Slip i. 1. Hill iCibrarH 
 
 Nurtl) (Uarnlina ^tatp 
 llninprBitg 
 
 This book was presented by 
 
 Frederick D. Morrison 
 
 1877 
 
 S00236487 U 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE 
 INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- 
 JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS 
 POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION 
 DESK. 
 
 ^0(sfeiTf§ 
 
 ^e 
 
GllAY'S 
 
 LESSONS IN BOTANY 
 
 ANI> 
 
 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, 
 
 ILLDSTRATED BY OVKR 360 WOOD ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL 
 DRAWINGS, BY ISAAC SPRAGUE. 
 
 TO WHICH 18 ADDED A COPIOUS 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 By ASA GRAY, 
 
 nSnER PROFESSOR OP KATUR-VL HISTORY LN HARVARD UNirERStTT. 
 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO, 
 
 NEW YOUK AXD CHICAGO, 
 
 1877- 
 
Intered according to Act of Congress, in tha year 1357, by 
 
 GEORGE r. PUTNAM & CO.- 
 
 the Clerk's Otdlce ol the District Court for the Southsrn District of New York 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the /ear 18G8, bv 
 
 ASA GRAY, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Uassacb.uwtta. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 r^ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 This book is intended for the use of beginners, and for classes in the 
 common and higher schools, — in which the elements of Botany, one of 
 the most generally interesting of the Natural Sciences, surely ought to be 
 taught, and to be taught correctly, as far as the instruction proceeds. 
 "Wliile these Lessons are made as plain and simple as they well can be, 
 all the subjects treated of have been can-icd far enough to make the book 
 a genuine Grammar of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, and a sufficient 
 introduction to those works in which the plants of a country — especially 
 of our own — are described. 
 
 Accordingly, as respects the principles of Botany (including Vege- 
 table Physiology), this work is complete in itself, as a school-book 
 for younger classes, and even for the students of our higher seminaries. 
 For it comprises a pretty full account of the structure, organs, growth, 
 and reproduction of plants, and of their important uses in the scheme of 
 creation, — subjects which certainly ought to be as generally understood 
 by all educated people as the elements of Natural Philosophy or Astron- 
 omy are ; and which are quite as easy to be learned. 
 
 The book is also intended to serve as an introduction to the author's 
 Manual of the Bolaivj of the Northern United Slates (or to any similar 
 work describing the plants of other districts), and to be to it what a 
 grammar and a dictionary arc to a classical author. It consequently con- 
 tains many terms and details which there is no necessity for young stu- 
 dents perfectly to understand in the first instance, and still less to commit 
 to memory, but which they will need to refer to as occasions arise, when 
 they come to analyze flowers, and ascertain the names of our wild plants. 
 
 To make the book complete in this respect, a full O'tossari/, or Diction- 
 ary of Tenm mcd in describing Plants, is added to the volume. Tliis con- 
 tains very many words which are not used in the Manual of Botany ; 
 but as they occur in connnon botanical works, it was thoun^ht best to in- 
 troduce and explain them. All the words in tlic Glossary which seemed 
 to require it are accented. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 It is by no means indispensable for students to go through the volume 
 before commencing with tlie analysis of plants. When the proper season 
 for botanizing arrives, and when the first twelve Lessons have been gone 
 over, they may take up Lesson XXVIIL and the following ones, and pro- 
 ceed to study the various wild plants they find in blossom, in the manner 
 illustrated in Lesson XXX., &c., — referring to the Glossary, and thence 
 to the pages of the Lessons, as directed, for explanations of the various 
 distinctions and terms they meet with. Their first essays will necessarily 
 be rather tedious, if not difiieult ; but each successful attempt smooths 
 the way for the next, and soon these technical terms and distinctions 
 will become nearly as flxmiliar as those of ordinary lano-uage. 
 
 Students Avho, having mastered this elementary work, wish to extend 
 their acquaintance with Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, and to con- 
 sider higher questions about the structure and classification of plants, will 
 be prepared to take up the author's Botanical Text-Book, an Introduction 
 to Slructural Botany, or other more detailed treatises. 
 
 No care and expense have been spared upon the illustrations of this 
 volume; which, with one or two exceptions, are all original. They 
 were drawn from nature by M«. Sprague, the most accurate of living 
 botanical artists, and have been as freely introduced as the size to which 
 it was needful to restrict the volume would warrant. 
 
 To append a set of questions to the foot of each page, although not un- 
 usual in school-books, seems like a reflection upon the competency or the 
 faithfulness of teachers, who surely ought to have mastered the lesson be- 
 fore they undertake to teach it; nor ought facilities to be afforded for 
 teaching, any more than learning, lessons by rote. A full analysis of the 
 contents of the Lessons, however, is very convenient and advantageous. 
 Such an Analysis is here given, in place of the ordinary table of con- 
 tents. This will direct the teacher and the learner at once to the leading 
 ideas and important points of each Lesson, and serve as a basis to ground 
 proper questions on, if such should be needed. 
 
 ASA GRAY. 
 
 Harvard University, Cambridge. 
 January 1, 1857. 
 
 *** Revised August, 1868, and alterations made adapting it to the new edition d 
 Mnnunl, and to Fitld, Forest, and Garden Botany, to which this work is the propei 
 hitroduction and companion. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS/ 
 
 LESSON I. — Botany as a Branch of Natcual History. . . p. 1. 
 
 1. Natural History, its subjects. 2. The Inorganic or Mineral Kingdom, 
 what it is : why called Inorganic. 3. The Organic world, or the world of Or- 
 ganized beings, why so called, and wliat its peculiarities. 4 What kingdoms 
 it comi)rises. 5, 6. Differences between plants and animals. 7. The use of 
 plants : liow vegetables arc nourished ; and iiow animals. 
 
 8. Botany, how defined. 9. Physioloiry, and Physiological Botany, what 
 Aey relate to. 10. Systematic Botany, wliat it relates to : a Flora, what it is. 
 11. Geographical Botany, Fossil Botany, &e., what they relate to. 
 
 LESSON II. — The Gkowtii of the Plant from the Seed. . p. 4. 
 
 12. The Cour;c of Vegetation: general questions jiroposcd. 13. Plants 
 formed on one general ])lan. 14. The Germinating Plantlet : 15. exists in 
 miniature in the seed: IG. Tlie Embryo; its jjarts : 17, 18. how it develops. 
 19. Opposite growth of Root and Stem : 20. its object or results : 21,22. the 
 different way each grows. 
 
 LESSON III. Growth of the Plant from the Seed; continued, p. 9. 
 
 23. Recapitulation : Ascending and Descending Axis. 24, 25. Tiic Germi- 
 nating Plantlet, iiow nourished. 26. Deposit of food in the embryo, illustrated 
 in the Squash, &c. : 27. in tlic Almond, Apple-seed, Beech, &c. : 28. in tho 
 Bean : 29. in the Pea, Oak, and Buckeye : peculiarity of these last. 30, 31. 
 Deposit of food outside of the embryo : Albumen of the seed : various shapes 
 of embryo. 32, 33. Kinds of embryo as to the number of Cotyledons : di- 
 cotyledonous : monocotylcdonous : polycotyledonous. 84, 35. Plan of vegeta- 
 tion. 36. Simple-stemmed vegetation illustrated. 
 
 LESSON IV. The Growth of Plants from Bi;ds and Branches, p. 20. 
 
 37, 38. Branching : difference in this respect between roots and stems. 39. 
 Buds, what they arc, and where situate<l : 40. how they grow, and what they 
 become. 41. Plants as to size and duration : herb, annual, Ijiennial, ])crcnnial : 
 shrub : tree. 42. Terminal Bud. 43. Axillary Buds. 44. Scaly Buds. 45. 
 Naked Buds. 46. Vigor of vegetation from buds illustrated. 47-49. Plan 
 and arrangement of Branches : ojjposite : alternate. 50. Symmetry of Branches, 
 
 * Tha numbers in the analysis refbr to the paragraphs. 
 
 a* 
 
VI ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 
 
 what it depends on: 51. how it becomes incomplete: 51-59. how varied, 
 53 Detinitc <:rowtli. 54. Indefinite gruwtii. 55. Deiiqiieseent or dissolving 
 stems, how formed. 56. E.xearrcnt stems of spire-shaped trees, iiow produced. 
 57. Latent Buds. 58. Adventitious Buds. 59. Accessory or supernumeraiy 
 Buds. GO. Sorts of Buds reeaoitulated and delined. 
 
 LESSON V. MoRpnoLOGY of Roots p. 28. 
 
 61 - 64. Morphology ; what the term means, and how applied in Botany. 65. 
 Primary Root, simple ; and, 66. multiple. 67. Rootlets ; how roots absorb : , 
 time for transplantation, &c. 68. Great amount of surface Avhich a plant 
 spreads out, in the air and in the soil ; reduced in winter, increased in spring. 
 69. Absorbing surface of roots increased by the root-hairs. 70. Fibrous roots 
 for absorption. 71. Thickened or fleshy roots as storehouse of food. 72, 73. 
 Their principal forms. 74. Biennial roots ; their cconom3\ 75. Perennial 
 thickened roots. 76. Potatoes, &c. are not roots. 77. Secondary Roots, their 
 economy. 78. Sometimes striking in open air, when they are, 79. Aerial Roots ; 
 illustrated in Indian Com, Mangrove, Screw Pine, Banyan, &c. 80. Aerial 
 Rootlets of Ivy. 81. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, illustrated. 82. Parasitic Plants, 
 illustrated by the Mistletoe, Dodder, &c. 
 
 LESSON VI. Morphology of Stems and Branches. ... p. 36. 
 
 83 - 85. Ponns of stems and branches above ground. 86. Their direction or 
 habit of growth. 87. Culm, Candex, &c. 88. Suckers : propagation of ]>lants 
 by division. 89. Stolons : propagation by layering or laying. 90. Offsets. 
 91. Runners. 92. Tendrils; how plants climb by them : their disk-like tips in 
 the Virginia Creeper. 93. Tendrils are sometimes forms of leaves. 94. Spines 
 or Thorns ; their nature : Prickles. 95. Strange forms of stems. 96. Subter- 
 ranean stems and branches. 97. The Rootstock or Rhizoma, Avliy stem and 
 not root. 98. Why running rootstocks are so troublesome, and so hard to de- 
 stroy. 99-101. Tiiickcned rootstocks, as depositories of food. 102. Their 
 life and growth. 103. The Tuber. 104. Economy of the Potato-plant. 105. 
 Gradations of tubers into, 106. Corms or solid bulbs : the nature and economy 
 of these, as in Crocus. 107. Gradation of these into, 108. the Bulb : nature of 
 bulbs. 109,110. Their economy. 111. Their two principal sorts. 1J2. Bulb- 
 lets. 113. How the foregoing sorts of stems illustrate what is meant by mor- 
 phology. 114. They are imitated in some plants above ground. 115. Consoli- 
 dated forms of vegetation, illustrated by Cactuses, &c. 116. Their economy 
 and adaptation to dry regions. 
 
 LESSON VII. Morphology of Leaves P- 49. 
 
 117. Remarkable .states of leaves already noticed. 118, 119. Foliage the 
 natural form of leaves : others arc special fonns, or transformations ; why so 
 called. 120. Leaves as depositories of food, especially the seed-leaves ; and, 121. 
 As Bullvscalcs. 122. Leaves as Bud-scales. 123. As Spines. 124. As Ten- 
 drils. 125. AsPitchens. 126. As Fly-traps. 127- 129. The same leaf ser\'ing 
 various purposes. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. VU 
 
 LESSON VIII. MoRiMioi.ooY of Lkaves as Foliage. ... p. 54. 
 
 1.30. FoIin.iTC tlic natural state of Icavi'tJ. l.Tl. Lr-avos a rnntrivanre for in- 
 crea-sinj,' .snifacc : tlio vast .'^urf.u-c of a tree in leaf. l."5i', 1.'53. The parts of a 
 leaf. 134. The hiaile. 13"). Its ])nlp or soft ])art and its franic\v<»rk. 136. 
 Tlic latter is wood, and forms the ril)s or veins and veinlcts. 137. Division and 
 use of tiicsc. 138. Venation, or mode of veining. 139. Its two kinds. 140. 
 Ncttcd-veined or reticulated. 141. rarallel-veined or nerved. 142. The so- 
 called veins and nerves essentially the same thing; the latter not like the 
 nerves of animals. 143. IIow the sort of veining of leaves answers to the nnm- 
 her of cotyledons and the kind of plant. 144. Two kinds of parallel-vcincd leaves. 
 145, 146. Two kinds of netted-veined leaves. 147. Relation of tlic veining to 
 the shape of the leaf. 148 - l.'il. "Forms of leaves illustrated, as to general out- 
 line. I'y2. As to the base. 153. As to the apex. 
 
 LESSON IX. Morphology of LE.\.rES as Foliage ; continued, p. 61. 
 
 154, 155. Leaves either simple or compound. 156-162. Simple leaves il- 
 lustrated as to particular outline, or kind and degree of division. 163. Com- 
 pound leaves. 164. Leaflets. 165. Kinds of compound leaves. 166, 167. 
 The pinnate, and, 168. the palmate or digitate. 169. As to number of leaflets, 
 &c. 170. Leaflets, as to lobing, &c. 171, 172. Doubly or trebly compound 
 leaves of both sorts. 173. Peculiar forms of leaves explained, such as: 174. 
 Perfoliate: 175. Equitant : 176. Those without blade. 177. Phyllodia, or 
 flattened petioles. 178. Stipules. 179. Sheaths of Grasses ; Ligulc. 
 
 LESSON X. The Arrangement of Leaves. 
 
 181. Phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem : general sorts of ar- 
 rangement. 182. Leaves arise only one from the same place. 183. Clustered 
 or fascicled leaves explained. 184. Spiral arrangement of alternate leaves. 185. 
 The two-ranked arrangement. 186. The three-ranked aiTangcmcnt. 187. The 
 five-ranked arrangement. 188. The fractions by which these are expressed. 
 189. The eight-ranked and the thirtccn-ranked arrangements. 190. The series 
 of these fractions, and their relations. 191. Opposite and whorled leaves. 
 192. Symmetry of leaves, &c. fixed by mathematical rule. 19.3. Vernation, or 
 an-angcment of leaves in the bud. 194. The principal modes. 
 
 LESSON XI. The Arrangement of Flowers on the Stem, 
 
 OR Inflorescence p. 76. 
 
 195. Passage from the Organs of Vegetation to those of Fructification or Re- 
 production. 196. Inflorescence: the arrangement of flowers depends on that 
 of the leaves. 197. They arc from cither terminal or axillary buds. 198. In- 
 determinate InHoreseencc. 199. Its sorts of flower-clusters. 200. Flower- 
 stalks, viz. podiniclcs and pedicels, bracts and b.actlcts, &c. 201. Raceme. 
 202. Its gradation into (203) a Corymb, ami that (204) into (205) an Umbel. 
 206. Centripetal order of development 207. The Spike. 208. The Head. 
 
Viii ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 
 
 209. Spadix. 210. Catkin or Ament. 211, 212. Compound inflorescence of 
 the precL'din<^ kinds. 213. Panicle. 214. Th\Tsus. 215. Determinate In- 
 florescence explained. 216, 217. Cyme: centrifugal order of development. 
 218. Fascicle. 219 Glomerule. 221. Analysis of flower-clusters. 222. Com- 
 bination of the two kinds of inflorescence in the same plant. 
 
 LESSON XII. The Flower : its Parts or Organs p. 84. 
 
 223. The Flower. 224. Its nature and use. 225. Its organs. 226. Tlic 
 Floral Envelopes or leaves of the flower. Calyx and Corolla, togetiicr called 
 (227) Periantli. 228. Petals, Sepals. 229. Neutral and "double" flowers, 
 those destitute of, 230. The Essential Organs : Stamen.'; and Pistils. 231,232. 
 The parts of the flower in their six cession. 233. The Stamen : its parts. 234. 
 The Pistil : its parts. 
 
 LESSON XIIL The Plan of the Flower p. 88. 
 
 235. Flowers all constructed upon the same plan. 236. Plan in vegetation 
 referred to. 237 - 239. Typical or pattern flowers illustrated, those at once 
 perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical. 241. Imperfect or separated flowers. 
 242. Incomplete flowers. 243. Symmetr}^ and regularity. 244. Iiregular flow- 
 ers. 245. Unsymmetrical flowers* 246. Numerical plan of the flower. 247. 
 Alternation of the successive parts. 248. Occasional obliteration of certain parts. 
 24f*- Abortive organs. 250. Multiplication of parts. 
 
 LESSON XIV. Morphology of the Flower p 96. 
 
 251. Recapitulation of the varied forms under which stems and leaves appear. 
 252. These may be called metamorphoses. 253. Flowers are altered branches ; 
 liow shown. 254. Their position the same as that occupied by buds. 255, 
 256. Leaves of the blossom are really leaves. 257. Stamens a different modifi- 
 cation of the same. 258. Pistils another modification ; the botanist's idea of 
 a pistil. 259. The airangement of the parts of a flower answers to that of the 
 leaves on a branch. 
 
 LESSON XV. Morphology of the Calyx and Corolla. . . p. 99. 
 
 260. The leaves of the blossom viewed as to the various shajws they assume ; 
 as, 261. by growing together. 262. Union or cohesion of parts of the same sort, 
 rendering the flower, 263. Monopetalous or monoscpalous ; various shapes de- 
 fined and named. 265 The tube, and the border or limb. 266. Tlie claw 
 and the blade, or lamina of a separate petal, &-c. 267. Wlicn the parts arc 
 distinct, polysepalons, and polypetalons. 268. Consolidation, or the growing 
 together of the parts of different sets. 269. Insertion, what it means, and what 
 is meant by the terms Free and Hypogynous. ■ 270. Perigynous insertion. 271, 
 272. Coherent or adherent calyx, &e. 273. Epigynons. 274. In-egnlarit}' of 
 parts. 275. Papilionaceous flower, and its parts. 276. Labiate or bilabiate 
 flowers. 277. 278. Ligulate flowers : the so-called compound flowers. 
 
ANALYSIS OF TIIK LESSONS. IX 
 
 LESSON XVI. Estivation, or the Akrant.ement of the 
 
 CaLVX AM) COKOM.A IN THK 15ui). . . . p 108. 
 
 279. ^Estivation or Prafloration (K'tinecl. 280. It.s prin<-i])al modes illustrated, 
 viz. the valvato, indiipiieate, redniilicate, eonvolutc or twisted, and imbricated. 
 282, 283. Also the ojjen, and tlio plaited or plicate, and its modification, the 
 supervolutc. 
 
 LESSON XVII. MonniOLOGY of the Stamens p. 111. 
 
 284. Stamens considered as to, 285 Their insertion. 286. Their union with 
 each other. 287, 288. Their number. 289. Tiieir parts. 290. The Filamen!:. 
 291. The Anther. 292, 293. Its attachment to the filament. 294. Its structure. 
 295. Its mode of opening, &c. 296. Its mori)liolo.i;:y, or the way in which it is 
 supposed to be constructed out of a leaf; its use, viz. to produce, 29". Pollen. 
 298. Structure of pollen-grains. 299. Some of their forms. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. IMoRiMioi.oGY of Pistils p. 116. 
 
 300. Pistils as to position. 301. As to number. 302. Their paits ; Ovary, 
 style, and stigma. 303, 304. Plan of a pistil, whether simple or coinj)ound. 
 305, 306. The simple pistil, or Caqjel, and how it answers to a leaf. 307. Its 
 sutures. 308. The Placenta. 309. Tlic Simple Pistil, one-celled, 310. and with 
 one style. 311, 312. The Compound Pistil, how composed. 313. With two or 
 more cells : 314. their placcntai in the axis : 315. their dissepiments or parti- 
 tions. 316, 317. One-celled compound pistils. 318. With a free central pla- 
 centa. 319, 320. With parietal placentne. 321. Ovary superior or inferior. 
 322. Open or Gymnos])ermous pistil : Naked-seeded plants. 323. Ovules. 324. 
 Tiieir structure. 3:25, 326. Their kinds illustrated. 
 
 LESSON XIX. MoRriiOLOGY of the Receptacle p. 124. 
 
 327. The Receptacle or Torus. 328-330. Some of its forms illustrated. 
 331. The Disk. 332. Curious form of the receptacle in Nelumbium. 
 
 LESSON XX. The Eruit p. 126. 
 
 333. Wh.at the Fruit consists of. 334. Fruits which arc not such in a strict 
 botanical sense. 335. Simiile Fruits. 336, 337. The Pericarp, and the changes 
 it may undergo. 338. Kinds of simple fruits. 339. Fleshy fruits. 340 The 
 Berry. 341. The Pejjo or ('.round-fruit. 342. The Pome or Api)lc-frait. 343- 
 345. The Drupe or Stone-fruit. 346. Dry fruits. 347. The Achenium : nature 
 of tlie Strawberry. 348. ]taspl)erry and Blackberry. 349. Fruit in the Com- 
 posite Family : Pappus. 3.50. The Utricle .351. The Caryopsis or Orain. 352. 
 The Nut : Cupule. 353. The Samara or Key-fruit. 354. The Capsule or Pod. 
 3.55»The Follicle. 356. The Legume and Loment. 357. The true Capsule. 
 358, 359. Dehiscence, its kinds. 361 . The Sili(iue. 362. The Silicic. 363. Th« 
 Pyxis. 364. MultiiHe or Collective Fruits. 365. The Strobile or Cone. 
 
X ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 
 
 LESSON XXI. The Seed p. 134. 
 
 .^GG. The Seed; its origin. 3G7. -Its parts. .300, .3G9. Its coats. 370. The 
 Aril or Ariilus. 371. Names applied to tlic parts of the seed. 372. Tiie Ker- 
 nel or Nucleus. 373. The Albumen. 374, 375. Tiie Embryo. 376. The 
 Kadicle. 377. The Cotyledons or Seed-leaves : the monocotyledonous, dicoty- 
 ledonous, and polycotyledonous embryo. 378. The Plumule. 379. The circle 
 of vegetable life completed; 
 
 LESSON XXII. IIow Plants grow p. 138. 
 
 380, 381. Growth, what it is. 382. For the first formation or beginning of 
 a plant dates farther back than to, 383. the embryo in the ripe seed, which is 
 already a plantlet. 384. The formation and the growth of the embryo itself. 
 385. Action of the pollen on the stigma, and the result. 386. The Embryonal 
 Vesicle, or first cell of the embryo. 387. Its growth and development into the 
 embryo. 388. Growth of the plantlet from the seed. 389. The plant built up 
 of a vast number of cells. 390. Growth consists of the increase in size of cells, 
 and their multiplication in number. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. Vegetable Fabric : Cellular Tissue. . . p. 142. 
 
 391, 392. Organic Structure illustrated : Cells the units or elements of plants. 
 393. Cellular Tissue. 394,395,397. How the cells are put together. 39G. Inter- 
 cellular spaces, air-passages. 398 Size of cells. 399. Rapidity of their ]>roduc- 
 tion. 400. Their walls colorless ; the colors owing to their contents. 401. The 
 walls sometimes thickened. 402. Cells are closed and whole ; yet sap flows from 
 one cell to another. 403. Their varied shapes. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. Vegetable Fabric : "Wood p. 145. 
 
 404. All plants at the beginning formed of cellular tissue only ; and some 
 never have anything else in their composition. 405. Wood soon appears in 
 most plants. 406. Its nature. 408. Wood-cells or Woody Fibre. 409. Hard 
 wood and soft wood. 410. Wood-cells closed and whole ; yet they convey sap. 
 411. They communicate through thin places : Pine-wood, &c. 412. Bast-cells 
 or fibres of the bark. 413. Ducts or Vessels. 414. The principal kinds. 415. 
 Milk-vessels, Oil-receptacles, &c. 
 
 LESSON XXV. Anatomy of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, p. 140. 
 
 416. The materials of the vegetable fabric, how put together. 417-419. 
 Structure and action of the rootlets. 420. Root-hairs. 421. Structure of the 
 stem. 422. The two .sorts of stem. 423. The Endogenous. 423. The Exo- 
 genous : 425. more particularly explained. 426. Parts of the wood or stem 
 itself. 427. Parts of the bark. 428. Growth of the exogenous stem year after 
 vear. 429. Growth of the bark, and what becomes of the older parts. 431. 
 Changes in the wood ; Sap-wood. 432. Heart-wood. 433. ThU no longer liv- 
 
ANALYSIS OF TIIK LESSONS. Xl 
 
 ing. 434, Wliat the liviiif; parts of a tree arc; their annual renewal. 435. 
 Camliiiim-laycr or zone of growth in the stom ; conncctL-d with, 4.'3G. new root- 
 lets hciow, and new shoots, huils, and leaves ahove. 4:i7. Structure of a leaf; 
 its two parts, the woody and the eeUuhir, or, 438. tiie jjulj) ; tliis contains the green 
 mutter, or Chh»ro|ihyli. 439, 440. Arrangement of the cells of green pulp in the 
 leaf, and structure of its epidermis or skin. 441. Upper side only endures the 
 sunsliine. 442. Evajwration or exiialation of moisture from the leaves. 443. 
 Stomates or Breatliing-pores, tlieir structure and use. 444. Their numbers. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. The Tlaxt in Action, doing the "Work 
 
 OF Vegetation p. 1.57. 
 
 446. The office of plants to produce food for animals. 447. Plants feed 
 upon earth and air. 449. Their chemical composition. 4r)0. Two sorts of 
 material. 451, 452. Tiic earthy or inorganic constituents. 453. The organic 
 constituents. 454. These form the Cellulose, or substance of vegetal)le tissue ; 
 composition of cellulose. 455. The plant's food, from which tliis is made. 
 
 456. Water, furnishing hydrogen and oxygen. 458. Carbonic acid, furnishing, 
 
 457. Carl)on. 459. The air, containing oxygen and nitrogen ; and also, 460. 
 Carbonic acid; 461. which is absorbed by the leaves, 462. aiul by tiic roots. 
 463. Water and carbonic acid the general food of plants. 464. Assimilation 
 tiie proper work of plants. 465. 'J'akes place in green parts alone, under the 
 light of the sun. 466-468. Lilierates oxygen gas and produces Cellulose or 
 plant-fabric. 469. Or else Starch ; its nature and use. 470. Or Sugar; its na- 
 ture, &c. Tlie transformations starch, sugar, &c. undergo. 471. Oils, acids, &c. 
 The fomiation of all these products restores oxygen gas to the air. 472. There- 
 fore plants purify the air for animals. 473. While at the same time they jiro- 
 duce all the food and fal)ric of animals. The latter take all their food ready made 
 from plants. 474. And decomjiosc starch, sugar, oil, &c., giving back their ma- 
 terials to the air again as the food of tiie plant ; at the same time producing ani- 
 mal heat. 475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrine, gelatine, &c.) contains 
 nitrogen. 476. This is derived from plants in the form of Trotcine. Its nature 
 and how the plant forms it. 477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy 
 part of bones, &c. 478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great 
 oljject for which plants were created. 
 
 LESSON XXVII. Pi.ant-Life p. isG. 
 
 479. Life; manifested by its eflfects ; viz its power of transforming matter: 
 480. And by motion. 481, 482. Plants execute movements as well as animals. 
 483. Circulation in cells. 484. Free movements of the simplest plants in tlieir 
 forming state. 485. Absorption and conveyance of the sap. 486. Its rise into 
 the leaves. 487. Explained liy a mechanical law; Endosniose. 488. Set in ac- 
 tion by evaporation from the leaves. 489. Tiiese movements controlled by the 
 plant, which directs growth and shapes the fal)ric by an inheivnt power. 490- 
 492. Special movements of a conspicuous sort; .sueii as seen in the bending, 
 twining, revolving, and coiling of stems and tendrils ; in the so-called sleeping 
 and waking states of plauta ; iu aovcmcuUs from irriiution, and suitiutr spon- 
 taaoous motions. 
 
Xll ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 
 
 493. Cryptogramous or Flowcrless Plants. 494. What they comprise ; why 
 so called. 495. To bo studied in other works. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. Species and Kinds p. 173. 
 
 496. Plants viewed as to their relationships. 497. Two characteristics of 
 plants and animals : they form themselves, and, 498. They exist as Individu- 
 als. The cliain of individuals gives rise to the idea of, 499, .500. Species : as- 
 semblages of individuals, so like that they arc inferred to have a common an- 
 cestry. 501. Varieties and Races. 502. Tendency of the progeny to inherit 
 all the peculiarities of the parent ; how taken advantage of in developing and 
 fixing races. 503. Diversity and gradation of species ; these so connected as to 
 show all to be formed on one plan, all works of one hand, or realizations of the 
 conceptions of one mind. 504. Kinds, what they depend upon. 505. Genera. 
 506. Orders or Families. 507. Suborders and Tribes. 508 Classes. 509. The 
 two great Series or grades of plants. 510. The way the various divisions in 
 classification are ranked 
 
 LESSON XXIX. Botanical Names and Characters. . . . p. 178. 
 
 511, 512. Classification ; the two purposes it subserves. 513. Names : plan of 
 nomenclature. 514, 515. Generic names, how formed. 516. S])ecific names, 
 how formed. 517. Names of Varieties. 518, 519. Names of Orders, Sub- 
 orders, Tribes, &c. 520, 521. Characters. 
 
 LESSONS XXX. -XXXIL How to study Plants, pp. 181, 187, 191. 
 
 522 - 567. Illustrated by several examples, showing the mode of analyzing and 
 ascertaining the name of an unknown plant, and its place in the system, &c. 
 
 LESSON XXXIIT." Botanical Systems p 195. 
 
 568-571. Natural System. 572, 573. Artificial Classification. 574. Arti- 
 ficial System of Linna?us. 575. Its twenty-four Classes, enumerated and de- 
 fined. 576. Derivation of their names. 577, 578. Its Orders. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. How to collect Specimens and make 
 
 AN Herbarium p. 199. 
 
 579-582. Directions for collecting specimens. 583,584. For drying and 
 preserving specimens. 585, 586 For forming an Herbarium. 
 
 GLOSSARY, OR Dictionary of Botanical Terms p. 203 
 
FlllST LESSONS 
 
 BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 LESSON 1. 
 
 BOTAXY AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 1. The subjects of Natural History are, the earth itself" and the 
 beings that live upon it. 
 
 2. The Inorganic World, or Minprai Kingdom. The earth itself, with 
 
 the air that surrounds it, and all things naturally belonging to them 
 which are destitute of life, make up the mineral kingdom, or in- 
 organic Avorld. These are called inorganic, or unorganized, because 
 they are not composed of organs, that is, of parts which answer to 
 one another, and make up a whole, such as is a horse, a bird, or a 
 plant. They were formed, but they did not grow, nor proceed from 
 previous bodies like themselves, nor have they the power of pro- 
 ducing other similar bodies, that is, of reproducing their kind. Ou 
 the other hand, tlie various living things, or those which have pos- 
 sessed life, compose 
 
 3. The Organic World, — the world of organized beings. These 
 consist of organs ; of parts which go to make up an itidividiial, a 
 being. And eacii individual owes its existence to a preceding one 
 like itself, that is, to a parent. It was not merely formed, but 
 produced. At first small and imperfect, it grows and develops by 
 powers of its own ; it attains maturity, becomes old, and finally dies. 
 It was formed of inorganic or mineral matter, that is, of earth and 
 air, indeed ; but only of this matter under the influence of life : 
 and after life departs, sooner or later, it is decom[)used into earth 
 and air again. 
 
 1 
 
2 BOTANY, WHAT IT RKLATF.S TO. TleSSON 1. 
 
 4. The orp^anic world consists of two kinds of beinjjs ; namely, 
 1. Plants or Vegetnhlea, wliich make up what is called tlu^ Vegetable 
 Kiiif/rloiii ; and, '?.. Aiiinni/s, wliicli compose the Animal Kingdom^ 
 
 ."). The Uilfcrciicfs bptwccii Plants aiid Animals seem at first sight so 
 
 obvious and so great, that it would appear mere natural to inquire 
 how they resemble rather than how they difter from each other. 
 What likeness does the cow bear to the grass it feeds upon ? The 
 one moves freely from place to place, in obedience to its own will, 
 as its wants or convenience require : the other is fixed to the spot 
 of earth where it grew, manifests no Avill, and makes no movements 
 that are apparent to ordinary observation. The one takes its food 
 into an internal cavity (the stomach), from which it is absorbed 
 into the system : the other absorbs its food directly by its surface, 
 by its roots, leaves, &c. Both possess organs ; but the limbs or 
 members of the animal do not at all resemble the roots, leaves, 
 blossoms, &c. of the plant. All these distinctions, however, gradu- 
 ally disappear, as we come to the lower kinds of plants and the lower 
 animals. Many animals (such as barnacles, coral-animals, and 
 polyps) are fixed to some support as completely as the plant is to 
 the soil ; while many plants are not fixed, and some move from 
 place to place by powers of their own. All animals move some of 
 their parts freely ; yet in the extent and rapidity of the motion 
 many of them are surpassed by the common Sensitive Plant, by 
 the Venus's Fly-trap, and by some other vegetables; while whole 
 tribes. of aquatic plants are so freely and briskly locomotive, that 
 they have until lately been taken for animals. It is among these 
 microscopic tribes that tlie animal and vegetable kingdoms most 
 nearly approach each other, — so nearly, that it is still uncertain 
 where to draw the line between them. 
 
 6. Since the difficulty of distinguishing between animals and 
 plants occurs only, or mainly, in those forms which from their 
 minuteness are beyond ordinary observation, we need not fui'ther 
 concern ourselves with the question here. One, and probably the 
 most absolute, difference, however, ought to be mentioned at the 
 outset, bee use it enables us to see what plants are made for. It 
 is this : — 
 
 7. Vegetables are nourished by the mineral kingdom, that is, by 
 the ground and the air, which sup])ly all they need, and Avhich they 
 are adapted to live upon ; while animals are entirely nourished by 
 vegetables. The great use of plants therefore is, to take portions of 
 
LESSON 1.] BOTANY, WnAT IT RF.LATKS TO. 3 
 
 earth and air, upon which animals cannot snl)sist at all, and to con- 
 vert these into something upon which animals can suhsist, that is, 
 into food. All food is produced hij plants. I low this is done, it is 
 the province of Vcgetahle Pliysiolojry to explain. 
 
 8. Botany is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in 
 general. 
 
 '.'. Physiology is the study of the way a living being lives, and 
 grows, anil pertbrms its various operations. The study of plants in 
 this view is the province of Vegetable Physiology. The study of the 
 form and structure of the organs or parts of the vegetable, by which 
 its operations are peHbrnied, is the province of Structural Botany. 
 The two together constitute Physiological Botany. Witii this de- 
 partment the study of Botany should begin ; both because it lies 
 at the foundation of all the rest, and because it gives that kind of 
 knowledge of plants which it is desirable every one should possess ; 
 that is, some knowledge of the way in which plants live, grow, and 
 fulfil the purposes, of their existence. To this subject, accordingly, 
 a large portion of the ibllowing Lessons is devoted. 
 
 10. The study of plants as to their kinds is the province of Sys- 
 tematic Botany. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, as far 
 as known, classilied according to their various degrees of resemblance 
 or difference, constitutes a general Si/stcm of plants. A similar ac- 
 count of the vegetables of any particular country or district is called 
 a Flora of that country or district. 
 
 11. Other departments of Botany come to view when — instead 
 of regarding plants as to wliat llicy are in thenisclvcs. or as to ilieir 
 relationship with each othiM* — \\r. consider them in their relations 
 to other things. Tiieir relation to the eartlu (or instance, as respects 
 their distribution over its surl'ace, gives i-ise to Geographical Botany, 
 or Botanical Geography. The study of the vegetation of former 
 times, in their fossil remains entombed in tlie crust of the earth, 
 gives rise to Fossil Botany. The study of jilants in respect to their 
 uses to man is the province of Agricultural Botany, Medical Botany, 
 and the like. 
 
4 GROWTH OF THK PLANT FHOM THE SEKD. [lESSON 2. 
 
 LESSON 11. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 
 
 12. The Course of Vegetation. We see plants growing from the 
 seed in spring-time, and giadiially developing their parts : at length 
 they blossom, bear fruit, and produce seeds like those from which 
 ttiey grew. Shall we commence the study of the plant with the 
 full-grown herb or tree, adorned with flowers or laden with fruit ? 
 Or shall we commence with the seedling just rising from the 
 ground ? On the whole, we may get a clearer idea of the whole 
 life and structure of plants if we begin at the beginning, that is, with 
 the plantlet springing from the seed, and follow it throughout its 
 course of growth. This also agrees best with the season in which 
 the study of Botany is generally commenced, namely, in the spring 
 of the year, when the growth of plants from the seed can hai'dly 
 fail to attract attention. Indeed, it is this springing forth of vegeta- 
 tion from seeds and buds, after the rigors of our long winter, — 
 clothing the eai'th's surface almost at once with a mantle of freshest 
 verdure, — which gives to spring its greatest charm. Even the 
 dullest beholder, the least observant of Nature at other seasons, 
 can then hardly fail to ask : What are plants ? How do they live 
 and grow ? What do they live upon ? What is the object and use 
 of vegetation in general, and of its particular and wonderfully various 
 forms ? These questions it is the object of the present Lessons fo 
 answer, as far as possible, in a simple way. 
 
 13. A reflecting as well as observing person, noticing the re- 
 semblances between one plant and another, might go on to inquire 
 whether plants, with all their manifold diversities of form and 
 appearance, are not all constructed on one and the same general 
 plan. It will become apparent, as we proceed, that this is the 
 case; — that one common plan may be discerned, which each par- 
 ticular plant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, has followed much more 
 closely than would at first view be sup])0sed. The differences, wide 
 as they are, are merely incidental. What is true in a general way 
 of any ordinary vegetable, will be found to be true of all, only with 
 great variation in the details. In the same language, though in 
 varied phrase, the hundred thousand kinds of plants repeat the same 
 
LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF TUIC I'LANT FROM THE SEED. 
 
 story, — are tlie livinjj witnosso? and illustrations of ono and the 
 same plan of Creative Wisdom in the vegftable world. So that the 
 study of any one plant, traced from the seed it springs from round 
 to the seeds it produces, would illustrate the wdiole subject of Vege- 
 table life and growth. It matters little, th.'retbrw, what particular 
 plant we begin with. 
 
 14. The Cprmilialin!; Plantlft. Take for example a seedling Maple. 
 Sugar ^Maples may be tuuiid in abundance in many places, starting 
 from the seed (i. e. germinathuj) in early spring, and Red IMaples 
 at the beginning of summer, shortly after the fruits of the season 
 have ripened and fallen to the ground. A pair of narrow green 
 leaves raised on a tiny stem make up the whole plant at its first 
 appearance (Fig. 4). Soon a root appears at the; lower end of this 
 stemlet ; then a little bud at its upper end, between the pair of 
 leaves, which soon grows into a second joint or 
 stem bearing another pair of leaves, resembling 
 the ordinary leaves of the Red IMaple, which 
 the first did not. Figures 5 and (5 represent 
 these steps in the growth. 
 
 15. Was this plantlet formed in the seed at 
 the time of germination, something as the chick 
 is formed in the egg during the process of incu- 
 bation ? Or did it exist before in the seed, 
 ready formed ? To decide this question, we 
 have only to inspect a sound seed, which in this 
 instance requires no microscope, nor any other 
 instrument than a sharp knife, by which the 
 coats of the seed (previously soaked in water, if 
 dry) may be laid open. We find within the 
 seed, in this case, the little plantlet ready formed, 
 and nothing else (Fig. 2); — namely, a pair 
 of leaves like those of the earliest seedling 
 (Fig. 4), only smaller, borne on a st<^mlet just 
 like that of the seedling, only much shorter, 
 and all snugly coiled uj) williiii tlic protecting 
 sf'cd-coat. The j)lant tlicii cxi.-ts bcfon-iiand < 
 in the seed, in miuiatun'. It was not Ibrmed, but only devel- 
 
 FIC, 1. A wiii:;im1 friiil of IJimI .M,i|i1o. wiili tlio sooil-hp.irini; iMirtiiiii ciil ojicn, to show tli* 
 «cp(l. a. TliiR m-oil (III <i|H'ii to show ilio piiiliryo plaiillot within, enlarged. 3. TJio embryo 
 tikeii out whole, and partly unfolded. -4. The Hamc after it has begun to grow ; of tb« 
 natural siiee. 
 
r.ROWTII OF TIIF. PLANT FHOMTIIK SEKD. [L1:SS0N2. 
 
 opoil, in gi-rmiiiation ; when it liiid incnly to unfold and grow, — 
 to clonirate its riulinientary stem, wliich takes 
 at tiie .»anie time an upright position, so as to 
 bring the leaf-bearing end into the light and air, 
 where the two leaves expand ; while from the 
 (>ppo>ile end, now pushed farther downwards 
 into liie soil, the root begins to grow. All this 
 is true in tiie main of all plants that spring irom 
 real seeds, although with great diversity in the 
 partic'ulai-s. At least, there is hardly an excep- 
 tion to the fact, that the plantlet exists ready 
 formed in the seed, in some shape or other. 
 
 16, The rudimentary plantlet contained in 
 the seed is called an Embryo. Its little stem 
 is named the Radicle, because it was sujjposed 
 to be the root, when the difference between the 
 root and stem was not so well known as now. 
 It were better to name it the Caulicle (i. e. 
 little stem) ; but it is not expedient to change 
 old luunes. The seed-leaves it beai's on its sum- 
 mit (here two in number) are technically called 
 Cotyledons. The little bud of undeveloped 
 leaves which is to be found between the co- 
 tyledons before germination in many cases (as in the Pea, Bean, 
 Fig. 17, &c.), has been named the Plumule. 
 
 17. In the Maple (Fig. 4), as also in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 
 28), and the like, this bud, or plumule, is not seen for some days 
 after the seed-leaves are expanded. But soon it appears, in the 
 Maple as a pair of minute leaves (Fig. 5), erelong raised on a stalk 
 which carries them up to some distance above the cotyledons. The 
 plantlet (Fig. G) now consists, above ground, of two pairs of leaves, 
 viz.: l.the cotyledons or seed-leaves, borne on the sununit of the 
 original stemlet (the radicle) ; and 2. a pair of ordinary leaves, 
 raised on a second joint of stem which has grown from the top 
 of the first. Later, a third pair of leaves is formed, and raised 
 on a third joint of stem, proceeding from the summit of the second 
 (Fig. 7), just as that did from the first; and so on, until the germi- 
 nating plantlet becomes a tree. 
 
 Flo. !). r.orniinnting Red Maple, which lias produced its root beneatli, and is developing 
 ^<c^ond pair uf leav«8 above. 6. Same, furtlier advanced. 
 
Li:SSON 2.] GROWTH OK THr, PLANT FROM TIIK SK.ED. 
 
 18. So the yourifrcst sccdliiijr, ami even the cinbiyo in llif sord, 
 is iiln-aily an epitome of the licrb or tree. It lias a stem, i'ntin the 
 lower end of" wliieh it strikes root : and it 
 has leaves. Tlie tree il-t-lf in its wliole 
 vegetation has nothing more in kind. 
 To beeome a tree, the ])iantlet has only 
 to repeat itself npwardly by j)roducing 
 more similar parts, — that is, new por- 
 tions of stem, with new and larger leaves, 
 in succession, — while beneath, it pushes 
 its root deeper and deeper into the soil. 
 
 I'J. The Opposite Growth of Root and 
 
 SlCin began at the beginning of germi- 
 nation, and it continues through the 
 whole life of the plant. AVhile yet 
 buried in the soil, and perhaps in total 
 darkness, as soon as it begins to grow, 
 the stem end of the embryo points 
 towards the light, — curving or tuining 
 quite round if it happens to lie in 
 some other direction, — and stretches 
 upwards into the free air and sunshine ; 
 while the root end as uniformly avoids 
 the light, bends in the oj)posite direction 
 to do so if necessary, and ever seeks to bury itself more and more 
 in the earth's bosom. How the plantlet makes these movements we 
 cannot explain. But the object of this instinct is obvious. It 
 places the plant from the first in the proper position, with its roots 
 in the moist soil, from which they are to absorb nourishment, and its 
 leaves in the light and air, where alone they can fulfil their ollice of 
 digesting what the roofs absorb. 
 
 20. So the seedling plantlet finds itself provided with all the 
 organs of ref/n(cu:cn that even the oldest plant possesses, — namely, 
 root, stem, an I leaves; and lias these placed in the situation where 
 each is to act, — 'he root in the soil, the foliage in the light and air. 
 Tims eslalilished, tiic plantlet has only to set about its proper work. 
 
 21. The diffcrcnl Woilc of tirowtl of Root mid Strm may also be here 
 
 mentioned. Each grows, not only in a different direction, but in a 
 different way. The stem grows by producing a set of joints, each from 
 
 FIG. 7. Gwiiiiiiatiiig Kcd Maplo^ fiirllipr ilovcloiicd. 
 
8 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 2. 
 
 the summit of its predpcpssor ; and each joint elongates throughout 
 every part, until it readies its full length. The root is not composed 
 of joints, and it lengthens only at the end. The stem in the embryo 
 (viz. the radicle) has a certain length to begin with. In the pump- 
 kin-seed, for instance (Fig. 9), it is less than an eighth of an inch 
 long : but it grows in a few days to the length of one or two inches 
 (Fig. 10), or still more, if the seed were deeper covered by the soil. 
 It is by this elongation that the seed-leaves are raised out of the 
 soil, so as to expand in the light and air. The length they acquire 
 varies with the depth of the covering. When large and strong seeds 
 are too deeply buried, the stemlet sometimes grows to the length of 
 several inches in the endeavor to bring the seed-leaves to the sur- 
 face. The lengthening of the succeeding joints of the stem serves to 
 separate the leaves, or pairs of leaves, from one another, and to ex- 
 pose them more fully to the light. 
 
 22. The root, on the other hand, begins by a new formation at 
 the base of the embryo stem ; and it continues to increase in length 
 solely by additions to the extremity, the parts once formed scarcely 
 elongating at all afterwards. This mode of growth is well adapted 
 to the circumstances in which I'oots are placed, leaving every part 
 undisturbed in the soil where it was formed, while the ever-advan- 
 cing points readily insinuate themselves into the crevices or looser 
 portions of the soil, or pass around the surface of solid obstacles. 
 
LESSON 3.] GllOWTH OF TUE PLANT FUOM TUE SEED. 9 
 
 LESSON III. ' 
 
 GRC^WTH OF THR PLANT FROM TIIK SFBD. ContlTlVcd. 
 
 23. So a plant consists of two parts, growing in a diflferent manner, 
 as well as in opposite directions. One part, the root, grows down- 
 wards into the soil: it may, therefore, be called the descending axis. 
 The other grows upwards into the light and air : it may be called 
 the ascending axis. The root grows on continuously from the ex- 
 tremity, and so does not consist of joints, nor does it bear leaves, 
 or anything of the kind. The stem grows by a succession of 
 joints, each bearing one or more leaves on its summit. Root on 
 the one hand, and stem with its foliage on the other, make up the 
 whole i)lantlet as it springs from the seed ; and the full-grown iierb, 
 shrub, or tree has nothing more in kind, — only moro in size and 
 number. Before we trace the jjlantlet into the herb or tree, some 
 other cases of the growth of the plantlet from the seed should be 
 studied, that we may observe how the same plan is worked out under 
 a variety of forms, with certain differences in the details. The mate- 
 rials for this study are always at hand. "We have only to notice what 
 takes place all around us in spring, or to plant some con.mon seeds 
 in pots, keep them warm and moist, an<l watch their germination. 
 
 24. The Gcrininaliii2 Plaiillcl fci'ils on Noiirislinifiit proviilrrt brfon'liand. 
 
 Tlie embryo so snugly ensconced in the seed of the 3Iaple (Fig. 2, 
 3, 4) has from the first a miniature stem, and a pair of leaves already 
 green, or which become green as soon as brought to the light. It 
 has only to form a root by which to fix itself to the ground, when it 
 becomes a perfect though diminutive vegetable, capable of providing 
 for itself. This root can be formed only out of proper material : 
 neither water nor anything else which the ])lantlet is imbibing from 
 the earth will answer the purpose. The i)roper material is nourish- 
 ing matter, or prepared food, more or less of which is always pro- 
 vided by the pan-nt plant, and stored up in the seed, either in the 
 embryo itself, or arouml it. In the ^laple, this nourishment is stored 
 up in the thickish cotyledons, or seed-leaves. And there is barely 
 enough of it. to make th«' beginning of a root, and to ])rovide for the 
 lengthening of the stemlct so as to bring up the unfolding se«-d-leaves 
 where they may expand to the light of day. But when this is done, 
 S&F— 2 
 
10 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THK SEED. [lESSON 3. 
 
 the tiny j)lant is alrrady able to shift for itself; — that is, to hve and 
 conlinut' its growtli on what it now takes from the soil and from the 
 air, and elaborates into iioun'sfiinent in its two green leaves, under 
 the influenee of the light of the sun. 
 
 25. In most ordinary phmts, a larger portion of nourish;jient is 
 provided beforehand in the seed ; and the plantlet consequently is 
 not so early or so entirely left to its own resources. Let us examine 
 a number of cases, selected from very common plants. Sometimes, 
 as has just been stated, we find this 
 
 26. Deposit of Food in the Embryo itself. And we may observe it 
 in every gradation as to quantity, from the Maple of our first illus- 
 
 _ tration, where there is very little, up to 
 the Pea and the Horsechestnut, where 
 there is as much as there possibly can 
 be. If we strip off the coats from the 
 large and flat seed of a Squash or 
 Pumpkin, we find nothing but the em- 
 bryo within (Fig. 9) ; and almost the 
 whole bulk of this consists of the two 
 seed-leaves. That these contain a good 
 supply of nourishing matter, is evident 
 from their sweet taste and from their 
 thickness, although there is not enough 
 to obscure their leaf-like appearance. 
 It is by feeding on this supply of nour- 
 ishment that the germinating Squash or 
 Pumpkin (Fig. 10) grows so rapidly 
 and so vigorously from the seed, — 
 lengthening its stemlet to more than 
 twenty times the length it had in the 
 seed, and thickening it in proportion, — 
 sending out at once a number of roots 
 from its lower end, and soon developing 
 the plumule (16) from its upper end into a third leaf: meanwhile 
 the two cotyledons, relieved from the nourishment with which their 
 tissue was gorged, have expanded into useful green leaves. 
 
 27. F'or a stronger instance, take next the seed of a Plum or 
 Peach, or an Almond, or an Apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), which shows 
 
 FIO. 0. Embryo of a Pumpkin, of the natural sizo ; the cotyledons a little opened 
 JO. The aaiiie, when it lias germinated- 
 
LESSON 3.] GUOWTII OF THK PLANT ^OM THE SEED. 
 
 11 
 
 the same thing on a small<'r scale. The embryo, whicli liere also 
 tJiukes u|) the whole hulk of the kernel of the 
 seed, diflers from that of the Pumpkin only 
 in having the seed-leaves more thickened, hy 
 the much larger quantity of nourishment stored 
 up in their tissue, — so large and so pure in- 
 deed, that the almond becomes an article of 
 food. Fed by this abundant supply, the second, 
 and even the third joints of the stem, with 
 their leaves, shoot forth as soon as the stemlet comes to the surface ol 
 the soil. The Beech-nut (Fig. 13), with 
 its sweet and eatable kernel, consisting 
 mainly of a pair of seed-leaves folded 
 together, and gorged with nourishing 
 matter, offers another instance of the 
 same sort : this ample store to feed 
 upon enables the germinating plantlet 
 to grow with remarkal^le vigor, and to 
 develop a second joint of stem, with its 
 pair of leaves (Fig. 14), before the first 
 pair has expanded or the root has ob- 
 tained much foothold in the soil. 
 
 28. A Bean aflurds a similar and 
 more familiar illustration. Here the co- 
 tyledons in the seed (Fig. IG) are so 
 thick, that, although they are raised out 
 of ground in the ordinary way in ger- 
 mination (Fig. 17), and turn greenish, 
 yet they never succeed in becoming leaf- 
 like, — never display their real nature of 
 leaves, as they do so plaiidy in the Ma- 
 ple (Fig. o),tlie Pumpkin (Fig. 10), the 
 Morning-Glory (Fig. 8, 26-28), &c.^ 
 Turned to great account as magazines 
 of food for the germinating plantlet, they 
 fulfil this special office admirably, but 
 
 FK;. II. An A|)|ilo-Boo(l cm ihm.ipli Ipiiciiiwisp, Kliowinc «l"o cniliryo wiili its thickened 
 eotylodi.iis. IJ. Tlic piiibryo «>t the Applf, t.ikiii out whule, \ts cotylfiloiiH |iarlly seimrated 
 
 Flu. 13. A Hecch-iiiit, cut arniss. H. lli-ciiiiiiiij! mriiiiiintum ol the Ik-iTh, shiiwiiii; iha 
 pliiniiilu gmwiiic \tiUiTv the cnlyleiliiiis liavo «>|k'iu<I or iho ruot has scarcely furiiicd 15. Tlw 
 •ainc, a littio later, with the bccoiii] juiiil loiiulheiicd. 
 
12 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. ([LESSON 3. 
 
 they were so gorged and, as it wore, misshapen, that they became 
 quite unfitted to perform the ofTice of 
 foHage. Tliis office is accordingly first 
 performed by the succeeding pair of 
 leaves, those of the plumule (Fig. 17, 
 18), which is put into rapid growth by 
 the abundant nourishment contained in 
 the large and thick seed-leaves. The 
 latter, having fulfilled this office, soon 
 wither and fall away. 
 
 29. This is carried a step farther in 
 the Pea (Fig. 19, 20), a near relative 
 of the Bean, 
 and in the 
 Oak (Fig. 
 21, 22), a 
 near relative 
 of the Beech. 
 The differ- 
 ence in these 
 and many 
 other similar 
 cases is this. 
 
 The cotyledons, which make up nearly 
 
 the whole bulk of the seed are exces- 
 sively tliickened, so as to become nearly 
 
 hemispherical in shape. They have lost 
 
 all likeness to leaves, and all power of 
 
 ever fulfilling the office of leaves. Ac- 
 cordingly in germination they remain 
 
 unchanged within the husk or coats of 
 
 tlie seed, never growing themselves, but 
 
 supplying abundant nourishment to the 
 
 plumule (the bud for the forming stem) 
 
 between them. This pushes forth from 
 
 the seed, shoots upward, and gives rise 
 
 FIG. If). A Bean : the embryo, from which seed-coats have been removed : the small 
 Fteiri is seen above, bent down upon the cilce of the tliick cotyledons. ]7. The same in early 
 germination ; tlic phimiilc growing from between the two seed-leaves. 18. The germination 
 more advanced, the two leaves uf the |>lumule unfolded, and raised un a short joint of stem. 
 
 FIG. 19. A Pea: the embryo, with the sccd-coats taken off. 20. A Pea in germination. 
 
LKSSON 3.] GROWTH OF Tilt: PLANT FROM THIC SKED. 
 
 i;< 
 
 to tlio first leaves that a|)p(':ir. In most cases of the sort, the railitle, 
 or short original stemlet of the embryo be- 
 low the cotyledons (which is plainly shown 
 in the Pea, Fig. li)), lengthens very little, 
 or not at all ; and so the cotyledons remain 
 under ground, if the seed was covered by 
 the soil, as every one knows to be the case 
 with Peas. In these (Fig. 20), as also in 
 the Oak (Fig. 22), the leaves of the first 
 one or two joints are imperfect, and mere 
 small scales ; but genuine leaves immedi- 
 ately follow. The Ilorsechestnut and Buck- 
 eye (Fig. 23, 24) furnish another instance 
 of the same sort. These trees are nearly 
 iclated to the ]\laple ; but wlnle the seed- 
 h'avcs of the Maple show themselves to 
 be leaves, even in the seed (as we have 
 already seen), and when they germinate 
 fulfil the olhce of ordinary leaves, those 
 of the Buckeye and of the Ilorsechestnut 
 (Fig. 23), would never be suspected to be 
 the same organs. Yet they are so, only 
 in another shape, — exceedingly thickened 
 by the accumulation of a great quantity 
 of starch and other nourishing matter in 
 their substance ; and besides, their contigu- 
 ous faces stick together more or less firmly, 
 so that they never open. But the stalks 
 of these seed-leaves grow, and, as they 
 lengthen, push the radicle and the plumule 22 
 
 out of the seed, when the former develops downwardly the roct. the 
 l;it!<T iii)\v;ir(]ly tin- Irnty sti-m and all it bears (Fig. 24). 
 
 30. l)('|)Osit of Food OUlsidc of the Embryo. Very often ih" nourish- 
 ment provided for the seedling phintlet is laid up, not in the embryo 
 itself, but around it. A good instance to begin with is furnished by 
 the common Morning-GU)ry, or Convolvulus. The embryo, taken 
 out of the seed and straightened, is shown in Fig. 2r>. It consists 
 of a short stemlet and of a j)air of very thin and delicate green 
 leaves, having jio stock of nourishment in them lor sustaining the 
 
 FIG. 21. An acorn divided Icnglliwi 
 
 2 
 
 riic germinating Oak. 
 
GROWTH OF THE I'LANT FKOM TIIK SEED. [lESSON 3. 
 
 t'liiliest frnnvtli. On cnlting open the seed, however, we find this 
 
 embryo (considerably crumpled or folded together, so as to occupy 
 less space, F'ig. 2o) to be surround- 
 ed by a mass of rich, mucilaginous 
 matter (becoming rather hard and 
 solid when dry), which forms the 
 principal bulk of the seed. Upon 
 this stock the embryo feeds in ger- 
 mination ; the seed-leaves absorbing 
 it into their tissue as it is rendered 
 soluble (through certain chemical 
 changes) and dissolved by the wa- 
 ter which the gern)inating seed im- 
 bibes from the moist soil. Having 
 by this aid 23 26 
 
 lengthened 
 its radicle 
 into a stem 
 ofconsider- 
 23 24 able length, 
 
 and formed the beginning of a root at its 
 
 lower end, already imbedded in the soil 
 
 (Fig. 27), the cotyledons now disengage 
 
 themselves from the seed-coats, and ex- 
 pand in the light as tiie first pair of leaves 
 
 (Fig. 28). These immediately begin to 
 
 elaborate, under the sun's influence, what 
 
 the root imbibes from the soil, and the new 
 
 nourishment so produced is used, partly to 
 
 increase the size of the little stem, root, 
 
 and leaves already existing, and partly to 
 
 produce a second joint of stem with its 
 
 leaf (Fig. 29), then a third with its leaf 
 
 (Fig. 8) ; and so on. 
 
 31. Tiiis maternal store of food, deposited in the seed along with 
 
 the embryo (but not in its substance), the old botanists likened to 
 
 FIG. 23. Burkcye : a seed divided. 24. A similar seed in geiniiiation. 
 
 FIG. 25. Seed and embryo of Mommg-Glory, cut across. Sfi. Einhryo of the same, de. 
 tached and straighlened. 27. Germinating Morning-Glory. 28. Tlie same further advanced/ 
 Its two (hin seed-leaves cxpamlod. 
 
LK8S0N 3.] OKOWTH OK TIIK IM.ANT FROM THE SEfcO. 
 
 15 
 
 th(; alhntnrn, or wliilo of (lie o^'ir, wliich cnclosfs ihe yolk, and 
 therefore gave it the same name, — the albumen of the seed, — a 
 nnme which it still retains. Food of this sort for the plant is also 
 f(K)d for animals, or for man ; and il is 
 this albnmen, the floury part of liie seed, 
 whieh forms the principal bulk of such 
 important grains as those of Indian Corn 
 (V\^. 38-40), Wheat, Rice, Buck- 
 wheat, and of the seed of Four-o'clock, 
 (Fig. 3(3, 37), and the like. In all 
 these last-named cases, it may be ob- 
 served that the embryo is not enclosed 
 in the albumen, but placed on one side 
 of it, yet in close contact with it, so 
 that the embryo may absorb readily 
 from it the nourishment it requires 
 when it begins to grow. Sometimes 
 the embryo is coiled around the outside, in the form of a ring, as 
 in the Purslane and the Four-o'clock (Fig. 36, 37) ; sometimes it is 
 ooile-d within the albumen, as in the Potato (Fig. 34, 35) ; some- 
 times it is straight in the centre of the albumen, occupying nearly its 
 30 w J4 36 whole length, as in 
 
 the Barberry (Fig. 
 32, 33), or much 
 smaller and near one 
 end, as in the Iris 
 (Fig. 43) ; or some- 
 times so miinite, in 
 the midst of the al- 
 bumen, that it needs 
 a magnifying-glass to 
 find it, as in the But- 
 
 Flf;. 00. nprinin.itiniiiif Dip Moriiinc Clorv more ndv.Tiirpil : tlip iipinrpnrt only , slion-ing 
 the Ipaly cotyledons, iho secuiid joiiil of .'-tPin with its leaf, and the third with its leaf jiiht 
 developing. 
 
 FIU. 30. Sertion of a s^pd of a Pnnny, Khowin*; n very small •nihryo in llie alhtimen, 
 near one end. .tl. T\\\» etnhryo dclarlipil, nnil nH>r<> nin^nified. 
 
 FKi. 22. Section of a sped ot Barliorry. stviwiiii; the straight enihry o in the iniddte of 
 the alhiinipn. 33. Its embryo delarhrd. 
 
 FIU. 31 Sprtion u>' a Putato-sccd, bliowmi; (lie riiibr)(i roiled in the alhiiiiipii. 35. Itj 
 embryo detarlied. 
 
 Fir:. 3r). i^erlmn nf the s-ppd of Foiir-oVlork, Khuwing the piiiliryo roiled ruiiiul tlM 
 outside of the albumen. :r7 Um ctubtyu delaclied 
 
16 GROWTH OK TllF, I'LANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 3. 
 
 tcrciip or the Colunibino, and in tho Peony (Fig. 30, 31), wliere, 
 however, it is large enough to he distinguished by the naked ey<?. 
 Nothing is more curious than the various shapes and positions of 
 the enihryo in the seed, nor more interesting than to watch its de- 
 velopment in germination. One point is still to be noticed, since 
 the botanist considers it ot'mucli importance, namely: — 
 
 32. Tlic Kinds of Embryo as to the Number of Cotyledons. In all the 
 
 figures, it is easy to see that the embryo, however various in shaj)e. 
 is constructed on one and the same plan ; — it consists of a radicle or 
 stemlet, with a pair of cotyledons on its summit. Botanists there- 
 fore call it dicotyledonous, — an inconveniently long word to express 
 the fact that the embryo has two cotyledons or seed-leaves. In 
 many cases (as in the Buttercup), the cotyledons are indeed so 
 minute, that they are discerned only by the nick in the upper end 
 of the little embryo ; yet in germination they grow into a pair of 
 seed-leaves, just as in other cases where they are plain to be "seen, 
 as leaves, in the seed. But in Indian Corn (Fig. 40), in Wheat, 
 the Onion, the Iris (Fig. 43), Sec, it is well known that only one 
 /--~^ leaf appeai-s at first from the 
 
 y^'^'^ ' ' '"'~''X ', /Tv sprouting seed: in these the 
 
 ] \ j /llll, t^'ifihryo has only one cotyle- 
 
 ^ ' I \ I v \\ m ^^"' ^"^ ^^ ^^ therefore termed 
 
 V A.JIjL/ '/ K^^^J^ ^^i-J' ^y ^'"^ botanists monocotyJedo- 
 
 38 39 40 nous ; — an extremely lung 
 
 word, like the other, of Greek derivation, which means one-cotyle- 
 doned. The rudiments of one or more other leaves are, indeed, 
 commonly present in this sort of embr30, i\& is plain to see in Indian 
 Corn (Fig. 38-40), but they form a bud situated above or within 
 the cotyledon, and enclosed by it more or less completely ; so that 
 they evidently belong to the plumuh; (IC) ; and these leaves appear 
 in the seedling plantlet, each from within its predecessor, and there- 
 fore originating higher up on the forming stem (Fig. 42, 44). This 
 •will readily be understood from the accompanying figures, with tlicir 
 explanation, which the student may without difficulty verify lor him- 
 
 FIG. 38. A grain <il Indian Corn, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo, 
 lyinp on the allmnien, which makes tlic principal bulk of tho seed. 
 
 FIG. 3'.>. Ant-llier prain of Corn, cut through tho middle in tlie opposite direction, divid- 
 ing tho cmt)ryo ihrcuch its tliick cotyledon and its plumule, the latter consisting of two 
 leaves, one enclosing the other. 
 
 FIG. 40. The cml)ryo of Corn, taken out wliole : the tliick mass is the cotyledon ; the 
 narrow body partly enclosed by it is tho pluiiiiilo ; the Utile projection at its base is tlie very 
 short radicle CIltlJ■^•,•d in llie shouthiiig base of the fi»ot leaf of the plumule. 
 
LKSSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THIi SKKD. 
 
 17 
 
 P<If, ;in(l >lioiil(l do ^o, liy examining pniiiis of Indian Corn, ."oakcd 
 in water, before and alj^o during germination. In tiic Onion, Lily, 
 and till'. Iris (Fig. 4o), the nionocotyledonons cndjryo is siinplcr, 
 consisting apparently of n simple oblong or oylindrieal 
 body, in wliicli no distinction of parts is visible : the lower 
 end is radicle, and from it grows the root ; the rest is a 
 cottjledon, which has wrapjx'd np in it a niinute piiinntle, 
 or bud, that shows its<'lf when the seeds sprout in germi- 
 nation. The first leaf which ap|)ears above ground in all 
 these cases is not the cotyle<lon. In all seeds with one coty- 
 ledon to the embryo, this remains in the seed, or at least 
 its upper part, wliile its lengthening base comes out, so as 
 to extricate the ])lumule, which shoots upward, and de- L 
 velops the first leaves of the plantlet. These appear one 
 above or within the other in succes- 
 sion, — as is shown in Fig. 42 and 
 Fig. 44, — the first commonly in the 
 form of a little scale or imperfect 
 leaf; the second or third and the *' 
 
 following ones as the real, ordinary leaves of 
 the plant. Meanwhile, from the root end of 
 the embryo, a root (Fig. 41, 44), or soon a 
 whole cluster of roots (Fig. 42)^ makes its 
 appearanc<\ 
 
 33. In Pines, and the like, the embryo con- 
 sists of a radicle or stemlet, bearing on itr. 
 summit three or four, or often from five to 
 ten slender cotyledons, arranged in a 
 circle (Fig. 45), and expanding at 
 ^1(0^ once into a circle of as many green 
 leaves in germination (Fig. 4(1). Such 
 embryos are said to he poh/rotijledonoiis, 
 that is, as the word denotes, many- 
 y cotyledoned. 
 
 34. Plan of Vriflntion. The student 
 
 who has underslandingly followed the 
 growth of the embryo in the seed into the seedling plantlet. — com- 
 jM)se(l of a root, and a st<in of two or three joints, each bearing a 
 
 FIC. 41. (irnin of Indian (^irn in prrnilnati-jn. 
 FK;. -V-L 'I'Iio aanio, further advanrod 
 
 2* 
 
18 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 3. 
 
 leaf, or a pair (rarely a circle) of leaves, — will have gained a cor- 
 rect idea of the plan of vegetation in general, and have laid a good 
 foundation for a knowledge of the whole structure and phyr^iology 
 ^3 of plants. P^or the plant goes on to grow in the same 
 
 way thi-oughout, by mere repetitions of what the early 
 germinating plantlet displays to view, — of what was 
 contained, in miniature or in rudiment, in the seed itself. 
 So far as vegetation is concerned (leaving out of view 
 for the present the flower and fruit), the full-grown leafy 
 herb or tree, of whatever size, has nothing, and does 
 nothing, which the seedling plantlet does not have and 
 do. The whole mass of stem or trunk and foliage of 
 the complete plant, even of the largest forest-tree, is 
 composed of a succession or multiplication of similar 
 -parts, — one arising from the summit of another, — 
 each, so to say, the offspring of the preceding and 
 the parent of the next. 
 
 35. In the same way that the earliest portions of 
 the seedling stem, with the leaves 
 tliey bear, are successively produced, 
 so, joint by joint in direct succes- 
 sion, a single, simple, leafy stem is 
 developed and carried up. Of such a 
 simple leafy stem many a plant consists 
 (before flowering, at least), — many 
 herbs, such as Sugar-Cane, Indian 
 Corn, the Lily, the tall Banana, the 
 Yucca, &c. ; and among trees the 
 Palms and the Cycas (wrongly called 
 Sago Palm) exhibit the same simplicity, their 
 stems, of whatever age, being unbranched columns 
 (Fig. 47). (Growth in diameter is of course to be considered, 
 as well as growth in length. That, and the question Jioiv growth 
 of any kind takes place, we will consi<ler hereafter.) But more 
 commonly, as soon as the plant has produced a main stem of a cer- 
 tain length, and displayed a certain amount of foliage, it begins to 
 
 FIG. 43. Pertion of a seed of tlie Iris, or Flower-dc-Lucc, showing its small eiiibrj-o in 
 tho alhuiiicii, near the bottom. 
 
 FKJ. 44. Germinating plantlet of the Iris. 
 
 FIG. 45. Section of a seed of a Pine, with its embryo of several cotyledons. 46. Early 
 seedling Pine, with its stemlet, displaying its six seed-leaves. 
 
LKSSON 3.] r.UOWTH OK TIIK PLANT KKOM THK SEED. 
 
 19 
 
 produce nddilioii.-il stems, tli:it is, hrandics. Tlie hraticliiiip plant 
 we will coiisiiler in I he next Lesson. 
 
 36. The suhjoined (injures (Fi^. 47) jrive a view of sr»mo forms 
 of simple-stemined ve^;etation. The figun; in the fore;i;roimd (jm 
 the left represents a Cycas (wix)np;ly called in thfi conservatories 
 Sajro Palm). Behind it is a Yucca (called Spanish Bayonet at tin; 
 South) and (wo C'ocoanut Palm-trees. On the right is some Indiau 
 Corn, and behind it a Bananx 
 
20 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES. 
 
 37. We have seen how the plant grows so as to produce a root, 
 and a simi)le stem with its foliage. Both the root and stem, how- 
 ever, generally bi'nnch. 
 
