in Oregon, as far south as Klamath Valley {Cronkhtte) ; therefore jtrobably in C'ah- 
 fornia. Corolla half an inch long ; the lower lip much smaller than in the precuiling. 
 
 18. O. linearilobus, IJenth. A foot hiyh, above with hirsute or somewhat 
 hispid pubescence : leaves with few or several long and slender divisions ; lloral ones 
 equalling the densely s|)icate llowers, the tips of their divisions conunonly tinged 
 with purple : calyx-lobes much longer than the tube and equalling that of the 
 (purplish/) corolla: sacs of the latter narrow, tapering gradually downward, mucli 
 longer tlian deep ; the ovate-subidate teeth thickish and shoit. — I'l. Hartw. 350. 
 
 Mountain pastures of the Sacramento district, llarlwaf. In gmiu-lieltls, Andcison N'iilley, 
 Mendocino Co., Bulandtr. Corolla three fourths of an inch long. 
 
 18. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. 
 Calyx spatliaceous, of an anterior and a i)osterior leaf-like division, or tlie anterior 
 one wanting. Corolla tubular, a little enlarging upward, bilabiate ; the lips short 
 and nearly of equal length ; the lower very obtusely antl crenulately 3-toothed ; the 
 upper straight and compressed, with the a]jex more or less uncinately incurved. 
 Stamens as in Orthocarpus : cells of the anthers either ciliate, or minutely bearded 
 at base and apex. Stylo mostly hooked at the ti]), ami more or less thickened under 
 the entire terminal stigma. Capsule compressed, loculicidal. Seeds several or 
 rather numerous, with a loo.se coat, tipped with a point. • — Ihanching annuals ; with 
 alternate narrow leaves, either entire or 3 - r)-i)arteil, the iloral ones or bracts not 
 brightly colored. Flowers one to each bract, not showy, yellow or purplish, capi- 
 tately or spicately crowdeil, or sometimes loosely paniculate. — tJray, Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 381 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 231, 459. 
 
 The species are all Californian and of the interior region eastward, one extending to the western 
 frontiers of Texas. The genus was lirst named ^'Idctiudcijiii, by lientham ; but as this name was 
 only partially applicable, the author himself adopted Nuttali's name, CordjliUilhus. 
 
 § 1. Calyx 2-leaved : Jlowtrs sliort-pedictlltd or ultnoat stsaile, subttndt'd by 2 ^o 4 
 hractltts : jiural leaots and bracts wlUi tht truiicatt reluse ur 2 - [\ toolhed apex 
 tipped with a callous (/laud. — Adenostegia, Cray. 
 
 * Stamens 2 : anthers \ -celled: fdainents nearly (/hdruus : posterior division of the 
 calyx 2-nerved and 2-clc/t. 
 
 1. C, capitatus, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculately much branched, 
 finely st)ft-pubescent, rather hoary: leaves very narro^wly linear, or the Horal broader 
 and 3-5-cleft : llowers few or several in a capitate cluster at the end of the branch- 
 lets : corolla purjjlish, half an inch long : capsule 8-see(led. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
 X. 597 ; Watson, 1. c. 
 
 "California, Nuthill" ; but more pn.bably cnlliM^lcd by bim in tbe interior region. Itcdis- 
 eovered by ira/.intv in tbe ('lovir iMuiinlains hi tli<' noitb.aslern part of Nevada, ih.I lav .soulli of 
 Nuttall's route in crossing tbe continent. 
 
 * * Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled : fdaments villous : both calyx-leaves 5 - ij-nerved. 
 
 2. C. ramosus, Nutt. A span or two high, dilfusely branched from the base, 
 hoary-puber\deut : leaves mostly 3 - 7-parted into iiliform divisions, Avhich are 
 hardly at all glanduhir or dilated at the a])ex : llowers few in a terminal fascicle or 
 in the upper axils : corolla yellow : capsule 20-seeded. — Watson, 1. c. 
 
Cordylanthm. SCROPHULARIACE^. 581 
 
 Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (Tonr.y, kc.) ; prnl)al)ly loacliinR tlio adjacent borders of Cali- 
 fornia : not raro tbro\i^li tlio interior logion to tlin holders of Wyoming. 
 
 3. C. filifolius, Nutt. Paniculately bifinclied, a foot or two liigli, puberulent 
 and somewhat viscid, or sometimes nearly glabrous, sometimes si)arsely hispid : 
 leaves liliform or linear-filiform ; the Uiwer entire, the upper 3 - 5 -parted, tlie lloral 
 with cuneato base and bristly-ciliatc! margins ; tlie divisions with dilated and rctuso 
 or notched gland-bearing ti]) : ilowers ratlier numerous in terminal heads : corolla 
 purplish, G to 9 lines long. — Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. Adenosteyia rigida, 
 J?cntli. in Lindl. Syst. Nat. & DC. 1. c. 537. 
 
 San Diego f'o. to San Francisco, &c., and east to JIariposa Co. • 
 
 4. C. pilosus, Gray. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, soft-villous and 
 more or less hoary : leaves very narrowly linear, ctitire ; the upper and floral ones 
 usually broader and notched or 3-toothed at the tip : flowers crowded two or three 
 together at the summit of the branches or becoming scattered or paniculate : corolla 
 yellowish with some purple, less than an inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 383. 
 
 Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Little or not at all villous, glandular-pubescent : 
 flowers more pnniclod or Bcatlorod. 
 
 Opeti grounds, Santa Clara Co., to tho Sacramento and to Mnndoc-ino Co., liraucr, Bolanda-, 
 Kellogg, &c. 
 
 5. C. tenuis, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched from the base, a foot or two high, 
 from very minutely pubescent to nearly glabrous : branches filiform : leaves entire, 
 filiform or very narrowly linear ; the upper sometimes dilated or tridenticulate at 
 the tip ; the floral sometimes 3-parted : flowers more or less scattered : corolla 
 purplish and yellowish, 6 or 7 lines long. 
 
 Dry sandy soil, in the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa to Plumas Co., and adjacent frontiers of 
 Nevada: also Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., Kellogg or Boland-cr. 
 
 § 2. Caii/x one-leaved (the anterior division luantinff) : florvers destitute of hractlets, 
 each one sessile in the axil of a clasping bract : herbage not glandular but 
 sometimes viscid-pubescent : no callous gland at the tips of the leaves. — 
 Hemistegia, Gray. 
 
 * Stamens 4, all with villous ^filaments and 2-celled anthers ; their cells bearded at 
 
 base and apex : leaves mostly Z-cleft. 
 
 6. C. Kingii, Watson. A span to a foot high, much branched, -vnscidly pubes- 
 cent : divisions of the leaves linear-filiform : bracts 3 - 5-cleft : flowers crowded at 
 the summit of the branchlots : corolla pubescent above, mostly purple, less than an 
 inch long. — Bot. King Exp. 1. c. t. 22. 
 
 Monitor Valley, Nevada ( Watson), and Southern Utah : not yet known in California. 
 
 * * Stamen^ 4, ivith glabrous filaments : anthers of the longer stamens 2-celled, of the 
 shorter with a small lower cell only ; merely the base of the anther-cells ciliolaie or 
 bearded : leaves all entire. 
 
 7. C. canescens, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, corymbosely branched, rather 
 stout, hoary-pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolato, acute, rather erect : bracts lanceo- 
 late : flowers few in a close capitate cluster : corolla puri)lish. 
 
 Washoe Co., Nevada {Anderson, Torrcy, kc), near the California line, and doubtless also 
 within it. 
 
 8. C. maritixnus, Nutt. 1. c. A foot or less high, corymbosely branched from 
 tho base, pale, less hoary-pubescent than the preceding, which it rcsemble,s : tho 
 leaves and bracts similar ; inflorescence similar or more sjucate : corolla dull pur- 
 plish : filaments in very unequal pairs. 
 
 Sandy salt-marshes along the coast, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. 
 
582 SCROPIIULAIIIACE/E. Cordylanlhus. 
 
 « * * Stamens only 2, xirith glabrous filaments : anthers unequally 2-celled : -upper 
 leaves and bracts incisely pinnatifid or toothed. 
 
 9. C. mollis, CI ray, 1. c. Barely a foot high, with numerous branches, viHous- 
 hireute : leaves oblong hnear ; the lower entire and obtuse ; the ui)per and tlie 
 bmcts with '1 to 1 pairs ol* laeiniato obtuse teeth or lobes : Uowers in short tliickisli 
 spikes : corolla whitish or yellowish, with some dull purple. 
 
 Salt-marshe3 of Saii Fiaiicisco J^ay, at Mare Island and Vallejo, C. Wright, E. L. Greene. 
 Corolla tluee fourths of an inch long. Seeds somewhat reuiform, with a loose and thick cellular- 
 reticulated coat. 
 
 19. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort. 
 Calyx 2-5-toolluid, irregular. Corolla strongly l)iLd)iate ; the upper lip (galea) 
 arched and laterally compre.sscul, sometimes beaked; the lower erect at base, li-crested 
 above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, enclosed in the upper lip : anthers transverse, equally 
 2-celled, all or in pair-s closely approximate. Style filiform : stigma small, entire. 
 Capsule ovate or lanceolate, oblique, compressed, more or less loculicidal. Seeds 
 several or numerous, comparatively large, ovoid. — Perennial herbs ; with alternate 
 or sometimes opposite or whorled leaves, those mostly pinnately divided or lobed, 
 the lloral ones commonly reduced to bracts ; the llowers commonly spicate, some- 
 times mcemose, of various colors, 'riie Uiaves in ours all or mostly alt.ernate. 
 
 A genus of nearly 150 species, widely distributed, but chiefly in the northern lieniis|ihere and 
 in cool temperate or arctic regions, more numero\is from Oregon iiortliwaid and in tiie Kocky 
 Mountains than in California, which, however, has two or three peculiar species. 
 
 * Leaves undivided, merely serrate : fioivers racemose : corolla beaked. 
 
 1. P. racemosa, Dougl. Glabrous or nearly so : stems numerous in a cluster, 
 a foot or two high, A'cry leafy : leaves lanceolate, with narrowed base more or less 
 petioled, closely and often doubly crenate-serrate ; the upper floral or brads linear 
 and entire and shorter than the flowers, but the raceme leafy below : calyx split 
 down the front, 2-toothed posteriorly : corolla white or purplish, with tube hardly 
 exceeding the calyx ; the upper lip strongly incurving and tapering into a subulate 
 beak which touches the broad lower lip : anthers pointed at base. — Hook. Fl. 
 ii. 108. 
 
 Mountain woods, Sierra and Bear Valleys, Lcmmon, Bolandcr. Also Utah and Colorado in the 
 higher mountains, and north to British Columhia. 
 
 * v< Leaves at least once pinnatifid. 
 +■ Upper lip of the corolla tipped with a long and slender proboscis ; its base with a 
 tooth on each side : anthers very blunt : stem and virgate spike strict, together from 
 a s-/)an to 2 feet high. 
 
 2. P. Groenlandica, Retz. Glabrous : leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately 
 parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, sharply and sometimes incisely serrate: calyx 
 campanulate; the 5 teeth short: corolla rose-colored, short, barely half the length 
 of the fdiform deflexed and then ascending or recurved beak, this nearly half an 
 inch long. — Fl. Dan. t. IIGG, poor. P. incarnata, Iictz, Obs. iv. 27, t. 1. J', sur- 
 recta, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii. 107, & Prodr. x. 5GG ; the larger-flowered form, which 
 prevails. 
 
 Higher jtarts.of the .Sierra Nevada from Placer Co. (Turret/) east to the Kocky Mountains, and 
 north to British Columbia, Labrador, and Greenland i 
 
 3. P. attollens, Gray. Glabrous below : the dense spike rather woolly : leaves 
 lanceolate or linear in outline, pinnately parted, with linear or somewhat oblong 
 divisions, some of the lowest leaves nearly bipinnatitid ; the upper scattered, gradu- 
 
Pedicularis. 0R0BANCIIACE.1<:. 583 
 
 ally sinallcr nnd simplor ; tho lohos sharply sorrate : calyx iinoq\ially r)-toothc(l ; tlio 
 teeth almost ns \oiv^ as tho tube, : corolla i)urplo ; tlic upper lip littli; cxscrtcd out of 
 the calyx, iinich shorter than tho broad h)\ver one, and only about half the length 
 of its abrupt upturned or retrocurved liliform beak, this 2 or 3 lines long. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 384. 
 
 Moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mariposa to Placer Co., 
 Bridges, Brewer, Bolandcr, Torrcy. 
 
 +. +. Upper lip of the corolla blunt and brakless : radical leaves ample, nearly equal- 
 linrj or exceedinr/ (lie spike or dense raceme. 
 
 4. P. densiflora, Bonth. Pubescent wlion young, or nearly glabrous, stout, a 
 span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lance.olatc or broader in general outline, 
 twice pinnatifid or pinnately parted, and the divisions irregularly and sharply in- 
 cised and toothed ; the ui>per simpler and reduced to foliaceous bracts of the dense 
 or in age more lengthened and looser spike or raceme : calyx-teeth 5, lanceolate or 
 subulate : corolla red or scarlet, straight and narrow, slightly clavate, an inch or more 
 long ; tho lower lip very small, inconspicuous, only a quarter of the lengtii of the 
 upper : anther-cells with tapering or acute base. — /'. densijlora k P. aftenuata, 
 Benth. in DC. 1. c. 574. 
 
 Common throughout tho western and middle portions of the State. Spike at first 2 or 3 inches, 
 in age often a foot or more in length : pedicels shorter than the calyx, sometimes very short. 
 Tube of the corolla either little or considerably exserted. 
 
 5. P. semibarbata, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, or at length glabrate, almost 
 stemless : leaves crowded next the ground, slender-petioled, much exceeding the 
 short anil nearly sessile spikes, twice ])innatoly ])art(Ml into small and sliort mostly 
 few-toothed or incised lobes: calyx unequally r)-toothed : corolla yellowish, oxtor- 
 nally pubescent, two thirds of an inch long, moderately enlarging upward, straight ; 
 tho short obtuse upper lip a little incurved, slightly longer tlian the almost erect 
 lower one ; tho two longer filaments villous above the middle ; tho otluirs nearly 
 naked : anther-cells abruptly pointed at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 385. 
 
 Open woods through the Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, from I\Iariposa to Placer Co. 
 (Brewer, Bolandcr, Gray) ; also found near Carson City by Anderson. 
 
 P. CENTUANTHERA, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, is a somewhat similar, but more peculiar, 
 nearly stemless species, with once pinnatifid leaves, longer and purnlo corolla, and awned anthers. 
 It was discovered in New Mexico, but hns recently boon detected in tho southwestern part of 
 Utah, so that it may reach the borders of California. 
 
 Order LXIX. OROBANCHACE^. 
 
 Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of foliage and green color, with irregular chiefly 
 
 bilabiate corolla, didynamous stamens, and one-celled ovary and capsule with two or 
 
 more parietal many-seeded placentrc, — by the latter character only distinguished 
 
 from Scroplmlariaceae. — Seeds very small and numerous, anatropous, with a minute 
 
 embryo at the base of transparent albiimcn. Calyx and corolla persistent, hypogy- 
 
 nous. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Style long : stigma 
 
 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule 2-valved : each valve bearing one placenta or a 
 
 pair. Dry or fleshy scales, in place of leaves, alternate. 
 
 A flmnll onlor mainly of tlio northern tompcrnto zone, of 11 genera nnd about 150 sjieeies, nil 
 except n dozen belonging to the Old World, only two gcnnra roprescnted in or ncnr Cuhrornia. 
 
 1. Aphyllon. Stamens included: colls of iho anthers pointed nt base. Calyx fi-cleft. 
 
 2. Bosohnlakla. Stamens protruded: nnther-cells closely parallel and blunt nt base. Calyx 
 
 tnincnto posteriorly, the teeth anterior and lateral. 
 
584 OROBANCHACE^i. Aphyllon. 
 
 1. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Canceh-root. 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5-piiiUMl, regular or nearly so. Corolla luoro or less tubular and 
 curvoil, cither uhuost regular or bilabiate. Stamens included : cells of the anther 
 deeply separated IVoin hdow upwaril, niucronato at baso. Stylo long : stigiua disk- 
 shaped and pelLaLe, or umro or less bilaniellar ; the lobes anterior and posterior. A 
 double placenta or a pair of contiguous placenta) on the middle of each valve of the 
 capsule. Low and commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, pale or brownish in 
 hue, some with slender naked scai)cs or peduncles, others with spicate llowers : 
 corolla purplish or yellowish. — Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 1, 290, ed. 5, 323; Benth. & 
 Hook. Gen. PL ii. 983. Atioplanihus § Euanoj^lon, Endl., Renter in DC. Prodr. 
 xi. 41, with species of Phelipoea. 
 
 A Nortli American genus, to wliich must be added two or three species w]uch had been referred 
 to Phelijjcvii iis that genua liud been understood. The original Phelipaui, on the other hand, is 
 more like the original Ajjltijllon in habit. 
 
 § 1. Scapes or peduncles naked, long and slender, from a loosely scaly rootstock or short 
 ascending stem, and no hractlets at the base of the Globed calyx : corolla with 
 an almost regular and equally spreading b-lobed border. — True ArnYLLON. 
 
 1. A. uniflorum, Gray, 1. c. Scapes few aiul barely a span high from a nearly 
 subterranean sIkuL ronLslock : lobes (if the ctdyx longer than its tube, subulate : 
 corolla (about an inch long) bluish-jjurple or })urplish. — I'acif \i. liep. iv. 118. 
 Orobanche unijiora, Linn. 
 
 Parasitic on roots of various plants, not rare in California, and north to British Columbia, east 
 to tho Atlantic. Flowers vernal, with the odor of violets. 
 
 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray, 1. c, IMore pubescent and glandular : scaly stem ris- 
 ing out of ground 2 t)r 3 inches, bearing numerous fascicled peduncles of about the 
 same length : lobes of the calyx not longer than its tube, broader and shorter than 
 in the preceding: corolla j)urplish or sometimes sulphur-yellow. — Orobanche fas- 
 ciculata, Nutt. ; Hook. PI. ii. 93, t. 170. 
 
 Sandy ground : commoner than the other, extending eastward to tho Mississippi and the upper 
 Great Lakes. 
 
 § 2. Stems rising above the ground : Jtowers racemose, panicled, or spicate, mostly luith 
 one or two bractlets close to or rarely below the calyx : corolla plainly bila- 
 biate ; np2)er lip '1-lobed or notched ; lower i-j^arted. — Nothaphvllon, Gray. 
 
 * Flowers racemose, distinctly pedicelled, 2^etty large {an inch or more long) : the lobes 
 of t/ie corolla more or less spreading : calyx b-parted into long and slender lobes. 
 
 3. A. comosum, Gray, Low, branching at or near the surface of the ground : 
 flowers oil sleudm- and mostly naked pedicels in a corymb or short raceme: bractlets 
 at the calyx often wanting, when present very slender: corolla rose-colored or purple, 
 with oblong spreading lobes. — Orobanche comosa, Hook. 1. c. t. 1G9. 
 
 Dry hills ; parasitic on Arlonisna and other ]>lants ; on tlio Coast Kango back of Monterey 
 (Brcu)cr) to Washington Territory. Pedicels sometimes nearly an inch long. Calyx half tho length 
 of tho corolla, which is not rarely l.J inches long and broad at tho throat. Authors woolly. 
 
 4. A. Califomicum, Gray. Stem stout, a span or more high, simple or branch- 
 ing : llowers crowded in an at len«^th elongated and dense sjjike-like raceme : pedi- 
 cels shorter than the calyx, which is commojdy 2-bracteolato and its slender divisions 
 almost as long as the yellowish or purplish corolla, the lobes of which are rather 
 shorter and less spreading than in the preceding. — Orobanche Californica, Cham. & 
 Schlecht. Phelipcea Californica, Don ; Ileuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 11. P. erianthera, 
 Watson, Bot. King Exp. 225, not of Engelm. 
 
 Dry hills, from near the coast to Nevada. Anthers naked or slightly hairy. 
 
Boschniakia. OROBANCHACEyE. 585 
 
 « *■ Flowers mainli/ sessile, croivded in a simple or branching spike : lobes of the 
 corolla short and less spreading: calyx deejdy 5-cleft into linear-lanceolate divisions, 
 2-bracteolate. 
 
 5. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. More pubescent, a ^^nn to a foot liigli : calyx 
 about half the length of the dull purple or sometimes yellowish corolla : anthers 
 (before opening) glabrous or slightly woolly. — Orobanche Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. 
 ii. 58. PhelipoEa Ludoviciana, Walp. ; licuter, 1. c. 
 
 Near Fort Mohavo, Cooper. Tlmnco tliroiigli New Mexico to Texas, Illinois, and Minnesota. 
 "Rootstock bitter, but eaten by the Mohavcs." Corolla barely tlirco fourths of an inch long: 
 upper lip occasionally entire : calyx often rather irregular. 
 
 A. MULTIFLOUUM, Gray {Orohanclw viulliflora, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 179, & P/wlipoca criani/iera, 
 Engelm.), of Arizona and New Mexico, which resembles the preceding species, has larger flowers, 
 the lower ones more or less pedicelled, longer calyx-lobes, and very woolly anthers. It may also 
 reach California. 
 
 * * * Floivers mainly sessile, in a. pani/^le or thyrsoid cluster, small, at most half an 
 inch long : calyx 2-bracteolate ; its lobes rather short : corolla ivith short a)id hardly 
 spreading lobes : anthers glabrous or nearly so : stems from a thick and firm tuber- 
 ous base. 
 
 6. A. tuberosum, Gray. Minutely puberulent, low and stout, the thickened 
 base witli firm imbricated scales : flowers in a compact cluster : calyx unequally 
 cleft, a little shorter than the yellowish corolla. — Phelipcea tnberosa. Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. vii. 371. 
 
 Sandy soil on dry ridges, Gavilan Mountains east of Monterey, Brewer. Specimens mainly in 
 fruit. 
 
 A. PlNKTonuM, Qrny {Phrlijma pivetnrnm, Gray, 1. c, and Orohanrlie pivrtornm, Goyerin Hook. 
 Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297), of the Columbia IJivcr region, another species of this section, lias more 
 tapering stems and a looser panicle, often a foot high, and c(\nn\ calyx-lobes rather shorter than 
 its tube. 
 
 2. BOSCHNIAKIA, C. A. Meyer. 
 
 Calyx short and cupahaped, oblique, or the upper side truncate, the lovrer side 
 with about 3 distant teeth : no bractlots at its base. Corolla ventricose ; the upper 
 lip erect or somewhat arched and entire ; the lower 3-partcd, sometimes very short. 
 Stamens somewhat protruded : anthers blunt at base. Seeds Avith a thin and retic- 
 ulated coat. — Short and stout simple stems from a tuberous base, thickly beset 
 with scales, glabrous throughout ; the flowers in a dense scaly spike, yellowish or 
 brownish. — Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 158. 
 
 B. GLABRA, C. A. Meyer, the original species (which is figured in Hooker's Flora Bor.-Am.), 
 inhabits Siberia and the high northern parts of this continent. It is remarkable for the ex- 
 tremely short lower lip to the corolla. 
 
 B. HooKEiu, Walp. (figured by Hooker as Orobanche tiihrrosa), known only by a .siwcimcn 
 collected by Menzios on the N. W. Coast, must bo near the following, but has short and blunt 
 calyx-teeth and narrow bracts to tho spike. 
 
 1. B. Strobilacea, Gray. A span high, thick and stout, with broad and 
 rounded dark-brown scales overlying one another, so as to resendile a spruce-cone, 
 floriferous from near tho base : calyx truncate-entire on the po.'^torior side, on the 
 anterior with 3 linear-subulate teeth longer than tho tube : lower li]> of the corolla 
 as long as the ujiper, of ;? obhuig spreading lobes : filaments strongly boarded at 
 base: placenta; 4, equidistant. — Pacif. R. Kep. iv. 118. 
 
 On dry steep hills of the South Yuba, Biqrlow. Sta. Lucia Mountains, parasitic on roots of 
 Manzanita, Brewer. "Scales brownish-red with light margins : corolla striped with white and 
 brownish-red." 
 
586 Ll'LNTIBULARIE.E. Utricularia. 
 
 Order LXX. LENTIBULARIEiE. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, with bihibiate calyx and corolla, the latter personate and 
 spurred or saccate on the lower side, only 2 stamens, their anthers conlluently 
 1-celleil, and the iVee ovaiy 1 -celled, with u free central placenta. Ovules numerous, 
 anatropous. Capsule many-seeded, bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albu- 
 men : the embryo thick, almost entire, a mere notch for the cotyledons. Flowers 
 perfect, on a scape or scape-like peduncle. 
 
 Tlio iniucipal genera uru I'iiKjuicula or lUittcrwort, iiihaliiliiig wot rocks, one bpeciua in Oregon, 
 uiul the rather large genus, - ■ 
 
 1. UTRICULAEIA, Linn. Bladueuwort. 
 
 Calyx persistent, its lips entire. Corolla with very short tube and ample lips ; 
 the lower larger, 3-lobed, bearing a prominent and usually bearded palate, decid- 
 uous. Stamens borne in the base of the corolla, connivent : anthers approximate. 
 Style short : stigma 1 - 2-lii)ped. — The commoner species are immersed in still or 
 slow-flowing water, have branching stems, and capillary dissected leaves, and on 
 some of them bladders with a valvular opening, in which minute aquatic animals 
 are caught and retained. 
 
 A genus of numerous species, widely distributed over the world, several in the Atlantic United 
 States, but only the following known in California, both ranging round the worlil. 
 
 1. U. vulgaris, Linn. Stems 1 to 3 feet long, swimming free under water, beset 
 with twice or thrice ])innately-parted capillary leaves bearing many bladders : 
 ])eduncles rising out of the water G to 12 inches high : flowers 5 to 12 in a ra(;emo, 
 (I inch broad) ; the conical curved spur rather shorter than the lower lip of the 
 corolla : ])e(licels nodding after flowering. 
 
 bakes and pools, in the Sierra Nevada and in tho northwestern counties ; the var. Americana, 
 Gray, having a narrower and less blunt spur than in tho European plant. 
 
 2. IT. minor, Linn. Stems a few inches long, slender, swimming free, branch- 
 ing, beset witli short and 2 to 4 times forked leaves having linear-flliform divisions : 
 peduncle slender, rising out of the water, and bearing 3 to 8 flowers in a raceme : 
 corolla 3 lines long, with very short and blunt spur or sac : pedicels nodiling after 
 flowering. 
 
 Hig Spring in Indian Valley, Lcmmon. Collected by Watson in Nevada and Utah, but only 
 sterile. 
 
 Order LXXI. BIGNONIACE^. 
 
 Woody plants, erect or climbing, with more or less bilabiate corolla, didynamous 
 or by abortion diandrous stamens, a free ovary with two parietal placentie but very 
 commonly 2-celled by a false partition, and numerous seeds with a flat embryo and 
 no albumen. Leaves various, hut commonly opposite. Flowers usually largo and 
 showy, [jerfect. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud, the three lobes of the 
 lower lip covering the others. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla alternate 
 with the lobes ; the anterior pair always fertile and rudiments of the 3 others 
 present, or 4 fertile, the uppermost rudimentary or wanting : anthers 2-celled. A 
 fleshy annular disk around the base of the ovary. Style single : stiguia of 2 broad 
 lips. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly a capsule, opening by 2 
 
Chihj.sis. ACANTIIACEyE. 587 
 
 valvca wliicli full away from the j)lacf>ntifcrnus pnrlitioii or ropliini. Seeds largo, 
 winged or appendaged ; the kernel consisting of tlio (lat embryo : cotylcdona broad 
 and foliaceous : radicle short. 
 
