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THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE 
 INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- 
 JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS 
 POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION 
 DESK. 
 
 OCT 1 5 1986 
 JUL 1 2 1989 
 
INGOLOR 
 
 EDITED BY ... . 
 R. HOOPER PEARSON 
 MANAGING EDITOR 
 OF THE GARDENERS' 
 CHRONICLE. . . . 
 
PLATE I {Frontispiece) 
 
 L. AURATUM VAR. PLATYPHYLLUM 
 
 (MACRANTHUM) 
 
 y. ^J^' (See pp. 29, 45.) 
 

 NEW YORK 
 FREDERICK A. STOKES CO. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Thirty years have elapsed since I published a Monograph 
 of the Genus Lilium, which has long been out of print, 
 and, as Mr. Grove says, was too much of an ouvrage de luxe 
 to be accessible to the general public. Since then con- 
 siderable numbers of new species and varieties have been 
 discovered, most of them in Western China, and as many 
 of these are but little known and others not yet introduced, 
 Mr. Grove's account of those that are in cultivation will 
 be of great value to present-day gardeners. 
 
 Though his studies on the genus have been carried on 
 in a very quiet and unostentatious manner, I can say with 
 truth that neither the late Max Leichtlin nor Mr. G. F. 
 Wilson, the two great Lily growers of the past, knew as 
 much about the cultivation of Lilies as he does ; and, con- 
 sidering the unfavourable conditions of his garden on the 
 chalk hills of Berkshire, the success which he has attained 
 in growing many of the rarer or more delicate species is 
 truly remarkable. 
 
 There is no genus of bulbous plants which has proved 
 so difficult to manage in cultivation, or in which so many 
 failures have to be recorded ; and if it was not for annual 
 importations from Japan, America, and the Continent, I 
 fear that most of the Lilies would disappear from the 
 gardens of those who are not prepared to grow them from 
 seed, or to give to them the same care and forethought 
 that Mr. Grove affords them, not only in their growing 
 season, but also whilst they are at rest. 
 
 Although the majority of Lilies are hardy enough to 
 
 99625 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 endure a considerable degree of frost when at rest, they 
 come with few exceptions from cHmates where the summers 
 are longer, warmer, and sunnier than ours, and they will 
 not endure frost when in full growth during May, or 
 such drought in the soil and atmosphere as we often ex- 
 perience in summer. Neither will the bulbs of many of 
 them endure, even in the best drained soils, a continuance 
 of cold rain in autumn without suffering and eventually 
 decaying. And when we look at a map and see that, 
 with one or two exceptions. Lilies are natives of latitudes 
 from 5 to 20 degrees south of England, it is surprising 
 that any one should expect them to survive the changes of 
 our climate for long, even if they were true perennials, 
 which some of them certainly are not. 
 
 But, with all these drawbacks, Lilies are so incompar- 
 ably beautiful, that every one who sees them wishes to 
 grow them ; and this book will do much to convince those 
 who have failed in the past that many of the difficulties 
 are not insuperable, especially for those who are fortunate 
 enough to live on soils free from lime in the southern 
 counties of England. 
 
 I have always said that if half the skill and care that 
 is devoted to growing Orchids was given to Lilies under 
 glass, it would be richly repaid ; but since the late Mr. 
 G. F. Wilson's death no one has apparently given much 
 attention to this form of cultivation. Only recently I have 
 found that, by potting them in almost pure oak leaf-mould, 
 such delicate and beautiful Lilies as L. philippinense and 
 L. japoniciim — of which latter species the incorrect garden 
 name Krameri seems impossible to get rid of — may be suc- 
 cessfully bloomed for two or more seasons in succession, 
 though previously I had never been able to keep them alive. 
 If the peculiarities of each species are studied as carefully 
 
PREFACE ix 
 
 as Mr. Grove has studied them, I have Httle doubt that 
 we may see a great many more LiHes continue in health 
 and beauty. His directions for raising plants from seed 
 are good, but patience is necessary, for though L. tenui- 
 folium is an exception, most Lilies require four to six years 
 to become strong enough to flower, and they cannot be 
 hurried with manure. 
 
 Hybridisation has done less for this genus than for 
 many, and, with the exception of L. testaceum, I do not 
 know a single genuine hybrid Lily which has ever become 
 common ; whilst some of those which have been raised 
 are distinctly inferior to both their parents in beauty, and 
 do not seem to have gained vigour of constitution from 
 crossing, as happens in so many other plants. 
 
 I feel certain that if collectors of Lilies in China and 
 Japan would take advantage of the parcel post, and supply 
 small parcels of carefully packed bulbs lifted during the 
 resting season, and sent via Siberia, we should avoid a 
 great many of the losses which now occur ; but the Japanese, 
 though masters of their art in most respects, fail in many 
 cases to understand the principles of good plant-packing, 
 and if the collectors in America would pay more attention 
 to quality than to quantity, it is probable that they would 
 benefit as much as we should. 
 
 With regard to nomenclature, it is evident that until 
 much more is known of the recent discoveries in China, 
 and on the Pacific Coast of North America, the correct 
 names and positions of several species or varieties cannot 
 be settled, and it is to be hoped that Mr. Grove may sooner 
 or later give us a more elaborate work on the subject. 
 
 H. J. ELWES. 
 
 COLESBORNE. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I. Lilies in Legend, Books, and History 
 II. General Culture in Great Britain 
 
 III. Management of Californian Lilies 
 
 IV. Management of Japanese Lilies . 
 V. The Planting of Lily Bulbs 
 
 VI. Shrubs for Association with Lilies 
 VII. Raising Lilies from Seed 
 
 III. Hybrid Lilies and Varieties 
 
 IX. Lilies in Pots 
 
 X. Half-Hardy and Sub-Tropical Lilies 
 
 XI. Diseases 
 
 XII. Insects and Pests .... 
 
 XIII. Easily-Grown Lilies 
 
 XIV. The more Difficult Lilies 
 XV. Lilies not in Cultivation 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 i6 
 
 19 
 21 
 
 23 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 38 
 40 
 78 
 108 
 
 Appendix 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PLATE 
 
 I. L. AURATUM VAR. PLATYPHYLLUM (maCRANTHUM) 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 II. L. MYRIOPHYLLUM 14 
 
 III. L. SPECIOSUM VAR. KrAETZERI . . . . .26 
 
 IV. L. Maximowiczii 42 
 
 V. L. CANDIDUM ........ 58 
 
 VI. L. MONADELPHUM VAR. SzOVITZIANUM ... 74 
 
 VII. L. JAPONICUM (usually KNOWN IN GARDENS AS 
 
 L. Krameri) 90 
 
 VIII, L. Parryi 104 
 
LILIES 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The family of true Lilies, by which we mean members 
 of the genus Lilium, is a comparatively small one, being 
 represented by about seventy known species and nearly 
 twice as many varieties. 
 
 Although three countries — China, Japan, and California 
 — provide between them considerably more than half the 
 number known, the genus is distributed over almost the 
 whole of the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and 
 while five species are known in sub-tropical countries, there 
 is no record of any true Lily having been found in the 
 Southern Hemisphere. 
 
 Most species actually in cultivation come from Japan, 
 to which country about fifteen are referred ; North America 
 accounts for seventeen, of which the Western States provide 
 the greater number ; in Europe eight species are known ; 
 whilst from the Himalayas there are four, Siberia three, and 
 Burma four. 
 
 Though many of them are not yet in cultivation, 
 nineteen species are peculiar to China, most of them 
 hailing from the vast mountainous region in Central and 
 Western China which is such a veritable paradise to the 
 botanist, and the surface of which up to the present seems 
 only to have been scratched as far as the discovery of new 
 
 A 
 
2 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 species of plants is concerned ; therefore we may reason- 
 ably expect the number of Lilies emanating from there 
 and Tibet to be increased from time to time. 
 
 With the possible exception of L. Martagon, no Lily is 
 indigenous to the British Isles, and though the " Madonna" 
 Lily has come to be regarded by the average Englishman 
 as a native plant, it does not seem to have found its way to 
 this country till the early part of the seventeenth century. 
 
 The present-day classification of Lilies is due to Mr. 
 J. G, Baker, who divides the species into five sections 
 as follows ; — .*> / // 
 
 Martagon. ] Isolirion. | Eulirion. | Archelirion. | Cardiocrinum. 
 and in each section there are Lilies which all but the most 
 enthusiastic cultivators will be well advised to let alone. 
 
 Martagon is the largest section and takes in all Lilies 
 which have their blooms much recurved and which are 
 generally known as "Turk's Caps," such as 
 
 chalcedonicum. | pardalinum. | pomponiura. 
 as well as a few sorts the flowers of which are not re- 
 curved so much, L. canadeiise, for instance. 
 
 In the Eulirion group, the flowers are true Lilies, 
 trumpet shaped, with the petals reflexed at the tips, and this 
 section includes such well-known plants as L. candidiim and 
 L. Brownii among others. 
 
 In the Archelirion section we find flowers that are as a 
 rule large and more or less open, and auratum is a good 
 example of this small sub-genus, all the members of which 
 hail from Japan or China. 
 
 Lilies having upright flowers go to form the Isolirion 
 section, and familiar examples of this are the Orange Lily, 
 . croceiun, and the little Chinese L. concolor. 
 
LILIES IN LEGEND 3 
 
 The smallest group, and at the same time the most 
 distinct, is Cardiocrinum, consisting of only three species — 
 
 L. giganteum, L. cordifolium, and L. mirabile. 
 
 A complete list of the species and varieties, with their places 
 in the groups, is given in the Appendix. 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 LILIES IN LEGEND, BOOKS, AND HISTORY 
 
 "Torn by his father Jupiter from the flowing breast of Alcmena, his earthly 
 mother, and borne through the heavens to the bosom of the goddess Juno, so that, 
 son of a mortal woman, he may be nurtured by Immortal and become himself a 
 god, the boy Hercules, his mouth o'er full of milk, lets fall the drops which 
 form the Milky Way and star the earth with Lilies." 
 
 Such is the classical fable of the birth of what must 
 almost certainly be one of the very oldest plants on earth, 
 with its beginnings wrapt in the mists of countless ages ; 
 sung of from the days of Solomon onwards, surely no 
 flower can have figured in legend and verse more often 
 than the Lily, and though in the twentieth century we 
 cannot identify the Lilies of the ancients, or even be sure 
 they were true Lilies, there is a great fascination in the idea 
 — by no means far fetched — that the Lily of Scriptural lore 
 and the Madonna Lily of more modern times, to be found 
 at the present day growing wild in Syria and Palestine, 
 are one and the same plant. 
 
 Dropping us, as is his wont, from the clouds of mythi- 
 cal licence to more tangible ground, the student of Lily lore 
 will tell us that the literary history of the subject is ex- 
 tensive if somewhat diffuse ; but with the exception perhaps 
 
 D. H. HILL. LIBRARY 
 
4 • PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 of Parkinson, who gives the Lily pride of place, and in his 
 quaint way minutely describes a round dozen sorts in the 
 Paradisus (1629), we need go no further back than 1774, 
 when, in the Systema Plantarum, Linnaeus gave a descrip- 
 tion of nine species. 
 
 At that time no Oriental Lilies seem to have been known 
 to Linnaeus, and it remained for the travellers Thunberg, 
 about twenty years afterwards, and Siebold, early in the 
 nineteenth century, to publish particulars of species they 
 each found in Japan or elsewhere ; between them they 
 more than doubled the number of Lilies on Linnaeus' list, 
 and while further species were discovered and recorded 
 from time to time by others, no serious attempt at sys- 
 tematic classification seems to have been made till early 
 Victorian times, when a Belgian, M. Spae, published a clear 
 and distinct memoir on the genus (1847), which by that 
 time had increased to about forty-four species. Spae's 
 book remained the standard work of reference on the 
 subject for thirty years. 
 
 During the seventies. Lilies had their full share in the 
 increasing interest shown in horticulture generally, and 
 between 1870 and 1880 there was a veritable deluge of 
 literature on the subject, numerous papers, articles, and 
 *' Notes " being published in the transactions of various 
 societies or in horticultural journals in England, France, 
 Germany, and America, and while much that was written at 
 that time has since proved to be inaccurate, there remains 
 a mass of information of incalculable use to the grower 
 of Lilies. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Baker published the scientific classification 
 of the genus to which all Lilies are now referred, and which 
 no doubt cleared the way for Mr. H. J. Elwes' critical 
 
HISTORY OF LILIES 5 
 
 Monograph on Lilies (1880), the modern standard work on 
 the subject, but one that is so essentially an edition de luxe 
 in the best sense of the term, that it is beyond the reach of 
 the large mass of horticultural folk, for whom, in fact, there 
 was no moderately priced and at the same time really prac- 
 tical and concise book on Lilies till 1905, when Mr. W. 
 Goldring pubhshed the Book of the Lily, a small volume 
 packed with practical detail obviously the outcome of long 
 and first-hand experience. 
 
 As far as their cultivation in the gardens of Great 
 Britain is concerned, the history of Lilies goes no further 
 back than the publication of Parkinson's Paradisus, for 
 though they are mentioned often enough before his day, 
 and possibly have been in cultivation as long as gardens 
 have existed, Parkinson was the first to publish such 
 clear descriptions of the sorts he knew as to enable us to 
 identify them. 
 
 As was to be expected at that time, the Lilies Parkinson 
 was familiar with, except L. canadense, came from the 
 Continent, and it was not till people began to get about 
 the world more that other species were brought from 
 distant shores and put into cultivation in English gardens ; 
 the process of discovery, naturally a slow one in those days, 
 was hastened now and again by exceptional " finds " of 
 new species by such men as Thunberg and von Siebold, 
 but with the expansion of travel and the opening up to 
 collectors and botanists of countries which were formerly 
 inaccessible or unexplored, garden Lilies gradually increased 
 in number. 
 
 In the middle of the last century a great fillip was given 
 to the interest in these things by the opening up of Cali- 
 fornia, where many plants not previously in cultivation 
 
6 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 were found, among them some of the most beautiful 
 Lihes. 
 
 Then the rapid dawn of a new era in Japan, and the 
 very gradual awakening of China, together with the removal 
 of many of the vexatious restrictions to which foreigners 
 had been subjected in both countries, led to the bringing 
 back by travellers from the East of many Lilies, some of 
 which, though already known to botanists through the 
 instrumentality of Thunberg and others, were not in 
 common cultivation. 
 
 With the perspicuity natural to their race, the nursery- 
 men of Holland soon saw the commercial possibilities of 
 such of the Lilies of Japan as would stand the climate of 
 Eastern Europe, and commenced the cultivation of them 
 on a large scale, with the result that a new race of Lilies 
 was brought within reach of people to whom Oriental Lilies 
 had up to then been caviare. 
 
 Although they had allowed the Dutch nurserymen to 
 steal a march on them in the cultivation and sale of their 
 own Lilies, it did not take the Japanese long after the 
 opening of the treaty ports to realise that in the wild Lilies 
 with which their country was so plentifully besprinkled they 
 had an asset of great commercial value, and the trade in 
 Lily bulbs, which began half a century ago, has gone on 
 year after year with ever-increasing strides. 
 
 Of late years our gardens have been enriched by several 
 species from Central and Western China, and gardeners 
 owe a great debt to the handful of men who have risked 
 their lives in the pursuit of new plants in that inhospitable 
 country and Tibet. 
 
 No work on Lilies, however small, would be complete 
 without mention of the man who above all others has done 
 
MAX LEICHTLIN 7 
 
 so much to bring within reach of modern gardens many 
 of the beautiful species available to-day. 
 
 To the late Max Leichtlin of Baden, cultivators of 
 hardy plants owe a debt far greater than many of them are 
 aware of, and growers of Lilies a great deal more ; for 
 though he was not a collector or discoverer of new species 
 in the sense that Thunberg, von Siebold, Regel, Fischer, 
 or Maximowicz were, to mention only a few names out of 
 many, yet his were the hands to which so many collectors 
 sent their finds, sure in the knowledge that if he could not 
 manage the plants no one could do anything with them. 
 
 Hence it comes about that so many fine modern Lilies 
 owe their introduction to gardens to that modest and 
 retiring man in whose garden on the hillside at Baden 
 they were cultivated with such sympathetic intelligence 
 and exceptional success. 
 
 Leichtlin originally distributed L. dalmaticum, which 
 he himself discovered, as well as L. Washingtonianum, 
 L. Hnmboldtii, L. coliimbianiim, and several other species 
 from the Pacific slopes ; L. siniciim, L. longiflorum var. 
 Wilsonii, L. Hansonii, L. tigrimmi splendens, L. myriophyllum, 
 L. philadeiphiaim var. Wansharicum, and L. pardalinum 
 var. puberulum. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 GENERAL CULTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 The geographical range of Lilies extending from Western 
 Europe through Asia to the Eastern Coast of Northern 
 America, it is not surprising that difficulties are met with in 
 their management in a country where the climatic conditions 
 
8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 generally are so diverse and so different to those which 
 obtain in the countries whence the majority of Lilies come, 
 but with the exception of the few requiring sub-tropical 
 heat, there seems no reason why any one determined to do 
 so should not succeed in growing nine-tenths of the species 
 out-of-doors, except perhaps in the colder parts of the 
 country. 
 
 There are many kinds that present no more difficulty to 
 the intelligent grower than do Daffodils or Tulips ; all it is 
 necessary to do is to procure sound bulbs and plant them 
 under suitable conditions. But no one should attempt the 
 cultivation of the more troublesome sorts without a stout 
 heart, a large stock of patience, and a determination to get 
 to the bottom of the difficulties with which he will be faced 
 from time to time, and which, while sometimes seeming 
 almost invincible, may one by one be overcome, leaving 
 behind them ample reward in the delight with which the 
 patient grower will watch the unfolding of such exquisite 
 blooms as L. Leichtlinii, L. Kelloggii, L. riihescens, or L, 
 japonicum, to name only a few of the less well understood 
 but very beautiful sorts. 
 
 A cold wet winter following a damp and cheerless 
 summer will inevitably try the patience of the most enthusi- 
 astic cultivator ; but when the importance, and indeed the 
 necessity, of sharp drainage is better understood than it 
 seems to be at the present time, the decimating effect of 
 such conditions of weather as not infrequently obtain in 
 Great Britain can be prevented to a great extent, though it 
 is not likely that many of the more delicate kinds would 
 survive if left for long to look after themselves. 
 
 As a preliminary to success, it is essential that the 
 would-be Lily grower should obtain really sound bulbs ; it 
 
CULTURE IN BRITAIN 9 
 
 is not necessary that they should be large or fully grown 
 — indeed, as a rule, young bulbs take more kindly to trans- 
 plantation than those that are fully grown — but it is essen- 
 tial that the bulbs should be fresh, firm, and not soft or 
 shrivelled : rather than be satisfied with the latter, let the 
 amateur raise his own stock from seed or scales, a by no 
 means difficult process and by far the most satisfactory in 
 every way in the end. 
 
 The buying of Lily bulbs of the more difficult sorts, 
 such as are imported from America or Asia, is gambling 
 pure and simple, for only a comparatively small number of 
 such bulbs ever become established in gardens ; and when 
 one remembers the treatment the bulbs go through from the 
 time they are taken up by collectors in the Californian 
 woods, or harvested by the growers in Japan, till they reach 
 their final resting-place, the wonder is that any remain to 
 flower and whet the appetite of the enthusiast for more. 
 
 Lilies are commonly reported, often prematurely and 
 on insufficient grounds, to succeed in Great Britain in such 
 varying circumstances that no hard-and-fast rule can be laid 
 down, but the opinion may be hazarded that in the cultiva- 
 tion of Lilies success — and by this is meant the permanent 
 establishment of the plants in the garden — with a majo- 
 rity of the species, depends rather more on conditions of 
 moisture and soil than on those of climate ; for no Lilies 
 hailing from temperate regions seem to mind heat or cold 
 within ordinary limits ; and while many sorts will flourish 
 in a wet summer provided the soil and planting are suitable, 
 not many species apparently can stand a prolonged drought. 
 This may perhaps give the key to the absence of Lilies from 
 tropical countries. At the same time, only the more robust 
 sorts appear to bear successfully with excessive moisture 
 
10 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 when the bulbs are dormant, and one of the principal 
 diflftculties confronting the individual who would grow all 
 known temperate species in his garden lies in the fact that 
 few of his bulbs are at rest at the same time. The flower- 
 ing season of one species coincides with the resting period of 
 another ; so that the cultivator must somehow contrive that 
 bulbs of L. Washingtoniamun, L. tenuifolium, or L. rubellum, 
 for instance, which bloom in June, may remain comparatively 
 dry during August and September when the bulbs are at 
 rest, while the many sorts which flower in the autumn may 
 at the same time be receiving the moisture which is so 
 essential to their well-being. 
 