 38. The branches of the root arise without any particular order. 
 There is no telling beforehand from what part of a main root they 
 will spring. But the branches of the stem, except in some extra- 
 ordinary cases, tegularly arise from a particular place. ]iranches 
 or shoots in their undeveloped state are 
 
 39. Buds. These regularly appear in the axils of the leaves, — 
 that is, in the angle formed by the leaf with the stem on the upper 
 side ; and as leaves are symmetrically arranged on the stem, the 
 buds, and the branches into which the buds grow, necessarily par- 
 take of this symmetry. 
 
 40. AVe do not confine the name of bud to the scaly winter-buds 
 which are so conspicuous on most of our shrubs and trees in winter 
 and spring. It belongs as well to the forming branch of any herb, at 
 its first appearance in the axil of a leaf. In growing, buds lengthen 
 into branches, just as the original stem did from the i»lumule of the 
 embryo (16) when the seed germinated. Only, while the original 
 stem is implanted in the ground by its root, the branch is im})lantod 
 on the stem. Branches, therefore, are repetitions of the main stem. 
 They consist of the same parts, — namely, joints of stem and leaves, 
 — growing in the same way^ And in the axils of their leaves 
 another crop of buds is naturally produced, giving rise to another 
 generation of branches, which may in turn produce still another 
 generation ; and so on, — until the tiny and simple seedling develops 
 into a tall and spreading herb or shrub ; or into a massive tree, 
 with its hundreds of annually increasing branches, and its thousands, 
 perhaps millions, of leaves. 
 
 41. The herb and the tree grow in the same way. The difference 
 is only in size and duration. 
 
 An Herb dies altogether, or dies down to the ground, after it has 
 ripened its fruit, or at the a[)proach of winter. 
 
LKSSON 4.] r.ROWTII OF PLANTS FROM Rfr)«t. 
 
 21 
 
 An nniiKiiI lierh lloucrs in tlx- first yc.'ir, mid (lif^, root and all, 
 after ripL'tiiiig its st'<-d : Mii>taitl. Pc|.|)« r^riass, liuckulifat, cVc, are 
 examples. 
 
 A biennial herb — siicli as the Turnip, Carrot, Reet, and Cabbage 
 — grows the first season williout blossoming, survives tlie winter, 
 flowers after that, and dies, root and all, when it has ripened its seed. 
 
 A perennial herb lives and blossoms year after year, but dies 
 down to the ground, or near it. auMiially, — not, liowcvfi-, quite down 
 to the root: for a portion of the stem, with its buds, still survives; 
 and from these buds the shoots of the following year arise. 
 
 A Shrub is a perennial plant, with woody stems which continue 
 alive and grow year after yt ar. 
 
 A Tree differs from a shrub only in its greater size. 
 
 42. The Tcrini'ial Buil. There are herbs, shrubs, and trees which 
 do not branch, as we have already seen (35) ; but whose stems, 
 even when they livii for many years, rise, as a simple shaft 
 (Fig. 47). These plants grow by the continued evolution of a bud 
 which crowns the summit of the stem, and which is therefore called 
 the terminal bud. This bud is very conspicuous in 
 many branching plants also ; as on all the stems or 
 shoots of Maples (Fig. 53), Horsechestnuts (Fig. 48), 
 or Hickories (Fig. 49), of a year old. "When they 
 grow, they merely prolong the shoot or stem on which 
 they rest. On these same shoots, however, other buds 
 are to be seen, regulai'ly arranged down their sides. 
 We find them situated just over broad, flattened places, 
 which are the scars left by the fall of the leaf-stalk the 
 autumn previous. Before the fall of the leaf, they 
 would have been seen to occupy their axils (39) : so 
 they are nann-d 
 
 43. Axillary Buds. Thr-y were formed in these trees 
 early in the summer. Occiusionalh' they grow at the 
 time into branches : at least, some of them are pretty 
 sure to do so, in case the growing terminal bud at the 
 end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise 
 they lie dormant until the spring. In many trees 
 or shrubs (such for example as the Sinnach and Iloney-I.ocust) 
 these axillary buds do not show themselves until spring; but if 
 
 FIG IS. 
 bavo Ivllun. 
 
 aiittiiiiii alti' 
 
22 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BIDS. [lKSSON 4. 
 
 searched for, fhoy may be detected, thoufrh of small size, hidden 
 under the bark. Sometimes, although early formed, they are con- 
 cealed all summer long under the base of the leaf- 
 stalk, hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a 
 candle-extinguisher, to cover them ; as in the Locust, 
 the Yellow-wood, or more strikingly in the Button- 
 wood or Plane-tree (Fig. 50). 
 
 44, Such large and conspicuous buds as those of 
 the Ilorsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, are scaly ; 
 the scales being a kind of imperfect leaves. The 
 vise of the bud-scales is obvious ; namely, to protect 
 the tender young parts beneath. To do this more 
 effectually, they are often coated on the outside with 
 a varnish which is impervious to wet, while within 
 they, or the parts they enclose, are thickly clothed 
 with down or wool ; not really to keep out the cold 
 of winter, which will of course penetrate the bud in 
 time, but to shield the interior against sudden changes 
 « from warm to cold, or from cold to warm, which are 
 
 equally injurious. Scaly buds commonly belong, as would be expect- 
 ed, to trees and shrubs of northern climates ; while naked buds are 
 usual in tropical regions, as well as in herbs everywhere which 
 branch during the summer's growth and do not endure the winter. 
 
 45. But naked buds, or nearly naked, also occur in several of oui 
 own trees and shrubs ; sometimes pretty large ones, as those of H'ob 
 
 FtG. 49. Annual shoot of the Shajrhark Hickory. 
 
 FK;. 51). Hud ami icafof iho HultuiivvooJ, or Auiorican Plane-tree. 
 
LKS90N 4.] OUOWTH OK PLANTS FROM BUPS. 28 
 
 blebush (while tlioso of fli.- n.-aily-n-lat.'d Siiowl.all or Ili^'li 15u^li- 
 Cranberry are sraly) ; but more i'oiniiu)iily, when naked buus occur 
 in trees and shrubs of our climate, they are small, and sunk in the 
 bark, as in the Sumac ; or oven partly buried in tiie wood until they 
 begin to {jmw, as in the Honey-Locust 
 
 46. Vinor of VflClillioil from Buds. Large and strong buds, like those 
 of the Ilorsecheslnut, Iliikmy, and the like, on inspection will be 
 foinid to contain several leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready formed, 
 foldeil and packed away in small compass, just as the seed-leaves 
 are packed away in the seed : tliey even coutiiin all the blossoms of 
 the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds. And the stems 
 upon which these buds rest are filled with abundant nourishment, 
 which was deposited the summer before in the wood or in the bark. 
 Under the surface of the soil, or on it, covered with the fallen leaves 
 of autumn, we may find similar strong buds of our perennial herbs, 
 in great variety ; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers, 
 charged with a great store of nourishment for their use. As we 
 regard these, we shall readily perceive how it is that vegetation 
 shoots forth so vigorously in tiie spring of the year, and clothes the 
 bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked 
 boughs of trees, almost at once with a covering of the freshest 
 green, and often wth brilliant blossoms. PIverything was prepared, 
 and even formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud 
 have only to lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other 
 so that they may unfold and grow. Only a small part of the vege- 
 tiition of the season comes directly from the seed, and none of the 
 earliest vernal vegetation. This is all from buds which have lived 
 through the winter. 
 
 ■47. This growth from buds, in manifold variety, is as interesting 
 a subject of study as the growth of the phmtlet from the seed, and 
 is still easier to observe. We have oidy room here to sketch the 
 general plan ; earnestly recommending tliG student to examine at- 
 tentively their mode of growth in all the common trees and slirubs, 
 when they shoot forth in spring. The growth of tlie terminal bud 
 prolongs the stem or branch: the growth ot axillary buds pro- 
 duces branches. 
 
 48. The Arnill?Pmcnl of Brancbrs is accordingly the same as of 
 axillary buds ; and the arrangement of these i)uds is ihi- same as 
 that of tlu; leaves. Now leaves are arranged in two principal ways: 
 they are either opjtusite or aUernate. Leaves are opposite when 
 
24 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [lESSON 4 
 
 tliere are two borne on the «aino joint. of stem, as in tho Ilorse- 
 cliestnut, Maple (Fig. 7), Honeysuckle (Fig. 132), Lilac, <5cc. ; the 
 two leaves in such eases being always 02)posite each other, that is, 
 on exactly opposite sides of the stem. Here of course the buds 
 in their axils are opposite, as we observe in Fig. 48, where the 
 leaves have fallen, but their place is shown by the scars. And the 
 branches into which the buds grow are likewise opposite each other 
 in pairs. 
 
 49. Leaves are alternate when there is only one from each joint of 
 stem, as in the Oak (Fig. 22), Lime-tree, Poplar, Buttonwood (Fig. 
 50), Morning-Glory (Fig.8), — not counting the seed-leaves, which of 
 course are opposite, there being a pair of them ; also in Indian Corn 
 (Fig. 42), and Iris (Fig. 44). Consequently the axillary buds are 
 also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 49) ; and the branches they 
 form alternate, — making a different kind of spray from the other 
 niode, — one branch shooting on the one side of the stem and the 
 next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is 
 on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next 
 below it. 
 
 50. Branches, therefore, are arranged with symmetry ; and the 
 mode of branching of the whole tree may be foretold by a glance at 
 the arrangement of the leaves on the seedling or stem of the first 
 year. This arrangement of the branches according to that of th(? 
 leaves is always plainly to be recognized ; but the symmetry of 
 branches is rarely complete. This is owing to several causes ; 
 mainly to one, viz. : — 
 
 51. It never happens that all the bud^ grow. If they did, there 
 would be as many branches in any year as there were leaves the 
 year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a large portion 
 perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment or for want of light. 
 Those which first begin to grow have an advantage, which they are 
 apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the stem, and 
 starving the weaker buds. 
 
 52. In the Horsechestnut (Fig. 48), Hickory (Fig. 49), INIag- 
 nolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, the terminal bud 
 is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth, and next in 
 strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues 
 the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give Hse to branches, 
 while the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also, the upper axillary 
 buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely 
 
LESSON 4.] nnowTH of plants fro:m urns. 25 
 
 appears at all; in its jilacf tlio uppermost pair of axillary buds prow, 
 and so each stem branches every year into two ; niakin^jj a re- 
 peatedly two-forked rainilieation, 
 
 53. In these and many similar trees and shrubs, most of the shoots 
 make a definite animal growth. That is, each shoot of the sejuson 
 develops rapidly from a strong; bud in spriuir, — a bud which gen- 
 erally contains, already formed in miniature, all or a {^reat part of the 
 leaves and joints of stem it is to produce, — makes its whole growth 
 in length in the course of a few weeks, or sometimes even in a few 
 days, and then ii)rms and ripens its buds for the next year's similar 
 ra}>id growth. 
 
 Tt 1. On the other hand, the Locust, IToney-Locust, Sumac, and, 
 among smaller plants, the IJose and Raspberry, make an indefinite 
 annual growth. That is, their stems grow on all summer long, 
 until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause ; con- 
 sequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected l>y scales, 
 and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season 
 that they have no time to mature, nor has the wood time to solidify 
 and ripen. Such stems therefore commonly die at the top in winter, 
 or at least all their upper buds are small and feeble; and the growth 
 of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary 
 buds, which are more mature. Most of our perennial herbs grow 
 in this way, their stems dying down to the ground every year: the 
 part beneath, howevei-, is charged with vigorous buds, well pro- 
 tected by the kindly covering of earth, ready for the next year's 
 vegetation. 
 
 55. In these last-mentioned cases there is, of course, no single 
 main stem, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk 
 is soon lost in the branches ; and when they grow into trees, these 
 commonly have rounded or spreading tops. Of such trees with 
 drliquescent stems, — that is, with the trunk dissolved, as it were, 
 into the successively divided branches, the coniinon American Khn 
 (Fig. 54) furni>lies a good illustration. 
 
 5(5. On the other hand, the main stem of Pines and Spruces, aa 
 it begins in the seedling, unless destroyed by some injury, is carried 
 on in a direct line throughout the whole growth of the tree. l»y tho 
 develojjment year after year of a terminal bud: this forms a single, 
 uninterrupted shaft, — an fxcMrr^'z/Mrunk, which can never be con- 
 foiMided wiih the l)ranches that proceed fioin it. Of such spiri/ or 
 sju'rc-shiipcd trees, the Fir.s or Spruces are the nio,-t perfect and 
 3 
 
26 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [lESSON 4. 
 
 familiar illustrations (Fig. 54) ; but ?ome other trees with strong 
 terminal buds exhibit the same chaj'ucler (or a certain time, and 
 in a less marked degree. 
 
 57. Latent Buds. Seme of the axillary buds grow the following 
 year into branches ; but a larger number do not (51). These do not 
 necessarily die. Often they survive in a latent state for some years, 
 visible on the surface of the branch, or are smaller and concealed 
 under the bark, resting on the surface of the wood : and when at 
 any time the other buds or branches happen to be killed, these older 
 latent buds grow to supply their place ; — as is often seen when the 
 foliage and young shoots of a tree are destroyed by insects. The 
 new shoots seen springing directly out of large stems may sometimes 
 originate from such latent buds, which have preserved their life for 
 years. But commonly these arise from 
 
 58. Adventitious Buds. These are buds which certain shrubs and 
 trees produce anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where 
 it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often 
 feather so beautifully the sides of great branches or trunks of our 
 American Elms. They sometimes form on the root, which naturally 
 is destitute of buds ; and they are sure to appear on the trunks and 
 roots of Willows, Poplars, and Chestnuts, when these are wounded 
 or mutilated. Indeed Osier-Willows are pollarded^ or cut oft", from 
 time to time, by the cultivator, for the purpose of producing a crop of 
 slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Such branches, 
 being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural sym- 
 metry of the tree (50). Another cause of irregularity, in certain 
 trees and shrubs, is the formation of what are called 
 
 59. Aecessory or Supernumerary Buds. There are cases where two, 
 
 three, or more buds spring from the 
 
 axil of a leaf, instead of the single 
 
 one which is ordinarily found there. 
 
 Sometimes they are placed one over 
 
 the other, as in the Aristolochia or 
 
 Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarian 
 
 Honeysuckle (Fig. 51); also in the 
 
 51 Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and 
 
 Butternut (Fig. 52), where the upper superr.umerary bud is a good 
 
 way out of the axil and above the others. And this is here stronger 
 
 FIG. 51. Tartarian Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in one axil. 
 
LKSSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FUOM lUDS. 
 
 27 
 
 ^. 
 
 tli.in the others, and ^rows into :i hr.incli wliicli is consitliTiihly out ot 
 the axih while tin- hnver juul smaller ones coinnionly do not grow at 
 all. In other eases the tln-ee buds stand side by sid«^ 
 in the axil, as in the Ilawtliorn, and tiie Red Alapln 
 (Fig. i)3). It" these were all to grow into hranches. 
 they would .stifle or jostle each other. lint some 
 of them are commonly flower-hiids : in 
 the Red Maple, only the middle one is 
 a leaf-i)ud, and it does not grow until 
 afier those on each side of it have ex- 
 panded the blossoms they contain. 
 
 GO. Sorts of Buds. It may be useful 
 to enumerate the kinds of buds which 
 have now been mentioned, referring 
 l).iclc to the paragraphs in which the pe- 
 culiarities of each are explained. Buds, 
 then, are either termhial or lateral. 
 Tiiey are 
 
 Terminal when they rest on the apex 
 of a stem (42). The earliest terminal 
 bml is \\\o. plumule of the embryo (10). 
 
 Lateral, when they appear on the 
 side of a stem : — of which the only 
 regular kind is the 
 Axillary (4o), namely, those which are situated in 
 the axils of leaves. 
 
 Accessory or Supernumerary (.OO), when two or more 
 occur in addition to the ordinary axillary bud. 53 
 
 Adventitious {'>^). wIkmi they occur out of the axils and without 
 order, on stems or roots, or even on leaves. Any of these kind* 
 may be, either 
 
 Naked, when without coverings; or scaly, when protected by 
 scales (44, 4."»). 
 
 Latent, when they survive long without growing, and eonnnonly 
 without being visible externally (-"i"). 
 
 I^af-huds, \\\\v\\ they cmilain leaves, ami develop into a leaty 
 shoot. 
 
 Fluwer-buds, when they contain l)lossoms. and no leaves, as the 
 
 FIG. 
 Flu. 
 
 niilii'riiiii 
 Ut'J-.M.ipl 
 
 liraiirli, 
 D Uraurli 
 
 ivitll 3rcv<si>T\ (mils, 
 Willi atxuMHiry bii(l.s 
 
 i|i|<i'riniist ,-iIm 
 
 l.-ll Xillu l>)' Hill 
 
28 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 
 
 [lesson 5. 
 
 sitle-biul.s of the Red-I\I:ii)lo, or \vh»r> *!>ey are undeveloped blossoms. 
 These we shall have to consider hereafter. 
 
 Fij^ure i)i represents a spreadinjr-topped tree (American Elm), 
 the stem dividing otf into branches ; and some s[)iry trees (Spruces 
 on the rijrht hand, and two of the Arbor- Vitae on the left) with ex- 
 uurrent stems. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY (I.e. VARIOUS SORTS AND FORMs) OF ROOTS. 
 
 61. IllorpllOlOgV. as the name (derived from two Greek word>) 
 denotes, is the doctrine of forms. In treating of forms in plants, the 
 botanist is not confined to an enumeration or description of the 
 shapes or sorts that occur, — which would be a dull and tedious 
 business. — but he endeavors to bring to view the relations between 
 one form and another ; and this is an interesting study. 
 
 (S2. Botanists give particular names to all the parts of plants, and 
 also particular terms to express their principal varieties in form. 
 They use these terms with great precision and advantage in describ- 
 ing the species or kinds of plants. Tiiey must therefore be defined 
 and explained in our books. But it would be a great waste of time 
 
LK8SON 5.] MOKl'llOLOCY OK ROOTS. "29 
 
 for tlic yoniic; J^tinlcnt to learn them by rote. Tlio student slicmld 
 rather consider the eonneetioii between one Ibnii and anotlier ; and 
 notice liow the one simple plan of the plant, as it has alrea<ly been 
 illustrated, is worked out in the greatest variety of ways, through the 
 manifold diversity of forms which each of its three organs of vege- 
 tation — root, stem, and leaf — is made to assume. 
 
 G3. This wc are now ready to do. That is, having obtained a 
 g neral idea of vegetation, by tracing the plant from the seed and 
 the bud into the herb, shrub, or tree, we proceed to contemplate the 
 princi|)al forms under which these three oigans occur in diHi-rent 
 plants, or in different parts of the same plant ; or, in other words, to 
 stuily the moiylioloyij of the root, stem, and leaves. 
 
 64. Of these three organs, the root is the simplest and the lea^t 
 varied in its modifications. Still it exhibits some widely di(l"erent 
 kinds. Going back to the beginning, we commence with 
 
 G5. The sim|)Ic PrilUtiry Root, which most plants send down from 
 the root-end of the embryo as it grows from the seed; as we hav 
 seen in the Maple (Fig 5-7), Morn ing-G lory (Fig. 8 and 28), 
 Beech (Fig. 14, 15), Oak and IJuckeye (Fig. 22-24), &c. This, 
 if it goes on to grow, makes a main or tap root, from which fide- 
 branches here and there proceed. Some plants keep this mair 'root 
 throughout their whole life, and send off only small side bra' rhes ; 
 as in the Carrot (Fig. 58) and Radish (Fig. 59) : and in some trees, 
 like the Oak, it takes the lead of the side-branches for many years, 
 unless accidentally injured, Jis a strong tap-root. But commonly 
 the main root divides off very soon, and is lost in the branches. 
 We have already seen, also, that there may be at the beginning 
 
 OG. Mi;lti|)Ic Primary Roots. We have noticed them in tiie Pump- 
 kin (Fig. lU), in the Pea (Fig. 20), and in Indian Corn (Fig. 42). 
 That is, st;veral roots have started all at once, or nearly so, from the 
 seedling st(,'m, and formed a bundle or cluster (a fascicled root, as 
 it is called), in place of one main root. The Bean, as we observe 
 in Fig. 18, begins with a main root , l)ut some of its branches soon 
 ov<'rtake it, and a clM<ter of roots is (()rrne(l. 
 
 G7. Absorplioii of Moisture by Roots. Tin- br.Miciies of roots as they 
 
 grow coimnoidy branch again and again, into smaller roots or rootlets ; 
 in this way very much increjw^ing the surface liy which the plant 
 connects its(df with the earth, and absorbs moisture from it. 'I'he 
 wholf! surface of tin; root al)sorbs, so long as it is fresh and new ; 
 and the newer the roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 MORPnOLOGY OF ROOTS. 
 
 [lesson 5. 
 
 imbibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and 
 expands fresh foliage, li'om which moisture much of the time largely 
 escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its 
 roots in the soil beneath, renewing and increasing the fresh surface 
 (or absorbing moisture, in proportion to the demand fi-om above. 
 And when growth ceases above ground, and the leaves die and fall, 
 or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, and their 
 soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until 
 growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplant- 
 ing ; especially for trees and shrubs, and herbs so large that they 
 cannot well be removed without injuring the roots very mnch. 
 
 68. We see, on considering a moment, that an herb or a tree 
 consists of two great surfaces, with a narrow part or trunk between 
 them, — one sui-face spread out in the air, and the other in the soil. 
 These two surfaces bear a certain proportion to each other ; and the 
 upper draws largely on the lower for 
 
 y^'~~::^\,/^ ^»> moisture. Now, when the leaves fall 
 
 Z^;;;!^^^^^/" ( from the tree in autumn, the vast sur- 
 
 face exposed to the air is reduced to a 
 very small part of what it was before ; 
 and the remainder, being covered with 
 a firm bark, cannot lose much by evap- 
 oration. In common hei'bs the whole 
 surface above ground perishes in au- 
 tumn ; and many of the rootlets die at 
 the same time, or soon afterwards. 
 So that the living vegetable is reduced 
 for the time to the smallest compass, 
 — to the thousandth or hundred-thou- 
 sandth part of what it was shortly 
 before, — and what remains alive rests 
 in a dormant state, and may now be 
 transplanted without much danger of 
 liai-m. If any should doubt whether 
 there is so great a difference between 
 y ix /^ a' *''^ summer and the winter size of 
 
 ^•IMj »l,'l;,5s plants, let them compare a lily-bulb 
 
 with the full-grown Lily, or calculate the surface of foliage which 
 
 FIG. 55. ScedlinR Maple, of the natural size, showing the root-hairs. 5G. A hit of tha 
 end nf the root iiiagnifiod. 
 
LKSSON 5.] 
 
 MOKI'IIOLOGV OF KOOTS. 
 
 31 
 
 a tree exposes to the air, as 
 twigs. 
 
 Gi). Tlie absorl)iiig surface of 
 it appears to be, on account ol 
 
 compared with the surface of its 
 
 much 
 
 thuu 
 
 I'oots IS very 
 
 the rool-hain, 
 or slender fibrils, which abound on the Iresh and 
 new jiarts of roots. These may be seen with 
 an ordinary magnify ing-ghiss, or even by ihe 
 naked eye in many eases ; as in the root of a 
 seedling Maple (Fig. oH), where the surface is 
 thickly clothed with them. They are not root- 
 lets of a smaller sort ; but, when more magnified, 
 are seen to be mere elongations of the surface 
 of the root into slender tubes, which through 
 their very delicate walls imbibe moisture from 
 the soil with great avidity. They are com- 
 monly much longer than those shown in Fig. 
 5G, which represents only the very tip of a root 
 moderately magnified. Small as they are indi- 
 vidually, yet the whole amount of absorbing 
 surface added to the rootlets by the countless 
 numbers of these tiny tubes is very great. 
 
 70. Roots intend- 
 ed mainh' for ab- 
 sorl)ing branch free- 
 ly, and are slender 
 or thread-like. When the root is prin- 
 cipally of this character it is said to be 
 Jibrous ; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 42), 
 and other grain, and to some extent in 
 all annual ])lanfs (11). 
 
 71. Till- Kool as n Slorrlioiisr of Fonil. 
 In biennial and many peremiial herbs 
 (41), (he root answers an additional 
 purpose. In the course of the sea-^on it 
 becomes a storehouse of nourishment, 
 and enlarges or thickens as it receives 
 the accumulation. Such roots are said 
 
 to be jieslnj : and difi'erent names are applied to them according to 
 
 FIG. 57 58, M. FnriiiK of ne»liy ..r lliirkeni-d rcN.U. 
 
32 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 
 
 [lksson 5. 
 
 their shape?. We may divide them all into two kinds ; 1st, those 
 consisting of one main root, and 2d, those without any main root. 
 
 72. The first are merely different shapes of the tap-root ; which is 
 
 Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or whore it joins 
 Uie stem, and tajjers regularly downwards to a point, as in the 
 Common Beet, the Parsnip, and Carrot (Fig. 58) : 
 
 Turnip-shaped or ■fiapiform, when greatly thickened above ; but 
 abruptly becoming slender below; as the Turnip (Fig. 57) : and, 
 
 Spindle-shaped, or fusiform, when thickest in the midtlle and 
 tapering to both ends; as the common Radish (Fig. 59). 
 
 73. In the second kind, where there 
 is no main root, the store of nourishing 
 matter may be distributed throughout 
 the branches or cluster of roots gener- 
 ally, or it may be accumulated in some 
 of them, as we see in the tuberous roots 
 of the Sweet Potato, the common Peony, 
 and the Dahlia (Fig. GO). 
 
 74. All but the last of these illustra- 
 t rations are taken from biennial plants. 
 These grow with a large tuft of leaves 
 next the ground, and accumulate nour- 
 ishment all the first summer, and store 
 up all they produce beyond what is 
 wanted at the time in their great root, 
 
 GO which lives over the winter. We know 
 
 very well what use man and other animals make of this store of food, 
 in the form of starch, sugar, jelly, and the like. From the second 
 year's growth we may learn what use the plant itself makes of it. 
 The new shoots then feed upon it, and use it to form with great 
 rapidity branches, flower-stalks, blossoms, fruit, and seed ; and, having 
 used it up, the whole plant dies when the seeds have ripened. 
 
 75. In the same way the nourishment contained in the separate 
 tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato and the Dahlia (Fig GO) is fed 
 upon in the spring by the buds of the stem they belong to ; and 
 as they are emptied of their contents, they likewise die and decay. 
 But meanwhile similar stores of nourishment, produced by the second 
 year's vegetation, are deposited in new roots, which live through the 
 
 FIG. fiO. Clustered tuberoi 
 ^jeluiig to. 
 
 tools of the Dalilia. witli tlio bottom of tlio slein tliey 
 
LKSSON T).] MOIUMIOIXXJY OF I500T9. 83 
 
 next winter, ami sustain tlic tliiid .-|)rinji's frmwtli, and ?n on; — 
 these plants hc'iw^ pi'ffniii<i/ (11), or lasting year after year, though 
 eaeh particular root lives little more than one year. 
 
 7G. Many things which commonly pjiss for roots are not really 
 roots at all. Common potatoes are tuberous parts of stems, while 
 sweet potatoes are roots, like those of the Dahlia (Fig. CO). The dif- 
 ference between them will more plainly appear in the next Lesson. 
 
 77. St'COllliliry Roots. So far we have considered only the original 
 or primary loot, — tliat which proceeded from the lower end of the 
 lirst joint of stem in the phmtlet springing from the seed, — and its 
 subdivisions. We may now remark, that any other part of the stem 
 will produce roots just as well, whenever favorably situated for it ; 
 that is, when covered by the soil, which provides the darkness and 
 the moisture which is congenial to them. For these secondary roots, 
 as they may be called, partake of the ordinary disposition of the 
 organ: they avoid tJie light, and seek to bury themselves in the 
 ground. In Indian Corn we see roots early striking from the second 
 and the succeeding joints of stem under ground, more abundantly 
 than from the first joint (Fig. 42). And all stems that keep up a 
 connection with the soil — such as those which creep along on or 
 beneath its surface — are sure to strike root from almost every joint. 
 So will most branches when bent to the ground, and covered with 
 the soil : and even cuttings from the branches of most plants car. be 
 made to do so, if properly managed. I'ropagation by buds depends 
 upon this. That is, a piece of a plant which has stem and leaves, 
 either develope(l or in the bud, may be made to produce roots, and 
 so become an independt-nt plant. 
 
 78. In many plants the disposition to strike root is so strong, tliat 
 they oven will sj)ring from the stem above ground. In Indian Corn, 
 for example, it is well known that roots grow, not only from all those 
 joints round which the earth is heaped in lioeing, but also from those 
 several inches above the soil : and other plants produce them from 
 stems or branches high in the air. Such roots are called 
 
 79. Aerial RoolS. All the most striking examples of these are met 
 with, as we might expect, in warmer and damper climates than ours, 
 and especially in deep Ibresfs which shut out much of the light ; this 
 being unfavorable to roots. The ^langrove of Iro|)ical shores, whith 
 occurs on our own sonihern borders; the Sujiar C.-nie, from which 
 roots strike just as in Indian Corn, only from higher up the stem; 
 the Pandaiius, called Screw I'inc (not iiom its resemblauce to a 
 
 S&F— 3 
 
84 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS [lESSON 5. 
 
 Pine-tree, but because it is like a Pine-apple plant) ; and the famous 
 Banyan of India, and some other Fig-trees, furni.>;li the mos^t remark- 
 able examples of roots, which strike from the stem or the branches 
 in the open air, and at length reach the ground, and bury them- 
 selves, when they act in the same manner as ordinary roots. 
 
 80. Some of our own common plants, however, produce small 
 aerial rootlets ; not for absorbing nourishment, but for climbing. By 
 jhese rootlets, that shoot out abundantly from the side of the stems 
 and branches, the Trumpet Creeper, the Ivy of Europe, and our 
 Poison Rhus, — here called Poison Ivy, — fasten themselves firmly 
 to walls, or the trunks of trees, often ascending to a great height. 
 Here roots serve the same purpose that tendrils do in tlie Grape- 
 Vine and Virginia Creeper. Another form, and the most aerial of 
 all roots, since they never reach the ground, are those of 
 
 81. Epiphytes, or Air-Plants. These are called by the first name 
 (which means growing on plants), because thejt are generally found 
 upon the trunks and branches of trees; — not that they draw any 
 nourishment from them, for their roots merely adhere to the bark, 
 and they flourish just as well upon dead wood or any other con- 
 venient support. They are called air-plants because they really 
 live altogether upon what they get from the air, as they have no 
 connection with the soil. Hundreds of air-plants grow all around 
 us without attracting any attention, because they are small or hum- 
 ble. Such ai-e the Lichens and IMosses that abound on the trunks 
 or boughs of trees, especially on the shaded side, and on old walls, 
 fences, or rocks, from which they obtain no nourishment. But this 
 name is commonly applied only to the larger, flower-bearing plants 
 which live in this way. These belong to warm and damp parts of 
 the world, where there is always plenty of moisture in the air. The 
 greater part belong to the Orchis family and to the Pine-Apple 
 family ; and among them are some of the handsomest flowers known. 
 We have two or three flowering air-plants in the Southern States, 
 though they are not showy ones. One of them is an Epidendrum 
 growing on the boughs of the Great-flowered INIagnolia: another is 
 the Long-Moss, or Black Moss, so called, — although it is no Moss 
 at all, — which hangs from the branches of Oaks and Pines in all 
 the warm parts of the Southern States. (Fig 61 represents both 
 of these. The upper is the Ej)idendrum conopseum ; the lower, the 
 Black Moss, Tillandsia usneoides.) 
 
 82. Parasitic Plants exhibit roots under yet another remarkable 
 
LKSSON 5.J 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF KOOT3. 
 
 85 
 
 aspect. For tlifsf! aro not merely fixed uiton other plants, as air- 
 plants are, but strike their roots, or what answer to nM)ts, into them, 
 and feed on their jniees. Not only Moulds and Blights (which aru 
 plants of very low organization) live in this predacious way, but 
 many flowering herbs, and even shrubs. One of the latter is the 
 Mistletoe, the seed of which germhiates on the l)ough of the tree 
 where it falls or is left by birds; and the forming root penetrates the 
 bark and engrafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as 
 firndy as a natural branch to its parent stem ; and indeed the parasite 
 lives just as if it were a branch of the free it grows and feeds on. 
 A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder; which abounds in 
 low grounds everywhere in summer, and coils its long and slender 
 leafless, yellowish stems — resembling tangled threads of yarn — 
 round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch 
 piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the fonn of 
 suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold 
 of. Other panisitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten 
 their roots under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and 
 rob them of their rich juices. 
 
30 MOKPIIOLOGY OF STEMS AND BliANCHES. [lESSON G. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF STRMS A.\D BRANCHES. 
 
 83. The growth of tlie stem in length, and the formation of 
 branches, have been considered ah-eady. Their growth in thick- 
 ness we may study to more advantage in a hiter Lesson. The very 
 various forms which they assume will now occupy our attention, — 
 beginning with 
 
 84. The Forms of Stems anil Branches above ground. The principal 
 
 differences as regards size and duration have been mentioned before 
 (41); namely, the obvious distinction of plants into herbs, shrube, 
 and trees, which depends upon the duration and size of the stem. 
 The stem is accordingly 
 
 Herbaceous, when it dies down to the ground every year, or after 
 blossoming. 
 
 Siiffrutescent, when the bottom of the stem above the soil is a 
 little woody, and inclined to live from year to year. 
 
 Siiff'niticose, when low stems are decidedly woody below, but 
 herbaceous above. 
 
 Frnticose, or shruhhij, when woody, living from year to year, and 
 of considerable size, — not, however, more than three or four times 
 the height of a man. 
 
 Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance, or approaching a tree 
 in size. 
 
 Arboreous, when forming a proper tree trunk. 
 
 85. When the stem or branches rise above ground and are ap- 
 parent to view, the plant is said to be caulescen t (that is, to have a 
 caulis or true stem). Wlien there is no evident stem above ground, 
 but only leaves or leaf-stalks and flower-stalks, the plant is said to 
 be acaiikscent, i. e. stemless, as in the Crocus, Bloodroot, common 
 Violets, &c., and in the Beet, Carrot, and Kadish (Fig. 59), for the 
 first season. Tliere is a stem, however, in all such cases, only it 
 remains on or beneath the ground, and is sometimes very short. 
 Of course leaves an J flowers do not ai-ise from the root. These 
 concealed sorts of stem we will presently study. 
 
 8G. The direction taken by stems, &;c., or their mode of growth, 
 
LESSON G.] SUCKEP.S, STGLON^ AND OFFSETS, 37 
 
 gives rise to several terms, which may be brielly mentioned : — 
 fiuch as 
 
 Diffuse^ when loosely spreading in all directions. 
 
 Declined, wiicn turned or bending over to one side. 
 
 JDecumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, 
 
 Assurgent or ascendiiKj, when rising obli(iuely upwards. 
 
 Procumbent or prostrate, lying Ihit on tlie ground from the first. 
 
 Creeping, or repent, when i»rostrate stems on or just beneath the 
 ground strike root iis they grow ; as does the White Clover, the 
 little Partridge-berry, &^c. 
 
 Climbing, or scandeut, when stems rise by clinging to other ol> 
 jects lor support, — wliether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape- 
 vine, and Virginia Creeper (Kig. 02) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks, 
 as the Virgin's Bower ; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and 
 Trumpet Creeper (80). 
 
 Ticininq , or voluble, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally 
 around otlier stems or supports; like the Morning-Glory and the Bean. 
 
 87. Certiiin forms of stems have received distinct names. The 
 jointed stem of Grasses and Sedges is called by botanists a culmj 
 and the peculiar scaly trunk of Palms and the like (Fig 47) is 
 sometimes called a caudex. A few forms of branches the gardener 
 distinguishes by particular names ; and they are interesting from 
 their serving for the natural propagation of plants from buds, and 
 for sugg(!sting ways by which we artificially multiply plants that 
 would not propagate themselves without the gardener's aid. These 
 are suckers, offsets, stolons, and runners. 
 
 88. Suckers are ascending branches rising from stems under ground, 
 such as are produced so abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and 
 other plants said to multiply '• i)y the root." If we uncover them, 
 we see at once the gn^at difierence between these subterranean 
 iManchi's and real roots. They are only creeping branches under 
 gmund. Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches 
 become separate plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting 
 under-ground stems, the gardener expedites the result by cutting 
 them through with his spade. That is, he propagates the plant " by 
 division." 
 
 89. Stulons are trailing or reclininij branches above ground, which 
 strike root where they touch the soil, and then send up a vigorous 
 shoot, which has roots of its own, and becomes an independent plant 
 when the comiecting part dies, as it does after a while. The Cmnml 
 
 4 
 
38 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OP STEMS AND BRANCHES. [leSSON C, 
 
 and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in tins way, as well as by 
 Buekers (which we see are just the same thing, only the connecting 
 part is concealed under ground). They must have suggested the 
 operation of layering, or bending down and covering with earth 
 branches which do not naturally make stolons ; and after they have 
 taken root, as tliey almost always will, the gardener cuts through 
 the connecting stem, and so converts a rooting branch into a sepa- 
 rate plant. 
 
 90. Offsets, like those of the Houseleek, are only short stolons, 
 with a crown of leaves at the end. 
 
 91. Runners, of which the Strawberry presents the most familiar 
 example, are a long and slender, tendril-like, leafless form of creep- 
 ing branches. Each runner, after having grown to its full lengthy 
 strikes root from the tip, and fixes it to the ground, then forms a bud 
 there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new 
 plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this 
 manner a single Strawberry plant will spread over a large space, or 
 produce a great number of plants, in the course of the summer; — all 
 connected at first by the slender runners , but these die in the 
 following winter, if not before, and leave the plants as so many 
 separate individuals. 
 
 92. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not 
 destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute 
 
 of buds or leaves, but intended for climbing. Those of the Grape- 
 vine, of the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62), and of the Cucumber and 
 
 FIG. C2. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. C3. Tips 
 at a tendril, about tlie natural size, sbowing the disks by which they liuld fast tu walls, &.c. 
 
LESSON 6.3 nUNNEUS, TENDRILS, SPINES. 89 
 
 SijiKi^li tribe aro familiar illiisfratioiis. Tli<' tendril ooinmonly grows 
 straight and outstretched until it reaches some neighhoriiig support, 
 such lus a stem, when its apex hooks around it to secure a hold j 
 then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up spirally, and sa 
 draws the shoot of the growing {)lant nearer to the supi)orting object. 
 When tlie Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building or tiie 
 smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in the 
 usual way, their tips expand into a flat disk or sucker (Fig. G2, G;3), 
 which adheres very firmly to the wall or bark, enabling the plant to 
 climb over and cover such a surface, as readily as the Ivy does by 
 means of its sucker-like little rootlets. The same result is effected 
 by ditTerent organs, in the one case by branches in the form of ten- 
 drils ; in the other, by roots. 
 
 93. Tendrils, however, are not always branches ; some are leaves, 
 or parts of leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 20). Their nature in 
 each case is to be learned from their position, whether it be that of 
 a leaf or of a branch. In the same way 
 
 94. Spines or Thorns sometimes represent leaves, as in the Bar- 
 berry, where their nature is shown by their situation outside of -dn 
 axillary bud or branch. In other words, here they have a bud in 
 tlieir axil, and are therefore leaves ; so we shall have to mention 
 ihem in another place. Most commonly spines are stunted and 
 hardened branches, arising from the axils of leaves, as in the Haw- 
 thorn and Pear. A neglected Pear-tree or Plum-tree shows every 
 gradation between ordinary branches and thorns. Thorns sometimes 
 branch, their branches jiartaking of the same spiny character : in 
 this way those on the trunks of Honey-Locust trees (produced from 
 adventitious buds, 58) become exceedingly complicated and horrid. 
 The thorns on young shoots of the IIoney-Locust may appear some- 
 what puzzling at first view; for they are situated some distance 
 above the axil of the leaf. Here the thorn comes from the upper- 
 most of several supernumerary buds (59). Prickle s, such as those 
 of the Rose and Blackberry, must not be confounded with thorns : 
 these have not the nature of branches, and have no connection with 
 the wood ; but are only growths of the bark. When we strip off 
 the bark, the prickles go with it. 
 
 95. Still stranger forms of stems and branches than any of these 
 are met with in some tril)es of plants, such :is Cactuses (Fig. 70). 
 These will be more readily undei'stood after we have consideiX'd 
 some of the commoner forms of 
 
40 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANXHES. [lESSON 6. 
 
 OG. Subterranean Stems and Branches. These are very numerous 
 
 and various ; but they are conmionly overlooked, or else confounded 
 ■with roots. From their situation they are out of the si^ht of the 
 superficial observer : but if sought for and examined, they will well 
 repay the student's attention. For the vegetation that is carried on 
 under ground is hardly less varied, and no less interesting and im- 
 portant, than that which meets our view above ground. All their 
 forms may be referred to four principal kinds ; namely, the Eliizo- 
 ma or Rootstock, the Tuber, the Conn, and the Bulb. 
 
 07. The RootstOCk, Or^Rhizoma, in its simplest form, is merely a 
 creeping stem or branch' (8G) growing beneath the surface of the 
 soil, or partly covered by it. Of this kind are the so-called creeping, 
 runnimj, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 64), 
 the Scotch Hose, the Couch-grass or Quick-grass, and many otlier 
 plants, spread so rapidly and widely, " by the root," as it is said. 
 
 That these are really stems, and not roots, is evident from the way 
 in which they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints ; 
 and from the leaves which they bear on each joint (or node, as 
 the botanist calls the place from which leaves arise), in the form of 
 small scales, just like the lowest ones on the upright stem next the 
 ground. Like other stems, they also produce buds in the axils of 
 these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; whereas real roots 
 bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed, as they are, in the 
 damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just as the 
 creeping stem does where it lies on the surface of the ground ; but 
 the whole appearance of these roots, their downward growth, and 
 their mode of branching, are very different from that of the subter- 
 ranean stem they spring from. 
 
 98. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstoeks take 
 such rapid and wide possession of the soil, — often becoming great 
 pests to farmers, — and why they are so hard to get rid of. They are 
 
 FIG. C4. Rootstoeks, or crec|)ing subterranean branches, of tlie Peppermint. 
 
LESSON n.] SLHTKUKANKAN FOllMS : KOOTSTOCKS. 41 
 
 always ju'rcnnials (11) ; tlio siihtcnaiican siioots live ovrr llif first 
 winttT, if not lonj^er, and are proviilccl with vi^rorous buds at every 
 joint. Soinc! of tliese buds grow in spring into upriglit sterns, bearing 
 foliage, to elaborate tiie plant's crude food into nourishment, and at 
 length produee blossoms for repnxhietion by seed; while many oth- 
 ers, fed by nourishment supplied from above, form a now generation 
 of subterranean shoots ; and tliis is repeated over and over in the 
 course of thi; season or in succeeding years. Meanwhile as the sub- 
 terranean shoots increase in number, the older ones, connecting the 
 series of generations into one body, die off year by year, liberating 
 the already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants ; and 
 so on indefinitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into |»ieces, 
 tiierefore, by the hoc or the plough, far from destroying the plant, 
 oidy accelerates the propagation ; it converts one many-branched 
 ])lant into a great number of separate individuals. Even if you 
 divide the shoots into as many pieces as there are joints of stem, 
 eacii piece (Fig. 05) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a 
 bud in the axil of its scale-like leaf (eitiier latent or apparent), and 
 having prepared nourishment enough in the bit of 
 stem to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; and so 
 a single plant is all the more speedily converted 
 into a multitude. Such plants as the Quick- 
 grass accordingly realize the fable of the Hy- 
 dra ; as fast iis one of its many branches is cut gs 
 oft', twice as many, or more, spring up in its stead. Whereas, when 
 the subterranean parts are only roots, cutting away tiie stem com- 
 pletely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the 
 root produces adventitious buds (08). 
 
 99. The more nourishment rootstocks contain, the more readily do 
 separate portions, furnished with buds, become independent j)lants. 
 It is to such underground stems, thickened with a large amount of 
 starch, or some similar nourishing matter stored up in their tissue, 
 that the name of r/iizojua or rootstock is commonly applied ; — such, 
 for example, ivs those of the Sweet Flag or Calamus, of Ginger, of Iris 
 or Flower-de-luce (Fig. l.'?3), and of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. Of)). 
 
 lUO. The rootstocks of the common sorts of Iris of the gardens 
 usually lie on the surface of the ground, partly uncovered ; and 
 they l)ear real leaves (Fig. 133), which closely overlap eacii other; 
 
 IMC r..'>. A picrp of the running rootstock of tlo Pcpporniint, with its node or joint, and 
 an .-vxillary ImkI ready to grow. 
 
42 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON 6. 
 
 the joints (i. e. the intenwdes, or spaces between each leaf) being 
 very short. As the leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar 
 left in the form of a ring marks the place where each leaf was 
 attached. Instead of leaves, rootstocks buried under ground com- 
 monly bear scales, like those of the Mint (Fig. G4), which are im- 
 perfect leaves. 
 
 101. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a 
 different sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. 6G), which gave 
 this name to the plant, from their looking something like the impres- 
 sion of a seal upon wax. Here the rootstock sends up every spring 
 an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers, 
 and dies in autimin ; and the seal is the circular scar left by the 
 death and separation of the dead stalk from the living rootstock. 
 As but one of these is formed each year, they mark the limits of a 
 year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock in the figure, 
 which was taken in summer, will grow the next spring into the stalk 
 of the season, which, dying in autumn, will leave a similar scar, while 
 another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing 
 summit or growing end of the stem. 
 
 102. As each year's growth of stem, in all 
 these cases, makes its own roots, it soon becomes 
 independent of the older parts. And after a 
 certain age, a portion dies off behind, every 
 year, about as fast as it increases at the grow- 
 ing end; — death following life with equal and 
 certain step, with only a narrow interval be- 
 tween. In vigorous plants of Solomon's Seal 
 or Iris, the living rootstock is several inches or 
 a foot in length ; while in the short rootstock of 
 
 FIO. (58. Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, witli the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the 
 bud for tlio next year's growth. 
 FIO. 07. The very short rootstock and bud irf a Trillium or Birthroot. 
 
LESSON 0.] SLUTKURANKAN FORMS: TUBKRS. 
 
 43 
 
 Trillium or Biithroot (Fig. <)7) life is rcdiiccil to a very narrow 
 spun, only an inch or less intervening between death beneath unJ 
 young life in the strong l)U(l aniuially renewed at the summit. 
 
 lO.J. A Tuber is a thiekiMied portion of a rootstock. When slender 
 subterranean branches, like those of the Quick-grass or Mint (Fig. 
 G4), become enlarged at the growing end by the accumulation there 
 of an abundance of solid nourishing matter, tubers are produced, like 
 those of the Nut-gnt-*s of the Southern States (which Jiccordingly be- 
 comes a greater pest even than the Quick-grass), and of the Jerusalem 
 Artichoke, and the Potato. The whole formation may be seen at a 
 glance in Figure G8, which represents the subterranean growth of a 
 Potato-plant, and shows -the tubers in all their stages, fmm shoots 
 just beginning to enlarge .it the tip, up to fully-formed |K»tatoes. 
 And Fig. GO, — one of the forming tubers moderately magnilied, — 
 plainly shows the leaves of this thickening shoot, in the form of little 
 scales. It is under these scales that the eyes appear (Fig. 70) : 
 and these are evidently axillary buds (43). 
 
 lot. Let us glance for a moment at the economy or nio<le of life 
 of the Potato-plant, and similar vegetables, Jis shown in the mor- 
 
 FIC r». Fiirniinc tiiliors of tlir I'lilnlo. Ctl. Our iif llip vor> yoiinp (xJarn 
 magnified. 70. Slice <>f a iMiriion (lirmigli an t-yo, iiiiiro iiinifiiilivd. 
 
44 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON (x 
 
 phology of the branches, — that is, in the different forms they appear 
 under, and the purposes they serve. The Potato-plant has three 
 principal forms of branches: — 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves, 
 expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what 
 the roots gather from the soil, and convert it into nourishment. 
 2, After a while a second set of branches at the summit of the 
 plant bear flowers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the 
 nourishment which the leaves have pre{)ared. 3 But a larger part 
 of this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stem, 
 into a third sort of branches under ground, and accumulated in the 
 form of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, or deposi- 
 tories of prepared solid food; — just as in the Turnip, Carrot, 
 Dahlia, &c. (Fig. 57-60), it is deposited in the root. The use 
 of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn the whole 
 plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and tlie tubers; and 
 the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small 
 portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed (3, and 
 Fig. 34) feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the much larger 
 portion deposited in the tuber nourishes its buds, or ^.yf^'f; when they 
 likewise grow, the next spring, info new plants. And the great 
 supply enables them to shoot with a greater vigor at the beginning, 
 and to produce a greater amount of vegetation than the seedling 
 plant could do in the same space of time ; which vegetation in turn 
 may prepare and store up, in the course of a few weeks or months, 
 the largest quantity of solid nourishing material, in a form most 
 available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has transported 
 the Potato from the cool Andes of South America to other cool cli- 
 mates, and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially in 
 countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too 
 little, for profitabl}^ cultivating the principal grain-plants. 
 
 105. All the sorts of subterranean stems or branches distinguished 
 by botanists pass into one another by gradations. We have seen 
 how nearly related the tuber is to the rootstock, and there are many 
 cases in which it is difficult to say which is the proper name to use. 
 So likewise, 
 
 lOG. Th? Cnrm, or Solill Bulb, like that of the Indian Turnip and 
 the Crocus (Fig. 71), is just a very short and thick rootstock; as 
 will be seen by comparing Fig. 71 with Fig. G7. Indeed, it grows 
 80 very little in length, that it is often much broader than long, as 
 in the Indian Turnip, and the Cyclamen of our greenhouses. Corms 
 
LESSON 0.] 
 
 srnTF.RRANKAN FOKMS : BULBS. 
 
 45 
 
 are usually upright, produciuj^ liuds on tlicir upper purfare and 
 
 roots from the lower, liut (as we see in the Croeus liere (ifrured) 
 
 buds may shoot from just above any of the faint cross lines or 
 
 rings, which are the scars left by the death 
 
 and decay of the sheathing bases of former 
 
 leaves. Tiiat is, these are axillary buds. In 
 
 these extraordinary (just as in ordinary) stems, 
 
 the buds are either axillary or terminal. The 
 
 whole mode of growth is just the same, only 
 
 the corm does not increase in length faster 
 
 than it does in thickness. After a few years 
 
 some of the buds grow into new corms at the 
 
 expense of the old one ; the young ones taking 
 
 the nourishment from the parent, and storing 
 
 up a large part of it in their own tissue. 
 
 Wiien exhausted in this way, as well as by 
 
 flowering, the old corm dies, and its shrivelled 
 
 and decaying remains may be found at the side of or beneath the 
 
 present generation, as Ave see in the Crocus (Fig. 71). 
 
 107. The corm of a Crocus is commonly covered with a thin and 
 dry, scaly or fibrou:^ husk, consisting of the dead remains of the bases 
 of former leaves. "When this husk consists of many scales, there is 
 scarcely any distinction left between the corm and 
 
 108. The Bnlb. This is an extremely short subterranean stem, 
 usually much broader than high, producing roots from underneath, 
 and covered with leaves or the bases of leaves, in the form of thick- 
 ened scales. It is, therefore, the same -as a corm, or solid bulh, only 
 it bears an abundance of leaves or scales, which make up tiic greater 
 part of its bulk. Or we may regard it as a bud, witli thick and 
 flt!shy scales. Compare a Lily-bulb (Fig. 73) with the strong scaly 
 buds of the Hickory and Ilorsechestnut (Fig. 4.S and 40), and tho 
 resemblance will be apparent enough. 
 
 10'.). Bulbs serve the same purpose as tubers, rootstocks, or corms. 
 The main difference is, that in these the store of food for future 
 growth is deposited in the stem ; while in the bulb, the greater part 
 is deposited in the bases of the h-aves, changing them into thick 
 scales, which closely overlap or em-lose one another, because the 
 6tem docs not elongate enough to separate them. That the scales 
 
 Fit;. 71. Curiii ot M<Uii tMilb of a Cnx-ii 
 
 7'i. 'I'lio k.-iiiio, cut lliroiicli U>ii;;(liwis«. 
 
46 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON 6. 
 
 of the bulb are the bases of leaves may be seen at once by follow- 
 ing any of the ground-leaves (root-leaves as they are incorrectly 
 
 called) down to their 
 origin in the bulb. 
 Fig. 75 represents 
 one of them from 
 the White Lily ; the 
 thickened base, which 
 makes a scale, being 
 cut off below, to show 
 its thickness. After 
 having lasted its time 
 and served its purpose as foliage, the green leaf dies, down to the 
 thickened base, which remains as a scale of the bulb. And year 
 after year, as the bulb grows from the centre, to produce the vege- 
 tation and the flowers of the season, the outer scales yield up their 
 store of nourishment for the purpose, and perish. 
 
 110. Each scale, being a leaf, may have a bud in its axil. Some 
 of these buds grow into leafy and flowering stems 
 above ground: others grow into new bulbs, feeding I ''lifll, 
 on the parent, and at length destroying it, in the same 
 way that corms do, as just described (lOG). 
 
 111. When the scales are broad and enwrap all 
 that is within so as to form a succession of coats, one 
 over another, the bulb is said to be tunicated or coated. 
 The Tulip, Hyacinth, Leek, and Onion afford such 
 familiar examples of coated bulbs that no figure is 
 needed. When the scales are narrow and separate, 
 as in the Lily (Fig. 73), the bulb is said to be scaly. 
 
 112. BulbletS are small bulbs formed above ground 
 on some plants ; as in the axils of the leaves of the 
 common bulbiferous Lily of the gardens, and often in 
 the flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are 
 plainly nothing but bulbs with thickened scales. They 
 never grow into branches, but detach themselves when 75 
 
 full grown, and fall to the ground, to take root there and form 
 new plants. 
 
 113. From the few illustrations already given, attentive students 
 
 FIG. 73. Bulb of the Meadow or Canada Lily. 
 FlC. 75. A lower leaf of White Lily, with its 
 
 74. The same, rut throiieh lencthwise. 
 is« under ground thickened into a oulb- 
 
k 
 
 I-KSSON 0.] CONSOLIDATKI) 1 OUMS OK V KC KTATION, 47 
 
 can hardly fail to obtain a prood idrji of what is niiaiit hy i)ii>rpli(>Ii>f/^ 
 in Botany ; and they will he al)lt! to apply its simple pi-inci|)le.s I'or 
 themselves to all forms of vegetation. Tiiey will find it very inter- 
 esting to identify all these varions subterranean forms with tiie com- 
 mon plan of vegetation above ground. There is the same strueture, 
 and the same mode of growth in reality, however diflerent in ap- 
 pearance, and however changed the form, to suit particular conditions, 
 or to accomplish particular ends. It is plain to sec, already, that 
 the plant is constructed accordhtg to a jylan, — a very simple one, — 
 which is exhibited by all vegetal)les, by the extraordinary no less 
 than by the ordinary kinds; and that the same organ may appear 
 under a great many different shapes, and fulfil very different offices. 
 
 111. These extraordinary shapes are not confined to subterra- 
 nean vegetation. Tlusy arc all repeated in various sort^ of Jles/itf 
 plants; in the Ilouseleek, Aloe, Agave (Fig. 82), and in the man,, 
 and strange shapes which the Cactus family exhibit (Fig. 7G|. 
 shapes whicli imitate rootstocks, tubers, conns, &^q, above ground. 
 All these we may regard as 
 
 115. Consolidatfll Forms of VrilClatinn. While ordinary jdants K 
 constructeil on the plan of great sjjread of surface (131), these 
 are formed on the j)lan of the least possible amount of surface iw, 
 proportion to their bulk. The Cereus genus of Cactuses, for ex- 
 ample, consisting of solid columnar trunks (Fig. 70, b), may be 
 likened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliag.,, 
 but the surface is at nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant 
 of the same bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known, 
 the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. 7G, in the background), 
 which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy 
 tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 54, and estimate how 
 vastly greater, even without the foliage, the surface of the larter 
 is than that of the former. Compare, in the same view, an Op^./itiw' 
 or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches formed of a si>v-es- 
 sion of thick and flattened joints (Fig. 70, a), which may be likened 
 to tubers, or an Epiphylhnn (d), with shorter and flatter joints, -ftith 
 an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of e(iual si/e. And finally, in 
 Melon-Cactuses or Kchinocactus (r), with their globular or bull)-like 
 shapes, we have jdants in tin; compactest sli:ipe ; (heir spherical fig- 
 ure Ix'ing such as to expose the lca>t possible amount of its bulk 
 to the air. 
 
 1 10. These coHSolldiilcd jiJiiiils arc evidently adapted and d.->ignei^ 
 
48 
 
 MORPIIOLOGr OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSOV 6. 
 
 for very dry regions ; and in such only arc they found. Similarly, 
 bulbous and corm-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a 
 form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large 
 surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the 
 living vegetable is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least 
 possible surface ; and this is protected by its outer coats of dead 
 and dry scales, as well as by its situation under ground. Such 
 plants exhibit another and -very similar adaptation to a season of 
 drought. And they mainly belong to countries (such as Southern 
 Africa, and parts of the interior of Oregon and California) which 
 have a long hot season during which little or no rain falls, when, 
 their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath being early cut 
 off by drought, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled 
 with nourishment, and retaining their moisture with great tenacity, 
 until the rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves 
 and flowers with wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert 
 of arid sand becomes green with foliage and gay w-ith blossoms, 
 almost in a day. This will be more perfectly understood when the 
 nature and use of foliage have been more fully considered. (Fig. 76 
 represents several forms of Cactus vegetation.) 
 
LESSON 7.J MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. 49 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 MORPIIOLOGV OF LEAVES. 
 
 117. I.v (lcscril)ing the SMhtcrranc-an forms of tlie stem, wp have 
 boon led to notice already some of the remarkable forms under 
 wliieh leaves occur; namely, as scales, sometimes small and thin, as 
 those of tlie rootstoeks of the Quick-grass, or the Mint (Fig. G4), 
 sometimes large and thick, as those of bulbs (Fig. 73-7.>), where 
 they are commonly larger than the stem they belong to. "We have 
 seen, too, in the second Lesson, the seed-leaves (or cotyledons) in 
 forms as unlike foliage as possible ; and in the third Lesson we have 
 spoken of bud-scales as a sort of leaves. So that the botanist recog- 
 nizes the leaf under other forms than that of foliage. 
 
 118. "We may call foliage the natural form of leaves, and look 
 upon the other sorts as special forms, — as transformed leaves : by 
 this term meaning only that what would have been ordinary leaves 
 under other circumstances (as, for instance, those on shoots of Mint, 
 Fig. G4, had these grown upright in the air, instead of creeping under 
 ground) are developed in special forms to serve some particular 
 purpose. For the Great Author of Natnre, having designed plants 
 upon one simple plan, just adapts this plan to all cases. So, when- 
 ever any special purpose is to be accomplished, no new instniments 
 or organs are created for it, but one of the three general organs of 
 the vegetalile, roof, stem, or leaf, is made to serve the purpose, and 
 is adapted to it by taking some pectdiar form. 
 
 119. It is the study of the varied forms under this view that con- 
 stitutes Morphology (HI), and gives to this part of Botany such great 
 interest. "We have already seen stems and roots under a gi-eat 
 variety of forms. But leaves appear under more various and widely 
 different forms, and answer a greater variety of purposes, than do 
 both the other organs of the plant put together. "We have to con- 
 sider, {\\c\\,leai'es as foliaffei,nm\ leaves as something else than foliage. 
 As we have just been noticing cases of leaves that are not foliage, 
 we may consider these first, and enumerate the principal kinds. 
 
 120. I/nVfS as DrpositorifS of Food. Of these we have had i»lenty 
 of instances in the seed-leaves, such as those of the Almond, Apple- 
 
 h 
 
50 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. 
 
 LESSON /. 
 
 seed (Fig. 11), Beech (Fig. 13-15), the Bean and Pea (Fig. IC- 
 20), the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), and Ilorsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24) ; where 
 the food upon which the pluntlet feeds when it springs fiom the 
 seed is stored up in its cotyledons or first leaves. And we have 
 noticed how very unlike foliage such leaves are. Yet in some cases, 
 as in the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), lliey 
 actually grow into green leaves as 
 they get rid of their burden. 
 
 121. Bulb-Stalcs (Fig. 73-75) of- 
 fer another instance, which we were 
 considering at the close of the last 
 Lesson. Here a part of the nourish- 
 ment prepared in the foliage of one 
 year is stored up in the scales, or 
 subterranean thickened leaves, for the 
 early growth and flowering of the next 
 year ; and this enables the flowers to 
 appear before the leaves, or as soon 
 as they do ; as in Hyacinths, Snow- 
 drops, and many bulbous plants. 
 
 122. Leaves as Bud-scales, &c. True 
 
 to its nature, the stem produces 
 leaves even under ground, where 
 they cannot serve as foliage, and 
 where often, as on rootstocks and 
 tubers (97-103), they are not of 
 any use that we know of. In such 
 cases they usually appear as thin 
 scales. So the first leaves of the 
 stems of herbs, as they sprout from 
 the ground, are generally mere scales, 
 such as those of an Asparagus shoot ; 
 and such are the first leaves on the 
 stem of the seedling Oak (Fig. 22) 
 and the Pea (Fig. 20). Similar 
 „ scales, however, often serve an im- 
 
 portant purpose ; as when they form the covering of buds, where 
 they protect the tender parts within (44). That bud-scales are 
 
 FIG. 77. Leaves of a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye (.E^culus parviflora)^ 
 •bowing a nearly complete set of t;radations from a scale to a coiii|>ound leaf of five leaflets. 
 
LES80X 7.] SPINES, TENDIULS, AND riTCJIF.IlS, 
 
 51 
 
 leaves is plainly shown, in many cases, by the gradual transition 
 between tliein antl the Hrst foliage ot" the shoot. The Common Liiuc 
 and the 8hell-bark Hickory are good instances 
 of the sort. But the best illustration is fur- 
 nished by the Low Sweet liuckeye of the 
 Southern States, which is often cultivated as 
 an ornamental shrub. From one and the same 
 growing bud we may often find all the grada- 
 tions which an^ shown in Fig. 77. 
 
 l-i;3. LfllVl'S as Spines occur in several plants. 
 The most familiar instance is that of the Com- 
 mon Barberry, In almost any summer shoot, 
 most of the gradations may be seen between the 
 ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and 
 leaves which arc reduced to a branching spine 
 or thorn, jis shown in Fig, 78. The fact that 
 the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud 
 in their axil also proves them to be leaves. 
 
 124. Leiives us Tendrils are to be seen in the 
 Pea and the Vetch (Fig. 20, 127), where the 
 upper part of each leaf becomes a tendril, which 
 
 the plant uses to 
 
 climb by ; and in 
 
 one kind of Vetch 
 
 such a tendril. 
 
 125. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes, 
 
 are familiar to us in the common Pitcher- 
 plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarrae^nia. 
 Fig, 70) of our bogs. These pitcliers 
 are generally half-fuli of water, in whi«'h 
 flies and other insects are drowned, often 
 in such numbers jis to make a rich 
 manure for the plant, no doubt ; though 
 we can hardly imagine this to be the 
 design of the pitcher. Nor do we per- 
 ceive hen; any need of a contrivance 
 liold water, since the roots of these 
 plants are alwavs well supplied by the wet lH)gs wlure lluy grow. 
 
 the whole leaf 
 
 h'Ul. 78. t>iiiiiiiicr nIkniI III llarlxTry, Klinwing llir Ir.iiisiliini of Ir.tvpK iiit.> i<|iinrH. 
 Flli. 79. L^afuf Saxraraiiu |iurjiurua, entire, and aiiuUier with llio U|)|icr jtart cut off. 
 
52 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVF.S. 
 
 [lesson 7 
 
 V 
 
 126. Leaves as Fly-traps. Insects are caught in another way, and 
 more expertly, by the most extraordinary of all the plants of this 
 
 country, the Diona^a or Venus's Fly- 
 trap, which grows in the sandy bogs 
 t/ ' J^ (t around Wilmington, North Carolina. ' 
 
 _ y ji^ Here (Fig. 81) each leaf bears at its ' l 
 
 summit an appendage which opens and 
 shuts, in shape something like a steel- 
 trap, and operating much like one. For 
 when open, as it commonly is when the 
 sun shines, no sooner does a fly alight 
 on its surface, and brush against any 
 one of the several long bristles that grow 
 there, than the trap suddenly closes, 
 often capturing the intruder, pressing it 
 all the harder for its struggles, and com- 
 monly depriving it of life. If the fly 
 escapes, the trap soon slowly opens, and 
 b ready for another capture. When retained, the insect is after a 
 time moistened by a secretion from minute glands of the inner sur- 
 face, and is apparently digested ! How such 
 and various other movements are made by 
 plants, — some as quick as in tliis case, 
 others very slow, but equally wonderful, — 
 must be considered in a future Lesson. 
 
 127. leaves serving both Ordinary and 
 
 Special Purposes. Let us now remark, that 
 the same leaf frequently answers its gen- 
 eral purpose, as foliage, and some special 
 purpose besides. For example, in the Dio- 
 na;a, the lower part of the leaf, and prob- 
 ably the whole of it, acts as foliage, while the 
 appendage serves its mysterious purpose 
 as a fly-catcher. In the Pea and Vetch 
 (Fig. 20, 127), the loAver part of the leaf 
 is foliage, the upper a tendril. In the Pitcher-plants of the Indian 
 Archipelago (Nepenthes, Fig. 80) which are not rare in conserva- 
 tories, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and acts as foliage ; 
 
 FIG. 80. Leaf of Nepenthes: leaf, tendrU, and pitclier combined. 
 
 FIG. 81. Loaves of Diousa ; the trap in oiio of theui op^uiLlhe others closed. 
 
I.KSSON 7.3 TniCKKN'KD AND KKKSMY I.KAVES. 
 
 53 
 
 farlluT on, it is contract cd info a (( iidril, ciiaMiiig llio plant to climh; 
 the cnil of this tendril is then expanded into a pitcher, of five or 
 six inches in h'ngth. and on the end of this is a lid, wliich exactly 
 closes the mouth of the pitcher until after it is full grown, when tlie 
 lid opens by a hinge ! But the whole is only one Itaf. 
 
 128. So in the root-leaves of the Tulij) or the Lily (Fig. 75), 
 while the green leaf is preparing nourishment throughout the grow- 
 ing season, its base under ground is thickened into a reservoir for 
 storing iip a good part of the nourishment for next year's use. 
 
 129. Finally, the whole leaf often serves both as foliage, to pre- 
 pare nourishment, and as a depository to store it up. This takes 
 place in all fleshy-leaved plants, such as the II<.useleek, the Ice- 
 plant, and various sorts of Mesembryantheininn, in the Livc-for-ever 
 of the gardens to some extent, and very strikingly in the Aloe, and 
 in the Century-planf. In the latter it is only the green surface of 
 these large and thick leaves (of three to five feet in length on a 
 strong plant, and often three to six inches thick near the base) which 
 acts as foliage ; the whole interior is white, like the inferior of a 
 potato, and almost as heavily loaded with starch and other nourish- 
 ing matter. (Fig. 82 represents a young Century -plant, Agave 
 Americana.) 
 
 5* 
 
&4 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. 
 
 130. Having in the last Lesson glanced at some of the special 
 or extraordinary forms and uses of leaves, we now return to leaves 
 in their ordinary condition, namely, as foliage. We regard this as 
 the natural state of leaves. For although they may be turned to 
 account in other and very various ways, as we have just seen, 
 still their proper office in vegetation is to serve as foliage. In this 
 view we may regard 
 
 131. Leaves as a Contrivance for Increasing the Surface of that large 
 
 part of the plant which is exposed to the light and the air. This is 
 shown by their expanded form, and ordinarily slight Uiickness in 
 comparison with their length and breath. While a Melon-Cactus 
 (115, Fig. 7G) is a striking example of a plant with the least pos- 
 sible amount of surface for its bulk, a repeatedly branching leafy 
 herb or tree presents the largest possible extent of surface to the 
 air. The actual amount of surface pi-esented by a tree in full leaf 
 is much larger than one would be apt to suppose. Thus, the Wash- 
 ington Elm at Cambridge — a tree of no extraordinary size — was 
 some years ago estimated to produce a crop of seven millions of 
 leaves, exposing a surface of 200,000 square feet, or about five 
 acres, of foliage. 
 
 132. What is done by the foliage we shall have to explain in 
 another place. Under the present head we are to consider ordinary 
 leaves as to their parts and their shapes. 
 
 133. The Parts of the Leaf. The principal part of a leaf is the 
 blade, or expand(!d portion, one face of which naturally looks towaixl 
 the sky, the other towards the earth. The blade is often raised on 
 a stalk of its own, and on each side of the stalk at its base there is 
 sometimes an appendage called a stipule. A oonipletc leaf, there- 
 fore consists of a blade (Fig. 83, h), a foot-stalk or leaf -stalk, called 
 the petiole (p), and a pair of stipules (si). See also Fig. 136. 
 
 134. It is the blade which we are now to describe. This, as 
 being the essential and conspicuous part, we generally regard as the 
 leaf: and it is only when we have to particularize, that we speak of 
 the blade, or lamina, of the leaf. 
 
LESSON 8.] 
 
 THKIK VF.NATION. 
 
 55 
 
 l3o. AVitliout here entering uj)on tlie subject of the anatomy of 
 the leaf, we may remark, that leaves eonsist of two sorts of mate- 
 rial, viz.: 1. the green pidp, or parenchyma ; and 2. the Jibrous 
 framework, or skeleton, whieh extends througliout the soft grecf. 
 pulp and suj)ports it, giving the leaf a strength and firmness which 
 it would not otherwise possess. Besides, the whole suriiice is cov- 
 ered witli a transparent skin, culled the 
 epidermis, like that which covers the 
 surface of the shoots, iScc. 
 
