[Jl^articular benefit to the lodgepole pine of the "West, used chiefly for mining timbers and props. This species is of suitable pole size and occurs extensively on the mountain slopes of Al- berta and British Columbia. As an untreated pole, it decays quickly in con- tact with the soil, lasting about five years. The tree grows tall and straight with very little taper and makes a well-shaped pole. Large quantities of this timber have been killed by fire. The dead trees are now standing thorough- ly seasoned and in excellent condition for eifective treatment. The sap- wood is about an inch thick and is easily impregnated. It would cost $1.40 per pole to treat by the tank method 35-foot poles of this species. Such a treatment would increase the life of the poles to 20 years, an increase of 300 per cent, over their present life. The adoption of the preservative treatment of poles would result in a great saving to the pole-users of the prairie provinces. Cedar from Eastern Canada is now used almost exclusively for poles in the prairies, and because of the long freight haul is very expensive. Close to the pole-lines of West- ern Canada there are large quantities of lodgepole pine and spruce. Poles of these species may be treated and set for less cost than untreated cedar poles and will give greater service than untreated cedar poles. This is an oppor- tunity for economy which should not be overlooked by companies erecting pole lines. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Frank Olivkr, Minister; \V. \V. Cory, Deputy Minister. FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN No. 22 R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. FOREST PRODUCTS OF CANADA 1910 CROSS-TIES PURCHASED COMPILED BY H. R. MacMILLAN, B.S.A., M.F. AND V\/. GUY H. BOYCE OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1911 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Forestry Branch Department of the Interior, Ottawa, September 15th, 1911 Sir, — I have the honor to transmit herewith a statistical report on the •'Cross-ties Purchased" by the railways of Canada during 1910, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 22 of this Branch. The Bulletin treats of the amount of wood consumed for cross-ties by the steam and electric railway companies of the Dominion during the year specified, distinguishing the amount of wood of the different species used and the method of its manufacture. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. W. W. Cory, C. M. G., Deputy Minister of the Interior, Ottawa. Cross-ties Purchased in 1910 The data upon which this report is based were furnished by the steam and electric railways of Canada. The value given for the ties was the cost at the point of purchase. There were 9,213,962 cross-ties, costing $3,535,628 purchased in 1910 by the steam and electric roads of Canada. This represents a decrease of 4,964,279, or 35 per cent from the num- ber i^urchased in 1909, due to the decreased purchase of ties for new steam railway lines. This decrease was general throughout the important species except with Douglas fir. The average cost of these ties at the point of purchase was 38 cents, being an increase of one cent over the cost in 1909. Table 1 gives the number of ties of each kind of wood purchased in 1909 and 1910, with their total and average cost, and the per cent each species forms of the total. TABLE 1. CrO.sS-TIES purchased, 1909 AM) IVIO, BY SPECIES Per Cent each Species forms of the Total. Number, Cost, Average Cost per Tie and Kind of Wood. 2w iilQ Cedar Jack Pine Upmlock Dou.tlas Fir Tamarack (Larch). Oak Spruce Cypress Chestnut White Pine Unspecified Total . $ 1 cts. 4,131, .?80 1,859,121 1 45 3,404,501 1,021,3.50 ' 30 1 1,850,056 610,512 33 653,403 225,258 34 2,811,8:?0 1,096,610 39 1 34,389 21,292 62 891,573 222,893 25 8,362 3,010 ' 36 84,669 49,809 59 92,633 27,519 '9 213,462 72.577 . 34 14,178,241 5.210.490 ! 37 29. 24.8 I 13.2 ' 4.6 19.8 0.2 6.3 I) 0.7 0.7 1.6 S cts. 1 3,670,398 1,509,943 41 1 40.0 2.150,586 711,935 33 23.5 1,254.605 509,190 40 1 13.8 885,480 261,582 M) 1 9 6 663,922 241.092 36 7.1 264.647 195,135 74 ■ 2.9 233.702 64,590 28 2.5 44.489 16,561 38 0.4 19.184 12,243 64 0.2 1.83S 661 36 (I) 25.111 12,696 50 0.2 3,535.628 ; 38 100. (i) Less than one-teiith of one prr rent. Tliree kinds of wood supplied 77 per cent of all the ties purchased. These were cedar, jack- pine and hemlock. Though not as many cedar tics were purchased in 1909 as in 1910, cedar is still the chief species used in Canada. In 1910, it furnished 40 per cent of the ties purchased by Canadian roads, as against 29.8 per cent in 1909. Nearly all the cedar used is eastern cedar {Tkuja occi- dentalts), as western cedar {iltuja plicata) is too soft for satisfactory use as cross-ties, except for electric lines where the traffic is light. Jack pine is the second in importance in cross-tie production. In 1910 it supplied 23.5 per cent of the ties used in Canada, which was practically the sam.e percentage as used in 1909. Hemlock, supplying 13.8 per cent of the total consumption, occupied third position in 1910. Hemlock has now for the first time passed tamarack as a tie-producer. The advance of hemlock from the fourth position, which it previously held, is due not to an increase in the use of hemlock, but to a decrease in the use of tamarack. Douglas fir formed 9.6 per cent of the ties purchased in 1910 as against 4.6 per cent in 1909. About 232,000 more Douglas fir ties were purchased in 1910 than in 1909. This species was used to a greater extent by both steam and electric railways. Tamarack ties have dropped from third place in 1909, when they formed 19.8 per cent of the total, to fifth place in 1910, when they formed only 7.1 per cent. In 1910 only 663,922 tam- arack ties were purchased, compared with 2,811,820 purchased in 1909. This great decrease of 2,147,898 ties is found entirely in the number used by steam roads, and is due to the fact that the FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 22. purchase of ties for the eastern half of one of the new transcontinental roads was completed pre- vious to 1910. The above five species, namely, cedar, jack pine, hemlock, Douglas fir, and tamarack, repre- sent 94 per cent of the total number, of ties used. Nearly all the remainder is made up of oak and spruce. The number of oak ties purchased in 1910 was 264,647, or an increase of 230,258 over the number purchased in 1909. This is due to one United States Railway, operating in Canada, which is using a great proportion of durable woods. Aside from this road the railways of Canada use oak ties chiefly for switch ties. The use of spruce, one of the cheapest ties, has fallen off greatly, 657,871 ties less being purchased in 1910 than in 1909. The decrease in the purchase of spruce is due to the same reason as that ascribed to tamarack. The remaining species, cj'prcss, chestnut, and white pine, are used to a small extent for ties. All the cypress and chestnut ties and practically all the oak were imported from the United States. Red pine and yellow pine, which were used in 1909, were not reported in 1910. The average price of ties in 1910 was 38 cents as compared with 37 cents in 1909. Of the im- portant woods oak cost the most, 74 cents per tie, and spruce the least, 28 cents per tie. Cedar cost 41 cents per tie, as compared with 45 cents per tie in 1909. Douglas fir cost 30 cents per tie in 1910, or 4 cents less per tie than in 1909. The remaining woods, or all excepting these two, have advanced in price from 3 to 12 cents per tie. Table 2 gives the total number of ties purchased in 1910 by species and method of manufacture TABLE 2. Cross-ties purchased, 1910, by Species and Method of Manufacture: Number, Total Cost and Average Cost. Sawn Ties. I Hewn Ties. Kind of Wood. "1 Per 2i| 2w 1 Per Number. Cost. S^^ cent. Number. Cost. ! cent. hite Pine 438 Unspecified 11 ,388 Total 2,674,900 $ cts. $ cts. 138,669 32 12.2 3, 092, .35 1 1,318,750 42 87 S 307,724 37 39.0 1,311,507 403,191 31 61.0 148,842 26 47.9 651.554 351,439 54 52.1 100,045 2/ 46.9 418,803 117,364 28 53.1 3,554 29 1.9 637,89? 230,766 36 98.1 18. ',328 75 95 13,014 8,827 68 5 38,496 29 58 1 96,278 24,145 25 41 9 12,487 37 100 12,243 64 100.0 101 24 23.8 1,400 1 560 40 76.2 6,521 57 45.3 13.723 6,175 45 54.7 951,010 36 30. 6,236,522 2,461,217 39 70.0 Steam roads use such a large proportion of the ties purchased that this tabic is practically the same as Table 2. Hewn cypress tics were imported, but not used by steam roads. Table 5 shows the number and cost of cross-ties used for electric railways in 1909 and 1910, classified by species, with the average cost per tie of each, species and the per cent each species forms of the total. FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN No. 22. TABLE 5. Cross-ties purchased, 1909 and 1910, by Electric Railways by Species : Number, Total Cost, Average Cost per Tie and Per Cent each Species forms of the Total. Kind of Wood. 1909 ■,^ , "ig I Number. 1910 Cedar Douglas Fir Hemlock . . . Tamarack. . Cypress . . . . Oak Spruce Jack Pine . . White Pine. Unspecified . Total . . 51,966 26.4.S7 5,294 8,000 $ 20,512 15,394 1,682 4,480 48.7 24.7 4.9 7.5 145,170 97,194 23,790 13,476 10,184 52,524 44,173 8,909 6,772 4,074 48.1 32.2 7.9 13,182 8,093 61 1 12.3 6,700 3,980 59 2.2 1,914 520 : 2« : 1.8 4,026 1,949 48 1.3 2,000 1,020 51 0.6 150 216 1.44 1 0.1 166 75 45 i 0.1 107,129 50,972 47 100. 302,540 ; 123,401 41 100.0 The electric railways used four per cent of all the ties purchased in 1910. In 1910, 195,411 more ties were used by electric roads than in 1909, representing an increase of 182 per cent, mainly in the use of cedar and Douglas fir. This is due to much increased construction. Nearly 50 per cent of the total number used v/ere cedar ties at a cost below the average, namely, 37 cents. Douglas fir constituted 32 per cent of the total. Jack pine, being at a distance from the electric railways, was used only to the extent of 0.6 per cent, the ties costing 51 cents each. In steam roads 23 per cent of the ties used were jack pine, and they cost only 33 cents each. Very little spruce and'no chestnut or white pine were used in the construction of electric roads. Over 10,000 cypress ties were imported at an average cost of 40 cents each. This is the first report of cypress ties being used for electric roads. The average cost of ties used in 1910 by electric roads was 41 rents, as compared with 47 cents in 1909. This is due largely to the decrease of 2 cents per tie in the cost of cdar lies and 12 rents in the cost of Douglas fir ties. It is an interesting fact that, although the average tie used by electric roads is smaller than that used by steam roads, the price paid for it is generally greater, viz., 3 cents per tie more in 1910. This is due not only to the disadvantages incident to contracts for smaller quantities of material, but also to the fact that the electric roads are more likely to purchase ties at points where the price includes railway transportation charges. This is shown by the electric roads paying not less than 37 cents for their ties, while many used by the steam roads were bought for 27 cents per tie. Table 6 gives the number and cost of ties purchased by electric roads in 1910, according to method by which made. TABLE 6. Cross-ties purchased by Electric Railways, 1910, by Species and Method of Manufacture: Number, Total Cost, Average Cost per Tie and Per Cent each Species forms of the Total. Kind of Wood. 2w Per cent. Sawn Cedar Douglas Fir. Hemlock. . . Tamarack . . Cypress.... Oak Spruce Jack Pine . . Total . . 39,920 58,529 10.190 5.950 : 1,500 1 $ 16,024 29,066 4.106 247 ' 3,530 1.115 cts. 40 49 40 37 72.5 60.2 42.9 5.0 88^8 $ 1 cts. 105,250 36,500 1 35 27.5 38,665 15,107 39 39.8 13,600 4,803 35 57.1 12,794 6,5^25 51 95.0 10,184 4,074 40 lioo.o 750 450 60 11.2 2,526 834 33 62.7 2,000 1,020 i 51 100.0 CROSS-TIES PURCHASED, 1910. With electric roads 61.4 per cent of the ties purchased were hewn, as contrasted with the steam roads, where 70 per cent were hewn. Douglas fir constituted 50 per cent of the sawn ties and cedar constituted 34 per cent. Cedar made up 57 per cent of the hewn ties and Douglas fir 20.7 per cent. The species which are chiefly used sawn are cedar, Douglas fir and oak. The species which arc chiefly used hewn are hemlock, tamarack, cypress, spruce and jack pine. All the cypress and jack pine ties used were hewn. The average price of hewn ties was 37 cents, or 2 cents per tie less than was paid by steam roads. It is interesting to note that whereas with steam roads hewn ties cost 3 cents per tie more than sawn ties, with electric roads sawn ties cost 9 cents per tie more than hewn ties. Imports from the United States of cross-ties in 1910 amounted to $1,096,832. Exports in 1910 were 1,995,582 ties at a value of $463,508. Of this total $376,913 was to the United States. The balance of imports over exports was $633,324, which represents about 891,000 ties at the average price paid for ties in Canada in 1910. PRESERVATION. Two plants are now being established for the chemical treatment of railway ties. One is being erected at Fort Frances, Ontario, and the other is being started at Winnipeg. It is stated that a plant will also be erected at Vancouver. The plant at Ft. Frances will be capable of treat- ing 2,000 ties per day. The zinc-chloride-aluminium patent immersing process will be used, which both prolongs the life of the timber and renders it fireproof. It is questionable if this process will give as good results in Canada as would creosote. This is a matter which for some years has been necessary for the preservation of the forests of Canada. At the same time it would have reduced the annual cost of railway maintenance. The average life of untreated ties as reported by the steam roads is : cedar, 9 years ; tamarack, 8 years ; hemlock, 7 years ; Douglas fir, 7 years ; jack pine, 6 years ; spruce, 6 years. As may be noted from the tables, cedar is the species principally used, because of its durability, but the supply of cedar is rapidly becoming exhliusted. Unless preservative treatment of ties is intro- duced, the species of short life will have to be used untreated, which, on account of the necessary frequent renewal, will increase the cost of mileage maintenance. If treated ties were used, which would cost about 30 cents extra per tie for creosoting and equipping with tie plates, the inferior species, which are very plentiful and cheap in Canada, could be used with economy. With such a treatment these woods would last at least 15 years, and if protected from wear would probably last mlich longer. The lodgepole pine of the west would be greatly increased in usefulness by this treatment. This species is used chiefly for mining timbers and props and occurs, fire-killed, in vast areas on the mountain slopes of Alberta and British Columbia. It cannot be used for lumber, on account of checking, and, if untreated, it lasts only about 5 years when used for railway ties. At pre- sent this wood stands dead and perfectly seasoned and would take chemical treatment readily, after which it would make lasting and economical ties. By the use of such inferior qualities of timber, railway companies would assist conservation and at the same time decrease the cost of railway maintenance. DEPABTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Frank Oliver, Miuister ; W. W. Cory, Deputy Minister FOllKSTRY BKAXCII— BULLETIN No. 23. R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry. FOREST PRODUCTS OF CANADA 1910 TIMBER USED IN MINING OPERATIONS COMPILED BY H. R. MACMILLAN, B.S.A., M.F. Assisted by BRUCE ROBERTSON and GUY BOYCE O T T A AV A GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1911 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Forestry branch, Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa, Sept. 15, 1911. Sir, — I have the honour to transmit herewith a statistical report on the "Timber used in Mining Operations" in the Dominion of Canada during 1910, and to recommend its pubhcation as Bulletin No. 23 of this Branch. The bulletin summarizes the amount of timber used, both round and sawn, in the mines of the Dominion and of the several provinces during the year speci- fied, and gives also the quantity of wood of the different species. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. W. W. Cory, C.M.G., Deputy Minister of the Interior, Ottawa. TIMBER USED IN MINING OPERATIONS. These statistics of the timber used in the mines of Canada in 1910 are based upon reports received from 136 coal and ore mines throughout the various provinces, as follows: British Columbia 59, Ontario 27, Alt)erta 20, Nova Scotia 15, Yukon Territory 9, Saskatchewan 4, ]\Ianitoba 2. These represent practi- cally all the mines using timber in any quantity. There are a large number of mines in Canada which do not use timber in their operations. In the tables two main divisions have been made, viz.: round timbers and sawn timbers. The round timbers are used underground to give artificial support for insecure roofs or walls and to protect shafts, drifts and gangways. The sawn timber reported is mostly lumber, together with a small quantity of square timber, and was used principally above ground for buildings, breakers, tipples, washers and trestles. A small quantity was used underground for sets, stulls and ventilator shafts. Including round and sawn timbers, timber to the value of $827,337 was used in Canada during 1910 for mining purposes. This total is made up of 52,848,000 linear feet of round timber, worth $523,- 339, and 22,305,000 board feet of sawn timber which cost $303,998. The various species of woods used by mining industries are chosen, not because of their superior technical qualities, but because of their cheapness, suitable size and accessibihty. Thus, Douglas fir is the most-used mining timber because it grows in the province where most of the mining is done and is easily obtained. When this is understood, it is easily seen why the use of each species is confined to one province. British Columbia used all the Douglas fir; Nova Scotia used practically all the spruce, balsam, hemlock, birch, beech and maple; Alberta used almost all the jack pine and poplar. Round Timber. Table 1 shows by provinces the quantity and value of the round timber used by mines in Canada during 1910. Round Mixing Timber, 1910, by provinces: Quantttt, Value, Average Cost and Per Cent Distribution. Province or District. Quantity Per cent Distribu- tion. Value. Average cost per M linear ft. M linear ft. 52,848 100- $ 523,339 $ c. 9-90 British Columbia 29,047 15,653 7,484 549 105 10 550 29-5 14-1 1-2 0-2 203,597 168, 142 132,900 14,724 3,597 379 7 01 10 74 Alberta 17 75 Ontario 26 83 Saskatchewan . 34 25 Yukon 37 90 *Les3 than one-tenth of one per cent. 9612—2 6 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 23. The mines of Canada used, in 1910, 52,848,000 linear feet of round timber, which cost $523,339. This is an average cost of $9.90 per thousand. British Columbia alone used 55 per cent of this consumption, i.e., 29,047,000 linear feet, at an average cost of $7.01 per thousand. This is a lower price for round timber than in any other province, the smallness of price being due to the fact that nearly 20,000,000 feet of this amount was four to six inch Douglas fir, used by two of Canada's largest coal companies for lagging. Nova Scotia, using 30 per cent of the Canadian consumption, is second in importance; 15,653,000 linear feet were used at a cost of $168,142. The price thus averages $10.74 per thousand Hnear feet, and is, after that current in British Columbia, the lowest price. Spruce five inches in cHameter formed a great pro- portion of this province's consumption. Alberta used 7,484,000 hnear feet or 14 per cent of the total. This quantity cost an average of $17.75 per thousand. Over 70 per cent of this was small lodge- pole pine. Spruce made up nearly 25 per cent and the balance was mostly Douglas fir. The foregoing three provinces, namely, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Alberta, contain all the important coal mines in Canada, and consume 98 . 6 per cent of the timber used in mining. The remaining 1 . 4 per cent was used in Ontario for ore-mining and in Saskatchewan and Yukon for small coal mines supplying local demands. Ontario mines used 549,000 hnear feet at an average cost of $26.83 per thousand. Nearly one-half of this was spruce five to seven inches in chameter; one-third was pine of small diameters. The remaining one-sixth was tamarack and timber of unspecified species. The mines in Ontario use, so far, a very small amount of timber per mine as compared with the large mines of British Columbia. Most of the Ontario mines are small and shallow, and are excavated in the solid rock, so that little timber is required for protection. Moreover, a great number of the mining companies incorporated in this province have not advanced suffi- ciently far in their operations to require any timber. Saskatchewan has a very small number of coal companies, only one of which sells to the pubhc; 105,000 linear feet were used in this province and cost, on an average , $34.25 per thousand. The high price of this timber is due to transporta- tion charges, either from the spruce and tamarack belt of northern Saskatchewan or from the Rocky Mountains. Ten thousand hnear feet of spruce were used by the coal and gold mining companies of the Yukon territory at an average cost of $37.90 per thousand. This is all native wood and the high cost of this amount is due to expensive labor. The small quantity of timber reported from Yukon is explained by the small number of deep mines. Mining operations do not extend far below the surface, and therefore there is no great necessity for timbering. Table 2 shows by relative importance of species, the round timber used in Canada in 1910. Timber Used in Mines, 1910. TABLE 2. Round Mining Timber, 1910, by Species: Quantity, Value, Per Cent Distribution and Average Cost per Thousand Linear Feet. Species. Quantity Per Cent Distribu- tion. Value. Average Cost per M linear ft. *Total. M linear ft. 52,848 $ 523,. 339 S c. 9 90 Douglas Fir Spruce t Jack Pine Balsam Hemlock Tamarack or Larch . Pine Birch Poplar Cedar Maple Beech 28,268 14,417 4,455 2,170 1,172 893 720 326 54 23 1 1 53.8 27-5 8-5 41 2-3 1-7 1-4 •6 •1 t t t 198,776 179,734 66,751 21,215 15,691 15,029 10,234 4,311 848 1,107 11 11 7 03 12 46 14 98 9 78 13 39 16 72 14 21 13 22 15 70 48 13 11 00 11 00 *The total includes a small amount of timber not identified by species, tincludes jack pine and lodgepole pine. JLess than one-tenth of one per cent. The mines of Canada reported the use of twelve species of wood in their mining operations. Douglas fir alone was used to the extent of 53 . 8 per cent of the total repre- sented by the twelve species. 28,268,000 linear feet of fir was used, which cost $198,776. This is an average of $7.03 per thousand, which is the smallest price paid for any species. Fir is a very popular wood for mining purposes, particu- larly in British Columbia, on account of its accessibility and strength. Spruce stands second in importance and contributed over one-quarter of the total; 14,417,000 hnear feet were used at a cost of $179,734. This is an average cost of $12.46 per thousand. The great quantity of spruce is due to its occurrence in Nova §cotia, wdiere it is used by most of the coal mines. Although in amount nearly twice as much fir was used as spruce, in value fir was worth only $19,042 more than spruce; this is due to the difference of $5.37 per thousand feet in the cost of spruce over that of fir. Jack pine was the third important species; 4,455,000 feet were used, at a cost of $66,751. This is an average cost of $14.98 per thousand. The entire quantity of jack pine mining timber was used in Alberta. Two species of pine are included under jack pine. The one is the true jack pine, (Finns Banksiana), and the other is lodgepole pine (Pinus Murrayana ). Lodge pole pine occurs extensively on the slopes of Alberta and British Columbia and comprises 90 per cent of the so-called 'jack pine' listed. Hemlock, which was the cheapest species of lumber produced in Canada in 1909, formed only 2.3 per cent of the total consumption of mining timbers in 1910. Nova Scotia used all the hemlock, 1,172,000 feet, at an average cost of $13.39 per thousand. Very httle hemlock grows in the mining districts of Canada. The above five species (Douglas fir, spruce, jack pine, balsam and hemlock), of which jack pine was the most expensive, were the important woods used by the mining industries, forming over 96 per cent of the total quantity of the twelve species reported. 8 FoEESTRY Branch Bulletin No. 23. Tamarack or larch was used to the extent of 893,000 feet, and cost $15,029. This is an average cost of $16.72 per thousand hnear feet, the highest price paid for any mining timber except cedar. Over 700,000 feet of this was used n British Columbia; 158,000 feet was used in Alberta, and the remainder was about equally divided between Saskatch. wan and Ontario. Larch is a splendid mining timber, but its use is limited by its scare ty. Five-sevenths of all the pine used was consumed in British Columbia coal mines. Ontario ore mines used nearly aU the balance. The pine used in British Columbia is yellow pine and western white pine. The tota' pine used was 720,000 feet and cost $14.21 per thousand linear feet. Small quantities of red and white pine were used in Ontar o. Birch formed less than one per cent of the total; 326,000 feet were used in all, costing $4,311. This is an average of $13.22 per thousand linear feet. All the birch mining timbers were used in Nova Scotia. All the poplar used, 54,000 feet, at $15.70 per thousand, was used in Alberta. Poplar is cheap and accessible, but is not sufficiently durable for use in mines. One thousand feet each of maple and beech were used in Nova Scotia at $11.00 per thousand. There were also used 348,000 feet of timber, the kind of which was not speci- fied. It came principally from the provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia, and averaged in price $27.62 per thousand. In table 3 is given the quantit}^ total cost and average cost of the round mining timbers used in Canada, 1910, by diameter-classes and species. Round Mining Timbers, 1910, by Di.^meter-Classes and Spectes: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost. Cl.\ss 1— Under 5 In. Class 2—5 In. to 9 In. Class 3—10 In. and Over. Species. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Cost. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Cost. Quantity. Value. Aver- age Cost. 1 M lin. ft. *Total 19,046 $ 50,765 $c. 2 66 M lin. ft. 31,967 403,171 $ c. 12 63 M lin. ft. 1,835 $ 69,403 $ c. 37 82 Douglas Fir Spruce 17,411 445 40,583 3 71fi 2 33 8 35 5 30 10,110 13,116 3,216 2,170 1,155 801 688 325 54 15 130,617 148,807 55,497 21,215 14,123 9,596 8,361 4,300 848 487 12 92 11 32 17 25 9 77 12 23 11 98 12 15 747 856 83 27,576 36 92 27,211 31 80 1,156 fi.i.32 5,122 61 60 Balsam Hemlock 17 92 32 i,568 92 30 5,433 .59 05 Pine 1,873 58 53 Birch 1 11 11 00 13 23 15 70 33 47 Poplar Cedar 8 620 77 50 Maple 1 1 11 11 11 00 11 00 Beech *lncludes a small amount of timber not identified by species. Of the 52,848,000 linear feet of round timber used in Canada during 1910, 31,967,000 feet were from 5 to 9 inches in diameter. Timber of this size cost, on an average, $12.63 per thousand, and was used for various purposes; 5 to 6 inch timber was used for caps 2 to 10 feet long and for ties, 6 to 8 inch timber for 'ong caps and 12 to 16 foot booms, 5 to 9 inch material for props. In some mines, where the seam was narrow, four inch timber was used for props . The class 'under five inches in diameter' includes 19,046,000 feet, or over one-third of the total consumption. This cost on an average only $2.66 per thou- Timber Used in Mines, 1910. 