 Deep cultivation, a cool subsoil, and thorough drainage 
 will undoubtedly go far to effect the desired object, but per- 
 fection will probably never be attained in Great Britain, at 
 any rate away from the southern and western coast-line, 
 without some underground system of irrigation by pipes or 
 other means, so that when it is needed water can be carried 
 well down below the roots of the bulbs. But though mois- 
 ture or the absence of it is all-important at the proper 
 seasons, it must not be thought that the Lily grower can do 
 altogether without warmth ; for while, as already explained, 
 numerous sorts seem to be more or less independent of it, 
 there are many species that will not expand their flowers 
 properly nor ripen their seeds in a season that is compara- 
 tively sunless, and, as far as Great Britain is concerned, 
 comparatively cold. This holds good more especially for 
 some of the Californian and Japanese species, and it must 
 be remembered that the summer in those countries is more 
 or less tropical. 
 
 Then, again, the nature of the soil enters largely into the 
 Lily grower's operations, and he who has to deal with a 
 
SOIL II 
 
 sandy or gravelly loam such as is found, for instance, in 
 parts of Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, has a great advan- 
 tage over the individual whose gardening operations have 
 to be carried out on clay, marl, or soils of a calcareous or 
 limy nature. 
 
 To some Lilies lime is poison, while others seem in- 
 different to its presence, and, curiously enough, those which 
 flourish on limestone soils are also those which will stand 
 more drought than most species and full exposure to all the 
 sun they get in Great Britain ; for example, L. candidiim, L. 
 testaceum, L. Martagon, L. poniponimn, L. Pyrenaicum, and 
 L. monadclphum. 
 
 Many of the more easily grown Lilies thrive in loamy 
 soils that are if anything a trifle on the heavy side, and, 
 generally speaking, it may be said that ground that will grow 
 a good crop of potatoes will do for the more robust Lilies. 
 
 For the more difficult kinds, most of which are so 
 beautiful that every one should at least try to grow them, 
 the ground in most gardens will have to be prepared, and it 
 may be taken that as a rule the object is to produce a soil 
 which, while generally without lime, will always be open 
 and free, never clammy and cold or sour, and at the same 
 time cool in hot weather ; such, in fact, as, while not too 
 sandy, will stand a good deal of treading on when it is wet 
 without binding. 
 
 In the making up of lime-free soils the great difficulty 
 one has to contend with is the production of a mixture 
 which will not turn acid in the course of a season, and it is 
 by no means easy to do this, the usual Lily compost of loam, 
 grit, peat, and leaf-mould being in itself useless for many 
 of the more difficult sorts. 
 
 No grower of plants can lay down the law for others, 
 
12 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 but in growing difficult Lilies it may be safely said that 
 the balance of failures and successes goes to justify the 
 cultivator who uses fine and coarse grit, wood ashes and 
 charcoal, with a much freer hand than is generally advised, 
 and who, above everything else, attends not only to the pro- 
 vision of water when it is needed, but the getting rid of it 
 when his bulbs are at rest. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF CALIFORNIAN LILIES 
 
 " Go with me in the Coast Range Mountains to where, high 
 in their bosom, some living stream has formed a little vale 
 deep with sandy loam and wash from the surrounding 
 slopes, and there, overtopping the tall grasses and weeds 
 which are stimulated to a luxurious growth, I will show you 
 the beautiful Panther Lily, higher than a man and glorious 
 in its orange and red bloom, its bulb in a sharp, well-drained 
 soil, its roots running down to abundant moisture. In such 
 spots it grew by acres before civilisation with its plough and 
 pig came along : I have often seen masses containing 200 
 to 300 bulbs solidly matted together. If it is on the bank 
 of the stream in deep sandy loam where the roots can run 
 down to water it is even happier. It glories in air and sun- 
 shine, and where the banks of the streams are shaded, the 
 plant never equals its stature in more open places." 
 
 The Panther Lily {L. pardalinnm), of which Mr. Carl 
 Purdy draws such an alluring word picture, is a plant of the 
 most simple culture, requiring no special care, but many 
 of the other Lilies of California are rather difficult to manage 
 in all but the sunniest parts of Great Britain, and any one 
 
PLATE II 
 L. MYRIOPHYLLUM 
 
CALIFORNIAN LILIES 15 
 
 wishing to succeed permanently with such beautiful plants 
 as L. Parryi, Bolanderi, Kelloggii, rnbescens, Washingtotiianmn, 
 maritimiun, and columbianum will find it necessary to take 
 more trouble over them than with pardalinum, Humboldtii 
 magnificum, or others of the more easily managed Lilies. At 
 the same time, all the trouble one can take is amply repaid by 
 the sight, for instance, of a clump of L. Parryi in full bloom. 
 
 The essentials to success with most of these more diffi- 
 cult species seem to be light and air, a moist subsoil, fairly 
 dry top soil, some protection against cold, and, above all, 
 quick drainage. 
 
 Sunlight, and the warmth it brings with it, seems almost 
 life itself to these children of the Pacific coast, but much as 
 they love the sun, he is powerless to keep them in health 
 and strength unless the ground in which they grow is to 
 their liking. 
 
 It may truly be said that while the ground deep down 
 below the bulbs should be moist, the top soil must be open 
 and free of stagnant moisture, the drainage of the bulbs 
 being as sharp as can be. 
 
 Plant, therefore, your rarer Californian Lilies, as to aspect, 
 in full sun, and in a kindly loam made very porous with grit and 
 charcoal, and overlying a stiffer and more retentive loam that 
 will hold the moisture to the long roots but not to the bulb. 
 
 To make certain of drainage, lay the bulbs on inverted 
 pots, and, that the sun may not parch the ground, let them 
 be planted among dwarf shrubs such as the Vacciniums, 
 Pernettyas, or Epi mediums. 
 
 Then, provided the bulbs are sound to begin with and 
 you remember to water the ground in a dry summer, they 
 should establish themselves in a year or two, and more than 
 repay all the care the amateur can lavish on them. 
 
i6 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF JAPANESE LILIES 
 
 Though, in common with their sisters of the West, counting 
 among their number some plants of easy culture, several of 
 the Lilies of the East do not readily respond to the blandish- 
 ments of the grower in Great Britain ; and difficult as are 
 some of the Californian Lilies, there is among the Lilies of 
 Japan one — L. Leichtlinii — which, if more lovely than most 
 of the members of a beautiful family, is at the same time of 
 all species in cultivation probably the most wayward and 
 difficult to manage. 
 
 The different sorts of Lilies grow in Japan under such 
 varying conditions of climate and situation that no sug- 
 gestions of a general nature as to their management can be 
 made as in the case of the Californian Lilies, but, broadly 
 speaking, they may be divided into two main groups which 
 for convenience may be called plants of the Woodlands 
 and of the Sun respectively, L. auratum being as typical of 
 the former as is L. elegans of the latter. A further sub- 
 division would group these again into — (i) Lilies indigenous 
 to Hokkaido and the Main Island of Hondo, and as to the 
 hardiness of which there is no question, since most of them 
 may be frozen without hurt ; and (2) those which are found 
 growing wild in many of the small islands south of Japan 
 between Hondo and Formosa, and which cannot reason- 
 ably be expected to be so hardy in English gardens as 
 their more northern sisters. 
 
 Assuming that the cultivator has good bulbs to begin 
 with — and if not, failure is certain — the ordinary run of 
 Japanese Lilies is not difficult of culture, the main point to 
 
JAPANESE LILIES 17 
 
 remember being that as these plants have two sets of roots, 
 one at the base of the bulb as in all Lilies, and another at 
 the foot of the stem immediately above the bulb, they must 
 not be treated in the same fashion as Lilies which root only 
 from the bulb. 
 
 It is necessary, then, to plant these bulbs more deeply 
 than many, in order that the stem roots may have a good 
 depth of soil from which to draw the nourishment so 
 necessary to the proper development of the flowers. It is 
 essential that the top soil should be rich though at the same 
 time porous, and good drainage is a sine qua non or the 
 bulbs will very likely rot during the resting period. 
 
 It is important that Japanese Lilies of every kind be 
 planted among ground-shading shrubs of a height pro- 
 portionate to the growth of the Lily, so that the earth over 
 the stem-roots may not be baked by the sun. 
 
 Whether they are planted in a position so that the 
 flowers are fully or only partially exposed to the sun, 
 depends not only on the soil but also on the part of the 
 country in which the Lilies are grown, and, one would like 
 to add, on the amount of sunshine and heat to be vouch- 
 safed by Providence during the summer ; for while the 
 gardener can supply all their other wants, he cannot give 
 his garden Lilies sunlight and heat when Nature fails him. 
 As, however, where sunshine is concerned, gardeners have 
 to " take it as it comes," one must strive to strike a happy 
 mean, so that whether the English summer is tropical or 
 arctic the Lilies may not suffer over much. 
 
 In an exceptionally hot summer the bloom of some of 
 the woodland sorts will almost certainly " flare " rather 
 quickly if fully exposed all day to the sun, and the flowers 
 undoubtedly last a good deal longer in hot summers if the 
 
 B 
 
i8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 Lilies grow in some place which is not exactly shaded but in 
 which the rays of the sun are broken to the blooms. At 
 the same time, in this country, the bulbs in such positions 
 probably do not ripen so well as those in full exposure, and 
 it is certainly easy to overdo the shade. 
 
 But so much depends on the position of the garden that 
 every grower should experiment for himself, planting some 
 of the Japanese woodland Lilies in full sun and others in 
 partial shade, making careful observation of the results 
 during successive summers and deducing his own con- 
 clusions. 
 
 The Lilies which delight in full exposure to the sun are 
 of the Isolirion group, and include the elegans section ; for 
 these the top soil should be lighter than for the woodland 
 plants, the same care being taken to shield the ground, as 
 distinct from the bloom, from the direct rays of the sun. 
 
 Taking some of the species individually, it may be said 
 that L, Hansonii, like many Martagons, will grow almost 
 anywhere, and is at home in limestone or peaty soil ; 
 L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. tigriimm, L. Brownii, and 
 L. rubellum prefer a light, rich, well-drained top-soil over- 
 lying a rather stiff, cool loam, and in the author's experience 
 do best in ground that is free from lime — indeed the first 
 three dwindle away in limy ground. 
 
 There are many places in Great Britain where L. auratum 
 grows and does well in peaty soil, but it is finer still when 
 grown over a rich loam. 
 
 L. medeoloides — an exquisite little plant seldom met with 
 in this country — is easily grown in pure leaf-mould, while 
 L. japonicum, that rather "miffy" but very beautiful Lily, 
 may be put to bed in a very gravelly loam with the sharpest 
 of sharp drainage. 
 
THE PLANTING OF LILY BULBS 
 
 19 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE PLANTING OF LILY BULBS 
 
 The nature of the soil, the aspect and the depth at which 
 the bulbs should be planted, having been dealt with in 
 other parts of this book, it remains to be said that the 
 actual planting of all but the most vigorous sorts is an 
 operation on which it 
 is well to bestow much 
 care. To make a hole 
 in the ground in unpre- 
 pared soil, put in the 
 bulb and cover it, is with 
 the majority of sorts to 
 court disaster. 
 
 The quickest and at 
 the same time most simple 
 and satisfactory plan of 
 making the holes for the 
 bulbs is to use a cylinder 
 made of light sheet-iron 
 
 such as would be represented by a piece of ordinary stove- 
 pipe about 18 inches long : fitted with two handles at one 
 end, this implement, the general appearance of which is 
 clearly shown in the illustration, is well within the power 
 of any village smith to fashion. 
 
 If the cylinder is grasped by the two handles and forced 
 into the ground with a backwards and forwards rotary 
 motion, it may be withdrawn as soon as the required 
 depth has been reached, leaving behind a clear round hole 
 
 An Implement for planting 
 Lily Bulbs 
 
20 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 and bringing away a plug of earth which can easily be 
 shaken out. 
 
 On the bottom of the hole a handful or two of sand 
 should be placed, and the bulb laid on it : if the latter does 
 not belong to the stem-rooting group, the hole should 
 be filled up with sharp sand well pressed down, a thin 
 covering of earth being put on the top of the sand ; while 
 if the Lily is one of the stem-rooting section, the bulb 
 should be just covered with sand, the hole being then filled 
 with prepared soil. 
 
 If this very simple operation is properly carried out, the 
 bulb will be completely surrounded by sand, which provides 
 partial drainage for the bulb as well as some protection 
 against insects ; the sand also keeps the bulbs clean, while 
 it has the great advantage of facilitating their examination 
 should this ever be necessary, for all that has to be done 
 is to take out the sand till the bulb is exposed. 
 
 A stake projecting an inch or two above ground, and 
 preferably of metal, because, unlike wood, it does not rot, 
 should be put into the earth immediately behind the bulb, 
 so that in years to come there may be no doubt as to its 
 exact whereabouts. 
 
 Different-sized bulbs require holes of different diameters, 
 but three cylinders of 6, 4, and 3 inches respectively serve 
 for all known sorts. 
 
 The time to plant bulbs varies according to the species, 
 but as a rule it may be said that planting should begin with 
 the earliest sorts in the first half of September, going on 
 through October and till the end of November, by which 
 time all Lilies should have been put into their permanent 
 quarters. 
 
 Many bulbs imported from the East and America do 
 
PLANTING AMONG SHRUBS 21 
 
 not commonly arrive in this country much before Christmas, 
 but with the exception of certain of the more robust sorts, 
 such as L. tigrinuni, newly imported bulbs should not be 
 planted direct into the garden. The bulbs should always 
 be potted up for the first season, to be turned out of the 
 pots at the proper time, during the succeeding year, when 
 all that have formed good roots may be planted out with 
 every hope of success, the bad bulbs being discarded and 
 those about which there is any doubt potted on again. 
 
 If the bulbs are to be obtained from some grower in 
 Great Britain, he should be asked to send them as soon 
 as they can safely be lifted, and care should be taken to see 
 that they are planted at once, and not left about to get dry 
 and shrivelled. 
 
 If for any reason, such as delay in the preparation of a 
 bed, the planting of established bulbs has to be deferred till 
 late in the year, the bulbs should be obtained when they 
 are ready to lift and laid on their sides in a trench filled 
 in with sand, which should be damped occasionally so that 
 the bulbs are not allowed to get dry. 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 SHRUBS FOR ASSOCIATION WITH LILIES 
 
 It has been explained, in the chapter dealing with the 
 general cultivation of Lilies, that many of the species should 
 be planted among shrubs, so that the ground about the 
 bulbs may not be parched by the sun, and this refers more 
 especially to all Lilies with stem-roots. 
 
 Where the collection of Lilies in a garden is large, it is 
 by no means easy to find sufficient shrubs of a suitable 
 
22 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 character to go round, especially as evergreens should be 
 used if Lilies are to have that slight protection from late 
 frosts which is of great importance to many of them. Such 
 difficulties as there are in selecting the shrubs are increased 
 by the fact that many of the most suitable ground-shading 
 shrubs are lime-haters, and can therefore only be used for 
 certain Lilies. 
 
 Of evergreens that flourish in soils containing lime, 
 Veronica Traversii, the Skimmias, Olearia Haastii, Berheris 
 Kiiightii, B. dulcis and B. aqiiilegifoliuin ; several of the 
 Cistus family, Garrya and Osmanthus, are excellent for 
 sheltering the taller-gro vising limestone Lilies, such as Henryi, 
 candidum, monadelphmn, dalmaticum, Humboldtii, and tes- 
 taceum ; while Rhododendron racetnosum, Mitraria cocci- 
 nea, Olearia numnmlarifolia, Berheris dulcis nana. Daphne 
 Cneorum and D. fioniana, many of the Hypericums and 
 several ^f the Epimediums and Pernettyas, Lavender, 
 both French and English, cannot be improved upon as 
 ground shelter for Lilies of medium growth that do not 
 mind lime, such as Martagon and M. alburn, Hansonii, 
 pomponium, croceum, nnibellatum, carniolicum, chalcedoni- 
 cum, pyrenaicum, sutchuenense, myriophyllum, longiflorum, 
 and bulbifernm. 
 
 For the dwarfer Lilies, such as tennifoiinm, elegans, 
 "Golden Gleam," and concolor, Veronica Armstrongii, V. 
 Hectorii, V. Bidwellii, and V. cupressoides, and Azara micro- 
 Phylla answer admirably. 
 
 Coming to the host of woodland Lilies, we can use the 
 larger Rhododendrons as protection for the tall-growing 
 L. auratum, L. superhum, L. pardalinnm, and L. Henryi 
 — for L. Henryi grows well in woodland or limestone 
 soil — taking care not to let the Rhododendrons smother 
 
RAISING LILIES FROM SEED 23 
 
 the Lilies in course of years, as they will if not kept 
 down. 
 
 Rhododendron hirsutum, Gaultheria Shallon, G. nuniniu- 
 larioides, Azalea amoena and the variety alba ; Kalmia glauca, 
 K. nana, and K. angustifolia, Ledum latifolinm and palustre, 
 Pieris japonica, and one or two of the Vacciniums are 
 suitable for L. Parryi, L. Grayi, L. Washingtoniamim, L. 
 speciosiim, L. rubescens, L. Roezlii, L. rubellum, L. parvum, 
 L. Leichtlinii, L. japonicum, L. colnmbianum, L. Brownii, 
 L. canadense, L. Batemannice and L. Maximowiczii ; while 
 for the dwarf and slender Lilies of the East and West, such 
 as L. medeoloides, L. maritimum, L. Kelloggii, L. Bolanderi, 
 and L, Catesbcei, we can use miniature shrubs such as 
 Mitchella repens, Azalea serpyllifolia, Gaultheria tricophylla, 
 G. procumbens, the tiny Azalea procumbens, Pachystima 
 Myrsinites, P. Canbyi, Andromeda fastigiata, A. tetragona, 
 Polygonum vaccinifolitim, Bruckenthalia, Epigcea repens, 
 Ardisia, and several species of Erica. 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 RAISING LILIES FROM SEED 
 
 While popularly supposed to be an operation shrouded in 
 mystery and involving considerable difficulty, the raising of 
 Lilies from seed is in reality a very simple matter, often 
 indeed child's play compared to the difficulty of procuring 
 seeds of some rare sorts. 
 
 All Lilies without exception can be raised either from 
 seed or by scale propagation. Having obtained the seed, all 
 that is necessary is to sow it, as soon as possible after it is 
 
24 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 ripe, either in pans if of a rare species, or in the case of 
 commoner sorts in prepared beds in the garden. 
 
 If sown in pans, the seed may be just covered with a 
 layer of sand, and care should be taken that the pans are 
 never allowed to get either bone dry or soddened with wet, 
 for either extreme is fatal to success. It is a good plan 
 to plunge the pans in sea sand, as that material holds the 
 moisture better than ashes and it does not harbour any 
 insects worth bothering about. 
 
 Heat is not necessary for the raising of Lily seedlings, 
 except of the sub-tropical sorts, and a cold frame or house 
 supplies all the protection required, frost and the direct 
 rays of the sun being of course excluded. 
 
 The seed of some sorts germinates more slowly than 
 others, and in some cases will remain dormant for three 
 years, but if it does not show during the first year the seed 
 should be examined in case it has " gone off," and if plump 
 should be left alone. 
 
 At the end of the first year's growth it will be necessary 
 to give the seedlings more room, and this can be done in 
 the case of the rarer Lilies by planting them again in pans 
 for the second season, spacing the tiny bulbs about an inch 
 apart ; at the end of that time they should be strong enough 
 to fend for themselves and may be put out in rows in a 
 nursery bed of light, free soil, which should have some 
 protection not only from cold but also from excessive rain, 
 for alternations of wet with severe frosty weather may cause 
 considerable mortality if the seedlings are unprotected. 
 Seed of the more robust sorts, such as L. Henryi, L. 
 monadelphum, and L. dalmaticum, for instance, may be 
 sown in beds in the open, and protected from heavy rains 
 so that the seeds may not be washed out. 
 
 Propagation by scales is very simple, and this method 
 
PLATE III 
 
 L. SPECIOSUM VAR. KRAETZERI 
 
 (See pp. 31, 70.) 
 

 ^1 
 
 
 
 ^^/ ^ ^^1 
 
 ih^ww^j 
 
 i^^^^^'-^'v ■ 
 
 ^^^g 
 
 
 ^^^^HyflH 
 
 1 P 
 
 ~"^ ^';i:wr> ^' iJ^^^^B 
 
HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES 27 
 
 has the advantage of being quicker than when seed is used ; 
 the scales are sown in pans in the same way as seeds, but 
 rather deeper and with more sand over them. If things go 
 right, the scales, hke the seedhngs, should be turned out 
 of the pans at the end of the season, and it will be found 
 that there is a small bulb, rather larger than a seedling, 
 attached to most of them. 
 
 Some of the Japanese sorts, such as L. aiiratum, seeds 
 of which it is not always easy to obtain, are easily raised in 
 this fashion, and all the Western American Lilies come readily 
 from scales. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 HYBRID LILIES AND VARIETIES 
 
 The number of Lilies known to be hybrids is not large, 
 and few of them are equal to either of the parents used in 
 producing the cross. 
 