 136. The framework consists of 
 wood, — a fibrous and tough material 
 which runs from the stem tliTough the 
 leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the 
 form of parallel threads or bundles of b\ 
 fibres ; and in the blade these spread 
 out in a horizontal direction, to form 
 the ribs and veins of the leaf. The 
 stout main branches of the framework 
 (like those in Fig. 50) are called the 
 ribs. When there is only one, as in 
 Fig. 83, &;c., or a middle one decid- 
 edly larger than the rest, it is called 
 the midrib. The smaller divisions are termed veins ; and their 
 still smaller subdivisions, veinlets. 
 
 137. The latter subdivide again and again, until they become so 
 fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The fibres of which 
 they are composed are hollow ; forming tubes by which the sap is 
 brought into the leaves and carried to every part. The arrangement 
 of the framework in the blade is termed the 
 
 138. Venation, or mode of veining. This corresponds so complete- 
 ly witlj the general shape of the leaf, and with the kind of division 
 when the bhule is divided or lobed, that the reatliest way to study 
 and arrange; the forms of leaves is first to consider their veining. 
 
 131). Various jls it appears in difierent leaves, the veining is all 
 reducible to two princijjal kinds; namely, \\\g parallel-veined and the 
 netted-veined. 
 
 140. In netted-veined (also called retiridaled) leaves, the veins 
 branch off from the main ril) or ribs, divide into liner and liner 
 
 riG. Kk Laaf ofUiF Qiiinco; b, blade ; p, [wiwlo ; <(, Hti|iiil<M. 
 
56 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8. 
 
 vcinlets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of 
 network. That is, they anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins 
 and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 83, shows this 
 kind of veining in a leaf witli a single rib. The JMaple, Basswood, 
 and Buttonwood (Fig. 50) show it in leaves of several ribs. 
 
 141. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of 
 slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly 
 so, from the base to the point of the leaf, not dividing and sub- 
 dividing, nor forming meshes, except by very minute cross-veinlets. 
 The leaf of any grass, or that of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 84) 
 will furnish a good illustration. 
 
 142. Such simple, parallel veins Linntcus, to distinguish them, 
 called nerves, and parallel-veined leaves, 
 are still commonly called nerved leaves ^ 
 while those of the other kind are said to 
 be veined ; — terms which it is conven- 
 ient to use, although these " nerves " and 
 " veins " are all the same thing, and have 
 no likeness to the nerves of animals. 
 
 143. Netted-veined leaves belong tc 
 plants which have a pair of seed-leaves 
 or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 1 
 -7), Beech (Fig. 15), Pea and Bean 
 (Fig. 18, 20), and most of the illustra- 
 tions in the first and second Lessons. 
 While parallel-veined or nerved leaves 
 belong to plants with one cotyledon or 
 84 true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 134) 
 
 and Indian Corn (Fig. 42). So that a mere glance at the leaves 
 of the tree or herb enables one to tell what the structure of the 
 embryo is, and to refer the plant to one or the other of these two 
 grand classes, — which is a great convenience. For genei-ally when 
 plants differ from each other in some one important respect, they 
 differ correspondingly in other respects as well. 
 
 144. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts ; one kind, and the 
 commonest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to 
 the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in 
 another kind they run from a midrib to the margin ; as in the com- 
 
 FIG. 84. A (parallel-veine<l) leaf of the Lily of the Valley. 
 
LKSSON 8.] TIIKIK FOUMS AS TO GENKUAL OUTLINK. 57 
 
 moil Pickerel-weed of our ponds, in the Banana (Fig- -17), and many 
 similar plants of warm climates. 
 
 1-45. Netted- veined leaves are also of two sorts, as is shown in 
 the examples already referred to. lu one cjise the veins all ris9 
 from a single rib (the midrib), as in Fig. 83. Such leaves are called 
 fealher-veined or pinnately-veined ; both terms meaning the same 
 thing, namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib 
 like the plume of a feather on each side of the shaft. 
 
 146. In the other case (as in the Button wood, Fig. 50, Maple, 
 &c.), the veins branch off from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which 
 spread from the top of the leaf-stalk, and run through the blade like 
 the toes of a web-footed bird. Hence these are said to hQ pahnatcly 
 or digitately veined, or (since the ribs diverge like ra}s from a 
 centre) radiate-veined. 
 
 147. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame- 
 work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined leaves will incline to 
 elongated shapes, or at lejist will be longer than broad ; while in 
 radiate-veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A 
 glance at the following figures shows this. Whether Ave consider 
 the veins of the leaf to be adapted to the shape of the blade, or the 
 green pulp to be moulded to the framework, is not very material. 
 Either way, the outline of each leaf corresponds with the mode of 
 spreading, the extent, and the relative length of the veins. Thus, in 
 oblong or elliptical leaves of the feather-veined sort (Fig. 87, 88), 
 the principal veins are nearly equal in length ; while in ovate and 
 heart-sliaped leaves (Fig. 89, 90), those below the middle are 
 longest; and in leaves which Aviden upwards (Fig. 91-94), the 
 veins above the middle are longer than the others. 
 
 148. Let us pass on, without particular reference to the kind of 
 veining, to enumerate the principal 
 
 149. Furms of Leaves as to Geiirral Outline. It is necessary to give 
 
 names to the i)rinci[)al shapes, and to define them rather precisely, 
 since they afford the easiest marks for distinguishing species. The 
 same terms are used for all otlier fiattened parts as well, such as the 
 petals of the flowers ; so that they make up a great part of the 
 descriptive language of Botany. We do not mention the names of 
 common plants which exhibit these various shapes. It will be a good 
 exercise for young students to look them uj) and apply them. 
 
 150. Begimiing with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest 
 forms, a leaf" is said to be 
 
 S & F— 4 
 
58 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OP LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8. 
 
 Linear (Fig. 85), when narrow, several times longer than wide, 
 and of the same breadth throughout. 
 
 Lanceolate, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than wide, 
 and tapering upwards (Fig. 86), or both upwards and downwards. 
 
 Oblong (Fig. 87), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad. 
 
 Elliptical (Fig. 88) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends 
 alike in width. 
 
 Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth 
 considerably more than half the length. 
 
 Ovate (Fig. 89), when the outline is like a section of a hen's-egg 
 lengthwise, the broader end downward. 
 
 Orbicular, or rotund (Fig. 102), circular in outline, or nearly so. 
 
 Oblanceolate 
 
 151. When the leaf tapers towards the base, instead of upwards, 
 it may be 
 
 91), which is lance-shaped, with the more 
 tapering end downwards ; 
 
 Spatulate (Fig. 92), round- 
 ed above and long and narrow 
 below, like a spatula ; 
 
 Obovate (Fig. 93), or in- 
 versely ovate, that is, ovate with 
 the narrower end down ; or 
 Cuneate, or cuneiform, that is, tccdge-shaped (Fig. 94), broad 
 above and tapering by straight lines to an acute angle at the base. 
 
 152. As to the Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as 
 Cordate, or heart-shaped (Fig. 90, 99, 8), when a leaf of an ovate 
 
 form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned 
 in (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached. 
 
 Reniform, or kidney-shaped (Fig. 100), like the last, only rounder 
 and broader than long. 
 
 FIG. 85 - 90. Various forms of feather-veined leaves . 
 
 FIG. 91. Oblanceolate, 92. spatulate, 93. obovate, 94. wedge-sliaped, feather-veined leav«3. 
 
LESSON 8.] 
 
 THKIK PARTICULAU FORMS. 
 
 59 
 
 Auriculafe, or eared, hiivinj? a pair of Mnall and l.lunt projections, 
 or ears, at the biuse, as in one species of Maj,niolia (Fi;^- '••<>)• 
 
 Sagittate, or arrow-shaped, where sueii eai-s are pointed and turned 
 downwards, while the 
 main body of the hhide 
 tapers upwards to a 
 point, as in the com- 
 mon Sajjittaria or Ar- 
 row-head, and in the 
 AiTow-leav(!d Polygo- 
 num (Fi;;. 95). 
 
 Hastate, or halberd- 
 shaped, when such 95 96 st 
 lobes at the base point outwards, givinj]; the leaf the shape of the 
 halberd of the olden time, as in another Polyfjonum (Fig. 9"). 
 
 Peltate, or shield-shaped, (Fig. 102,) is the name applied to a 
 curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where 
 the footstalk is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and 
 
 therefore is naturally likened to a shield borne ]>y the outstretched 
 arm. The common AVatershield, the Nelumbium, and the "White 
 Water-lily, and also the Mandrake, exhibit this. sort of leaf. On 
 comparing the shield-shai)ed leaf of the common Marsh Peimywort 
 (Fig. 102) with that of another connnon species (Fig. KU), we sec 
 at once what this peculiarity means. A shield-shaped leaf is like a 
 
 Flo. O). Sagillatp, %. aunnilnio, <r7. Iialliir.l slin|>cil, leaves. 
 FIG. 96- lOS. VariouH furiiu uf radiata-vaiiied leavea. 
 
60 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVKS AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8. 
 
 kidney-shai»ed (Fig. 100) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at 
 the base brouglit together and united. 
 
 153. As lO lllC Apt'X, the Ibllowing terms express tlie principal 
 valuations. 
 
 Acuminate, pointed, or taper-pointed, when the summit is more or 
 less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point, as in Fig. 1)7. 
 
 Acute, when ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point, as 
 in Fig. 104, 98, 95, &c. 
 
 Obtuse, when with a blunt or rounded point, as in Fig. 105,89, &;c. 
 
 Truncate, with the end as if cut ott' square, as in Fig. 106, 94. 
 
 Retuse, with the rounded summit slightly indented, forming a 
 very shallow notch, as in Fig. 107. 
 
 Emarginate, or notched, indented at the end more decidedly, as 
 in Fig. 108. 
 
 Ohcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf 
 is more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 109), as in White Clover and 
 Wood-sorrel ; so as to resemble a cordate leaf (Fig. 99) inverted. 
 
 Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point; as in Fig. 110. 
 
 Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a 
 projection of the midrib; as in Fig. 111. 
 
 Aristate,aivn-pointcd, and bristle-pointed, are terms used when this 
 mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or other 
 slender appendage. 
 
 The first six of tlieie terms can be applied to the lower as well as 
 to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to 
 the apex only. 
 
 FIG. 103 - 1 1 1. FormB of the apex of loaves. 
 
LESSON 9.] 
 
 filMl'LK AND C'OMPOLNU LKAVES. 
 
 CI 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF M'.AVKS AS I'OMAOK. SIMIMJ-: AND COM- 
 POUND m:avi:s, stipulks, etc. 
 
 154. In the foregoing Lesson leaves have been treated of in their 
 simplest form, namely, as eonsisting of a single blade. But in many 
 cases the leaf is divided into a number of separate bhules. Tiiat is, 
 
 155. Leaves arc cillier Simple or Compoimtl. They are srid to be 
 
 simple, when the blade is all of one piece : they are compound, when 
 the blade consists of two or more separate pieces, borne upon a 
 common leaf-stalk. And between these two kinds every interme- 
 diate gradation is to be met with. This will appear as we proceed 
 to notice the j)rincipal 
 
 1 50. Forms of Leaves as to particular Oiitliiic or degree of division. 
 
 In this respect, leaves are said to be 
 
 Entire, when their general outline is completely fdled out, so that 
 the margin is an even line, without any teeth or notches ; as in 
 Fig. 83, 84, 100, &c. 
 
 Serrate, or saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp 
 teeth, like those of a saw, and jwinting forwards; as in Fig. 112: 
 also DO, &c. 
 
 A>j,% 
 
 Dentdtc, or toot/ird, when 
 of forwards; as in Fig. 113. 
 
 such teeth point outwards, instead 
 
 FIG. 11'J-1I7. KiiiJs uf martin i>no5 
 
 6 
 
62 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lKSSON 9. 
 
 Crenatc, or scalloped, when tlic teeth are broad and rounded ; as 
 in Fig. 114, 101. 
 
 JRepand, undulate, or wav)/, wlien the margin of the leaf forms a 
 wavy line, bending slightly inwards and outwards in suceession ; as 
 in Fig. 115. 
 
 Sinuate, wlien the margin is more strongly sinuous, or turned 
 inwards and outwards, as in Fig. 116. 
 
 Incised, ciU, or jagged, when the margin is eut into sharp, deep, 
 and irregular teeth or incisions, as in Fig. 117. 
 
 157. When leaves are more deeply cut, and with a definite number 
 of incisions, 4hey are said, as a general term, to be lohed ; the parts 
 being called lobes. Their number is expressed by the jjhrase two- 
 lohed, three-lohed, five-lobed, many-lobed, Sec, as the case may be. 
 AVhen the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par- 
 ticularly specified, — as is often the case, — the following terms are 
 employed, viz. : 
 
 Lobed, when the incisions do not extend deeper than about half- 
 way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, and 
 are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig. 
 118, and the Hepatica, Fig. 122. 
 
 Cleft, when the incisions extend half-way down or more, and 
 especially when they are sharp, as in Fig. 119, 123. And the 
 phrases two-cleft, or, in the Latin form, bifid ; three-cleft, or trifid ; 
 four-cleft, or quadrifid ; five-cleft, or quinquefid, &;c. ; or many-cleft, 
 in the Latin form midtifid, — express the number of the segments, 
 or portions. 
 
 Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite 
 reach to the midrib or the base of the blade ; as in Fig. 120, 124. 
 And the terms two-parted, three-parted, Sec. express the number of 
 such divisions. 
 
 Divided, Avhen the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the 
 lower part of Fig. 121 ; or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 125 ; which 
 makes the leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is 
 said to be bisected, trisected (Fig. 125), &c., to express the number 
 of the divisions. 
 
 158. In this way the degree of division is described. We may 
 likewise express the mode of division. The notches or incisions, 
 being places where the green pulp of the blade has not wholly filled 
 up the framework, correspond Avith the veining ; as we perceive 
 on comparing the figures 118 to 121 Avith figures 122 to 125. The 
 
I.K9SON 9.] 
 
 rrtlMCI) OU DIVIDIII) LKAVKS. 
 
 G3 
 
 upper row of fi^nircs consist.-? of frd/hrr-reiiiPil. or, in Latin form, 
 j)innatp/i/-vi-ine(l leiives (Uo); the lower row, of railiafe-reined or 
 puhnatcly-vei ned leaves (1-lG). 
 
 1.j9. In the upper row the incisions all point towards the midrib, 
 from which the main veins arise, the incisions (or sinuses) being 
 between the main veins. That is, being phinately veined, such 
 leaves are jjinnatehj lobed (Fig. 118), pinnately cleft, or ptnnatifid 
 (Tig. 119), pinnntely parted (Fig. 1"20), or jiinnately divided (Fig. 
 121), according to the deptli of tiie incisions, as just defined. 
 
 ICO. In the lower row of figures, as the main veins or ribs all 
 proceed from the base of the blade or the summit of the leaf-stalk, so 
 the incisions all jHjint in that direction. Tiiat is, pnlmoteh/-\ij'uu'i\ 
 leaves are palmotely lobed (Fig. 122), pahnately cleft (Fig. 12.'^), 
 pnlmately parted ( Fig. 1 24 ), or palmatehj dirided ( Fig. 1 2.3 ). Some- 
 times, instead of pahnately, we say digitutcly cleft, &:c., which means 
 just the same. 
 
 101. To be still more particular, the number of the lol>es, !cc. 
 may come into the phrase. Thus, Fig. 122 is a palnnitely three- 
 lubcd ; Fig. \'2l^, ii palmately thrre-rlefi ; Fig. \2A, n pnlmately three- 
 parted ; Fig. 12.'), i\ paliiKttc/y t/trec-divided, or trisected, ]t:ni'. The 
 
 r'G. 1 18 - 121. Pilinaloly I«l¥><f, rloft, p.irtril, nn<l itiviiT«>«r lon^-wi. 
 
 PIG. 12} - 125. raliuatcljr cr Uigitatcly k>bcd, clett, parted, and di%ide(l teaven. 
 
64 
 
 MORrUOI.OGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 9* 
 
 Sugar-Maple and the Biittonwood (Fig. 50) haxc palmatcly Jii^C" 
 lobed leaves ; tlie Soft \f \niii-Mi\\)\(i jjcihnatelij Jive-parted leaves; and 
 so on. And in the other sort, the Post-Oak has pinnatdy seven- 
 to nine-Iohed leaves ; the Red-Oak commonly has pinnately seven- to 
 nine-cleft leaves, &;c., &;c. 
 
 162. The divisions, lobes, &c, may themselves be entire (without 
 teeth or notches, loG), as in Fig. 118, 122, &c. ; or serrate (Fig. 
 124), or otherwise toothed or incised (Fig. 121 ) ; or else lobed, cleft, 
 parted, &c. : in the latter cases making tivice pinnatijid, twice pal- 
 viately or pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, &;c. From these 
 illustrations, the student will perceive the plan by which the bota- 
 nist, in two or three words, may describe any one of the almost 
 endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to convey a perfectly 
 clear and definite idea of it. 
 
 103. Compound Leaves. These, as already stated (155), do not 
 differ in any absolute way from the divided form of simple leaves. 
 A compound leaf is one which has its blade in two or more entirely 
 separate parts, each usually with a sfalklet of its own : and the stalk- 
 let is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just sis 
 this is jointed with the stem. When this is the case, there is no 
 
 doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no 
 stalklets, and are not jointed with the main leaf-stalk, the leaf may 
 be considered eillier as simple and divided, or compound, according 
 to the circumstanced. 
 
 FIG. ]2f). Pinnate with an odd leaflet, or odd-pinnate. 
 128. Abruptly pitiaata leaf. 
 
 127. Pinnate with a tendril 
 
LKSSON 9.] 
 
 COMPOUND LKAVE3. 
 
 65 
 
 ir.l. The separate pieces or little blailes of a conipniind leaf are 
 called leajh-ts. 
 
 IG.'). Compomid leaves are of two principal kind-, namely, the 
 piniiatp and iUo. pulmate ; answering to tin- two modes of veinin;: in 
 reticulated leaves (145- 147), and to tiie two t^orts of lobed or di- 
 vided leaves (158, 159). 
 
 IGG. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged 
 on the sides of a main leaf-stalk ; as in Fig. 12G-128. They answer 
 to the feat/icr-veincd {\.v. ptnn(ttclij-vcined) simple leaf; as will be 
 seen at once, on comparing Fig. 12G with the figures 118 to 121. 
 The leajlets of the former answer to the loJ)es or dirisions of Jhc 
 latter; and the continuation of the petiole, along which the leaflets 
 are arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf. 
 
 1G7. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 12G is 
 pinnate with an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and 
 tlie A>ii. Fig. 127 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of 
 the odd leaflet, as in the Vetches and the Pea, Fig. 128 is abruptly 
 pinnate, having a pair of leaflets at the end, like the rest of the leaf- 
 lets ; as in the IIoney-Locust. 
 
 IGH. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in wliicli the 
 leaflets are all borne on the very tip of tUe leaf-stalk, as in the 
 Lupine, the Common Clover (Fig. 13G), tT.e Virginia Creeper (Fig. 
 G2), and the Ilorsechestnut and Buckeye (Fig. 129). They answer 
 to the radiate-veined or j^ahnateli/- 
 veined simple leaf; as is seen by 
 comparing Fig. 13G with the figures 
 122 to 125. That is, the Clover- 
 leaf of three leaflets is the same as 
 ;i jjalmately three-ribbed leaf cut 
 into three separate leaflets. And 
 such a simple five-Iobed leaf jxs that 
 of the .Sugar-^Ia[)le, if more cut, so 
 as to sei)arate the parts, would pro- 
 duce a i)almate leaf of five leaflets, 
 like that of the Ilorsechestnut or Duckeye (Fig. 129). 
 
 1C9. Either sorf of compound leaf may have any number of leaf- 
 lets ; though palmate leaves cannot well li:ive a great manv, since 
 they are all crowded together on the end of. the main leaf-stalk. 
 
 FI«. 129 ralmalc leaf of rtvc Icnilcis, of Uie Swocl Uuckryo. 
 G* 
 
66 
 
 MORniOLOGT OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lesSON 9. 
 
 Some Lupines have nine or eleven ; the Ilorsec-liestnut has seven, 
 the Sweet Buekeje more commonly five, tlie Clover three. A pin- 
 nate leaf often has only seven or live leaflets, as in the Wild Bean 
 or Groundnut; and in the Common Bean it has only three; in 
 
 some rarer cases only two ; in 
 the Orange and Lemon only 
 one! The joint at the place 
 where the leaflet is united with 
 the petiole alone distinguishes 
 this last case from a simple 
 leaf.* 
 
 170. The leaflets of a com- 
 pound leaf may be either entire 
 (as in Fig. 126-128), or ser- 
 rate, or lobed, cleft, parted, 
 ^. &c. : in fact, they may pre- 
 sent all the variations of simple 
 leaves, and the same terms 
 ^Zj^£^ equally apply to them. 
 Ni^^^^V 17 L When this division is 
 (£(L_ carried so far as to separate 
 ::>^x A^hat would be one leaflet into 
 t^\o, three, or several, the leaf 
 becomes doubly or twice com- 
 pound, either pinnateJy or pal- 
 '^^ matehj, as the case may be. 
 
 For example, while some of the leaves of the Hone} -Locust are 
 simphj pinnate, that h, once pinnate, as in Fig. 128, the greater part 
 
 * "Wlicn tlic botanist, in describing leaves, wislics to express tlic numl)er (f 
 leaflets, lie may use terms like tliesc : — 
 
 Uiiifoliulate, for a eomj)Oun(l leaf of a single leaflet; from tlie Latin uiuim, ono, 
 and foliolum, leaflet. 
 
 BifoUolalt', of two leaflets, from the Latin his, twice, nndjhliolmti, leaflet. 
 
 Trifuliolatc (or termite), of three leaflets, as the Clover ; and so on. 
 
 Wiien he would express in one phrase both the number of leaflets and the way 
 the leaf is compound, he writes : — 
 
 Palmotcli/ hljbliolale, trlfollulalc, jiliirijoliokitc (of several leaflets), &c., or else 
 
 Pinnatilij hi-, tri-, (jiiadri-, or pinri-fuliolalc (that is, of two, three, four, five, or 
 several leaflets), as the ^asc mav be. 
 
 FIG. 130. A twice-pinnate (abruptly) leaf of the Honev-Lt>cnst, 
 
LlCSdON O.J 
 
 rKIlKOI.IATK I.KAVKS, KTC 
 
 67 
 
 are hipinnatc, i. o. twice piniiafr, a^ in Fi;_'. l')0. If tliPso Ic^aflota 
 ■vvt-n; again (li\ idfd in llio same way, tin; leaf would hvvxmm l/irice 
 pinnate, or tripinnalc, as in many Acac'ias. Tiie first divisions are 
 vnWcd pi lUKr ; the oxhor^^, pinnules ; and the last, or little Mados, 
 ivdjiets. 
 
 172. So till! palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same w.ay, 
 becomes twice pnlmatc, or, as we say when the divisions are in 
 threes, /M'/Ve tcrnate (in Latin form hitcrnate) ; if a third time com- 
 pounded, thrice tcrnate or tritcrnatc. liut if the division goes still 
 furtluT, or if the degree is variable, Ave simply say that the leaf is 
 decowpound ; either palmately or pinnat«'ly so, as tlie case may be^ 
 Thus, Fig. 108 represents a lour times ternately coin[X)ini<l, in other 
 •words a ternatclif decompound, leaf of our common jNIeadow Rue. 
 
 170. So exceedingly various arc the kinds and shapes of leaves, 
 that we have not yet exhausted the sui)ject. "We have, however, 
 mentioned the j)rincipal terms used in descrii)ing them. ]\Iany 
 others will be found in the glossary at the end of the volume. Some 
 peculiar sorts of leaves remain to be noticed, which the student might 
 not well understand without some explanation ; such as 
 
 171. Pcrfolialc Leaves. A common jind simple case of this sort is 
 foinid in two species of Uvuhu'ia or Bellwort, where the stem appears 
 to nni through the bhule of the leaf, 
 near one end. If we look at this plant 
 in summer, after all the leaves are 
 formed, we may see the meaning of this 
 at a glance. For then we ofivn find 
 upon the same stem such a series of 
 leaves as is given in Fig. 131 : the low- 
 er leaves are perfoliate, those; next aI)ove 
 less so ; then some (the fourth and fifth) 
 with merely a heart-shaped clasping 
 base, and finally one that is merely 
 sessile. The leaf, we perceive, becomes (^Z^ 
 perlbliate by the union of the edges of 
 the base with each other around the 
 stem ; just as the shield-shaped leaf. Fig. 
 102, comes from the union of the edges of the base of such a leaf 
 ;is Fig. 101. Of the same sort are tlw; up|)<'r leaves of most of 
 
 nc. ini. leaves nf fvulnria (nrllwort) ; llio lower oneii perfoliato, (Im oUi«r« merely 
 ela.s|iiiig, or tlio ii)i|>eriU(>Nl only dushIIo. 
 
68 
 
 MOKPIIOLOGT OF LKAVES AS FOLIAGE. [leSSON 0. 
 
 the true Honeysuckles (Fig. 132): but here it is a pnir of oppo- 
 site leaves, with their contiguous broiul bases grown togetlier, wliich 
 makes what seems to be one round leaf, with the stem running 
 through its centre. This is seen to be tlie case, by comparing 
 together the upper and the lowest leaves of the same brancli. 
 Leaves of this sort are said to be; connnte-perfoUafe. 
 
 ^J^'^ 175, tquitant Leaves. While ordinary 
 
 leaves spread horizontally, and present 
 one face to the sky and the other to the 
 eartli, there are some that present their 
 tip to the sky, and their faces right 
 and left to the horizon. Among these 
 are the cquitant leaves of the Iris or 
 Flower-de-Luce. On careful ins{)ection 
 we shall find that each leaf was formed 
 folded together kngtli- 
 wise, so that what 
 would be the upper 
 surface is within, and 
 all grown together, ex- 
 cept next the bottom, 
 ,33 where each leaf covers 
 
 the next younger one. It was from their strad- 
 dling over each other, like a man on horseback (as 
 is seen in the cross-section. Fig. 134), that Linnteus, 
 with his lively fancy, called these equifant leaves. 
 
 176. leaves with no distinction of Petiole and Blaiie. 
 
 The leaves of Iris just mentioned show one form 
 of this. The flat but narrow 
 leaves of Jonquils, Daffodils, 
 and the like, are other in- 
 stances. Needle-shaped leaves, 
 like those of the Pine (Fig. 
 140), Larch (Fig. 139), and 
 Spruce, and the aid-shaped 
 as well as the scale-shaped 
 leaves of Junipers, Ked Ce- 
 
 FIG. 132. Branrh of a Yellow Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves. 
 FIG. 133. Rootstock and equitant leaves of Iris. 134. A section across the claster of 
 leaves at the bottom. 
 
LESSON O.J 
 
 riiii.r.oniA, stipulks, etc. 
 
 dar, and Arbor- Vita^ (F'g- 135), are difTcrcnt pxamplos. Those 
 last are leaves serving lor lbliag(.', but having jis 
 little spread of surl'aee as jHJSsiWle. They insdce 
 up for this, however, by their inunense nunjbei*s. 
 
 177, SoMietinies ihc pet iu/e expands and flattens, 
 and takes tlie j)laee of the blade ; as in innnenms 
 Nt'W Holland Aeacias, some of which an; now 
 common in greenhouses. Such counterfeit blades 
 are called phyllodia, — meaning leaf-like bodies. 
 Tiiey may be known from true blades by their 
 standing edgewise, their margins being directed 
 upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the 
 faces look upwards and downwards ; excepting in 
 equitant leaves, as al- 
 ready explained, and 
 in those which are 
 135 turned edgewise by 
 
 a twist, such as those of the Callis- 
 
 temon or IJottle-brush Flower of our 
 
 greenhouses, and other Dry ]\I}rtlcs 
 
 of New Holland, cVc. 
 
 178. SlipnU'S, the pair of appendages 
 
 Avhich is found at the base of the peti- 
 ole in many leaves (133), should also 
 
 be considered in respect to their very 
 
 varied forms and appearances. More 
 
 commonly they appear like little blades, 
 
 on each side of the leaf-stalk, as in the 
 
 Quince (Fig. 83), ami more strikingly 
 
 in the Hawthorn and in the Pea. Here 
 
 they remain as long as the rest of the 
 
 leaf, and serve for the same purpose 
 
 as the bliule. Very commonly they 
 
 serve for bud-scales, and fall of!" when 
 
 the leaves expand, as in the Fig-tree, 
 
 and the Magnolia (where they are large and conspicuous), or soon 
 
 FIG. 135. Twip of Arhor-Vile, with itH two sorts of Ip.-ivcs : viz. oome awl-slin|><>il, tiM 
 olheM Hc.ilc-liko ; tlip Inner on the liraiirlilrfi, a. 
 
 FIG. 13(i. Lcifof Red flovir : 't, 8li|mlos, acJIioring to tlip b.iso of /., tlio iwtiolo : fc. Mads 
 of thrre IcnflptH. 
 
 FIG. 137. Partof Rtomnnd Ic-if ofrriiic«'B-F©«Uior i^PolyRoiuiiii oricntalo) with tlM> uiiit<<<« 
 ■lioatliinR KtipiilM forming a Rhoath. 
 
70 
 
 MORrnOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [leSSON 9. 
 
 afterwards, as in the Tulip-tree. In the Pea the stipules make a 
 very conspicuous part of the leaf; while in the Bean they are quite 
 small ; and in the Locust they are i-educed to bristles or prickles. 
 Sometimes the stipules are separate and distinct (Fig. 83) : often 
 they are united with (he base of the leaf-stalk, as in the Rose and 
 the Clover (Fig. 13G): and sometimes they grow together by both 
 margins, so as to form a sheath around the stem' above the leaf, as 
 in the Buttonwood, the Dock, and almost all the plants of the 
 Polygonum Family (Fig. 137). 
 
 179. The sheaths of Grasses bear the blade on their summit, and 
 therefore represent a form of the petiole. The small and thin ap- 
 pendage which is commonly found at the top of the sheath (called a 
 ligtjle) here answers to the stipule. 
 
 FIG. 138. Ternately-dccompouiid leaf of Meadow Rue (Tlialictrum Cornuti). 
 
LESSON 10.] AlIKANr.r.MKXT OF LKAVKS. 71 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 Tin: AnRANr.r..Mi;.\T or lkavks. 
 
 180. UxniiK tills hciid wo ni;iy roii>i(lcr, — 1. (he arranpemont of 
 leaves on the stem, or what is sotnetimes called rnYLLOTAXV (from 
 two Greek words meaiiiii;^ leaf-order) ; and 2. the ways in which 
 they are packed together in tin; bud, or their vkknatkjn (the word 
 meaninji their spring state). 
 
 ISl. Pliyllotaxy. As already explained (18, 49), leaves are ar- 
 ranged on the .stem in two princijjal ways. They are either 
 
 Alternate (Fig. 131, 143), that is, one after another, only a single 
 leaf arising from each node or joint of the stem; or 
 
 Opposite (Fig. 147), when there is a pair of leaves on each joint 
 of the stem ; one of the two leaves being in this case always situ- 
 ated exactly on the opposite sid(; of the stem from the other. A 
 third, but uncommon arrangement, may be added ; namely, the 
 
 Whorleil, or rerlicillale (Fig. 148), when there are three or more 
 leaves in a circle (trhorl or verticil) on one joint of stem. But this 
 is only a variation of the opposite mode ; or rather the latter ar- 
 rangi-ment is the same as the whorled, with the lunuber of the 
 leaves reduced to two in each whorl. 
 
 182. Only one leaf is ever produced from the same point. When 
 two are borne on the same joint, they are always on opposite sides 
 of the stem, that is, are separated by half the circumference ; when 
 in whorls of three, four, five, or any other number, they are equally 
 distril)uted around the joint of stem, at a distance of one third, one 
 fourth, or one fifth of the circumfer- 
 ence from each other, according to 
 their number. So they always liave 
 tlie greatest jjossible divergence from 
 each other. Two or more leaves be. 
 longing to the same joint of stem 
 never stand side liy siilc, or one 
 aljove the other, in a clii-tcr. 
 
 183. A\ iiat are called clustered or fnsricled leaves, and which 
 
 Fl(i. 139. C'lustrrpil ur faxciclvil leaves of tlio L.-irch 
 
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON TIIK STEM [lESSON 10. 
 
 appear to be so, are always tlie leaves of a whole branch which 
 remains so very short tliat they are all crowded together in a 
 bundle or rosette ; as in the spring leaves of the Barberry and of 
 the Larch (Fig. 139). In these cases an examination shows tliem 
 to be nothing else than alternate leaves, very much crowded on a 
 short spur ; and some of these spurs are seen in the course of the 
 season to lengthen into ordinary shoofs with scattered alternate 
 leaves. So, likewise, each cluster of two or three needle-shaped 
 leaves in Pitch Pines (as in Fig. 140), or of five leaves 
 in White Pine, answers to a similar, extremely short 
 branch, springing from the axil of a thin and slender 
 scale, which represents a leaf of tlie main shoot. For 
 Pines produce two kinds of leaves; — 1. primary, the 
 proper leaves of the shoots, not as foliage, but in the 
 shape of delicate scales in spring, which soon fall away ; 
 and 2. secondary, the fascicled leaves, from buds in the 
 axils of the former, and tliese form the actual foliage. 
 
 184. Spiral AlTflllgcmcnt of Leaves. If we examine any 
 alternate-leaved stem, we shall find that the leaves are 
 placed upon it in symmetrical order, and in a way per- 
 fectly uniform for each species, but different in different 
 plants. If we draw a line from the insertion (i. e. the 
 point of attachment) of one leaf to that of the next, and 
 so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as it 
 rises, and in the same species will always have just the 
 same number of leaves upon it for each turn round the 
 stem. That is, any two successive leaves will always 
 be separated from each other by just an equal portion 
 of the circumference of the stem. The distance in heiffl/t between 
 any two leaves may vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that 
 depends upon the length of the infernndes or spaces between each 
 leaf; but the distance as measured around the circumference (in 
 other words, the angular divergence, or angle formed by any two 
 successive leaves) is uniformly the same. 
 
 185. The greatest possible divergence is, /)f course, where the 
 second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the 
 first, the third on the side opposite the second, and therefore over the 
 
 FIO. 140. V\orc of a hraiirliirt of Pitrli Pinp, will) tlirrp loavos in a fai=rirlo or biindip, in 
 tlic axil of a lliin prale wliirli aiiP\vnr< to a i)iiiriar.\ Irnf. Tlir biiiuUr is surrounded at the 
 base by a sliort shoatli, forincd of llio delicate scales of tlio axillary bud. 
 
LESSOX 10.] 
 
 IN A SIMIIAI 
 
 73 
 
 first, and llio fourth over tliP socoml. This brinpjs all the h-avos into 
 two ranks, one on one sitlc of the, stem and one on tin- oilier; and 
 is therefore called the two-ranked arrangement. It occurs in all 
 Grasses, — in Indian Corn, for instanee ; also in the Siiiderworl, the 
 lielhvort (I'^ig. 1'>1) and Iris (Kig. 132), in the liasswood or Lime- 
 tree, ScQ. This is the simplest of all arrangements. 
 
 18G. Ne.\t to this is the three-ranked arrangement, such as \vc 
 see in Sedges, and in the Veratrum or White Ilellehore. The plan 
 of it is shown on a Seclge in Fig. 141, and in a diagram or cross 
 section underneath, in Fig. 142. Here the 
 second leaf is placed one third of the way 
 round the stem, the third leaf two thirds of 
 the way round, the fourth leaf accordingly 
 directly over the first, the fifth over the 
 second, and so on. That is, three leaves 
 occur in each turn round the stem, and they 
 are separated from each other by one third 
 of the circumference. 
 
 187. The next and one of the most com- 
 mon is the ^tT-ra?j/ter£ arrangement ; which 
 is seen in the Apple (Fig. 143), Cherry, 
 Poplar, and th'^ greater part of our trees 
 and shrubs. In this case the line traced 
 from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the 
 stem before it reaches a leaf situated di- 
 rectly over any below (Fig. 144). Here 
 the sixth leaf is over the first ; the leaves 
 stand in five perpendicular ranks, equally 
 distant from each other; and the distance 
 between any two successive leaves is just 
 two fifths of the circumference of the stem. ua 
 
 1S8. The five-ranked arrangement s expressed by the fraction f. 
 This fraction denotes the divergence of tlie successive leaves, i. e. the 
 angle they form with each other : the numerator also expresses the 
 number of turns made round the stem by the spiral line in complet- 
 ing one cycle or set of leaves, namely if ; and the denominator gives 
 the immber of leaves in each cycle, or the number of perpendicular 
 
 FK;. 1 II. Pircp of the stalk of n .'^oilce. with (Iip IpavpK nit awny, lonvini; thrir tm^on ; 
 tlip loavoH arc iiiiiiiliprpil III ordtT. froin '. to (".. Wi. Uiagraiii or crusi-aecliuu of Uio aaiiift 
 til ill Olio iil.iiio ; tlic lo.'iv»« fiiiiilnrly miiuborutl. 
 
 7 
 
74 
 
 ARUANGEMKNT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM. [lESSON 10. 
 
 rank?, namely o. In the same Avay the fraction J stands for the 
 
 two-ranked mode, and ^ ibr the three-ranked : and so these different 
 
 113 sorts are expressed by the series of fractions i, 
 
 •J, |. And tlie otlier cases known follow in the 
 
 same numerical progression. 
 
 18y. The next is the eight-ranked arrange- 
 ment, where the ninth leaf stands over the first, 
 and three turns are made around the stem to 
 reach it; so it is expressed by the fraction g. 
 This is seen in the Holly, and in the common 
 Plantain. Then comes the thirteen-ranked ar- 
 rangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over 
 the first, after five turns around the stem. Of 
 this we have a good example in the common 
 Ilouseleek (Fig. 14G). 
 190. The series so far, 
 ^ then, is ^, ^, 1,1,1^-3 ; the 
 
 numerator and the denomi- 
 nator of each fraction being 
 those of the two next pre- 
 ceding ones added together. 
 At this rate the next higher 
 should be ^\, then ^§, and 
 so on ; and in fact just such 
 . cases are met with, and (commonly) no others. 
 
 n\ These higher sorts are found in the Pine Fam- 
 
 ily, both in the leaves and the cones (Fig. 324), 
 and in many other plants with small and crowd- 
 ed leaves. But the number of the ranks, or of 
 leaves in each cycle, can here rarely be made 
 out by direct inspection : they may be ascer- 
 tained, however, by certain simple mathematical 
 computations, which are rather too technical for 
 these Lessons. 
 
 FIO. 143. glinot with its leaves .^-ranked, the sixth leaf ov^r the first ; as in the Apple-tree. 
 
 riG. 111. rtiagram of this arraiigcmont, willi a spiral lino drawn froiri the attachment of 
 one leaf to tlie next, and so on ; the parts on the side tiiriie<l fmni the eye are fainter. 
 
 FIG. 1-15. A frronnil-plan of the same ; the section of tlie leaves similarly nunihered ; a 
 dotted line drawn from the edire of one leaf to that of tlie next completes the spiral. 
 
 FIO. lU). A yoiinfr plant of tlie llonscleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered, 
 and cxhibiling tlio i:i-ranked arrangement 
 
LESSON 10.] ARRANT, EM ENT OF LEAVES IX THE ni'I>. 75 
 
 101. Tlic arran^romc-nt of opposite leavrs (1>*1) is usually very 
 pimple. The second pair is placed over the intervals of the first; 
 the third over the intervals of the second, and so on (Fig. 147) ; the 
 successive pairs thus crossing each other. — 
 commonly at right angles, so as to make four 
 upright rows. And ichorkd leaves (Fig- l-t-S) 
 follow a similar plan. 
 
 192. So the place of every leaf on every plant 
 is fixed beforehand by unerring mathematical 
 rule. As the stem grows on, leaf after leaf ap- 
 pears exactly in its predes- 
 tined place, producing a per- 
 fect symmetry; — a symme- 
 try which manifests itself not 
 in one single monotonous 
 pattern for all plants, but in 
 n definite number of forms 
 exhibited by different spe- 
 cies, and arithmetically ex- 
 pressed by the series of frac- 
 tions, 4^, .}, f, |, yV* v\, &c., according as the formative energy in 
 its spiral course up the developing stem lays down at corresponding 
 intervals 2, 3, '), 8, 13, or 21 ranks of alternate leaves. 
 
 rj.'3. Vernation, sometimes called PrcpfuUation, relates to the way 
 in which leaves arc disposed in the bud (180). It comprises two 
 things ; — 1st, the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, or 
 packed up in the bud; and 2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the 
 bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very 
 much upon the jdiyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves 
 u|)on the stem. The same terms are used for it as for the arrange- 
 ment of the leaves of the flower in the flower-bud : so we may pass 
 them Ity until we come to treat of the flower in tliis res])ect. 
 
 ]'.• 1. As to each i<af separatelv. it is sometimes straight and 
 open in vernation, but more conmionly it is either hont, folded, or 
 rolled lip. When the upper part is bent down upon the lower, 
 as the young blade in the Tulip-free is bent upon the leaf-talk, 
 it is said to be xnjlexed or reclined in vernation. "When folded 
 
 Fir,. 1 17. 
 
 FIG, l-Jd. 
 
 0|)|)(isil(< Ipnvos (if the S|>imllr-trr(- or rtiiriiinc-hNsI). 
 WliorloU ur vcrlicillato loavcn urualiuin or llcd»trAw. 
 
7G ARUANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11. 
 
 by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is 
 conduplicate (Fig. 149), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the 
 Oak : when folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is plicate 
 or plaited (Fig. 150), as in the Maple and Currant. If rolled, 
 it may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the 
 Sundew (Fig. 154), when in unrolling it resembles the head of a 
 crosier, and is said to be circinate ; or it may be rolled up parallel 
 with the axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is convolute 
 (Fig. 151), as in the Apricot and Plum, or rolled f.om both edges 
 towards the midrib; — sometimes inwards, when it is involute (Fig. 
 152), as in the Violet and AVater-Lily ; sometimes outwards, when 
 it is revolute (Fig. 153), in the Rosemary and Azalea. The figures 
 are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, in the way 
 they were represented by Linnteus. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 THE ARPaNGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLO- 
 RESCENCE. 
 
 195. Thus far we have been considering the vegetation of the 
 plant, and studying those parts, viz. root, stem, and leaves, by which 
 it increases in size and extent, and serves the purpose of its indi- 
 vidual life. But after a time each plant produces a different set of 
 organs, — viz. flowers, fruit, and seed, — subservient to a different 
 purpose, that is, the, increase in numbers, or the continuance of the 
 
LESSOX 11.] INDKTKRMINATK INKLORF.SCF.NCK. 
 
 77 
 
 pporios. Tlifi plnnt reproduces itself in new imlividuals l»y seed. 
 Therefore the seed, and tlie fntil in whieh tiie seed i.s formed, jind 
 the Jlower, from which the fruit results, sire named the Organs of 
 Reproduction or Frurfi'Jication. These we may examine in succes- 
 sion. "We begin, of course, with the flower. And the first thing to 
 consider is the 
 
 11)0. Illflnresi'fllCf, or tiie mo.le of flowering', that is, the situation 
 an<l arrangement of blossoms on the plant. Various as this arrange- 
 ment may seem to be, all is governed by a simple law, which is 
 easily understood. As the position of every leaf is fixed beforehand 
 by a mathematical law which prescribes where it shall stand (192), 
 8o is that of every blossom;- — and by the same law in both cases. 
 For flowers are buds, developed in a particular way ; and flower- 
 buds occupy the position of leaf-buds, and no other As leaf-buds 
 are either termiiml (at the summit of a stem or branch, 42), or 
 axillary (in the axil of a leaf, 43), so likewise 
 
 197. Flowers are either terminal ov a xilhry. In blossoming as 
 in vegetation we Iiave only buds terminating (i. e. on the summit of) 
 stems or branches, and buds from the axils of leaves. But while 
 the same plant commonly produces both kinds of leaf-buds, it rarely 
 bears flowers in both situations. These are usually either all axil- 
 lary or all terminal; — giving rise to two classes of inflorescence, 
 viz. the dt'termiiKite and the indeterminate. 
 
 198. IlulrlpnililiatC IllflnrPSCfllCf; is that where the flowers all arise 
 from axillary buds; as in Fig. lo5, laO, lo7, cV:c. ; and the reason 
 why it is called indetermi- ^ ,.-^ • 
 
 nate (or indefinite) is, that 
 while the axillary buds 
 give rise to flowers, the 
 terminal bud goes on to 
 grow, and contimies the 
 stem indeflnitely. 
 
 III',). Wiiere the flowers arise, as 
 axils (if the ordinary leaves of the | 
 dusters, but are r/./-//A//-// and sn/i/iin/. 
 flowers are jjrodueed near lach <ilher, the accompanying leaves arc 
 usually of smaller size, and often of a different shape or character: 
 then thev are called bracts ; and the flowers thus brouiiht to-rether 
 
 Fi.LT. 1 •"»•"). sinjrly from the 
 It, tiiey do not Ibnn llower- 
 Ihit when sevend or many 
 
 Moneywort (I.ysimnrlii.i niiiiiiiiiilana) of tlio car(l(>n!<, willi .iiillnry tin 
 
78 ARUANGKMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11. 
 
 form one cluster or inflorescence. The sorts of inflorescence of the . 
 indi'tenninate chiss which have received separate names are chiefly 
 the following: viz. tlie Haceme, the Cori/mb, the Umbel, the Spike, 
 the Head, the Spadix, the Catkin, and the Panicle. 
 
 200. Before illustrating these, one or two terms, of common oc- 
 currence, may be defined. A flower (or other body) which has no 
 stalk to supjiort it, but which sits directly on the stem or axis it pro- 
 ceeds from, is said to be sessile. If it has a stalk, this is called its 
 peduncle. If the whole flower-cluster is raised on a stalk, this is 
 called the peduncle, or the common peduncle (Fig. 156, />) ; and the 
 stalk of each particular flower, if it have any, is called 
 the pedicel or partial peduncle (p'). The portion 
 of the general stalk along which flowers are dis- 
 posed is called the axis of infiorescence, or, when cov- 
 ered with sessile flowers, the rhachis (back-bone), and 
 sometimes the receptacle. The leaves, of a flower- 
 cluster generally are termed bracts. But when we 
 wish particularly to distinguish them, those on the 
 peduncle, or main axis, and which havis a flower in 
 their axil, take the name of bracts (Fig. 156, b) ; and 
 those on the pedicels or partial flower-stalks, if any, 
 that ofbractlets (Fig. 156, b'). 
 
 201. A RaCPniC (Fig. 156, 157) is that form of flower- 
 , ,_-. cluster in which the flowers, each on their own foot- 
 X--A stalk or pedicel, are arranged along a common stalk 
 
 or axis of inflorescence ; as in the Lily of the Valley, 
 Currant, Choke-Cherry, Barberry, &c. Each flower 
 comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which, 
 ^ however, is often so small that it might escape notice, 
 
 and which sometimes (as in the Mustard Family) disappears alto- 
 gether. The lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course the oldest, 
 and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is ascending, 
 from the bottom to the top. The summit, never being stopped by 
 a terminal flower, may go on to grow, and often does so (as in the 
 common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral flowers one after an- 
 other the whole summer long. 
 
 202. All the various kinds of flower-clusters jiass one into another 
 
 FIG. 150 A Raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (//), l)racts (i), and bract- 
 
LKSSON ll.j RACEMK, COUYMB, UMBKL, ETC. 
 
 79 
 
 by intorm«'<li:ite pradations of every port. F<ir instance, if we 
 lengthen the lower pedicels of a raceme, and keep the main axis 
 rather short, it is converted into 
 
 203. A Corymb (Fig. ir>8). This is the same as a raceme, except 
 that it is fiat and i)r()a<l, either convex, or level-topped, as in the 
 Ilawfhorn, owing to the lengthening of the lower pedicels while the 
 uppermost remain shorter. 
 
 204. The main axis of a corymb is short, at least in comparison 
 witii the lower pedicels. Only suppose it to be so much contracted 
 that th(! bracts are all brought into a cluster or circle, and the 
 corymb becomes 
 
 205. All I'inbcl (Fig. 150), — as in the Milkweed and Primrose, 
 — a sort of Hower-eluster Avhere the jK'dicels all spring apparently 
 from the sanie point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble, 
 when spreading, the rays of an imibrella, whence the name. Here 
 the pedicels are sometimes called the rays of the unil)el. ^nd the 
 bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster or circle, form what 
 is called an involKcre. 
 
 I 
 
 20G. For the snme reason that the order of blossoming in a ra- 
 ceme is ascending (201), in the corymb and umbel it is centripetal, 
 that is, it proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly to- 
 wards the centre; the lower flowers of the former answering to the 
 outer ones of the latter. Indeterminate inflorescence, therefore, is 
 said to be centri|)efal in evolution. And by having this order of 
 blossoming, all the sorts may be distinguished from those of the 
 other, or the determinate class. In all the foregoing cases the 
 flowere are raised on pciliccls. Tliese, however, are very short in 
 many instances, or arc wnntiiig altogether; when the flowers are 
 tessilc (2(M>). They are so in 
 
 FKi. IjT. a raronio. l.'>8. A forynil). i:>0. An iiinhcl 
 
80 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11. 
 
 207. The Spike, This is a flower-cluster with a more or les& 
 lengthened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or 
 nearly so; as in the Mullein and the Plantain (Fig. IGO), 
 It is just the same as a raceme, therefore, without any 
 pedicels to the flowers. 
 
 208. The Head is a round or roundish cluster of flowers 
 which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in 
 the Button-ball, Button-bush (Fig. IGl), and Red Clover. 
 It is just what a spike would become if its axis were 
 shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels were all shortened 
 until the flowers became sessile or apparently so. The 
 head of the Button-bush (Fig. IGl) is naked ; but that of 
 the Thistle, of the Dandelion, the Cichory (Fig. 221), 
 and the like, is surrounded by empty bracts, which form 
 
 W an involucre. Two particular forms of the spike and the 
 , head have received particular names, namely, the Spadix 
 
 ""' and the Catkin. 
 
 209. A Spadix is nothing but a fleshy spike or head, with small 
 and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, the Indian Turnip 
 
 (Fig. 1G2), Sweet Flag, &c. It is commonly covered by a peculiar 
 enveloping leaf, called a spatlic. 
 
 FIO. IfiO. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort. 
 
 FIG. 161. Head of the Butfon-lmsh (Ceplialanthiis). 
 
 FIG. 162. Spadix and spaihe of the Indian Turnip ; the latter cut through below. 
 
LESSON 11.] DKTKUMINATE INFLORIlSCKNCE- 
 
 81 
 
 210. A Calkin or Amcill id the nanic given to the scaly sort of spiko 
 of the Birch and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of 
 flower-chisters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like ; — on which ac- 
 count these are called Amentaceous trees. 
 
 211. Sometimes these forms of flower-clusters become compound. 
 For example, the stalks which, in the simple umljel such ,ns hjis 
 been described (Fig. 150), are the pedicels of single flowers, may 
 themselves branch in the same way at the top, and so each become 
 the support of a smaller umbel; as is the case in the Parsnip, Cara- 
 way, and almost the whole of the great family of what are called 
 UinbeHlferous (i. e. umbel-bearing) plants. Here the whole is 
 termed a compound umbel; and the smaller or partial umbels take 
 the name in Kiiglish of umbeUets. The general involucre, at the 
 base of the main umbel, keeps that name ; while that at the base 
 of each umbellet is termed a, partial involucre or an involucel. 
 
 212. So a corymb (Fig. 158) with jts separate stalks branching 
 again, and bearing smaller clusters of the same 
 sort, is a compound corymb; of which the Moun- 
 tain Ash is a good example. A raceme where 
 what would be the pedicels of single flowers 
 become stalks, along whic;h flowers are disposed 
 on their own jiedicels, forms a compound raceme, 
 as in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard. 
 But when what would liave been a raceme or a 
 corymb branches irregularly into an oi)en and 
 more or less compound flower-cUister, we have 
 what is called 
 
 21.]. A Pailirlc (Fig. 1G3); as in the Oat and 
 in most eoiuinon Gnisses. Such a raceme as that 
 of the diagram. Fig. 15G, would be changed into 
 a jianicle like Fig. 1 ().'), by the production of a 
 flower from the axil of each of the bractlets b. 
 
 211. A Thyrsus is a compact panicle of a pyram- 
 idal or oblong shape; such as a bunch of grapes, 
 or the cluster of the Lilac or Ilorsechestnut. 
 215. DftmnillUtC InfloresCPUrc is that in whuh the flowers arc from . 
 teriniiiiil lunl-. The simple.-t cjuse is where a stem bears a soli- 
 tary, terminal llowcr, as in Fig. 1G3*. This stoi>s the growth of 
 
 i 
 
 FlU. 1G3. .\ rai:icl« 
 
 S&F— 5 
 
82 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11. 
 
 the stem ; for its terminal bud, being clianged into a blossom, can 
 no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any further growth 
 
 b a b c b c a e b c 
 
 must be from axillary buds developing into branches. If such 
 branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms, 
 the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of the 
 stem and branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts 
 in ])lace of ordintvry leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster 
 called 
 
 21G. A Cyme. This is commonly a flat-topped or con- 
 vex flower-cluster, like a corymb, only the blossoms are 
 from terminal buds. Fig. 16 1 illustrates the simplest 
 cyme in a plant with opposite leaves, namely, with three 
 flowers. The middle flower, a, terminates the stem ; 
 the two others, b b, terminate short branches, one from 
 the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being 
 . . later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from 
 
 \\ fiT' the centre outwards, or is centrifugal; — just the op- 
 ^'^ posite of the indeterminate mode, or that where all 
 
 the flower-buds are axilhiry. If flowering branches 
 appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the 
 later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrif- 
 tigal or descending (which is the same thing), as in Fig. 166, mak- 
 ing a sort of reversed raceme; — a kind of cluster which is to the 
 true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb. 
 
 217. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced 
 from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 165 represents the 
 case where the branches, i i, of Fig. 164, each with a pair of small 
 
 FIG. ]C3 a. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a sinfile terminal flowrr. lf'4. 
 Same, witli a cyme of three flowers ; a, the first flower, of the main axis ; ft ft, iliose of hraurhcs. 
 1C5. Same, with flowers of the third order, e c. IGC. Same, with flowers only of the second 
 order from all the axils ; the central or uppermost opening first, and so on downwards. 
 
LESSON 11.] SORTS OK KLO WKK-CI.TS TKUS. 88 
 
 leaves or bnit'ts al)Out tlicir iniddU', have bnuu-licd apain, and pio- 
 ducetl the branehlets and Howers c c, on earh side. It is tlie con- 
 tinued repetition of this whicli forms the full or compound cyme, 
 such as that of the i.aiMii>tiiuis, llobblebusli, Dogwood, and lly- 
 dran;;ea (Fig. 1 •J'^)- 
 
 2 IS. A Fascicle, like that of the Sweet-William and Lychnis of 
 the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded, as it 
 were, into a bundle. 
 
 211). A GlonUTlllc is a cyme still more compacted, so as to form a 
 sort of head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers 
 not expanding centripetally, that is, not from the circumference to- 
 wards the centre, or from the bottom to the top. 
 
 220. The iUu-itratioiis of determinate or cymose inflorescence have 
 been taken from plants with opposit(j leaves, which give rise to the 
 most regular cymes. But the Rose, Cinriuefoil, Buttercup, and the 
 like, with alternate leaves, furnish equally good examples of this 
 class of flower-dusters. 
 
 221. It may be useful to the student to exhibit the principal sorts 
 of inflorescence iu one view, in the manner of tlie iuUowing 
 
 Analysis of Flower-Clusters. 
 
 I. IXDETKnMIN.VTE OR CeXTKU'ETAL. (198.) 
 
 Simple ; ami witli tlic 
 
 Flowers l)orae on pedicels, 
 
 Aloii{j the sides of a lengthened axis, Racemt, 201- 
 
 Along a short axis ; lower pedieels lengthened, Couy.mii, 203 
 
 Clustered on an extremely short axis, Ujiuel, 205- 
 Flowers sessile, without pedieels (206), 
 
 Along an elongated axis, Spiki;, 207. 
 
 On a very short axis, IIeao, 208. 
 
 with their varieties, the Si-adix, 209, and Catkin, 210. 
 
 Branching irngulaily, Panicle, 213. 
 
 with its variety, the Tuvusfs, 214. 
 
 II. Detkumixate ou Cextkikugal. (215.) 
 
 U|)on, mostly flat-topped or convex, Cyme, 21C. 
 
 Contracted into a bundle, Fascicle, 218. 
 
 Contracted into a sort of liead, Glosierule, 219. 
 
 222. The numbers refer to the j)aragraphs of this Lesson. The 
 various .«)rts run togctluM- by endless gradalions in diilerent ])laiifs. 
 Tlie l).>i;iiii>l merely designates the leading kinds by particular 
 Jiaine<. Kvcn the two classes of inflorescence are often f(umd com- 
 billed ill tiiu same plant. Fur instance, iu the whole Mini Faniiiv, 
 
84 
 
 THE FL0W1:R. 
 
 [lesson li 
 
 the flower-clusters are centrifugal, that is, are cymes or fascicles ; 
 but they are themselves commonly disposed in spikes or racemes, 
 which are centripetal, or develop in succession from below up- 
 wards. 
 
 LESSON XIL 
 
 THE flower: its parts or organs. 
 
 223. Having considered, in the last Lesson, the arrangement of 
 flowers on the stem, or the places from which they arise, we now 
 direct our attention to the flower itself. 
 
 224. Nature and Use of the Flower. The object of the flower is the 
 
 production of seed. The flower consists of all those parts, or organs, 
 ■^vhieh are subservient to this end. Some of these parts are neces- 
 sary to the production of seed. Others serve merely to protect or 
 support the more essential parts. 
 
 FIG. 1G7. Cyme of the Wild Hydr;.ngca (with neutral flowers in the border). 
 
LESSON 12.] ITS TARTS OK OKCANS. 86 
 
 22 '). The OrSlins of lIlP Flower arc tlicrcforfi of two kinds ; naiiK-ly, 
 first, tlie protect iiKj urytius, or lemws of the Jiower, — also c-alU-d tlie 
 Hiirtil envelopes, — and, second, tlie essential urynns. The latter are 
 situated within or a little above the former, and are enclosed by them 
 in the bud. 
 
 22G. The Floral Envelopes in a complete flower are double ; that is, 
 they consist of two whorls (IHI), or circles of leaves, one a))ove or 
 within the other. The outer set fbnns the Calyx; this more com- 
 monly consists of {ireen or greenish leaves, but not always. The 
 inner set, usually of a delicate texture, and of some other color than 
 green, and in most cases forming the most showy part of the blos- 
 som, is the Corolla. 
 
 227. The floral envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the 
 Perianth. This name is not much used, however, except in c?.^- 
 where they form oidy one set, at least in appearance, as in the Lily, 
 or where, for some other reason, the limits between the calyx and 
 the corolla are not ejisily made out. 
 
 228. Each leaf or separate j)iece of the corolla is called a Petal; 
 each leaf of the calyx is called a Sepal. The sepals and the petals 
 — or, in other words, the leaves of the blossom — serve to protect, 
 support, or nourish the parts within. They do not themselves make 
 a perfect flower. 
 
 229. Some plants, however, naturally produce, besides their per- 
 fect flowers, others which consist only of calyx and corolla (one or 
 both), that is, of leaves. These, destitute as they are of the essential 
 oi'gans, and incapable of producing seed, are called neutral flowers. 
 AVe have an example in the flowers round the margin of the cyme of 
 the Hydrangea (Fig. 107), and of the Cranberry -Tree, or Snowball, 
 in their wild state. By long cultivation in gardens the whole clustei 
 luis been changed into showy, but useless, neutral flowers, in these 
 and some other cjlscs. AVhat are called double flowers, such as full 
 Roses (Kig. 173), Buttercups, and Camellias, are blossoms which, 
 under the gardener's care, have developed with all their essential 
 organs changed into petals. But such flowers are always in an 
 nimatural or monstrous condition, and are incapaljle of maturing 
 seed, for want of 
 
 2.]0. The Esspilliiil Orsillis. These are likewise of two kinds, placed 
 one above or wiihiii the otliir; namdv, flrst, the Stoutens or fertil- 
 izing organs, and, second, the Pistils, which are to be fertilized and 
 bear the seeds. 
 
86 
 
 THE FLOWER. 
 
 [lesson 12. 
 
 231. Takinn; them in succession, therefore, beginning from below, 
 or at the outside, we have (Fig. 108, IGi)), first, the calyx or outer 
 
 circle of leaves, which are individually 
 termed sepals (a) ; secondly, the corolla 
 or inner circle of delicate leaves, called 
 petals {h) ; then a set of stamens {c) ; 
 and in the centre one or more pistils {d). 
 The end of the flower-stalk, or the short 
 axis, upon which all these parts stand, is 
 called the Torus or Receptacle. 
 
 232. We use here for illus- 
 tration the flower of a spe- 
 cies of Stonecrop (Sedum ter- 
 natum), — which is a com- 
 mon plant wild in the Middle 
 States, and in gardens almost 
 everywhere, — because, al- 
 though small, it exhibits all i69 
 
 the parts in a perfectly simple and separate state, and so answers for 
 a sort of pattern flower, better than any larger one that is common 
 and well known. 
 
 233. A Stamen consists of two parts, 
 namely, the Filament or stalk (Fig. 170, 
 «), and the Anther {h). The latter is 
 the only essential part. It is a case, 
 (jommonly with two lobes or cells, each 
 opening lengthwise by a slit, at the 
 proper time, and discharging a pow- 
 der or dust-like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder 
 is the Pollen, or fertilizing matter, to produce which is the sole office 
 of the stamen. 
 
 234. A Pistil is distinguished into three parts ; namely, — beginning 
 from below, — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stir/ma. The Ovary is 
 the hollow case or young j)od (Fig. 171, a), containing rudimentary 
 seeds, called Ovules {d). Fig. 172, representing a pistil like that ol 
 
 FIG. If8. Flower of a Stonecrop : Pedum ternatiiiti. 
 
 FIG. ir9. Two parts orcncli kind of the same flower, displayed and enlarged. 
 
 FIG. 170. A stamen : a, the filament ; b, the anther, discharging pollen. 
 
 FIG. 171. A pistil divided lengthwise, showing the interior of the ovary, a, and Ita 
 
 ovules, d ; b, the $tyle ; c, stigir.a. 
 
 FIG. 172. A pistil, enlarged ; the ovary cut across to show the ovules within. 
 
 FIG. 173. " Double " Rose ; the essential organs all replaced by petals. 
 
LESSON 12.] 
 
 ITS I'AKTS Oil OUOANS. 
 
 R7 
 
 Fig. inO, d, l)iit on a larger scale, and \vitli the ovarr cut neross, 
 shows the ovules as they ai)pear iu a transverse 
 soetion. The style (Fig. 171, h) is the tapering 
 part above, sometimes long and slender, sometimes 
 sliort, and not rarely altogether wanting, for it is 
 not an essential part, like the two others. The, 
 stigma (r) is the tip or some other portion of tho 
 stylo (or of the top of the ovary when there is no 
 distinct style), consisting of loose tissue, not cov- 
 ered, like the rest of the plant, by a skin or epi- 
 dermis. It is upon the stigma that the pollen 
 falls ; and the result is, that the ovules contained 
 in the ovary are fertilized and become seeds, by 
 having an embryo (IG) formed in them. To the 
 pistil, therefore, all the other organs of the blos- 
 som are in some way or other subservient: the 
 stamens furnish pollen to fertilize its ovules; the 
 corolla and the calyx form coverings which pro- ''' 
 
 tect the whole. 
 
 234*. These are all the parts which belong to any flower. But 
 these parts appear under a variety of forms and combinations, some 
 of them greatly disguising their natural appearance. To understand 
 the flower, therefore, under whatever guise it may assume, we must 
 study i« ' plan. 
 
 I 
 
tB PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 13. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 
 
 235. The Flower, like every other part of the plant, is formed 
 upon a plan, which is essentially the same in all blossoms ; and the 
 student should early get a clear idea of the plan of the flower. Then 
 the almost endless varieties which different blossoms present will be 
 at once understood whenever they occur, and will be regarded with 
 a higher interest than their most beautiful forms and richest colors 
 are able to inspire. 
 
 236. We have already become familiar with the plan of the vege- 
 tation ; — with the stem, consisting of joint raised upon joint, each 
 bearing a leaf or a pair of leaves ; with the leaves arranged in sym- 
 metrical order, every leaf governed by a simple arithmetical law, 
 <vhich fixes beforehand the precise place it is to occupy on the stem ; 
 and we have lately learned (in Lesson 11) how the position of each 
 blossom is determined beforehand by that of the leaves ; so that the 
 shape of every flower-cluster in a bouquet is given by the same sim- 
 ple mathematical law which arranges the foliage. Let us now con- 
 template the flower in a similar way. Having just learned what 
 parts it consists of, let us consider the plan upon which it is made, 
 and endeavor to trace this plan through some of the various forms 
 which blossoms exhibit to our view. 
 
 237. In order to give at the outset a coiTcct idea of the blossom, 
 we took, in the last Lesson, for the purpose of explaining its parts, a 
 perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical flower, and one nearly as 
 simple as such a flower could well be. Such a blossom the botanist 
 regards as 
 
 238. A Typical Flower, that is, a pattern flower, because it wx'll ex- 
 emplifies the plan upon which all flowers are made, and serves as 
 what is called a type, or standard of comparison. 
 
 239. Another equally good typical fla^ver (except in a single re- 
 spect, which will hereafter be mentioned), and one readily to be ob- 
 tained in the summer, is that of the Flax (Fig. 174). The parts 
 differ in shape from those of the Stonecrop ; but the whole plan is 
 evidently just the same in both. Only, while the Stonecrop has ten 
 stamens, or in many flowers eight stamens, — in all cases just twice 
 
LKSSON 13.] rEUrKCT AND IMrKKFECT KI.OWKRS. 
 
 89 
 
 as many as tliero are petals, — iIk; Flax has only five slamr'n.-.. .>- 
 just as many as tlie petals. Sucli flowers as these are said to be 
 
 Perfect, uccause they are 
 provided with both kinds of 
 essential orjxans (23U), namely, 
 Stamens and pistils ; 
 
 Complete, because th(>y have 
 all the sorts of oi'j^ans which 
 any flower has, namely, both 
 calyx and corolla, as well as 
 stamens and pistils ; 
 
 Regular, because all the parts 
 of each set are alike in shape and size ; and 
 
 Symmetrical, because they have an equal number of parts of ea?h 
 sort, or in each set or circle of 
 orjifans. That is, there are five 
 sepals, \\\(i petals, five stamens, 
 or in the Stonecrop ten stamens 
 (namely, two sets of five each), 
 and \\\{i ])istils. 
 
 240. On the other hand, 
 many flowers do not jiresent 
 this perfect synnnetry and reg- ''* 
 
 176 nlarity, or this completeness of parts 
 
 injrly, we may have 
 
 '241. Imperfect, or Separalt'd Flowers; which are 
 
 those wliere the stamens and pistils are in separate 
 blossoms ; that is, one sort of flowers h;is stamens 
 and no pistils, and another has pistils and no sta- 
 mens, or only imperfect ones. The blossom which 
 lias stamens but no pistils is called a staminate or 
 sterile flt)wer (Fig. l"f>) » "'"^ •''*- corresponding 
 one with pistils but no stamens is called a pistil- 
 late or fertile flower (Fig. 177). The two sorts 
 may grow on distin«'t plants, from differont roots, 
 as they do in the Willow and I'oplar, the Hemp, and tiie Mooii-eed 
 
 )rd- 
 
 FIG. 174. Flowers of llip roiiiiiioii Dux : i\ |>rrfrrl, nmnOrlp, rr-c'ilsr, ami svniiiirlrlral 
 blossom, all its parts in (Ives. IT.", M.tlf of a Flax tlowi-r <livi<lr<l Ii-iiylliwi-r, and ml ircod. 
 
 FlU. ITC. Slaniiiialo llowor of Moonnrcl ( Mi iM«|..rMi t ona.Unsil. i:7. I'l.lillait 
 
 flower of (ho »iinio. 
 
90 
 
 PLAN OF THK FLOWER. 
 
 [lesson 13. 
 
 (Fig. 176, 177) ; when tlie flowers are paid to be dicecioiis (from two 
 (ireek words iiieaiiiiig in two household.^). Or tlie two may occur 
 
 on the same plant 
 
 or the same stem, 
 
 as in the Oak, 
 
 Walnut, Nettle, 
 
 and the Castor-oil 
 
 Plant (Fig. 178); 
 
 Avhen the flowers 
 
 are said to be mO' 
 
 ncecious (that is, in one household). A flower 
 
 may, however, be perfect, that is, have both 
 
 stamens and pi.stils, and yet be incomplete. 
 
 2\2. lllCOlliplclC Flowers are those in which 
 one or both sorts of the floral envelopes, or 
 leaves of the blossom, are wanting. Some- 
 times only one sort is wanting, as in the 
 Castor-oil Plant (Fig. 178) and in the Anem- 
 "^ one (Fig. 179). In this case the missing 
 
 «ort is always supposed to be the inner, that is, the corolla ; and 
 accordingly such flowers are said to be apetalous (meaning without 
 petals)'. Occasionally both the corolla and the calyx are wanting, 
 ■when the flower has no proper cover- 
 ings or floral envelopes at all. It is then 
 eaid to be naked, as in the Lizard's- 
 tail (Fig. 180), and in the Willow. 
 
 243. Our two pattern flowers (Fig. 
 168, *74) are regular and symmetrical 
 (239). We commonly 
 expect this to be the 
 case in living things. 
 The corresponding 
 
 parts of plants, like the limbs or members of ani- 
 mals, are generally alike, and the whole arrange- 
 ment is symmetrical. This symmetry pervades 
 the Hossoni, especially. But the student may often fail to perceive 
 
 FIC 178. Moiifprioiis flowers, i. e. one slaiiiinritc (.«) and one pistillate (/)) flower, of 
 the C?itnr-oil Plant, growing on the same stem. 
 