9 sand linear feet. It is used mainly for pinning and lagging. For pinning it is used in short lengths; for lagging it s used in lengths varying from eight to twelve feet. There were used 1,835,000 linear feet over ten inches in diameter. This timber cost, on an average, .S37.82 per thousand and included the best quality of timber used in the mining industry. These large-sized timbers are used for heavy props and in gangways. Fl r such purposes timbers a e used up to three feet in diameter. In comparing the prices of different species in the same cla s, consideration should be given to the fact that the diamter varies a great deal within each class. Of the Douglas fir used in the min'ng industry, 17,411,000 linear feet was less than five inches in diameter and cost only S2.33 per thousand. The timber used under five inches diameter was practically all Douglas fir and was used by the large coal companies of British Columbia. Of timber varying from five to nine inches in diameter, 10,110,000 linear feet were used, which cost $12.92 per thous- and feet. Fir also stands second in importance in the largest diameter class; 747,000 feet were used, which est, on an average, $36.92 per thousand linear feet. Spruce was used to the extent of 445,000 feet in the class under five inches in diameter. This species was used more in the five-to-nine-inch class than any other species, the amount being 13,116,000 feet. The 850,000 feet over ten inches in diameter was all used in Alberta. Spruce of the first diameter-class cost $8.35 per thousand, while fir of this size cost only S2.33 in British Columbia. This apparent inconsistency is due to the fact that the spruce was used for props and the fir for lagging. The larf e spruce was all used in Alberta and cost $31.80 per thousand, Ic-s than the cost of big timbers in any other province. Jack pine was important mainly in the second diameter-class; 3,216,000 linear feet of this dmension was used in Alberta, costing $17.25 per thousand. To a small extent this species was also used in the third diameter-class, and cost $61.60 per thousand. 1,156,000 feet of jack pine under five inches in diameter was used in Alberta, and cost $5.30 per thousand, maldng it next to Douglas fir in cheapness in th's cla«s. The use of balsam was confined to the second diameter-class and consisted of 2,170,000 linear feet at an average of $9.77 per thousand. Balsam appears as the cheapest species in this class, because it was all five-inch timber used by a Nova Scotia company. It is a weaker and less durable wood than spruce or hemlock, and is worth less for mining purposes Hemlock was used only in two classes. In the second diameter-class 1,155,000 feet were used, costing $12.23 per thousand. In British Columbia 17,000 feet used ranged from 10 to 36 inches in diameter. These large-sized timbers made the average cost $92.30 per thousand linear feet, the highest price paid for mine timbers. Of tamarack or larch, 801,000 feet, five to nine inches in diameter, was used throughout the various provinces and cost an average of $11.98 per thousand. Larch to the extent of 92,000 feet of 10 inches or more in diameter was used in British Columbia. It cost on the average $59.05 per thousand feet. Pine, birch and poplar were used in small quantity and pre ctically a'l ranged from five to nine inches in diameter. The term 'pine', as used in. Table 3, includes western yellow pine, western white pine, red pine and white pine; of this timber 96 per cent belonged to the first diameter- class and four per cent to the third diameter-class. In Alberta there were used 54,000 linear feet of poplar five to six inches in diameter, which cost, on an average, $15.70 per thousand. Cedar was used only in British Columbia and of the small cut of 23,000 feet used two-thirds were in the medium class and one-third in the la gest class. Cedar was used chiefly in th gold mines. 10 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 23. One thousand feet each of maple and beech were used in Nova Scotia; this was small-sized timber. Less than one per cent of the total amount of round mining timbers reported was o" undetermined species; 317,000 feet were five to nne inches in diameter, and cos' $29.90 per thousand. A very small amount, 31,000 feet, of ties were not specified, and cost $9.70 per thousand linear feet. Sawn Timber. Table 4 shows the quantity and value of sawn timber used in the mines of Canada during 1910, by provinces Sawn Mining Timber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Value, Per Cent Distribution and Average Cost Per Thousand Feet, B. M. Province. Quantity Per Cent Distribu- tion. Value. Average Cost per M Board Ft. M Board Ft 22,305 100 .1 303,998 $ c. 13 63 British Columbia . . 11,933 5,569 3,282 1,390 105 26 53-6 251 14-8 6-4 146,510 77,114 45,281 29,470 5,025 598 12 28 Alberta 13 85 13 80 21 20 Yukon 47 85 Saskatchewan -. 23 00 *Less than one-tenth of one per cent. 22,305,000 board feet of sawn timber were used, represent'ng an expenditure of $303,998. This is an average of $13.63 per thousand. Br tish Columbia used over fifty per cent of this amount, of which the principal species was Douglas fir. The price of sawn lumber in British Columbia was only $12.28 per thousand, less than in any other province. It is impossible to give correctly the species of sawn timber used in the various provinces, as the reports did not always state the species, but in most cases the sawn timber would be the same species as the round timber. Alberta used twenty five per cent of the total sawn timber, seven different species of wood being utilized. Fifteen per cent of the total consumption was used in Nova Scotia. Spruce was the principal species used in this province. Ontario used about equal amounts of pine and spruce to make up the 1,390,000 board feet of sawn timber used in this province Yukon and Saskat- chewan used very small amounts. Yukon paid the highest average price for sawn timber, (namely, $47.85), most of which was spruce Table 5 shows by relative importance of species the amount and value of sawn timber used in Canadian mines during 1910. Timber Used in Mines, 1910. TABLE 5. 11 Saw n Lining timber, 1910, by Species: Quantity, Value, Per cent Distribution and Average Cost per Thousand Feet, B.M. Species. Quantity Per Cent Distribu- tion. Value. Average Cost per M Board Ft. ♦Total. . M Board Ft 22,305 100 303,998 $ c. 13 63 Douglas Fir 10, 107 3,689 1,540 743 614 539 361 148 48 12 4 3 3 4 56-7 20-8 8-6 4-2 3-5 30 20 •9 ■2 •1 t X X X 104,151 57,622 21,586 14,385 6,070 8,121 5.055 1,821 4,285 420 102 71 95 48 10 25 18 33 14 01 Pine 19 39 Cedar 9 90 Jack Pine 15 09 Hemlock 14 00 Birch 12 30 Oak 89 25 Balsam . . . . 35 00 Maple 24 28 Beech 20 28 Poplar 27 14 110 09 ♦Includes a small amount of timber not identified by species. JLess than one-tenth of one per cent. Douglas fir was the most important species used for sawn timber, forming 56 per cent of the total; 10,107,000 feet were used at an average cost of $10.25 per thousand, the smallest average price paid for sawn mining timbers, except cedar. Spruce was used to the extent of 3,689,000 board feet and formed over one-fifth of the total consumption. Spruce was much more expensive than fir, costing $18.33 per thousand. The two species just mentioned, namely, fir and spruce, alone formed over three-quarters of the total amount of the sawn timbers used. Tamarack (larch), pine, cedar jack pine, hemlock, and birch were used in small quantities and ranged in price from $9.90 per thousand feet for cedar to $19.39 for pine; 48,000 feet of oak were used, mostly by the metal mines of northern Ontario. The average cost of this timber was $89.25 per thousand feet; 436 feet of cypress at $110.00 per thousand were also used by one mine of this province. Preservation. The preservation of mine timbers by chemical treatment has not yet been adopted by the mining industries of Canada. In many locaHties, however, the distances required to transport mining timbers are becoming greater, poorer quahties of woods have to be used and the annual cost of the upkeep of mine timbering is becoming greater. In the United States much has been done in the treatment of mine timbers and it has been proven that a treatment of creosote or zinc chloride decreases the destruction due to decay, fire and insects. This increases the life of the timbers and decreases the annual cost of replacing mine timbers. Timber used in mines has, on the average, a shorter life than wood used for any other purpose. The surrounchngs in a mine are very conducive to rot, which, after a period of three to five years, causes the timber to break, crumble and become useless. Experiments have been conducted in United States mines with a row of untreated and treated mine props alternately placed. In one instance, after 18 months, every untreated stick was weakened by decay and broken, while the treated props were sound and useful. From various practical 12 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 23. experiments of this kind with different species of wood important results have been obtained. Douglas fir has an average of five years life when untreated. Treated, it lasts twelve years. Hemlock, lasting as a natural wood five years, doubles its term of fife when treated, as does tamarack. Spruce is one of the species which decays quickest when untreated, lasting only three years. If treated it will last twelve years, thereby increasing its fife 300 per cent. To sum up, wood preserva- tion not only prolongs the fife of durable timbers, thus decreasing their annual consumption, but also permits the substitution of inferior species, whose use considerably reduces the drain upon the more desirable kinds. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister ; W. W. Cory, Deputy Minister FORESTRY BRAXCTI— BULLETIN No. 2-t K. H. Campbei.i., Diiectcr of Forestry. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES, 1910 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES FURNITURE AND CARS VENEER COMPILED BY H. R. MACMII^IiAN ASSISIEO BY HHUCE ROBERTSOX AND AV. GUY II. BOVC OTTAWA flOVERNMENT PRINTING niM?KAU 1912 10281—1 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. FoRKSTRY Branch, Department uf the Interior, Ottawa, Sept. 15, 191L Sir, — I beg to trnnsmit herewith a report on the wood used in the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles and of furniture and cars throughout the Dominion of Canada during the calendar year 1911 and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 24 of this Branch. The bulletin differs from the Forest Products bulletins issued by the Forestry Branch, in that these latter deal with industries that use as their raw material the timber in the log, while the industries just mentioned use as their raw material wood which has already passed through the sawmill. The bulletin discusses the wood used by these two industries throughout the entire Dominion and also, separately, in the different provinces, also the quantity of wood of each species used, subdividing the total quantities into native Canadian tim- l)er and imported timber. An account of the wood used as veneer is also included in the bulletin, which besides giving the total quantity of wood manufactured or used in Canada for veneer, subdivides this wood into Canadian and imported wood. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. W. W. Cory, C.M.G., Deputy ]\rinister of the Interior, Ottawa. 10281— U WOOD USED BY THE MANUFACTURERS OF FURNITURE AND CARS, AGRI- CULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES, AND VENEER IN CANADA. 1910. The bulletins on Forest Products published up to the present have been statistics of wood which either passed through the sawmill and was turned out as lumber or was used in its natural state. The following report is compiled and published by the Forestry Branch in an attempt to trace the further manufacture of lumber after it leaves the sawmill by two important classes of manufacturers in Canada. These are the furniture and car industries, and the agricultural imi)lement and vehicle industries. To these has been added the consumptioia of wood for veneer, which occupies a unique place among the wood industries. This bulletin shows the various species of wood used by these manufacturers, the provinces which con- tribute these woods and the increased price that is paid for such species above the price at the sawmills. It is expected that a reliable report of this nature will be of assistance to lumbermen, wood-lot owners and manufacturers. Lum- bermen should be able to ascertain the industries that use certain species and to judge, consequently, where the best market and highest prices may be pro- cured. To wood-lot owners it will show the species of wood which are in greatest demand and, to a certain extent, will forecast what kind of tree-plantation would be of greatest net protit. Manufacturers can compare the prices paid by them with the average prices, can estimate whether they are buying as economically as possible and by studying the lists of native and imported woods in the different provinces can judge where purchases may be made to the best advantage, or whether the desired species must be imported. A closer acquaintance between buyer and seller should be of mutual benefit. Furniture and Car Manufacturers. Furniture and car factories are confined principally to the four provinces listed in the tables. There is a small number of manufacturers in New Brunswick, the prairie provinces and British Columbia who did not report. Reports were received from 119 companies; of these, SI were established in Ontario, 30 in Quebec, 4 in Xova Scotia and 4 in Prince Edward Island. In table 1, which follows, is shown, for the whole of Canada and for each pro- vince, the total quantity, the total cost and per cent distribution of the lumber pur- chased by furniture and car manufacturers in 1910 ; also the total quantity-, total cost, and average cost per thousand of the Canadian and imported timbers and the propor- tion in which each is used. FoEESTKY Branch Bulletin No. 24 TABLE 1. Lumber used by Furniture and Car Manufacturers, 1910, by Provinces: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost of Canadian and Imported Timber. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Province. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average Cost perM. Percent Distri- bution. Canada M ft. B.M. 117,893 2,987,210 100 M ft. B.M. 77,047 $ 1,604,003 $ cts. 20 82 65-4 Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia 62,172 38,336 17,306 79 1,740,124 921,679 323,497 1,910 52-7 32-7 14-6 47,202 24,685 5,083 77 1,048,106 471,261 82,951 1,685 22 22 19 09 16 32 21 88 75-9 64-4 29-4 P. E. Island 97-5 Imported Timber. Canada . 40,846 1,383,207 33 86 34-6 Ontario. Quebec Nova Scotia 14,970 13,651 12,223 2 692,018 450,418 240,546 225 46 23 33 00 19 68 112 50 24-1 35-6 70-6 P. E. Island 2-5 *Less than one-tenth of one per cent. The furniture and ear manufacturers of Canada used, in 1910, 177,893,000 board feet of timber, costing $2,987,210. That the timber used in these industries is of a much higher average quality than the mill run of Canada's saw mills is shown by the fact that it cost $25.35 per thousand, whereas the average selling price of the lumber produced in Canada in 1910 was only $15.81. Much of the timber used in Canada for the manufacture of furniture and cars is imported. In 1910, one third of the total used was imported, chiefly from the United States, at an average cost of $33.86 per thousand board feet; two thirds was native-grown timber and cost only $20.82 per thousand board feet. Nothing could more clearly show the general inferiority of the common Canadian timbers for use in manufactures than the fact that Canadian manufacturers are forced to buy fully one third of their supply from a foreign country at a price exceeding, by over sixty per cent, that paid in the home market. It is impossible to secure in Canada, in sufficient quantities, woods which combine beauty with strength so as to be suitable for furnishing high-grade furniture and passenger cars, or which are strong enough for car frames or sidings. Wood- Using Industries, 1910 7 Ontario, the chief manufacturing province of Canada, used over 62,000,000 feet of timber in 1910. worth $1,740,000. This was over one half of the total used in Canada. One third of the total was used in Quebec and the remaining one sixth was practically all used in Nova Scotia. Over three fifths of the Canadian-grown timber used in the manufacture of fur- niture and cars in Canada is used in Ontario. Native hardwoods are more plentiful and varied in Ontario than in anj' other province, a consideration which is partly responsible for the importance of Ontario in furniture and musical-instrument manu- facturing. Aside from Prince Edward Island, where, of the total of 79,000 feet used. 77,000 feet ,were native-grown, Ontario imports a smaller proportion of wood than any other province. About one-quarter of the wood used in Ontario is imported, as is one third of the wood u.?ed in Quebec and seven tenths of the wood used in Nova Scotia. Uecause of their more valuable qualities and because of the transportation charges, the imported woods co«t much more than the Canadian woods, Canadian manufacturers paid, in 1910, about $13 per thousand feet more for imported than for native-grown wood; the cost of imported wood was on the average 62 per cent higher than that of native-grown wood. In Ontario, native-grown wood cost $22.22; imported wood more than double that price, $46.23, The difference was not quite as great in Quebec, where native- grown wood cost $19.09, and imported wood $33. Timber was cheaper in Nova Scotia than elsewhere in Canada; native-grown wood was only $16.32 per thousand, and imported wood, chiefly yellow pine for the car shops, was $19.68. Table 2 shows the total quantity, total cost, average cost and per cent distribution of the woods used in the furniture and car trades, by origin and species. FOEESTEY BeAXCII BULLETIN No. 24 TABLE 2. Lumber used by Furniture and Car Manufacturers, 1910, by Origin and Species: Total Quantity, Total Cost and 'Average Cost. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Species. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average Cost perM. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total M ft.B.M. 117,893 S 2,987,210 100 1 Mft. B. M. 77,047 $ 1,604,003 $ cts. 20 82 65-3 21,393 16,037 15,141 15,067 9,827 9,812 7,416 7 057 3,468 2,784 2,532 2,354 940 826 808 684 313 312 61 50 13 13 6 5 1 542,260 681,442 328, 109 289,991 169,842 199, 61 171,120 161,629 89,349 52,461 69,570 29,205 21,846 21,877 33,879 83,772 11,579 3,899 3,501 675 2,888 2,324 102 92 140 18-2 13-7 12-9 12.9 8-4 8-3 6-3 60 30 2-4 22 21 0-8 0-7 0-7 0-6 0-3 0-3 0-1 t t t 1 t Oak Maple Birch 557 15,079 15,041 9,827 9,812 7,416 7,044 3,241 2,784 2,532 2,. 354 38,487 326, 39 288,999 169,842 199,961 ,171,120 161,235 75,062 52,461 69,670 29,205 69 io 21 64 19 21 .7 28 20 38 23 07 22 89 23 16 18 84 27 48 12 40 3-4 99-6 99-9 Spruce 100 Pine* 100 100 Elm 99-8 Ash Beech Douglas Fir Hemlock Chestnut 93-5 100 100 100 Tulip Mahogany Black Cherry . . Poplar 312 19 50 3,899 1,349 675 12 50 71 00 13 50 100 Black Walnut 31 1 Tamarack or Larch Circassian Walnut 100 Teak Butternut 6 102 17 00 100 Spanish Cedar Imported Timber. Total 40,846 1,383,207 33 86 34-7 Yellow Pine 21,393 15,480 62 26 542,260 642,955 1,770 992 25 35 41 56 28 55 38 15 100 Oak .... 96-6 Maple . . 0-4 Birch 01 Pine*. . . Basswood Elm 1 1^ 1 • 227 394 14,287 30 3i 62 74 0-2 Ash. 6-5 Beech Douglas Fir ! Chestnut Gum i 940 ! 826 i 808 ! 684 313 21,846 21,877 33,879 83,772 11,579 23 24 26 48 41 93 122 47 37 00 100 100 Tulip 100 Mahogany Black Cherrv . . 100 100 Poplar Black Walnut 42 2,152 51 24 68-9 Circassian Walnut 13 13 2,888 2,324 222 22 178 00 100 Teak 100 Cottonwood . 5 1 92 i40 18 40 140 00 100 100 *Includes white and red pine. tLess than one-tenth of one per cent. Wood- Using IxDrsTRiEs, 1910 {) Tweiity-tivo species arc used, thirteen of wliieli arc iiative-^rown and twelve of wliifh are entirely or chiefly imported. Four species, namely, yellow pine, oak. maple and birch, together form nearly three fifths of the total and are used in (piantities exceeding' 15,000,000 feet each per year. Eight si^ecies — viz.. spruce pine, basswood, elm, ash, beech, Douglas fir and hemlock — constitute nearly all of the renniining two-fifths, and are used in quantities varying from 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 feet each per year. Thirteen other species, viz., Chestnut, gimi, tulip, mahogany, cherr.v, poplar, black walnut, tamarack, Circassian walnut, teak, butternut. Cottonwood, and Spanish cedar — together form less than four per cent of the total an«l arc userl in (puintitio varying from 1,000 to 1,000,W0 feet per year. The species which are native-grown are maple, birch, spruce, pine, basswood, elm, ash, beech, Douglas fir, hemlock, poplar, tamarack and butternut. The species which are imported are yellow pine, oak, chestnut, gum, tulip, mahogany, cherry, black wal- nut, Circassian walnut, teak, cotton and Spani.sh cedar. The two most important woods used in the furniture and car factories of Canada are woods imported from the United States, yellow pine and oak. Yellow pine constitutes nearly one fifth of the wood used in these industries in Canada. Under the mimes of yellow pine, hard pine, (Jeorgia pine, North Carolina pine, southern pine, pitcU pine, longleaf pine, or shortleaf pine, it is imported from the ^louthern United States in large quantities for cheap furniture and freight car ceilings and sidings, uses for which it is rendered suitable by strength, hardness, durability and ability to take a bright finish. Over 21,000,000 feet of yellow pine were imported for these purposes in 1910, at a cost of $542,000. Yellow -pine cost only $25.35 per thousand feet. It was thus the cheapest of the widely-used imported woods of which it formed over one half the total quantity. Douglas fir is the only Canadian wood which could be used as a substitute for yellow pine. Oak, together with yellow pine, formed nearly one third of all the woods used in the furniture and car industry of Canada. As is the case with the yellow pine, prac- tically all the oak is imported. Over 1(),000,(KX) feet of oak were used in 1910; about 15,500,000 feet were imported. The average price of the native-grown oak was $69.10. that of the imported wa-s $41.50. Oak was at one time fairly abundant in the agri- cultural districts of Ontario and Quebec; the land has nearly all been cleared and only a small quantity can now be secured each year. The higher average price of the Canadian oak is due to the fact that it comes to the market in small lots and is consequently governed in price by local considerations only. Oak, because of its strength, beautiful grain and fine finishing (pialities, is used in different grades for finishing both cheap and expensive furniture, for office fittings, for cores for ex- pensdve veneer, for car frames and to a limited extent for inside finish in passenger coaches and trolley cars. Practically all the oak used in Canada comes from the region south of the Missouri and West Virginia. Oak and yellow pine together form nine tenths of the timber imported into Canada for the manufac- ture of furniture and car.<. V>irch and maple are the only two Canadian species which can be substituted for oak. They lack the beauty of grain and finishing qualities which render oak so acceptable for furniture and car interiors. Maple is the most important native-grown wood used by furniture and car manu- facturers. Over 15,000,000 feet of maple, costing $21.64 per thousand, were used in 1910; practically all of this was secured in Canada. Maple is used for cheap furni- ture, beds, chairs, turned work, trolley and freight car frames. It is also stained to imitate quarter-cut oak and made into verj^ fair-looking medium-priced furniture. Small quantities of bird's-eye maple are used for the finishing of expensive furniture and car interiors. Birch and maple form over one quarter of the wood used for furniture and cars in Canada. These two woods are used in nearly equal quantities. Over 15,000,000 10281—2 10 FoEESTEY Braxch Bulletix Xo. 24 feet of bircli were used in 1910, at an average cost of $19.21 per thousand, $2.43 cheaper than maple. Practically all the birch used in the trades is native-grown 5'ellow birch. Birch is used in much the same way as maple for cheap furniture, such as hotel and school supplies, and for interior work in better-class furniture is stencilled and stained to imitate quarter-cut oak. The heartwood of yellow birch is a good furniture wood and is stained to represent cherry and mahogany. Spruce, on account of its abundance, cheapness, ability to hold its place, fine even grain and freedom from warping or splitting is becoming yearly more important in the furniture and car trade of Canada. Nearly 10,000,000 feet were used in 1910, all native-grown, at an average cost of $17.28 per thousand. Spruce is used for in- side work as a backing for veneers in furniture and musical instruments, for drawers, cheap tables and for freight-car ceilings and sidings. Pine, including red and white pine, but chiefly the latter, was used to nearly the same extent as spruce and for the same purposes. All the pine used was native- grown and cost $20.38 per thousand. Nearly 7,500,000 feet of basswood were used in furniture and cars in 1910. This wood was all native-grown and cost $23.07 per thousand. Basswood is tough, fine ^nd even in grain, and free from any tendency to warp or split. It is used chiefly in the furniture trade for drawers, shelves, as a backing for veneers, for turned wood and scrolls, for kitchen furniture and cheap tables. Elm is a comparatively abundant hardwood which ha*s come prominently into use in Canada. Over 7,000,000 feet were used for furniture and cars in 1910 at an average cost of $22.89. Practically all of this was native-grown wood. Elm is tough, hard and strong; it is used chiefly out of sight in cheap and medium-class furniture such as for dresser-frames, mattress-frames, in wooden beds; it is also stained and varnished to imitate more expensive woods. Elm is frequently given a natural finish in such articles as refrigerat-ors and cheap chairs and tables. Almost 3,500,000 feet of ash are used each year for furniture and cars. Fifteen- sixteenths of this is native-grown, costing $23.16 per thousand, and one sixteenth is imported at $62.74 per thousand. Ash is used in its natural finish for cheap and medium priced furniture and as a backing upon which to veneer more expensive woods. It is also used for office furniture and for the interior finish of trolley cars. The supply of first-class ash is very small in Canada. Beech is a wood which is used indiscriminately with maple and birch in the manufacture of low-priced house, camp, farm and school furniture. It is used out of sight in medium-priced furniture and to a small extent as a backing for veneers. It is a hard, fairly strong wood which polishes smoothly but it lacks a pretty grain. It was the cheapest hardwood used to any extent in Canada in 1910, costing only $18.84 per thousand for the 2,784,000 feet used. Douglas fir is a wood which will grow in importance as a source of supply for furniture and car manufacture. This species was eleventh in importance in 1910 ; about 2.500,000 feet were used, at an average cost of $27.48 per thousand. It has been noted that imported yellow pine, chiefly longleaf pine, is the most important wood used in the car and furniture trades. Douglas fir is the only Canadian wood exist- ing in any quantity, the natural qualities of which are such as would enable it to displace yellow pine for car and furniture building. Investigations concerning the properties of these two woods conducted by the United States Forest Service are tabulated here. AVooD-UsixG Industries, 1910 11 TABLE 3. Yellow Pike vs. Douglas Fir. — Comparison of Mechanical and Physit i Prox)ertie8. Properties. Yellow Pine, (longleaf). Douglas Fir. Oven dry weight per cubic foot Bending — Fibre stress at elastic limit (lbs. per square inch) Modulus of rupture (lbs. per square inch) Modulus of elasticity (1,000 lbs. per square inch) Compression — Parallel to grain, crushing strength at maximuna load (lbs. per square inch) Perpendicular to grain, compressive strength at elastic limit (lbs. per square inch) 7,200 1,560 570 4,000 6,325 1,510 3,500 570 Yellow Pine. Douglas Fir. Character of grain Colour Fine and even, annual rings quite narrow with an average of 12 to 20 rings per inch. Even; dark reddish yellow to red- dish brown. Includes red and yellow fir; red fir has a coarser grain than yellow and cont^in.s considerable dark coloured summer wood with an average of 9 rings per inch. Yel- low fir is a soft, fine-grained wood with an average of 14 rings per inch. Variable; decided reddish tinge to a light yellow. It is shown above that, in addition to the physical qualities which render Douglas fir as easily worked, as readily polished and as suitable for finish as yellow pine, Douglas fir poseesses the mechanical qualities which render yellow pine adaptable for car building and for use in situations where durability, strength and resistance to compression are required. Douglas fir is about 20 per cent lighter than longleaf pine. This lighter weight is an advantage in the handling of Douglas fir. Tests made of the comparative strength of longleaf pine and Douglas fir show that Douglas fir is but slightly inferior to longleaf pine. Bending tests show that Douglas fir will support a greater weight without taking a permanent set than will longleaf pine, and that Douglas fir will support almost as great a weight as yellow pine before breaking. Douglas fir is not so stiff as longleaf pine and will not support so great a pressure parallel to the grain. It will, however, support without crushing just about the same pressure perpendicular to the grain. On the Pacific coast, Douglas fir is rapidly coming into favour for furniture- making and car-building. Douglas fir is easily worked and when well seasoned is free from warping or checking. It takes a high polish and is very suitable for all cheaper grades of furni- ture, such as bedroom sets, tables, kitchen cabinets, chairs, school, lodge and church furniture. It may be stained to represent other woods and may be stamped to imitate quarter-cut oak. Its straightness of grain and the contrast between spring and summer wood render it very suitable for mission furniture. Douglas fir is a splendid wood for car building, the use for which the ereator part of the 21,000,000 feet of yellow pine was imported. It is strong, hard, stiff, 10281—2^ 12 FoKESTEY Brais^ch Bulletix 'Ko. 24 large and clear enough for car frames, is suitable for car sidings and ceilings and is beautiful enough for the interior finish of passenger coaches. It has been used for the interior finish of private cars in the United States. The hemlock used in these industries is all Eastern hemlock. Nearly 2,500,000 feet, all native-grown, iwere used in 1910 at an average cost of $12.40 per thousand. Because of its low technical qualities hemlock is the cheapest wood used in Canada for these purposes. It is used in limited quantities in the cheapest, roughest furni- ture. Its chief use is in freight cars. The chestnut used in Canada is all imported for the furniture trade. 