 Of hybrid Lilies as to the beauty of which there can be 
 no question, L. Parkmannii, the auratum-speciosum cross 
 and no doubt the finest of all, was at one time more or less 
 common in America, but is not now known to be in 
 cultivation. 
 
 Every one is familiar with L, testaceiim and knows that 
 it is reputed to be a cross between the Madonna Lily and L. 
 chalcedonicum ; indeed from time to time there are rumours 
 that the plant has been successfully reproduced by crossing 
 these Lilies, and probably nothing but a certain latent objec- 
 tion on the part of L. candidum to setting seed when fer- 
 tilised by L, chalcedonicum and others has stood in the way 
 of the production de novo of this Lily over and over again. 
 
 The exquisite little Lily from a cross between L. 
 Martagon album and L. ientiifolium called " Golden Gleam," 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 Nomh CaiPoH/nta State Collet 
 
28 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 which was raised by Mr. Huftelen and has lately made 
 its appearance in this country, may be described as a 
 vigorous-growing tenuifolintn with apricot-coloured blooms ; 
 it is an undoubted acquisition to our list of good Lilies, 
 and that is more than can truthfully be said of the many 
 Hansonii hybrids, all of which may surely be charitably 
 consigned to the rubbish-heap. 
 
 L. Burbankii, a reputed cross between L. Washing- 
 tonianum and L. pardaliniim, has none of the good points 
 of either parent, but an unnamed hybrid between L. 
 Hiimboldtii and L. pardaliniim has proved a magnificent 
 plant, exceeding both parents in the vigour of its growth, 
 
 L. Kewense, a fine cross between L. Brownii var. chlor- 
 aster and L. Henryi, has never been common and is all but 
 lost to cultivation, though possibly it can be reproduced ; 
 in this instance the influence of L. Brownii is not very 
 evident, except perhaps in the cream-coloured petals of the 
 flower, which takes the shape of L. aiiratnm rather than 
 that of either parent. 
 
 At the Lily Conference in 1901 a hybrid between L. 
 Parryi and L. pardaliniim was shown in flower by the 
 raiser, Mr. Snow Whall. 
 
 With their origin wrapt in mystery, it is difficult to say 
 anything definite of the several Japanese Lilies which, to the 
 observant eye, savour of mixed blood. All we can say of 
 L. Maximowiczii, for instance, is that it must surely be the 
 result of the mating of L. Leichtlinii with L. tigrinum, and 
 yet every endeavour made by the author to cross these two 
 species has so far failed. 
 
 Then, again, that fine and vigorous plant L. sutchuenense 
 bears obvious traces of a near relationship to L. tigrinum, 
 and one would think that the union of the tiny Chinese 
 
NATURAL VARIETIES 29 
 
 L. concolor with the Tiger Lily must have been responsible 
 for the birth of L. Wallacei. 
 
 It will be noticed that hybrid Lilies — with the exception 
 of the Hansonii set — do not generally produce seed, so that 
 their increase has to be carried on by scale-propagation. 
 If seed were available it would hardly be likely to come true. 
 
 Of natural varieties and garden forms of Lilies there is 
 seemingly no end, but a distinction should be drawn between 
 them, because while many of the varieties of nursery or 
 garden origin are but poor things, all but a few of the 
 geographical varieties of species that are found in Nature 
 are worth a place in gardens. 
 
 The varieties of L. Brownii, for instance — chloraster and 
 leucanthum — are quite as fine as the type, while the same 
 may be said of auratum macranthum or platyphyllum (see 
 Frontispiece), a plant that many prefer to the type. 
 
 L. longiflorum has many beautiful forms, and one in 
 particular in the plant that was sent to this country some 
 years ago as L. longiflorum var. formosanum. 
 
 There are probably more wild forms of the Panther Lily 
 than of any other, and one of them, L. Roezlii, which Mr. 
 Carl Purdy considers a true bog Lily, is so different that it 
 might almost be considered a distinct species. Fine named 
 forms of the Panther Lily are Johnsonii, californicum, 
 Michauxii, Bourgsei, and angustifolium ; Warei, which Mr. 
 Purdy describes as a clear yellow, unspotted, fragrant variety 
 and a transitional form between L. pardalinum and L. Parryi, 
 seems to be lost to cultivation. 
 
 Of the Madonna Lily there are two or three good 
 varieties, the best being the black-stemmed peregrinum, 
 while another form, aureo-marginatum, in which the leaves 
 have golden edges, is not often seen. 
 
30 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 Other European Lilies having geographical varieties are 
 L. chalcedonicum, a vigorous, tall-growing form of which is 
 maculatum, while L. Heldreichii is considered by Baker as 
 intermediate between L. chalcedoniciim and L. caniiolicum. 
 L. Martagon has the variety dalmaticum, one of the most 
 stately and vigorous Lilies, of which the form Cattaniae is 
 an instance of colour variation. L. monadeipimm, a noble 
 plant, varies a great deal, while Chaixii is a diminutive and 
 not very attractive form of the Orange Lily, L. crocetim. 
 
 Of Californian Lilies besides L. pardalinum, already re- 
 ferred to, L. Humholdtii gives us two local varieties, both 
 from Southern California, magnificum and Bloomerianum, 
 the latter a dwarf form, peculiar in having stem-roots. L. 
 parvum has an exquisite variety in luteum. 
 
 The beautiful Washington Lily from the Sierras (Z. 
 Washingtonianum) has two varieties in purpureum and 
 rubescens, both of which are distinct and quite as beautiful 
 as the type. 
 
 Reverting to the Lilies of the East, we find in coridion a 
 yellow form of the tiny Chinese L. concolor, while pulchellum 
 is a local form of the same Lily. 
 
 L. Glehnii is a poor variety of L. cordifolium ; while 
 L. odorum and L. Alexandras are both ranked at Kew as 
 forms of L. japoniciim. 
 
 L. tigrinum Fortunei is a variety of the common Tiger 
 Lily, and when the two are grown together this variety 
 is generally preferred to the type. 
 
 In what may be termed the artificial production of 
 varieties the Japanese seem pre-eminent, and one must 
 admit ungrudgingly that, as a rule, the results of their 
 efforts are quite beautiful. 
 
 Take, for instance, the many Japanese varieties of L. 
 
LILIES IN POTS 31 
 
 speciosum, such as Kraetzeri and macranthum out of many ; 
 or of L. atiratum, and the beautiful rubro-vittatum — surely 
 a hybrid — and think how much duller our Lily gardens and 
 greenhouses would be without them. 
 
 Then in the Elegans section, in the " improving " of 
 which the Dutch nurserymen as well as the Japanese have 
 had a hand, the named varieties are legion, taking up an 
 undue share of room in the bulb catalogues, for it is open 
 to question if more than two or three are worth growing. 
 
 L. umbellatum, too, itself probably of hybrid origin, 
 has had quite a number of varieties grafted on to it, 
 chief among them being the blood-coloured incomparabile, 
 a difficult plant to manage but a beautiful flower. 
 
 Some other Lilies which have had their origin in gardens 
 are the double Tiger Lily, the double white Martagon, 
 L. longiflorum var. Wilsonii, the White Lily with striped 
 bloom {L. candidiihi var. striatum), and the four fine varieties 
 of L. pardalimim, namely, luteum, " Defiance," " Glow," 
 and " Red Giant." 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 LILIES IN POTS 
 
 All Lilies may be grown in pots except those which have 
 stems that wander about underground before pushing 
 through the crust of the earth, such as L. Leichtlinii, L. 
 sutchiienense, and L. neilgJierreiise. 
 
 Ordinary flower-pots will do for some of the more 
 robust kinds, but as all Lilies appreciate plenty of room 
 for their roots, it is best to make use of the extra deep 
 
32 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 pots which are now provided for Lily culture by many 
 makers. 
 
 Drainage is most conveniently provided by a layer of 
 granite chippings or clean sifted gravel ; and as to soil, the 
 usual compost of sweet loam, sifted leaf-mould, and sand 
 seems to answer well enough for most kinds, the addition 
 of a proportion of finely crushed charcoal being of great 
 benefit. 
 
 With the little Japanese Lily, L. medeoloides, the Hima- 
 layan Wallichianum, and the Burmese L. nepalense, pure 
 oak leaf-mould, with a pinch of charcoal, is the most 
 satisfactory compost. 
 
 The larger stem-rooting Lilies grow better if planted 
 in pots a foot deep, and if the contents of a spent hotbed 
 are mixed with the soil on the top of the bulb the growth 
 will be all the more vigorous. 
 
 After the bulbs have been potted up, the pots should 
 be plunged in sand in a frame or under a wall, care being 
 taken that, while the sand round the pots is always moist 
 during growth, excessive rains are kept off. 
 
 As time goes on and the stems push through the soil, 
 water should be increased, and later, when the buds begin 
 to form, the pots should be screened from the direct rays 
 of the sun or moved into some place in the garden where 
 they may be shielded by overhanging branches of trees, 
 or by shrubs. 
 
 As a general rule strong-growing Lilies seem to do better 
 when potted singly, but the smaller species such as L. tenui- 
 foliuni, L. concolor, and L. elegans may be nested five or six to- 
 gether in a 1 0-inch pot ; for these particular Lilies shallower 
 pots are satisfactory, and it is not necessary to screen them 
 from the sun provided the pots are kept well moistened. 
 
HALF-HARDY LILIES 33 
 
 If large, deep pots are employed for the stronger-growing 
 sorts, the bulbs may be used again and again for the pur- 
 pose, care being taken when repotting to remove all offsets 
 from the bulb or stem. 
 
 In potting imported bulbs as to the soundness of which 
 there is any doubt, powdered charcoal should be dusted 
 about the base and between the loose outside scales of 
 the bulb, as this tends to stop the decay of the scales 
 which is so common with many sorts, though it does 
 not arrest any fungal disease that may be present. 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 HALF-HARDY AND SUB-TROPICAL LILIES 
 
 The really tender Lilies are few in number and, as far as they 
 are known at present, all belong to the group of Eulirions or 
 true Lilies. Now and again some of them are said to grow 
 in specially sheltered gardens in a very warm part of this 
 country, but as a general rule they will disappear during the 
 first winter after flowering, and the fact that when planted 
 out they flower late in the season when the nights are cold 
 and damp, renders their cultivation in an ordinary garden 
 quite out of the question. 
 
 L. Lowii. — Though importations are made from time 
 to time from Burma, this is still an uncommon Lily. The 
 flowers, as a rule, two or three in number, are unlike those 
 of any other Lily, being short, widely funnelled, and almost 
 bell-shaped, while their pendulous habit is characteristic 
 more of some of the Fritillaries than any other true Lily. 
 The ground colour of the flower is an ivory-white, as a 
 rule thickly speckled with claret spots. 
 
 C 
 
34 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 Henry found L. Lowii in Yunnan, and described it as 
 having pinkish-coloured flowers with darker spots of the 
 same hue, so, hke many others, it is evidently a variable 
 Lily. It should be grown under glass in pots of pure leaf- 
 mould. 
 
 Baker considers that L. Lowii and L. Bakerianum 
 cannot properly be kept distinct from each other. 
 
 L. neilgherrense. — As far as is known, this is the only 
 Lily indigenous to the South of India, where it has its home 
 in the Nilghiri Hills, south of Mysore ; it is distinguished 
 by the extraordinary length of the flower, and L. longiflorum 
 would surely never have received that name had its dis- 
 coverer been aware of the existence of L. neilgherrense with 
 the beautiful, white-funnelled flower as much as a foot in 
 length. 
 
 No attempt should be made to grow L. neilgherrense in 
 pots, because, like L. Leichtlinii, the stem wanders about 
 under the ground before making an appearance and needs 
 plenty of room ; it may be successfully grown in a bed of 
 moist but well-drained, sweet leaf-mould in a house. 
 
 L. nepalense. — This is a wild Lily of the Central and 
 Western Himalayas, growing at 6000-9000 feet, and distinct 
 from the other trumpet Lilies of Northern India in the 
 pendant character of the flowers. 
 
 As grown in temperate houses in this country the Lily is 
 not so beautiful as many, and the distinct suspicion of green 
 in the yellow of the flower, and which one may notice 
 sometimes in certain of the Narcissi, somehow conveys the 
 impression that the plant needs more sun to develop the 
 true colours. 
 
 Dr. Henry has reported L. nepalense as a common plant 
 in the neighbourhood of Mengtse, close to the Tonkin 
 
DISEASES 35 
 
 frontier, and he has observed that it varies considerably — as 
 indeed do most Lilies — in the colour of the markings, which 
 in the Lily found in Nepal are usually a reddish-purple. 
 
 Like L. Wallichianum it may be grown in pots in a 
 sweet leaf-mould. 
 
 L. philippinense. — This graceful species is slender of 
 growth, and has a long, very funnelled, semi-erect trumpet, 
 white as snow and borne on a dwarf stem hardly thicker 
 than a twig, and clothed with peculiarly long, grassy foliage ; 
 it is a capricious plant and best grown in pots. 
 
 L. sulphureum and L. Wallichianum Refer to pp. 
 
 102-105. 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 Of all the foes for which he has any respect, the Lily 
 gardener will certainly place the dreaded fungus Botrytis 
 cinerea an easy first ; and not without reason, for it is an 
 insidious disease, coming into the garden like a thief in the 
 night and, if not immediately taken in hand, making short 
 work of his treasures. 
 
 Though liable to make its appearance at any time in the 
 season, the disease more often comes when spring is giving 
 place to summer, taking the form of small, whitish-grey 
 patches which form on the foliage and quickly spread till 
 the leaves hang limp and lifeless, while the stems, buds, and 
 flowers take infection and collapse in due course. 
 
 That prevention is better than cure was never more true 
 than in this case, and the spraying of all Lilies from time to 
 time with Bordeaux mixture is recommended by experts 
 as helping to ward off the evil. But this is an operation 
 
36 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 involving a great deal of time and trouble ; no wonder that 
 the Lily gardener usually postpones it till there is evidence 
 of the disease, especially as, unless the Botrytis has gained a 
 firm hold in the garden, there are seasons when it may not 
 make its appearance at all. This peculiarity is one of the 
 most puzzling points in the investigation of the disease. 
 
 At the first sign of the malady the plants attacked should 
 be sprayed with a solution of i oz. of sulphide of potassium 
 to 2| gallons of water, the dose being repeated daily, and all 
 uninfected Lilies near by should be sprayed with Bordeaux 
 mixture or Evans' Aseptic Solution. If the disease gains 
 ground notwithstanding the spraying, the proper course to 
 pursue — if an heroic one — is to cut down the affected Lilies 
 and burn every scrap. 
 
 Botrytis cinerea is often referred to as the "white Lily 
 disease " as if it was peculiar to that species, the reason no 
 doubt being that as this Lily is more commonly grown in 
 Great Britain than other sorts, the disease is more notice- 
 able on it. The large and evergreen leaves of L. candidtim 
 offer far more surface for the spores than do those of other 
 kinds except the Cardiocrinums, but the Botrytis attacks all 
 Lilies without exception ; it is a disease far more of foliage 
 than of bulbs, though if diseased Lilies are neglected the 
 Botrytis will eventually find its way to the bulb. 
 
 The disease will be found also on Lettuces, Funkias, 
 broad-leaved Saxifrages, Solomon's Seal, and other plants, 
 and though common enough may remain unsuspected 
 till it makes its dreaded appearance among the Lilies, If 
 plants that are affected are not either cured of the disease 
 or cut down, the spores will fall to the ground and remain 
 there ready to come forth at the first favourable opportunity 
 and work further destruction unless the ground is sterilised. 
 
JAPANESE LILY DISEASE 37 
 
 Japanese Lily Disease.— Bulbs of Lilies imported from 
 Japan suffer from fungus diseases from which other species 
 seem exempt, the diseases being due to causes that have 
 come into operation before the bulbs are exported from 
 Japan, such as over cultivation and the presence of disease 
 in the Lily nurseries. It is well known that a large pro- 
 portion of Japanese bulbs are so diseased when received 
 in this country as to be useless, and unless the Japanese 
 growers deal with the problem in a drastic way, they will 
 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs, for the time cannot 
 be far distant when it will be difficult to obtain Japanese 
 bulbs free of disease. 
 
 The fungus disease usually met with in Japanese bulbs is 
 that known as Rhizopus necans, and generally takes the form 
 of an insidious rotting of the scales from the root inwards ; 
 it is by no means an uncommon thing to find an imported 
 bulb of L. atiratum,ior instance, in which the heart has almost 
 gone, though at first glance the bulb looks sound enough. 
 
 Another fertile source of mortality in Japanese Lilies is 
 the root mite, with battalions of which so many bulbs are 
 infested when they reach this country. 
 
 The opinion has been expressed that root mites are 
 not the primary cause of the decay of the bulb on which 
 they are found ; but experiments which the author is making 
 seem to show that this contention can hardly be made 
 good, for root mites transferred from newly-imported Japa- 
 nese bulbs to healthy acclimatised bulbs will gradually eat 
 them away. 
 
 While bulbs coming from Japan are subject to a fungus 
 disease of a definite and well-known character, those sent 
 here from the Western States of North America are often 
 found on arrival to be affected by a peculiar form of decay. 
 
38 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 commonly known as "soft rot," in which the part of the 
 bulb affected is found to be of the consistency of cream 
 cheese. 
 
 It is probable that this condition is due more to causes 
 connected with the storing, manner of packing, and ship- 
 ment of "wild" bulbs of delicate plants such as L. Parryi, 
 L Washingtonianiim, and L. Kelloggii, than to any definite 
 disease such as the cultivated bulbs of Japan suffer from ; 
 for while, on the one hand, the comparatively small number 
 of bulbs exported from California is almost entirely gathered 
 in the native haunts of the Lilies and despatched to Europe, 
 collected Japanese bulbs, on the other hand, are always 
 grown on for one or two seasons in nurseries where Lilies 
 have been cultivated in great quantities for many years. 
 
 It cannot be too strongly insisted upon that no imported 
 bulbs, as to the condition of which there is the slightest 
 doubt, should ever be planted in the garden when first 
 received ; rather should they be potted up for a season, 
 for then, if there is any latent disease or decay, the bulbs 
 will stand a much better chance of recovery than if planted 
 out after their long journey in soil which at that time of 
 year is necessarily cold and damp. At the end of the 
 season the bulbs can be turned out of the pots, and if 
 their condition warrants it they can be planted out in the 
 garden.^ 
 
 The best preventive of the fungous diseases and other 
 troubles to which so many imported bulbs are liable is 
 to be found in the raising in this country of a healthy stock 
 of plants from seed. 
 
 ^ It may be stated that, according to Dr. M. C. Cooke, imprrted bulbs from 
 Japan known to be affected with Rhizopia necatis have been treated here by 
 submerging them for twenty minutes in a i per cent, sohition of salicylic acid, 
 thoroughly drying them afterwards. This treatment has killed all the spores of 
 the fungus which the liquid actually reached. — Ed. 
 
INSECTS AND PESTS 39 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 INSECTS AND PESTS 
 
 A SLUG-FREE garden seems beyond the dream of man, 
 and all he can do, beyond putting wire cages round the 
 most precious plants, is to be always on the look-out for 
 slugs, reducing the numbers by using lime and lime-water 
 freely in the beds in which Lilies are planted that do not 
 mind lime. 
 
 Slugs seem to have a critical taste in Lilies and will often 
 feast on the rare L. Leichtlinii, for instance, while leaving 
 the coarser L. croceum and L. lunbellatum untouched. The 
 grey slug is seldom found on the bulb, seeming to prefer 
 the stem and leaves, but the small, black-backed, yellow- 
 bellied variety evidently has a partiality for the bulbs, and 
 may often be found in scores feeding on the scales. 
 
 Not far behind the slug in power of damage comes the 
 wire-worm and his larger dusky prototype the "thousand 
 legs," while the cohort of woodlice brings up the rear. 
 For these foes, which work unseen below ground, none 
 of the poisonous gas producing compounds such as vaporite 
 and bi-sulphide of carbon are of permanent value, because 
 their effect is transient, but a great deal can be done by 
 taking care to see that when the bulbs are planted they are 
 thoroughly surrounded by fine sand. 
 
 It may be said without fear of contradiction that good 
 cultivation is the surest safeguard against all underground 
 pests except slugs, for it is generally in the rotting scales 
 of unhealthy bulbs that they are to be found, and strong 
 healthy bulbs seem to have little attraction for them. 
 
 This is more than can be said for mice and voles, 
 which, having once found an entrance into a bed of Lilies, 
 
40 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 may cause endless damage, tunnelling their way out of sight 
 from bulb to bulb, and feasting as they go till there is 
 literally nothing left, and leaving no sign of their presence 
 except a tiny hole or two, so small as to escape the eye of 
 all but the most vigilant. 
 
