i!iniii:;iMi:!JH; nnmnmiwwnrtn iiii >ni)\i'\\\t>n^i-'U)u INSECTS OF ECONOMIC 1 GLENN W HEl-rillCS .■JA'»'T\'i.^ MCE 'I ii^iiiiiiiiiiii; (UtiF i. 39. Bill IGibrarBf Nnrtlj (Earnltna BtuU Hnitipraitg SB933 Hli- 1920 This book was presented by Mrs. Lee H» Person [JC- STATE UNIVERSITY ,?.t^,„,""-L LIBRARY S00286676 2 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. ^tC - 9 1987 CD INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Outlines of Lectures in Economic Entomologv BY GLENN W. HERRTCK Professor of Economic Entomology, Cornell University New and Revised Edition NEW YORK, N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1920 Copyright 1915 and 1920 By The Macmillan Company New and Revised Edition. Published, May, 1920 PREFACE Not all insects of economic importance are in- cluded in these outlines. To discuss them all, a book many times the size of this would be needed. However, the principal pests of our important fruits, vegetables, cereals, farm animals, shade- trees, and of the household are discussed. A brief summary of the life habits of each, so far as they are known, is made, and the latest methods of con- trol are outlined. In addition, a concise discussion of insecticides is given together with formulae and directions for making and applying them. Since the first edition of these outlines was pub- lished important advances have been made in our knowledge of the habits and control of many in- sect pests. Therefore, in this new edition some changes in the text and many additions to it have been made in an attempt to bring it down to date. As in the previous edition, references are again given to the more important sources of information regarding the insects and their control. As far as possible, references are made to bulletins available to the general student and to those publications giv- ing faithful illustrations of the insects, together with the most approved methods of control. CONTENTS PAGE Losses Caused by Insects 2 Useful Insects 4 Entomological Literature 6 Natural Methods of Insect Control 8 Artificial Methods of Insect Control .... 10 Poison Insecticides 11 Poison Baits 17 Contact Insecticides 18 Fumigating Substances 27 Miscellaneous Means of Insect Control ... 29 Dusting 30 Quarantine and Insecticide Laws 33 Insects Injurious to Orchard Trees and Fruits . 36 Insects Injurious to Small Fruits 71 Insects Injurious to Vegetables 88 Insects Injurious to Hops 109 Insects Injurious to Tobacco 112 Insects Injurious to Cereal Crops 114 Clover and Alfalfa Pests 123 Cotton Pests 127 Insects Injurious to Stored Grain 130 Insects Injurious to Greenhouse Plants . . .131 Insects Injurious to Shade Trees 137 Insects Injurious to Farm Animals .... 144 External Parasites of Poultry I53 Insects Injurious to the Household 158 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The science of economic entomology has made rapid progress during the last twenty years. It has advanced astonishingly in the number of persons engaged in the study of insects for the purpose of preventing their ravages, in developing and per- fecting mixtures for repelling and killing insects, in devising effective apparatus for applying insecti- cides, and in determining more exact methods of preventing the losses caused by these persistent pests. The following outlines of lectures are in- tended to cover, as far as is possible in a brief, gen- eral course, the different phases of the subject of economic entomology as it exists to-day. OBJECTS OF THE COURSE (a) To become acquainted with the common in- sect pests and with their habits and life histories in order that they may be fought intelligently. (b) To become acquainted with the modern and most practical methods of fighting insect pests. TWO PHASES OF ENTOMOLOGY (a) The pure science of entomology. (b) The economic or science applied of ento- mology. The pure science of entomology is a study of the kinds of insects together with their relationships to 2 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE each other, their structure, habits, aud trausfornia- tions. It is a work of research and pleasure and forms the basis of economic entomolog-y. Economic entomology is research on the Hfe his- tories and habits of injurious insects and the deter- mination of some method whereby their ravag-es may be avoided or controhed. LOSSES CAUSED BY INSECTS The losses caused by insects in the United States alone are estimated to aggregate more than a bil- lion dollars annually/ The value of the different crops and products produced in 1909 in the United States is given in round numbers in the following table, the figures being taken mainly from the census of 1910. The losses by insect pests are estimated to be at least 10% of the value of these products and in two cases at least 20%. Percentage of Total loss Product Value in u)og loss by insects by insects Cereals 2,600,000,000 10 $260,000,000 Other grains and seeds 97,000,000 10 9,700,000 Hay and forage 824,000,000 10 82,400,000 Tobacco 104,000,000 10 10,400,000 Cotton and seed 825,000,000 10 82,500,000 Sugar crops 62,000,000 10 6,200,000 Minor crops 18,000,000 10 1,800,000 Vegetables 418,000,000 20 83,600,000 Fruits and nuts 222,000,000 20 44,400,000 Flowers and plants. .. . 35,000,000 10 3,500.000 Nursery products .... 21,000,000 10 2,100,000 Farm forests 195,000,000 10 19,500,000 Animal products 3,000,000,000 to 300,000,000 Forests to - 100,000.000 Stored products 10 ^ 200,000,000 $1,206,100,000 Quaintance estimates the annual loss to the de- 1 Marlatt— Jr. Ec. Ent.. Vol. 4, p. 109. 2 Hopkins— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 58, Ft, 5. 3 Estimated. LOSSES BY INSECTS 3 ciduous fruit interests of the United States as over $66,000,000. The annual loss to the people of the United States from malarial diseases carried by mosquitoes is not less than $100,000,000.^ The loss to agri- culture and other industries as a result of malaria is enormous.^ The loss that has been caused by yellow fever, carried only by mosquitoes, cannot now be esti- mated but was certainly very great. Typhoid fever, due in large measure, at least, to its dissemination by the house-fly, causes a very great annual monetary loss. The Mexican cotton-boll weevil costs Texas at least $25,000,000 annually, and it is estimated that when it spreads over the whole cotton area it will cause a yearly loss of $250,000,000. The Hessian wheat-fly in 1900 cost the wheat growers $100,000,000. The chinch bug during the period from 1850 to 1909 caused a loss estimated as probably in excess of $350,000,000.^ The codling moth causes the fruit growers of the U. S. a loss of over $12,000,000 and of New York, alone, more than $3,000,000 annually. COST OF FIGHTING INSECTS To the destruction occasioned by insects must be added the cost of fighting them. It is estimated that it costs $4,000,000 to spray the apple trees in the United States for the codling moth. It is said that it costs $10,000,000 annually to spray for the San Jose scale. 4 Howard— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 78. ^ Herrick — Popular Science Monthly, April, 1903. c Webster— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 113. 4 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE It costs $10,000,000 to screen against the house- fly. The New England States and the Federal Gov- ernment have ah-eady spent over $10,000,000 in fighting the gypsy and brown-tail moths and at the present time are spending fully $1,000,000 per an- num. OUR INSECT FOES ARE INCREASING Insect pests are coming from foreign countries — San Jose scale, gypsy moth, Mexican cotton-boll weevil, and many others — unaccompanied by nat- ural checks."^ Out of y^ of our worst pests, at least '^^J or over half have been imported from foreign countries. Insects once harmless become serious pests ow- ing to changed conditions — Colorado potato beetle, blister-mite, redbugs, et al.^ Happily, not all insects are injurious; many of them are beneficial. USEFUL INSECTS Silk-worms furnish material for clothing. Scale insects produce a waxy material from which shellac is made. Shellac is used in paints and var- nishes and in making inks, gramophone records, jewelry settings, etc..^ The pulverized bodies of certain species furnish cochineal. The census of 10 10 reports 3,4-15,006 colonies of bees in the United States valued at $10,373,615. The value of the honey and wax produced was nearly $6,000,000. Bees also aid in the cross-pol- 7 Howard— U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook 1897, p. 529. 8 Herrick— Cornell Countryman, 1910, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 28. 9 Comstock— U. S. Ent, Report for 1880. USEFUL INSECTS 5 lination of flowers. Bumblebees perform a notable service in cross-pollinating clover/^ The Blastophaga, a minute wasp-like insect, cross-pollinates the cultivated and wild fig, thus making possible the production of the Smyrna fig in California/^ PREDACEOUS INSECTS Many species of insects catch and devour other species for food. These are known as predaceous insects and they are of immense value in aiding man in the fight against his insect foes.^^ The ladybird beetles are probably the most impor- tant. There are several species, the two-spotted ladybird (Adalia bipunctata), the twice stabbed ladybird (Chilocorus bivulnents), the convergent ladybird (Hippodaniia convcrgens), and other spe- cies. Many larvae of a family of flies, the Syrphidce, perform great benefit in destroying plant lice. The ground-beetles (Carabidcu) are exceedingly beneficial in destroying insects that are found upon or in the soil. Other beetles, flies, wasps, and certain bugs, con- tribute to the good work. PARASITIC INSECTS There are many insects that live upon or within the eggs or bodies of other insects and derive the nourishment necessary for their growth from their living hosts. These are called parasitic insects and are among the best natural checks of insect pests. ^^ 10 Waldron— Report of North Dakota Sub-Expt. Sta., at Dickin- son, 1908. 11 Howard — U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook 1900, p. 79. 12 Smith — Insect Friends and Foes. ^3 Webster — U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook for 1907, p. 237. 6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC LMPORTANCE One of the interesting and effective groups of parasitic insects is the tachinid flies (Family — TacJii]iidcc). Probably the greatest number of parasites is found in the order Hymenopfera. For example, the ichneumon-flies, braconid-flies, chalcis-flies and the proctotrypid-flies. ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE No one volume could contain descriptions of a).' insects. Fifty thousand or more described species from N. A.. Descriptions and life histories would fill 150 volumes. OUR MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. Bulletins of the dift'erent state experiment stations throughout the United States. 2. Bulletins of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 3. Farmers' Bulletins of the U. S. Dept. Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. 4. Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. 5. In New York State the bulletins of the State Entomologist, Education Building, Albany, N. Y. ; the bulletins of the State Experiment Station, Ge- neva, N. Y. ; and the bulletins of the Cornell Uni- versity Experiment Station are available sources of information. SOME BOOKS Manual of Fruit Insects, by M. V. Slingerland and C. R. Crosby, Macmillan Co. ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE 7 Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, by E. D. Sanderson, John Wiley & Sons. Insects injurious to Vegetables, by F, H. Chitten- den, Orange Judd Co. Manual of Vegetable Insects, by C. R. Crosby and M. D. Leonard, Macmillan Co. Insects and Insecticides, by C. M. Weed, Orange Judd Co. ^ Economic Entomology, by J. B. Smith, J. B. Lip- pincott Co. Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoy- ing to Man, by Glenn W. Herrick, Macmillan Co"! Manual for the Study of Insects, by J. H. Com- stock, Comstock Pub. Co. NUMBER OF INSECTS Over 350,000 now known and described. Esti- mated to be from two to ten millions. Over 50,000 from North x\merica. Several thousand are being described each year. GROUPS CONTAINING THE PRINCIPAL IN- JURIOUS INSECTS 1. Ortlwptcra — Crickets, grasshoppers, cock- roaches, et al. 2. Hcmiptcra — aphids, scale insects, chinch bugs, et al. 3. Lepidoptera^ — butterflies and moths. 4. Dipt era — flies. 5. Cole opt era — beetles. 6. Hymenoptcra — sawflies, bees, ants, wasps, etal. Again, all of the injurious insects may be gath- ered into two great groups, dependent upon the structure of their mouthparts. These are the suck- ing and biting insects. 8 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE a. Sucking" insects These are represented by the aphids, bugs, and flies. The niouthparts are formed for piercing the plant and sucking out the juices. b. Biting insects These may be represented by the grasshoppers and l3eetles. The niouthparts are formed for biting ofl^ bits of the plants and chewing them. METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS Ideas and practices of ancient times and peoples. Modern ideas and practices are based on two main methods : natural and artificial. Natural methods Hand-picking — tomato worms, tobacco worms, squash bugs. Cutting out by hand — peach-tree borer, apple-tree borers. Covering plants to protect them — cucumber beetles. Hopper-dozers — for grasshoppers and leafhop- pers. Burlap and cotton bands — for canker-worms and codling moth. Sticky bands — for canker-worms and gypsy moth. Sticky shields — for leafhoppers. Barrier method — for chinch bug and army worms. Collecting eggs — gypsy moth and tent caterpil- lars. Collecting larv?e — brown-tail moth. Burning branches and trees — for shot-hole borer, bronze birch borer, twig girdler, raspberry cane- girdler, et al. NATURAL METHODS OF CONTROL 9 Cleaning up rubbish and weeds — for cabbage in- sects, cotton-boll weevil, plum curculio, et al. Burning straw, leaves, and grass — for Hessian fly and chinch bugs. Planting early — for cotton-boll weevil. Planting late — for corn root-worm and Hessian fly and pea weevil. Plowing in fall — for wire worms and for white grubs. Rotating crops — for white grubs, for corn bill- bugs, and for many pests. Resistant varieties of plants — Kieffer pear, American grape stocks. Northern Spy root-stocks. Use of commercial fertilizers — very little if of any use directly. Of use in accelerating growth to hasten maturity and to make strong resistant plants. Phosphoric acid and cotton. Refraining from planting badly infested crops for two or three years — chinch bugs and wheat, boll-weevil and cotton. Isolating fields — For cotton-boll weevil, et al. Mowing crops early — clover seed insects. Protecting birds — Birds should be protected and encouraged to make their homes on the farm and about the orchards. They help to hold the balance of nature and certainly aid greatly in hold- ing insects in check. One hawk after a chicken condemns the whole bird tribe ; the great horned owl is a friend of man wherever mice and rabbits abound, but where these are scarce, as in thickly populated districts the owl is driven to other food; the sharp-shinned and cooper's hawk are enemies to wild birds and chick- ens and should be killed; other hawks and owls feed mostly on mice and insects; many species of birds are known to live almost wholly upon insects. Insects constitute 65 % of the annual food supply 10 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE of the downy woodpecker, a very large percent of the food of warljlers, 95% of the food of the house wren, and 96% of the food of the flycatchers. Three hundred to five hundred insects have been found in the stomach of one bird. The mobihty of birds makes them very efficient. Forbes showed that in orchards where canker- worms were abundant birds became abnormally plentiful. Flycatchers and swallows live upon flying insects, while robins and meadowlarks catch ground insects. Cuckoos, orioles, warblers, and vireos devour leaf- eating insects while nuthatches, titmice, and creep- ers explore trunks of trees for small insects. References on the ivork of birds: Henshaw — U. S. Dept. Agri., vearbook 1907, p. 165. Beal — U. S. Dept. Agri., yearbook 1908, p. 343. Sanderson — New Hamp. Expt. Sta., 19th and 20th Rpts., 1908, p. 398. Forbush — Useful Birds and their Protection. Introduction of predaceous insects — Preda- ceous insects, especially ladybird beetles and cer- tain ground beetles are sometimes introduced into a locality to prey upon injurious insects. For ex- ample, the Australian ladybird {Noviiis cardinalis), the ground beetle (Calosoma sycophant a), and the convergent ladybird (Hippodamia convergens). Introduction of parasitic insects — Parasitic insects are introduced into one country from an- other to help in the fight against insect pests. For example, the many parasites introduced from Eu- rope to prey upon the gypsy and brown-tail moths. Artificial methods Artificial methods consist mainly in the use of insecticides. POISON INSECTICIDES n ^ The kind of insecticide used will depend upon the kind of mouthparts the pest has, whether biting or sucking. It will also depend somewhat upon the life his- tory and habits of the pest. There are two main kinds of insecticides. — (a) Poisons for biting insects; (b) contact substances for sucking insects. Gases are also used for both biting and sucking insects. POISONS FOR BITING INSECTS Several forms of arsenical poisons are used for killing insects that eat the foliage of plants. Ar- senate of lead, however, is more universally used in orchard work than any of the others. The fol- lowing are some of the poisons employed : 1. White arsenic. 2. Paris green. 3. Arsenate of lead. 4. Arsenate of calcium. 5. Arsenite of zinc. 6. Arsenite of lime. 7. Arsenite of copper. 8. London purple. 9. Paragrene. 10. Hellebore. Arsenic White arsenic (AS2O3) is a white heavy powder and the cheapest form of a poison insecticide. Un- fortunately, it is soluble in water and therefore will burn foliage. It can be used in combination with lime or Bordeaux mixture, however, if the proper precautions are taken. In the following formulas the arsenic is com- bined with lime and the material is known as arsen- ite of lime. INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Kedzie formuk Common formula ^"^ - 1 lb. white arsenic 2 lbs. quick lime Taft formula '* -! 2 gals, water Boil together for 40 min. and dilute to 300 gallons with water. I lb. white arsenic 4 lbs. crystals sal soda I gal. water Boil together until dissolved — about 15 or 20 min. Use i pint to 50 gals, water with 2 or 3 lbs. quick lime added. I lb. white arsenic I lb. sal soda 1 gal. water 2 lb. quick lime Dissolve the white arsenic and sal soda in the water by boiling all together in an iron vessel for about 15 or 20 minutes. Use this solution while hot to slake the lime. Add enough water to make 2 gallons. Use 2 quarts of this to 50 gallons of water. Another method of making arsenite of lime is to boil I pound of white arsenic and 4 pounds of quick lime in 4 gallons of water for half an hour and then dilute to 200 gallons of water. The arsenic may not all combine with the lime thus causing burning. These combinations of arsenic and lime have not given satisfaction when used with lime- sulphur.^"^ Paris green First used against Colorado potato beetle about 1868; 2000 to 3000 tons used every year; it is com- !•* Woodworth and Colby — Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126, p. 22,. 15 Qnaintancc — U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook igo8, p. 275. 16 Slingerland, Herrick, Crosby — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat. 283, p. 476. 17 Scott— U. S. Bu. Pit. Ind., Circ. 54, p. 14. Bull. POISON INSECTICIDES 13 posed of white arsenic/^ copper oxide, and acetic acid. When pure it consists of 58.65% arsenious oxide, 31.29% copper oxide, 10.06% acetic acid. Not over 3y2% should be sokible. Paris green ^^ is a coarse powder and not easily held in suspension; it cannot be used on conifers; cannot be used with fungicides containing am- monia; cannot be combined with lime-sulphur with safety ; does not adhere well to foliage. At least i pound of freshly slaked lime should be mixed with every pound of paris green to take up the soluble arsenic and prevent burning of the foliage or it should be combined with Bordeaux mixture. STANDARD FORMULAS Paris green 4 oz. Paris green i lb. Quick lime i lb. Quick lime. . 2 lbs. Water 50 gals. Water 200 gals. Stewart recommends i pound of paris green per acre of potatoes whether 50 gallons or 100 gallons of Bordeaux are applied. If the poison is used in water alone then i or 2 pounds of quick lime should be slaked and added. Impurities and tests for "^ — Paris green can be tested in three simple ways for impurities: i. Ammonia test. Paris green dissolves wholl)^ in ammonia leaving no residue; 2. Glass slide test. Pure paris green jarred on a slide leaves a bright green streak. If impure the streak is whitish or pale green; 3. Microscopic test. Under the micro- scope the grains of paris green appear like clean round balls. The crystals of the impurities will appear angular, irregular and whitish. 18 Lodeman — Spraying of Plants, pp. 59-74. 19 Smith — New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 213. 20Woodworth & Colby— Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126. H INSECTS OF ECONOAIIC IMPORTANCE Arsenate of lead ^^ The paste form — Was first used in fighting in- sects in New England in 1893. A compound "" of arsenic oxide and lead oxide ; remains in suspension better than paris green; is white in color and leaves a mark on foliage; will not ordinarily burn foliage; sticks to plant tena- ciously; several applications may injure peach foli- age. The commercial brands vary from 12% to over 20% of arsenic oxide ^^ — the average being about 15%. They usually contain less than 1% soluble or free arsenic. Chemically, arsenate of lead may be (i) of the lead hydrogen, or acid, or plumbic form PbHAs04 or (2) of the basic, neutral, or triplum- bic form, Pb3(As04)2. Usually the commercial brands are a mixture of these two forms although the acid lead often predominates. The acid lead, when mixed with lime-sulphur for a summer spray, tends to pass through a chemical reaction and form soluble arsenic which is likely to cause burning of the foliage. At the same time the sulphur con- tent of the solution is decreased and its fungicidal value lessened. On the other hand the basic, or neutral lead when combined with lime-sulphur does not have a tendency to form soluble arsenic and it is therefore safer on foliage although not quite so rapid in its effect as a poison. The addition of lime will largely prevent the acid lead from reacting. ^^ Injury to foliage by arsenate of lead — The water in which the arsenate of lead is suspended seems to have some determining effect upon the in- 21 Burgess and Rogers— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 87, p. 17. 22 Smith— New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 213, p. 11. 23 Haywood and McDonnell— U. S. Bu. Chcm., Bull. 131. 24 Robinson— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 12, p. 429. POISON INSECTICIDES 15 jury caused.-' Distilled water with salt added causes decided injury to foliage; distilled water with sodium carbonate added causes decided in- jury; distilled water alone almost no injury; dis- tilled water with lime added almost no injury. Clear sunny weather following application seems favorable to injury; dew followed by sunshine seems favorable to injury. Soap is sometimes used as a sticker for arsenate of lead and as an agent to hold it in suspension.-^ Drying and freezing of the paste and effect on its powers of suspension and adherence to foliage. The powdered form -'—It is a fine, white, amorphous powder, the commercial brands of which seem to be largely composed of the biplumbic form. It was first used in fighting the Mexican cotton-boll weevil. The commercial brands are high in arsenic oxid containing generally about 30%. Experiments have shown that it is equal in effectiveness to the paste form when combined with a suitable carrier. Experiments have also shown that when tested on glass slips some brands do not adhere quite as well as the paste form. It can be used in combination with liquid lime-sulphur or with Bordeaux mixture or alone in water or it can be used as a dust alone or combined with dry sulphur. Arsenate of calcium Arsenate of calcium ^^ is cheaper than the lead form of arsenates and is apparently effective in poisoning power, although perhaps not quite equal to the hydrogen lead arsenate. In general the two forms (i) calcium hydrogen arsenate CaHAs04 25 Haywood and McDonnell— U. S. Bii. Chem., Bull. 131. 26 Cooley— Montana Expt. Stat., Bull. 86. 27 Hinds— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 6, p. 477. 28 Lovett and Robinson— U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. X, p. 199. i6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE and (2) tricalcium arsenate Ca->(As04)2 are the forms that have been used. The latter appears to be more stable and less liable to form soluble arsenic and is therefore safer to use as a spraying material. The calcium hydrogen arsenate when combined with lime-sulphur for summer spraying is likely to give severe burning depending somewhat on weather conditions. The commercial mixtures ap- pear to be a combination of the calcium hydrogen arsenate and the tricalcium arsenate. When com- posed of pure tricalcium arsenate less injury may be expected. Calcium arsenates are high in arsenic content and when manufactured properly may prove to be of much use in spraying operations. At present they are in the experimental stage. ArSENITE of ZINC Arsenite of zinc ^^ is a white powder and high in arsenic content containing about 40% of arsenious oxide. Tt has been used with success apparently in the Pajaro Valley, Calif., on the foliage of apple, potato and bean. In the East it has proven danger- ous on apple foliage when used alone or with lime- sulphur. In combination w^ith Bordeaux mixture it appears to cause no injury to apple foliage. It is of use in spraying potatoes because of its high toxic quality. ''Slug-shot" This appears to be mostly composed of gypsum and not of much value as an insecticide.^^ Bug death Is another trade insecticide of little value for it is largely composed of zinc and iron oxids.^^ 29 Schoene— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Tech. Bull. 28. 30 Van Slyke— N. Y. State Expt. Stat. Bull. 165. ?i Smith— New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull, 214, p. 14. POISON INSECTICIDES 17 Black death It is composed mostly of gypsum. ^- LONDON PURPLE ^^ It is a waste product in the manufacture of ani- line dyes ; contains a large percent of soluble arsenic and must have lime added in liberal amounts to pre- vent burning. It is not used to any extent. Hellebore ^"^ The term ''hellebore" is said to be correctly ap- plied only to Hellehorus niger which grows in Eu- rope and is not now imported commercially. It is a whitish poisonous powder obtained from pulverizing the roots of the hellebore plants Vera- triim album and Veratrum viride. The powder of the former is largely imported while that of the latter is an American product. Both seem equally valuable as insecticides. It is apt to lose its strength quickly and often difficult to obtain fresh. Can be applied to ripening fruit without fear of poisoning, because its strength is so rapidly lost in open air. It is valuable for the currant worm and is usually applied dry either pure or mixed with flour or lime at the rate of i to 3 ; may be applied wet by steeping i ounce in a quart of water and adding another quart of cold water. Poison baits A mixture of fruit juice, bran, and parls green or white arsenic for cutworms, grasshoppers, and army worms has proven very efficient. A recom- 32 Van Slyke— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 165. 33 IMarlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 127, p. 8. 3* Cook, Hutchison and Scales— U. S. Bu, Ent, Bull 245, p. 17. i8 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE mended formula ^^ for cutworms is as follows : 2 pounds of paris green, 50 pounds of wheat bran and six finely chopped oranges or lemons. Bring this mixture to a stiff dough by adding cheap mo- lasses and distribute over the field in small lumps and near each plant. The formula ^^ used so successfully in Kansas for poisoning grasshoppers is as follows : i pound of paris green, 20 pounds of wheat bran, 2 quarts of syrup, the juice and pulp of 3 oranges or lemons, and 3^< gals: w^ater. The bran and paris green are thoroughly mixed while dry. The juice of the oranges is squeezed into the water after which the pulp and skin are chopped fine and added to the water. The syrup is then poured into the water and this liquid mixture of fruit juice, syrup and water is used to thoroughly dampen the bran and paris green. The bait is sown broadcast in the in- fested fields in the early morning. In Canada a mixture of shorts, 50 pounds; mo- lasses, I gallon; paris green, i pound; and water, 1 1-2 gallons has been effective. ^^ The shorts do not dry out as rapidly as bran. For cutworms that feed below the surface the bait should be harrowed into the soil. Freshly cut clover dipped in a strong arsenical solution is eff'ective for cutworms. Renew as often as it dries. Slices of potatoes dusted with an arsenical dis- tributed about beds in a greenhouse are effective against sowbugs. CONTACT SUBSTANCES FOR SUCKING INSECTS I. Pyrethrum. 35 Walton and Davis— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 739- 36 Dean— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 7, P- 67. 37 Strickland— Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Circ. 6, 1916. CONTACT INSECTICIDES 19 2. Tobacco. 3. Soaps. 4. Oils. 5. Lime-sulphur. 6. Carbolic-acid emulsion. Pyrethrum Commonly called Persian Insect Powder/^ Dal- matian powder, and Buhach; formerly imported under two first names; now manufactured in California under name Buhach. It is a powder made from the pulverized flower heads of Chrysan- themum cinerarice folium; contains a volatile oil and kills by contact; harmless to human beings and to plants. It is expensive and soon loses its effec- tiveness w^hen exposed to the air. Buhach is most apt to be fresh. It is used chiefly in green- houses and in the household where it is usually sifted dry on the plants or in the rooms. It may be applied wet by steeping i ounce in a quart of boiling w^ater for 5 or 10 minutes to which 3 quarts of cold water should be added. Tobacco The insecticidal power of tobacco is due to the nicotine it contains. Is often used as a dust ^^ against plant and animal lice and against ticks. It is said to be useful in controlling the woolly aphis on the roots of apple trees and also acts as a good fertilizer. It is a waste product of tobacco fac- tories and costs about i cent per pound. Tobacco stems or leaves may be cooked or steeped in water to remove the nicotine and form a 38 xMarlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 127, p. 16. Coquillet— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 12, o. s. 3fl Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 213, p. 28. 20 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE decoction. Unfortunately, the nicotine content of tobacco varies with the variety, soil, method of cur- ing and other factors ^" and it is therefore impos- sible, without chemical analysis, to make a standard decoction. In general, i pound of stems in a gallon of water brought to the boiling point and when drained off enough water added to make a full gal- lon will give a decoction of sufficient strength to kill plant lice. It is best to rely on commercial ex- tracts whose nicotine contents are known. Commercial tobacco extracts — Extracts of tobacco are now manufactured commercially and are known as nicotine sulphate. Nicotine sulphate appears to kill insects by its vapor. *^ The most fa- miliar brand is known as black-leaf-40. In this brand the nicotine is combined with an acid and hence is not easily volatile. It contains 40% nico- tine and is readily miscible with water. It is usually used at the rate of i gallon to 800 or 1000 gallons of water. It can be combined with lime-sulphur, and arsenate of lead or wnth Bordeaux mixture.*^ \^^hen the nicotine sulphate is used alone, soap is usually added at the rate of 4 or 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water to increase its spreading power and to liberate the nicotine. ^^ A precipitate is some- times formed when nicotine sulphate is added to other mixtures especially w^hen in a concentrated form. Soaps 44 Ordinary laundry soap, i pound to 5 or 6 gallons of water is a good insecticide for the garden, lawn, 40 Ellet and Grissom— Vir. Expt. Stat., Bull 208. 41 Mclndoo— U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. Vll, p. 89. 42 Headlee — New Jersey Expt. Stat., Rept. Ent. for 1914, p. 356. 43 Moore and Graham— U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. X, p. 47. 