940,000 feet were used in 1910 at a cost of $23.24 per thousand. Wormy chestnut is used as a backing for veneer in musical instruments, coffins and furniture. Sound chest- nut in its natural finish is used for medium-priced furniture. The gum used in Canada is all black gum from the Mississippi valley. Over 80O,000~^ feet were used in 1910 at $26.48 per thousand. It is a hard, tough wood, difficult to season, which takes a fair finish. It is used for cheap and medium-priced furniture, as a backing for veneer, and in its natural finish is stained to imitate other woods in panels. Gum manufacturers are organized to find a market and the use of it will increase in Canada. Though tulip is a native of Southern Ontario all the tulip used for furniture in Canada is imported. Over 800,000 feet were imported from the Appalachian and Mississippi states in 1910 at a cost of $41.93 per thousand. Tulip is a tough, even- grained wood which is easily worked and remarkably free from checking or warping. It is used in furniture for panel work, shelves, partitions, drawers and veneer back- ing. All the mahogany used in Canada comes from tropical Africa and America through the Liverpool and New York markets. It is an ornamental wood used solid and as veneer in the manufacture of high-class house, office and hotel furniture and in the interior finish of passenger coaches. Black cherry is native to Canada, but is almost extinct commercially and all the cherry used for furniture in Canada is imported from the United States. Over 300,000 feet of black cherry were imported from the United States for furniture and cars in 1910, at an average cost of $37 per thousand. Only 75,000 feet were cut in Canada in 1910. Cherry is a beautiful finishing wood and is iised principally in the form of veneer for musical instruments and expensive furnitm-e. Small quantities lare used for the interior finish of passenger coaches. Poplar is one of the cheapest woods used in Canada. Over 300,000 feet were used for furniture in 1910 at $12.50 per thousand. Poplar is a soft, tough, white, even- grained wood of medium strength and of a fair degree of freedom from warping or splitting. It is used for very plain, cheap furniture and for drawers, shelves, veneer- backing, and inside work in furniture. It is abundant in Canada and should dis- place the more expensive basswood and tulip. Black walnut is, though native to Canada, almost coimnercially extinct. It was once a very popular furniture wood but has fallen from favour. It is a wood of great beauty, but not showy, and possesses every valuable technical quality. Black walnut is now used to a limited extent for expensive furniture. Only about 61,000 feet of black walnut were used for furniture in 1910, one-third native-grown, costing $71 per thousand, and two-thirds imported from the United States at $51.24 per thousand. Tamarack is a hard, strong wood which is not used to the extent which its quali- ties warrant. It takes a fair polish and is suitable for cheap furniture. It is chiefly used for this purpose and to a small extent in the building of freight cars. All the tamarack used is produced in Canada. 50,000 feet were used in 1910, costing $13.50 per thousand. Circassian walnut is an even-grained, showy wood, taking a high polish. It is chiefly imported in the veneer for finishing expensive household furniture. A small Wood- Using Industiues, lillO ' 13 quantity, 13,000 feet, was imported in 1910 for the manufacture of solid furniture at a cost of $222.22 per thousand feet. Circassian walnut is imported from Europe and is the most expensive furniture wood used in Canada. Teak is a high-grade tropical wood used to a limited extent in Canada. It i.s one of the best of furniture woods; in its qualities it resembles black walnut. About l.'J.OOO feet of teak were imported from India in 1910 at a cost of $178 per thousand. The three remaining woods, namely, butternut, cottouwood and Spanish cedar, two rarely used in the furniture or car industry. Table 4 shows the quantity, total value and average value of the timber used for furniture and car building in Ontario, by species and origin, together with the per cent each si:)ecies forms of the total and the pro[)ortion of each species produced in Canada and imported. 14 Forestry Branch Bulletin ISTo. 24 TABLE 4. Lumber Used by Furniture and Car Manufacturers, 1910, in Province of Ontario, BY Origin and Species: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Species. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average Cost perM. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total M ft. B. M. 62,172 1,740,124 100 M ft. B. M. 47,202 1,0±8,106 1 cts. 22 20 75-1 Maple 13,265 10,895 6,413 5,880 4,610 4,565 3,132 2,421 2,304 2,091 1,528 1,436 923 826 512 498 94 60 13 13 12 6 5 1 294,348 536, 173 148,520 136,805 114,4.58 86,373 50,306 61,262 47,061 25,262 42,600 48,000 20,994 21,877 62,186 18,727 5,191 3,381 2,888 2,324 217 102 92 140 21-4 17-6 10-3 9-5 7-4 7-3 5-2 3-9 3-7 3-7 2-4 2-3 1-5 1-3 0-8 0-8 0-2 01 1 t I t 13,203 433 6,400 5,880 4,584 4,565 3,132 2,376 2,304 2,091 1,528 292,578 35,362 148,126 136,805 113,466 86, 373 50,306 57,662 47,061 25,262 42,600 22 19 81 07 23 14 23 27 24 79 18 95 16 07 27 30 20 44 12 08 27 93 99-6 Oak 3-9 Elm 99-8 "Basswood 100 Birch 99-5 Pine* 100 Spruce 100 Ash 98-2 Beech 100 Hemlock 100 100 r'Vif>atTiii+ Tulip "Rlnplr P.Viprrv Black Walnut 19 1,349 71 00 21-7 Circassian Walnut Teak 12 6 217 is 66 17 00 100 Butternut 100 Impobted Timber. Total 14,970 692,018 46 23 24-9 Maple 62 10,462 13 1,770 500,811 394 28 55 47 87 30 30 0-4 Oak 96-1 Elm . 0-2 Birch 26 992 38 15 0-5 Ash 45 3,600 80 00 1-8 Beech Yellow Pine. 1,436 923 826 512 498 94 41 13 13 48,000 20, 994 21,877 62, 186 18,727 5,191 2,032 2)324 33 52 22 75 26 49 121 45 37 65 55 22 49 56 222 22 178 77 100 100 Gum 100 Mahcany . 100 Tulip 100 Black Cherry 100 Black Walnut . 78-3 100 Teak 100 Cottonwood 5 1 92 140 18 40 140 00 100 Spanish Cedar . 100 *Includes white and red pine. fLess than one-tenth of one per cent. Wood-Using Industries^ 1910 15 Ontario manufacturers use more species of wood than the manufacturers of any other province. They use all the species used in Canada excepting tamarack. They use all, or practically all, of the maple, elm, beech, hemlock, chestnut, gum, mahogany, black walnut, Circassian walnut, teak, butternut, Cottonwood and Spanish cedar used ill Canada; they use also the greater part of the oak, basswood, ash, Douglas fir and tidip. Three-quarters of the wood used in Ontario is native-grown. Ontario docs but a small proportion of the car building of Canada, and in con- sequence the woods used in Ontario are chiefly the woods used for furniture. The car woods used in Ontario are chiefly the woods used for electric cars. The above table shows that maple is the most important wood in Ontario, form- ing 21.4 per cent of the total. Ontario maple forms 87.7 per cent of all the maple used in Canada; 13,205,000 feet were used in 1910 in Ontario and cost $294,348, or $22.19 per thousand. The 62,000 feet imported consisted principally of Michigan hard maple at $28.55 per thousand, used for rattan work. Oak was used to the extent of 10,895,000 feet, or 17-6 per cent of the total, 96 per cent of which was imported, at a cost of $47.87 per thousand. This is over 67 per cent of the oak imported into Canada. Ontario also supplied 433,000 feet of native oak at the high figure of $81.07 per thousand. This is 77-7 per cent of the total of Canadian oak. Elm stands third on the list and 99 -8 per cent of its 6,413,000 feet was Canadian wood at an average value of $23.14 per thousand. Ontario supplied 90 per cent of the total elm used in Canada. Basswood was used to the extent of 5,880,000 feet and was atl native wood. It was worth $23.27 per thousand, xi great proportion of basswood used was consumed in piano and organ works. Ontario supplied 83 per cent of all the beech used in Canada at an average of $20.44 per thousand. This is $5.44 per thousand more than was paid for beech in Qiiebec. 2,091,000 feet of hemlock were used at a cost of $12.08 per thousand. This is over 88 per cent of the total amount used in Canada. All the chestnut used in Ontario, which was 08 per cent of the amounfused in Canada, was imported, to the extent of 923,000 feet at an average cost of $22.75 per thousand. It is principally used in the manufacture of moderate-priced caskets. All the gum used in Canada was imported into Ontario. The 826,000 feet used cost $26.49 per thousand. Gum is used as a furniture wood, for its natural colour is attractive and it takes a high polish. Small quantities of Circassian walnut, teak, butternut, Cottonwood and Spanish cedar were imported and all used in Ontario. Table 5 shows the quantity, total value and average value of the wood used in 1010 in the furniture and car industries of Quebec, by species and origin, together with the proportion each species forms of the total and the proportion of each species produced in Canada or imported. IC) Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 24 TABLE 5. LuilBER USED BY FuRNITURE AND CaR MANUFACTURERS, 1910, IN PROVINCE OF QuEBEC, BY Origin and Species: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Species. Quantity. Co&t. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average Cost perM. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total M ft. B. M. 38,336 $ 921,679 100 Mft.B. M. 24,685 $ 471,261 $ cts. 19 13 64-4 10,065 9,201 5,524 4,430 2,782 1,573 1,361 1,044 609 270 258 212 212 180 152 100 50 12 1 308,260 161,619 103,901 98,546 93,298 31,001 27.715 27,957 11,809 13,152 3,868 2', 332 2,700 19,086 4,400 675 752 120 26-4 24-3 14-2 11-6 7-3 41 3-7 2-8 1-6 0-7 0-7 0-6 0-6 0-5 0-4 0-3 01 t t Birch Spruce Pine* 9,201 5,524 4,430 23 1,573 1,361 864 609 161,619 103,901 98,546 525 31,001 27,715 17,370 11,809 17 .56 18 81 22 25 22 82 19 11 20 37 20 14 18 36 160 100 100 Oak 0-8 Maple 100 Basswood 100 Ash 82-7 100 Tulip Hemlock 258 3,868 15 00 100 Poplar 212 180 2,332 2,700 11 00 15 100 Beech . 100 Douglas Fir Tamarack or Larch Chestnut 100 50 4,400 675 44 00 13 50 100 100 Walnut Lmported Timber. Total 13,651 450,418 32 93 35-5 10,065 .308,260 30 63 100 Birch Pine* ■ • Oak 2,759 92,773 34 00 99-2 Maple . Ash 180 10,587 58 82 17-3 Elm Tulip 270 13,152 48 71 100 Hemlock 212 5,688 26 84 100 152 19,086 125 53 100 Chestnut . .... 12 1 752 120 62 66 120 00 100 Walnut . 100 *Includes white and red pine. tLess than one-tenth of one per cent. 162x81—13,122 Wood- Using Industries, 1910 17 Nineteen species of wood were used in Quebec. The entire quantity of tamarack used in Canada for the manufacture of furniture and cars was used in Quebec; the species of which Quebec used the greater proportion were yellow pine, birch, spruce, black cherry and poplar. Two thirds of the woods used in Quebec were Canadian- grown, one third imi)orted. The large proportion of imported wood was due to the great use of yellow pine by the extensive car works of the province. Yellow pine, of which Ontario used very little, is the most important species in Quebec, forming 26-4 per cent of the total consumption. The 10,065,000 feet used was all imported at an average cost of $30.03 per thousand. It is used principally by car works for sills, ceiling and siding. Birch, with 9,201,000 feet, stands second in 'importance, and this province used 01 per cent of the total amount used in Canada. The Quebec consumption was all native and cost on the average $17.56. This is $7.23 per thousand less than Ontario birch. Spruce was also extensively used. None was imported and the 5,524,000 feet of native wood cost on the average $18.81 per thousand. This is $2.74 per thousand more than Ontario spruce. The above four species (yellow pine, birch, spruce and pine) constitute 76-5 per cent of the total Quebec consumption. Oak, which stands second in importance in Ontario, is fifth in Quebec. 2,782,000 feet were used, of which 2,759,000 feet were imported at a cost of $34 per thousand. This is $13.87 less than the cost of the oak imported into Ontario. Maple, heading the list in Ontario, stands sixth in Quebec! 1,573,000 feet of native wood were used at a cost of $19.11 per thousand. This is $3.08 per thousand less than in Ontario. Cherry was imported into Quebec to the extent of 212,000 feet at a cost of $26.84 per thousand. This amount is 67 per cent of the total Canadian consumption. Sixty-seven per cent of the poplar used in Canada was used in Quebec. The 212,000 feet was all native wood and cost on the average $11 per thousand. Ontario used only 12,000 feet of poplar and it cost $18 per thousand. Table shows the quantity, total value and average value of the wood used in 1910 for furniture and car building in Nova Scotia, by species and origin, together with the proportion each species forms of the total and the proportion of each species produced in Canada or imi)orted. 10281—3 18 Forestry Branch Bulletin ISTo. 24 TABLE 6. Lumber Used by Furniture and Car Manufacturers, 1910, in Province of Nova Scotia, by Origin and Species: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Bpecips. 1 Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average cost perM. Per Cent of Total. Total M ft. B. M. 17,306 323,497 100 M ft. B. M. 5,083 $ 82,951 $ cts. 15 50 29-3 9,892 2,358 1,253 1,118 904 805 300 300 175 88 40 35 20 5 2 186,000 51,746 13,854 14,535 22,570 14,682 2,700 2,700 6,600 1,350 2,000 1,300 2,500 700 100 100 57-2 13-7 7-3 6-5 5-2 4-7 1-7 1-7 1-0 0-5 0-2 0-2 01 t t t Oak 101 1,253 1,118 904 805 300 300 175 88 2,600 13,854 14,535 22,570 14,682 2,700 2,700 6,600 1,350 25 84 11 06 12 98 23 80 18 24 9 00 9 00 37 71 15 34 4-3 Birch 100 100 100 100 Beech 100 Maple 100 Basswood Poplar Tulip Elm Mahogany 100 100 35 1,300 37 1 100 Chestnut Ash i Imported Timber. Total 12,223 240,546 19 68 70-7 Yellow Pine ,892 2,257 186,000 49, 146 18 80 21 77 100 Oak 95-7 Birch . • . • Pine* Beech Maple 1 Poplar . - ! Tulip 40 2,000 50 00 100 Elm Mahogany Black Cherry Chestnut Ash 20 7 5 2 2,500 700 100 100 125 00 100 00 20 00 50 00 100 100 100 100 * Includes white and red pine. t Less than one-tenth of one per cent. Sixteen species of wood are used in Nova Scotia. Seven tenths of the wood used is imported, three tenths produced in Canada. ~ The great preponderance of imported wood is explained by the large use of yellow pine for car building. Nova Scotia is not rich in woods suitable for furniture and is not advantageously situated with reference to a furniture market, but has large car shops, and the greater pro- portion of the wood listed in table 6 was used in the manufacture of freight cars. Wood- Using Industries^ 1910 19 As in Quebec, yellow pine is the most important species, forming 57-2 per cent of the total consumption. 9,892,000 feet were used, all imported, at a cost of $18.80 per thousand. This amount is nearly as great as Quebec's consumption, but the cost is $11.83 per thousand less in Nova Scotia. Oak stands second in importance; 2,358,000 feet were used, of which 2,257,000 feet, or 95-7 per cent, were imported at a cost of $21.77 per thousand. The native wood in iSTova Scotia cost $25.81 per thousand, or $3.02 per thousand more than in Quebec, but the imported wood cost $2.23 less than in Quebec. As in Ontario, this is an instance where native oak cost more than the imported Avood. Birch, supplying 1,253,000 feet, forms 7-3 per cent of the total, and is all native wood. It cost on the average $11.06 per thousaild, or $6.50 less than birch in Quebec. The above three species, yellow pine, oak and beech, form 78-2 per cent of the total amount used in Nova Scotia. Though a large proportion of the wood used in Nova Scotia was imported, the manufacturers of Nova Scotia succeeded in securing timber at a lower price than the manufacturers of any other province. Table 7 shows the quantity, total cost and average cost of the timber used in the furniture industry of Prince Edward Island, by species and origin, together with the proportion each forms of the total, and the proportion of each species grown in Canada or imported. TABLE 7. Wood Used by Furniture Manufacturers, 1910, m Province of Prince Edward Island BY Origin and Species: Total Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost, ToT.\L Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) ( ANADiAN Timber. Species. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity Cost. Average cost perM. Per Cent of Total. Total M ft. B.M. 79 1,910 100 M ft. B.M. 77 $ 1,685 $ cts. 21 88 97-5 1 Spruce 53 12 5 I 2 1 1,100 360 75 60 60 225 30 670 150 61 3-7 3-7 2-4 11 53 12 5 3 1,100 360 75 60 60 20 75 30 00 15 00 20 00 20 00 100 100 Hemlock Birch Maple : Oak Ash 100 100 100 1 30 30 00 100 . Imported Timber. Total 2 225 112 50 2-5 S^ TJ.-pV, .... Oak„ 2 225 112 50 100 Ash * Includes white and red pine. 20 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 24 There are no car manufacturers in Prince Edward Island, and, owing both to lack of market and lack of timber supplies, furniture manufacturing is very limited. Seven woods are used in Prince Edward Island. Six of these are Canadian timbers, produced on the island, and one, oak, is imported. Although such a large proportion is native-grown the average price of the timber used is higher than in any other pro- vince, except Ontario. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND VEHICLES. As agricultural implements and vehicles to a certain extent require woods of different qualities from those used in the manufacture of furniture and cars, the tim- ber used in this industry will be discussed separately. The 162 manufacturers repre- sented in this report are located as follows: — 97 in Ontario, 41 in Quebec, 11 in Prince Edward Island, 6 in New Brunswick, 4 in Manitoba, and 3 in Nova Scotia. There are practically no implement or vehicle manufacturers in Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The implement and vehicle works of Manitoba use an average of 846,000 feet of timber per year; those of Ontario, where are located nearly all the large factories in Canada and many small ones, 698,000 per year; in the other provinces the average consumption of timber per factoiy per year is: Nova Scotia, 131,000; Quebec, 113,000; New Brunswick, 35,000; Prince Edward Island, 9,000. iln table 8 is shown by provinces the total quantity and cost of the timber used by the agricultural implement and vehicle manufacturers of Canada, the proportion of the timber used in each province, the total quantity, total cost or average cost of the native-grown and imported timber used and the proportion each forms of the total. WooD-ITsiNOr Industkies^ lillO TABLE 8. 21 Tl.MHKK rSKU BV AORICULTl H.\L I.MPLE.MKXT .\.\D VeIIRI.K .MaM FACTl KEUS OF CaN-UJA BY Provinces : Total Quantity, Total Cost aud Per Cent Distribution with Quantity Total Cost and Average Cost of Canadian and Imported Timber TJsed. Total Quaniity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Province. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. i Average. cost perM. Per Cent of Total. Canada. . . M ft. B.M. 76,474 2.513.26.'; 100 M ft. B.M. S 49,964 1,230,071 .? cts. 24 64 65-3 Ontario 67,781 2,200,187 4,631 j 96,993 3,383 1 199.782 88-6 6-5 41 0-5 0-2 01 44,513 1,111,394 4.546 92,688 274 11,720 355 9,140 184 3,769 92 1,360 24 97 20 39 42 79 25 75 20 48 14 78 65-6 98-1 8-1 Nova Scotia New Brun-swick P.E. Island 394 191 94 10,640 4,134 1,529 90-1 96-3 97-9 I.MPOHTED Tl.MBER. Canada 26,510 ' 1,283,194 48 40 34-7 Ontario Quebec Manitoba 23,268 ' ; 85 1 i 3,109 i 39 1,088,793 4,305 188,062 1,500 365 169 46 80 50 65 60 50 38 46 52 14 84 50 34-4 1-9 91-9 9-9 New Brunswick i 7 3-7 P.E.Island 2 2-1 The agricultural implement and vehicle manufacturers of Canada used in 1910 about 76.500,000 board feet of timber, costing about $2,500,000, an average cost of $32.86 per thousand. Two thirds of the total quantity was grown iu Canada, one third was imported. The average cost of the Canadian wood was $24.64 per thousand, the average cost of the imported wood was just about twice as great, $48.40 per thousand, so that, though only about one half as much wood was imported as was secured in Canada, more money was paid for imported wood than for Canadian. x\bout 41,500,000 feet less timber was used for the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles than for the manufacture of furniture and cars. The same proportions of imported and Canadian wood were used in each industry. An indication of the superior qualities of the timber used for vehicles and im- })lements is the fact that it cost on the average $7.51 more per thousand than the timber used for furniture and cars. Every province, excepting Prince Edward Island, paid more for implement aud vehicle timber than for fuAiture and car timber. About eight ninths of the vehicle and implement manufacturing of Canada is carried on in Ontario, the factories of which used nearly 68,000,000 feet of timber in 1910, worth $2,200,000. The remaining one ninth of the timber consumed is prac- tically all used in Quebec and Manitoba. ISTova Scotia, New Brunsv.'ick and Prince Edward Island together represent less than one per cent of the total oonsumiition, and together use annually less than 700,000 feet of timber. 10284—4 22 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 24 Though Ontario is the province originally most richly provided with timber suitable for manufacturing, and though there are still in Ontario greater supplies of hardwoods than elsewhere, one third of the timber used in Ontario is imported. Nearly all the timber used for vehicles and implements in Quebec was produced locally, less than two per cent being imported. The absence of oak and yellow pine from the woods used in Quebec for implements and vehicles materially reduces the proportion of imported wood used, which for furniture and cars was 35-6 per cent. Quebec used a smaller proportion of imported wood than any other province. Less than one twelfth of the wood used in Manitoba was Canadian-grown and practically none of it was produced in the province of Manitoba. Over nine-tenths of the wood used in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island was native-grown wood. All the wood imported for implements and vehicles was used in Ontario ami Manitoba. Quebec and Nova Scotia, which together imported 25,000,000 feet of tim- ber for car and furniture manufacturing, imported only a little over 100,000 feet for implements and vehicles. The cost of imported timber was 100 per cent greater than that of native timber, even though the imported timber is not much, if any, superior in quality to Canadian timber. Of the three provinces using practically all the wood the average price was lowest in Quebec, where practically all native wood was used, and highest in Mani- toba, where nearly all the wood used was imported and carried high transportation charges. Implement and vehicle manufacturing is handicapped in Manitoba by the fact that the province furnishes no suitable woods, that Canadian woods cost $17.82 more than in Ontario and that imported woods cost $13.70 more than in Ontario. Native woods appear cheaper in Quebec than in Ontario because the expensive species of wood used in Ontario were not used in any quantity in Quebec. Table 9 gives the total quantity and total cost of each species of wood used in the manufacture of implements and vehicles, the per cent each species forms of the total, the total quantity, total cost, average cost and proportion native-grown or im- ported of each species. WooD-I7siNG Industries, 1910 23 TABLE 9. Tl-MBKR USKU BY AgKUIULTUUAL TMIM.l-3rKNT AND VkIIICLK ArANL'KAC TCRER.S OF CaNADA, DY Origin and Speciks: Total Quantity, Total Cost, Per Cent Distribution, with Quantity, Total Cost and Average Cost of Canadian and Imported Timber Used. Species. Total Quantttt Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. 