 Like the slugs, mice seem to exercise a critical taste, 
 leaving bulbs of L. pardalinum, L. superhum, and L. 
 Martagon severely alone, while making short work of 
 L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. rubellum, L. tigriniim, and 
 the edible Lilies of Japan generally. 
 
 A favourite sphere of operations for these destructive 
 rodents is a bed which has been covered with bracken, 
 leaves, or some protection of that kind against frost ; under 
 these coverings they carry on their deadly work all unseen, 
 and the author has known the removal in spring of the 
 covering from such a bed reveal a heartrending destruction 
 of valuable bulbs. 
 
 Mice may be dealt with by traps, poison, and virus, and 
 of the three remedies virus is probably most effective. It 
 is certainly the most convenient, although rather expen- 
 sive, as when a tin is once opened its contents have to be 
 used directly. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 EASILY-GROWN LILIES 
 
 Under this heading are included a number of Lilies the 
 cultivation of which, as a rule, presents no particular 
 difficulty to intelligent persons. This does not mean that 
 no special preparations are necessary for their successful 
 culture, for it cannot truthfully be said of any Lily, except 
 perhaps L. Martagon, that it will grow almost anywhere the 
 seed happens to fall. 
 
PLATE IV 
 L. MAXIMOWICZII 
 
 (See pp. 28, 97.) 
 
L. AURATUM 43 
 
 Objection may be taken to the inclusion, even in a 
 general way, of any particular Lily as of easy or difficult 
 culture, for it is unquestionably the fact that Lilies which 
 metaphorically are looked upon as weeds in one garden are 
 grown with difficulty in another in the same neighbourhood ; 
 but in the author's experience this usually resolves itself into 
 a question of intelligent cultivation. The following notes 
 may be of some slight assistance in throwing light on the 
 cause of failures with some Lilies. 
 
 That little-known Lilies such as L. medeoloides, L. myrio- 
 phyllum, and L. sutchuenense should figure in company with 
 what are euphemistically known as the commoner sorts, is 
 probably due more to the fact that the bulbs are not readily 
 obtainable than to any inherent difBculty in their manage- 
 ment. 
 
 L. auratum, the Yama Juri or Hill Lily of Japan, is 
 without doubt the Queen of all Lilies. Though known for 
 centuries in Japan, it is not at all an old plant in English or 
 European gardens, for it was unknown here not much more 
 than fifty years ago. As a matter of fact, Lindley seems to 
 have been the first European to publish a description of the 
 Lily, and an attempt by von Siebold to introduce it into 
 Europe having failed, the honour and glory of distributing 
 it rests with Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, to whom is due the 
 introduction of so many fine plants from every corner of 
 the earth. 
 
 Most of us are familiar with the pictures which in some 
 form or other reach this country from Japan, and in nearly 
 every one of which there is a view of snow-capped Fusi- 
 Yama ; and it is on the slopes of that mountain that 
 L. auratum grew wild and untouched in all the glory 
 of its beauty before the Japanese discovered, soon after 
 the treaty ports were thrown open to commerce, that to 
 
44 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 tear the bulbs up in cartloads and to ship them to foreign 
 countries was to reap a golden harvest. 
 
 There it grew in countless thousands in porous open soil, 
 largely composed of volcanic detritus overlaid by the deep 
 carpet of woodland soil so dear to all stem-rooting Lilies. 
 
 Not a woodland plant in the sense that it grows in the 
 thick of the forests, L. auratum flourishes on the fringes of 
 the woods, in glades and clearings, always amongst vegeta- 
 tion, which, while screening the lower part of the stem and 
 keeping the ground cool, leaves the sun free to play on the 
 blooms. 
 
 In this country it is useless to expect either the tropical 
 summer heat, or the dry, bright weather of the Japanese 
 winter, and L. auratum must either bear with what Nature 
 gives it in the way of climate or go under ; to our sorrow, 
 it must be confessed that as often as not it chooses the 
 latter alternative. 
 
 The English grower however, powerless as to climate, 
 can do a great deal towards easing the lot of this Lily by 
 attending to the cultivation. He cannot give it the porous 
 volcanic soil of Fusi-Yama and other haunts of L. auratum, 
 but he can manage something akin to the woodland soil 
 which overlays the other in Japan, and he will find a sub- 
 soil of a rather strong, well-drained, sandy loam an excellent 
 substitute for the broken-down earthy lava of the Lily's 
 native hills ; while if, in addition, he makes the drainage of 
 the bulb as sharp as he knows how, all will go well with his 
 Lilies, provided — and this is of all things important — the 
 bulbs are sound : and that is where the rub comes in, for 
 things have now reached such a pitch that it is almost the 
 exception and not the rule to find imported Japanese bulbs 
 in which the spores of the fatal fungus Rhizopus necans are 
 not lurking somewhere, ready to break out into active 
 
VARIETIES OF L. AURATUM 45 
 
 growth the moment the bulb is taken out of the clay 
 envelope in which it is packed for export. 
 
 But let the grower take heart, pot up his imported bulbs 
 for the first season, and by removing any flower-buds as 
 soon as they appear, throw the energy of the plant into the 
 formation of basal roots ; though in so doing he may deprive 
 himself of the pleasure of gazing on the flowers the Lilies 
 would have brought forth, he takes comfort in the know- 
 ledge that in the following season he will have a fair 
 proportion of well-rooted bulbs which will have thrown off 
 the attacks of the fungus and may be planted out in the 
 garden with every hope of joys to come. 
 
 L. auratum has several varieties, and nearly all are 
 worth taking trouble over. Foremost among them all, and 
 head and shoulders above the type, stands macranthum, or 
 platyphyllum as the bulb merchants persist in calling it, a 
 gorgeous thing, and a veritable peacock among Lilies. 
 
 A native of the group of islands south of the peninsula of 
 Idzu, auratum macranthum (see Frontispiece) was originally 
 sent out not so very many years ago by the Messrs. Veitch, 
 and though at first looked upon as a distinct species, it was 
 considered by Mr. Makino as a variety and was described 
 by him in the I cones Florce Japonicce (1902) under the name 
 L. auratum Hamaonum, Makino. 
 
 In the form rubro-vittatum the flower is quite distinct 
 from other varieties, crimson and not gold being the pre- 
 dominant colour, while the plant is far less robust than 
 L. auratum or L. a. macranthum, and has a comparatively 
 small bulb ; it may be grown under the same conditions as 
 those two varieties, but is less simple to manage, and possibly 
 ought not to figure in company with easily-grown Lilies. 
 
 The structure of the bulb and the appearance of the Lily 
 lead one to think it may be a hybrid between L. auratum 
 
46 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 and L. speciosum, and the fact that it is propagated from 
 scales by Japanese growers lends additional colour to that 
 supposition. 
 
 Wittei or virginale is a very lovely form in which the 
 gold of macranthum largely gives place to white ; it is no 
 easier to manage than rubro-vittatum. Pictum is a variety 
 no one need concern himself about who can grow rubro- 
 vittatum, and tricolor does not appear to be in cultivation. 
 
 Though under favourable conditions auratum and 
 macranthum ripen seed in parts of Great Britain, the seed 
 does not always germinate during the first season and 
 propagation by scales affords a more satisfactory and more 
 certain method. 
 
 In certain parts of Great Britain, as, for instance, in some 
 gardens near the southern or western coast-line, where the 
 climatic and other conditions happen to suit it, L. auratum, 
 once established, will flourish and become more or less 
 perennial ; but, generally speaking, it cannot be looked 
 upon as a Lily that may be left to fight its own battle 
 like L. mouadelphum or L. dahnaticiim. 
 
 The bulbs may be planted about a foot deep, never in 
 soil containing lime, and they should be mulched every year. 
 
 L. bulbiferum, from the Grisons, is one of the upright- 
 flowering Lilies, and though known to Parkinson and 
 long in cultivation, is not very common, probably because 
 there is nothing particularly interesting or beautiful about 
 it ; it is doing the plant no injustice to say that it is 
 rather a coarse-growing thing, not unlike L. umbellatnm — 
 of which it may be a parent — 3 to 4 feet high, with cluster- 
 ing terminal umbels of its large flaring cups. 
 
 The Lily has a multitude of bulbils all the way up the 
 stem in the axils of the leaves ; the cultivation is simple and 
 is the same as for L. croceum. 
 
L. CANDIDUM 47 
 
 L. canadense is a common Lily throughout the 
 Eastern States of North America as well as a time-honoured 
 member of the genus, for it is one of the nine species 
 described by Linnaeus. 
 
 Always a graceful Lily, it may be seen at its best in a 
 loose, moist, vegetable soil in some corner where it gets a 
 little relief from the burning rays of the midsummer sun, 
 and though usually about 3^ feet high, will grow upwards 
 of five when in comfortable quarters. 
 
 The bulbs are rhizomatous and, like those of L. superburn 
 and L. Grayi, are annual, the new bulb forming at the end of 
 a short creeping rootstock, and sometimes taking a year or 
 two to develop into flowering size ; for that reason one 
 cannot depend on either of these three Lilies to flower every 
 year. The bulbs may be planted 4 or 5 inches deep, with 
 a handful of peat under each. 
 
 The flowers show a good deal of variation from the 
 orange-yellow of the typical plant, so much so that two of 
 them have been blessed with distinctive names, flavum, 
 yellow, and rubrum, a deep red ; the latter is often sent 
 out by dealers as L. Grayi, and though the two are quite 
 different in flower, it would be a difficult matter to separate 
 a parcel of mixed bulbs. 
 
 L. canadense ripens seed in hot summers, and this 
 generally germinates the second season, growing on after- 
 wards none too quickly. 
 
 L. candidum (see Plate VI). — The Madonna Lily is a 
 very ancient plant, possibly the oldest Lily in existence, 
 and certainly more generally grown in Great Britain than 
 any other ; it is a native of Southern Europe, Turkey, 
 Caucasus, Palestine, and Northern Syria, while it has recently 
 been reported as growing wild on limestone formation in 
 Albania. 
 
48 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 It will grow and flower in dry and hungry calcareous 
 places where the ground is full of tree roots, as, for instance, 
 among Hypericum Moserianum under a Cedar of Lebanon, 
 but is usually seen at its best in a rather stiff loam in full sun. 
 
 Old clumps of this Lily may often be seen in which the 
 bulbs are matted together in a solid mass, many of them 
 half out of the ground, exposed to sun, wind, frost, and rain, 
 and yet flowering year after year — seemingly indifferent to 
 frost and drought. 
 
 Plant 4 inches deep and 9 inches apart : if transplanting 
 has to be done, it should not be undertaken later than five 
 weeks after flowering, as the resting time of L. candidiun is 
 unusually short. L. candidum does not usually set seed, 
 and is not generally self-fertilising. 
 
 When purchasing this Lily, avoid French-grown bulbs 
 that do not come from Normandy or Brittany, and give the 
 preference to those raised in Great Britain. 
 
 The variety robustum is reported to resist the disease 
 Botrytis cinerea, to which L. candidum, with its large ever- 
 green leaves, is specially prone. 
 
 There is a fine, black-stemmed variety, peregrinum, which 
 is not common, and a beautiful form, aureo-marginatum, in 
 which the leaves are edged with yellow — as well as a double- 
 flowered variety, and one with striped flowers, but neither is 
 worth growing. 
 
 L. carniolicum, Parkinson's "bright red Martagon of 
 Hungarie," though rarer than either of the two last-men- 
 tioned species, is of no very great interest : it is found in a 
 restricted area in the mountain passes of Carniola, one of the 
 many small States clustering round the north of the Adriatic, 
 and is a true Turk's Cap growing a couple of feet high. 
 
 It bears a few flowers of a rather nondescript shade of 
 brick-red, and grows under much the same conditions as 
 
L. CHALCEDONICUM 49 
 
 the Orange Lily, though not responding to cultivation to 
 the same degree as that satisfactory plant. 
 
 In any garden where room is scarce, L. davuriaim, L. 
 biilbifenim, and L. carniolicum may well be omitted from the 
 species cultivated. 
 
 L. chalcedonicum, the scarlet Martagon of Greece 
 and one of the few species known to Linnaeus, is another 
 old plant in gardens, and one of the most accommodating, 
 for, like L. candidum, it will bear with a good deal in the 
 way of drought. It cannot, however, in truth be said to 
 boast a particularly strong constitution, and of late years 
 this Lily has suffered to a great extent from disease — so 
 much so, that it is an exceptional thing to find a clump of 
 it in which a large proportion of the stem leaves are not 
 brown and more or less withered. 
 
 When well grown, L. chalcedonicum will get up to 3I feet, 
 but is more generally met with about 2 feet high. It cannot 
 be called a graceful plant in the way that the other Scarlet 
 Turk's Cap L. pomponium is graceful, but the sealing-wax 
 colour of the bloom is striking, and a well-grown, good-sized 
 clump in full flower is a sight to remember. It generally 
 sets seed, and this germinates quickly. 
 
 The bulbs may be planted 4 inches deep in a position 
 fully exposed to the sun, and in the same soil that suits 
 L. candidum or L. croceum. 
 
 The variety maculatum, though not often met with in 
 this country, is altogether a finer thing than the type, being 
 far more vigorous and approximating to L. testaceum in its 
 habit of growth. 
 
 L. concolor. — Originally from China, but now cultivated 
 commercially by the Japanese nurserymen, this miniature 
 Lily may be managed by any one who can give it a sandy 
 soil of no great depth, and plenty of moisture in late spring 
 
 D 
 
so PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 and early summer. It only grows from a foot to i8 inches 
 high, and from the top of the stem sends out three or four 
 symmetrical, upright, star-shaped flowers not much larger 
 across than a crown piece, and of a fine crimson colour 
 with deeper spots. 
 
 The bulbs are small — as a rule, no bigger than a 
 walnut — but have a wonderful power of reproduction, and 
 if a marked bulb is examined after a season's growth it 
 will often be found to have split up into a cluster of three 
 or four, all attached to one another, and each not much 
 smaller than the original bulb. 
 
 L. concolor is so floriferous that it sometimes seems to 
 exhaust itself, and cannot be depended on to flower every 
 year. It should be planted about 5 inches deep in a 
 position exposed to full sunshine, and if massed in clumps 
 of twenty or thirty — as well it may be, since the bulbs are 
 cheap — the effect is very beautiful. 
 
 The variety coridion is like the type except that the 
 fJowers are a deep yellow colour instead of crimson. 
 
 Although L. piilchellum is referred botanically to L. con- 
 color, it has a bulb which remains solitary and does not 
 split up into clusters, while it is peculiar in that it not in- 
 frequently has bulbils in the axils of the leaves. The indi- 
 vidual blooms are rather smaller than in L. concolor, but in 
 habit of growth the two are identical. Pulchellum is not 
 often met with in gardens. 
 
 L. concolor ripens seed in hot summers, and this germi- 
 nates more quickly than most Lilies. 
 
 L. croceum, the Golden Lily of Parkinson, and known 
 everywhere as the Orange Lily, is, like L. candidum, a very 
 common plant, but a lovely one ; it hails from Corsica, 
 grows best in a stiff loam, and if its roots can get down to 
 a bed of clay the garden Lily shows extraordinary vigour 
 
L. DAVURICUM 51 
 
 when compared to the wild plant, growing higher than a 
 man and bearing huge umbels of its beautiful blooms. A 
 clump of thirty or forty plants of this Lily, with the setting 
 sun shining through the deep red gold of the petals, is a 
 sight to be remembered. 
 
 L. croceum seeds freely and increases rapidly at the bulb, 
 which may be planted 4 inches deep in full sunshine. 
 
 L. c. Chaixii is a dwarf, lighter-coloured variety from 
 the Maritime Alps, and not of much account. 
 
 L. davuricum is a wild plant of Siberia, in habit not 
 unlike a slender, dwarf form of the Orange Lily, the small, 
 upright, cup-shaped flowers of a dull and rather uninteresting 
 shade of cherry-red, borne in umbels of four or five. 
 
 Nowadays the typical plant is not often met with in 
 gardens, its place having been taken by L. umbellatum, a 
 garden plant as to the parentage of which authorities do 
 not seem agreed, though it is generally considered a cross 
 between L. davuricum and another Lily, probably L. 
 elegans. 
 
 It has been cultivated to an enormous extent by 
 nurserymen, who, after the manner of their kind, seem to 
 have christened every seedling showing a decided variation 
 in colour with a distinctive name, so that the numbers of 
 named varieties are bewildering. 
 
 Of the varieties to which so much space is allotted in 
 the bulb catalogues, the amateur may well rest satisfied 
 with one, umbellatum incomparabile, a fine blood-coloured 
 form and better than any other variety or the type. 
 
 Bulbs of L. umbellatum are never very large. They may 
 be planted 4 or 5 inches deep in loamy soil in full sun : 
 they need rather more drainage than does L. croceum, 
 and if this is not seen to the variety incomparabile will 
 almost certainly rot in an exceptionally wet winter. 
 
52 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 L. elegans is the type of a dwarf Japanese Lily having 
 upright, cup-shaped flowers of a reddish hue ; the number 
 of its forms and varieties is legion, and, according to 
 botanical authorities, includes two or three which it is 
 reasonable to suppose are of hybrid origin, such as L. 
 Batemannice, L. Wallacei, and L. elegans Wilsonii. 
 
 The typical plant is not of great interest and need not 
 be considered, while of the many garden sorts of both 
 Dutch and Japanese origin, a grower who has the dwarf, 
 light yellow - flowered Alice Wilson, the dark crimson 
 Horsmanii, the deep apricot venustum, and, above all, the 
 tall, late-flowering variety Wilsonii, may well be content 
 to leave the multitude of other varieties to those who order 
 their bulbs from the descriptions in the catalogues. 
 
 All the elegans section are stem-rooting Lilies, and are 
 distinct among Japanese sorts in that they do best in light 
 sandy soil ; they may be planted 8 or 9 inches deep in 
 the sunniest part of the garden among dwarf shrubs. 
 
 The reason for the inclusion of L. Batemannice and 
 L. Wallacei in the group of elegans Lilies is not very 
 evident ; the bulb of the former is distinct and all but 
 identical with that of L. Maximowiczii, while the bulb of 
 L. Wallacei has little resemblance to that of L. elegans, and 
 is close to L. concolor. 
 
 L. Batemanniae grows as much as 3^ to 4 feet high, 
 carrying its rich apricot cups in terminal umbels. It is 
 generally recommended that this Lily should be grown in 
 full sunshine, but the author has noticed that it seems to do 
 far better in semi-shade, and certainly the foliage of those 
 growing in half-shady places does not wither prematurely as 
 it so often does when the Lily is planted in full exposure ; 
 this dying off of the foliage is a serious drawback to an 
 
L. WALLACEI 53 
 
 otherwise beautiful Lily, and no doubt indicates some fault 
 in the cultivation. 
 
 In Japan the Lily is found in West Hondo ; it is 
 cultivated near Osaka where very sandy soil prevails, and 
 a similar soil seems to suit it here. 
 
 L. Wallacei, named after the enthusiast who did so 
 much for the culture of Lilies thirty or forty years ago, 
 and whose Notes on Lilies contains such an extraordinary 
 amount of interesting detail on the genus, is, in its way, 
 a charming plant, though sometimes a little shy of showing 
 its rich orange-coloured flowers. Introduced to cultivation 
 by Dr. Wallace in 1877 as a probable hybrid between L. 
 Maximowiczii and L. concolor, this Japanese Lily has since 
 become quite common, no doubt because, of all others, 
 it seems to have the most extraordinary tendency to repro- 
 duction, the bulbs continually splitting up into fours, and 
 as a rule before they flower ; so that a single bulb will 
 form scores of others in a few years. Careful consideration 
 of this Lily leads one to suppose that the male parent is 
 more likely to have been L. tigrinum than L. Maximowiczii. 
 
 It grows in light soil, and may be planted 5 or 6 inches 
 deep. ' 
 
 L. giganteum. — Without doubt the most noble Lily 
 known to man, if not the most beautiful, L. giganteum 
 deserves to be grown far more widely than it is, for nothing 
 more than a deep rich soil, plenty of moisture in summer, 
 a little protection in winter, and some patience, are needed 
 to enable one to succeed with it, at any rate in all but the 
 colder parts of the country. 
 
 Peculiar in many ways, in none is it more so than in 
 its habit of throwing up no stem worthy the name till 
 the bulb has reached a certain age ; then when the psycho- 
 
54 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 logical moment arrives the stem appears, growing from 
 4 up to 10 feet high and even more, according to the culti- 
 vation, and with as many as twenty blooms. The flowering 
 season over and the bulb having fulfilled its destiny, it 
 forthwith dies, leaving behind it to carry on the race 
 two or more small offsets ; these grow till in course of 
 years they too send forth their stems and flowers, and, all 
 being well, the process is repeated ad infinitum, till, in place 
 of the original bulb, there is a clump of many. 
 