44 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 127, p. 15. CONTACT INSECTICIDES 21 and household plants. Soft soap should be used twice as strong. Whale-oil soap is more commonly used. One should always procure a potash soap. It costs 3 to 6 cents per pound. Use i pound to 5 or 6 gal- lons of water for summer application. In winter, for scale, use 2 pounds to i gallon. Whale-oil soaps vary greatly in their water content and are liable to contain free potash thus causing burning. Fish- oil soap can be made easily and cheaply at home. The composition may be known and the free potash avoided. Formula for home-made fish-oil soap 45 Caustic soda 6 lbs. or i>^ lbs. Water i>^ gals. or i>4 qts. Fish-oil 22 lbs. sV^ lbs. Dissolve the caustic soda in the water. After the soda is dissolved, add the fish-oil gradually, in the meantime stirring the mixture thoroughly and vigorously. Complete and thorough stirring while the oil is being slowly poured into the water and soda is absolutely necessary. Use i pound to 6 or 7 gallons of water. Fish-oil may be purchased of N. B. Cook Oil Co., New York. Oils Mineral oils are much used for contact insecti- cides, usually in some form of an emulsion that is miscible with water. They are particularly val- uable against aphids, and scale insects. Kerosene emulsion "^^ — Kerosene may be emul- sified with milk or soap, the latter being now most universally used. Formula for kerosene emulsion : 45 Van Slyke & Urner— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 257. 22 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Soap I lb. Soap , >^,lb. Soft water 2 gals, or Water i gal. Oil . .; 4 gals. Oil 2 gals. The soap is shaved fine and heated in the water until dissolved. The oil is poured in and while the mixture is hot it is briskly agitated until a white creamy mixture is formed. The following dilu- tions apply to first formula : To make a 10% solution for summer spraying add 34 gals, water. To make a 20% solution for dormant spraying add 14 gals, water. To make a 25% solution for dormant spraying add 10 gals, water. Crude Petroleum emulsion — It is made ex- actly as the kerosene emulsion. The grade of oil used is called ''insecticide oil." It should have an amber color and its specific gravity should run from 43 to 45 degrees Baume. A 20 to 25 percent solu- tion is valuable as a winter spray. Oil in mechanical emulsion with water ^'^ — It has always been tedious to make oil emulsions and to obviate the labor, pumps were designed to mix the oil mechanically with water. These piimps were supposed to throw any per cent of oil in water desired, by the regulation of a valve. The pumps proved unreliable and severe injuries often resulted from using them. They are not now in use. MisciBLE oils *^ — These are proprietary mix- tures containing mineral oils in combination with a small quantity of vegetable oil and some alkali to make them miscible with water. They are designed especially for the control of scale insects. They mix readily with water. There are several prom- ts, 47 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 127, p. 20. 48 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 127, p. 23. CONTACT INSECTICIDES 23 inent brands: "Scalecide," ''Kil-O-Scale," "Tar- get-Brand," and "Orchard Brand." Home-made miscible oils ^'* — Prof. C. L. Penny has developed methods of preparing miscible oil at home. There are two steps in making a miscible oil : ( I ) preparing the emulsifier or soap solu- tion, (2) mixing the mineral and vegetable oils with the emulsifier to produce the final product, miscible oil. The process is rather long and la- borious. Carbolic acid emulsion This emulsion is formed by dissolving i pound of hard soap in i gallon of hot water. After the soap is dissolved, add i pint of crude carbolic acid. Then agitate the mixture until an emulsion is formed. For use, dilute with 30 parts of water. Lime-sulphur ^^ It is probably the best and most universally used insecticide for scale insects. It is also practically a specific for blister-mite and of great use in con- trolling the pear psylla, certain fungous diseases, etc. It was used originally as a sheep dip but was first tried as an insecticide in California in 1886. It was not tried in the East until 1894 when its use did not seem to prove successful. Nothing more was done with the lime-sulphur wash in the East until 1900 when it was tried again and gave prom- ising results. The first formulae included salt. Later formulae differed somewhat in proportions, but the following is a representative one: Quick- lime, 20 pounds ; sulphur, 1 5 pounds ; water, 50 gal- lons. 49 Penny— Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Coll., 1907-08, p. 228. Phillips— Va. Expt. Stat., Bull. 179. ^'^ Quaintance — U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1906, p. 429. 24 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Place lime in iron kettle and slake it with hot water. Add sulphur and more water and boil for one hour. Dilute to 50 gallons, strain, and use while hot if possible. Concentrated commercial solutions ^^ — Within the past few years commercial concentrated lime-sulphur solutions have been introduced into this state and have been used by many fruit grow- ers in combating certain insect pests and fungous diseases. In order to use one of these mixtures intelligently and effectively it becomes necessary to know its strength or, in other words, its degree of concentration. This is best found by using an instrument known as a Baume hydrometer. In testing a lime-sulphur solution, simply pour some of the clear reddish liquid into any deep receptacle, deeper than the hydrometer is long, and when nearly full, gently drop the instrument into the solution and wait until it comes to rest. Then read on the hydrometer the degree of concentration, which will Reading of hydrometer or Amount of water to one gallon of the degree of lime-sulphur solution concentration Degrees Baume For San J ose Scale For Blister-mite Gals. Gals. Gals. Gals. Lime-Sulphur Water Lime-Sulphur Water 25 5 7 26 sYa 7/2 27 sVa 8 28 6 %V2 29 6V2 9 30 m 9/. 31 VA 10 32 rA 10^ ?>?> 8 II 34 8^ 11^ 35 83/4 12 51 Parrott & Schoene— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 320. CONTACT INSECTICIDES 25 be the one just at the surface of the Hquid. When the degree of concentration of the Hquid is known, the proper dikition may be obtained by referring to the table ^" on page 24. Home-made concentrated solution ^^ — The concentrated solution can be made at home with a fair degree of success. The lime used should con- tain not less than 90% calcium oxid and not over C7^ ^/C ....v^ ma2:nesium. The formula is as follows: r pure lime 36 lbs. Quick lime \ 95% CaO 38 lbs. [90% CaO 40 lbs. Sulphur flour or flowers of sulphur 80 lbs. Water , 50 gals. Place lime in kettle and slake with 10 gallons of water. While lime is slaking add the sulphur which has been previously mixed with water into a paste. Stir thoroughly and when lime is entirely slaked add enough water to make about 60 gallons if the boiling is over an open fire. If the boiling is with live steam add enough water to make 50 gal- lons. Boil the mixture vigorously for one hour. When through, strain; store in tight containers. Usually lime-sulphur will not freeze down to 5° above ezro. For San Jose scale the diluted solution should test 4.5 degrees B. ; for the blister-mite about 3.5 B. ; and for summer use on foliage about i degree B. The concentrated solutions of lime-sulphur have shown themselves to be useful against San Jose scale in the summer even when diluted for use on foliage. ^^ The self boiled lime-sulphur — This has been ^2 Van Slyke, Bosworth, and Hedges~N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 329. 53 Parrott and Schoene— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 330. s4 Stewart — Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Coll. 1910-11, p. 268. 26 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE found to be of use in checking San Jose scale ^^ in the summer. Place 8 pounds of quick lime in a barrel and start it slaking- with a small amount of cold water. Work 8 pounds of sulphur through a sieve and add slowly to the slaking lime. Add enough cold water to slake the lime and stir con- stantly. As soon as slaking is completed (s to 15 min.) fill barrel with cold water (50 gallons). Peaches and plums can be sprayed in foliage with this and the scale checked if hit when young are hatching. Dry substitutes for liquid lime-sulphur — Several commercial dry preparations are on the market as substitutes for the liquid lime-sulphur. Such preparations as "spra sulphur," soluble sul- phur," ''dry lime-sulphur" and ''B. T. S." are among those offered. Some of these are sodium-sulphur compounds, some barium-sulphur compounds, and some lime-sulphur compounds. They vary widely in the amount of sulphur contained and are val- uable, other things being equal, according to the amount of sulphur each actually contains. The standard liquid lime-sulphur solution {^;^'' Baume) at a dilution of i to 8 for scale contains 4.75 ounces of sulphur or 345% efficient sulphur per gallon. The summer dilution for scab at i to 40 contains 1.04 ounces of sulphur or .775% efficient sulphur per gallon. When the dry compounds are used they should also contain an equivalent amount of efficient sulphur in order to control the scale or scab effectively. Manufacturers are apt to recom- mend their dry materials at too low dilutions to make them efficient. Moreover, arsenicals cannot be combined with safety with those dry compounds containing so- dium or potassium sulphides. ^^ Quaintance— U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1908, p. 277. FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES 27 FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES Several substances are used to fumigate mills, greenhouses and dwellings in order to destroy the insects that may be infesting such buildings. Carbon bisulphide ^^ — This liquid is used as a fumigant against stored grain insects especially and sometimes against root-feeding insects, aphids, white grubs, ants, etc. It is heavier than water; readily volatile; and wdien pure it has not an unpleasant odor. The gas from the liquid is heavier than air and is suffocat- ing. The gas is also inflammable and explosive. Use 2 pounds of the liquid ^^ to 1000 cubic feet of space when temperature is between 65 and 75 degrees F. Granary must be tight. Peas, beans, seed corn, etc., can be stored in barrels and treated. Under ordinary granary conditions, 15 to 20 pounds to 1000 cu. ft. should be used. A cheap form of carbon bisulphide under the trade name 'Tuma," is sold by Edward R. Taylor, Penn Yan, N. Y. Hydrocyanic acid gas — It is a very poisonous gas used against household insects, citrus pests, stored grain insects, and for the fumigation of nursery stock. Formula for household fumigation for 100 cubic feet space: Water 3 fluid ozs. Sulphuric acid . . . .1 i fluid oz. % potassium cyanide i oz. wSodium cyanide has almost supplanted potassium cyanide for fumigation purposes and should be used according to the following formula for each 100 cubic feet of space: 56 Hinds— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 145. 57 Chittenden and others— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 96, Part III. 28 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Water 2 fluid ozs. Sulphuric acid lYi. fluid ozs. Sodium cyanide i oz. For house fumigation ^^ all holes in rooms should be stopped and all cracks covered with strips of newspaper soaked in water. In fumigating trees tents are used.^^ In fumi- gating nursery stock for scale insects a special room is needed.^^ Formaldehyde gas — This is primarily a germi- cide. It has been shown to be practically useless as an insecticide. , Tobacco papers — Paper soaked in tobacco ex- tract is sold for fumigation purposes in green- houses. These papers will burn when lighted and are much more convenient to use in houses than tobacco stems. HEAT^i AMthin the last few years heat has been used to some extent in mills in the western part of the United States, at least, to kill mill insects. Ac- cording to Dean and Goodwin heat is a very effi- cient and satisfactory agent for destroying grain insects. The temperature necessary to kill stored grain insects ranges from 118° to 125° F. Felt has shown that cockroaches succumb to a tempera- ture of 120° F. It is necessary to maintain the heat for several hours to allow it to penetrate all 58 Howard and Popenoe — U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 163. Herrick — Can. Ent., Vol. 39, p. 341. 59 Morrill— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 76. Woglum— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 79. Woglum— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 90, Parts I and II. ^° Britton — Conn. Expt. Stat., Bull, of Immediate Information No. 3. 61 Goodwin — Ohio Expt. Stat., Bull. 234. Dean— Kan. Expt. Stat., Bull. 189. Felt— 27th Rept. State Ent., N. Y. FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES 29 of the infested parts of the building. There is no reason why heat could not be utilized to kill house- hold insects if a practicable way can be found of developing a temperature of 125° F. in a house. MISCELLANEOUS MEANS OF FIGHTING IN- SECTS Trap lanterns — Lights and lanterns have been recommended and used for many years to catch insects active at night. One called the Hazeltine lantern has been widely advertised. Several ex- periments have been made to demonstrate the use- fulness or uselessness of lanterns for catching in- sects. Perhaps the most extensive one was made at Cornell during 1892. From May 20th to Oct. 1st 13,000 insects were caught; yy% were neutral, 10 2-5% beneficial, 12 3-5% often pests; of the pests, 84 to 93% were males; of the beneficial, 80 to 88% were females; nymphs and larvae were not caught; as many friends as foes were caught; not one codling moth taken. ^" In an all-summer experiment Dr. Riley never caught a codling moth : Prof. Stedman caught only 2 with 4 lanterns running 100 nights. Gasoline torches — An ordinary plumber's ^^ torch or some modification of it has been proposed for killing insects, especially scale insects, on their food plants. Several trials by different experimen- ters on different insects indicate that these torches are hardly practicable. In most cases, the heat suf- ficient to kill the insects injured the plants. Tree tanglefoot — A sticky material manufac- tured by the O. W. Thum Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., at about 30c per pound is the same or similar mate- 62 SHngerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 202. 63 Forbes— Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 89. 30 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE rial used in their tanglefoot fly paper. It is useful in putting about the trunks of trees to catch canker- worm moths, caterpillars of the tussock moth, etc. Treeleim — A substance manufactured by the Vreeland Chemical Co., which is used for the same purpose as tanglefoot and is said not to ''glass" over but to remain fresh and sticky a long time. SPRAYING History of spraying — The current worm be- came injurious about i860 and the Col. Pot. beetle about 1865. Hellebore and par is green were used for these two pests, and this suggested the use of the latter for other insects. Riley suggested its use on cotton in 1872; Le Baron suggested its use for the canker-worm in 1872. Cook advised spray- ing trees in 1876; E. P. Haynes, in 1878, sprayed trees for canker-worms and killed the codling moth. These were the beginnings. Our insect foes are increasing and we must spray. Some principles of spraying — Spray at the right time, before rains for most fungous diseases and after rains for insects alone. Watch the de- velopment of buds, blossoms, fruit and weather and spray accordingly and not by dates. Spray thor- oughly. Every leaf and fruit should be coated. Use a nozzle, in general, that gives a fine spray and use at least 75 pounds pressure, but better 150 pounds. DUSTING Dust for control of insects and fungi may con- sist of lime, dry Bordeaux and some arsenical or it may consist of a mixture of sulphur and an arsen- ical. These dusts were introduced to lower the cost and labor of spraying. They do both but the ultimate value of them rests on their efficiency. DUSTS 31 Early experiments in dusting- trees were made with dry Bordeaux and an arsenical. In this mix- ture the copper was the essential fungicide. The following is a formula ^^ (Scott's), for this dust: 4 lbs. copper sulphate in 4 gals, water 4 lbs. lime in 4 gals, water 60 lbs. slaked lime dust Dissolve the sulphate in the 4 gallons water and slake the lime in the 4 gallons. When cool pour together and allow it to settle. Decant or pour off the liquid, put the wet mass in a strong- bag and squeeze out the remaining water. Then spread out and allow to dry in the sun. Pulverize this dry ma- terial and pass it through a sieve with 80 meshes to the inch and then mix with the 60 pounds of slaked lime. For Bird's formula see Mo. Bull. 60 or Cor- nell Bull. 216. Comparative early experiments indicated that six applications of the dry material could be made as cheaply as four with liquid. The dust is more easily transported about an orchard, especially if the orchard is roug-h. It does not appear to have any other advantage, accordino^ to early experiments. The dust did not control fungous diseases as well as liquid Bordeaux. The dust proved irritating to workmen, getting into their lungs. Crandall ^^ says the ''dust spray is absolutely in- effective as a preventive of injury from prevailing orchard fungi, and that it is considerably less effi- cient as an insect remedy than is the liquid method of applying arsenites." It must be remembered that these experiments were made with a Bordeaux dust. 64 Scott— U. S. Dept. Agr., Far's' Bull. 243, p. 11. Craig— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat.. Bulls. 216, 245. Close — Delaware Expt. Stat., Bulls. 72 and 76. 65 Crandall— Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 106. 32 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The first dusting- experiments in which dry sul- ])hur was used to replace liquid lime-sulphur were made by Blodo-ett in igii/*^ These experiments were continued durin^^ 191 2 and 191 3. The results were encoura.i^ing- and the work was continued dur- ing: 1914 bv Reddick and Crosby/''^ The materials recommended wxre finely o^round sulphur 90 pounds, and powdered arsenate of lead 10 pounds, applying from ij^ to 3 pounds of the mixture per tree at each dusting-. Later recommendations advise 85 parts of sulphur to 15 parts of powdered arsenate of lead.^*^ The results for the control of chewing insects and apple scab were encouraging and fur- ther experiments are now in progress. PUMPS Atomizers, hand sprinklers, buckets, knapsacks, barrel, power sprayers. The essentials of a good pump are brass or bronze working parts, ball valves, and readily accessible parts. NOZZLES 1. The first nozzles threw a nearly round solid stream, like a garden hose. 2. The second group of nozzles consisted of those in which the stream having passed the orifice proper is modified by some obstruction that breaks it or scatters it. The "climax," ''Ball," and ''Lewis" are examples. 3. The third and most perfect type is known as the rotary or eddy-chamber nozzle. This is repre- sented, typically, by the Vermorel. Later modifica- tions are the "Friend" and "Alistry." The Vermo- rel is of American origin although bearing a French 60 Blodgett— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat, Bull. 340. 67 Reddick and Crosby— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 354- 68 Reddick and Crosby — Cornell Univ. Extension, Bull. i. REGULATORY LAWS 33 name. Within recent years so-called spray guns have come into use. ACCESSORIES Tower — A tower ten or twelve feet high is a ne- cessity for good work. It enables one to get above the tree and spray down, which is especially neces- sary in case of codling moth. The new Cornell tower has many advantages. Hose — There should be plenty of hose to enable one to get all around a tree. The hose should be of a quality to withstand 150 to 200 pounds pressure. BORDEAUX MIXTURE «^ This is a fungicide with which arsenicals are often combined: Bordeaux mixture is made by mixing a dilute solution of copper sulfate (blue vitriol) with a dilute milk of lime. The mixture may be made of different strengths by using different amounts of the copper sulfate and lime to a given amount of v^ater. A mixture made of 3 pounds of copper sulfate and 3 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water is indi- cated by the formula 3-3-50; one made of 4 pounds of copper sulfate and 4 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, by 4-4-50 ; one made of 5 pounds of copper sulfate and 5 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, by 5-5-50. QUARANTINE AND INSECTICIDE LAWS Nearly all of the States in the United States have passed laws '^^ governing the shipments of plants and plant products into their territories. These are designed, of course, to prevent the introduction of injurious insects and plant diseases. California has in some instances instituted legal restrictions governing shipments of plants between counties 69 Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 283, Rev. Ed., p. 466, 1915. 70 Burgess— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 75. 34 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE within the State. Similar restrictions have also been imposed in some of the Southern States to pre- vent the spread of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil from one district to another within the State. These laws of the different States are intended to meet local conditions and are not uniform which results in much confusion. The National Quarantine Law — For many years there was in this country an agitation for a uniform, national quarantine law to g-overn the im- portation of nursery stock into the United States and to regulate the shipment of such stock among the States themselves. As a result of this demand, Congress passed such a law/^ which went into ef- fect the first day of October, 1912. The law has two purposes : '( i ) to regulate the importation of nursery stock, other plants, and plant products from foreign countries into the United States to prevent the introduction of injurious insects and plant dis- eases; (2) to establish quarantines against any State, territory, or district of the United States or any portion thereof to prevent the distribution throughout the United States of any dangerous plant diseases or injurious insects. To carry out the provisions of the law, a Federal Horticultural Board consisting of five members was appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture from certain Bureaus and offices in the Department of Agriculture. The National Insecticide Law — Various States have undertaken at different times to regu- late by law the composition of certain insecticides sold within their boundaries. Such laws have not been uniform and have been, on the whole, more or less unsatisfactory. In 1910 Congress passed a "1 An Act to regulate the importation of nursery stock, etc. Pub- lic Document— No. 275. REGULATORY LAWS 35 national insecticide law that went into effect the first day of January, 191 1. Its object was to pre- vent the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded paris greens, lead ar- senates, and other insecticides and fungicides. In this law it was decreed that paris green shall not contain less than 50 per cent arsenious oxide nor more than 3J^ per cent water-soluble arsenic and that lead arsenate shall not contain more than 50 per cent water, nor less than I2j^ per cent arsenic oxide (AS2O5) nor more than .75 per cent, water- soluble arsenic. It was also decreed that other in- secticides and fungicides should not fall below the proposed standard or quality under which they were sold. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD TREES AND FRUITS APPLE PESTS The codling moth ^ (Car.pocapsa pomonella) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual p. 241 One of the oldest and most important pests on apples; estimated that it causes a yearly loss of $12,000,000 in the United States with an added $4,000,000 for cost of spraying trees to control it. Eggs laid on leaves and fruit about two weeks after petals fall; caterpillars emerge in about one week and 60 to 80% enter the young fruit through the calyx end; they live in the apple from 25 to 30 days, or longer in many instances, and when full- grown leave the fruit through a hole made in the side of the apple ; they then crawl to a crevice in the bark of the large limbs or trunks or find a nook elsewhere and spin a cocoon ; here, some of the lar- vae change to pupae and issue as moths the latter part of July to form a partial second brood in New York State; a large part of the larvae, however, re- main under the bark until the following spring and then change to pupae from which, in about twenty days, the adult moths issue. All of the larvae of the second generation remain in cocoons under the bark until spring. Control — Spray at once after three-fourths of the petals have fallen, with 150 pounds pressure, using 2j4 pounds of paste arsenate of lead to 50 1 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 142. Qnaintance— U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1907, p. 435. 36 APPLE INSECTS 37 gallons of water ; this is the most important spray- ing and should be done thoroughly; spray from a tower into the calyx ends of the young apples ; spray again in 3 or 4 weeks and cover fruit and foliage with a fine misty spray ; again the last week in July for second brood. The round-headed borer" (Saperda Candida) Order — Coleoptera. Manual p. 573 Next after the codling moth the worst pest on apples in the United States; eggs laid in June and later, in incisions made in the bark; the eggs hatch in 2 or 3 weeks and tunnel in the sapwood; they live mostly near the surface of the ground, but often be- low the earth, especially in young trees ; at end of the second year the larvae are quite large and are now deeper in the heartwood; the third spring the larvae gnaw to the bark and there pupate ; the adult beetles emerge in May and June, the insect having taken three years for its life history; in West Vir- ginia and in Arkansas the life cycle may be passed in two years ; the beetle is a handsome long-horned one, about an inch in length and has two conspicu- ous white lines the whole length of its body. Control — Give orchards clean culture; cut out borers with a sharp instrument like a chisel and then apply some wash, for instance, concentrated lime-sulphur, or an alkaline wash made by adding caustic potash to soap and water until a thick creamy mixture is formed; washes should be ap- plied up to the lower limbs. Flat-headed borer ^ (ChrysobotJiris femorata) Order — Coleoptera. Manual p. 549 The second thoracic segment of the larva is wide, 2 Becker— Ark. Expt. Stat., Bull. 146. 3 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 32. 38 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE flat, and close to the head, hence the name ; the larva attacks many kinds of fruit-trees, forest and shade- trees, infesting by preference those diseased or dy- ing; it inhabits all parts of the trunk from ground to branches; eggs are laid in cracks of bark; the larva lives just beneath the bark and burrows out broad, flat, irregular channels in the wood; as it grows it may go deeper into the wood ; it matures in one year and the beetles emerge in May and June; the adult beetle has short antennae, is of a dark metallic brown color, and about one-half inch long. Control — Same as for the round-headed borer. The bud-moth^ (Tmefoccra ocellana) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 241 A most important pest on the apple in New York. The tiny dark brown caterpillars appear early in the spring and begin to attack the bursting buds; they bore into the buds and when the leaves begin to unfold attack those also ; they continue to eat the leaves and tie them together, finally pupating with- in the tangled mass ; the moths appear in June and lay their small inconspicuous eggs on the leaves; these hatch in about 10 days and the tiny caterpil- lars feed on the surfaces of the leaves eating the epidermis and tissues away, leaving a network of veins; the caterpillar lives mostly in a tiny silken tube built along the midrib of the leaf; in Septem- ber the caterpillars migrate from the leaves to the small branches where they build snug silken cases, called hibcrnaciila, in which to pass the winter; these hibernacula are built very often near the buds where the larvae will find food close at hand in the spring. There is only one brood a year. Control — Add arsenate of lead, 2^2 pounds to 50 gallons, to the delayed dormant spray just as the 4 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 50. APPLE INSECTS 39 tips of the buds begin to show green; repeat just before blossoms open ; repeat again after petals fall which will also do for the first codling moth spray. Combination sprays containing nicotine sulphate and lime-sulphur may be used. Cigar case-bearer ^ {Coleophora fletcherella) Order — Lepidoptera The half-grown caterpillars migrate in xA^ugust and September from the leaves to the branches, where they securely fasten their small curved cases preparatory to passing the winter; in the early spring the caterpillars in their cases become active, move to the buds and begin to attack them; later they attack the very young fruit but mostly mine in the leaves remaining all of the time in their cases ; about the middle of June they pupate and the moths appear in July; the very small moths lay their eggs on the leaves; these hatch in about 2 weeks and the tiny caterpillars spend the remainder of the summer mining in the leaves. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 2j^ pounds to 50 gallons of water just as the tips of the buds begin to show green ; again before the blossoms open; and again after petals fall. This is the same as for the bud-moth. Pistol case-bearer^ {Coleophora malivorella) Order — Lepidoptera Its case is shaped like a pistol and its life history is very similar to that of the cigar case-bearer; the larva, however, does not mine in the leaves but eats the surfaces of them. Control — Same as for cigar case-bearer. 5 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat, Bull. 93. 6 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 124. , 40 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The apple-crain aphid' (Rhopalosiphinu pniJiifoUac) Order — Hemiptera This a[)hid is a European insect and has been observed on more than twenty-two plants — apple, pear, quince, plum, rye, oats, wheat, et al. ; it is one of the early aphids appearing in the spring on apple buds but usually leaves the apple without doing much harm; it is light green in color with a dark line down the middle of its back. Passes winter as dark eggs on branches; these hatch in spring; may be several generations on apple leaves; the winged generation flies to grasses where many generations are produced during the summer; many live on wheat in fall; the winged females finally fly back to the apple tree in the fall and produce a generation of wingless egg-laying females which lay the winter eggs on the l3ark. Control — See green apple aphid. The rosy apple aphid ^ {Aphis sorhi-A. mali- foliac) Order — Hemiptera The rosy aphid is larger than the grain aphid and is usually of a rosy color although individuals may be tan, grey or blackish, while the body is covered with a whitish powder ; the body is noticeably glob- ular; this aphid is often very injurious. It winters as eggs upon the trunk and branches of the apple tree ; the eggs hatch in spring and prob- ably three and perhaps more (depending on lati- tude) generations are produced on the apple tree; in late June winged individuals begin to leave the 7 Baker and Turner— U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. i8, p. 311. Davis— U. S. Bii. Ent., Bull. ii2. ^ Quaintance — U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 8i. Matheson — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 34. APPLE INSECTS 41 apple tree and go to the broad-leaved and narrow- leaved plantains where the summer is spent; in the fall the return migrants come back to the apple where egg-laying females are produced and the eggs are laid, thus completing the cycle. Control — See the green apple aphid. The green apple aphid '^ (Aphis pomi-Apliis mail) Order — Hemiptera The green apple aphid resembles the grain aphid but is darker green and lacks the dark line down the back ; it has not been recognized as seriously in- jurious in this country until of comparatively re- cent years; it is now considered the most injurious species; it winters as eggs on the trees and spends the whole year on the apple, not having alternate food-plants like the two preceding- species; the aphids curl the leaves, stunt the new growth and often stunt and deform the apples. Control — The eggs of these aphids, although there is some individual variation, those of the grain aphid hatching earliest, hatch early in the spring, about the time the flower buds begin to swell and break and the leaves show green at the tips. The young aphids cluster on the outside of the buds where they are all exposed to contact with spray material. Then is the time to kill them. Later they get in between the leaves of the buds and in rolled leaves and cannot be hit easily or not at all. The safest and most efficient material with which to kill the aphids at this time is nicotine sulphate alone, Y^ oi 2i pint to 100 gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap added, or combined with lime-sul- 9 Parrott, Hodgkiss, and Lathrop — N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls. 415 and 431. Hodgkiss— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 461. 