 FIG. 179. Apetalous (incomplete) flower of Anemone Pennsylvanica. 
 FIG. 180. A naked (but perfect) flmvcr of the Lizard's-lail. 
 
LKS80N 13.J llUlK.nri.AR ANI> INSYMMKTUICAI, FLOWKRS 
 
 91 
 
 it, at first view, at least in cases wliero tlie jilan is more or less 
 obscured by the leaving out {obliteration) ol" one or more of the 
 members of the same set, or by some in- mi 
 
 equality in their size and shape. The 
 latter circumstance jrives rise to 
 
 244. Irrffiilar Flowers. This name is 
 
 given to blossoms in which the different 
 members of the same sort, as, for exam- 
 ple, the petals or the stamens, are unlike 
 in size or in form. We have familiar 
 183 cases of the 
 
 sort in the 
 Larkspur 
 (Fig. 183, 
 184), and 
 Monkshood 
 (Fig. 185, 
 186); also 
 in the Vio- 
 let (Fig. 181, 182). In the latter it 
 is the corolla principally which is ir- 
 regular, one of the petals being larger 
 than the rest, and extended at the 
 base into a hollow protuberance or 
 spur. In the Larkspur (Fig. 183), 
 both the calyx and the corolla par- 
 N take of the irrcgularitj'. This and 
 the Monkshood are likewise good ex- 
 amples of 
 
 24;"). Unsymmrtrlrnl Flowers. We 
 
 call them unsynimetrical, when the 
 different sets of organs do not agree 
 in the number of their parts. The 
 irregular calyx of Lark>;pur (Fig. 183, 184) consists of five sepals, 
 one of wliicli, larLT'T tiian the rest, is prolonged behind into a large 
 Ppur; but the corolla is made of only four petals (of two shapes); 
 
 Fin. 181. Flower of a Violpt. 182. It* r»\\\ Hnil rnmlla displayed : tlio five 
 partfi am the M-palx ; (ho fivr iiilrn-ciiiiiir Inrgor onff arn llin iM'tals. 
 
 FIfi. 183. Flower of a Larkspur. ISl. lis calyx and cumlla displayi-d ; I ho fn 
 pieces are Uio Bepalii ; Uio Tour ■mailer, the pctaU. 
 
 lar^e 
 
92 
 
 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 
 
 [lesson 13. 
 
 the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And 
 the Monkshood (Fig. 185, 186) has five very dissimilar sepals, 
 186 and a corolla of only two, very small, 
 
 curiously-shaped petals ; the three need- 
 ed to make up the symmetry being left 
 out. For a flower which is unsymmet- 
 rical but regular, we may take the com- 
 mon Purslane, which has a calyx of 
 only two sepals, but a corolla of five 
 petals, from seven to twelve stamens, 
 and about six styles. The Mustan], 
 and all flowers of that family, are un- 
 symmetrical as to the stamens, these 
 being six in number (Fig. 188, while 
 the leaves of the blossom (sepals and 
 petals) are each only four ,37 
 
 (Fig. 187). Here the 
 
 ~\ stamens are irregular also, ^ 
 ' \ two of them being shorter ^=- 
 
 blossom is based 
 
 upon 
 
 than the other four. 
 
 246. Numerical Tlan of 
 
 the Flower. Although not 
 easy to make out in all 
 cases, yet generally it is 
 plain to see that each 
 particular number, which 
 runs through all or most of its parts. And a prin- 
 cipal thing which a botanist notices when examin- 
 ing a flower is its numerical plan. It is upon this 
 that the symmetry of the blossom depends. Our two 
 pattern flowers, the Stonecrop (Fig. 168) and the 
 Flax (Fig. 174), are based upon the number five, '^^ 
 
 which is exhibited in all their parts. Some flowers of this same 
 Stonecrop have their parts in fours, and then that number runs 
 throughout; namely, there are four sepals, four petals, eight stamens 
 (two sets), and four pistils. The Mustard (Fig. 187, 188), Radish, 
 
 FIG. 185. Flower of a Monkshood. 180. Its parts displayed : the five larger pieces are the 
 sepals ; the two small ones under the hood are petals ; the stamens and pistils are in the 
 centre. 
 
 FIG. 187. Flower of Mustard. 188. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged. 
 
LESSON 13.] TIIK UKLATIVF, rOSITION OF ITS PARTS. 
 
 93 
 
 Sec, also Iwivti their Howors construclccl on llic plan oC four as lo llie 
 calyx and coiolhi, but this munbcr is iiitirii'nd with in tlii' stamens, 
 either by the leaving out of two sta- 
 mens (which would eoiuplele two sets), 
 or in some other way. Next to five, \ 
 the most common number in flowers 
 is three. On this number the flowers 
 of Lily, Crocus, Iris, Spiderwort, and 
 Trillium (Fig. 189) are constructed. 
 In the Lily and Crocus the leaves of 
 the flower at first view appear to be 
 six in one set ; but the bud or just- 
 opening blossom plainly shows these to consist of an outer and an 
 inner circle, each of three parts, namely, of calyx and corolla, both of 
 the same bright color and delicate texture. In the Spiderwort and 
 TriUium (Fig. 189) the three outer 
 leaves, or sepals, are green, and dif- 
 ferent in texture from the three inner, 
 or the petals ; the stamens are six 
 (namely, two sets of three each), and 
 the pistils three, though partly grown 
 together into one mass. "" 
 
 247. AUrriliUioil of Paris. The symmetry of the flower is likewise 
 shown in the arrangement or relative position of successive j)arts. 
 The rule is, that the parts of successive circles alternate with one 
 another. That is, the petals stand over the intervals between the 
 sepals ; the stamens, when of the same number, 
 ■ '^ c^W stand over the intervals between the petals; or 
 ^jj^ \\ when twice as many, as in the Trillium, the 
 ''^^ / li o"''^''" st't sdternates with the petals, and the 
 inner set, alteniating with the other, of course 
 stands bt'fore the petals ; and the pistils alter- 
 191 nate with these. This is shown in Fig. 181), 
 
 and in the diagram, or cross-section of the same in the bud, Fig. 190. 
 And Fig. 191 is a similar diagram or ground-plan (in the form of a 
 
 Fir.. 189. Fl..v\-cr of Trilli' 
 
 iTliMii, nr ninlirool, Kprrail (Hit a littlo, and virwril froi 
 
 abo 
 
 FIG. 100. Diagrniii or cround-plan of ilic itainr, na it woiilil appcir in a cn>S!'-«iortion o( 
 ilio IiikI ; — llio parlH all In the nanio rrlativu |MiHiliiiii 
 
 FlU. JUU Uiinjram, or ground pliin, ul lliu riax-tlowcr, Fig. 174. 
 
94 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. |_LESSON 13. 
 
 section made across the bud) of the Flax blossom, tlie example of a 
 pattern symmetrical flower taken at the beginning of this Lesson, 
 with its parts all in fives. 
 
 248. Knowing in this way just the position which each organ 
 sliould occupy in the flower, it is readily understood that flowers 
 often become unsymmetrieal through the loss of some parts, which 
 
 belong to the plan, but are obliterated 
 or left out in the execution. For ex- 
 ample, in the Larkspur (Fig. 183, 
 184), as there are five sepals, there 
 should be five petals likewise. We 
 find only four ; but the vacant place 
 where the fifth belongs is plainly rec- 
 ognized at the lower side of the flower. 
 Also the similar plan of the Monkshood (Fig. 186) equally calls for 
 five petals ; but three of them are entirely obliterated, and the two 
 that remain are reduced to slender bodies, which look as unlike or- 
 dinary petals as can well be imagined. Yet their position, answer- 
 ing to the intervals between the upper sepals and the side ones, 
 reveals their true nature. All this may perhaps be more plainly 
 shown by corresponding diagrams of the calyx and corolla of the 
 Larkspur and Monkshood (Fig. 192, 193), in which the places of 
 the missing petals are indicated by faint dotted lines. The oblitera- 
 tion of stamens is a still more common case. For example, the 
 Snapdragon, Foxglove, Gerardia, and almost all flowers of the 
 large Figwort family they belong to, have the parts of the calyx 
 and corolla, five each, but only four stamens (Fig. 194); the place 
 on the upper side of the flower where the fifth stamen belongs is 
 vacant. That there is in such cases a real obliteration of the miss- 
 ing part is shown by the 
 
 249. Abortive Organs, or vestiges which are sometimes met with ; 
 — bodies which stand in the place of an organ, and represent it, 
 although wholly incapable of fulfilling its oflice. Thus, in the Fig- 
 wort family, the fifth stamen, which is altogether missing in Gerardia 
 (Fig. 194) and most others, appears in the Figwort as a little scale, 
 and in Pentstemon (Fig. 19o) and Turtlehead as a sort of filament 
 without any anther ; — a thing of no use whatever to the plant, but 
 
 FIG. 195. Uiapram of tlio calyx and corolla of a Larkspur. 193. Pimilar diagram of 
 Monkshooil. Tiie dotted lines show vvliere ilie jRlals art) wanting ; ons in the former, thre* 
 in the Utter. 
 
LKSSON 13. J 
 
 ABORTIVK Onr.ANS. 
 
 95 
 
 very interestiiip: to the botanist, since it tonipletes tlie symmetry of 
 the blossom. Ami lo siiow that this really is the lost stamen, it 
 now and then bears an anther, or the rudiment of one. So the 
 flower of Calalpa should likewise have Jive stamens ; but we seldom 
 find more than two good ones. Still we iM 
 
 may generally discern the three others, 
 as vestiges or half-obliterated stamens 
 (Kig. I'JG). In separated (lowers the 
 rudiments of pistils are often found in 
 the sterile blossom, and rudimentary sta- 
 mens in the fertile blossom, as in ^loon- 
 6eed (Fig. 177). 
 
 250. Hhillipliriitlcr. of Paris. Quite in 
 
 the opposite way, the simple plan of the 
 flower is often more or less obscured by ( _ 
 an increase in the number of parts. In 
 the White AVater-Lily, and in many 
 Cactus-flowers (Fig. li)7), all the parts 
 are very numerous, so that it is hard 
 to say upon what number the blos- 
 som is constructed. But more com- 
 monly .<;omft of the sets are few and 
 definite in the number of their parts. 
 Tiie Buttercup, for instance, lias five 
 sepals and five petals, but many sta- r^ 
 mens and pistils ; so it is built upon 
 the plan of five. Tlie flowers of ^lag- 
 nolia have indefinitely numerous stamens 
 and pistils, and rather numerous floral 
 envelopes ; but these latter are plaiidy distinguishable into sets of 
 three; namely, there are three se,.als, and six petals in two' circles, 
 or nine in three circles, — showing that these blossoms are con- 
 structed on the number three. 
 
 Flo. 19». Corolla of .1 piirplo Gorarclia laid open, Fhowing the four (tamen? ; tho rrotn 
 (liows whore the filth slaiiien woiihl he, if prcseiiL 
 
 FK;. IU5. <'«irolla, laid o|)en, and sianienH of IVntxIemon crandiflonm of Iowa, &r., with 
 a Htjrilp filament in tlie plaro of the fifth Ktanien, and reproscntinK it. 
 
 FIC. lOi). Ciirolla of Catalpa laid «|K>n, di^idaying two good HUmcnii and three alxirlive 
 veiitigeii of itaniciM. 
 
96 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 14 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 
 
 251. In all the plant till we came to the blossom wt. founcl nothing 
 bat root, stem, and leaves (23, 118). However varL-us or strange 
 their shapes, and whatever their use, everything belongs to one of 
 these three organs, and everything above ground (excepting the rare 
 case of aerial roots) is either stem or leaf. We discern the stem 
 equally in the stalk of an herb, the trunk and branches of a tree, the 
 trailing or twining Vine, the straw of Wheat or other Grasses, the 
 columnar trunk of Palms (Fig. 47), in the flattened joints of the 
 Prickly-Pear Cactus, and the rounded body of the Melon Cactus 
 (Fig. 7(5). Also in the slender runners of the Strawberry, the 
 tendrils of tlie Grape-vine and Virginia Creeper, the creeping 
 subterranean shoots of the Mint and Couchgrass, the tubers of the 
 Potato and Artichoke, the solid bulb of the Crocus, and the solid 
 part or base of scaly bulbs ; as is fully shown in Lesson 6. And in 
 Lesson 7 and elsewhere we have learned to recognize the leaf alike 
 in the thick seed-leaves of the Almond, Bean, Tlorsechcstnut, and the 
 like (Fig. 9- 24), in the scales of buds (Fig. 77), and the thickened 
 
 FIG. IH7. A C.ictiii^-flower, viz. of Mainillaria ctEspitoss of the Uj)uer Missouri 
 
LESSON 11.] ARRANT.EMKNT OK LEAVES IN THE Rfl). 97 
 
 pcales of bulbs (Fig. 73-70), in tlie spines of the IJarborry and the 
 tendrils of the Pesi, in the fleshy rosettes of the Ilouseleek, the 
 strange fly-trap of Diona^a (Fig. 81), and the curious pitcher of Sar- 
 racenia (Fig. 7'J). 
 
 252. Now the student who understands these varied forms or 
 metamorphoses of the stem and leaf, and knows how to detect the 
 real nature of any part of the plant under any of its disguises, 
 ni:iy readily trace the leaf into the blossom also, and perceive that, 
 as to their morphology, 
 
 'I'ul. Flowers arc altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered 
 leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and length- 
 ened into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to ac- 
 complish other ])urposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis 
 remains short, nearly as it is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain 
 close together in sets or circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx, 
 generally partake more or less of the character of foliage ; the next 
 set are more delicate, and form the corolla, while the rest, the sta- 
 mens and pistils, appear under forms very different from those of 
 ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production of seed. This 
 is the way the scientific botanist views a flower ; and this view gives 
 to Botany an interest Mhich one who merely notices the shape and 
 counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding their plan, has 
 no conception of. 
 
 254. That flowers answer to branches may be shown first from 
 their position. As explained in the Lesson on Inflorescence, flowers 
 arise from the same j)laces as branches, and fi-om no other ; flower- 
 buds, like leaf-l»uds, appear either on the summit of a stem, that is, 
 as a terminal bud, or in the axil of a leaf, as an axillary bud (IDG). 
 And at an early stage it is often impossible to foretell whether the 
 bud is to give rise to a blossom or to a branch. 
 
 255. That the sejjals and petals are of the nature of leaves is 
 evident from their a|)pearance ; persons who are not botanists com- 
 monly call them tlui leaves of the flower. The calyx is mast gen- 
 erally green in color, and fbliaceous (leaf-like) in texture. And 
 though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper leaves 
 always green. In our wild Painted-Cup, atid in some scarlet Sages, 
 common in gardens, the leaves just under the (lowers are of the 
 brightest red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla 
 itself. And sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina All- 
 ipice) there is sueh a regular gradation fixjm thu IhsI leaves of the 
 
 9 
 
98 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 14. 
 
 plant (bracts or bractlets) into the leaves of the calyx, that it is im- 
 possible to say where the one ends and the other begins. And if 
 sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no clearly fixed 
 limit between them. Kot only in the Carolina Allspice and Cactus 
 (Fig. 197), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 198) and a variety of 
 flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete 
 transition between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell how 
 many of the leaves belong to the one and how many to the other. 
 
 256. It is very true that the calyx or the corolla often takes the 
 form of a cup or tube, instead of being in separate pieces, as in Fig. 
 194-19G. It is then composed of two or more leaves grown 
 together. Tliis is no objection to the petals being leaves ; for the 
 same thing takes place with the ordinary leaves of many plants, as, 
 for instance, in the upper ones of Honeysuckles (Fig. 132). 
 
 257. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and 
 therefore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions 
 that occur between the one and the other in many blossoms ; es- 
 pecially in cultivated flowers, such as Roses and Camellias, when 
 they begin to double, that is, to change their stamens into petals. 
 Some wild and natural flowers show the same interesting transitions. 
 The Carolina Allspice and the White Water-Lily exhibit complete 
 gradations not only between sepals and petals, but between petals 
 and stamens. The sepals of the Watei--Lily are green outside, but 
 white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, grad- 
 ually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower ; some of these 
 are tipped with a trace of a yellow anther, but still are petals ; the 
 next are more contracted and stamen-like, but with a flat petal-like 
 filament; and a further narrowing of this completes the genuine sta- 
 men. A series of these stages is shown in Fig. 198. 
 
 258. Pistils and stamens now and then change into each other in 
 some Willows ; pistils often turn into petals in cultivated flowers ; 
 and in the Double Cherry they occasionally change directly into 
 small green leaves. Sometimes a whole blossom changes into a 
 cluster of green leaves, as in tlie " green roses " which are occa- 
 sionally noticed in gardens, and sometimes it degenerates into a 
 leafy branch. So the botanist regards j)istils also as answering to 
 leaves. And his idea of a pistil is, that it consists of a leaf with its 
 margins curved inwards till they meet and unite to form a closed 
 cavity, the ovary, wliilc the tip is prolonged to form the style and 
 bear the stigma; as will be illustrated in the Lesson upon the PistiL 
 
LESSON 15.] 
 
 IIIF, CAI.TX AND COROLLA. 
 
 99 
 
 259. Moreover, tlie arranjjoincnt of the parts of tlic flower nnnwers 
 to that of leaves, as illustrated in Lesson 10, — either to a succes- 
 sion of whorls alternalinf^ with each other in the manner of whorled 
 loaves, or in sonic regular form of spiral ariangement. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 
 
 260. Havint, studied the flower as a whole, we proceed to con- 
 sider nion; particularly its several parts, especially as to the principal 
 (litrcrences they ytresent in diff'erent plants. We naturally begin 
 witli the leaves of the blossom, namely, the calyx and corolla. And 
 lirst as to 
 
 201. The Growlnil lOSPthrr of Paris. It is this more than anything 
 else which prevents one from taking the idea, at first sight, that the 
 flower is a sort of very short branch clothed with altered leaves. 
 For most blossoms w(? meet with have some of their organs grown 
 trgetiier more or less. ^Ve have noticed it as to the corolla of (le- 
 ranlia, Catalpa, iVc. (Fig. !'.• 1 - I'.m;), in Lesson lo. This growing 
 
 Fin. KW. PiirfpsMK.ii rif »op«Is, potnln, prmlntions between pcialH and itani«n», and true 
 •ikHiMK, uC the Njriniiliaa, ur Wliito VVa(er-Lil>'. 
 
100 
 
 XnE CALTX AND COROLLA. 
 
 [lesson 15. 
 
 togetlier takes place in two ways : either parts of the same kind, 
 or parts of different kinds, may be united. The first we may call 
 simply the union, the second the consoli- 
 dation, of parts. 
 
 2G2. Union or Cohesion with one another 
 of parts of the same sort. We very com- 
 monly find tliat the calyx or the corolla 
 is a cup or tube, instead of a set of leaves. 
 Take, for example, the fiower of the Stra- 
 monium or Thorn-Apple, where both the 
 calyx and the corolla are so (Fig. 199); 
 likewise the common Morning-Glory, and 
 the figures 201 to 203, where the leaves 
 of the corolla are united into one piece, 
 but those of the calyx are separate. Now 
 there are numerous cases of real leaves 
 growing together much in the same 
 way, — those of the common Thorough- 
 wort, and the upper pairs in Woodbines 
 or Honeysuckles, for example (Fig. 132) ; 
 so that we might expect it to occur in 
 the leaves of the blossom also. And that this is the right view to 
 take of it plainly appears fi'om the transitions everywhere met with 
 in ditferent plants, between a calyx or a corolla of separate pieces 
 and one forming a perfect tube or cup. Figures 200 to 203 show 
 one complete set of such gradations in the corolla, and Fig. 204 to 
 206 another, in short and open corollas. How many leaves or petals 
 each corolla is formed of may be seen by the number of points or 
 tips, or of the notches (called sinnses) which answer to the inter- 
 vals between them. 
 
 263. When the parts are united in this way, whether much or 
 little, the corolla is said to be monopetalous, and the calyx mono- 
 sepahus. These terms mean " of one petal," or " of one sepal " ; 
 that is, of one piece. Wherefore, taking the corolla or the calyx 
 as a whole, we say that it is parted when the parts are separate 
 almost to the base, as in Fig. 204 ; cleft or lohed when the notches 
 do not extend below the middle or thereabouts, as in Fig. 205 ; 
 
 FIG. 199. Flower of the common Stramonium ; both the calyx and the corolla with then 
 |>arta unltod into a tub«. 
 
LKS30N 15.] 
 
 UNION OF PAUTS. 
 
 101 
 
 toothed or dentate, wlicn only the tips arc scparafo as short j)f)ints 
 entire, when llie bordt-r is even, witliout points or notclies, us in the 
 
 common Morning-Glory, and very nearly so in Fi<;. 203 ; and po 
 on; — the terms being just the same as tliose applied to leaves and 
 all other fiat bodies, and illustrated in Lessons 8 and 9. 
 
 264. . There is a set of terms applied particularly to calyxes, 
 corollas, or other such bo«lies of one j)iece, to express their general 
 shape, which we see is very various. The following are some of 
 the principal : — 
 
 Wheel-shaped, or rotate ; when spreading out at once, without a 
 tube or with a very short one, something in the shape of a wheel 
 or of its diverging spokes, as in tl»e corolla of the Potato and Bitter- 
 sweet (Fig. 204, 205). 
 
 Salver-shaped, or salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is 
 raised on a narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles. 
 
 W^r^^ 
 
 H:^ 
 
 like the salver represented in old pictures, with a slender handle 
 beneath. The corolla of th(; Phlox (Fig. 208) and of the Cypress- 
 Vine (Fig. 202) arc of this sort. 
 
 FIG. 200. Corolla of ."oapwort (ilio same in Pinko, &f.\ of Ssoparatp, long-cIawed pctali. 
 
 FIG. 301. Flower of Uilia or Iponiopsiit coronopirolia ; Ilie parts answering to the clawt 
 of iho [Ktals iif iho last fljiiirc here all united into a tube. 
 
 FK;. -JOi F-'liiwcr of Iho C'ypross-Vino ; the petals a lilllp farther united into a fivc-lobcJ 
 •prradinc border. 
 
 V\C.. 0().1. Fliiwrr of the <nnall Pr.irlrt Moriiiiic-OI(irv, the five [letaN it is roinprwed of 
 pcrforlly uiiilei into a tniniiirl-sliaped tul>e, u illi llip K|ircadin|! iMirder nearly oven (or entire). 
 
 FK;. afM. Wliprl-slia|H-d and flve-parteil rondla i>f nitlrr»wpet (Solanum Dulcamara). 
 
 FIG. aO.\ Wheel clinpod and fivo-rlefl rondia j>f the roniinon Potato. 
 
 FIG. 206. Almost entire and v»ry open licll-sliaixMl condia of a Ground Cherry (PtayMlw) 
 9» 
 
102 
 
 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 
 
 [lesson 15. 
 
 Bell-shaped^ or campayiulate ; where a sliort and broad tube 
 widens upward, in tlie shape of a bell, as in Fig. 207. 
 
 Funnel-shaped, or funnel-form ; gradually spreading at the sum- 
 mit of a tube which is narrow below, in the shape of a funnel or 
 tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning-Glory, and of the 
 Stramonium (Fig. 199). 
 
 Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, without much spreading at 
 the border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx 
 bf Stninionium (Fig. 199), &c. 
 
 •265. In most of these cases we may distinguish two parts; namely, 
 the tube, or the portion all in one piece and with its sides upright or 
 nearly so ; and the border or limb, the spreading portion or summit. 
 The limb may be entii*e, as in Fig. 203, but it is more commonly 
 lobed, that is, partly divided, as in Fig. 202, or parted down nearly 
 to the top of the tube, as in Fig. 208, &c. 
 
 2G6. So, likewise, a separate petal is sometimes distinguishable 
 into two parts ; namely, into a narrowed base or stalk-like part (a? 
 in Fig. 200, where this part is peculiarly long), called the claw, and 
 a spreading and enlarged summit, or body of the petal, called the 
 lamina or blade. 
 
 267. When parts of the same set are not united (as in the Flax, 
 Cherry, &;c.. Fig. 212-215), we call them distinct. Thus (he sepals 
 or the petals are distinct when not at all united with each other. As 
 a calyx with sepals united into one body is called monosepalous (263, 
 that is, one-sepalled). or sometimes monophyllous, that is, one-leaved ; 
 so, on the other hand, when the sepals are distinct, it is said to be 
 
 FIG. 207. Flowpr nf tlip UnrcliplI, with a rampanitlafe or boIl-shaiK>(l corolla. 208. Of a 
 Phlox, with sah'er-phapod corolla. 209. Of Dead-Nettie (Lamium), with labiate ringent (or 
 gapinc) corolla. 210. Of Snapdragon, with labiate personate corolla. 211. Of Toad-Flax, 
 with a similar corolla spurred at the base. 
 
LESSON 15.] 
 
 CONSOLIDATION OF PARTS. 
 
 103 
 
 •polysepahus, tliat is, composed of several or many sepals. And a 
 corolla with distinct petals is said to be poltfpetalous. 
 
 2G8. Consolidation, the growing together of the parts of two or more 
 different sets. In the most natural or pattern flower (as explained 
 in Lessons 13 and 14), the 
 several parts rise from the 
 receptacle or axis in succes- 
 sion, like leaves upon a very 
 short stem ; the petals just 
 above or within the sepals, 
 the stamens just above or 
 within these, and then the 
 pistils next the summit or '^'^ 
 
 centre. 'Now when contiguous parts of different sorts, one witiiin 
 the other, unite at their base or origin, it obscures more or less the 
 plan- of the flower, by consolidating organs which in the pattern 
 
 313 
 
 flower are entirely se|)arate. 
 
 2G9. The nature of this con- 
 soUdation will be at once un- 
 derstood on comparing the fol- 
 lowing series of illustrations. 
 Fig. 212 rei)resents a flower of 
 the common Flax, cut through 
 lengthwise, so as to show the 
 attachment (or what the bot- 
 anist calls the insertion) of all 
 tJie parts. Here they are all 
 inserted on, that is grow out 
 of, the receptacle or axis of 
 the blossom. In other words, 
 there is no union at all of the 
 parts of contiguous circles. So 
 the parts are said to be free. 
 And the sepals, petals, and stamens, all springing of course from 
 beneath the pistils, which are on the very summit of the axis, are 
 said to be hgpugynotis (a term composed of two (Jr«ek words, mean- 
 ing '-under the pistil"). 
 
 FIG. 21Q. A Flax-fliiwor, rut tliroiieh loripIliwiKP. 
 
 FIG. 213. Flower of a Cherry, divided in the name way. 
 
 KIO. au. Flower of the coinniun Puralane, divided lotiBthwiM. 
 
104 
 
 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 
 
 [lesson 15. 
 
 inferior, as it 
 
 270. Fig. 213 is a flower of a Clierry, cut through lengtlnvise in 
 the same way. Here the petiils and the stamens grow out of, that 
 is, are inserted on, the calyx ; in other Avords they cohere or are 
 consolidated with the base of the calyx up to a certain height. In 
 such cases they are said to be perigynovs (from two Greek words, 
 meaning around the pistil). The consolidation in the Cherry is con- 
 fined to the calyx, corolla, and stamens : the calyx is still free from 
 the pistil. One step more we have in 
 
 271. Fig. 214, which is a similar section of a flower of a Purslane. 
 
 Here the lower part of the 
 calyx (carrying with it of 
 course the petals and stamens) 
 is coherent with the surface of 
 the whole lower half of the 
 ovary. Therefore the calyx, 
 seeming to rise from the mid- 
 dle of the ovary, is said to be 
 
 ^^^ half supei'ior, instead of being 
 
 when entirely free. It is better to say, however, 
 cali/x half-adherent to the ovary. Every gradation occurs between 
 
 such a case and that of a calyx 
 altogether free or inferior, as 
 we see in different Purslanes 
 and Saxifrages. The consol- 
 idation goes farther, 
 
 272. In the Apple, Quince, 
 Hawthorn (Fig. 215), &c. 
 Here the tube of the calyx 
 is consolidated with the whole 
 surface of the ovary ; and its 
 limb, or free part, therefore a]ipears to spring from its top, instead of 
 underneath it, as it naturally should. So the calyx is said to be 
 superior, or (more properly) adherent to, or coherent with, the ovary. 
 In most cases (and very strikingly in the Evening Primrose), the 
 tube of the calyx is continued on more or less beyond the ovary, 
 and has the petals and stamens consolidated with it for some dis- 
 tance ; these last, therefore, being borne on the calyx, are said to 
 be perigynous, as before (270). 
 
 FIG. 215. Flower of a Hawthorn, divided lengthwise. 
 FIG. 216. Flower of the Cranberry., divided lengthwise. 
 
LESSON lO.] 
 
 lUKKGl'LARITV OK PAKTS. 
 
 105 
 
 27.'). But if tlif tiibo of'tlio ralyx end.-! iiniiicdifxlcly at the suminit 
 of the ovary, aiul its lol>es as well ;us the (-orolla and stuniens are as 
 it were inserted directly on the ovary, they are said to he epigynous 
 (nieaninjr on the pistil), as in Cornel, the Huckleberry, and the Cran- 
 berry (FifT. 2\(\). 
 
 274. Irn'CllIarily of Pnrls in the calyx and corolla lias already been 
 noticed (2U) as sonielinics obstructinj>^ one's view of the real plan of 
 a flower. There is infinite variety in this respect ; but what has 
 already been said will enable the student to understand these irreg- 
 ularities when they occur. We have only room to mention one or 
 two cases which have given rise to 
 particular names. A very common 
 kind, among jK)lyi)Clalou3 (2G7) 
 flowers, is V .^^^ 
 
 275. Tlie Papilionaceous flower 
 of the Pea, Bean, and nearly all 
 that family. In this we have an sit 
 irregular corolla of a peculiar shape, which Linnanis likened to a 
 butterfly (whence the term, papilio being the Latin name for a but- 
 terfly) ; but the resemblance is 
 not very obvious. The five pet- 
 als of a papilionaceous corolla 
 (Fig. 217) have received different 
 names taken from widely different 
 objects. The upper and larger 
 petal (Fig. 218, s), which is gen- 
 erally wrapped round all the rest 
 in the bud, is called the standard 
 or banner. The two side jietals 
 (?r) are called the wings. And 
 the two anterior ones (X), the 
 blades of which commonly stick 
 together a little, and which en- 
 close the stamens and pistil in the flower 
 body shaped somewhat like the keel, or 
 ancient boat, are together named the keeL 
 
 270. The Labiate or bilabiate (that is, two-lipped) flower is a very 
 common form of the njonopetalous corolla, as in the Snapdragon 
 
 Fin. 'JI7. Front view of Iho papilionaceous corolla of the Locunt-trpo. 218. Tli« jwru of 
 tlio Haiiic, Jisplayvd 
 
 S&F— 6 
 
 from their forming a 
 allur the prow, of an 
 
106 
 
 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 
 
 [lesson 15. 
 
 (Fig. 210), Toad-Flax (Fig. 211), Dcad-Nettle (Fig. 209), Catnip, 
 Ilorseiuint, «5cc. ; and in the Sage, the Catalpa, &cc., the calyx also is 
 two-lipped. This is owing to unequal union of the different j)arts of 
 the same sort, as well as to diversity of shape. In the corolla two 
 of the petals grow together higher than the rest, sometimes to the 
 very top, and form the vpper lip, and the three remaining ones join 
 on the other side of the flower to form the lower Up, which therefore 
 is more or less three-lobed, while the upper lip is at most only two- 
 lobed. And if the calyx is also two-lipped, as in the Sage, — since 
 the parts of the calyx always alternate with those of the corolla 
 (247), — then the upper lip has three lobes or teeth, namely, is com- 
 posed of three sepals united, while the lower has only two ; which is 
 the reverse of the arrangement in the corolla. So that all these 
 flowers are really constructed on the plan of five, and not on that of 
 two, as one would at first be apt to suppose. In Gerardia, &;c. (Fig. 
 194, 195), the number five is evident in the calyx and corolla, but is 
 more or less, obscured in the stamens (249). In Catalpa this num- 
 ber is masked in the calyx by irregular union, and in the stamens by 
 abortion. A different kind of irregular flower is seen in 
 
 ^v 277. The Ligidale or strap- 
 
 sliaped corolla of most com- 
 pound flowers. What was 
 called the compound flower 
 of a Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 
 221), Thistle, Sunflower, As- 
 ter, Whiteweed, &:c., consists 
 of many distinct blossoms, 
 closely crowded together into 
 a head, and surrounded by an involucre (208). People who are not 
 botanists commonly take the whole for one flower, the involucre for 
 a calyx, and corollas of the outer or of all the flowers as petals. 
 And this is a very natural mistake when the flowers around the 
 edge have flat and ojjcn or strap-sha{)ed corollas, while the rest 
 are regular and tubular, but small, as in the Whiteweed, Sunflower, 
 &c. Fig. 219 represents such a case in a Coreopsis, with the 
 head, or so-called compound flower, cut through ; and in Fig. 220 
 we see one of the perfect flowers of the centre or dish, with a reg- 
 ular tubular corolla (a), and with the slender bract (J) from whose 
 
 FIG. 219. 
 lengtbwis*. 
 
 Head of flowers (the so-called " compound flower ") of Coreopsis, divided 
 
LKSSON 15.] SO-CALLKl> COMPOUND KLOWKR3. 
 
 107 
 
 axil it prow ; and also ono Itclonjrinp; to (he niarjiin, or rny, with 
 a strap-sliapt'd corolla ('•), b<jrn(; in the axil of a leaf or bract of 
 
 the involucre {d). Here the ray-flower consists merely of a strap- 
 shaped corolla, raised on the small rudiment of an ovary ; it is 
 therefore a neutral flower, like those of the ray or margin of the 
 cluster in Hydrangea (229, Fig. IG7), only of a different shape, 
 lyiore commonly the flowers with a strap-shaped corolla are piS' 
 tillate, that is, have a pistil only, and produce seed like the others, 
 as in Whiteweed. But in the Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 221, 222), 
 
 -3 
 
 and all of that tribe, these flowers are perfect, that is, bear both 
 stamens and pistils. And moreover all the flowers of the head are 
 strap-sha])ed and alike. 
 
 278. Puzzling a^ these strap-shaped corollas appear at first view, 
 an attentive inspection will generally reveal the plan upon which 
 they are constructed. AVe can make out pretty phiinly, that each 
 one consists of five j)etals (the tips of which commonly appear as five 
 teeth at the extremity), united l)y their contiguous etlges, except on 
 
 FIO. 2-3(1. A slirp of Fir. 210, more piilarppil, with ono tiiliiilnr porfori llowor (a) loft 
 ■t.indiDR i>n Hie rocept.nrle, with its lirnrllrl <ir rhnir (A), one lisnlate, iieiitml ray-duwer (e). 
 and pari of another : i/, Hprlion of lirarlti or leaves of ilic Involiirre. 
 
 Flu. 2Jt>. lload uf lloweru ufSuccury, cul (liruiiKli lun|{tliwiHa and enlarged. 
 
108 
 
 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 
 
 [lesson 16. 
 
 one side, and spread out flat. To prove that this is the case, we have 
 only to compare such a corolla (that of Coreopsis, Fig. 220, c, or 
 one from the Succory, for instance) with that of the Cardinal-flower, 
 Of- of any other Lobelia, which is equally split down along one side ; 
 itnd this again with the less irregular corolla of the AV'oodbine, par- 
 tially split down on one side. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 JESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CALYX AND CO- 
 ROLLA IN THE BUD. 
 
 279. -Estivation or Prcejloration relates to the way in which 
 the leaves of the flower, or the lobes of the calyx or corolla, are 
 placed with respect to each other in the bud. This is of some 
 importance in distinguishing different families or tribes of plants, 
 being generally very uniform in each. The aestivation is best seen 
 
 FIG. 221. Compotmd flowers, i. e. heads of flowers, of Succory. 
 
LESSON 10.] TIII-lIl AKIJANT.KSIKNT IN TIIK lUD. 
 
 109 
 
 by niakiiij; ;i lioriznnt.-il slice of llic fl()\v(>r-l)iiil wlwii just ready to 
 open ; ami it may be ex|in'ssed in diajj;ranis, as in Fig. 22.'J, '224. 
 
 2S0, The pieces of the ealyx or tiie corolla eillier overlap each 
 other in the bud, or they do not. AVhen tliey do not, the a'stivation 
 is commonly 
 
 V(t/rafe, as it is called when the j)ieces meet each other by their 
 abrupt edges without any infolding or overlapping ; as the calyx of 
 ^the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 22.')) and the Mallow, and the corolla 
 of the Grape, Virginia Creeper, &c. Or it may be 
 
 LuhijiUcatc, which is valvatc with the margins of each piece pro- 
 jecting inwards, or involute (like the leaf in Fig. 152), as in the 
 calyx of Virgin's-Bower and the corolla of the Potato, or else 
 
 Reduplicate, like the last, but the margins projecting outwards 
 /^;:c:^c==<v • instead of inwanls ; these last being mere vari- 
 l//^^'^^^'\\ ations of the valvate form. 
 /? // oTfQtoXp\ 'A' ^^^' ^^''*^" ^^^^ pieces overlap in the bud, it 
 ^fy^^ jn )) is in one of two ways : either every piece has 
 one edge in and one edge out ; or some pieces 
 ^^__^^ are wholly outside and others wholly inside. 
 
 223 In the first case the activation is 
 
 Conrolufe or hcisfecl, as in the corolla of Geraniimi (most com- 
 monly. Fig. 224), Flax (Fig. 191), and of the Mallow Family. 
 Here one edge of every petal covers the next 
 before it, while its other edge is covered by 
 the next behind it. In the second case it is 
 
 Imhricftted or imbricate, or breaking joints, 
 like shingles on a roof, as in the calyx of Ge- 
 ranium (Fig. 224) and of Flax (Fig. 191), 
 and the corolla of the Linden (Fig. 223). In 
 these cases the i)arts are five in number; and the regular way then 
 is (as in the calyx of the figures above cite<l) to have two pieces en- 
 tirely external (1 and 2), one (3) with one edge covered by the first, 
 while the other edge covers that of the adjacent one on the other 
 side, .nnd two (4 and o) wholly within, their margins at least being 
 covered by the rest. That is, they just represent a circle of five 
 leaves spirally arranged on the five-ranked or § plan (187, 188, 
 and Fig. 143 - 14.t), only with the stem shortened so as to bring 
 the parts close tog«-ther. The spiral arrangi-incnt of the parts of 
 
 FIG. 223. Section arnws llip ll. 
 Fid. a2». Scclii.ii acrois llir 11.. 
 
 10 
 
 rr-biid iif l.iiiilrn. 
 
 r-biid ol (j'lTuiiiuui : the i 
 
 L>|>als iiiiiiiliuriMl ill tlicii' orili>r 
 
110 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD. [lESSON 16. 
 
 the blossom is the same as that of the foliage, — an additional evi- 
 dence that the Hower is a sort of branch. The petals of the Linden, 
 with only one outside and one inside, as shown in Fig. 223, exhibit 
 a gradation between the imbricated and the convolute modes. When 
 the parts are four in number, generally two opposite ones overlap the 
 other two by both edges. When three in number, then one is outer- 
 most, the next has one edge out and the other covered, and the third 
 is within, being covered by the other two; as in Fig. 100. This is 
 just the three-ranked (^) spiral arrangement of leaves (18G, and 
 Fig. 171). 
 
 282. In the Mignonette, and some other flowers, the lestivation is 
 open ; that is, the calyx and corolla are not closed at all over the 
 other parts of the flower, even in the young bud. 
 
 283. When the calyx or the corolla is tubular, the shape of the 
 tube in the bud has sometimes to be considered, as well as the way 
 the lobes are arranged. For example, it may be 
 
 Plaited or plicate, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the plaits may 
 either be turned outwards, forming projecting ridges, as in the 
 corolla of Campanula ; or turned inwards, as in the corolla of the 
 Gentian, &c. When the plaits are wrapped round all in one direc- 
 tion, so as to cover one another in a convolute manner, the estivation 
 is said to be 
 
 Supervoliite, as in the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 225) and the 
 Morning-Glory ; and in the Morning-Glory it is twisted besides. 
 
 FIG. 225. Upper part of tlie corolla of a Stramonium (Datura iiicteloides), in the buU. 
 Uudemeatli is a cross-section of Die same. 
 
LESSON 17.] 
 
 TIIK STAMENS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF TIIK STAMENS. 
 
 284. The Sta:me\s exhibit iiearly the same kinds of variation in 
 (liH'crent species that the calyx and corolhi do. They may be dis- 
 tinct (that is, separate from each other, 2G7) or united. Tliey may 
 he free (2('>"J), or else coherent with other parts : this concerns 
 
 285. Their Iliserlion, or pUice of attachment, which is most com- 
 monly the same as that of the corolla. So, stamens are 
 
 Hypogynous (2G9), when they are borne on the receptacle, or axis 
 of the flower, under the pistils, as they naturally should be, and as is 
 shown in Fig. 212. 
 
 Perigynous, when borne on (that is coherent below with) the 
 calyx ; as in the Cherry, Fig. 213. 
 
 Epigynons. when borne on the ovary, appar- 
 ently, as in Fig. 21(3. To these we may add 
 
 Gynandrons (fron\ two Greek words, answer- 
 ing to ''Stamens and pistil united"), when the 
 stamens are Consolidated with the style, so as 
 to be borne by it, as in the Lady's Slipper 
 (Fig. 22G) and all the Orchis Family. Also 
 
 Epipetalous (meaning on the petals), when 
 they are borne by the corolla; as in Fig. 19-1, 
 and in most mouopftalous blossoms. As to ^*^ 
 
 280. Their L'llioil Milh each other, the stamens may be united by 
 tlieir filaments or by their anthers. In the former case they are 
 
 Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning '* in one brother- 
 hood "), when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a 
 ring or cup below, or info a tube, as in the Mallow Familv, the 
 Titssion-flower, and the Lupine (Fig. 22.S). 
 
 Diadelphous (in two brotherhootls), when so united in two sets, 
 as in the Pea and almost all papilionaceous flowers (27.'>): liere 
 the stamens are nine in one set, and one in the oilier (Fig. 227). 
 
 T\C.. OOll St\lc or.% I,aily's .'^lipixr (l-ypriprctiiiitO, nnd sfnnipns tinilod with it : a, a, the 
 aiKlicrv iif the two pooil i<tninpnH ; .it., ,iii abtiriive utaiuvii, whal tthuulil l>« iLi aiithcr cUaiigvJ 
 iiitu a pelal-liko body ; sti^., tJio uliguia. 
 
112 
 
 THE STAMENS. 
 
 [lesson 17. 
 
 Triadefpkoits, in three sets or 2>art'els, as in the common St. Johns- 
 wort ; or 
 
 Polyadelphous, when in more numerous sets, as in the Loblolly 
 Bay, where they are in five clusters. On 
 the other hand, stamens are said to be 
 
 Syngenesious, when united by their an- 
 thers (Fig. 229, 230), as they are in Lobelia, 
 in the Violet (slightly), and in what are 
 called compound Jlowers, such as the Thistle, 
 Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 220), and Suc- 
 cory (Fig. 222). In Lobelia, and in the 
 Squash and Pumpkin, the stamens are 
 united both by their anthers and their filaments. 
 
 287. Their Number in the flower is sometimes expressed by terms 
 compounded of the Greek numerals and the word used to signify 
 stamen ; as, monandrous, for a flower having 
 
 only one stamen ; diandrous, one with two 
 stamens ; triandrous, with three stamens ; te- 
 trandrous, with four stamens ; pentandrous, 
 with five stamens ; and so on, up to pohjan- 
 drous (meaning with many stamens), wlien 
 there are twenty or a larger number, as in a 
 Cactus (Fig. 197). All such terms may be 
 found in the Glossary at the end of the book. 
 
 288. Two terms are used to express particular numbers with mi- 
 equal length. Namely, the stamens are didynamous when only four 
 in number, two longer than the other two, as in the Mint, Catnip, 
 Gerardia (Fig. 1J94), Trumpet-Creeper, &c. ; and tetradynamous, 
 when they are six, with four of them regularly longer than the 
 other two, as in Mustard (Fig. 188), and all that family. 
 
 289. Their Parts. As already shown (233), a stamen consists of 
 two parts, the Filament and the Anther (Fig. 231). 
 
 290. TIlC Filament is a kind of stalk to the anther : it is to the 
 anther nearly what tlie petiole is to the blade of a leaf. Therefore 
 it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without a stalk, so 
 the anther may be sessile, or without a filament. When present, 
 
 FIG. 207. Diadelphous stamens of the Pea, &c. 228. Monadelplious stamens of tlio 
 Lupine. 
 
 FIO. 229. Synccnesioiis stamens of Coreopsis (Fig. 220, a), &c. 230. Same, witli tin 
 tube of anthers split down on one side and sjiread open. 
 
LESSON 17.] 
 
 TIIKIR STUICII'UK AM) PARTS. 
 
 113 
 
 the filament may be of any shape ; hut it is coinninnly thread-like, 
 as in Fifi. 231, 234, kc 
 
 2IU. The Allllirr is the essential part of the ptamen. 
 It is u sort of ease, filled with a fine ])Owder, called 
 Pollen, which serves to tlTlili/.e tiie ])i>lil, >o that it 
 may perfect seeds. The anther may be c<in>ideied, 
 first, as to 
 
 292. Its AUncllincnt to the filament. Of this there are 
 three ways; namely, (he anther is 
 
 Innate (as in Fig. 2.'32), when it is attached by its base to the 
 very apex of the filament, turning neither inwards nor outwards; or 
 Aclnafe (as in Fig. 2.'3;3), when at- 
 taelied by one fiiee, usually for its 
 whole length, to the side of the fila- 
 ment •, and 
 
 Versatile (as in Fig. 234), when fi.xed 
 by its middle only to the very point of 
 the filament, so as to swing loosely, as 
 we see it in the Lily, in Grasses, &e. 
 2'.I3. In botli the last-named cases, 
 231 the anther either looks inwards or out- 
 
 ■n it is turned inwards, or is iixed to that side of the 
 filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the 
 anther is incumbent or introrse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily. 
 When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is 
 extrorsc, as in the Tulip-tree. 
 
 294. lis Slnifllirr, <fce. There are few cases in which the stamen 
 bears any resemblance to a leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's idea of 
 a stamen is, that it answers to a leaf developed in a peculiar form 
 and for a special purpose. In the filament he-Sees the stalk of the 
 leaf; in the anther, the blade. The blade of a leaf consists of two 
 similar sides ; so the anther consists of two lobes or cells, one answer- 
 ing to the left, the other to the right, side of the I)hide. The two h>bes 
 are often connected by a prolongation of the lilament, which answei*3 
 to the midrib of a leaf- this is called the connective. It is very con- 
 spicuous in Fig. 232, where the connective is so broad that it separates 
 th<; two cells oithe anther to some di.-taiice from each other. 
 
 wards. AV 
 
 Ftn. 231. A sl.iinon : n, (llniiioiil ; A, .-iiillier disrlinrciiii; polloii. 
 
 FKJ. 233. ^tnnirii of Is(i|i) riirii, Willi iiiii.tlo nnllicr. iiUI. Of Tiili|>-trt<e, witli .idn.itoC.iiid 
 •xtmrxc) aiiljicr- 23A Ut Bvcnini! Priiiiroso, willi Turnatilo aiillier. 
 
 10* 
 
114 
 
 THE STAMENS. 
 
 [lesson 17. 
 
 29o. To discharge the pollen, the anther 0{)ens (or is dehiscent) 
 at maturity, commonly by a line along the whole 
 length of each cell, and which answers lo tlie 
 margin of the leaf (as in Fig. 231); but when 
 the anthers are extrorse, this line is often on the 
 outer face, and when introrse, on the inner face 
 of each cell. Sometimes the anther opens only 
 by a chink, hole, or pore at the top, as in the 
 2S5 23S Azalea, Pyrola or False Wintergreen (Fig. 235), 
 
 Arc. ; and sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door 
 (or valve), hinged at the top, and opening to allow the escape of the 
 pollen, as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 236). 
 Most anthers are really four-celled when young; 
 a slender partition running lengthwise through . 
 each cell and dividing it into two compartments, 
 one answering to the upper, and the other to the 
 lower, layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Oc- 
 casionally the anther becomes one-celled. This 
 takes i>lace mostly by conjiuence, that is, the two 
 cells running together into one, as they do 
 slightly in Pentstemon (Fig. 237) 
 and thoroughly in the Mallow Family (Fi 
 sometimes it occurs by the obliteration or disappear- 
 ance of one half of the anther, as in the Globe Ama- 
 ranth of the gardens (Fig. 239). 
 
 296. The way in which a stamen is supposed to be 
 constructed out of a leaf, or rather on the plan of a 
 leaf, is shown in Fig. 240, an ideal figure, the lower 
 part representing a stamen with the top of its anther 
 cut away ; the upper, the corresponding upper part of 
 a leaf. — The use of the anther is to produce 
 297. Pollen. This is the powder, or fine dust, commonly of a yel- 
 low color, which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during 
 blossoming, after which the stamens generally fall off or wither away. 
 
 238). But 
 
 FIG. 235. Ptamcn of Tyrnla ; tho amhor oppiiins: by holes at the top. 
 
 FIG. 230. Stamen of Barberry ; the anther opening by uplifted valves. 
 
 FIG. 237. Stamen of Pentstemon piibescens ; anther-cells slightly confluent. 
 
 FIG. 238. Stamen of Mallow ; tho two cells roiifluent into one, opening round the margin 
 
 FIG. 2;}9. Anther of Globe Amaranth, of only one cell ; the other cell wanting. 
 
 FIG. 240 Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper part of 
 a leaf, to show liow tho one answers to the other. 
 
LF.S30V 17.] 
 
 IJ.) 
 
 I'lidcr tlio mlcroscopo it is found to consist of pjraiiis, nsu;illy round or 
 oviil, and all alike in tiic same specie's, hut very diflerent in dUlcrcnt 
 plants. So that the i)lant may sometimes he recognized from the 
 pollen alone. 
 
 21)8. A grain of polh-n is made up of two coats ; the outer coat 
 thit-kish, hut weak, and frequently adorned with lines or hands, or 
 studded with points ; tlie inner coat is extremely thin and delicate, 
 but extensible, and its cavity is filled with a thiekish fluid, often 
 rendered turbid by an immense number of minute grains that float 
 in it. When wet, the grains absorb the water and swell so much 
 that many kinds soon burst and discharge their contents. 
 
 299. Figures 241-250 represent some common sorts of pollen, 
 magnified one or two hundred diameters, viz. : — A pollen-grain of 
 the ]\Iusk Plant, spirally grooved. One of Sicyos, or One-seeded 
 Cucumber, beset with bristly points and marked by smooth bands. 
 One of the "Wild lialsam-Apple (Echinocystis), grooved lengthwise- 
 One of Hibiscus or Kose-Maliow, studded with prickly points. One 
 of Succory, many-sided, and dotted with fine points. A grain of the 
 curious compound pollen of Pine. One from the Lily, smooth and 
 oval. One from Enchanter's Nightshade, with three small lobes on 
 the angles. Pollen of Kalmia, composed of four grains united, as in 
 all the Heath family. A grain from an Evening Primrose, with a 
 central body and three large lobes. The figures number from left 
 to right, beginning at the top. 
 
116 THE PISTILS. [lesson 18. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS. 
 
 300. The Pistil, when only one, occupies the centre of the 
 flower ; when there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in 
 the centre of the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring 
 or circle ; and when very numerous, they are generally crowded in 
 rows or spiral lines on the surface of a more or less enlarged or 
 elongated receptacle. 
 
 301. Their number in a blossom is sometimes expressed, in Sys- 
 tematic Botany, by terms compounded of the Greek numerals and 
 the Greek word used to signify j)istil, in the following way. A flower 
 with one pistil is said to be monogynous ; with two, digijiious ; with 
 three, trlgynous ; with four, tetragynons ; with five, pcntagynous, and 
 so on ', with many pistils, poJygynous, — terms which are explained 
 in the Glossary, but which there is no need to commit to memory. 
 
 302. TllC Paris of a Pistil, as already explained (234), are the 
 Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. The ovary is one essential part : 
 it contains the rudiments of seeds, called Ovules. The stigma at 
 the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fertilizes 
 the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, the 
 tapering or slender column commonly borne on the summit of the 
 ofvary, and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more neces- 
 sary to a pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there 
 is no style in many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests 
 directly on the ovary. The stigma is very various in shape and 
 appearance, being sometimes a little, knob (as in the Cherry, Fig. 
 213), sometimes a small point, or small surface of bare, moist, tissue 
 (as in Fig. 254-256), and sometimes a longitudinal crest or line 
 (as in Fig. 252, 258, 2G7, 2G9), and also exhibiting many other 
 shapes. 
 
 303. The pistil exhibits an almost infinite variety of forms, and 
 many complications. To understand these, it is needful to begin 
 with the simple kinds, and to }>roceed gradually to the complex. 
 And, first of all. the stiulent should get a clear notion of 
 
 304. The Plan or Ideal StrncUire of llie Pistil, or, in other words, of 
 
 the way in which a simple pistil answers to a leaf Pistils are either 
 
LESSON 18.] 
 
 SIMPLK PISTII.S. 
 
 117 
 
 simple or compound. A simple nislil answers fo a slnplc leaf. A 
 compound pistil answers to two or more h.-aves rombinotl, just as a 
 nionopelalous corolla (2(j.">) answers to two or more petals, or leaves 
 of the flower, nnitetl into oik; hotly. In theory, aceortlin^My, 
 
 30,'). TIlP Simple Pislii, or liirixi (as it is sometimes calleil), consists 
 of tlie hlade of ;i leaf, cnrM-d unlil the marfrins meet and unite, form- 
 iiii; in this way a elo-ed ease or |)od, which is the ovary. So that 
 the upper face of the altered h'af answers to the inner surface of the 
 ovary, and the lower, to its outer surface. And the ovules are borne 
 on what answers to the united edges of tlu' leaf. The tapering sum- 
 mit, rolled toirelher and prolonged, forms the style, when there is 
 any ; ami the edLres of the altered leaf turned outwards, either at 
 the tip or aloiii^ the inner side of the style, form the stigma. To 
 make this perfeetly clear, eompaic a leaf folded together in this wa; 
 (as in Fig. 2.')]) with a pistil of a 
 Garden Pa'ony, or Larkspni-. or with 
 that in Fig. 2^)2; or, later in th(> 
 season, notice how these, as ripe j'ods, 
 split down along the line formed by 
 the united edges, and open out again 
 into a sort of leaf, as in the Marsh- 
 I\Iarigol.l (Fig. 25.3). In the Double- 
 flowering Cherry the pistil occasion 
 ally is found changed back again into 
 a small green leaf, partly folded, much as 
 
 306. Fig. 172 represents a simple pistil on a larg(>r scale, the. 
 ovary cut through to show how the ovules (when nuniemiis) are 
 attached to what answers to the two margins of the lc;if. Tiie 
 Stonecrop (Fig. 1G8) has five such ])istils in a circle, each with the 
 side where the ovules an; attaciied tuiiied to the centre of the tlower. 
 
 307. The line or seam down the inner side, whicii answers to the 
 united edges of the leaf, and bears the ovules, is called the ventral or 
 inner Suture. A corresponding line down the back of the ovary, 
 and which answers to the middle of the leaf, is named the dorsul or 
 outer Suture. 
 
 308. The ventral suture inside, wiiere it projects ;i little into the 
 
 Fir.. S-M. A lo.if r..llfil lip iiiwanls, to .-.how li«\v tlip pi 
 
 FI(i. '■J^fi, I'JMtil (if Isiipyriiin bitcriialiiiii nic .irrotis, will 
 tlio eye. 
 
 FIG. 253. Tutl or ri|H) pistil of Ilia Oaltha, or Mareh-Marigold, arivr opening 
 
 siippiisnl to Ik- foriiird. 
 iiiiiT siKiire tiiriicil tiiw'arUfl 
 
113 
 
 THK PISTILS. 
 
 [lesson 18. 
 
 cavity of tlie ovary, and bears the ovules, is called the PIncenta. 
 Obviously a simple pistil can have but one placenta; but this is in 
 its nature double, one halt' answering- to each margin of the leaf. 
 And if the ovules or seeds are at all numerous, they will be found 
 to occupy two rows, one for each margin, as we see in Fig. 252, 172, 
 in the Marsh-Marigold, in a Pea-pod, and the like. 
 
 309. A simple pistil obviously can have but one cavity or cell ; 
 except from some condition out of the natural order of things. But 
 the converse does not hold true : all pistils of a single cell are not 
 simple. Many compound pistils are one-celled. 
 
 810. A simple pistil necessarily has but one style. Its stigma, 
 however, may be double, like the placenta, and for the same reason 
 (305) ; and it often exhibits two lines or crests, as in Fig. 252, or it 
 may even be split into two lobes. 
 
 311. The Compound Pistil consists of two, three, or any greater 
 
 number of pistil-leaves, 
 or carpels (305), in a 
 circle, united into one 
 body, at least by their 
 ovaries. The Culti- 
 vated Flax, for exam- 
 ple (Fig. 212), has a 
 compound pistil com- 
 (s^^^) posed of five simple 
 ones with their ovaries 
 united, while the five 
 styles are separate. 
 
 254 255 256 But UX OUC of OUr 
 
 wild species of Flax, the styles are united into one also, for about 
 half their length. So the Common St. John's-wort of the fields has 
 a compound ovary, of three united carpels, but the three styles are 
 separate (Fig. 255), while some of our wild, shrubby species have the 
 styles also combined into one (Fig. 256), although in the fruit they 
 often split into three again. Even the ovaries may only partially 
 combine with each other, as we see in different species of Saxifrage, 
 some having their two pistils nearly separate, while in others they 
 
 FIG. 254. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the base 
 nnly, cut across both above and below. 
 
 FIG. 255. Compound pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: styles separate. 
 FIG. 2.5fi. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles united into »ne- 
 
I 
 
 LESSON 18.] COMrOlNO TISTILS. 119 
 
 arc joined tit (ho iiase only, or else hclow the middle (as in Fig. 
 254), and in some they are muted quite to (he top. 
 
 tl\'2. Kveu when tiie styles are all consolidati-d into one, the sti?;- 
 mas are often separate, or enough so to show l>y the numher of their 
 lohes how many simple pisdls are comhined (o make tlie compound 
 one. In the common Lily, for instance, the tliree lobes of the stigma, 
 as well as the three grooves down the ovary, plainly (ell us tha( the 
 pistil is made of three combined. But in the Day-Lily the thi-ee 
 lobes of the stigma are barely discernible by the naked eye, and in 
 the Spiderwort (Fig. 2'»7) they are as perfectly united into 
 one as the ovaries and styles are. Here the number of 
 cells in the ovary alone shows that the pistil is compound. 
 These are all eases of 
 
 313. I'oinpoiiiiil Pistils willi Iwo or more frlls. namely, with 
 
 as many cells lus there are simple jjistils, or carpels, that 
 have united to compose the organ. They arc just what 
 would be formed if the simjjle pistils (two, three, or five 
 in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Pa'ony or 
 Stonecrop, all pressed together in the centre of the flower, / 
 were to cohere by their contiguous parts. 
 
 314. As each simple ovary has its placenta, or seed- ^^^ 
 bearing line (308), at the inner angle, so the resuhing ^"^^^ji^ 
 compound ovary has as many axile placentce (that is, as ^^ 
 many placenta? in the axis or centre) as there are pistil-leaves in 
 its composition, but all more or less consolidated in<o one. This is 
 shown in the cross-sections, Fig. 254-256, &c. 
 
 315. The partitions (or Dissepiments, as they are technieall}' 
 named) of a compound ovary are accordingly part of the walls or 
 the sides of the carpels which compose it. Of course they are double, 
 one layer belonging to each carpel ; and in rip(! pods tliey often split 
 into the two layers. 
 
 31G. "We have d(>scri])ed only one, though the commonest, kind of 
 compound pistil. There an; besides 
 
 317. OllC-CclIcd Compound Pistils. These are of two sorts, those with 
 axile, and thos(! witii jxtriitnl placenttc. That is, first, where the 
 ovules or seeds are borne in the axis or centn; of the ovary, ;ind, 
 secondly, where they arc borne on its walls. Tlie first of these 
 Ciises, or that 
 
 Flo. 367. I'i^lil of S|iiilrr\v.>rt (Tr.i.lcsr.iiili.-i) : the Ilireo-rpllrrl (.»arr nit scrnos. 
 
120 
 
 THE riSTILS. 
 
 [m:sson 18. 
 
 318. With* a Free Ccillral I'laCCIlta. is uhat we find in Purslane 
 (Fig. 214), ami in most Ciiickweeds (Fig. 2.38, 2.J'j) and Pinks. 
 The diffcreuce between this and the foregoing case is oidy that the 
 delicate partitions have very early vanished ; and traces of thera 
 may often be detected. Or sometimes this is a variation 
 of the mode 
 
 319. With rarictal Placenta:, namely, with the ovules 
 and seeds borne on the sides or wall {parietes) of the 
 o%ary. The i)istil of the Prickly Poppy, Bloodroot, 
 Violet, Frost-weed (Fig. 2G1), Gooseberry, and of 
 many Hypericums, are of this sort. To understand it 
 perfectly, we have only to imagine two, three, or any 
 number of carpel-leaves (like that of Fig. 
 251), arranged in a circle, to unite by their 
 contiguous edges, and so form one ovary 
 or pod (as we have endeavored to show in Fig. 260) ; 
 — very much as in the Stramonium (Fig. 199) the 
 five petals unite by their edges to compose a mono- 
 petalous corolla, and the five sepals to form a tubular 
 calyx. Here eaeli carpel is an o|)en leaf, or partly 
 open, bearing ovules along its margins ; and each 
 placenta consists of the contiguous margins of two 
 pistil-leaves grown together. 
 
 320. All degrees occur between this and the sev- 
 eral-celled ovary with the placentre in the axis. Com- 
 pare, for illustration, the common St. John's-worts, Fig. 2oa and '2')Q, 
 with Fig. 2G2, a cross-section of the ovary of a different species, in 
 which the three large placenta) meet in the axis, but - - 
 scarcely unite, and with Fig. 2G3, a similar section of V^^^^<^ 
 the ripe pod of the same plant, showing three parietal 
 placenta} borne on imperfect partitions projecting a 
 little way into the general cell. Fig. 2G1 is the same 
 in plan, but with hardly any trace of partitions ; that 
 is, the united edges of the leaves only slightly project into the ceU. 
 
 FIG. 25S. Pistil of a Sandwort, with the ovarj' divided lengthwise; and 259, tlio same 
 divided transversely, to show tlie free central placenta 
 
 FIG. SCO. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal iilareiita>, rut 
 across below, where it is complete; the upper p:iit showing the tup of the Ihroc Icives it la 
 com|M>sed of, approacliinji, hut not united. 
 
 FIG. 2r,l Cross-se<'tioii of the ovary of I'rost-weed (llcliaulhemuui), w ith three parietal 
 {ilaccntw^ bearing ovules. 
 
LESSON \8.] 
 
 OTKN riSTIL3. 
 
 121 
 
 321. The ovaiy, fspecially ulien (•oinpoiiiKl, is ofton oovchmI by 
 ami united with tlie tube of tiie calyx, as has already been cxplaiut^J 
 (■J72). AVe describe this by saying eitlier " ovary adherent," or 
 '* calyx adherent," cVc. Or \vc say " oi-ary infrrinr" when the tube 
 of the calyx is adljcrent througliout to 
 the surface of the ovary, so that its 
 lobes, and all the rest of the flower, 
 appear to be borne on its summit, as 
 in Fiuj. 21") and Fig. 21(3; or '■'■ half- 
 inferior" as in the Purslane (Fig. 214), 
 
 wiiere tlie calyx is adherent part way up^ or ^^ sxpcrior," where the 
 calyx and ihe ovary are not combined, as in the Cherry (Fig, 213) 
 and the like, that is, where these parts are free. Tiie term " ovary 
 superior," therefore, means just the same as "calyx inferior"; and 
 "ovary inferior," the same as "calyx superior." 
 
 322. Open or GymilOSpfnnoilS Pislil. Tliis is what we have in Ihe 
 whole Pine family, the most peculiar, and yet the simplest, 
 of all jjistils. While the ordinary simple pistil in the eye 
 of the botanist represents a leaf rolled together into a 
 closed pod (30.3). those of the Pine, Larch (Fig. 2G4), 
 
 264 Cedar, and Aibor-Vitaj (Fig. 2G5, 
 2GG) are plainly open leaves, in the form of 
 scales, each bearing two or more ovules on the 
 inner face, next the base. At the time of 
 blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young 
 cone diverge, and the pollen, so abundantly 
 shed from the staminate blossoms, falls di- 
 rectly upon the exposed ovules. Afterwanls r 
 the scales close over each other until llie 
 seeds are ripe. Tiien they separate; again. ^ ^ 
 
 that the seeds may be shed. As their ovules and seeds are not 
 enclosed in a pod, all sucli plants are said to be Ci/niiiosperiiuius, 
 that is, naked-sceJed. 
 
 of flowering , 
 
 FIO. 2.2. Cross-rfction of llip ovary of Ifj prririim pnvrolpns. 
 tlir ri|)0 |>imI of llio s.-iiiip. 
 
 FK:. 204. A pixtil, llint is, a sralo of llip roiir, of a Larrli, at llio lii 
 Inside view, slidwins "<■•* pair of nakcil ovules. 
 
 FtG. 20.5. Ilranrlilet of llip .<Vnieriran ArlHirVitir, ronsirirralily l.irser than in nature, 
 lirniinated by ils pislillate flowers, earli ronsistiiig of a single sralc (an o|ien pistil), together 
 forming a small rone. 
 
 FKJ. ai'iCi. One of the scales or pistils of the last, rrniiived and more enlarged, the Inaid* 
 exposed to view, sliowing a pair of oviilus un its haso. 
 II 
 
122 THE PISTILS. [lesson 18. 
 
 323. Ovules (234). These are (he bodies which are lo become 
 seeds. Tliey are either sessile, that is, stalkless, or else borne on a 
 stalk, called the Funiculus. They may be produced along the whole 
 length of the cell, or only at some part of it, generally either at the 
 top or the bottom. In the former case they are apt to be numerous; 
 in the latter, they may be few or single [solitary, Fig. 2G7 - 26P). 
 As to their direction, ovules are said to be 
 
 \ Horizontal, when they are neither turned upwards nor down- 
 wards, as in Fig. 252, 261 ; 
 
 Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side 
 of the cell, not from its v^'ry base, as in the Buttercup (Fig. 2G7). 
 and the Purslane (Fig. 214) ; 
 
 Erect, when rising ujiright from 
 the base of the cell, as in the Buck- 
 wheat (Fig. 2G8); 
 
 Pendulous, when hanging from 
 towards the top, as in the Flax 
 (Fig. 212); and 
 Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very sum- 
 mit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 209), Dogwood, A:c. All 
 these terras equally apply to seeds. 
 
 324. An ovule consists of a pulpy mass of tissue, the Nucleus or 
 kernel, and usually of one or two coats. In the nucleus the embryo 
 is form(;d, and the coats become the skin or^overings of the seed. 
 There is a hole ( Orifice or Foramen) through the coats, at the place 
 which answers to the apex of the ovule. The part by which the 
 ovule is attached is its base ; the point of attachment, where the ripe 
 seed breaks away and leaves a scar, is named the Hilum. The 
 place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the 
 nucleus, is named the Ctialaza. We will point out these parts in 
 illustrating the four principal kinds of ovule. These are not difficult 
 to understand, although ovules are usually so small that a good mog- 
 nifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names, 
 all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable. 
 
 325. The simplest sort, although the least common, is what is 
 called the 
 
 Orthotropous, or straight ovule. The Buckwheat affords a good 
 
 FIG. 2R7. Portion of tho ovary of a niittprriip, Imctliwise, sliowiiig its ascending ovule. 
 FIG. 2i-8. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, sliowing the erect ovule. 
 FIG. 2C9. Section of the ovary of Aneiiume, showing its suspended ovule 
 
LK.SSON 18.] OVrLES. 123 
 
 instance of it : it is shown in its place in the ovary in Fipr. 208, 
 also detached in Fig. 270, and a much more magnilied diagram of it 
 in Fig. 274. In this kind, the orilice (/) is at the top, the chalaza 
 and the hilum (r) are hlended at the hase or point of attachment, 
 which is at the opposite end ; and the axis of the ovule is straight. 
 
 If such an ovule were to gj'ow on one side more than on the other, 
 and donlile up, or have its top pushed round as it enlarges, it would 
 become a 
 
 (AiDipi/lofropoiis ov cunrd ovu\c, as in Cress and Chickweed (Fig. 
 271). Here the base remains as in the stiaight kind, but its apex 
 uith the orifice is brought round close to it. — Much the most com- 
 mon form of all is the 
 
 Auatropous or inverted ovule. This is shown in Fig. 2G7, and 
 273 ; also a much eidarged section lengthwise, or diagram, in Fig. 
 27."). To understand it, we have only to suppose the first sort (Fig. 
 270) to be inverted on its stalk, or rather to have it.-J stalk bent 
 round, applied to one side of the ovule lengthwise, and to grow fast 
 to the coat down to near the orifice ( /") ; the hilum, therefore, where 
 the seed-stalk is to break away {/i), is close to tin; orilice; but the 
 chalaza (c) is here at the top of the ovule ; between it and the hilum 
 runs a ridge or cord, called the RJxtphe (r), which is simply that part 
 of the stalk which, Jis the ovule grew and turned over, adhered to its 
 surface. — L:i-stly, the 
 
 Aiuphitropons or half-anatropons ovule (Fig. 272) difTcrs from 
 the last only in having a shorter rliaphe, ending about half-way 
 between the chalaza and the orifice. So the hilmn or attachment is 
 not far from the middle of one side, while the chalaza is at one end 
 and the orifice at the other. 
 
 n2r.. The internal structure of the ovide is snnicirnlly displayrd 
 in the subjoined diagrams, representing a longitudinal >lice of two 
 
 no. 07n. Onholmi)oii« oviiIp of niirkwlipat : r, hilum and rli.-il.nr.n : /, nrifiro. 
 
 nc. 2TI. CamiiyloiroiMms oviiIp nf n Cliirkwerd : r, liihiin anil clinlnza ; /, oridrp. 
 