 Not the least attractive point of L. giganteum is the 
 foliage ; the large leaves are often a foot long and more 
 than half as broad, the upper surface a bright shiny green 
 plainly netted. Clustering Funkia fashion round the lower 
 part of the stem on longish stalks, they shade the ground 
 round the bulb from the sun's rays, keeping it cool and 
 moist, and as the huge, hollow stem grows up and up, 
 each succeeding leaf comes smaller than the last, the stalks 
 gradually shortening, till at the top only a vestige of a leaf 
 remains. 
 
 L. giganteum ripens seed freely, and if sown in November 
 seedlings will usually make their appearance in the follow- 
 ing spring ; they are best kept in reserve till the bulbs are 
 about the size of a walnut, and then they may be planted 
 out at no great depth, a covering of leaves being put over 
 them in winter. 
 
 Though one can hardly feed L. giganteum too highly in 
 the garden, it grows splendidly in woods, and may even be 
 seen growing in stony, unlikely-looking places, provided 
 there is moisture for the roots in summer. 
 
 L. Grayi.— There is an indefinable air about Asa Gray's 
 Lily, L. Grayi, which leads one to regard it as a well-bred 
 plant. It is rather in the way of L. canadense in its habit 
 
L. HANSONII S5 
 
 of growth, though more slender and with smaller flowers, so 
 funnel-shaped and semi-pendulous that, except in unusually 
 tall specimens, one cannot comfortably see the insides 
 without stooping down, or notice how copiously the un- 
 usual red of the segments is besprinkled with spots of a 
 darker hue. 
 
 It is one of the many beautiful things coming to us from 
 Virginia, where it has its home in the Alleghanies, and, like 
 L. pardalimtm and many other species, is happiest when it 
 can dip its roots into moisture while keeping its bulb dry. 
 
 The bulbs are small, rhizomatous, and annual, and may 
 be planted 4 inches deep in loose leafy or peaty soil, 
 either in full exposure or partial shade. L, Grayi seeds 
 freely in an average season, and every one of its little scales 
 will quickly produce a bulblet if sown in a pan or border. 
 
 L. Hansonii, from Japan, is one of several Lilies for the 
 introduction of which the world owes a debt of gratitude to 
 the late Max Leichtlin. 
 
 It is a Martagon of medium growth, usually 4I feet 
 high and seldom exceeding 5 feet, very floriferous, and as 
 easy to manage as the proverbial cabbage. It is equally 
 at home in loam, limestone, or peaty soil, sunshine or shade, 
 though the rich deep yellow flowers are apt to blanch a 
 little if the Lily is planted where the sun may shine on the 
 flowers all day ; for that reason it is best to grow this Lily 
 in partial shade. 
 
 It is one of the first of the family to make its debut every 
 year in early spring, and has in consequence to bear rather 
 more than its share of the frosts and snows which occasion- 
 ally cause such havoc in English gardens in April and May, 
 but if in congenial surroundings it does not succumb. 
 The author well remembers a day towards the end of 
 
56 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 April a few years ago, when, as a result of a fearful snow- 
 storm the night before, a whole bed of this Lily had the 
 stems literally bent almost to the ground for some hours 
 with the weight of the frozen snow on the leaves, and yet 
 within a few weeks the Lilies were flowering as gaily as 
 ever, and as if nothing had happened. 
 
 L. Haiisonii does not generally ripen seed in this country, 
 no doubt because it is one of a large number of plants 
 which is not, as a rule, self-fertilising, and those who want 
 seed should attend to the fertilising — a very simple matter. 
 Propagation by scales, however, is more certain, besides 
 being much quicker. 
 
 In common with most of the Martagon family, L. 
 Haiisonii is rather prone to contract that fell disease 
 Botrytis cinerea, no doubt because of the comparatively 
 large surface of its whorls of leaves. 
 
 Like all stem-rooting Lilies, it needs to be planted deeply, 
 and 10 inches is about right both for depth and spacing. 
 It is a splendid Lily for pots. 
 
 L. Heldreichii is considered by Baker as intermediate 
 between L. chalcedonicum and L. carniolicmn. In gardens 
 it grows about 2^ feet high, with three or four true Turk's 
 Caps of a bright red, the back of the flower flushed with 
 yellow. It succeeds where L. chalcedonicum grows, and 
 under cultivation is a much finer thing than in its home 
 on the mountains of Greece, where it usually supports 
 a solitary flower. 
 
 L. Henryi. — Though discovered little more than twenty 
 years ago by Dr. Henry in Central China, L. Henryi has 
 taken a high place in the ranks of the genus, for it is a 
 vigorous and beautiful Lily of the soundest constitution, 
 requiring no special care or preparation, and seemingly 
 
PLATE V 
 L. CANDIDUM 
 
 (See p. 47.) 
 
L. HENRYI 59 
 
 indifferent to soil or situation, though the author has ob- 
 served that it grows less strongly in light sandy soils than 
 in those of a richer nature, and now and again has heard of 
 L. Henryi refusing to grow in gardens where other Lilies 
 flourish. 
 
 L. Henryi is a good example of the way many wild 
 plants alter their growth under cultivation, for while Dr. 
 Henry has placed it on record that he never saw the wild 
 Lily exceed 4 feet in height or bearing more than four or 
 five flowers, it is no uncommon thing to find it in gardens 
 9 feet high and with twenty of its beautiful, orange- 
 coloured flowers, identical in shape with those of L. 
 speciosum Kraetzeri, 
 
 Though naturally a limestone plant, it will grow well in 
 ground containing no lime. It is easily raised from seed, 
 which as a rule germinates the first year, and, unusually 
 quick in growth, seedlings will bear a flower or two under 
 favourable circumstances in the third year ; in five years the 
 bulbs will be as large as an orange, growing on till they are 
 as much as 7 inches in diameter ; they do not split up 
 much but throw off quite a number of offsets, all of which 
 should be looked after. 
 
 The bulbs should be planted about a foot deep among 
 the taller-growing shrubs such as Rhododendron, Cistiis 
 ladaniferus, Choisya ternata, or Berheris Darwinii, which 
 will give support to the tapering stems so peculiar in that 
 they are naturally too lax to grow upright, and in conse- 
 quence rather awkward to stake conveniently. 
 
 L. Henryi grows equally well in sunshine or shade, 
 though the blooms blanch a little in hot summers if fully 
 exposed ; it is a thirsty plant when growing. 
 
 L. Martagon is the oldest Lily in the British Isles 
 
6o PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 and the representative of the largest section of the genus ; 
 it grows and flowers almost anywhere where its seeds 
 happen to fall, and, while often seen flowering in the most 
 unlikely places, does best in a stiff loam, like so many of 
 the commoner Lilies. 
 
 When raised from seed it varies a good deal in colour 
 from light to dark pink, with purple spots, and a bed of 
 seedlings will usually show plants the colour variations of 
 which, with further selection, would no doubt ultimately 
 lead to the appearance of the white form album, a beautiful 
 and accommodating plant and the hybridiser's joy. 
 
 If proof were needed that this white variety is a garden 
 form of the other, it may be had in the seedlings of album, 
 many of which hark back and reveal their origin by the 
 pronounced pink tinge with which the petals are suffused 
 and the faint purple spots. 
 
 Now and again one may find amongst a batch of these 
 seedlings a flower or two between which and the rare 
 and lovely Californian Martagon L. Kelloggii there is not 
 over much to choose except in habit of growth. 
 
 L. Martagon has a short resting time, and planting 
 should therefore be done early, as soon, in fact, as the seed 
 is ripe ; large bulbs have a curious way of splitting up 
 into four or five of walnut size and scores of scale bulblets, 
 and all these may easily be grown on. 
 
 L. Martagon var. album flore plenum is an uncommon 
 sport of the white form with double flowers, and is only 
 worth growing as a curiosity. 
 
 Other varieties are hirsutum, not apparently in com- 
 merce, and dalmaticum, one of the many plants we owe 
 to the late Max Leichtlin, and certainly one of the finest 
 Lilies in cultivation ; it is so distinct as surely to be worthy 
 
L. MEDEOLOIDES 6i 
 
 of classification as a species ; indeed it is regarded as such 
 by Elwes. When well grown this Lily rivals L. Henryi and 
 L. snperhuin in the magnificence of its growth, and plants 
 may commonly be seen 8 feet high bearing as many as 
 thirty of the shiny, deep wine-coloured flowers. 
 
 Cattaneae is a very satisfactory form of the above in 
 which the flowers take a lighter colour rather difficult of 
 description ; a distinguishing feature in both these forms 
 of Martagon is the mass of white hairs with which the 
 unopened buds are covered, and which at a distance give 
 them the appearance of small white balls. 
 
 L. Martagon grows equally well in sunshine or shade, 
 and may be planted 4 inches deep ; it is a lime-loving 
 plant. 
 
 L. medeoloides — Though the advisability of including 
 an uncommon Lily like L. medeoloides in a chapter deal- 
 ing with easily-grown Lilies may be questioned, it will 
 only be by those who are not familiar with the Lily, or do 
 not know that its cultivation is simple. 
 
 A common Lily in Japan, where it is known as " Kuruma 
 Yuri " or the "Wheel Lily," because of the way the foliage 
 grows on the stem in the form of a wheel, L. medeoloides 
 is a gem of the first water. 
 
 It is the baby of the Martagon section, more diminu- 
 tive even than L. tenuifolium, seldom growing over 2 
 feet high, and more often 12 to 18 inches ; the bulb 
 of this Lily is small, never larger than a big walnut, and 
 is quite distinct from all others except the so-called L. 
 avenaceiim in that its tiny articulated scales resemble the 
 oat grain. 
 
 The flowers, sometimes three or four in number but 
 more often solitary or in pairs, recall those of L. tenui- 
 
62 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 foliuiu, though the petals are not so reflexed ; the colour 
 varies from scarlet to apricot, both with and without 
 spots. 
 
 In this country it grows well planted in lime-free leaf- 
 mould with slight shade, and ripens seed freely ; though a 
 stem-rooting Lily, the bulb is so tiny that it need not be 
 planted more than 6 inches deep. 
 
 In its home on the Nikko mountains of Japan the 
 Lily grows in rich humus sometimes in the open, coming 
 up through low grasses, but more often on the edges of 
 the woods and in copses. 
 
 There has been some confusion regarding L. avena- 
 ceum and L. medeoloides, and the opinion may be 
 hazarded that they are one and the same plant ; the Lily 
 described and figured in Elwes' Monograph as L. avena- 
 ceum appears undoubtedly to be the medeoloides of Japan, 
 while the L. medeoloides of the Monograph, as to which 
 Elwes himself had doubts, does not seem to be known 
 in Japan, though Mr. Alfred Unger of Yokohama reports 
 having had a Lily identical in flower and bulb from Kiau- 
 chou, the pied a terre of Germany in China. It does not 
 follow that this Lily is the true avenaceum, since Maxi- 
 mowicz' description of the latter shows it to be a Martagon, 
 while the Kiauchou Lily has upright flowers and is an 
 Isolirion. 
 
 L. monadelphum, and what is known as its variety, 
 Szovitzianiim (see Plate VII), for they seem inextricably 
 mixed, from the Southern Caucasus, has a splendid consti- 
 tution, does well on limestone or loamy soils, and if in 
 congenial surroundings, will grow 6 feet or more high, and 
 bear from twenty to thirty of its fragrant flowers. 
 
 Whether the monadelphous character of the typical 
 
L. MONADELPHUM 63 
 
 plant originally discovered by Bieberstein is constant is 
 open to question, for of hundreds of flowers the author 
 has examined, he has not found one in which the fila- 
 ments are united from the base upwards. 
 
 The plant is very variable both as to foliage and colour 
 of the flowers, and this applies quite as much to imported 
 bulbs as to those raised from seed at home : in some the 
 colour is a fine canary-yellow both with and without 
 spots ; in others the yellow pales almost to straw ; while 
 in yet others we find it the deep colour of Coreopsis grandl- 
 flora, and, to make confusion worse confounded, the anthers 
 vary in colour as much as the petals. 
 
 In some of its forms this Lily shares with L. testaceum 
 the peculiarity of keeping the flower-buds tucked away in 
 the foliage till they are about to open. 
 
 Once established it dislikes being tampered with even 
 more than most Lilies, and if moving is necessary, it should 
 be done directly the seed is ripe; if the planting is de- 
 ferred, the bulbs will quite commonly make no sign above 
 ground the following season, but will appear as usual the 
 year after. 
 
 It comes readily if slowly from seed, which may be 
 sown in an open bed, the germination taking place under- 
 ground. Established bulbs may be planted 5 inches deep 
 in a position fully exposed to sunshine. 
 
 Of late years a fine form labelled by some L. mona- 
 delphum, and by others colchicum, has made its reappear- 
 ance in this country after importation from St. Petersburg ; 
 in this variety the blooms are smaller and take rather more 
 of the trumpet shape, while the colour is a very deep 
 yellow, both with and without spots, but in those that have 
 come under the author's notice the filaments are not united 
 
64 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 below, and the bulb, by which alone a separate species 
 can be determined, though said to be different, is not 
 distinguishable from those known as L. Szovitzianum. 
 
 L. myriophyllum (see Plate II). — One of the many 
 "finds" of that prolific collector the Abb6 Delavay, L. 
 myriophyllum was originally distributed by Leichtlin some 
 ten years ago, and has of late been brought into commerce. 
 On one of his expeditions E. H. Wilson found this Lily on 
 the Chino-Tibetan frontier growing at 3000-6000 feet in 
 low scrub on rocky mountain-sides, and in some of the 
 warm, dry river valleys thereabouts ; he considered it allied 
 to L. leiicanthiim. 
 
 In cultivation it has proved a variable plant as far as 
 the colouration of the flowers is concerned, and, in the form 
 grown originally by Leichthn especially, the contrast be- 
 tween the rich wine colour of the reverse of the petals 
 and the gold shading of the throat is extraordinarily 
 beautiful. 
 
 The Lilies of Western China present many points of 
 interest to botanists in the difficulties attendant on attempts 
 at classification ; considered by Baker as allied to L. longi- 
 florum and by Leichtlin as belonging to the Brownii sec- 
 tion, L. myriophyllum has a bulb which is indistinguishable 
 from L. leucanthum, L. suiphureum, and L. longifloriim, and 
 the Lily itself seems intermediate between L. leucanthum 
 and L. Brownii; it may be distinguished by the narrow 
 linear leaves, which crowd densely round the stem, in a 
 manner reminding one of L. siitchnenense. Judging by the 
 behaviour of this Lily during the few years it has been in 
 cultivation, there seems no reason to doubt that it is a fine 
 plant with a good constitution, presenting no special diffi- 
 culties to the cultivator ; as a stem-rooting Lily it should be 
 
L. PARDALINUM 65 
 
 planted about 9 inches deep in a light, rich soil. It is 
 singular in that the leaves remain on the stem for an un- 
 usually long time ; no doubt it was this peculiarity which 
 led Leichtlin to describe it as almost evergreen. 
 
 L. pardalinum. — Though commonly supposed to be a 
 peat-loving plant, the Californian Panther Lily will grow 
 well in good loam, and does not object to soil containing 
 lime. Elwes records it as growing and increasing freely in 
 dry, hungry, oolite soil. 
 
 Essentially a moisture-loving plant, however, it is never 
 seen to better advantage than when planted in full sunshine 
 on the edge of a stream or pond where, the bulbs out of 
 harm's way, the roots may push their toes into the water ; 
 in such places it will climb up 7 or 8 feet high, the stems 
 smothered in bloom of every imaginable shade between 
 yellow and red, for a Lily more variable in the colour of 
 its flowers does not exist. 
 
 The rhizomatous bulb rapidly increases, usually in 
 horseshoe form, and in a year or two each one will throw 
 up four or five flowering stems. 
 
 L. pardalifitim may be planted 5 inches deep and 12 
 inches apart in sheltered or fully exposed positions, and, 
 where it grows tall, should be screened from rough winds 
 or carefully staked. 
 
 No wild Lily has more natural varieties, and while many 
 have been christened with distinctive names, the variations 
 in these named forms themselves are quite bewildering : in 
 some the foliage is lanceolate, sometimes in whorls, some- 
 times broken up ; in others, again, it is oblanceolate and in 
 regular whorls as becomes a Martagon ; in a bed of seedlings 
 one may find all the forms of varying foliage as well as stature, 
 and a range of colour from a fine light yellow to a deep red. 
 
 E 
 
66 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 Of late years several garden forms, mostly due to Luther 
 Burbank, have come into commerce, and these are un- 
 doubtedly exceptionally fine. They have been given names 
 such as " Glow," " Defiance," and " Red Giant," and are in 
 every way well worth growing, though propagation is slow 
 since it has to be by scale offsets, as the varieties cannot be 
 relied upon to come true from seed. 
 
 The only form of L. pardalinimi which can truthfully 
 be said to be really distinct and to retain its distinctiveness 
 is that known as L. Roezlii, a typical Turk's Cap as to its 
 flowers, which are a beautiful light orange tint — in the way of 
 L. parvum luteum — delicately spotted with maroon. It is a 
 more slender Lily than the ordinary form of pardalinum, and 
 the narrow leaves with which the stem is crowded give it a 
 distinct appearance. 
 
 The rhizomatous bulb is usually solitary, and does not 
 increase as does that of the type. It comes from Oregon and, 
 like L. maritimum, is considered by Purdy as a true bog Lily. 
 
 L. parviflorum grows on the slopes of the Sierras at 
 low elevations. In flower it closely resembles a small 
 edition of L. pardalinum, and the variations in colour are 
 much the same in both Lilies. L. parviflorum is usually in 
 flower a week or two before the Panther Lily : it does not 
 increase and send up a multitude of flowering stems as that 
 Lily does, but is altogether a good thing. Plant about 5 
 inches deep in full sunshine in rather lighter soil than for 
 L. pardalinum, and see to the drainage of the bulb. 
 
 L. parvum. — This is one of the mountain Lilies of the 
 Sierras, neither exactly easy nor difficult to get on with, and, 
 when well grown, an extraordinarily floriferous plant, and 
 beautiful to boot. Mr. Purdy tells us that in its home in 
 the sub-alpine regions about Lake Taho it grows 5 or 6 
 
L. PHILADELPHICUM 67 
 
 feet high in deep, moist, sharp soil along banks of the 
 streams ; in this country it is seldom seen much over 3 feet. 
 
 L. parvum is a most distinct plant, with nearly upright, 
 crimson-tipped, orange bells borne on long, slender pedicels, 
 which give it an unusually graceful look. 
 
 The variety luteum is a really beautiful Lily far too little 
 known ; it grows taller than the type, and has clear deep 
 yellow flowers beautifully spotted. 
 
 L. parvum succeeds in circumstances that suit L. Parryi. 
 
 L. philadelphicum. — For some obscure reason L. phila- 
 deipJiicnni has never been much in favour with horticul- 
 turists, and an undeserved reputation for delicacy may have 
 some bearing on this. It is a pity, for the Lily is well worth 
 growing, and does not strike one as particularly obstinate or 
 difBcult to manage ; it is quite hardy, and, moreover, ripens 
 seed freely, and as this is readily cultivated, there is no need to 
 rely on bulbs imported from America, cheap though they be. 
 
 Although a much more slender thing, L. philadelphicum 
 seemingly takes the place in the Western world occupied by 
 L. bulbifernm in Europe. It usually grows about two-thirds 
 of a yard high, the erect, cup-shaped flowers springing from 
 distinct claws in an umbel of three or four at the top of the 
 stem ; though variable, they are usually a brilliant shade of 
 orange dotted with purple. 
 
 L. philadelphicum is a common Lily in North America, 
 and may be found from Canada to Louisiana. The bulb 
 is peculiar and approaches more nearly that of Fritillaria 
 rccurva than other American Lily bulbs ; it is usually about 
 the size of a good walnut and has the scales articulated. L. 
 philadelphicum grows well in a light, lime-free soil in full 
 sun, and may be planted 5 inches deep ; an excess of wet 
 in winter is often fatal to the bulb if the drainage is slow. 
 
68 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 A particularly fine form introduced to cultivation by 
 Leichtlin is named Wansharaicum. 
 
 L. pomponium.— A native of the Maritime Alps, where 
 it is found in a wild state 2| to 3 feet high, this fine old 
 Turk's Cap — the Martagon Pompony of Parkinson — re- 
 sponds so well to cultivation that one may have it more 
 than 4 feet high and bearing a dozen of its scarlet flowers, 
 so symmetrically formed that they might be made of wax 
 and turned out of a mould ; it is perhaps a more perfect 
 example of the true Turk's Cap shape than any other Lily. 
 
 L. pomponium takes rather longer to become established 
 than many of the so-called common species, and is slow of 
 increase, though the seed, which is produced in abundance 
 in most seasons, germinates quickly. 
 
 It may generally be seen doing well in full exposure in 
 a rather strong loam, and, like L. croceum, it appreciates a 
 subsoil of well-drained clay ; it does not succeed so well in 
 dry soil, nor is it at home in peaty mixtures, being essentially 
 a plant for soils having lime in them. 
 