42 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE phur solution at the same rate l)ut without the soap. Arsenate of lead may be added if desired. In case of the green apple aphid especially it may be necessary to make later applications of the nicotine sulphate owing- to repeated infestations in June and July. It has proven advantageous at this time to add rather large quantities of quick lime or hydrated lime ^^ to the nicotine sulphate and water, leaving out the soap. The mixture of nicotine sul- phate and lime seems to have a deterrent effect on the aphids in addition to its killing properties. The fall canker-worm (Alsophila pometaria) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 2y6 Moths emerge in late fall and the wingless fe- males lay their eggs in clusters on bark; eggs rest over winter and hatch in early May; larvse which are loopers and have only 3 pairs of abdominal legs feed for a month and in June and July go into the ground to change to pup?e in dense cocoons, and re- main here until fall when the moths appear again; one brood a year. The SPRING CANKER-WORM ^^ (Paleacrtta vernata) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 275 Moths emerge in March and April and lay their eggs in small clusters in crevices of the bark ; cater- pillars which are loopers and have only 2 pairs of abdominal legs hatch in May and in June and July go into the ground where they remain as pupae until the next spring; one brood a year; the female is gray and wingless and bears two transverse rows of short spines on the dorsal side of each of the first seven segments of her abdomen; the spring 10 Hodgkiss— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 461. 11 Qiiaintance— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 68, Pt. IL APPLE INSECTS 43 canker-worm is usually the common one in New York. Control — Caterpillars quite resistant to poisons, yet arsenate of lead, 6 to 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water will control them; also hands of sticky material, like tar, tang-lefoot or printers' ink to pre- vent the females from climbing trees to lay eggs; bands of fluffy cotton batting will serve; apply in October for fall canker-worm and in early spring for spring canker-worm ; also plow and cultivate in August or September to destroy the pupc^e in the soil. The apple tent-caterpillar ^" (Malacosoma americana) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 360 Passes winter as eggs laid in rings around branches; eggs hatch as buds begin to burst and larvae build tents in crotches of branches ; in 4 to 6 weeks the caterpillars become grown and make dense cocoons in secluded places ; in about 2 weeks the moths appear and deposit eggs during last of June or first of July. Control — Collect and burn egg masses; school children are often enlisted in the work of collecting and destroying the egg masses; spray infested trees with arsenate of lead 2j4 pounds to 50 gallons of water just as the buds begin to open; repeat in a week if necessary; destroy wild cherry and seedling apple trees along the fence rows. Burn out with gasoline torch. Cut out tents and burn. The forest tent-caterpillar ^^ (Malacosoma dis stria) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 362 Life history is similar to former species; larvae do not build tent. 12 Quaintance— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 98. 13 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 170. 44 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Control — In addition to above, use the jarring method. White-marked tussock moth ^* (Hemcrocampa I c II CO stigma') Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 310 Lays eggs in July on cocoons and covers them with a white frothy substance; remain here all winter and hatch latter part of May; the cater- pillar has two long pencils of hairs just back of the head, a single similar tuft on the posterior end of the body, and four tufts of short white hairs on the back; they feed on leaves and fruit for four weeks and then pupate in cocoons for 10 to 14 days; the adult wingless female deposits eggs on cocoons; male is winged. Apple, pear, quince, plum, elm, maple and other deciduous trees are attacked. Control — Collect tgg clusters; spray with ar- senate of lead 3 pounds to 50 gallons; jar trees for caterpillars ; band trees for larvae. • The apple maggot ^^ (RJiagoIcfis pomoncUa) Order — Diptera The flies begin to emerge in the latter part of June and continue through July and August. Within 10 days to 2 weeks the females thrust their eggs just beneath the skin of the apple, causing a dimple at each insertion. The eggs hatch in 2 to 6 days and the white maggots tunnel through the apple causing it to drop and decay. In about 30 days in soft apples the maggots become grown and then go into the soil from i to 3 inches and pupate, where they usually remain until the next spring. There may, however, be a partial second brood in 14 Schoene— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 312. 15 Illingworth — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 324. Herrick — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 402. APPLE INSECTS 45 some seasons, while on the other hand the puparia may remain in the soil over another winter, thus making a two-year life cycle. Control — Spray last days of June or first week of July with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gal- lons of water, and repeat in two wxeks. Clean cul- ture of orchards appears to aid in the fight. The ribbed cocoon maker ^^ (Bucailatrix pomifolieUa) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 253 In the middle of September larvae creep to branches and make white, ribbed, winter cases and change to pupae ; in May the moths appear and soon lay their eggs on under sides of leaves ; they hatch in a week or 10 days and mine into leaves ; they feed for 8 or 10 days and then emerge from the leaf and make a molting cocoon, molt again in 5 or 6 days, then feed again for a week and then spin true cocoons; moths appear in from i to 2 weeks and lay eggs for a second brood about the first week of August. Control — Spray in March with lime-sulphur at scale strengths ; spray in June with arsenate of lead, 2j'4 pounds to 50 gallons. Oyster-shell bark louse^'^ {Lcpidosaphcs ulmi) Order — Hemiptera This insect passes winter as whitish eggs under- neath the brown, elongated, oyster-shell like scales on the bark of the tree; eggs hatch in May and June and the young soon settle and secrete their own scale; probably one generation a year in New York. Control — Spraying with lime-sulphur at scale 16 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 214. 17 Quaintance— U. S. Fu. Ent., Circ. 121. 46 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE strengths (i to 8) for 3 or 4 successive seasons usually holds this pest in check. Spray for young as they hatch in May or June with nicotine sulphate, ^ pint to 100 gallons water with 4 pounds of soap added or with 10% kerosene emulsion. The woolly aphid ^^ {Eriosoma lanigcra) Order — Hemiptera. Manual, p. 162 It is probably of American origin and became noticeable here about 1850; most serious on the apple; individuals occur on two different parts of the tree; (i) the branches, (2) the roots. The air- living individuals cause scars on limbs but are not considered to be seriously injurious; the root aphids are very injurious to young apple trees when pres- ent on the roots ; they cause swellings on roots and the roots finally decay and trees die; both kinds of individuals secrete a white cottony secretion, hence the name, w^oolly aphid. This pest of the apple is more serious farther south than in New York. The woolly aphid has a complicated life history. Some of the winged forms on apple in autumn fly to elm trees w^here the egg-laying females are pro- duced, each of which lays an tgg in a crevice of the bark where it passes the winter and hatches in the spring. The aphids multiply on the elm and cause the leaves to cud. Finally some of the winged forms may fly back to the apple. In the meantime the aphid has maintained its foothold on the apple tree. Control — The trunk aphids may be controlled with kerosene emulsion 15%. The root aphids may be controlled with 15% kerosene emulsion. The earth should be removed about each tree to the depth of 3 or 4 inches over a circle with a diameter of 4 feet ; then soak the soil with the emulsion and 18 Marlatt— U. S. Bn. Ent., Circ. 20. APPLE INSECTS 47 hoe dirt back; do this in late spring when tree is in leaf. Dark Redbug ^^ (Hctcrocordylus malimis) Light Redbug {Lygidca mendax) Order — Hemiptera There are two species of redbiig-s, the dark red- bug and the light redbug, that injure the fruit by puncturing it, which causes it to fall off or become knotty; the life histories of both are quite similar; the eggs of both are laid during late June or early July in the bark of smaller branches. They hatch the next spring, those of the dark redbug soon after the leaves of the fruit buds open and those of the light redbug from 7 to 10 days later. The nymphs pass through five stages and become mature in about one month. There is one generation a year. Control — Spray for the nymphs with nicotine sulphate, i pint to 100 gallons of water; the effi- ciency will be increased by adding 4 pounds of soap to every 100 gallons; spray just before blossoms open and after they fall, especially in case of the light redbug. The tobacco may be added to lime- sulphur and arsenate of lead. The calyx spray of arsenate of lead, lime-sulphur and nicotine has ap- parently, in some instances, controlled the light red- bug. Apple-seed chalcis -^ {Synfoniaspis drupanmi) Order — Hymenoptera The adult wasp-like fly punctures the fruit to deposit her eggs in the seed and this causes the fruit to become knotty; the ego; is deposited inside of an apple seed in June; it hatches and the grub feeds on the soft kernel until September; it then hiber- 1^ Crosby — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 291. §0 Crosby— Cornell Univ, Expt. Stat., Bull. 265. 48 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE nates in the hollow seed shell until spring, when the adults appear ; particularly injurious to early apples. Control — Since the grub lives over winter in the seeds, the apples under the tree should all be col- lected and destroyed. The GREEN FRUIT WORMS "^ (Xyliiia antennata) (Xylina laticincrea) Order — Lepidoptera In some seasons the larvae of several species of noctuid moths attack apples and eat large holes in the sides of the fruit; these larvae have become known as the green fruit worms ; the larvae appear in great numbers in May and June and do their damage, then go into the soil to the depth of i to 3 inches where they make an earthen cell and spin a thin cocoon and change to pupae ; there they remain until September, when the moths appear and pass the winter in sheltered nooks; some of the pupas remain all winter in the soil. The moths come from their hibernating quarters or from the soil in March and April and lay their nearly globular, ridged eggs singly on the apple and pear branches. The larvae are not noticed until they become half grown and are then hard to kill. Control — If the trees are known to be infested they should be sprayed just as the tips of the buds show green and again just before the blossoms open with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water or lime-sulphur. The PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE"" {Eviopkycs pyri) Order — Acarina This mite has become a serious pest of apple trees in New York State within the last few years; it is fully discussed under pear pests. 21 SUngerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 123. 22 — Parrott— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 283. APPLE INSECTS 49 Fruit-tree leaf-roller^^ (Archips argyrospila) Order — Lepidoptera Eggs laid in small patches on branches of trees in June; larvae hatch next spring and attack buds and roll leaves together and eat into sides of fruit ; pupate in rolled leaves with a flimsy cocoon ; moths appear in June and July and lay eggs in great num- bers on the branches where they remain until the following spring. This insect is exceedingly in- jurious when once established in an orchard. It attacks apples, pears, cherries, and other fruits. Control — Spray the trees infested with eggs just before the buds start with a miscible oil,^ i gal- lon to i.S gallons of water. Follow this with ar- senate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just as soon as the tips of the buds show green, and again before the blossoms open. The spraying should be done thoroughly. Apple curculio -^ (AntJwiiomns quadrigibbus) Order — Coleoptera Mainly injurious in Central States; eggs laid in fruit while small; larvae feed on tissues of apple for three weeks; pupae formed in apple and after about one week adult beetles emerge. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just after petals fall and repeat in ten days; clean up old fences and hedgerows near orchard. Trumpet leaf-miner ^^ (Tischeria malifoUella) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 249 Fggs laid on leaves ; larvae gnaw through tgg di- 23 Herrick and Leiby— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 2,^7- 24 Crandall— Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 98. 23 Quaintance— U. S. Bu. Ent.. Bull. 68, Pt. III. Jarvis— Conn. (Storrs) Bull. 45. 50 INSECTS OF ECONO^IIC IMPORTANCE rectly into the leaf and begin making their trumpet- shaped mines in the leaves ; four generations in lat- itude of A\'ashington, probably two here; larvae of last generation pass winter in mines in fallen leaves and pupate in spring. Control — Plow the leaves under or rake them and burn; spray infested leaves during June with nicotine sulphate, i pint to lOO gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added. Fall web-worm ^^ (Hyplianfria fcxfor) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 321 Eggs laid during June or July in clusters on leaves; larv?e build web nests all over trees; they pupate in September in flimsy cocoons hid away in cracks and crevices ; in these the pup?e pass the win- ter, the moths appearing in May or June; farther south there are two broods. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water as soon as the young cater- pillars are seen ; collect cocoons during winter. The red-humped apple-worm -^ {Schiziira concinna) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 267 Eggs laid in large white clusters on leaves in June and July ; larvae feed in colonies on a branch ; they go to the base of the tree and build parchment- like cocoons in which they pass the winter; they change to pupae in the spring; the moths emerge in June, July and August. Control — Burn caterpillars with rag torch or spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons. Make the first application early in July and second about two weeks thereafter. 26 Sanderson — New Hampshire Expt. Stat., Bull. 13Q. ?7 Sanderson — New Hampshire Expt. Stat., Bull. 139. APPLE INSECTS 51 Yellow-necked caterpillars ^^ (Datana ministra) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 265 Eggs laid in large white clusters in June and July; larvae are gregarious, and often occur in large clusters on single branches; pupate in the earth in August and September, where they remain until the following spring; moths appear in June and July. ^ Control — Same as for the red-humped cater- pillars. The palmer-worm^'^ (Ypsolophus Ugiilclliis) Order — Lepidoptera This is an insect that appears occasionally in in- jurious numbers; the larvae destroy foliage and eat into fruit during June; moths appear first part of July and live over winter until following spring; eggs laid mostly on undersides of leaves. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 2^ pounds to 50 gallons when petals have three-fourths dropped and again in three weeks. Buffalo tree-hopper^^ {Ceresa bubalus) Order — Hemiptera Eggs laid most commonly in early September in slits made in the bark of branches; characteristic oval scars are left; eggs hatch in April or early May; the nymphs feed on succulent weeds in orchard; branches of affected trees become weak- ened and break off. Control — Clean culture in and about the or- chard to starve nymphs ; careful and judicious prun- ing of infested branches. The plum curculio — An important enemy to the apple. It causes knotty, scarred fruit and is 2s Sanderson — New Hampshire Expt. Stat, Bull. 139. 29 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 187. 30 Hodgkiss— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Tech. Bull. 17. 52 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE apparently increasino- as a pest to the apple. See plum pests for full discussion. OTHER IxNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE The apple weevil {Pseudanthonojnits cratccgi). The fringed-wing apple bud-moth (Holcocera maligemmcUa) . The apple bud-worm {Exartcma malamim) . The oblique banded leaf -roller {A r chips rosace- ana). The leaf-crumpler {Mineola indigcnclla). The lime-tree span-worm (Eraniiis filiaria). Bruce's measuring-worm (RacJiela brnceata). The gypsy moth (PorfJicfria dispar). The brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoca) . The apple leaf hopper (Empoasca mali). The bronze apple-tree weevil (Magdalis cuncs- cens). PLUM PESTS At least 50 species of insects may feed upon the plum tree and its fruit. The plum curculio ^^ (Conotrachclus nenuphar) Order — Coleoptera. Manual, p. 593 The adults hibernate in protected places along hedgerow^s, fences, etc., and appear in spring; they feed upon fruit, making shallow circular feeding punctures; they soon begin depositing eggs in the fruit, making a crescent-shaped cut beneath each egg; eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days and live in the fruit for about 14 days; the fruit usually falls to the ground and the grubs enter the soil from i to 3 inches and pupate; in July and August the adults' 31 Crandall— Illinois Expt. Stat, Bull. 98. Quaintance and Jenne — U. S. P>ii. Ent., Bull. 103. PLUM INSECTS 53 appear and eat holes in the sides of apples, at least; these holes are usually surrounded by a dark ring of skin ; beetles finally hibernate. This pest attacks apples, cherries, plums, pears. Control — Remove all fences, hedgerows, stone walls, etc., along sides of orchard; sunlight is fatal to larvae, hence judicious pruning of trees and clean cultivation useful; cultivate orchards in July and August to kill pup?e; spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to lOO gallons of water just after petals fall and again ten days later. Plum scale ^^ (Lccanhtm corni) Order — Hemiptera Eggs are laid in May and June and hatch mainly in July ; the young insects live on the leaves during the summer but migrate to the branches in the fall before the leaves drop ; the young hibernate here, but in the spring usually move to the smaller branches where they complete their growth by the latter part of May. Control — Spray young scales about July ist with io% kerosene emulsion or nicotine sulphate, I pint to lOO gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added; spray young scales on branches just before buds burst with a miscible oil, i gallon to 15 gallons water. The plum gouger •'^'^^ (AufJwnomus scttfellaris) Order — Coleoptera Occurs particularly in the Northern Mississippi Valley. Adults hibernate over winter and appear in early spring, when they feed on buds and leaves ; later make feeding punctures in fruit and finally deposit eggs in cavities dug in fruit ; larvae bore into 32 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 83. 33 Cooley— Mon. Expt. Stat., Bull, 62. 54 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE pit and feed on kernel ; chang-e to pupce in pits and beetles emerge in August and September ; principal injury caused by punctures made by beetles in feed- ing and egg-laying. Control — Probably thorough spraying with ar- senate of lead will be effective. The first appli- cation should be made just before the blossoms open. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM Plum leaf-miner (Nepticula sUngerlandeUa). American plum-borer {Eiii^ophera seniifuner- ralis). Plum web-splnni-ng sawfly {Neiirofoma incon- s pic It a). Plum plant-louse {MyBus mahaleh). Rusty brown plum aphid {Aphis scfan'cu). Mealy plum louse (Hyalopferus arundinis). European fruit-tree scale (As pi di of us ostrccc- for mis). PEAR PESTS The pear-leaf blister-mite ^^ (EriopJiyes pyri) Order — Acarina This is an European pest originally confined to the pear but now an important pest on apple in New York; it is a small, light-colored, four-legged ani- mal about 1-125 of an inch in length; it hibernates in the buds beneath the bud-scales ; in the spring the mites become active and go to the unfolding leaves into which they burrow and make small brown, almost black, galls or blisters on them; the mites live inside the galls in the tissues of the leaves and lay their eggs there ; the young are produced in the ?* Parrott— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 306. PEAR INSECTS 55 g-alls but emerge later and form other blisters; af- fected leaves turn yellow and drop, thus injuring the tree. Control — Spray trees in fall or spring with lime-sulphur, i gallon to lo or 12 of water. The pear psylla ^^ (Psylla pyricola) Order^Hemiptera. Manual, p. 156 A very fluctuating pest introduced from Europe upon young pear trees about 1832; very injurious in central and western New York and along the Hudson; the orange-yellow eggs are deposited in creases in the bark mostly before the buds burst; the eggs hatch usually during the first two weeks of May; the nymphs suck juices from leaves and stems of young fruit ; they secrete great quantities of honey-dew in which a fungus thrives and forms a black coating all over the branches ; the nymphs mature in about one month and the adults appear ; there may be four broods in a season ; the adults of the last brood winter over in the crevices of the bark. Control — Scrape rough bark from trees and spray in November or December or March or early April with nicotine sulphate, y^ pint to 100 gallons and 5 pounds of soap ; miscible oil may also be used at the rate of i gallon to 15 of water; spray on warm days when the temperature is not freezing; spray last of April or early May as buds are burst- ing with lime-sulphur at winter strengths to kill eggs. Spray for nymphs with '' black-leaf 40," % pint to 100 gallons with 5 pounds of soap; practice clean culture. 35 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt Stat, Bull. 44. Hodgkiss— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. z^y. ^6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The pear slug*^^ (Caliroa ccrasi) Order — Hymenoptera Eggs laid in June in the leaf, hatch in 2 weeks and the slugs become full-grown in 4 or 5 weeks, when they shed their green skin for a yellow one and go into ground to pupate; the flies emerge in about 2 weeks ; two broods of the slugs, first in June and second in August ; hibernate as contracted slugs in their cocoons in soil. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 2>4 pounds to 50 gallons of w^ater, when slugs are first seen. The SAN JOSE scale ^' (Aspidiofus pcniiciosus) Order — Hemiptera One of our worst pests on fruit trees ; first estab- lished in this country at San Jose, Calif. ; widely distributed over the United States, and infests apple, peach, pear, plum, currant, etc.; first de- scribed by Professor Comstock in 1880; first discov- ered in the eastern United States in 1893; its orig- inal home is in China. The insects pass the winter in an immature form — three-fourths grown — on the branches of infested trees under small, circu- lar, almost black scales; young are born in the spring, in June, for first generation ; often but two generations a season in New York State. Control — Spray with lime-sulphur, i gallon to 8 of water, fall and spring; spray old rough-barked trees with one application of 25% oil emulsion; summer strengths of lime-sulphur are effective when young are hatching. 36 Marlatt— U. S. Bu. Ent.. Circ. 26. 37 Quaintance— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 124. Britton— Conn. Expt. Stat., Bull. 165. Pear Insects s; The scurfy bark-louse"^ (CJiionaspis furfura) Order — Hemiptera The female scales are large, elongated and dirty white; the male scales are small, long and narrow and have three ridges running lengthwise; the fe- male matures toward fall and lays 60 to 80 pur- plish eggs beneath the scale which remain there until the following spring; the female gradually shrivels and dies as she lays her eggs; there is one brood a year; this pest occurs on apple as well as pear, but it is not considered seriously injurious. Control — Spray when the eggs are hatching and the young are appearing with nicotine sulphate, i pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap, or with whale-oil soap, i pound in 5 gallons of water. The pear midge ^^ (Contarinia pyrivora) Order — Diptera The adult insects which resemble miniature mos- quitoes, and are related to the Hessian fly, appear in the spring when the buds are bursting and lay their eggs through the petals and calyx on the an- thers of the unopened flowers; eggs hatch in 4 or 5 days; the maggots work their way to the core of the developing pear and eat into the flesh in all di- rections ; they cause the fruit to become misshapen ; when the maggots are full-grown, about June ist, the pears crack open and allow them to escape to the ground, where they change to pupse and remain in the ground all winter; one brood a year; now occurs in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, being confined to the Hudson River Valley in New York. 38 Quaintance and Sasscer — U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 121. 39 Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 99. 58 INSECTS OF KCONO^^IIC niPORTANCE Control — Pick and destroy all misshapen in- fested fruits before May 15th; use kainit, one-half ton per acre. The pear thrips ^^ {Euthrips pyri) Order — Thysanoptera The thrips was first discovered in California, where it has caused much injury; it was first discov- ered in New York in the Hudson River Valley in 191 1, although probably had been present there for some years before ; the thrips pass the fall and win- ter in the soil and the adults appear in the spring; they injure the opening buds and lay their eggs in the tissues of the fruit stems and leaves; the nymphs feed mainly on the young leaves; after feeding about two weeks they go into the ground but do not change to pupae until about October. Control — Spray swelling, partly open and fully opened buds with nicotine sulphate, ^ pint to 100 gallons water and 5 pounds soap; spray on succes- sive days or every few days until probably 2 or 3 applications have been made. The sinuate pear borer *^ (Agriliis sinuafits) Order — Coleoptera First discovered in New Jersey in 1S94; now se- riously injurious in lower Hudson Valley; the fe- male deposits her eggs in crevices of the bark or under the bark scales ; these hatch in early July and the slender whitish grubs make winding burrows in the sapwood; the larva rests during the winter but the next year it makes larger and more winding burrows which frequently cut off the supply of sap and kill the tree ; the larva passes another winter in the tree changing to a pupa in the following spring; 40 Parrott— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 343. 41 Smith— 15th Ann. Kept. N. J. Agr, Expt. Station. PEAR INSECTS 59 the slender bronze-brown beetles emerge the last of May and during June. Control — Adults feed on leaves, which suggests spraying with arsenate of lead after the petals fall ; the spraying should be continued during successive years. The false tarnished plant-bug *^ (Lygtis communis) Order — Hemiptera This insect has for years caused more or less in- jury to pears in New York State ; the nymphs punc- ture the young fruit, thus causing it to become de- formed and knotty ; the tissue surrounding the punc- ture becomes hardened and gritty ; the eggs are de- posited in the young pear branches. The adult is about j4 inch in length, very similar to the tarnished plant-bug and is light brownish in color ; the winter seems to be passed in the tgg stage. Control — Spray about the time the petals are falling with nicotine sulphate, ^ pint to 100 gallons of water to which are added 3 or 4 pounds of soap. Repeat, if necessary, a few days later. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR Pear-blight beetle (Xylebonis dispar). Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) Green fruit-worm (Xylina anfennata) . San Jose scale (Aspidiottis perniciosus) . Cigar case-bearer (Coleophora Hetcherella). Howard scale {Aspidiotiis hozvardi). Fruit-tree leaf-roller {Archips argyrospila). PEACH PESTS At least 25 different insects attack the peach tree. 42 Parrott and Hodgkiss— N. Y, State Expt. Stat., Bull. 368. 6o INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The PEACH-TREE BORER ^^ (Sanninoidea c.ritiosa) Order — Lepidoptera. IManual, p. 260 This pest is found in every state where peaches are grown east of the Rocky Aloiintains; it is a na- tive insect and may attack the cherry, pkini, prune, apricot, ahiiond, and nectarine. The eggs are deposited on the hark of the trunks of trees in July and later ; they hatch and the young larvae find a crevice through which they gnaw their w^ay into the inner bark; here they work in the inner bark and sapwood, usually just below the surface of the ground; they often girdle young trees; the borers become half or two-thirds grown by fall and hibernate, either in their burrows or in hibernacula until spring; they become active and complete their growth by first part of June in New York and trans- form to pupae; some larvae seem to live over another year; the larvae make large cocoons at the surface of the ground and the moths emerge from latter part of June to August ; the moths are clear-winged, shy and not often seen; the female has one or two orange-yellow bands on abdomen. Control — Dig out the borers before June 15th of each year; Smith says, after borers are dug, spray the trunks with lime-sulphur at winter strengths with an excess of lime added and with i pound arsenate of lead to 5 gallons of the mixture. Spray wnth force into crevices of bark and then hill up 6 inches around base of tree; gas tar is some- times used but some danger in it. Paradichloro- benzene is being used in an experimental wav (U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 796). 43 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 176. Smith — New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 235. PEACH INSECTS 6i The black peach aphid ^^ (Aphis persiccu-niger) Order — Hemiptera The full-grown aphids are black but the younger ones are reddish-yellow or amber in color; the lice appear early in the season and confine their attacks to the tender bark of the twigs; later they attack the blossoms and blight them; they also attack the young peaches causing them to w^ilt and drop; the leaves also curl ; the aphids leave the branches in the latter part of June; they are said to pass the winter on the roots of the tree reinf esting the tree again in spring; this species often gets into this state on trees from nurseries in New Jersey, Maryland, etc. Control — Require nursery stock to be fumigated or dip the roots after freeing them from dirt in 15% kerosene emulsion for 2 minutes only or in nicotine sulphate, i ounce to 5 gallons of water. The fruit-tree bark-beetle^^ (Scolytus rugu- losiis) Order — Coleoptera Peach, cherry, plum and apple trees are often found with mau}^ small, round holes in the bark of the trunks and branches, due to the attacks of this small black beetle about one-tenth of an inch long; when trees are first attacked masses of gum exude ; diseased or weakened trees are most liable to at- tack but healthy trees are also subject to attack; the parent beetle bores through bark and excavates a burrow beneath, along the sides of which she digs tiny niches in each of which an ^gg is depos- ited ; the eggs hatch and each grub excavates a long burrow as it grows but finally changes to a pupa and the adult emerges cutting a round hole in the bark; at least two generations a year; passes the 44 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 49, p. 325. . 45 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 29. 62 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE winter as a larva; very injurious and hard to con- trol; also called the shot-hole borer. Control — Maintain vigorous healthy trees by proper cultivation and fertilization; cut down and burn all trees beyond hope and cut off all badly in- fested branches from other trees; clean up hedge- rows on the borders of orchards; apply thick coat of whitewash three times a year to protect trees, last of March, first part of July, and first of Octo- ber. The PEACH-TREE BARK-BEETLE^^ (PJllcCOfribuS liminaris) Order — Coleoptera This is another species very similar in appearance to the former, works in much the same way on peach trees but not so prevalent in New York; hibernates as adults in cells just beneath outer layer of bark on both healthy and unhealthy trees; in early spring they come out and migrate to trees, wood piles, brush heaps, etc., wherever they can build their brood chambers; 2 broods a year. The PEACH TWiG-BORER ^^ (Aiiarsia lineafella) Order — Lepidoptera Apparently not a serious pest here ; more serious farther south and in California; the half-grown larvae hibernate in cells just under the outer bark, mainly in crotches of the branches; in the spring the larvae emerge and attack the new leaf shoots into which they burrow; there are several broods a season some of which attack the stems of the fruit and some the fruit itself; the last brood of larvae go into hibernation in cells in the bark; the 46 Wilson— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 68, Pt. o. 47 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 80. Clarke— Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 144. PEACH INSECTS 63 moth is only a little over half an inch in expanse of wings and of a dark grey color. Control — Lime-sulphur i to 10 and i to 11 ap- plied in the spring after the buds have begun to swell seems effective in California and Colorado; also arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 50 gallons, applied when the majority of the blossom buds are showing their pink tips seems effective in Colorado. Green peach apelid^^ (Myjziis persiccc) Order — Hemiptera Described under a multitude of names; feeds on 60 different plants; most abundant peach louse; spends winter in tgg stage on tree; eggs hatch in early spring and young go on the buds; the third generation leaves for other plants. Control — Spray with nicotine sulphate, % pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap or with whale-oil soap, i pound to 5 gallons or with 10% kerosene emulsion. The peach lecanium ^^ (Lecaniiun nigrofascia- fum) Order — Hemiptera The ''Terrapin scale" affects peach, plum, apple, maple, sycamore, linden, and birch; it winters as an immature female on the branches ; these mature early in spring and bring forth the young; the young go to the leaves and continue their growth slowly until fall when they hibernate ; only one gen- eration a year; this insect is apparently not abun- dant in New York; affected trees take on a sooty appearance due to a black fungus that flourishes in the honey-dew excreted by the insects. Control — Lime-sulphur is not effective; kero- 48 Gillette— Colo. Expt. Stat., Bull. 133. 