 T\r, 07-^ Aii.|.liilrn|K>iis ovnlp of Mnllnw : /. oririrc ; A, liiliini ; r, rliaplte ; c, rlinlaia. 
 
 FlU. 273. AnalniiKMis ovnlo of a Viulvt; llio parts Ivticrcd as in tlio last. 
 
124 
 
 THE RECEPTACLE. 
 
 [lesson 19. 
 
 ovules ; Fig. 274, an orthotropous, Fig. 275, an anatropous ovule. 
 The letters correspond in the two; c, the chalaza ; /, the orilice ; 
 r, rhaphe (of whifh there is of course none in Fig. 274) ; />, the 
 outer coat, called priinine ; s, inner coat, called sccundine ; n, nu- 
 cleus or kernel. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECKPTACLE. 
 
 327. The Receptacle (also called the Torus) is the axis, or 
 stem, which the leaves and other parts of the blossom are attached 
 to (231). It is commonly small and short (as in Fig. 1G9) ; but it 
 sometimes occurs in more conspicuous and remarkable forms. 
 
 328. Occasionally it is elongated, as in some plants of the Caper 
 family (Fig. 27G), making the flower really look like a branch, hav- 
 ing its circles of leaves, stamens, &zc., separated by long spaces or 
 internodes. 
 
 329. The Wild Geranium or Cranesbill has the receptacle pro- 
 longed above and between the insertion of the pistils, in the form 
 of a slender beak. In the blossom, and until the fruit is ripe, it 
 is concealed by the five pistils united around it, and their fiat styles 
 covering its whole surface (Fig. 277). But at maturity, the five 
 small and one-seeded fruits separate, and so do their styles, from the 
 beak, and hang suspended from tlie summit. They split off elasti- 
 
LKSSOX 19.] 
 
 TIIK KKCKl'TACLK 
 
 125 
 
 (•ally from (Iio roco])t;\ol(>, nirviii^ npwanls with a >iiiM<n jirk, wliioJi 
 scatters tlio si-cd, oi'lc-n thfowiiig it to n coiisidcralilc cli.-laiicL-. 
 
 .'J.'IO. When a ilowcr 
 bears ji great many pis- 
 tils, its receptacle is gen- 
 erally enlarged so sis to 
 give tlieni room ; some- 
 times becoming broad 
 and flat, as in the Flow- 
 ering Raspberry, some- 
 times elongjited, as in 
 the Blackberry, the Mag- 
 nolia, iVc. It is the re- 
 ceptacle in the Straw- 
 
 ' V7B •■til V'3 
 
 berry (Fig. *i7:»), inti.h 
 
 enlarged and pulpy wlicn lipo, which forms the eatable i)art of tlie 
 fniit, ajid bears the small seed-like pistils on its 
 ,'j / snrface. In the Rose (Fig. 2S0). instead of being 
 '^^ convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply con- 
 ^^ cave, or nrn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip maybe 
 likened to a strawberry turned inside out, like 
 the finger of a glove reversed, and the whole 
 covered by the adluM-ent tube of the calyx, which 
 remains ixMicath in the strawberry. 
 
 031. A Disk is a part of the re- 
 ceptacle, or a growth from it, vn- 
 larged under or around the |)i-lil. 
 It is Jnjpogifuous (2G0), when free 
 from all union either with the pistil P, 
 or the calyx, as in the Rue and the 
 Orange (Fig. 281). It is perlriy- 
 "° nnin; (270). when it adheres to the '-»' 
 
 base of the calyx, as in tin- IWad.lcr-mit aiul IJuckthorn (Fig. 282, 
 
 FIC. '^Ti".. I'lowpr iif flynaiulrnpsis , tlic rorpptarlp piilarsnl «nd flattonoil « lioro it l)o.-ira 
 the sppals anil |>clals, llipii olon«aipil into a sirnrlpr stalk, bparins the Ftamons (in a|i|icnrnnre, 
 but they are nionailcl|ihnMs) alH)vc itn niiililjp. anil a cmniioiiiid ovary on itd yiiiiinill. 
 
 VUi. 277. Viuirn; Iriiil i.f the rnniniuM Wilil Craiieshill. 
 
 FK;. 278. The mww, ri|(e, with the five |iir.iils s|iliiiin|! away from the long beak or recep> 
 tacle, anil lianL'iiii! froni \U lop hy their styles. 
 
 FK;. 27'.i. Ijoncitiiilinal xectioii of a yoiinir sira wherry, cnlarRed. 
 
 FIG. 280. Hiniilnr i<cctiiiii of n yoiine liose-hip 
 
 FIG. 2hl. Pistil of the Orarice, with a largo hyiK.gynons dink at its liaso. 
 II • 
 
126 THE FRUIT. [lesson 20. 
 
 283). OftPn it aclhores both to the calyx and to the ovary, as in 
 Kew Jersey Tea, the Ap])le, Sec, consolidating the whole together. 
 In such cases it is sometimes carried up and expanded on the top of 
 the ovary, as in the Parsley and 
 the Gins(;ng families, when it is 
 said to be epic/pious (273). 
 
 332. In Ne'himbium, — a large 
 Water-Lily, abounding in the wa- 
 ters of our Western States, — the 
 singular and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and 
 bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat upper 
 surface (Fig. 284). 
 
 <5 ^^ o. 
 
 ^o/<^,,h'^^ 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 333- The ripened ovary, with its contents, becomes the Fniit. 
 When the tube of the calyx adheres to the ovary, it also becomes 
 a part of the fruit: sometimes it even forms the principal bulk of it, 
 as in the apple and pear. 
 
 334. Some fruits, as they are commonly called, are not fruits at 
 all in the strict botanical sense. A strawberry, for example (as 
 we have just seen, 330, Fig. 282), although one of the choicest /n«Vs 
 in the common acceptation, is only an enlarged and pulpy receptacle, 
 bearing the real fruits (that is, the ripened pistils) scattered over its 
 
 FIG. 282. Flowerof a Burktl)orn,\villi a larpe perigynousdisk. 283. The same, divided. 
 FIG. 284. Receptacle of Neliimbiurn, in fruit. 
 
LESSON 20.] ITS KINDS. 127 
 
 surfaop, and too small to bo nmcli iinticod. And miilborrios, figs, 
 and pinc-appk's are masses of many iriiits with a pulpy flower-stalk, 
 &;c. Passing these by for the present, let us now consider only 
 
 33."). Simple Fruits. These are such as are formed by the ripening 
 of a single pistil, whether simple (305) or compound (311). 
 
 330. A simple fruit consists, then, of the Seed-irssel (technically 
 called the Pericarp), or the walls of the ovary matured, and the see<ls, 
 contained in it. Its structure is generally the same as that of the 
 ovary, but not always ; because certain changes may take place after 
 flowering. The commonest change is the obliteration in the growing 
 fruit of some jiarts which existed in the pistil at the time of flowering. 
 The ovary of a Ilorsechestnut, for instance, hjis three cells and two 
 ovules in each cell ; but the fruit never has more than three seeds, 
 and rarely more than one or two, and only as many cells. Yet the 
 vestiges of the seeds that have not matured, and of the wanting cells 
 of tlie pod, may always be detected in the ripe fruit. This oblitera- 
 tion is more complete in the Oak and Chestnut. The ovary of the 
 fii-st likewise has three cells, that of the second six or seven cells, 
 each with two ovules hanging from the summit. "We might there- 
 fore expect the acorn and the chestnut to have as many cells, and 
 two seeds in each cell. Whereas, in fact, all the cells and all the 
 ovules but one are uniformly obliterated in the forming fruit, wliich 
 thus becomes one-colled and one-seeded, and rarely can any vestige 
 be found of the missing parts. 
 
 337. On the other hand, a one-celled ovary sometimes becomes 
 several-celled in the fruit by the formation of false partitions, com- 
 monly by cross-partitions, as in the jointed jiod of the Sea-Kocket 
 and the Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 3(U). 
 
 338. Their hinds. In defining the principal kinds of simple fruits 
 which have particular names, we may classify thorn, in the first place, 
 into, — 1. Fh'slty Fruits; 2. Stune Fruits', and 3. Dn/ Frtn'ts. 
 The first and second are of course indehisccnt ; that is, they do not 
 sjilit open when ripe to discharge the seeds. 
 
 331). In jii'sliy fruits the whole pericarp, or wall of the ovarv, 
 thickens and becomes soft (fleshy, juicy, or pulpy) as it ripons. Of 
 this the leading kind is 
 
 3 10. Tlie Berry, such as the goosol)orry and mrraiit, tlio Iduoborry 
 and craiiborry, the tomato, and the gnipe. Ilcic llic wiiolo iloh is 
 eciually soft throughout. The orange is merely a borrv with a 
 L-athery rind. ^ (^ {^^^^\ ;Vt'i»»V 
 
128 THE FRUIT. [lesson 20. 
 
 341. The Pcpo, or Gourd-fruit, is the sort of berry which belongs 
 to the Gourd family, mostly with a hard rind and the inner portion 
 softer. The pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon are the prin- 
 cipal examples. 
 
 342. The Pome is a name applied to ihe apple, pear, and quince ; 
 fleshy fruits like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only 
 the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to 
 the pistil itself (333). 
 
 343. Secondly, as to fruits which are partly fleshy and partly hard, 
 one of the most familiar kinds is 
 
 344. The Drupe, or Stone-frmt ; of Avliich the cherry, plum, and 
 peach (Fig. 285) are familiar examj)lcs. In 
 this the outer part of the thickness of the 
 pericarp becomes fleshy, or softens, like a 
 berry, while the inner hardens, like a nut. 
 From the way in which the pistil is con- 
 structed (305), it is evident that the flesliy 
 part here answers to the lower, and the stone 
 
 ^"^ to the upper, side of the leaf; — a leaf always 
 
 consisting of two layers of green pulp, an ui)per and an under hiycr, 
 which are considerably different (439). 
 
 345. Whenever the walls of a fruit are separable into two layers, 
 the outer layer is called the Exocarp, the inner, the Endocarp (from 
 Greek words meaning "outside fruit" and "inside fruit"). But in 
 a drupe the outer portion, being fleshy, is likewise called Sarcocarp 
 (which means "fleshy fruit"), and the inner, the PiUamen or stone. 
 The stone of a peach, and the like, it will be perceived, belongs to 
 the fruit, not to the seed. When the walls are separable into three 
 layers, the outer layer is named either exocarp or Epicarp ; the 
 middle one is called the Mesocarp (i. e. middle fruit) ; and the inner- 
 most, as before, the Endocarp. 
 
 346. Thirdly, in dry fruits the seed-vessel remains herbaceous in 
 texture, or becomes thin and membranaceous, or else it hardens 
 throughout. Some forms remain closed, that is, are indehisccnt 
 (338) ; others are dehiscent, that is, split open at maturity in some 
 regular way. Of indehiscent or closed diy fruits the principal kinds 
 are the following. 
 
 347. The Achcilluni, or Ahene, is a small, one-secdcd, dry, indehis- 
 
 FIG. 285. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing the flesh, the stone, and Ihe seed- 
 
n\] 
 
 ITS KINDS. 
 
 129 
 
 cent fruit, snch as is popularly taken for a naked seed : but 
 plainly a ripened ovary, and shows the re- 
 mains of it« style oi stigma, or t)ic place 
 283 tivnn which it has 
 
 ^jXCi^ fallen. Of this sort 
 ,^ \ are the fruits of the 
 
 Knttercup (Fig. 28G, 
 
 2S7}, the Cinque-foil, and the Strawberry (Fig. 
 
 L'70, 288) ; that is, the real fruits, botanically 
 
 speaking, of the latter, which are taken for seeds, 
 
 not the largrt juicy receptacle on the surface of 
 
 which they rest (330). Here the akenes are 
 
 ,^_^___^ . . . simple pistils (30.")), very numerous in the same 
 
 ]f ^\ /^ flower, and forming a head of such fruits. In 
 
 "' the Nettle, Hemp, (Sec, there is only one pistil to 
 
 each blossom. 
 
 348. In the raspberry and blaekbeny, each grain 
 is a similar pistil, like that of the strawberry in the 
 flower, but ripening into a miniature stone-fruit, or 
 drupe. So that in the strawberry we eat the 
 receptacle, or end of tho flower-slalk ; in the rasp- 
 berry, a cluster of stone-fruits, like chenies on a 
 very small scale ; and in the blackberry, both a juicy 
 
 /^^^""""^---s^ f receptacle and a cluster of i^tonefruits covering it 
 ^ ' (Fig. 289, 200). 
 
 349. The fruit of the Composite family is also 
 an achenium. Here the surface of the ovary is 
 covered by an adherent calyx-tube, as is evident 
 from the position of the corolla, ap|)arently standing 
 on its summit (321, .nd Fig. 220, o). Sometimes the 
 limb or divisions of tiie calyx are entirely wanting, 
 
 as in Mayweed (Fig. 291) and Wiiiteweed. Sometimes the limb 
 of the calyx forms a crown or cup on the top of the achenium, as in 
 Succory (Fig. 292); in Coretipsis, it of>en takes the form of two 
 blunt teeth or scales ; in the Sunflower (Fig. 293), it consists of two 
 
 Fin. 28fi. Achpniiim of Biittornip. 287. Sainf, rut tlirniieli, to nhow tlio sppil within. 
 
 FK;. ajS. Slice <if a part nf a ripp strawlporry, piilarppil ; minio of tlio arlipnia shown cut 
 tliroush. 
 
 FIG. 289. Slireofn part of a biarkliorn-. 990 One of the (Trains or drupes diviilcd, mor« 
 enlarged ; showing the lloMh, the stono, and tlie seed, as In Fig. 2B5. 
 S & F— 7 
 
130 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 [l.KS.SON 20. 
 
 thin scales which fall off at the touch ; in the Sneezeweed, of about 
 
 five very thin scales, which look more like a calyx (Figi 294) ; and 
 
 in the Thistle, Aster, Sow-Thistle (Fig. 29o), and hundreds of others, 
 
 it is cut up into a tuft of fine bristles or hairs. This is called the 
 
 Pappus ; — a name which properly means the down like that of the 
 
 Thistle ; but it is applied to all these forms, 
 
 and to every other under which the limb of the i ' \,\\ \ i h, 
 
 calyx of the " compound flowers " appears. In \{ Wntwl 
 
 Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 296), and the like, 'M\M 
 
 the achenium as it matures tapers upwards iii'}il| / 
 
 into a slender beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 
 
 350. A Utricle is the same as an achenium, but witk a thin and 
 bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the Goosefoot or Pigweed 
 (Fig. 297). When ripe it bursts open irregularly to 
 discharge the seed ; or sometimes it opens by a circular 
 line all round, the upper part falling off like a lid ; as in 
 the Amaranth (Fig. 298). 
 
 351. A Caryopsis, or Grain, differs from the last only 
 in the seed adhering to the thin pericarp 
 Ihrougliout, so that fruit and seed are in- 
 corporated into one body ; as in wheat, In- 
 dian corn, and other kinds of grain. 
 
 352. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, 
 commonly one-celled and one-seedci, with a hard, ci'us- 
 taceous, or bony wall, such as tne cocoanut, hazelnut, 
 chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 21, 299). Here the 
 involucre, in the form of a cup at the base, is called the Cupule. In 
 the Chestnut it forms the bur ; in the Hazel, a leafy husk. 
 
 FIO. 001. Achenium of Mayweed (no pnpptis). 299. That of Succory (its pappus a shal- 
 low cup). 293. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 294. Of Sneeze wood (llele- 
 niiim), with its pappus of five scales. 295. Of Sow-Thistle, with its pappus of delicate downy 
 hairs. 29P. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on a long beak. 
 
 IG. 297. Utricle of the common Pipweed (Chenopodium album). 
 
 FIG. 298. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumcissile). 
 
 FIG. 339. Nut (acorn) of tiie Oak, with its cup (or cupule). 
 
LESSON 20.] 
 
 ITS KINDS. 
 
 181 
 
 I 
 
 35.3. A Samara, or Kry-frilil, is cilhcr a nut or an adicnium, or any 
 other indehisceiit l"'-uit, luniislicd witli a winjr, like that of llic ^lapls 
 (Fig. 1), Ash (Fig. noO), and Ehu (Fig. 301). 
 
 3.3 I. The Capsule, or Poil, is the general name for dry secd-vesgeb 
 -vvliieh p|)ht or burst open at maturity. 
 But several sorts of pod are distin- 
 guished by particular names. Two of 
 lliem belong to simple pistils, namely, 
 the Follicle and the Legume. 
 
 355. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple 
 pistil opening along the inner suture 
 (307). The pods of the Pa^ony, Col- 
 umbine, Larkspur, Marsh-Marigold 
 (Fig. 302), and Milkweed are of this 
 kind. The seam along which 
 the follicle opens answers to 
 the edges of the pistil-leaf 
 (Fig. 251, 253). 
 
 35G. The Legume or true 
 Pod, like the Pea-pod (Fig. 
 303), is similar to tiie follicle, only it opens by the outer as well as 
 the inner or ventral suture (307), that is, by what answers to the 
 midrib as well as by what answers to the united margins of the leaf. 
 It splits therefore into two pieces, which are called valces. The le- 
 gume belongs to ])lants of the Pulse family, which are accordingly 
 termed Lejuminosce, that is, leguminous plants. So the fruits of this 
 family keep the name of legume, whatever their form, and whether 
 they open or not. A legume divided across into one-seeded joints, 
 which separate when ripe, as in Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304), is named a 
 Lament. 
 
 357. The true Capsule is the \un\ of a compound pistil. Like the 
 ovary it resulted from, it may be one-celled, or it may have Jis many 
 cells as tjiere are carpels in its composition. It may discharge its 
 seeds tlirough chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregularly 
 in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; but commonly it 
 splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, called 
 v(di'es. 
 
 FIC. 300. Samarn or kpy of the White A^h. 301. Samara of lli 
 
 KIC. 3(>a Folliclo of Marsh-Marigoia (Calllia pnliislris). 
 
 FIC. .T03. Lcgiimo of a Sweet Pea, ojioMcd. 
 
 FlGu 304. Loiiiout or jdiiitoil lecuiiie uf Tick-'rri'f.>il | Ui'sinuWiiiiii;. 
 
 .Viiicrican Elm. 
 
132 
 
 THE FRUIT. 
 
 [lesson 20. 
 
 358. Dehiscence of a pod rosiilting from a compound pi?;(il, when 
 regular, takes place in one of two principal ways, which are best 
 
 shown in pods of two or three cells. Either the pod 
 splits open down the middle of the back of each cell, 
 when the dehiscence is loculicidctl, as in Fig. 305 ; or 
 it splits through the partitions, after wliich each cell 
 generally opens at its inner angle, when it 
 is septicidaJ, as in Fig. 306. Tliese names 
 are of Latin derivation, the first meaning 
 " cutting into the cells " ; the second, " cut- 
 ting through the partitions." Of the first 
 sort, the Lily and Iris (Fig. 305) are good 
 examples; of the second, the Rhododen- 
 dron, Azalea, and St. John's-wort. From 
 the structure of the pistil (305-311) the 
 ^°^ ^"^ student will readily see, that the line down 
 
 the back of each cell answers to the dorsal suture of the carpel ; so 
 that the pod opens by this when loculicidal, while it separates into 
 its component carpels, which open as follicles, when septicidal. 
 Some pods open both ways, and so split into twice as many \alves 
 as the carpels of which they are formed. 
 
 359. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear tlie par- 
 titions on their middle ; in the septicidal, half the thickness of a 
 partition is borne on tlie margin of each valve. See the diagrams, 
 Fig. 307-309. A variation of either mode sometimes occurs, as 
 
 shown in the diagram, Fig. 309, where the valves break away from 
 the partitions. This is called seylifrcHjal dehiscence ; and may be 
 seen in the Morning-Glory. 
 
 3G0. Three remaining sorts of pods are distinguished by proper 
 names, viz. : — 
 
 FIG. 305. Capsule of Iris (with liinilicidal deliisrenrp), belciw cut across. 
 
 FIG. 30G. Pod of a Marsh St. Johii's-worf, with septicidal dehiscence. 
 
 FIG. 307. Ui»i;raiii of septicidal ; 308, of loculicidal ; and 309, ol seplifrugal dehiscence. 
 
LESSON 20.] 
 
 MULTIPLK FliUITS. 
 
 133 
 
 3(51. The Silique (Fig. .'310), the peculiar imhI of tlic Miistanl rarii- 
 ily ; whicli is two-celled by u false partition slrelclied across bclwceii 
 two parietal placeiitie. It generally opens by two valves 
 from below upwards, and the placentie with the {iartition 
 are left behind when the valves fall off. 
 
 302. A Silicic or Pouch is only a short and broad silique, 
 like that of the Slicpherd's Purse, of the Candy-tuft, &c. 
 
 303. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular hori- 
 
 zontal line, the upper part forming a lid, as 
 in Purslane (Fig. 311), the Plantain, Hen- 
 bane, &:c. In these the dehiscence extends 
 all round, or is circumcissile. So it does 
 in Fig. 21)8, which represents a sort of one- 3'" 
 seeded pyxis. In Jeffersonia or Twin-leaf, the line 
 does not separate quite round, but leaves a portion 
 to form a hinge to the lid. 
 3G4. Multiple or Collective Fruits (331) are, properly speaking, 
 masses of I'niits, resulting from several or many blossoms, aggre- 
 gated into one body. The pine-apple, mulberry, Osage-orange, and 
 the fig, are fruits of this kind. This latter is a pecidiar foiin, how- 
 ever, being to a mulberiy nearly what a Rose-hip is to a strawberry 
 (Fig. 279, 280), namely, with a hollow receptacle bearing the flowers 
 concealed inside ; and the whole eatable part is this i)Uipy common 
 receptacle, or hollow thickened flower-stalk. 
 
 3G5. A Strobile, or Cone (Fig. 314), is the pe- 
 culiar multiple fruit of Pines, Cypresses, and 
 the like ; hence named ConifercB, viz. cone- 
 bearing plants. As already shown (322), these 
 cones are made of open pistils, mostly in the 
 form of flat scales, regularly overlying each 
 other, and pressed together in a spike or head. ^is sis 
 
 Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its irnier face. When 
 the cone is ripe and dry, the scales turn back or diverge, and the 
 seed peels oft" and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, which was 
 a part of the lining of the scale, and which facilitates the di-per-^ion 
 of the seeds i)y the wind (Fig. 312. 313). In Arljor-Vita-, the scales 
 
 FIO. 310. Siliqiio of Sprins Cross (rar.lamiiip rliomboidea), opening. 
 FIG. 3l\. The pyxis, or |h..I, „f tlio roMnii,.n Purslano 
 
 FK;. -.m. Insi.lo view of a sralo from il,o rono of fitch-PiiH) ; witli ono of tlio seeds 
 (Fip. 31.1) ditaclicd ; the oilier in lU plarc on tlio scale. 
 
 12 
 
134 
 
 THE SEED. 
 
 [lesson 21. 
 
 of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves (Fig. 2Go). 
 In Cypress they are very thick at the top and narrow at tlie hase, so 
 as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and lied Ce- 
 dar, the lew scales of the very sinall cone become Heshy, and ripen 
 into a fruit which might be taken lor a berry. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 THE SEED. 
 
 3GG. The ovules (323), when thej^have an embryo (or unde- 
 veloped plantlet, IG) formed in them, become seeds. 
 
 367. The Seed, like the ovule from which it originates, consists 
 of its coats, or integuments, and a kernel. 
 
 3G8. The Seed-coats are commonly two {^'2\), the outer and the 
 iimer. Fig. 315 shows the two, in a seed cut through 
 lengthwise. The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, 
 whence it is called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the 
 inner is thin and delicate. 
 
 3G9. The shape and the markings, so various in dif- 
 ferent seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes it fits 
 
 FIG. 314. Cone of Pitcli-Pine (Finns rigida). 
 
 FIG. 315. Seed of Basswood cut through lengthwise : a, the hilum or scar ; 
 coat ; c, the inner.; </. the albiinien ; e. tlie embryo. 
 
LKSSON 21.] 
 
 ITS COATS OK COVKIJINGS. 
 
 135 
 
 AiM 
 
 tlio kernel closely ; somelimos it is expanded into a wiiuj, as in tlio 
 Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 31(5), and o('eiu-;ionally this wing is eut up 
 into shreds or tufts, as in the Cntalpa ; or instead of a 
 wing it may hear u cdihh, ( r tuft of long and soft hairs, 
 such as we find in the ;Milk\\eed or Silkweed (Fig. 317). 
 The ohject of wings or downy tufts is to render the seeds 
 huoyant, so that they may he widely dispersed hy the 
 winds. This is clear, not only from their evident adap- 
 tation to this purj)ose, hut also from tlie interesting fact 
 tliat winged and tufted seeds are Ibuiul only in fruits that split open 
 at maturity, never in those that remain closed. The coat of some 
 seeds is heset with long hairs or wool. Cdffon, one- of /('ijijji. 
 tiie most important vegetal)le ])roducts, — since it forms 
 the principal clothing of the larger part of the human 
 race, — consists of the long and woolly hairs which 
 thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. Certain 
 seeds have an additional, hut more or less incomplete 
 covering, outside of the real seed-coats, called an 
 
 370. Aril, or Arillus. Tlie loose and transparent hag 
 which encloses tlie seed of the "White Water-Lily (Fig, 
 318) is of this kind. So is the mace of the nutmeg; and also the 
 scarlet pulp around the seeds of the Waxwork (Celastrus) 
 and Strawherry-husii (Euonymus), so ornamental in autunui, 
 
 Ql after the pods burst, Tlie aril is a growth from the ex- 
 j tremity of the seed-stalk, or the placenta. 
 / 371. The names of tin,' parts of the seed and of its kinds 
 c the same Jis in the 
 stalk separates is called ^ . 
 the Ililmn. The orifice 
 of the ovule, now closed 
 up, and showing only a 
 small point or mark, is 
 named the Micropylc. The term 
 
 orthotropous, ondtrapous, &c. 
 
 Fl<;. 311". A wingpd sped of the Tnimpct-Croeper. 
 
 FIC. 317. Seed of Milkwppd, willi a coma or tiil't of loiip silky liaiM at oiio i-iid. 
 
 FK;. 318. Seed of U'liito Water- MIy, emli.scd in its aril. 
 
 FIti. 3iy. Seed of a Vinlet (niiatrn|MiiiK) : a, liiliiiii ; h, rliaphr ; r, rlialn/.a. 
 
 FIG. 32). Seed of a Larkspur (also niialro|Mms) j llio parts lilierrd as i:i the las'. 
 
 FIG. 321. T'ho same, riit IhroiiBh lengthwise: o, tlio liiliini ; r, rlialaza ; i/, outer seed- 
 coal ; r, inner seed-coit ; /, the albiinion ; ;f, the nilniKe einhryo. 
 
 FIG. a*}. Seed of a St. Joliirs-wort, divided luii(,'lli\viso ; hero llio whole kernel U 
 embryo. 
 
136 THE SEED. [lesson 21. 
 
 apply to seeds just as they do to ovules (325) ; and so do those 
 terms which express the direction of the ovule or the seed in the 
 cell ; such as erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous, or suspended 
 (323) : therefore it is not necessary to explain them anew. The 
 accompanying figures (Fig. 319-322) show all the parts of the 
 most common kind of seed, namely, the anatropous. 
 
 372. The Kernel, or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the 
 coats. In many seeds the kernel is all Embryo ; in others a large 
 part of it is the Albumen. 
 
 373. The ilibumen of the seed is an accumulation of nourishing 
 matter (starch, «fcc.), commonly surrounding the embryo, and des- 
 tined to nourish it when it begins to grow, as was explained in the 
 earlier Lessons (30-32). It is the floury part of wheat, corn (Fig. 
 38, 39), buckwheat, and the like. But it is not always mealy in 
 texture. In Poppy-seeds it is oily. In the seeds of Pa^ony and 
 Barberry, and in the cocoanut, it is fleshy ; in coffee it is corneous 
 (that is, hard and tough, like horn) ; in the Ivory Palm it has the 
 hardness as well as the general appearance of ivory, and is -now 
 largely used as a substitute for it in the fabrication of small objects. 
 However solid its texture, the albumen always softens and partly 
 liquefies during germination ; when a considerable portion of it is 
 transformed into sugar, or into other forms of fluid nourishment, on 
 which the growing embryo may feed. 
 
 374. The Embryo, or Germ, is the part to which all the rest of the 
 seed, and also the fruit and the flower, are subservient. AVhen the 
 embryo is small and its parts little developed, the albumen is the 
 more abundant, and makes up the principal bulk of the seed, as in 
 Fig. 30, 321, 325. On the other hand, in many seeds there is no 
 albumen at all ; but the strong embryo forms the whole kernel ; as 
 in the Maple (Fig. 2, 3), Pumpkin (Fig. 9), Almond, Plum, and 
 Apple (Fig. 11, 12), Beech (Fig. 13), and the like. Then, what- 
 ever nourishment is needed to establish the plantlet in the soil is 
 stored up in the body of the embryo itself, mostly in its seed-leaves. 
 And these accordingly often become very large and thick, as in the 
 almond, bean, and pea (Fig. 16, 19), acorn (Fig. 21), chestnut, and 
 horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24). Besides these. Fig. 25, 26, 30 to 37, 
 43, aiid 45 exhibit various common forms of the embryo; and also 
 some of the ways in which it is placed in the albumen ; being 
 gonietiraeg st;:aight, and sometimes variously coiled up or packed 
 0,way. 
 
LESSON 21.] 
 
 THK EMUUYO. 
 
 137 
 
 n?."). The embryo, being a nidimentary plantlet, ready formed in 
 tin; seed, lias oidy to grow and develop its parts to become a young 
 l)lant (ir>). Even in the seed these parts are generally distinguish- 
 able, and are sometimes very conspicuous ; as in a rumi)kin-seed. lor 
 example (Fig. 323, 324). They are, first, 
 
 37 G. The Ratlicic, or rudimentary stemlet, which is -sometiirif^a jon^ 
 and slender, and sometimes very short, as we may see in the numer- 
 ous figures already referred to. In the seed it always 
 I)oints to the micropyle (371), or what answei-s to the 
 foramen of the ovule (Fig. 32.), 326). As to its po- 
 sition in the fruit, it is said to be inferior when it points 
 to the base of the pericarp, superior when it points to 
 its summit, &c. The base or free end of the radicle 
 gives rise to the root ; the other extremity bears 
 
 377. The lolylcih)llS or Srcil-Lcaves. With these in various forms we 
 have already become familiar. The number of 
 cotyledons has also been explained to be imj)or- 
 tant (32, 33). In Corn (Fig. 40), and in all , 
 Grasses, Lilies, and the like, we have a 
 
 Monocotyledonous embryo, namely, one fur- 
 nished with only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf. — Nearly all the 
 rest of our illustrations exhibit various forms of the 
 
 Dicohjledonows embryo ; namely, with a pair of cotyledons or seed- 
 lea\es, always opposite each other. In the Pine family we find a 
 
 Puhjcotijledonous embryo (Fig. 45, 46) ; tliat is, one with several.^ 
 or more than two, seed-leaves, arranged in a circle or whorl. 
 
 378. The Plumule is the little bud, or rudiment of the next leaf or 
 pair of leaves after the seed-leaves. It appears at the summit of 
 the radicle, between the cotyledons when there is a pair of them, 
 as in Fig. 324, 14, 24, &c. ; or the cotyledon when only one is 
 wrapped round it, as in Indian Corn, Fig. 40. In germination the 
 plumule develops upward, to form the ascending trunk or stem of 
 the plant, while the oilier end of the radicle grows downward, 
 and becomes the root. 
 
 FIG. 323. Embryo of the riimpkin, seen flatwise. 3D4. Same cut tlirouph and viewed 
 edgewise, enlarged : the small plumule seen between the cotyledons at their hase. 
 
 FIG. 325. Seed of a Violet (Fij,'. 319) cut thronjih, showing the embryo in the section, 
 edgewise ; being an analropuun seed, the radicle of the straight enibryt points down to the 
 ba.se near the hilum. 
 
 FIG. 32G. Similar section of the orlhotmpous seed of Buckwheat. Hero tiie radicle points 
 directly away from the hilnm, and to the apex of the seed ; also the thin cotyledons ha|>peu 
 ill this plant to l>e bent lound into the same direction. 
 
 12* 
 
138 HOW PLANTS GROW. [lESSON 22. 
 
 370. This completes the circle, and brings our vegetable history 
 round to its starting-point in the Second Lesson ; namely, The 
 Growth of the Plant from the Seed. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 HOW PLANTS GROW. 
 
 380. A PLANT grows from the seed, and from a tiny embryo, like 
 that of the Maple (Fig. 327), becomes perhaps a large tree, pro- 
 ducing every year a crop of seeds, to grow in their turn in the same 
 way. But how does the plant grow ? A little seedling, weighing 
 only two or tiiree grains, often doubles its weight every week of its 
 early growth, and in time may develop into a huge bulk, of many 
 tons' weight of vegetable matter. How is this done ? What is vege- 
 table matter ? Where did it all come from ? And by what means 
 is it increased and accumulated in plants ? Such questions as these 
 will now naturally arise in any inquiring mind ; and we must try to 
 answer them. 
 
 381. Growth is tlie increase of a living thing in size and substance. 
 It appears so natural to us that plants and animals should grow, that 
 people rarely think of it as requiring any explanation. They say 
 that a thing is so because it grew so. Still we wish to know how 
 the growth takes place. 
 
 382. Now, in the foregoing Lessons we explained the whole struc- 
 ture of the plant, with all its organs, by beginning with the seedling 
 pUntlet, and following it onward in its development through the 
 
 FIG. 327. Germinating enil)ryo of a Maple. 
 
LESSON 22.] FORMATION OF TIIU KMISKYO. 
 
 139 
 
 whole course of vegetation (12, Sec). So, in uttempting to leant 
 how this growth took place, it will be best lo adopt the same plan, 
 and to commence with the commencement, that is, with the first 
 formation of a plant. This may seem not so easy, because we have 
 to begin with parts too small to be seen without a good microscope, 
 and requiring much skill to dissect and exhibit. But it is by no 
 means diiricult to describe them ; and with the aid of a few figures 
 we may hope to make the whole juat- 
 ter clear. 
 
 383. The embryo in the ripe seed 
 is already a plant in miniature, as we 
 have learned in the Second, Third, 
 and Twenty-first Lessons. It is al- 
 ready provided with stem and leaves. 
 To learn how the plant began, there- 
 fore, we must go back to an earlier 
 period still ; namely, to the forma- 
 tion and 
 
 384. Growlli of the Embryo itself. 
 
 For this purpose Ave return to the 
 ovule in the pistil of the flower (323). 
 During or soon after blossoming, a 
 cavity appears in the kernel or nu- 
 cleus of the ovule (Fig. 274, o), lined 
 with a delicate membrane, and so 
 forming a closed sac, named the 
 embri/o-sac (s). In this sac or cav- 
 ity, at its upper end (viz. at the 
 end next the orifice of tlic ovule), 
 appears a roundish little vesicle or 
 bladder-like body (v), perhaps less 
 than one thousandth of an inch in 
 
 diameter. This is the embryo, or rudimentary new plant, at its 
 very beginning. But this vesicle never becomes anything more 
 than a grain of soft pulp, unless the ovule has been acted upon by 
 the pollen. 
 
 FFG. 328. Masinificl pistil of HurkwlM-at ; tl,r ovary and nvnir .Iivi,lo,I Irnstlnvise : some 
 pollen oil the stigmas, one (.-rain .listinrlly sl.ou ing its tulie, wlii.l. penetrates the stvie, re- 
 appears ill the cavity of tho ovary, enters tl.o month of the ovule (o), and reaches the sur- 
 face of the embryo-sac {s\ near the embryonal vesicle (u). 
 
140 
 
 nOAV PLANTS GHOAV. 
 
 [lesson 22. 
 
 385. The poJlcn (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there 
 in a peculiar way : its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the 
 ]iollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and 
 the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling 
 sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at 
 length penetrates the orifice of an ovule. The point of the pollen- 
 tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in 
 some unexplained way causes a particle of soft pulpy 
 or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a mem- 
 branous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is 
 the germ of the embryo. 
 
 386. This vesicle (shown detached and more mag- 
 nified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call 
 a Cell. Its wall of very delicate membrane encloses a 
 mucilaginous liquid, in which there are often some 
 minute grains, and commonly a larger soft mass 
 (called its nucleus). . 
 
 387. Growth takes place by this vesicle or cell, 
 after enlarging to a certain size, dividing by the for- 
 mation of a cross partition into two such cells, co- 
 hering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two 
 more (Fig. 331); and these repeating the process 
 by partitions formed in both directions (Fig. 332) ; 
 forming a cluster or mass of cells, essentially like the 
 
 first, and all proceeding from it. After increasing in number for 
 some time in this way, ,33 334 335 335 
 
 and by a continuation of 
 the same process, the em- 
 bryo begins to shape it- 
 self; the upper end forms 
 the radicle or root-end, 
 while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333), 
 these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo 
 as it exists in the seed is at length completed (Fig. 33 G) 
 
 FIG. 329. Vesicle or first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the eiiiliryo- 
 sac, detached. 330. Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 33L Same, a little far- 
 ther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a 
 litlle mass of young cells. 
 
 FIG. 333. Forming emhryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the 
 end where the cotyledons are to he. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Pame, 
 Ftill farther aiivanrcd. 33(5. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out ; the 
 same as shown in a section when folded tog-ether in Fig. 326. 
 
LKSSON 22.] 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PLANTLET. 
 
 141 
 
 388. The Growth of the Planllct wlu-n it springs from the seed is 
 only a continuation of the sunie ])roce?s. The bladiler-hke cells of 
 ■which the embryo consists multiply in iiiunber by the repeated 
 division of each cell into two. Ami the plantlet is merely the ag- 
 gregation of a vastly larger number of these cells. This may be 
 clearly ascertained by magnifying any part of a young plantlet. The 
 young root, being more transparent ^'' 
 than the rest, answers the pnrpose 
 best. Fig. 56, on page 30, repre- p[ 
 sents the end of the rootlet of Fig. 
 55, magnified enough to show the 
 cells that form the surface. Fig. 
 337 and 338 are two small bits of 
 the surface more highly magnified, 
 showing the cells still larger. And 
 if -we make a thin slice through the 
 young root both lengthwise and 
 crosswise, and view it under a good 
 microscope ^^ig. 340), we may per- 
 ceive that the whole interior is made up of just such cells. It is 
 the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 3oo, 357). 
 It is essentially. the same in the full-grown herb and the tree. 
 
 389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little 
 vesicles, or cells (Fig. 339), as they are called, essentially like 
 
 the cell it began with in the formation of the embryo 
 (Fig. 329) ; and this first cell is the foundation of 
 the whole structure, or the ancestor of all the rest. 
 And a plant is a kind of structure built up of these 
 individual cells, something as a house is built of 
 bricks, — only the bricks or cells are not brought to the forming 
 plant, but are made in it and by it ; or, to give a better comparison, 
 the plant is constructed much as a honeycomb is built up of cells, 
 — only the plant constructs itself, and shapes its own materials into 
 fitting forms. 
 
 390. And vegetable growth consists of two things ; — 1st, the ex- 
 pansion of each cell until it gets its full size (which is commonly not 
 more than -^l^ of an inch in diameter) ; and 2d, the multiplication 
 
 iJliiig Maplp, magnified, showing root-hairs. 
 
 FIG. 337. Tissue from the rootu-t of 
 338. A small portion, more majjnifieU. 
 FIQ. 339. A regularly twelye-sided cell, like those of Fig. aiO, detached. 
 
142 
 
 VEGETABLE FABRIC. 
 
 [lesson 23, 
 
 of the cells in number. It is by the latter, of course, that the prin- 
 cipal increase of plants in bulk takes place. 
 
 _^«U|OV/ 
 
 ,■) 
 
 LESSON XXIIL 
 
 VEGETABLE FABTxIC : CELLULAR TISSUE. 
 
 391. Organic SlrilClUre. A mineral — such as a crystal of spar, or 
 a piece of marble — may be divided into smaller and still smaller 
 pieces, and yet the minutest portion that can be seen with the mi- 
 croscope will have all the characters of the larger body, and be 
 capable of still further subdivision, if we had the means of doing it, 
 into just such particles, only of smaller size. A plant may also be 
 divided into a number of similar parts : first into branches ; then 
 each branch or stem, into joints or similar parts (34), each with its 
 leaf or pair of leaves. But if we divide these into pieces, the pieces 
 are not all alike, nor have they separately the properties of the 
 whole ; they are not whole things, but fragments or slices. 
 
 392. If now, under the microscope, we subdivide a leaf, or a piece 
 of stem or root, we come down in the same way to the set of similar 
 things it is made of, — to cavities with closed walls, — to Cells, as we 
 call them (386), essentially the same everywhere, however they may 
 vary in shape. These are the vnits, or the elements of which every 
 part Consists ; and it is their growth and their multiplication which 
 
 FIG. 340. Magnified vm 
 twc'ivr-. idi il rcll?. (iit f-ro.- 
 
 r, or (liarrmm, of some perfectly regular cellular tissue, formed of 
 
 .vi V (111,1 Ici.gtUwisc. 
 
LKSSON 23.] CKLLULAU TISSUK. 143 
 
 mak(3 tlic growtli of (he plant, as was sliown in tlie List Lesson. 
 We cannot divide them into siniihir smaller parts having the prop- 
 erties of the whole, as we may any mineral hody. We may cut 
 them in pieces ; but the pieces are only mutilated parts of a cell. 
 This is a peculiarity of organic things (2, 3) : it is organic structure. 
 Being com|)osed of cells, the main structure of plants is called 
 
 393. Cellular Tissue. The cells, as they multiply, build up the 
 tissues or fabric of the plant, which, as we have said (389), may be 
 likened to a wall or an ediiice built of bricks, or still better to a 
 honeycomb composed of ranges of cells (Fig. 340). 
 
 394. The walls of the cells are united where they touch each 
 other ; and so the partition ai)pears to be a simple membrane, 
 although it is really double ; as may be shown by boiling the tissue 
 a few minutes and then pulling the parts asunder. And in soft fruits 
 the cells separate in ripening, although they were i)erfectly united 
 into a tissue, when green, like that of Fig. 340. 
 
 395 In that figure the cells fit together perfectl)^, leaving no 
 interstices, except a very small space at some of the corners. 
 But in most leaves, the cells are loosely heaped together, leaving 
 spaces or passages of all sizes (Fig. 356) ; and in the leaves and 
 stems of aquatic and marsh plants, in pai-ticular, the cells are built 
 up into narrow partitions, which form the sides of large and regular 
 canals or passages (as shown in Fig. 341). These passages form 
 the holes or cavities so conspicuous on cutting across any of these 
 plants, and which are always filled with air. They may be likened 
 to a stack of chimneys, built up of cells in place of bricks. 
 
 39 G. When small and irregular, the interstices are called inter, 
 cellular spaces (that is, spaces between the cells). When large and 
 regular, they are named mtercellular passages or air-passar/es. 
 
 397. It will be noticed that in slices of the root, stem, or any tissue 
 where the cells are not partly separate, the boundaries of the cells 
 are usually more or less six-sided, like the cells of a honeycomb ; 
 and this is apt to be the case in whatever direction the slice is made, 
 whether crosswise, lengthwise, or obliquely. The reason of this is 
 easy to see. The natural figure of the cell is globular Cells which 
 are not pressed upon by others are generally round or roundish 
 (except when they grow in some particular direction), as we see in 
 the green pulp of many leaves. When a quantity of spheres (such, 
 for instance, as a pile of cannon-balls) are heaped up, each one in the 
 interior of the heap is touched by twelve others. If the splien's be 
 
144 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [lESSON 23. 
 
 » 
 
 soft and yielding, as young cells are, when pressed together they will 
 become twelve-sided, like that in Fig. 339. And a section in any 
 direction Avill be six-sided, as are the meshes in Fig. 340. 
 
 398. The size of the common cells of plants varies from about 
 the thirtieth to the thousandth of an inch in diameter. An ordinary 
 size is from ^^g^ to -5^ ^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be 
 from 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch ! 
 
 399. Now when it is remembered that many stems shoot up at 
 the rate of an inch or two a day, and sometimes of three or four 
 inches, knowing the size of the cells, we may ibrm some conception 
 of the rapidity of their formation. The giant Puff-ball has been 
 known to enlarge from an inch or so to nearly a foot in diameter 
 in a single night ; but much of this is probably owing to expansion. 
 We take therefore a more decisive, but equally extraordinary case, 
 in the huge flowering stem of the Century-Plant. After waiting 
 many years, or even for a century, to gather strength and materials 
 for the effort, Century-Plants in our conservatories send up a flow- 
 ering stalk, which grows day after day at the rate of a foot in twenty- 
 four hours, and becomes about six inches in diameter. This, sup- 
 posing the cells to average tj^^ of an inch in diameter, requires the 
 formation of over twenty thousand millions of cells in a day ! 
 
 400. The walls of the cells are almost always colorless. The 
 green color of leaves and young bark, and all the brilliant hues of 
 flowers, are due to the contents of the cells, seen through their more 
 or less transparent w-alls. 
 
 401. At first the walls are always very thin. In all soft parts 
 they remain so ; but in other cases they thicken on the inside and 
 harden, as we see in the stone of stone-fruits, and in all hard wood 
 (Fig. 345) Sometimes this thickening continues until the cell is 
 nearly filled up solid. 
 
 402. The walls of cells are perfectly closed and whole, at least in 
 all young and living cells. Those with thickened walls have thin 
 places, indeed ; but there are no holes opening from one cell into 
 another. And yet through these closed cells the sap and all the 
 juices are conveyed from one end of the plant to the other. 
 
 403. Vegetable cells may vary widely in shape, particularly when 
 not combined into a tissue or solid fabric. The hairs of plants, for 
 example, are cells drawn out into tubes, or are composed of a row 
 of cells, growing on the surface. Cotton consists of simple long hairs 
 on thp coat of the seed ; and these hairs are single cells. The hair- 
 
LESSON 24.] WOOD. 145 
 
 like bodies which abounrl on young roots are very slenilcr projec- 
 tions of some of the superficial cells, as is seen in Fig. 3.j7. Kv(mi 
 the fibres of wood, and what are called vessels in plants, are only 
 peculiar forms or transformations of cells. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 VEGETABLE FABRIC : WOOD. 
 
 404. Cellular tissup, such as described in the last Lesson, 
 makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the 
 whole of Mosses and otlier vegetables of the lowest grade, even 
 when full grown. But this fabric is too tender or too brittle to 
 give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to vhe to 
 any considerable height and support themselves. So all such plants 
 have also in their composition more or less of 
 
 405. AVood. Tills is found in all common herbs, as -well as in 
 shrubs and trees ; only there is not so much of it in jiroportion to 
 the softer cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of 
 the root, stem, and leaves ; traces of it appearing in large embr3os 
 even while yet in the seed. 
 
 406. Wood is likewise formed of cells, — of cells which at first 
 are just like those that form the soft parts of plants. But early in 
 th(;ir growth, some of these lengthen and at the same time thicken 
 their walls; these are what is called Woody Fibre or Wood- Cells ; 
 others grow to a greater size, have thin walls with various markings 
 upon them, and often run together end to end so as to form pretty 
 
 FIG 3-11. Part of a slice across the stem of the Calla, or rather IluhurJia ^Vfrk-ina, uiagulfleU 
 
 13 
 
146 
 
 A'EGETABLE FABRIC. 
 
 [lesson 24. 
 
 large tubes, comparatively ; these are called Ducts, or sometimes 
 Vessels. Wood almost always consists of both woody fibres and ducts, 
 342 343 345 variously intermingled, and combined 
 
 into bundles or threads which run 
 lengthwise through the root and stem, 
 and are spread out to form the frame- 
 work of the leaves (13G). In trees 
 and shrubs they are so numerous and 
 crowded together, that they make a 
 '' solid mass of wood. In herbs they 
 are fewer, and often scattered. That 
 is all the difference. 
 ^ 407. Tlie porosity of some kinds of 
 wood, which is to be seen by the naked 
 eye, as in mahogany and Oak-wood, is 
 owing to a large sort of ducts. These 
 generally contain air, except in very 
 * young parts, and in the spring of the 
 }'ear, when they are often gorged with 
 sap, as we see in a wounded Grape- 
 vine, or in tlie trunk of a Sugar-Maple 
 at that time. But in woody ])lants 
 through the season, tlie sap is usually 
 carried up from the roots to the leaves 
 by the 
 
 408. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibre. (Fig. 342-345.) These are 
 email tubes, commonly between one and two thousandths, but in 
 Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diam- 
 eter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, shown in Fig. 
 542, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those of But- 
 tonwood (Fig. 345) are larger, and are here higlily magnified be- 
 sides. They also show the way wood-cells are commonly put to- 
 gether, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping each other, — 
 spliced together, as it were, — thus giving more strength and tough- 
 ness to the stem, &c. 
 
 Fro. .?42. Two wood-cells from tlie inner or fibrous bark of the Linden or Basswood. 
 343. Some tissue of the wood of the same, viz. wood-cells, and below ((/) a iKUtioti of a 
 spirally marked duct. 3-44. A separate wood-cell. All equally magnified. 
 
 FIG. 345. Some wood-cells of Buttonwood, liifrhly niagniliod : a, lliin spots in the 
 walls, looking like Jioles ; on the right-hand side, where the walls are cut tlirough, thes« 
 i^b) are seen in prufilq. 
 
24.] 
 
 147 
 
 'j^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 .*. 
 
 
 r. 
 
 ?j 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (, 
 
 c' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 4 
 
 -f 
 
 'v 
 
 ^Aq 
 
 1 
 
 ©0 
 
 A 
 
 u 
 
 400. In hard Avoods, such as Hickory, Oak, and r>iitton\vood (Fig. 
 345), the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense ; while 
 in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are pretty tiiin. 
 
 410. "Wood-cells, like other cells (at least when young and living), 
 have no openings ; each has its own cavity, closed and independent. 
 They do not form anything like a set of i)ipes oi)ening one into an- 
 other, so as to convey an unbroken stream of sap through the plant, 
 in I lie way people generally suppose. The contents can pass from one 
 cell to another only by getting through the partitions in some way or 
 other. And so short ai-e the individual wood- 
 cells generally, that, to rise a foot in such a ti-ee 
 as the Biu^swood, the sap has to jiass through 
 about two thousand partitions ! 
 
 ■111. But although there are no holes (ex- 
 cept by breaking away when old), there are 
 jilenty of thin places, which look like perfora- 
 tions ; and through these the sap is readily trans- 
 ferred from one cell to another, in a manner to 
 be explained further on (487). Some of them 346 317 
 
 are exhibited in Fig. 345, both as looked directly down upon, when 
 they appear as dots or holes, and in profile where the cells are cut 
 through. The latter view shows what they really are, namely, very 
 thin ])laces in the thickness of the wall ; and also that a thin place in 
 one cell exactly corresponds to one in the contiguous wall of.the next 
 cell. In tlu! wood of the Pine family, these thin spots are much 
 larger, and are very conspicuous in a thin slice of wood under the 
 microscope (Fig. 34G, 347) ; — forming stamps impressed as it were 
 upon each fibre of every tree of this great family, by which it may 
 be known even in the smallest fragment of its wood. 
 
 412. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and 
 tougher than those of the j)roper wood, and appear more like fibres. 
 For example. Fig. 344 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood, 
 of average length, and Fig. 342 one (and part of another) of the 
 fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells 
 lorni the principal part of filirous bark, or bust, they are named Bast- 
 rr/ls or Bdst-Jihres. These give the great toughness to the inner 
 Urk of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leatherwood ; and they 
 
 riG. 346. A bit of I'iiio-sliavinjj, liiglily magnified, showing the large circular thin spota 
 of the wall of the wood-cella. 34T. A Bcparatc wood-cell, more inngnifled, the varying thick- 
 ucss of the wall at these spots showing as rings. 
 
148 
 
 VEGETABLE FABRIC. 
 
 [lesson 24. 
 
 414. 
 
 furnish the invakiable fibres of flax and hemp ; the Avood of the 
 stem being tender, brittle, and destroyed by the processes wliich 
 sepai-ate for use the tough and slender bast-cells. 
 
 413. Ducts (Fig. 348-350) are larger than wood-cells, some of 
 them having a calibre large enough to be seen by the naked eye, 
 when cut across (407), although 
 they are usually much too small 
 for this. They are either long 
 single cells, or are formed of a row 
 of cells placed end to end. Fig. 
 349, a piece of a large dotted duct, 
 and two of the ducts in Fig. 350, 
 show this by their joints, which 
 niaik the boundaries of the several 
 cells they are composed of. 
 The walls of ducts under the microscope display various 
 kinds of markings. In what are called 
 
 Dotted Ducts (Fig. 348, 349), which are the commonest and the 
 largest of all, — their cut ends making the visible porosity of Oak- 
 Avood, — the whole wall is apparently riddled with holes ; but until 
 they become old, these are only thin places. 
 
 Spiral Ducts, or Spiral Vessels, also the varieties of these called 
 Annular or Banded Ducts (Fig. 350), are marked by a delicate fibre 
 spirally* coiled, or by rings or bands, thickening the wall. In the 
 genuine spiral duct, the thread may be uncoiled, tearing the trans- 
 parent Avail in pieces ; — as may be seen by breaking most young 
 shoots, or the leaves of Strawberry or Amaryllis, and pulling the 
 broken ends gently asunder, uncoiling these gossamer threads in 
 abundance. In Fig. 355, some of these various sorts of ducts or 
 vessels are shown in their place in the Avood. 
 
 415. Milk- Vessels, Turpentine- Vessels, Oil-Receptacles, and the 
 like, are generally canals or cavities formed betAveen or among the 
 cells, and filled Avith the particular products of the plant. 
 
 FIG. 348. P;irt of a dotted duct from a Grape-vine. 349. A .similar one, evidently com- 
 posed of a row of cells. 3.')0. Part of a bundle of spiral and annular ducts from the stem 
 uf Polygonum orientale, or Princes' Feather. All liighly magnified. 
 
LESSON 25.] ANATO.MY OK TIIK UOOT. 149 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 ANATOMY or Tllli ROOT, STi:M, AND LnAVKS. 
 
 41G. IlAViNd in tlic last jircocding Lnssons Icariit'd what tho 
 iiiritciials of tlic vegetable fabric are, we may now briefly consider 
 how they are put together, and how tliey att in carrying on the 
 j)hint's operations. 
 
 417. The root and the stem are so much alike in their internal 
 slnicturc, that a description of the anatomy of the latter will answer 
 for the former also. 
 
 418. The StriH'turc of IllC Rootlets, however, or the tip of the root, 
 demands a moment's attention. The tip of the root is the newest 
 part, and is constantly renewing itself so long as the plant is active 
 (07). It is shown magnified in Fig. 5G, and is the same in all rootlets 
 as in the first root of the seedling. The new roots, or their new 
 parts, are mainly concerned in imbibing moisture from the ground ; 
 and the newer they are, the more actively do they absorb. The ab- 
 sorbing ends of roots are entirely composed of soft, new, and very 
 thin-walled cellular tissue; it is only farther back that some wood- 
 cells and ducts are found. The moisture (and probably also air) 
 jirescntcd to them is absorbed through the delicate walls, which, like 
 those of the cells in the interior, are destitute of openings or pores 
 visible even under the higliest possible magnifying power. 
 
 410. But as the rootlet grows older, the cells of its external laver 
 harden their walls, and form a sort of skin, or epidci'mis (like that 
 which everywhere covers the stem and foliage above ground), which 
 greatly checks absorption. Roots accordingly cease very actively to 
 imbibe moisture almost as soon as they stop growing (f)7). 
 
 420. Many of the cells of the surface of young rootlets send out a 
 prolongation in the form of a slender hair-like tube, closed of course 
 nt the apex, but at the base opening into the cavity of the cell. 
 These tubes or root-hairs (shown in Fig. i)o and oG, and a few of 
 them, more magnified, in Fig. 3o7 and y.jS), sent out in all direc- 
 tions info the soil, vastly increase the amount of absorbing surface 
 which the root jin-scnts to it. 
 
 421. Strilftlirc of tllf Stem (also of the body of the root). At the 
 beginning, when the root and stem sjiring from the seed, they consist 
 
 13* 
 
150 
 
 ANATOMY OF ENDOGKNOUS 
 
 [lesson 25. 
 
 almost entirely of soft and tender cellular tissue. But as tliey grow, 
 wood begins at once to be formed in thein. 
 
 422. This woody material is arranged in the stem in two very 
 different ways in different plants, making two sorts of wood. One 
 sort we see in a Palm-stem, a rattan, and a Corn-stalk (Fig. 351) ; 
 the other we are familiar with in Oak, Maple, and all r.in. common 
 kinds of wood. In the first, the wood is made up of separate threads, 
 scattered here and tliere throughout the whole diameter of the stem. 
 In the second the woid is all collected to form a layer (in a slice 
 across appearing as a ring) of wood, between a central cellular part 
 which has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark. 
 This last is the plan of all our Northern trees and shrubs, and of the 
 greater part of our herbs. The first kind is 
 
 423. The Endogenous Stem ; so named from two Greek words mean- 
 ing " inside-growing," because, when it lasts from year to year, the 
 
 new wood which is added is interspersed among 
 the older threads of wood, and in old stems the 
 hardest and oldest wood is near the surface, and 
 the youngest and softest towards the centre. All 
 the plants represented in Fig. 47, on p. 19, (ex- 
 cept the anomalous Cycas,) are examples of En- 
 dogenous stems. And all such belong to plants 
 with only one cotyledon or seed-leaf to the em- 
 bryo (32). Botanists therefore call them Endoge- 
 nous or Monocotyledonous Plants, using sometimes 
 one name, and sometimes the other. Endogenous 
 stems have no separate pith in the centre, no distinct- bark, and no 
 layer or ring of wood between these two ; but the threads of wood 
 are scattered throughout the whole, without any particular order. 
 This is very different from 
 
 424. The Exogenous Stem, the one we have most to do with, since 
 all our Northern trees and shrubs are constructed on tiiis plan. It 
 belongs to all plants which have two cotyledons to the embryo (or 
 more than two, such as Pines, 33) ; so that we call these either 
 Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants (IG), accordingly as we take 
 the name from the stem or from the embryo. 
 
 425. In the Exogenous stem, as already stated, the Avood is all 
 collected into one zone, surrounding a pith of pure cellular tissue in 
 the centre, and surrounded by a distinct and separable bark, the 
 
 FIG. 351. Section of a Corn-stalk (an endogenous stem), both crosswise and length-vise. 
 
LKSSON 25.] 
 
 AND KXOr.KNOUS STKMS. 
 
 151 
 
 outer jiart of which is also (•.■Ihilar. This stnicliin* is very familiar 
 in foininon wood. It is really just the same in the stem of an herb, 
 only the wood is much less in quantity. Compare, for 
 instance, a cross-section of the stem of Flax (Fig. 352) 
 with that of a shoot of Maple or Ilorsechestnut of 
 the same ajre. In an herb, the wood at the bcfrinninj; 
 r-nnsist* nf .<;eparate ihreadr^ or little Wcu<>cs oi" woou ; 
 but these, however few and scattered tlu'y may be, ary 
 all so placed in the 
 stem as to mark out 
 a zone (or in the 
 cross-section a ring) 
 of wood, dividing the 
 pith within from the 
 bark without. 
 
 420. The accompa- 
 nying figures (which 
 are diagrams rather 
 than exact delinea- 
 tions) may serve to 
 illustrate the anat- 
 omy of a woody 
 exogenous stem, of 
 one year old. The 
 parts are explained 
 in the references be- 
 low. In the centre is 
 thcPith. Surround- 
 ing this is the layer ..i;. 
 
 of Wood, consisting both of wood-cells and of ducts or vessels. From 
 the pith to the bark on all sides run a set of narrow plates of cellular 
 tissue, called Medullary Rays : these make the silver-(/roin of wood. 
 On the cross-section they appear merely as narrow lines ; but in 
 •wood cut lengthwise parallel to them, their fixces show as glinimer- 
 
 Flfi. 353. Cross-section of the stem of Flax, sliowing its liark, wood, and jiilli. 
 
 Fit;. :t53. Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise. 
 
 FIG. :r>l. A |)orti(m of the same, magnified. 
 
 Fit!. :t'>5. A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the hark to the 
 pith, and highly magnifli-d : n, a small hit of llio pilh ; h, spiral dnrls (if what is called tho 
 mrilitllwij sheath : c, the wood ; </, '/, dotted ducts in the wood ; c, f, annular ducts ; /, the liher 
 or inner hark ; it, the green hark ; A, the corky layer ; i, the skin, or epidermis ; /, one of the 
 medullary rays, or plates of silver-grain, seen on the cross-sectinn. 
 
152 ANATOMY OF THE [lESSON 25. 
 
 inpj plates, giving a peculiar appearance to Oak, Maple, and other 
 wood with large medullary rays. 
 
 427. The Bark covers and protects the wood. At first it is all 
 cellular, like the pith ; but soon some slender woody fibres, called 
 bast-cells (Fig. 342), generally appear in it, next the wood, forming 
 
 T!l" Jj^her. or FihrQUs Bark, the inner bark ; to which belongs the 
 fine fibrous hast or bass of Basswood, and the tough and slender iTores 
 of flax and hemp, which are spun and woven, or made into cordage. 
 In the Birch and Beech the inner bark has few if any bast-cells in 
 its composition. 
 
 The Cellular or Outer Bark consists of cellular tissue only. It is 
 distinguished into two parts, an inner and an outer, viz. : — 
 
 The Green Bark, or Green Layer, which consists of tender cells, 
 containing the same green matter as the leaves, and serving the 
 same purpose. In the course of the first season, in woody stems, this 
 becomes covered with 
 
 TJie Corky Layer, so named because it is the same substance as 
 cork ; common cork being the thick corky layer of the bark of the 
 Cork-Oak, of Spain. It is this which gives to the stems or twigs of 
 shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar to each ; namely, 
 light gray in the Ash, purple in the Red Maple, red in several Dog- 
 woods, &c. Lastly, 
 
 The Epidermis, or skin of the plant, consisting of a layer of thick- 
 sided empty cells, covers the whole. 
 
 428. Growth of the Stem year after year. So much for an exogenous 
 
 stem only one year old. The stems of herbs perish at the end of the 
 season. But those of shrubs and trees make a new growth every 
 year. It is from their mode of growth in diameter that they take the 
 name of exogenous, i. e. outside-growing. The second year, such a 
 stem forms a second layer of wood outside of the first ; the third year, 
 another outside of that ; and so on, as long as the tree lives. So that 
 the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off at the base, exhibits as 
 many concentric rings of wood as it is years old. Over twelve hun- 
 dred layers have actually been counted on the stump of an agr d tree, 
 such as the Giant Cedar or Redwood of California; and there are 
 doubtless some trees now standing in various parts of the world which 
 were already in existence at the beginning of the Christian era. 
 
 429. As to the bark, the green layer seldom grows much after the 
 first season. Sometimes the corky layer grows and forms new 
 layers, inside of the old, for a good many years, as in the Cork-Oak, 
 
LESSON 25.] KXOGKNOUS STEM. 153 
 
 the Sweot Gum-tree, aii<l the "White and the Paper Bireh. r>ut it 
 all dies after ti \\liile; and the eontinual enlarj^enient of the wood 
 within finally stretches it more than it can hear, and sooner or later 
 cracks and rends it, while the weather acts powerfully upon its 
 surface ; so the older bark perishes and falls away piecemeal year 
 by year. 
 
 4.30. But the inner bark, or liber, does make a new growth an- 
 nually, as long as the tree lives, inside of that formed the year before, 
 and next the surface of the wood. INIore commonly the liber occurs 
 in the form of thin layers, wliich may be distinctly counted, as in 
 Basswood : but this is not always the case. After the outer bark 
 is destroyed, the older and dead layers of the inner bark are also 
 exposed to the weather, arc riven or split into fragments, and fall 
 away iu succession. Jii many trees the bark accpures a considerable 
 thickness on old trunks, although uU except the innermost portion is 
 dead ; in others it falls off more rapidly ; in the stems of Honey- 
 suckles and Grape-vines, the bark all separates and hangs in loose 
 shivds when only a )ear or two old. 
 
 4.'M. Sap-\V00ll. In the wood, on the contrary, — owing to its 
 growing on the outside alone, — the older layers are quietly buried 
 under the newer ones, and protected by them from all disturbance. 
 All the wood of the young sapling may be alive, and all its cells 
 or woody tubes active in carrying up the sap from the roots to the 
 leaves. It is all Sap-tcood or Alburnum, as young and fresh wood 
 is called. But the older layers, reiiiovecl a step farther every year 
 from the region of growth, — or rath' r the zone of growth every 
 year removed a step farther from tlieni, — soon cease to bear much, 
 if any, |)arL in the circulation of the tree, and prohablv have long 
 before ceased to be alive. Sooner or later, according to the kind of 
 tree, they ai-e turned into 
 
 432. llrart-WOOd, which we know is drier, harder, more solid, and 
 much more durable as timber, than sap-wood. It is generally of a 
 different color, and it exhibits in dittc-rent species the hue peculiar 
 to each, such as reddish in Red-Cedar, lnnwn in lilack-Walnut, 
 black in Ebony, &cc. The change of sap-wnod into Ik art-wood re- 
 sults from the thickening of the walls of the wood-cells by the depo- 
 sition of hard matter, lining the tubes and diminishing their calibre ; 
 and by the; deposition of a vegetable coloring-matter peculiar to each 
 species. 
 
 433. The heart-wood, being no longer a living pait, may decay 
 
 S & F— 8 
 
154 ANATOMY OF THE STEJI [leSSON 25. 
 
 and often does so, without the least injury to the tree, except by im- 
 pairing the strength of the trunk, and ijo rendering it more hable to 
 be overthrown. 
 
 434. The Living Parts of a Tree, of the exogenous kind, are only 
 these : first, the rootlets at one extremity ; second, the buds and 
 leaves of the season at the other ; and third, a zone consisting of 
 the newest wood and the newest bark, connecting the rootlets with 
 the buds or leaves, however widely separated these may be, — in 
 the largest trees from two to four hundred feet apart. And these 
 parts of the tree are all renewed every year. No Avonder, there- 
 fore, that trees may live so long, since they annually rej)roduce 
 everj'thing that is essential to their life and growth, and since only 
 a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree sur- 
 vives, but nothing now living has existed long. In it, as elsewhere, 
 life is a transitory thing, ever abandoning the old, and displaying 
 itself afresh in the neto. 
 
 435. Cambilim-Laycr. The new growth in the stem, by which it 
 increases in diameter year after year, is confined to a narrow line 
 between the wood and the inner bark. Cambium is the old name 
 for the mucilage which is so abundant between the bark and the 
 wood in spring. It was supposed to be poured out there, and that 
 the bark really separated from the wood at this time. This is not 
 the case. The newest bark and wood are still united by a delicate 
 tissue of young and forming cells, — called the Camhhan-kiyer, — 
 loaded with a rich mucilaginous sap, and so tender that in spring 
 the bark may be raised from the wood by the slightest force. 
 Here, nourished by this rich mucilage, new cells are rapidly form- 
 ing by division (387-390) ; the inner ones are added to the wood, 
 and the outer to the bark, so producing the annual layers of the 
 two, which are ever I'enewing the life of the trunk. 
 
 436. At the same time nevv rootlets, growing in a similar w\qy, are 
 extending the roots beneath ; and new shoots, charged with new buds, 
 annually develop fresh crops of leaves in the air above. Only, 
 while the additions to the wood and bark remain as a permanent 
 portion of the tree, or until destroyed by decay, the foliage is tem- 
 porary, the crop of leaves being annually thrown off after they have 
 served their ])urpose. 
 
 437. SlniPtnre of Ihe leaf, Leaves also consist both of a woody 
 and a cellular part (135). The woody part is the framework of ribs 
 and veins, which have already been described in full (136-147). 
 
LESSON 25.] AND LKAVK3. 153 
 
 Tlicy serve not only to strengthen the leaf, hut also to hring; in tlie 
 aseeniliiij^ sap, and to distribute it by the veinlets tlirougliout every 
 j)art. The eelhihir jiorlion is the "jreen |)uli), and is nearly the same 
 as the <!;reen layer of the l)ark. So that the leaf may properly 
 enough be reganh-d as a sort of expansion of the fibrous and green 
 layers of the bark. It has of course no corky layer ; but the whole 
 is covered by a trans[)arent skin or epiderinis, resembling that of 
 the stem. 
 
 4u8. The green pulp consists of cells of various forms, usually 
 loosely arranged, so as to leave many irregular S[)aces, or air-pas^ 
 sages, communicating with each other throughout the whole interior 
 of the leaf (Fig. 35()). The green color is owing to a peculiar 
 green matter lying loose in tlu; cells, in form of minute grains, 
 named Clilorojjliyll (i. e. tiie green of '-^r^'r^—-f—^^ — r^^=r7=: 
 leaves). It is this substance, seen '~l\ ' 
 
 through tlie transparent walls of the L 
 cells where it is accumulated, which 2>: 
 gives the common green hue to vege- j, 
 tation, and especially to foliage. |^_ "feL- 
 
 430. The green pulp in most leaves ^ " - ^-'^N. 
 
 forms two principal layers; an upper a- ^ ~ ^ 
 
 one, facing the sky, and an under one, ;pc5c^^j^ 
 facing the ground. The upper one is s'jS 
 
 always deeper green in color than the lower. This is partly owing, 
 perhaps, to a greater amount of chloropliyll in the upper cells, but 
 mainly to the more compact arrangement of these cells. As is seen 
 in Fig. 35 G and 357, the cells of the upper side are oblong or cylin- 
 drical, and stand endwise to the surface of the leaf, usually close to- 
 grilicr, leaving hardly any vacant spaces. Those of the lower part 
 of the leaf are apt to be irregular in shape, most of them with their 
 longer diameter parallel to the face of the leaf, and are very loosely 
 arranged, leaving many and wide air-chambers. The green color 
 underneath is therefore diluted and paler. 
 