 A large order in the tropins, and with a few representatives in the temperate zones, especially 
 in America, such a.s the Tninipet-Creeiier (Trcoma rndimns) and the (,'atjilpa-tree in tiie Atlantic 
 States. There are some tnie Jiiffnoyiinccrc in the soutlicrn part of Lower California ; but in our 
 State only one, and that barely along the southeastern frontiers. 
 
 Matitynia (Unicorn-plant) is represented by a species or two in Lower California and Arizona, 
 but none is known along or near our boundtiry. '1 ney are viscid and nink-scented herbs, with a 
 sort of drupaceous imperfectly 'i-.'l-celled fruit, and thick-coated wingless seeds. M. I'UOBOS- 
 ciDEA, Glox., the common Unicorn-plant, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is not unlikely to 
 occur in California as an introduced ])lnnt. These plants, with Sesamum and some other genera, 
 constitute the order or suborder PKnAMNE,?;. 
 
 1. CHILOPSIS, Don. I)KSKin-Wii,i,ow. 
 
 Calyx membranaceons, ovate in the bud, irregularly bilal)iate, often split deeper 
 on one side. Corolla funnclforra, ventricose above, with an ample bilabiately 
 5-lobed spreading limb ; the rounded lobes erose and undulate. vStamens 4 and a 
 sterile lilament : cells of the anther naked and diverging. Capsule long and linear, 
 terete, resembling that of Catafpa, 2-celled with the at length loose narrow partition 
 contrary to the valves. Seeds oblong, thin, with the wing at each end dissected 
 into a woolly or fine bristly tuft. Cotyledons 2-lobed. — Don in Edinb. Phil. Jour, 
 ix. 261 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 227. — A single species. 
 
 1. C. sallgna, Don, 1. c. Shrub or tree, 10 to 20 foot high, with hard wood, 
 willow-like, pubescent when young, soon glabrous, with slondor branches bearing 
 numerous leaves : these linear or linear-lanc(>olato, 4 to inchos long, opposite, 
 whorlcd, or mostly irregularly alternate, entire, slightly glutinous when old : llowers 
 in a short terminal raceme : corolla one or two inches long, Avhite and jnirplish : cap- 
 sule 6 to 10 inches long. — C. linearis, ])C. 1. c. Bignonia (?) lincark, Cav. Ic. iii. 
 t. 269. 
 
 Along water-courses, San Bernardino and San Diego counties, .and through the arid interior 
 region to the borders of Texas and the northern part of Mexico. 
 
 Order LXXII. ACANTHACEiE. 
 
 Like Scrophulariace(B in general character, except in the capsule and seeds. 
 Flowers perfect, mostly with bractlets at the base of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, 
 with placenta in the axis, bearing few or definite anatropous ovules in each cell. 
 Capsule 2-celIed, few-seeded. Seeds borne on hook-like or rarely cupshapod pro- 
 cesses of the placenta (retinacnla), destitute of albumen. Cotyledons broad and 
 flat. Corolla with lobes either imbricated or convolute in the bud. 
 
 A very largo family, chiefly in nnd near the inter-iropicnl regions ; a few in tlio Eastern United 
 States extemling even to the(!reat Lakes; a larger number along (he southern border of tho 
 United States ; one or two only known to occur within the borders of Ihe State of California, but 
 several not far distant. One or two species of Thiinhrrrjia commonly lepresent the order in 
 cultivation. Tho herbage is bland or slightly bitter, and destitute of active properties. 
 
 * Stamens 4 : corolla hardly or only slightly bilabiate. 
 
 1. Ruellla. Anthers 2-celled. Corolla convolute in the bud. Ca))Mide sevetal-.seedeil. 
 
 2. Berglnia. Anthers 1 -colled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Capsule 4-secded. 
 
 * * Stamens only 2 : anthers 2-celled : corolla strongly bilabiate : capsule 4-seeded. 
 
 3. Beloperone. Anthers with lower cell spurred or pointed at base. Flowers 1-bracted. 
 
 4. Dicliptera. Anther-eells pointless. Flowers 1 to 3 between a pair of valvate bracts. 
 
588 ACANTHACE.E. Raellia. 
 
 1. RUELLIA, Limi. 
 Calyx 5-parted into narrow and nearly equal divisions. Corolla broadly I'unuel- 
 form, almost regularly 5-lobed ; the lobes broad and Hat, convolute in the bud. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, included : lUanients united at the base in pairs : anthers 
 sagittate, 2-celled ; the cells nearly parallel and equal. Capsule obloiig or club- 
 shaped, nearly terete, 8- IG-seeded. Seeds flat, rounded or somewhat lieart-siiai)ed. 
 — Perennials and chiclly herbs; with ovul or oblong and petioled leaves, and rather 
 largo blue or i)urple Uowers ; many of the most fertile ones never unfolding, being 
 close- fecundated in the hud. 
 
 1. R. tuberosa, Linn. Pubescent, 2 or 3 feet high: loaves oval or ovate: 
 llowers in a nearly naked tcirminul panicle: corolla (1| to 2 inches long) with a 
 slender tube suddenly expantled into an ample throat : stigma single (the other fork 
 wanting) : capsule 12 — 16-seeded. — Cryphiacaathus liurbadeasis, Nees, 
 
 California, Coidter. But his plant (No. 556) very likely collected in Arizona, whence thia 
 species extends to Texas, and is common in ilcxico, W. Indies, kc. 
 
 2. BERGINIA, Harvey. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted into narrow chartaceous and striate nearly equal divisions. Corolla 
 with tube about equalling the calyx and the irregular rather bilabiate limb ; upper 
 lip nearly erect, 2 parted, the lobes oblong, interior in the bud ; lower longer and 
 spreading, 3-parted or eleft ; the lobes somewhat obovate, the middle one with a 
 bearded patch at and below its base. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat : filaments 
 subulate, the anterior pair bearded inside next the anther : anthers ovate-lanceolate, 
 tho acute tips at first lightly cohering by a minute board. Stylo thickened at aj)ex: 
 stigma naked, truncate and a little cui)ped. Caps\do not at all stalk-liko or nar- 
 ntwod at base, ovate, appurenlly thin-walled and not compressed, 4-8eodi!d from 
 near tho base. — A single species. 
 
 1. B. virgata, Harvey, in herb. Apparently a low and somewhat shrubby 
 plant, minutely puberulent, with slender branches : leaves linear-obhjng, entire, 
 sessile or nearly so, scabrous (half an inch or so in length), with midrib prominent 
 underneath ; tlie upper reduced to ovate-lanceolate bracts of the loose interrupted 
 spike, barely o(iualling the 2-bracteolato calyx : corolla ajjjjarently white, less than 
 half an inch long. — l^jnth. & Hook. Gen. J'l. ii. lODG. 
 
 California, No. (503, Cuallcr. Not sinco met witli ; more probably collected in Arizona or 
 within the borders of Mexico. 
 
 3. BELOPERONE, Nees. 
 
 Calyx equally 5-parted, subtended by a pair of small bractlets. Corolla tubular, 
 bilabiate ; the upper lip interior in the bud, concave, erect or arching, entire or 
 emarginato; the lower sprea<ling and 3-lobed. Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled ; tho 
 cells disjoined, one higher than the other, the lower one with a short spur at base. 
 Style filiform : stigma mostly entire. Capsule clavate, having a long empty stalk- 
 like base ; the short cells each 2-seeded. — ^lostly shrubs, of Tnqjieal America; 
 with flowers in spikes or racemes ; the briicts and bractlets small and narrow. — 
 Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 1110. 
 
 1. B. Californica, IJenth. Tomentose or hoary : stems shrubby, slender, often 
 becoming leafless : leaves ovate, round-oval, or somewhat cordate, nearly entire, 
 
Didipiera. LAHIAT^I^:. 589 
 
 slender-potiolcd : racemes short and loose : bracts and bractlets deciduous : calyx- 
 lobes subulate : corolla dull red, narrow, an inch long ; the lips truncate : cells of 
 the anther nearly equal in size, the lower witli a short blunt spur : capsule tomen- 
 tose, club-shaped, the stalk-like empty V)ase lonjrpv than the seed-bearing portion. — 
 Lot. Sulph. 38. Jacobinia Calif nrnica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 729. ^ericoffraphis 
 Californir.a, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. 
 
 Along the southeastern borders of the State (Fre/)wnt, Neivberry, Parry, kc), in Aiizona, and 
 through Lower California. Capillary style rather persistent, at length separating by a joint above 
 the base. 
 
 4. DICLIPTERA, Juas. 
 
 Bracts a pair, valvately enclosing 1 to 3 flower-buds. Corolla tubular, bilabiate ; 
 the upper lip interior in the bud,. flat or concave, eniarginate or entire ; the lower 
 spreading, 3-toothed or lobed. Stamens 2 : anthers with 2 cells, one higher than 
 the other, both pointless. Capsule short, flattened contrary to the partition, 4-seeded, 
 the base floodloss and stalk-liko : the strong . procossos that boar the seeds curving 
 upward and becoming hook-liko at doliiscoiico. Seeds flat. — Mostly herbs ; with 0- 
 anglod stems, broadish and petioled leaves, and cither scattered or clustered flowers : 
 mainly tropical, two or three species reaching the United States. 
 
 1. D. resupinata, Juss. Nearly glabrous : stems slender, loosely brandling : 
 leaves oblong or lanceolate, slender-petioled : peduncles scattered, bearing a pair of 
 cordate or rounded foliaceous bracts, and between them a single flower or rarely a 
 pair : corolla purplish, half an inch long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. J), thlns- 
 pioides, Nees in DC. 1. c. 474. 
 
 California, No. 557, Coulter : but perhaps only in Arizona, where it abounds, as also in Lower 
 California, in the form of D. thlmpioidcs ; so called because the flattened pair of bracts (3 to 5 
 lines in diameter), terminating a peduncle of about the same length, may be likened to the silicle 
 of a Thlaspi In most species, when the flowers are in clusters, many of the corollas appear to 
 be reversed (resupinate), the 3-lobed lip seemingly the upper one as respects the main axis. 
 
 Order LXXIII. LABIATE. 
 
 Herbs, or chiefly so, mostly aromatic, with square stems, o})posito simple loaves 
 
 and no stipules, bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and an ovary 
 
 parted into 4 lobes around the single style, forming 1-seeded seed-like nutlets in the 
 
 bottom of the persistent calyx. — Flowers perfect. Calyx 3 - 5-toothed or cleft, or 
 
 bilabiate. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or entire ; the lower 3-cleft or parted 
 
 (or in the first tribe as if 4 in the upper and one in the lower lip). Stamens on the 
 
 tube of the corolla. Style 2-cleft at the apex, often unequally so, or one of the lobes 
 
 obsolete : stigmas minute. Seed erect from the base of the nutlet, mostly without 
 
 albumen. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria) ; the radicle inferior. — Foliage 
 
 mostly dotted with impressed glands, producing the volatile oil upon Avhich depends 
 
 the aroma and warm pungency of a large part of the order. Inflorescence axillary, 
 
 the flowers when clustered cymose, the cymes, clusters, &c., sometimes racemose or 
 
 spicate at the upper portion of the stem or branches. 
 
 A largo order, found in nil countries, but most abundnnt in wann-tcnqicnito rr;jioiis. All tlio 
 plants innocent, but some aroniatic-]iungcnt ; several used in medicine or for condiments; otliei's, 
 with brilliant blossoms, such as Mexican and nrazilian Snfjcs, ciiltivnted for ornament. Many 
 Old-World species, such as Marjoram, Savory, Thyme, several Mints, Cat-Mint, Motherwort, &c., 
 are naturalized in the Atlantic States, b\it have not been met with on the Californlan side. 
 
590 LABlAT^t;. 
 
 Hyssoi'us officinams, Liiiii., the Hyssoi» of the OKI World, which has sparingly eacai»ctl from 
 ganlens to roadsides at the East, has once been received from riiuuas Co., California; hut prob- 
 ably it is not there naturalized. 
 
 Nki'ETA Catauia, Linn., tlie Catnip, and perhaps N. Gi.kchoma, Bentli., the Grounti Ivy, 
 also Gai.koi'sis Ti;riiAniT, l.inn., the llemp-Netlie, LEoNiiiuis Caudiaca &. L. SimKicu.s, 
 Linn., Motherwort, and I.amium a.mi'I.kxhaiii.k, Linn., &c., Doad-Nottle, — weeds from lim Ohl 
 World, — are to be e.\peclid in California, but apparently have not yet found their way thither. 
 
 1. Nutlets not reticulated, (juite distinct and attached at the very base : corolla not more deeply 
 cleft down the upper side. 
 
 Tkibk I. OCBIOIDE.K. Stamens declined towards or resting upon the lower lip of the 
 corolla, nil four fertile. Corolla declined, the -1 somewhat e([Ual lobes forming the upper 
 lip, and the liftli dissimilar one the lower. {Ocimuia JJasiiicam, Linn., the Sweet liasil, 
 cultivated as a sweet herb, is the type of this tribe.) 
 
 L Hyptia. Calyx 5-toothe-l. Lower lobe of the corolla saccate, abruptly deflexod at the base. 
 
 Tkibe 1L SATUREIEiE. Stamens erect or ascending ; the })osterior pair shorter or wanting : 
 anthers 2-celled, and the short cells never far separated, sometimes partly conlluent but not 
 blended. Upper lip of the corolla never hooded : all the lobes fiat or flattish. 
 
 ♦ Corolla (small and short) about equally 4-lohed and calyx 4 - 5-toothed : tube naked within. 
 
 2. Mentha. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, straight and distant. 
 
 3. Lycopus. Stamens "2 with anthers : the posterior pair sterile or wanting. 
 
 * * Corolla with border bilabiate, and no hairy ring within the base of the tube. 
 +- Calyx about cipially fj-toothed and 13-nerved: style heardle-ss. 
 
 4. Pycnanthemum. Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight, distant and divergent : 
 
 anther-cells parallel. Corolla-lips and lobes short. 
 
 5. Monardella. E lowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight, exserted : anther-cells at 
 
 length divergent. Corolla-lobes narrow. 
 
 6. Micromeria. E lowers solitary or loosely clustered in the axils. Stamens 4, curving and 
 
 ascending, shorter than corolla. 
 
 -t- -t- Calyx distinctly bilabiate : style beardless. 
 
 7. Calamintha. Flowers scaiterwl or loosely clustero.l. Stamens 4, the shorter pair sometimes 
 
 sterile, conniving in pair.s or ascending jiarallel. 
 
 +■ -t- +■ Calyx uncipuilly and deeply 5-cleft, mostly L'i-norved; style bearded above. 
 
 8. Pogogyne. Stamens 4, sometimes the up2)er pair steiile, ascending. 
 
 » ♦ » Corolla not manifestly bilabiate : a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. 
 
 9. Spbacele. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membranaceous and 
 
 enlarging in fruit, oidy 10-nerved, reticmlated. Stamens 4, distant. Corolla with 
 5 roundish lobes, the lower longest. 
 
 TiuiiK III. MONAKDE-E. Stamens only 2 ftrtiie, the niiper pair rmlimentary or wanting : 
 ant hers uppartiitly or really of a singh' liniuir-idjlong ceil, or of 2 cells very widely sepa- 
 rated upon the two ends of a lihiment-liko connective. 
 
 10. Salvia. Connective longer than the fdament itself, which it strides, a narrow anther-cell at 
 
 its upper end, a smallei' one or a long process at the lower. 
 
 11. Audibertria. Connective much shorter than the filiform filament and continuous or barely 
 
 articulated with its apex, or apparently none : anther 1-celled, no rudiment of the second 
 cell below. 
 
 Tkibe IV. NEPETEili. Stamens all four with good anthers, ascending or divergent ; the 
 posterior pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate : calyx 15-nerved. 
 (Nki'ETA, the type of this tribe, would be expected to give two European weeds, the Cat- 
 nip and Ground Ivy ; but they have not yet been seen in collections.) 
 
 12. Lophanthus. Calyx 15-nerved, 5-tootlied. Stamens divergtmt, the jjairs crossing : anther- 
 
 cells parallel. 
 
 Tkibe V. STACIIYDIJ/E. Stamens all 4 witli good anthers, ascending and parallel under 
 the concave or galeate upi)'jr lip of the corolla. Calyx 5 -10-nerved. Herbage much less 
 aromatic than in the i)reccding tribes, the glandular dots or oil-glands scanty. 
 
 ♦ Anthers of the lonj^er jjair of stamens with one cell abortiv(! or wanting, as also is the uj)])er 
 fork of the stylo : embryo curved ; the short radicle resting against one of the cotyledons : 
 
Men (ha. LABIATJ^J. 591 
 
 lateral lobes of the corolla commonly uintod rather to the upper than to the lower : calyx 
 with short entire lips. 
 
 13. Scutellaria. Calyx with a strong projection on the upper side, becoming casque-shaped, 
 
 linaily splitting and the upper part usually falling. 
 
 14. Salazaria. Calyx with no projection on the back, eidargcd and bladdery-inflated in fruit. 
 
 * ♦ Anthers all alike 2-celled. Embryo straight, as in the order generally. 
 
 15. Brunella. Calyx reticulate-veiny, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip truncate-3-toothed, lower 
 
 2-('loft. Filaments 2-forkod nt apex, one fork bearing the anther. 
 1(5. Marrublum. Calyx 6-10-iiorvod, lO-toothod. HUinioiiH onchisml hi llm nliort tubo of tho 
 corolla. 
 
 17. Btaohys. Calyx 5- lO-nervod, 5-toothod. Slamons rising out of Iho throat and under the 
 
 upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 II. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, somewhat united at base or obli(|uely fixed : corolla most deeply 
 cleft between the two upper lobes. 
 
 Tribe VI. A-IUGOIDE/E. Stamens ascending parallel, and protruded from the cleft on the 
 upper side of the corolla, which thus divides completely the upper lip : the anterior longer 
 than the posterior pair. 
 
 18. Trichoatema. Calyx camj>aniilate, 5-cleft. Corolla with ^ somewhat similar oblong lobes ; 
 
 the limb oblique in the bud and containing the spirally coiled stamens. 
 
 1. HYPTIS, Jacq. 
 Calyx somewhat equally 5-tootlied. Corolla short ; the lower lohe saccate, 
 abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous-margined base ; the other 4 lobes 
 nearly equal and flat. Stamens 4, declined, included in the sac of the lower lobe. 
 — Herbs or low shrubs, of very many South American and ^rexicuji species, a few 
 reaching the United States. 
 
 1. H. Smoryi, Torr. Minutely scurfy-tonicntoso and cancscont, shrubby, 4 or 
 5 feet high, with slender branches : leaves ovate or oval, obscurely crcnate, an inch 
 or less in length, slender-petioled : flowers in loose short-pcdunclod axillary clusters: 
 pedicels about the length of the somewhat turbinate calyx, both densely scurfy. — 
 Eot. Ives Colorado Exp. 20. //. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 129, a slip for 
 //. lanijlora, excl. syn. 
 
 Gravelly ravines of tlio Mohavo {Fremont, Cooper) and eastward, Kinorij, Newberry, kc. Carton 
 Tantillas, within the borders of Lower California, Palvur. "Fragrant." Corolla 2 or 3 lines 
 long, apparently purplish. 
 
 H. ALBIDA, HBK., a related Mexican species, sparingly occurs in Arizona, but no nearer than 
 Camp Grant, Palmer, 
 
 H. LANiFLORA, Beuth., and H. tephrodes, Gray, are known only from the southern part of 
 liOwer California. 
 
 II. roi.YSTACiiYA, IIRK., which is probably only //. spicata, Poiteau, an annual species, of 
 Mexico, &c., is doubtfully enumerated in Bot. Beechey's voyage ; but nothing like it is known 
 from California. 
 
 2. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. 
 Calyx about equally 5-toothcd. Corolla with a short included tube, and a cam- 
 panulate almost equally 4-cleft border ; the upper lobe broadest, cither entire or 
 sometimes emarginate. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial 
 herbs, usually multiplying by creeping shoots or rootstocks ; with very small flowers 
 in dniifto clust(«r.s, tho two oppo.>*it(i ones forming an apparent whorl, either in the 
 axils or else spicate at the top of the branches : corolla whilish or ptirplish. 
 
 1. M. Canadensis, Linn. About a foot liigli. sweet scented, pomntimos soft- 
 pubescent, sometimes almost glal^rous: leaves from oblong-ovate to almost lanceolate, 
 sharply serrate, acute, short-petiolcd : flowers all in short axillary clusters, the sum- 
 mit of the stem being sterile : calyx hairy, its teeth short. 
 
592 LABIAT.E. I^jcojHis. 
 
 Border of streams ami s|iriiigs, San Francisco Bay and eastward to Nevada, &c. Extemls 
 uorthwurd to riigcl Sound, and cast to the Atlantic. 
 
 M. rii'KitiTA, Liiiii., tilt! rtiiiK'indnt, wldcli is glabrous, the leaves pctioled, and the llowcrs 
 crowded iu a tcrnunal sjiikc, is proinibly in cultivation, and theret'oro likely to bo naturalized. 
 
 M. viuiKis, liinn., tlio S|icarniint, like the lust, but with veiny leas smooth and sessile leaves, 
 jnobabiy in huge demand lur juli'iis, is sure to be naturalized bel'oro long. 
 
 3. LYCOPUS, Tourn. Wateu Hokkhounu. 
 
 Like Mentha, but the posterior p;iir of stamens ^Vantillg or sterile. Calyx in the 
 same species either 5-toothed or 4-tootheJ. Corolla apparently regular, being about 
 equally 4-lobed. Nutlets with thickened margins at the top. Flowers white or 
 nearly so, in close sessile whorl-like clusters in the axils of the leaves. — A genus 
 of few species, widely dispei-sed. — Cray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285, 
 
 1. L. sinuatus. Ell. Not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, but with rootstocks 
 more or less creeping, glabrous or minutely roughish-jjubescent, a foot or two high, 
 loosely branching : leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, laciniate-pinnatitid or 
 irregularly incised, or merely sinuate, petioled : outer bracts barely equalling the 
 ilowers : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and cuspidate, rigid, nearly equalling the 
 corolla, in fruit .surpas.sing the iiutlids : ruilimenta of sterile stamens sli^iuler and 
 with a IhickoniHl tip. 
 
 Wet groumls ; rare in the northern part of the State, not uncommon iu Oregon, extending 
 through the Atlantic Stales. 
 
 2. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat stoloniferous 
 from the base of the stem, and with stouter subterranean runners producing large 
 tubers, nearly glabrous, or usually puberulent-hirsute : stem stout and strictly 
 erect, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy, acutely angled towards the sunmiit : leaves lan- 
 ceolate (2 to 4 inclies long), acute or acuminate, sharply and coarsely serrate with 
 ascending teetli, sessile or nearly so : subulate outermost bracts as long as the 
 Ilowers : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, equalling the corolla, not exceeding the nut- 
 lets : rudiments of sterile stamens slender and with a thickened tip. 
 
 l-ow grounds near Sun Kraneiscu (A'<;/%.(/, &c.): also from Arizona and Now Mexico to Sas- 
 katchewan. Foliage not at all lucid us in the Siberian plant. 
 
 L. ViKGiNieus, Linn., in a large-leaved form (L. oiutcrophyllus, Benth. ) occurs in Oregon and 
 eastward. It may be known by the abundance of liliform runners produced during the summer, 
 and the pointless calyx-teeth, which are mostly 4, while 5 hugely prevails in the other species. 
 An unusual bitterness gave tliis plant a certain repute in medicuie, but it is of no account. 
 
 4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. 
 
 Calyx ovate-oblong or short-tubular, ours with 5 short equal teeth ; the throat 
 naked within. Corolla short, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx, and a distinctly 
 2-lipped border ; both lips nearly Hat ; the upper entire or nearly so and rather 
 erect ; the lower spreading and 3-cloft into short and obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, 
 straight, distant and divergent ; the anterior pair slightly longer : anther-cells close 
 and parallel. — Perennial erect herbs, with densely-crowded flowers (whence the 
 name); consisting of IG species of the Atlantic United States, and one in California. 
 
 1. P. Californicum, Torr. About 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, sweet- 
 odorous, wliitenud with a fine and soft close })ubescence, or in age sometimes 
 smootliish and greener : leaves from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile by a 
 roundish or slightly cordate base, si)aringly denticulate or entire (1 to 3 inches 
 long) : heads of flowers very dense at summit and in 2 or 3 upper pairs of axils, 
 compacted Avith slender bracts, white-villuus : flowers whitish. — Pacif. It. Pep. 
 iv. 122. 
 
Monardelhi. LABIATJ']. 5^3 
 
 Diy ami 01)011 ground ; common nearly t.hrougliout tlio Stato to tlin soiillicin boundarv and the 
 frontiers of Nevada. The var. (jlabcllum is a green and glabrate sUte, hardly needing a distinc- 
 tive name. ' n ^ o 
 
 6. MONARDELLA, Benth. 
 Calyx tubular, narrow or elongated, 10 - 13-nerved, 5-tootlicd ; the teeth short, 
 straight, and nearly equal ; the throat naked within. Corolla with the tube either 
 slightly or manifestly longer than the calyx, glal)rous within ; the 2-cleft upper lip 
 and the lobes of the 3-parto(l lower one all Hat and linear or oblong. Stamens 
 4, exserted, either strongly or moderately unequal : anther-cells often divergent or 
 divaricate. — Annual or perennial sweet-odorous herbs (all Californian, oiie°or two 
 extending to Oregon) ; with the aspect, inflorescence and calyx of Afonarda, and the 
 corolla rather of P ycnanthemnm, but mostly on a larger scale : the flowers compacted 
 in terminal heads involucrate with bracts, rose-color, purple, or white. Leaves 
 entire or obscurely toothed. — Lab. 331, & DC. Prodr. xii. 190. 
 
 § 1. Flowers comparatively few and loose in the head, large: corolla mostly with long- 
 exserted tube : anther-cells oval-oblong, divaricate. 
 
 1. M. macrantha, Gray. Perennial, tufted, a span high from creeping rather 
 woody rootstocks, puberulent or pubescent: leaves thickish, ovate, obtuse (6 to 10 
 lines long), glabrate, slender-petioled : bracts of the 10- 20-f lowered head ovate or 
 oblong, obtuse, thin-membranaceous or somewhat scarious, sometimes whitish or 
 purplish-tinged, externally like the calyx villous-i)uboflcont : tooth of the latter lan- 
 ceolate, merely acute : corolla about an inch and a half long, glabrous, oran-e-rod • 
 Its tube fully twice the length of the calyx; the lobes lanceolate. — Pro? Am' 
 Acad. XI. 100. ■ ■ 
 
 Cuiamnra Mountains and near Julian City, northeast of Snn Diogo, Cfrrehvd, Pahnrr Calyx 
 three fourths or ,n fruit even a full inch long. Corolla often nearly 2 inches oner a, parent^ 
 bright orange-colored with the limb scarlet, the tube gradually enlarging upward. " ''1'^^'^^""^ 
 
 2. M. nana, Gray, 1 c. Resembles the j.receding, with somewhat hirsute pu- 
 bescence : flowers smaller: corolla not twice the length of the calyx, white or 
 tinged with rose-color; the slen.ler tube pubescent : bracts wl.itisli and rose-color 
 
 Mountains behind San Diego, C/arlnnd. Spociniens har.lly sumcient. Calyx barelv two 
 sSime:'2 I'ini's'lZg-r.*"'^ "' '''' '''' ^"^^"^ ^"^^*""- ^-''•^ ---'-g ^^ lUloAX 
 
 § 2. Flotvers numerous and densely capitate: calyx from a fourth to a third of an 
 i7ich long : anther-cells shorter arid less divaricate. 
 