49 Sanders— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 88. 64 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE sene emulsion 20 to 25% applied just before buds burst will kill the hibernatino- females ; the miscible oils I to 16 or 20 just before the buds burst are effective; ^^ an emulsion of linseed oil and gasoline applied at the same period of tree development as recommended for the miscible oils has been very satisfactory; the emulsion is made by dissolving 2 pounds of soap in 4 gallons of hot water and then adding 5 gallons of raw linseed oil and 3 gallons of gasoline and thoroughly emulsifying the whole; then add 88 gallons of water. The tarnished plant-bug ^^ (Lygiis prafoisis) Order — Hemiptera This widespread bug evidently attacks the fruit of peaches in some years puncturing the epidermis and scarring the surface of the fruits ; as a result gum exudes and the peaches soon become unfit for the market; the bug evidently attacks mostly peaches on trees standing in uncultivated orchards or about the edges of orchards among grass and weeds; it is very injurious to young peach trees in the nursery row; it punctures the buds and tender growing tips thus producing a stunted straggling- young tree; it also attacks apples causing dimples in them. The adult is a dull yellowish or greenish bug mot- tled with reddish-brown and about one-fifth inch in length; the eggs are inserted in the tender tips or petioles and veins of leaves ; the life cycle is prob- ably about 45 days and there are probably several generations a year. Control — Clean cultivation is the only known method of control. ^0 Simanton— U. S. Bii. Ent., Bull. 351. 51 Crosby and Leonard — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 346. PEACH INSECTS - 65 The oriental peach moth ^- (Laspcyresia molesta) Order — Lepidoptera The oriental peach moth has lately been discov- ered in this country and promises to be a serious pest. It occurs in New York, New Jersey, Mary- land, Virginia, and Connecticut. It injures plum, cherry and peach at least. The insect passes the winter as a larva in cocoon beneath flakes of bark ; these pupate in early spring and moths emerge in mid- April in Maryland; the moths lay their eggs singly on undersides of leaves and the larvae attack tender shoots ; the larvae feed 8 to 16 days and spin cocoons in axils of twigs; the pupal stage lasts 5 to 12 days; there are 5 gen- erations in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. ; the fourth brood larvae feed on the fruit of late ripen- ing varieties. Control — Winter applications of lime-sulphur are useful; applications of the neutral arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons will aid in control; begin spraying with dropping of the bloom and make three applications about one month apart; watch efl^ect of applications as arsenate of lead is liable to burn foliage; use extra lime or add to the self-boiled lime-sulphur. The plum curculio ^^ — An important pest on peaches because it not only punctures the fruit but carries the spores of brown-rot and makes wounds through which the brown-rot enters. The self- boiled lime-sulphur for control of brown-rot with arsenate of lead added at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of the mixture has given good results in the control of this pest. The arsenate of lead com- bined with the self-boiled lime-sulphur does not ^2 Carman — Md. Expt. Stat., Bull. 209. ^3 Scott and Quaintance — U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 120, 66 INSECTS OF ECONO^IIC LMPORTANCE seem to be as injurious to peaches as when used alone. The first appHcation should be made about the time the calyces or shucks are falling and the second two or three weeks later. It is doubtful if a third application of poison is advisable. The Sax Jose scale — Very injurious to peach trees ; discussed under pear pests. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH Lesser peach-tree borer (Synanthedon picfipes). White peach scale {Aulacaspis pentagona). Fruit-tree leaf-roller {Archips argyrospila). Apple-tree tent-caterpillar {Malacosoma amcri- cana). Peach saw-fly (Pamphilius pcrsicns). QUINCE PESTS The quince curculio ^^ (CoiiofracJicIus crafcrgi) Order — Coleoptera This insect is a native one and its natural food is the hawthorn ; it also attacks pears and is widely distributed throughout the eastern, central,, and ex- treme western portions of the United States. The winter is passed in the grub stage in small cells 2 or 3 inches below the surface of the earth; the grubs change to pup?e in the spring; the beetles appear from last week in ]\Iay in some seasons to last week in July in others; the beetles feed on young fruits for some days and then deposit their eggs in the fruit; the larvae feed on the tissues of the quinces and when full-grown emerge through a hole and drop to the ground. Control — ''^' Spray first as soon as beetles be- 54 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 148. 5'^ Strickland and Achilles— N. Y. State Dept. Agr., Bull. 116. QUINCE INSECTS 6-] gin to feed which will be during the first two weeks of July, usually, with Bordeaux 3-3-50 or lime- sulphur 1-40 with 3 pounds of arsenate of lead added to each 50 gallons of liquid; make a second application in about a week or ten days; collect all drops and culls, take them from the orchard, and destroy them. The bud moth — This is also quite a pest of quinces ; discussed under apple pests. The pear slug — This occurs on quince trees but may be controlled as recommended under pear pests. The codling moth — This common apple pest is often quite a serious pest in quinces; it can doubt- less be controlled as on apples. The round-headed apple-borer — This is seri- ously injurious to quince trees but is subject to the same methods of control as on the apple. CHERRY PESTS As many as 46 different pests may attack the cherry tree. The black cherry louse ^^ {Myziis cerasi) Order — Hemiptera This is an old European pest and has been here for at least 50 years ; it is primarily a pest of sweet cherries and although in some localities it may at- tack sour cherries it does not seem to seriously injure them; the eggs are laid on the small branches about the buds; the young lice appear about the time the buds open on sprouts and lower limbs of trees ; the lice increase all through June until some- times they become very abundant ; then they nearly all disappear, most of them going to the wdld pep- per-grass (Lepidiuni apetahim), only scattered 56 Gillette— Canad. Ent., Vol. 50, p. 241. 68 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE colonies reniainino- here and there; in September winged forms return from the pepper-grass and the egg-laying females deposit their eggs; the cherry foliage may sometimes be blackened with these lice; the winged and wingless forms are deep shining black and the body is rather broad and fiat; they curl leaves badly. Control — Spray wath nicotine sulphate, }i pint to lOO gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added before the buds break; spray thoroughly. The cherry fruit-flies ^'^ (RJiagoIetis cingulata) (RJiagolctis fausfa) Order — Diptera These flies are very similar in appearance to the apple maggot fly ; the eggs are inserted beneath the skin of the cherries a short time before they begin to redden; infested cherries do not show any effects of the tgg laying or of the maggot within for some days; w^hen cherries are left on the tree or picked a portion of each fruit will rot and sink in on the side ; the maggot is yellowish-white and a little over a quarter of an inch long; it is straight while the larva of the curculio that lives in cherries is usually more or less curved; the maggots leave the fruit when full-grown and enter the ground where they change to pup?e and remain until the following spring; there is only one brood a year; the insects are confined mainly to sour varieties of cherries. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds, water 100 gallons, and 2 gallons of molasses; apply just as cherries begin to redden or when flies first appear; if it rains repeat in a week or ten days. There is evidence to show that arsenate of lead alone in water will control the insects. 57 SHngerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 172. Illingworth — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 325. CHERRY INSECTS 69 The cherry-tree leaf-roller ^^ (Archips cerasi- V or ana) Order — Lepidoptera This pest is often seen on choke cherries; the eggs are laid in patches on trunks or branches near the ground; they remain here unhatched until the following spring; when they hatch the green larvae crawl up to the branches where they begin to draw the leaves toward each other and tie them together with silk; in this way they build large ugly nests, inside of which they live and eat the leaves ; the larvae pupate in these nests and the moths appear in June and July ; one brood a year. Control — Cut out nests and burn before moths appear. Cherry leaf-miner ^^ (Profcnusa coUaris) Order — Hyriienoptera The larvae mine in the leaves of cherries ; interior of leaves all eaten out and leaf then turns brown and a large ''blister" is formed; principal damage occurs during last week of May and early part of June; the larvae go into ground to hibernate. Control — Plow and cultivate ground in late fall to destroy larvae; pick off the infested leaves and destroy them. Shot-hole borer — Discussed under peach pests. It is often a serious pest on cherries. The pear slug — Often a serious pest on cher- ries; discussed under pear pests. The plum curculio — Often a serious pest on cherries; discussed under plum pests. Control — Spray sour cherries with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just after petals fall as the young cherries are bursting through the calyces ; 58 Herrick— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 311, p. 290. •saParrott and Fulton— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 41 1. 70 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE sweet cherries may need to be sprayed twice, ten days apart. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY Cherry friiit-sawfly {Hoplocampa cookci). Forbes' scale {AspidioUis forbesi). Fruit-tree leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila). Oblique banded leaf-roller {Archips rosaceana). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SMALL FRUITS GRAPE PESTS Over 100 insects recorded in this country on the vine. The grape phylloxera ^ {Phylloxera vastatrix) Order — Hemiptera This insect has always existed in this country on wild vines but not very injurious here; very destructive in France; it exists in two forms, one on the leaves and one on the roots ; the root form is much the more injurious one. The true sexual eggs are laid in the fall on old wood and hatch the following spring; the young lice go to the leaves and form galls on -the lower sides; in these galls a female may lay 500 or 600 eggs; there may be 6 or 7 generations a season on the leaves ; young of later generations pass to roots and winter there ; the root-forms cause galls on the roots and great injury; winged females issue from cracks in the soil in fall and go to the stems of vines where they lay 2 to 8 eggs; these eggs are of two sizes, the smaller yielding males and the larger females; the true females are small with rudimen- tary mouthparts and each lays a single true tgg. 1 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 70. Quayle— Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 192. 71 72 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE CoNTRor. — Tn France American root-stocks are used. The grape root-worm - {Fidia viticida) Order — Coleoptera The most serious pest of the grape in this state ; probably invaded Chautauqua g'rape region about 1899; it is an American insect and widely distrib- uted over the northern half of the eastern United States. The adult beetles appear last of June or first of July and begin feeding on leaves making charac- teristic chain-like holes ; about middle of July they begin to deposit eggs in masses under the loose bark on the canes and trunks; the eggs hatch in about two weeks and the larvae drop to the ground where they make their way to the roots through cracks and crevices of the soil; they live upon the roots and become nearly and sometimes full-grown by fall; in November the larvae burrow to a depth of a foot, form cells in the soil and pass the winter; •in early May they return to the roots, feed a short time and change to pupae along in the middle of June ; the partly grown larvae may feed longer ; the pupal stage lasts about two weeks when the adults appear, thus making one generation a year. Control — Cultivation about the roots of the vines with a horse-hoe during the first two weeks of June is of benefit in destroying the pupae. If beetles are only moderately abundant, spray vines within one week after beetles are first seen with 6 pounds of arsenate of lead in 100 gallons Bordeaux; if beetles abundant, use the sweetened mixture of six pounds arsenate of lead, 100 gallons water and 2 SHngerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 184. Hammar— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 89. Hartzell— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 331. GRAPE INSECTS 73 2 gallons molasses ; rains will wash this mixture off and it must be repeated to be eft'ective. The grape-vine flea-beetle ^ (Haltica chalybea) Order — ^Coleoptera Another American pest of grapes that in many years is very serious; the first pest, usually, to ap- pear in the spring on grapes; widely distributed over the eastern United States. The adult steel-blue beetles appear early and at- tack the swelling buds which they may completely destroy ; when leaves appear they feed on them ; the beetles lay their eggs all through May under the bark on the canes, under the scales surrounding the buds and occasionally on the leaves; eggs hatch latter part of June or early July; the larvse then feed on foliage and attain their growth in about three weeks; they then drop to the ground and burrow dowaiward several inches where they form cells and change to pupae; the pupal stage lasts 10 days to two weeks; the beetles emerge and feed upon the foliage but do little damage; they finally enter hibernation along hedgerows, borders of woods, etc., where they pass the winter. Control — Collect adults in pans with a shallow layer of kerosene in bottom; it is as economical as spraying vines ; if no rains, spray vines, w^hen bee- tles begin to appear, with arsenate of lead, 6 pounds water, 100 gallons and molasses, 2 gallons; later spray vines with arsenate of lead 3 pounds in 50 gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture. The rose-chafer ^ (Macrodacfylns subspinosus) Order — Coleoptera This is an American insect and is injurious to 3 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 157. Hartzell— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls. 331, 453- 4Hartzell— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 331. 74 INSECTS OF ECONOAIIC IMPORTANCE grapes, cherries, apples, raspberries, roses and other plants; a very serious pest on grapes but is liable to occur locally; the adult beetles feed on the blos- soms and when these arc gone, on the leaves and berries. The adult beetles appear during the latter half of June, mate, and deposit their eggs the last of June and through July; the eggs are deposited in sandy soil where they hatch and the white grubs feed on the roots of grasses; the grubs become full-grown by November and burrow down about one foot where they pass the winter; early in the spring they crawl back nearer the surface, feed for a time and change to pup?e during the latter part of May ; in about three weeks the beetles appear. So far as observed these insects prefer sandy soil for breed- ing and develop largely in grass lands especially long-standing meadows. Control — Harrow the soil in which larv?e are present making three harrowings from the last week in May to the middle of June ; spray vines wath arsenate of lead, 8 pounds to lOO gallons wnth two gallons of molasses added; apply as soon as beetles first appear on the vines; it is said that a mixture of whale oil soap, 20 pounds, water, 100 gallons, and crude carbolic acid, i pint, will kill the beetles when hit and that this mixture will not injure apple and cherry foliage. The grape leafiiopper ^ (TypJilocyba comes) Order — Hemiptera This leafhopper is often erroneously called ''thrips'' ; it is an American insect and appears to be found wherever the grape grows; it is 1)ecoming of more importance but fluctuates in abundance 5 Hartzell— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 344. Johnson— U. S. Bn. Ent., Bull. 97, Ft. I. SHngerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 215. GRAPE INSECTS 75 and injuriousness ; vines injured by the hoppers for several years have a stunted growth and bear few grapes. The adults appear before the leaves have un- folded and feed until the middle of June when they begin to deposit their eggs within the tissues of the leaves ; the eggs hatch during the first two weeks of July and the nymphs pass through five stages and many become adults by August ist; they remain on vines until the autumn when they leave to find hibernating places; grassy ditch-banks, fence cor- ners, hedgerows, and similar situations furnish hi- bernating opportunities; there is one full brood, a partial, and sometimes a full second brood; the nymphs live mostly on the under sides of the leaves. Control — Nicotine sulphate, i to looo to 1600 is an efificient remedy. It must be sprayed on the under sides of the leaves to be effective. Use a large aperture in the nozzle and a pressure of 125 to 150 pounds. The grape-berry moth ^ (PoIycJirosis vifeana) Order — Lepidoptera Nearly all wormy grapes in New York are caused by the caterpillars of this moth; the moth is pur- plish-brown with not quite half an inch spread of wings; infested berries show a purplish spot on their green surfaces and soon crack open at this place; spores of fungi enter and cause the berries to rot. The insect spends the winter as a pupa in cocoons attached to the fallen leaves ; moths begin to appear about June ist and lay their eggs preferably on the youno" berries ; the young caterpillars feed on the small berries, often slightly webbing them together; this spring brood of larv?e is hardly noticed by 6 Johnson and Hammar— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 116, Pt. IL ^(i INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE growers although they may destroy much setting fruit; the larv?e make cocoons on the leaves and some transform to moths that appear latter part of July; these moths lay eggs on the grape berries and these larvae go into the berries and cause the wormy grapes ; the larv?e mature in Sept. and make cocoons on the leaves ; these fall to the ground where the pup?e pass the winter. Control — Spray w^ith the following mixture, first just after the blossoms fall, second, about two weeks later or when the grape berries are just touching: arsenate of lead 3 pounds, resin fish-oil soap I pound, added to Bordeaux 3-3-50.'^ The grape-blossom midge ^ (Confarinia johnsoni) Order — Diptera This insect has been injurious in certain vine- yards in Chautauqua County for several years; it is most injurious to early varieties; the larvae live inside of the blossom buds and injure them by feed- ing upon the pistil; infested buds become much swollen and blasted. Adults emerge from soil the latter part of May and deposit their eggs w^ithin the buds by means of a long telescopic ovipositor; the larvae attain their growth a few days preceding blossoming and then crawl out of the bud ; they drop to the ground and burrow beneath the surface where they form cocoons and remain until the following spring when they change to pupae. Control — No efficient method of control known. The grape leaf-folder ^ (Desmia funcralis) Order — Lepidoptera In midsummer and later, many grape leaves may 7 Iselev— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 550. 8 Hartzell— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 331. 9 Strauss— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 419. GRAPE INSECTS ^^^j be found with the edges rolled or with the upper faces folded together; if opened a small active wriggling larva will be found between the folds; the leaf will also be found to be skeletonized inside of the folds. The insect passes the winter as" a pupa in the leaves; the moths appear early in the spring and there are at least two broods a season; the moth expands about one inch and has shining black wings bordered with white and with two white spots on each front one and one long white spot on each hind one. Control — Crush larvae by hand in folded leaves ; spray with arsenate of lead as for the berry moth and others. The striped tree-cricket^^ {Oecanfhus nigri- cornis) Order — Orthoptera This species of Oecanthus often lays its eggs in canes of the grapes causing a characteristic scarring of the canes. Its injuries, however, are not serious since the nymphs do not feed on the vines. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE Grape-leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina mnencana). Eight-spotted forester (Alypia ocfomaailafa). Grape plume-moth {Oxypfilits periscelidactylus). Grape-cane borer (Amphicerus hicaiidatus). {Schist ocerus hamatiis). Grape-cane gall-maker {Ampeloglypter scsos- tris). Cottony maple scale (Puhinaria vifis). Grape scale (Aspidiotus iivce). Apricot scale {Eidecanium armeniaciim) . Grape curculio {Craponius incequalis). 10 Parrott and Fulton— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 388. 78 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE CURRANT PESTS The imtorted currant worm ^^ (Pfcronus ribesii) Order — Hymcnoptcra. Manual, p. 613 An imported insect first found in New York about Rochester in 1857; it is a saw-fly with a red- dish body about one-third of an inch long and four transparent wings. The adults appear soon after the leaves put out and lay their eggs along the veins of the undersides of the leaves ; they hatch in a week or ten days; the larvae have 10 pairs of legs and eat voraciously, often defoliating the bushes ; when full-grown they are three-quarters of an inch long and burrow into the ground or hide beneath rub- bish on the surface and spin cocoons within which they change to pupae ; in July the adults appear and deposit their eggs for a second generation which is often more abundant than the first; the larvae of this second generation remain in the ground all winter; possibly a partial third generation. Control — Spray when larvae are first seen with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water ; when berries begin to ripen use fresh white helle- bore. The currant-stem girdler ^- {Jamis integer) Order — Hymenoptera An American insect that is widely distributed in New York State ; in May, it girdles the new growth of the branches and the tips wilt and fall over ; the adult insect is a saw-fly with a shining black body and transparent wings. The winter is passed as a larva in JDurrows in- side the currant stems; in April it changes to a 11 Riley— Ninth Mo. Rept, p. 7. 12 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126. CURRANT INSECTS 79 pupa and in the last part of May the adults appear; the f emale^ makes a hole in the tender branch with her ovipositor and then deposits her egg; she then girdles the branch about one inch above the egg; this she does in an interesting way with her oviposi- tor; the end of the stem wilts and falls over; the larva burrows down the stem going 6 or 8 inches by fall ; it then spins a cocoon at the lower end and passes the winter. Control — As soon as the wilted tips of the canes are seen in the spring they should be cut off 4 or 5 inches below the girdled 'place and burned. This will destroy all of the eggs. Tpie currant motii-borer '^ (Scsia tipiiUfonnis) Order — Lepidoptera This is a beautiful clear-winged moth like the peach-tree borer ; it is another imported pest and is said to be, in some localities, a serious one. The eggs are laid on the stems in the axils of the leaves; the young larva bores into the stem and gradually tunnels out a burrow down the center as it grows ; the larvae become half grown by fall and pass the winter in their burrows; in spring they complete their growth and pupate; the moths ap- pear in June. Affected stems produce small yel- lowish leaves and are soon broken oft' by the wind. Control— Infested stems should be cut off be- low the lowest part of the tunnel and burned. The currant aphid ^^ (My::its ribis) Order — Hemiptera The small black eggs of the aphid are found on the stalks in winter and hatch just as the foliage " Lugger— Minn. Expt. Stat. Bull. 43, p. 184. "Lowe— N. Y. State Expt. Stat, Bull. 139. 8o INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE appears; the apbids multiply and cause the foliage to curl and pucker ; in the third generation winged females migrate to motherwort (Leomirus) and hedgenettle (SfacJiys) but some of the aphids may remain on the currants ; in late October the winged migrants return to the currants and produce males and egg-laying females, the latter depositing the eggs. Control — Spray before leaves are badly curled with nicotine sulphate, i pint to lOO gallons of wa- ter with 4 pounds of soap added ; spray the under- sides of the leaves. The FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG ^^ (PcccHocapsHS Uiica- tiis) Order — Hemiptera This is a common bug with many food plants but is often very injurious to the young foliage of cur- rant and gooselDcrry; attacked leaves turn brown, curl up and become brittle. The eggs are deposited in slits cut lengthwise in the stems of the plants; the}^ pass the winter in these situations and hatch early in the spring; the nymphs have shining vermilion red bodies; they molt five times and become full-grown in 17 to 20 days ; the nymphs feed on the tenderest young foli- age, causing brownish depressed spots to appear on the leaves; the adult bugs appear about the middle of June ; lay their eggs, are active for about a month and then disappear. Control — Spray the nymphs with nicotine sul- phate, three-fourths pint to 100 gallons of water; cut off tips of stems containing eggs and burn them. 1^ Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 58. STRAWBERRY INSECTS 8i OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CURRANT Green currant worm (Gyninonychus appendiciila- tus). Pepper-and-salt currant moth {Lycia cogna- taria). Yellow currant fruit-fly (Epochra canadensis) . Dark currant fruit-fly (Rhagolefis ribicola). San Jose scale (Aspidiofus perniciosus) . Walnut scale (Aspidiotiis juglans-regicu) . STRAWBERRY PESTS White grubs ^^ (Phyllophaga sp.) Order — Coleoptera White grubs are the larvae of May beetles or ''June bugs"; there are at least eight species of these that are injurious; these insects have a pro- longed life cycle, two to three years and may be longer in some cases; w^hite grubs are liable to accumulate in old pastures and meadows and w^hen these are broken and other crops put on the sod there is liable to be much injury; the grubs eat off roots of strawberry plants. The eggs are laid in balls of earth in the ground where they hatch and the grubs live there until the summer of the second year when they change to pupae in the soil ; the pupae change to beetles in late summer but the beetles remain in their earthen cells until the following spring. Control — Do not follow sod land with straw- berries; put some other crop between; in gardens and small plantings dig grubs out by hand. 16 Forbes — Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. ii6. Davis — U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 940. 82 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The STRAWBERRY WEEVIL ^"^ (AnfJiouoinus signa- His) Order — Coleoptera This is a small beetle about one-tenth of an inch long- with a rather long proboscis ; it is usually more injurious farther south and in the southeastern part of New York State. The weevils emerge from their winter quarters early and the females deposit their eggs within the buds of strawberries; the beetle then cuts off the flower-stem and the bud soon falls to the ground; the grub lives inside of the bud on the poilen and changes to a pupa from which the beetle emerges later ; evidently but one brood a year. Control — ^If possible plant mostly pistillate va- rieties with just enough staminate varieties to cross- fertilize them; plant early-blooming staminate va- rieties as trap crops ; cover beds with muslin ; place beds in open fields away from fences, hedgerows, etc. ; practice clean culture ; dust plants with a mix- ture of sulphur 5 parts, and powdered arsenate of lead I part; begin dusting as soon as weevils are seen and make two applications one week apart. The strawberry leaf-roller ^^ (Ancylis comp- fana) Order — Lepidoptera Moths appear in early May in New Jersey; lay pale green eggs mostly on the undersides of leaves ; these hatch in about one week; the young larva feeds a day or two on upper side of the leaf but soon folds the halves of the leaf together, tying it securely with silk and lives within fully protected from insecticides; becomes full-grown in about one 17 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 2i. Headlee— N. J. Expt. Stat, Bull. 324. 18 Webster — Iowa Expt. Stat., Bull. 179. STRAWBERRY INSECTS 83 month and is then about Yz inch long, yellowish to greenish-brown and head shining brown; trans- forms to pupa in folded leaf; in New Jersey 3 broods a year but first brood causes most injury. Control — Make a thorough application of ar- senate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water, within a week after the first moths appear and be- fore leaves are folded; burn over fields after crop is harvested; plow up old abandoned beds. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY Strawberry root-worm {Typophoriis canelhis). Strawberry root-louse (Aphis forbesi). Strawberry crown-moth (Sesia rutilmis). Green strawberry slug (Empria fragarice). Obsolete banded strawberry leaf -roller {Ar chips ohsoletana). Strawberry root-weevil (Otiorhynchits ovatiis). Strawberry crown-borer (Tyloderma fragarice). RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY PESTS The raspberry cane-borer ^^ (Oberca bimacu- lata) Order — Coleoptera The adult beetle is about one-half an inch in length with a slender cylindrical body and long an- tennae; the prothorax is yellow, generally with two or three black spots. The beetles appear in June and deposit their eggs in the tender growth of the canes ; the female then cuts two rings around the cane, one above and one below the egg; this causes the tips of the canes to wilt and fall over; the tgg hatches and the young- larva begins to bore downward in the center of the 19 Comstock and SHngerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat, Bull. 23. 84 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE stem; it passes the first winter in its burrow not far from the ei^g- and Iw the second fall reaches the root where it passes the winter, chani^es to a pupa in the spring and the beetle emerges in June. Control — Cut off the wilted tips of the canes some distance below the egg as they appear in June. The raspberry saw-fly ^^ (Monophadnus rubi) Order — Hymenoptera A saw-fly, the larvae of which are at times quite injurious to raspberries; it may feed also upon the blackberry and dewberry ; the leaves are completely devoured, the new canes may be injured and the buds and young fruit sometimes suft'er. The adults appear the first half of May and de- posit their eggs within the tissues of the leaves from the undersides; in a \veek to ten days they hatch; the full-grown larva is green in color with the body covered with spine-bearing tubercles; after feeding on leaves until nothing but veins are left the larvae go into the ground two or three inches below the surface and make cocoons in which they spend the wnnter, changing to pupae in the spring; there is only one brood annually. Control — The larvae may be brushed from the plants to the ground where they will die ; the plants may be sprayed with arsenate of lead, 2>4 pounds to 50 gallons of water as soon as the larvae are seen. The striped tree-cricket ^^ (Oecanfhus nigri- cornis) Order — Orthoptera This insect lays its eggs in the canes in the fall where they remain all winter; the eggs are laid in 20 Lowe— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 150. 