 440. In many plants which grow where they are subject to 
 drought, and which Inild theii- lea\(s (hiring the dry season (the 
 Oleander for example), the greater part of the thickness of the leaf 
 consists of layers of long cells, placed endwise and very nuich com- 
 
 FIO. a.'ifi. Prrlion tliniiich tlio tliickiips's of n Icnfiif llip Star Aiii^e (IlliriiinO, of Fli-rida, 
 in.iKiiiru-il. 'I'lic iiiipiT and Ilio lnwrr liiyera of iliirlt-uallcd .iiid niipty cells ro|ircspiit (ho 
 riiidrriiiiH nr skin. All those butwucu are colU ot tlio grevii pulp, containing graind of 
 clilurupliyll. 
 
156 ANATOMY OF THE LEAVES. [leSSON 25. 
 
 pacted, so as to expose as little surface as possible to the direct action 
 of the hot sun. On the other hand, the leaves of marsh plants, and 
 Jf others not intended to survive a drought, have their cells more 
 loosely arranged throughout. In such leaves the epidermis, or skin, 
 is made of only one layer of cells ; while in the Oleander, and the 
 like, it consists of three or four layers of hard and thick-walled cells. 
 In all this, therefore, we plainly see an arrangement for tempering 
 the action of direct sunshine, and for resti-aining a too copious evap- 
 oration, which would dry up and destroy the tender cells, at least 
 when moisture is not abundantly supplied through the roots. 
 
 441. That the upper side of the leaf alone is so constructed as to 
 bear the sunshine, is shown by what happens when their position is 
 reversed : then the leaf soon twists on its stalk, so as to turn again 
 its under surface away from the light ; and when prevented from 
 doing so, it perishes. 
 
 442. A large part of the moisture which the roots of a growing 
 plant are constantly absorbing, after being carried up through the 
 stem, is evaporated from the leaves. A Sunflower-plant, a little 
 over three feet high, and with between five and six thousand square 
 inches of surface in foliage, &c., has been found to exhale twenty or 
 thirty ounces (between one and two pints) of water in a day. Some 
 part of this, no doubt, flies off through the walls of the epidermis or 
 skin, at least in sunshine and dry weather ; but no considerable por- 
 tion of it. The very object of this skin is to restrain evaporation. 
 The greater part of the moisture exhaled escapes from the leaf 
 through the 
 
 443. StomatCS or Brcalhing-porcs. These are small openings through 
 the epidermis into the air-chambers, establishing a direct commu- 
 nication between the whole interior of the leaf and the external air. 
 Through these the vapor of water and air can freely escape, or 
 enter, as the case may be. The aperture is guarded by a pair of 
 thin-walled cells, — resembling those of the green pulp within, — 
 which open when moist so as to allow exhalation to go on, but 
 promptly close Avhen dry, so as to arrest it before the interior of the 
 leaf is injured by the dryness. 
 
 444. Like the air-chambers, the br(>athing-pores belong mainly to 
 the under side of the leaf. In the White Lily, — where they are 
 unusually large, and easily seen by a simple microscope of mod- 
 erate power, — there are about GO.OOO to the square inch on the 
 epidermis of the lower surface of the leaf, and only about 3,000 in 
 
LESSON 20.] 
 
 xni-: PLANT IN ACTKJN. 
 
 i:>7 
 
 the same space of the n])|)<>r surface. iMon^ commonly (here arc few 
 or none on the upper side ; direct sunshine eviih-ntly being unfavoi'- 
 able to their operation. Tlieir immense numbers make up for their 
 minuteness. They are said to vary from less than 1,000 to 170,('00 
 to tiie square incij of surface. In the A|)ple-tree, where tliey are 
 under the average as to number, there are about 24,000 to the 
 sfpiare incii of the lower surface ; so that each leaf has not far from 
 100,000 of these openings or mouths. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 THE PLANT IN ACTION, DOING Till: WORK OF VEGETATION. 
 
 445. Being now ac<iuainted with the machinery of the plant, we 
 naturally proceed to inipiire what the use of it is, and how it works. 
 
 44G. It has already been stated, in the first of these Lessons (7), 
 that the great work of plants is to cltaiKjc inorganic info on/anic 
 matter ; that is, to take portions of earlh and air, — of mineral mat- 
 ter, — upon which animals cannot live at all, and to ct)nvert them 
 
 FIO. 357. Portion of .1 Wliito Lily leaf, cut throiich .tikI tii.iBnificd, «1io\vinu .i sprtion of 
 the thickness, ami also a part of iho skin of ilio lower siilc, with M)ini> liroalliiiiu-Doroa 
 11 
 
158- THE PLANT IN ACTION. [lESSON 26. 
 
 into something upon which they can live, namely, into food. All 
 the food of" all animals is produced by plants. Animals live upon 
 vegetables ; and vegetables live upon earth and air, principally 
 upon the air. 
 
 447. Plants fpfd upon Earth and Air. This is evident enough from 
 the way in whicli they live. Many plants will flourish in pure sand 
 or powdered chalk, or on the bare face of a rock or wall, watered 
 merely with rain-water. And almost any plant may be made to 
 grow from the seed in pure sand, and increase its weight many times, 
 even if it will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended 
 from the branches of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone, 
 never having any connection with the soil (81) ; and some which 
 naturally grow on the ground, like the Live-for-ever of the gardens, 
 when pulled up by the roots and hung in the air will often flourish 
 the whole summer long. 
 
 448. It is true that fast-growing plants, or those which produce 
 considerable vegetable matter in one season, — especially in such a 
 concentrated form as to be useful as food for man or the higher 
 animals, — will come to maturity only in an enriched soil. But 
 what is a rich soil ? One Avhich contains decomposing vegetable 
 matter, or some decomposing animal matter ; that is, in either case, 
 some decomposing organic matter formerly produced by plants ; 
 aided by this, grain-bearing and other important vegetables will 
 grow more rapidly and vigorously, and make a greater amount of 
 nourishing matter, than they could if left to do the whole work at 
 once from the beginning. So that in these cases also all the oiganio 
 matter was made by plants, and made out of earth and air. 
 
 449. Their Chemical Composition shows what Plants are made of. The 
 
 soil and the air in which plants live, and by which they are every- 
 where surrounded, supply a variety of materials, some likely to be 
 useful to the plant, others not. To know what elements the jilanl 
 makes use of, we must first know of what its fabric and its products 
 are co?n posed. 
 
 4/>0. We may distinguish two sorts of materials in plants, one of 
 which is absolutely essential, and is the same in all of them ; the 
 other, ^Iso to some extent essential, but very variable in different 
 plants, or in the same plant under different circumstances. The 
 former is the organic, the latter the inorganic or earthy materials. 
 
 45]. The Eariiiy or Inorganic Constituents, If we burn thoroughly a 
 
 \e.&-^, a piece of wood, or any other part of a vegetable, almost tdl of 
 
LESSON 20.] ITS CHKMICAL CO.MI'OSITION. 159 
 
 it is (lissipalt'd into air. IJiit a Utile a-lics icinaiii : tlifSf represent 
 the cartiiy constituents of tiie plant. 
 
 452. Tl>ey consist of some potash (or soda if a marine plant was 
 used), some slkx (the same as Hint), and probaljly a little lime, al- 
 V mi lie, or magnesia, iron or manganese, siilpliur or phosphorus, &:c. 
 Some or all of these elegdents may be detected in many or most 
 plants. But they make no j)art of their real fabric ; and they Ibrm 
 only from one or two to nine or ten parts out of a hundred of any 
 vegetable substance. The ashes vary according to the nature 
 of the soil. In fact, they consist, principally, of such materials as 
 liajjpened to be dissolved, in small quantity, in the water which was 
 taken up by the roots ; and when that is consumed by the plant, or 
 ilies off pure (as it largely does, 447) by exhalation, the earthy mat- 
 ter is left behind in the cells, — just as it is left incrusting the sides 
 of a teakettle in which much hard water has been boiled. As is 
 very natural, therefore, we find more earthy matter (i. e. more 
 ashes) in the leaves than in any other part (sometimes as much as 
 seven per cent, when the wood contains only two per cent) ; because 
 it is through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the plant. 
 These earthy constituents are often useful to the plant (the silex, for 
 instance, increases the strength of the Wheat-stalk), or are useful in 
 the plant's products as furnishing needful elements in the food of man 
 and other animals ; and some must be held to be necessary to vege- 
 tation, since this is never known to go on without them. 
 
 453. The Orsratlic CoilSlitllClltS. As has just been remarked, when 
 we burn in tlit.' open air a piece of any plant, nearly its whole bulk, 
 and from 88 to more than lit) parts out of a hundred by weight of its 
 substance, disappear, being turned into air and vapor. These are 
 the organic constituents which have thus been consumed, — the 
 actual materials of the cells and the whole real fabric of the plant. 
 And we may state that, in burning, it has been decomposed into ex- 
 actly tiie same kinds of air, and the vapor of water, that the plant 
 used in its making. The burning has merely undone the work of 
 vegetation, and given back the materials to the air just in the state 
 in which the plant took them. 
 
 454. It will not be difltcult to understand what the organic con- 
 stituents, that is, what the real materials, of the plant are, and how 
 the plant obtains them. The substance of which vegetable tissue, 
 viz. the wall of the cells, is made, is by chen»ists named Cellulose. It 
 is just the same thing in composition in wood and in soft cellular lis- 
 
160 THE PLANT IN ACTION. [lESSON 26. 
 
 sue, — in the tender pot-herb and in th^ oldest tree. It is composed 
 of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 12 parts of the former to 10 of each 
 of the two latter. These, accordingly, are necessary materials of 
 vegetable growth, and must be received by the growing plant. 
 
 455. The Plaiirs Food must contain these three elements in some 
 shape or other. Let us look for them iji the materials which the 
 plant is constantly taking from the soil and the air. 
 
 456. Water is the substance of which it takes in vastly more than 
 of anything else : we well know how necessary it is to vegetable life. 
 The plant imbibes water by the roots, which are specially construct- 
 ed for taking it in, as a liquid when the soil is wet, and probably 
 also in the form of vapor when the soil is only damp. That water 
 in the form of vapor is absorbed by the leaves likewise, when the 
 plant needs it, is evident from the way partly wilted leaves revive 
 and freshen when sprinkled or placed in a moist atmosphere. Now 
 water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, two of the three elements 
 of cellulose or plant-fabric. Moreover, the hydrogen and the oxygen 
 exist in water in exactly the same pi-oportions that they do in cellu- 
 lose : so it is clear that water furnishes these two elements. 
 
 457. We inquire, therefore, after the third element, carbon. This 
 is the same as pure charcoal. Charcoal is the carbon of a vegetable 
 left behind after charring, that is, heating it out of contact of the air 
 until the hydrogen and oxygen are di'iven off. The charcoal of wood 
 is so abundant in bulk as to preserve perfectly the shape of the cells 
 after charring, and in weight it amounts to about half that of the 
 original material. Carbon itself is a solid, and not at all dissolved 
 by water : as such, therefore, it cannot be absorbed into the plant, 
 however minute the particles ; only liquid and air can pass through 
 the walls of the cells (402, 410). It must therefore come to the 
 plant in some combination, and in a fluid form. The only substance 
 within the plant's reach containing carbon in the proper state is 
 
 458. Carhonic Acid. This is a gas, and one of the components 
 of the atmosphere, everywhere making about ^^Vtj P'''^*^ ^^ '^'^^ ^"^^^' 
 — enough for the food of plants, but not enough to be injurious to 
 animals. For when mixed in any considerable proportion with the 
 air we breathe, carbonic acid is very poisonous. The air produced 
 by burning charcoal is carbonic acid, and we know how soon burnmg 
 charcoal in a close room will destroy life. 
 
 459. The air around us consists, besides this minute proportion 
 of carbonic acid, of two other gases, mixed together, viz. oxygen 
 
LESSON 2G.] ITS KOOD. ICl 
 
 and nitrogen. The nitrogen gas docs not snpport animal life v it only 
 dilutes the oxygen, which docs. It is the oxygen gas alone whieii 
 renders the air iit for breathing. 
 
 4t)0. Carbonic acid consists of carbon combined with oxygen. In 
 breathing, animals are constantly forming carbonic acid gas by unit- 
 ing carbon from their bodies with oxygen of the air ; they inspire 
 oxygen into their lungs ; they breath it out as carbonic acid. So 
 with every breatli nniiiKils are diiniiii.-hing the oxygen of the air, — 
 so necessary to animal life, — and ar(i iiu-i-easing its carbonic acid, — 
 so hurtful to animal Hie ; or ralliei', wiiieh would be so hurtful if it 
 •were allowed to accumulate in the air. The reason why it does not 
 increase in the air beyond this minute proportion is that plants feed 
 upon it. They draw their whole stock of carbon irom the caibonic 
 acid of I lie air. 
 
 4G1. Phmts take it in by their leaves. Every current, or breeze 
 that stirs the foliage, brings to every leaf a succession of fresh atoms 
 of carbonic acid, which it absorbs through its thousands of breathing- 
 pores. "We may })rove this very easily, by putting a small plant or 
 a fresh leafy bough into a glass globe, exposed to sunshine, and hav- 
 ing two opeiungs, causing air mixed with a known proportion of 
 carbonic acid gas to enter by one opening, slowly traverse the foliage, 
 and j)ass out by the other into a vessel proper to receive it : now, 
 examining the air chemically, it will be found to have less carbonic 
 acid than before. A portion has been taken up by the foliage. 
 
 4G2. Plants also take it in by their roots, some probably as a gas, 
 in the same way that leaves absorb it, and much, certainly, dissolved 
 in the water which the rootlets imbibe. Tlie air in the soil, es- 
 pecially in a rich soil, contains many times as much carbonic acid 
 as an equal bulk of tlu; atmosphero above. Decoinjjosing vegetable 
 matter or manures, in the soil, are constantly evolving carbonic acid, 
 and a large part of it remains there, in the pores and crevices, among 
 which the absorbing rootlets spread and ramify. Besides, as this gas 
 is dissolved by water in a moderate degree, every rain-drop that falls 
 from the clouds to the ground brings with it a little carbonic acid, 
 dissolving or washing it out of the air as it jyasses, and bringing it 
 down to the roots of plants. And what flows off int^ the streams 
 and ponds serves for the Ibod of water-plants. 
 
 4G3. So water and carbonic acid, taken in by the leaves, or taken 
 in by the roots and carried up to the leaves as crude sap. are the 
 general food of plants, — are tlie raw materials out of which at lea.^t 
 14* 
 
162 THE PLANT IN ACTION, [lESSON 26. 
 
 the fabric and a part of the general products of the plant are made. 
 Water and carbonic acid are mineral matters : in the phxnt, mainly 
 in the foliage, they are changed into organic matters. This is 
 
 4G4. The Plant's proper Work, Assimilation, viz. the conversion by the 
 
 vegetable of foreign, dead, mineral matter into its own living sub- 
 stance, or into organic matter capable of becoming living substance. 
 To do this is, as we have said, the peculiar office of the plant. How 
 and where is it done ? 
 
 465. It is done in the green parts of plants alone, and only when 
 these are acted upon hy the ligltt of the sun. The sun in some way 
 supplies a power which enables the living plant to originate these 
 peculiar chemical combinations, — to organize matter into forms 
 which are alone capable of being endowed with life. The proof of 
 this proposition is simple ; and it shows at the same time, in the 
 simplest way, what the plant does with the water and carbonic acid 
 it consumes. Namely, 1st, it is only in sunshine or bright daylight 
 that the green parts of plants give out oxygen gas, — then they do ; 
 and 2d, the giving out of this oxygen gas is just what is required to 
 render the chemical composition of water and carbonic acid the same 
 as that of cellulose (454), that is, of the plant's fabric. This shows 
 why plants spread out so large a surface of foliage. 
 
 466. In plants growing or placed under Avater we may see bubbles 
 of air rising from the foliage ; we may collect enough of this air to 
 test it by a candle's burning brighter in it ; which shows it to be 
 oxygen gas. Now if the plant is making cellulose or plant-substance, 
 — that is, is making the very materials of its fabric and growth, as 
 must generally be the case, — all this oxygen gas given off by the 
 leaves comes from the decomposition of carbonic acid taken in by 
 the plant. 
 
 467. This must he so, because cellulose is composed of 10 parts of 
 oxygen and 10 of hydrogen to 12 of carbon (454) : here the first 
 two are just in the same proportions as in water, which consists of 
 one part of oxygen and one of hydrogen, — so that 10 parts of water 
 and 12 of carbon represent one of cellulose or plant-fabric ; and to 
 make it out of water and carbonic acid, the latter (which is composed 
 of carbon and oxygen) has only to give up all its oxygen. In other 
 words, the plant, in its foliage under sunshine, decomposes carbonic 
 acid gas, and turns the carbon together with water into cellulose, at 
 the same time giving the oxygen otf into the air. 
 
 468. And we can readily prove that it is so, — namely, that plants 
 
LKSSON 20.] PROnrHNO OKGANIC MATTEU. 163 
 
 do decompose carbonic acid in tlicir loaves and give out its oxygen, 
 — by the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4(51. There tlie 
 leaves*, as we have stated, are taking in carbonic a<-id gas. A\'e 
 now add, tliat tliey are giving out oxygen gas at the same rate. 
 The air as it comes from the glass globe is tbund to have just us 
 much more oxygen as it has less carbonic acid than before — just 
 as much more oxygen as would be inquired to turn the carbon re- 
 tained in the plant back into carbonic acid again. 
 
 4('>'.). It is all the same when plants — instead of making fabric at. 
 once, that is, growing — make the prepared material, and store it 
 up for future use. The principal product of plants for this purpose 
 is Starch, which consists of minute grains of organic matter, lying 
 loose in the cells. Plants often accumulate this, perhaps in the root, 
 as in the Turnip, Carrot, and Dahlia (Fig. o7 - GO) ; or in subter- 
 ranean stems or branches, iis in the Potato (Fig. ^'6), and many 
 rootstocks ; or in the bases of leaves, as in the Onion, Lily ( Fig. 
 7<5 — 75), and other bulbs ; or in fleshy leaves above ground, as those 
 of the Ice-Plant, Ilouse-leek, and Century-Plant (Fig. 82) ; or in 
 the whole thickened body, as in many Cactuses (Fig. 70); or in 
 the seed around the embryo, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 38, 39) and 
 other grain ; or even in the embryo itself, as in the Horsechestnut 
 (Fig. 23, 24), Ik-an (Fig. 10), Pea (Fig. 10), &c. In all these 
 ibnns tliis is a provision for future growth, either of the plant 
 itself or of some offset from it, or of its oflfspring, as it springs 
 from the seed. Now starch is to cellulose or vegetable fabric just 
 ■what the prepared clay is to the potter's vessel, — the same thing, 
 only requiring to be shajied and consolidated. It has exactly the 
 same chemical composition, and is equally made of carbon and the 
 elem.ents of water, by decomposing the same amount of carbonic 
 acid and giving back its oxygen to the air. In using it for growth, 
 the plant <lissolves it, conveys it to the growing parts, and consoli- 
 dates it into fabric. 
 
 470. Sii(j(ir, another principal vcgetal»le product, also has essen- 
 tially the same chemical composition, and may be formed out of the 
 same connnon food of |)lants, with the same result. The different 
 kinds of sugar (that of the cane, iVc. and of grapes) consist of the 
 panic three m:Uerials Jis starch and cellulose, only with a little more 
 w.itrr. Tiie plant generally forms the sugar out of starch. clianLMii^ 
 one into tiie otlier with great ease; starch being the form in wliich 
 prepared m:U(rial is stored up, and sugar that in wliich it is ex- 
 
164 THE PLANT PURIFYING THE AIR, [lESSON 26. 
 
 pended or transferred from one part of the plant to another. In the 
 8ugar-cane and Indian Corn, starch is deposited in the seed ; in ger- 
 mination this is turned into sugar for the plantlet to begin its growth 
 with ; the growing plant produces more, and deposits some as starch 
 in the stalk ; just before blossoming, this is changed into sugar again, 
 and dissolved in the sap, to form and feed the flowers (which cannot, 
 like tlie leaves, create nourishment for themselves) ; and what is left 
 is deposited in the seed as starch again, with which to begin the 
 same operation in the next generation. 
 
 471. AVe might enumerate other vegetable products of this class 
 (such as oil, acids, jelly, the pulp of fruits, &c.), and show how they 
 are formed out of the carbonic acid and water which the plant takes 
 in. But those already mentioned are sufficient. In producing any 
 of them, cai'bonic acid taken from tlie air is decomposed, its carbon 
 retained, and its oxygen given back to the air. That is to say, 
 
 472. Plants purify lllC Air for Animals, by taking away the carbonic 
 acid injurious to them, continually poured into it by their breathing, 
 as well as by the burning of fuel and by decay, and restoring in its 
 place an equal bulk of liie-sustaining oxygen (4G0). And by the 
 same operation, combining this carbon with the elements of water, 
 &c., and elaborating them into organic matter, — especially into 
 starch, sugar, oil, and the like, — 
 
 473. Plants produce all the Food and Fabric of Animals. The herbiv- 
 orous animals feed directly upon vegetables ; and the carnivorous 
 feed upon the herbivorous. Neither the one nor the other originate 
 any organic matter. They take it all ready-made from plants, — 
 altering the form and qualities more or less, and at length destroy- 
 ing or decomposing it. 
 
 474. Starch, sugar, and oil, for example, form a large part of the 
 food of herbivorous animals and of man. When digested, they enter 
 into the blood ; any surplus may be stored up for a time in the form 
 of fat, being changed a little in its nature ; while the rest (and finally 
 the whole) is decomposed into carbonic acid and water, and exhaled 
 from the lungs in respiration ; — in other words, is given back to the 
 air by the animal as the very same materials which the plant takes 
 from the air as its food (463) ; — is given back to the air in the same 
 form that it would have been if the vegetable matter had been left 
 to decay where it grew, or if it had been set on fire and burned ; — 
 and with the same result too as to the heat, the heat in this case 
 producing and maintaining the proper temperature of the animal 
 
 I 
 
LESSON 20.] AND I'UODLCINO TIU: FOOD OF ANIMALS. 165 
 
 47"). P>iit starch, 8upir, and the like, do not make any part of the 
 flesh or liihric ul' anhnals. And (hat liir the obvious reason, tliat tlicy 
 consist of only the three elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxt/ijca ; 
 whereas the llesh of animals has nitrogen as well as these three ele- 
 ments in its composition. Tiie materials of the animal body, called 
 Fibrine in the lie>h or nnisclcs. Gelatine in the sinews and bones, 
 Cascine in tiie curd of milk, iVc, are all forms of one and the same 
 substance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. As 
 nitrogen is a large constituent of the atmosphere, and animals are 
 taking it into their lungs with every breath they draw, we might 
 suppose that they take this element of their frame directly from the 
 air. But they do not. Even this is furnished by vegetables, and 
 animals receive it ready-made in their food. And this brings us tc 
 consider still another and most important vegetable product, of » 
 different class from the rest (omitted till now, lor the sake of greater 
 simplicity) ; namely, what is called 
 
 47G. Proteine. This name has been given to it by chemists, be- 
 cause it occurs under such a protean variety of forms. The Gluten 
 of wheat and the Legumine of beans and other Icjguminous plants 
 may be taken to represent it. It occurs in all plants, at least in 
 young and growing parts. It does not make any ])ortion of their 
 tissue, but is contained in all living cells, as a thin jelly, mingled 
 witli the sap or juice, or as a delicate mucilaginous lining. In fact, 
 it is formed earlier than the cell-wall itself, and the latter is moulded 
 on it, as it were ; so it is also called Protoplasm. It disappears from 
 common cells as they grow old, being transferred onward to new or 
 forming parts, where it plays a very active part in growth. Mixed 
 with starch, &c., it is accumulated in considerable quantity in wheat, 
 beans, and other grains and seeds, especially those which are most 
 nutritious as food. It is the proteine which makes them so nutritious. 
 Taken by animals as food, it forms their flesh and sinews, and the 
 animal part of their bones, without much change ; for it has the same 
 com[)osition, — is just the same thing, indeed, in some slightly diflerent 
 forms. To produce it, the plant employs, in addition to the carbonic 
 acid and wat(n- already mentioned as its general food, some ammo- 
 nia ; whicli is a <i)in|)onnd of hydrogen and 7iitrogen. Ammonia 
 (whi<li is llic same thing as hartshorn) is constantly escai)ing 
 i'llo tlic air in small (inantitics from all decomposing vegetable 
 and animal sul).-tances. I'.esides, it is pnxhiced in everv thinidei- 
 storm. Every flash of lightning causes some to be made (in '.he 
 
1G6 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27. 
 
 form of nitrate of ammoma) out of the nitrogen of the air and the 
 vapor of water. Tlie reason why it never accumulates in the air 
 so as to be perceptible is, that it is extremely soluble in water, as 
 are all its compounds. So it is washed out of the atmosphere by the 
 rain as fast as it is made or rises into it, and is brought down to the 
 roots of plants, which take it in freely. When assimilated in the 
 leaves along with carbon and water, proteine is formed, the very 
 substance of the liesh of animals. So all Hesli is vegetable matter 
 in its origin. 
 
 477. Even the earthy matter of the bones, and the iron and other 
 mineral matters in the blood of animals, are derived from the plants 
 they feed upon, with hardly an exception. These are furnished by 
 the earthy or mineral constituents of plants (452), and are merely 
 accumulated in the animal frame. 
 
 478. Animals, therefore, depend absolutely upon vegetables for 
 their being. The great object for which the All-wise Creator estab- 
 lished the vegetable kingdom evidently is, that plants might stand on 
 the surface of the earth between the mineral and the animal crea- 
 tions, and organize portions of the former for the sustenance of 
 the latter. 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 plant-life. 
 
 479. Life is known to us only by its effects. We cannot tell 
 what it is ; but we notice some things which it does. One peculi- 
 arity of living things, which has been illustrated in the last Lesson, 
 is their power of transforming matter into new forms, and thereby 
 making products never produced in any other way. Life is also 
 manifested by 
 
 480. Motion, that is, by self-caused movements. Living things 
 move ; those not living are moved. Animals, living as they do 
 upon organized food, — which is not found everywhere, — must 
 needs have the power of going after it, of collecting it, or at least of 
 taking it in ; which requires them to make spontaneous movements. 
 But plants, with their wide-spread surface (34, 131) always in con- 
 
LKSSO.N 27.] CIItCl'KATIOX IX C'KLI.S. 167 
 
 (act with tlie earth and air on wliich tlicy feed, — the hit'.er and the 
 most important of these evci ywln re in>t tlie f«ame, — have no need 
 of locomotion, and so are generally fixed Aist to the spot where 
 they grow. 
 
 481. Yet many plants move tlieir parts freely, sometimes when 
 there is no occasion lur it that we can understand, and sometimes 
 accomplishing by it sonn; useful end. The sudden closing of the 
 leaflets of the Sensitive Plant, and the dropping of its leafstalk, 
 when jarred, also the sudden starting forwards of the stamens of the 
 1 Barberry at the touch, are familiar examples. Such cases seem at 
 first view so strange, and so diflerent from what we expect of a plant, 
 that those plants are generally imagined to be endowed Avith a pe- 
 culiar faculty, denied to common vegetables. But a closer exam- 
 ination will show that i)lants generally share in this faculty ; that 
 similar movements maybe detected in them all, only — like those 
 of the hands of a clock, or of the shadow of a sun-dial — they are- 
 too slow for the motion to be directly seen. 
 
 4S2. It is perfectly evident, also, that growtli requires motion ; 
 that there is always an intei-nal activity in living plants as well ;ls 
 in animals, — a power exerted which causes tli(;ir fluids to move or 
 circulate, and carries materials from one part to another. Some 
 movements arc mechanical ; but even these are generally directed 
 or controlled by the plant. Others must be as truly self-caused as 
 those of animals are. Let us glance at some of the priucijial sorts, 
 and see what light they tlirow upon vegetable life. 
 
 483. CircillaliOll in Cells. From what we know of the anatomy of 
 plants, it is clear tiiat they have no general circulation (like that of 
 all animals cxcej)t the lowest), through a system of vessels opening 
 into each other (4(»2, 410). But in plants each living cell carries 
 on a circulation of its ouii, at least when young and active. This 
 may be beautifully seen in the transparent stems of Chara and many 
 other water-plants, and in tlui leaves of the Fresh-water Tape-Gniss 
 (Vallisueria), under a good microscope. Here the sap circulates, 
 often (juile liri>kly in appearance, (but the motion is magnified as 
 well as the olijects,) in a steady stream, just IxMieath the wall, 
 around each cell, pa-sing up (ine side, acro-s the end. down the 
 other, and so round to complete the cii-ciiit, carrying with it small 
 particles, or the larger green grains, which make the current inon^ 
 visible. This circulation may also be observed in hairs, particularly 
 those on flowers, such as the jointed liai''S of Spiderworf, looking 
 
1G8 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27. 
 
 under (lie glass like strings of blue beads, each bead being a cell. 
 But here a microscope magnitying six or eight hundred times in 
 diameter is needed to see the current distinctly, 
 
 484. The movement belongs to the protoplasm (476), or jelly-like 
 matter under the cell-wall. As this substance has just the same 
 composition as the flesh of animals, it is not so strange that it should 
 exhibit such animal-like characters. In the simplest water-plants, 
 of the Sea-weed family, the body which answers to the seed is at 
 first only a rounded little mass of protoplasm. When these bodies 
 escape from the mother plant, they often swim about freely in the 
 water in various directions, by a truly spontaneous motion, when they 
 closely resemble animalcules, and are often mistaken for them. After 
 enjoying this active life for seveial hours, they come to rest, form 
 a covering of cellulose, and therefore become true vegetable cells, 
 fix themselves to some sup[)ort, germinate, and grow into the 
 perfect plant. 
 
 485. Absorption, Conveyance of llic Sap, &c. Although contained in 
 
 cells with closed walls, nevertheless the fluids taken in by the roots 
 are carried up through the stein to the leaves even of the topmost 
 bough of the tallest tree. And tlie sap, after its assimilation by the 
 leaves, is carried down in the bark or the cambium-layer, and dis- 
 tributed throughout the plant, or else is conveyed to the points where 
 growth is taking place, or is accumulated in roots, stems, or wherever 
 a deposit is being stored up for future use (71, 104, 128, 4G9). 
 
 486. That the rise of the sap is pretty rapid in a leafy and growing 
 plant, on a dry summer's day, is evident from the amount of water it 
 is continually losing by exhalation from the foliage (447) ; — a loss 
 which must all the while be supplied from the roots, or else the 
 leaves would dry up and die ; as they do so promptly when sepa- 
 rated from the stem, or when the stem is cut off from the roots. 
 Of course they do not then lose moisture any faster than they 
 did before the separation ; only the supply is no longer ke|)t 
 up from below. 
 
 487. The rise of the sap into the leaves apparently is to a great 
 degree the result of a mode of diffusion which has been called En- 
 dosmose. It acts in this way. Whenever two fluids of different 
 density are separated by a membrane, whether of dead or of living 
 substance, or are separate(^ by any porous partition, a flow takes 
 {)lace through the partition, mainly towards the heavier fluid, until 
 that is brought to the same density as the other. A familiar illus- 
 
LESSON 27-3 CONVKYANCK OF THE SAT. 169 
 
 tration is scon when we place powdered sugar upon strawberries, 
 and slightly moisten tlicni : tlu; dissolving sugar makes u solution 
 stronger than the juice in the cells of the fruit ; so this is gradually 
 drawn out. Also when pulpy fruits are boiled in a strong sirup; as 
 soon as the sirup becomes denser than the juice in the fruit, the 
 latter begins to How out and tlic I'ruit heirins lo slirJA el. lint wiien 
 shrivelled fruits arc placed in weak siiu[), or in watei', ihey become 
 plump, because the llow then sets inwards, the juice in the cells bein;.r 
 denst'r than the water outside. Now the cells of the living plant 
 contain organic matter, in the form of mucilage, protoplasm, some- 
 times sugar, Sec. ; and this particularly abounds in young and 
 growing jiarts, such as the tips of roots (Fig. ^0), which, as is well 
 known, are the principal agents in absorbing moisture from the 
 ground. The contents of their cells being therefore always much 
 denser than the moisture outside (which is water containing a little 
 carbonic acid, &c., and a very minute quantity of earthy matter), 
 this moisture is constantly drawn into the root. What makes it 
 ascend to the leaves ? 
 
 488. To answer this question, we must look to the leaves, and 
 consider what is going on there. For (however it may be in the 
 spi'ing before the leaves are out), in a leafy plant or tree the sap is 
 not forced up from below, but is drawn up from above. Water large- 
 ly evaporates from the leaves (447) ; it flies off into the air as vapor, 
 leaving behind all the earthy and the organic matters, — these not 
 being volatile ; — -the sap in the cells of the leaf therefore becomes 
 denser, and so draws npon the more watery contents of the cells of 
 the stalk, these upon those of the stem below, and so on, from cell to 
 cell down to the root, causinj^^ a flow from the roots to the leaves, 
 wliicli begins in tiii! laller, — just as a wind begins in the direction 
 towards which it blows. Somewhat similarly, elaborated sap is 
 drawn inlo l)uds or any growing parts, where it is consolidated 
 into fabric, or is conveyed into tubers, roots, seeds, and the like, 
 in which it is cond(;nscd into starch and stored up for future use 
 (71, lo.'i, cVe.). 
 
 48'.). So in al)sorl)ing moisture by the roots, and in conveving 
 the sap or the juices from cell to cell and from one part to another, 
 the plant apjjcars to make use of a |)hysical or inorganic force; but 
 it manages and directs llii< n« the |iur|T(ises of the vegetable econ- 
 omy demand. Now. when the proper materials arc brought to tlie 
 growing parts, r/roivlh takes place •, and in growth the |)larit moves 
 
170 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27. 
 
 the particles of matter, arranges them, and shapes the fabric in a 
 manner which we cannot at all explain by any mechanical laws. 
 The organs are not shaped by any external forces ; they shape 
 themselves, and take such forms and positions as the nature of 
 each part, or the kind of plant, requires. 
 
 490. Special MovemeilfS. Besides groAving, and quite independent 
 of it, plants not only assume particular positions, but move or bend 
 one part upon another to do so. Almost every species does this, as 
 well as what are called sensitive plants. In springing from the seed, 
 the radicle or stem of the embryo, if not in the proper position 
 already, bends itself round so as to direct its root-end downwards, 
 and the stem-end or plumule upwards. It does the same when 
 covered so deeply by the soil that no light can affect it, or when 
 growing in a perfectly dark cellar. But after reaching the light, 
 the stem bends towards that, as every one knows ; and bends 
 towards the stronger light, when the two sides are unequally ex- 
 posed to the sun. It is now known that the shoot is bent by the 
 shortening of the cells on the more illuminated side ; for if w^e split 
 the bending shoot in two, that side curves over still more, while the 
 opposite side inclines to fly back. But how the light causes the 
 cells to shorten on that side, we can no more explain, than we can 
 tell how the will, acting through the nerves, causes the contraction 
 of the fibres of the muscles by which a man bends his ai-m. AA'^e 
 are sure that the bending of the shoot has nothing to do with 
 growth, because it takes place after a shoot is grown ; and the del- 
 icate stem of a young seedling will bend a thousand times faster 
 than it grows. Also because it is yellow^ light that most favors 
 growth and the formation of vegetable fabric, while the blue and 
 violet rays produce the bending. Leaves also move, even more 
 freely than stems. They constantly present their upper face to the 
 light ; and when turned upside down, they twist on their stalks, oi- 
 curve round to recover their original position. The free ends of 
 twining stems, as of Hop. or Morning Glory, oi' Bean, which appar- 
 ently hang over to one side from their weight, are in fact bent over, 
 and, the direction of the bend constantly changing, the shoot is 
 steadily sweeping round the circle, making a revolution every faw 
 hours, or even more rapidly in certain ca>es, until it reaches a 
 neighboring support, wlien, by a continuation of the same move- 
 ment, it twines around it. Most tendrils revolve in the same way, 
 sometimes even more rapidly ; while others only turn from the 
 
I.KSSO.V 27.] MOVKMI-.NTS. 17! 
 
 light ; this is especially the case with those that cling to walls or 
 trunks by sucker-like disks, as Virginia Creeper, p. 38, fig. G2. 
 When an active tendril comes into contact with a stem or any such 
 extraneous body, it iiu'iirvcs at the; point of coiitiut, and so lays hold 
 of the support : tiu; same contraciion or tendency to curve affecting 
 the whole length of the tendril, it soon shortens into a coil, part coil- 
 ing one way, part the other, thus drawing the shoot up to the sup- 
 porting body; or, if the tendril be free, it winds up in a simple coil. 
 This movement of tendrils is so prompt in the Star-Cucumber (Sic- 
 yos) in Echinoeystis, and in two sorts of Passion-fiowcr, that the 
 end, after a gentle rubhing, coils up by a movement rapid enough to 
 be readily seen. In plants that climb by their leaf-stalks, such as 
 Maurandia and TropaMduui, the movements are similar, but much 
 too slow to be seen. 
 
 491. The so-called sleep of plants is a change of position as night 
 draws on, and in different ways, according to the species, — the 
 Locust and Wood-Sorrel turning down their leaflets, the Honey 
 Locust raising them upright, the Sensitive Plant turning them for- 
 wards one over another ; and the next morning they resume their 
 diurnal position. One fact, among others, showing that the changes 
 arc not caused by the light, but by some power in the plant itself, is 
 this. The leaves of the Sensitive Plant close long before sunset; 
 but they expand again before sunrise, under much less light than 
 thoy had when they closed. In several plants the leaves take the 
 nocturnal position when brushed or jarred, — in the common Sensi- 
 tive Plant very suddenly, in other sorts less quickly, in the Honey 
 Locust a little too slowly for us to see the motion. The way in 
 which blossoms open and close, some when the light increases, some 
 when it diminishes, illustrates the same thing. The stamens of th.e 
 Barberry, when touched at the base on the inner side, — as by an 
 insect seeking for honey, or by the point of a pin, — make a sudden 
 jerk forward, and in the process commonly throw some pollea 
 upon the stigma, which stands a little above their reach. 
 
 *r.l2. In many ol' tlif.-c cisc^; we pl.iinly perceive that a useful end 
 is subserved. Hut what shall wc say of the Vtiuis's I-'ly-trap uf 
 Korth Carolina, growing where it might be sure of all the food a 
 plant can need, yet provided with an apparatus fin* catching insects, 
 and actually capturing thein exi)erily by a sudden motion, in the 
 manner already described (120, Kig. ,S1) ? Or of the leallets of the 
 
172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. [lESSON 27. 
 
 Desmodium gyrans of the East Indies, spontaneously falling and 
 rising by turns in jerking motions nearly the whole day long? We 
 can only say, that plants are alive, no less than animals, and that it 
 is a characteristic of living things to move. 
 
 \* Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. 
 
 493. In all the foregoing Lessons, we have had what may be 
 called plants of the higher classes alone in view. There are others, 
 composing the lower grades of vegetation, to which some allusion 
 ought to be niade. 
 
 494. Of this sort are Ferns or Brakes, Mouses, Liverworts, 
 Lichens, Sea-weeds, and Fungi or Mushrooms. They are all 
 classed together under the name of Flowerless Plants, or Crypto- 
 gamous Plants; the former epithet referring to the fact that they do 
 not bear real blossoms (with stamens and pistils) nor seeds (with an 
 embryo ready-formed within). Instead of seeds tliey have spores, 
 which are usually simple cells (392). The name Cryptogamous 
 means, of hidden fructification, and intimates that they may have 
 something answering to stamens and ])istils, although not the same; 
 and this is now known to be the ca e with most of them. 
 
 495. Flowerless plants are so very various, and so peculiar in 
 each family, that a volume would be required to illustrate them. 
 Curious and attractive as they are, they are too difficult to be studied 
 botanically by the beginner, except the Ferns, Club-Mosses, and 
 Horse-tails. For the study of these we refer the student at once to 
 the Manual of the Botany of the Norlhern United States, and to the 
 Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. The structure and physiology 
 of these plants, as well as of the Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Sea- 
 weeds, and Fungi, are explained in the Structural Botany, or Botanical 
 Text Book, and in other similar works. When the student has 
 become prepared for the study, nothing can be more interesting than 
 these plants of the lowest orders. 
 
LESSON 28.] SriiClKS AM) KINDS. 178 
 
 LESSON xxviir. 
 
 SPKCIES AND KINDS. 
 
 49G. Until now, wo liavc boon considering ])lant.s ns to llicir 
 structure and their mode of lil'u. AVo lia\ i', as it wtii-, ix'cii read- 
 ing the biography of an individual plant, following it from the tiny 
 set-dling up to the mature and fruit-bearing herb or tree, and learning 
 how it grows and what it doe.s. The bolaniat also considers plants 
 as to their relations/iips, 
 
 rj7. Plants and animals, as is well known, have two great pecu- 
 liaritie.s : Lst, they form themselves ; and 2d, they multiply them- 
 selves. They reproduce themselves in a continued succession of 
 
 498. Illiliviiiimls (•'). Mineral things occur as 7nasses, which are 
 divisible into smaller and still small(;r ones without alteration of 
 their properties (o91). But organic things (vegetables and ani- 
 mals) exist as individual heimjs. Each owes its existence to a 
 parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn. So each indi- 
 vidual is a link of a chain ; and to this chain the natural-historian 
 applies the name of 
 
 499. Species, All the descendants from the same stock therefore 
 compose one species. And it was from our observing that the sev- 
 eral sorts of plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, — or, in 
 other words, keep up a succession of similar individuals, — that the 
 idea of species originated. So we are led to conclude that the Cre- 
 ator established a definite number of species at tlie beginning, which 
 have continued by proi)agation, each after its kind. 
 
 i)i)(). Tiiere are few species, however, in which man has actually 
 observed the succession for many generations. It could seldom be 
 proved tliat all the White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest 
 came from the same stock. But observation having familiarized 
 us with the general fact, that individu:ils proceeding from the same 
 stock are essciitially alike, we infer from their close resemldance 
 that tliese similar individuals belong to the same species. Tiiat is, 
 W(> infer it when tin; individuals are as much like each other as tliose 
 are wliicli we know to have sprung from the same stock. 
 
 -jOl. We do not infer it from every resemblance ; j()r there is the 
 resemblance oi' Und, — as between the White Oak and the Red Oak, 
 15* 
 
174 SPECIES AND KINDS. [leSSON 28. 
 
 and between the latter and flie Scarlet Oak : these, we take for 
 granted, have not originated from one and the same stock, but from 
 three separate stocks. Nor do we deny it on account of every 
 difference ; for even the sheep of the same flock, and the plants 
 raised from peas of the same pod, may show differences, and such 
 differences occasionally get to be very striking. When they are 
 pretty well marked, we call them 
 
 Varieties. The "White Oak, for example, presents two or three 
 varieties in the shape of the leaves, although they may be all alike 
 upon each particular tree. The question often arises, practically, 
 and it is often hard to answer, whether the difference in a particular 
 case is that of a -variety, or is specific. If the former, we may 
 commonly prove it to be so by finding such intermediate degrees 
 of difference in various individuals as to show that no clear line of 
 distinction can be drawn betM-een them ; or else by observing the 
 variety to vary back again, if not in the same individual, yet in its 
 offspring. Our sorts of Apples, Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show 
 us that differences which are permanent in the individual, and con- 
 tinue unchanged through a long series of generations when propa- 
 gated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts, bulbs, tubei-s, &c.), 
 are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they sometimes are 
 so : and such varieties are called 
 
 Races. These are strongly marked varieties, capable of being 
 propagated by seed. Our different sorts of Wheat, Indian Corn, 
 Peas, lladishes, &:c., are familiar examples : and the races of men 
 offer an analogous instance. 
 
 502. It should be noted, that all varieties have a tendency to be 
 reproduced by seed, just as all the peculiarities of the parent tend to 
 be reproduced in the offspring. And by selecting those plants which 
 have developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them 
 from mingling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again 
 the most promising plants raised from their seeds, we may in a few 
 generations render almost any variety transmissible by seed, so long 
 as we take good care of it. In fact, this is the way the cultivated or 
 domesticated races, so useful to man. have been fixed and preserved. 
 Races, in fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of 
 man. But man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities 
 — often surprising enough — now and then originate, we know not 
 how (the plant sports, as the gardeners say) ; they are only pre- 
 served, propagated, and generally further developed, by the culti- 
 
MCSSON 28.] CI.ASSIKK ATIO.V. 175 
 
 yator's skilful care. If left alone, they are likdy to dwindle and 
 perish, or else revert to the original form of the species. 
 
 .')(»3. Botanists variously estimate the number of known species 
 of plants at from !-eventy to one hundred thousand. About 3,850 
 species of the liiiiiicr cliis-es grow wild in the United Slates east of 
 the Mississippi. 80 tliat the vegetable kingdom exhibits a very 
 great diversity. Between our largest and highest-organized trees, 
 such as a Magnolia or an Oak, and the simplest of plants, reduced 
 to a single cell or sphere, much too minute to be visible to the 
 naked eye, how wide the difference! Yet the extremes are con- 
 nected by intermediate grades of every sort, so as to leave no wide 
 gap at any place ; and not only so, but every grade, from the most 
 comjdex to the most simple, is exhibited under a wide and most 
 beautiful diversity of forms, all based upon the one plan of vegeta- 
 tion which we have been studying, and so connected and so an- 
 swering to each other throughout as to convince the thoughtful 
 botanist that all are parts of one system, works of one hand, realiza- 
 tions in nature of the conception of One Mind. We perceive this, 
 also, by the way in which the species are grouped into 
 
 504. Killtls. If the species, when arranged according to their re- 
 semblances, were found to differ from one another about equally, — 
 that is, if No. 1 differed from No. 2 just as much as No. 2 did from 
 No. 3, and No. 4 from No. 5, and so on throughout, — then, with all 
 the diversity in the vegetable kingdom there is now, there would yet 
 be no foundation in nature for grouping species into kinds. Species 
 and kinds would mean just the same thing. We should classify them, 
 no doubt, for convenience, but our classification would be arbitrarj'. 
 The fact is, however, that species resemble each other in very un- 
 equal degrees. Some species are almost exactly alike in their whole 
 ttructurc, and differ only in the shape or proportion of their parts; 
 these, we say, belong to one Gmus. Some, again, show a more gen- 
 eral resemblance, and are found to have their flowers and seeds con- 
 structed on the same particular plan, but with important differences 
 in the details ; these belong to the same Order ov Family. Tlien, 
 taking a wider survey, wc perceive that they all group themselves 
 under a few general types (or patterns), distinguishable at once by 
 their flowers, by llieir seeds or embryos, by the clinracter of* the 
 seedling plant, by the structure of their s!ein^ and leaves, and by 
 their general appearance : these great gioups we e.d! Chisacs. 
 Finally, wc distinguish the whole into two great types or grades; 
 
176 SPECIES AND KINDS. \_LKSSON 28, 
 
 the higlicr grade of Flowering plants, exhibiting the full plan of 
 vegetation, and the lower grade of Flowerless plants, in which 
 vegetation is so simplified that at length the only likeness between 
 them and our common trees or Flowering plants is that they are 
 both vegetables. From species, then, we rise first to 
 
 505. Genera (plural of Genus). The Rose kind or genus, the Oak 
 genus, the Chestnut genus, &c., are fiimiliar illustrations. Each 
 genus is a group of nearly related species, exhibiting a particular 
 plan. All the Oaks belong to one genus, the Chestnuts to another, 
 the Beech to a third. The Apple, Pear, and Crab are species of one 
 genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of Haw- 
 thorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild cat, 
 the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat 
 kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf, 
 and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented 
 by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one 
 known species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in 
 one species as in several, although, if this were the case throughout, 
 genera and species would of course be identical (504). The Beech 
 genus and the Chestnut genus would be just as distinct from the Oak 
 genus even if but one Beech and one Chestnut were known ; as in- 
 deed was the case formerly. 
 
 506. Orders or Families (the two names are used for the same thing 
 in botany) are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is, 
 they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustra- 
 tions, the Oak, Chestnut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel 
 genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order, viz. the Oak Fam- 
 ily ; the Birches and the Alders make another family ; the Poplars 
 and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the Butternut) and the 
 .Hickories, another. The Apple genus, the Quince and the Haw- 
 thorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the 
 Raspberry, with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, and many 
 other genera, belong to a large order, the Rose Family. 
 
 507. Tribes and Suborders. This leads us to remark, that even the 
 genera of the same order may show very unequal degrees of resem- 
 blance. Some may be very closely related to one another, and at the 
 same time differ strikingly from the rest in certain important partic- 
 ulars. In the Rose Family, for example, there is the Rose genus 
 itself, with the Raspberry genus, the Strawberry, the Cinquefoil, 
 «&c. near it, but by no means so much like it as they are like each 
 
l.KSSOV 28.] OKDKUS, CLASSICS, KTC. 177 
 
 Other: tliis proiip. tluTpfon', answers to what is oallod a Trihr ; ami 
 tlie Rose itself stands lor another tribe. Hut we iiirtlicr ol)serve 
 that the Apple genus, the Hawthorns, the Quince, ami tiie June- 
 berry, thouj^h of the same order, and nearly related among them- 
 selves, differ yet more widely from the Rose and its nearest relations; 
 and so, on the other hand, do the Plum and Cherry, the Peaeh and 
 the Almond. So this great Rose Family, or Order, is composed of 
 three groups, of a more marked character than tribes, — groups 
 which might naturally be taken for orders ; and we call them Sub- 
 orders. But students will understand these matters best after a few 
 lessons in studying plants in a work describing the kinds. 
 
 oOS. Classes. These are great assemblages of orders, as already 
 explained (.")15). The orders of Flowering Plants are numerous, 
 no less than 134 being represented in the Botany of the Northern 
 United States ; but they all group themselves under two great 
 classes. One class comprises all that have seeds with n mono- 
 cotyledonous embryo (32), endogenous stems (423), and generally 
 parallel-veined leaves (139) ; the other, those with dicotyledonous 
 embryo, exogenous stems, and netted-veined leaves ; and the whole 
 aspect of the two is so different that they are known at a glance. 
 
 509. Finally, these two classes together compose the U[)per Series 
 or grade of Floicering or Phcenogamoiis Plants, which have their 
 counterpart in the lower Series of Floiverless or Crijptogamous Plants, 
 — composed of three classes, and about a dozen orders. 
 
 510. The universal members of classification are Class, Order, 
 Gknus, Spkcif.s, always standing in this order. When there are 
 more, they take their places as in the following schedule, which 
 comprises all that are generally used in a natural classification, 
 proceeding from the highest to the lowest, viz. : — 
 
 Series, 
 
 Class, 
 
 Subclass, 
 
 Order, or Family, 
 
 Suborder, 
 
 Tribe, 
 
 Subtribe, 
 
 Genus, 
 
 Subgenus or Section, 
 
 Species. 
 
 . Varietv. 
 K & F— 9 
 
178 BOTANICAL NAMES. [lESSON 29. 
 
 LESSON XXIX: 
 
 BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. 
 
 511. Plants are classified, — i. e. are marshalled under their re- 
 spective classes, orders, tribes, genera, and species, — and they are 
 characterized, — that is, their principal characteristics or distinguish- 
 ing marks are described or enumerated, in order that. 
 
 First, their resemblances or differences, of various degrees, may 
 be clearly exhibited, and all the species and kinds ranked next to 
 those they are most related to ; — and 
 
 Secondly, that students may readily ascertain the botanical names 
 of the plants they meet with, and learn their peculiarities, properties, 
 and place in the system. 
 
 512. It is in the latter that the young student is chiefly interested. 
 And by his studies in this regard he is gradually led up to a higher 
 point of view, from which he may take an intelligent survey of the 
 whole general system of plants. But the best Avay for the student 
 to learn the classification of plants (or Botany as a system), is to use 
 it, in finding out by it tlie name and the pecuHarities of all the wild 
 plants he meets with. 
 
 513. Names. The botanical name of a plant, that by which a 
 botanist designates it, is the name of its genus followed by that of 
 the species. The name of the genus or kind is like the family name 
 or surname of a person, as Smith, or Jones. That of the species 
 answers to the baptismal name, as John, or James. Accordingly, 
 the White Oak is called botanically Quercus alba ; the first word, or 
 Quercus, being the name of the Oak genus ; the second, alba, that 
 of this particular species. And the Red Oak is named Quercus 
 rubra ; the Black -Jack Oak, Quercus nigra ; and so on. The bo- 
 tanical names are all in Latin (or are Latinized), this being the 
 common language of science everywhere ; and according to the 
 usage of that language, and of most others, the name of the species 
 comes after that of the genus, while in English it comes before it. 
 
 514. Generic Names. A plant, then, is named by two words. The 
 generic name, or that of the genus, is one word, and a substantive. 
 Commonly it is the old classical name, when the genus was known 
 to the Greeks and Romans ; as Quercus for the Oak, Fagus for the 
 
LKSSON 29.] BOTANICAL NAMKS. 179 
 
 Bcocl), Con/his, the Iln/.el, and llm like. 15iit as moro goiu-ra be- 
 came known, botanists bad new names to make or borrow. Many 
 are named from some appearance or property of the flowers, leaves, 
 or other ])arts of the phint. To take a few examples from tne early 
 ])a!j:i's of the Miinnal of the JioUini/ of the Northern United States, — 
 in wliich the derivation of the generic names is explained. The 
 pcniis Hcpatica, p. fi, comes from the shape of the leaf resemlding 
 tliat of tlie liver. Jfi/osunis, p. !(•, means mouse-tail. Delpliin- 
 I'liiii, p. 12, is from delphin, a dolphin, and alludes to the sliape of 
 the flower, which was thought to resemble the classical figures of the 
 dolphin. Zanthoi-hiza, p. 13, is from two Greek words meaning 
 yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Cimicifiif/a, p. 14, is 
 formed of two Latin words, meaning, to drive away bugs, tl.e same 
 as its common name of Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to 
 keep away such vermin. Samjuinaria, p. 2G, is named from the 
 blood-like color of its juice. 
 
 515. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or ])ro- 
 moters of natural science, and bear their names: such are 3/af/nolia, 
 p. 1"), which commemorates the early French botanist, Magnol, and 
 Jeffersonia, p. 20, named after President Jefferson, who sent the first 
 exploring expedition over the Rocky Mountains. Others bear the 
 name of the discoverer of the ])lant in question ; as, Sarracenia, p. 
 23, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who Avas one of the first 
 to send our common Pitcher-plant to tiie botanists of Europe ; and 
 Chiijto)iia, p. G5, first made known by the early Virginian botanist 
 Clayton. 
 
 51 G. SpPflfic \illlirs. Tlie name of the species is also a single 
 word, a])peiuled to tliat of the genus. It is commonly an adjective, 
 and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, &:c. 
 Sometimes it relates to tlie country the species inhabits; as, Clay- 
 tonia Virginica, first made known from Virginia ; Sanguinaria 
 Canadensis, from Canada, iVc. More commonly it denotes some 
 obvious or characteristic trait of the species; as, for example, in 
 Sarracenia, our northern species is named piirpnrea, from the pur- 
 ple blossoms, while a more sonthern one is named fttra, because 
 its petals are yellow; tlie species of Jelfersonia is called diphi/lhy 
 meaning two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets. 
 Some species are named after the discoven-r, or in compliment to a 
 botanist who has made them known ; as, ISIagnolia Fraseri, named 
 after the botanist Fra<er, one of the fir-t to find this species ; Ka- 
 
180 BOTANICAL NAMKS AND CHARACTERS. [lESSON 29. 
 
 worthia Michmixii, p. 65, named for the early botanist Michaiix ; 
 and Polygala NuUalUi, in compliment to Mr. Nuttall, who described 
 it under another name. Such names of persons are of course writ- 
 ten with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old substantive 
 name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umbrella, p. 49, and Ra- 
 nunculus Flommula, p. 41. These are also written with a capital 
 initial, and need not accord with the generic name in gender, &c. 
 
 517. The name of a variety, when it is distinct enough to require 
 any, is made on the same plan as tliat of the species, and is written 
 after it; as, Ranunculus Flammula, variety reptans, p. 41 (i. e. the 
 creeping variety), and R. abortivus, variety micranthus, p. 42, or 
 the small-flowered variety of this species. 
 
 518. Names of Groups, The names of tribes, orders, and the like, 
 are in the plural number, and ai-e commonly formed by prolonging 
 the name of a genus of the group taken as a representative of it. 
 For example, the order of which the Buttercup or Crowfoot genus, 
 Ranunculus, is the representative, takes from it the name o? Ranun- 
 culacece (Manual, p. 34) ; meaning Plantce Ranunculacece when 
 written out in full, that is, Ranuneulaceous Plants. This order 
 comprises several tribes ; one of which, to which Ranunculus itself 
 belongs, takes the name of Ranunculece ; another, to which the 
 genus Clematis, or the Virgin's-Bower, belongs, takes accordingly 
 the name of Clematidece ; and so on. So the term Rosacece (mean- 
 ing Rosaceous plants) is the name of the order of which the Rose 
 (Rosa) is the well-known representative ; and Rosece is the name of 
 the particular tribe of it which comprises the Rose. 
 
 519. A few orders are named on a somewhat different plan. The 
 great order Leguminosce, for instance (Manual, p. 123), is not named 
 after any genus in it ; but the fruit, which is a legume (3aG), gives 
 the name o^ Leguminous Plants. So, likewise, the order Umhelliferce 
 (Manual, p. 187) means Umbelliferous or Umbel-bearing Plants; 
 and the vast order Com-positce (Manual, p. 215) is so named because 
 it consists of plants whose Wossoras are crowded into heads of the 
 sort which were called " compound flowers " by the old botanists 
 (277). 
 
 520. Characters. The brief description, or enumeration in scien- 
 tific terms, of the principal distinctive marks of a species, genus, 
 order, or other group, as given in botanical works, is called its 
 Character. Thus, in the Manual, already referred to, at the begin-. 
 
LKSSON oO.J now TO STUDY I'KANTS. 181 
 
 iiinj;, the character of the first great series is piven ; then that of 
 tlic first chiss, ol" the lirst siibchiss, ami of llie lirst division under it. 
 Then, after the name of the order, foUows its character (tin; ordinal 
 character) : under the name of each genus (as, 1. Clematis, p. 3;")) 
 is added the (jeneric character, or description of what essentially 
 distinguishes it; and finally, following the name of each species, is 
 the specijic character, a succinct enumeration of tlie points in which 
 it mainly differs from other species of tlie same genus. S<;o, for 
 illustration, Clematis Viurna, p. 36, where tlie sentence immediately 
 following the name is intended to characterize that species from all 
 others like it. 
 
 521. Under this genus, and generally where we have several spe- 
 cies of a genus, the species are arranged under sections, and these 
 often under subsections, for the student's convenience in analysis, — 
 the character or description of a section applying to all the species 
 under it, and therefore not having tp be repeated under each species. 
 Under Clematis, also, are two sections with names, or sub-genera, 
 which indicates that they might almost be regarded as two distinct 
 genera. But these details are best understood by practice, in the 
 actual studying of plants to ascertain their name and place. And to 
 this the student is now ready to proceed. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 nOAV TO STl'DY PLANTS. 
 
 522. TIavixo explained, in the two preceding Lessons, the gen- 
 eral principles of Classification, and of Botanical Names, we may 
 now show, by a few examples, how the student is to proceed in 
 a|)plying them, and how the name and the place in the system of an 
 unknown plant are to be ascertainecl. 
 
 523. "We suppose the student to be provided with a luuid magni- 
 fi/inf/-r/lnss, and, if possible, with a simple microscope, i. e. with a 
 magnifying-glass, of two or more difrerent powers, mounted on a 
 support, over a stage, holding a glass plate, on which small flowers 
 or their parts may be laid, while they are dissected under the mi- 
 croscope with the points of needles (mounted iu handles), or divided 
 
 16 
 
182 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [leSSON 30. 
 
 by a tiliarp knife. Such a microscope is not necessary, except for 
 very small flowers; but it is a great convenience at all times, and 
 is indispensable in studying the more difficult orders of plants. 
 
 524. We suppose the student now to have a woi-k in which tlie 
 plants of the country or district are scientifically arranged and 
 described : if in the Southern Atlantic States, Dr. Chapman's Flora 
 of the Southern States ; if north of Carolina and Tennessee, Gray's 
 Manual of the Botany of the United States, fifth edition ; or, as cov- 
 ering the whole ground as to common plants, and including also all 
 the common cultivated plants, Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden 
 Botany, which is particularly arranged as the companion of the 
 present work ; that containing brief botanical descriptions of the 
 plants, and this the explanation of their general structure, and of 
 the technical terms employed in describing them. To express 
 clearly the distinctions which botanists observe, and which furnish 
 the best marks to know a plant by, requires a good many technical 
 terms, or words used with a precise meaning. These, as they are 
 met with, the student should look out in the Glossary at the end of 
 this volume. The terms in common use are not so numerous as 
 they would at first appear to be. With practice they will soon be- 
 come so familiar as to give very little trouble. And the application 
 of botanical descriptive language to the plants themselves, indicating 
 all their varieties of form and structure, is an excellent discipline 
 for the mind, equal, if not in some respects superior, to that of learn- 
 ing a classical language. 
 
 525. The following illustrations and explanations of the way to use 
 the descriptive work are, first, for The Field, Forest, and Garden Bot- 
 any, that being the one which will be generally used by beginners and 
 classes. This and the Lessons, bound together in a single compact 
 volume, will serve the whole purpose of all but advanced students, 
 teachers, and working botanists. Thus equip[)ed, we proceed to 
 
 526. The Analysis of a Plant. A Buttercup -wWl serve as well 
 as any. Some species oi other may be found in blossom throughout 
 nearly the whole spring and summer ; and, except at the very 
 beginning of the season, the fruit, more or less developed, may be 
 gathered with the blossom. To a full knowledge of a plant the 
 fruit is essential, although the name may almost always be ascer- 
 tained without it. This common yellow flower being under exam- 
 ination, we are to refer the plant to its pi'oper class and order or 
 
I.KSSON 30.] 
 
 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 
 
 188 
 
 family. The families are so numerous, and so ponerally distinguish- 
 able only l>y a combination of a considerable number of marks that 
 the student must find his way to them by means of a contrivance 
 called an Analytical Key. This Key begins on p. 12. 
 
 527. It takes note of the most comprehensive possible division of 
 plants, namely those " producing true flowers and seeds," and those 
 " not producing flovv(M's, propagated by spores." To the first of 
 these, the great series of Pii-knooamous or Flowkuing Plants, 
 the plant under examination obviously belongs. 
 
 528. This series divides into those " with wood in a circle, or in 
 concentric annual circles or layers around a central pith, netted-veined 
 leaves, and parts of the flower mostly in fives or fours," — to which 
 might be added the dicotyledonous embryo, but that in the present 
 case is beyond the young student's powers, even if the fruit were at 
 hand; — and into those " with wood in separate threads scattered 
 through the diameter of the stem, not in a circle," also the "leaves 
 mostly parallel-veined, and parts of the flower almost always in 
 threes, never in fives." Although the hollowness of the stem of the 
 present plant may obscure its internal structure, a practised hand, 
 by throwing the light through a thin cross section of the stem under 
 the glass, would make it evident that its woody bundles were all in 
 a circle near the circumference, yet this could hardly be expected 
 of an unassisted and inexperienced bcgiimer. But the two other 
 and very obvious marks, the netted-veined leaves, and the number 
 five in both calyx and corolla, certify at once that the plant belongs 
 to the first cla-s, Exogknous or Dicotylkdoxous Plants. 
 
 529. We should now look at the flower more particularly, so 
 as to make out its general 
 plan of structure, which we 
 shall need to know all about 
 as we go on. We observe 
 that it has a calyx of 5 
 sepals, though these are apt 
 to fall soon after the blossom 
 
 opens ; that the 5 petals are ssa 
 
 borne on the receptacle (or common axis of the flower) just above 
 the sepals and alternate with them ; that there are next borne, a 
 
 FIG 3J8. A dower ofa UuttcTcup{lUmmiuli 
 auj uulargwd. 
 
 bulbosus) cut through from top to bottoui. 
 
184 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [lESSON 30. 
 
 little highei* up on the receptacle, an indefinite number of stamens ; 
 and, lastly, covering the summit or centre of the receptacle, an in- 
 /O >ra definite number of pistils. 
 
 7-''^ y--^K -^ good view of the whole 
 
 r^^^^ / <\r\ /ar^\ ^^ ^° ^^ ^^'^^ ^y cutting the 
 IV «l) I' ''lim f'( ^] ^°^^'' directly through tlie 
 
 I -ftV»^ V ^--^^±\y I ^^^/ middle, from top to bottom 
 
 360 361 (Fig. 358). If this be done 
 
 with a sharp knife, some of the pistils will be neatly divided, or may 
 be so by a second slicing. Each pistil, we see, is a closed ovary, 
 containing a single ovule (Fig. 359) ascending from near the base 
 of the cell, and is tipped with a very short broad style, which has 
 the stigma running down the whole length of its inner edge. The 
 ovary is little changed as it ripens into the sort of fruit termed an 
 akene (Fig. 360) ; the ovule becoming the seed and fitting the cell 
 (Fig. 361). Reverting to the key, on p. 13, we find that the class 
 to which our plant belongs has two subclasses, one " with pistil of 
 the ordinary sort, the ovules in a closed ovary"; the other "without 
 proper pistil, the ovules naked on a scale," «S;c. The latter is 
 nearly restricted to the Pine Family. The examination already had 
 makes it quite clear that our plant belongs to the first subclass, 
 Angiospermous Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants. 
 
 530. We have here no less than 110 orders under this subclass. 
 To aid the unpractised student in finding his way among them, they 
 are ranked under three artificial divisions ; the Polypetaloiis, the 
 Mu7iopetalous, and the Apetalous. The plant in hand being fur- 
 nished, in the words of the key, " with both calyx and corolla, the 
 latter of wholly separate petals," is to be sought under I. Polt- 
 PETALOUS Division; for the analysis of which, see p. 14. 
 
 531. Fully half the families of the class rank under this division. 
 The first step in the key is to the sections A and B ; to the first of 
 which, having " stamens more than 10, and more than twice the 
 number of the sepals or divisions of the calyx," our plant must pertain. 
 
 o32. Under this vre proceed by a series of successive steps, their 
 gradations marked by their position on the page, leading down to 
 the name of the order or family, to which is appended the number 
 
 FIG. 359. A pistil taken from a Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), and more magnified ; 
 its ovary cut through lengthwise, showing the ovule. 380. One of its pistils when ripened 
 into a fruit (jichenium or akene). 361. The same, cut through, to show the seed ia it. 
 
LESSON 30. J now TO STUDY TLAN'TS. 185 
 
 of the pagt' wluM'C th:it lainily and the plants iiiKh-r it are descrihe'l. 
 The propositions of the same graile, two or more, from which de- 
 termination is ti> l)e made, not only stand one directly under the 
 other, but liegin with the >anie word or phra-i^, or with some 
 coiMiterparl, — in the picscnt ea-e aiiain with " StameiH," and with 
 four pro[)Ositions, with one and oidy one of which the flower in 
 hand shonlil agree. It agrees with the last of tin; fonr : " Stamens 
 not monadelphous." 
 
 i)oS. The propositions under this, to which we are now directed, 
 ftre six, beginning with the word '* Pistils " or " Pistil." The one 
 which applies to the flower in hand is, clearly, the fourth : " Pistils 
 numerous or more than one, separate, on the receptacle." 
 
 oo4.' The terms of the analysis directly subordinate to this are 
 only two : we have to choose between " Stamens borne on the 
 calyx," and " Stamens borne on the receptacle." The latter is true 
 of our flower. The terms subordinate to this are four, beginning 
 with the word " Leaves." The fourth alone accords: '• Leaves not 
 j)cliatt! ; herbs," — and this line leads out to the CnowKOOT 
 Family, and refers to p. 33. 
 
 o3"j. Turning to that i>age, a perusal of the brief account of the 
 marks of the RanunculacejE (the technical Latin name) or Crow- 
 foot Family, assures us that the Key has led us safely and i-eadily 
 to a correct result. Knowing the order or family, we have next to 
 ascertain the genus. Here are twenty genera to choose from ; but 
 their characters are analyzed under sections and successive sub- 
 sections (§. * , -t-, t-+. &c.) so as to facilitate the way to the desired 
 result. Of the two primary sections, we must reject § 1, as it agrees 
 oidv in respect to the pistils, and difters wholly in the characters 
 furni<hc(l by the sepals, the petals, and the leaves. With "§ 2. 
 Srpnfs imbricnfedin the hud: not clinibi)ig nor icoody'' it agrees. It 
 also agrees with the sub-section immediately following, viz.: '• * Pis- 
 tih and akmes, several or mnny in a head, one-seeded." The sub- 
 division following: "4- Petalx none : sepals petal-like" \i\nix\^\)\\vi\h\i! ; 
 but its counterpart, '•-)--)- Pel (ds and sepals both conspicuous, jive or 
 more: akenes, naked, short-pointed" suits, and restricts our choice to 
 the three genera, Adonis, IMyosurus, and Ranunculu-. The deter- 
 mination is soon made, upon noting the naked sepals, /he petals with 
 the little scale on the upper face of the short claw, and the ukenes 
 in a head: so the genus is, 7. UANfNCULL'S. 
 16* 
 
186 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [lESSON 30. 
 
 536. The arrangement of the species of Ranunculus is to be 
 found, under the proper number, 7, on p. 37 and the iullowing. 
 The first section contains aquatic species; ours is terrestrial, and in 
 all othyr particulars answers to § 2. The smooth ovary and akene, 
 and the perennial root refer it to the sub-ection following, marked 
 by the single star. Tlie shape of the leaves excludes it from the 
 '• -1— Spearwort Crowfoots," the large and showy petals from the 
 "-(--(- Small-flowered Crowfoots ; while all the marks agree with 
 ■*- -i- -i- Buttercups or Common Crowfoots. There is still 
 a subdivision, one set marked, " ++ Natices of the country, loio or 
 spreading" the other " ++ •*-+ Introduced weeds from Europe, com- 
 mon in fields, ^c: stem erect: leaves muck cut," — which is the 
 ca-^e. We have then only to choose between the two field Crow- 
 foots, and we have supposed the pupil to have in hand the lower, 
 early-flowered one, common at the east, which has a solid bulb or corm 
 at the base of the stem, and displays its gohlen flowers in spring or 
 earliest summer, and which accordingly answers to the description 
 of Ranunculus bulbosus, the Bulbous Buttercup. 
 