 * Perennial in tufts f7-07n a procumbent and almost woody base, or from i^omewhat 
 creeping slender rootstocks : corolla from flesh-color to purple, the tube little if at all 
 exceeding the calyx. •' 
 
 3 M. viUoaa, Honth. Soft-puboscont or villous, a foot or two high • joavos 
 ova e, Often with a few obtuse teeth, veiny (G to 10 li„os lo„g), po.tioled • bmcts 
 ovate fohaceous p.nnately veined. -Lab. 332, k J5ot. 8ulph. 42, t 21 - VarW 
 greatly, especially m the pubescence. ' ""^'"K 
 
 \ZT ^®Pf°«jP^°°f '[""• = "^ ^f « pubescent form, with thinner and almost entire 
 Irx hount'l29 1"""^*^'"""^ ^^"^"''^^ '^"^« «^-««^t«'l tube to the corolla. -Bot 
 
 Var. glabeUa, Gray: a form with nearly oblong loaves, somotimos almost ses- 
 sile, varying from 5 to 18 lines in length ; the pube.^-ence very clos , and nute !1 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. M. Sheltoni, Torr. in Durand, Pf Prattou 
 
 su^tS^l^':S^^!^.E;iy^;Z3."'^°"^^' ^"^ '^^^ = ^'- "-- ^"•"- ^••■"' ^^^'^^'^ 
 
594 LABIAT/E. Monurdtlia. 
 
 4. M. odoratissima, licntli. Pale and nearly glabrous, or cancscently-tonien- 
 tulose, a sjian to a loot high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire (-t to 15 lines 
 long), and short-jietioleil ; the veins not i)roininent : bracts thin-niembranaceous 
 and colored (whitish or pinkisli), inclining to parallel-veined, ciliate or villous : 
 culyx-teotli short, triangular-lanceolate, hirauto without and within. 
 
 Dry hills iiloiifr the Siciiii Nevada ut 5,000 to 10,000 foot, and through the interior of Oregon 
 to Wasiiingtou Tenitoiy. Plant with a strong scent of Pennyroyal : in California it is hardly if 
 at all pubescent, except tlie head. 
 
 5. M. linoides, < i ray. ^linutely canescent, but the pubescouco imperceptible : 
 stems more erect and rigid, u foot high, slonilor : leavers small (about hull' an inch 
 long), lanceolate, or tlie uppi-r linear and sessile and the lowest oblong-spatulate, ob- 
 tuse, the veins very obscure : bracts nearly aa iu tlio preceding but barely ciliate : 
 culyx-teoth narrowly lauceolate, merely pubescent. — I'roc. Am. Acad. xi. iUl. 
 
 Mountains east of San Diego, near the Orollamme mine. Palmer. Redolent of Berganiot. 
 
 * * Annual, less Uafij: Uaves entire or merely undulate. 
 
 +- Corolla {from Jlesh-color to rose or purple) with tube slightly or moderately ex- 
 serted from the calyx : the lobes linear or elongated-oblong. 
 
 ++ Bracts jiointlt'ss, jjaralld-veiued or chiefly so: calyx-teeth rather broad and blunt. 
 
 G. M. undulata, lienth. A ii\Kin to a foot or more high : leaves from oblong- 
 spatulate to nearly linear with a narrowed base, obtuse, undulate-margined (com- 
 moidy an inch long), tapering into a jietiole, minutely jiubescent or glabrous: bracts 
 and calyx villous ; the former broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, thin-niend>rana(;eous or 
 scarious, destitute of cross- veinlets between the nerves ; corolla rose-color. 
 
 Not luicommon in tlio western part of the State, from near San Francisco to its soutiiern bor- 
 ders. " F.xhules a strong odor of Peppermint. " 
 
 7. M. lanceolata, ( I my. A foot or ao high, bracliiately brancheil, gnum aiul 
 ahaost glabrous, or the stem puberulent : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolato (an 
 inch or two lojig), tapering below into slender pi^tioles ; the upper acute ; all with 
 entire and even margins: brai^ls foliaceous or nearly so, ovate or olilong, mostly 
 acute, copiously reticulated between the ascending or parallel ribs or primary veins 
 by cross veinlets : calyx inconspicuously nerved ; the short teeth densely hirsute 
 ■within, sparsely if at all so Avithout : corolla bright rose-color or purple, sometimes 
 spotted with darker dots. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 102. 
 
 Dry giound, common along the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from Plumas Co. to Tejon 
 and San l^iego Co. It h.as been confounded both wilii Af. undulata and M. cundicans. Apparently 
 mncli handsomer tlian eitlier. 
 
 8. M. candicans, Benth. A foot or so in height, at lengtb loo.sely branched, 
 canescently soft-puljcrulent, at least above : leaves oblong or lauceolate (about an 
 inch long), commoidy obtuse, rather abruptly ct)ntracted at the base into a slender 
 juitiole, the margins even : bracts thin-membranaceous or almost scarious, ovate, 
 obtuse, reticulated by some cross-vein lets between the parallel ribs: calyx evidently 
 nerved ; the teeth very villous both within and without : corolla pale or white, the 
 tube not exserted. — 1^1. Ilartw. 330. 
 
 Koot-hills on the Sacramento, Stani.shui.s, Cosumnes, &c. 
 
 +-h +-^ Bracts cuspidate, mostly scarious except the strong ribs : calyx-teeth subulate. 
 
 1). M. Breiveri, (Jray. A span or more high, ituberulent : leaves oblong or 
 ovate, abruptly petioled, pinnately veined (the larger an inch long) : bracts broadly 
 ovate, abruptly acuminate-cuspiciate, whitish-scarious, the outer pinnately and the 
 inner nervosely 7-9-ribbed, most of the ribs converging into the pt)int : corolla 
 rose-purple, the tube surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. 
 
 Corral Hollow, Contra Costa Co., soutli of Monte Diablo, on a very dry sandy hill, Brewer. 
 The plant hiis the ns|ject of a small Munanhi fmliihtmi. 
 
Micromerw. LABIATvl<:. 51)5 
 
 10. M. Douglasii, I'onth. A span to a foot or more liigli, loosely branched, 
 pubcrulctit and above birsuto : loaves lancoolato (about an incb loiij;), tapering intd 
 tbo petiole, tlio veins inconspicnous and nsopiiding : bracts ovat(j and ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, gradually aeuminate to a cuspidate point, wbolly or mainly transparent- 
 scarious (silvery wliite or tinged purplisli), except tlie strong midrib and divergent 
 pinnate veins wliicli all run into a marginal false vein of o(pial strengtb, forming a 
 rigid framework : corolla deep rose-color, tbo tube little exserted beyond tlic sba"-p- 
 jiointod calyx-teetb. — Lab. 332, ^ DC. Prodr. I.e. M. candicam, var. vemsa, 
 Torr. I'acif. K. Kep. iv. 123. 
 
 Hills and piniiis, nrouiul Sail Franoisco Bay and nortli to Yuba Co. Plant stiong-sccnted. Tlio 
 very thin and transparent veinless substance of tJ)e bracts set as in frames formed of the ribs and 
 simple veins. 
 
 -t- ■«- Corolla {tvliite ?) small, nith tvholly included tube and short ovate-ohlomj lobes. 
 
 11. M. leucocephala, Gray. A span or two liigb, minutely cinereous-pubes- 
 cent : leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, abort-petioled : bracts orbicular-ovate, 
 pointless, tbin-scarious, brigbt wbito, 7-9-norvod, and witli a few indistinct vein- 
 lots : calyx birsute, finely and closely nerved ; tbo tooth subiilato and whitish. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 385. 
 
 Plains near Merced, Brewer. Bracts 4 or 5 lines long, the veins minutely hispid underneath. 
 Calyx 2i lines long. Corolla probably more conspicuous in other specimens. The species is a 
 very peculiar one. 
 
 6. MICROMERIA, Bentb. 
 
 Calyx oblong or tubular, about 13-striate, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about 
 equally 5-tootbed. Corolla short, uaked within, distinctly bilabiate ; upper lip erect, 
 flattish, entire or eraarginato ; lower spreading, 3parted. Stamens 4 : fdamonts 
 arcuate-ascending ; the anterior pair longer : anthers 2-celled. Style glabrou.s. — 
 Low plants, sweet-odorous, various in habit, with small Howers in the axils of the 
 leaves. 
 
 A ^enus of numerous Old World and several South American species, one of wiiich (of the 
 peculiar section, HicsrEitoniYMUs) reaches the Southern Atlantic States, and has a relative 
 on the Tacifio Coast. 
 
 1. M. Douglasii, Bentb. Perennial herb, slightly pubescent, with long and 
 slender creeping and trailing stems : leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed (an 
 inch or less in diameter) short-petiolcd : flowers mostly solitary in^he axils, on a 
 long and filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle : calyx-teeth subulate : corolla purplish, 4 
 lines long, twice the length of the calyx, the tube exserted.— Lab. 372. Thymns 
 J)ouf/lasii & Chamissonis, Bentb. \\\ Linuaea, vi. 82. Micromeria harbata, Fischer 
 <fe Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. viii. G7. 
 
 . Y°"'!;^ "^^''^ ^^^^}' '^"^"g*^^- '""stly in sandy soil, from Santa Barbara Co. northward to Wash- 
 mgton territory. A sweet-scented herb, tiie well-known Verba Bucna. 
 
 2. M. purpurea, Gray. Erect and much branched, a foot or two high, rather 
 finely and loosely pubescent : leaves sbort-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely 
 serrate with sharj) appressed teeth (an incb long) : flowers numerous in umbel-liko 
 sessde or short-{)eduncled fascicles in the axils of the leaves : calyx oblong-campanu- 
 late, about the length of tbo pedicels, naked in the throat ; the slender-Rubulate teeth 
 one third the length of the tube : corolla " purplo-bluo," 2 lines long, little exceed- 
 ing the calyx. — lledeoma purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. r)2. 
 
 Webb's Landing, on an island in the San Joacpiin Tlivor, AV/%r/. Plant with "the strong 
 odor and carminative properties of the ooinmon IVnnyroyal." Not otlicrwise met with, and 
 rather obscure. It is in no respect a Ikdroma: in miexpandod (lowci-budH ail four filamoiits 
 bear fertile and similar anthers. 
 
506 LABIAT.-E. Calamiul/ui. 
 
 7. CALAMINTHA, Meeuch. Calaminth. 
 
 Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, about 13-striate, bilabiate ; the upper lip 
 3-tootlied or 3-clct't ; lower 3-parted ; tlio throat either naked or bearded. Corolla 
 with a straight tube juostly exceeding the calyx, un enlarging throat, and a distinctly 
 bilabiate limb ; ujiper lip erect, Hattish or concave, entire or emarginate, the lower 
 spreading, 3-lobed or parted. Stamens 4 ; the upper pair sometimes smaller and 
 sterile : filaments ascending parallel under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in 
 pairs : anthers 2-celled, with or without a thickened connective. — Herbs or some- 
 what sulfruticose plants, of various habit, forming four or five very distinct sections ; 
 the ypecius dispersed around the northern hemis])here. 
 
 C. I'Ai.MKiii, Cimy, is II new species of the Acinos sootion, alow and small-flowered aiuiuul, 
 with wholly the aspect of a Ilcdcomu. It was recently discovered on Guadalupe Island off Lower 
 California, by JJr. E. Palmer. 
 
 1. C. mimuloides, Eenth, Erect, 2 feet high, somewhat viscidly villous: 
 leaves ovate, thin, coarsely serrate, an inch or two in length, slender- petioled: flowers 
 nearly solitary in the axils; their slender peduncle leafy-bmcteate at the base: calyx 
 tubular, two thirds of an inch long, nearly naked in the throat, barely bilabiate, 
 the three teeth of the upper lip united higher than the two lower, all cuspidate 
 from a broadly triangular base : corolla orange, an inch and a half long, its cylin- 
 drical tube twice the length of the calyx. — Tl. Ilartw. 331. 
 
 Shady places, Cainiel liiver, Monterey Co., llarlwcy. 
 
 2. C. (1) ilicifolia, Cray. Annual, branched from the base, 3 to G inches high, 
 rigid, puberulent or glabrate : leaves coriaceous, ovate-spatulate or cuneate, coarsely 
 few-toothed, about half an inch long and with a petiole of equal length : biacts 
 nearly as large as the leaves, but closely sessile, rigid-coriaceous, broailly ovate or 
 roundish, callous-margined ; the stout midrib and 3 or 4 paira of pinnate divaricate 
 veins projecting into long prickles : flowers several and sessile in each axillary 
 cluster, each pair of clusters (making a false whorl) involucrate by 4 bracts : calyx 
 oblong, villous-i)ubescent, moderately bilabiate ; the teeth spinulose-subulato from a 
 broad base : corolla apparently j)urplish or white (half an inch long) ; the tube twice 
 the length of the calyx ; upper lip erect, oblong and concave, entire; the lower broad 
 and spreailing, 3-lobed ; the lobes short and rounded ; middle one deeply and the 
 lateral ones slightly emarginate : stamens inserted high in the enlarged throat ; 
 the pairs very unecpial ; anterior i)air with stout filaments and divaricate almost 
 confluent anthers ; posterior pair with slender filaments and much smaller or abor- 
 tive anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368. 
 
 California, Major Rich, in herb. Torrey. Near Saii Diego, D. Cleveland. Described as consti- 
 tuting a peculiar section, Acantudmintha. Additional specimens, from Mr. Cleveland, show 
 abortive anthers to the upi»er pair of stamens (and no villosity to the fertile stamens, as described 
 from Kich's specimen in the Torreyan herbarium); and the upper lip is so concave that, taking 
 the singular bracts and the habit into view, the plant may with reason be ranked as a genus. 
 
 8. POGOGYNE, Iknth. 
 
 Calyx uucipially and deeply 5-cleft ; the lanceolate teeth longer than the campan- 
 ulate or turbinate niostly 15-nervetl tube, the two h)wer longer; throat naked.' 
 Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips ; the erect and entire upper lip 
 and the three lobes of the spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens 
 4 with anthers, or the upper and shorter pair sterile, ascending, and above more or 
 less approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled ; the cells parallel and pointless. Style 
 somewhat exsertcnl, bearded above with hirsute hairs. — Low annuals (all Calil"<'i'nian), 
 
Pofjogyne. LABIATyE. 597 
 
 sweet-aromatic ; with oblong or ohlanceolate mostly entire leaves, narrowed into a 
 petiole ; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate ; bracts and calyx liireute- 
 ciliate, the teeth of the latter mostly 3-nerved; the corolla blue or purplish. — Benth. 
 Lab. 414. 
 
 § 1. Stamens all four viith antJiers : style conspicuously bearded above, and its subulate 
 lobes almost equal : corolla (6 to 9 lines long) tubular-funnel/orm, the tube 
 stirpassing the calyx {calyx-teeth variable). 
 
 * Flower-clnsters densely crowded into an oblont; or cylindrical spike, which is con- 
 spicuously white-hirsute tvith the long and stiff ciliate hairs of the bracts and 
 calyx. 
 
 1. F. Douglasii, Benth. Rather stout, a span to a foot high: leaves oblong, 
 spatulate, or oblanceolate, veiny, sometimes sparingly toothed: spikes dense : bracts 
 linear, acute : lower divisions of the calyx twice or thrice the Icngtli of tlie tube 
 and much longer and narrower than the others : corolla half to throe fourtlis of an 
 inch long, blue, or sometimes purplish. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 588G. P. muUiJhra, 
 Benth. Lab. kc, a smaller form with rather shorter bracts. 
 
 Open and shady grounds, throughout the western part of tlio State and into tlio foot-liills of the 
 Sierra Nevada. 
 
 2. P. parviflora, Benth. More slender, 5 to 8 inches high : leaves narrower : 
 spike shorter : bracts mostly obtuse : divisions of the calyx rather broad, the lower 
 hardly longer and the upper shorter than its tube : corolla barely half an inch long. 
 
 San Francisco Bay to Mendocino Co., Douglas, Bolandcr, he. 
 
 * * Whorl-like flower-clusiers more or less di.siant : bracts and calyx sparsely and 
 
 rather slightly hirsnte-ciliate. 
 
 3. P. nudiuscula, Gray. A span to a foot higli, with slender puberulont 
 branches : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, obtuse (an inch or less in length), 
 glabrous : bracts linear-subulate and cuspidate : corolla half an inch long, twice the 
 length of the calyx : anthers of the posterior stamens usually smaller than the 
 others, but polliniferous. 
 
 Near San Diego, 7). Cleveland. Calyx-loboa lancoolato-anlmlato or linear-sulnilate, in the later 
 flowers nil twlco or thrlco tl>o length of the tube, but in mmio of tlio earlier onoH little longer than 
 the tul)o. 
 
 § 2. Upper stamen sterile: style sparingly hairy, its lobes very xinequal : flowers 
 small. — IIedeomoides, Gray. 
 
 « Tube of the corolla slender and manifestly exceeding the calyx, 4 or 5 lines long : 
 inflorescence capitate. 
 
 4. P. tenuiflora, Gray. A span or less in height, pubcrulent or at the summit 
 pubescent, corymbosely branched or simple : leaves spatulate or obovate, their peti- 
 oles and the narrow bracts slightly and sparsely and somotiines not at nil hriatly- 
 ciliate : calyx-lobes unequal, linear-lanceolate, about half the length of the filiform 
 tube of the corolla : sterile filaments tipped with a small capitate gland. — Proc. 
 Am. Acad. xi. 100. 
 
 , Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Dr. Palmer. Added to complete the account of the genus. 
 * * Corolla at most 2 lines long, little if at ail surpassing the calyx. 
 
 5. P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stems 2 to inches high : leaves ovate or oval, 
 thickish ; the iloral with the rigid narrow bracts and the calyx hirsute-ciliate with 
 strong white hairs : inflorescence capitate or spicate, sometimes interrupted, or with 
 a few solitary flowers in the lower axils : calyx-lobes .slightly unp(|ual, broadly lan- 
 ceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer equalling the 
 
598 LABIATE. Pofjocjyne. 
 
 corolla : posterior filaments not reduced in size, but bearing only abortive anthers. — 
 PI. Hartw. 33U. 
 
 Valley of tiiu Saciaineiito, Harlwecj, Andrews, Bolander. 
 
 G. P. serpylloides, Oray. Stems slender, difluse, 3 to G inches hi^di : leaves 
 (»l)ovaLe-uvul or s|iuLiiluLt! : lower Mowers roiiioto ami often solitary in thea.xils, leat'y- 
 hracted ; the upi)er usually interruptedly spicate : calyx-lobes unequal and with the 
 bracts more minutely anil sparsely ciliate, all much longer than the tube, the largcsr 
 fully etjualling the violet or hluisii corolld : sterile iilaments of the posterior stamens 
 tipped with minute rudiments of anthers: stylo bearded above with very few and 
 coarse hairs. — i*roc. Am. Acad. vii. 38G. lledtuma (]) serpylloides, Torr. I'acif. 
 R Kep. iv. 123. 
 
 Mouteruy to Mutulociiio V,o. : iippareiitly couiinon. Lcavea 2 or 3 liii03 long, bosides the petiole. 
 Corolla iiicouspicuous. 
 
 9. SPHACELE, Iknth. 
 
 Calyx carapanulate, nearly ecjually 5-clett, thin-membranaceous and reticulated, 
 especially when enlarged in fruit, irregularly about 10-nerved, naked within. Corolla 
 cylindraceous or oblong-campamdate, with 5 broail and roundish rather erect lobes, 
 the lower one longest : a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. Stamens 4, 
 distant, somewhat ascending : lilanuuits nakiid ; the jwsterior i)air shorter : anther- 
 cells diverging. — Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved, and rather large -flowered. All 
 Soutli American and ^lexican, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands and the 
 following. 
 
 1. S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby only at the base, 2 to 5 feet high, villous- 
 pubescent or tomentose, leafy : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong, mostly 
 obtuse, crenato or serrate, soiuetimes almost entire, thinnish, either roundish, cuno- 
 ate, or occasionally obscurely cordate at base, usually petioled ; the floral ovate-lan- 
 ceolate and sessile : flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, forming 
 a short leafy raceme ; calyx a little shorter than the purplish or lead-colored 
 corolla, soon inflated; the lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Lab. 568, & in DC. 
 Prodr. xii. 25.'). 
 
 Var. glabella, Cray : a form with pubescence minute or hardly any, the veinlets 
 sometimes inconspicuous, sometimes more prominently reticulated. 
 
 Var. Wallacei, (^Jray : loosely villous : lower leaves with truncate or sometimes 
 liastate-subcorilale base : lobes of the calyx attenuatoly linear-lanceolate from a 
 broader base. 
 
 Not uncommon on hillsides, from San Francisco Bay southward : the var. glabella collected 
 by Bridges and S. F. Beckham (Santa Barbara Co.) : var. IVallacei only by IFallace, near Loa 
 Angeles ? 
 
 10. SALVIA, Linn. Sage. Chia. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate; its upper lip (2-) 3-toothed or entire, lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
 deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, straight or falcate, entire or emarginate, or 
 rarely 2-lobed ; the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched 
 or obcordate, commonly large. Stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the corolla : ' 
 fllaments short, sometimes very short, apparently forked, i. e. a slender connective 
 attached by the middle to its apex, its posterior portion ascending and bearing a 
 linear anther-cell ; its anterior or descending end bearing a smaller and deformed 
 anther-cell or a mere rudiment. Posterior stamens mere vestiges or none. Nutlets 
 when wetted mostly developing abundant mucilage and long spiral threads. — Her- 
 
Salvia. LABIATE.. 500 
 
 baceous or suffruticose plants, aromatic and bittorisli, of various as[)cct, many witli 
 sliowy flowers. 
 
 A genus of about 4r>0 species, fouml in nil pnrts of the world, but mainly in wnnn temperate 
 and subtropical regions. There are about two dozen species in the United States, but only two, 
 and of a peculiar section, have yet been met with in the State of California. 
 
 § 1. Throat of the calyx viflonsor naked; its upper lip much longer than the lower, 
 more or less incurved, ?>-%tonthed; the lower 2-pnrted ; the teeth all s^pin- 
 nlose-awned : cm-olla riixjent, blue or jnn-ple ; its tiihe with a hairi/ riiif/ inside, 
 and the 7ipper lip '1-lobed : xtamens distant from the upper lip, unconnected; 
 the lower fork of the long filiform connective hearing a polliniferous anther- 
 cell: root miiiual or perhaps biennial : leaves pinnatifid : fowers in solitary or 
 2 to i proliferous dense capitate clusters, whirji are involucrate tvtth j^ersist- 
 ent bract-like floral leaves. — EciliNOSniACE. (§ Echinosjihace & Pycnosphace, 
 JJonth.) 
 
 1. S. carduacea, Bentli. White-woolly with lax cobwebby hairs : stem stout, 
 .simple, a foot or two high, nearly naked, at base surrounded by a cluster of oblong 
 sinuate-pinnatilid and spinuloso-toothed Thistle-like leaves : head-like false whorls 1 
 to 4, an inch or more in diameter, very many-flowered, equalled or surpassed by the 
 involucrate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and spinescently pectinate-toothed bracts : 
 calyx long-woolly, many-nerved ; its ample upper lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle 
 tooth much the larger, the lateral ones distant ; the throat villous : tube of the 
 corolla slightly exserted ; its upper lip erose-denticulate and 2-cleft ; the lower with 
 small lateral lobes and a larger tlabeliiform and fimbriately many-cleft nnddle one : 
 l)ropor filaments hardly any : anthor-coUs hairy. — Jlook. Hot. Mug. t. 4874. 8. gos- 
 sypina, Bonth. PI. Hartw. 3.30. 
 
 vSandy soil, not uncommon throughout the western and middle parts of the State to San Diego. 
 Corolla an inch long. 
 
 2. S. Columbarise, Benth, Minutely tomentose or soft-pubescent : stem com- 
 monly sleniler, branching, and leafy below, a span to a foot or two high from an 
 annual root, naked and peduncle-like below, terminated by a solitary or two prolif- 
 erous head-like false whorls : leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid or parted into 
 oblong and crenately-toothed or incised divisions, pointless, rugose : involucrate 
 floral leaves bract-like and short, ovate, entire ; bracts similar but membranaceous, 
 sometimes purplish, abruptly acuminate-awned : flowers small : calyx naked within ; 
 its largo upper lip arched, hispid at base outside, tipped with a pair of connivent 
 and partly connate short-awned teeth, much exceeding the two small and ])orrected 
 teeth of the lower lip : corolla (blue) hardly exceeding the calyx ; its upper lip 
 merely notched ; the lower with small lateral lobes ; the middle one mucli larger, 
 transversely oval, on a short claw, 2-lobed, and otherwise nearly entire : fdaraenta 
 slender. 
 
 Common through the State, Nevada, and Arizona, especially southward. Corolla 3 or 4 lines 
 long. Calyx with middle tooth of the u]^)per lip always wanting. This is the " Chia" of the 
 aborigines : the sood-liko nutlets, infused m water, form a pleasant mucilaginous drink, which is 
 largely used. 
 
 § 2. Throat of the calyx naked: anthers with only one polliniferous cell; the lower fork 
 of the connective naked, deflexed into the throat of t/ie corolla, linear or oblong ; 
 the pair more or less united lengthwise or at the tip. (None indigenous.) 
 
 S. cocoiNRA, Linn., an horbaeoous scarlet-flowered species of tropical America, with green and 
 deciduous bracts and loose inflorescence, is not unlikely to bo spontaneous in the southern part of 
 the State, as it is in the Gulf States. 
 
 S. SPLKNDENS, with floral leaves or bracts and calyx also bright scarlet, and S. fiti.okns, with 
 these nearly green and corolla red-hairy, are the common Scarlet Sages of cultivation : but they 
 seem not to have become spontaneous. 
 
600 LABIATE. AudiherUn. 
 
 R. I'lATYCiiElLA, Gray, Pioc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, a shrulihy and hoary liluish-flowered species, 
 tlio luuiiolforin dilatud caly.x with ovato lips, was discovered hy 7>r. Palmer, at Caniieii Island, 
 Lower Calilornia, lat. 20'. It is related to S. liALLoTiKi'LOKA, Iknth., of New Me.vico and 
 Texas. 
 