21 Parrott and Fulton— N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 388. RASPBERRY INSECTS 85 rows and cause long jagged wounds in the canes; the nymphs and adults live largely on plant-lice and other insects and must be regarded as beneficial; the wounds made by depositing the eggs injure the canes. Control — If abundant, affected canes should be cut out in the fall and winter. The red-necked cane-borer " (Agrilus ruficollis) Order — Coleoptera The stems of raspberries sometimes bear irreg- ular swellings or galls two or more inches in length and gradually tapering toward either end; caused by a beetle about one-third inch in length with red- dish ''neck" or thorax and black head; deposits ^gg in June in bark near base of leaf on new growth ; young larva bores upward in sapwood pass- ing around stem in a spiral manner thus girdling cane ; it is a flat yellowish-white grub about Y4 inch in length ; completes growth in spring and changes to pupa in cell in pith. Control — Cut and burn infested canes during fall and winter; destroy wild berry bushes in which the beetles may breed. The raspberry cane-maggot ^^ (Phorbia riihi- z'ora) Order — Diptera This is a small fly that attacks the new shoots of the raspberry in the spring; the attacked shoots wilt and droop; the tip shrinks, turns dark blue and dies. As soon as the new shoots appear in the spring the fly deposits its eggs in the axils of the tip leaves ; the white maggot burrows to the pith of the stem 22 Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Special Bull. N. 23 Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126. 86 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE and then begins to tunnel its way downward inside of the stem ; after working downward a few inches it girdles the young shoot just beneath the bark which causes the tip to wilt; the maggot then tun- nels farther downward until it reaches the surface of the ground; here it finally changes to a pupa in June and July; the pupa remains there until the following spring when the fly emerges; one brood a year. Control — As soon as the drooping canes are seen in the spring they should be cut off several inches below the girdle and burned. The raspberry root-borer ^^ (Bembecia margi- nafa) Order — Lepidoptera The adult moths are clear-winged and closely re- lated to the peach-tree borer ; the borer or larva is yellowish-white and i to i^^ inches long; they at- tack the stems and roots of raspberries and black- berries, causing the plants to die. The moths appear in August and September and lay their brownish-red eggs on the lower side of the leaves ; the larvae crawl down the stems and burrow beneath the bark; they may hibernate at once or if early they will feed and grow some l^efore winter; the next summer they bore into the stems and roots sometimes girdling the stem at the crown and at- tacking new shoots; during the next summer the larvae become full-grown and pupate, the moths appearing in August and September. Control — The only way of controlling this pest is to pull up infested plants and burn them. 24 Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. N, p. 9. Lawrence — Washington Expt. Stat., Bull. 63. RASPBERRY INSECTS 87 OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY Raspberry horntail (Hartigia abdominalis). Rose scale (Aiilacaspis i^oscc). American raspberry beetle (Byturus unicolor). Blackberry leaf-miner (Mcfalkis rnbi). Red spider (Tcfranychus telarius). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLES WHITE POTATO The Colorado potato beetle ^ {Lcptinotarsa lo- Uncata) Order — Coleoptera. Manual, p. 576 Originally on a wild plant (Solanum) of the po- tato family in Colorado ; gradually spread eastward to Nebraska 1859, crossing the Mississippi River in 1864 and reaching New York 1872; moved at rate of 88 miles annually and reached the Atlantic in 1874; in 1877 it reached England but w^as ex- terminated. The beetles winter over, usually deep in the ground, occasionally under rubbish; female lays her orange-red eggs in patches on the undersides of the leaves ; she is capable of laying 500 to 2000 ; these hatch in 5 to 7 days ; the grubs eat ravenously and mature in 2 or 3 weeks and then enter ground where they form cells and pupate; the pupal stage lasts 10 days to two weeks; there are two genera- tions here, the adults of the second generation hi- bernating. The work of this beetle seems to affect quality of tubers. Control — Spray with paris green, i pound in 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture or arsenite of zinc, i>4 pounds to 50 gallons or arsenate of lead paste 4 pounds. The potato flea-beetle ^ {Epitrix ciicumcris) Order — Coleoptera The potato flea-beetle is a small beetle with en- 1 Chittenden— U. S. Bii. Ent., Circ. 87. 2Tohannsen — Maine Expt. Stat., Bull. 211. 88 POTATO INSECTS 89 larged muscular femora on the hind legs with which it jumps like fleas hence the name. The beetles hibernate in hedgerows, along fences, etc., and appear early in the spring; they bite holes in the epidermis of leaves and eat out green tissue; later in the season they cause much injury by their persistent feeding; the eggs are deposited on and in the soil around the base of the plant and the small larvae feed on the underground stems and tubers; they bore straight into the tubers and cause ''slivers" in the potatoes; pimple-like spots often occur over the outside of the potato where these larvae are situated and cause "pimply" potatoes. Control — Thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture to keep the plants covered is the only satis- factory method of control. Arsenate of lead may be added or paris green for the Colorado potato beetle. Blister-beetle ^ (Epicauta vitfafa) Order — Coleoptera. Manual, p. 586 This species is known as the striped blister-beetle; it is a large, slender beetle with soft, flexible elytra ; these beetles pass through complicated changes in their life history ; the eggs are laid in the earth and the young grubs feed upon the eggs of grasshop- pers ; the beetles often appear in great swarms over limited areas and are hard to control and quite de- structive. Control — Hand-pick into pans of kerosene, spray with strong poison mixture 3 pounds of ar- senate of lead to 50 gallons of water. The potato aphid ^ (Macrosiphum solanifolii) Order — Hemiptera This aphid is widely distributed from Maine to 3 Gibson— 42nd Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont. *Hoiiser and Guyton— Ohio Expt. Stat, Bull. 317. 90 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE California and durino- the past few years has heen very destructive; it varies in color from pink to green; the black winter e^^i^s are deposited on the rose and other plants; in the spring- they hatch and the aphids infest potatoes most seriously in July and August; a generation developed about every two wrecks; the potatoes wilt and finally die when badly infested; in September the aphids desert the potatoes and colonize on various weeds and par- ticularly on the rose where the winter eggs are again laid. Control — Clean culture with the destruction of all host plants so far as possible; spray infested plants with nicotine sulphate, ^ of a pint to lOO gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap added. The potato stalk-borer (Trichobaris trinotata) Order — Coleoptera This pest of the potato is more injurious in the West apparently than here although it is often in- jurious in New Jersey and may become so in New York at any time. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POTATO Egg plant flea-beetle (Epitrix fuscida). Tobacco flea-beetle {Epitrix parvul a). Potato tuber worm (Phthorimcua operculella). Potato-scab gnat (Pnyxia scahici). SWEET POTATO The sweet potato flea-beetle^ (Chcetocnema confinis) Order — Coleoptera A small bronze or brassy-brown shining beetle about one-sixteenth inch in length; hibernates over 5 Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Rept. for 1908, p. 342. POTATO INSECTS 91 winter in rubbish appearing early in May in N. J. ; lay their eggs at the bases of bindweed and the larvae live upon the roots of these plants; adult beetles injure potato vines by eating the leaves. Control — Dip leaves and stems of plants before setting in solution of arsenate of lead, i pound in 10 gallons of water; delay setting of plants as long as possible. The striped sweet potato beetle^ (Cassida hivittata) Order — Coleoptera ]\Iost abundant and injurious of all the ''Gold- bugs" ; less than J4 ii'ich in length and of a dull brownish-yellow color with a faint golden lustre; there are two black stripes on wing-covers; the eggs laid singly on under sides of leaves and each covered with a little black excrement; larva is dirty white and bears spines along sides of body; there are two long spines, the anal fork, at end of abdo- men ; these carry the cast skins over the back ; pupa brown and retains the larval skins. Control — Dip plants as for flea-beetle and, in addition, spray in the field. The sweet potato weevil^ (Cylas fonnicarius) Order — Coleoptera This weevil is an imported species found in this country in eastern Texas, southern Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Alabama, Florida, and in part of Georgia ; it passes winter as egg, larva, pupa, and adult; the weevils which are ant-like in appearance and about J4 of an inch long are blue-black with a red thorax and long proboscis ; they lay their eggs in cavities in the stems or tubers of sweet potato plants where 6 Smith— N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 229. " Chittenden— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 1020. 92 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE they hatch and the larvie tunnel through the tubers ruining them ; the Hfe cycle is about 5 weeks in hot weather and there are several generations each sea- son. Control — Do not use slips or potatoes from weevil-infested localities; rotate crops and do not plant potatoes more than one year on same soil; burn or feed all infested tubers when crop is har- vested; clean up all vines, culls, and rubbish in the fields; destroy volunteer sweet potato plants and morning-glory plants; spray potato plants with ar- senate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water as soon as weevils appear. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SWEET POTATOES Golden tortoise beetle (Copfocycia bicolor). Black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida nigripes). Sweet potato plume-moth (PferopJionts mono- dactyl its). Cutworms (Several species). CABBAGE PESTS The cabbage root-maggot ^ {Phorbia brassiccc) Order — Diptera This pest is a small fly imported from Europe; it attacks cabbage, radishes, cauliflower, and other cruciferous plants; it also attacks cabbage plants in seed beds and causes much injury. The flies appear early in the spring, first two wrecks of May, and deposit their eggs in crevices in the soil close to the stem of the plant ; they hatch in a w^eek or ten days and the young maggots im- mediately burrow along the surfaces of the young 8 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 78. Schoene — N, Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls. 301, 334, 419. CABBAGE INSECTS 93 roots and later into the main roots; the maggots complete their growth in 3 to 4 weeks and pupate in the soil near the cabbage plants ; the pupal stage lasts from 12 to 18 days and they pass the winter as pupae ; probably three broods and in some seasons a partial fourth brood. Control — For seed plants in beds, screen the beds w^ith muslin; for plants in the field, destroy all cabbage, radish, and turnip stumps, leaves and refuse; plow in fall to destroy puparia; use tarred papers on plants in field; use carbolic acid solution and screens of muslin for radishes in garden ; helle- bore, I ounce to 2 gallons of water seems to control the fly on radishes. Cutworms on cabbages^ (Various species) Order — Lepidoptera There are many kinds of cutworms all larvae of noctuid moths ; these larvae attack various kinds of plants and cause a great amount of injury; they remain in the ground mostly during the day and work mainly at night. The spotted cutworm moths are flying from late May to October; they deposit their ribbed, hemi- spherical eggs singly or in clusters on the leaves of plants ; the eggs hatch and each cutworm, which is ashy gray to browmish in color with two rows of black spots on the back, becomes i^ inches long and feeds upon cabbage, tomato, turnip, onion, and other plants ; when it becomes grown it transforms to a pupa in the ground; there are probably two generations annually and the partly grown cater- pillars pass the winter completing their growth in the spring; at this time they are voracious and cause much injury. Control — Do not follow sod with crops the cut- 9 Gibson— Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Bull. 10, p. 23. 94 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE worms attack; plow land in August and allow it to lie fallow until the following spring; use poison baits of bran, arsenic, paris green, and molasses; hand-pick, etc. The imported cabbage-w^orm ^^ (Ponfia rapcc) Order — Lepidoptera This is the common white cabbage butterfly pres- ent all over the United States ; it was imported from Europe and first noted in Canada about i860 and in New York about 1868; it feeds on nearly every cruciferous plant. The butterflies appear in early spring and lay their eggs on the cabbage leaves ; the eggs hatch in 4 to 8 days and the green velvety larvae complete their growth in ten days to two weeks and change to chrysalids; this stage occupies one to two weeks in summer; the pupae of the last brood in the fall remain over winter as such ; there are three or four broods here. The insect has many parasites and diseases that aid in holding it in check. Control — Spray the plants with a poison mix- ture before heading is far advanced; 5 pounds of paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds whale-oil soap and 100 gallons of water have given good results; when plants are well headed one may use hellebore. The cabbage aphid ^^ {Aphis brassiccu) Order — Hemiptera This is a plant-louse imported from Europe. It is covered with a whitish powdery secretion; it in- jures cabbages, cauliflower, turnips, etc. In autumn the males and egg-laying females ap- pear and the latter deposit their dark brown eggs in great numbers on the cabbage leaves ; in the early 10 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 60. 1^ Herrick and Hungate — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 300. CABBAGE INSECTS 95 Spring these hatch into the stem-mothers that live on the tender sprouts from the cabbage stumps; there is generation after generation of the winged and wingless aphids during the season until the sexes are produced again in the fall ; this aphid has many parasitic and predaceous enemies. Control — Destroy cabbage stumps and all refuse in the fail; spray plants with whale-oil soap or nicotine sulphate, three-fourths of a pint to lOO gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added. The cabbage looper (Autographa brassiccu) Order — Lepidoptera A very injurious species on Long Island; it lacks some of the abdominal legs and therefore loops like a Geometrid; the white ribbed egg is deposited on the leaves; the larva at first is dark green with longitudinal white lines on sides of body; later it becomes pale green and lines become fainter; the pupa is in a thin white cocoon in fold of leaf on underside; apparently 3-brooded on Long Island; often injurious in greenhouses. Control — Same treatment as for other cabbage caterpillars but the looper is harder to hold in check ; cleaning up the fields in the fall is important in order to destroy the pupae that pass the winter among the refuse. The harlequin cabbage bug (Murganfia his- trionic a) Order — Hemiptera A very destructive Southern cabbage pest which has gained a foothold on long Island and is work- ing northward in Ohio ; has been found as far north as Elmira, N. Y. ; it lays its barrel-shaped eggs on leaves; they hatch in a few days and the nymphs complete their growth in mid-summer in probably 96 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE about one month ; propa])ly two g-enerations in a season in the north. Control — Practice clean cultivation; plant early crop of mustard or radish as a trap crop and de- stroy the old bugs as they gather on this in the spring by spraying with pure kerosene and then by burning. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CABBAGE Imported cabbage web-worm (HcIIitla iindalis). Diamond-back moth (Plufella macitUpcnnis). Cross-striped cabbage w^orm (Evergestis rimo- salis). Southern cabbage butterfly (Pontia profodicc). Flea-beetles (Various species). Cabbage curculio (Cenforhyiichns rapcc). ASPARAGUS PESTS The asparagus beetle^" (Crioccris asparagi) Order — Coleoptera For two hundred years asparagus had no pests; now there are two beetles that work on it, both be- ing imported from Europe; the one here was first found in Queens County, New York, in 1862, but had probably been introduced about 1856. The beetles hibernate under rubbish and appear in May; they lay their eggs on the stems of the asparagus where they hatch into soft grubs; these eat the plants and in ten days to two wxeks attain their growth and go into the ground to pupate ; in 5 to 8 days the adult beetles appear, the whole life cycle occupying 3 to 7 weeks; 2 or 3 broods a sea- son here. Control — Hand-pick in small beds; cut down 12 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 102. ASPARAGUS INSECTS 97 and destroy all volunteer plants in spring to force beetle to lay eggs on new shoots which are cut often ; poison plants after cutting with arsenate of lead ^Yz pounds, and soap 4 pounds, to 50 gallons of water ; clean up rubbish. The 12-SPOTTED ASPARAGUS BEETLE ^^ {Crloccris duodecimpunctata ) Order — Coleoptera This was not found until 1881 and then near Bal- timore; it is a less common and less injurious spe- cies than the former one but lives exclusively on asparagus ; the adult beetles cause the injury. ' The beetle is reddish-orange and has six black dots on each wing-cover; the elongate oval green eggs are deposited on the plants in June; the egg hatches in 7 to 12 days and the grub at once bores into a berry and usually enters about three berries before it becomes full-grown; when grown it pu- pates in the soil ; there are two generations here in New York, the first brood of beetles appearing in late July and the second in early September. Control — Same as for former species. The ASPARAGUS MINER ^^ (Agrofjiyj^a simplex) Order — Diptera The stalks of asparagus are often injured by the larva of a fly that mines beneath the epidermis; the mines are often so abundant that they have the effect of girdling the stalk. The white eggs are stuck in the sides of the stalk just beneath the epidermis ; they hatch into the small maggots that mine up and down beneath the epi- dermis; when the larv?e attain their growth they 13 Chittenden— U. S. Bit. Ent., Bull. 66, Pt. I. Fink — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat, Bull. 331. 14 Fink— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 331. 98 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE change to puparia ; the puparia are attached to the stalk near the ground in sHts in the epidermis; there are two generations, the winter being passed as puparia at the bases of the old stalks. Control — Pull up infested stalks in spring and burn them ; allow volunteer plants to grow as a trap crop which should be destroyed in late June. CUCUMBER PESTS The STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE ^^ {Diabvotica vit- tata) Order — Coleoptera As soon as squashes, cucumbers, etc., appear above the ground in the spring they are attacked by a small yellow and black striped beetle; this beetle is distributed all over the United States east of the Rockies; it is native to this country; the beetles carry the organisms that cause bacterial wilt disease of cucurbits; the bacteria of the wilt disease pass the winter in bodies of hibernating beetles. The beetles feed upon the leaves and blossoms and deposit their lemon-yellow eggs mostly in crev- ices of the soil near stem of plant ; the long, slender, whitish larvcT attack the stems by burrowing into them. The larvae pupate in ground and the beetles hibernate over winter in sheltered places ; there are two generations a season. Control — Put in excess of seeds; protect plants with boxes or wire screen; hand-pick beetles in garden; dust plants with tobacco dust, ashes, or Hme; spray with Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead or arsenate of lead alone; keep plants cov- ered with this material; practice clean culture. 15 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 3] MELON INSECTS 99 The squash bug ^^ (Anasa tristis) Order — Hemiptera This is a large blackish-brown bug- about three- quarters of an inch long that attacks cucurbits of all kinds; when it punctures a leaf to extract the juices it also injects a drop of liquid which has a poisonous effect on the leaf; moreover, it carries bacteria of the wilt disease from one plant to an- other. The adult bugs appear in early spring and at- tack the plants; they lay their dark-brown eggs on the undersides of the leaves in great numbers ; these hatch in 8 to 13 days; the nymphs are green and black and abundant ; they molt five times and com- plete their growth in about one month; the adult bugs hibernate under trash, there being but one generation. Control — Trap old bugs in spring with chips or leaves placed under plants; hand-pick adults and eggs; kerosene emulsion diluted with 7 to 9 parts water will kill nymphs but not adults. SQUASH AND MELON PESTS The squash bug — Already discussed under cucum- ber pests The squash-vine borer ^^ (Meliffia safyrini- formis) Order — Lepidoptera The parent moth is a beautiful clear-winged moth with a wing expanse of an inch to an inch and a half ; it is distributed all over the eastern United States ; it attacks squash, pumpkin, and occasionally melons, cucumbers, and gourds. 1*5 Chittenden — U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 39. 17 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 38. 100 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The moths appear in July and deposit their eggs on all parts of the plant, but chiefly along the stems; these hatch and the larva bores into the stem and then burrows along in the center of the stem caus- ing it to rot and become severed from the vine; an affected stem wilts and dies; the larva attains a length of an inch and becomes full-grown in about four weeks; it leaves the stem and goes into the soil to pupate, the pupae remaining over until the following spring; one brood here. Control — Insecticides or repellants of little or no avail ; cut out the borers ; plant the early varieties as a trap crop, or plant late varieties as late as possible ; fertilize the soil well, and cover the plants at several joints where new roots can be formed; remove and burn vines as soon as crop has been secured to destroy eggs and larvse; harrow soil in fall and plow deep in early spring to kill pupae. The MELON PLANT-LOUSE ^^ (ApJiis gossypH) Passes winter in egg stage; breeds throughout summer like other aphids; is more injurious farther South. Control — Spray thoroughly with nicotine sul- phate being sure to hit the undersides of the leaves. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CUCUMBERS AND MELONS Twelve-Spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrofica 12- punctata). Squash ladybird (Epilachna borcalis). Pickle worm (Diaphania nit id alls) . Melon caterpillar {Diaphania hyalinata). 18 Chittenden— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 914. ONION INSECTS loi ONION PESTS The onion magCxOt ^^ (Hylemyia anfiqua) Order — Diptera The insect passes the winter mostly as puparia 3 to 6 inches below the surface of the soil; the flies appear in May and deposit their white eggs on leaves of the plants, or on the stems near the soil, or in cracks of the soil; the egg hatches in 3 to 7 days and the maggots feed on the young onion bulb soon ruining it; they obtain their growth in 16 to 18 days and then pupate in soil; the pupal stage lasts 2 to 3 weeks; there is evidently time for 2 or 3 generations in a season. Control — Scallions should be planted late in September or early October; sometimes of advan- tage to make a small early planting in August as a trap crop ; sow late, that is, in latter part of April or early May and force crops ; rotate and get away from old infested fields ; practice clean culture ; use carbolic acid emulsion on onions in garden; use sweetened poison bait. The onion thrips "^ (Thrips fabaci) Order — Thysanoptera This is a very small insect that causes a good deal of annual injury to onions in the United States; it is widely distributed all over the country and hard to control. It passes the winter as adults and probably also as nymphs ; the eggs are laid in tissues of the leaves just under the epidermis ; they hatch in 3 to 4 days ; larval stage 7 to 9 days ; nymph stage 4 days ; whole life cycle 16 days; many overlapping broods; the 19 Gibson and Treherne— Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Bull. 12, p. 29. 20 Quaintance— Florida Bull. 46. 102 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE adults and the young ones scarify leaves of onions, eating off epidermis; leaves turn white, wilt and die; very injurious at times. Control — Clean culture in fields and around the borders of fields; spray with the tobacco extracts, nicotine sulphate, ^)4 pint to lOO gallons of w^ater and 4 or 5 pounds of soap, preferably whale-oil soap; spray thoroughly and repeat two or three times 4 or 5 days apart ; commence just as soon as thrips are seen. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONIONS Black onion fly (Tritoxa flcxa). Cutworms (several species). TOMATO PESTS Cutworms (several species) Cutworms sometimes cut off the young plants when first set and destroy much more than thev eat. A spoonful of the poison bait near each plant when first put out will aid in controlling these pests. Flea beetles The potato flea beetle often attacks tomatoes but may be repelled by thorough and frequent applica- tions of Bordeaux mixture. It should be sprayed on the under sides of the leaves as much as pos- sible. The NORTHERN TOMATO WORM ~^ (PhlegcfJiojifius quinquemaculata) Order — Lepidoptera There are two large green caterpillars very simi- lar in appearance that attack tomatoes, one more 21 Chittenden — Insects Injurious to Vegetables, p. 229. TOMATO INSECTS 103 common in the North and the other more common in the South ; the caterpillar becomes about 3 inches long; the insect passes the winter in the ground as a pupa, the first moths appearing about June i ; they deposit their eggs on the leaves and the cater- pillars become grown in about 3 weeks when they go into the soil to pupate; the generations are some- what confused but there appears to be one in the North and two farther south each season. Control — Hand pick the larvae ; spray with paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water or dust with powdered arsenate of lead, 3J^ to 5 pounds to the acre. The tomato fruit-worm ^^ (Heliothis obsoleta) Order — Lepidoptera This is the same as the corn ear-worm and boll- worm of cotton. It is more abundant farther south. The larva eats into the tomatoes and often destroys large numbers of them. Control — Plow land in fall or winter. Dust in- fested plants, especially the fruit, with powdered arsenate of lead. BEET AND SPINACH PESTS Beet leaf-miner ^^ (Pegomyia hyoscyami) Order — Diptera The parent insect is a fly about as large as a housefly; it passes the winter mostly as puparia in the soil; the flies appear late in April and in May and lay their eggs on the undersides of the leaves; the eggs hatch in from 4 to 6 days and the maggots burrow into the leaf where they make blotch-like mines; they become full-grown in 7 to 14 days and ' Quaintance and Brues — U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 50. ' Dickerson — N. J. Expt. Stat., Kept, for 191 1, p. 444. 104 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE some pupate among or beneath decayino- leaves, while others go into the soil; the pupal stage lasts about 3 weeks ; there are probably 3 generations and perhaps a partial fourth. Control — In gardens pick off and burn infested leaves; plow deep and harrow thoroughly as soon as crop is removed ; with beets, use spinach as trap crop; destroy the wild food-plant (lambs-quar- ters). The spinach aphid ^"^ (Myf:us pcrsiccc) Order — Hemiptera The spinach aphid feeds on over 100 plants; the adult is greenish-yellow to pinkish in color; in colder regions the aphid passes the winter as an egg- on fruit trees while in w^armer localities it may pass the winter as an adult on vegetables; in summer there are many generations on the spinach and great injury often results. Control — No satisfactory method of control known. Spinach flea-beetle ^^ (Disonycha xanthomclccna) Order — Coleoptera A shining black flea-beetle with red prothorax and about ]/[ inch long; greatly injures sugar beets; beetles hibernate over winter ; lav eefsfs at bases of plants ; larvae feed on underside of leaves and later, together with adults, eat holes in leaves ; tw^o gener- ations at Washington, D. C. Control — Dust plants or spray them with ar- senate of lead ; use Bordeaux mixture alone or with poison. 24 Chittenden— Va. Truck Crop Expt. Stat., Bull. 2. ^^' Chittenden— U. S. Ru. Ent., Bull. 19. BEAN AND PEA INSECTS 10= OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO BEETS AND SPINACH Beets, especially sugar beets, when grown under field conditions, are subject to the attacks of a large number of insects, many of which (40) are seri- ously injurious. The pests of garden beets are not, in the experience of the author, very numerous or very serious. Beet aphis (Pemphigus betce). Sugar-beet webworm (Loxostege sticticalis) , Beet army-worm (Laphygma exigua). Striped beet caterpillar (Mamestra trifolii). Flea beetles (several sps.). Beet leaf hopper {Eutettix tenellus). Blister beetles (several sps.). BEAN AND PEA PESTS Pea weevil ^^ (Mylabrtts pis or urn) Order — Coleoptera Seed peas are often found with a hole in each due to the pea weevil; the weevil is about 1-5 of an inch in length and marked with brown and white spots ; passes winter as an adult and lays eggs singly in spring on pods in field; on hatching larva bores through pod and into the pea; every pea in a pod may be infested; the larva matures inside of the pea and the life cycle lasts from 40 to 50 days, de- pending on season ; one generation a year. Control — Hold peas over one season, so that they will become freed of weevils ; do not plant wee- villy seed; plant late; fumigate seed with Cs2. 26 Chittenden— U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1898. ip6 INSECTS OF FXONOMIC IMPORTANCE Bean weevit. -" {AcanfJioscclidcs ohtccfns) Order — Coleoptera Adult 1)eetle is about j/8 inch in length, with mot- tled wing covers; eggs inserted in the bean pod through holes made by female; life cycle from 21 to 80 days; probably 5 or 6 generations annually; it also breeds in stored beans. Control — No method of preventing injury in field ; fumigate stored beans and plant clean seed. The bean leaf-beetle-^ {Cerotoma frifurcafa) Order — Coleoptera A small reddish black-marked beetle about 1-5 inch long; adults hibernate and lay eggs in cracks of soil in spring near stem of plant ; larvse feed on roots and stems but adults eat holes in leaves; life cycle from 4 to 9 weeks; in South 2 or 3 genera- tions, one in the North. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water. The pea aphid ^^ (MacrosipJmm pisi) Order — Hemiptera Exceedingly injurious to peas some years in New York; life cycle similar to other aphids; passes win- ter in northern range on clover and vetches ; flies to peas in spring when these are available; several generations during season ; goes back to clover in late season and lays eggs that pass winter ; in south it passes winter as winged and wingless females. Control — Do not plant peas near clover ; no sat- isfactory remedy on peas sown broadcast; plant peas in rows and brush lice off and bury in soil by cultivation. 27 Chittenden— U. S. Yearbook, 1898. 28 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 23. 29 Davis— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 276. CELERY INSECTS 107 OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PEAS Cow-pea weevil (Pachyments chincnsis). Four-spotted bean-weevil (PacJiymerus quadri- maculafns) . Bean ladybird (Epilachna corrupta). Blister beetles (several sps.). Bean aphid {Aphis riimicis). Seed-corn maggot (Plwrbia fusciceps). Pea-moth (Semasia nigricana). CELERY PESTS The CELERY CATERPILLAR^'^ (PapiUo polyxciics) Order — Lepidoptera This caterpillar is green or yellowish and ringed with black and spotted with yellow; it becomes 2 inches long; when full-grown it changes to a chry- salis and later the parent insect, a large swallow- tail butterfly, appears. The celery looper"^ (Aufographa falcigcra) Order — Lepidoptera Where it occurs this insect is considered very de- structive to celery; the larva is a looper and meas- ures nearly 2 inches in length ; the moth is purplish to velvety brown and has a conspicuous silvery comma-like mark on each wing. Control — Hand pick and poison with arsenate of lead. The carrot rust-fly'^ (Psila roscc) Order — Diptera This insect sometimes attacks celery and causes the leaves to turn reddish and the roots to become 30 Davis— Mich. Expt. Stat., Bull. 102. 