1 Average cost perM. Per Cent of Total. Total t Mft. B.M. 76,474 $ 2,513.265 100 Mft. B.M- 49,964 1,230,071 S cts. 24 64 65-3 Elm Basswood Yfillow Pine 11,360 10,932 10.607 9,881 7,477 4,828 4,823 4,667 4,629 2,087 1,458 1,2G1 856 378 172 150 108 90 79 63 69 34 21 20 5 5 1 262,224 295,708 571,322 243,097 279.588 133,388 109,411 245,063 111,102 35,767 68,576 40,682 57,647 14.452 3,177 2,250 11,146 3,603 1,508 1,029 849 1,019 455 2,400 88 75 16 14-9 14-4 13-9 130 9-9 6-4 6-4 61 61 2-8 20 1-7 1-2 0-5 0-3 0-2 01 01 01 01 01 01 11,119 10,836 1,713 9,140 253,233 289,555 64,644 218.452 22 77 1 26 72 37 74 23 90 97-9 99-1 16-1 92-5 Ash Birch Hickory Pino * 4,042 4,549 615 4,615 2,087 98,834 , 95,341 22,054 110,738 35,767 3,761 24 45 20 97 35 85 24 00 17 14 39 19 83-7 94-3 13-2 99-7 Spruce Cottonwood 100 6-6 Tulip'. ■.■.■.■.■.;.'!;... ■;..;.. Cypress Hemlock 1 1 172 150 65 75 79 63 59 34 21 3,177 2.250 6,760 2,843 1,508 1,029 849 1,019 455 18 47 15 00 104 00 37 90 19 11 16 33 14 39 29 94 21 66 100 100 Black Cherry 60-2 Douglas Fir 83-4 Cedar Beech Balsam Fir Aspen Poplar Chestnut Mahogany Tamarack or larch Ironwood Butternut 100 100 100 100 100 5 5 1 88 75 16 17 60 15 00 16 00 100 100 100 Impobtbd Timber. Total 26,510 1,283,194 48 40 34-7 Elm .. . 1J 8,894 741 7,477 786 274 4,052 14 8,991 6,153 506,678 24,645 279,588 34,554 14,070 223,009 364 37 30 64 09 57 07 33 26 37 39 43 96 51 35 55 03 26 00 2-1 Maple 0-9 Oak . . 83-9 7-5 Yellow Pine 100 Ash 16-3 Birch . 6-7 Hickory 86-8 Pii^_ ::::;;:;;:::::::.:.:.:.; 0-3 i,362 1,261 856 378 64,815 40,682 57,647 14,452 47 65 32 26 67 35 38 24 93-4 Gum 100 Tulip .. 100 100 Hemlock 43 15 4,386 760 102 00 50 66 39-8 Douglas Fir . 16-6 Cedar Beech r^lioafniif Mahogany 20 2,400 120 00 100 j Butternut ' ' ' Includes white and red pine. t Less than one-tenth of one per cent. t Includes a small iimount not identified by species. 24 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 24 There were twenty-seven woods used in 1910 for vehicle and implement manu- facturing, as compared with twenty-five used for furniture and cars. The woods used for implements and vehicles, hut not for furniture and cars, were hickory, i-ypress, balsam poplar, cedar, balsam fir and ironwood.* The woods used for furniture and cars, but not for implements and vehicles, were chiefly ornamental woods; they were black walnut, Circassian walnut, teak and Spanish cedar. The species forming- over ten per cent each of the total used for agricultural implements and vehicles were elm, maple, oak and basswood. The species forming over ten per cent each of the total used for furniture and cars were yellow pine, oak, maple and birch. Out of the total of twenty-seven species in table 9, nineteen are wholly or chiefly produced in Canada, viz., elm, maple, basswood, ash, birch, pine, spruce, hemlock, balaaui poplar, black cherry, Douglas fir, cedar, beech, balsam fir, aspen poplar, chest- nut, tamarack, ironwood and butternut. Eight species are wholly or chiefly imported, viz. : Oak, yellow pine, hickory, cottonwood, gum, tulip, cypress and mahogany. Yellow pine and oak make up the greater part of the wood imported for the manfufacture of furniture and cars. Oak, yellow pine and hickory make up the greater part of the wood imported for agricultural implements and vehicles. The woods used for implements and vehicles are necessarily strong, tough and hard, only a 'small proportion of finishing woods being used. Elm is the chief wood used for implements and vehicles in Canada; in 1910 it constituted nearly fifteen per cent of the total. Only about two per cent of the elm used in Canada was imported; $22.79 was paid for Canadian elm and $37.30 for im- ported elm. Elm includes rock elm and white elm. Rock elm is stronger than maple, but not as stiff. It is twice* as tough as maple and a little harder. Rock elm is considerably stronger than white elm and about 45 per cent harder. White elm is tougher than maple. Rock elm increases in hardness with increase in weight. Elm is, because of its strength, hardness, toughness and comparative cheapness, admirably fitted for use in all iiuplements and vehicles. Rock elm is especially used for hubs, spokes and vehicle bodies; it is also used for the frames of practically all implements except where stiffness is particularly required. Soft elm is used for plough handles, for light implement frames and for crating. Elm was used to a gTeater extent for implements and vehicles than for furniture and cars. It was eighth on the list in the latter industry. The cost was the same to both classes of manufacturers. Almost as much maple was used as elm. Nearly 11,000,000 feet were used in 1910, less than one per cent of which was imported. The cost of the native maple was $26.72, the cost of the imported, $64.09. Maple includes red and sugar maple. There is very little difference in stiffness between the two species. Red maple is slightly tougher than sugar maple. Sugar maple is twenty-five per cent harder than red maple. The strength and toughness of red maple increases with slowness of growth. The hardness of red and sugar maple increases with increase of weight. Sugar maple weighs when green, 56-40 pounds per cubic foot, when dry, 36- 00 pounds per cubic foot, and has a modulus of rupture of 88-20 pounds per square inch. Red maple weighs when green, 54-60 pounds per cubic foot, when dry, 32-31 pounds per cubic foot, and has a modulus of rupture of 8,310 pounds per square inch. Sugar maple is used for wagon and buggy axles, and generally in wagon work ; it is used for the frames of implements chieflv when stiffness is required. Hard maple is increasingly used as a substitute for oak. Red maple is used in light implements and in heavy implements where hardness and stiffness are not particularly required. Almost fifty per cent more maple was used for furniture and cars, where it was third in the list, than for implements and vehicles. The proportion of Canadian- * The species liere called ' ironwood ' is that which also goes by the name of ' hop horn- beam ' and is known Ijotanically as Ostrya virgin iana. Wood-Using iNnrsxRTEs, 1010 25 grown wood was the same in both ^industries, but the average cost was $5.08 less to the furniture and car manufacturers than to the implement and vehicle industry. Though practically all the oak used in Canada must be imported, practically no class of manufacturers can get along without it. It combines so well the valuable qualities of strength, hardness, toughness, stiffness and beauty of grain. Over 10.- 500,000 feet were used for implements and vehicles in 1910, of which five-sixths was imported at $57.07 per thousand, and one-sixth produced in Canada at $37.74 per thousand. Oak is the most ex'pcnsive wood used in large quantities and a greater total amount is paid for oak than for any other species. Several species of white and red oak are imported and classified as oak. Over fifty per cent more oak is used for furniture and cars than for implements and vehicles. About 97 per cent of the oak used for furniture and cars is imported. The cost of the wood imported for furniture and cars is $41.56. the cost of the wood imported for implements and vehicles is $57.07. an indication that the vehicle and implement wood is of a higher grade. The fourth wood used for implements and vehicles is basswood, of which nearly 10,000,000 feet were used in 1910. Eleven twelfths of the basswood used was native- grown at $23.90 per thousand, one twelfth imported at $33.26 per thousand. Most of the imported basswood came from ^faiue. Basswood is a light, tough, fairly strong, smooth, easily worked, even-grained wood. It is used for bent work and panels in light vehicles aud for panels, tables and boxes in implements. It is largely used for wagon and buggy boxes. About 33 per cent more basswood was used for imple- ments and vehicles thaii for furniture and cars. All the basswood used for furniture and cars was native-grown, costing $23.07. almost one dollar less than the $23.90 paid by manufacturers of implements and vehicles. All the yellow pine used is imported from the southern States. About 7,500,000 feet of yellow pine were used in 1910, costing $37.39 per thousand. Yellow pine is a hard, stiff, strong wood used for wagon boxes and tongues, for implement tongues and frames. For these uses Douglas fir might be used as a substitute for yellow pine as discussed above. Almost three times as much yellow pine is used for cars and furniture, chiefly cars, as for implements and vehicles. Evidently a higher grade is used for imple- ments than for cars, the average price of the car timber being $25.35. The car works buy in larger quantities than do the implement works. About 4,500,000 feet of hickory were used for vehicles and implements in 1910. Several species of hickory are included, but the chief are shagbark, bitternut and mockemut. Hickory was once fairly plentiful in the agricultural region of southern Ontario but is now almost commercially extinct. About one-eighth of the hickory used in 1910 was produced in Canada, seven-eighths was imported from the United States. The average cost of the imported hickory, $55.03, was over 50 per cent greater than the cost of the Canadian wood. Hickory, because of its toughness, elasticity, hardness and strength, is used chiefly in vehicle manufacture for automobile and buggy spokes, buggy poles, axles, axle caps, cross-bars, wagon-reaches, double-trees, single-trees, shafts, tongues, felloes, gears, rims, sledge handles, pick handles and small tool handles. It is also used in agi-icultural implements where strength and elasticity are required, as in. pitman shafts in mowers. Much of the hickory used in Canada in vehicle manufacturing is imported already shaped and is not repre- sented in table 10, No hickory is used in furniture or car building. Hickory is a wood, the available supply of which is rapidly decreasing. It will be necessary before many years to use different Canadian woods as substitutes for hickory. Nearly 5,000,000 feet of ash were used in this industry in Canada in 1910. White ash and black are both used, tlie latter in large quantities. About 84 per cent of the ash used is native-grown, costing $24.45; 16 per cent is imported, costing $43.96. Ash is neither so strong nor so stiff as maple, birch, oak or elm, but it is tough and FORE.ST RESOuuOUi) 26 Forestry BRA^'CH Bulletin 'Ro. 24 elastic and is a staple wood for implement frames and panelling, for plough-beams, ribs for buggy tops, buggy bodies, frames for otlier vehicle bodies, wagon beds, gears, sills, hames, small tool handles and long handles. Nearly 40 per cent more ash is used for implements and vehicles than for furni- ture and cars. A larger proportion of ash is imported for agricultural implements and vehicles than for furniture and cars. This is partially due to the fact that black ash is suitable for furniture, whereas implement and vehicle manufacturers prefer white ash, which is not so plentiful in Canada as the black. Almost as much birch as ash is used in Canada. Nearly 5,000,000 feet of birch were used in 1910, 94-3 per cent of which was produced in Canada at $20.97 per thou- sand, and 5-7 per cent of which was imported at $51.35 per thousand. It is noticeable that birch is the cheapest Canadian hardwood used in any quantity. Yellow birch is the birch chiefly used. Birch is hard, strong, stiff, and is used for agricultural implement frames and siding, for automobile bodies, wagon sills, hubs and axles, for sleigh runners and benches and for carriage frames. Birch is abundant in Canada and its use is certain to increase. Less than one-third as much birch is used for implements and vehicles as for furniture and cars. That used for furniture cost $1.76 less than that used for implements. White and red pine together supply over 4,500,000 feet annually for implements and vehicles. This is practically all produced in Canada at a cost of $24 per thou- sand. Pine is light, fairly strong, is easily worked and is used for pattern-stock panels, partitions, seats and boxes for implements and vehicles, for the frames of light implements, buggy bodies and for crates and boxes. Less than half as much pine is used for implements and vehicles as for furniture and cars. That used for implements and vehicles is the more expensive by $3.62 per thousand. The above nine woods formed over nine tenths of the total consumption. Over 2,000,000 feet of spruce are used each year in the industry. The spruce is native-grown, costing $17.14 per thousand, and is the cheapest wood used in any quantity. Spruce is light, elastic, of medium strength and is used chiefly in imple- ments for panels, boxes and light attachments, and in vehicles for wagon boxes, buggy bodies and seats and generally for shipping packages. Nearly five times as much spruce was used for furniture and cars as for implements and vehicles. About 1,500,000 feet of eottonwood are used annually for implements and vehicles in Canada. Practically the whole of this is imported from the central United States at a cost of $47.65 per thousand. Less than 100,000 feet are secured in Canada. This wood is confused with aspen, balsam poplar, and tulip. Cotton- wood is white, light, of medium strength, is easily worked and holds its place iwell. lit is used for buggy and cutter boxes and seats, for wagon beds and boxes, and for panels, sidings and boxing in implements. Very little eottonwood is iised for furni- ture and cars. Gimi is a hardwood not native to Canada in commercial quantities, which is imported for use in the implement industry. About 1,250,000 feet of gum were used in 1910 at an average cost of $32.26 per thousand. Gum is hard, strong and elastic and is used chiefly by the largest implement factories for wagon boxes, wagon beds, buggy and wagon hugs, automobile bodies, buggy bodies and implement frames. Fifty per cent more gum is used for implements and vehicles than for furniture and cars. Approximately the same price is paid by each industry. The timber woods discussed above are those which are used in quantities of one million feet or more per year. With the exception of tulip the remaining woods are comparatively unimportant. About 850,000 feet of tulip, were used in 1910, all of which was imported at a cost of $67.35 per thousand. Tulip (known also as whitewood or yellow poplar), is a light, tough wood, easily worked and free from warping or checking. It is used for bent work or panels in carriages and automobiles, for buggy-seats, wagon^boxes. Wood- Using Industeies^ 1910 27 vehicle bodies and implement panels. Cottonwood, poplar and pine are being sub- stituted for tulip. More tulip was used for implements and vehicles than for fur- niture and cars. This wood cost the same to each industry. Over one-third of a million feet of cypress was used in 1910. The wood is native to the southern coast of the United States, whence it was imported at $38.24 per thousand. Cypress is a heavy, strong, fairly hard, very durable wood, which is easily worked and exceptionally free from warping or checking. It is used chiefly in imple- ment manufacturing. A quantity is used for wagon beds. It is admirably adapted for use in those farm implements which are likely to be exposed to the weather, and in consideration of its qualities is much cheaper than the elm, ash, birch, cotton- wood and gum which were imported in large quantities. No cypress was used for furniture or car building. Of the thirteen species which were used in small quantities, hemlock, balsam poplar, cedar, balsam fir and aspen poplar, were used where strength was not required for siding or crating, chiefly for implements; Douglas fir, beech, chestnut, tamarack and ironwood were used chiefly for implements in the building of frames. Black cherry, mahogany and butternut were used for finishing i)urposes. In table 10 is given the total quantity, total cost and per cent distribution by species of the timber used in agricultural implement and vehicle manufacturing in Ontario in 1910, together with the total (luantity, total cost, average cost per thousand feet and proportion of Canadian and imported wood used of each species. 28 FoKESTBY Branch Bulletin No. 24 TABLE 10. Timber used by Agricultural Implement and Vehicle Manufacturers, 1910, in Province of Ontario, by Origin and Species : Total Quantity, Total Cost, Per Cent Distribution and Average Cost per M B.P. Total Quantity Used. (Canadian and Imported.) Canadian Timber. Species. Quantity. Cost. Per Cent Distri- bution. Quantity. Cost. Average cost perM. Per Cent of Total. Total it) Mft.B. M. 67,781 $ 2,200,187 100 Mft.B. M. 44,513 $ 1,111,394 S cts. 24.97 65.6 Elm 11,113 10,185 8.687 8,644 7,442 4,454 4,124 4,086 3,203 1,433 1,232 1,219 778 368 150 149 65 51 50 49 21 20 13 10 5 5 1 254,392 271,507 443,969 208,446 277,968 229.717 112,95(8 98,035 74,788 67,326 39,530 21,949 52,426 13,906 2,250 2,728 6,760 824 2,093 1,238 455 2,400 410 150 88 75 16 16.8 15.1 12.8 12.8 11.0 6.6 6.1 6.1 4.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 10,947 10, 180 1,625 8,371 2^8,521 271,269 59,8.59 199,273 22.70 26.65 36.22 23.80 98.6 Maole 100 Oak ::::::.:.. 18.7 96.9 Voll/^lIT PlTlP Hickory .... 611 3,407 4,086 3,203 71 21,753 82, .566 98,035 74,788 2,511 35 60 24 22 21 54 23 35 35 37 13.3 82.6 Pine* 100 Birch 100 Cottonwood 5.1 Gum 1,219 21,949 18 00 100 Tulip Balsam Poplar iso 149 65 51 50 49 21 2,250 2,728 6,760 824 2,093 1,238 455 15 00 18 21 104 00 16 15 41 86 25 26 21 66 100 100 Black Cherry 100 Beech 100 100 Cedar 100 Chestnut 100 13 10 5 5 1 4i6 150 88 75 16 31 54 15 00 17 60 15 00 16 00 100 Balsam Fir Tamarack or Larch Ironwood 100 100 100 Sycamore 100 Imported Timber, Total (J).. 23,268 1,088,793 46.81 34.4 EIju 166 5 7,062 273 7,442 3,843 717 5,871 238 384,110 9,173 277,968 207,964 30,392 35.37 47.60 54.45 33.60 37 35 54 11 42 39 1.4 Maple t Oak 81.3 3.1 Vellniir Pinp . . . 100 Hickory 86.7 Ash 17.4 Pine* ::::;::::: ;;:::;;::: riottnnwnnrl 1,362 1,232 64,815 39,530 47 65 32 08 94.9 Gum 100 778 52,426 13,906 67 39 37 80 100 100 Black Cherrv Beech Cedar . Chp »< Saskatchewan ^4 3^ >, •» British Columbia '5 32 ., ., Ontario 18 28 ,, ,, The averag^e price ot lumber in Canada for 1910 was sixty cents per thousand less than in 1909. The cost was lower in all the provinces except Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, which having comparatively small quantities did not aflfect the averag-e price for Canada. The high average value in Ontario (nearly $3.00 per thousand more than in any other province) is due to the large cut of white pine, which was over 50 per cent of the province's cut and was worth $20.83 per thousand. The better quality of the lumber produced in British Columbia as compared with the production of the prairie provinces may be seen by a comparison of prices. The average price at the mills of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan was $14.32 per thousand, the prices in these three provinces varying only ten cents per thous- and. The price of lumber at the mills of British Columbia was exactly $1.00 more, or $15.32 per thousand. British Columbia lumber is shipped and sold in the prairie provinces along with the lumber produced at the seat of consumption, so that to give an accurate comparison of the prices which consumers are willing to pay for lumber from British Columbia and lumber grown right at hand, freight charges and cost of handling must be added to the cost of the western lumber. The following diagram shows graphically the relative lumber production ol the different provinces : DIAGRAM NO. 1. LUMBER PRODUCTION. BY PROVINCES 1910 PROVINCES MILLIONS OF BOARD FEET ONTARIO BRITISH COL QUEBEC NEW BRUNSWICK NOVA SCOTIA SASKATCHEWAN ALBERTA MANITOBA PRINCE EDWARD | ISLAND ■ I I I FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. Table 2 gives the relative production of lumber by species in 1909 and 1910, together with the per cent of increase or decrease in 1910, the total value of each species in 1910, the percentage each comprised of the total cut, and the average value per thousand for the two years. Lumber Cut, 19 10, per M Ft. B M tion, 1910. TABLE 2. BY Species : Quantity Cut, Total Value and Average Value , with Per Cent of Increase over 1909 and Per Cent Distribo- Species Total. Spruce White Pine.. Douglas Fir. . Hemlock . Cedar ... ... Yellow Pine. . Red Pine .... Larch or Tam- arack Balsam Birch Maple Bass wood. . . . Elm Jack Pine .... Beech Ash Oak ; . . . Poplar Hickory Chestnut .... Butternut . . . Walnut Cherry Tulip Sycamore .... Alder Rank 1909. 20 1910 Quantity 1909. M Ft, B. M. 3,814,942 l,l:il,949 1,046,783 469,6.58 302,721 189,391 26,975 165,886 68,720 91,065 53,016 43,072 42,506 34,697 27,819 15,036 17,144 6,646 7,457 835 51 1910. M Ft B. M. 4.901,649 1,300,031 1,004,620 717,476 453,768 406,821 182,1 180,088 165,122 123,920 71,181 60,547 [50,448 42,' ~ 40,234 18,565 17,310 8,718 8,001 693 380 281 273 73 20 13 4 Per Cent of Incre'se over 1909 28.5 C) (M 15.5 4.0 52.7 49.9 114 582.0 8.5 140.2 36.1 34.2 40.5 18.6 23.7 42, 23.4 0, 31.3 7.3 17. 435.3 Total Value of Lumber 1910, 77,503,187 17,618,215 20,511,( 11,086,354 5,650,( 6,255,589 2,923,058 3,015,311 2,512,490 1,620,292 223,909 050,' 925,223 771,) 590,934 230,a40 325,108 259,076 117,760 27,453 8,300 5,547 10,717 1,953 600 250 Per Cent Distiibution of Total Cut 1909. 100.0 29.5 27.4 12.3 7.9 5.0 0.7 4.4 1.8 2.4 1-4 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0-- 1910. 100.0 26.5 20.5 14.7 9.3 8.3 3.8 3.7 3.4 2.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.4 0,4 0.1 0.1 (') {') {') {') 8 Average Value per M ft. B. M. 1909. $ c 16 41 14 55 21 55 14 58 11 81 13 96 12 82 16 76 14 95 12 85 18 68 16 93 19 68 17 09 14 .5814 14 36 12 47 18 40 18 78 29 97 29 72 13 57 14 71 26 47 39 61 21 84 19 03 39 26 26 75 30 00 19 23 19 25 1910. 15 81 13 55 20 41 15 45 12 45 15 37 15 95 16 75 15 21 13 07 17 19 17 a5 18 34 17 97 47 84 (^) Decrease. (*) No reports for this species in 1909. (■'') Less than one tenth of one per cent. (*) Except in the total, no figures are given in this table of lumber not identified by species in the reports received. Of the twenty six native species of wood cut in 1910, the first nine in import- ance are coniferous, or "soft", woods. Spruce is the most important lumber wood in Canada, constituting over one quarter of the total cut. Spruce and white pine form hardly one half of the 1910 cut, while in 1909 these two species made up nearly three fifths of the total. This is due, not to a decrease in cut, but to a very great increase in the amount of Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar and yellow pine pro- duced in British Columbia. One quarter of the 1909 cut was formed by these four species, while in the 1910 distribution they gained over 50 per cent on the former percentage. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 7 White pine lumber is undergoing- a gradual evolution in its importance to the lumber industry. Up to three years ago, white pine stood at the top of the list, when it was supplanted by spruce, although the actual cut of the former species had not decreased. The prediction of last year that white pine had nearly reached its maximum cut has proved true, for this year the 1909 cut was decreased by 4 per cent, namely, 42, 163,000 feet. The increase of western species has been considerable. 247,000,000 feet and 151,000,000 feet more of Douglas fir and hemlock, respectively, were cut in 1910 than in 1909. Cedar, another wood cut largely in British Columbia, showed an increase of 1 14.8 per cent, or 217,430,000 feet over 1909, the next to largest actual increase shown by any species. The cut of western yellow pine increased nearly 600 per cent in British Columbia during one year. This increase of 155,991,000 feet was sufficient to raise it from fourteenth to sixth place in importance. Thus it surpassed red pine, larch, balsam fir, and the four most important hardwoods. An increase of nearly 100,000,000 feet, or 140 per cent, in the larch cut was sufficient to give it eighth place over balsam fir, which itself also increased over one third. Other woods showing increases larger than the average were birch, maple, jack pine, oak and walnut. Beech, by an increase of 23.4 per cent, took fifteenth place from ash. Similarly oak usurped poplar's position. Hickory, owing to a falling-off in Ontario's cut of 187,000 feet, was the only other species besides white pine which did not have a total increased cut. Several groves of walnut were cut last year, wh'ch resulted in an increase of 435 per cent over 1909. Six other species have been added to the list of native woods reported as cut in Canada. These are chestnut, butternut, cherry, tulip, sycamore and alder, together amount- ing to 771,000 feet. The decrease of 60 cents per thousand in the average price in lumber in Canada during 1910 is mainly due to the lower price of spruce and white pine, which together form nearly one half of the lumber output. The cost of spruce fell off $1.00 per thousand in 1910, the price being $14.55 i" 1909. The price ot white pine in 1909 was $21.55, ^"'^ $20.41 or $1.14 less in 1910, The softwoods have increased in price, particularly the western species (Douglas fir, cedar and yellow pine). The price of hemlock, larch and jack pine increased slightly, and red pine prices remained the same. The hardwoods which were cut in any quantity also increased in price, except birch, basswood, beech and poplar. The greatest decrease was with birch, the price of which fell off $1.49 per thousand. Hickory had the greatest increase in price of any species ; the 1909 price was $26.47, and the 1910 price was $39.61, or $13.17 more. Walnut, a species of small importance to the lumber industry, had the greatest decrease in price of any species, the 1910 price being $8.58 less than in 1909. There were two species of which Canada cut a larger amount in 1910 than the United States did in 1909, namely, cedar and balsam fir. Nearly 60,000,000 feet more of cedar were cut in Canada in 1910 than in the United States in 1909. Similarly, over 15,000,000 feet more of balsam fir was cut in Canada than in the United States. Comparing the Canadian figures for 1910 with the United States figures for 1909 (the latest available) it is found that spruce is the only other timber in the output of which Canada nearly equals the United States. The cut of spruce for the United States in 1909 was 1,748,547,000 feet, which is 448,516,000 feet more than was cut in Canada in igio. In other important timbers the cut in the United States was many times that in Canada, there being nearly four times as much white pine, seven times as much Douglas fir and hemlock, about ninety times as much yellow pine, seventeen times as much maple and nearly five hundred times as much oak produced in the United States as in Canada. 8 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. »5. Diagram 2 represents graphically the relative quantities of lumber of different species produced in 1910. DIAGRAM NO. 2. LUMBER PRODUCTION, BY SPECIES 1910 1 SPECIES MILLIONS OF BOARD FEET | tSO SOO T50 »ooo -.^so «SOO |{ 1 SPRUCE 2 WHITE PINE 3 DOUGLAS FIR _____^_ ^ ™™™™ lEHEMIII EamiBiDDi unnmiEi w^am ^H^ 1^^ '"""™ 4 HEMLOCK 5 CEDAR 6 YELLOW PINE ^^ HB HBE9BH1 ^^HB ■BH 7 RED PINE HSB 8 LARCH WBsm 9 BALSAM mm 10 BIRCH B II MAPLE ■ 12 BASSWOOD B .3 ELM ■ i 14 JACK PINE ■ IS BEECH ■ .6 ASH 1 .7 OAK 1 .8 POPLAR 1 19 HICKORY a to CHESTNUT 1 t. BUTTERNUT t» WALNUT ai CHERRY 2. TULIP *. SYCAMORE ** ALDER LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 9 The relative quantities of hardwoods and softwoods produced in Canada in 1910 are shown in Table 3, with the quantities of the leading- species. TABLE 3. Softwoods vs. Hardwoods: Comparison of Quantities of Each produced Canada, 1910. Softwoods. Habdwoods. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Total MFt.B.M. 4,575,046 1,300,031 1,004,620 717,476 453,768 406,821 182,966 180,088 165,122 123,920 40,234 Total .... Birch MFt.B.M. 279,443 71,181 White Pine...,' Maple 60,547 50,448 Hemlock Elm 42,936. Cedar Beech 18,565 Yellow Pine . Ash Oak 17,310 Red Pine . . 