 11. AUDIBERTIA, Uenth. 
 Calyx nearly as in Salvia, or more cleft ou the lower siile, as if spulhaceous. 
 Corolla with the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or einarginate ; the lower spreading 
 and 3-lobed, the l)roiid middlo lobe oiuarginato. Stamens 2 : filaments slender, ox- 
 sorted, apparently simple and bearing a linear ono-collod anther, or with an articula- 
 tion, showing tliat the portion above it answers to a liliform connective, the lower 
 end of wliich sometimes projects into a subulate point, but never shows any trace of 
 a second anther-cell. Vestiges of the posterior stamens often present. Perennial 
 aromatic herbs or undershrubs (all Californian extending into the regions adjacent), 
 hoary ; witli rugose-veiny mostly crenulato leaves, resembling those of Sage, and 
 capitate-glomerate or sometimes a more open and paniculate inflorescence : the 
 liowei-s prized for bees. 
 
 § 1. Flowers J tiisely capitate-ylomerate : bracts crowded and conspicuous. 
 
 * Large: corolla an inch and a half long, a-imson-purple ; its npptr lip rather erect 
 
 and short : lowei- leaves cordate or hastate at base. 
 
 1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, 1 to 3 feet high 
 from a scarcely wooily base : leaves very rugose, sinuately crenate, white-tomentose 
 beneath ; the lower hastate-lanceolate and obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined 
 petioles ; the ui)per oblong and sessile ; floral ones and bracts broadly ovate, mem- 
 branaceous, villous, cuspidate-tipped : lieada large, interruptedly spicate : stamens 
 much exserted : ii conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower fork of the 
 connective. — Torr. Jiot. Mux. Hound. 13'J, t. 38, the sterile filaments incorrectly 
 re])roscuted. 
 
 On the Coast lliuiges, lioni San Mateo Co. southward. A sliowy plant. 
 
 * * Smaller-jloivered : corolla from half to three fourths of an inch long, violet or 
 
 bluish-purple: leaves not cordate. 
 
 -t- Jh-acts, most of tlii' jloral leaves, and the bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, 
 reticulated, more or less colored; the tip obtuse, jmintless, or at most mucronate: 
 dense heads interrupted-spicate or rarely solitary : corolla not over half an inch 
 long : low species of the interior arid region. 
 
 2. A. incana, Benth. Shrubby, a foot or so in height, finely tomentose-canescent, 
 leafy : leaves sputulatc or obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, not rugose, glandular-dot- 
 ted, seldom an inch long, all but the uppermost tapering into a petiole : bracts and 
 upper floral leaves obovate or oval, tlie innermost spatulate, pubescent and ciliate, 
 tinged with rose or purple : calyx turbinate, its ovate or oblong anterior teeth nearly 
 equalling the very broad truncate and cmarginate upper lip: stamens much exserted. 
 — Lindl. Dot. Keg. t. MG9. 
 
 From San Diego Co. along the eastern borders of the State, and from S. Utah northward to 
 the Upper Columbia River. 
 
 3. A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, 
 crenulate, somewhat abruptly petioled : flowers usually in a single terminal head : 
 bracts and floral leaves apparently whitish, ovate or oval, minutely glandular : other- 
 wise resembling the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. 
 
 Summit of Providence Mountains, San Bernadino Co., Cooper. 
 
Audiberfia. LABIATJC. GOl 
 
 +- +■ Bracts more or less herharenns : leaves minutely rugose and crennlate. 
 ++ Corolla half an inch or less in length : all the calyx-teeth and the bracts subidate 
 
 or awn-2)ointed. 
 
 4. A. humilis, Benth. A span higli, tonientulose-canescent, cespitose: flowering 
 stem soape-like : leaveH mainly radical, oblanceolatc or spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, 
 tapering into a slender petiole : spike of 3 or 4 small and closely sessile head-like 
 clusters : bracts lanceolate or ovato, villous-hirsute, their tips ami the calyx-teeth 
 subulate, not rigid : stamens and stylo long-exscrtod. 
 
 Near San Francisco or Monterey, Douglas. Ilillaidos near Nevada, Bigdow. Mountains of San 
 Diego Co., Palmer. 
 
 5. A. Stachyoides, Benth. Decidedly shrubby, 3 to 8 feet high, rigid, with 
 herbaceous flowering branchlets, leafy, cinereous-tomentulose, becoming greener and 
 glabrato : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into more or less of a petiole, obviously 
 crenate, the upper surface glabrous witli age : bracts of the 3 to 5 dense sessile and 
 mostly remote heads ovato or oblong, and with tlio calyx-teeth abruptly cuspidate or 
 avvnod : stylo and ospocially thn stamons little oxaortod. 
 
 Common from the Contra Co.<»ta Mountains to the southern borders of the State. 
 
 ++ ++ Corolla two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, its tube much exceeding the 
 calyx and the short bracts: upper lip of the calyx barely \-?>-mucronate, the teeth 
 of the lower more pointed : stamens and style moderately ex.ferted : stents i to S feet 
 high, with paniculate and virgate herbaceous remotelydeaved fowering branches ; 
 the stem beloiv woody. 
 
 G. A. Palmeri, Gray. Minutely tonientulose-canescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute (the larger 2 or 3 inches long) : head-like clusters of flowers 5 to 8, remote in 
 the elongated "virgate naked spike: bracts oblong or lanceolate, acuminate into a slen- 
 der cuspidate tip : lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. 
 
 Near Tighes Ranch in the mountains northeast of San Diego. "Corolla a delicate blue.'' In 
 some respects intermediate between the foregoing and the following. The virgate much inter- 
 rupted spikes often a foot or more in length ; the whorl-like capitate clusters from 3 inches to 
 half an inch apart. 
 
 7. A. Cleveland!, Gray. ]\rinutoly tomontuloso-canescont : loaves oblong or 
 tho upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuso (an inch or two long): hoad-liko chislors oio 
 or two (mroly 3) and rathor distant, or singlo terminating ])(Mlunclo-liko branch- 
 lets : bracts ovato or oblong, merely raucronato or abruptly short-pointed, viscid- 
 pubescent, as is the calyx : upper lip of the latter short and subulate. — Proc. Am. 
 Aca(]. x. 76. 
 
 Mountains northeast of San Diego, at about 2,200 feet, Cleveland, Palnyi: The latter found 
 it growing in or near the habitat of the preceding and closely related species. 
 
 ++ ++ ++ Corolla barely half an inch long, its tube hnrdly exceeding the herbaceous 
 blunt and pointless bracts and calyx. 
 
 8. A. nivea, Benth. Shrubby, 3 or 4 feet high, leafy, moaly-tomeiitose, and 
 very white : leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, very short-pctioled, the upper trun- 
 cate at base : bracts ovate or oblong, much imbricated : calyx splitting down tho 
 front and at length notched posteriorly: corolla "light purple"; the tube hardly 
 longer than the lips : stamens and style conspicuously exsorted. 
 
 Dry hillsides from Santa Rarbai-n southward. Full-grown ca]iitate nower-clustcrs nn incli 
 broad (rather lorger than in tho two pi-ece<ling species), from 2 to 4 in the interrupted spike. 
 
 § 2, Floivers thyrsoid-paniculate: the floral leaves and the few bracts nf the small and 
 
 numerous clusters lanceolate or subulate. 
 ' 9. A. polystachya, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 10 foot high, closely and finely 
 tomentose-canescent : herbaceous flowering branches virgate : loaves lanceolate or 
 
602 LABIAT.E. Audibtrtiu. 
 
 tlie lower oblong, luinutely rugose, tapering into a petiole ; the florul small and 
 bract-like ; the uppermost minute : open tiiyrsoiil-virgute inHorescenuo a loot or so 
 in length, naked : Uowi-rs nearly sessile : the broad upi)er lip of the calyx entire or 
 obsoletely 3-toothed, double tlie length of the triangular subulate teeth of the lower 
 lip: corolla aj)pareutly uhito or i)al(', with very short tube and ample lower lip: 
 stamens and style loiig-exserted. 
 
 Dry hills uiid baiika, S:mta Miubaiu to San Dii-go and eastward, where it is one of tlie various 
 shrubs called Urease-wood. Corolla half an inch or more in length. The open inlloresceuce of 
 this species gives it a peculiar aspect. 
 
 12. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. 
 Calyx tubular-campaindate, 15-nerved, rather oblique, 5-toothed, Corolla with 
 tube not surpassing the calyx : upper lip nearly erect, 2dobed ; the lower some- 
 what spreading and 3-cleft, its broad middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, 
 straight ; the upper pair declined and the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that 
 tiio pairs cross : anthers short, 2-celled, tlio cells nearly parallel. — 1 all perennial 
 herbs, mostly coai'sej with ovate and serrate potioled leaves, and small, purplish, 
 violet, or whitish llowias, crowdtid into termiiud spikes. 
 
 A small genus, of two N. K. Asiulic, tlirci; K,a.stiirn Noitli American species, and one in Oregon 
 nnd ('alifornia. L. anis/ilufi, Dentil., the swect-si-ented species of the LJj)per Mississippi region, 
 is in Bohinder's published list of plants growing in the vicinity of San Francisco ; but the fol- 
 lowing was doubtless intended. 
 
 1. L. urticifolius, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so, 4 to 6 feet high: leaves ovate 
 and cordate, coarsely or crenately toothed (2 to 4 inches long, pleasantly scented), 
 rather short-petioled : flower-clusters compacted in a close oblong or cylindrical 
 pedunculate spike: calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, membranaceous, whit- 
 ish and purplish : corolla light violet-purple. 
 
 Througli the wooded region of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, extendino^ to 
 Oregon and to the Kocky Alountains. 
 
 13. SCUTELLARIA, hinn. ' Skui.l-cap. 
 Calyx in flower cauij)anulate, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on 
 the back, closed and with the dorsal j)r(jjection enlarged after flowering, Ijecoming 
 cus(]ue-shaped, at length splitting to the base, and the upper or casque-shaped por- 
 tion usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated and curved ascending tube, 
 n dilated throat, naked within, an erect arched or galeate u\)\)ov lip (entire or barely 
 notched), with which the lateral lobes belonging to the lower lip appear to be more 
 or less connected ; the anterior lobe (convex or with the sides recurved and apex 
 notched) appearing to form the whole lower lip. Stamens 4, ascending under the 
 upper lip of the corolla ; the lower or anterior pair longer and with one-celled (or 
 half-) anthers ; the posterior pair with 2-celled cordate anthers : these in all ours 
 ciliate or bearded. Upjier fork of the style very small or abortive. Nutlets gran- 
 ulate or tuberculate. Embryo curved! — Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, chiefly 
 perennial ; with single flowers in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the corolla more 
 commonly blue or bluish. 
 
 A genns of almost 100 species, widely distributed over the world, most largely in temperate 
 regions, well represented in the Atlantic United States, but few in California, none of tliem with 
 racemose or spicate intlorescence. 
 
 S. I.ATEUIFLOUA, Linn., well characterized by its small flowers in axillary one-sided racemes,' 
 extends northwardly across the coutuieut to Oregon, and may therefore reach the northern por- 
 
Scutellaria. LABIATyR. (',Q3 
 
 tion of California. — The following all hear singlo and aliort-ppdunrlnd flowers in the oJcils of 
 ordinary cauline lenvea, hut the uppermost leaves are sometimes a little reduced, giving a ten- 
 dency to racemose inflorescence. 
 
 * Leaves all broad and xnmewhat cordate or truncate at base: stents very leafy : propa- 
 gating by filiform subterranean shoots: tubers none or hardly any. 
 
 1. S. galericulata, Linn. Minutely pubescent or partly glabrous : stem a foot 
 or two high, simple or iit lengtli loosely branched : leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or 
 the upper lancoolnte, nil inch or two long, acute, pinnately veiny, all but the upj)er- 
 most serrate : corolla pubescent, light blue (about two thirds or three fourths of an 
 inch long), with slender tube and enlarging throat ; the lower lip nearly erect and 
 larger than the upper. 
 
 Wet grounds in the Sierra Nevada (Plumas Co., Lemmun): extending north to British Columbia 
 and east to the Atlantic. The only species common to America and the Old World. 
 
 2. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Minutely soft-pubescent : stem a foot high, simple or 
 branched from the base, equally very leafy to the summit : leaves tliinnish, oval, 
 obtuse, with subcordate ba.se, closely sessile, an inch long or less, entire, or the 
 lower sparingly .somewhat crenately toothed, a j)air of veins from the base on each 
 side : corolla whitish or cream-colored, two thirds of an inch long, much enlarged 
 above from a short tube ; the lower lip ample. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. 
 
 Wooded portion of the Sierra Nevada : at Clark'.s, Mariposa Co., Bolamlcr. Also Indian Valley, 
 Plumas Co., Lrmmon. Leaves 18 to 22 pairs, mostly longer than the intemodca. Neither tubers 
 nor fdiform subterranean shoots have been seen. 
 
 * * Leaves, at least the upper ones, narrowed or merely obtuse at base, 
 
 -»- From oblong to linear, entire or nearly so : sterns erect : filiform subterranean 
 shoots abundant, hut slightly if at all tuberifa'ous. 
 
 3. S. angUStifolla, Pursh. ^linutely cinercoiis-pubescent or almost glabrous, 
 a span to a foot high : stems simi)lo or branching from below : leaves from linear to 
 narrowly oblong (about an inch long), all but the lower acute at the sessile base or 
 tapering into a slight petiole ; the radical leaves often roundish or even cordate and 
 sometimes toothed : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla blue or violet, an inch 
 long, Avith slender tube and moderately enlarged throat ; lower lobe villous in.side. 
 
 Var. canescens, Gray : a form with soft-hoary pubescence, and the tube of the 
 corolla often with recurving base, and above this erect or thrown somewhat back- 
 ward. — S. siphocampyloides, Vatke in Lot. Zeit. xxx. 7 1 7. 
 
 Sierra Nevada and foot-hills, from Placer Co. northward, extending to British Columbia. The 
 var. canescens along the mountains from Monterey Co. to Lake Co. 
 
 4. S. antirrhinoides, Benth. A span to a foot and a half high, resembles the 
 ])recctling, but witli broader and oblong leaves abruj)tly short-pctioled ; the upper 
 sometimes lanceolate ; the lower often serrate : corolla shorter and broader through- 
 out, from half to three fourths of an incli long, apparently paler. — Gray, Proc. 
 Am. Acad. viii. 396. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. in part. 
 
 Var. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Stems more rigid : corolla apparently yellowish, 
 more ventricose, its tube more enlarging immediately above the calyx. — -S'. angusti- 
 folia, Benth. PI. Ilartw. 331 (No. iOlS), is a narrow-leaved form of this. 
 
 Along streams, Alameda to Mendocino Co. Also in Oregon and the mountains of Nevada. 
 
 +- -^Leaves ovate, petioled : stems loir or difuse: propagating by filiform subterranean 
 
 shoots terminated by monitiform tuber's. 
 
 5. 8. tuberosa, Tlonth. Soft-villous or pubescent, an inch or two high, or at 
 length with diffuse or trailing stems a foot long, slender : leaves thin, from cordato- 
 ovate to obovate or the upj)er cuneate-oblong, slender-petioled, coarsely more or less 
 toothed: corolla pubescent, blue or violet, over half an inch long, and with rather 
 slender tube. 
 
G04 LAlilAT.E. Scutellaria. 
 
 Plains and liillsiiles, rather common from Monterey Co. nortliwanl ; beginning to blossom in 
 February. Varying grwitly in size. Upper tlowers in vernal siwciniens sometimes nmch exceeding 
 the leaves, on the longer Iruiliiig stems much exceeded by them. 
 
 (). S. nana, ^'iny. I)fiir().sa(Hl, inimrooUH-imluinileiit tliri)\igluHit; st^ina tul'tcMl on 
 tlio lililoriii Hulit*<rritiiiMin hIiooU, 'J or I) iiiulioH lii^'li: Iimivkh tliiukitHli, olxiviiUMir 
 ovuto, very ubtiisci, tiiitiri!, IniU" iiii inch lon^', tiipuring into ii aliorl petiult), e(|iiulling 
 the ilowers : peeliculs very ahovt : corolla " white," half un inch long, rather broad, 
 and with short equal lips. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. 
 
 On a clay ridge, Winnemueca Valley, near Pyramiil Lake, N. "W. Nevada, Lemmon. Tul)ei-8 
 copious, monililorm, an inch or two long. Corolla appearing purplish in the dried specimens, 
 said to be white. 
 
 14. SALAZARIA, Torr. 
 Calyx at fii-st campan\ilate or oblong, with two entire lips and no gibbous projec- 
 tion on the back, in IVnit much enlarged and globose-infhited, thin and bladdery, 
 reticulated, closed. Corolla, stamens, &c., as in Scutellaria. Upper fork of the stylo 
 wanting. — A single species. 
 
 1. S. Mexicana, 'J'oir. Shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, with slender and divaricate 
 straggling branches, somewhat sarmentose, canescent : leaves becoming green and 
 glabrate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire, an inch or less in length, on short 
 slender i)etioles ; those of the ilowering branches reduced to bracts of the loose 
 raceme or spike : corolla purple or whitish, nearly an inch long, pubescent : scarious 
 fruiting calyx over half an inch in diameter : nutlets depressed, minutely muricate. — 
 Bot. Mox. Bound. 133, t. 39. 
 
 S. E. borders of the State, on the Mohave, &c., to S. Utah, and south to the adjacent pait of 
 Mexico, FrcmmU, Parry, Cooper, &c. Named in honor of Signor Salazar, Mexican Boundary 
 Commissioner. 
 
 15. BRUNELLA, Touru. SiiLK-UKAL. 
 
 Calyx oblong, about 10-norved and roticulato-voiny, bilubiato; tho lips flattened 
 and closed in fruit ; tho upper dilated, truncate and 3-toothed, its teeth very broad 
 and short ; lower 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla with ascending tube, open 
 lips, and slightly contracted oritice : upper lip arched and entire ; lower 3-lobed, its 
 middle lobe drooping, rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under 
 the lower lip : fdainents 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the 2-celled 
 anther, the cells of which are divergent. Nutlets smooth. — Low perennials, of 
 two or three very similar species: the flowers crowded in a terminal oblong or cylin- 
 draceous head or spike. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, Linn. A span to a foot high, roughish-pubescent or almost 
 glabrous : leaves ovate or oblong, slender-petioled, entire or toothed : corolla violet, 
 purple, or rarely white, not twice the length of the purplish calyx. 
 
 Open grounds or borders of woods, near San Fiancisco and near the Yosemitn, jM'obably in- 
 digenous, us it ceituinly is in Oregon, Ihilish Columbia, and eastward: extending round tlio 
 norlhorn hemispliere. 
 
 16. MARRUBIUM, Linn. Hokeuouni). 
 Calyx cylindraceous, 5-10-nerved, of firm texture, 10-toothed ; the alternate, 
 (accessory) teeth shorter, spiny-tipped and recurved at maturity. Corolla short, its 
 tube included in the calyx ; the upper lip erect and concave, narrow, 2-lobed at the 
 tip ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the 
 corolla : anthers 2-celled, but the cells confluent. — Bitter-aromatic whitish-woolly 
 
Stachys. LABIATJ^>. (jQfj 
 
 perennials, branched from the base: leaves rugose : flowers small, much crowded in 
 axillarj^ false wliorls or heads. — An Old "World genus, a single species naturalized 
 in the New, used in popular medicine. 
 
 1. M. vulgare, Linn. A foot or two high, hoary-woolly : leaves roundish, 
 crenate : flowers crowiled in the u]>per axils : corolla small, white : calyx-teeth and 
 bracts hooked at the tip. 
 
 Waste and diy grounds near tlio const: imturnlizcd from Kiuopo. 
 
 17. STACHYS, Linn. IIkdch-Nkttle. 
 Calyx tubular-campanulato or turbinate, 5- 10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed ; 
 the teeth sometimes rigid or spiny-pointed. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not 
 dilated at the throat; the upper lij) erect and concave or arched, entire or merely 
 emarginate; the lower spreading and 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, 
 ascending under the upper lip : fdaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs, 
 2-cclled ; the cells either parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — 
 Herbs (or a few undershndis), not aromatic; with flowers clustered, capitate, or 
 scattered, often spicate or racemose at the summit of the stem or branches: ours all 
 perennials, and the flowers sessile or nearly so. 
 
 * Tube of the corolla little if at all longer than the calyx. 
 
 ■«- Corolla white or whiti»h ; the upper lip bearded or ivoolly on the hack : herba</e 
 
 tomentose or soft-hairy. 
 
 1. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous or silky-hirsute with 
 whitish hairs: heaves oblong, very obtuse, crenatoly toothed (1 to 3 inches long), 
 the base either obtuse or tapering into the petiole ; the upper sessile : flowers about 
 3 in the axils of the distant upper oniinary leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the 
 summit, mostly surpassed by tlie floral leave.'^ : calyx short-campanulate, very hairy; 
 its teeth ovate and merely mucronate-acuminate. — Prodr. xii. 474. 
 
 Moist grounds, common from Alonterey to Lake Co. 
 
 2. S. albens, Gray. Tall (3 to 5 feet high) and mther strict, soft-tomento.so 
 throughout with white or whitish wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate and mostly 
 cordate, obtuse, crenate (2 or 3 inches long), the lower short-pctioled, the upi^-r 
 nearly sessile : flowers several or numerous in tlie capitate clusters, which mostly 
 exceed the floral leaves and form an interrupted at length elongated virgate spike 
 (from 3 to 9 inches long): calyx turbinate-campanulate, its teeth triangular and 
 awn-pointed : corolla white with purjde dots on the lower lip, glabrous except the 
 villous beard on the back of the upper lip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. 
 
 Moist and rich soil, on the mountains and foot-liills of the Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tejon to 
 Santa Clara and Tuolumne Co. 
 
 3. S. pycnantha, P.enth. Two feet high or more, very hii-sute or villous with 
 long and mostly soft spreading hairs, not white : leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat 
 cordate, obtuse, crenate (2 to 4 inches long), all but tlio floral ones rather long 
 petioled : flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch or two long), ex"- 
 ceeding the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and sometimes rather 
 distant clusters : calyx-teeth triangular and slightly muoronato : comlla appai-ently 
 white or creain color with purple on the lower lip, the upper lip stroULrlv boarded 
 on the back. — PI. Ilartw. 331. 
 
 Monterey Co. {Hartwrg) to near San Francisco, Kcllogq. 
 ■«- •+- Corolla purjyle, the upper lip more or less hairy on the back : pubescence hirsute 
 or hispid, at least on the stem ; vo tomeutinn. 
 
606 LABIAT.E. Stuck i/s. 
 
 4. S. bullata, r»eiitli. .SU'iu retrorsoly hispid or hirsute esiiecially on llie an«^les, 
 a foot or two higli : leaves ovate or (.»vate-obloiig, at least the lower more or less 
 cordate, coarsely cienate, obtuse, veiny, sometimes rugose, nearly all petioled (an 
 inch or two long), most of the lloral much reduced and shorter than the calyx : 
 ilowers usuidly in the false whorls, these rather distant, fonning a narrow much 
 interiupted spike: calyx turbinate-campanidate, mostly . hirsute or villous with 
 widely s{treading hairs ; the teeth triangular-ovate and subulate-cuspidate, rigid : 
 lower lip of the corullu fully as long as the tube, much larger than the upper. — 
 >S'. bullata, & *S'. Califuniica, Benth. in DC. aS', Nuttallii, var. Uptodachya, Benth. 
 ri. llartw. 331. 
 
 MlikIocIiio Co. to Sun Dii-j^o ami Fort Muliuve ; aiiparciitly a very common a.s well as wide- 
 sjuoad uiul variultle siKioios ; tlio paljescunce of the leaves ol'len soft. Lower lip of the corolla 4 
 or D lilies long, the iip[iei' 2 or '6. 
 
 S. I'ALUsTius, Liim., hi some of its forms occurs in Oregon, and may reach the northern Iwr- 
 deis of California. 
 
 * « Tube of the red corulla much surpassinci the calyx, over half to three fourths of 
 an inch lony : jiowers mostly G in the false ivhorls. 
 
 f). S. Chamissonis, Denth. 8tem li to 5 feet high, stout, mostly rough-hispid 
 with rigid rctroise brisLli;s, at least on the angles: leaves (2 to S inches long) oblong- 
 ovate and mostly a little cordate, crcnately serrate, usually villous or hirsute above 
 and villous-tomentose beneath, nearly all i)etioled; all but the lowest lloral ones 
 shorter than the loosely interrui)ted spieate Ilowers : calyx tubular-campanulate ; its 
 triangular-ovate teeth cuspidate-tipped : corolla rose-red ; its tube twice the length 
 of the calyx ; the lips pubescent outside. 
 
 AVet grounds ; common around San Francisco Hay. 
 
 S. CILIATA, Dougl., a smooliier and thinner-leaved species of tliis section, with the lower 
 flowei-s in the axils of ordinary leaves, belongs to the coast of Oregon and northward, perhaps 
 also in the northern i)ait of California. 
 
 S. cocuiNKA, Jucf]., a haiidsomo Mexican species, with a tubular sciulet corolla, occurs in 
 Arizona and may perhaijs inicli tiio lower Itordei's of California. 
 
 18. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. Bi.uk-cuiils. 
 Calyx campanulate, in mas little oblique and almost equally 5-cleft. CoroHa with 
 short or rather slender tube and almost equally 5-parted limb, wliich is gibbous or 
 oblique in bud ; the lobes oblong and similar. Stamens 4 : hlaments long and 
 capillary, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted from the upper side of the corolla, 
 sometimes monadelphons at base : anther-cells divergent or divaricate, and soon 
 confluent. Nutlets coarsely rugose-reticulated. — Sweet-aromatic herbs or suifrutcs- 
 cent plants (all North American) ; with entire leaves, and blue or purple corolla 
 and stamens. — The two sjjecies of the Atlantic United States have scattered and 
 pedunculate flowers, with a very oblique and unequally 2-lipped calyx; the inter- 
 mediate T. Arizonicnvi has tlie loose inllorescence of the foregijing with the 
 almost regular calyx of the western species, all which Imvo very short axillary 
 jieduncles, bearing scsveral or numerous flowers in dense and mostly unilateral 
 cymose clusters. 
 
 * Corolla hardly if at all surpassiuff the calyx. 
 
 1. T. oblonguiu, Benth. Annual, soft-villous : stem a span or two high, 
 diflusely branching, eipially leafy to the top : leaves oval-oblong, thin, contracted 
 at base into a short petiole, much exceeding the small and dense cluster of nearly 
 sessile flowers : calyx very villous, deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate-subulate. — 
 Lab. G59 S: in DC. Prodr. xii. 573. 
 
Trichoskma. VERBENACE^E. GOT 
 
 Woodral portion of the Siorra Novadn, from Mniiposn to Slinsta Co., nnd in Oregon. Plant 
 with a jiungcnt and very pleasant aroma. Leaves barely an inch long ; the pinnate veins ascend- 
 ing. Corolla barely 3 lines long, and the stamens 2 lines longer. 
 
 * * Corolla with slender tube exceeding the calyx : cymose flower-clusters disposed to 
 fork and to become raceme-like in age. 
 
 2. T. laxum, Clray. Annual, niinntoly soft-pulicscnnt, about a foot higli, simple 
 or loosely branched from tlie base : leaves rather distant, lanceolate and oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather obscurely pinnately veined (an inch or two 
 long), tapering at the base mostly into a slender petiole : axillary cymose clusters 
 distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in age e(|ualling the leaves ; the flowere 
 pedicelled : calyxdobes ovate-triangular and equalling the tube: corolla almost 
 glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long, and the stamens lialf an inch longer. — Proc. Am. 
 Acad. vii. 387. 
 