 537. Later in the season it might have been R. acris, the Tall 
 Buttercup, or much earlier R. fascicularis, or R. repens. Having 
 ascertained the genus from any one species, the student Avould not 
 iail to recognize it again in any other, at a glance. 
 
 538. If now, with the same plant in hand, the Manual (Fifth 
 edition) be the book used, the process of analysis will be so similar, 
 that a brief indication of the steps may suffice. Here the corres- 
 ponding Analytical Key, commencing on p. 21, leads similarly t& 
 the first Series, Class, Subclass, and Division ; — to A, with nume- 
 rous stamens; 1, with calyx entirely free and separate from the 
 pistil or pistils, thence to the fourth line beginning with tiie word 
 Pistils; thence to i\vi third of tlie three subordinate propositions, 
 viz. to '• Stamens inserted on the receptacle " ; to the second of the 
 succeeding couplet, or " Filaments longer tlian the anther"; to the 
 second of the next couplet, '• Flowers perfect," &c., and to the first 
 of the final couplet, " Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous," — which 
 ends in " Ranunculace/E, 34." This is the technical name of the 
 family, and the page where it is described. 
 
 539. Turning to that page we read the general description of that 
 order, particularly the portion at the beginning printed in italics, 
 which comprises the more important points. The " Synopsis of the 
 
LKSSON .'^I.J HOW TO STL'DY PI-ANTS. 187 
 
 Gencni" wliicli follows is siiiiihir to, but more toflitiical than that f»f 
 the other, more elementary book; and the names of the tribes or 
 natural groups of genera (;'>07) are inserted. The steps of analysis 
 bring the student to the Tribe III. llANUNCULKyE, and under it to 
 the genus Kanl'NCUI.is. TIh^ numlx-r pn^fixed to the name enables 
 the ^tudent to turn lorwaid and fnid the genus, p. 40. The name, 
 seientKic and popular, is here followed by a lull generic eharaetcr 
 (.")20). The primary sections here have names : the plant under 
 examination belongs to "§ 2. Ranunculus proper"; and tlienee 
 is to be traced, through the subdivisions *, -»— h— -t— -i— , ++ ++, to 
 the ultimate subdivision i., under which, through a eompari>on of 
 characters, the student reaches the species R. bulbosus, L. 
 
 o40. The L. at the end of the name is the recognized abbrevia- 
 tion of the name of Liiuiaius, the botanist who gave it. Then come 
 the common or English names ; then the specific character ; after this, 
 the station where the plant grows, and the region in which it occurs. 
 This is followed by the time of blossoming (from May to July ); 
 and then by some general descriptive remarks. The expression 
 *• Nat. fiom Eu." means that the species is a miUiralizecl emigrant 
 from Europe, and is not original to this country. But all these 
 details are duly explained in the Preface to the Manual, which the 
 student who uses that work will need to study. 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 now TO PTUDT ri.ANTS: FUUTIIKU ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 .") II. liKtMNMiis should not be discouraged by the slow jirogress 
 they niu<t needs make in the first trials. By perseverance the vari- 
 ous diirurulties will soon be overcome, and each successful analysis 
 will facilitate* the next. Not only will a s<M*oiid species of the same 
 genus be known at a glance, but eoMimonly a second genus of the 
 same order will i)e recognizecl as a relative at sight, by the family 
 likeness. Or if the family likeness is not detected at the first view, 
 it will be seen as the characters of the plant are studied out. 
 
 ')V2. To help on tlu^ stud<'nt by a second example, we will take 
 the eonuMon cultivated I'Max- Turning to the Kev, as before, cn 
 
188 
 
 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 
 
 [lesson 31. 
 
 p. 12, the student is led to ask, first, is the plant Ph^nogamous ov 
 Flowering ? Of cour.-e it is; the blossom, with its 
 stamens and pistils, answers that question. Next, to 
 which of the two classes of Flowering Plants does it 
 belong ? If we judge by the stem, we ask whether it 
 is exogenous or endogenous (422-424). A section of 
 the stem, considerably magnified, given on page 1')], 
 ^"'^ we may here repeat (Fig. 362); it plainly shows a 
 
 ring of wood between a central pith and a bark. It is therefore 
 exogenous. Moreover, the leaves are netted-veined, though the 
 veins are not conspicuous. We might even judge from the embryo ; 
 for there is little dili.-.ulty in dissecting a flax-seed, and in finding 
 that almost the whole interior is occupied by an embryo witli two 
 cotyledons, much like that of an apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), and this 
 class, as one of its name denotes, is dicotyledonous. If we view tlie 
 parts of the blossom, we perceive they are five throughout (Fig. 363, 
 365), a number which occurs in that class only. All these marks, 
 or as many of them as the student is able to verify, show that the 
 plant belongs to Class I. Exogknous or Dicotyledonous Plants. 
 
 543. To which subclass, is the next inquiry. The single but 
 several-celled ovary in the centre of the flower, enclosing the ovules, 
 assures us that it belongs to the Angiospermous subclass, p. 13. 
 
 544. To get a good idea of tlie general plan ,of the flower, before 
 
 proceeding farther, cut it through the middle lengthwise, as iti Fig. 
 364, and also take a slice across a flower-bud, whicii will brin^ to view 
 an arrangement somewhat like that of Fig. 365. Evidently the 
 blossom is regularly constructed upon the number five. It has a 
 calyx of five sepals, a corolla of five petals, five stamens, and five 
 
 FIG. 382. Section of the stem of Flax, magnified. 333. Summit of a branch of\he common 
 Flax, with two flowers. 384. A flower divided lengthwise and enlarged. 
 
LESSON 31.] now TO STCDY PLANTS. 189 
 
 styles, with their ovaries nil o<)ml)iiie(l into one compound ovary. 
 "We note, also, that the several parts of the bios- ^^^^"^"^^^^ 
 soin are all free and unconnected, — the leaves /^'^C0^''^\ 
 of the calyx, the petals, and the .-laincns all ris- /Mr} /^fe frl i 
 ing separately one after another from the recep- \\{ ^jf^J ji 
 tacle underneath tiie ovary; hiit the lilaments, \ yCb Oy J 
 on close inspection, may show a slight union \/'"**''*~I^^^$/ 
 among themselves, at the ha'^e. 353 
 
 olo. So our plant, having b separate petals, is of the Polypeta- 
 LOLS division of tiie lirst cla-s, for the analysis of which see page 14. 
 
 o4G. But it does not belong to the primary division A, which has 
 more than 10 stamcsns. The student passes on, therefore, to the 
 counterpart division B, on page IG, to which the few stamens, here 
 only five, refer it. 
 
 b\l. Of the three subdivisions, with numerals prefixed, only the 
 second answers ; for the calyx is free from the ovary, and there is 
 only one ovary, althougli the styles are five. 
 
 548. The divisions subordinate to this form a couplet ; and our 
 plant agrees with the second member of it, having " Stamens of the 
 same number as the petals" [5J and '"alternate with them." The' 
 division under this is a triplet, of wiiich we take the third member; 
 for the •' Leaves are not punctate with [lellucid dots." Under this, 
 in turn, is a triplet beginning with the word Ovary, and the five, if 
 not ten cells, determine our choice of the third member of it, 
 "Ovary compound." Under this we have no less than nine choices, 
 dependent upon the structure of the ovary, the number of ovules 
 and seeds, &c. But the 5-celled ovary with a pair of ovules in 
 each cell, separated by a false partition projecting from tlie back 
 (Kig. 305), so that the pod becomes in fact 10-celled, with a ^ol- 
 itary seed in each cell, is described only in the ninth and last of 
 the set, p. 18. Under this, again, we have to choose among five 
 propositions relating to the seeds. Here tiie fifth — "Seeds and 
 ovules only one or two in each cell" — alone meets the case. 
 Under this, finally, we have to ciioose from six lines, beginning 
 with the words Tree, Shrubs, or Herbs. The fifth alone agrees, 
 and leads to the Flax Family, p. 77. 
 
 54'J. Tiiere is only one genus of it in this country, namely, the 
 Flax genus itself, or Linum. To determine the species, look first 
 
 FIG. 31)5. Cross-section of .-in um'X|>aiiilcd llowcr of thr same, (i sort of Jiigmni. 
 
I'JO HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [^LESSON 31. 
 
 at the three sections, marked with stars. The second answers to 
 QUI plant; and the annual root, pointed sepals, and blue petals deter- 
 mine it to be the Commox Flax, Ltnum usitatissimum. 
 
 550. By the Manual, the same plant would be similarly traced, 
 along a somewhat different order of steps, down to the genus on 
 p. 104, and to the species, which being a foreign cultivated one, and 
 only by chance spontaneous, is merely mentioned at the close. 
 
 551. After several analyses of this kind, the student will be able 
 to pass rapidly over most of these steps ; should ordinarily re(!og- 
 nize the class and the division at a glance. Suppose a common Mal- 
 low to be the next subject. Having flowers and seeds, it is Phasno- 
 gamous. The netted-veined leaves, the sti-ucture of the stem, and 
 tlie leaves of the flower in fives, refer it to Class I. The pistils, of 
 the ordinary sort, refer it to Subclass I. The five petals refer it to 
 the Polypetalous division. Turning to the Key in the Field, Forest, 
 and Garden Botany, and to the analysis of that division, commencing 
 on p. 14, the numerous stamens fix it upon A, under which the 
 very first line, " Stamens monadelphous, united with the base of 
 the corolla ; anthers kidney-shaped, one-celled," exactly expresses 
 
 •the structure of these organs in our plant, which is thus determined 
 to be of the Mallow Family, — for which see page 70. 
 
 552. After reading the character of the family, and noting its 
 agreement in all respects, we fix upon § 1, in which the anthers are 
 all borne at the top, and not down the side of the tube of filaments. 
 We pass the subdivision with a single star, and choose the alternative, 
 with two stars, on account of the ring of ovaries, &c. ; fix upon the 
 division ->— , on account of the stigmas running down one side of the 
 slender style, instead of forming a little head or blunt tip at their 
 apex ; and then have to choose among five genera. The three 
 separate bracts outside of the calyx, the obcordate petals, and the 
 fruit determine the plant to be a IMalva. Then, referring to p. 71 
 for the species, the small whitish flowers point to the first division, 
 and a comparison of the characters of the two species under it, 
 assures us that the plant in hand" is Malva rotundifolia. 
 
 553. For the sake of an example in the Monopetalous Division, 
 we take a sort of Morning-Glory which is often met with climbing 
 over shrubs along the moist banks of streams. Its netted-veined 
 leaves, the sepals and the stamens being five, — also the structure of 
 the stem, if we choose to examine it, and the embryo with two leafy 
 
\ 
 
 irSSO'^T .^I.T now TO STUDY PLVNT.S. 191 
 
 cotyledons (;is in Fi;j^. 2n), rojulily inspected if we have seeds, — 
 phovv it belongs to Class I. Its pistil refers it of eourse to Subclass I. 
 The corolla being a short funnel-shaped tube, tlieoretieally regarded 
 as formed of five pet^ils uniled up to lJ»e very summit or border, ren- 
 ders tiie flower a good illusiralion of tlie MoNoi*r,TALoi;s Division, 
 the analysis of which begins on p, 20, in the work we are using. 
 
 o54. The calyx free from thc^ ovary excludes it from the section 
 A, and refers it to section B. This is subdivided, in the first place, 
 by the number of the stamens, and theii- position as respects the 
 lobes of the c<irolla. Now, as the petals of the corolla in this flower 
 are united up to the very bonier, the student may at first be puzzled 
 to tell how many lobes it should have, or, in other w<)r(l<, how many 
 petals enter into its conipo-ition. But the five leaves of the calvx 
 ■would lead ont; to expect a i-omlia of five pai-ts al«o. And, althongli 
 tlwre are here i-eally no lobes or notclics to be seen, yet the five 
 plaits of the corolla answer to the notches, and sliow it to consist of 
 fiv(! petals perfectly united. Since the stamens are of the same 
 number as the ])laits of the corolla, and are j)laced before them (as 
 may be best seen by sjdilting down the corolla on one side and 
 spreading it out flat), it follows that they alternate with the lobes or 
 petals; therefore our j)lant falls under the third sulxlivision : "Sta- 
 mens as many as the lobes or parts of the corolla and alternate with 
 them." This subdivides by the pistils. Our plant, having a i)istil 
 with two stigmas and two ceils to the ovary, must be referred to the 
 fifth and last category : " Pistil one, with a single c(mipound ovary," 
 &c. "We are then directed to the stamens, which here are "plaiidy 
 borne on the corolla " ; next to the leaves, which are on tht; stem 
 (not all at the i-oot), also alternate, without stipules; the stamens 
 .0, and the ovary 2-ceIIe(l, — all of which accords with the seventh 
 of the succeeding propositions, and with no other. The middle one 
 alone under this agrees as to the ovary and seed-, and all is confirmed 
 by the twining stem. It is the Conv(»lvl'm:s Family, p. 2G2. 
 
 5.">"). The proper Convolvulus Family has green foliage, as has 
 our plant. Its style is single and entire, as in § 1. Its calyx has a 
 pair of lai-g(^ h-afy bracts, as in the sulxlivision with two stars. So 
 we reach the genus Calystkc.ia, or Bijactkd Bixdwi'.i.o. 
 
 556. Under tlii-^ cenu> two species are deserilx'd : the twining sti'tn. 
 and the other particulars <ifonr plant, direct us to the first C. si.niM, 
 which in England is nameil llr.ixiK Bindwi'.kd. and here is one 
 of the various Conv olvulaccoii- plants known a- >h)UM.N<;-( Ji.oitv. 
 
192 
 
 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 
 
 [lksson '3-^. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS: FURTHKU ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 557. The foregoing illustrations have all been of the first or Ex- 
 ogenous class. We will take one from the other class, and investi- 
 gate it by the Manual. 
 
 558. It shall be a rather common plant of our woods in spring, 
 the Three-leaved Nightshade, or Birthroot. AVith specimens in 
 hand, and the Manual open at the Analytical Key, p. 21, seeing 
 that the plant is of the Phagnogamous series, we proceed to deter- 
 mine the cla<s. The netted-veined leaves would seem to refer the 
 plant to the first class; while the blossom (Fig, 3GG, 3G7), con- 
 structed on the number three, naturally directs us to the second 
 
 class, in which this number almost 
 universally prevails. Here the stu- 
 dent will be somewhat puzzled. If 
 the seeds were ripe, they might be 
 examined, to see whether the embryo 
 has one cotyhidon only, or a pair. 
 But the seeds are not to be had in 
 spring, and if they were, the embryo 
 would not readily be made out. We 
 35S must judge, therefore, by the structure 
 
 of the stem. Is it exogenous or endogenous ? If we cut the stem 
 through, or take otF a thin slice crosswise and lengthwise, we shall 
 perceive that thu woody matter in it consists of 
 ■^^ ^v a number of threads, interspersed throughout 
 /^ '" \ the soft cellular part without regularity, and not 
 ( <0^¥^ I collected into a ring or layer. In fact, it is just 
 like the Corn-stalk (Fig. 351), except that the 
 woody threads are fewer. It is therefore endo- 
 genous (422); and this decides the question in 
 favor of Class II. Monocotyledonous or En- 
 J)OGi:nous Plants (page 30), notwithstanding the branching veins 
 of the leaves. For ntnihcr this character, nor the number of parts in 
 
 ITG. 333. FJov.cr of Trillium orectum, viewed from above. 367. Diagram of the same, a 
 crosB-.seotion of tho unoi^ened blossom, showing the number and arrangement of parts. 
 
i.KssoN 32.] now ro srinv im.ant.s 193 
 
 the bloji.-oin, holds good universally, while the plan of tlie stem 
 does. 
 
 5J9. The single flower of our plant with distinct calyx and corolla 
 takes us over the Spadieeous to the Pktaloidkols Diviision : 
 the Petaloideous Division of Endogens there begins on p. 28. 
 These parts being free from and beneath the ovary, refer us to the 
 thirtl subdivision, viz : "3. Perianth ivliolly free from the ovari/." 
 
 559". The pistil is next to be considered : it accoi-ds with the third 
 of the tri|)let: "Pistil one, compound (cells or jilacenlae 3) ; anthers 
 2-celled." Under this follows a triplet, of which the initial word is 
 '•Perianth": our choice falls upon the first, as there is nothing 
 "glumaceous" about this flower. 
 
 560. The succeeding triplet relates to the stamens; here 6, so 
 we take the first alternative. The next refers to mode and place of 
 growth : our plant is " Terrestrial, and not rush-like." The ne.xt 
 again to the perianth : the second number of the triplet : " Perianth 
 of 3 foliaceous and green sepals, and 3 colored withering-persistent 
 petals" (as would be seen after Howering-time), brings us to a par- 
 ticular group in the great Lily family, or Liliacic.e, p. 520. 
 
 5GI. Reading over the family character, and collating the five 
 tribes comprised, we perceive that our plant belongs to the group, 
 quite peculiar among Liliaceous plants, here ranked as Tribe L 
 TuiLLiDKyE, the Trillium tribe. And the next step, leading to a 
 choice between two genera, determines the genus to be Trillium. 
 
 562. Turning to this, on p. 522, and reading the full description 
 of it, we proceed to the easy task of ascertaining the species. The 
 "flower is raised on a peduncle," as in § 2. This peduncle is slender 
 and nearly erect, and all the other particulars accord with the sub- 
 division marked by a single star. And, finally, the ovate, acutish, 
 widely-spreading, dark dull-purple petals mark the species as the 
 PuupLii BiuTiiuooT, Trillium kkkctum, L. 
 
 503. By the Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, the analysis is 
 similar, only more simple. The details need not be particularly 
 recapitulated. 
 
 5G4. The student residing west of New Ktigland will also be 
 likely to find another species, with similar foliage, but with larger, 
 pure white, and obovate petals, turning rose-color when about to 
 fiide. This will at once be identified as T. yrandifturum. And 
 towards the north, in cold and damp woods or swamps, a smaller 
 17 
 
194 HOW TO STUDY I^LANTS. [lKSSON 32. 
 
 species will be met with, having dull-green and petioled leaves 
 rounded at the base, and rather narrow, wavy, white petals, marked 
 with pink or purple stripes at the base : this the student will refer 
 to T. crythrocarpum. But the species principally found in the east- 
 ern parts of the country has a short peduncle recurved under the 
 leaves, so as nearly lo conceal the much less handsome, dull white 
 flower : this, it will be seen, is T. cernimm, the Nodding TriJUum 
 or Wake Robin. 
 
 565, Whenever the student has fairly studied out one species of 
 a genus, he will be likely to know the others when he sees thera. 
 And when plants of another genus of the same order are met with, 
 the order may generally be recognized at a glance, from the family 
 resemblance. For instance, having first become acquainted with the 
 Convolvulus family in the genus Calystegia (555), we recognize it 
 at once in the common Morning-Glory, and in the Cypress-Vine, 
 and even in the Dodder, although these belong to as many different 
 genera. Having examined the common Mallow (552), we immedi- 
 ately recognize tlie Mallow family (Malvacece) in the Marsh-Mallow, 
 spfiringly naturalized along tlie coast, in the Glade Mallow, and the 
 Indian Mallow, in tlie Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow, and so of the rest : 
 for the relationship is manifest in their general appearance, and in 
 the whole structure of the flowers, if not of the foliage also. 
 
 5 06. So the study of one plant leads naturally and easily to the 
 knowledge of the whole order or family of plants it belongs to: — 
 which is a great advantage, and a vast saving of labor. For, 
 although we have about one hundred and thirty orders of Flowering 
 Plants represented in our Botany of the Northern States by about 
 2,540 species, yet half of these species belong to nine or ten of these 
 orders; and more than four fifths of the species belong to forty of 
 the orders. One or two hundred species, therefore, well examined, 
 might give a good general idea of our whole botany. And students 
 who will patiently and thoroughly study out twenty or thirty well- 
 chosen examples will afterwards experience little difficulty in determin- 
 ing any of our Flowering Plants and Ferns, and will find the pleasure 
 of the pursuit largely to increase with their increasing knowledge. 
 
 5G7. And the interest will be greatly enhanced as the student, 
 rising to higher and wider views, begins to discern the System of 
 Botany, or, in other words, comprehends more and more oi' the Plan 
 of the Creator in the Vegetable Kingdom. 
 
LESSON 33.] NATUKAL SYSTEM. 19»5 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 nOTAMCAI, SYSTEMS. 
 
 .'")G8. Natural System. The S>/sfr>n of Botany consists of tlm orders 
 or fanulies, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes, 
 the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their re- 
 lationships. This, when properly carried out, is tlie Natural Si/stem ; 
 because it is intended to express, as well as we are able, the various 
 degrees of relationship among plants, as presented in nature; — to 
 rank those species, those genera, &;c. next to each other in the classi- 
 fication which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words, 
 which are constructed nio-;t nearly on the same particidar plan. 
 
 .'iGO. Now this word plan of course supposes a jflaiiner, — an in- 
 telligent mind working according to a system : it is this system, 
 tiierefore, which the botanist is endeavoring as far as he can to 
 exhibit in a classitication. In it we humbly attempt to learn some- 
 thing of the plan of the Creator in this department of Nature. 
 
 570. So there can be otdy one natural system of Botany, if by the 
 term we mean the plan according to which the vegetable creation 
 was called into being, with all its grades and diversities among the 
 species, as well of past as of the present time. But there may be 
 numy natural systems, if we mean the attempts of men to interpret 
 and express the plan of the vegetable creation, — systems which will 
 vary with our advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and 
 skill of different botanists, — and which must all be very imperfect. 
 They will all bear the impress of individual minds, and be shaped 
 by the current philosophy of the age. But the endeavor always is 
 to make til ' classification a reflection of Nature, as far as any system 
 can l)e which has to be expressed in a series of definite propositions, 
 and have its divisions and subdivisions following eacii other in some 
 single fixed order.* 
 
 * Tlic best classification inn-t f.iil tn jrivo moir flian an imir^rfi-ct and ron- 
 si(kM-aI)Iy distorted refloction. nnt merely of tlic plan of ereation, liut even of our 
 knowledge of it. It is often oliii;,'ed to make arbitrary divisions \v1k'r> Nature 
 shows only transitions, and to consider frenera, &e. as etjual units, or irniups of 
 C(juallj related sperics, wLile in faet tlicy may be very unequal, — to assume, ou 
 
196 BOTANICAL SYSTEMS. [LESSON 33. 
 
 571. The Natural System, as we receive it, and as to that portion 
 of it which is represented in the botany of our country, is hiid before 
 the student in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. 
 The orders, however, still require to be grouped, according to their 
 natural relationships, into a considerable number of great groups 
 (or alliances) ; but this caimot yet be done throughout in any easy 
 way. So we have merely arranged them somewhat after a custom- 
 ary order, and have given, in the Artificial Key, a contrivance for 
 enabling the student easily to find the natural order of any plant. 
 This is a sort of 
 
 572. Artificial Classification. The object of an artificial classifica- 
 tion is merely to furnish a convenient method of finding out the name 
 and place of a plant. It makes no attempt at arranging plants ac- 
 cording to their relationships, but serves as a kind of dictionary. It 
 distributes plants according to some one peculiarity or set of pecu- 
 liarities (just as a dictionary distributes words ac(!ording to their 
 first letters), disregarding all other considerations. 
 
 573. At present we need an artificial classification in Botany 
 only as a Key to the Natural Orders, — as an aid in referring an 
 unknown plant to its proper family ; and for this it is very needful to 
 the student. Formerly, when the orders themselves were not clearly 
 made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the student 
 down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue. 
 First, that of Tournefort, founded mainly on the leaves of the fiower, 
 the calyx and corolla : this was the prevalent system throughout the 
 first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by. 
 It was succeeded by the well-known artificial system of Linna?us, 
 which has been used until lately ; and which it is still worth while 
 to give some account of. 
 
 574. The Artificial System of Linna;us was founded on the stamens 
 
 and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable 
 number of orders, which were to take the place temporarily of the 
 natural classes and orders ; the genera being the same under all 
 classifications. 
 
 paper at least, a strictly definite limitation of p:enera, of tribes, and of orders, 
 althou^^h observation shows so much blending here and there of natural groups, 
 sufficiently distinct on the wliole, as to warrant us in assuming the likeliliood 
 that the Creator's plan is one of gradation, not nf ile finite limitution,e\en perhaps 
 -o the species themsolves. 
 
LESSON o."^).] AUTIKICIAL SYSTICM OK I,I\\.r.IS. 
 
 197 
 
 57."). Tlu; twenty-four rkisses of Linnaeus wito loiindii] upon 
 somtahinfij about the stamens. The following is an analysis of 
 tlieni. The first great division is into two great series, the Phec- 
 7Wffainoiis iwul the Cnfptogamous,\\\(i same as in the Natural System, 
 The first of these is divided into those fiowers whieh have the sta- 
 mens in the same flower with the pistils, and those which liave not ; 
 and these again are subdivided, iis is sliowii in the Ibilowing tabular 
 view. 
 
 Scries I. ni.EXOnA^riA ; plants M-it.h stamens iiul pirtils, i. c. witli real 
 flowers. 
 1, Stamens in (lie same flower as tlie pistils ; 
 * Not united witl> tlieni, 
 4- Nor with one another. 
 
 *♦ Of equal lenf^tli if cither G or 4 in nnmher. 
 
 One to each flower, 
 
 
 Class 1. 
 
 MoNANRniA. 
 
 Two " 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 DiANDKIA. 
 
 Three " 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 TllIANUniA. 
 
 Four " 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Tetkandria. 
 
 Five " 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 Pentandria. 
 
 Six " 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 Hexanuria. 
 
 Seven " 
 
 
 
 7. 
 
 IIeptaxdria. 
 
 Ei-ht " 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 Octandria. 
 
 Nine " 
 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Enneandria. 
 
 Ten " 
 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Decandria. 
 
 Eleven to nineteen to each flower, 
 
 
 11. 
 
 DODECANDRIA. 
 
 Twenty or more inserted on 
 
 the caly> 
 
 L, 
 
 12. 
 
 Icosandria. 
 
 " " " on 
 
 the reccji 
 
 itacle, 
 
 , 13. 
 
 rOLVANDRIA. 
 
 ++ ++ Of unequal lenirth and either 4 or 6 
 
 
 
 
 Four, 2 lonj; and 2 shorter. 
 
 
 
 14. 
 
 DinVNAMIA. 
 
 Six, 4 long and 2 shorter, 
 
 
 
 15. 
 
 Tetradvxamia 
 
 H- ■*- United with each other. 
 
 
 
 
 
 By their filaments, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Into one set or tuhc, 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 MONADET.IMIIA. 
 
 Into two sets, 
 
 
 
 17. 
 
 DlADELPHIA. 
 
 Into three or more sets, 
 
 
 
 18. 
 
 POLYADELPIIIA 
 
 By their anthers into a ring. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 SVXGENESIA. 
 
 ♦ * United with the jjistil. 
 
 
 
 20. 
 
 GVXANDRIA. 
 
 !. Stamens and pistils in se])arate flowers. 
 
 
 
 
 Of the same individuaU, 
 
 
 
 21. 
 
 MoNfTCIA. 
 
 Of different individuals, 
 
 
 
 22. 
 
 Dkecia. 
 
 Some flowers perfect, others staminatc 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 pistillate cither in the same or 
 
 ■ in different 
 
 
 
 individuals, 
 
 
 
 23. 
 
 PoLYGAMIA. 
 
 Series II. CRYPTO(;.\MIA. No 
 
 stamens 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 pistils, therefore no i)roper flowers, 
 
 
 
 24. 
 
 Crvi'togamia. 
 
 17 
 
198 
 
 ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF LINN^US. [lESSON 33. 
 
 576. The names of these classes are all compounded of Greek 
 words. The first eleven consist of the Greek numerals, in succes- 
 sion, from 1 to 11, combined with andria, which here denotes sta- 
 mens ; — e. g. Monandria, with one stamen ; and so on. The 11th 
 has the numeral for twelve stamens, although it includes all which 
 have from eleven to nineteen stamens, numbers which rarely occur. 
 The 12th means " with tvrenty stamens," but takes in any higher 
 number, although only when the stamens are borne on the calyx. 
 The 13th means " with many stamens," but it takes only those 
 with the stamens borne on the receptacle. The 14th means "two 
 gtamens powerful," the shorter pair being supposed to be weaker ; 
 the loth, "four powerful," for the same reason. The names of the 
 next three classes are compounded of adelphia, brotlierhood, and 
 the Greek words for one, two, and many (^Monadelphia, Diadelphia, 
 and Pohjadelphid) . The 19th means "united in one household." 
 The 20th is compounded of the words for stamens and pistils united. 
 The 21st and 22d are composed of the word meaning house and the 
 numerals one, or single, and two : Moncecia, in one house, Dioecia, 
 in two houses. The 23d is fancifully formed of the words meaning 
 plurality and marriage, from which the English word polygamy is 
 derived. The 24th is from two words meaning concealed nuptials, 
 and is opposed to all the rest, which are called Phcenogamous, be- 
 cause their stamens and pistils, or parts of fructification, are evident. 
 
 577. Having established the classes of his system on the stamens, 
 Linnieus proceeded to divide them into orders by marks taken from 
 the pistils, for those of the first thirteen classes. These orders de- 
 pend on the number of the pistils, or rather on the number of styles, 
 or of stigmas when thei-e are no styles, and they are named, like the 
 classes, by Gre<-k numerals, prefixed to gynia, which means pistil. 
 Thus, flowers of these thirteen classes with 
 
 One style or sessile stiiTma belong to Order 1. 
 
 Two styles or sessile stigmas, to 
 
 Three " 
 
 Four " " 
 
 Five 
 
 Six " " 
 
 Seven " " 
 
 Eight 
 
 Nine 
 
 Ten 
 
 Eleven or twelve " 
 
 More than twelve " 
 
 - 1. 
 
 MONOGYNIA. 
 
 2. 
 
 DiGYXIA. 
 
 3. 
 
 Tkigynia. 
 
 4. 
 
 Tetragynia. 
 
 5. 
 
 Pentagynia. 
 
 6. 
 
 Hexagynia. 
 
 7. 
 
 Heptagynia. 
 
 8. 
 
 OCTOGYNIA. 
 
 9. 
 
 Evneagynia. 
 
 10. 
 
 Decagynia. 
 
 11. 
 
 Dodecagynia. 
 
 13. 
 
 POLYGYNIA. 
 
LESSON 31. ] HOW TO COLLECT SI'FXIMENS. 199 
 
 578. The orders of the romainin{» classes are founded on various 
 consi(h!rations, some on the nature of tlie fruit, others on the number 
 and j)osition of the stamens. But there is no need to enumerate 
 them here, nor farther to illustrate the Liiina3an Artificial Classifi- 
 cation. For as a system it has gone entirely out of use ; and a.s a 
 Key to the Natural Orders it is not so convenient, nor by any meana 
 so certain, as a proper Artificial Key, prepared for the purpose, such 
 OS we have been using in the preceding Lessons. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 now TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND MAKE AN HERBARIUM. 
 
 579. For Collecling Specimens the needful things are a large knife, 
 strong enough to be used lor digging up bulbs, small root.stocks, 
 and the like, as well as for cutting woody branches ; and a botanical 
 box, or a portfolio, for holding specimens which are to be carried to 
 any distance. 
 
 580. It is well to have both. The botanical box is most useful 
 for holding specimens which are to be examined fresh. It is made 
 of tin, in shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes 
 like an English sandwich-case ; the lid opening for nearly the 
 whole length of one side of the box. Any portable tin box of con- 
 venient size, and capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches 
 long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut close, so that 
 the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches and 
 most flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly 
 moistened. 
 
 581. The portfolio should be a pretty strong one. from a foot to 
 twenty inches long, and from nine to eleven inches wide, and fasten- 
 ing with tape, or (which is better) by a leathern strap and buckle at 
 the side. It should contain a quantity of sheets of thin and smooth, 
 unsized paper; the poorest printing-paper and grocers' tea-paper 
 are very good for the purpose. The specimens a^^ soon as gathered 
 are to be separately laid in a folded sheet, and kept under moderate 
 pressure in the close<l portfolio. 
 
200 HOW TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS, [lESSON 34. 
 
 582. Botanical specimens should be either in flower or in fruit. 
 In the case of herbs, the same specimen will often exhibit the two ; 
 and both should by all means be secured whenever it is possible. 
 Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all, 
 should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suf- 
 fice, with some of the leaves from near the root.- Enough of the 
 root or subterranean part of the plant should be collected to show 
 whether the plant is an annual, biennial, or perennial. Thick roots, 
 bulbs, tubers, or branches of specimens intended to be preserved, 
 should be thinned with a knife, or cut into slices lengthwise. 
 
 583. For drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized paper 
 — the more bibulous the better — is wanted; and some convenient 
 means of applying pressure. All that is requisite to make good dried 
 botanical specimens h, to dry them as rapidly as possible between 
 many thicknesses of paper to absorb their moisture, under as much 
 pressure as can be given without crushing the more delicate parts. 
 This pressure may be given by a botanical press, of which various 
 forms have been contrived ; or by weights placed upon a board, — 
 from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the quantity 
 of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a good 
 portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides, 
 holding the drying paper, and the pressure may be applied by a 
 cord, or, much better, by strong straps Avith buckles. 
 
 584. For drying paper, the softer and smoother sorts of cheap 
 wrapping-paper answer very well. This paper may be made up 
 into driers, each of a dozen sheets or less, according to the thickness, 
 lightly stitched together. Specimens to be dried should be put into 
 the press as soon as possible after gathering. If collected in a port- 
 folio, the more delicate plants should not be disturbed, but the sheets 
 that hold them should one by one be transferred from the portfolio 
 to the press. Specimens brought home in the botanical box must 
 be laid in a folded sheet of the same thin, smooth, and soft paper 
 used in the portfolio ; and these sheets are to hold the plants until 
 they are dry. They are to be at once laid in between the driers, 
 and the whole put under pressure. Every day (or at first even 
 twice a day would be Avell) the specimens, left undisturbed in their 
 sheets, are to be shifted into well-dried fresh driers, and the pressure 
 renewed. Avhile the moist sheets are spread out to drj', that they may 
 take their turn again at the next shifting. This course must be 
 continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch, — 
 
LESSON 34.] AND FOIOI AN IIKRBAIUUM. 201 
 
 wliich for most plants requires about a week ; tlion tlify may bo 
 -traiisrerred to the sheets of pa[)er in which they arc tu be iJicscrvcd. 
 If a great abundance of drying-paper is used, it is not necessary 
 to change the siii>ets every day, after the first day or two. 
 
 o>S5. Ilcrbarilllll. Tiie botanist's collection of dried specimens, 
 ticketed witli their names, place, and time of collection, and sys- 
 tematically arranged under their genera, orders, &;c., forms a J/or- 
 tiis Siccus or Herbarium. It comprises not only the specimens 
 which the proprietor has himself collected, but those which he ac- 
 quires through friendly exchanges with distant botanists, or in other 
 ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets 
 of neat, and rather thick, white paper ; or they may be fastened on 
 half-sheets of such paper, either by slips of gummed pa[)er, or by 
 glue applied to the specimens themselves. Each sheet shoidd be 
 api)ropriated to one si)ecies ; two or more different plants should 
 never be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific 
 name of the plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner, 
 either written on the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down at that corner; 
 and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the flowers, and 
 any other information which the specimens themselves do not afford, 
 should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets 
 of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. Tlie 
 herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about 
 eleven inches long and seven wide. But tiiis is too small for an 
 herbarium of any magnitude. Sixteen and a half inches by ten 
 and a half, or eleven and a half inches, is an approved size. 
 
 58G. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be 
 placed in genus-covers, made of a full sheet of thick, colored paper 
 (such as the strongest Manilla-hemp paper), which fold to the same 
 dimensions as the species-sheet ; and the name of the genus is to be 
 written on one of the lower corners. Tliese are to be arranged 
 under the orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed 
 cases or cabinets, either laid flat in compartments, like large "pigeon- 
 holes," or else i)laced in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes, 
 and having the names of thy orders lettered on the back. 
 
 S&F— 10 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIB- 
 INO PLANTS, 
 
 COMBINED WITH AN INDEX. 
 
 A, at the bcginnin;^ of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negatire, 
 or the absence of somethuig ; as apetalous, without petals ; aphyllous, leaf- 
 less, &c. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix is an ; as awanther- 
 ous, destitute of anther. 
 
 Ahnonniil: contrary to the usuiil or the natural structure. 
 
 Ahorkjinal: original in the strictest sense; same as iiuligenous. 
 
 Abortive: imperfectly formed, or rudimentary, as one of the stamens in fig. 195 
 and three of them in fig. 19G, p. 95. 
 
 Abortion: the imperfect formation, or non-formation, of some part. 
 
 AbriijU: suddenly terminating; as, for instaiu'C, 
 
 Ahruptlii pinnule: pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end; fig. 128, p. 65. 
 
 Acanlescent {(icaulis) : apparently stemless ; the projier stem, bearing the leaves 
 and Howers, being very short or subterranean, as in Bloodroot, and most 
 Violets; p. 3G. 
 
 Acce'ssori/: something additional ; as Acccsson/ buds, p. 26. 
 
 Accrescent: growing larger after floWering, as the calyx of Physalis. 
 
 Acciiinbmt : lying against a thing. The cotyledoi\s arc aceumbent when they 
 lie with their edges against the radicle. 
 
 Acprosc: needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines ; fig. 140, p. 72. 
 
 Acetnhnliform : saucer-shaped. 
 
 Acheniiim (plural achenia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit; (ig. 28G, p. 129 
 
 Achlami/droun (flower) : without floral envelopes; as Li/.ard's-tail, p. 90. fig. 18U. 
 
 Acicular: needle-shaped ; more slender than acerose. 
 
 Acinmiform : scymitar-shaped, like some bean-pods. 
 
 Acines: the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry; ilg. 289. 
 
 Acorn: the nut of the Oak : fig. 299, p. 130. 
 
 Acoli/lciloiions .- destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves. 
 
 Acrdr/cnoiis : growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns nnd ^fo«;os. 
 
 Acro(/enx, or Acroycnous Plunts: the higher Cryptoganious plants, such a* 
 Ferns, &c., p. 172. 
 
204 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Aculeate: armed with prickles, i. e. aculci ; as the Rose and Brier. 
 
 Aciileolute : armed with small prickles, or sliglitly prickly. 
 
 Acuminate: taper-pointed, as the leaf in fig. 97 and fig. 103. 
 
 Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle. 
 
 Adelphous (stamens) : joined in a fraternity (addplda) : see monadelphous and 
 diadelphous. 
 
 Adherent: sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body ; p. 104. 
 
 Adnate: growing fas.t to ; it means bo'.n adherent. Tlie anther is adnate when 
 fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, as in Tulip- 
 tree, fig. 233. 
 
 AJpressed, or oppressed: brought into contact, but not united. 
 
 Adscendmt, ascendent, or ascendinrj : rising gradually upwards. 
 
 Adsimjent, or assurgent : same as ascending. 
 
 Adventitious : out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adcentitious buds, p. 2G, 27. 
 
 Adventive: applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a 
 country, but hardly to be called naturalized. 
 
 Equilateral : equal-sided ; opposed to oblique. 
 
 Estivation : the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, p. 108. 
 
 Air-cells or Air-passages : spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, p. 143. 
 
 Air-Plants, p. 34. 
 
 Akenium, or akene. See achenium. 
 
 Ala (plural ate) : a wing; the sidivpetals of a papilionaceous corolla, p. 105, 
 fig. 218, w. 
 
 Alahdstrum : a flower-bud. 
 
 Alar: situated in the forks of a stem. 
 
 Alaie : winged, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper (fig. 316) the fruit of the Maple, 
 Elm (fig. 301), &c. 
 
 Albescent : whitish, or turning white. 
 
 Absorption, p. 168. 
 
 Albumen of the seed : nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, but not 
 within it; p. 1.5, 136. 
 
 Albumen, a vegetable product; a form of proteine, p. 165. 
 
 Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen; as the seeds of Indian corn (fig. 38, 
 39), of Buckwheat (fig 326), &c. 
 
 Alburnum: young wood, sap-wood, p 153. 
 
 Alpine : belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests. 
 
 Alle'rnate (leaves): one after another, p. 24, 71. Petals are alternate ivith the 
 sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals be- 
 tween them, p. 93. 
 
 Alveolate: honeycomb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle. 
 
 Anient: a catkin, p. 81. Amentaceous: catkin-like, or catkin-bearing. 
 
 Amorphous: shapeless; without any definite form. 
 
 Amphigdstrium (plural amphigastria) : a peculiar stipule-like leaf of ccrtair 
 Liverworts 
 
 Amphifr-npous or Am tih it ropal ovules or seeds, p. 123, fig. 272. 
 
 Ample'cfant: embracinnf. Amplexicaul (leaves) : clasping the stem by the base. 
 
 Amp'illdceoHs : swpllinsr nut like a bottle or bladder. 
 
 Amylaceous : composed of starch, or starch-like. 
 
GLOSSAUY. 20i> 
 
 Andnl/terous : without anthers. Andnlhons : destitute of flowers ; flowerlcss. 
 
 Aiidstoniosinij : foriuin;; a iiet-woriv (anuslomosis), as tlie veins of leaves. 
 
 Aiidlmjioiis or Aiidtivjial ovules or seeds ; p. 12.3, (i;;. 273. 
 
 Anci/tiud (aiicfjis) : two-edj^ed, as tlie stem of Blne-t-yed Grass. 
 
 Aiuliucliiin : a name for the stamens taken tofjetlier 
 
 Aiulniifi/iiotis : having botli staminato and pistillate flowers in the same chistcf 
 
 or iiilloreseenec, as many speeies of Carex. 
 Androp/iore: a eolumu of united stamens, as in a Mallow ; or the support on 
 
 whieli stamens are raised. 
 Aii/rdctiiose : bent hither and thither, as tlie anthers of the Sciiia>li, See. 
 Aiu/iosperma-, Angiospe'rmous Plants: with their seeds formed in an ovary or peri- 
 
 earp, p. 183. 
 Amjular direiyence of leaves, p. 72. 
 Aninnd (])lant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and 
 
 then dying, p 21. 
 Aninditr: in the form of a ring, or forming a circle. 
 Aumdate : marked hy rings ; or furnished with an 
 Anmdus, or ring, like that of the spore-ease of most Ferns (Manual Bot. N. 
 
 States, plate 9, fig. 2) ■ in Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the 
 
 mouth of the spore-case and the lid, in many speeies. 
 AnlL-rior, in tiie blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while the 
 
 j)osterior side is that next the axis of inflorcseenee. Thus, in the Pea, &e. 
 
 the keel is anterior, and the standard poxlerior. 
 Anther: the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen ; p. 86, 113. 
 Ant/ieruliuin (plural antheridia) : the organ in Mosses, &c. which answers to 
 
 the anther of Flowering plants. 
 Antherifivous : anther-bearing. 
 
 Anlhe'sis : the period or the act of the expansion of a flower 
 Ant/iocdrpous (fruits) : same as multiple fruits ; p. 133. 
 Anticous: same as anterior. 
 Antrdrse: directed upwards or forwards. 
 Ape'talons: destitute of jjetals ; p. 90, fig. 179. 
 Ap/iff/loiis : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage. 
 Apical : belonging to the apex or point. 
 Apictdate: pointletted ; tij)ped with a short and abrupt point. 
 Apocdr/ious (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are separate, 
 
 as in a Buttercup, Sedum (fig. 168), &c. 
 AixSplti/sis : any irregidar swelling; the enlargement at the base of the sporc- 
 
 casc of the Umbrella-Moss (Manual, plate 4), &c. 
 Ap/iendin/e • any superadded part 
 Apprndtiulatp : provided witii appendages. 
 Ajipressed: where branches are close pressed to tho stem, or leaves to tlio 
 
 branch, &c. 
 Apterous : wingless. 
 Aquatic: living or growing in water: applied to ])lants whether growing uiulcr 
 
 water, or witii all but the base raised out of it. 
 Ardchnoid: cobwebl)y ; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres. 
 Aii)drcou$, Arborescent : tix'e-like, in size or form ; p. 36. 
 18 
 
206 GLOtJSAUV. 
 
 Ardipgdninm (])liiral archctjonia) : the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous 
 10 the pistil of Flowering Plants. - 
 
 Arcuate: hent or curved like a bow. 
 
 Are'olate: marked out into little spaces or areoke. 
 
 Aril/ate (seeds) • furnished with an 
 
 A)-il or Arillus : a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a seed; 
 p. 135, fig. 318. 
 
 Aristate: awned. i. e. furnished with an arista, like tlie beard of Barley, &c. 
 
 Aristulate: diminutive of the last; short-awned. 
 
 A rrow-s/iaped or A irow-headed: same as sagittate; p. 59, fig. 95. 
 
 Articulated: jointed ; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates oi 
 inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, p. G4. 
 
 Artificial Classification, p. 196. 
 
 Ascending (stems, &c.), p. 37 , (seeds or ovules), p. 122. 
 
 Aspergilliform : shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigma» 
 of many Grasses. 
 
 Assimilation, p. 162. 
 
 Assurgent: same as ascending, p. 37. 
 
 Atropous or Atropal (ovules) : same as orthotropous. 
 
 Anriculate: furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, p. 59. 
 
 Awl-shaped: sharp-pointed from a broader base, p. 68. 
 
 Awn: the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c. ; or any similar bristle-like ap- 
 pendage. 
 
 Awned: furnished with an awn or long bristle-sliaped tip. 
 
 Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, p. 20. 
 
 Axile: belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis ; p. 119, &c. 
 
 Axillary (buds, &c.) : occurring in an axil, p 21, 77, &c. 
 
 Axis : the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are attached ; 
 the root and stem. Ascending Axis, p. 9. Descending Axis^ p. 9. 
 
 Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin hacca) ; p. 127. 
 
 Barbate : bearded ; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs. 
 
 Barbed : furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on the 
 fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c. 
 
 Barbel/ate: said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositai (species of 
 Liatris, &c ), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, 
 but shorter than when plumose. 
 
 Barbdlulate : diminutive of barbcllate. 
 
 Bark: the covering of a stem outside of the wood, p. 150, 152. 
 
 Basal : belonging or attaclied to tlie 
 
 Base: that extremity of any organ by which it is attaclied to its support. 
 
 Bast, Bastfibres, p. 147. 
 
 Beaked: ending in a prolonged narrow tip. 
 
 Bearded : see barbate. Beard is sometimes used pojiularly for awn, more com- 
 monly for long or stiff hairs of any sort. 
 
 Bell-shaped : of the"^shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, fig. 207, p. 102. 
 
 Beirj/ : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape; p. 127. 
 
 Bi- (or Bis), in compound words : twice; as 
 
GLOSSARY. 207 
 
 Biartfoitlate : twice jointed, or two-jointed ; scpnniting into two pieces. 
 
 Biattriculate : iiaviiig two cars, as tiie leaf in H^. 96. 
 
 Bicutlose: liaviuj:; two callosities or harder spots. 
 
 Dicdiinctle : two-kccled, as tlie upper palea of Grasses. 
 
 Dicii>ital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or bottom. 
 
 Bicdiijmjiite : twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. 
 
 Bide'nlate: having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate). 
 
 Biennial: of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season, 
 
 flowering and dying the next ; p. 21. 
 Bifuiioiis : two-ranked ; arranged in two rows. 
 
 Bifid: two-clefl to about the middle, as the petals of Mouse-ear Chickwced. 
 Bljolidate: a compound leaf of two leaflets; p. 66. 
 Bifurcate: twice forked ; or, more commonly, forked into two branches. 
 Bijngate: bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.). 
 Bilabiate: two-lipped, as the corolla of sage. &c , p. 105, fig. 209. 
 Bildinellate : of two plates {lamella), as the stigma of JMinmlus. 
 Biliiljed : the same as two-lobed. 
 Bildcular : two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Fo.xglcvc, most Saxifrages 
 
 (fig. 234), &c. 
 Binale : in couples, two together. 
 Bipartite: the Latin fonu of two-parted ; p. 62. 
 Bipinnate (leaf) : twice pinnate ; p. 66, fig. 130. 
 Bipinndtijid : twice pinnatifid, p. 64 ; that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again 
 
 pinnatifid. 
 Biplkute : twice folded together. 
 
 Bise'rial, or Biseriale : occupying two rows, one within the other. 
 Biserrate: doubly serrate, as wlien the teeth of a leaf, &c. are themselves serrate. 
 Bile'rnate: twice ternate ; i. e. principal divisions 3, each bcaiing 3 leaflets, &c. 
 Bladder!/: thin and inflated, like the calyx of Silcne inflata. 
 .B/(K/e of a leaf: its expanded jwrtion ; p 54. 
 
 Boat-shaped : concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat. 
 Brdchiate: with opposite branches at right angles to each other, as in tha 
 
 Maple and Lilac. 
 Bract (Latin, braclea). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflorescence, 
 
 more or less dirt"erent fiom ordinary leaves. Specially, the bract is the 
 
 small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds; 
 
 p. 78 ; and a 
 Bractltt {hracteola) is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk ; p. 78, fig. 156. 
 Branch, p. 20, 36. 
 
 Bristles : stiff", sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance. 
 Bristli/: beset with bristles. 
 BriLth-sluifycd : see aspeniilliform. 
 
 Bryoloijij : that part of Botany which relates to Mosses. 
 Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped slate ; p. 20. 
 Bud-sctiles, p. 22, 50. 
 
 Bulb : a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usnally subtciranean ; p. 45, fig. 73. 
 Bulbi/irous : bearing or producing bulbs. 
 Btilbose or bulboiv : bulb-like in shape, &.c. 
 
208 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Bidblets: small bulbs, borne above ground, as on tiie stems of the bulb-bearing 
 Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some other Ferns; p. 46. 
 Bulb-scales, p. 50. 
 Bullate: appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble). 
 
 Caducous : dropping off very early, compared with other parts ; as the calyx in 
 
 the Poppy Family, falling when the flower opens. 
 Ccespitose, or Ce'spitose : growing in turf-like patches or tufts, like most sedges, &c. 
 Culcurate: furnished with a spur [calcur), as the flower of Larkspur, fig. 183, 
 
 and Violet, fig. 181. 
 Culce'olute or Cdlceiform : slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper. 
 Cdl/ose : hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots. 
 Cdlycine : belonging to the calyx. 
 Calyculate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx [calyculus) or set of bracts 
 
 looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks. 
 Calyptra : the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss : Manual, p. 607, t&c. 
 Calyptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher. 
 Calyx: the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower ; p. 85. 
 Cambium and Cambium-layer, p. 154. 
 Cumpdnulatt: bell-shaped; p. 102, fig. 207. 
 Cumpyldti-opous, or Campyldtropal ; curved ovules and seeds of a particular sort ; 
 
 p. 123, fig. 271. 
 Canipylospe'rmous : applied to fruits of Umbellifcrre when the seed is curved in 
 
 at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face ; as in Sweet Cicely. 
 Catiaficulate : channelled, or witli a deep longitudinal groove. 
 Cdncillale: latticed, resembling lattice-work. 
 Canescent: grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with 
 
 fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still. 
 Capilldceons, Cdpillary : hair-like in shape ; as fine as hair or slender bristles. 
 Cdpitate : having a globular ape.x, like the head on a pin ; as the stigma of 
 
 Cherry, fig. 213; or forming a head, like tiie flower-cluster of Button-bush, 
 
 fig. 161. 
 Ca pit dilate: diminutive of capitate ; as the stigmas of fig. 255. 
 Capitulum (a little head) : a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile 
 
 flowers; p. 80, fig. 161. 
 Capre'olate: bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril). 
 Capsule: a pod; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel; p. 131, fig. 305, 306. 
 Cdpsular: relating to, or like a capsule. 
 Carina: a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, wliich aro 
 
 combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the Ivcel (or rather the 
 
 prow) of a vessel; p. 105, fig. 218, k. 
 Cdrinate: keeled; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side. 
 Caridpsis, or Carydpsis: the one-seeded fniit or grain of Grasses, &c., p. 351. 
 Cdnicous: flesh-colored ; pale red. 
 Cdrnose: fleshy in texture. 
 Carpel, or Carpidium : a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of which a 
 
 compound pistil is composed ; p. 117. 
 Cdrpellary : pertaining to a carpel. 
 
GLOSSARY. iQ9t 
 
 Carpolofji/: thnt department of Botany wliicli relates to fruits. 
 
 CdifK>/)/iorc : tlic stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower; as in 
 
 fi-. 27G-278. 
 Citrli/u'/iiioiis, or C<irlil(ii;inious : firm ami ton^xli, like cartila;:c, in texture. 
 Cuntnclc: an cxereseenre at the sc-ar of some seeds ; as those of Tolvgala. 
 Ciiiiincultile : furnished with a eariuulc. 
 
 Gin/o/i/ii/lldrcoiia: pink-like : ap|)lie(l to a corolla of .'} long-clawed petals ; fig. 200. 
 Culkin : a scaly deciduous spike of llowers, an anient ; j). 81. 
 Cdudiite : tailed, or tail-pointed. 
 
 Candex: a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock ; p. 37. 
 Caulescent: having an obvious stem ; p. 36. 
 Cinilicle: a little stem, or rudimentary stem; p. 6. 
 Caiiline: of or belonging to a stem {aiiilis, in Latin), p. 3G. 
 Cell (diminutive Cellule) : the cavity of an anther, ovary, &.C., p. 1 13, 119 ; one of 
 
 the elements or vesicles of which plants arc composed ; p. 140, 142. 
 Cellular <(ssi(e of plants ; p. 142. Cellular Bark, \^. 152. 
 Cellulose, p. 159. 
 Cenlrifuijul (inflorescence) : produced or cx|)!iii(liiig in succession from the centre 
 
 outwards; p. 82. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away horn the 
 
 centre of the fruit. 
 Centripetal: the opposite of centrifugal ; p. 79, 83. 
 Cereal: belonging to corn, or corn-plants. 
 Ce'rnuous: nodding ; the summit more or less inclining. 
 Chuff: small membranous scales or bracts on the i-eeeptadc of Compositaj ; the 
 
 glumes, &c. of Grasses. 
 Chaffy: furnislied with chaff, or of the texture of cliaflf. 
 Clutldza : that ])art of the ovule where all the parts grow together; p. 122. 
 Channelled: hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate. 
 Cliaracter : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c. 
 
 which distinguish it from all others ; p. 180. 
 Chartdceous : of the texture of paper or parcliment. 
 Chlorojihi/ll : the green grains in the cells of the leaf, and of other parts exposed 
 
 to the light, which give to herbage its green color; p. 155. 
 Chrdmule: coloring matter in plants, esj)e(ially when not green, or when liquid. 
 Cicatrix: the scar left by tlie fall of a leaf or other organ. 
 Ciliate: beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like 
 
 the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name 
 Cinereous, or Cinerdecous : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes. 
 Circinnle: rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of Ferns; 
 
 p. 76, fig. 154; the flower-clusters of lleliotrwpe, &c. 
 Circuuisrissile, or Circumcissile : divided by a circular line round the sides, as 
 
 the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c. ; p. 133, fig. 298, 311. 
 Circumscription : the general outline of a thing. 
 Cirrhf/erous, or Cirrhose: furnislied with a tendril (Latin, rlrrhus) ; ns the Grape. 
 
 vine. Cirrho<;e also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as tlic leaf- 
 stalks of Virgin 's-bowcr ; p. 37. 
 Clivis, p 175, 177. 
 Classijication, p 173. 
 
 18* 
 
210 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Cldthrate : latticed ; same as cancellatc. 
 
 C/dccite : club-sliapcd ; sli-nder below and thickened upwards. 
 
 Ciaio: the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks ; p. 102, fig. 200. 
 
 CUmhing : rising by clinging to otlier objects; p. 37. 
 
 Club-shaped : sec clavate. 
 
 Chisti-red : leaves, flowers, &c. aggregated or collected into a bunch 
 
 C/i/pente : buckler-shaped. 
 
 Cocidunate : same as connate ; i. e. united. 
 
 Coale'scent : growing together. 
 
 CodrcUtte : contracted or brought close together. 
 
 Coated Bulbs, p. 46. 
 
 Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer. 
 
 Coccus (plural cocci) : anciently a bei-ry ; now mostly used to denote the cai-pels 
 
 of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of Euphorbia. 
 Cochlediiform : spoon-shaped. 
 Cdchleate : coiled or shaped like a snail-shell. 
 
 Calospcrmous : ap]jlied to those fruits of Umbellifera; which have the seed hol- 
 lowed on the inner face, by the curving inwards of the top and bottom ; as in 
 
 Coriander. 
 Coherent, ill Botany, is usually the same as connate; p. 104. 
 Collect ire fruits, p. 133. 
 
 Colluni or Collar : the neck or line of junction between the stem and the root. 
 Columella : the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, 
 
 as in Geranium (fig. 278), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea 
 
 and Rliododcndron. 
 Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into 
 
 one body, as in the Orchis fiimily, fig. 226. 
 Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar. 
 
 Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair) ; p. 135, fig. 317. 
 Cdmose: tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed ; fig. 317. 
 Cdmmissure : the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferas, 
 
 such as Parsnip, Cai-away, &c. 
 Common: used as "general," in contradistinction to '"partial "; e. g. "common 
 
 involucre," p. 81. 
 Cdmplanate : flattened. 
 
 Compound leaf. p. 64. Compound pistil, p. 118. Compound umbel, &c., p. 81. 
 Complete (flower), p. 89. 
 Complicate : folded upon itself. 
 Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides. 
 Condiiplicate : folded ujion itself length^vise, as are the leaves of IMagnolia in the 
 
 bud, p. 76. 
 Cone: the fruit of the Pine famil/ ; p. 133, fig. 314. 
 Cdnflnent : blended together ; or the same as coherent. 
 Conformed : similar to anotlier thing it is associated with or compared to; oi 
 
 closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed. 
 Confje'sted, Comjldmerate : crowded together. 
 Cdnjuijate : coupled ; in single pairs. 
 Connate : united or grown together from the first. 
 
GLOSSARY. 211 
 
 Conn^rtifr, Cnnnrrtivum : tliP part of the anther eonnceting its two cells ; p. 113. 
 
 Connicent: eonver;xiii<j;, or l)r(>u;j:ht close to;j;etlier. 
 
 Consolidated forms of ve<;etation, p. 47. 
 
 Continuous : tiic reverse of interrupted or articulated. 
 
 Contorted: twisted together. Contorted (estivation : same as convolute ; p. 109. 
 
 Contortuplicale : twisted hack upon itself. 
 
 Contracted: cither naiTowcd or shortened. 
 
 Contrary: turned in an ojjpositc direction to another organ or part with which 
 it is compared. 
 
 Cdnvo/ute : rolled up Icnjrfliwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation ; p. 70, 
 fig. 151. In a;.stivafion, same as contorted; \). 109. 
 
 Cordate: heart-shaped ; ]). 5S, fig. 90, 99. 
 
 Coriaceous: rcsemhling leather in texture. 
 
 Corky: of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark, p. 152. 
 
 Corm, Cormus : a solid hull), like that of Crociis ; p. 44, fig. 71, 72. 
 
 Ctirneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of tho 
 seed of the Date, Coffee, &c. 
 
 Corniculate : furnished with a small horn or spur. 
 
 Cormile: horned ; hearing a horn-like projection or appendage. 
 
 Corolla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx ; p. 86. 
 
 Corolldceous, Coralline : like or belonging to a corolla. 
 
 Cordna : a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of some 
 petals, as Silenc and Soapwort, tig. 200, or of the tube of the corolla of 
 Hound's-Tongue, &c. 
 Cordnate : crowned ; furnished witli a crown. 
 Cortical: belonging to the bark {coiiex). 
 
 Cdrymh: a sort of tiat or convex flower-cluster ; p. 79, fig. 158. 
 Corymhdse : ap])roaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ; 
 
 asranged in corymbs. 
 Costa : a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate: ribbed. 
 Cotyle'dons : the first leaves of the embryo ; p. 6, 137. 
 Crate'rifonn : goblet-shaped ; broadly cup-shaped. 
 
 Creepimj (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting; p. 37. 
 Cremocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbellifera;. 
 Crenate, or Crenelied : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth ; p. 62, fig. 114. 
 Crested, or Cristate : bcai-ing any elevated appendage like a crest. 
 Criliroxe : pierced like a sieve with small apertures. 
 Crinite : bearded with long hairs, &c. 
 Crown : see corona. 
 
 Crowniny : borne on the apex of anything. 
 
 Cruciate, or Cruciform: cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the Mus- 
 tard (fig 187), and all the flowers of that family. 
 Crustaceous : hard, and brittle in texture ; crust-like. 
 Cryj>ldi/amous, or Cry/itoyamic : relating to Cn'ptogamia ; p. 172, 197. 
 Cuctillate: hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled uj) like a cornet of jiaper, or a hood 
 
 {cucutlus), as the spathe of Inilian Turnip, fig, 162. 
 Culm : a straw ; the stem of (Jrasses and Sedges. 
 Cuneate, Cuneiform : wedge-shai)ed ; |i. 58, fig. 94. 
 
212 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Ci(p-sh(ipf>d: same as cyatliiform, or near it. 
 
 Cujiule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, p. 130, fig. 299. 
 
 Cdpulute: provided with a cupulc. 
 
 Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point. 
 
 Cut: same as incised, or applied generally to any .sharp and deep division. 
 
 Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly Us c.xtenial pellicle. 
 
 Cydlhiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass. 
 
 Cycle: one complete turn of a spire, or a circle ; p. 73. 
 
 Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle. 
 
 Cycldsis: the circulation in closed cells, p. 167. 
 
 Cylindmccous : approaching to the 
 
 Cylindrical form; as that of steins, &c., which are round, and gradually if at all 
 
 tapering. 
 Cymbtrform, ot Cymhiform : same as boat-sliapcd. 
 Cyme: a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, p 82, fig. 165, 167. 
 Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme. 
 
 Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as 
 Dccdfjynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Dccdndwus : with 10 stamens. 
 Deciduous: falling off, or subject to fall, said of leaves which fall in autumn, 
 
 and of a calyx and corolla which fall before tlie fruit forms. 
 Declined : turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea nudiflora. 
 Decompound : several times compounded or divided ; p 67, fig. 138. 
 Decumbent: reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise; p. 37. 
 Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles. 
 Decussate: arranged in pairs Which successively cross each other; fig. 147. 
 Definite : when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so. 
 Dejlexed: bent downwards. 
 
 Deflorate: past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen. 
 Dehiscence: the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or splits 
 
 open ; p. 132. 
 Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence. 
 
 Deliquescent : branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, p. 25. 
 Deltoid: of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital A. 
 Demersed: growing below the surface of water. 
 Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance. 
 Dentate: toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth), p. 61, fig. 113. 
 Denticulate : furnished with denticulations, or very small teeth : diminutive of 
 
 the last. 
 Depauperate (impoverished or starved) : below the natural size. 
 Depressed: flattened, or as if pressed down from above ; flattened vertically. 
 Descending : tending gradually downwards. 
 Determinate Inflorescence, p. 81, 83. 
 Dextrorse : turned to the right hand. 
 Di- (in Greek compounds) : two, as 
 
 Dia'delphoHS (stamens) : united by their filaments in two sets; p. Ill, fig. 227. 
 Didndrous : having two stamens, p. 112. 
 Diagnosis . a short distinguishing character, or descriptive phrase. 
 
OLOSSARTi ^18 
 
 Didphnrtous: transparent or trani?liircnt. 
 
 DicltlamyiUous (Howcr) : liaviiig both calyx and corolla. 
 
 Dichiitoinons : two-forkcil. 
 
 Diclinous : having tiie stamens in one flower, tlic pistils in anoihcr ; p. 89, 
 
 fij,'. 176, 177. 
 Dicdccoiis (fruit) : splittinjj into two cocri, or doscil carj)(ls. 
 Dlcoti/leUvnous (cmliryo) : iiavini; a jtair of cotyledons ; p. IG, 1.37. 
 Diroli/hdoiioiis Plants, p. 150, 182. 
 Di((i/iiwus : twin. 
 Dklynamous (stamens) ; liavinp four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter than 
 
 the other, as in fig. 194, 195. 
 Diffuse: spreading widely and irregularly. 
 Diijilate (fingered) : where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the 
 
 apex of tiie petiole; p. G5, fig. 129. 
 Diiji/nous (flower) : having two pistils or styles, p. IIG. 
 Dimerous : made up of two parts, or its organs in twos. 
 Dimidiate: halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed, or a 
 
 stamen has only one lobe or cell ; (ig. 239. 
 Dimorphous : of two forms. 
 Diacious, or Diou-ous : where the stamens and pistils arc in separate flowers on 
 
 different plants ; p. 89. 
 Dipe'iiilous : of two petals. Diplnjllous: two-leaved. Dipterous: two-winged. 
 Disciform or Disk-shnjted : flat and circular, like a disk or cpioit. 
 Disk: the face of any flat body; the central j)art of a head of flowers, like the 
 
 Sunflower, or Coreopsis (fig. 224), as opposed to the ray or margin; a 
 
 fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower ; p. 125. 
 Dissected : cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. 
 Dissepiments : the partitions of an ovary or a fruit ; p. 119. 
 Distichous : two-ranked ; p. 7."3. 
 Distinct: uncombined with each other ; p. 102. 
 Divaricate: straddling; very widely divergent. 
 Divided (leaves, &c.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or the mid 
 
 rib; p. G2, fig. 125. 
 Dodeca- (in Greek compounds) : twelve; as 
 DodecdippioHS : with twelve pistils or styles. 
 Dodecandrous : with twelve stamens. 
 Dolahrif^rm : axe-shn])cd. 
 
 i/orscd: pertaining to the b.ick (dorsum) of an organ. 
 Dorsal Snture, p. 117. 
 Dolttd Ducts, p. 148. 
 
 Double Flowers, so called : where the jx-tals are multiplied unduly; p. 85, 98. 
 Doivny : clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs. 
 Drupe: a stone-fruit ; p. 128, fig. 285. 
 Drupaceous: like or pertaining to a drui)e. 
 Ducts: the so-called vessels of plants ; p. 14G, 148. 
 Dumose: bu«hy, or relating to bushes. 
 Duramen: the heart-wood, p. 153. 
 Dwarf: i-cmarkal)ly low in stature. 
 
214 GLOSSARY. 
 
 E-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of ; as ecostate, 
 without a rib or midrib ; exalbuininotts, without albumen, &c. 
 
 Eared: see auriculate; p. 59, fig. 96. 
 
 Ehrdcteate ; destitute of l)racts. 
 
 EcJiinate; armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). jE'c/iuiu/ate ; a diminutive of it. 
 
 Edentate : toothless. 
 
 Effete : past bearing, &c. ; said of anthers wliich have discharged their pollen. 
 
 Eglandulose : destitute of glands. 
 
 Eldters : threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts. (Manual, p. 682.) 
 
 Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure. 
 
 Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded ; p. 58, fig. 88. 
 
 Emdrginate : notched at the summit ; p. 60, fig. 108. 
 
 Embryo: the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed; p. 6, fig. 9, 12, 26, 
 31 -37, &c., and p. 136. Embn/o-sac, p. 139. 
 
 Emersed : raised out of water. 
 
 Endecdijynoiis : with eleven pistils or styles. Endccdndrous : with eleven stamens- 
 
 Endocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit ; p. 128. 
 
 Endochrome : the coloring m.atter of Alga; and the like. 
 
 End&jemus Stems, p. 1 50. Endogenous Plants, p. 1 50. 
 
 Endosmose : p. 1 68. 
 
 Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed. 
 
 Endostome : the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. 
 
 Ennea- : nine. Ennedgynous : with nine petals or styles. 
 
 Ennedndrous : Avith nine stamens. 
 
 Ensifonn : sword-shaped ; as the leaves of Iris, fig. 134. 
 
 Entire: the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even ; p. 61. 
 
 Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c. 
 
 Epi-, in composition : upon ; as 
 
 Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit ; p. 128. 
 
 Epidermal: relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant; p. 152, 155. 
 
 Epigaons : growing on the earth, or close to the ground. 
 
 Epigynous: upon the ovary ; p. 105, 111. 
 
 Epipe'talo'is: borne on the petals or the corolla. 
 
 Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf. 
 
 Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it ; p. 34. 
 
 Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes; p. 34. 
 
 Epispenn : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. 
 
 Equal: same as regular ; or of the same number or length, as the case may be, 
 of the body it is compared with. 
 
 Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate ; p. 65. 
 
 Equitant (riding straddle) ; p. 68, fig. 133, 134. 
 
 Erose: eroded, as if gnawed. 
 
 Erdstrate: not beaked. 
 
 Essential Organs of the flower, p 85. 
 
 Est i rat ion : sec a'stiration . 
 
 Etiolated: blanclied by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery. 
 
 Em-green : holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longen 
 
 Exalbumimus (stied) : destitute of albumen ; p. 136. 
 
r.LOSSAUY. 215 
 
 Eralrrrnt : ninningj out, as wlion a niidril) projects beyond tlic npex of a Ica^ 
 
 or a trunk is continued to tlie very top of a tree. 
 Exhalation, p. 150, 1G9. 
 
 Er&jenous Stems, p. 150. Exopnions Plants, p. 182. 
 Exostome : the oriliec in the outer coat of the ovule ; p. 122. 
 Exphnuite : spread or flattened out. 
 
 Ersei-ted: protruding,' out of, as the stamens out of the corolla of fig. 201. 
 Exulipulate : destitute of stipules. 
 Extra-axillari/ : said of a l)raneli or bud a little out of the a.xil ; a,s the upper 
 
 accessory buds of the Butternut, p 27, fif^. 52. 
 Extrdrse: turned outwards; the anther is extiorsc when fastened to the filamcni 
 
 on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, as in Iris ; p. 113. 
 
 Falcate : scythe-shaped ; a flat body curved, its edges parallel. 
 