8,718 Larch or Taui xrack Poplar 8,001 Balsam Fir. . Hickorv 693 Jack Pine .. Others (') 1.044 (^) Includes seven less importa,nt species. Here it is shown that softwoods comprise 94.3 per cent of the total lumber cut in Canada ; hardwoods (most of them ot the less valuable species) make up the remaining- 5.7 per cent, which is exactly the same proportion as in 1909. In the United States during- 1909 the softwoods contributed 76.2 per cent of the total and hardwoods 23.8 per cent. Table 4 shows how the deficiency in Canadian hardwoods is made up by import- ations. The fig-ures for the imports are for the calendar year 1910 and were furnished by the Department of Trade and Commerce. 1€ FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 1^5. TABLE 4. Imported vs. Native Hardwoods : Comparison of Quantities of Hardwoods Im- ported into Canada with those produced in Canada, 1910. Hard and Finishing Woods Imported. Hardwoods Cut in Canada. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Total MFt.B.M. 160,699 83.919 55,084 15,495 2,749 1,954 811 559 78 43 7 Total M Ft. B.M. 279,443 71,181 Hard Pine Birch Oak C0,547 50,448 42,936 18,565 17,310 8,718 Cherry, Chestnut, Gumwood, Hickory. Whitewood Mahogany White Ash Basswood Elm Beech Ash Oak Walnut 8,001 Redwood Rosewood Svcftmore Hickory Chestnut Butternut 698 380 281 Walnut 273 Cherry Tidip 73 20 13 Alder 4 In addition to the sawn lumber included in this table, there were imported, during- 1910, railway ties, logs (nearly all hardwood), bolts for handles, heading, staves and shingles and oak staves to a total value of $2,105,130. The total value of hardwoods imported into Canada during 1910, including hard pine (usually a substitute for Canadian hardwood) was $7,448,935, which is two and a quarter million dollars more than in 1909. The total value of the hardwood lumber pro- duced in Canada in 1910 was $4,958,450 — $952,930 more than in 1909. The value of the hardwoods imported into Canada during 1910 exceeded by 50 per cent the value of the hardwoods manufactured into lumber in Canada dur- ing 1910. Nearly all these imports are from the United States, for Canada is dependent on that country for the greater part of her supplies of such valuable hardwoods as oak, hickory, whitewood (tulip or yellow poplar), chestnut, gum, walnut, cherry and all the hard pine which is so frequently used as a hardwood. From the above figures it is seen that Canada is becoming more and more dependent upon the United States, whose available supply for export is surely and rapidly disappearing. It is evident that whatever can be done to improve the hardwood resources of Canada, particularly the small woodlots of Ontario, should be done with all possible speed. Lumber Production by Species Tables 5 to 30 show by provinces the product on of each^'of the different spe- cies of lumber in 1909 and 1910, the value in 1910 and the number of active mills reporting. The order in which the species are discussed is that of their relative im- portance according to the production in 1910, as shown in Table 2. Since saw- mills usually cut more than one kind of lumber an individual mill will, in many cases, appear repeatedly in the various tables. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 191<5. 11 SPRUCE Under this heading- are included all the different species ot spruce found in Canada. From Saskatchewan to the Atlantic white spruce predominates, with a small percentagfe of black spruce. In Alberta the cut is about evenly divided be- tween white and Eng-elmann spruce; in British Columbia Engelmann spruce pre- dominates, with a g-ood percentage of tideland or Sitka spruce. TABLE 5. Spruce Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. Canada Quebec . New Brunswick Nova Scotia British Columbia Ontaiio Sa.skatchewau Alberta Manitoba Prince Edward Island. No. of Active Mills 1 Re port- j ing. i Quantity. Per Cent Tot^l Distri- Value, bution. inio. litlO ii)](). 1.652 842 105 213 72 300 13 37 31 MFt.B.M. ,124.049 M Ft. B. M. 1,300,031 100.0 356, 266, 169. 49. 98, 87 42 54 1 6,50 443 316 (KH5 586 Mo 108 ,515 ,280 422, »41, 161, 12:3, 99, 74. 38, 3;-j, 2, 561 577 I I f>4;5 I 6.39 171 i 117 32-5 26-3 12-5 9-5 7-7 5-7 2-9 2-7 0-2 Atbragb Value rEB M Bd. Ft. 1909. $ c. 17,618,216 14 55 13 OB 1910. $ •. 5,613,613 14 28 4,-521,464 15 44 2,133,311 1198 1,698,812 13 44 1,487,980 16 21 1,073,947 LB 54 556,898 15 96 505,742 13 86 26,448 1153 13 28 13 23 1317 13 70 14 92 14 38 14 50 14 28 12 4S Mills to the number of 1652, or 60 per cent, of Canadian mills, cut spruce, which is a greater number than for any other species. Over half of these are sit- uated in Quebec and cut small amounts, as do Ontario's mills, which, although more numerous than in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia, do not cut as much spruce. Spruce is the only lumber in Canada that is cut in each of the nine provinces. g|^ 5mSS As previously, Quebec was the chief spruce-producing province in 1910, pro- ducing nearly one third of the total spruce in Canada. New Brunswick ranked second, with approximately one third of a billion feet, which was an increase of 75,134,000 teet over 1909, and the greatest increase in spruce of any province. Nova Scotia produced 7,318,000 feet less than in 1909, while Ontario cut a little over a million feet more. British Columbia cut 74,919,000 feet more in 1910 than in 1909, and' more than doubled the province's percentage of the total spruce cut in Canada. Saskatchewan and Manitoba also fell back some twelve and nine million feet respectively. Alberta, like the other western prairie provinces, had a decreas- ed cut, and Prince Edward Island had a slight increase. The report shows a very small range of prices. Throughout Canada the price of spruce lumber decreased ^i during 1910. It was most expensive in Ontario at $14.92, and cheapest in Prince Edward Island, as in 1909, at $12.49. u FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. U. The 1910 cut of spruce in Quebec exceeded the 1909 cut in Maine, the import- ant spruce state of the United States, by 1,264,000 feet. The average price in Maine was $17.25 per thousand, as compared with $14.28 in Quebec for 1909; the average price in the United States was $16.91, or 35 cents more than in 1908, while the average price in Canada was $14.55 — $2-36 less than in the United States. WHITE PINE White pine includes the eastern white pine {Pinus sirobus), white pine of British Columbia {Pinus Tnonticola^. and the western TABLE 6. White Pine Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. ! 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada . . 1,074 MFt. B. M. 1,046,783 M Ft. B. M. 1,004,620 100.0 $ 20 511 683 $ c. 91 KK $ c. 20 41 Ontario Quebec New Brunswick 441 425 61 102 34 887,930 62,576 30,917 35,982 30,058 40 851,757 81,a31 25,672 25,432 17,914 2,459 58 85.0 8.1 2.5 2.5 1.7 0.2 17,743,074 1,636,562 432,878 385,669 273,029 38,951 1,520 22 as 2178 14 42 13 92 14 63 (') 28 13 20 83 20 12 16 47 15 18 15 24 15 84 26 02 British Columbia Manitoba Prince Edward Island. . (*) Less than one tenth of one per cent. (^) Not reported from this province in 1909. White pine was cut by over a thousand mills throughout seven provinces in Canada during 1910, of which about equal numbers were in Ontario and Quebec. Notwithstanding this, more than ten times as much was cut by the former prov- ince — 851,757,000 feet, or 85 per cent of the total. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia, like Ontario, cut less white pine in 1910 than in 1909. The de- crease of 36,173,000 feet, or 4 percent, in Ontario is partly counterbalanced by an increase of 18,755,000 feet, or 30 per cent in Quebec and a report from Manitoba, for the first time, of 2,459,000 feet. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia cut practic- ally the same amount this year, having fallen off approximately 5,000,000 feet and 10,000,000 feet respectively. The amount cut this year in British Columbia was less by 12,244,000 feet, or 47 per cent of the 1909 cut. The average price of white pine in Canada decreased $1.14 in 1910, which makes it 33 cents per thousand more than in 1908. It was dearest where only a small quantity was cut, i. e., in Prince Edward Island, at $26.02, and cheapest in Nova Scotia, as formerly, at $15.18. The cause of the Canadian decrease in the price of white pine is seen in Ontario, the white pine province, in which province the price is $1.50 less in 1910 than in 1909. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 13 Minnesota alone of the United States exceeds Ontario in white pine produc- tion. The cut in Minnesota for 1909 was 1,308,861,000 feet, 235,248,000 feet more than Ontario's cut of 1908, and 304,241,000 ft., (23 per cent) greater than the cut in Canada for 1910. The averagfe price in Minnesota in 1909 was $17.23, as com- pared with $22.33 '" 1909 i" Ontario, and the average price in the United States was $18.16, as compared with $21.55 ^^^ ^^^ same year in Canada. DOUGLAS FIR Douglas fir in Canada is confined almost exclusively to British Columbia, where it is the chief timber. A small quantity is cut on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. TABLE 7. Douglas Fir Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. PeJ Cent 1 Total Distri- Value bution.! Average Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. i 1 1910. 1910. 1910. 1 1 1909. 1910. Canada 148 146 2 MFt. B.M. 469.658 M Ft. B. M. 717,476 100.0 $ 11.086,a54 $ c. 14 58 $c. 15 46 British Columbia Alberta 469,408 250 717,401 75 99.9 0.1 11,084,569 1,785 14 59 13 20 15 46 23 80 The Douglas fir cut of 717,476,000 feet in 1910 was an increase of 52 per cent over the 1909 cut. This was cut by 148 mills, of which only two were in Alberta, so that Douglas fir has the second largest average mill-run of any species, viz., 3,215,000 feet per mill, being exceeded by yellow pine. The cut of fir in Alberta is almost negligible, forming only one tenth of one per cent of the total. Fir increased in price 87 cents in 1910, and is $1.67 higher in price than in 1908. As compared with Washington and Oregon, the cut of fir in British Colum- ia was small; Washington cut over 3,000,000,000 feet in 1909 and Oregon half as much. HEMLOCK Under hemlock are included both the Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga heterophylla. ) Eastern and the Western species 14 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. !^5. TABLE 8. Hemlock Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Prorince. No. of Active Mills Report. ing. Quantity, Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. AVERAGK Value pkb M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Oanada ■ 1,232 M Ft. B. M. 302,721 MFt.B.M. 453,768 100.0 $ 5,650,630 $ c. 1181 $ c. 12 46 492 60 465 142 54 19 0) 162,405 22,736 55,053 47,465 14,878 169 15 211,000 103,968 67,5&t 52,211 18,748 275 46.5 22.9 14.9 11.5 4.1 0.1 2,603,551 1,491,447 817,079 540,025 195,459 3,069 12 11 13 69 1161 10 46 10 15 1180 16 67 12 34 British Columbia Quebec 14 34 12 09 Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island. . Manitoba 13 48 14 28 11 16 (^) Not reported from this province in 1910. Hemlock, cut in 1232 mills m seven provinces of Canada, makes the third of the trio, (spruce, white pine and hemlock) cut in over 1,000 mills. Each of the provinces increased its cut over 1909, so that the total cut for 1910 (453,168,000 ft.) is 50 per cent more than last year. The greatest increase last year was in Ontario, and this year also the cut of this province increased 48,595,000 ft., or 30 per cent. In 1910, however, the honor of the greatest increase is due to British Columbia, which cut 81,232,000 or 358 per cent more than last year. Quebec, with just 27 mills less than Ontario, did not cut one third of Ontario's amount, although it improved on its last year's cut by 12,511,000 feet, or 22.7 per cent. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island also had smaller increases. The price of hemlock increased 64 cents in 1910, thus be- coming one cent per thousand dearer than 1908. It was dearest itt British Columbia at $14.34 and cheapest in Prince Edward Island at $11.16. Four American states namely, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan and West Virginia, exceed Ontario in hemlock production, whereas five did so in 1909. British Columbia cut a trifle more than the state of Washington, and the price in these two divisions was $14.34 ^.nd $10.55 respectively. The. average price of hemlock in the United States for 1908 was $13.95; in Carta^^a tt was $11.81 for the same year. Under this heading are included the white cedar of the East {Thuja occident- alis), the red cedar of the Pacific coast (r-^zz/a ;>/zc«/a) and the 'cypress' of tke Pacific coast {ChamcBcyparis nootkatensis. Very little of the latter is manufactur- ed. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES. 19lu 15 The following table by no means represents the total amount of cedar used in 1910. Besides the amount listed below as lumber, poles to the value o( $1,000,000, cross-ties worth $1,500,000 and shingles worth $3,262,000 were re- ported for 1910. This is a total value for the 1910 cut of cedar of over $12,000. 000. TABLE 9. Cbdar Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. EVovince. No. of Active Mills Re port- ing. QUA.NTITY. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. AVERAOK Valuk pkr M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Oaaada 618 MFt.B.M. 189,391 M Ft. B. M. 406,821 100.0 $ 6,255,589 $c. 13 06 $ c. 15 87 British Columbia Ontario 100 221 277 18 2 140.9(M ! 315,.523 14,275 miPi?, 77-7 16-3 4,968.8:^ 982,112 13 43 15 41 12 9i) 12 29 15 00 800 15 75 14 78 Quoboc New Brunswick Manitoba Prince Edward Island. . 17,5;io 16,622 5 60 16,348 7,120 1,395 C) 4-0 1-7 0-3 210,512 72,355 21,776 12 81 10 16 15 61 (^) Not reported from this province in 1910. Cedar is another of the species which made great advance in igio. The 406,821,000 feet of this species, cut by 618 mills, is an increase of 217,430,000 feet, or 114 percent over 1909. British Columbia with not one sixth of the mills cut over three quarters of the total, and increased the 1909 cut in the province by 174,619,000 feet, or 124 per cent. An increase of 152,160,000 feet, or 365 per cent, in Ontario's cut of cedar raised it from fourth to second place, held, last year by Quebec. The cut in the last-named province is steadily decreasing, show- ing a drop of 36.5 per cent in 1909 and a further fall of 1,187,000 feet, or 6.8 per cent, in 1910. New Brunswick's cut decreased over 50 per cent, no returns were received from Prince Edward Island for this species, and for the first time a fair- sized cut was received from Manitoba. The average price of cedar throughout Canada increased $1.41 in 1910, though it is still 32 cents less than the cost of cedar in 1908. British Columbia is the sole cause of the raised price, the cedar in this province being valued at $ 1 5 75 or $2.32 more than last year. The prices in the other provinces, except Manitoba, were less than in 1909, the cheapest cedar being found in New Brunswick at $10. 16 per thousand. No state of the Union equals British Columbia in cedar production, and the 1910 cut in the province alone was 91 per cent as great as the total amount of cedar cut in the United States during 1909. The nearest approach that any single state makes to British Columbia is made by Washington, which cut 185, 952,000 feet Idaho, the second most important, cut only 28,644,000 feet, a cut which Ontario exceeds by 35,781,000 feet, or 125 per cent. The average price during 1909 was $22.88 in Washington, $13.43 in British Columbia, $19.95 ^^r the United States, and $13.96 for Canada. 1« FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. YELLOW PINE The only yellow pine cut in Canada is the western yellow or bull pine {Pinus ponderosa) of southern interior British Columbia. This should not be confused with the hard yellow pine imported in large quantities into Eastern Canada from the Southern States. TABLE lo Yellow Pine Lumber, 19 io, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report. ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada 42 MPt. B.M. 26,975 M Ft. B. M. 182,966 100 $ 2,923,058 $c. 12 82 $ e. 15 95 British Columbia 42 26,975 182,966 100 2,923,058 12 82 15 95 This species has the largest average mill cut. The 42 mills cutting yellow pine are all in British Columbia, and among them cut in 1910 182,966,000 feet or 4,356,000 feet per mill. This is 155,991,000 or 578 per cent more than was cut during 1909. By this remarkable increase yellow pine is raised from fourteenth to sixth place in importance as a timber species. Notwithstanding this increase, there are three states in the United States, each of which produces more yellow pine than British Columbia, and consequently Canada. Yellow pine in 1910 had an average mill value of $15.95, which is $3.13 more than in Canada during 1909, and $3.26 more than in the United States for 1909. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHLXGLES, 1!>10. i: RED PINE. Red Pine [Pinus rcsinosa) is confined to Eastern Canada. TABLE II. Red Pine Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Re port- ing. Quantity. Per (Vnt Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bn. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910 1909. 1910 Canada 260 MFtB.M. 165,886 MFt.B.M. 180,088 100.0 $ 3,015,311 $c. 16 76 $c. 16 75 Ontario Quebec 128 90 28 9 5 153,455 8,493 3,195 743 166,828 8,921 2,843 l.:m3 13:3 92-7 4-8 17 0-7 1 1 2,808,253 ' 17 03 145,989 14 27 38 586 1 ^ ^^ 16 83 16 25 13 57 14 35 22 (X) New Briniswick Prince Edward Island. . 19,559 2,9:i4 996 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. There was an increase of 14,202,000 feet or 8.6 per cent in the red pine cut for 1910. This was not sufficient to maintain it in sixth place, and in 1910 for the first time the red pine of the east was exceeded in output by the yellow pine of the west. In 1909 red pine lost its position of fifth to cedar. Ontario, with approxi- mately half of the 260 mills cutting red pine in Canada, produces over nine tenths of the total cut ; the cut in Ontario for 1910 exceeded that for 1909 by 13,373,000 feet, or 8.7 per cent. Quebec is second in red pine production and increased its 1909 cut by 428,000 feet or 5 per cent. This is still much below its 1908 cut. There was an increase in Nova Scotia of 352,000 feet ; New Brunswick nearly doubled its cut, and for the first time a report was received from Prince Edward Island. The average price of red pine in Canada is almost constant, having de- creased twelve cents per thousand in 1909 and one cent in 1910. The lumber from Prince Edward Island was reported at $22.00 per thousand, making it the most expensive of red pine in Canada. It was cheapest in Nova Scotia at $13.57. The United States Government reports include red with white pine, therefore a comparison cannot be made. TAMARACK. This term includes both the Eastern [Larix laricina) and the Western [Lan'x occidentalis) species. The western species is manufactured in British Columbia only. Tamarack was also used as poles to the value of $241,092 in 1910. 18 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 35. TABLE 12. Tamarack Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. AVERAGK Value per M Bd. Ft. I 1909. 1910. i 1910. i 1910. 1909. 1910. OfinnA^ 284 MFt.B. M. 68,720 M Ft. B. M. 165,122 100.0 $ 2,512,490 $ c. 14 95 .$c. 15 21 British Columbia 6 166 44,699 142,436 16,765 3,492 2,159 153 54 38 25 86-3 10-1 21 1-3 01 (') 2,169,513 265,888 44,154 29,525 1,692 855 15 38 14 87 13 54 13 11 12 15 15 50 1150 15 23 15 86 Quebec Manitoba Saskatchewan 87 1 7,713 14 I 3,895 .. i .55 4 i 16 4 ' (■■') 12 67 13 67 (1) Nova Scotia 11 06 Alberta . . 15 80 h[jrince Edward Island. . New^ Brunswick 2 1 5 563 300 14 80 12 00 Not reported from this province in 1910. {^) Less than one tenth of one per cent. (•') Not reported from this province in 1909. The cut of tamarack was 68,720,000 feet in 1909 and 165,122,000 feet in 1910, an increase of 96,402,000 feet or 140 per cent. British Columbia alone more than accounted for this increase with six mills cutting 97, 737,000 feet, or 218 percent more than in 1909. The cut in this province constituted 86.3 per cent of the total, while Ontario, with 166 mills, made up only 10 per cent of the total. Two additional provinces reported tamarack for this year. The average price of tamarack advanced 26 cents from 1909 to 1910, while an increase of $1.01 is recorded for 1909 over the year previous. Among the four important tamarack provinces this species was dearest in Ontario at $15.86, and cheapest in Quebec at $12.67. In 1909 the average price of western tamarack in the United States was $12.39, the price of eastern tamarack was $13.18. In Canada the prices were $15.38 and $14.58 respectively for the same year. BALSAM FIR The balsam fir reported by Canadian lumbermen is all the eastern species {Abies balsamea). Small quantities of the western species {Abies amabilis and Abies grandis) are cut in Alberta and British Columbia, but are not reported separately; they are probably mixed with and sold as spruce. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER. LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 19 TABLE 13. Balsam Kik Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Quantity. Report-; i 1 Per Cent Total Distri- i Value bution. ! Average Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1 1910. 1909. 1910. 810 MFt.B.M. 91,065 MFt.B.M. 123,920 100.0 $ 1,620,292 $ c. 12 85 $ c. 13 07 Quebec 550 fiQTSn 87,292 15,307 15,256 4,938 1,127 70-4 124 123 4 0-9 1,154,217 215,358 178,231 58.101 14,385 12 69 15.39 9 37 9 51 10 77 13 22 14 07 1168 1177 12 77 Ontario .... 183 ! 14! 1.^7 New Bninsvkick Nova Scotia Piince Edward Island. . 28 31 18 5,478 1,585 65 Balsam fir lost its place to larch and now stands ninth in production. The 810 mills cutting balsam fir in Canada produced 123,920,000 feet; this is 32,855,000 feet, or 36 per cent, more than in 1909. Seventy per cent of the total cut was in Quebec, which surpassed its 1909 cut by 17,512,000 feet or 25 per cent. Ontario, with 183 mills, cut 15,307,000 feet, while the 28 mills in New Brunswick cut almost the same amount, which for New Brunswick was 9,778,000 feet, or 179 per cent more than the cut of last year. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island also had increases, but together form less than five per cent of the total. The price of balsam fir lumber is gradually increasing as other species become more scarce. In 1910 it was $13.07 per thousand, 22 cents more than last year and 54 cents more than in 1908. As before, it was highest in Ontario at $14.07 and lowest in New Brunswick at $11.68. The cut of balsam fir in Canada for 1910 was 15,218,000 feet more than in the United States during 1909. Maine, producing more balsam fir than any other state, cut 36,801,000 feet, or 42 per cent less than did Quebec. The average price of balsam fir in the United States for 1909 was $1399 ; it was $12.85 i" Canada for the same vear. Birch is the hardwood which figures most extensively in the lumber trade of Canada. All species of birch are included, the most important of which is yellow birch {Betula luted). »0 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. TABLE 14. Birch Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft . Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Valuh pkr M Bd. Ft, 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. $ c. 18 68 1910. 843 M Ft. B. M. 53,016 M Ft. B. M. 71,181 KXI.O $ 1,223,909 .$ c. 17 19 Quebec 403 272 102 41 23 1 1 12,444 19,293 5,128 15,998 127 6 26 36,138 19,674 8,110 6.646 609 2 2 50-8 27-7 11-4 9-3 0-8 C) C) 644 780 360,811 101,212 107,885 9,170 31 20 1611 2176 1159 19 27 15 67 15 83 12 50 17 84 18 34 Nova Scotia 12 48 New Brunswick Prince Edward Island. . Manitoba ... British Columbia Saskatchewan 16 23 15 06 15 50 10 00 (1) Less than one tenth of one per cent. (2) None reported from this province in 1909. Birch was cut by 843 mills during 1910 and shows an increase ot 18,165,000 feet, or 34. 2 per cent, over 1909. Over one half the birch cut in Canada is produced in Quebec, which in 1909 held third place, but increased 23,694,000 feet, or 190 per cent, in its annual cut. There was a very slight increase in the cut of Ontario, which was not sufficient to maintain it in the premier position. The birch cut in- creased about 3,000,000 feet in Nova Scotia, fell off over 9,000,000 feet in New Brunswick, and was of small amounts in Prince Edward Island, Manitoba and British Columbia. The price of birch decreased $1.49 in iqio, making it only 33 cents more ex- pensive than in 1908. It was cheapest in British Columbia at $10.00 and highest in Ontario at $18 34. More than six times as much is cut in the United States yearly as in Canada Wisconsin produced annually more birch than all Canada, while Michigan and Maine produced more than did Quebec. Likewise the above three states, with Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania, each cut more than Ontario. The average price in the United States in 1909 was $16.95 > '" Canada it was $18.68. MAPLE All species of maple are included; nearly all the lumber manufactured is hard maple {Acer saccharum). LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 21 TABLE 15. Maple Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Averag^e Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value Average Value pkk M Bd. Ft. 1909 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. 1 (Jan&.cl& 736 MFt B.M. 43,072 MFt. B.M. 60,547 100.0 $ 1,050,459 $ c. 16 93 $c. 17 35 Ontario . 436 234 17 •• 36,006 3,101 1,087 2,833 45 52,186 6,578 787 598 338 60 86-2 10-9 1-3 0-9 0-6 0-1 934,577 92,581 8,553 7,456 5,492 1,800 17 48 18 38 10 27 1183 14 89 17 90 Quebec New Brvmswick 14 07 10 87 12 48 Prince Edwai-d Island . British Columbia 16 25 30 00 (M Not reported from this j^rovince in IIKIQ. In 1910, 736 mills in six provinces produced 60,547,000 feet, which exceeds the 1909 cut by 17,475,000 feet, or 40.5 per cent. In spite of this larg-e increase maple is still only eleventh in the list of Canadian woods and second in the list of hardwoods. The g^reat increase in the maple cut was in Ontario, where 86 per cent, of the maple was produced. 16,180,000 feet, or 45 per cent, more was produced in Ontario during 1910 than 1909. Quebec, with over half as many mills as Ontario, produced about one eighth of the quantity of maple. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia both suffered severe set-backs, of which Nova Scotia's was the more severe, so that New Brunswick moved up one place in the 1910 out- put. The average price of maple increased to $17.35, 4^ cents more than in 1909. As formerly, it was lowest in New Brunswick at $10.87; it was highest in Ontario at $17.90. The annual cut in the United States is about seventeen times as much as that in Canada, in 1909 the annual cut being 1,106,604,000 feet. Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and New York each cut more maple lumber per annum than Canada, and West Virginia cuts more than Ontario. The average of maple in the United States for 1909 was $15.77 and in Canada it was $16.93. BASSWOOD One species of basswood is found in Canada [Tilia ameHcana). I FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. TABLE i6. Basswood Lumber, 1910, bv Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Per i OlTANTTTV C^"^ ; Total Quantity. Distri- i Vahie. bution.j 1 AVERAGK Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910, ; 1910. ' 1910. 1 1 i 1 1909. 