 Dry OT-ound, from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co. ; apparently a rather common species. Flowers 
 indigo-lilue. 
 
 3. T. lance olatum, Bonth. Annual, cino.reous-pul)osoent or villous, a span to 
 a foot or more in height, with virgato stem or bninchcs very leafy : leaves much 
 longer than the internodcs, lanceolate or ovatn-lancoolate, Rossilo by a broad base, 
 gradually acuminate, traversed by 3 to 5 strong and almost parallel nervose veins 
 or ribs (an inch or less long) : cymose axillary clusters nearly sessile, short, one- 
 sided : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla somewhat pubescent, half an inch long, 
 the tube almost filiform. 
 
 Dry ground, chiefly in the western part of the State, rather conunon from Los Angeles Co. 
 northward and in Oregon. 
 
 4. T. lanatum, Benth. Shrubby below, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy : branches 
 and foliage canescently puberulent or tomentulose and glabrate with age : leaves 
 very narrowly linear, obtuse, 1 -nerved and with revolute margins, Jiosemary-like, 
 many fascicled in the axils ; the floral ones mostly small and bract-like : llower- 
 clusters glomerate and sessile, numerous in a virgate interrupted purple-woolly spike 
 (of a foot or less in length): corolla very woolly, nearly an inch long, and the stamens 
 and style an inch or two longer. — Torr. Bot. Max. Bound, t. 40. 
 
 liocky ledges, Monterey ? or Santa Rarlmra to San Diego Co. Flowers violet. Very striking 
 for the imritlo-wooUy spiko and long capillary stamens nncl stylo. 
 
 Order LXXIV. VERBENACEiE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, differing from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, which 
 is undivided and 2 - 4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into ivs many 
 1-seeded nutlets, or drupaceous containing as many little fstones. — Calyx persistent. 
 Corolla either bilabiate or merely somewhat irregular ; the lobes imbricate in aestiva- 
 tion. 'Stamens 4, didynamous. Stylo single : stignm entire or 2-lobcd. Solitary 
 ovule erect or ascending and anatropous. Seed with a straight embryo, its radicle 
 inferior, and no albumen. Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, with- 
 out stipules, sometimes aromatic, but not glandular-punctate in the manner of most 
 Labiativ. Flowers perfe(;t : inflorescence various. 
 
 An order of moderate extent in tropical and warm-tempemto regions, a few, chiedy weeds, in 
 the c()ol-tenipomt<s of no striking sensible properties or cconomii-nl importniicp, excepting the 
 American Verbenas so conunon in ornamental cultivation, and a few species of Lnnlana. The 
 Californian representation of the order is feeble. 
 
 L Verbena. Fruit of 4 united nutlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic. 
 2. Llppia. Fruit of 2 united nutlets. Calyx 2-clert. 
 
608 
 
 VEUBENACE.'E. Verbena. 
 
 1. VERBENA, Linn. Vervain. 
 
 Calyx tubular or plioately prismatic, 5-tootlie<l, ouo tooth often shorter. Corolla 
 salvorforui ; the tube souR'tinies curved ; the limb more or less uneciually 5-cleft. 
 Stamens -1, inchule»l j the upi)i'r pair sometimes sterile. Stigma of two dissimilar 
 lobes, one of them smaller and mostly aU)rtive. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting 
 into 4 one-seeded little nutlets. — Herbs (or a few South American species shrubby); 
 •with the llowers in single or panicled spikes or heads, small, or in some showy. 
 The commoner species are apt to hybridize naturally, and the hybrids are not rarely 
 fertile. 
 
 Chiefly an American genus, mainly South American ; the few Californiau representatives weeds 
 or weedy, and only two or three truly indigenous. 
 
 § 1. Flowers small in proportion to the spike: anthers glaTidless. 
 
 * Stem erect : spy'ihs filiform and with the flowers or fruits at length more or less 
 scattering : bracts usually shorter than the fronting calyx. 
 
 -t- Annual, or the base becoming ligneous and of longer duration: stems a span to 2 
 feet high, slender : some of the leaves pinnalijid, tapering at base, the lower into a 
 viargined j>etiole. 
 
 1. V. canescens, 1115K. Hoary-hirsute: leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate- 
 obovate, rigid, sharply incised or pinnutihd : spikes mostly solitary, terminating the 
 branches ; some of the bracts exceeding the ilowers : corolla bluish, the limb a line 
 or so in diameter. — Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. 274, t. 13G. V. remota, Benth. PI. Hartw., 
 from Mexico, is a simple-stemmed form. 
 
 CuRon Tiintillas, south of San Diego Co., Pidmcr. Probably extends withui the State, as it 
 does eastward to Texas and Mexico. 
 
 2. V. officinalis, Linn. Minutely roughish-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves 
 obovate or oblong, or the upper lanceolate, some merely incised, others once or twice 
 liiunatilid or 3 -5-cleft : bracts all shorter than the calyx : corolla purplish or lilac, 
 the limb 2 lines in diameter, sumetimes moie. 
 
 Dry waste giounds througli the western jiiut of the State, i>robably naturalized, but the species 
 occurs round the world. A stouter lorm, and with limb ot corolla 3 or more lines in diameter, 
 answering to V. sororiu, Don, was sent from San Diego by JJr. Hilclicock. 
 
 ■^ +- J'erennial, 2 to b feet high: leaves serrate or merely incised. 
 
 3. V. polystachya, IIHK. Scabrous with very sliort i)artly hispid pubescence, 
 green, jjauicuhitely Ijrauched : leaves from oblong to lanceolate (mostly about 2 
 inches long), sessile by a narrowed base, or the lower sliort-petioled, coarsely sen-ate 
 or sparingly incised : spikes loosely panicled or sometimes solitary : corolla pin-plish 
 or nearly white, the limb about a line in diameter. — V. polystachya, V. biserraia. A; 
 (according to Schauer) V. va'onicaffulia,\U\K. 1. c. V. Carolinensis, »kc., Dill. Hort. 
 Elth. 407, t. 301. V. Carolina, Linn., but it is a Mexican, not a Carolinian spe- 
 cies. V. Caroiiniana, Spreng. ; Hook. & Arn. Lot. Leechey, 156 ; Schauer in DC. 
 l»rodr. xi. 54G. 
 
 Monterey or San Francisco, according to Hooker k Arnott in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage. 
 Los Angeles, IVallace ? 
 
 V. unriciFOi.iA, Linn. Orcen, minutely rougiiish-pubesccnt : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceo- 
 late, mostly acute or acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, all but the uppermost with lounded 
 base and a slender petiole, the larger 4 or 5 inches long : panicled spikes very slender : corolla 
 mostly white. 
 
 A common weed in the Atlantic SUites, extending into Mexico, &c. ; very likely to reach Cali- 
 fornia : the specimen sent by Wallace, mentioned under the prcceiling, is too incomplete to deter- 
 mine whether it belongs to that or the present species. 
 
J^ippin. VERBENA CE/K 
 
 609 
 
 * * Stem erect: spikes slei)der-c;/lindr{cal, demely-flowered ; the flowers and fruit 
 overlappincf : bracts short. 
 
 i. V. hastata, Linn. Pprennial, minutely pubescent: stem stouter, 3 to G feet 
 high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, coarsely or incisely serrate, 
 petioled, some of the lower ones commonly hastate-3-lobed : spikes numeroiis in a 
 terminal panicle, 2 to 4 inches long : corolla blue, 2 lines long, and the lin)b as 
 broad. — V. panicidata, Lam., the name given to the form, not uncommon, which 
 has no lobos to tho leaves. 
 
 Marsliofl on tlio Lower Sacramento, according to Torroy, liot. Wilkos Kxp. 403. rrol)al)Iv oIho- 
 whom in tho State. ^ 
 
 Ak * * Steim spreading or merel.i/ ascending : spikes not filiform. 
 
 5. V. prostrata, R. Brown. Soft-hirsute or villous : stems at first erect or 
 ascending, a foot high, at length widely branched and diffuse, raVely prostrate : 
 leaves obovato, ovate, or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined ])etiole, 
 sharply serrate, incised, or S-G-cleft : spikes solitary or paniclcd, rather slender but 
 dense when in flower, becoming 4 to 10 inches long, hirsute or villous : bracts 
 subulate, not longer than the calyx : corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long. — Ait. 
 Hort. Kew; ed. 2, iv. 41. V. lasiostachys, Link; Hook, k Arn. Bot. Beechey, 156. 
 
 Common in diy ground througli the western parts of the State. Root Piobably perennial 
 llant very variable. From Jamuel Valley, below San Diego, Dr. Palvier sends a more uprirrht 
 and thickish-spiked plant, which might be a cross between this and F. stricla, if the latter w^re 
 Laiitornian ; or porliaps it has some T. hastata in it. 
 
 6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Perennial, hirsute, a span to a foot high, at length 
 diflusoly much branched : loaves cunoato-oblong or obovato, iiinnatnly iucisotror 
 3-cloft and coarsely toothed; tho lower narrowed into a short margined poiiole; tho 
 uppermost passing into bracts : apikos tormiimting tho branches, thickish, rither 
 douse, and squarroso with tho rigid lanccolnto or linear acmninuto and spars,>ly his- 
 pid foliaceous bracts, which surpass the flowers : corolla purplish or blue, small and 
 Blender. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. 
 
 Near Monterey in alkaline soil, Bolander: a peculiar and rigid form, with bracts or bract-like 
 leaves lar down the stem. The orduiary form occurs in Oregon, and e.xtends to the Atlantic States. 
 
 § 2. Flotvers more showy: spike at first- short and capitate: connective of the anthers 
 of the longer stamens tipped with a gland. 
 
 7. V. Ciliata, Benth. Low and diffuse, apparently annual, villous-hirsute; or tho 
 eaves somewhat strigose-hispid, once or twice 3-parted or cleft, short-petioled ; the 
 ateral divisions commonly 2-lobed and the middle one 3-5-lobe.l or incised: bracts 
 
 lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the calyx : tube of the latter oblong ; the teeth 
 rather short-subulate, nearly equal : corolla " blue," or purple ; the tube hardly 
 twice the length of the calyx. — PI. Hartw. 21 ; Schauer in DC. Pro.lr. xi. 553. 
 
 r.lpKvl'.'^.vJ"^'^'"^"" *V Bouthem borders of the State {Pahnrr), a form with rather coarsely 
 clett leaves : extends tlu-ough Arizona {Palmer, Lieut. U'heclrr, d-c), to W. Texas and Mexico. 
 
 ..^JninlTn'''''''"^'?''' ^'x^T""'' f^'f",'^"^^'-''''' ''fpinnnftfda, Nutt.), from Colorado to Texas, is 
 une ual ^ ' *"'^ ''"^ '"""^'^ ^""^ei- nnd slender bracts and calyx-teeth, tho latter very 
 
 2. LIPPIA, Liim. 
 Corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform ; the limb either bilabiate (upper lip 
 entire or 2-lobed, lower S-partnd), or 4-cloft and merely obliquo. Stamens 4, in- 
 cluded. Stigma capitato or oblique. Ovary 2-oolled, in fruit forming 2 ono-aoodml 
 nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect : the foliage sometimes aromatic, as in 
 L. cifrifldora, the swoi^ Verbena-shrub of tho gardens, native of S. America, to 
 which most of the species belong. 
 
QIQ TLANTAGINACE.'!':. Lippiu. 
 
 1. L. lycioides, Steudel. tSluubby, 4 to 10 feet liigh, minutely pubenilent : 
 branches lung and .slender ; brancldets sometimes spinescent : leaves luneeolato- 
 oblong, obtuse (a (punter to a full inch long), narrowed at base into a slight petiole, 
 1-nerved, nc^arly veinless, roughish above, on llowcring stems commonly entire : 
 llowors small, vanilla-scented, in slcnd(3r naked spikes : calyx very liirsute, 4-clel't : 
 corolla barely 2 lines long, while or bluish, 4-lobed. 
 
 No. 548 iu the Caliruniiaii collection of Coulter. More likely collected in the Mexican prov- 
 ince of Sonora, wheic it was found by Dr. Palnier, whence it extends eastward to Texas. ALso 
 a native of IJuenos Ayres, kc. 
 
 2. L. nodiflora, Michx. Perennial ] herb, creeping extensively, minutely cine- 
 reous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile 
 or nearly so, obscurely veined or veinless, the tapering base entire, from the middle 
 to the apox sharply serrate : peduncles erect from the rooting joints, 1 to 4 inches 
 long, much exceeding the leaves : flowers in a globular or at length cylindraceous 
 liead, a quarter of an inch thick : bracts closely imbricated : calyx compressed 
 fore and aft, 2-clel't, 2-carinate, the lobes contluidicate, linear-lanceolate, lateral : 
 corolla purplish or white, bilabiate: fruit corky, not readily separating into the 2 
 nutlets. — Zapania itodijiora, Lam. Lqijtia tanceoliUa, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp., 
 403, not of Michx. 
 
 Hanks of tlie Lower Saciamento and San Joaquin to the Rio Colorado: east to Texas and 
 Florida ; and widely dispersed over the warm regions of the world. Includes several nominal 
 species. 
 
 Order LXXV. PLANTAGINACE-ffiS. 
 
 Steraless lierbs with flowers in spikes, the 4-cleft regular corollas dry and scarious, 
 consisting almost wholly of the genus, 
 
 1. PLANTAGO, Linn. Plantain. Ribgrass. 
 
 Flowers i)erfect, or st)nietimos more or less dittcious, in a spike or head, each sub- 
 tended by a bract. Calyx of 4 persistent imbiicated sepals, free from the ovary. 
 Corolla hypogynous, of scarious texture, veinless, withering-persistent, short salver- 
 form ; its limb 4-parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 to 4, inserted on the 
 corolla alternate with its lobes ; filaments commonly long and flaccid in anthesis : 
 anthers versatile, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled, or by a false parti- 
 tion in some 3 -'4-celled, with one or more amphitropous ovules in each cell : stylo 
 filiform, all the upper part pubescent or bearded and stigraatic. Fruit a membrana- 
 ceous or coriaceous capsule, circumscissile towards the base, the upper part falling 
 away as a lid, carrying with it the loose partition, which bears one or more peltate 
 seeds on each face. Seed-coat mucilaginous when wet. Embryo straight, about 
 the length of the fleshy albumen. — ]\Iostly stemless herbs, with nerved or ribbed 
 radical loaves, and naked scapes of suuiU mostly greenish flowers. 
 
 A lar^fo Kcnns, widely diHtiihuted over the world, iniiinly in the temperate zones, In Kuropo 
 ftocompnnicd by a niondicious genus, Liltonllti, but otherwise having no obvious near relation- 
 sliip. The North American species are few. 
 
 § 1. Floivers all alike and 'perfect, with the 4 stamens and long style both much ex- 
 sei'ted, hut at different pei-iods, i. e. the latter while the stamens are still in the 
 unopened corolla, these protruded by the elongation of the slender filaments a 
 day or two later, after the stigma has begun to toither : lobes of the corolla not 
 closed after fi/)ivering. 
 
Plantano. I'LANTAGINACE.K ^l\ 
 
 * Leaves 3 - 1 -ribbed, not fleshy : root perennial. 
 
 1. P. major, Linn. Glabrous or sometimes pubescent : leaves ovate or broadly 
 oblong, large, .abruptly contracted into > a channelled petiole, 5 - 7-ribbed : spike 
 long and slender: capsule 7-16-seedcd. 
 
 San Diego to Oregon ; apparently s])aringly naturalized in California. This Wayside Plantain, 
 probably indigenous only to the Old World, is reported to spring up in North America "wherever 
 the white man has set his foot." 
 
 2. P. lanceolata, Linn. Mostly hairy : leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 
 3-r)-ribbo(l : scape deeply grooved and angled, slender, at length much surpassing 
 the leaves (a foot or two long), bearing a head which commonly lengthens into a 
 dense thick sjiike : bracts and .sepals scarious, two of the latter commonly united 
 into one : capsule 2-seeded : seeds hollowed on the inner face. 
 
 Dry fields, near San Francisco. The RibOTass, Ripplegrass, or English Plantain ; introduced 
 from Europe ; apparently not widely establislied. 
 
 * * Leaves rihless or nearly so, fleshy and narrov). 
 
 3. P. maritima, Linn. Perennial or biennial : the thick crown more or less 
 woolly among i\w bases of the leaves, which are linear, usually much fleshy-thick- 
 ened, entire or with a few scattered sharp teeth : scapes a span or le.ss in height, 
 bearing a dense many-flowered oblong or cylindrical spike : sepals scarious-mem- 
 branaceous with a thickish green centre, which in the posterior ones is crested : 
 capsule often more or less 3-4-cellcd, a single seed in each cell. 
 
 Along the sea-.shore, on rocks, in sand, or in salt-marshes. Widely dispersed over the world, 
 and varying in form. 
 
 § 2. Flowers of two kinds on different individuals, both with 4 stamens, one sort with 
 lonf/ exserted fllaments, the other with short included filaments and small 
 anthers, 
 
 4. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, silky-woolly, or sometimes merely pubes- 
 cent : leaves varying from narrowly linear-lanceolate to nearly filiform, entire or 
 sparingly denticulate, 1 - 3-nerved : scape slender, 2 to 6 inclies high, bearing a 
 dense cylindrical or oblong spike, in depauperate specimens fre(]uently reduced to a 
 head: flowers all perfect: sepals very obtuse, scarious except a thick central por- 
 tion : lobos of the corolla round-ovate and cordate, remaining expanded after an- 
 thesis : capsulo 2-scedod : seeds large, deeply hollowed on the face or boat-shaped. 
 — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 312, & in Pacif. R. Kep. iv. 117. 
 
 Open grounds, common in the western part of the State, chiefly in a small form. Extends 
 southward almost to the extremity of the American continent, and on the ea.stern side, under sev- 
 eral forms, from Texas through the Valley of the Mississippi and the great plains to the Sfus- 
 katchawan district. 
 
 5. P. Virginica, Linn., var. maxima. Annual or biennial, pubescent or hir- 
 sute with many-jointed hairs, becoming woolly at the crown : leaves from oblanceo- 
 lato to oblong and oval or obovate, 3 to 10 inches long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate, 
 3 - 7-ribl)ed, tapering into a narrowed base or wing-margined jietiole : scape n span 
 to a foot or more long, bearing a dense spike : bracts not longer than the calyx : 
 lobes of the rather small corolla ovate and slightly cordate ; in the long-stamened 
 and sterile form remaining open or rcflexed ; in the nnich commoner and fully 
 fruitful form with small or included stamens, closing permanently over the ovary 
 and capsule and somewhat indurating in the form of a slender-conical beak, crown- 
 ing the summit of the ovate obtuse 2 - 3-seeded capsule : seeds nearly flat on the 
 face. — 7^ Kamtchatica, Hook. Sc Am. Hot. IJeec.hey, lf)6. /'. Durvilici, var. Cali- 
 fornica, Fischer k Meyer, Ind. Som. Ilort. Petrop. 
 
 Along the coast, San Francisco Bay to Monterey. The association of this robust plant with 
 the tiny P. Virginica of the Atlantif border will appear strange ; but. a Texan form (P. purpuras- 
 cfns, Nutt.) connects them. 
 
612 I'LANTAGINACE.E. J'lanluyo. 
 
 § 3. Flowers perfect (and perhaps of two kinds) : stamens 2. 
 (J. P. Bigelovii, ( ; ray. Annual, small and slender, a span or less in height, 
 slightly liiibiile : leaves linear, obtuse, entire, a line or two wiile, the bntader ones 
 obscurely 3-nerveil, shorter than the scape: spike oblong or linear, densely few - 
 nuiny-llowered : bracts carinate, about the length of the calyx : lobes of tho corolla 
 ovate, remaining open : stamens ami style a little exserted : capsule ovoid-oblong, 
 somewhat exceeding the calyx, 2-celled, 4-seeded : seeds oblong, not hollowed on 
 the face. — Pacif. li. iJup. iv. 117, 
 
 Salt-inarslies, San Palilo Iky, at Beiiicia ami Vallejo, Bigelow, E. L. Greene. Ro-descri»)ed 
 from good specimens collected Ly Mr. (Iiccne. Flowers twice tho size of tliose of tlie eastern 
 P. piisilla, which extends westward to Utah, and was mistaken for tins in tlio Hotany of King's 
 Expedition. ° 
 
 P. Eiuoi'ODA, Ton., of tlio Rocky Mountains, wliich reaches Northeastern Nevada, also 
 P. MACUOCAUI'A, Cham, k Schlecht., of the northern Pacific coast, are the only other Western 
 species ; both with thickish spikes and rather large flowers and capsules. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Page 43. 17. NASTURTIUM. 
 
 3*. N. obtusum, Nutt. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so : stems much 
 branched, decumbent or procumbent, a span long or less : leaves pinnately parted or 
 divided ; the segments mostly oblong, sinuately toothed : Hovvers minute : pods 
 ovate- to linear-oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, very obtuse or acutish, beaked by the 
 short style : pedicels about a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Yl. i. 74. 
 
 On the headwaters of Kern River (Rothrnck) ; Nortlietn Nevada (IFalson) ; frequent eastward 
 from Colorado and New Mexico to the Mississippi. 
 
 Page 300. 3. BRICKELLIA. 
 
 2. B. grandiflora, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 18G3, 
 67. A Ibrm decidedly smaller in all its parts ; collected on a peak near Lake 
 Tahoe, Lemmon. 
 
 r.vgo313. 16. APLOPAPPUS. 
 
 8*. A. Palmerl, Gray. Shrub 4 feet high, paniculatoly much branclicd, some- 
 what resinous ; branches often virgate, very leafy : loaves iiliform, about an inch 
 long, with shorter ones fascicled in the axils, obscurely punctate : heads paniculate, 
 4 lines long : involucre turbinate ; the scales oblong-linear, very obtuse, chartaccous, 
 minutely granulose-glandular, the narrow scarious edges especially at the tip ciliate- 
 fringed : rays 3 or 4, not longer than the 11 to 15 disk-flowers : akencs short-linear, 
 villous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74. 
 
 Tecate Mountains, in Lower California, 20 miles or more below the State lioundary {Pahner) ; 
 San Bernardino Co., Parry. One of the Ericamcria section, related to A. pinifolius, A. cricoides, 
 and the Now Mexican A. larici/olius. 
 
 14. A. gracilis, Gray. Rigid-herbaceous (the root in ours seemingly perennial), 
 pubescent : stems a span to a foot high, loosely and simply branching, slender : 
 leaves linear or the lowest somewhat spatulate, pinnately 5 - 7-clcft or incised, the 
 lobes abort and tipped with a rigid bristle ; upper leaves gradually reduced to linear 
 and entire small and appressed bracts (3 to 2 lines long), which pass into the 
 appressed closely imbricated scales of the obovato involucre : heads small, terminat- 
 ing the virgate branches : rays 12 to 18, short: akencs silky-hairy: ])appus dirty 
 white, of rather scanty and extremely unequal bristles ; the innermost rigid and wider 
 downward, about the length of the disk-corolla, the others successively shorter and 
 liner : style-appendages linear, as long as the stigmatic ]>ortion. — PI. Fendl. 76. 
 
 Southeastern part of the State ; San Diego and Sin Bernardino counties (Cooper, Cleveland, 
 Palmer) ; thonce east to New Mexico. Head a qunrterof nn inch hi"h : scales of the invohicrc 
 linear, rigid, mostly bristle-tip])ed, in the plant of Arizona and Calirnrnia minutely granulate- 
 glandular. Belongs to the Blepharodon section, along with A. nrciwrius and A. s/iinu/osus, 
 referred to on p. 314. 
 
 Page 314. 17. BIGELOVIA. 
 
 1'. B. spathulata, Gray. A low and corymbosely much-branched shrub, gla- 
 brous, hardly at all glutinous : branchlots leafy to the summit : leaves (half an inch 
 
514 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 long) cuneatc-obovato, entire, mostly rutuse, tliick-coriiiceous, veinloss and witli raid- 
 rib indiistinct, obscurely if ut all puiiotatu : heads in small coiymbuse tcrminul clus- 
 ters, 4 or 5 lines loiii,', al)out lU-llovverotl : scales of the turbinate involucre numer- 
 ous and regularly imbricated ; all of the inner ones broadly linear, coriaceous, 
 rather obtuse, destitute of green tips; the outer shorter, greenish, and gradually 
 passing into roundish rigid scale-like bractlets : ajipendages of the style-branches 
 slender-subulate, as long as the stigmatic portion and narrower : akenes silky-hairy. 
 — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74. 
 
 Tantillas Mountains, near the entrance of the Great Cahon, below the southern boundary of 
 the State, Palmer. Too closely resembles Ajdopappas caucatus, p. 312 ; but not balsamic-resin- 
 ous ; leaves almost ilotless ; head.s .smaller, I'ewer-tlowered, and rayless ; akene shelter and with 
 silky pubescence, and slender bristles of the pappus not thickened toward the tips. 
 
 2. B. arborescens, Gray. Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada in Calaveras Co., 
 Lemmuii, 1875. 
 
 3*. B. brachylepis, (iray. liesembles li. Cooperi : heads larger and broader, 
 4 or 5 linea lung, 8- 12-lluwcred, corymbose or thyrsoid, or terminating short-leaved 
 branchlcts : scales of the campanulate involucre all obtuse, many with resinous- 
 glandular thickened midrib, the innermost not exceeding the linear akenes : style- 
 appendages slender-subulate, obtusish. 
 
 Ijukens' Station, «0 miles east by north of San Die-^o, Dr. I'ahner. Shrub 4 to 6 feet hi<?h, 
 fastiyialcly branched. Al^l^) nscmbles Jl. tcrdiJ'oUa in foliage and in tiaces of glands to the invo- 
 lucre. 
 
 8. B. paniculata. Gray. San Bernardino County, Parry. Also Southern 
 Utah, Paimfr. 
 
 9. B. graveolens, Gray, has been found as far west as Kern Co., Rothrock. 
 
 10. B. Douglasii, <!riiy. To the varieties must be added a most distinct and 
 remarkable un(!, 
 
 Var. stenophylla, Gray. Leaves all from very narrowly linear to iiliform, 
 smooth : heads narrower, oftener only 4-llowered. 
 
 N. W. Nevada C /ra^i'y/t, Leminon, &c.) to borders of Lower California, Palmer. Terhaps a 
 distinct species. 
 
 Page 324. 21. ASTER. 
 
 10^ A. SBStivus, Ait. (!) ]\Iinutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves nar- 
 rower and heads more paniculate than in A. iJout/lasii : scales of the involucre 
 narrower, the outer all linear, nuunly green. — A. laxifoiias, Nees. A. Doaylasii, 
 DC. in part. 
 
 Moist grounds, mountains of San Diego Co. {Cleveland) ; Southern Sierra Nevada, Tulare Co., 
 &c., Rothruck. Not uncommon far eastward and northward. 
 
 IG. A. spinosus, 15enth. Glabrou.s, 2 or 3 feet high, Avith slender virgate or 
 rush-like l)ranches, terminated by single naked heads, bearing also some sofl-spines- 
 cent branchlets below : hsaves small and linear, or reduced to minute subulate scah:s, 
 at length deciduous : heads 3 lines long : scales of the involucre subulate : rays 
 rather short, whitish: akenes glabrous. — PI. JIartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, I'l. ii. 105. 
 
 Interior of San Diego Co., Palmer. Extends through Arizona to Texas and into Mexico. 
 