 The bulbs should be planted 4 inches deep and a foot 
 apart. 
 
 L. pyrenaicum, or the Yellow Turk's Cap, though of the 
 easiest culture, is not a thing of beauty, and may be de- 
 scribed in a general way as a low-growing and very inferior, 
 small-flowered monadelphum, though that indeed is flatter- 
 ing it too highly. The flowers have a peculiarly objection- 
 able smell, and the best we can say of the Lily is that its 
 bulbs are "fine and large," and that, while it will grow 
 almost anywhere, it does best in a heavy loam in full sun. 
 As its name implies, the Lily is a wild plant of the Pyrenees, 
 but is stated in Elwes' Monograph to have been found in 
 Transylvania and Bosnia, 1000 miles away. 
 
L. SPECIOSUM 69 
 
 L. Jankae. — This plant also is found in the mountains 
 of Transylvania, and is considered by Baker to be nearly allied 
 to L.pyrenaicum, from which it differs in its taller growth and 
 larger flowers : there is not any great difference between L. 
 Jankce and some of the poorer forms of L. monadeipJmm. 
 
 L. speciosum. — Originally a native of Korea and found 
 by Thunberg more than a hundred years ago, L. speciosum, 
 in one or other of its many beautiful forms, is known to all : 
 indeed, with the exception of L. longiflorum, no Lily is prob- 
 ably more used for pot culture and forcing. While not 
 perhaps a plant for every garden, the cultivation of this 
 Lily does not lay any great tax on the resources or ingenuity 
 of the Lily grower, and its requirements once understood, 
 L. speciosum may be relied upon to prosper, sending up its 
 flowering stems year after year in increasing numbers, and 
 only failing now and again when our English summer 
 proves especially inhospitable to this Eastern beauty. 
 
 While from his own experience the author is not able 
 to say that L. speciosum will not grow in limy soil, there 
 can be no sort of doubt that it is more at home in ground 
 that is free from lime, and it may be grown to perfection 
 in a rich, open, woodland soil overlying a stiff, red, sandy 
 loam, into which its long roots can wander as they please. 
 
 On the richness of the top soil depends the growth 
 of the stem and flowers, and it is no exaggeration to say 
 that one cannot mulch this Lily too much. 
 
 It opens its flowers so late in the season that it is prob- 
 ably best to plant L. speciosum in full sunshine, and if the 
 summer should prove exceptionally hot the only effect will 
 be that the Lily may flower a little earlier than usual, while 
 the blooms will fade sooner than if the plant is in shade. 
 That, however, holds good for all Lilies, and the objection to 
 
70 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 planting these late-flowering "woodland" Lilies of Japan in 
 partially shaded places is that in cheerless summers, such as 
 we have had in 1909 and 19 10, many of the flower-buds 
 will not open. 
 
 Bulbs of L. speciosum may be planted 10 or 12 inches 
 deep, of course among ground-shading shrubs, and if there 
 is any doubt about the drainage it is best to lay the bulbs 
 on inverted pots. 
 
 Though of Japanese origin, L. speciosum has been raised 
 in enormous quantities by the nurserymen of Holland 
 during the past half-century, with the result that the 
 character of the Dutch flowers has undergone some change, 
 and, if the truth must be told, some deterioration when 
 compared to their Japanese prototypes. 
 
 Whatever the cause, there can be no question that the 
 Japanese flowers are indubitably finer in size and richness 
 of colouring than those raised in Holland ; but the bulbs 
 of the Dutch-grown sorts are in themselves far more satis- 
 factory, for the roots are not cut off, there is an absence 
 of disease, and they come to market generally in far better 
 condition than those from the East. 
 
 Those who wish to grow the Japanese sorts should pot 
 the bulbs for the first season, cutting off all flower-buds 
 that may form, and planting out any that are in good 
 condition after the first year's growth ; this may be a trial 
 of patience for some, but it is the best way in the end. 
 
 Of the varieties imported from Japan, Kraetzeri (see 
 Plate III) has a beautiful, snow-white flower with a golden 
 green stripe down the centre of each petal, and anthers of a 
 coppery tint. Alike in the form of the flower and its way of 
 growing, this Lily is one of the most beautiful we have. 
 
 Of coloured varieties from Japan there are many, and 
 
L. SPECIOSUM 71 
 
 while all of them are variations on the theme of pink and 
 white, two, rubrum magnificum and Melpomene — the latter 
 of American origin — stand out prominently from the others, 
 the former on account of its vigorous growth as well as the 
 size and depth of colouring of the blooms, and the latter 
 for the delicate beauty of the lighter-coloured flowers. 
 
 L. s. rubriim magnificum was found some few years ago 
 by collectors of the Tokyo and Yokohama bulb merchants, 
 in the small group of the Koishikijima Islands west of 
 Nagasaki, where the bulbs are looked upon as a by- 
 product and cultivated in the fields among crops such as 
 potatoes, the bulbs being planted between the rows. When 
 of a suitable size the ripened bulbs are cleaned up, dried 
 in the sun, and exported to China as food. 
 
 There are other forms of L. speciosum, such as rubrum, 
 roseum, and punctatum, but if the amateur has Kraetzeri, 
 Melpomene, rubrum magnificum, and grows them well, he 
 will need no others. 
 
 Of the Dutch varieties, the forms album, roseum, and 
 rubrum are good of their kind, but, as already explained, 
 inferior to the Japanese plants in beauty, though the bulbs 
 are better. 
 
 The stems of some varieties of L. speciosum are a 
 good deal subject to fasciation ; the Dutch nurserymen 
 have taken advantage of this peculiarity, and, having 
 succeeded in making it permanent, have placed these 
 monstrosities in commerce. The amateur will be well 
 advised to leave them alone. 
 
 L. superbum, from the Eastern States of North America, 
 is, when well grown, a magnificent plant, upwards of 8 feet 
 high and with thirty or more flowers, the colour varying 
 through every shade of yellow to orange-red. It is often 
 
72 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 confounded with L. pardaliniim, and except that the petals 
 of the flowers are more pointed and often larger than 
 in the latter Lily, there is but little difference. 
 
 The bulbs, however, of the two species are distinct, and 
 L. siiperhum does not come into flower as a rule till the 
 Panther Lily is over. 
 
 In Nature an inhabitant of moist, peaty hollows, L. 
 superbum will generally do well in situations where L. 
 pardalmum flourishes, though it will not stand drought 
 as well as that species, and is not partial to lime. 
 
 The bulbs may be planted 4 or 5 inches deep in full 
 sunshine or partial shade. 
 
 L. sutchuenense is one of the moderns, having been 
 collected by Father Farges in Szechuen barely twenty years 
 ago. It is a most striking plant, and may be described as a 
 refined Tiger Lily ; the stem is thickly clothed with narrow 
 linear leaves of a beautiful deep green. E. H. Wilson 
 describes it as common on rocky, grass-clad slopes of the 
 Chino-Tibetan frontier region at 7000-9000 feet. He states 
 that the bulbs are cultivated by the peasants as a vegetable. 
 
 When established in comfortable quarters this stem- 
 rooting Martagon will grow 5 feet and more high, carrying 
 as many as twenty blooms. 
 
 It shares with L. Leichtlinii and one or two other Lilies 
 the pecuhar habit of sending its flower-stem horizontally 
 along under the ground for some distance before pushing 
 its way through the earth : offsets form in numbers on this 
 underground creeping stem and may be detached and grown 
 on. This peculiarity is of especial joy to the cultivator, for 
 as L. sutchuenense does not set seed in this country, the 
 little bulbs provide a ready means whereby this uncommon 
 but distinguished-looking Lily may be propagated. 
 
PLATE VI 
 
 L. MONADELPHUM VAR. SZOVITZIANUM 
 
 (See pp. 30 and 62.) 
 
 v^^ 
 
L. TENUIFOLIUM 75 
 
 When established the bulbs measure from 2^ to 3 
 inches in diameter, and may be planted 9 or 10 inches 
 deep in a free, open soil of loam, grit, leaf-mould, and 
 charcoal ; as far as the author's observations go, it does 
 not matter whether the loam has lime in it or not. 
 
 L. tenuifolium, the narrow-leaved Lily of Siberia, is 
 an exceptionally attractive little thing, and well within the 
 management of any gardener, once he realises that the bulbs 
 are seldom of more than triennial duration, and oftener 
 biennial. He must sow every season a pinch of the seed 
 which is nearly always forthcoming, and the production of 
 which in such quantities by a tiny bulb may in great measure 
 be the cause of the brief existence of this Lily. 
 
 L. tenuifolium grows well in what we may term " Dutch " 
 soil, that is, sand, preferably of the seashore, with which 
 cow manure broken down fine is mixed, and the plant likes 
 the sunniest place it can get, with plenty of moisture at the 
 roots when growing. If this Lily is not allowed to seed after 
 flowering, the bulb does not die so soon as if left to work 
 out its own destiny ; but nothing apparently avails to keep it 
 alive for more than four years. 
 
 The flowers are perfect Turk's Caps of a brilliant, san- 
 guineous red, borne on slender stems about a foot and a 
 half high. 
 
 The bulbs, in shape not unlike those of a Tulip, are 
 unique among Lilies in that they are composed of a few 
 large, smooth leaves or scales which fit over each other 
 tightly, rather like those one finds in the heart of a globe 
 artichoke ; they should be planted 4 or 5 inches deep in 
 soil that is very perfectly drained. 
 
 L. testaceum. — The origin of L. testaccum or the 
 Nankeen Lily is uncertain. It has been said to come 
 
76 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 from Japan, though neither of its reputed parents grows 
 there, and in Dr. Wallace's Notes on Lilies reference is 
 made to the fact that he has actually seen a figure of this 
 Lily amongst a collection of Japanese drawings. There does 
 not appear to be any record of it having been found in a 
 wild state, and the common supposition that it is a hybrid 
 between L. candiduni and L. chalcedonictim seems reason- 
 able, though if the Lily "Golden Gleam," the cross between 
 the Siberian Turk's Cap and the White Martagon, is any 
 guide as to colour, one would expect a cross between the 
 reputed parents of the Nankeen Lily to have more colour in 
 it. It is also a little difficult to understand how a disagreeable 
 smelling thing like L. chalcedonicuni can have any connec- 
 tion with a Lily of such sweet fragrance as the one under 
 notice. 
 
 L. testaceum is first recorded as having made its appear- 
 ance in a nursery at Erfurt in 1846, and it soon spread to 
 this country. It does not ripen seed, and is rather slow of 
 increase ; no doubt that is the reason why the bulbs are 
 rather expensive. Except that it is not a good plant for 
 a dry place, it does well under the same conditions as 
 L. candidum, and should be planted the same depth. 
 
 L. tigrinum. — Restrict a gardener to twelve sorts of Lilies 
 and surely he will choose the Tiger Lily as one of them, not 
 only because he has known it from his childhood's days, but 
 also for its beauty. 
 
 Introduced to this country from China more than a 
 hundred years ago, the original species, L. tigrinum sinensis, 
 soon found its way into gardens, and in one form or another 
 it has since become a very general favourite — so much so, 
 indeed, that to-day it is probably a cheaper Lily to buy than 
 any other. 
 
L. TIGRINUM ^^ 
 
 The reason of this cheapness is not far to seek, for 
 L. tigrinum, even if indifferently grown, produces a crop of 
 tiny bulbs on the axils of the leaves, and when these are 
 removed and grown on in beds they produce flowering 
 bulbs in only three years, so that nurserymen and others 
 have at hand a simple and unusually expeditious method of 
 propagation. In addition to this, the Tiger Lily is cultivated 
 in Japan in great quantities as a vegetable, and there is 
 therefore always a good stock on which the merchants are 
 able to draw for export to foreign countries. 
 
 In many gardens, especially those in which there is 
 much lime in the soil, L. tigrinum gradually dwindles away 
 after the bulb has reached maturity, and probably it is only 
 the simplicity of propagation that keeps up the stock in 
 such places. 
 
 Of late years the original species has largely given place 
 to two varieties, L. t. splendens and L. t. Fortunei, each 
 finer in every way than the older plant, and easily recog- 
 nisable, the first by its dark, almost black, smooth stems, 
 and the latter not only by the magnificence of its growth 
 but the hairiness of the stout, upstanding stem. 
 
 The double form, flore plenum, is a common article of 
 commerce, and for those who appreciate these forms is prob- 
 ably more satisfactory than the double varieties of other Lilies. 
 
 The Japanese merchants annually export thousands of 
 Tiger Lilies, especially L. t. Fortunei and its huge form, For- 
 tunei giganteiim, the bulb of which is much larger than the 
 other varieties, and which alone, amongst Lilies exported 
 from Japan, shares with L. Hansonii the satisfactory reputa- 
 tion of being more or less certain to flower well the first 
 season after planting. 
 
 The Lily does not seed in this country, but, as already 
 
78 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 exphiined, reproduction is provided for in a simple and 
 satisfactory way by means of the axillary bulbils. Any one 
 wishing to use the Tiger Lily for hybridising purposes will 
 generally be able to induce it to set seed by removing the 
 axillary bulbils directly they appear, so that all the energy 
 of the plant is thrown into the bearing of seed and is not 
 used up in nourishing the bulbils. 
 
 The bulbs of the old form and of the variety splendens 
 may be planted 6 or 8 inches deep, and those of Fortunei a 
 foot deep in rich, lime-free soil, all in full sun. Splendens 
 is one of the best plants we have for potting. 
 
 If the stem bulbils are not removed they fall to the 
 ground in due course, and a proportion of those that escape 
 the attention of birds and slugs may eventually put out 
 roots and pull themselves into the ground ; so that in 
 established plantings one may see masses of young Lilies 
 rising up among the parent stems ; but unless the ground 
 is rich or well mulched these seldom attain the proportions 
 of their parents. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE MORE DIFFICULT LILIES 
 
 As in the case of Lilies classed as easily grown, criticism 
 may be directed to the arbitrary inclusion of several of the 
 following Lilies under this head, for to individuals the culti- 
 vation of some of them will undoubtedly be a simple matter ; 
 in a general way, however, it may be said that, as far as 
 our experience goes at present, all the Lilies enumerated need 
 a good deal more care and attention than those referred to 
 under the head of easily-grown plants. 
 
L. BOLANDERI 79 
 
 L. Bolanderi. — Although known to botanists for more 
 than thirty years, L. Bolanderi is still rare in this country. 
 It does not seem specially difficult to manage, and is well 
 worth trying in places that suit L. Kelloggii. The slender 
 stem seldom bears more than three dainty bells, and these are 
 not unlike a miniature L. Grayi in shape, though semi-erect ; 
 the colour is a vinous red plentifully spotted with purple ; 
 the bulb is small, with wiry roots, and resembles a miniature 
 L. Humboldt a. 
 
 L. Brownii. — Though, as things go, comparatively an 
 old plant, having made its first appearance in this country 
 more than a hundred years ago, the habitat of L. Brownii 
 was never known with certainty till 1888, when Henry 
 chanced upon it growing wild in some of the gorges of the 
 Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 The Lily usually grown in gardens as L. Broivnii is 
 derived from the Dutch and Japanese nurserymen who 
 cultivate it in large quantities. Whether it was ever identical 
 with the typical plant or whether, as sometimes happens, 
 its characteristics have undergone some change under 
 cultivation is not clear, but it is evident that the L. Brownii 
 of gardens is not in all respects the same as the typical 
 plant of Western China, and the garden form — as we may 
 call it — is that referred to in this section. 
 
 Though often grown as a pot plant, L. Brownii is by no 
 means a common Lily in gardens, and in many places has 
 a disappointing way of dying just as one thinks it has 
 become established : it seems less able than many species 
 to stand a superabundance of moisture in winter, and this 
 may have something to do with the reputation it has 
 earned for itself of unreliability. The late Dr. Wallace 
 suggested that possibly the singular shape of the bulb might 
 
8o PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 furnish the key to this weakness, for the scales are cupped 
 at the base of the bulb in a way to catch and retain moisture 
 passing through the earth. Whatever the cause of its fre- 
 quent failure, there is no doubt one cannot have too quick 
 a drainage for L. Brownii. 
 
 Sometimes it does well for a time in light, sandy soil, 
 raising the hopes of the grower only to dash them down 
 again by dwindling away in such soils, as likely as not 
 from starvation ; in those gardens where it is more or less 
 perennial it will be found that it does best under conditions 
 that suit L. auratum and L. speciosum, though, unlike those 
 species, it bears with lime. 
 
 Although usually content to produce a solitary flower on 
 its slender stem, seldom more than a yard high, L. Brownii 
 appreciates careful cultivation, and if in surroundings that 
 suit it, will put forth three of its beautiful, chocolate-tinted 
 trumpets, a trifle coarser perhaps, and certainly less funnelled, 
 than those of L. longiflorum, and with the inside as waxy as 
 the bloom of a Camellia. 
 
 According to botanical authorities, L. Brownii has several 
 varieties ; they are all remarkably fine Lilies, and it is to be 
 hoped that before long they may be in more general culti- 
 vation than they are at present. 
 
 Sent home by Henry at the time he found L. Brownii, 
 L. leiicantJmm has proved a splendid addition to our list of 
 Lilies, for it is more robust than the garden type and is, 
 moreover, readily propagated by the bulbils which form in 
 numbers in the axils of the leaves, and which are easily 
 grown on in pans. 
 
 The presence of the axillary bulbils, the way the plant 
 presents its flowers, its general habit of growth, as well 
 as the bulb, are all reminiscent of L. snlplmreiim ; though 
 
L. BROWNII 8i 
 
 it grows a good deal taller than L. Bwwnii, it is not much 
 more than half as high as L. sulphur enm ; the blooms are 
 tinged with yellow on the outside, and not chocolate as in 
 L. Broivnii, and they are of a curious tubular shape when 
 first opening. 
 
 The variety chloraster, another of Henry's discoveries, 
 is not in general cultivation, nor is platyphyllum. 
 
 The bulbs of L. Brownii and its varieties may be 
 planted 9 inches deep in full sunshine. 
 
 Besides the typical form of L. Brownii, which as re- 
 ported by Henry is a far more robust and floriferous 
 Lily than the form known to gardens, it is probable that 
 further exploration in China may bring to light other forms 
 of Lilies leaning sometimes to L. longiflorum and at other 
 times to L. Brownii, and, assuming that the two have a 
 common ancestor, it is even possible the various stages of 
 the connecting links between them may be discovered, and 
 light obtained upon the relationship between L. leucanthum 
 and L. sulphureiun. 
 
 Among the collection of Chinese plants formed by the 
 Abbe David there are several which seem to favour L. longi- 
 florum as well as L, Brownii, and L. myriophylluni, one of 
 the newest Chinese Lilies, is a good example of the diffi- 
 culty of classifying some members of the family, for it 
 seems intermediate between the two. 
 
 L. callosum — This species never seems to have appealed 
 much to English growers, and this is remarkable, as its re- 
 quirements call for no very special efforts on the part of the 
 gardener. Possibly the way it has of flowering late in the 
 season may have caused growers to turn a blind eye to the 
 Lily's charms ; but it is no later than L. sulphureum, with 
 which a good many people toy. 
 
82 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 L. callosiim, so called because of callous bracts on the 
 flower pedicle, is a very variable plant, and that may also 
 have something to do with its scarcity in gardens, for many 
 of the bulbs throw flowers of a muddy, rather uninteresting 
 shade of red, and any one seeing this and not knowing that 
 the Lily can do much better, would probably consign the 
 bulbs to the rubbish-heap. 
 
 Though never so brilliant in colour as L. tenuifolium, 
 which it somewhat resembles, though a much taller Lily, L. 
 callosum will often produce a fine head of a good, brick-red 
 Turk's Cap blooms not quite comparable in colour to any 
 other Lily. 
 
 Growers who only know the dull red-flowered form 
 of the plant may take heart, for Henry discovered L. 
 callosum in the Yangtse gorges some years since and 
 reported the flowers as a brilliant orange colour. 
 
 Unless planted in light, porous, warm soil, L. callosum 
 cannot be relied upon, as, being a late bloomer, the 
 bulbs go to rest during the late autumn and early winter 
 rains, so that in this country they are wet when they 
 should be dry. Needless to say, this Lily requires full 
 sunshine. 
 
 On the whole, unless one can be sure of obtaining the 
 better-coloured form, and leaving the door open for the 
 Yangtse Lily of Henry, the opinion may be expressed that 
 L. callosum is the least interesting of the species of Lilium 
 found in Japan. 
 
 L. carolinianum. — This species, otherwise known as L. 
 Michaiixii, is a Lily of the Southern United States, being 
 found in swampy places in Carolina, Louisiana, and 
 Florida ; it is sometimes said to be a southern form of L. 
 superbum ; and while the bulb is nearer that species than to 
 
L. CATESBiEI 83 
 
 others, there are interesting points of difference between the 
 two in foliage, flower, and habit. 
 