1910. Canada 846 MFt.B.M. 42,506 MFt.B.M, 50,448 100,0 $ 925,223 $ c. 19 68 $ c. 18 34 Ontario Quebec New Brunswick 492 353 1 29,671 12,835 1 30.256 60.0 20,182 40.0 10 j (1) i 579,478 345,645 100 19 01 2124 19 15 17 12 10 00 (') Less than one tenth of one per cent. (2) Not reported from this province in 1909. Basswood was cut by 846 mills, the greatest number cutting one species ot hardwood. The cut of basswood in Canada for 1910 was a little greater than in 1909, showing an increase of 7,942,000 feet, or 18.6 per cent. Ontario cut just half as much again as did Quebec, but the 1910 increase was nearly all in Quebec. The cut increased in this province by 7,347,000 feet, or 58 per cent. Basswood was reported from New Brunswick for the first time. The price of basswood in 1910 took a considerable drop, being $1.34 less than last year and 92 cents less than in 1908. The price in Quebec dropped $4.12 during the year. The United States produces annually nearly eight times as much basswood as does Canada; the cut in 1909 was 399,151,000 feet. Wisconsin and Michigan each cut more basswood in 1909 than Canada did in 1910, and New York state cut more than did Ontario. The average price ot basswood tor 1909 in the United States was $19.50, 16 cents less than in Canada. There are several species of elm cut in Canada of which the most important is soft elm [Ulmus americana) . Besides this amount of elm cut as lumber, nearly three-quarters as much, valued at $563,713 was used in the 1910 cooperage in- dustry of Canada. LUMBER. SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES. 1910. 23 TABLE 17. Elm Lumber, i^io, by Provi.nxes: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of i Active I Mills I Report-j Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution Canada 662 Ontario I 467 Quebec I 188 New Brunswick | 3 Nova Scotia [ 1 Prince Edward Island. . j 3 1910. 1910. Total Value. AVER.VdE Value per M Bd. Ft. 1910. 1909. 1910 MFt.B.M. MFt.B.M. 34,697 42,936 ; 100.0 32,729 1,968 38,710 4,106 79 30 11 i $ i $ c. 771,698 I 17 09 90.2 9.5 0.2 0.1 $ c. 17 97 704,170 65,372 875 1,161 120 17 09 17 03 (') (■-) 1819 15 92 1107 38 70 10 91 (^) Less than one tenth of one per cent. (2) Not reported from this province in 1909. Elm is another hardwood in the production of which Ontario leads. Of the total cut of 42,936,000 feet produced by 662 mills, nearly one quarter was an in- crease over last year. Nine tenths of the elm lumber in Canada is cut in Ontario, which produced approximately 6,000,000 feet more in 1910 than in 1909. Quebec ranked second, with 9.5 per cent., and increased its 1909 cut by 2,138,000 feet. Small reports not received before have come in from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The averag-e price of lumber increased 88 cents to $17.97, which is five cents per thousand more than the amount paid for elm in 1908. The average value per thousand ranged from $10.91 for Prince Edward Island to $38.70 for Nova Scotia. The annual production of elm in Canada and the United States is about in the same proportion as with basswood. Wisconsin and Michigan each cut more elm per year than is produced in Canada, and Indiana cuts more than Ontario. Elm had an average price in the United States for 1909 of $17.52; in Canada for the same year it was $17.09. JACK PINE The eastern species of jack pine, sometimes called grey or scrub pine, or, in Quebec, cypress, is known to botanists as Pimis Banksiana. The western species cut in British Columbia under the names of lodgepole, or black, pine is known as Pinus contorta. 24 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. TABLE i8. Jack Pine Lumber, 19 ro, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bd. Ft. i 1909. 1910. i i 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. MFt.B.M. MFt.B.M. 136 i 27,819 40,234 100.0 $ 590,934 $c. 14 58 $c. 14 68 Ontario British Cohunbia Alberta Quebec Saskatchewan Nova Scotia 46 10 10 47 1 8 5 9 13,002 6,281 4,905 1,425 220 1,575 400 11 21.891 6,050 5,546 3,267 1,108 1,040 816 516 54-4 15-2 13-8 8-1 2-7 2-6 2-0 1-2 344,998 81,449 66,781 54,638 15,998 10,944 9,516 6,610 17 51 12 84 8 47 18 63 19 43 10 02 112;5 14 10 15 76 13 46 12 04 16 72 14 44 10 52 New Brunswick Manitoba 1166 12 61 The cut of this small species of wood was carried on in 136 mills and amounted to 40,234,000 feet in 1910, an increase of 12,415,000 feet, or 42.9 per cent over the cut of 1909. Ontario contributed 55 per cent of the total and to do so increased its annual cut nearly 9,000,000 feet. British Columbia, as in 1909, shows a small increase, but still makes up 15 per cent of the total. Alberta, Quebec, Saskatch- ewan, New Brunswick and Manitoba each cut more jack pine than in 1909, while Nova Scotia's cut decreased by one third, lowering- it from fourth position to sixth. Jack pine does not grow to large size and is used chiefly for ties and min- ing props. The value of this inferior species is gradually increasing, being 12 cents more in 1910 than in 1909, and 72 cents more than the year previous. Nova Scotia supplied the cheapest jack pine at $10.52 and Quebec the most expensive at $16.72. Jack pine is called lodgepole pine in the United States report of 1909, and grows only in the western states. Over 23,000,000 feet of this variety was cut for the same purpose as in Canada, costing $16.25, $2.79 per thousand more than in British Columbia for the corresponding year. BEECH One species only of beech is cut in Canada {Fag-us ^rmidifolid). LUMBETr, square timber, lath and shingles, 1910. 25 TABLE 19. Beech Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active ; Mills [Report- QU.^NTITY. i Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bd. Ft. ing. 1 1 1 ; 1909. 1 1 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. ; M Ft. B. M. M Ft. B. M. $ $c. $c. Oanada [ 280 15,036 18,565 100 1 230,340 14 36 12 47 Ontario 102 8,224 13,473 72.6 166,448 16 01 12 35 NovaScotia .; 49 3,972 1,950 10.5 25,258 1166 12 95 Quebec .1 97 1,275 1,929 10.4 24,772 17 55 12 32 New Brunswick 13 1,495 788 4.0 ! 8,333 9 87 10 57 Prince Edward Island. 17 70 420 2.2 ; 5,462 13 33 13 00 Manitoba 1 e) 3 {') 47 (') 15 66 British Columbia .... •1 1 e) 2 (') ! 20 C) 10.00 (*) Le.ss than one tenth of one pei- cent. (^) Not reported from this province in 1909. The increase in the cut of beech, although nearly 200 per cent in 1909, was this year a little less than the average increase for the Dominion. 18,565,000 feet were cut or 3,529,000 feet more than last year. Ontario produced nearly three quarters of the total and increased its cut by 5,229,000 feet, or 64 per cent. The amount of beech cut in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick was considerably less than in 1909. Quebec's cut, like Nova Scotia's, formed over 10 per cent of the total, increasing the amount cut in 1909 by over 50 per cent. The price of beech in Canada during 1910 dropped $1.89, owing to a decrease of $3.66 in the large amount cut in Ontario. In the United States the annual cut is over 27 times as great as in Canada. Tennessee, a state eighth in importance for beech, produced approximately the same amount as did the seven provinces of Canada. The average cost of beech in 1909 was $13.25 in the United States ; $1 i.oo in Tennessee, and $14.36 in Canada. There are two species of ash cut in Canada, white ash [Fraxinus americana) and black ash {Fraxinns nigra). B6 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. ' TABLE 20. Ash Lumber, 1910, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity Per Cent i Total Distri- Value, bution. I Average Value pek M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada 651 MFt.B.M. 17,144 M Ft. B. M. 17,310 100.0 325,108 $0. 18 40 $ C- 18 78 Ontario 336 307 \ 8,782 8,312 39 9 2 8,888 8,145 252 25 51.4 47.1 1.4 0.1 185,829 133,697 5,254 328 19 95 16 78 13.51 18 46 25 00 20 99 Quebec 16 41 20 85 New Brunswick Prince Edward Island. . 13 12 (^) Not reported from this province in 1910. The mills of Canada cutting ash, 651 in number, cut only 166,000 feet (not one per cent) more in 1910 than in 1909. A little over one half was in Ontario, while Quebec supplied most of the balance. The small increase caused beech to be raised one place in importance. The increase produced by the 336 mills cutting in Ontario was 106,000 feet over last year. The decrease in Quebec more than balanc- ed this, the cut falling off 167,000 feet. Nova Scotia, the most important of the Maritime Provinces, cut 252,000 feet, or 213,000 more than in 1909. This increase puts the province ahead of its record cut made in 1908, of 236,000 feet. The average price of ash in Canada was 38 cents higher in 1910 than in 1909, and 22 cents less than in 1908. Ontario supplied the most expensive ash at $20.99, with New Brunswick a close second. Quebec received $4.58 per thousand less for its ash than did Ontario. Six states in the United States each cut more ash than is cut in Canada. The total United States cut in 1909 was 291,000,000 feet, costing an average of $24.44 per thousand ; in Canada the cost per thousand was $18.40. Only three species of oak found in Canada are sufficiently common to be of importance to the lumber industry. These are the white oak [Querciis alba)^ burr oak {Quei'cus macrocarpa) and red oak [Querciis rubra). Only small quantities of oak can now be secured in Canada, oak, like other hardwoods, being chiefly con- fined to the woodlots of Ontario. The following table, however, does not include all oak used in 191 o, as a considerable amount is used in the log by furniture companies. Burr oak or mossy-cup oak {Quercus macrocarpa)^ sometimes called a white oak, is the species of oak cut in Manitoba. This report also contains a quantity of oak imported in the log from the United States and manufactured in Canada. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 187 TABLE 21. Oak Li;mber, 1910, by Provin'CEs: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Averag-e Value per M bd. ft. No. of Per Active Cent Total Average Value pei- M bd. ft. Province Mills Quantity Distri- Value Report- bution ing 1 1909 1910 1910 1910 1909 1910 M Ft. M Ft. B. M. P.M. $ $ c .$ c Canada 365 6,646 8,718 100.0^ 259,076 29 97 29 72 Ontario 258 5,288 7,154 82-2 213,875 30 77 29 89 Quebec 82 492 1,0C7 11-6 32,255 39 28 32 03 Nova Scotia 19 864 490 55 11.145 19 84 22 74 New Brunswick 1 (•) 25 0-8 750 (') mm Prince Edward Isld.. 3 0) 22 0-2 660 30 00 Manitoba 2 2 20 0-2 391 25 00 19 55 (') Not reported from this province in 190J). The small oak groves of the provinces are still being- cut over, with the re- sult that Canada has an annual output of oak amounting to 8,718,000 ft., nearly one-third more than in 1909. Ontario supplied four fifths of the total, Quebec more than doubled the cut of last year, producing exactly 1,000,000 feet, while the cut in Nova Scotia was greatly decreased. The average cut of oak of only 22,000 feet per mill indicates in what manner the oak is scattered throughout the country. Excepting walnut and hickory, oak is the most expensive of native woods, costing $29.72 per thousand. In 1908 the price was $31.72. Oak is the most important hardwood in the United States, and is third in im- portance as a timber wood. Nearly four and a half million feet were cut in 1909, over 500 times as much as was cut in Canada for 1910. The average price for the United States was $20.50; in Canada for the same year oak was worth $9.47 more. There are several species of poplar in Canada, some of them widely distri- buted in large quantities throughout the northern timber belt. None of them are yet cut in large quantities for lumber. Those most commonly manufactured into lumber are large-toothed aspen {Populiis grandidentata), aspen poplar [Populus tremuloides) and balsam or black poplar [Popuhis balsamifera). Ontario figures may include a small quantity of yellow poplar or tulip [Linodetidron hdipiferd)^ which constitutes the poplar cut of the United States. 2S FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. TABLE 22. Poplar Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. No. of Per Active Cent Total Average Value per M bd. ft. Province Mills Quantitv Distri- Value Report- ing bution. 1909 1910 1910 1910 1909 1910 MFt. M Ft. B. M. B.M. $ $ c $ c Canada 249 7,457 8,001 100.0 117,760 13 67 14 71 Ontario 104 3,114 4,111 51.4 65,189 13 35 15 85 Quebec 98 1,962 2,255 28.2 27,582 14 75 12 23 Manitoba 14 1,412 681 8.5 7,631 13 44 11 20 Alberta . . 9 409 644 8.0 8,843 7,220 11 64 13 73 Nova Scotia 11 480 192 2.4 12 80 37 60 Prince Edward Island 6 26 49 0.6 483 12 35 985 New Brunswick 5 54 46 06 444 889 965 British Columbia. . . . 2 V) 23 0.3 368 e) 16 00 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. In the 1910 cut of poplar there was only a small increase of 7 per cent in the total cut of 8,000,000 feet. This increase was mainly in Ontario which pro- duces more than the other provinces taken together. Quebec contributed over one quarter of the total and six other provinces cut smaller amounts. Saskatche- wan was the only province which did not report some species of poplar. The average price of this unimportant species is advancing. In 1908 it was $12.45; •" 1909 it was $13.57, and this year it reached $14 71, an advance of more than one dollar per year. The poplar, or tulip {Liriodendron tulipiferd) of the United States had an average price of $25.39. Hickory is another hardwood species which is nearly extinct in Canada and is in great demand. It is now confined to stray trees in farmers' woodlots. The chief trees of this species used are shag-bark {Carya ovatd)' 2.x\6. bitternut hickory {Carya cordiformis). Considerable hickory is cut yearly and used by implement in- dustries and tor spokes, hoops and bent work which is not included in the follow- ing table. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. ^9 TABLE 23. Hickory Lumber, 19 10, by Provinces: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. It. Province No. of Active Mills Report- ing Quantity Per Cent Distri- bution Total Value Average Value per M bd. ft. 1909 1910 1910 1910 1909 1910 Canada 72 MFt. B. M. 835 M Ft. B.M. 693 100.0 $ 27,453 $ c 26 47 $ (• 39 61 61 11 815 20 628 65 90.6 9.4 26.437 1,016 26 72 16 00 42 10 Quebec 15 63 As the native supply of hickory is decreasing^ importations are increasing^. It is the only other species besides white pine for which a decreased production was reported for 1910. Only 693,000 feet were cut, or 17 per cent less than last year, which in turn did not amount to three quarters of the 1908 cut. The decrease was altogether in Ontario. Quebec does not seem to have discovered all the trees ol this species as yet, but the increase in the price of hickory will soon call them forth. In 1909 the average price of hickory was :i>6.45 greater than in 1908, and this year it became more expensive than walnut, being ^39. 61 per thousand. The production of hickory in the United States in 1909 was one third of a million feet, valued at ^30.80 per thousand. CHESTNUT. The following species, except butternut and walnut, have been reported this year for the first time and indicate in what manner the less used species are being developed to supply the increasing demand for lumber and the increasing difficulty of obtaining it. Chestnut {Casfanea denfafa) is a hard, durable wood suitable for railway ties, and is very handsome in woodwork and furniture. TABLE 24. Chestnut Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province No. of Active MiUs Report- ing Quantity Per Cent Distri- bution Total Value Average Value per M bd. ft. 1909 1910 MFt. B. M. 380 1910 1910 1909 1910 9 M Ft. B.M. 100.0 8,300 $ c $ c 21 84 Ontario 9 n 380 100.0 8,300 __^IL_ 21 84 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. 30 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. The first reported cut of chestnut amounted to 380,000 feet by nine mills in Ontario, at an average cost of $21.84. This amount was in all probability used in furniture construction, as over 940,000 feet of this species was imported by the furniture and car industries. Chestnut has just recently been cut on a considerable scale in the United States. Last year's cut was 663,000,000 feet, worth $16.12 per thousand. BUTTERNUT Butternut {Juglans citierea) is a species which grows sparsely in the lake region as scattered trees. None was reported in 1909 and only 15,000 feet in 1908. TABLE 25. Butternut Lumber, 19 10, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province No. of Active Mills Report- ing Quantity Per Cent Distri- bution Total Value Average ^ Mbc Value per I. ft. 1909 1910 1910 ri9io 1909 1910 11 MFt. B M. MFt. B.M. 281 100 5,547 $ c- $ c 19 03 Quebec Ontario 6 5 236 45 83 17 4,717 880 20 00 18 44 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. Eleven mills, of which six were in Quebec, cut 281 ,000 feet of butternut during 1910. Quebec supplied over four fifths of the total, while Ontario, with 45,000 feet, made up the balance. Canada produced nearly one quarter as much of this species as did the United States and at a smaller price. It was $19.03 in Canada and $21.37 in the United States. There is but a small quantity of walnut {Juglaus nigra) in Canada which will be greatly decreased by this year's large cut. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER. LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 31 TABLE 26. Walnut Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Per Quantity. | ^^^^ bution. Total Value. Average Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. • Caxiada 20 M Ft. B. M. 51 M Ft, B. M. 273 100.0 10,717 $ c. 47 84 $c. 39 28 (Jnt^rio Quebec 16 48 3 242 31 1 88.7 ! 9,787 11.3 j 930 50 32 26 00 40 44 30 00 Walnut lumber was produced to the extent of 273,000 feet by 20 mills. This is an increase of 400 per cent over the 1909 cut ai d is mainly seen in Ontario's cut. The cut in this province was nearly nine tenths of the total. Quebec by increasing- its cut ten times made up 1 1 per cent. The increased cut ot walnut may be due to the hig-h price in 1909, $47.84 per thousand. This year it lowered ag-ain to $39. 26. The output of walnut in the United States is remarkably steady and hovers around 45,000,000 feet. In 1909 it was worth $42. Cherry {Prumis serotind) is another species for which reports were received this year as a native wood for the first time, althougfh many odd trees have been cut for furniture companies previously. FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 35. TABLE 27. Cherry Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total V^alue and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value AVBRAGK Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Caneida r-. . 7 M Ft. B. M. MFt B.M. 73 100.0 $ 1,953 $ c. $ c. 26 75 Ontario Quebec 6 1 48 25 65.8 1,453 34.2 500 j:; 30 27 20 00 {}) Not reported from this province in 1909. The cut of cherry in Canada for 1910 vi^as 73,o:)0 feet, reported by seven mills. Six mills (mostly portable) cut 65 per cent of this in small amounts, averaging- $30 per thousand. 25,000 feet was produced in Quebec, the price of which was $20.00. In the United States over 2,000 mills cut nearly 25,000,000 feet, although cherry there as in Canada is very scarce. The price of this cherry was $4.55 more than in Canada. TULIP. This is Liriodendron ttilipifera, known as tulip in Canada and yellow poplar to the south. TABLE 28. Tulip Lumber, 19 10, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. AVERAGK Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. i 1909. 1910. Canada 1 M Ft. B. M. M Ft. B. M. 20 100 % 600 % c. $ c. 30 00 Ontario 1 {') 20 100 600 C) 30 00 (M Not reported from this province in 1909. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 33 20,000 feet of this wood were cut by one mill in Ontario and sold at $30.00 per thousand. Commercially it is of no importance as compared with the 1,600,000 feet imported from the United States during this year. SYCAMORE. The sycamore or plane tree, known to botanists as Platatius occidenialis, grows very sparsely up into the southern part of Ontario. TABLE 29. Sycamore Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing, Quantity, Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value. Average Value pek M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada 2 M Ft. B. M. M Ft. B. M. 13 100 $ 250 $ c. $ c. 19 23 Ontario 2 (') 13 100 250 (') 19 23 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. 13,000 feet of sycamore were cut in 1910 by two Ontario mills. The price given is $19.23 per thousand. The total production of the United States was over 56,000,000 feet, worth $izj..77 per thousand. 34 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. Alder was reported to the amount of 4,000 feet from a British Columbia mill, at $9 25 per thousand, which is $6.68 more than was paid for 350,000 feet cut in the United States during 1909. It is known to botanists as Alnus oregona. TABLE 30. Alder Lumber, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft. Province. No. of Active Mills Report- ing. Quantity. Per Cent Distri- bution. Total Value A AVERAGE Value per M Bd. Ft. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada 1 MFt.B. M. M Ft. B. M. 4 100 % 11 $ c. $ c. 19 25 British Columbia 1 0) 4 100 11 ['] 19 25 (') Not reported from this province in 1909. Leading Provinces. The following table shows the provinces in 1910 leading in the cut of each of the twenty-six species manufactured in Canada, together with the percentage ot each species manufactured in the leading province. TABLE 31. Provinces Leading in Lumber Production, 1910 ; Provinces lending in the Cut of each Species, and percentage of each Species cut in that Province. Province. Ontario British Cokxmbia. Quebec Species of Wood in which the specified Province stood first, with Percentage of Species cut in that Province. 'White Pine, 85*0 per cent; Hemlock, 46.5 per cent; Red Pine, 92-7 per cent ; Maple, 86-2 per cent; Basswood, 60-0 per cent ; Elm, 90-2 per cent ; Jack Pine, 54*4 per cent; Beech, 72-6 per cent ; Ash, 51*4 per cent; Oak, 82*2 per cent ; Poplar, 51-4 per cent ; Hickory, 90.6 per cent ; Chestnut, 100 per cent ; Walnut, 88-7 per cent ; Cherry, 65.8 per cent ; Tidip, 100 per cent ; Sycamore, 100 per cent. JDouglas Fir, 99-9 per cent; Cedar, 77-7 percent; Yellow Pine, *- 100 per cent ; Tamarack, 86-3 per cent ; Alder, 100 per cent. /Spruce, 32-5 per cent ; Balsam Fir, 70*4 per cent; Birch, 50-8 per \ cent ; Butternut, 83*0 per cent. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER. LATH AND SHL\GLES, 1910. 35 In variety of species Ontario is the centre of Canada's lumber industry, leading- in the cut of seventeen kinds of wood in 1910. Four of these were softwoods and thirteen were hardwoods — all woods of technical value and importance. British Columbia had four softwoods in which it led, and this year alder was added to the list. Quebec made an addition to its list by cutting- over half the total amount of birch produced in Canada. In 1909 Ontario cut the greater part of the birch lumber. SQUARE TIMBER EXPORTED. The following figures of the amount of square timber exported annually have been furnished by the Department of Trade and Commerce. Square timber is either hewn or sawn. The sawn timber is included under lumber and practically all the hewn timber is exported. The quantity and value of the various species during the calendar year 1910 is given in Table 32. TABLE 32. Square Timber Exported, igto : Quantity, Total Value and Average Value per Ton. Kind of Wood. 1909. Quantity- exported. i Tons. (2) Total (1) ; 41,442 White Pine 20,5.39 Dirch 13,935 Elm 1,675 Oak 416 Ash ' 429 Maple 3 Red Pine ; " 4,445 Average Value per Ton. 23 92 31 92 10 63 21 38 26 29 14 41 14 00 30 29 1910 Quantity, exported. Tons. (2) 37,962 vame. , p^^j. -pon. 985,255 21,500 8,390 6,095 927 2.53 20 3 071,311 107.054 171,141 22,276 4,287 140 33 95 31 22 12 76 28 08 '24 03 16 96 7 00 11 00 (^) Timber of other sorts than the species specified is included in the total only. (2) A ton of square timber is appi-oximately 40 cubic ft. Year by year the export trade of square timber becomes less, by reason of the inadequate supply of clear timber suitable for squaring. The extent of the decline may be seen by referring to Bulletin 11 of the Forestry Branch, where the export trade of square timber is dealt with fully. The exports in 19 10 did not amount to six per cent of the quantities exported annually from 1871 to 18S0. During 1910, 3,480 tons less were exported than in 1909. An increase in the price per ton of $2 03 partly compensated for the decrease in volume exported, and made the total value $985,255, or ^6, 236 less than in 1909. White pine, always the chief exported species, this year constituted 57 per cent of the total exports, 1000 tons more of it being exported than in 1909. Birch was exported this year to the extent of 60 per cent of the 1909 amount, but still d6 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. maintains its accustomed position of second place in the table. The 6,095 tons of elm shipped is nearly four times as much as during- last year, and, considering the price, was of better quality. The above three species (white pine, birch and elm) make up 95 per cent of the exportations in square timber. Nearly twice as much oak was exported this year as in 1909. Ash fell off considerably and maple in- creased. Red Pine, last year an important species, amounting to over ten per cent of the total, in 1910 was reported only as 3,000 tons, elm taking its place. White pine was the most expensive species exported at;$3i.22 per ton, with elm next at $28.08. The two cheapest species were red pine and maple at $11.00 and $7.00 respectively. Over 97 per cent of the square timber exported is shipped to the United States. SHINGLES. Table 33 gives comparative statistics of the shingle cut in Canada during 1910 TABLE 33. Shingle Cut, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per M bd. ft., with comparative Figures of 1909 Cut. Province. Canada British Columbia Quebec Ontario 866,275 337,668 238,943 New Brunswick i 243,202 Quantity. Thousand 1,988,753 Nova Scotia Saskatchewan Prince Edward Island. , All)erta Manitoba 21,035 50 279,845 1,285 450 1910. Thousand 1,976,640 966,924 539,320 212,300 209,446 23,878 16,609 7,547 366 165 Per Cent Distribution. 1909. 100.0 43-1 17-0 12-0 12-2 1-1 & 1910. Total Value. 1910. 100.0 3,557,211 1 AvKKAGE Valuk per M Ft. B. M. $ c. 49-0 27-3 10-8 10-7 1-2 0-7 0-3 ,740,577 1 88 901,600 1 87 433,158 2 57 398,109 1 93 36,008 1 66 36,559 3 00 10.013 1 15 819 1 61 368 1 49 1910. $c. 1 80 1 67 (^) Less than one tenth of one per cent. From the tables there is an apparent decrease in shingle production during 1910. This, however, is due to an error made last year in returns from Prince Edward Island, which mistake made the total larger than it should have been. The total amount of 1,976,640,000, worth $3,557,211, is, therefore, more than in 1909. This amount is less than the value of each of the first five species of im- portance in the Canadian lumber cut — spruce, white pine, Douglas fir, hemlock and cedar. British Columbia is far in advance of the other provinces as a shingle pro- ducer, and made up approximately half of the total amount. Over 100,000,000 more were cut this year, increasing the value of British Columbia shingles by $103,000. Over one quarter of the shingles are manufactured in Quebec, where the 539,320,000 feet reported was an increase of 201,652,000, or 60 per cent, over 1909. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 37 Nova Scotia increased its output by some 2,800,000, while the amounts re- ported from New Brunswick, Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba are considerably less than in 1909. Saskatchewan increased its cut of 50,000 in 1909 to 16,609,000 in 1 9 10 and consequently is raised to sixth position in the table. The price of shingles seems to be g-radually becoming- less. The lyio price of $1.80 per thousand is six cents less than in 1909, which in turn was 21 cents under the price paid in 1908. In 19 10 the average price ranged from $1.51 for shingles in Nova Scotia to :t>2.27 In Saskatchewan. The increased production in the latter province has succeeded in lowering the price from $3.00 in 1909. In 1909 the shingle output of United States mills was worth $30,000,000, or $2.03 per thousand. The different kinds of wood used for shingles in 19 10 are shown in Table 34 according to importance of species. TABLE 34. Shi.mgle Cut, 1910, by Species : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total and Average Value per Thousand and Comparison with 1909 Cut. Vah Quantity Per Cent Distribution. Total Value. Average Value per M. Species. 