 Page 333. 25. BACCHARIS. 
 
 8. B. brachyphylla, Gray. Minutely roughish-puberulent : slender and dilfuse 
 branches 2 or 3 feet long from a woody base, beset with small linear or lanceolate 
 subulate leaves (the lower half an inch long, the upper reduced to scale-like bracts 
 less than a line long), bearing loosely paniculate heads : involucre 2 lines high ; the 
 
•ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 616 
 
 scales broadly lanceolate, acute, puberulent aiul greenish on the back, and with 
 scarious margins : pappus short, fulvous. — PI. Wright, ii. 83. 
 
 Eastern part of San Diego and San Bernardino counties {Palmer, Parry) ; eastward to New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Page 343. 37'. DICORIA, Torr. & Gray. 
 
 Head hetorogamous, discoid ; one or two marginal (lowers pistillate and fertile, 
 apetalous, consisting of an ovary and a 2-partod stylo; tho other flowers G to 12, 
 staminate and sterile, with obconical 5-toothcd corolla, completely monadelphous 
 filaments, slightly coherent anthers, and undivided style destitute of stigma and 
 appendages. Involucre of about 5 short and oval herbaceous scales, and of either 
 one or two much larger and flat accrescent scarious ones, each of the latter subtend- 
 ing a fertile flower. Receptacle with a few delicate chaffy scales among tlie fertile 
 flowers. Akenes obcomprossod, oblong, surrounded by a toothed border or wing, 
 much exceeding tho outer involucre. — Annual or bicimial herbs, whitened with 
 approssed liirsuto pubescence; with entire or serrate petioled loaves, tho lowest 
 opposite, tho upper alternate, and racemosely or spicately paniculate and scattered 
 small heads, nodding in fruit; the flowers greenish yellow. — Emory Rep. 143, 
 & Bot. Mex. Bound. 86, t. 30; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. 
 
 1. D. canescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A foot to a yard high : leaves from 
 oblong-lanceolate to ovate : internal and greenish-yellow scales of tho involucre a 
 pair, orbicular, in fruit 3 lines long, longer and broader than the broadly and veiny- 
 winged akenes they subtend. 
 
 Desert washes in San Bernardino Co. {Parry), and eastward in S. Utah and Arizona. 
 
 D. Branoeoei, Gray, 1. c, of S. E. Colorado, has narrow leaves, and a single fertile flower, the 
 akene of which has a callous-toothed border in place of wing, and nuich exceeds the relatively 
 smaller subtemling scale. 
 
 Page 343. 38. IVA. 
 
 2. I. HayOBiana, Gray. Apparently horbacoous from a woody base, and from 
 1 to 3 feet high, erect, and tho larger plants paniculatoly nuich branched : caulino 
 leaves opposite, epatulato-oblong and very obtuse, an inch or two long, tho base nar- 
 rowed into a distinct petiole; those of the branches alternate and gradually i)assing 
 into linear bracts, the uppermost hardly surpassing the heads ; these rather crowded 
 in panicled spikes : involucre of about 5 rounded and completely distinct imbricated 
 scales. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78. 
 
 San Diego Co. ; near Warner's Pass {Sntinn Haym, ] 8r)8), collected in October, when all the 
 flowers had fallen ; Jamuel Valley, south of San Diego, Dr. Palmer, 1875. 
 
 Page 344. 41. FRANSERIA. 
 
 3. F. pumila, Nutt. Common in the streets of San Diego, Parry, Cleveland. 
 The fruit is small, and much of it one-celled and spineless, and therefore that of an 
 Amhrosia. The species needs to bo compared with A. lenuifolia, Spreng., and A. 
 fruticosa, DC, var. canes^cem. 
 
 10. F. ilicifolia. Gray. Shrubby, much branched ; branches very leafy, hirsute 
 and pubescent : leaves closely sessile by an auriculato halfclasping base, coriaceous, 
 prominently veiny and reticulated, ovate or oblong (less than 2 inches long), sca- 
 brous and pubescent, coarsely serrate ; the teeth and especially the acuminate apex 
 spiny-tipped: fertile involycre globose, thickly armed with hook-tipped prickles, 
 
0]^(J ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 wliicli are as long as the soiuewliat atouter beaks, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — I'ruc. Am. 
 Acad. xi. 77. 
 
 In the Tiiutillfts Cafloii, noitbein part of Lower California, Palmer. A renniikable sjiecies, 
 witli HoUy-liUe leaves. Slerile involucres unknown. Full-grown bur half au inch in diameter 
 incluiling the prickles. 
 
 Page 310. 45. WYETHIA. 
 
 3". W. COriacea, <iray. (Ill character between * and * «.) liarely a luut 
 liigh, villuus-pubescent : stem stout, lew-leaved : leaves long-petioled, firm-coriaceous, 
 much reticulated, ovale, or sometimes rouiulish, or the up]>er oblong, 3 to 5 inches 
 long; tlio base either truncate or inclining to cordate, or oblitjuo, or sometimes nar- 
 rowed into the iietioN' : hcuda low, rather narrow : wcalea ol' tho invohicre 5 or G, 
 I'oliuceous, oblong or lanceolate, an inch to an inch and u half long, equalling or 
 exceeding tho 5 to 8 rays, also 2 or 3 smaller rather cliaily ones within : akenes 
 glabrous; those of the ray oblong and obcompressed, of the disk 4-5-angled and 
 narrower : pajjpus 4 to U small and stout rather unequal blunt teeth, a little united 
 at base, rarely one of them lunger and subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77. 
 On the Mesa Graiule, 7U miles northeast of !San l^iego, Dr. Fulmcr. 
 
 Page 352. 47. ENCELIA. 
 
 5. E. viscida, (Jray. Apiiarcntly a foot or two higli and herbaceous, branching, 
 viscid-glandular throughout : stem and branches (as well as S}iaringly the leaves) 
 hirsute with long and slender many-jointed widely spreading hairs : leaves alternate, 
 ovate or oblong, sessile, mostly with auric ulate or cordate half-clasping base, spar- 
 ingly .serrate, an inch or two long (the lower not seen) : heads terminating short 
 leafy branches : scales of the involucre broadly linear, obtuse, a little unequal, all 
 shorter than the disk ; the outer greenish and viscid, thin-menibranaceous ; the 
 innermost like the chalf of the recei)tacle thin-scarious : rays none : disk-corollas 
 light yellow : akenes narrowly cuiuiate, with cidhnis margins and summit, strongly 
 white-villous, especially the margins, these oxtonded into strong pubescent awns. — 
 Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78. 
 
 Southern part of San Diego Co., at Darkens' Station, 80 miles east of San Diego, Dr. Puhner. 
 A renuukaltle species, with the aspect ami foliage of a Huhca. Heads three fourths of an inch 
 long. Akenes 4 or 5 lines long ; and tho subulate awns 2 or 3 linos. 
 
 Pago 353. 49. HELIANTHUS. 
 
 tK H, gracilentUB, (J ray. J'evennial (but base not seen), ai)parcntly 3 feet or 
 more high : slender branches nearly smooth and glabrous: leaves lanceolate, rather 
 short, entire, pale and minutely hispid-scabrous both sides, obscurely triplinerved ; 
 the lower opposite and abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; the upper scattered 
 and gradually reduced to an inch or less in length : peduncles few or solitary and 
 slender : involucre shorter than tho brownish-yellow disk ; its scales regularly im- 
 bricated, acute, destitute of tij)s, densely and rather hirsutely puberulent : rays 12 
 to IG, an inch or less long : akenes flat and broad, smooth, only half the length of 
 the slender bayonet-shaped scales of the pappus, which are fully three fourths the 
 length of the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77. 
 
 Mountains 45 miles northeast of San Diego, Th: I'afmer. 
 Page 362. 57. HEMIZONIA. 
 
 5*. H. floribunda, (Iray. Erect, apparently 3 feet high, with very numerous 
 and leafy branches, minutely glandular-pubescent: lower leaves not seen; the upper 
 linear, obtuse, entire, a half to a (piarter of an inch long : heads terminating the 
 branchlets, 3 or { lines broad and high, many-lloworod : scales of tho involucre 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRWTIONS. f,|7 
 
 obloiig-liinceoliito, sliorter tliati the disk, ratlior ()])tnso, extremely glandular : rays 
 20 or more, forming two series, with cuncate S-lobed deep orange-yellow ligides : 
 disk-llowers about as many, most of them fertile : chalf of the llattish receptacle 
 oidy between the ray and disk flowers, of linear and nearly distinct scales : pappus 
 of the disk-akenes of 5 to 8 ovate or roundish blunt and entire scales, which are 
 hairy on the back and margin. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 7'J. 
 
 On tlie Fort Yuma road, at barkens, 80 miles east of San Diego, Pnlmrr. A striking species 
 of the Harlmnnnin section, in some respects resembling //. frHftsrois, to be inserted in the subdi- 
 vision (with some emendation) which includes //. angustifolia and //. conjmbosa. 
 
 1 1". H. Wheeleri, Gray. Loosely branched from the base, slender, a span to a 
 foot high, somewhat hirsute, liardly at all glandular : leaves all linear and entire, 
 scattered (the lower an inch or two long) : heads scattered, short-peduncled : scales 
 of i\w. involucre lanceolate, herbaceous, rather short : rays only 5 or G, bright yel- 
 low : disk-dowers numerous (yellow), with abortivfs ovary and no pappus : outer 
 chaff of the receptacle of distinct thin scales ; inner UKJstly wanting : fertile akenes 
 triangular. 
 
 Tularo Co., Monachay Meadows, &c., upper ]»art of South Fork of Kern ]?iver, at 8,200 to 
 10,000 feet altitiidc, Unihrock in Wheeler's K.\pe<Utioii, 187:'.. Ib'ad )>:uely 'i lines higii : rays 2 
 lines long and wide. Smooth akenes a line and a ipiarter long. A well-marked species of the Eu- 
 hemhonin section. 
 
 Page 391. TJ\ HYMENOPAPPUS, I/Her. 
 
 Head homogamous ; the rather numerous flowers all alike, perfect and tubular. 
 Scales of the involucre 6 to 12, more or less imbricated, obovato or oval, flat, thin, 
 often partly scarions or colored (whitish, rarely purplish). Iveceptacle small, naked. 
 ( 'orolla with a narrow and glandular tube, abruptly dilated into a campanulate 
 throat, and with 5 revoluto lobes. Style-branches rather broad and obtuse. Akenes 
 turbinate or inversely pyramidal, with a short stalk like base. Pappus of 8 or 10 
 short and blunt silvery-scarious scales, nearly or quite nerveless. — Biennial or 
 rarely perennial herbs (all N. American), whitened with a rather deciduous wool ; 
 the stems with a solitary or corymbose head of whitish or yellow flowers. 
 
 1. H. luteus, Ntitl. A span to a foot high: h-avca mainly in a tuff at the 
 root, twice pinnately divided ; the lobes narrowly lin(!ar with revolut(! margins or 
 nearly filiform : stem scape-like, bearing few or rarely solitary long-peduncled heads 
 of light yellow flowers ; akenes very villous, at least on the angles : pappus nearly 
 as long as the tube of the corolla. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 373. 
 
 Tantillas Mountains, nrnr the State line, in Lower <'nlifornia, Jh-. Pnlmrr. E.vtends ea.stward 
 to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 ragfi399. 88. PECTIS. 
 
 1. P. papposa, ( Jray, var. epapposa. A depauperate short-peduncled form, 
 collected by J)r. Palmer, about half-way between San Diego and Fort Yuma (also 
 in S. Utah and Arizona) : .some of the specimens with the normal barbellate-bristly 
 pappus to the <lisk-flowers, the others Avith a mere vestige or none. 
 
 I'ftK'' 402. 9n. TANACETUM. 
 
 ••.V 1: * Pappnx none : Icavex nn.lif ^-r/e/l or entire. {Hpluvromeria, Nutt.) 
 
 3. T. canum, 1^. C. Eaton. A span high or more, in tufts from a woody ba.se, 
 silvery-canescent : flowering stems simple, terminated by one or two or several corym- 
 bo.se-erowd(Kl heads : leaves half an inch or more long, sessile, some cuncate and 
 
513 ADDITIONS AND CURKECTlUNS. 
 
 3-cleft into navrow-entiie lobes, others linear or lanceolate and entire : involucre 2 
 lines liigli, of about 12 ohovato scales : llowers yellowish; a few of the outer ones 
 pistillate ; the rest peifect. — Uot. King Kxp. 180, t. 11). 
 
 Ohiiiclie Moiiiitain, Tul:in> ("(•., ut lO.OOd k-rt, lloilinh-k in Whucler'a Expud., 1875. Elsowhoro 
 found only in llio K. llmnbuldl MonnLuins, Ncviulu, U atsoii. 
 
 Page 405. 94. ARTEMISIA. 
 
 12. A. Rothrockii, (Iray. Shrubby, a foot or less higli, bushy, cinereous with 
 a minute appressed pubescence, but green or greenish, anil sometimes almost gla- 
 brous, ov slightly viscid : leaves from cuneato and 3-4-cleft above into oblong lobes 
 to cuneate linear or spatulato ami (especially on ilowering shoots) entire, or some of 
 tiio upj)er linear-oblDUg : heads crowiled, si)icate-panicled, greenish, 2^ to 3 lines 
 long, 10 - 12-liowered : scales of the campanulato involucre concave, rather iirm ; 
 the outer ovate and largely herbaceous ; the inner oblong : llowers all perfect and 
 fertile. 
 
 Sierras of Tulare Co., Ohuiche Mountains and Monachay Meadows, at 8,000 to 9,300 feet, Jiuth- 
 rock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. TLe Sutjc-brush of the region. Heads even thicker than those 
 of A. caaa. 
 
 13. A. Palmeri, (^ray. Ajiiuuently wholly herbaceous and at least 3 feet high, 
 cinereous-puberulent : leaves narrowly linear and the lower 3 - 5-parted (the divi- 
 sions an inch or two long antl a line or more wide), with revolute margins, the 
 lower surface minutely white-woolly : heads greenish, very numerous in an ample 
 open panicle : scales of the involucre ovate, thin : Howers all perfect, most of theju 
 subtended by chalf similar to the inner scales of the involucre (or the inueimost 
 much smaller), — an anomaly in the genus, — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79. 
 
 Jamuel Valley, 20 miles east of south of San Diego, Palmer. 
 
 Page 412. 101. SENECIO. 
 
 9. S. Fremontii, Torr. & (Jray. A very well marked form of tliis species is 
 Var. OCCidentalis, (uay. Much more slender, a span to a foot high : leaves 
 from ovate-orbicular and repand to ubovate or spatulate and incised, thinner, most 
 of them on rather long and wing-margined petioles : heads smaller (4 lines high), 
 fewer-ilowered, and slender-peduncled. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, on Mount Whitney at 12,000 feet, and S. Fork of Kern River down to 9,800 
 feet, Riithrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Lenimon's plant from Lassen's Peak is between this 
 and Watson's and Parry's spucinieiis from the mountains of Utah and Wyoming. 
 
 Page 417. 103. RAILLARDELLA. 
 
 A part of the generic character to Ije modified, and a portion of it tlirown into 
 a § 1, to contrast with the following : — 
 
 § 2. Scales of the involucre distinct to the base, the margins below at length more or 
 less involute : central /lowers (alwags ?) sterile, both anthers and ovary imjnr- 
 fect : stem leafy. 
 
 3. R. Muil'ii, <'ray. A span or two high, slender, hirsute, and with some stalked 
 glands al)0ve ; leaves (about an incli long) linear, with somewhat revolute margins, 
 acute : heads terminal and short-peduncled, and also 2 or 3 lateral ones : involucre 
 carapanulate : bristles of the pappus 10 to 12, stouter, fully ecpialling the corolla in 
 length. 
 
 In the Sien-a Nevada (the station unknown), ./. Muir. Head little over half an inch long. 
 Stem slender, very leafy below, sparsely so above. In habit unlike the genuine speeies of llallhir- 
 delta, but the floral characters accord. The mature akeues are tei'ete, but so they may be when 
 ripe in the original speeies. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORREnTlONS. (51 () 
 
 Pago 441. 122. LYQODESMIA. 
 
 2. L. spinosa, var. cladopappa, <Ji'ay ; a state with many of tlie stiff bristles 
 of the pappus bearing a few slemler branches toward the base. 
 
 Cfirson Valley, Lemmon, 1875. Specimens by other collectors from the .sarno neighborhood do 
 not show tliiH peculiarity of the psippiis, in which, ns well us in the rigidity, there is an approach 
 to Clixzladclpha. 
 
 Page 442. 123. LACTUCA. 
 
 Lactuca Canadensis, Linn., was collected in a grain-lield in Sierra Valley, in tlie summer of 
 1875. Being otherwise unknown west of the Ilocky Mountains, it was probably a waif or chance- 
 
 Page 443. Order LI. LOBELIACE^. 
 
 Ileplace tlie key to the gcnei-a under the Tribe LOBKUJvE by the following. 
 
 • Capsule short, 2-celled, 2-vnlved at tlio top. 
 
 1. Lobelia. Corolla with tlie more or less elongated tube split from top to bottom on the appar- 
 
 ently upper side. Stamens free from the corolla. 
 
 2. Palmereila. Corolla with a long tube, which is entire at the summit ; the stamens adnate 
 
 to its ujiper part. 
 
 3. Laurentia. Corolla with a rather long entire tube ; the stamens free from it, except perhaps 
 
 at the very base. 
 
 ♦ ♦ Capsule and ovary long and linear, one-celled, opening down the sides. 
 
 4. Downingla. Corolla with a very short and entire tube. 
 Prefix no. 5 to Nemacladus. 
 
 1. LOBELIA, Linn. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, and with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube split down to 
 the base on one (apparently the upper) side ; the two lobes on that side erect or more 
 .sej)arated from the three more united ones ; all the petals sometimes inclined to 
 8(iparato at tho base. Authors and all the upper ]>art of the (ilamonts united around 
 the stylo : these inserted with the corolla. iStigma 2-l()b('d. (.'apsnle 2-valvod at 
 tho top. Seeds very numerous and small. — Chiclly herbs, of wide geogra[)hicaI 
 di.stribution ; with racemose or spicato flower.s, produced in summer. 
 
 1. L. splendens, Willd. Glabrous or nearly so : simple stem 2 or 3 feet high : 
 leaves linear lanceolate, glandular-denticulate : raceme naked, many-flowered : tube 
 of the calyx hemispherical ; its lobes slenderly linear-subulate : corolla intense red, 
 an inch long ; its lobes (in our plant) oidy half the length of the tube : two of the 
 anthers strongly bearded at the tip. — llort. iJerol. t. 8G. 
 
 Mountains northeast of San Diego, Chrrhind, Palmer. Extends through Arizona to Texas and 
 Mexico, probably only in shaded and moist or wet jdaccs. Miich lesembles the eastern L. cardi- 
 imlis or Caixlinal-flower. Lobes of the corolla much smaller than in the cultivated and some of 
 the wild Mexican specimens. 
 
 2. PALMERELLA, Cray. 
 Calyx 5-partcd down to the turbinate tube, which is whdlly adnate to the ovary; 
 the lobes slenderly linear-subulate. Clorolla with its long and straight narrow-cylin- 
 drical tube, entire (at l(!ast the upper i>art), not at all dilated at the throat ; the short 
 lobes abruptly spreading ; two smaller distinct, spatulate linear and turned back- 
 
(320 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIOI^S. 
 
 wanls ; the otlier tliree oblong, united at the very base. Filaments (move or less) 
 adnato to near the tiaoat or tlie upper part of the tube of tlio corolla, then free or 
 further adnato to one side, and monadeljthous : anthers oblong, united, three of 
 them naked, two tippnd with a snuill tuft of very uno<iual rigid bristles. Stigma, 
 ovary, and ai)paiently capsule of Lobelia, of which the jjlaut has the habit, except 
 in the remarkably long tube of the corolla. — Name in acknowledgment of the 
 services to North American Botany rendered by the discoverer, Dr. Edward Palmer, 
 who more than any one else has explored the botany of the region to which it 
 belongs, viz. Arizona, the southern frontiers of the State of California, and Lower 
 California. — Troc. Am. Acad. xi. 80. 
 
 I. P. debilis, Cray. Herb a foot or two high, jtrobubly from a perennial root, 
 smooth and ylabrous ex(;t!])t the inside of the corolla ; stem weak and slender, sim- 
 ple or at length loosely hnmched : leaves thin (the lowest not seen) : the caulinu 
 ones lineur-lauceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, entires or rarely a little denticulate, sessile, 
 alternate, above gradually diminished into slender bracts of the several-llowered 
 leafy raceme : limb of the corolla bright blue ; the tube whitish, half or three 
 I'ourtlis of an ini:h long, hairy insidi'. 
 
 Var. serrata, (iray. Minutely piiheruiont, at least toward tiie mnnniit and the 
 tube of the corolla : leaves idniost all acutely serrate, or the upiier merely denticu- 
 late ; the lower spatulate or obovate (one or two inches long, S(.)metin)es an inch 
 broad) : llowers rather few and crowdetl. 
 
 Great Canon of the Taiitilhis Alountuins, in Lower California, Sept. 1875, Dr. E. Palmer. The 
 variety, on wet sandstone rocks in the valley of Ojai Cieck, Ventura Co., July, 1875, Dr. Roth- 
 rock in Wheeler's Exped. The base of the eoroUa-tube inclines to break up in age as it were 
 into claws of the live conii»(inent petals, as in Loldia splciidims, &c. Then the adnuto lila- 
 inenta becoiuo free below, remaining coalescent above. 
 
 Page 47(i. 1. ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 7. A. leucophylla, Kngelm., var. obtusa, Gray. Wool deciduous, hardly 
 any on the outside of the corolla : leaves oblong, all the lower very obtuse or trun- 
 cate : hoods rather broader and truncate. 
 
 Bartlett's Canon, near Santa Barbara, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. The hoods in this 
 species and in A. eriocurpa have u lanielliform fold or duplication on each side below near the 
 interior margin. 
 
 Page 478. 4. LACHNOSTOMA, HBK. 
 
 Calyx, corolla, fruit, &c., nearly as in Sarcostemma. Crown (in the following 
 species) consisting of a hood-like appendage behind each anther, not uidike that of 
 Asdepias. Anthers short, and the pollen-masses horizontal, otherwise nearly as in 
 Asclepias. — A tropical and subtropical American genus of the Ganolob us tiihe, 
 chielly of twiners ; mostly with opposite cordate and petioled leaves, and snmll 
 dull-colored flowers. — Benth. & Ilook. Gen. ii. 7G7. 
 
 1. L. hastulatum, (iray. A slender twining i)lant, herbaceous or nearly so, 
 clothcil with a line and dense soft pubescence : leaves hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, on 
 a slender petiole : lloW(-rs solitary and scattered, nearly sessile, whitish : ealyx 
 5-parted, the divisions linear : eorolla 5-parted, the divisions oblong-linear, almost 
 glabrous inside : hoods behind the anthers oblong-obovate, white, acutely 3-toothed 
 at the apex, and with a short trianguhir-suhulate internal horn : follicles fusiform, 
 beset with a few small antl soft processes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87. 
 Tantillas Cahon, witbin the borders of Lower California, Dr. E. I'ulmer. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. (J21 
 
 Pago 483. 4. EUSTOMA, Salisl). 
 
 Calyx 5-G-parted; tlio divisions slcrKlor-suluilale, carinatc. Corolla campan- 
 ulate, not appendagcd or gland-bearing ; the tube shorter than the 5 or obovate or 
 oblong ample lobes. Filaments filiform, borne in the throat. Anthers oblong, not 
 twisted. Stylo liliform, persistent : stigma of 2 broad plates. Capsule ovoid, many- 
 seeded. — Glanc.ons annuals or biennials; with oblong partly clasping leaves, and 
 showy slonder-peduncled flowers ; the corolla generally sky-blue or lavender-color. 
 Of the two published species, one, E. Russelianum, very ornamental in cultivation, 
 belongs to Texas and adjacent districts. E. gracile, Engelm. ined., of Northern 
 Mexico, is perhaps a slenrler variety of it. The remaining less showy species is — 
 
 1. E. exaltatum, Grisebach. A foot or two higli : leaves cordate-clasping and 
 often connate, 1 to 3 inches long: corolla about an inch long; its lobes nearly 
 oblong and only twice the length of the tube : capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. 
 — Lisianthus exaltatus, Lam. L. glaucifoluin, ,Tacq. Jc. J»'ar. t. 33. 
 
 Cnflon Tfttitillns, near the southern boundary of the State, Dr. Palmer. Also San Bernardino 
 Co., Parry. 
 
 P'lgeSOO. 6. LCE3SELIA. 
 
 2. L. effusa, Gray. Resembles L. tenuifolia, but more diffusely much branched 
 from an annual root : leaves apparently all entire, short-filiform, from half to a 
 fourth of an inch long (but the lowest are wanting) : flowers loosely ])aniclod : calyx- 
 tcoth very short, jiointed from a broad base : corolla barely hidf an inch long, 
 "pink" or purple; the cuneato and truncate obsctn-ely 3-toothe(l lobes as long as 
 the tube (which little surpasses the calyx) and nearly e.pialling the declined incurved 
 capdlary filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 8G, where a section, Giliopsis, 
 is proposed for this very Gilia-like species and L. tenuifolia. 
 
 Tantillns Mountnins, within the borders of Lower ralifornia, Dr. Palmer. 
 
 yngo^V. 11. NAM A. 
 
 To the character of the genus add : leaves .sometimes toothed. 
 
 § 3. Perenninh, sometimes woody helow ; the pubescence hispid or hirsute : flowers 
 densely clustered : leaves ivith U7idulaie or sinuate-toothed margiiu, sessile. 
 T). N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from a perennial root, cinereous- 
 pubescent or minutely hirsute and slightly viscid : the stem, calyx, Arc, hispid with 
 Jong and sharp ( Wif/andia-hke) bristles : leaves lanceolate-ol)long, obtusely pinnati- 
 hd-toothed : flowers numerous in a terminal and sessile cnpitatc cluster • seiials 
 hardly at all ddaled upward, half an inch long, nearly equnlling the corolla: seeds 
 rather fv.w, largo (almost a linn long), oval, dos.-ly r(<iieulate-]Mlt,.d. 
 _ Mondowaon S. Kmi IHvrr, nt .^000 feot. Pothrod; in Whonlor's K,x,,od., 187.''.. Leaves an 
 inch or more lonR ; the rnther prominent iiinnato veins running to tl.e sinnsos hetween the strone 
 hir nto"" AW : '^1"^^, •'"?;"" "^''T' V I^'"'^"^''- ^^^'^''V ""'• 2.eollcd capsule somewhat 
 hai " liko tl?nlT?/''-^ ^!.'" *n f:r *"'■ «'0 toothing of the leaves an.l for the almost stinging 
 tiaiis, like those of // ifjandia. Hut the nanow fnnnelform corolla and the hahit are those of Navin. 
 
 0. N. Parryii, Gray. Six feet high ! from a woody stotit base : leaves linear 
 vilious-lmsute throughout, numerously pinnatoly veined and somewhat bullate tho 
 margins revolute and undulate or repand : flowers unilateral and at length deiisely 
 spicate on tho few branches of the compact scorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filiforin 
 httle surpassing the oval capsule : seeds oval, half a line long, minutely marked with 
 narrow transverse reticulations. 
 