 The Southern Swamp Lily seldom attains a height of 
 3 feet or bears more than three flowers ; to a great extent 
 it resembles those of L. super bum and yet is different ; 
 the segments are of a lighter colour and not nearly so 
 reflexed, while the blooms are quite fragrant, and there is 
 altogether an undefinable air about this Lily not easy of ex- 
 pression. The plant may fairly be described as uncertain, 
 and perhaps it is not fair to expect a Southerner to be quite 
 hardy in the cold parts of Great Britain. L. carolinianiim is 
 quite worth having, provided the grower is interested enough 
 in Lilies to attend to its wants, and it may be planted under 
 conditions that suit L. superhuin, though full exposure to 
 sunshine seems to suit it better than shade. 
 
 L. Catesbaei. — Catesby's Lily, L. Catesbcei, is a very strik- 
 ing little plant from the Southern States of North America, 
 and with L. philadeiphicum is the only representative of 
 the Isolirion or erect-flowered Lilies known in America. 
 
 In common with L. candidum it grows on after a 
 short resting time, and for that reason, coupled with the 
 fact that it comes from a warm climate, is liable to be cut 
 down in cold weather, so that, if it is to succeed in gardens 
 away from the South and West Coasts, it needs a certain 
 amount of coddling. 
 
 The small bulb is unlike that of any other Lily, being 
 made up of a few rather loose, tapering scales, from the apex 
 of which thin, rush-like leaves appear. The life-history 
 of the bulb seems to be very much that of L. giganteum 
 and the others of the Cardiocrinum section, for it dies away 
 after flowering, and the Lily is not a true perennial, at any 
 rate in gardens. The bulbs may be planted 5 inches deep 
 
84 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 in full exposure, and in sandy soil with moisture below. 
 Any one wishing to try L. Cateshcei may grow it over a 
 shallow milk-pan or something of that sort, filled with 
 stones and sunk about lo inches below the surface of 
 the ground ; if the pan is kept full of water, which can 
 be poured down a short piece of pipe, the roots can get 
 down into it while the little bulbs are in a well-drained 
 surface soil. 
 
 In shape the usually solitary flower is not unlike L. 
 davuricum, though the colour is far more brilliant, and 
 there is a slender grace about the plant not found in L. 
 davuricum. 
 
 L. columbianum.— This pretty little Martagon, often 
 known as the Oregon Lily, is a native of that State and 
 of Washington County ; it grows at low elevations in 
 moist, well-drained ground. 
 
 It is a slender-growing Lily about 3 feet high, with 
 the leaves arranged true Martagon fashion in regular 
 whorls, and with five or six golden orange-coloured 
 flowers borne in graceful, semi-pendulous way from long 
 pedicels in a terminal umbel. 
 
 The bulb, flowers, and general habit of L. columbi- 
 auum remind one very much of L. Humholdtii in minia- 
 ture. For some reason it is not generally found over easy 
 to establish in English gardens, but once settled comfort- 
 ably in a good leafy-loam with drainage, it may be relied 
 upon to prosper. The bulbs may be planted 6 inches 
 deep in full sunshine. 
 
 L. cordifolium, the Heart-Leaved Lily, shares with L. 
 giganteum the honour of having a subsection of the genus 
 Lilium almost to itself, for, along with L. mirabile, a Western 
 Chinese Lily not yet in cultivation, the two go to form the 
 
L. CORDIFOLIUM 85 
 
 section Cardiocrinum. It is sometimes held to be a Japanese 
 form of L. giganteitin, and an examination of the bulbs 
 certainly leads to the conclusion that except in size they 
 are much alike. That they may be the same Lily altered by 
 centuries of geographical and climatic differences is not at 
 all impossible, for we know from Henry that L. giganteum 
 is recorded as far east as Yunnan, while Elwes records 
 in his Monograph that the Abb6 David found a form of 
 L. cordifoliiim in the Lushan mountains, and that Fortune 
 reported it near the seaport of Ning Po. Western China 
 may conceivably yield connecting links between the two 
 plants. 
 
 Whatever the relationship, the two Lilies are very dif- 
 ferent in their behaviour in Great Britain, for while L. 
 giganteum, as already explained, is easy to manage, L. 
 cordifolium does itself less than justice, a poor, puny 
 thing rising barely 3 feet from the ground and with 
 insignificant, half-developed flowers ; contrasting strangely 
 with the noble growth of the Lily in its own country. In 
 gardens the Lily may be planted 8 or 9 inches deep in 
 sandy humus ; it seems to prefer a little shade. 
 
 L. Glehnii is considered by Elwes as a Northern 
 Japanese form of L. cordifolium, and behaves in our 
 gardens in just the same way as that Lily. Any one wish- 
 ing to see what it is capable of in Japan should turn to 
 the Gardeners' Chronicle of January 7, 1905, where the 
 Lily is figured by Elwes about a foot taller than the 
 native standing by the side of it ; from this photograph 
 it is clear that in this Lily the leaves do not cluster round 
 the base of the stem as in L. giganteum, but their place is 
 taken by the tall grasses amongst which this Lily grows. 
 
 Though both L. cordifolium and Glehnii are poor 
 
86 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 things as we see them in floiver in our gardens, the young 
 growth of each, when it first sees the hght of day in spring, 
 is one of the most beautiful things in nature : wrapped 
 on itself as tightly as the umbrella of a Piccadilly dandy, 
 the first leaf pushes its way out of the crust of the earth 
 for all the world like a solid stem, to uncurl, in a few days, 
 very much as does the Canadian Bloodroot, showing the 
 beautiful deep red of the veined leaf ; as the leaf rises 
 higher and higher out of the earth, the colour gradually 
 changes, till, when fully developed, the deep red of its birth 
 has given place to a bright, glossy green exquisitely netted. 
 
 L. Humboldtii. — Though a veritable giant among the 
 Lilies of the more northerly ranges of the Sierra Nevada 
 mountains, L. Humboldtii is usually content, when grown 
 in Great Britain, to be shorn of much of its stature and 
 remain more or less dwarfed. It is eminently a Lily for the 
 specialist, and may be passed over in favour of the more 
 robust variety hailing from the mountains of Southern 
 California and known as L. HiunholdUi niagnificwn, as easy 
 to manage as the other is difficult, but still perhaps hardly 
 obliging enough to be entitled to rank as an easily-grown 
 Lily ; it is not hardy in the broad sense, for cold that 
 will convert the bulb of L. tigrimim, for instance, into a 
 frozen ball without any ill effects, would be fatal to L. H. 
 inagnificiim. It is necessary, therefore, to guard against that 
 contingency. 
 
 Quite commonly growing 5 feet high, and sometimes 
 even six, the stout, red-brown stems carry their beautifully 
 reflexed blooms very much as the Panther Lily does, on 
 long pedicels ; the individual flowers, in shape like a much- 
 enlarged pardaliniiin, are an indescribable combination of 
 orange, red, and gold, thickly covered with purple spots 
 
L. JAPONICUM 87 
 
 which give them a very bizarre appearance, so that at a 
 distance they resemble some huge, gaudy butterfly. 
 
 L. Bloomerianum is a still more southern form of 
 L. Humboldtii, neither so stately nor so attractive as the 
 variety magnificnm, though about as simple to manage. 
 
 L. Humboldtii and the varieties may be planted about 
 9 inches deep in a free, very gritty loam, the bulbs well 
 drained ; like all Californian Lilies it should be grown in full 
 sunshine. The plant is not a lime-hater, and, according to 
 Purdy, the only effect an excess of lime has on this Lily 
 is to turn the leaves a very light colour — almost white, 
 in fact. 
 
 L. japonicum (see Plate VIII). — For more than twenty 
 years after it was sent to this country in the seventies by 
 Mr. Kramer for distribution by Wallace, L. japonicum, so 
 often called Krameri, held undisputed sway as the only 
 pink-flowered Lily known to gardens, and it was not till 
 L, rubellum appeared that the monopoly of Kramer's Lily 
 came to an end. 
 
 In cultivation, L. japonicum is fastidious to a degree and 
 by no means easy to keep ; indeed in this respect one may 
 almost place it with L. Leichtlinii in a class to themselves, 
 and advise no one to bother with them who is not prepared 
 to battle unceasingly with each. 
 
 For the reasons explained in the paragraph on L. ru- 
 bellum, imported bulbs of L. japonicum are seldom of much 
 permanent use, though often enough producing a flower or 
 two the first year, before perishing, and the grower's only 
 hope lies in raising L. japonicum from seed : he may the 
 more easily do this, as if two or three imported bulbs are 
 potted up and put in a sunny place seed is almost sure to 
 ripen, and will usually germinate the second season. 
 
88 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 The wild Lily comes from the central part of Nippon, 
 and is found on the hillsides in the neighbourhood of Osaka 
 and Shizuoka Ken ; the habitat of the Lily is very similar 
 to that of L. rubellum, but the soil in which it grows is more 
 intermixed with sand. 
 
 In this country one may grow it in places that suit 
 L. rubelhiui, planting the bulb — seldom as large as an 
 egg — 8 or 9 inches deep on very quick drainage and 
 keeping the winter rains off as much as possible ; it is 
 an early Lily, and the bulbs should be in the ground by 
 September. 
 
 As seen in gardens L. japonicnm is seldom robust, and 
 one sometimes wonders how the slender, rather low-grow- 
 ing stem is able to support the four or five flowers the Lily 
 will bear when in happy circumstances. 
 
 The flowers on different plants vary in colour from a 
 faint blush to deep pink, and there is a white form which is 
 not often seen. 
 
 Of varieties of L. japonicnm, L. colchesterense is often 
 met with under the name of L. Brownii odormn ; it is a 
 very satisfactory Lily and one of the most prolific plants 
 imaginable in production of bulb and stem oft'sets. 
 
 There seems a good deal of doubt as to the origin of 
 this Lily, which was introduced to modern cultivation by 
 Dr. Wallace, who stoutly maintained that it had no connec- 
 tion with L. Brownii and was a variety of L. japonicnm. 
 
 The foliage is coarser and shorter than in L. Broivnii, 
 while the flowers are less funnelled ; on the whole the plant 
 has not the slender grace of L. Brownii, and the chocolate 
 colouring of the outside of the petals is less marked, but for 
 all that is well worth growing, and most gardeners will find 
 it easier to manage than the type. 
 
PLATE VII 
 
 L. JAPONICUM 
 
 (Usually known in gardens as L. Krameri) 
 
 (See p. 87.) 
 
L. KELLOGGII 91 
 
 L. Alexandres is still very rare ; it comes from the island 
 Oshima, one of the group of the Liukiu islands south of 
 Kiushiu, whence also comes L. longiflorum formosaniim ; 
 the flower is large and pure white, with just a shading of 
 green and gold at the base, and is a really beautiful thing. 
 Though new to Western gardens L. Alexandrce is figured 
 in a curious little Japanese book of plants called Zoho- 
 Chikin-SJio published in 1710 ; the illustration shows a 
 solitary upright flowered lily, and it has bloomed in similar 
 fashion in the author's garden ; with some protection in 
 winter it may be grown outside by those who can manage 
 L. longiflorum fonnosanum. 
 
 L. Kelloggii. — In L. Kelloggii we have a Lily quite new 
 to cultivation, for it was only discovered a few years ago by 
 that indefatigable collector Mr. Purdy, and, though figuring 
 in the catalogues, is yet hardly known to gardens. It is a 
 charming little Lily, and a true Martagon both in foliage and 
 flower. 
 
 It is doing martagon album no injustice to say that it 
 may turn its head when L. Kelloggii is in bloom, for imagine 
 the white Martagon more slender in growth, less formal and 
 stiff, with its white Turk's Caps deepening till the white 
 becomes pink and that in turn gives place to a rich wine 
 colour, and you have L. Kelloggii. 
 
 Martagon album may take comfort, however, for L. 
 Kelloggii needs a deal of managing in our climate : sharp 
 drainage it must have and a loose, very gritty, leafy soil ; 
 the bulbs may be planted about 9 or 10 inches deep. 
 The plant ripens seed and it germinates quickly ; it is 
 not unreasonable to suppose that home-raised seedlings 
 may prove more amenable to cultivation in their adopted 
 country than their parents. 
 
92 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 L. Leichtlinii is at once the joy and despair of the 
 enthusiast, and one uses the word advisedly, because far 
 more than the usual meed of patience is needed to enable 
 one to wrestle successfully with this exceptionally way- 
 ward Lily ; victory, however, will come to the determined 
 gardener. 
 
 First recorded forty years ago by Maximowicz, who 
 found it in the woods round about the base of Fusi-Yama, 
 L. Leiclitlinii has never taken kindly to cultivation in 
 English gardens, and though it comes and goes in some 
 places, few are the people who can cultivate it for long. 
 
 The stem of L. Leichtlinii creeps about underground, 
 sometimes for as much as a foot, before breaking through 
 the earth, and whatever the cause, the peculiarity is of great 
 use to the cultivator, for small bulbs form on the horizontal 
 stem, and in the absence of seed help materially in keeping 
 up the stock. 
 
 More of a real child of the woods than most of her 
 sisters of Japan, Leichtlin's Lily is probably best planted in 
 this country where the flowers may receive nearly if not 
 quite all the sunshine, as it blooms late in the season, and 
 the buds are often chary of opening when growing in the 
 shade. 
 
 This is one of the few Japanese Lilies that has not 
 answered more or less readily to the call of the gardener, 
 and, do what one will, there seems little hope of ever having 
 L. Leichtlinii so fine in our gardens as the species appears 
 in nature. 
 
 Though classed as a Martagon, there is little of the Turk's 
 Cap about the beautiful, citron-coloured flowers with their 
 irregular outlines and purple spots, three or four of them 
 borne on a slender stem usually less than a yard high, the 
 
L. LEICHTLINII 93 
 
 whole conveying an indefinable impression that one has to 
 do with a plant of rare quality. 
 
 As to the cultivation, Leichtlin himself has left it on 
 record that : " Liliuni Leichtlinii requires a little more atten- 
 tion than her sisters of Japan, and does not bear potting, 
 because it is her nature to strike out underground roots 
 which can only expand and grow and develop in perfect 
 liberty ; as she loves ' coolth ' and not much dryness, one 
 must take care that the soil in which she is planted gets 
 only a little sun ; on which account one plants her by 
 preference in Rhododendron beds ; with regard to the soil, 
 good English sandy peat should be used, and take care that 
 the water can drain off properly. In her fatherland she is 
 found only in the woods, and there but rarely. The earth 
 in which you plant her must not be sieved but torn into 
 little pieces with the hands, and then the coarse and the 
 fine used together." 
 
 To this may be added that the Rhododendrons must, of 
 course, be dwarf, and that many other shrubs will do as 
 well, Leichtlin's object being to protect the ground about 
 the stem-roots from becoming parched. The bulbs are 
 about the size of a small Tangerine orange, and may be 
 planted about 8 inches deep, never in soil containing lime, 
 and invariably with sharp drainage. 
 
 L. longiflorum. — Forced under glass and sold in florists' 
 shops by thousands, every one is familiar with this most 
 beautiful Lily which, while grown in many gardens, belongs 
 to a large order of plants hovering on the edge of that bottom- 
 less pit into which every year are consigned so many of the 
 gardeners' hopes along with scores of good things labelled 
 " Hardy only in favoured gardens." 
 
 As a matter of fact, those who succeed with the Cali- 
 
94 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 fornian Lilies should be able to grow L. longiflornm, or the 
 " Gun Lily " as it is called in Japan on account of the great 
 length of the flower trumpet. The main considerations are 
 drainage, protection of the bulb from excessive cold and of 
 the young stem-growth against spring frosts, cold winds, 
 and snowstorms. The first is easily managed by planting 
 the bulbs in free soil on an inverted pot, while damage by 
 cold to either bulb or stem is provided against by planting 
 the Lily in a thick, dwarf, evergreen undergrowth : in hard 
 weather the ground under the sheltering shrubs should be 
 well covered with leaves. 
 
 If these points are attended to and general care exercised, 
 the Lily will flower in the open, though not as a rule in such 
 brave fashion as when grown in the greenhouse. 
 
 Of the many varieties L. I. giganteum is stronger than 
 most, but the bulb has an exasperating trick of splitting up 
 into several smaller bulbs just when you think the Lily has 
 arrived at the flowering stage. Both L. I. Takesima and 
 L. I. Wilsonii are good plants, the former more or less ap- 
 proaching L. Brownii in the dark colouring of the exterior 
 of the trumpet, and the latter a dwarfer form with enormous 
 flowers, sometimes as much as 5 inches across, and very 
 beautiful : it is, too, more hardy than most. 
 
 Other sorts are L. I. Harrisii, the cultivation of which in 
 Bermuda has reached enormous proportions, bringing in its 
 train, as so often happens, a diseased condition of the bulbs 
 which has of late years reached such a point that, unless 
 the growers put their houses in order, the industry must 
 inevitably be ruined. 
 
 Indeed, fresh and healthy stocks of this Lily are being 
 raised in South Africa and elsewhere, and must soon take 
 the place of the plants grown in Bermuda. Another beau- 
 
L. LONGIFLORUM 95 
 
 tiful variety has white margins to the leaves, and is known 
 as foliis alho-marginatis. 
 
 But the best of all is the form sent to the author some 
 years ago by Mr. Alfred Unger of Yokohama as var. Liukiu- 
 ensis from Amami Oshima, one of the group of Liukiu 
 islands south of Kiushiu, and which is identical with the 
 Lily the Japanese are beginning to export in large quantities 
 as L. l. formosanum. It was collected for Messrs. Jas. Veitch 
 and Sons as far back as 1880, but for some reason has not 
 been cultivated commercially until recently. 
 
 The Liukiu islands are between 24' and 23' of north 
 latitude ; frost and snow are unknown there, and it would 
 not be reasonable to expect any plant coming thence to be 
 hardy ; but this Lily is cultivated, so Mr. Unger informs the 
 author, in the neighbourhood of Tokyo and Yokohama, 
 where night frosts are frequent in winter, and, moreover, it 
 has proved hardy in the author's garden for the last three 
 winters without any protection. It is almost evergreen, and 
 it evidently has a splendid constitution which has not yet 
 been undermined by the Japanese methods of cultivation, 
 though, if they grow it in their nurseries where L. auratum 
 is grown, there seems but faint hope that the bulbs can 
 escape the fungus disease to which cultivated Japanese bulbs 
 are prone. The variety increases rapidly at the bulb, ripens 
 seed freely, and this germinates quickly. It is in every 
 way a fine modern plant. 
 
 Though L. longiflorum is cultivated extensively in Japan, 
 it is not known positively ever to have been a wild plant 
 of that country, but is known to be indigenous to certain 
 parts of China : more than one of the Lilies already reported 
 from Western China appear to be intermediate between 
 L. longiflorum and L. Broivnii, and it would occasion no 
 
96 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 great surprise if it transpires that that wonderfully prolific 
 country is the natural home of L. longiflorum. 
 
 L. longiflorum is best planted 9 or 10 inches deep in 
 full exposure in a free, well-drained soil ; it may be grown 
 in ground containing lime, but it is best in leafy soil which 
 is free from lime. 
 
 L. maritimum. — That L. maritimiim is a fickle jade none 
 who grows it will deny, and a consideration of the conditions 
 under which it flourishes on the Pacific coast may go some 
 way to explain why it is so many fail with this charming Lily. 
 
 According to Purdy, L. niaritiinuni grows on the coast- 
 line of North-West California, never far inland ; in that 
 part of the world the climate provides abundant winter 
 rains and frequent summer fogs, and the Maritime Lily is to 
 be found at its best in peat-bogs where the fog often hides 
 the sun for weeks in the summer and the moisture drips 
 from everything. 
 
 Though sharing with L. Roezlii the distinction of being a 
 true bog Lily, this does not of course mean that the bulb 
 itself is in the bog — for no true Lily will stand stagnant 
 moisture — but that the seed has dropped and germinated 
 on some hummock well above water-level, where the bulb 
 may be comparatively dry, while the roots can suck up all 
 the water they need. 
 
 In his wildest dreams the grower of Lilies cannot hope 
 to have L. maritimum 5 or 6 feet high and with a dozen or 
 more flowers, as in these bogs of the Pacific coast, and if in 
 the ordinary way he can coax it into growing a yard high 
 with five or six of its semi-drooping, little crimson bells, he 
 may consider himself lucky. 
 
 Those whose gardens include a peat-bog may be more 
 successful than most with L. maritimum, and others will 
 
L. MAXIMOWICZII 97 
 
 be well advised to try this captivating little Lily in places 
 where L. Parry i succeeds, doing their best to keep the sub- 
 soil moist and the top dry. 
 
 The bulbs, which are small, may be planted 6 inches 
 deep, and they should be protected from frost by some 
 dwarf evergreen overgrowth. 
 