31 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 2,2>- 32 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 33- io8 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE blotched with rusty patches. The maggots also tunnel through roots of carrots. The parent insect is a small fly only about i-6 of an inch in length. Control — Late sowing and rotation of crops; celery should not follow carrots; clean cultivation and destruction of all remnants and refuse after crop is harvested. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CELERY Celery leaf-tyer (PJiIycfcrnia ferrugalis). Wire worms (several species). Tarnished plant-bug (Lygiis pratensis). Carrot and parsnip pests Celery caterpillar (Papilio polyxenes). Parsnip leaf-miner (Acidia frafria). Carrot beetle (Ligyrus gibbosus). Parsnip webworm (Depressaria heracliana). Carrot rust-fly (Psila rosce). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO HOPS Hop-plant borer ^ (Gortyna immanis) Order — Lepidop'tera This is a native insect that is often seriously in- jurious to hop vines in New York. It is distributed from Canada to Washington, D. C, on the south and westward to the Pacific Coast. The Hght-brown moth appears from the middle of August to the last of September and deposits its pinkish ribbed eggs in the leaf sheaths and on the leaves and stems of grasses growing in and about the hop yards; the eggs rest over the winter and hatch during late April and through May; the lar- vae live for a time on the grasses but later go to the hops and some enter the heads where they cause ''muffle" heads; others go to the stems and work downward to the roots where they eat out shallow grooves in the surfaces of the roots or burrow in the centers of the root; in from 9 to 12 weeks they mature and pupate in the soil, the moths appearing in August ; there is one generation a year. Control — Destroy all grass in and about the borders of the yards; pull out all extra vines be- fore June I and remove them some distance from the yard ; try paradichlorobenzene, using a few crys- tals in each hill and covering with dirt. The hop-plant louse ^ (Phorodon Jnimuli) Order — Hemiptera This insect is widely distributed here and in Eu- 1, - Hawle>^ — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 15. 109 no INSECTS OF FXONOMIC IMPORTANCE rope wherever the hop grows. It is often exceed- ing-ly destructive. The eggs are laid in the East in the fall on dif- ferent varieties of plums; in the West the aphids are said to pass the winter on hop roots; the eggs hatch in the spring, and the winged forms of the third generation go from the plums to the hops, where they live until fall. They multiply rapidly and sometimes cover the leaves and stunt the vines. At picking time a winged generation flies back to the plums and gives birth to the true females which lay the eggs. Control — Spray with nicotine sulphate, J4 pii^^t to lOO gallons of water, with 8 pounds of whale- oil soap. Hop-vine snout-moth ^ {Hypcna humiili) Order — Lepidoptera The larv?e of this moth are sometimes exceed- ingly destructive to the vines which they soon de- foliate when abundant. It seems to have no other food plant than the hop and follows this plant in its distribution. The larv?e are semi-loopers for they lack some of the prolegs; the pale green eggs are laid on the undersides of the leaves ; the larvae eat the leaves voraciously; the larvcC pupate in the ground, in crevices in the poles and in leaves; there are two generations a year, the last brood of moths hiber- nating in protected places. Control — Spray vines with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons, or dust vines with powdered arsenate of lead, 4 pounds to the acre. It can be mixed with sulphur which is used for the mildew. 2 Hawley — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 15, p. 190. HOP INSECTS III Hop merchants * (Polygonia intcrrogationis) (Polygoma comma) Order — Lepidoptera The so-called hop merchants are simply the shin- ing chrysalids of these two butterflies. The cater- pillars of each are covered with branching spines and live upon the foliage of the plants. Both but- terflies have two generations but the first genera- tion of each is spent upon food plants other than the hop. The second generation of each is spent on the hop, the butterflies hibernating through the winter. Both butterflies show a dimorphism, the fall or winter forms differing from the summer forms. Control — Use the powdered arsenate of lead, as for the snout-moth. The hop redbug ^ (Paracalocon's hazvleyi) Order — Hemiptera The insect winters as eggs in the bark or attached to the wood of hop poles ; the eggs hatch through- out most of June and the red nymphs deform and stunt the vines and produce holes in the leaves : the nymphs attain their growth in about thirty days the adults appearing in August; there is one gen- eration a year. Control — Spray with nicotine sulphate, ^ pint to loo gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO HOPS Red Spider (Tefranyclius fclarius). Hop flea-beetle (Psylliodes punctnJata). 4 Howard— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 7. = Hawley— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., INIemoir 15, p. 182. 112 INSECTS OF ECONO^IIC IMPORTANCE Tufted looper (Ania limboda). Leaf hoppers (Typhlocyba sps.). TOBACCO PESTS Tobacco fea-beetle ^ {Epitrix parviila) Order — Coleoptera A small yellowish-brown flea-beetle about 1-20 of an inch long; it eats small cavities in undersides of leaves that finally become holes ; the beetles appear in the spring and lay their eggs on or near the soil ; they hatch in a week ; the larvae feed on rootlets and attain growth in about 2 weeks ; pupae are found in the soil; at least 4 broods in North Carolina; adult weevils pass the winter. Control — Destroy all weeds of the potato fam- ily ; in seed beds and in fields use arsenate of lead. Southern tobacco horn-worm ^ (PJilcgcthontius sexfa) Order — Lepidoptera Large green worms with horn on posterior end of body; they eat ravenously and do much injury; when full grown go into soil to pupate ; pupa large and proboscis forms a handle-like organ ; life cycle in summer about six weeks in South; two broods; last brood passes winter in ground as pupae; the adult moth has wing expanse of about 5 inches. Control — Hand pick; dust tobacco with pow- dered arsenate of lead. Tobacco split worm ^ {PhthorinKva operculcUa) Order — Lepidoptera Eggs laid on leaves of plant ; larvae mine between 6 Metcalf and Underbill— N. C. Expt. Stat., Bull. 239. 7 Morgan— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 123. 8 Chittenden— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 162. TOBACCO INSECTS 113 the surfaces of the leaves ; two or more generations in a season ; also works in tubers of potatoes. Control — Clean cultivation; rotation of crops; probably arsenical sprays. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO TOBACCO Cut worms (several species). False tobacco bud worm (Heliofhis obsolefa). Tobacco bud worm {Chloridea virescens). Tobacco ''suck-fly" {D icy phiis minimus). Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CEREAL CROPS WHEAT PESTS The HESSIAN fly ^ (MaycfioJa destructor) Order — Diptera Probably the most injurious pest on wheat in the United States ; imported from Europe and first no- ticed on Long Island in 1779; attributed to the Hes- sian soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Passes winter as pupa or full-grown larva between blades and stalk of young winter wheat just above the roots; adults appear in spring (May) and lay eggs on upper surfaces of leaves ; maggots hatch and go to the bases of leaves above first and second joints ; maggot stage 20 days or more ; changes to a pupa- rium and passes the summer as such in stubble ; fall flies appear in August and first days of September; these lay eggs and produce puparia which pass the winter again ; some flies may issue before winter. Food Plants — Eggs often on grass but larvcX live only on wheat, barley and rye; so-called red wheat seems to be more exempt from injury than the white wheat (see Felt, U. S. Bull. 31, p. 22) \ drought prolongs the flaxseed stage greatly. Control — Burn stubble or plow under to destroy flaxseeds ; destroy volunteer wheat ; sow wheat late, not earlier than September 20th to escape deposi- ton of eggs by fall flies; sow strips of wheat early in August and then plow under or burn first week in September. 1 Webster— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 70. 114 WHEAT INSECTS 115 The wheat midge ^ {Contarinia tritici) Order — Diptera An old European pest closely allied to the Hessian fly; the adult is bright orange colored and about one-third the size of a mosquito; the flies lay eggs in June between the chaff of wheat heads; eggs hatch in about a week, and the reddish-yellow mag- g-ots extract the juices from the kernels causing the latter to become much shrunken and worthless either for seed or for flour; these ''red-weevils" or maggots become full-grown in 3 or 4 weeks and some leave the heads, usually during a rain storm ; these go^ into the ground and remain in cocoons until spring ; others remain in wheat heads and are carried into the thresher and come out in the screen- ings ; they remain in the chaff in a dried-up condi- tion until spring; now occurs in nearly all the states east of the Mississippi; shrivelled kernels will not grow good strong plants, nor make good flour, hence such had better be fed out; no varieties are exempt, but beardless varieties suffer more injury than the bearded. Control — Burn or feed out screenings; after harvesting, deeply plow under the stubble; rotate the wheat to some distant field; early sown wheat may escape with less injury by the midge, but is more liable to the attack of the Hessian fly. The chinch-bug ^ ('Blissiis leiicopferns) Order — Hemiptera Not often injurious in the East; has been injuri- ous over small areas in New York several times; two broods of the insect a year; winters in the stools of grasses in the adult stage. Control — Western methods of fighting the in- 2 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bull. 13^. 3 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 132. Ii6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE sect with barriers and fungus diseases ; consult bul- letins and circulars from the Kansas and Illinois Experiment Stations. WiREWORMS ^ (several species) Order — Coleoptera These pests are the larvae or grubs of click-beetles of the family Elateridae; the grubs are yellowish, cylindrical, and hard like wire, hence the name wireworms; these wireworms live two and in most cases nearly three years in the soil and near the end of the third summer they change to pupae in cells in the soil and later the pupae transform to the adult beetles which remain in their cells until spring, thus taking three years to complete their life history; the beetles lay their eggs at the roots of grasses or in the soil. Control — Difficult to control; conflicting evi- dence regarding coating of seeds ; plowing and thor- ough cultivation in August and later for 2 or 3 years will kill the pupae and finally check the pests ; salt will not kill wireworms unless it is applied in such large quantities that it completely unfits the soil for growing crops, and even then is a doubtful killing agent. The wheat stem-maggot ^ {Meromyza amcricana) Order — Diptera The winter is passed as a larva; the adult flies emerge in May and deposit their eggs on wheat plants ; second brood of adults appears in July and deposits eggs on volunteer wheat and grasses; adults from these eggs emerge in late August to * Comstock and Slingerland — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 33. Hyslop— U. S. Bii. Ent, Bull. 156. 5 Marlatt— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 132. WHEAT INSECTS 117 October, and deposit eggs on young fall wheat plants, where they hatch into larvae and pass the winter; the larvae do the injury to young plants in fall and spring. Control — Sow late as for Hessian fly. The greater wheat straw-worm ^ {Isosoma grande) Order — Hymenoptera This pest is mainly injurious west of the Missis- sippi, but is distributed east. The adults always small and frequently wingless, emerge in April from stubble and deposit eggs in stems of young plants in or just below the embry- onic wheat head; the larva eats out the embryonic head of the wheat plants and usually causes a slight enlargement of the stem ; adults appear from these, large and robust in June, and deposit eggs in stems just above the upper joints usually; by October the larvae pupate and pass the winter in stubble. Control — Burn stubble; rotate crops. The wheat joint-worm ^ {Isosoma tritici) Order — Hymenoptera First serious outbreak in Virginia in 1848-1854, and reappeared in Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in 1904-1908. ^ Lives over winter either as a larva or a pupa in wheat straws; adults appear in April or May and lay eggs in stems of plants at the joints ; larvae form cells in stems and feed there until straw hardens and grain ripens ; the larvae deform the straws, galls being formed above the joints; grains remain small and shrivelled or none produced; many of the af- fected straws break and fall over. 6 Webster and Reeves— U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 106. 7 Webster— U. S. Bii. Ent., Circ. 66. Houser— Ohio Expt. Stat, Bull 226. ii8 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Control — Strengthen fertility of soil to produce strong- plants; burn stubble where not seeded or plow under deeply ; rotate crops. The army worm ^ {HeUophila iinipiincta) Order — Lepidoptera For years there have been outbreaks of this pest in various localities in the eastern United ^States. Outbreaks in New York State in 1861, 1875, 1880, 1896; the larvae migrate in immense numbers from one field to another, destroying the vegetation in their path. The eggs are deposited in unfolded grass leaves or into the sheath of the leaf where it clasps the stem; the larvae attain their growth in about 30 days and go into the ground to pupate; the pupal stage lasts from 12 days to 3 or 4 weeks depending on the season; the winter is passed as larvae; there are evidently two broods, the July brood being the most abundant and injurious ; in the south there are more generations. Control — Usually fought by barriers in the same way as the chinch bug and by poison baits. Grasshoppers ^ There are several destructive species of grass- hoppers in the United States; perhaps the red- legged grasshopper (Mclanoplus fcmur-nihnnn), the differential grasshopper {Mclanoplus diffcrcn- tialis), the lesser migratory grasshopper (Melano- plus atlanis), and the two-striped grasshopper (Mclanoplus bwitfafus) are the most generally dis- tributed of any of the injurious species. In general the eggs of grasshoppers are laid in 8 Knight— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 376. 9Herrick and Hadley— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 378. Walton— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 747- CORN INSECTS 119 the late summer or early fall in the ground; the eggs remain here until the following April, May, and June, when they hatch into the young wingless grasshoppers; the young insects require 70 to 90 days to attain their growth; there is usually but one generation a year. Control — Destroy eggs by thoroughly disking or plowing the soil in which the eggs are deposited; catch the young grasshoppers in hopperdozers; poison them by scattering broadcast the Kansas poison bait. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO WHEAT Spring grain-aphid (Toxopfcra graminiim). Wheat sawfly borer (Cephns pygmceus). Wheat sawfly {Pachynematus extensicornis) . Wheat-louse {Nectarophora avence). Leather-jackets (Tipulidce sps.). CORN PESTS WiREw^QRMS (several species) These have been fully discussed under wheat pests. They are quite as injurious to corn as to wheat. In fact, they constitute one of the chief pests of corn in New York State. The army worm (Heliophila unipuncta) The army worm is injurious to wheat, corn, oats, and many other grains. There are occasional out- breaks of this insect in New York, which are often very serious. The season of 19 14 witnessed some serious injuries by this insect. It has been dis- cussed under wheat pests. 120 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Cutworms (several species) There are several species that injure corn as well as wheat. They are apt to be more abundant and severe on corn planted on sod. They have been discussed under wheat pests. White grubs (Phyllophaga sps.) These are injurious to many crops, notably straw- berries, wheat, corn and oats. They were discussed under strawberry pests. Sod webworms ^^ (Cranibns sps.) Order — Lepidoptera These are the larvae of a family of small moths of the family Cramhidcc; the larvae are about one-half inch in length and pinkish-red or brownish; they work at first underground gnawing away the outer surface of the stem and roots ; later, they burrow up the center of the stem ; they also sometimes eat the leaves; usually the webworms will be found just below the surface each in a retreat formed by loosely webbing together a mass of dirt ; within the mass is a silk-lined tube and within this a caterpil- lar; so far as known all of the species pass the winter as caterpillars not full grown; some have one generation and some two each year. Control — Break land early in fall or as late as possible in spring to destroy larvae. The corn billbug ^^ (Sphenophorus callosus) Order — Coleoptera There are several species of snout-beetles known as ''billbugs" that injure corn by eating cavities in the stem close to the ground or just below the sur- face of the soil; the grubs also burrow inside of the 10 Forbes— 23rd Kept. 111. State Ent, 1905. 11 Satterthwaite— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull, 1003. CORN INSECTS 121 stem near the base and in the tap root; in general the beetles are robust, reddish-brown, or black, or clay-colored, and vary from J^ to 5^ of an inch or more in length; perhaps the ''curlew bug" or "rice bug" is the best known. The beetles hibernate and appear early in spring when they feed on grasses or corn; in May the beetle digs cavities in the stalks of young corn near or below the soil and lays her eggs in them; in older corn the eggs may be laid in the thick leaves ; the egg hatches in about a week and the grub bur- rows in the tap root ; in from 4 to 6 weeks the grub becomes mature and pupates in its burrow ; the pu- pal stage lasts 7 to 10 days; there is but one genera- tion a year; the small blue-grass billbug (S. par- viihis) breeds in grasses, especially blue-grass and timothy; the clay-colored billbug {S. cequalis) breeds in coarse swamp grasses. Control — Sodland suspected of infestation with billbugs should be plowed in the fall or planted to some crop other than corn; in the south early planted corn is least injured; rotation of crops is advantageous. The corn ear-worm ^^ (Heliothis obsoleta) Order — Lepidoptera The corn ear-worm, the cotton boUworm, and the tomato fruit-worm are all one and the same ; the life history of this insect has been discussed under cotton pests; in the case of corn the moth deposits her white eggs on the corn silk ; they hatch and the caterpillars enter the tip of the ear, where they gnaw and eat the kernels, sometimes burrowing down the whole length of the ear; they produce much brown excrement which lodges along their 12 Quaintance and Brues— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 50. 122 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE burrows; the injury is often severe, especially far- ther south. Control — Dustini^" the ends of the ears with a mixture of powdered arsenate of lead, ^ pound, and sulphur, V4 pound, has g-iyen fair results. The European corn borer ^^ (Pyrausta mihilalis) Order — Lepidoptera This insect has lately been discovered in the United States and is now known to exist in Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsvlvania and New York. The insect passes the winter as nearly full-grown caterpillars inside of cornstalks, cobs, weeds and grasses ; during May the larv?e pupate in their bur- rows; this stage lasts from 14 to 20 days and the moths appear in May and June ; they lay their eggs in batches on the undersides of the upper blades of the corn; the larvae from these mature in about 4 weeks and on the average pupate in July ; the moths from these appear the last of July or first of August and lay eggs which produce the caterpillars that pass the winter; this is the life history in eastern Massachusetts, but in central New York there ap- pears to be but one generation. Control — Root up and burn the infested corn- stalks some time during the winter. The corn root-aphid ^"^ {Aphis maidiradicis) Order — Hemiptera This aphid is closely associated with the corn- field ant (Lasius niger, var. americamts), in fact, seems dependent on it for its existence; in the fall the egg-laying females deposit their eggs in the gal- leries of the ant's nests and the ants care for the isVinal and Caffrey— Mass. Expt. Stat., Bull. 189. 14 Davis— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 891. CLOVER INSECTS 123 eggs through the winter; during the latter part of March or first of April the eggs hatch and the ants transfer the young Hce to the roots of smartweed, crabgrass, or purslane along which the ants have previously made galleries ; two or three generations of lice are produced here, but as soon as the young corn comes up the ants make tunnels along the roots of the corn plants and bring the lice over from the weeds ; during the season there may be many gener- ations of the lice; they suck out the juices of roots and starve the plants. Control — Rotation of crops is of advantage, no crop other than corn being attacked except cotton; dilute Yx pound of oil of tansy with 2 quarts of alcohol and i quart of water and thoroughly mix this with 100 pounds of bone meal; distribute it over an acre with a fertilizer attachment to the planter. The chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus) The pest often attacks corn as well as wheat and becomes very injurious where it is abundant. It has been discussed under wheat pests. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN Stalk-borer (Papaipema nifela). Seed-corn maggot (Phorbia fusiceps). Northern corn root-worm (Diabrotica longicor- nis). Fall army worm (Laphygma friigiperda) . CLOVER AND ALFALFA PESTS Clover root-borer ^^ (Hylastimis obscurus) Order — Coleoptera A small, dark-brown beetle i-io of an inch long 15 Folsom — Illinois Expt. Stat, Bull. 134. Howard — U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 4. 124 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE imported from Europe that works on second-year and older clover roots; eggs laid in May and June in cavities dug in the crown or in roots and larvae bore galleries in the roots, causing plants to wilt and break off at crown; pup?e form in cavities in roots and adults appear by October but remain in roots over winter, feeding when not dormant ; some of the larvcX also pass the winter in the roots; at- tacks alfalfa, red clover, mammoth clover and alsike. Control — Plow an infested field immediately after hay gathered; never allow clover to stand more than two years if it becomes infested. Clover leaf-beetle ^^ (Hypera punctata) Order — Coleoptera A snout beetle which works on the leaves, mostly at night ; the grubs also work in a similar manner ; most of its injury is done in May and June; when full grown the grubs change to pupse in peculiar, yellowish lace-like cocoons of silk in the soil or at the bases of the plants ; beetles usually hibernate but many die before spring; larvae of all sizes pass the winter under debris among the plants on the ground; these complete their growth in spring and the beetles appear in June and July ; they do not lay their eggs until September; there is in the North usually but one generation. Control — A fungous disease usually kills the grubs in most localities; plow under the infested fields after second season, thus destroying the early stages of the insect. Clover flower-midge ^^ (Dasyncura leguminicola) Order — Diptera This fly often prevents the formation of seed; 16, 17 Folsom—Illinois Expt. Stat, Bull. 134. CLOVER INSECTS 125 eggs are laid in green flower-heads and the maggots suck out the contents of ovary; when grown the maggots enter the ground and pupate; the insect passes the winter as a larva in the soil or in dead clover heads; there are two broods and a partial third; most damage to seed crop is done during August or first part of September; most injury occurs to second-year clover and keeps increasing as clover is allowed to stand. Control — Cut first crop of clover as early as possible to allow seed to form early ahead of second generation of midges ; pasturing the first crop does almost as well. Clover seed-chalcid '^ {Bnichophagus funchris) Order — Hymenoptera This small wasp-like insect is one of our worst clover pests ; the tiny larvae eat out the insides of the seeds leaving only a thin shell ; the insects pass the winter mostly as larvae in the seeds on the ground; the adults appear about May isth and thrust their eggs into the developing ovaries of the flowers of clover ; second brood of flies appears in July and August; injury is greatest to the second- year clover. Control — Cut first crop early, as soon as the field comes into bloom ; plow up clover after second crop, plow early in spring. The alfalfa weevil ^^ (Phytononms posticus) Order — Coleoptera An European snout-weevil first found injuring alfalfa in Utah in 1904; it is found in a small arek in Utah, southern Idaho and southwestern Wyom- ing; the winter is passed as adults in the fields; in 18, 20^ 21 Folsom— Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 134. 19 Reeves, Miles, et al.— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 741. 126 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE early spring they lay eggs in the clover stems; these hatch and the larvae mature in 29 to 58 days ; each one spins a lace-like cocoon among leaves or rub- bish on the ground; the pupal stage lasts 6 to 14 days and the weevils of the new generation begin to appear in June ; these lay some eggs in the fall. Control — Spray fields as soon as the weevils begin feeding in April with arsenite of zinc, 4 pounds to 100 gallons and put from 50 to 100 gal- lons on an acre; cut first crop by middle of May; brush-drag field to kill weevils. Clover seed-caterpillar ^^ (Enarnionia interstinctana) Order — Lepidoptera The caterpillars of this moth eat out cavities in the heads of clover and often become very destruc- tive ; there are three broods a season ; probably pass the winter as larvas occasionally, usually as pupae. Control — Cut and store hay crops early in June ; do not allow clover to run more than two years; pasture clover in fall of first year. Clover hay-worm -^ (Hypsopygia costalis) Order — Lepidoptera This hay-worm works in stacked or stored clover, eating much of it and contaminating much more with webs of silk and particles of excrement, mak- ing the hay unfit for fodder. Control — In a barn, old hay should be removed and burned if infested; a stack should be raised above the ground on old logs or rails; salt bottom of stack up two or three feet. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CLOVER AND ALFALFA Clover leaf-midge (Dasyncura trifoUi). Clover stem-borer {Langiiria mozardi). COTTON INSECTS 127 Clover sitones (Sifones flavescens) . Clover-root mealy bug {Pseiidococciis trifolii). Alfalfa looper {Aiitographa gamma calif ornica). Alfalfa caterpillar {Eiirymtis eurythemc) . Clover-root curculio {Sitones hispiduhts). Alfalfa gall midge (Asphondylia miki). Lesser clover-leaf weevil (Phytonomus nigriro- sfris). COTTON PESTS Mexican cotton boll-weevil " (Anfhonomtis grandis) Order — Coleoptera Introduced from Mexico about 1892; a grayish- black snout beetle, about >^ to 1-3 of an inch in length; punctures squares and bolls and deposits eggs in them; life cycle from 15 to 20 days; several generations in a season and all stages passed in squares and bolls; passes winter as adults and causes millions of dollars loss each year. Control — Plant cotton early; plant early vari- eties and hasten maturity by fertilization and culti- vation ; plant wide in rows ; burn infested plants in fall to destroy all stages of weevil ; rotate crops and diversify; poison with calcium arsenate. Cotton worm ^^ (Alabama argillacea) Order — Lepidoptera The cotton moth lays its eggs on leaves of cot- ton ; the eggs hatch in 3 to 4 days ; young larva feeds for a time on the undersides of leaves but soon be- gins to devour leaves entirely; it molts five times and attains its growth in 2 or 3 weeks and then changes to a pupa in a flimsy cocoon in a leaf; life 22 Hunter— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 344. 23 Hunter— U. S. Bu. Ent, Circ. 153. 128 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE cycle about four weeks on the average ; several ^gen- erations during- a season ; passes winter as adults in tropical regions south of the United States; mi- grates northward in spring. Control — Dusting cotton with powdered arse- nate of lead best method; this insect is now held to be of value in controlling the boll weevil and there- fore is not foueht as it used to be. Cotton bollworm -^ (HcliofJiis obsoleta) Order — Lepidoptera One of the serious pests of cotton; moth deposits ribbed eggs on leaves of cotton; larva feeds for a short time on leaves but soon bores into a boll where it destroys the lint; life cycle about 30 days in sum- mer; four generations a season; passes winter as pupa 3 to 6 inches below the surface of the soil ; also attacks corn and tomatoes. Control — Use trap crops of corn; plough land thoroughly during fall and winter ; plant crop early in spring; rotate and diversify crops. The pink cotton bollw^orm -^ (Pccfinoplwra gossypicUa ) Order — Lepidoptera The parent is a small grayish-brown moth which probably came from India or Africa and is now es- tablished in Brazil, Mexico, and Hawaii; first found in United States in 191 7 in Texas. Eggs are laid singly or in groups on bolls and hatch in 4 to 12 days; the larv?e burrow in the bolls and become mature in 20 to 30 days; pupal stage passed inside of boll and lasts from 10 to 20 days; life cycle 35 to 50 days, and there are from 4 to 6 generations a year ; winter is passed in larval stage. 24 Quaintance and Brues — U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. so. 25 Bysck— U. S. Dept. Agr, Jr. Agr. Res., Vol, IX, p. 343. COTTON INSECTS 129 Control — No adequate methods of control known; attempts are being- made to exterminate in this country. The red spider "''' (TcfrauycJuts fclariits) O r de r — Ac a r i n a The red spider has been reported on 183 species of plants many of which are cultivated forms ; it is a serious pest in greenhouses and one of the injuri- ous pests of cotton. The winter is passed in the south in the adult stage on several wild plants and especially on culti- vated violets; the eggs, laid on the undersides of the leaves of cotton, hatch in about 4 days and the female mite becomes mature in about 10 days; the first spring brood matures during March or early April in South Carolina and there is opportunity for from 12 to 17 broods. Control — Destroy all weeds, especially poke- weed, about the fields and plow fields in fall if possible ; destroy or spray cultivated violets ; watch for infested cotton plants early and pull them up and destroy them; finally spray cotton with potas- sium sulphide, i oz. to 2 gallons of water, or with lime-sulphur or flour paste, i pound flour to i gal- lon water made into a paste and then diluted at the rate of i part of paste to 9 parts of water. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO COTTON Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). Cotton root-louse (Aphis maidiradicis). Cotton stalk-borer (Ataxia crypt a). Cotton stainer (Dysdcrciis suUtrellus), 26 McGregor— U, S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 831. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN \ - It is estimated that stored grain insects cause an annual loss in this country of at least $200,000,000. They are more destructive in the southern United States although injury seems to be growing more common in northern latitudes. Most of the stored grain insects in this country have been introduced from foreign countries. It is said that over fifty species live habitually or occasionally in stored grains and grain products. Not more than a dozen of these are of primary importance. The more im- portant ones are: The Angoumois grain moth (Sifofroga ccrcalclla), the granary weevil (Calan- dra grauaria), the rice weevil (Calaiidra ory::cc), the saw-toothed grain beetle (Silz^amts surinamcn- sis), the Mediterranean flour moth (EpJicsfia kiicJi- nicUa), the Indian meal moth (Plodia inter piinc- tella), the pea weevil (Mylabnts pisontm), and the bean weevil (AcantJwsccIidcs obfccfus). Control — One of the best w^ays to keep seed corn, seed peas, wheat, beans, etc., is to store them in barrels or tight boxes; fill the boxes or barrels within 4 or 5 inches of the top and cover; if wee- vils or moths get in them pour carbon bisulphide, at the rate of Yz teacupful to a barrel of grain, into a tin dish and set this on top of the grain and cover the box or barrel with old blankets; leave covered 3 or 4 days; the liquid will evaporate and the gas 1 Chittenden— U. S. Dept. Agr., Far's' Bull. 4=;. ^ Back and Duckett— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 983. 