622 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 On the lilohave slope of the San Bernardino Monntiins, Pai~ry, Dec. 1875, in fruit only. 
 Leaves on new shoots 2 or 3 inches long and only 2 or 3 lines wide. * Cymes apparently pedun- 
 culate. Capsule and calyx only 2 lines or so in length. Stem IVUjundia-Wkn, over halt' an iuih in 
 diameter at base, decidedly woody, but with a large pith. 
 
 I'ngoMO. 3. ANTIRRHINUM. 
 
 8. A. Nuttallianum, var. efifusum, Gray, (limbing over bushes, 5 feet high : 
 flowering brancliea pauiciilato : pedicels all lilitbrm and longer than the flowers: rib.s 
 of the seeds less wing-liUe : caly.\.-lobes rather less unequal. 
 
 Jamucl Valley, southeast of Sun Difgo, Dr. Palmer. 
 
 Page 550. 8. PENTSTEMON. 
 
 14". P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, pruinose-puberulent 
 or below glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblojig-lanceolate, and the lowest spatulate 
 or oval, an inch or two long : lluwers raceniose-thyrsoid, rather crowded and numer- 
 ous : pedicels and mostly the peduncles short and glandular-pubescent : corolla pur- 
 ple or whitish, half an inch or more in length, tubular-funnelform : anthers nc-t 
 opening widely : sterile filament dilated and bearded at the i\\\ — Proc. Am. Acad, 
 vi. GO; AVatson, ]}ot. King. K.\p. Iil8. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, on a high mountain near Donner Pass (Torrey) ; Utah, Fremont. A smoother 
 and taller variety {I'urryi), Nevada, IValsou, IVhcclcr, kc. 
 
 After no. 17, add a liftli 8\ibdivision, a.s follows : — 
 
 -^-^ ++ ++ ++ -^-(- Corolla scarlet, tubular ; its upper lij) erect and 2-toothed ; the lower 
 rejitxed and 3-parted. 
 
 17". P. barbatus, Nutt, vav. labrosUB, Chay. Entirely glabrous, somewhat 
 glaucous : stems viigate, 2 feet high or more : lowest leaves oblanceolate j the ui)i)er 
 narrowly linear: iianido slender and raceme-like: sepals ovate, shoit: corolla an 
 inch and a half long; its lips half an inch or more; the upja^r oblong and concave, 
 barely 2-lobed at the tip ; tlio lower ;}-])arted into linear divisions ; these and the 
 throat glabrous, as also tlie stamens and style : anther-cells divaricate, never spread- 
 ing open, the inner portion of the line of dehiscence remaining closed. 
 
 On Mount Finos, south of Tejon, at 7,000 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Expcd., 1875. A remark- 
 able form, seemingly, of P. barba/.tis, agreeing with the var. Ton-eiji of New Mexico and Colorado 
 in the want of beard ; but the lobes of the lower lip remarkably long and narrow. The tube of 
 the corolla appears to have Ikh-u yellowish, the lips scarlet. 
 
 Page 575. 17. ORTHOCARPUS. 
 
 Chloropyron pahistre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62, 66, is some one of the species of this 
 genus, with reduced anther-ccUs ; perhajjs O. fauciburbattts or 0. floribundus. 
 
 Page 581. 18. CORDYLANTHUS. 
 
 3. C. filifolius, Nutt. The ripe seeds are ovate or oval ; the coat close, and in 
 the dry state lineate-reticulated under a lens with innumerable slender wavy lines 
 or wrinkles : embryo little slmrter than the nucleus, the cotyledons orbicular. The 
 ovules are slender, tapering to the apex, which is coiled into a helix, 
 
 Var. brevibracteatUS, (jray. Tall and stouter, glabrous up to the floral leaves ; 
 these liirsutc-ciliule and all shorter than the flowers, more dilated, and not gland- 
 tipped : cauline leaves not seen. 
 
 Near Soda Spring on Kern River, at 8,500 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. A rather 
 smooth foim collected by D. Cleveland near San Diego approaches this. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Names of Orpriih and Subordkrs in small capitals, of Genera and Sections in Roman lower 
 case, and Synonymy in Italics. 
 
 Abrotanuni, 403. 
 Abutilon, 87. 
 Acacia, 163. 
 Acrena, 186. 
 Acamptopappus, 304. 
 
 ACANTIIACK.r,, f)87. 
 
 Acaiitlioniiiitha, 590. 
 Acnnlhonychin., 72. 
 Acarphrea, 391. 
 Acer, 107. 
 Accratcs, 476, 477. 
 AcFJtINK-B, 106. 
 Achillea, 400. 
 Achillea, 381. 
 Aclilys, 15. 
 AcliyracliiEna, 371. 
 Acliyronycliia, 72. 
 Aconia, 356. 
 Aconitnm, 12. 
 Acourtia, 422. 
 Actiea, 12. 
 Actinolla, 393. 
 Actinolepis, 377. 
 Adenocaulon, 335. 
 Adenostegia, 580. 
 Adonostoma, 184. 
 Adonostyles, 300. 
 Adolphia, 101. 
 iTjSciilus, 100. 
 Agnruiln, 355. 
 Ageralum, 388. • 
 Aj:;rinionia, 185. 
 Agrimony, 185. 
 AlnrQonia, 349. 
 Alchemilla, 185. 
 Alfalfa, 132. 
 Allilaria, 94. 
 Algaroljja, 163. 
 AUoseris, 429. 
 Allotropa, 461. 
 Alsine, 69. 
 Alum-root, 200. 
 Alyssum, 27. 
 Amaiiria, 385. 
 Amhlyopappus, 385. 
 Amyodamc-t!, 164. 
 Anibrosiii, 344. 
 Ainbroxin, 345, 346. 
 Amelanchicr, 189. 
 American Laurel, 456. 
 Amiffa, 360. 
 
 Animannia, 214. 
 Ammohrorna, 464. 
 Ammodia, 309. 
 Amorpha, 140. 
 Am|)hiacliyris, 302. 
 /Iinphipnppti.i, 303. 
 AmsincUia, 523. 
 
 ANACAUDIACKiE, 109. 
 Anagallis, 469. 
 Ananthcrix, 477. 
 Anaphalis, 340. 
 Anathrix, 435. 
 Ancistrocarphiis, 337. 
 Andromrda, 453, 456. 
 Aiidrosacc, 468. 
 Anemone, 3. 
 Angelica, 265. 
 Anisocarpm, 358. 
 Ani.socoma, 430. 
 Anoplanthiis, 584. 
 Antennaria, 338. 
 AiUcnnaria, 341. 
 AnI.hnmelcs, 189. 
 Antirrhinastrum, 548. 
 Antirrhinum, 548, 622, 
 Antirrhinum, 652. 
 Apartfirr, 440. 
 Apargidium, 439. 
 Aphanostemma, 0. 
 Aphantochccta, 305. 
 Aphyllon, 584. 
 Apiastrum, 258. 
 Apiinn, 258. 
 Aplopappus, 310, 613. 
 Aplnpappiis, 304, 311 
 
 315, 321, 323. 
 ArocYNAfF.^,, 472. 
 .\poL'ynuni, 473. 
 Apple, 188. 
 Apple of Pei-u, 537. 
 Aquilegia, 9. 
 Arabis, 31. 
 Aralia, 273. 
 
 AUAt,tAOK.T,. 273. 
 
 Arbutus, 451. 
 ArbiilK!!, 453. 
 Anaouiecon, 21. 
 Arcldstaphylos, 452. 
 Arenaria, 68. 
 Argemouc, 21. 
 Armeria, 465. 
 
 Arnica, 414. 
 Aronia, 190. 
 Aromia, 385. 
 Arrow-wood, 335. 
 Artemisia, 402, 618. 
 Arlcmisiit, 401, 402. 
 Artichoke, 417. 
 Aruncus, 170. 
 Asngrccfy, 143. 
 A.sci.EPiADAcr,-?;, 474. 
 A.s(depia.s, 474, 620. 
 Axclcpin.i, 477. 
 Ash, 472. 
 Aster, 321, 614. 
 Askr, 303, 321, 326, 
 
 331. 
 A.strugalus, 144. 
 Axtrophia, 160. 
 Atamisqurea, 50. 
 Atenia, 259. 
 Atragene, 3. 
 Aubergine, 538. 
 Audibertia, 600. 
 Awlwort, 43. 
 Azalea, 458. 
 Hacrharis, 332, 614. 
 Mivria, 375. 
 H;iliia, 379. 
 Bnhin, 379. 
 lirrhinpsi-i, 354. 
 Ikileya, 373. 
 Balsam, 93. 
 Balsam-root, 347. 
 Balsamorliiza, 347. 
 Baneberry, 12. 
 Barbarea, 40. 
 Barberry, 14. 
 Barkhausia, 438. 
 Bartonia, 236. 
 Bnrtsia, 575, 577. 
 Batrachium, 5. 
 Bearberry, 453. 
 Bedstraw, 282. 
 Brllnrdia, 423. 
 Bollllower, 447. 
 Boloperone, 588. 
 BicitnicmnACF,;?:, 14. 
 BorLoris, 14. 
 Bcrrjrlla, 80. 
 Bergia, 80. 
 Berginia, 588. 
 
 Benda, 260. 
 Bidens, 357. 
 Big- Root, 240. 
 Bigelovia, 314, 613. 
 Biijnonin, 587. 
 BlCNON'IACK/E, 586. 
 Bilberry, 450. 
 Bindweed, 533. 
 Biseutella, 48. 
 Black Nightshade, 538. 
 IMackbeny, 171. 
 Bladder Nut, 108. 
 Bladder-pod, 43. 
 Bladderwort, 586. 
 Blcnnosperma, 395. 
 BIcpharipappus, 357. 
 BIrphnripnppus, 368. 
 Blcpliariz.onia, 366. 
 Blue-curls, 608. 
 Boisduvalia, 233. 
 Bolandra, 196. 
 Bolivaria, 471. 
 
 BoHRAGINACEiE, 518. 
 
 Boschniakia, 585. 
 Bowlesia, 255. 
 Box-Klder, 108. 
 Boykinia, 195. 
 Brncdiyactis, 320. 
 Brnrhyris, 302. 
 Brasenia, 16. 
 Brassica, 39. 
 Brnnrrina, 69. 
 Brickellia, 299, 613. 
 Brooklime, 572. 
 B.rookweed, 470. 
 Brunella, 604. 
 Brvanthus, 456. 
 BuVkhean, 485. 
 Buckeye, 106. 
 Buckthorn, 100. 
 Buddleia, 485. 
 BulhnstylU, 299, 409. 
 Bnlliarda, 209. 
 Biiphthnhnum, 348. 
 Bur-Clover, 133. 
 Bur-Marigold, 357. 
 Burnet, 180. 
 Biirniug-liush, 98. 
 Ibnrielia, 374. 
 Bnrriclvi, 375, 379. 
 Butt/-roup, 5. 
 
624 
 
 INIJKX. 
 
 Butterwort, 586. 
 liiitton-bush, 281. 
 Button Siiakeroot, 25.5. 
 Caculia, 301. 
 CACTACK.t, 212. 
 Cajiiotus, \Vi\. 
 
 C/K.SAI.|-l.Ni;.K, 113. 
 
 C'alaba;!illa, 2:J'J. 
 Calais, 123. 
 Calaininth, 596. 
 Calaniiiitha, 596. 
 Culaiulrinia, 74. 
 Cairs-IIiail, 18. 
 California Lilac, 102. 
 Ciilliuc/iyris, 370. 
 (Jullicliroa, 361). 
 Calliglossa, 370. 
 Cullirrhoc, 83. 
 Callitriclic, 215. 
 C'alocalais, 42(i. 
 Caltlia, y. 
 Oulycatlenia, 364. 
 Calycaniuaci:,*;, 190. 
 Calyeanthus, I'Jl. 
 Calycoseris, 431. 
 Calyptiiiliiiin, 78. 
 Calyslajut, 533. 
 L'oniarostaphylis, 454. 
 Canipaniila, 447. 
 Campanula, 446. 
 Cami'anui.acea:, 445. 
 Campion, 62. 
 Cainpyloccra, 446. 
 Cancer-root, 584. 
 Canchalngiia, 479. 
 Candlewood, 79. 
 Cunotia, 11)0. 
 Cnntua, 41)3, 496, 498. 
 (Japnorchui, 24. 
 Cai'I'auidack.*;, 49. 
 Capraria, 571'. 
 
 ('AITilFOLIACK.*, 277. 
 
 Caprifoliuin, 280. 
 Capsella, 44. 
 Capsicum, 539. 
 Cardamine, 30. 
 Cardio.spermum, 106. 
 Cardiius, 419, 420. 
 ('ari)entena, 203. 
 ( 'arpptweed, 252. 
 Carphephorus, 301. 
 Carphe.phorus, 408. 
 (Jarrot, 272. 
 Carroway, 259. 
 Carum, 259. 
 CAUYOniYI.LACEA:, 61. 
 Cassia, 161. 
 Cassiope, 455. 
 CuHlillcia, 573. 
 ( alcldly, 62. 
 t'atnip, 590. 
 <'aucalis, 272. 
 Caulanthus, 36. 
 Cayenne Pei)per, 539. 
 Ceanothus, 102. 
 Celastrack/E, 98. 
 Celastrus, 98. 
 Celery, 258. 
 
 Centaurea, 421. 
 Centunculu.s, 4(>1). 
 Cei'lialuntlius, 2bl. 
 Cerastes, lol. 
 Cerastium, 66. 
 Cerasii.s, 167. 
 Ceralopliyllum, 215. 
 I'.rcidiiim, 162. 
 Cercis, 160. 
 Cercoearpus, 174. 
 Cereus, 246. 
 Chienaetis, 388. 
 Ulncrojthi/lluin, 263. 
 Cha'tadeiiiha, 429. 
 ("liania'lHitia, 173. 
 ('lianiiehatiaria, 17o. 
 l'liania>i)liysiilis, iVIl. 
 Cliania'saraclia, 540. 
 Chamiso, 1H4. 
 Cliunioniilc, 400. 
 Cliarloek, 40. 
 CIte.iranlkodcuilroii, 88. 
 Clieiranthus, 35. 
 (-'helone, 556. 
 Clieiry, 166. 
 Clicrry Tomato, 538. 
 Cilia, 598. 
 Cjiicaiote, 21. 
 Chickweed, tjii, 67. 
 Chile, 539. 
 Chile Colorado, 540. 
 Chili Cojote, 240. 
 Chilopsis, 587. 
 Chiniaphila, 459. 
 C/iionan/lius, 472. 
 Ckloroptiron, 622. 
 (-'hoke Cherry, 167. 
 Cliry.santhenuim, 401. 
 ( 'liri/sobolri/a, 207. 
 Chrysocajinos, 24. 
 Chii/socoiiia, 317. 
 Chrysoi)si.s, 309. 
 Chnjsopsis, 329. 
 Ckrysothammis, 314. 
 Chylisniia, 227. 
 Cice.ndia, 480. 
 Cieuta, 260. 
 Circiea, 234. 
 Virsium, 417. 
 Cl.STAOEiE, 54. 
 Clarkia, 231. 
 Clavigcra, 299. 
 Claytonia, 75. 
 Cleavers, 282. 
 Clematis, 2. 
 Cleonie, 51. 
 Cleomella, 51. 
 Clill-lJose, 175. 
 Cliitloitiu, 444. 
 CU)tl.ur, 346. 
 Clover, 125. 
 Cneoridium, 97. 
 Cnicus, 417. 
 Col>iua, 485. 
 Coeklebur, 346. 
 dohuigync, 372. 
 ( 'oldenia, 520. 
 f'oleogyne, 174. 
 
 Collinsia, 552. 
 CuUinsiu, 556. 
 < oUumia, 4S7. 
 Coliumia, 492. 
 Columhiiie, 9. 
 Coiiuinim, 180. 
 Co.Mi'osir.t;, 288. 
 Conunthus, 515. 
 Cone-llower, 347. 
 Coniothele, 395. 
 Conium, 258. 
 Convoi.vui.acka;, 532. 
 Convolvulus, 533. 
 Conyza, 332. 
 Conlylanlhu.s, 580, 622. 
 Coreocarpus, 356. 
 Core()])sis, 355. 
 Corethrogyne, 320. 
 Corn I'oppy, 19. 
 Corn-Spurrey, 7o. 
 CoiiNACK.i-;, 274. 
 Cornel, 274. 
 Corn us, 274. 
 Curulluphylluni, 464. 
 Corjdalis, 24. 
 ('i>si/iant/nts, 513. 
 Cotton-plant, 82. 
 Cotula, 405. 
 Calula, 401. 
 Cotyledon, 210. 
 ('ourloisui, 488. 
 Cow Parsni]i, 271. 
 Cowania, 175. 
 CIi-ab-Apple, 188. 
 Cranberry, 450. 
 Cranesbill, 93. 
 CliASSULACK*, 208. 
 ("rata'gus, 189. 
 (J rata:;/ us, 188. 
 Cream Cujjs, 20. 
 t;reosote-bush, 92. 
 Crcjndium, 436. 
 Crepis, 435. 
 Cres.sa, 534. 
 Crinilaria, 317. 
 Croeidium, 396, 406. 
 ('rossosonm, 13. 
 Crossostigma, 220. 
 Crowfoot, 5. 
 Crucikeu^e, 25. 
 CryphiaanUliUs, 588. 
 Cryptopleiira, 439. 
 Cryptostemma, 298. 
 Cucumis, 239. 
 Cncurbita, 239. 
 ('ucnKiiirACE.%;, 238. 
 Cudweed, 341. 
 Currant, 204. 
 Cu.scuta, 535. 
 Cy.-ladenia, 473. 
 Cylindropuntia, 249. 
 Cymopterus, 266. 
 Cynapium, 264. 
 Cynnpium, 271. 
 Cynura, 417. 
 Cynoglosijum, 530. 
 CynoqIossHW, 528, 531 
 Dactylophyllum, 489. 
 
 Daisy, 401. 
 Dalea, 141. 
 Dandelion, 439. 
 Daphn idustaphylls, 453. 
 Darlingtonia, 17. 
 Datisca, 242. 
 DATl.scAcK.t:, 212. 
 Datum, 543. 
 Daucus, 272. 
 Daucus, 273. 
 Dead -Nettle, 590. 
 Delphinium, 10. 
 Deudromecon, 22. 
 Denturia, 29. 
 Iknlarin, 31. 
 Desert- Wilhtw, 587. 
 Deweya, 257. 
 Dicentra, 23. 
 Dichietii, 376. 
 Dichondra, 532. 
 Dicliptera, 589. 
 Dieoria, 615. 
 Dictcria, 322. 
 Diplacus, 565. 
 Diplopnppus, 321, 322, 
 
 329. 
 DirsAcE*, 287. 
 Dipsiicus, 287. 
 Jnihyrceo, 48. 
 Dodder, 535. 
 Dodecatheon, 466. 
 Dogbane, 473. 
 Dogwood, 274. 
 Downingia, 444. 
 Dmba, 27. 
 Dracunculus, 404. 
 Draperia, 505. 
 Drosera, 213. 
 DUO.SERACE.K, 212. 
 Drymaria, 62. 
 Dusty Miller, 410. 
 Dutch Clover, 129. 
 I)yer'.s Weed, 53. 
 Dysmicodon, 446. 
 Dy.sodia, 397. 
 Eatonella, 379. 
 Echeverui, 210. 
 Echidocarya, 519. 
 Echinais, 420. 
 Echinella, 8. 
 Echinoeactus, 244. 
 Echinocereus, 216. 
 Edihiocystis, 241. 
 Echinopanax, 273. 
 Eehinospermum, 529. 
 Echiiws]>criiiuiii, 528. 
 Echinosjdiace, 599. 
 Edosmia, 259. 
 Eddiia, 520. 
 Kggi.lant, 538. 
 Elaphocera, 495. 
 
 ElAI INACE;!;, 80. 
 
 Elatine, 80. 
 FAatinc, 80. 
 Elder, 277. 
 Ellnnia, 54. 
 KUisia, 504. 
 Kmnu-nantlie, 511. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 625 
 
 Eniplectoclailus, 168. 
 Encelia, 851, 616. 
 Encclia, 3.')4. 
 Enchanter's Night- 
 shade, 234. 
 Endive, 422. 
 E|)ilobinm, 218. 
 Epimc.dium, 15. 
 Erciiiiastnun, 306. 
 EiMUACE.15, 448. 
 Kricnvwria, 313, 314. 
 Erigeron, 326. 
 Eri(jcron, 325, 332. 
 Eriodictyon, 518. 
 Eriogynia, 171. 
 Eriopappiis, 368. 
 Eviophyllum, 380. 
 Eritrichiuni, 525. 
 Eiodiinn, 1)4. 
 Eiyngiuni, 255. 
 Erysimum, 38. 
 Erysiinum, 36, 41. 
 Erythrma, 479. 
 Eaehscholtzia, 22. 
 Espeletia, 348. 
 Eucalyptus, 191. 
 Euchandium, 232. 
 Euchroma, 576. 
 Eucnidc, 237. 
 Eunrypta, 506. 
 Eulolms, 221. 
 Euuaiius, 564. 
 Eitnanuf!, 563. 
 Euonymus, 98. 
 Eupatorium, 299. 
 Euryplera, 269. 
 Eustoma, 621. 
 Euthamia, 318. 
 Eutoca, 508. 
 Eiitoca, 513, 514, 516. 
 Evax, 337. 
 
 Evening Primrose, 223. 
 Everla-sting, 340, 341. 
 Evolvulus, 632. 
 Ejcncuin, 480. 
 Fagonin, 92. 
 Fallngia, 175. 
 Fatsia, 273. 
 FenzHa, 490. 
 Forula, 271. 
 Fi(()U)k;k, 250. 
 Firlitca, 423. 
 Fig-Marygold, 251. 
 Figwort, 552. 
 Filago, 338. 
 Five-finger, 177. 
 Flax, 89. 
 
 Flax- Dodder, 535. 
 Fleabane, 326. 
 Fla-rkca, 95. 
 Floerkm, 95. 
 Forgot-nio-not, 522. 
 Fonipiicra, 79. 
 Fragarin, 176. 
 Fran<Tula, 101. 
 Frankcnia, 60. 
 
 FRANKKNIACF.iE, 60. 
 
 Franseria, 344, 615. 
 
 Frasem, 483. 
 Fraxinus, 472. 
 Fremontia, 88. 
 Fringo-pod, 49. 
 Fuchsia, 216. 
 Fuinaria, 24. 
 
 FUMAKIAOK/B, 23. 
 
 Fullers' Teasf-l, 287. 
 Gaillardia, 391. 
 Gdhparina, 620. 
 r.aleops'is, 690. 
 Galium, 282. 
 Galvesia, 551. 
 Gambelia, 551. 
 Ganiocha;ta, 342. 
 Garrya, 275. 
 Gaultlieria, 454. 
 Gaura, 233. 
 Gaura, 234. 
 Gayophytum, 221. 
 Giii/ophi/tmn, 233. 
 Gentiana, 481. 
 GkntianacK/K, 478. 
 Gentianclla, 481. 
 Gertea, 351. 
 Geiianiace^e, 92. 
 Geranium, 93. 
 Gerardin, 556. 
 Geum, 176. 
 Gilia, 489. 
 Gilia, 488. 
 Giliop.sis, 621. 
 Githopsis, 446. 
 Olandularia, 609. 
 Glaux, 469. 
 Glossopetalon, 108. 
 Glycosma, 262. 
 Glycyrrhiza, 143. 
 Glyptopleura, 431. 
 CJnaphalium, 341. 
 Gnaphaliinn, 338, 339, 
 
 341. 
 Gobornadora, 92. 
 Godctia, 228. 
 (joniphocarpus, 477. 
 Gooseberry, 480. 
 Gossypiuin, 82. 
 Grape, 106. 
 
 (!rass-of- Parnassus, 201 . 
 Gratiola, 670. 
 
 reck Valerian, 499. 
 Grindclia, 303. 
 Gromwell, 522. 
 Gro.<5Sularia, 204. 
 (Ground Cherry, 640. 
 Ground Ivy, 590. 
 Groundsel, 410. 
 Gum-plant, 303. 
 Gutierrezia, 302. 
 Giimnandrn, 571. 
 Gymnobythus, 513. 
 ll'alenia, 478. 
 llAI,r)HAi:K,l-., 214. 
 llarpiecarpus, 360. 
 }f'irjiirriir/)iis, 361. 
 llnrjiagonella, 531. 
 Hartmannia, 36]. 
 Hnrlmannia, 370. 
 
 Hawkwecd, 440. 
 Ilrdeomn, 595, 698. 
 lledge-lly.ssop, 670. 
 Hedge-Mustard, 40. 
 Hedge-Nettle, 606. 
 Hclenium. 392. 
 Jldcniiim, 381. 
 Helianthella, 352. 
 Helianthemuin, 64. 
 Helianthu.s, 352, 616. 
 llelinnthm, 350, 364. 
 Hdiopsis, 348. 
 Heliotro))e, 621. 
 Heliotropium, 521. 
 Ifr.h(/i/nc, 299. 
 Ilcloscindinm, 259, 260 
 Hcmi])tilium, 427. 
 Heniistrgia, 581. 
 Hcmitomfs, 464. 
 Homizonclla, 360. 
 Hemizonia, 361, 616. 
 Ilcviizonia, 360, 361 
 
 367. 
 Hemp-Nettle, 590. 
 Heracleum, 271. 
 I/crpcsii<!, 569. 
 Hesperastrum, 322. 
 Hesperclfca, 471. 
 He^pfris, 36. 
 Hcsperochiron, 616. 
 Hespcrolinon, 89. 
 Heterocodon, 447. 
 Heterogaura, 234. 
 Heteromeles, 188. 
 Hetcrosnernuim, 367. 
 Heterotheca, 308. 
 Heuchera, 200. 
 Hcuclura, 197, 199. 
 Hiliiscus, 87. 
 Hi.leondo, 92. 
 Ilioracium, 440. 
 Hirracium, 434. 
 liip]niris, 216. 
 H(.rmcistpria, 298. 
 Iloilzia, 4!t3. 
 Hologymne, 384. 
 Ihmnlohm, 153. 
 llmnnpappux, 312. 
 Honey Mesquit, 163. 
 Honeysuckle, 280. 
 Hop-tree, 97. 
 Horchound, 604. 
 Horkelia, 181. 
 llorkdin, 183. 
 HOrse-ehcstnut, 106. 
 Horscrnilisb, 43. 
 Hosackia, 133. 
 Hoiiiid's-tonguc, 630. 
 Hiigclia, 495. 
 llnlsea, 38.6. 
 Ifu/c/iinsia, 42. 
 Hvi>iiAN(!ri',.i;, 102. 
 llydrocotyle. 261. 
 llvi)itni'iivi,i,A(K„t:, 
 
 601. 
 Hydrophyllnm, 602. 
 IfildrnphiiUum, 610. 
 Hymenoclea, 343. I 
 
 Hymr.noncmn, 424, 426 
 ilynienopajipus, 617. 
 J/i/inninpnppus, 391. 
 Jfymenoxys, 378. 
 
 IIVI'KIUCACE.*;, 80. 
 