 L. Maximowiczii (see Plate V). — Though usually con- 
 sidered a variety of the Tiger Lily and often referred to as 
 L. pseudo-tigrinum, there seem good reasons, into which it 
 is not necessary to enter here, for regarding this Lily as a 
 natural hybrid between L. Leichtlinii and L. tigrinum ; the 
 flower is nothing but a red Leichtlinii, and indeed the plant 
 is sold as such by the Japanese merchants. 
 
 Taking it all round, it may fairly be described as a fine 
 Lily of slender and graceful growth, though rather doubtful 
 constitution. It is easy to grow, but not to keep — a very 
 different thing — and should be planted 8 inches deep in 
 woodland soil without a trace of lime in it ; it likes a little 
 rest from the sun. The author has no record of L. Maxi- 
 mowiczii ripening seed in this country. Slugs are very 
 partial to this Lily. 
 
 In Elwes' Monograph this Lily has three varieties 
 assigned to it — var. Bakeri, var. Regelii, d.nd pseudo-tigrinum 
 — but these are not apparently in cultivation in English 
 gardens. 
 
 L. occidentale is described by Purdy as a brilliant 
 Lily with the habit of L. maritimum but with the flowers 
 more revolute than in that species. Like L. maritimum it is 
 a Lily of the Californian coast, and is found growing further 
 north than the other. According to Purdy, the bulbs of 
 each Lily are identical, and further consideration may perhaps 
 show that the two are geographical varieties of one species. 
 
 G 
 
98 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 L. Parryi (see Plate IV). — "A noble Lily, native of the 
 high mountains of Southern California and of Arizona, where 
 at 6000 to 10,000 feet it grows under exactly the same con- 
 ditions as L. parvum is found farther north : at the higher 
 altitudes it is a dwarfed plant a foot or two high and one 
 or two flowered, with a small bulb ; there it is in granitic 
 sand mixed with leaf-mould in moist flats or along the cold 
 streams. 
 
 " Lower down it is confined to the banks of large streams 
 of rich, moist flats ; it is at its best where the stream has 
 thrown up a deep alluvial deposit of sand, silt, grit, leaves, 
 and charcoal, where it develops into a noble plant 5 or 6 
 feet high and is many-flowered." (Purdy.) 
 
 Those who have seen this Lily luxuriating in the garden 
 of some tireless enthusiast know well that Purdy does not 
 exaggerate when he speaks of L. Parryi as a noble plant, 
 for such in truth it is, in cultivation occasionally rising to 
 splendours undreamt of in its native hills. 
 
 In The Garden of Nov. 17, 1900, there is an account 
 of a specimen in the garden of Capt. Savile Reid at Yalding, 
 which bore no fewer than thirty-nine blooms on a stem 
 6 feet high, and the fact that Capt. Reid has since lost 
 the plant need not deter others from trying to follow 
 his example, for what is possible in one case is so in 
 many. 
 
 If Purdy's account of the conditions under which 
 L. Parryi grows in nature is read carefully, it will help 
 growers to a right understanding of the requirements 
 of the plant, the chief essential being a very porous but 
 rich soil with moisture below the bulb, and very sharp 
 drainage. 
 
 What fisherman amongst us could not go, in his mind's 
 
L. PARRYI 99 
 
 eye, straight to one of his favourite streams in the North 
 or West Country, and there in some Httle bay or sheltered 
 bend, thrown up by countless floods and well above ordinary 
 stream level, show you a bank of the soil described so clearly 
 by Mr. Purdy ? 
 
 Few growers of Lilies ever seem to be blessed with 
 exactly the soil they need for all their plants, and in nine 
 cases out of ten it will be necessary for the man who would 
 succeed with L. Parryi to make special preparations for it. 
 The Lily will probably fail when the summer is either ex- 
 ceptionally dry or the winter very wet, unless the grower can 
 get water to the subsoil in one or other of the several ways 
 which will no doubt occur to him, and at the same time 
 arrange for drainage for the bulb ; if both these important 
 points are attended to all should go well. 
 
 Imported bulbs of L. Parryi are very liable to decay, 
 and, like imported Japanese bulbs, should be potted up 
 for the first season and not put into the ground till they 
 have been proved to be sound and well rooted. 
 
 L. Parryi usually ripens seed, and though it occasion- 
 ally lies dormant for a season, seed may usually be relied 
 upon to germinate the second year. 
 
 The climate of southern California is a good deal hotter 
 than ours and has no winter ; this no doubt is the reason 
 why L. Parryi will not bear frost, and it is well to plant the 
 bulbs about 8 inches deep, taking care to keep off unusual 
 cold in winter. The sweetly fragrant flowers are variable 
 in colour, the variations being very much the same as in L. 
 monadelphum. L. Parryi seems to do best in this country 
 if planted in full sun, the ground about the roots being 
 carefully shaded. 
 
 L. polyphyllum. — Though reported as in cultivation 
 
loo PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 now and again, and at one time grown by Wilson, L. poly- 
 phyllum is almost a stranger to the gardens of Great Britain, 
 and seems likely to remain so till some enthusiast, with 
 more success than most in raising seedlings, is in a position 
 to distribute home-raised bulbs. It is distinct in bulb and 
 flower from any other Lily known to botanists, and is the 
 only Martagon so far reported in the Himalayas. 
 
 Though reflexed, the flowers are not true Turk's Caps, 
 the perianth being longer and more tubular than in any 
 other Martagon ; the colour is a creamy-white with a faint 
 suspicion of yellow, beautifully besprinkled with narrow, 
 linear dots of purple colour. The bulb is distinct, and 
 once seen cannot be confused with any other ; it may 
 roughly be described as a very elongated tenuifolium of 
 small diameter. 
 
 Having lost his bulbs more than once, the author is 
 not in a position to offer any remarks on the cultivation 
 of L. polyphyllum in gardens, beyond observing that a deep 
 bed of sweet, sandy humus overlying well-drained, stony 
 ground seems likely to suit it better than anything else. 
 
 L. rubellum It is barely twelve years since L. riibel- 
 
 liim first made its bow to a delighted world of horticul- 
 turists, and, by its more accommodating ways and obliging 
 habit of ripening seed profusely, put heart into the many 
 to whom its prototype, L. japoniaim, had been such a 
 trial of skill and patience. 
 
 Though one hears of rumours of L. rubellum having 
 become established here and there, it cannot in truth 
 be said to be in any sense an easy Lily to keep, and its 
 constitution is hardly sufficiently strong to enable one 
 to say it is ever likely to become really acclimatised in 
 England. 
 
L. RUBELLUM loi 
 
 L, rubellttm comes from the province of Iwashiro in 
 the northern part of the main island of Nippon ; it grows 
 there in half-shady places under trees and shrubs, coming 
 up out of the grasses, as do most of the woodland Lilies of 
 Japan. The soil in which it grows is a rather stiff, reddish 
 loam inclining to clay overlaid with humus and with very 
 sharp natural drainage ; winter frosts are very severe in 
 that country, but rubellum takes no more account of cold 
 than do most of the Japanese species. 
 
 The cultural directions given by nurserymen and others 
 for this Lily vary to such an extraordinary degree that 
 the amateur may well be excused if he feels some embar- 
 rassment in deciding whose advice he may best follow, 
 and ends up by experimenting for himself ; and if, instead 
 of using imported bulbs, he is able to start his experiment 
 with those grown in this country from seed, his battle 
 with this rather capricious Lily will be half won almost 
 before it has begun, and for the following reason. 
 
 L. rubellum is one of the first Lilies to flower in 
 Japan, and blooms in May ; in due course the bulbs are 
 harvested and are ready for export by the end of July ; 
 yet in the ordinary way they seldom reach England till 
 about Christmas time, having to wait until the general 
 season for exporting Lilies arrives. 
 
 The result is that a Lily with none too strong a con- 
 stitution, and which ought to be in the ground at the 
 beginning of September so that it may at least have the 
 opportunity of sending out roots and making itself as com- 
 fortable as possible before winter begins in earnest, has to 
 bear an enforced resting time of at least four months more 
 than it has in Nature ; and as if that were not enough, 
 the arrival in England of L. rubellum is timed so that it 
 
102 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 has to be planted at the worst possible season of the year 
 when the earth is in its coldest and most inhospitable 
 condition. 
 
 Is it to be wondered at that, out of the many bulbs 
 imported, only a few make a half-hearted attempt to show 
 how much better they might be under more favourable 
 circumstances ? 
 
 L. rubellum seeds so freely that there is no difficulty 
 in raising a stock, and assuming that the grower has a 
 supply of seedlings of a size suitable for planting out, 
 he will be well advised to proceed as he does in the case 
 of L. speciosum, though paying even greater attention to 
 the drainage of the bulb, and giving L. rubellum more 
 in the way of shade to temper the heat of the June sun 
 to the delicate flower. 
 
 If for any reason he cannot obtain home-grown bulbs 
 and has to employ those sent from Japan, let him first 
 pot them up for a season, as advised in the case of L. 
 auratum. 
 
 Usually seen about 2\ feet high and with one or two 
 blooms, L. rubellum is capable of greater things, and 
 when well grown it will stand more than a yard high, 
 in habit not unlike a miniature auratum, and proudly 
 bearing half-a-dozen of the lovely pink trumpets, almost 
 more than the slender stem can carry without support. 
 
 L. sulphureum. — This is one of four species known in 
 Burma, where it is found in the Shan States on the borders 
 of China ; it is the only one of the four — L. sulphureum, 
 L. Lowii, L. nepalense, and L. primulinum — which at pre- 
 sent can lay any claim to consideration as a hardy plant 
 in England, though it is possible that the L. Lowii and 
 L. nepalense found by Henry at elevations of 5000-7000 feet 
 
PLATE VIII 
 
 L. PARRY I 
 
 (See p. 98.) 
 
1^~ 
 
 L. SULPHUREUM 105 
 
 near Mengtse, close to the frontier of Tonkin, may even- 
 tually prove tougher than their Burmese prototypes, and 
 as hardy in our gardens as L. leucantlmm from the same 
 region. 
 
 Like many plants from that part of the world, L. sul- 
 phureum seems to grow at its best in gardens in a deep 
 leaf-mould with ample moisture below the bulb. It is 
 almost the last of the Lilies to flower out-of-doors, and for 
 that reason should be given full exposure to the sun, among 
 shrubs of medium growth, such, for instance, as Cistus 
 ladaniferiis, Cornus Kousa, or Styrax japoiiica, through 
 which the stems can push their way ; for L. sulphureiim 
 will often grow at least a couple of yards high, and, if not 
 supported, the weight of the three or four immense, white, 
 gold-dusted trumpets, larger than L. longifloriun and borne 
 in an umbel on the tip of the stem, is almost more than 
 it can bear, especially if caught by a gust of wind or 
 a heavy thunder shower. The bulbs may be planted 9 
 inches deep. 
 
 L. sulphureiim is easily propagated by means of the 
 axillary bulbils with which the stems are usually plentifully 
 endowed, and which should be removed and grown on 
 separately ; it has much in common with L. leucantlmm. 
 
 L. Wallichianum. — Wallich's Lily is found in the 
 Kumaon district of the Himalayas, where it grows 
 in deep decayed vegetable soil overlying porous stony 
 ground on the slopes of hot, damp valleys, rearing its 
 fine, tall stem out of a dense undergrowth into the full 
 blaze of the sun. 
 
 It is often shrouded in dense mists for da3^s together, 
 and as the temperature of these Himalayan valleys is from 
 120° to 130° Fahr., it is doubtful if this Lily can ever 
 
io6 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 become acclimatised in Great Britain, for while the bulb 
 has probably nothing to fear in the way of frost, the absence 
 of the almost tropical moist summer heat of the Himalayas 
 must be a sore trial, especially to a Lily which flowers so 
 late as L. Wallichianum. It is probable that the bulbs 
 seldom if ever ripen properly in gardens, and though not so 
 tender as some, this Lily is best grown under glass. 
 
 The bulbs are a deep brown colour, and may always be 
 distinguished by the curiously serrated edges of the scales. 
 
 L. Washingtonianum.— By introducing this magnificent 
 Lily to cultivation, Leichtlin has earned the undying grati- 
 tude of generations of Lily lovers ; would that at the same 
 time he had given them the key to its successful cultivation 
 in English gardens, for then their debt to him would have 
 been all the greater. 
 
 In one form or another scattered over nearly the whole 
 of California and Oregon, in some places growing at an 
 elevation of seven or eight thousand feet and in others no 
 more than as many hundreds, even here and there found 
 in cornfields, L. Washingtonianum ought, one would think, 
 to thrive in some parts of Great Brita'in ; and yet how 
 seldom it is seen doing really well. 
 
 The fact seems to be that, though not exactly a tender 
 Lily in the sense that some of the sub-tropical species of 
 Burma are, L. Washingtonianum is a little less than hardy 
 and needs a good deal more coddling than most Californian 
 Lilies ; for cold is not to its liking, and frost is deadly. For 
 this reason it is essential that the bulbs should be planted 
 deep down — lo inches is none too much — and even this 
 protection should be supplemented in hard winters by a 
 thick covering of leaves. 
 
 Again, one cannot avoid the conclusion that moisture. 
 
L. WASHINGTONIANUM 107 
 
 and all the troubles the absence or presence of it in ab- 
 normal quantities brings in its train, has a great deal to do 
 with the Englishman's difficulties with L. Washingtonianum, 
 and probably it would be seen more often in gardens if 
 winter rains were kept off the beds in which it is grown. 
 
 The bulbs are unusual among Lilies in that they are 
 made up of long, loose, leaf-like scales, each separate from 
 the other and attached at the base to a rhizomatous root ; 
 and though sometimes very large, have a curiously loose 
 feeling to the hands — very different to the hard and plump 
 bulb of L. auratiim. 
 
 To succeed with L. Washingtonianum it is advisable to 
 grow it in gravel in which there is a good sprinkling of leaf- 
 mould and charcoal and a little loam, and though one can 
 never hope to see in our gardens plants rivalling those of 
 the Californian mountains, as high as a man and with a 
 truss of twenty-five to thirty blooms, one may have this Lily 
 quite fine enough to realise what a beauty it is. 
 
 The blooms, in fragrance and in shape akin to L. Parryi, 
 are a pure white with purple-dotted throat. 
 
 According to Dr. Kellogg, the bulbs of the wild Lily are 
 usually found at a depth of a foot to 18 inches, where, 
 like some of the bulbous plants of the Transvaal, they are 
 independent of any drought or cold Nature is likely to 
 impose on her children. 
 
 The practice, so often advocated in this book, of raising 
 Lilies from seed or scales is of especial advantage in the case 
 of L. Washingtonianum, because the wild bulbs are par- 
 ticularly impatient of disturbance and are unusually difficult 
 to obtain in sound condition ; moreover, home-raised seed- 
 ling Lilies certainly seem more robust than those collected 
 in California. 
 
io8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 Of several varieties, L. piirpiireum is much easier to 
 manage than the type, and may be successfully grown in soil 
 and situations that suit L. Parryi, the bulbs being planted 
 rather deeper. When the flowers open they are white, as in 
 the typical plant, but before long gradually change colour 
 till many of them take on a purple hue. 
 
 L. nibescens, another and distinct form, is almost as 
 difficult to manage as L. Washingtonianiiui, but, like all 
 good things, is well worth battling with ; for one may go a 
 long way before seeing anything more beautiful than one of 
 its slender stems moving gently in the breeze and topped by 
 a raceme of seven or eight of the semi-erect flowers, deli- 
 ciously fragrant and ringing the changes in colour from pure 
 white to a rich, plum colour. Purdy tells us he has seen 
 L. ruhescens 12 feet high, but nothing approaching this need 
 be expected in England. 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 LILIES NOT IN CULTIVATION 
 
 The number of Lilies not in cultivation, even in the gar- 
 dens of enthusiasts, is considerable, and in most cases their 
 absence may be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining either 
 bulbs or seed of the species concerned. 
 
 It will be noticed that most of the species in the fol- 
 lowing list come from Western China, and though most of 
 them were reported many years ago, only a very few have 
 found their way as yet into commerce : L. Henryi is prob- 
 ably the only Lily from that quarter of the globe which 
 is at all common, for Henry's Ichang type of L. Brownii 
 is not yet in general cultivation. 
 
LILIES NOT IN CULTIVATION 109 
 
 L. Alexandrce, a lovely form of L. japonicum from the 
 islands south of Japan. Bulbs occasionally find their way 
 to this country. 
 
 L. Bakeri, a " Purdy " Lily from Southern British 
 Columbia, in the way of L. columbianum. 
 
 L. Brownii chloraster and L. B. platyphyllum are two 
 Western Chinese forms differing but slightly from the type. 
 
 L. Davidii, known only by the figure in the Monograph 
 of Elwes, which was prepared from a dried specimen he 
 found in the collection of the Abbe David ; this dainty 
 Lily is obviously one of the most beautiful of the genus. 
 It was discovered by David in the mountainous region on 
 the borders of Tibet and China, and is quite distinct from 
 any other species. 
 
 L. Delavayi, found by the Abbe Delavay in Yunnan, is 
 a slender Archelirion and the only red-flowered Lily as yet 
 reported in Western China. 
 
 L. Diichartrei, recorded by the Abbe David in Eastern 
 Tibet, is a white, red-spotted Martagon in the way of L. 
 polyphyllum. 
 
 L. Fargesii, a dwarf yellow Martagon from Szechuen, 
 was collected by Pere Farges. 
 
 L.formosiim, one of the Szechuen Lilies, is very near to 
 L. Brownii, but with an all-white trumpet flower. 
 
 L. Jankce is a Transylvanian Lily allied to L. pyrenaicnm. 
 
 L. lankongetise, another of Delavay's finds in Yunnan, is 
 a dwarf Martagon with black-spotted purple flowers. 
 
 L. lophophorum, of Franchet, is described by Forrest as a 
 Lily of about a foot in height with nodding, rich, canary- 
 yellow blooms. He found it in grassy openings in forests 
 and in open mountain meadows on the Lichiang range in 
 N.W. Yunnan. 
 
no PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
 L. mirahile, an addition to the small Cardiocrinum 
 section, hails from Szechuen, and is near to L. cordi- 
 foUuni. 
 
 L. Miqiieliamim is a rare Japanese Lily described by 
 Makino as a glorified L. medeoloides. 
 
 L. nitidum is a Californian Lily best described as a 
 yellow L. maritimiim. 
 
 L. occidentale, of Purdy, is a Californian Lily : see 
 page 97. 
 
 L. ochraceum, found by Delavay in the mountains of 
 Yunnan, is a yellow Martagon of medium stature, apparently 
 near to the European L. monad elplmm. 
 
 L. oxypetalum, a tiny Himalayan Lily, which flowered at 
 Kew as long ago as 1853, is unique among Lilies in the 
 purple colour of the flowers. 
 
 L. papilliferum may be described as a dwarf L. Maxi- 
 mowiczii from Yunnan. 
 
 L. Parkmannii, a hybrid between L. auratum and L. 
 speciosum, was raised by Parkman of Massachusetts in 1864, 
 and is possibly the most gorgeous Lily of all ; it is now 
 probably lost to cultivation. 
 
 L. primulinmn is one of the four Burmese species, and 
 is very like L. neilgherrense. 
 
 L. Rosthernii is a Martagon from Szechuen. 
 
 L. taliense, a tall - growing Martagon, intermediate 
 between L. Martagon and L. polyphyllum, comes from 
 Yunnan. 
 
 L. Ward, a Californian Lily, is regarded by Purdy as a 
 transitional form between L. Parryi and L. pardalinitm. 
 
 L. yunnanense is the only pink-flowered Lily so far 
 reported from Western China ; it was found by Delavay 
 in Yunnan. 
 
 D. H. Hii-:- LIBRARY 
 
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED iii 
 
 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED 
 
 Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris. Parkinson, 1629. 
 
 Systema Plantarum. Linnaeus, 1762. 
 
 Memoire sur les especes du genre Lis. Spae, 1847. 
 
 A Revision of the N. American Liliaceae. Watson, 1847. 
 
 Observations sur les genre Lis. Duchartre, 1870. 
 
 Notes on Lilies and their Culture. Wallace, 1879. 
 
 Revision of the Tulipse. Baker, 1874. 
 
 Notice sur quelques especes et varietes de Lis. Krelage, 1874. 
 
 A Monograph on the Genus Lilium. Elwes, 1880. 
 
 Max Leichtlin. 
 
 Carl Purdy. 
 
 A. Unger. 
 
 Those who are sufficiently interested in the subject to 
 study the literature bearing on Lilies will find that the 
 Monograph of Elwes completely covers the ground up to 
 the date of publication (1880). 
 
112 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING 
 
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 Syn. Wallichianum superbum. 
 
 Variety of monadelphum. 
 Var. of longiflorum. 
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 Syn. splendens. 
 Syn. Leopoldii. 
 
 A hybrid. For varieties, see 
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