130 STORED GRAIN INSECTS 131 will settle down through the grain and kill the in- sects ; do not go near the boxes with a light of any kind until the covers have been removed and the boxes thoroughly aired. In general, where bins or granaries are actually air-tight or nearly so, from 3 to 5 pounds of carbon bisulphide to 1000 cubic feet of space should be suf- ficient. Under ordinary circumstances from 15 to 20 pounds per 1000 cubic feet are necessary owing to the cracks and openings.^ Best results will be obtained when the temperature is above 75° F. Within the last few years heat * has been used to exterminate stored grain insects, especially in flour mills. The radiation surface is increased until a temperature of 118° to 125° F. can be maintained for several hours. A very simple method of preventing injury to peas and beans is by the use of air-slaked lime.'' For small quantities use four parts of lime to one part of seeds; for quantities from a peck to three bushels use equal amounts of lime and seeds; for larger amounts use one part by weight of lime and two parts of seeds. The seeds and lime should be mixed somewhat when ready for storage. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GREENHOUSE PLANTS The greenhouse leaf-tier ^ (Phlycfaenia ferrugalis) Order — Lepidoptera The parent insect is a rusty-brown moth that lays its flat eggs in groups of 2 to 12 on the undersides of the leaves of greenhouse plants ; they hatch in 10 to 12 days; the caterpillars are pale greenish-white 3 Hinds— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 799. 4 Dean— Kan. Expt. Stat., Bull. 189. 5 Metcalf— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. X, p. 97. 132 INSECTS OF ECONOIMIC IMPORTANCE in color with a narrow, dark-green stripe down the back and about J4 of an inch long when mature; they tie the leaves together and feed on them, dis- figuring the plants; the caterpillar becomes grown in from 15 to 20 days and pupates between two leaves or in a folded leaf; in about one week the moth appears ; in greenhouses it breeds all the year and attacks chrysanthemums, geranium, cinerarias, sweet peas and other plants. Control — Spray wnth arsenate of lead, 2]/^ pounds to 50 gallons of water, as soon as the cater- pillars appear and hit the undersides of the leaves ; hand-pick the caterpillars. The greenhouse w^hite-fly "^ (Trialciirodcs vaporarioriim) Order — Hemiptera The adult insect has four pure white wangs and is about 1-16 of an inch in length; the young insects are oval, flat, and whitish and cling closely to the undersides of the leaves where they suck out the juices. The small greenish eggs attached to the under- sides of the leaves hatch in about eleven days and the young insects attain their growth in from 3 to 4 weeks ; there are several generations each year, and the injury often becomes very severe. Control — An all-night fumigation with hydro- cyanic acid gas, i ounce of cyanide to 3500 cubic feet 'of space, has given good results; it is neces- sary to fumigate at intervals of ten days to two weeks. Spraying with soap, i pound in 6 gallons of w^atei; is of advantage, but if the solution is ap- plied frequently the soap should be washed from the plants occasionally by spraying with clear water. GREENHOUSE PLANTS INSECTS 133 The OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER ^ (ArcIupS rosace ana) Order — Lepidoptera The light-brown moth has three, more or less, dark-brown, broad oblique bands on each wing; she deposits her yellowish-green eggs in patches on the leaves; they hatch in 8 to 12 days and the green caterpillars eat the leaves and petals and buds of the rose and become grown in 3 to 6 weeks; each caterpillar pupates for two weeks in a folded leaf; there are at least two generations a season. Control — Hand-pick larvae; spraying with ar- senate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, has given good results where the plants were not too crowded. The ROSE midge ^ (Dasynetira rhodophaga) Order — Diptera The mosquito-like midge lays its eggs just under the sepals of the flower buds or between the leaves of the leaf buds; they hatch in 2 days and the maggots suck the sap from the petals and leaves and become grown in from 5 to 7 days; they then go into the ground and pupate in tiny silken cocoons; the whole life cycle is passed in 12 to 16 days. Control — In latter part of October cover ground all over in rose benches with tobacco dust ^ to J4 inch in depth; this will kill the maggots as they try to enter ground; fumigate house every night for two weeks and then every other night for a week with nicotine paper or nico-f ume ; spray dirt walks with 5% kerosene emulsion. 6^ 7^ 8 Davis— 27th Rept. 111. State Ent, p. 98- 9 Sasscer and Borden— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 778. 134 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The ciiRYSANTin>:AiUM midge ^^ {DiartJiromyia Jiypogcra) Order — Diptera The chrysanthemum midge is a late comer to America and is ah-eady causing considerable in- jury; the small mosquito-like adult fly lays its tiny eggs among the hairs on a leaf where it hatches in about 24 hours; the maggots cause galls on the leaves, petioles, or buds ; the galls may be so abun- dant as to cause malformation of plants, check growth, and prevent blooming. Control — A majority of the adult flies seem to issue after midnight ; therefore fumigation with nic- otine should be commenced at midnight and carried on every other night for 2 or 3 weeks; spraying with nicotine sulphate, i pint to 500 pints of water with an ounce of soap to each gallon, has proven effective; an application should be made every fourth or fifth day for a month. Scale insects and mealy bugs ^^ There are many species of scale insects that are injurious in greenhouses. The soft scale (Coccus hcspcridiim) that infests palms, croton, ficus, et al. ; the hemispherical scale (Saissctia hcmisphccrica) that occurs on palms, orchids, croton and other plants; the oleander scale (Aspidiofus hcdcrcu), the fern scale (Hcmichionaspis aspidistrcu) and the white pineapple scale (Diaspis hromclUcc) are some of the more common ones. There are also two common species of mealy bugs that occur in green- houses on palms, coleus, umbrella plants, et al. These are Pscudococcus adonidmn and Psciidocciis citri. Control of scale insects — Whale-oil soap, i 10 Guyton— Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 12, p. 162. 11 Davis— 27th Kept. 111. State Ent., p. 122. GREENHOUSE PLANTS INSECTS 135 pound to I gallon of warm water, is efficient for those species on palms, ficus and similar plants; it is unsafe on ferns ; fir-tree oil, i part to 20 parts of water, is useful for the species on ferns ; fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is most effective for the mealy bugs; one should consult Farmers' Bulletin 880 of the U. S. Dept. Agr. The red spider ^" (Tetranyclius felarius) Order — Acarina This pest has been discussed at length under pests of cotton ; in greenhouses it attacks the rose, violet, carnation, clematis, salvia, phlox, and other plants. Control — Washing plants with clear w^ater un- der pressure is one of the best methods of control ; ivory soap, ^ pound dissolved in 6 gallons of water, is very satisfactory; nicotine sulphate plus soap is also effective; fumigation with tobacco and painting pipes with sulphur are not effective. The GREENHOUSE THRiPS ^^ (HeliofJirips ■ hcemorrhoidalis) Order — Thysanoptera The adult is a tiny, dark-brown insect only 1-24 of an inch in length; the young are whitish at first but become reddish later; they extract the juices from the leaves and the leaves become spotted and covered with drops of. a reddish fluid excreted by the insects; the eggs stuck in the leaves hatch in 8 days and the young become mature in 14 to 26 days. Control — Fumigation with nicotine papers or with volatile nicotine extracts is effective if carried on at night and repeated every week or ten days; fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, i ounce so- dium cyanide to 1000 cu. ft., for carnations for i hour at a temperature of 54°, has been successful; 12 Ewing— Oregon Expt. Stat, Bull. 121. 13 Russell— U. S. Bii. Ent, Circ. 151. 136 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE in general, Yi ounce sodium cyanide to looo cu. ft for I hour repeated in ten. days is satisfactory. Some greenhouse aphids ^* There are two aphids, the ''black-fly" (Macrosi- phimi sanborni) and the green aphid (Aphis riifo- maciilata) that are sometimes present on chrysan- themums in large numbers and are decidedly injuri- ous ; so far as known these two aphids feed only on this plant and they often occur intermixed on the same plant. The rose is subject to the attacks of two species of plant lice, Macrosiphiim rosce, and Myzus ro- sarum; both of them are greenish in color and some- times the tender terminal shoots of the plants are covered with them. There are also two aphids that injure violets sometimes seriously; one of these, known as the "black-fly" (RJwpalosiphum violcu), is often abun- dant about the crowns of the plants; the other, known as the " green-fly" (Rhopalosiphum persi- cce), frequents all parts of the plant. The carnation is often badly injured by the com- mon green aphid {Myzus persicce) which is so abundant on greenhouse plants and many outdoor plants. Control of greenhouse aphids — For some aphids ivory soap, i pound to 6 gallons of water, is a simple, safe remedy ; for others, nicotine sulphate, I teaspoonful to a gallon of water, with about an ounce of soap added, is efficient ; fumigation with nicotine papers or some of the volatile nicotine so- lutions is satisfactory if care is taken to use the right amount for a given space and the house is tight ; fumigation with hydrocyanic gas is effective if correctly done. 14 Davis— 27th Kept, 111. State Ent., p. 116. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES The elm leaf-beetle^ {Galeriicella luteola) Order — Coleoptera Introduced from Europe and first found here in 1834 in Baltimore; the beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long, brownish-yellow in color with a dark line along each side of its back; the adults and larvae eat the leaves and defoliate the trees. The full-grown beetles hibernate in cracks and crevices, especially in attics of houses, and appear in spring as the leaves are putting out; they lay their orange-colored eggs on the undersides of the leaves; these hatch in 5 or 6 days; the grubs eat the leaves and mature in 15 to 20 days and pupate at the bases of the trees on top of the ground ; in 6 to 10 days the adults appear and in New York there is a second generation. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead as trees come in full leaf for the beetles and again about 3 weeks later for the grubs; use 3 to 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water; the Gypsy-moth Commission sprays but once and uses 5 pounds to 50 gallons; they spray as soon as trees come into good leafage. The elm leaf-miner ^ (KaliosyspJiinga idmi) Order — Hymenoptera The leaf-miner is another European insect but it works on Scotch and English elms; it is a sawfly and the larvae ''blister" and kill the leaves; the adults are small, shining black sawflies, about one- eighth of an inch long. 1 Herrick — Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 333. Felt— Bull. 20 of the N. Y. State Museum. 2 Slingerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat, Bull. 233. Herrick— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 333. 137 138 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The eggs are laid in May beneath the epidermis of the leaves and the larvae mine in the tissues of the leaf making large irregular mines or "blisters" in the leaves; they become mature in July and go into the ground where they make thin papery co- coons and remain in them until next spring; they then change to pup?e and the flies appear in May; only one generation. Control — Spray the leaves just as the mines be- gin to show, about first of June, with nicotine sul- phate, I pint to lOO gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap. The WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH ^ {HcmCVO- campa leiicostigma) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 310 The tussock moth is a native insect that is very injurious at times to shade-trees and fruit-trees; the larva is very striking in appearance; it is two inches long and bears four tufts or tussocks of creamy white hairs on its back with two long pen- cils of hairs on its head and a third on the posterior end of the abdomen. The moth lays its eggs in whitish masses in sum- mer on the trees ; they remain here until the follow- ing spring and then hatch into the caterpillars that strip the trees of foliage; these caterpillars often migrate from tree to tree; when full-grown they make cocoons on the trees and change to pupae ; one brood a season except in extreme southeastern part of State. Control — Collect ^gg masses during fall and winter ; spray trees with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons ; band trees with cotton in June, July, and August. 3 Howard— U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 99. SHADE TREE INSECTS 139 The fall web-worm * (Hyphantria textor) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 321 This is a typical American species and found from Canada to Texas; it has been recorded as feeding upon 120 species of trees; the moths are white or spotted with black and conspicuous; the larvae make ugly silken nests all over affected trees. The moths lay 400 to 500 eggs in clusters on the leaves ; the caterpillars feed in masses and spin webs enclosing leaves; they pupate in cocoons just below the surface of the soil or on ground under trash or • about trunks of trees; farther south there are two broods, but only one in central and northern New York; the pupae pass the winter in cocoons. Control — Cut out nests of larvae; spray with ar- senate of lead around the nests of the larvae. Bronze birch-borer ^ (Agrilus auxins) Order — Coleoptera This is a small olive-bronze colored beetle about one-half an inch long that is killing so many of the white birches in New York State. It attacks the top branches first but gradually spreads to all parts of the tree. The larvae bore through the sap-wood just beneath the bark and sometimes deeper into the solid wood. The larvae pupate in cells beneath the bark and in May or early June the beetles make half-round exit holes in the bark and emerge through these. Control — The only way of arresting the spread of the pest and stopping the death of healthy trees is to cut down and burn the infested ones before May first. * Felt— Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, Vol. I p 142 5 Shngerland— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 234. 140 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Willow and poplar borer '^ {Cryptorhynchus lapathi) Order — Coleoptera This is a beetle somewhat resembhng- the plum curculio, but much larger, that is becoming a seri- ous menace to poplar and willow trees both in the nursery and on the lawn. The larv?e bore through the wood finally causing the death of the tree. The presence of the larvae is indicated by the appearance of sawdust and particles of excrement thrown out- side; the yellowish eggs are laid, each in a cavity dug in the bark ; it hatches in 2 or 3 weeks and the partly grown grub passes the winter just beneath the outer bark and completes its growth the next spring, the adult beetles appearing during the lat- ter part of July ; there is one generation. Control — Apply an emulsion of carbolineum avenarius to the trunks of trees to a height of 4 or 5 feet from ground; to make emulsion, dissolve i pound of sodium carbonate in i quart of hot water and add i quart of the carbolineum ; stir vigorously and take i part to 2 parts of water. Hickory bark-borer"^ (Scolyfus quadrispinosus) Order — Coleoptera The adult is a small brown or black beetle about one-fifth of an inch long; the leaves wilt and twigs die in midsummer and the bark will be found full of small shotlike holes through which the beetles have emerged; it is a serious pest to hickory trees. The beetles appear last of June to last of July; they bore in young twigs, terminal buds and green nuts; females make galleries just under bark in sapwood and lay eggs in niches along the sides ; lar- 6 Matheson— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 388. ^ Felt — Insects Afifecting Park and Woodland Trees, Vol. I, p. 275. SHADE TREE INSECTS 141 v?e tunnel through sapwood and kill trees; grubs pass winter nearly full grown- in galleries under bark. Control — Cut out badly infested trees and af- fected portions of others and burn before June. The snow^-white linden moth ^ (Ennomos siibsignarms) Order — Lepidoptera Half a century ago this insect was a pest of shade-trees in Brooklyn and Philadelphia; became abundant again in 1907, and then was injurious in forests of New York for four years ; the moths are pure white and have the habit of appearing in enor- mous numbers around lights in cities where their appearance has been compared to snowstorms. Eggs are laid on branches in masses of 20 to 100 or more in June and July ; hatch the next spring in April and May; caterpillars strip leaves and mature in June and July and pupate in loose cocoons on leaves; moths appear from middle of June to last of July and soon deposit eggs ; one brood a year. Control — On fruit trees spray with arsenate of lead, 2}4 pounds to 50 gallons of water; no control for forest trees known. The brown-tail moth ^ (Euproctis chrysorrhoca) Order — Lepidoptera Probably introduced from Holland on shipments of roses by nursery in Somerville, Mass., about 1893; now in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New Hampshire and Maine; the larvae feed on pear, apple, cherry, peach, and other fruit- trees and on forest-trees; the moths are pure white with a tuft of brown hairs on end of abdo- men, hence name, ''brown-tail" moths; the hairs of 8 Herrick— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 286. 142 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE the larvre are brittle and barbed and when they strike the skin cause a nettle or rash quite serious to some people. Eggs laid in July in masses of 200 to 400 on leaves and covered with brown hair from body of female ; they hatch and the larv?e feed in groups on leaves until fall when they go into hibernation in hibernacula made by webbing many leaves together, at the ends of branches ; in the spring they eat leaves again and become full-grown latter part of June; pupate in cocoons in crevices of bark and other nooks; moths appear in July; one generation a sea- son. Control — Spray with arsenate of lead for cater- pillars 3 to 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water ; cut out nests of larv?e during dormant period of tree. The gypsy moth ^'^ (PorfJictria dispar) Order — Lepidoptera The gypsy moth gained a foothold by the escape of larv?e or eggs from breeding cages at Medford, Mass., about 1869; ^'^^w found in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and ]\laine; the female moth has. light buff wings marked with dark, wavy lines while the male is light brown in color. Eggs laid in clusters of 300 to 400 in July and covered with hair; they are deposited in crevices of bark, brush piles, stone-walls, etc., and hatch the next spring in May; larvcC mature last of June and first of July and pupate in various places in thin network of silk ; the moths appear in July and deposit eggs; only one generation a year; the food plants are almost all trees, especially apple, oak, and W'illows. 9, 10 Rogers and Burgess— U. S. Bii. Ent., Bull. 87. SHADE TREE INSECTS 143 Control — Spray trees with arsenate of lead, 3 to 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water ; burlap trees for hiding places for larvae and then kill the caterpil- lars ; tanglefoot of use in catching larvae ; treat egg- clusters with crude coal-tar creosote blackened with lampblack to tell what ones have been treated. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES Pigeon horn-tail (Tremcx columba). Maple borer {PlagionoUis speciosns). Elm borer (Saperda tridenfata) . Maple scale (Puhinaria vitis). Leopard moth {Zeiizera pyrina). Locust borer (Cyllene robinicE). Forest-tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria). Evergreen bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemerce- formis). Spruce gall louse (Chermes ahietis). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FARM ANIMALS SHEEP PESTS Sheep botfly or head maggot ^ (Gisfrus oz'is) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 478 The adult insect is a two-winged fly that deposits living maggots in the nostrils of sheep ; the maggots pass upward into the nasal sinuses ; accounts record the presence of the maggots in the brain ; the mag- gots attach themselves to the delicate membranes by means of two hooks and feed upon the mucous secretions, causing catarrh and staggers ; when full- grown the maggots are sneezed out through the nostrils and go into the ground to undergo their transformations; the flies are most active in June and July; the maggots live in the nose about ten months; the adults have no functional mouth-parts and do not feed. Control — Plow a piece of land in pasture and harrow until fine and dusty for sheep to stand on; smear noses often in summer with equal parts of tar and grease; bore holes in a log and put salt in them after w^hich smear edges of holes with tar and grease; no medicine will reach grubs; do not use a wire in nostrils. Itch or scab ^ (Psoropfes communis var. ovis) Order — Acarina Sheep scab is strictly a contagious disease and is responsible for much loss among western sheep growers, through death of animals and damage to 1 Osborn— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 5, p. 102. 2 Salmon and Stiles — U. S. Bu. An. Ind., Bull. 21. Tmes— U. S. Dept Agr., Par's' Bull. 713. 144 SHEEP INSECTS 145 wool; also exporters suffer loss because American live stock are prohibited from Europe. Scab is caused by small mites that work in the skin causing the wool to fall off and producing large scabs over the body; there are four varieties of mites that work on sheep and cause scab — the mite causing the common or "body scab"; the mite cans-- ing the ''head scab"; the mite causing the ''foot scab" ; and the mite causing the "follicular scab" affecting the eyelids. The common or body scab is a severe itching dis- ease and occurs most often on the backs and sides where the wool is longest; it is the worst form of the disease in this country ; the mites multiply with wonderful rapidity; one female lays 15 to 24 eggs which hatch in a few days, and in 15 days the young become adults ; in a few months a single female can produce an enormous number of progeny. Control — When far advanced, soften the scab with some kind of grease or oil, and then apply some of the common "sheep dips"; the active in- gredients in most "dips" are tobacco, arsenic and carbolic acid ; each sheep will require from a quart to a gallon; use the dip at a temperature of 100 de- grees in summer and 10 degrees warmer in winter; a simple method of treating a few sheep is to turn them on their back and pour the dip along the mid- dle line of the venter; where large numbers are to be dipped, special tanks are made ; a kerosene emul- sion is also a good sheep "dip" ; a second or third dipping may be necessary, as the dips do not often kill the eggs, and another brood may appear later. The sheep "tick" ^ {Melophagiis ovinns) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 488 A curious, degraded, wingless insect belonging ^ Imes— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 798. 146 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE to the same order as the i^'ad-flies and the common housefly; it is thus not a true tick; ver}^ common on sheep, but seldom causes serious injury to old sheep; lambs are often worried and hindered from ac- quiring fat; the "ticks" cling very tenaciously to the skin and suck the blood; the eggs are hatched within the body of the flies, and the maggot is nourished there until it is nearly full-grown, and is not born until it is nearly ready to change to a pupa ; it is stuck to the fibers of wool ; each fly pro- duces from two to fifteen of these brown puparia, one-third as large as the mother fly; they are laid in the wool to which they adhere, and they give out the adult fly in about three weeks; the "ticks" are most numerous in the spring, cause much irritation, and hinder young lambs from making their normal growth ; their whole life is spent on the sheep. Control — Keep the pen clean; after shearing, apply any of the standard "dips" or kerosene emul- sions. The sheep louse (Trichodccfcs sphccrocepliahis) A biting louse that works at the base of the wool ; not often abundant. CATTLE PESTS The OX w^arble, or botfly ^ (Hypodenna lincata) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 478 The ox botfly is widely distributed in this coun- try and Europe; it is found on the buiTalo (Bison) here; it causes much loss by afi^ecting the general health of animals and also by its perforations of hides, thus lowering their value ; there is a second species in this country, the European botfly {Hypo- derma hovis) which is very similar in appearance and habits. 4 Hadwen — Canad. Dept. Agr., Sc. Ser., Bull. 21. Hadwen and Bruce — Canad. Dept. Agr., Sc. Sen, Bull. 22, CATTLE INSECTS 147 The adult flies are about one-half inch in length and bee-like in appearance; the eggs are laid on the hair around the heel and on the lower part of the leg, and on other parts of the body; they hatch in 4 to 7 days and the larvae bore directly down a hair follicle and get beneath the skin; they work their way along beneath the skin to the oesophagus ; from here they work down to the diaphragm, up a rib, and finally to the back beneath the skin; there the larv?e produce swellings or warbles and after com- pleting their growth wriggle out and go into the ground in the spring; here they change to pupae and finally the adult fiy appears ; the flies seem to annoy cattle very much although they do not bite or sting; 50% of the cattle in the Mississippi Valley are af- fected. Control — Apply kerosene or grease to the *'warbles" in the winter, or as soon as noticed; this will close up the breathing holes of the maggots and cause their death; remove by squeezing or other- wise, the maggots from the ''warbles." The horn-fly ^ (Hcematobia serrata = Lyperosia irritans) Order — Diptera The horn-fly is another importation from Eu- rope; it came to America in 1886 and landed near Philadelphia apparently; it is now distributed all over the country ; the adults are about half as large as the house-fly; they annoy cattle very much and cause a large loss to the milk supply. The flies lay their eggs in fresh cow droppings; the maggots attain their growth there in a few days and burrow just beneath the surface of the earth and change to pupae; the adults soon appear; the whole life cycle may be gone through in two 5 Osborn— U. S. Bu. Ent, Bull. 5, p. 114. 148 INSFXTS OF ECONO^lIC IMPORTANCE weeks and there are four or five broods in a season. The adults have a habit of gatherin^^ on the bases of the horns but cause no injury at this place; the flies are common from ]\Iay until frosts of autumn. Control — Almost any greasy substance, like axle grease, fish oil, kerosene emulsion, crude pe- troleum, etc., applied to the afliicted parts will keep the flies away for several days; where sores are formed, add a little carbolic acid to the grease or oil ; tobacco powder will kill the flies if it is dusted on them ; spread out or mix lime with the fresh cow droppings ; spray cows with crude petroleum. Also see repellant mixtures, p. 152'. Sucking cattle lice ^ (Hccmatopiuits citry- sterniis) (LinognatJiiis vituli) Order — Hemiptera There are two species of suckino- lice, the short- nosed ox louse and the long-nosed ox louse; they are apt to be abundant especially on calves and on poorly cared for and ill-fed cattle; on these they mav cause injury. The eggs are attached to the hairs of the animal and the young lice gradually develop to the adults. Control — An infusion of stavesacre seeds seems to be the most accepted remedy. Four ounces stavesacre (Delphinium) seeds, i ounce white helle- bore boiled in i gallon of water until only 2 quarts remain and applied with a brush where lice are seen; kerosene emulsion, 15%, or crude petroleum rubbed in among the hairs; 2 or 3 applications of either at an interval of one week; raw linseed oil has been recommended; it is applied with a brush but one must not rub too vigorously. 6 Imes — U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 909. Lamson — Conn. (Storrs) Expt. Stat., Bull. 97. CATTLE INSECTS 149 The BITING CATTLE LOUSE "^ (TricJiodectcs scalaris) Order — Mallophaga This species of louse is common the world over and is often very abundant; they do not seem to be as injurious as the sucking lice attributable to the fact, probably, that they do not suck blood ; they are smaller than the sucking lice; they are gener- ally found in more abundance in the spring of the year ; at this time eggs and adults are easily found. Control — Same as for the suckino: lice. Southern cattle tick ^ (Boophilus anmtlatiis) Order — Acarina One of the ticks, thus not a true insect. It is the carrier of Texas fever, a blood disease caused by a minute protozoan parasite working in the red blood corpuscles; the ticks drop from the cattle when full grown and lay eggs, sometimes as many as 3000 among the grass; the young ticks which hatch must find their way to the cattle to live, and these young ticks will introduce the disease to healthy stock ; infested Southern cattle often intro- duce the disease into Northern herds, but as our cold winters kill the ticks, the disease disappears unless reintroduced in Southern ticks brought north the next season. Control — Thoroughbred Northern cattle are now taken south and there inoculated and only a mild form of the disease produced: the ticks are now being gradually exterminated from the coun- try by dipping infested cattle in an arsenical solu- tion at certain intervals throughout the season. 7 Osborn— U. S. Rii. Ent.. Bull. =;, p. 209. 8 Mohler— U. S. Bu. An. Ind., Bull. 78. Ellenberger and Chapin— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 1057. ISO INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE PESTS OF HORSES Botfly ^ (GasfropJiilus intcstinalis) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 477 The adults are about three-fourths of an inch long and rather light brown in color; the fly does not bite or sting yet many horses are much worried by its presence; authorities differ as to injury by the bots; they may irritate the stomach; may ab- sorb much nutriment from the stomach contents, and cause irritation in the intestines. The fly attaches its eggs to the hairs on the legs and shoulders of horse; eggs licked off by horse and carried to stomach where the maggots or ''bots" attach themselves to the walls of this organ; they usually spend several months in the digestive or- gans; probably not more than one maggot in fifty ever reach stomach; they live in the dung during May or June, go into ground and pupate. Control — Shave off the eggs with a sharp knife or razor once in two weeks at least; kill eggs by running over them lightly with carbolic acid, 2 per- cent phenol. The THROAT BOTFLY ^^ (GasfropJiHus nasalis) Attaches its eggs to the hairs of the lips and nostrils and to the hairs of the throat. Control — Same as foregoing species. Horsefly or gadfly ^^ (Tabanits afrafns) Order — Diptera A large black fly that flies swiftly, bites fiercely and is a persistent enemy of horses and cattle ; eggs have been found attached to leaves overhanging water; larvae live in marshy ground and along 9. 10 Dove— U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 597- 11 Carman— Ken. Expt. Stat., Bull. 151. SWINE INSECTS 151 streams ; these flies often become abundant and in- jurious to cattle and horses but they do not produce 'Svarbles" or bots. Control — Success has been obtained by putting kerosene oil on pools of water frequented by these flies. They are killed by coming in contact with the oil. Certain repellant mixtures may be put on cattle but diflicult among large herds. Nets on horses are a protection. A PEST OF HOGS The hog louse ^^ (Hcumatopinus urhis) Order — Hemiptera Occasionally this species appears in great num- bers on swine; a full-grown louse measures one- fourth inch or more in length; it is gray in color and has sucking mouthparts. Control — Washes of dilute carbolic acid (i to 30) or the tobacco extracts or kerosene emulsion will control these lice; a wallowing trough of ce- ment with a film of oil on top is a very good method of control. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO LIVE STOCK Turkey gnat (black-flv) (Simulium mcridion- ale). Buffalo gnat (black-fly) (Siniuliuin pccuanim). Brown gad-fly (Tabamis exiil). Ear-fly (Chrysops vittafus). Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) . Screw-worm fly (Paralucilia maccUaria). Lone star tick (Amblyonima unipuiicfa). Repellants for flies on live stock Many mixtures have been recommended for ap- 12 Lewis— Oklahoma Expt. Stat., Bull. 72. 