 Hypericum, 81. 
 llypoch.neris, 430. 
 Hypnpitys, 463. 
 llyi>tiH, 691. 
 Hyssop, 590. 
 Hyssopus, 590. 
 l.T- Plant, 261. 
 Idria, 79. 
 I/cr, 99. 
 Il.LKCEnRACEiE, 72. 
 
 llysanthes, 570. 
 
 Inipaticns, 93. 
 
 Indian Hemp, 473. 
 
 Indian Pijie, 462. 
 
 liifantca, 385. 
 
 I]ioincca, 533. 
 
 Ipomecn, 634. 
 
 Ipomopsis, 496. 
 
 IpomopsLi, 498. 
 
 Iron wood, 157. 
 
 Isomeris, 60. 
 
 Isopyrum, 9. 
 
 Iva, 34.3, 615. 
 
 Ivfsia, 182. 
 
 Ircsin, 182. 
 Jncobinia, 689. 
 Jiiwrnia, 428. 
 .laumea, 371. 
 Jewel-weed, 93. 
 Judas-tree, 160. 
 Juneborry, 189. 
 Jussia-.a, 217. 
 K"llinctis, 347. 
 Kalhlraimin, 91. 
 Kalniia, 466. 
 Karwiiiskia, 100. 
 Kelloggia, 282. 
 Krnlrophyta, 166. 
 Kinnikinick, 453. 
 Krameria, 59. 
 Krynitzkia, 627. 
 Kuhnioides, 301. 
 Kymnplrurn, 439. 
 I>AniAr.K, 689. 
 Labrador Tea, 458. 
 Lace-pod, 49. 
 Lachnostoma, 620. 
 Lactuca, 442, 619. 
 Lady's Mantle, 185. 
 I-ngophylln, 367. 
 Lagothamnus, 407. 
 Laiibamia, 396. 
 Larks]tur, 10. 
 Larrea, 92. 
 Lu.sthcni.a, 384. 
 Las/lifMia, 382. 
 Liithvrus, 168. 
 Laurel, 366. 
 Lnureiitia, 443. 
 Laurocerasus, 168. 
 Lavatora, 82. 
 Layia, 368. 
 Ledum, 458. 
 
020 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I.E(;ilMINOSi«, 111. 
 
 Lena uiiiuiilla, 15. 
 Luniiua, 4l>4. 
 Lknnoack.i^;, Hii. 
 
 LKNTlHUI.AlilE.t;, 586. 
 IxonlUni, i:i!), HO. 
 Lcoiimii.s, r.liO. 
 Ltjiidanthus, 401. 
 Lupiilimn, 45. 
 Lepulontiiiii, 4'23. 
 Lej)i(losi)uitoii, 408. 
 Lcfiulostcpluinus, ;571. 
 Lepidotlucu, 401. 
 Lci.igomim, 71. 
 lAjiliirrluwi, 1113. 
 l.fptdiliictyluii, 4'J2. 
 
 Ia'/j/om 
 
 433. 
 
 I,ei)tosii.h()ii, 491. 
 i.u|(tosynu, 355. 
 L,:jd(du:iuu, 271, 272. 
 Lussiiigiii, 300. 
 Lettuce, 422, 442. 
 LeuciUillieimini, 401. 
 Lcucoscris, 434. 
 i-euiothoo, 455. 
 1,1'wisiii, 7H. 
 
 Lihio, 102. 
 liiiiiiiaiithes, 95. 
 Liiiiosella, 571. 
 Linacea;, 88. 
 l,iiiiuitlius, 4U0. 
 Liiuuia, 548. 
 Limia.'a, 278. 
 Linosi/ris, 314, 408. 
 Liiiuiii, 8i). 
 Linuni, 54. 
 Iii|i|>ia, (iOD. 
 Li(|iioii('(', 143. 
 Lisiaitlhus, 021. 
 Litl.oj.hragnia, 11*7. 
 Lithospuniuuii, 522. 
 Litho^pcrmuiii, 5'2i, 527. 
 Lithnea, 111. 
 Loasacka;, 235. 
 liobatliuui, 110. 
 1-obelia, G19. 
 Lubdia, 444. 
 l,()i)i:i.iA(;i:.K, 443, 019. 
 l.<illiiigia, 71. 
 l.cLselia, 500, 621. 
 
 L(l(iANIA()K/K, 485. 
 
 Loiiioeia, 280. 
 Loosestrife, 214. 
 Lopliaiithiis, 002. 
 /Mas, 135, 137. 
 Ltiiisewort, 582. 
 Lucciiic, i;52. 
 Liuhvifria, 217. 
 Luina, 408. 
 Lupine, 115. 
 I-ui>iuelhis, 125. 
 Lupiuus, 115. 
 Lulkca, 171. 
 Lychnis, 64. 
 Lycium, 542. 
 Lycopersieuin, 538. 
 I.tjcifpsi'i, 522. 
 
 Lycopu.s, 592. 
 L.vj,'o.ie.siMia, 441, 619. 
 Lijijiidcsiiiia, 428. 
 l0....:ar,.a, 44. 
 Lysiiuacliia, 466. 
 1. Villi: AC i;.i:, 213. 
 I,ylliiiiiii, 211. 
 Mailiicraiilliera, 322. 
 MdCivairjJius, 391. 
 Maciuncma, 313, 314. 
 Macnipudiuia, 38. 
 ALiciuriiyinlias, 438. 
 Madaiia, 358. 
 Madaioglussa, 368. 
 Ma.lia, 358. 
 Mudonlla, 359. 
 Ahi.lrufio, 451. 
 Maliuuia, 14. 
 Mulacomtris, 434. 
 M<dti\ 188. 
 .NLilacutli.i.x, 432. 
 MalucuUuU; 430. 
 iMullow, 83. 
 ALilva, 83. 
 Miilv,), 84-87. 
 ^L\l.VA( r..K, 82. 
 Malvntili'iiiii, 84. 
 Mil I last nun, 86. 
 Maiuillaria, 243. 
 iMau/aiiita, 452. 
 Ma])le, 107. 
 M<ua/,, 241. 
 Male's Tail, 215. 
 Manul)iuui, 604. 
 iMarsli I'ennywort, 254. 
 Maisli Koseiiiary, 465. 
 Maityiiia, 587. 
 Miirnta, 401. 
 Matricaria, 401. 
 Alauramlcila, 550. 
 Mauraiidid, 550, 551. 
 May-.\p()le, 16. 
 May- Weed, 401. 
 Mcadow-Sweet, 169. 
 Mecoiiella, 20. 
 Mecouopsi-s, 21. 
 Mcdicago, 132. 
 MegalastrUMi, 323. 
 Megarrliii:a, 240. 
 Mi:/andri/Hiii, 64. 
 Melilotus, 132. 
 Melutliria, 240. 
 Meiiodora, 471. 
 Mentha, 591. 
 Mentzeliii, 235. 
 Mautzdia, 237. 
 Meiiyiintlies, 485. 
 Mciizicsia, 457. 
 Mcnziisiit, 45ii. 
 Mcriiiica, 8(1. 
 Merlenaia, 523. 
 Mescnibryantheniuni, 
 
 251. 
 Mescjuit, 162. 
 iMieroeala, 480. 
 Microgenetes, 511. 
 Microlotus, 137. 
 Micronieria, 595. 
 
 MiciopuH, 335. 
 .Uiiiojxi.s, 336. 
 Microrhainmis, 99. 
 Micri)seris, 423. 
 .Ui Closer is, 440. 
 .Mignuiutte, 53. 
 MilkTliisllo, 42L 
 Miliiwccd, 474. 
 .Miltitzia, 514. 
 .Mi.MosK.t:, 113. 
 Miniuliis, 562. 
 Mint, 591. 
 Mitel la, 199. 
 Mddla, 197. 
 Mitre-WDi-t, 199. 
 Mock Orange, 202. 
 ]\l(.-l.ringia, 70. 
 Mohavea, 551. 
 MoUugo, 252. 
 Monardella, 593. 
 Monu.ses, 459. 
 Monkey-llower, 562. 
 Monksnood, 12. 
 Moiiolopia, 383. 
 Moiiiilopiit, 384. 
 Moiiuptiliili, 306. 
 MoiMilKiim, 462. 
 Monlia, 77. 
 MounUiiii Ash, 189. 
 Mountain Mahogany, 
 
 174. 
 Mouse-ear C'liickweed, 
 
 66. 
 Mouse-tail, 4. 
 I Mudwort, 571. 
 Miilijcdium, 442. 
 Muliein, 548. 
 Mustard, 39. 
 J/i/'/indu, 9!». 
 Myo.sotis, 522. 
 Mi/o.sdis, 525, 526, 528, 
 
 529. 
 Myosurus, 4. 
 Myriophylluin, 215. 
 Mi/rrhis, 262. 
 MvuTACK.t:, 191. 
 Naina, 517, 621. 
 Xiiiiia, 506. 
 A'anlufoniii, 407. 
 Nasturtium, 42, 93,613, 
 Navarretia, 493. 
 X(tmrn:lia, 488. 
 Negundo, 108. 
 Nciilia, 171. 
 Ncinacladus, 445. 
 Neinophihi, 503. 
 -N'cpfta, 590. 
 Newhcrrya, 46.3. 
 Nicandra, 537. 
 Ni.-olletia, 398. 
 Ni.ctiana, 544. 
 iNighLshade, 538. 
 Ninr-hark, 171. 
 N.-thaphyUon, 584. 
 JS'utliotioxinioii, 437. 
 Nui.har, 17. 
 NuttJillia, 168. 
 
 NY.MJ-ll.tACK.t, 16. 
 
 Oininuni, 590. 
 (Knanllie, 263. 
 (Kiioe, 563. 
 tKiiuthcia, 222. 
 (7i//<V/ur«, 228, 229,230, 
 
 231, 233. 
 Oha, 471. 
 Oi.kacka;, 471. 
 Oligonieiis, 53. 
 Olive-tree, 471. 
 Oliieya, 157. 
 Onudanlhas, 402. 
 Omalutts, 402. 
 ()NAUKAt;i..i:, 216. 
 0/>.si<iul/us, 232. 
 opuntia, 217. 
 tJivgon-Ash, 472. 
 ()iegon("rab-Ai)ph,188. 
 Oiegon (liape, 15. 
 Orcophila, 99. 
 
 ()U<)UA.N(IIA( IC.K, 583. 
 
 Urubandu, 584, 685. 
 Orvbus, 160. 
 Orthocarpus, 575, 622. 
 Oryctes, 541. 
 (tsiiKidcniii, 365. 
 ONinoiTliiza, 261. 
 Oso Merry, 168. 
 Uurisiu, 516. 
 O.x-eye Daisy, 401. 
 Cxalis, 96. 
 (/j.i//>(ipjius, 378. 
 Oxystylis, 53. 
 Oxyteiiia, 343. 
 Oxytripoliuin, 325. 
 Oxytropis, 144. 
 Orijum, 370. 
 I'ddtijpudinm, 37. 
 I'achystiiua, 98. 
 I'udus, 167. 
 ramnia, 13. 
 l*ainted-(Jup, 573. 
 Palat'oxia, 387. 
 I'aliuerella, 619. 
 I'apaver, 19. 
 I'ai'AVkuack;*;, 18. 
 I'arabryanthus, 456. 
 I'arkinsonia, 161. 
 Parnassia, 201. 
 I'aroitydiui, 72. 
 Parsley, 258. 
 IVar, 188. 
 i'earlwort, 70. 
 Pea vine, 158. 
 Pecti.s, 399, 617. 
 Pectocarya, 531. 
 Pedicularis, 582. 
 Pelargonium, 93. 
 Pentaciena, 72. 
 IVntachieta, 305. 
 Peiitstemon, 556, 622. 
 Pepper-grass, 45. 
 Pei>permint, 592. 
 Perezia, 422. 
 Perit.yle, 396. 
 Petalonyx, 238. 
 Petalostemon, 141. 
 Petasites, 406. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 G27 
 
 Pctroi)liytnm, 170. 
 Petunia, f)46. 
 Pencedamiin, 267. 
 Peucephylhim, 409. 
 Phaca., 146, 148-151 
 
 155. 
 Phncelia, 506. 
 rhncelia, 505, 515. 
 Phmostnma, 232. 
 Plialacroldiiia, 331. 
 Phakciosoris, 423. 
 Phr.lipim, 584, 585. 
 Phdlinuli-ium, 264. 
 Pliiladelplius, 202. 
 Phlox, 486. 
 Phlnx, 493. 
 Phmnicmilis, 35. 
 Pholisma, 464. 
 Phntinia, 188. 
 Phyllodocc, 456. 
 Plii/llnpappns, 423. 
 PliyHnli.s, 540. 
 Pliysaria, 47. 
 Pickoriiigia, 114. 
 Picradenia, 394. 
 Picrothammm, 404. 
 Piloccrens, 247. 
 I'lmpeniel, 469. 
 Pimpinella, 259. 
 Pin-olover, 95. 
 I'iii-gm.ss, 95. 
 Pine-.snp, 462. 
 Pinodrops, 461. 
 Piiignieula, 586. 
 Pij)siHse\va, 459. 
 Piptoealyx, 527. 
 Pirns, 188. 
 Pistacia, 109. 
 Pitavia, 98. 
 Plagiobotlny.s, 526. 
 Plantaginacje^, 610. 
 PInntnffo, 610. 
 Plantain, 610. 
 IMatopnntia, 248. 
 Platycaipoa, 124. 
 I'latyspnnnnni, 27. 
 Platystenion, 19. 
 Platystignin, 20. 
 Plectritis, 287. 
 Pleuricospora, 463. 
 Pleurogync, 478. 
 Pluchea", 334. 
 Plum, 166. 
 
 Pi,irMnAf:iNACK/T;, 465. 
 I'nnninonantlie, 482. 
 Podosciadiiiin, 263. 
 Pogogync, 596. 
 Poisoii Hondock, 258. 
 Poi.son Oak, 110. 
 Polanisia, 50. 
 
 POTJOMONIACK.K, 485. 
 
 Polpmoiunin, 499. 
 I'olycnrpon, 71. 
 Polyfrala, 58. 
 P()l,Yr!Ar,Aci'.T;, 58. 
 Pnb/prrpptis, 334. 
 PoMK.f;, 166. 
 Pond-Lilv, 17. 
 
 Pofoi)hvlIn!n, 898. 
 Portrrella, 444. 
 Portnlaca, 73. 
 I'ourULACACE^, 73. 
 Potato, 558. 
 Potentilla, 177. 
 Polentmn,, 181, 184. 
 Poteridium, 186. 
 I'oteiinni, 186. 
 Prcnanthea, 428. 
 Piinirose, 468. 
 I'riniula, 468. 
 PltIMULACF,/K, 466. 
 Prince's Pine, 459. 
 Prosopis, 102. 
 PrunuH, 166. 
 Psatiiyrotes, 409. 
 Psilocarphus, 336. 
 I'silociirphns, 337. 
 Psilochenia, 435. 
 P.soralea, 139. 
 Ptolon, 97. 
 Pterospora, 461. 
 P/eroskp/iainis, 431 . 
 Piiloculijx, 520. 
 PtiloineVis, 378. 
 Ptilophom, 423. 
 Pnc(-oon, 522. 
 Pngiopappns, 354. 
 Palmmtavm, 523. 
 Pulsatilla, 3. 
 Pnrsliia, 173. 
 Purslane, 73. 
 Pycnanthemum, 592. 
 Pyrola, 460. 
 Purola, 459, 460. 
 Pi/rrocoma, 311, 312, 
 
 '315. 
 Hadisli, 49. 
 Uafinesi|uia, 429. 
 Ragweed, 344. 
 Paillnrd^-lla, 416, 618. 
 RANirN(!UI,A('K,/K, 2. 
 
 Hainuiculus, 5. 
 Paplianns, 49. 
 Raspberry, 171. 
 Rattleweed, 144. 
 Rcd-buil, 160. 
 Red Clover, 128. 
 Redwood, lot. 
 Rtdbuninin, 283. 
 Reseda, 53. 
 Rkskpackj;;, 53. 
 r11amnack.t:, 99. 
 Rhamnns, 100. 
 Rliododendron, 457. 
 Rhus, 109. 
 Ithynchohpix, 335. 
 Ribesia, 206. 
 Ribes, 204. 
 Ribgrass, 610. 
 Riddelin, 372. 
 Itigiopappus, 387. 
 Robsonia, 204. 
 RoinanzofTia, 516. 
 ]?oinncva, 20. 
 Ros.a, 187. 
 RosACEiE, 164. 
 
 Rose, 187. 
 Rose Hay, 458. 
 Rosin weed, 361. 
 RiiniACK;*:, 281. 
 Rubus, 171. 
 Rudbeckia, 347. 
 Ruellia, 588. 
 RuiAcF.^;, 96. 
 llntosmn, 97. 
 Snrcu/ttrin, 551. 
 Sage, 598. 
 Sage-bush, 402. 
 Sagina, 70. 
 St. .lohn's-wort, 80. 
 Salal, 454. 
 Salazaria, 604. 
 Salmon -berry, 171. 
 S'llpii/losais, 546. 
 Salsify, 422. 
 Salvia, 598. 
 Sainbucus, 277. 
 Samolus, 470. 
 Sand-Spinrcy, 71. 
 Samlwort, 68. 
 Sdiujii.iHorhn, 186. 
 Sanicle, 255. 
 Sanicula, 255. 
 Santoliim, 40], 
 Sai'INI)ACK/K, 105. 
 Sararhn, 540, 541. 
 Sarcodes, 462. 
 Sari'osteinnia, 477. 
 Sailuaceniackm. 17. 
 Saxifraga, 192. 
 S'luri/nnin, 196. 
 Saxifp.aijai-k.k, 192. 
 Saxifrnge, 192. 
 Schinus, 109. 
 Srhizocarjin, 231. 
 Seliizoiiotus, 477. 
 Srffniriirpiis, 3(50. 
 Scorpion -(!rass, 522. 
 ScorzoncIIii, 424. 
 Scre\v-l)can, 162. 
 Screw-pod Mesi[\iite, 
 
 163. 
 Scroj)hulana, 552. 
 
 ScitniMHIt.ARIACE/K, 
 
 546. 
 Scutellaria, 602. 
 Sca-Milkwort, 469. 
 Sea- Purslane, 251. 
 Scdnin, 209. 
 S;rd,(m, 211, 212. 
 Sclf-hcai, 004. 
 Sclinuin, 264. 
 Srliniim, 266. 
 Scnipervivuu), 208. 
 Sciiobicnt, 48. 
 Scnc.io, 410, 618. 
 Srnrcio, 431. 
 Scnnn, 161. 
 Sciicocarpus, 319. 
 Srriroijvitphix, 589. 
 Seriphidium, 405. 
 Service-berry, 189. 
 Srseli, 268. ■ 
 Sesuvium, 251. 
 
 Rlicphrrd'a Purse, 44. 
 Shurtui, 378. 
 Sibbaldia, 180. 
 Sida, 86. 
 
 ,Sida, 83, 84, 87. 
 Sidalcea, 83. 
 Sicvcrsin, 176. 
 Silcne, 62. 
 Silvbuni, 421. 
 Silkweed, 474. 
 Sun-iia, 351. 
 Shift pis, 39. 
 Siphocaly.", 207. 
 Siphonella, 492. 
 Sisymbrium, 40. 
 Slum, 261. 
 Slum, 260. 
 Skullcan, 602. 
 Small Munzanita, 453. 
 Snudowskia, 42. 
 Smrloirskiii, 41. 
 Snapdragon, 548. 
 Sneczc-wecd, 392. 
 Snow-Plnnt, 462. 
 Snowl>erry, 279. 
 Snowbush, 103. 
 Sor.ANACE.*;, 537. 
 Solannni, 538. 
 Solanum., 538. 
 Solidago, 318. 
 SnNd^ujo, 314. 
 Soliva, 406. 
 Sonchus, 442. 
 Sm,r/n(.<;, 442. 
 Sojiliora, 114. 
 Sorbus, 189. 
 Sow-Thistle, 442. 
 Spanish Needles, 357. 
 Spearmint, 592. 
 Spccularia, 446. 
 Si)eedwell, 572. 
 Spergula, 70. 
 Spmjuln, 70. 
 Sperriulnrin, 71. 
 Sphacelc, 598. 
 Sphccno.iciadiiim, 265. 
 Spli.-Braleea, 86. 
 Sph-teralcca, 87. 
 Sp/un-oweria, 617. 
 S|)lia!rostigma, 225. 
 Spikenard, 273. 
 Spilnnthes, 397. 
 Spindle-tree, 98. 
 SpiiTea, 169. 
 Spiran, 171. 
 Spiaguca, 77. 
 Stachvs. 605. 
 Stanleva, 38. 
 Stapliylea, 108. 
 Star-flower, 468. 
 St.ar-Thistle, 421. 
 Stat ice, 465. 
 S/ntirr, 465. 
 S/nfim-itrpii.i, 520. 
 Stellaria, 67. 
 Stemodia, 570. 
 Sfenacfis, 330, 331. 
 S(enofu.i, 311. 
 
628 
 
 SteiilmnoiiuM'ia, 427. 
 Slcplianuincria, •124. 
 
 BTKUCULIACK.t;, »8. 
 
 Stickseed, 5'2y. 
 Stoiie-cio|i, 209. 
 Stoiax, 470. 
 Stramoniiiiu, 543. 
 Strawberry, 170. 
 Strcptiiiitlius, 'i'i. 
 Sticplunlkus, 3t)-;58. 
 StroiiilKJciiiiKi, 1015. 
 Slyloi'liiif, 3:$0. 
 Stijlopappus, 438. 
 SlYllACACli.t;, 470. 
 
 Styia.x', 470. 
 StyphouLa, 110. 
 bubulaiia, 43. 
 Sun Jew, 213. 
 SuiidovvLT, 352. 
 Sweet Alyasuiii, 27. 
 Sweet IJubil, 590. 
 Sweet Cicely, 201. 
 Sweet Clover, 132. 
 Sweet Mignonette, 53. 
 Sweet-scented Shrill', 
 
 191. 
 Swerliii, 478. 
 Syniphoricaiims, 279. 
 Syntliyris, 571. 
 Syntrichopainnis, 394 
 Syiinga, 202. 
 Synnatiuni, 137. 
 Tabaciuu, 545. 
 
 Talinum, 74. 
 
 Talinuin, 74, 75. 
 
 TAMAiUbCiNK.t:, 79. 
 
 Tanacetuni, 402, 017 
 
 Tamu'Mum, 401. 
 
 Tansy, 402. 
 
 Taraxia, 224. 
 
 Taraxieuni, 439. 
 
 Tare, 157. 
 
 Toi-weed, 358, 301. 
 
 Teasel, 287. 
 
 Tellima, 197. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TcsanrnnOiiain, 484. 
 iV'ss.iria, 334. 
 rdrailyniia, 407. 
 Tclntdijiaiu, 409. 
 Tlialietnun, 4. 
 Tlianinosma, 97. 
 Thc/uia, 400, 401. 
 Thelypodiuni, 37. 
 Thernujpsis, 113. 
 Thistle, 417. 
 Thlaspi, 45. 
 Thorn, 189. I 
 
 Thorn- Apple, 543. 
 Thrift, 405. 
 
 Tlniiniis, 595. 
 Thvsanocarpus, 48. 
 Tiarella, 199. 
 
 Tiardla, 197. 
 Tidy-lii.s, 370. 
 
 Tilhea, 208: 
 
 Tuinitia, 520. 
 
 Toml-lla.K. 548. 
 
 Tol.a.;co, 544. 
 
 Tollon, 188. 
 
 Tolniiea, 196. 
 
 Tomato, 538. 
 
 Totiella, 555. 
 
 Tornilla, 103. 
 
 Toxicodendron, 110. 
 
 Toyon, 188. 
 
 Trachyphytum, 235. 
 
 Trago[)ogon, 422. 
 
 Tree Mallow, 82. 
 
 Tree Slrainoniuni, 543 
 
 Tril.iiliis, 91. 
 
 Tricardia, 515. 
 Trurmstfs, 242. 
 TrlchophijHum, 3S1. 
 Trichoptilium, 395. 
 Trichostenia, 000. 
 Tiientalis, 468. 
 Triloliuni, 125. 
 Triphysaria, 578. 
 Tripolium, 325, 326. 
 TropieoUun, 93. 
 
 Tropidocarpnni, 44. 
 'i'roxinion, 437. 
 Tuckennanniu, 350. 
 Turnip, 39. 
 Turnsole, 521. 
 
 TurrUis, 41. 
 
 Titssilwjo, 407. 
 
 Twin-llower, 278. 
 
 llMliKLI-lKKll.t;, 252. 
 
 Unicorn-plant, 587. 
 Urupuppus, 427. 
 Ustcria, 551. 
 Utrieularia, 580. 
 Uva-ursi, 453. 
 Vacciniuni, 450. 
 Valerian, 280. 
 Valeriana, 280. 
 Valkuianacica:, 286 
 Vancouveria, 15. 
 Venegiisia, 372. 
 Verbascuni, 548. 
 
 Verbena, 608. 
 
 Verbena-shrub, 609. 
 
 Vkkuknaci'-.k, 607. 
 
 Verbesina, 350. 
 
 Veronica, 572. 
 
 Vervain, 008. 
 
 Vesicaria, 43. 
 
 Vcsicaria, 47. 
 
 Vet.-h, 157. 
 
 Viburnum, 278. 
 
 Vicia, 157. 
 
 Viguiera, 354. 
 
 Vaiarsia, 517. 
 
 Vine-Maple, 107. 
 
 Viola, 55. 
 
 Vioi.ACK.t;, 54. 
 Violet, 55. 
 Virgaurea, 318. 
 VlTACK.ft, 105. 
 Vitis, 105. 
 iruhlenbercfiu, 448. 
 Water-Cress, 43. 
 Water Hemlock, 260. 
 
 I Water llorehound, 592 
 
 Water Milfoil, 215. 
 Water Parsnip, 216. 
 Water-ShieUl, 16. 
 Waterlcaf, 602. 
 Weld, 53. 
 Western Mountain Ash, 
 
 189. 
 Whipplea, 203. 
 While Clover, 129. 
 While Daisy, 401. 
 White- weeil, 401. 
 Whitlavia, 513. 
 Whitneya, 374. 
 Wujandia, 518. 
 Wild Mock Cherry, 167. 
 Wild Cal>bage, 30. 
 Wild Cherry, 167. 
 Wild Plum, 167. 
 Wild Ha.li.sh, 49. 
 Willow-Herb, 218. 
 Winter Cress, 40. 
 Wintergreen, 454, 460. 
 Wislizenia, 52. 
 Wilhaniu, 540. 
 Wood-Anemone, 4. 
 Wood-Sorrel, 96. 
 Woodbine, 280. 
 Woodvillea, 331. 
 Wormwood, 402. 
 IVulfenia, 571. 
 Wyethia, 348, 616. 
 Xanthium, 346. 
 Xerobotnjs, 453. 
 Ximenesia, 350. 
 Xylococcus, 454. 
 Xylodalea, 142. 
 Xylosteum, 280. 
 Yarrow, 400. 
 Yeara, 110. 
 
 Yellow Pond-Lily, 17. 
 Yerba Buena, 595. 
 Zapania, 610. 
 Zauschneriu, 217. 
 Zizyphus, 99. 
 
 ZVGOPlIYLLAOEiE, 91. 
 
 END OF VOL. L 
 
 University Press : John Wilson & Sou, Cambridge. 
 
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