1909. 1910- 1909. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Total [2] Thousand 1,988,753 Thousand 1,976,640 100.0 100.0 $ 3,557,211 $ c. 1 86 $ c. 1 80 Cedar 1,507,285 310,884 135,363 11,996 5,137 3,140 1,665 ^;i352 PI 1,817,995 55,2»4 26,373 14,886 10,514 8,873 5,207 3,455 697 40 75-7 15-6 ;6-8 0.6 0-3 0-2 01 n ■ 935 2-8 1-4 0-7 0-6 0-5 0-3 0-2 3 3,262,675 99,961 62,811 28,979 15,596 16,745 12,481 8,603 1,624 60 1 98 1 20 2 06 1 67 1 78 1 68 1 66 i'eo 1 79 1 81 White Pine 2 00 Hemlock Balsam Fir Douglas Fir Jack Pine 1 94 1 48 1 89 2 40 2 49 Poplar 233 Red Pine 1 50 (') This species was not reported in 1909. (2) This total for Canada includes a quantity of shingles of unspecified species. (*) Less than one tenth of one per cent. Ten species are used in Canada, of which cedar is the great shingle wood. 1.817,995,000 or 93.5 per cent of the shingles cut in Canada were cedar ; probably about one half of these were of western cedar cut in British Columbia The con- sumption of spruce and white pine as shingle wood has decreased suddenly in 1910 ; 255,650,000, or 82 per cent, less of theformer being used than in 1909, and scarcely one fifth the usual amount of white pine being consumed. Nov^a Scotia and Quebec cut most of the spruce shingles Pinus nionticola makes up most of the white pine and is cut in British Columbia. Nearly 3,000,000 more of hemlock were used in 1910 than during 1909; of the total number 14,886,000, over nine tenths, were cut in Ontario and Quebec. 38 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 25. The above four species (cedar, spruce, white pine and hemlock) furnished over 98 per cent of the wood used for shingles. Balsam fir, Douglas fir and jack pine were used this year in increasing quantities and for the first time tamarack and red pine we-'e reported as shingle woods. In igio there was less fluctuation in the value of the species than formerly. Balsam fir was the cheapest at $1.48 and tamarack the most expensive at $2.49. Cedar shingles in Canada cost $1.79. In the United States for 1909 shingles of this species cost $1.92, 13 cents more LATH The lath production of Canada is shown by provinces in Table 35. TABLE 35. Lath Cut, 1910, by Provinces : Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Average Value per Thousand, and Comparison with 1909 Cut. Quantity Per Cent Distribution. Total Value. AVEBAGK Value per M. Province. 1909. 1910. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1909. 1910. Canada Thousand 822,1^ Thousand 851,953 100.0 100.0 7,943,544 $ c. 2 46 $ c. 2 28 Ontario New Brunswick Quebec British Columbia Nova Scotia 287,315 164,635 97,518 77,487 66,929 2,882 90,788 8,231 26,339 344,207 227,732 134,099 94,226 47,712 3,519 783 175 1^] 34-9 20-0 11-9 9-4 8-2 0-4 11-0 1-0 3-2 40-6 26-2 15-9 11-2 5-6 0-4 0-1 887,062 487,596 288,550 157,024 111,421 9,354 2,087 450 2 46 2 32 2 24 2 08 2 26 3 32 2 99 1 76 2 57 2 14 2 15 1 66 2 35 Alberta Prince Edward Island. . Manitoba . Saskatchewan 2 68 2 67 2 57 (') Less than one tenth of one per cent. C^i No report from this province in 1910. 851,953,000 pieces were manufactured in Canada in 1910, worth $1,943,544, an increase of 29,829,000 pieces, or three per cent, but a decrease in value of $35,490. Two fifths of the total is cut in Ontario, which increased its cut over 1909 by 56,892,000, or nearly 20 per cent. New Brunswick, by cutting 62,597,000 more than last year, increased its proportion of the total from one fifth to one quarter. The cuts in Quebec and British Columbia during 1910 were considerably more than in 1909, and this year Prince Edward Island is in a true relation to the other provinces. It is thought that last year many dealers included imports. In 1910 the average price of laths was $2,28, 18 cents less than in 1909 and 7 cents more than in 1908. The price in the various provinces fluctuated over one dollar; in British Columbia it was $1 66 and in Prince Edward Island the price was $2.67. The average price in the United States for lath during 1909 was almost the same as in Prince Edward Island, $2.69. LUMBER, SQUARE TIMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES, 1910. 39 TABLE 36. Lath Cut, 19 10, by Species: Quantity, Per Cent Distribution, Total Value and Averag-e Value per Thousand. Species Canada [ '] . Spruce White Pine Cedai' Douglas Fir. Hemlock. . . . balsam Jack Pine. . . Red I ine. Yellow Pine. Popliir. .... Basswood . . . Larch Quantity 1909. 1910. Thousand Thousand 822,124 851,953 100.0 379,031 257,977 68,321 40,081 33,470 4,887 8,803 Per Cent Distribution S^l,979 ^0,042 69,873 56,349 47,688 ^,212 28,3&t 21,833 3,300 1,966 643 350 19(J9. 46.1 31.3 8.3 4.9 4.0 0.6 1.7 ['] 1910. 100.0 31.9 28.7 8.5 6.7 5.6 4.1 3.4 2.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 Total Value 1910. 1,943,544 722,473 643,341 15.3,971 86,941 105,473 72,487 61,445 48,412 4,125 6,249 1,437 700 Avei-age Value per M 1909. 246 199 2 51 243 183 220 2 13 209 2 15 1910. 228 2 17 2 68 220 1 M 2 21 2 12 2 16 2 21 125 3 18 223 200 C) This species of lath was not reported in 1909. (2) Less than one tenth of one per cent. (^) This total for Canada includes a quantity of lath of unspecified species. Table 36 gives the quantities cut of different species of lath, with per cent distribution and average value, comparing the 1909 output with that for 1910. Four additional species of wood were reported this year for lath, viz., red pine, yellow pine, basswood and larch. Spruce and white pine, the two most important species for lath, show in 1910 a decrease but together form nearly 70 per cent of the annual output. Some million and a half more pieces of cedar were cut this year. The principal gain was with Douglas fir, hemlock, balsam fir and jack pine, which increased from 14,000,000 to 29,000,000 pieces each. In percentage of the total these four species nearly doubled their 1909 importance. Prices range from $1.25 for yellow^ pine to $3.18 for poplar. DEPARTMENT OF TJIE INTERIOR. CANADA Hon. Robt. Rogers, Minister: W. W. Cory, Deputy Minister. FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN No. 2U K. H. Campbell, Dirwtor of Forestry. FOREST PRODUCTS OF CANADA 1910 PXJLl >N\^001^ COMPII.KD BV H. R. MACMILLAN, BAA., M.F. ASSISTKD BV BinMM<: ROBKltTSOX AND W. GUY U. BOYCE. OTTAWA aOVERNMBNT PRINTING BUREAU 1911 11430—1 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, October 7, 1911. Sir, — I beg to transmit herewith a report of the ' Pulpwood ' manufactured in Canada during the calendar year 1910, and also of that exported from the Dominion during the year specified, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 26 of this Branch. The report contains an account of the quantity and value of the pulpwood pro- duced in the Dominion according to the provinces in which it was produced, the species used and the method of manufacture, of the pulp exported from the Dominion and the small quantity imported and of the pulpwood exported from Canada in an unmanufactured state. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. W. W. Cory, C.M.G., Deputy Minister of the Interior, Ottawa. 11430— li 'ULPWOOD CONSUMPTION, 191(1. Tlie figures given for pulpwood cousuiiiption refer ouly to wood manufactured into pulp in Canadian mills, and include only wood of domestic origin. Wood which is exported raw is given in Table G. There are seventeen mills on the lists of the Foiestry Branch from which no returns were received in 1910, but in nearly all cases these firms are newly incoi-porated or are known to be shut down, either temporarily or perniiinently. The quantity and value of the pulpwood industry given in the follow- ing tables may be considered, therefore, a trustworthy estimate. The fifty-one mills reporting used, in 1910, 598,487 cords of wood. There were exported in a raw state 943,141 cords, and for the first time puljjwood was imported into Canada to the extent of $49,322. Over 95 per cent of Canadian mllLs cut the pulpwood used by them from their own limits, and consequently ross the wood themselves. Tn Table 1 is shown the quantity, total value and average value per cord of pulp- wood used and the number of tons of pulp produced in each province for the years 1909 and 1910. also the number of mills operating in 1910. J ABLE 1. Pulpwood, 1909 am) 1910, by Provincf.s: Total Quantity of Wood Used, Total Value. Average Vahie per Cord, Quantity of Pulp Produced and Number of Firms Reporting, 1910. 1909. 1910. Province. -3 ■n^ "? "? a -5 Wood used. Value. |8 Pulp Produced (i) Wood used. Value. n Pulp Produced (i) U 1 ^K < 1 < /c Cords. $ % c. Tons. Cords. .« $ c. Tons. Canada 622,129 3,464,080 5 57 44.5,408 598,487 3,585,154 6 00 474,604 51 Quebec 319,935 1,866,700 5 83 238,286 .342,755 1,879,831 5 48 282,938 25 Ontario 187,352 1,070,740 5 72 132,491 210,552 1,479,538 7 02 156,076 15 Nova Scotia 25,076 101,945 4 07 23,396 29,606 135.965 4 .59 25,955 6 New Brunswick. . . 88,4.f)0 414,689 4 6fl 49,991 15 134 87,620 5 79 ^^'285 4 British Columbia. 1,316 10,006 7 44 644 440 2,200 o OC «, 1 ' .\pi)roxiniat'e. Although 23,642 cords of wood, or 3-8 per cent, less was used in 1910 than the year previous, the average price per cord has increased the value of the pulpwood industry by $121,074 over its value in 1909. The decrease in the quantity is due to the temporary closing of one or two large inills. This year the price of pulpwood recovered from the decline seen in 1909. when the price was only $5.57 per cord, and is about the same as in the year previous. The price was $G.07 in 1908 and in 1910 was fi FoKESTEY Beaxcii Bulletix 2so. 20 $6. In 1910, also, 29,196 more tons of pulp were produced than during 1909, owing to an increase this year of some 145 lbs. in the amount of pulp produced per cord of wood. Quebec is the premier pulpwood province of Canada because of its extensive spruce and balsam fir forests suitable for pulpwood, abundant and cheap water-power and plentiful supply of labor. The twenty five mills in Quebec reported the con- sumption of 57 per cent of the total for Canada, or 22,820 cords more than in 1909. Ontario likewise increased the amount consumed in its fifteen pulp mills by 23,200 cords, and used over one third of the total consumption. The two provinces just named furnished over 92 per cent of the total quantity of pulp. Nova Scotia con- sumed nearly 20 per cent more than last year, while New Brunswick used baiely one fifth as much as in 1909. Thus Nova Scotia surpasses New Brunswick as a pulp- wood province. New Brunswick in 1909 contributed 14-2 per cent of the total; this year it was only 2-2 per cent; this resulted mainly from the closing of one large plant. J"he province oi British Columbia is still experimenting in pulpwood manufacture, and the negligible amount used in this province is for test purposes only. DIAGRAM N?! PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION.BY PROVINCES 1910 PROVINCES HUNDRED THOU SANDS or CORDS QUEBEC ONTARIO NOVA SCOTIA NEVy^ BRUNSWICK BRITISH COLUMBIA E i Quebec is the one province in which the price of pulpwood was less in 1910 than in 1909, the price falling off 35 cents per cord. The increase in the price of pulpwood throughout Canada is largely due to Ontario, in which province pulpwood was worth $7.02 per cord, or $1.30 more than during the previous year. Pulpwood was also more expensive this year in Nova Scotia -and New Brunswick. Pulpwood from Nova Scotia, at $4.59 per cord, was cheaper than in any other province. The quantity, value and per cent distribution of the species used for ijulpwood in 1910 is given in Table 2. Errata. In Table 2 total value should read 3 dES, 154. Value of Spruce »^o»uid r.#l a,g46,«7i* PULPWOOD CONSUMPTIOX, 1010 7 TABLE 2. PuLPWOOD, 1909 AND 1910, BY Species : Total Quantity, Total Value and Per Cent Distribution. 1909. Kind of \V(X)(1. Total (' ypruce . . Balsam . . Hemlock . Poplar • Quantity. Cords. ; 8 622,129 8,404,080 510,030 2,793,318 100 095 037,065 700 I 3,150 5,188 I 30,135 Per Cent Distribution Quantity . j Cord.s. 100- 1 598,487 1910. Value. 3,360,154 82-9 I 470,230 ; 2,860,678 16 1 120,475 I 698,608 Oil 3,810 1 16,922 9 I 3,608 21,366 Per Cent Distribution 7S-0- 20- 1 0-6 6 (') The total contains a small quantity of wood not identified by species. The decrease in the amount of pulpwood used in 1910 chiefly affected the use of spruce— 45,800 cords less of this species being used in 1910 than in 1909. Although still over 75 per cent of the total pulpwood consumption, the proportion is gradually becoming less. In 1908 spruce formed 87 per cent of the total, in 1909, 83 per cent, and in 1910 78-6 per cent. The loss is all seen in New Brunswick, in which province 71,000 cords less of spruce was used this year than in 1909. DIAGRAM N92 PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION, BYSPECIES 1910 SPECIES HUNDRED THOUSANDS or CORDS SPRUCE BALSAM HEMLOCK POPLAR ' : 1 ■ ■ 1 Balsam fir is a species of wood which is increasing in importance as a P^lP-^^^ood- In 1910 twenty per cent, or 20,380 cords, more balsam fir was used than m 190J, and it is steadily gaining for itself a higher position among the important Pulpwood In 1908 it formed 12 per cent of the total, in 1909, 16 per cent, and m 1910, 20 per cent. • . . Another species which is gradually but surely becoming more important is Hem- lock over five times as much being used. -in 1910 'as during 1909. Hemlock was reported as a pulpwood for the first time In 1909, and this year it was used to a greater extent than poplar, thus becoming the third species in importance among pulpwoods. 8 FoKKSTia- I{i;a.\( II r>i rj.KTiiv Xo. 20 Tlic use of poplar fell oft" one quarter, as only 3,608 cords of this wood were used in 1910. Jack pine has not heen reported as a pulpwood since 1908. Before that time it was used considerably by two large mills, but has proven unsatisfactory. The average price of the difterent species used is the cost to the mill-owner, and so includes varying logging expenses and a wide difference in transportation charges. A considerable proportion of pulp-mill owners have their own timber limits, and to them the cost of pulp logs is merely the cost of carrying the limit and the trans- portation charges. Other operators buy in the oi)en market and add transi>ortation charges also. Thus the prices quoted are the purchase price under different conditions and do not show the relative value of the different woods for pulp manufacture. The effect of an excessive hauling distance is demonstrated in Ontario, where the price of spruce and balsam fir in 1910 was $7.01 and $7.22 respectively. The high price of balsam fir and the increased demand for this species proves its suitability for manufacture into pulpwood. Spruce was the most expensive species at !})tj.05, or 04 cents more than in 1909. During 1910 the price of balsam fir fell to the amount of 55 cents, to $5.71. Hemlock remained at about the same price for the two years and is still the cheapest species. In 1909 it was $4.51, and in 1910 $4.43. Poplar has increased 11 cents during the year, the price being $5.92 during 1910, The cheai)est pulp- wood bought was a small quantity of poplar in Nova Scotia, which cost $3 per cord. Balsam fir in Ontario at $7.22 was the most expensive wood used in Canada for pulping. During 1910, no slabs or sawmill waste was reported as being converted into wood- pulp. This is an economy practiced in other countries, and by neglecting it Canada is losing greatly. It has been conservatively estimated that if all useful logs left in the bush by lumbermen, large-sized branches, slabs and other mill waste from the lumber industry in Canada had been conserved and converted into pulpwood in 1910, the annual output of pulpwood would have been increased, and not a single acre need have been cut over for logs to make wood-pulp only. During 1909, in the United States, 6 per cent of the total pulpwood consumption was from slabs and mill waste. If economy had been practiced to the same extent in Canada during the year 1910, as much pulp might have been produced without cutting one additional pulp log as is manufactured from 36,000 cords of wood. This is considerably more pulp than Nova Scotia produced during 1910. The sooner such practical economy and utiliza- tion of waste commences, the longer will Canada have an adequate supply of pulp- wood. The extent to which different woods are used in different processes in eacli pro- vince is shown in Table 3. PULPWOOl) CONsr.Ml'I'TOX, 1010 TABLE 3. Pi'M'Woou, H)10. 15V ritoviNCKs, Spiociks ano Procicsses : Quantity of Wood Used. TOTAL- ALL PROCESSES. Provinces. Total. Spruce. ^^^l?^"^ ' r ir. Cords. Canada 598,487 i 470,230 Quebec I 342,755 239,824 Ontario. i 210,552 I 189,196 New Br(ffi.swick 15,134 ! 15,134 Nova Scotia 29,606 25,636 Briti.sh Columbia 440 440 Hemlock. I Poplar. Cords. ! 120,475 1 3,816 96,474 I 3,616 20,256 i 200 Cords Un- specified. Cords. 3,608 2,483 1,100 MECHANICAL PROCESS. SULPHITE PROCESS. 358 35S Canada Quebec Ontario... 388,5cies nsed for pulpwood in Canada. ISTo hem- lock was reported from Ontario, in wliich province 90 per cent of the consumption was spruce and the remainder was balsam fir. Spruce made up four fifths of the consumption in Nova Scotia, balsam beinp: usred for practically all the balance. New Brunswick used spruce only. Nearly four fifths, namely, 78 per cent, of the pulpwood manufactured in Canada in 1910 was manufactured by the mechanical process; the sulphite process produced one fifth, and the remainder (2 per cent) was manufactured by tlie soda process. Quebec made 63 per cent of the total mechanical pulp in Canada— more than twice a.s much as did Ontario. Of sulphite pulp, Ontario produced the most, although Quebec was a close second. The latter province manufactured over three quarters of the pulp made by the soda process. Spmce, as in former years, wur the chief wood used in each process.^Over two- thirds (68-8 per cent) was nsed for mechanical pulp; over one-quarter (28-7 per cent) was made into sulphite pulp, and the remaining- 2-5 per cent was manufactured by the soda process. 10 FOKESTKY BeA>CK BlLLETIX Xo. 20 Balsam fir has not yet been used in the soda process and is used to almost the same extent with the two other processes. The mechanical process consumed some 53 per cent of this wood, while 47 per cent was manufactured by the sulphite process. Eighty-four per cent of the hemlock was manufactured by the soda process, which is adapted for most species of wood. One sixth of the hemlock was used to make mechanical pulp. The physical properties of poplar wood do not adapt it for grinding by the mechanical process, and practically no poplar was manufactured by this process during 1910. It was used in almost equal quantities by the other two classes of manufac- turers. Ontario manufactured a little by the soda process; only ground pulp was made in Nova Scotia; while New Brunswick produced small quantities' of both sulphite and soda pulp. MECHANICAL PROCESS. Pulp manufactured by the mechanical process forms a greater percentage of the total during 1910 than at any time in the past. In the United States the percentage of ground pulp used is decreasing. The cause of the increase this year in Canada is probably due to the interruption of manufacture by the sulphite mills of New Bruns- wick. Unlimited supply of clean water is a necessity in the manufacture of wood by the mechanical process. A species of wood is also required which has a long loose fibre, which will not lose its shape and texture in the grinding. For these reasons Quebec with its spruce and balsam fir tracts and numberless waterfalls is the province best adapted for mechanical pulp manufacture. Spruce furnished 83-2 -per cent of the wood used for mechanical pulp, and bal- sam fir contributed 16-6 per cent, with small quantities of hemlock and poplar making up the balance. The average cord of wood reduced by the mechanical process in Canada during 1910 produced 1,908 pounds of pulp. This is 257 pounds moi^e per cord than was produced last year, but such comparisons depend greatly on the relative condition of air-dryness of pulp. Slightly over half this amount of pulp is produced per cord of wood by either the sulphite or soda processes, but the quality of texture is much better. The paper used in the average newspaper of to-day is composed of about twenty-five per cent of sulphite fibre and seventy-five per cent of the ground-wood fibre made by the mechanical process. SULPHITE PROCESS. In British Columbia, experiments are being carried on with the sulphite process, and, in 1910, 440 cords of spruce were used in the manufacture of paper. Seventy per cent of the wood used in the sulphite process was spruce, mostly from Ontario. Balsam fir furnished 29 per cent, about three quarters of which was from Quebec, and the same province used 1,800 cords of poplar to make sulphite pulp. The average production of pulp for every cord of wood used in the sulphite pro- cess during 1910 was 997 pounds. SODA PROCESS. Canada has the distinction of having the oldest soda mill in America, although the process is, at present, not in general use, and is found in only a few small mills. The production by this process, however, will shortly be increased by the completion of a large new mill, for the manufacture of ' Kraft ' paper from soda pulp. The soda process was the principal method used in the reduction of hemlock. Small quantities of spruce and poplar were also used in 1910. Balsam fir, however, is not suited to this process. Of the total, spruce formed 71 per cent; hemlock, 19 per cent, and poplar, 10 per cent. Piri.l'W' Co.Nsr.MPnox, 1010 11 Quebec manufactured over three quarters of the pulp made by the soda process; 17 per cent of the soda pulp was from New Brunswick, and 1,100 cords of poplar iiiusumed by this method in Ontario made up seven per cent of the total. The average amount of soda pulp produced per cord was 987 pounds, or 10 pounds le.^s than by the sulphite process. In Table 4 the information given in the first three tables is collected and pre- sented in tabular form, giving more details. TABLE 4. PuLPWOOD, 1910, BY Puovi\CE.s, Speciks AND PROCESSES : Number of Mills, Quantity of Pulpwood Used, Quantity of Pulp Produced, Quantity of Each Species of Wood Used, Quantity Produced by Each Process, Total Cost and Average Cost per Cord. — Total. Quebec. Ontario. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick British Columbia. Number Pulp produced Aggregate tons. 51 474,604 370,195 95,987 8,422 598,487 $ 3,585,154 S 6.00 470,230 S 2,846,678 S 6.05 323,350 134,959 11,921 120,475 $ 698,608 •S 5.71 64,377 56,098 25 282,938 235,889 40,681 6,368 342,755 $ 1,879,831 .? 5.48 239,824 S 1,310,428 S 5.47 188,905 80,387 8,921 96,474 $ 537,485 S 5.57 53,848 42,626 15 156,076 108,351 47,271 454 210,552 S 1,479,538 $ 7.02 189,196 S 1,326,275 $ 7.01 108,809 41,998 6 25,955 25,955 4 9,285 1 350 Sulphite .. 7,685 1,600 15,134 $ 87,620 $ 5.79 15,134 $ 87,620 $ 5.79 350 29,606 $ 135,965 S 4.59 25,636 $ 120,155 S 4.68 25,636 Wood usbd- Aggregate cords . Aggregate cost Average co.-Jt Spruce — Total cords. Total cost . 440 § 2,200 iS 5.00 440 $ 2,200 Average cost $ 5.00 Sulphite 1. Soda 11 12,134 3,000 440 Balsam— Total cords. Total cost Average cost Mechanical cords . 20,256 $ 146,388 $ 7.22 6,784 13,472 3,745 $ 14,735 « 3.94 3,745 Soda Hemlock— Total cords . 3,816 $ 16,922 3,616 $ 15,922 S 4.40 400 200 $ 1,000 $ 5.00 200 Mechanical cords. Sulphite Soda II Poplar- Total cords. 600 3,216 3,608 $ 21,366 $ 5.92 25 1,800 1,783 358 S 1,580 $ 4.42 209 3,216 2,483 $ 14,416 § 5.80 1,100 $ 6,875 $ 6.25 25 $ 75 $ 3.00 25 Average cost Mechanical cord.« . Sulphite 1 Soda 1 ( Uhers— Total cords . Total cost 1,800 683 358 $ 1,580 § 4.42 209 1,100 Mechanical cords. Sulphite 1. 149 149 KoKESTKV ]^KA.\«JII lilLJ.KTJN No. Z-Mi The annual consumption of pulpwood per mill in Canada, d\iring 1910, was 11,735 cords, as compared with a consumption of 12,442 cords per mill in 1909. The largest mills are those in Ontario, which nsed an average of 14,037 cords per mill. The average consumption per mill in Quebec was 13,710 cords; in Nova Scotia, 4,934 cords, and in Xew Brunswick, 3,783 cords. Canada's foreign trade in pulpwood and wood-i)ulp is growing greater. Unfor- tunately, the tendency is still to export wood in the raw form of pulpwood rather than in the manufactured form of wood-pulp. This is a direct loss to the countiy, for the increased value due to manufacture is given away. The data in the following tables refer to the calendar years, and have been furnished by the Department of Trade and Commerce. In 1910, for the first time, $40,000 worth of pulp was imported into Canada, four fifths of which was from the United States. TABLE 5. Export of Wood-pulp, 1909 and 1910 : Quantity, Value, Per Cent Distnbuti Chief Countries Importing. and Kind of Pulp and 1909. 1910. Countries to which Exported. Quantity. Value. Per Cent. Quantity. Value . Per Cent. Wood pulp exported aggregate Tons. 280,744 4,898,842 100 Tons. 328,977 $ .j,694,S96 100 Total mechanical pulp Total chemical pulp Mechanical pulp :— To United States To United Kingdom To other countries Chemical pulp : — To United States To United Kingdom .... To other countries * 241,750 38,994 154,179 78,510 9,061 37,336 1,049 609 3,378,225 1,520,617 2,482,221 805,519 90,485 1,4.59,340 42,007 19,270 861- 13-9 63-8 32 5 37 95-7 2'7 16 288,807 40,170 214,469 62,103 12,235, 39,947 178 45 4,234,705 1,460,191 3,450,831 657.183 126,691 1,4.01,068 7,398 1,725 87-8 12-2 74 3 21 5 4 2 99-5 0-4 1 (*) Includes the following countries given in their order of importance :— France, Belgium, Mexico Australia, Cuba and Japan . Although pulpwood production was less in Canada during 1910 than during the year previous, exportations of wood-pulp were increased by 48,233 tons. Wood-pulp exportations amounted in 1910, to 69-3 per cent of the total amount produced in Can- ada, whereas in 1909 it was only 63 per cent. Of the 328,977 tons of wood-pvdp ex- ported, 288,807 tons, or 87-8 i>er cent, was mechanical pulp, which is a little greater percentage than in 1909. Only 78 per cent of the pulp manufactured in Canada was mechanically prepared. Wliile the increase in export for 1910 consisted of mechani- cal pulp, 1.173 tons more of chemical pulp also were exported in 1910 than during 1909. The 40,170 tons of chemical pulp shipped made up 12-2 per cent of the total export. The average value per ton of the pulp exported in 1909 was $14.67 for the mechani- cal, and $36.35 for the chemical pulp. This is an increase over the 1909 price of 70 cents for the mechanical, and a decrease of $2.64 for the chemical pulp. The average PriJ'WOOl) COASUAII'TION. 1!»1() Vd price for all pulpwoocl exported was $17.31, or 14 cents less per ton than the previous year's price. The prices per ton paid to Canadian exporters by the different import- ing countries were as follows for mechanical pulp: United States, $16,09 (exactly the same as in 1909); United Kingdom, $15.78 ($5,52 more than in 1909); other countries, $10.35 (37 cents more than in 1909), For chemical pulp: United States, $30.32; Ignited Kingdom, $41.60; other countries, $38.30. During 1910, over three quarters of the wood-pulp exported went to the United States. This country took 74-3 per cent of the mechanical pulp and over 99 per cent of the chemical pulp exported from Canada in 1910. Except for an increase of 3,000 tons of mechanical pulp to small transatlantic countries, expoi't to other countries decreased. The export of chemical pulp to the United Kingdom has fallen off from 7,519 tons in 1908, to 178 tons (not one fortieth as much) in 1910. The mechanical j)ulp shipped to the British Isles also decreased by 16,407 tons during 1910. The United Kingdom received in 1909, 32-5 per cent of the mechanical pulp exported from Canada, while in 1910. only 21-5 per cent of the amount exported was used in those countries. The export of pulpwood in a raw state is increasing yearly, and by just so much as this is the case does Canada lose the benefits to be derived from its manufacture anort>-d in raw state Quantity. 