152 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE plication to horses and cattle to protect them from the attacks of flies. No one of these repellants has proved entirely satisfactory because of the trouble of application, the transitory effectiveness of the material, and the possibility of injury to the animal to which the mixture has been applied. The following mixtures are simple compounds and perhaps as effective as any in present use : ^^ Fish oil / 100 parts Oil of tar 50 parts Crude carbolic acid i part Apply with hand spray pump or with a brush. ^* Fish oil I gallon Oil of tar 2 ounces Oil of pennyroyal 2 ounces Kerosene ^ pint Apply lightly with a brush. ^^ Crude cotton-seed oil. ./. . ., 2 parts Pine tar i part Apply at milking time with a brush. Moore — South Dakota Bull. 81, pp. 41-42. lishop — U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 540. 1= Weed— Miss. Expt. Stat., Bull. 28. EXTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY The external parasites of poultry are many in number, at least i8 different kinds of mites and 9 or 10 different kinds of lice are parasitic on poul- try. One tick and two fleas are also found as pests on domestic fowls. Chicken mite ^ (Dermanyssus gallincu) Order — Acarina The chicken mite can be found in almost any poultry house and often exceedingly abundant in some, especially unclean ones; it has a marked ef- fect on egg production ; will prevent hens from fat- tening and will drive sitting hens from nests; it causes a high mortality among young chicks and is a pernicious pest; the mouth parts are fitted for piercing and sucking and the mites suck the blood of their hosts ; they are usually found on fowls only at night, for they remain hidden during the day in cracks and crevices of the perches and houses. The mite varies in color from pale yellowish to red; it deposits small white eggs in cracks and crevices of the perches and nest boxes ; these hatch in 3 or 4 davs into almost white six-legged mites that gradually grow by casting their skins until they become adults with 8 legs ; the life cycle may be passed through in 9 or 10 days; they increase enormously. Control — Poultry houses should be built so that every part of them is well lighted and aired; the houses should be kept scrupulously clean ; the houses 1 Herrick — Mississippi Expt. Stat, Bull. 78. Repp— Iowa Expt. Stat, Bull. 69. 153 . . 154 INSECTS OF FXONOMTC IMPORTANCE should be built so that the perches, nest boxes, etc., may be readily removed leaving only four bare v^alls; spray the inside of houses with one part crude carbolic acid and three parts kerosene; sit- ting hens should be isolated from laying hens; a dust bath should be provided for the fowls. Hen lice - (Mcnopon paUidiim and other species) Order — Mallophaga There are 9 or lo species of lice that infest fowls ; they have biting mouth-parts and live upon scales of cast-off skin and on bits of feathers — do not suck blood; they irritate the fowls, however, by their presence and interfere with growth and ^gg pro- duction and are fatal to young chicks ; these Hce are permanent parasites and each leg ends in two sharp claws. The lice deposit their whitish eggs or ''nits" at the bases of the feathers; here they hatch and the young lice gradually grow into adults. Control — Use the same measures as for the mites; dips have been recommended but they are objectionable: one of the best is made by mixing ij4 ounces of pure carbolic acid with i gallon of hot water; when cool immerse the fowl in it one minute; creolin at the rate of 2^ ounces to the gallon may be used instead; the Cornell powder is good for dusting fowls; it is made of i part crude carbolic acid, 3 parts gasoline, and enough plaster of Paris to take up the liquid; J4 pint of acid, % pint of gasoline and about 2^^ pounds of plaster will form about the right proportions. Apply the powder with a sifter or with the fingers and work it in among the feathers; sodium fluoride has 2 Herrick— Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat.. Bull. 359. Lamson and Manter — Conn. (Storrs) Expt. Stat., Bull. 86. Bishopp and Wood— U. S. Dept. Agr., Ear's' Bull. 801. POULTRY INSECTS 155 proven to be a very simple and effective remedy; put a ''pinch" on head, one or two on back and be- neath each wing- and below the vent. Scaly-leg^ (Cnemidocoptes miitans) Order — Acarina Scaly-leg among fowls is caused by a very small mite ; the disease is contagious and fatal if not con- trolled; the legs become covered with hard greyish crusts, the fowl becomes lame and finally unable to walk when it will eventually die. These minute mites live beneath the scales of the legs where a white powdery substance is formed which together wath the serum forms the crust. Control — The disease is contagious and the af- fected fowl must be isolated; disinfect house with hot water and carbolic acid and then whitewash it ; soak leg of fowl in warm water to soften the scales ; then scrape them off carefully; coat with caraway oil I part and 5 parts white vaseline or with Balsam of Peru once a day. Depluming scabies^ {Cnemidocoptes gallince) Order — Acarina Fowls often pluck out their own feathers or those of their mates ; the feathers often fall out of them- selves, that is, they break off* at the bases ; the bases of the quills become filled wnih a white powdery substance among which the mites live; here they set up an irritation that causes the fowl to pull out its own feathers ; the disease usually commences at the rump and gradually spreads ; the head and neck often become seriously affected ; the mites are most abundant in spring and summer ; as many as ten or twelve may be found at each feather. 3 Pearl, Surface, and Curtis — Poultry Diseases and Treatment, Me. Expt. Stat., 191 1. IS6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Control — The disease is contagious and the af- fected fowl should be isolated; dust the fowl with fresh Buhach; use the caraway oil, i part, and white vaseline 5 parts; Theobald rubs oil of cloves over the affected area. Pulmonary mite ^ (Cytodites niidus) Order — Acarina These mites inhabit the bronchial tubes even reaching the cavities in the pneumatic bones; the mite is readily seen with the eye; it is only when they are abundant that they cause trouble; they sometimes occur in such numbers that they close up the tubes an.d produce asphyxia; this mite is of considerable size and readily seen with the naked eye ; it is white and globular in form. Hen flea ^ (Ceratophylhis gallincu) Order — Siphonaptera This hen flea is evidently not abundant in Amer- ica having been found here but twice so far ; it has sucking mouthparts and lives upon the blood of its host ; fleas are not permanent parasites ; they get on the hens to feed and when through leave them. The female lays her white eggs in the nests chiefly, but sometimes on the floor among the drop- pings ; the eggs hatch into long slender white worm- like larvae that live on the organic matter found among the cracks and crevices of the house; in about two weeks they make a silken cocoon and change to the pupa ; in two to three weeks the adults appear. Control — Same methods as advised for the con- trol of the mites and lice. 4, ^ Pearl, Surface, and Curtis — Poultry Diseases and Treatment, Me. Expt. Stat., 191 1. ^ Theobald — Parasitic Diseases of Poultry. POULTRY INSECTS 157 The Cuban hen flea "^ (Echidnophaga gallina- ceus) Order — Siphonaptera The flea occurs in the Southern States and at times becomes abundant and very irritating espe- cially to sitting hens ; they attach themselves to the face, to the wattles, comb, etc., and suck the blood; they finally drop off when mature and lay their eggs among the debris in the nest. Control — Same as for hen flea. Chicken tick ^ (Argus m'miatns) Order — Acarina Occurs in Texas in injurious numbers. Chicken or fowl-bug {Hccmato siphon inodorus) Order — Hemiptera This is a bug closely allied to the bedbug and it sometimes attacks sitting hens while on their nests. Control — Dust fowls with fresh Buhach. Common bedbug (Cimex lectularms) Order — Hemiptera Sometimes a pest in poultry houses. '^ Herrick — Jour. Ec. Ent, Vol. I, p. 355. 8 Bishopp — U. S. Dept. Agr., Par's' Bull. 1070. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HOUSE- HOLD There are many insect pests that injure the food- stuffs, clothing, carpets, rugs, etc., of the household, and the aggregate loss caused by these insects is very large. Moreover, many of these pests are now known to be the disseminators of certain hu- man diseases, so that they have become important from more than one point of view; the more im- portant of these household pests are discussed in the following pages. House-fly (Mttsca domcstica) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 482 The house-fly lays its white eggs in manure, de- caying vegetable material and other garbage: they hatch in 12 to 24 hours into the whitish maggots: the maggots reach maturity in 5 or 6 days and change to pup^e which are enclosed in dark-brown puparia; these rest quietly about 5 days and then the adult comes forth: the adults carry typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, and other enteric diseases. Control — Draw out stable manure twice a week or put it in a dark closet; treat manure piles with hellebore or borax; put yi pound of hellebore in 10 gallons of water and sprinkle it over 8 bushels (10 cu. ft.) of manure or sprinkle 10 ounces of powdered borax over 8 bushels of the manure and then wet down with 2 or 3 gallons of water; build a modern fly-tight toilet; screen whole house espe- 158 HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 159 dally back porch ; use tanglefoot paper and formal- dehyde, 2 tablespoonfuls in a pmt of water; use fresh Buhach. Mosquitoes (Ciilcx and Anopheles) Order — Diptera. Manual, p. 437 All mosquitoes lay their eggs on or in water or where water will eventually be; the common house mosquito deposits its eggs in boat-shaped masses on water where they hatch in 24 hours; the 'Sviggle- tails" attain their growth in 6 to 10 days and then transform to active pup?e; the pupal stage lasts 4 to 6 days; the life cycle may be passed in two weeks in hot weather. The malarial mosquito. Anopheles quadrimaeida- tiis, lays its eggs singly on top of the water; they hatch in 3 days and the larv?e lie in a horizontal po- sition just beneath the surface film for about 16 days ; the life cycle lasts about 24 days. There are four mosquitoes in the United States that carry malaria and they all belong to the genus, Anopheles. There is also one that carries the causative or- ganism of yellow fever ; it is found in all of the Gulf States and may occur along the Atlantic Coast as far north as New York City; the species is com- monly known as Stegomyia fasciata but is now placed under the name Acdes argentens. Control — Use oil on water; drain all pools of water; put fish in ponds that cannot be drained or oiled; screen houses; kill adults with Buhach; use bednets. Ants (several species) Order — Hymenoptera. Manual, p. 633 The little red ant, the black carpenter ant, the pavement ant, and the small black ant, are the i6o INSECTS OF ECONOiMIC IMPORTANCE species most prevalent in houses in the North. In Louisiana, ]\Iississippi, Texas and California, the Argentine ant is becoming a great and serious pest. Some ants make their nests on the lawns, in the walls of the houses, etc., while others make them in old logs, decaying beams, and stumps, others un- der stones in the pavement, etc. Control — Isolate food products; use sponges soaked in sweetened water; locate nests and use carbon bisulphide ; squirt kerosene in entrance holes and plug with cotton; use ant tape; use a mixture of tartar emetic i part, sugar lo parts and water to moisten well. Clothes moths (three species) Order — Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 257 There are three species of these moths in the United States but only two are common in the North; the larvae of these often do serious injury by eating holes in w^oolen garments and by damag- ing furs. Control — Air and shake clothes frequently ; use moth balls ; put woolens away in tight paper sacks ; use a fumigation box. Carpet beetles (two species) Order — Coleoptera. Manual, p. 539 There are two species of carpet beetles, the so- called "Buffalo bug" and the black carpet beetle; they deposit their eggs about the edges of the car- pet w^here they are feeding; these hatch and the hairy larvae feed on the carpet. Control — Use rugs and finished floors; trap larvae with woolen cloths ; spray carpets with ben- zine, whip and hang in the sunlight; wash floors with strong soapsuds. HOUSEHOLD INSECTS i6i Fleas (several species) Order — Siphonaptera. Manual, p. 490 There are two or three species of fleas that trou- ble household inmates, the human flea and the cat and dog fleas; the latter are the common ones and are the ones usually causing the trouble; the hu- man flea is more or less common in California; the cat and dog fleas lay their white eggs while the flea is on its host but the eggs drop to the floor where they hatch into long worm-like larvae; these larvae live on the material found in the dirt along the cracks of the floor and about the baseboards; cer- tain fleas disseminate disease, especially the plague. Control — Get rid of dog or cat or wash them often in a solution of creolin 4 teaspoonfuls to a quart of water for the dog, and 3 teaspoonfuls to a quart for the cat; use rugs and finished floors; wash floors with soapsuds and spray with benzine; use flake napthaline. Cockroaches (several species) Order — Orthoptera. Manual, p. 106 There are four species that cause trouble in the United States; the croton bug, the oriental roach, the American roach, and the Australian roach; they lay their eggs in a mass in a sort of brown bean-like case ; they live upon all kinds of food, but often contaminate with a roachy odor more than they eat; they injure books seriously at times. Control — Trap them; use Buhach; use borax; fumigate rooms with hydrocyanic acid gas ; use in- sectoline; use sodium fluoride. Bedbug {Cimex lectularius) Order — Hemiptera. Manual, p. 140 These insects go into houses in visitors' baggage, in laundry brought in from the washerwoman's ; by i62 INSECTS OF EC0N0:MIC IMPORTANCE migrating from another adjoining house; they lay their eggs in the cracks of beds and multiply in great numbers ; they are suspected of carrying dis- CoNTROL — Use iron bedsteads; paint cracks in beds with gasoline, kerosene, or benzine ; pour boil- ing water on the beds if not afraid of injuring var- nish; fumigate with sulphur, 2 pounds to 1000 cubic feet ; fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas. Circ. 36, Clothes IMoths. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bii. of Ent. Circ. 71, Housefly. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bii. of Ent. Circ. 108, House fleas. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Circ. 5, Carpet Beetles. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Circ. 34, Ants. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Circ. 13, Mosquitoes. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Bull. 4, Household Insects. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Ear's' Bull. 679, Houseflies. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent. Book. Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoying to Man, Glenn W. Herrick. SPRAYING SCHEDULE FOR APPLES Dormant spray. — As the buds begin to shozv green Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 8, for San Jose scale, oyster-shell scale, and blister mite. If aphids are present this application should be delayed until just as the buds are bursting ; at that time the young lice are clustering on the opening buds. *'Black leaf 40" tobacco extract should be added, •)4 pii'^t to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur solution. Summer sprays (A) As the buds begin to show pink Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 40, for apple scab; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur, for bud moth and case-bearers. (B) As the last of the petals are falling Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 40, for apple scab; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur, for codling moth. This is the most important spray for the control of the codling moth. (C) Three zveeks after the petals fall Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 40, for apple scab; SPRAYING SCHEDULE 163 from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur, for codlino- moth. (D) The last zveek in July Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 40, for apple scab; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur for the second brood of codling moth. SPRAYING SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES Dormant spray. — Before the leaf buds swell Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted 1-8, for San Jose scale and peach leaf curl. If San Jose scale is not to be com- bated, lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted i to 15, or Bor- deaux 4-4-50, should be used. Summer sprays (A) About the time when the calyxes, or shucks, are drop- ping from the young fruit (a) Self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50, with arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, for scab. As this is rather early for scab and rot, the self-boiled lime-sulphur may be omitted, using merely (b) Arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, for curculio. If the self-boiled lime-sulphur is omitted, milk of lime, made by slaking from 2 to 3 pounds of good stone lime, should be added to each 50 gallons of water. This will tend to counteract any caustic action of the arsenate of lead. (B) Tzi'o or three zveeks later, or about one month after the petals fall (a) Self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50, for scab and brown rot. (b) Two pounds of arsenate of lead added to the pre- ceding, for curculio. (C) About one month before the fruit ripens Self -boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50, for brown rot. Arsenate of lead must not be added. INDEX Acanthoscelides obtectus... io6, Acidia f ratria Adalia bipiinctata Aedes argenteus Agrilus anxius 58, Agrikis ruficollis Agrilus sinuatus Agromyza simplex Alabama argillacea Alfalfa pests. . . . Alfalfa leaf- weevil Alsophila pometaria Ah^pia octomaciilata Amblyomma imipuncta Ampeloglypter sesostris . . . Amphicera bicaudatus = Schistocerus hamatus .... Anarsia lineatella Anasa tristis Ancylis comptana Ania limboda Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Anthonomus grandis Anthonomus scutellaris Anthonomus signatus Anthonomus quadrigibbus. . Ants Aphid, apple-grain Aphid, black Aphid, cabbage Aphid, cherry Aphid, currant Aphid, green Aphid, pea Aphid, peach Aphid, potato Aphid, rosy apple Aphid, woolly Aphis avense= Rhophalosi- phum prunifoli^e Aphis brassicse Aphis f orbesi Aphis gossypii 100, Aphis maidiradicis .... 122, Aphis mali Aphis malifoliae Aphis persic3e-niger Aphis pomi 41 130 Aphis rufomaculata 136 108 Aphis rumicis 107 5 Aphis setariae 54 159 Aphis sorbi 40 139 Apple bud-worm 52 85 Apple curculio 49 58 Apple leaf-roller 49 97 Apple leafhopper 52 127 Apple maggot 44 123 Apple pests 36 125 Apple seed-chalcis 47 42 Apple tree borers 8 yy Apple weevil 52 151 Archips argyrospila 49, 59, 66, 70 77 Archips cerasivorana 69 Archips obsoletana 83 77 Archips rosaceana 62 52, 70, 133 99 Argas miniatus ^ Argas per- 82 sicus 157 112 Argas persicus 157 159 Argops>v.lla gallinacea = 127 Echidnophaga gallinaceus. 157 .S3 Army worm 8, 118, 119 81 Arsenate of lead 11, 14 49 Arsenate of calcium 11, 15 159 Arsenic, white ii 4G Arsenite of lime 11 136 Arsenite of copper 11 94 Arsenite of zinc 11, 16 67 Asparagus beetles 96, 97 79 Asparagus miner 97 41 Asparagus pests 96 106 Asphondylia miki 127 61 Aspidiotus forbesi 70 89 Aspidiotus hederse 134 40 Aspidiotus howardi 59 46 Aspidiotus juglans-regise. .. . 81 Aspidiotus ostreseformis. . . . 54 40 Aspidiotus perniciosus 94 25, 34, 56, 59, 81 83 Aspidiotus uvse 77 129 Ataxia crypta 12^9 129 Aulacaspis pentagona 66 41 Aulacaspis rosse 87 40 Autographa brassicse 95 61 Autographa falcigera 107 165 i66 INDEX Autographa gamma-califor- nica 12/ Baits, poison 17 Barium sulphur 26 Bean pests 105 Bean leaf-beetle 106 Bean weevil 106 Bedbug 161 Bees 4 Beet leaf-miner 103 Beet pests . . . 10;? Bembccia marginata 86 Billbugs 120 Birch l3orer I39 Birds 9 Biting insects 8 Blacklierry pests 83 Black death 17 Black-leaf-40 20 Blastopliaga 5 Blister beetle 89, 105 Blister-mitc 25,48, 54 Blissus leucopterus ....115, 123 Boll-weevil 3, 4, 127 Bollworm, cotton 128 Bolhvorm, pink cotton .... 128 Books 6 Boophilus annulatus 14Q Bordeaux mixture 33 Borer, flat-headed 37 Borer, round-headed t,7 Bot-fly 146, 150 Braconids 6 Bronze birch-borer 8, 139 Brown-tail moth ...4, 8, 52, 141 Bruces measuring-worm ... s^ Bruchophagus funebris 125 Bruchus chinensis 107 Bruchus obtectus 106 Bruchus pisorum = ]\Iylab- rus pisorum T05 Bruchus quadrimaculatus. . . 107 "B.T.S." 26 Bucculatrix pomifoliella ... 45 Bud moth 38 Buffalo tree-hopper 51 Bug death 16 Bumblebees 5 Byturus unicolor 87 Cabbage aphid 04 Cabbage bug 95 Cabbage looper 95 Cabbage insects 9, 92 Cabbage root-maggot g2 Cabbage worm, imported . . 94 Calandra granaria 130 Calandra oryza^ 130 Calendar, spray 162, 163 Caliroa cerasi 56 Calosoma sycophanta 10 Canker-worm, fall 8, 42 Canker-worm, spring 8, 42 Carabid?c 5 Carbolic acid emulsion . . 19, 23 Carbon bisulphide 27 Carpet beetles 160 Carpocapsa pomonella ...36, 59 Carrot pests 108 Carrot rust-fly 107 Case-bearers 39 Cassida bivittata 91 Cassida nigripes 92 Cattle lice 148 Cattle pests 146 Cattle tick 149 Tecidomyia destructor = Ma- yetiola destructor 114 Celery pests 107 Cephus pygmseus i ig Ceratophyllus gallin^e 156 Cereal insects 114 Ceresa bubalus 51 Cerotoma trifurcata 106 Ceutorhyuchus rapae 96 Ch?etocnema confinis 90 Chalcis-flies 6 Chermes abietis 143 Cherry, fruit-flies 68 Cherry leaf-miner 69 Cherry leaf-roller 6g Cherry louse, black 67 Cherry insects 67 Chicken bug 157 Chicken lice 154 Chicken mite 153 Chicken tick 157 Chilocorus bivulnerus 5 Chinch bug ....3, 8, 9, 115, 123 Chionaspis furfura 57 Chloridia virescens 113 Chrysanthemum midge .... 134 Chr3'sobotliris femorata ... 37 Chrysops vittatus 151 Cimex lectularius 157, 161 Cigar case-bearer 39 Clothes moths 160 Clover flower-midge 124 Clover hay- worm 126 INDEX 167 Clover leaf-beetle 124 Clover pests 9> 123 Clover root-borer 123 Clover seed-chalcis 125 Clover seed-caterpillar 126 Cnemidocoptes gallm?e 155 Cnemidocoptes mutans 15s Coccus hesperidum 134 Cochineal 4 Cockroaches 161 Codling moth . .3, 8, 36, 59, 67 Coleophora fletcherella .... 39 Coleophora malivorella .... 39 Coleoptera 7 Colorado potato beetle .... 88 Conotrachekis crat^egi 66 Conotrachelus nenuphar .... 52 Contact substances 19 Contarinia johnsoni 7( Contarinia pyrivora 57 Contarinia tritici 115 Control, artificial methods of 10 Control, natural methods of 9 Coptocycla bicolor 92 Corn pests 9, 119 Cornborer, European 122 Corn root-aphid 122 Cotton-boll weevil g, 127 Cotton pests 127 Crambus sps 120 Craponius imxqualis 77 Crioceris asparagi 96 Crioceris duodecimpunctata. 97 Cryptorhynchus lapathi .... 140 Cucuml^er beetle 8, 98 Cucumber pests 98 Culex pipiens 159 Curculio, apple 49 Curculio, plum 52 Currant aphid 79 Currant moth-borer 79 Currant pests 78 Currant stem-girdler 78 Currant worm, imported ... 78 Cutworms 92, 93, 102, 120 Cylas formicarius 91 Cyanide, sodium 27 Cyllene robinise 143 Cytodites nudus 156 Dasyneura leguminicola .... 124 Dasyneura rhodophaga .... 133 Dasyneura trifolii 126 Datana ministra 51 Depluming scabies 155 Depressaria heracliana 108 Dermanyssus gallinae 153 Desmia f uneralis 76 Diabrotica longicornis 123 Diabrotica 12-punctata .... 100 Diabrotica vittata 98 Diaphania hyalinata 100 Diaphania nitidalis 100 Diarthromyia hypogsea .... 134 Diaspsis bromallise 134 Dicyphus minimus 113 Diplosis pyrivora = Contari- nia pyrivora 57 Diplosis tritici = Contarinia tritici 115 Diptera 7 Disonycha xanthomelsena . . 104 Dusting 30 Dysdercus suturellus 129 Eccoptogaster rugulosus := Scolytus rugulosus 61 Echidnophaga gallinaceus. . . 157 Elm leaf-beetle 137 Elm leaf-miner 137 Empoasca mali 52 Empria f ragarise 83 Emulsions of oils 22 Enarmonia interstinctana . . 126 Ennomos subsignarius .... 141 Entomology i Ephestia kuehniella 130 Epicauta vittata 89 Epilachna borealis 100 Epilachna corrupta 107 Epitrix cucumeris 88 Epitrix fuscula 90 Epitrix parvula 90, 112 Epochra canadensis 81 Erannis tiliaria 52 Erioph3^es pyri 48, 54 Eriosoma lanigera 46 Eulecanium armeniacum ... 77 Euproctis chrysorrhcea ..52, 141 Eurymus eurytheme 127 Eutettix tenella 10.; Euthrips pyri 58 Euzophera semifuneralis ... 54 Evergestis rimosalis 96 Exartema malanum 52 Fall web-worm 50, 139 Fertilizers, commercial .... 9 Fever, typhoid 158 i68 INDEX Fever, yellow 159 Fidia viticida 72 Fig, Smyrna 5 Flat-hcadcd borer yj Fleas 161 Fleas, hen 156, 157 Flea-beetles 96, 102 Flycatchers 10 Formaldehyde 28 Fruit-tree bark-beetle 61 Fruit-tree leaf-roller 49 Fruit worms, green 48 Fumigating substances .... 27 Gad-fly 150 Galerucella luteola 137 Gasoline torch 29 Gastrophilus intestinalis . . . 150 Gastrophilus nasalis 150 Gortyna immanis 109 Gossyparia spuria 143 Grain insects 130 Grape berry-moth 75 Grape blossom-midge 'J^ Grape insects 71 Grape leaf hopper 74 Grape leaf-folder 76 Grape phylloxera 71 Grape root-worm 7^ Grape-vine flea-beetle ']'i Grasshoppers 8, 1 18 Green aphid 41 Green fruit worms 48 Greenhouse pests 131 Gymnonychus appendiculatus 8j Gypsy-moth 4, 8, 52, 142 Hasmatobia serrata 147 Haematopinus eurysternus . . 148 Haematopinus urius 151 Haematopinus vituli 148 H?ematosiphon inodorus . . . 157 Haltica chalybea 'j-^ Harrisina americana ']7 Hartigia abdominalis 87 Hawks 9 Heat 28 Heliophila unipuncta ..,118, 119 Heliothis obsoleta. 103, 113, 121, 128 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis. 135 Hellebore 11, 17 Hellula undalis 96 Hemerocampa leucostigma 44, 138 Hemichionaspis aspidistrge. . 134 Hemiptera 7 Hen flea 156, 157 Hessian fly 3,9, 114 Heterocordylus malinus .... 47 Hickory bark-borer 140 Hippodamia convcrgcns. . . .5, 10 Hog louse 151 Holcocera maligemmella. . . . 52 Honey 4 Hop merchants 1 1 1 Hop-plant borer 109 Hop-plant louse 109 Hop-vine snout-moth no Hoplocampa cookei 70 Horn-fly 147 Horse pests 150 Hose 2>Z House-fly 158 Household insects 158 Hyalopterus arundinis 54 Hydrocyanic acid gas ly Hylastinus obscurus 123 Hylemyia antiqua loi Hymenoptera 6, 7 Hypena humuli no Hypera punctata := Phytono- mus punctata 124 Hyphantria textor 50, 139 Hypoderma lineata 146 Hypsopygia costalis 126 Ichneumon flies 6 Insect parasites 5 [nsects, number of 7 Insecticides, contact 18, 19 Insecticides, poison 11 Isosoma grande 117 Isosoma tritici 117 Itch, sheep 144 Janus integer 78 Kaliosysphinga ulmi 137 Kerosene emulsion 22 Lachnosterna sps 8t Ladybird beetles 5 Languria mozardi 126 Lanterns 29 Laphygma cxigua 105 Laphygma frugiperda 123 Lasioderma serricorne 113 Laspeyresia molesta 65 INDEX 169 Laws, insecticide and quar- antine 33 Leaf-bug, 4-lined 80 Leaf-crumpler 52 Leafhoppers 8 Leaf-roller 49, 52 Leaf-roller, oblique-banded. 133 Leaf-tier, greenhouse 131 Lecanium corni 53 Lecanium nigrofasciatum. . . 63 Lepidoptera 7 Lepidosaphes ulmi 45 Leptinotarsa lo-lineata 88 Leucania unipuncta — Helio- phila unipuncta ....118, 119 Lice, cattle 148 Lice, poultry 154 Ligyrus gibbosus 108 Lime-sulphur 19, 23, 25 Lime-tree span-worm 52 Linden moth 141 Linognathus vituli 148 Literature 6 London purple 11, 17 Losses by insects 2, 3 Loxostege sticticalis 105 L3'cia cognataria 81 Lygidea mendax 47 Lygus communis 59 Lygus pratensis 64, 108 Lyperosia irritans — Hsema- tobia serrata 147 Macrodactylus subspinosus . 73 Macrosiphum pisi 106 flVIacrosiphum rosae 136 Macrosiphum sanborni 136 Macrosiphum solanifolii ... 89 Magdalis ?enescens 52 Malacosoma americana ...43, 66 Malacosoma disstria ....43, 143 Malaria 3 Mamestra trifolii 105 Mayetiola destructor = Ceci- domyia destructor 114 Mealy bugs 134 Melanoplus atlanis 118 Melanoplus bivittatus 118 Melanoplus differentialis. ... 118 Melanoplus femur-rubrum. . 118 Melittia satyriniformis 99 Melon pests 99 Melon louse 100 Melophagus ovinus 145 Menopon pallidum 154 Meromyza americana 116 Metallus rubi 87 Mineola indigenella 52 Miscible oils 22 Monophadnus rubi 84 Mosquitoes 3, 159 Moth, clothes .\ 160 Musca domestica 158 Murgantia histrionica 95 M^dabrus (Bruchus) piso- rum 105, 130 Myzus cerasi 67 Myzus mahaleb 54 Myzus persicse 63, 104, 136 Myzus ribis 79 Myzus rosarum 136 Nectarophora avense 119 Nepticula slingerlandella ... 54 Neurotoma inconspicua 54 Novius cardinalis 10 Nozzles 32 Nuthatches 10 Oberea bimaculata 83 Oecanthus nigricornis ....77, 84 Oestrus ovis 144 Oils 19, 21 Onion maggot loi Onion thrips loi Orioles 10 Orthoptera 7 Otiorhynchus ovatus 83 Owl 9 Ox-warble 146 Oxyptilus periscelidactylus. . 77 Oyster-shell bark-louse 45 Pachymerus chinensis 107 Pachymerus quadrimaculatus 107 Pachynematus extensicornis 119 Paleacrita vernata 42 Palmer-worm 51 Pamphilius persicus 66 Papaipema nitela 123 Papilio polyxenes 107, 108 Paracalocoris hawleyi iii Paragrene 1 1 Paralucilia macellaria == Compsomyia macellaria .. 151 Parasitic insects 5. 10 Paris green 11, 12, 13 Parsnip pests 108 Pea aphid 106 Pea weevil 9, 105 170 INDEX Peach aphid, black 6i Peach aphid, green 63 Peach insects 59 Peach lecaninni 63 Peach moth, oriental 65 Peach-tree bark-beetle 62 Peach-tree borer 8, 60 Peach twig-borer 62 Pear blight beetle 59 Pear borer, sinuate 58 Pear insects 54 Pear-leaf blister-mite 48, 54 Pear midge 57 Pear psylla 55 Pear slug 56 Pear thrips 58 Pectinophora gossypiella. . . . 128 Pegomya hyoscyami 103 Pemphigus betce 105 Phlegethontius quinquemac- ulata 102 Phlegethontius sexta 112' Phkcotribus liminaris 62 Phorlna brassic?e 92 Phorbia fusiceps 107, 123 Phorbia rubivora 85 Phorodon humuli 109 Phthorim^ea operculella . .go, 112 Phylctccnia ferrugalis. . . 108, 131 Phyllophaga ....._ 81, 120 Phylloxera vastatrix 71 Phytonomus posticus 125 Pistol case-bearer 39 Phytonomus nigrirostris. . . . 127 Plagionotus speciosus 143 Plodia interpunctella 130 Plum curculio ..... .9, 51, 52, 65 Plum gouger 53 Plum insects 52 Plum scale 53 Plutella maculipennis 96 Pcecilocapsus lineatus 80 Poisons II Polychrosis viteana ...."... 75 Polygonia comma iii Polygonia interrogationis. . . iii Pontia protodice 96 Pontia rap?e 94 Poplar borer 140 Porthetria dispar 52, 142 Potato aphid 8q Potato flea-beetle 88 Potato insects 88 Potato stalk-borer 90 Poultry pests 153 Predaceous insects 10 Proctotrypid-flies 6 Profemisa collaris 69 Pscudantlionomus crat^egi.. 52 Pseudococcus adonidum .... 134 Pseudococcus citri 134 Pseudococcus trifolii 127 Psila rosae 107 Psoroptes communis 144 Psylla pyricola 55 Psylliodes punctulata iii Pteronus ribesii 78 Pterophorus monodactylus. . 92 Pulmonary mite 156 Pulvinaria vitis 77, 143 Pumps 32^ Pyrausta nubilalis 122 Pyrethrum 18, 19 Quince curculio 66 Rachela bruceata 52 Raspberry cane-borer 8, 83 Raspberry cane-maggot 85 Raspberry root-borer 86 Raspberry saw-fly 84 Redbugs. apple 47 Redbug, hop in Red-humped apple-worm... 50 Red-necked cane-borer .... 85 Red spider 87, in, 129, 135 Repellants for stock 151 Rhagoletis cingulata 68 Rhagoletis fausta 68 Rhagoletis ribicola 81 Rhagoletis pomonella 44 Rhopalosiphum persicse 136 Phopalosiphum prunifoliae . . 40 Rhopalosiphum violre 136 Ribbed cocoon-makcr 45 Rose chafer y^, Rose midge 133 Round-headed borer 37 San Jose scale ....•.•, 3, 4, 25, 56, 59. 66 Sanninoidea exitiosa 60 Saperda Candida 37 Saperda tridentata 143 Saissetia hemisphccrica .... 134 Scab, sheep 144 Scale insects, greenhouse... 134 Scaly-leg 155 Schistocerus hamatus = Am- phicerus hicaudatus 77 INDEX 171 Sohizura concinna 50 Scolytus quadrispinosns. . . . 140 Scolytus rugulosus = Eccop- togaster rugulosus 61 Scurfy bark-louse 57 Semasia nigricana 107 Sesia rutilans 83 Sesia tipuliformis 79 Shade-tree pests I37 Sheep louse 146 Sheep pests I44 Sheep tick I45 Shellac 4 Shot-hole borer 8 Silk-worms 4 Silvanus surinarnensis 130 Simulium meridionale 151 Simulium pecuarum 151 Sitones flavescens 127 Sitones hispidulus 127 Sitotroga cerealella 130 Slug-shot 16 Soaps 19, 20 Sodium sulphur 26 Soluble sulphur 26 Sphenophorus callosus .... 120 Sphenophorus sequalis 121 Sphenophorus parvulus 121 Spinach flea-beetle 104 Spinach pests 103 Spraying, history of 30 Spraying schedules 162, 163 Spray-sulphur ^ Squash bug 99 Squash-vine borer 99 Stegomyia fasciata I59 Stock, repellants for 151 Stomoxys calcitrans 151 Stored grain pests 130 Strawberry insects 81 Strawberry leaf-roller 82 Strawberry weevil 82 Sucking insects 8 Sulphur, soluble 26 Swallows 10 Sweet potato flea-beetle ... 90 Synanthedon picipes 66 Syntomaspis druparum 47 Syrphidae 5 Tabanus atratus 150 Tabanus exul 151 Tachinid?e 6 Tanglefoot 29 Tarnished plant-bug 64 Tarnished plant-bug, false.. 59 Tent caterpillars 8, 43 Tetranychus telarius 87, III, 129, 135 Thrips tabaci loi Thrips, greenhouse 135 Thyridopteryx ephemersefor- mis 143 Tipulidse 119 Tischeria malifoliella 49 Titmice 10 Tmetocera ocellana 38 Tobacco flea-beetle 112 Tobacco pests 8, 112 Tobacco 19 Tobacco paper 28 Tomato pests 8, 102 Torch, gasoline 29 Tower 33 Toxoptera graminum 119 Trap lanterns 29 Tree-cricket, striped 84 Treeleim 30 Tremex columba 143 Trialeurodes vaporariorum. 132 Trichobaris trinotata 90 Trichodectes scalaris 149 Trichodectes sph?erocephalus 146 Tritoxa flexa 102 Trumpet leaf-miner 49 Tussock moth 44, 138 Twig girdler 8 Tyloderma fragarise 83 Typhlocyba comes 74 Typhoid 2 Typophorus canellus 83 Vireos 10 Warblers 10 Wax 4 Webworm sod 120 Wheat insects 114 Wheat joint-worm 117 Wheat midge Ii5 Wheat-stem maggot 116 Wheat straw-worm 117 White-fly 132 White grubs 9, 81, 120 Willow-borer 140 Wire worms 9, 116, 119 Woodpeckers 10 Woolly-aphid 46 Wren 10 172 INDEX Xyleborus dispar 59 Ycllow-neckcd caterpillars... 51 Xylina antennata : 48, 59 Ypsolophns ligulellus 51 XyJina laticinerea 48 Zeiizera pyrina 143 FEINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OT AMERICA i^^^mi! fiH MM! ill P' raffl^Kji . i ' IH :j M ■» k^..: :| 1 ' -''-'H^^^^^^^H ', K.' ■\ ■i K. .i ^^^Bte^ ^■L.. 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