1,.5.S7.762 022,129 91.5,633 1909. j 1910. Value. I'er Cent. Quantity. Value. Per Cent. ■ :!< Cords. $ 9,216,7:«t 3,464,080 .-),752,6.')9 100 40 5 .59-5 1,541,628 598.487 943,141 9,795.190 3,585,154 0,210,042 100 38-8 61 2 In 1910, onlv some 4.000 cords more wood were cut for pulp in Canada than in 1909. Of the 1910 amount of 1,541,6228 cords, 23,642 cords less were manufactured in Canada than in 1909, and 27,508 cords more were exported. This gradual change is not so noticeable in the comparative percentages, but even here it may be seen that (^inada is increasing the proportion of her natural resources exported in the raw state Over 60 per cent of the pulpwood cut in Canada during 1910 was sent out of the countrv without further labour being expended on it. The United States manufactured it into pulp and paper. The amount paid for this wood was $6,210,042, or an average of $6.58 per cord. As the average paid by Canadian mills was $6, this is an average of 58 cents per cord more paid for exported pulpwood at the point of shipment. From United States Forest Products Bulletins it is seen that approximately two fifths of the pulpwood imported by that country is manufactured intx) mechani- cal pulp and three fifths into sulphite pulp, and that a cor.l ol wood produces about 14 FORF.STKY IjEAACU BiLT-ETIX Xo. 21^ one ton of mechanical pulp, or half a ton of chemical pulp. This means that from the 943,141 cords of Canadian pulpwood sent to the United States, 377,256 tons of mechanical pulp were made, and 282,992 tons of sulphite pulp. The value of these 660.248 tons of pulp, for which, in the form of pulpwood, Canada received $6,210,042, was, at the average price ($20.49 per ton) paid in 1910 by United States importers of wood-pulp, $13,528,481. Thus Canada did not get one-half the amount she would have received if all pulpwood were converted into pulp on Canadian soil. As the United States does not export 2 per cent of the amount it imports, there need be no fear that a market for Canadian wood-pulp would be lacking. The United States would pay $20.49 per ton for the wood-pulp instead of $6.58 per cord of pulpwood. As the 1910 report of the United States pulpwood consumption has not been issued, comparisons cannot be made between the two countries for 1910. In 1909, however, the pulpwood shipped from Canada, con.sisting of spruce and poplar logs, furnished 22-8 per cent of the entire pulpwood consumption of the United States. This means that 58 of the 253 pulp mills of the United States ran for the year, employed help and paid profits on raw products furnished by Canada. The three most important pulpwood states of the union benefitted from Canada's resources as follows : New York state drew nearly one-half, or 48 per cent, of its pulpwood from Canadian forests; 18 per cent of Maine's consumption was Canadian logs, and 30 per cent of the pulpwood used in New Hampshire came from Canada. If the pulpwood exported in 1910 had been reduced to pulp in Canada, it would have supplied 80 mills of the average size of those in Canada. Thus 131 mills instead of 51 would have been operating in Canada, would have been employing labor, and advancing Canadian industry. The provincial laws affecting the export of pulpwood within the exporting pro- vinces have changed considerably in 1910. In 1909, pulpwood from private lands in Ontario and from all lands in Quebec and New Brunswick could be shipped to points outside of Canada. In 1910, the province of Quebec issued more restrictive regula- tions, the effect of which was to permit exportation of unmanufactured wood cut only on private lands within the province, and in 1911, New Brunswick passed legislation to the same effect. These regulations, however, did not affect the 1910 export trade, as they came into force later. Authoritative information supplied by the Department of Customs leads to the statement that the total pulpwood export was cut from the various provinces in the following amounts and values : 779,000 cords, worth $5,090,000, from the timber limits of Quebec; 90,000 cords, worth $647,000, from New Bruns- wick, and 74,000 cords, worth $473,000, from Ontario. It is interesting to note to what extent provincial industry would have been in- creased if the pulpwood exported to the United States had been converted into wood- pulp on Canadian soil. The 779,000 cords exported from Quebec would have supplied material for a year to fifty six pulp mills of the average size operating in Quebec. In Ontario, five mills of the average size could have been kept running with the pulp logs exported from this province. The 90,000 cords shipped from the ports of New Brunswick would have produced the most startling results, if the amount had been manufactured into pulp within that province. The amount exported was sufficient to supply with wood twenty four mills of the average size, with the result that five times the actual num- ber of mills operating would have been at work if Canadians had been far-seeing enough to manufacture their own raw products. DEPAETMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister ; W. W. Cory, Deputy Minister FOKESTRY BRANCH— BULLETm No. 27. R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry. FOREST PRODUCTS OF CANADA 1910 TIGHT AND SLACK COOPERAGE COMPILED BY H. R. MACMILLAN, B.S.A., M.F. Assisted by BRUCE ROBERTSON and GUY BOYCE OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 11106—1 1911 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, October 4, 1911. Sir,— I beg to transmit herewith a report on the 'Wood used for Cooperage' throughout the Dominion for the calendar year 1910, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 27 of this Branch. The report contains a general summary of the quantity and value of the wood used for both slack and tight cooperage during the year and the quantity used for each of the two kinds of cooperage according to species. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, R. H. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. W. W. Cory, C.M.G., Deputy Minister of the Interior, Ottawa. TIGHT AND SLACK COOPERAGE, 1910. The information upon which the following statistics as to the cooperage production in Canada in 1910 are based was received from 133 firms. The mills are distributed through the various provinces as follows: — Ontario, 94; Nova Scotia, 16; Quebec, 14; New Brunswick, 5; British Columbia, 3, and Manitoba, 1. Seven of these were not operating, making the number of active firms throughout Canada 126. The manufacturing of cooperage stock has always been one of the leading minor wood-industries in Canada. The industry flourished in Canada before the United States developed it, for Canada originally had a great amount of oak and other timber for cooperage between the St. Lawrence valley and Lake Huron to meet the requirements of such an industry. A great part of the timber was hewn into staves, heading and stave bolts, and shipped out to other coun- tries. Staves for wine casks went to France and Spain. England used many for whisky casks and at the time the West Indies had its great trade in sugar with England, Canadian staves were shipped to England, made into barrels, sent over to the West Indies to be filled with sugar and molasses, and returned again to England. This large export trade has fallen off greatly, owing to the shortage of suitable straight timber of first quality, and shows a steady decline from 1896, when the maximum was shipped, down to the present. Tn the middle of the last decade exports of staves, heading and stavebolts amounted to $736,000, while in 1910 exports of staves, heading and barrels were $115,000.^ The cooperage stock industry as a whole has decreased $100,000 during 1910, owing to a great falling off in the production of slack cooperage. In table 1 is given a summary of the cooperage industry, slack and tight, in Canada in 1910, showing the per cent each forms of the total. > The annual amount exported varies considerably and varies with the amount of cooperage left on the manufacturer's hands after the season's production has been shipped. 11106—2 5 6 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 27 TABLE 1. Cooperage Stock, 1910, by Classes: Total Quantity, Total Value and Per Cent Distribution. Class. Quantity. Value. Per Cent Distribution by Quantity. Total M pieces. 161,641 $ $1,740,709 100 152,925 1,395,545 94,6 Staves 104,821 9,860 38,244 736,960 330,480 328,105 69 6 25 TiVVit Cnnnpracp 8,716 345, 164 5.4 Staves 8,379 272,924 96.2 Sawed 7,137 923 319 195,788 44,814 32,322 85.1 11.6 3.6 337 72,240 3.8 Sawed 290 47 60,084 12,156 86 14 The value of the cooperage industry in Canada in 1910 was $1,740,709. Slack cooperage made up $1 ,395,545 of this, or $200,000 less than in 1909. Tight cooperage amounted to $345,164, which is $100,000 more than in 1909. Not- withstanding the decrease in value of slack cooperage for 1910, the number of pieces produced was 500,000 more than in 1909. By quantity, slack cooperage forms 94 6 per cent of the total. By value it constitutes four fifths, or 80.7 per cent. 780,000 pieces less tight cooperage were turned out in 1910 than during the previous year, and the total of 8,716,000 pieces forms one twentieth of the cooperage industry. Considering the value of tight cooperage it repre- sents one fifth of the cooperage stock industry.' Slack Cooperage. The production of slack cooperage stock is a much greater industry in Canada than tight cooperage, because the products to be shipped in Canada are to a great extent dry. Moreover, the species of wood now found in Canada are not suitable for tight cooperage in any quantity, and slack cooperage may be produced in conjunction with sawmill plants. A great number of species are used in common by these two industries, so that small trees, short lengths, 2 Returns received from the Department of Trade and Commerce give the imports of cooperage stock for 1910 as follows : 7,220,000 listed or jointed oak staves at $200,672, stave bolts not otherwise specified to the value of $81,888 and 93,811 empty barrels worth $112,126. Practically all these importa- tions come from the United States. Wood Used for Cooperage, 1910 7 defective logs and cuttings useless to the sawmill may be conserved and used for slack cooperage. Slabs are used to a considerable extent in the United States, particularly for heading, although such economy has not yet been reported in Canada. Table 2 gives in detail the quantity and value of the different species of wood used in slack cooperage for staves, heading and hoops. TABLE 2. Slack Cooperage Stock, 1910, by Species: Total Quantity, Total Value and Average Value of the Staves, Heading and Hoops manufactured in Canada. St.wes. He.\ding. Hoops. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Va ue. Quantity. Value. Total. Average perM. Total. Average per M sets. Total. Average perM. Total Thousand .04.821 61,308 19.429 9.160 3.. 363 3.016 2,705 2,. 364 1.8.54 700 600 248 50 16 8 $ 736,960 477,034 109,592 58,603 14,. 337 18,271 17,263 15,316 13,665 3.953 6.000 2,237 225 144 320 1 S c. 7.03 7.78 5.64 5.40 4.26 6.05: 6^48 7.37 5.65 10.00 9.02 4.50 9.00 40.00 1 Thousand 9,860 1,057 1,452 1,901 268 161 486 740 3,724 12 $ 330,480 54,567 45,974 30.590 8.726 5.359 23.656 28.726 129.791 480 $ c. 33.52 51.62 31.66 16.08 32.58 33.30 48.68 38.82 34.85 40.00 Thousand 38,244 32,092 1,433 1,088 653 570 986 437 960 328. 105 281.719 7,718 7,272 3,695 5,205 8,922 3,974 9,450 $ c. 8.58 8.78 5.38 6.69 5.66 9.13 9 05 Elm Spruce Poplar Balsam Fir Ash Bu-ch Maple 9.07 9.86 Beech Hemlock 4 37 18 200 1,193 1,098 120 50.00 32.24 61.00 25 150 6.00 Pine Oak . . Cedar ■ ■ 1 There were manufactured in Canada, during 1910, 104,821,000 slack staves, valued at $736,960; 9,860,000 sets of slack heading, valued at $330,480 and 38,244,000 hoops, valued at S328,105. In the manufacture of slack staves in 1910, fourteen kinds of wood were used, from one of which (elm) a production of over 60,000,000 staves was reported and from six of which (beech, cottonwood, hemlock, pine, oak and cedar) a total of less than 2,000,000 was reported. Although the proportion of the total formed by elm and spruce, namely, four fifths, is the same as is 1909, spruce is slowly becoming more important as a stave wood, over 200,000 pieces more of it being used during 1910 and 5,000,000 pieces less of elm. The shortage of elm will soon cause it to be used chiefly for hoops. Poplar furnished nine per cent of the staves manufactured, and along with balsam fir and ash was used to a much greater extent than in 1909. Balsam fir, in particular, is coming into favor, 200,000 staves of this wood being used in 1909, according to the reports, and 3,363,000 pieces in 1910. The consumption of birch and maple for slack staves is becoming less, although still forming together one twentieth of the total. Hemlock, pine, oak and cedar are species not previously reported as slack cooperage stock. 8 Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 27 In average value per unit each class of slack cooperage shows a decrease in 1910. The average price of slack staves fell off 75 cents per thousand pieces, and this decrease is seen in each of the species except birch and maple, the use of which is decreasing. Elm, at $7.78 per thousand, is the most expensive wood used in large quantity. Basswood comes next, at $7 . 37, with spruce and balsam fir staves cheapest, at $5.64 and $4.26 respectively. Of the species used in small quan- tities, cedar was highest in price at $40.00 and pine staves cheapest at $4.50. The high price of elm, poplar and basswood is due to the superior quahty of cooperage, such as flour, sugar and apple barrels, made from these species. Balsam fir and spruce are used to a great extent for nail kegs, some particularly cheap spruce staves being produced for this purpose in New Brunswick. Cot- tonwood, as last year, was used for sugar barrels in British Columbia at $10.00 per thousand staves. Most of the hemlock cut found its way into lime barrels in Quebec at the same price, $9.00, as the oak, which was used in the same province. The cedar at $40 . 00, the most expensive stave wood, was made up into tub staves. Every species of wood used in stave manufacture except cottonwood and cedar was used in the production of heading, as short lengths and other pieces not suitable for staves can be readily used for this purpose. When the manu- facturer is free to choose his wood, basswood is used, and its suitabihty is shown by the fact that nearly one half of the heading manufactured in 1910 was of this species. Poplar is used mostly in flour barrels and on account of its wide and abundant distribution is easily obtained. Spruce and elm, the two im- portant stave woods, have considerable waste which is utilized in the manufac- ture of heading. Over 1,000,000 sets each of the above four species (basswood, poplar, spruce and elm) were produced in 1910 and these species together formed over four fifths of the total. The percentage manufactured of each of the leading species was : basswood, 37.7 per cent; poplar, 19.3 per cent; spruce, 14.7 per cent; elm, 10.7 per cent. Owing to the more detailed reports of 1910 average prices are much more accurate than in 1909. Heading in 1910 had an average value of $33.53, or $18 . 50 less than the year previous. This decrease is due mainly to the cheap- ness of spruce and poplar heading. Of the important species elm was the most expensive at $51.63 per thousand sets; basswood, ash, balsam fir and spruce ranged between $35.00 and $30.00; poplar was the cheapest heading in 1910, at $16.08 per thousand sets, which partly accounts for its wide use. Hoops were reported as being made from nine species of wood in 1910; in 1909 only five were reported. Poplar, balsam fir, ash and hemlock are the newly reported species. Elm has been for many years the principal hoop wood, contributing in 1910 84 per cent of the total. Over a miUion hoops each of spruce and poplar were used; these, together with the elm hoope, form nine tenths of the hoops manufactured. Less than a million pieces each of the re- maining species were used, of which birch and basswood were the most impor- tant. Maple, used to the extent of 437,000 hoops, was the least important. Ash, the precursor of the modern elm hoop when the racked hoop was in use, has fallen off in use to 570,000 hoops, and is seventh in importance. Metal and wire hoops are offsetting to a certain extent the use of wooden hoops, but can- not be substituted entirely for the latter, as a barrel not supplemented with patent wooden hoops will usually collapse when stored on the bulges. The best and most economical results are obtained by the use of both wire and wooden hoops. Hoops have also decreased in price $1 . 29 per thousand since 1909. Bass- wood hoops at $9.86 have shown themselves to be the most expensive used in 1910; ash, birch and maple cost about the same, ranging around $9.10; the price of elm, which sets the average for all hoops, was $8.78; spruce, the second most important hoop wood, owing to its use in sm.all-size kegs, cost only $5.38, thus furnishing the cheapest hoops reported. Wood Used for Cooperage, 1910 9 Tight Cooperage. The increase of $100,000 in the value of the tight-cooperage stock produced in Canada in 1910 is due, not to a greater demand or growth in the trade, but largely to fuller reports. Reports from this industry are particularly hard to procure, since the trade is carried on by large and small manufacturers; these are often located in out-of-the-way places and carry on this work only as a side- line. The assistance of all interested in the industry is asked in the matter of securing complete and punctual returns. As tight-cooperage barrels are used in the shipping of wines, whisky, beer, ale, oils and other liquids, the stock is required to be clear and of a species which will not impart its resinous or other flavor to the contents. For these reasons oak, preferably white, is the prin- cipal wood used by the trade and as this species cannot be obtained in Canada the large shippers import it either as staves or in the log from the United States. In the latter country, however, gum and basswood are rapidly taking the place of oak in sawed tight-cooperage, so that in a short time a change in the woods used in Canada may be looked for. It is evident that, as over 80 per cent of tight cooperage stock is oak, and as all oak is imported, any increase in the use of tight-cooperage does not mean an increased drain on Canadian forests but larger importations. In 1909 tight cooperage formed 13 per cent of the total value, while in 1910 the proportion was increased to one fifth. Table 3 gives in*detailithe'quantity, value and average value by classes of the staves used. TABLE 3. TIGHT-BARREL[STA^ ES, 1910, by^Classes^and Species OP WooD : Total Quantity, Total Value and Average Value of the Staves produced in' Canada. S.\wED. Ale and Beer Bucked and Split. Kind of Wood. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Total. Average perM. Total. Average perM. Total. Average perM. Total Thousand $ ' $ c. 7,137 195,788 27.43 5,308 151,591 29.31 570 7,765 13.62 437 16,790 38,42 316 6,520 20.64 131 4,520' 34.50 105 1,350 12.85 82 l,237i 15.09 60 2,100 35.00 50 1,750 35.00 30 300 10.00 28 565! 20.18 Thousand 923 923 $ 44,814 44,814 $ c. 48.55 48.55 Thousand 319 319 $ 32,322 32,322 $ c. 101.32 Oak 101.32 Gum Ash Basswood ........ Birch Elm Douglas Fir White Pine Balsam Fir Cedar Cypress 20 1,200 60.00 Tight-cooperage staves in 1910 amounted to 8,379,000 pieces, worth $272,- 924. Of this amount 7,137,000 pieces, or 86.1 per cent, were sawed staves; the 923,000 ale and beer staves constituted 11.0 per cent; bucked and spht staves to the number of 319,000 made up the balance. 10 ' Forestry Branch Bulletin No. 27 The number of sawed staves reported in 1910 was 1,200,000 less than that reported in 1909, but this year for the first time a rehable comparison of the species used is given. Oak, always the most important wood used for tight staves, in 1910 formed nearly three quarters of the total, over 5,300,000 staves being produced. Eight per cent of the total was made up of spruce staves, which were used to the extent of 570,000, or about the same number as in 1909. Spruce also holds second position as a wood for staves in slack-cooperage stock. Gum, a species of wood not hitherto reported, which should prove itself very satisfactory on account of its durability and freeness from any taint, stands third in the table, and in one year passed all the native species except spruce. The 437,000 pieces used make six per cent of the total. Over one twenty-fifth of the total was ash, the 316,000 staves reported being 242,000 (over 300 per cent) more than in 1910. The remaining species (basswood, birch, elm, fir, pine, balsam fir, cedar and cypress) were used in varying small quantities, the last five of which, taken separately, formed less than one per cent of the total. In 1910 there were reported, in all, twelve species, five more than in 1909. Although the quantity of sawed tight-cooperage reported in 1910 was con- siderably less than that in 1909 the total value was $53,590 more; this was due to the increase of over $10.00 per thousand in the average price. The average price in 1910 of $27.43 per thousand is $6.67 more than that paid in the United States for 1909, owing to the large proportion which oak forms of the Canadian total and to the fact that this species is United States wood with transporta- tion charges added. The increase in the 1910 Canadian price is seen in all the species except oak and cedar. The price of the former, $29.31 per thousand, is over $6.00 less than in 1909, but the increased use more than made up the difference and brought up the total average. The greatest increase is seen in the price of Douglas fir, which at $35.00 more than doubled its 1909 price. In 1910 balsam fir was the cheapest wood at $10.00 per thousand pieces and cypress the most expensive at $60.00. The requirements of the two branches of the cooperage industry may be seen from the different species of wood used. In slack cooperage staves the most important three woods are elm, spruce and poplar; in tight cooperage oak, spruce and gum are mostly used. About 750 times as much elm was used in slack as in tight cooperage, and 330 times as much oak in the tight as in the slack branch of the industry. The quantity of ale and beer stock reported as manufactured in 1910 was seven times the amount reported in 1909. Of the tight staves manufactured in Canada in 1910, 11.0 per cent were ale and beer stock, whereas in 1909 the percentage was only 1 . 5. For this class of staves, as well as for bucked and split staves, only fine-grained white oak may be used. The manufacture of these thick staves necessitates much waste, and, as the white oak supply of the United States is rapidly decreasing, the production of these expensive staves is also falling off. The quantity or value of staves of these classes used in Canada cannot be taken as any estimate of forest conditions or amount of future supplies. The 923,000 ale and beer staves produced in Canada in 1910 were reported at $48.55 per thousand, or $24.59 less than in 1909. Bucked and split staves, owing to the excessive amount of waste in their manufacture, are the most expensive staves made and were used principally by one brewery firm. The 319,000 pieces used in 1910 cost an average of $101.32 per thousand and were the most expensive reported. In table 4 is shown the amount of tight heading produced in 1910. Wood Used for Cooperage, 1910 TABLE 4. 11 Tight-barrel Heading, 1910, by Classes and Siecies of Wood Used: Total Quantity, Total Value and Average Value of Tight-barrel Heading produced in Canada. Quantity Val ue. Class. Total. Average per set. Thousand sets 337 72, 240 $ c. 0.21 Sawed total . 290 60.084 0.20 Oak 217 53 10 5 5 53.971 4.648 1,100 363 362 .25 .09 .11 Ash .07 Basswood .07 Ala onri V>oor +ntal 47 12,156 .25 Whit# Oak 47 12,156 .25 Owing to the indefinite manner in which the tight-heading schedules were filled out in 1910, the quantity of heading Hsted in the above table cannot be taken as correct. The table may be used to show, however, the various species which are used in the production of tight heading and their relative importance. Sawed heading, like sawed staves, forms a great proportion of the total. Of the heading manufactured in Canada in 1910, 86 per cent was sawed and 14 per cent was ale and beer, which is about the same relative importance between sawed and beer staves. Oak was used in the manufacture of three quarters of the sawed heading and was the most expensive, costing an average ot 25 cents a set. Spruce, Douglas fir, ash and basswood were used in smaller quanti- ties and made less expensive heading, ranging in price from 7 cents for ash and basswood to 11 cents for fir heading per set. Industries making ale and beer heading necessarily import the white oak the only species used for this class of heading, from the Umted States. White oak timber of the best grade is required in the manufacture ^^ beer and ale heading, as in beer and ale staves, so that Canada is dependent on other countries for the entire supply. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE FORESTRY BRANCH Annual Reports— Director of Forestry— 1904 and following years. Bulletin 1. Tree Planting on the Prairies. " 2. Planting and Care of a Forest of Evergreens, '' 3. Dominion Forest Reserves. 4. Forest Products of Canada (up to 1908). " 5. Forest Conditions in Crowsnest Valley, Alberta. '' 6. Riding Mountain Forest Reserve. " 7. Forest Fires in Canada, 1908. 8. Forest Products of Canada, 1908. " 9. Forest Fires in Canada, 1909. " 10. The Farmer's Plantation. " 11, Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Lumbfer, Square Timber, Lath and Shingles. 12. Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Pulpwood. *13. Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Poles. " 14. Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Cross-ties Purchased. 15. Forest Products of Canada, 1909(Being Bulletins 11, 12, 13 14, 19 and 20). " 16. Forest Fires and Railways. " 17. Timber Conditions on the proposed Route of the Hudson Bay Railway. " 18. The Rocky Mountain Forest Reserve. " 19. Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Tight and Slack Cooper- age; Boxes and Box Shooks. 20. Forest Products of Canada, 1909: Tanbark and Tanning Extracts. 21. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Poles. 22. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Cross-ties. " 23. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Timber Used in Mining Operations. " 24. Wood-using Industries of Canada, 1910: Agricultural I^ plements and Vehicles, Furniture and Cars and Ven< " 25. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Lumber, Square TimI Lath and Shingles. " 26. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Pulpwood. " 27. Forest Products of Canada, 1910: Cooperage. " 28. Forest Products of Canada, 1910. (BuUetins 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27). ♦The supply of this Bulletin is exhausted. Copies of all the others be obtained on appHcation to the Director of Forestry, Ottawa.