 Family: p. 176. 
 
 Farinaceous : mealy in texture. Farinose : covered with a mealy powder. 
 
 Fdsciate: banded ; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat. 
 
 Fascicle : a do.sc cluster ; p. 8.'5. 
 
 Fascicled, Fasciculated: growing in a binidle or tuft, as the leaves of Pino 
 and Larch (fig 139, 140), the roots of Tieony and Daiilia, fig. 60. 
 
 Fasliijiate : close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of t,ombardy Poplar. 
 
 Fanx (plural, /<iHcp.s) : the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c. 
 
 Fare'olate, Fdvose: honeycombed; same as a/iWa^e. 
 
 Fealhcr-vtined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of a mid- 
 rib ; p. 57, fig. 86 - 94. 
 
 Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens. 
 
 Fenestrate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows. 
 
 Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous : resembling iron-inist ; red-grayish. 
 
 Fertile: fruit-bearing, or capai)le of producing fruit; also said of anthers when 
 they produce good pollen. 
 
 Fertilization : the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed. 
 
 Fibre, p. 145. Fihroiis : containing much fibre, or composed of fibres. 
 
 Fibrillose: formed of small lil)res. 
 
 Fibrine, p. 165. 
 
 Fiddle-shaped : obovate with a deep recess on each side. 
 
 Filament: the Stalk of a stamen; p. 86, fig. 170, a; also any slender thread- 
 shaped appendage. 
 
 Filamcnlose, or Filamentons : bearing or formed of slender threads. 
 
 Filiform : thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical. 
 
 Fimbriate: fringed; furnished with fringes (/fm^/wr). 
 
 Fislular or F'sIiiIds,-: hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion. 
 
 Flabdili/urm or Fbibcllale : fan-slKiped ; iiroiid, munded at the summit, and nar- 
 rowed at the base. 
 
 Fldijfllate, or FIdi/i'llifiirm { long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip- 
 or like the runners ( flai/ella) of the Sfrawbirry. 
 
 Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow. 
 
 Flf.tlii/ : com|)osed of firm pulp or flesh. 
 
 Fleshy Plants, p. 47. 
 
1 
 
 216 GLOSSARY. 
 
 FldxAiose, or Fle'xmus: bending gently in opposite directions, in a zigzag way. 
 
 Flodtiiuj : swimming on the surface of water. 
 
 Fldccose : composed, or beai-ing tufts, of woolly or long and soft hairs. 
 
 Flora (the goddess of flowers): the plants of a country or district, taken 
 
 together, or a work systematically describing them ; p. 3. 
 Floral: relating to the blossom. 
 
 Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower ; p. 85, 99. 
 Floret: a diminutive flower; one of the flowers of a head (or of the so-called 
 
 compound flower) of Composita;, p. 106. 
 Flower : the whole organs of reproduction of Phajnogamous plants ; p. 84. 
 Flower-bud: an unopened flower. 
 
 Flowering Plants, p. 177. Flowc.rless Plants, p. 172, 177. 
 FoUdceous: belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium). 
 Fdliose : leafy ; aliounding in leaves. 
 Fdliolate: relating to or bearing leaflets (fullola). 
 
 Follicle: a simple pod, opening down tlic inner suture ; p. 131, fig. 302. 
 Follicular : resembling or belonging to a follicle. 
 Food of Plants, p. 160. 
 
 Foramen : a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule ; p. 122. 
 Fornix: little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey. 
 Fornicate: over-arched, or arching over. 
 Fdreate: deeply pitted. Fove'olate: diminutive of /oi-eate. 
 Free: not united with any other parts of a dift'erent sort ; p. 103. 
 Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c. 
 Frond : what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into one 
 
 body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, &c. 
 Frondescence : the bursting into leaf. 
 
 Frdndose: frond-bearing ; like a frond : or sometimes used for leafy. 
 Fructification: the state of fruiting. Organs of, p. 76. 
 Fruit: the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with ; p. 126. 
 Frute'scent: .somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub (frutex). 
 Fruticulose: like a small shrub. Fniticose: shrubby; p. 36. 
 Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing. 
 Fulvous : tawny ; dull yellow with gray. 
 Funiculus: the stalk of a seed or ovule; p. 122. 
 Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a funnel 
 
 or tunnel ; p. 102. 
 Furcate : forked. 
 
 Furfurdceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf. 
 Furrowed: marked by longitudinal channels or grooves. 
 Fuscous: deep gray-brown. 
 Fusifyrm : spindle-shaped ; p. 32. 
 
 Gdleate: shaped like a helmet (galea) ; as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 
 
 fig. 185, and the upper lip of the corolla of Dcad-Nettle, fig. 209. 
 Gnnwpe'tnlous: of united petals ; same as nwnopetalois, and a better word ; p. 102. 
 Gamophyllons : formed of united leaves. Gamose'pahus : formed of united sepals. 
 Gelatine, p. 165. 
 
. OLOSSARY. £17 
 
 Geminate: twin ; in pairs; as tlic flowers of Linnica. 
 
 Gemma : a luul. 
 
 Gemmation: tlie state fif luidilinf;, or flic arranfjrenifnt- of parts in the i)ud. 
 
 Gimmnle : a small luid ; tla- inids of Mosses ; the phiinule, p. 6. 
 
 Geniculate: bent alHuptly, like a knee (ijenu), as many stems. 
 
 Genus: a kind ; a rank above speeies ; p. 175, 176. 
 
 Generic Names, p. 178. Generic Character, p. 181. 
 
 Geajrap/iiral Botani/ : the study of plants in their <};cni.napliiral relations, p. 3. 
 
 Germ: a f:ro\vin<^ jjoint ; a yomii^; iuid; sometimes the same as emi)ryo ; p. 1.36. 
 
 Germen : tlie old name for ovary. 
 
 Germination : the develoi)ment of a plantlot from the seed ; p. 5, 137. 
 
 Giblnns: more tumid* at one plaee or on one side tiian the other. 
 
 Glnltrate: hccomini^ glabrous witli a<;e, or almost glabrous. 
 
 Glabrous: smooth, i. e. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubcscentv. 
 
 Ghuliate: sword-shajied ; as the leaves of Iris, (ig. 134. 
 
 Glands: small cellular organs which .secrete oily or aromatic or other products: 
 they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly 
 Ash, &c ; sometimes on the surface as small projections ; sometimes raised 
 on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, S,-c.), as in the Sweetbricr and Sua- 
 dew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they 
 . secrete anytiiing or not. 
 
 Glandular, Glaiidulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like. 
 
 Glans ( Gland) : the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits. 
 
 Glaucescenl: slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. 
 
 Glaucous: covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder that rubs off, like 
 that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf. 
 
 Glol>ose: spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular: nearly globose. 
 
 Glochidiale (hairs or bristles): barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double 
 hooked ]>oint. 
 
 Gldmerate : closely aggregated into a dense duster. 
 
 GIdmerule: a dense head-like cluster; p. 83. 
 
 Glossolotjij : the department of Botany in which technical terms arc explained. 
 
 Glumaccous : glume-like, or glumc-bcaring. 
 
 Glume: G'umes arc the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particulailj, 
 the outer husks or bracts of each sj)ikelet. (Manual, p. 535 ) 
 
 Glnmelles: the inher husks, or pale.-c, of Grasses. 
 
 Gluten: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 105. 
 
 Granular: composed cff grains. Granule: a small grain. 
 
 (howth, p 138. 
 
 Grumous or Grumosr : formed of coarse clustered grains. 
 
 Gittlale: spotted, as if by drops of something colored. 
 
 Gi/mnordr/>ons : naked-fruited. 
 
 Gifmnosjx'rmnus : naked-seeded; p. 121. 
 
 Gymnospennce, or Gi/mnospennous Plants, p. 194 ; Manual, p. xxiii. 
 
 Gi/nu'ndrnns : with stamens borne on, i. c. united with, the pistil ; ]>. Ill, fig. 226. 
 
 Gijuu;ctum : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether. 
 
 Gi/nolxise : a particular recc|)tacle or support of the ])istils, or of the carpels of 
 a compound ovary, as in Geranium, fig. 277, 278. 
 19 
 
2] 8 GLOSSARY. . 
 
 Gynophore: a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, as in the Cleome Family, 
 
 p. 276. 
 Gyrale : coiled in a circle : same as circinate. 
 Gyrose: strongly bent to and fro. 
 
 Hdh'it : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth. 
 
 Iluhitat : the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state. 
 
 Hairs: hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants. 
 
 Hairy : beset with hairs, especially longish ones. 
 
 Halberd-shaped, or Halberd-headed : see hastate. 
 
 Halved: when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away. 
 
 Hamate or Hamose : hooked ; the end of a slender body bent round. 
 
 Hdmulose : bearing a small hook ; a diminutive of the last. 
 
 Hastate ov Hastlle : shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on 
 
 each side at the base ; p. 59, fig. 97. 
 Heart-shaped : of the shape of a heart as commonly painted ; p. .58, fig. 90. 
 Heart-wood: the older or matured wood of exogenous trees; p. 153. 
 Helicoid: coiled like a Ac-fe or snail-shell. 
 
 Helmet: the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape, fig. 185, &c. 
 Hemi- (in compounds from the Greek) : half; e. g. Hemispherical, &c. 
 He'micarp: half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant. 
 Hemilropous or Heniitropul (ovule or seed): nearly same us amphitropous, p. 123. 
 Hepta- (in words of Greek origin) : seven; as, 
 Heptdgynous : with seven pistils or styles. 
 
 Heptdmerous: its parts in sevens. Heptdndrous: having seven stamens. 
 Herb, p. 20. 
 
 Herbaceous: of the texture of common herbage ; not woody ; p. 36. 
 Herbarium: the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants; p. 201. 
 Hermaphrodite (flower) : having both stamens and pistils in the same blossom ; 
 
 same as perfect; p. 89. 
 Heterocdrpous : bearing fi'uit of two sorts or shapes, as in Amphicarprea. 
 Heterorjcttwits : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens and 
 
 pistils ; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis. 
 Heteromdrphous : of two or more shapes. 
 
 He.terdtropous, or Heterdtropal (ovule) : the same as amphitropous ; p. 123. 
 Hexa- (in Greek compounds) : six; as 
 
 Hexd(jonal: six-angled. Hexdrjynous : with six pistils or styles. 
 Hexdmerous: its parts in sixes. Hexdndrous: with six stamens. 
 Hexdpterous : six-winged. 
 Hilar: belonging to the hilum. 
 
 Hilum : the scar of the seed ; its place of attachment ; p. 122, 135. 
 Hippocr^piform: horseshoe-shaped. 
 Hirsute : hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs. 
 
 Hispid: bristly; beset with stiff hairs. Hispfdulous is a diminutive of it. 
 Hoary : grayish-white ; see canescent^ &c. 
 
 Homdfjamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupatorium. 
 Hommjeneous : uniform in nature ; all of one kind. 
 Homomdilons (leaves, &c.) : originating all round a stem, but all bent or curred 
 
 round to one side. 
 
GLOSS AKT. 219 
 
 TTomomrirpIioiix : nil of one shape. 
 
 lI<>in6lrojioits or I/oiiidtro/Hil (ciiiliryo) : cunTfl with the seed; ctin'ed one '.vay- 
 
 JIiMxl: sanio as A<//«(< or (/o/ra. Iltxxled: liood-sliaped ; see cucullate. 
 
 Jlookcd: same as liumatc. 
 
 Horn: a spur or some simihir appcndaj^e. Ilormj: of the texture of horn. 
 
 Jlortus Siccus: an liorbariiun, or collection of dried plants; p. 201. 
 
 Ilniiilfitse : spread over the surface of the ground. 
 
 Jli/dllne: transparent, or partly so. 
 
 Ilyhrid: a cross-breed between two allied species. 
 
 JIi/pocrutcnYonii : salver-shaped; p. 101, fig. 202, 208. 
 
 JIif/H>;/wtin: produced underground. 
 
 Jli/l'dji/nous : inserted under the pistil; p. 10.1, fig. 212. 
 
 Tcosdndrous : having 12 or more stamens inserted on the calyx. 
 
 Imbricate, Imhricaled, Imbricative: overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles 
 on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, &e., or the bud-scales of 
 Horsechcsnut (fig. 48) and Hickory (fig. 49). In aestivation, where some 
 leaves of tlic calyx or corolla arc overlapped on both sides by others ; p. 109. 
 
 Immarrjimite : destitute of a rim or border. 
 
 Lnmersid: growing wholly under water. 
 
 Imixiri -pinnate: pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex ; p. G.j, fig. 12G. 
 
 Jniper/'d Jloicers: wanting either stamens or pistils ; p. 89. 
 
 Imupiiluteral: unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia. 
 
 Jucanous: hoary with white pubescence. 
 
 Incisrd : cut rather deeply and irregularly ; p. 62. 
 
 Inchtd&l: enclosed ; when the part in question docs not project beyond another. 
 
 Iiicomphtp Flower : wanting calyx or corolla ; p. 90. 
 
 Iiicrassati d: thickened. 
 
 Incumhint: leaning or resting upon: the cotyledons arc incumbent wlicn tho 
 back of one of them lies against the radicle ; the anthers are incumbent 
 when turned or looking inwards, p. 113. 
 
 Incurved: gradually curving inwards. 
 
 Indefinite: not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12). 
 
 Indijinite or Indiivnninale Injlorescence : p. 77. 
 
 Indehiscent : not splitting open ; i. c. not dehiscent ; p. 127. 
 
 Indi'/rnottx : native to the country. 
 
 IndiridmU: p. 173. 
 
 Indtiplicale : with the edges turned inwards; p. 100. 
 
 Indiisliini: the shield or covering of a fiuit-dot of a Feni. (Manual, p .^)88 ) 
 
 Inferior: growing below some other organ ; p. 104, 121. 
 
 Injlatrd: turgid and bladdery. 
 
 Inflexcd: bent inwards. 
 
 Lijlorescince: the arrangement of flowers on the stem; p. 70. 
 
 Infra-<txillurij : situated beneath the axil. 
 
 In/iindiliuli/orm ov lo/nndtbiilar : funnel-shu))('d ; ]>. 102, fig. 100. 
 
 Innate (anther); attached by its base to the very apex i)f the filament; p. 113. 
 
 Liiioviitlon: an incomplete young shoot, cs))ccially in Mosses. 
 
 Inorjanic Constituents, p. IGO. 
 
220 GLOSSARY, 
 
 Insertion : the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support ; p. 72. 
 
 Intercellular Passa(jes or Spaces, p. 143, fig. 341. 
 
 Iiitei-node : the part of a stem between two nodes ; p. 42. 
 
 Inteiruptedly pinnate: pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger ones, 
 
 as in Water Avens. 
 IntrafoUaccons (stipules, &c.) : placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem. 
 Introrse: turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower; p. 113. 
 Inverse or Inverted: where the apex is in the direction op]30site to that of the 
 
 organ it is compared witli. 
 involucel : a partial or small involucre ; p. 81. 
 InvoJucellate: furnished with an involucel. 
 Involucrute : furnished with an involucre. 
 
 involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head ; p. 79. 
 involute, in vernation, p. 76 : rolled inwards from the edges. 
 Irregular Flowers, p. 91. 
 
 Jointed: separate or separable at one or more places into pieces ; p. 64, &c. 
 
 Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior 
 
 petals of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 10.5, fig. 217, 218, k. 
 Keeled: furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge. 
 Kernel of the ovule and seed, p. 122, 136. 
 Kidney-shaped: resembling the outline of a kidney; p. .59, fig. 100. 
 
 Lahcllum: the odd petal in the Orchis Family. 
 
 Labiate: same as bilabiate or two-lipped ; p. 105. 
 
 Laciniate: slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes (called lacinicc). 
 
 Lactescent : producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c. 
 
 Ldcunose: full of holes or gaps. 
 
 Lcevifjcite: smooth as if polished. 
 
 Lamellar or Lamellate: consisting of flat plates (lamella;). 
 
 Lamina : a plate or blade : the blade of a leaf, &c., p 54. 
 
 Lanate : woolly ; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs. 
 
 Lanceolate : lance-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 86. 
 
 Lanuf/inous : cottony or woolly. 
 
 Latent buds : concealed or undeveloped buds ; p. 26, 27. 
 
 Lateral: belonging to the side. 
 
 Latex: the milky juice, &c. of plants. 
 
 Lax: loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded. 
 
 Leaf, p. 49. Leaf-buds, p. 20, 27. 
 
 Leaflet: one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf; p. 64. 
 
 Leaf-like: same ns foliaceous. 
 
 Leathery : of about the consistence of leather ; coriaceous. 
 
 Legume: a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, p. 131, 
 
 fig. 303 ; the fruit of the Pea Family [Leguminosce), of whatever shape. 
 Legumine, p. 1 65. 
 
 Leguminous: belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family. 
 Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides. 
 
GLOSS ART. 221 
 
 T.e'pul(*f. : loprotiR ; cnvcrpd witli sciirfv scales. 
 
 />(7«'/-; tlu; iiiiUT, lilimii-; Iwrk of Kx();,'cni)us jilants ; p. 152. 
 
 Liijw'oua, or Llijiinxr : wooily in tcxtuir. 
 
 Llijulate: furnished with a lii^^ile ; p. lOG. 
 
 Lujulv: the strap-sliaped eorolhi in many Composita;, p. 106, fi<r. 220; tho 
 
 little membranous append.ifjc at the summit of the Icaf-shcaths of most 
 
 Grasses. 
 Limb: the Itlade ot a leaf, petal, Sec. ; )). .'34, 102. 
 I.imnr: narrow and Hat, the margins parallel; p. 58, fig. 85. 
 Liniiite: marked with i)arallel lines. Limolate: marked with miimte lines. 
 Liiii/itlale, Liiii/nif'onn : tongne-shajjed. 
 Liji : the ])r4ncipal lobes of a bihihiatc corolla or calyx, p. 105; the odd and 
 
 peculiar petal in tho Orchis Family. 
 fjohe: any ])rojection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c. 
 Ijoce'llus (plural locdii) : a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an ovary or 
 
 anther. 
 lAicnlar : relating to tiie cell or coni]iartinpnt (IockIii.i) of an ovary, &c. 
 Lociilici'chil (deiiiscence) : sj)litting down through the middle of tiic back of each 
 
 cell ; p 1.52, fig 305. 
 T^ocusta : a name for tlic spikelet of Grasses. 
 
 Ldmeiit: a pod which separates transversely into joints ; p. 131, fig. 304. 
 Lomentdaous : pertaining to or resembling a loment. 
 Ldiate: thong-shaped. 
 
 Luiinle: crcscent-sjiaped. Lnmihite: diminutive of /(/h«/c. 
 
 Lynite: lyre-sliapcd ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the 
 end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter- 
 Cress and Radish, fig. 59. 
 
 Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg; p. 135. 
 
 Mdcii/ate : spotted or blotched. 
 
 Male (flowers) : having stamens but no pistil. 
 
 Mdmmose: breast-shaped. 
 
 Marcescent: withering without falling ofi". 
 
 Man/innl: belonging to the edge or margin. 
 
 M(iri/i)utle : margined, with an edge different from tlie rest. 
 
 Masked : see personaic. 
 
 Median : belonging to the middle. 
 
 Medullarfi: belonging to, or of the nature of pith (mediilln) ; pithy. 
 
 MeflnUarij Riiifs: the silver-grain of wood; p. 151. 
 
 Mediillari/ Shealli: a set of ducts just aroun<l the pith ; p. 151. 
 
 Membranacinim or }fi'iii})iaiwHH: of tiie ftxture of membrane ; thin and more or 
 
 less translucent. 
 Menifcoid : cresccnt-shnped. 
 
 M^iiairp: one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant. 
 Merismntic: sepanUins: into parts by the fonnatiun of partitions within. 
 Me'socarp: the middle part of a pericar]), when that is distinguishable into three 
 
 layers; p. 128. 
 Mesophlmum : the middle or green bark. 
 19* 
 
222 GLOSSART, 
 
 Micropyle: the closed orifice of the seed ; p. 135. 
 
 Midrib: the middle or main rib of a leaf; p. 55. 
 
 Milk-Vessels : p. 148. 
 
 Miniate : vcrmilion-coloi-ed. 
 
 Mitriform : mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap. 
 
 Monadeljihous : stamens united by their filaments into one set; p. 111. 
 
 Mondndrous (flower) : kaving only one stamen; p. 112. 
 
 Monilifonn : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals. 
 
 Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx but no corolla, as 
 
 Anemone, fig. 179, and Castor-oil Plant, fig. 178. 
 Monocotijle'donous (embryo) : wrth only one cotyledon; p. 16, 137. 
 Monocofi/ledonoits Plants, p. 150, 192. 
 
 Monrjecioiis, or Monoicous (flower) : having stamens or pistils only ; p. 90. 
 Moiid(ji/noHs (flower) : having only one pistil, or one style; p. 116. 
 Monope'lalom (flower) : with the corolla of one piece; p. 101. 
 Mono/ iliijl Ions: one-leaved, or of one piece ; p. 102. 
 Monose'/ia/oiis : a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body; 
 
 p. 101. 
 Monospermous : one-seeded. 
 
 Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual stracture or form. 
 Morpholo(/y: the department of botany which treats of tiie forms which an organ 
 
 (say a leaf) may assume; p 28. 
 Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro) ; p. 60, fig. 111. 
 Mucrdnulate: tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last. 
 Multi-, in composition : many ; as 
 
 Multangidar : many-angled. Multicipital : many-headed, &c. 
 Multifarions : in many rows or ranks. Miiltifid: many-cleft; p. 62. 
 Multildcular : many-celled. Multise'rial: in many rows. 
 Multiple Fruits, p. 133. 
 Mdricate: beset with short and hard points. 
 Muriform : wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks in a wall. 
 Muscology : the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. Musci). 
 Mdticous : pointless ; beardless ; unarmed. 
 Myceiium : the spawn of Fungi ; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c. 
 
 originate. 
 
 Ndpiform: turnip-shaped; p. 31, fig. 57. 
 
 Natural System: p. 195. 
 
 Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly wild and 
 
 propagating freely by seed. 
 Navicular: boat-shaped, like the glumes'of mo.st Grasses. 
 Necklace-shaped : looking like a string of beads ; see moniliform. 
 Nectar : the honey. &c. secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla. 
 Nectariferous : honey-bearing ; or having a nectary. 
 Nectary: the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual 
 
 shape, especially when hone3'-bearing. So the hollow spur-sliaped petals of 
 
 Columliine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of 
 
 Monkshood, fig. 186, &c. 
 
GLOSSAUY. 228 
 
 Needlr-ahaprd : lonp, sicndor, and ri^iil, like the loaves of Pinos ; p. GR, fljr- 140. 
 Nerrc: a name for tlie rilts or veins of leaves, when sinipU^ and panillel ; j). 56. 
 Nerred: furnished witli nerves, or sinipk" and ])arallel rihs or veins ; p. 5f), fij;. 84. 
 Keltnl-ninnl : furnislied witli brancliin;.; veins forming network; ]). .50, fi;;. 8.3. 
 Noihl'iiifj (hi Latin form, NiitanI) : bendiiij; so that the summit lian^^s downward.' 
 Node: a knot ; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of 
 
 leaves sjjrinfjs ; p. 40. 
 NiUhse: knotty or knobby. Nddnloxr : furnislied witli little knobs or knots. 
 Normal : aeeordlnj^ to rule ; the pattern or natural way accordiuf^ to some law. 
 Notalc: marked with spots or lines of a different color. 
 Nncamentatxoits : relatin<^ to or resembling a small nut. 
 Niiciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut. 
 Nucleus: the kernel of an ovule (p. 122) or seed (|). 136) of a cell ; p. 140. 
 Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehisccnt fruit ; as a chestnut, butternut, 
 
 acorn; p. 1.30, fig. 299. 
 Nutlet : a little nut ; or the stone of a drupe. 
 
 Oh- (meaning over against) : when prefixed to words, signifies inversion; as, 
 
 Obi-omprcssal : fiattencd the opposite of the usual way. 
 
 Olicdrdalc: heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of 
 
 the base; p. 60, fig. 109. 
 Ohldnceolatc: lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards ; p. 58, fig. 91. 
 Ohll(ju(' : applied to leaves, &c. means unequal-sided. 
 Obion;/: from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less elliptical 
 
 in outline ; p. 58, fig. 87. 
 Ohdriite: inversely ovate, the broad end upward ; p. 58, fig. 9.3. 
 Olituse: blunt, or round at the end ; p. GO, fig. 105. 
 Obverse: same as inverse. 
 Obcolute (in the bud) : when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap those of 
 
 the ojijiositc one. 
 Ochrcatc: fumished with ochreir (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths; as 
 
 in Polygonum, p. 69, fig. 1.37. 
 Ochrulnirous : yellowish-white; dull cream-color. 
 Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of 
 Octwijinons : with eight pistils or styles. 
 
 Ov.ldmerous : its parts in eights. Ortdndrous : Avith eight stamens, &c. 
 Offset : short branches next the ground which take root ; p. 38. 
 Oite-ribhcd, One-nvrvid, &e. : furnished with only a single rib, &c., &c. 
 Ofxique, api)lied to a surface, means dull, not shining. 
 
 Ojie'rcuUite : furnished with a lid or cover (o/urculum), as the capsules of Mosses. 
 Opjiosile: said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from 
 
 each other (i. c. in pairs) ; p. 23, 71. Stamens arc opposite the petals, &c. 
 
 when they stand before them. 
 OrUcnhir, Orbiculatf : circular in outline or nearly so; p. 58. 
 Onjnn: any member of the jibint, as a leaf, a stamen, &c. ; p. 1. 
 Ortjans of Viijilnllott, j). 7 ; of /!r/>rndiiri;on, p. 77. 
 Oiymtized, On/diilr: p. 1, 158, 159, 162. 
 Onjanic Constituents, p. 160. Organic Structure, p. 142. 
 
224 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Orthdiropous or Oiihdtropal (o'iiilc or seed) : p. 122, 135, fig. 270, 274. 
 Osseous : of a bony texture. 
 Oral: broadly elliptical; p. 88. 
 
 Ocunj : tiiat part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds ; p. 86, 116. 
 Ocate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane sur- 
 faces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise ; p. .58, fig. 89. 
 Oroid: ovate or oval in a solid form. 
 Ocule: the body which is destined to become a seed ; p. 86, 116, 122. 
 
 Pcdca (plural palece) : chaff; the inner husks of Grasses ; the chaff or bracts on 
 the receptacle of many Coniposita;, as Coreopsis, fig. 220, and Sunflower. 
 
 Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. 
 
 Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the 
 petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers ; p. 167, fig. 129, &c. 
 
 Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.) : in a palmate manner; p. 57, 63, 65. 
 
 Panddriform : fiddle-shaped (which see). 
 
 Panicle : an open cluster ; like a raceme, but more or less compound ; p. 81, 
 fig. 163. 
 
 Panicled, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle. 
 
 Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper. 
 
 Papdionaceoiis : butterfly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea 
 and the Locust-tree; p. 105, fig. 217. 
 
 Papilla {plural pa pdke) : little nipple-shaped protuberances. 
 
 Papillate, Papillose: covered with papilla;. 
 
 Pappus : thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, and 
 other Composita?, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, chaff, as well 
 as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this family, are called 
 the pappus; fig. 292-296, p. 130. 
 
 Parallel-veined, or nen-ed (leaves) : p. 55, 56. 
 
 Pardpliyses: jointed filaments mixed with the anthcridia of Mosses. (Manual, 
 p. 607.) 
 
 Parenchyma : soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves. 
 
 Parietal (placentie, &c.) : attached to the walls (parietes) of the ovaiy or pen- 
 carp ; p. 119, 120. 
 
 Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base; p. 62. 
 
 Partial involucre, same as an inrolucel : partial petiole, a division of a main leaf- 
 stalk or the stalk of a leaflet : partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle : par- 
 tial umlml, an umbellet, p. 81. 
 
 Patent: spreading; open. Patulous: moderately spreading. 
 
 Pauci; in composition : few ; as pauciflorous, few-flowered, &c. 
 
 Pear-shaped : solid obovate, the shape of a pear. 
 
 Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into naiTow and close divisions, like 
 the teeth of a comb. 
 
 Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions 
 again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c. 
 
 Pedately cleft, lobed, &c. : cut in a pedate way. 
 
 Pe'direl : the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster; p. 78, fig. 156. 
 
 Pe'dicellate, Pe'dicdled: fui-nished with a pedicel. 
 
GLOSSARY. 225 
 
 Peduncle: a flower-stnlk, whether of a sinf,'Io flower or of a flower-cluster; p. 78. 
 
 Pc'iluiided, Pedtlnntltite. : furnished with u peduncle. 
 
 Ftltute: shield-shai)ed : siiid of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole '\% 
 
 attached to tlic lower side, somewhere within the mari^in ; p. 59, fi;,'. 102, 178. 
 Pendent: lianfrinf;. Poudnlous : somewhat han^in;: or droopin<j. 
 Pendilhtti' : tipped with a tuft of line hairs, like a painter's pencil ; as the sti<^- 
 
 mas of some Grasses. 
 Pettta- (in words of Grcek composition) : five ; as 
 Pentdijipious : with five pistils or styles ; p. UG. 
 Pentdimrous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five. 
 Pentdndioas : having five stamens ; p. 112. Pentdstichous : in five ranks. 
 Pepo: a fruit like the Melon and Cueumher; p. 128. 
 Perennial : lasting from year to year ; p. 21. 
 Perfict (flower) : having hoth stamens and pistils ; p. 89. 
 Perfdiidle: passing through the leaf, in appearance ; p. G7, fig. 131, 132. 
 Pe'ifurate: pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling hgles, as an 
 
 Orange-leaf. 
 P<frktnlh : the leaves of the flower generally, es)iccially when we cannot readily 
 
 distinguish them into calyx and corolla; p. S.'j. 
 Pericarp : the ripened ovary ; the walls of the fruit , p. 127. 
 Pcricdrpic : helonging to the pericarp, 
 
 Periclucth: the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of Jlosses. 
 PcrichceAial : helonging to the pcrichrcth. 
 Perifjdnitim, P<ri;/oiie : same a^ perianth. 
 Periijijidnm : bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shapod 
 
 body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales, 
 
 &e. of the flowers of some other Cyperacea;. 
 Pert'r/i/nous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx ; p. 104, 111. 
 Peripheric: around the outside, or peri])hery, of any organ. 
 Pe'risperm: a name for the albumen of a seed (p. l.'^fi). 
 Peristome: the fringe of teeth, &c. around the orifice of tlic capsule of Mosses. 
 
 (Manual, p. 607 ) 
 Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the 
 
 leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, &e. of such flowds as remain during 
 
 the growth of the fruit. 
 Personate: maskcil ; a bilabiate corolla with a ])rojection, or ^jr'/i^/c ii' the tI:roat, 
 
 as of the Snapdragon ; p. lOG, fig. 210, 21 1. 
 Petal: a leaf of the corolla; p. 85. 
 Pi'tidoid : petal-like ; resembling or colored like petals. 
 Peliole: a footstalk of a leaf; a Icaf-sfalk, p. 54. 
 Pctioled, Petiolate: furnished with a ])etiole. 
 
 Petidlidate : said of a leaflet when nii.sed on its own partial leafstalk. 
 Pha-no'/anioiif^, or Phancr&iamous : plants hearing flowers and producing seeds: 
 
 same as Flowering Plants; p. 177, 182. 
 Phi/Uodium (plural phijUodia) : a leaf where the blade is a dilated jietiole, as in 
 
 New Holland Acacia.s ; p. C9. 
 Plii/ilotd.ris, or Phi/l/ola.ri/ : the arrangement of leaves on the stem ; p. 71. 
 PhysioiiMjical Botani/, Phi/aiolofji/, j). 3. 
 S&F— U 
 
226 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces wliich by their repetition make up 
 
 a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves. 
 Piliftrous: bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilitm), or beset with hairs. 
 Pilose: hairy ; clothed with soft slender hairs. 
 
 Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, as fig. 
 130, p. 66. 
 
 Pinnule : a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf ; p. 66. 
 
 Pinnate ( leaf ) : when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common pe- 
 tiole ; p. 65, fig. 126-128. 
 
 Pinnately lobed, clejl, parted, divided, &c., p. 63. 
 
 Pinndtijid: same as pinnately cleft; p. 63, fig. 119. 
 
 Pistil: the seed-bearing organ of the flower ; p. 86, 116. 
 
 Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, &c. answers to the pistil. 
 
 Pitchers, p. 51, fig. 79, 80. 
 
 Pith: the cellular centre of an exogenous stem ; p. 150, 151. 
 
 Pitted : having small depressions or pits on the surfiice, as many seeds. 
 
 Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached ; 
 p. 118. 
 
 Plaited (in the bud) ; p. 76, fig. 150 ; p. 110, fig. 225. 
 
 Plane: flat, outspread. 
 
 Plicate : same as plaited. 
 
 Plumose: feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus) is 
 beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard on a feather. 
 
 Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyle-. 
 dons ; p. 6, fig. 5 ; p. 137. 
 
 Pluri-, in composition : many or several ; as 
 
 Plurifoliolate: with several leaflets ; p. 66. 
 
 Pod: specially a legume, p. 131 ; also applied to any sort of capsule. 
 
 Pddosperm : the stalk of a seed. 
 
 Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acuminmtion, &c. 
 
 Pollen: the fertilizing powder of the anther; p. 86, 114. 
 
 Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a mass, as in 
 Milkweed and Orchis. 
 
 Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin) : same as multi- in those of Latin 
 origin, viz. many ; as 
 
 Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into several bun- 
 dles ; p. 112. 
 
 Polydndrous : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the recep- 
 tacle) ; p. 112. 
 
 Polycotyle'donous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines; p. 17, 
 137, fig. 45, 46. 
 
 Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the same or on 
 diff'erent individuals, as the Ked Maple. 
 
 Pohjijonal : many-angled. 
 
 Pohjgynous : with many pistils or styles; p. 116. 
 
 Polymerous : formed of many parts of each set. 
 
 Polymorphous : of several or varying forms. 
 
 Polype'talous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many ) ; 
 p. 103. 
 
GLOSSAUY. 227 
 
 Polyphjllous : mnny-lcftvcd ; formed of several distinct pieces, as the calyx of 
 
 Seduin, n-;. 108, Flax, fi;;. 174, &e. 
 Poli/xejHilous : same as tlie last wiieii applied to the calyx ; p. 103. 
 Pol lispermous : many-scedt il. 
 
 Pome: the apple, ))ear, and similar lleshy fruits ; p. 128. 
 Porous: full of holes or pores. 
 
 Pouch : the siliele or short ])od, as of Shepherd's Purse ; p. 133. 
 Pnrjlordtton : same as a stiiation ; p. 108. 
 Pnv foliation: s&mo an, vernation ; p. 75. 
 Pnvimirse: endinjj abruptly, as if bitten off. 
 
 Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose ; p. 39. 
 PricUl/ : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. 
 Primine: the outer coat of the covering of the ovule ; p. 124. 
 Priiiidrdial : earliest formed ; primordial leaves arc tiic first after the cotyledons. 
 Prismatic : prism-shajied ; having tiirce or more angles bounding flat or hollowed 
 
 sides. 
 Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body. 
 Procumbent : trailing on the ground ; p. 37. 
 Produced : extended or projecting, as tiie upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced 
 
 above into a spur ; p. 91, fig. 183. 
 PnUfi-rous (literally, bearing offspring) • where a new branch rises from an 
 
 older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, as in Filago 
 
 Germanica, &c. 
 Prostrate : lying flat on the ground. 
 
 Prdleiiie: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 165. 
 Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells , p. 165. 
 Pruinose, Pruinate: frosted ; covered with a powder iike hoar-frost. 
 Puhe'rulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down. 
 Pube'scent: hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs ov pubescence. 
 Pulve'rulent , or Pulveraccous : dusted ; covered with line powder, or what looks 
 
 like such. 
 Piilcinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. 
 Punctate : dotted, eitiier with minute holes or what look as such (as tiic leaves of 
 
 St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute projecting dots. 
 Pungent : very hard, and sharp-pointed ; j)rickly-pointed. 
 Putumen: the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut ; p. 128. 
 Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid. 
 
 Pi/rene, Pip-^na: a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe. 
 Pi/xis, Pyxulium : a jjod opening round horizontally by a lid ; p. 133, fig. 293, 311. ' 
 
 Quadri; in words of Latin origin •. four ; as 
 
 Quadrdnrjular : four-angled Qmdrifoliate : four-leaved. 
 
 Qnddrijid: four-deft; p 62. 
 
 Quate'rnate in fours. Quinate : in fives. 
 
 Quinctinnial: in a quincunx ; when the parts in a-stivation arc five, two of them 
 
 outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as showii in the calvx, 
 
 fig. 224. 
 Quintuple : five-fold. 
 
228 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Race: a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed ; p. 174. 
 Raceme: a flower-cluster, witli one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of 
 
 a general peduncle ; p. 78, fig. 156. 
 Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like. 
 Rachis : sec 7-hacIiis. 
 Radial: belonging to the ray. 
 
 Radiate, or Radiant: furnished with ray-flowers ; p. 107. 
 Radical: belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root. 
 Rddicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems of Trum- 
 pet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy. 
 Rddicels: little roots or rootlets. 
 Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root ; p. 
 
 6, fig. 4, &e. ; p. 137. 
 Ramcal: belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (rown'). 
 Rdmiilose: full of branchlets (ramuli). 
 Raphe : see rhaphe. 
 Ray : the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, p. 107, fig. 219) or cluster 
 
 (as of Hydrangea, fig. 167), when difl'ercnt from the rest, especially when 
 
 ligulatc, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams) ; the branches of an umbel, 
 
 which diverge from a centre ; p. 79. 
 Receptacle: the axis or support of a flower; p. 86, 124; the common axis or 
 
 support of a head of flowers ; fig. 230. 
 Reclined : turned or curved downwards ; nearly recumbent. 
 Recurved: curved outwards or backwards. 
 
 Reduplicate, (in iEstivation) : valvate with the margins turned outwards, p. 109. 
 Reflexed : bent outwards or backwards. 
 
 Refracted: bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. 
 Regidar : all the parts similar; p. 89. 
 Re'niform: kidney-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 100. 
 Repdnd : wavy-margined; p. 62, fig. 115 
 Repent: creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath. 
 Re'phim : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), 
 
 after the valves fall away. 
 Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit; p. 76. 
 Resiipinate: inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. 
 Reticulated : the veins forming network, as in fig. 50, 83. 
 Retroflexed : bent backwards ; same as re flexed. 
 Retuse : blunted ; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented ; p. 60, 
 
 fig. 107. 
 Re'volufe : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves ; p. 76. 
 Rhachis (the backbone) : the axis of a spike, or other body ; p. 78. 
 Rhaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule 
 
 (p. 123) or seed ; fig. 273, r, 319 and 320, b. 
 Rhdphidcs : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants. 
 Rhizdma : a rootstock ; p. 40, fig. 64 - 67. 
 
 Rhombic : in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that shape. 
 Rib : the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the framework of a 
 
 leaf, p. 55 ; or any similar elevated line along a body 
 
GT.OSSAUT. 
 
 229 
 
 Ring : an clastic band on tlic sporc-citscs of Ferns. (Manual, p. 587, plate 9, 
 
 Jlingent : {^riuning ; gajjing oi)cn ; p. 102, fig. 209. 
 
 Jioot, p. 28. 
 
 Jioot-huirs, p. 31, 149. 
 
 Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches ; p. 29. 
 
 Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground ; p. 40. 
 
 Rostwfous : arranged like the petals of a rose. 
 
 Roslellate: bearing a small beak (rostellum). 
 
 Rdstrate : bearing a beak {>-ostritin) or a pixilonged appendage. 
 
 Rdsulate: in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or double 
 
 rose, as the leaves of Ilouseleek, &c. 
 Ratate: \vhcel-shaped : p. 101, fig. 204, 20.5. 
 Rotund : rounded or rouiulish in outline. 
 
 Riidimentari/ : imperfectly develojted, or in an early state of development. 
 Rwjose : wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles. 
 Ruminated (albumen) : penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled with 
 
 softer matter, as a nutmeg. 
 Riincinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, tlie pointed teeth turned towards the 
 
 base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. 
 Runner : a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, as 
 
 of a Strawberry, p. 38. 
 
 Sac : any closed membrane, or a deep pursc-shapcd cavity. 
 
 Sdi/ittate : arrowhead-shaped ; p. 59, fig. 95. 
 
 Salcer-shaped, or Sidver-fonn : with a border spreading at right angles to a slen- 
 der tube, as the corolla of Phlox, p. 101, fig. 208, 202. 
 
 Samara: a wing-fruit, or key, as of i\Iaple, p. 5, fig. 1, Ash, p. 131, fig. 300, and 
 Elm, fig. 301. 
 
 Sdmaroid: like a samara or key -fruit. 
 
 iSap: the juices of plants generally. Ascending or crude »;ap; p. 161, 168. 
 Elaborated sap, that which has been digested or assimilated bv the plaHt ; 
 p. 162, 169. 
 
 Sdrcocarp : the fleshy ])art of a stone-fruit, ]). 128. 
 
 Sannentdccous : bearing long and flexible twigs {sarments), cither spreadin"; or 
 procumbent. 
 
 Saw-toothed : see serrate. 
 
 Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch. 
 
 Scaldrijhrm : with cmss-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder. 
 
 Scales : of buds, p. 22, 50 ; of bulbs, &c., p. 40, 46, 50. 
 
 Scalg : furnished witii scales, or scale-like in texture ; p. 46, &c. 
 
 Scandrnt : climbing ; p. 37. 
 
 Scape: a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless Violets, 
 the Bloodroot, &c. 
 
 Scdpiform : scape-like. 
 
 Scar of the seed, p. 135. Lraf-scars, p. 21. 
 
 Scdrious or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous. 
 
 ScM/orm: resembling sawdust. 
 20 
 
230 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Scdrpioid or Scorpioidal : curv^ed or circinate at the end, like the tail of a scor- 
 pion, as tlie inflorescence of Heliotrope. 
 
 Scrobiciilate : pitted ; excavated into shallow pits. 
 
 Scurf, Scurjiness : minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot, 
 Buffalo-beny, &c. 
 
 Scutate: buckler-shaped. 
 
 Scuteilate, or Scute'lUform : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. 
 
 Se'cund : one-sided ; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c. are all turned to one side. 
 
 Secundine : the inner coat of the ovule ; p. 124. 
 
 Seed, p. 134. Seed-coats, p. 134. Seed-vessel, p. 127. 
 
 Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. 
 
 Segregate : separated from each other. 
 
 Semi- (in compound words of Latin origin) : half; as 
 
 Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane, fig. 214. Semicordate: half- 
 heart-shaped. Semilunar: like a half-moon. Semiovate : half-ovate, &c. 
 
 Seminal : relating to the seed. Seminifeivus : seed-bearing. 
 
 Sempervirent : evergreen. 
 
 Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx ; p. 85. 
 
 Se'paloid : sepal-like. Sepaline : relating to the sepals. 
 
 Separated Flowers: those having stamens or pistils only; p. 89. 
 
 Septate: divided by partitions {septa). 
 
 Se'ptenate : with parts in sevens. 
 
 Septicidal: where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, dividing 
 each into two layers ; p. 132, fig. 306. 
 
 Septiferous: bearing the partition. 
 
 Septifragnl : where the valves of a pod in deliiscence break away from the par- 
 titions ; p. 132. 
 
 Septum (plural septa) : a partition, as of a pod, &c. 
 
 Se'rial, or Seriate : in rows ; as biserial, in two rows, &c. 
 
 Sericeous : silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence. 
 
 Serotinous : happening late in the season. 
 
 Serrate, or Serrated: the margin cut into teeth (serratures) pointing forwards,- 
 p. 61, fig. 112. 
 
 Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth. 
 
 Sessile : sitting ; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an anther 
 destitute of filament. 
 
 Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. 
 
 Setaceous: bristle-like. Stftiform : bristle-shaped. 
 
 Setigerous : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs. 
 
 Sex: six; in composition. Sexangular : six-angled, &c. 
 
 Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are 
 
 Sheathing : wrapped round the stem. 
 
 Shield-shaped : same as scutate, or as peltate, p. 59. 
 
 Shrub, p. 21. 
 
 Sigmoid: curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma. 
 
 Slliciilose: bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it. 
 
 Stlicle: a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family; p. 133. 
 
 Silique: a longer pod of the Cress Family ; p. 133, fig. 310. 
 
GLOSSAKT. 231 
 
 Siliquose : bcarin<]f siliqups or pods wliicli resemble siliques. 
 Silki/: glossy with a coat of line mid soft, close-pressed, struiglit liairs. 
 Silrer-tjrain of wooil , p. 151. 
 
 Silveiy: shining white or hluisli-gray, usually from a silky pubescence. 
 Simple : of one piece ; opposed to coinjtoiiinl. 
 Sinistrorse.: turned to tiie left. 
 
 Sinuate: strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately bowed inwards and oat- 
 wards; p. 62, tig. 116. 
 Sinus : a recess or bay ; the re-entering angle or space between two IoIkjs or pro- 
 jections. 
 Sleep of Plants (so called), j). 170. 
 Soliolt/erotis : bearing shoots from near the ground. 
 Solitari/ : single ; not associated with others. 
 Sorus (plural soil) : the j)roper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns. 
 S/Kidix: a fleshy spike of flowers ; p. 80, fig. 162. 
 S/Hithaceons : resembling or furnished with a 
 Sjyathe: a bract which inwraps an inflorescence; p. 80, fig. 162. 
 Spdttilale, or S/>athulale : shaped like a spatula; p. 58, fig. 92. 
 Special Moremenis, p. 170. 
 S/yxies, p. 173. 
 
 S/)eclJic Cliaractcr, p. 181. Specific Names, p. 179. 
 Spicate: belonging to or disposed in a spike. 
 Spiciform : in shape resembling a spike. 
 
 Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile ; p. 80, fig. 160. 
 Spikelet: a small or a secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses. 
 Sjiine: a thorn ; p. 39. 
 
 Spindle-shajKcl • tapering to each end, like a radish ; p. 31, fig. 59. 
 Spinesrent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn. ' 
 
 Spinose, or Spinl/iroiis: thorny. 
 
 S/iiral arrantjement of leaves, p. 72. Spiral vessels or ducts, p. 148. 
 Sfwrdngia, or Spdrocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, &c. 
 Sjmre: a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them 
 
 taking the place of a seed. 
 Spdrule: same as a spore, or a small sjiore. 
 Spur: any projecting ap])cndagc of the flower, looking like a sjiur, as that of 
 
 Larkspur, fig. 183. 
 Spiamate, Si/iiamose, or Squamaceons : furnished with scales (squama'). 
 Sqnamifllate or Spidnmlose : furnished with little scales (squamellce or squamulce). 
 Sqttdmiform : shaped like a scale. 
 Sqiuirrose: wliere scales, leaves, or any appendages, are spreading widely from 
 
 the axis on which they arc thickly .set. 
 Squdrrulose: diminutive of squarrvse ; slightly squarrose. 
 Stalk: the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be. 
 Stamen, p. 86, 111. 
 
 Staminate: fnniisbed with stamens; p. 89. Slnminenl: relating to the stamens. 
 Slamimitliiim : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile stamen. 
 Standard: the upper petal of a pa])ilionaccons corolla ; p. 105, fig. 217, 218, *. 
 Starch: a well-known vegetable product; p. 163. 
 
232 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Station : the particular place, or kind of situation, in which a plant naturally 
 
 occurs. 
 Stellate, Stellular: starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out 
 
 from a common centre, like a star. 
 Stem, p. 36, &c. 
 
 Stemless : destitute or apparently destitute of stem. 
 Sterile : barren or imperfect ; p. 89. 
 
 Stigma : the part of tlic pistil which receives the pollen ; p 87. 
 Sliijmdtic, or Stigmatose : belonging to the stigma. 
 Stipe (Latin stijics) ■ the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any ; the stem of a 
 
 Mushroom. 
 Slipel : a stipule of a leaflet, as of tiic Bean, &c. 
 Stipellate: furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Leguminous 
 
 plants. 
 Stipitate: furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome, fig. 276. 
 Stipulate : furnished with stipules. 
 
 Stipules : the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves ; p. 69. 
 Stolons: trailing or reclined and rooting shoots ; p. 37. 
 Stoloniferous : producing stolons. 
 
 Stomate (Latin xtoma, plural stomata) : the breathing-pores of leaves, &c. ; p. l.^-e. 
 Strap-shaped: long, flat, and narrow; p. 106. 
 Striate, or Striated: marked with slender longitudinal grooves or ciiannds 
 
 (Latin strice). 
 Strict : close and narrow ; straight and narrow. 
 
 Striyillose, Sirvjose : beset with stout and appressed, scale-like or rigid bristles. 
 Strohildceotis : relating to, or resembling a 
 Str6hile: a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the Hop and 
 
 of the Pine; fig. 314, p. 133. 
 Strdphiole: same as caruncle. Strophiolate : furnished with a strophiole. 
 Struma: a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. 
 Sl//le : a part of the pistil which bears the stigma ; p. 86. 
 Sti/lopddium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at tlie base of the style, 
 
 found in Umbelliferous and some other plants. 
 Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as suhcordate, slightly cordate : fuh- 
 
 serrate, slightly serrate : suhaxillary , just beneath the axil, &c., &c. 
 Siiberose: corky or cork-like in texture. 
 Subclass, p. 177, 183. Snhorder, p. 176. Suhtrihe, p. 177. 
 Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp 
 
 point ; p. 68. 
 Succulent : juicy or pulpy. 
 
 Suckers: shoots from subterranean branches; p. 37. 
 Snffrute'scevl : slightly siu'ubby or woody at the base only ; p. 36. 
 Sugar, p. 163. 
 
 Sulcate: grooved longitudinally with deep furrows. 
 Supernumerari/ Buds: p. 26. 
 
 Supe'rvolute : plaited and convolute in bud ; p 110, fig. 225. 
 Supra-a.rillari/ : borne above the axil, as some buds : p. 26, fig. 52. 
 Supra-decompound: many times comnounded or divided. 
 
GLOSSARY. 233 
 
 Siircuhse: producing suckers, or slioots resembling them. 
 
 Suspended: liiinging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very 
 
 summit of the cell which contains tiicm ; p. \22, fig. 209. 
 Siilitral: belonging or relating to a suture. 
 
 Suture: the line of junction of contiguous ])arts grown together; p. 117. 
 Swoid-shiiiied : vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering alx)vo to i\ 
 
 point ; as those of Iris, fig. 13.3. 
 Sijmmetriml Flower: similar in the number of parts of each set; p. 89. 
 Si/ndiitherous, or Si/mjencsious: where stamens arc united by their anthers; p. 112, 
 
 fig. 229. 
 Syncdr/mts (fruit or pistil) : comi)Oscd of several carpels consolidated into one. 
 Sptem, p. 195. 
 Systematic Botany: the study of i)lants after their kinds; p. 3. 
 
 Taper-pointed: same as acuminnte ; p. 60, fig. 10.3. 
 
 Tap-root : a root with a stout tai)eriiig body ; p. .32. 
 
 Tawny: dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. 
 
 Tuxdnomi/: the part of Botany which treats of classification. 
 
 Tei/men: a name for the inner seod-coat. 
 
 TendrU: a thread-shaped body used for climbing, p. 3S : it is either a branch, 
 
 as in Virginia Creeper, fig. 62 ; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea and Vetch. 
 
 fig. 127. 
 Terete: long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper. 
 Terminal : borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. 
 Terminoloijii : the part of the science which treats of technical terms ; same as 
 
 (■//oS.SYi/o////. 
 
 Ttfrnate: in threes; p. 66. Ternntely : in a tcrnate way. 
 
 Testa: the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed; p. 134. 
 
 Telra- (in words of Greek composition) : (bur; as, 
 
 Tetracdccous : of four cocci or carpels. 
 
 Tetradijnamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than th« 
 
 other four, as in Mustard, p. 92, 112, fig. 188. 
 Tetrdijonal: four-angled. Telrdt/ynons : with four pistils or styles ; p. 116. 
 Tetrdmerons : with its parts or sets in fours. 
 TetrdndroHs: with four stamens ; ]). 112. 
 T/ieca: a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther. 
 T/iorn : sec spine ; p. 39. 
 Thread-shaped: slender and round, or roundish like a thread : as the filament of 
 
 stamens generally. 
 Thivat: the opening or gorge of a monojietalons corolla, &c., where the border 
 
 and the tube join, and a little below. 
 T/iyrsf or Thyrsus: a compact nnd pyramidal panicle; p. 81. 
 Tiimentose : clothed with matted woolly hairs (lomenhim). 
 Tomjiie-shaped : long, flat, but thiekish, and blunt. 
 Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the mar<:in, 
 
 used especially when these are sharj), like saw-teeth, and do not point for 
 
 wards; p. 61, fig. 113. 
 Top-shaped: shaped like a to]i, or a cone with its noe.x downwards. 
 20* 
 
234 GLOSSARY. 
 
 7 arose, Tdntlose: knobby ; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals. 
 
 Turns: the receptacle of the flower; p. 86, 124. 
 
 Tree, p. 21. 
 
 'J'ri-, in composition : three ; as 
 
 Triude'ljihous: stamens united by their filaments into three bundles; p. 112. 
 
 Tridndrous : where the flower has three stamens ; p. 112. 
 
 Tribe, p. 176. 
 
 Triclidtomous : three-forked. Tricdccoits : of three cocci or roundish carpels. 
 
 Tricolor: having three colors. Tricdslute: having three ribs. 
 
 IViaispidute : three-pointed. Tride'ntate: three-toothed. 
 
 Triennial: lasting for three years. 
 
 Trifdrious : in three vertical rows ; looking three ways. 
 
 Trijid: three-cleft; p. 62. 
 
 Trifdliaie: three-leaved. Trifdliolate : of three leaflets ; p. 66. 
 
 Trifurcate: three-forked. Trvjonoits : three-angled, or triangular. 
 
 Tn'i/ijiions : M'ith three pistils or styles; p. 116. Triju^ate : in three pairs (jugi)- 
 
 Trilubed, or Trilobate : three-lobed ; p. 62. 
 
 Trildcular: three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 225-227. 
 
 Trimerous: with its pai-ts in threes, as Trillium, fig. 189. 
 
 Tririervale : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. 
 
 Tridcious : wliere there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different indi- 
 viduals ; as in Eed Maple. 
 
 Tripdrtible : separable into three pieces. Tripartite : three-parted ; p. 62. 
 
 Trijie'luloiis : having three petals ; as in fig. 189. 
 
 Triphyllous: three-leaved ; composed of three pieces. 
 
 Tripiiinate: thrice pinnate ; p. 66. Tripinndtifid : thrice pinnatcly cleft ; p. 64. 
 
 Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c. : where a midiib branches into three near the 
 base of the leaf, as in Sunflower. 
 
 Trique'trous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides concave, like a 
 bayonet. 
 
 Trise'rial, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other. 
 
 Tristichoiis : in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks. 
 
 Tristigmdtic, or Trisliffmatose: having tliree stigmas. 
 
 Trisdlcute : three-grooved. 
 
 Trite'rnate: three times ternate ; p. 67. 
 
 Trivial Name : the specific name. 
 
 Trochlear : pulley-shaped. 
 
 Truiiipef-shaped: tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla ot 
 Trumpet-Creeper. 
 
 Tnmcafe:' as if cut off at the top ; p. 60, fig. 106. 
 
 Tube, p. 102. 
 
 Trunk: the main stem or general body of a stcjn or tree. 
 
 Tuber: a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, proviiled with ej-ce 
 (buds) on the sides ; as a potato, p 43, fig. 68. 
 
 Tubercle: a small excrescence. 
 
 Tubercled, or Tuhercitlate : bearing excrescences or ])imples. 
 
 Tuberous : resembling a tuber. Tuberiferoiis : bearing tubers. 
 
 Tubular : hollow and of an elongated form ; hollowed like a pipe. 
 
GLOSSART. -235 
 
 Tumid: swollen; somewhat inflated. 
 
 Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion ; p. 46. 
 
 Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen. 
 
 Turio (plural turimea) : young shoots or suckers springing out of tlic ground ; ns 
 
 Asparagus-shoots. 
 Turnip-sliaped : broader than higli, narrowed below ; p. 32, fig. .'37. 
 
 Tivin: in i)airs [SQa yeminale), as the llowers of Linna;a 
 Tifininrj : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop ; p. 37. 
 Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, &c 
 
 l/iiihrl: tlic nmlirella-likc form of inflorescence ; p. 79, fig. 159. 
 
 Umhdlate : in umbels. Umbelliferous : bearing umbels. 
 
 Umbellet : a secondary or partial umbel; p. 81. 
 
 Uiiihilicate: depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple. 
 
 Umbonate: bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded jjrojection like a boss (umbo')- 
 
 Umbrdculiform ; umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the style of 
 
 Sarracenia. 
 Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles, and the like. 
 Uncinate: hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end. 
 Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub. 
 Undulate : wavy, or wavy -margined ; p. 62. 
 
 Unequal! u pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets; p. 6.5. 
 Unguiculate: furnished with a claw (unguis) ; p. 102, i. e. a narrow base, as the 
 
 petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks (fig. 200), 
 
 where the claw is very long. 
 Uni-, in compound words : one ; as 
 Unijldrous : one-flowered. Unifoliate : onc-leavcd. 
 Unifollolate: of one leaflet; p. 66. Unijugate : of one pair. 
 Unildbiate: one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided. 
 
 Unildcular: one-celled, as the pistil in fig. 261, and tlic anther in fig. 238, 239. 
 Unidvulate: having only one ovule, as in fig. 213, and fig. 267-269. 
 Unis<frial : in one horizontal row. 
 
 Unisexual: having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed, fig. 176, 177, &e. 
 Univalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence, as fig. 253. 
 Urce'olate : urn-shaped. 
 
 Utricle: a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot ; p. 130, fig. 350. 
 Utricular : like a small bladder. 
 
 Vdginate: sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina). 
 
 Valve: one of the pieces (or doors) into wliich a dehiscent pod, or any similar 
 
 body, splits; p. 131, 114. 
 Valvate, Valvular : opening by valves. Valvate in iEStivation, p. 109. 
 Variety, p. 174, 177. 
 
 Vdfcular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts ; p. 146, 148, 
 Vaulted: arched ; same as fornicate. 
 Vegetable Pligsiologg, p. 3. 
 
 Veil: the calyptra of Mosses. (Manual, p. 607 ) 
 Veins: the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c. ; p. 5."). 
 
236 GLOSSART. 
 
 Veined, Veiny: furnished with evident veins. Veinless : destitute of veins. 
 
 Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins. 
 
 Velate: furnished with a veil. 
 
 Velutinous : velvety to the touch. 
 
 Venation : tlie veining of leaves, &c. ; p. 5.5. 
 
 Venose : veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins. 
 
 Ventral: belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks 
 
 towards the axis or centre of the flower ; the opposite of dorsal ; as the 
 Ventral Suture, p. 117. 
 
 Ve'nlricose : inflated or swelled out on one side. 
 Ve'nulose : furnished with veinlets. 
 Vermicular : shaped like worms. 
 
 Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud ; p. 75. 
 Ve'rnicose: the surface appearing as if varnished. 
 V&rucose: warty ; beset with little projections like warts. 
 Versatile: attached by one point, so that. It may swing to and fro, as the anthers 
 
 of the Lily and Evening Primrose ; p. 113, fig. 234. 
 Vei-tex : same as the apex. 
 
 Ve'rtical: upright; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise. 
 Ve'rticil: a whorl ; p 71. Verticillate : whorled ; p. 71, 75, fig. 148 
 Ve'sicle : a little bladder. Embryonal Vesicle, p. 139. Vesicular : bladdery. 
 Vessels: ducts, &c. ; p. 146, 148. 
 Ve'xillary, Vexillar : relating to the 
 
 Vexillum: the standard of a papilionaceous flower; p. 105, fig. 218, f. 
 Villose: shaggy with long and soft hairs (villosity.) 
 
 Vimineous: producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work. 
 Vine: any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine. 
 Vire'scent, Viridescent: greenish; turning green. 
 Virgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig. 
 Viscous, Viscid: having a glutinous surface. 
 Vitta (plural vitta) : the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferse. 
 Voluble: twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans ; p. 37. 
 
 Wavy : the surface or margin alternately convex and concave ; p. 62. 
 
 Wary : resembling beeswax in texture or appearance. 
 
 Wedge-shaped: broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow basC) 
 
 p. 58, fig. 94. 
 Wheel-shaped: see rotate; p. 102, fig. 204, 205. 
 Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, &c. are arranged in a circle round the stem, 
 
 p. 71, 75, fig. 148. 
 Wing: any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, p. 105. 
 Winged: furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301. 
 Wood, p. 145. Woody : of the texture or consisting of wood 
 Woody Fibre, or Wood-Gils. p. 146. 
 Woolly: clothed with long and entangled soft hairs ; as the leaves of Mullein. 
 
BOTANY 
 
 THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, 
 
MAN UAL 
 
 THE BOTANY 
 
 THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND 
 NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM." 
 
 By ASA GRAY, 
 
 FISHKR PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
 
 JJfftt) HDftion. 
 
 EIGHTH ISSUE. 
 
 WITH TWENTY PLATES, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. 
 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TATLOR & CO 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 
 
 1877. 
 
liitered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 IVISON, PHINNEY, ELAKEMAN, & CO., 
 
 in the 'Clerk's Office of the District Court of tlie United States for the Southern District of 
 
 New York. 
 
JOHN TORREY, LL.D. 
 
 Almost twenty years have passed since the first edition of this 
 
 work was dedicated to you, — more than thirty, since, as your pupil, 
 
 I began to enjoy the advantage of being associated with you in 
 
 botanical pursuits, and in a lasting friendship. The flow of time 
 
 has only deepened the sense of gratitude due to you from your 
 
 attached friend, 
 
 ASA GRAY. 
 Cambridge, May 30, 1867. 
 
NOTE. 
 
 In the present issue many small corrections, typographical and other, 
 have been made throughout the volume, as well as more considerable 
 alterations on pages 479, 480, 564 ; an omission of the proper acknowl- 
 edgment for the article on Sparganium is supplied on page 481 ; and 
 additional species, with a few more extended emendations, are given on 
 pages 679-682. 
 
 Cambridge, January 30, 1868. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Explanation of Signs used in this Work . 
 Explanation of Abbreviation of Authors' Names 
 
 Preface . . . 
 
 Analytical Key to the Orders .... 
 FLORA. — Ph/enogamous or Flowering Plants . 
 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants 
 Angiospermous, Polypetalous 
 Monopetalous 
 Apetalous 
 Gymnospermous Plants .... 
 
 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants 
 Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. . 
 Acrogenous Plants (Equisetaceae, Ferns, &c.) 
 
 Addenda 
 
 Index 
 
 Explanation of the Plates 
 
 Page 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 202 
 
 403 
 
 468 
 
 475 
 653 
 653 
 679 
 
 683 
 697 
 
SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 (1) An annual plant. 
 
 (D A biennial plant 
 
 H. A perennial plant. 
 ? A mark of doubt. 
 ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 
 
 These signs are, however, very rarely employed in this volum". 
 
 1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of min- 
 utes ('), for inches ; of seconds ("), for lines, — the (English) line being the 
 twelfth part of an inch. 
 
 The dash - between two figures, as " 5 - 10," means from 5 to 50, &c. 
 
PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. 
 
 Adans. 
 
 = Adanson. 
 
 Gmel. = 
 
 Gmclin. 
 
 Ait. 
 
 Alton. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Goodetiough. 
 
 All. 
 
 Alliouc. 
 
 Grev. 
 
 Greville. 
 
 Anders. 
 
 Andcrsson. 
 
 Griseb. 
 
 Grisebach. 
 
 Andr. 
 
 Andrews. 
 
 Gronov. 
 
 Gronovius. 
 
 Am. 
 
 Arnott. 
 
 Hartm. 
 
 Ilartniann. 
 
 Aubl. 
 
 Aublct. 
 
 Hoffni. 
 
 Hoffmann. 
 
 Bart. 
 
 Barton. 
 
 }Ioi>k. 
 
 W. J. Hooker. 
 
 Bartl. 
 
 Bartlin^. 
 
 ■Ilook.f. (Jilhts) J. D. Hooker. 
 
 Beauv. 
 
 Palisot de Bcauvois. 
 
 Iloniem. 
 
 Hornemann. 
 
 Benth. 
 
 Bentham. 
 
 Ilnds. 
 
 Undson. 
 
 Bemh. 
 
 Bernhardi. 
 
 H. B. K. 
 
 Humboldt, Bonpland, & 
 
 Bleb. 
 
 Bicberstein. 
 
 Jacq. 
 
 Jacquin. [Kunth. 
 
 Biijel. 
 
 Bipclow. 
 
 Juss. 
 
 JUSSIEU. 
 
 Boiss. 
 
 Boissicr. 
 
 A. Juss. 
 
 Adricn Jussieu. 
 
 Bong. 
 
 Bongard. 
 
 L. or Linn. 
 
 LiXN.EUS. 
 
 Borkh. 
 
 Bork Hansen. 
 
 Lag. 
 
 Lagasea. 
 
 Brong. 
 
 Brongniart. 
 
 Lam. 
 
 Lamarck. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Cassini. 
 
 Lamb. 
 
 Lambert. 
 
 C(iv. 
 
 Cavanillcs. 
 
 Ledeb. 
 
 Lcdebour. 
 
 Chapm. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 L'Her. 
 
 L'Heritier. 
 
 Chav. 
 
 Cliavannes. 
 
 Lehm. 
 
 Lchmann. 
 
 DarUmjt. 
 
 Uarlini,'ton. 
 
 Lesqx. 
 
 Lesqucreux. 
 
 DC. 
 
 De Candolle. 
 
 Leslih. 
 
 Lestibudois. 
 
 A. DC. 
 
 Alphonse Do Candolle. 
 
 Lindl. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 Desf. 
 
 Dcsfontaines. 
 
 Lodd. 
 
 Loddiges. 
 
 Dew. 
 
 Dewey. 
 
 Lour. 
 
 Loureiro. 
 
 DiU. 
 
 Dillenius. 
 
 Mart. 
 
 Martins. 
 
 Desv. 
 
 Desvaux. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Miclicli. 
 
 Dougl. 
 
 Donglas. 
 
 Michx. 
 
 Michanx (the elder). 
 
 Ehrh. 
 
 Elirliart. 
 
 Mlrltr. / 
 
 F. A. Miclianx (the 
 
 Ell. 
 
 Elliott. 
 
 Mill.. 
 
 Miller. [younger.) 
 
 Endl. 
 
 Endlichcr. 
 
 Mitch. 
 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Em/elin. 
 
 Enfrelmann. 
 
 MM. 
 
 Muhlenberg. 
 
 Flsch. 
 
 Fischer. 
 
 Nees, 
 
 Nees von Esenbeck. 
 
 Gcertn. 
 
 Gairtner. 
 
 Nutt. 
 
 Nuttall. 
 
10 
 
 PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Pnv. = 
 
 Pa von. 
 
 Sleud. = 
 
 Stcudel. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Persoon. 
 
 Sullio. 
 
 Sullivant. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Plukenet. 
 
 Tliunb. 
 
 Thunberg. 
 
 Plum. 
 
 Plumier. 
 
 Ton: 
 
 Torrcy. 
 
 Poir. 
 
 Poiret. 
 
 Torr. ^- Gr. 
 
 Torrcy and Gray. 
 
 It. Br. 
 
 Robert Bbown. 
 
 Tourn. 
 
 Tournefort. 
 
 Raf. 
 
 Kafincsque. 
 
 Trautv. 
 
 Trautvetter. 
 
 lieichenb. 
 
 Kcic'henbach. 
 
 Trev. 
 
 Treviranus. 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Richard. 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Trinius. 
 
 Richards. 
 
 Richardson. 
 
 Tuckerm. 
 
 Tuckerman. 
 
 Rcem. 
 
 Rcemer. 
 
 Tiircz. 
 
 Turczaninow. 
 
 Rottb. 
 
 RottboU. 
 
 Vuill. 
 
 Vaillant. 
 
 Salisb. 
 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Vent. 
 
 Ventenat. 
 
 Schk. 
 
 Schkuhr. 
 
 nil. 
 
 Villars. 
 
 Schlecht. 
 
 Schlechtendal. 
 
 Wahl. 
 
 Wahlenberg. 
 
 Schrad. 
 
 Schrader. 
 
 Walp. 
 
 Walpers. 
 
 Sclireb. 
 
 Schreber. 
 
 Walt. 
 
 Walter. 
 
 Schult. 
 
 Schultes. 
 
 Wancjh. 
 
 Wangcnheim. 
 
 Sclav, or Schicein 
 
 . Schweinitz. 
 
 Wedd. 
 
 Weddell. 
 
 Scop. 
 
 Scopoli. 
 
 tVilld. 
 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Ser. 
 
 Seringe. 
 
 With. 
 
 Withering. 
 
 Soland. 
 
 Solander. 
 
 Wulf. 
 
 Wulfen. 
 
 Spreng. 
 
 Sprengel. 
 
 Zucc. 
 
 Zuccarini. 
 
preface: 
 
 This work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern 
 portion of the United States, for tlie use of students and of practical 
 botanists. 
 
 The first edition (published in 1848) was hastily prepared to sup- 
 ply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has 
 not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent twice 
 rewritten, and the geographical range extended. The second edition, 
 much altcied, appeared in 1856. The third and fourth were merely 
 revised upon the stereotype plates, and i-ome pages added, especially 
 to the latter. 
 
 Tlie Garden Botany, an Introduction to a Knowledge of the 
 Common Cultivated Plants, which was prefixed to this fourth edition 
 in 1863, is excluded from the present edition, and is to be incor- 
 porated into a simpler and more elementary work, but of wider 
 scope, designed especially for school instruction, and for those inter- 
 ested in cultivation, — entitled Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. 
 
 In the present edition it has been found also expedient to remand 
 to a supplementai-y volume the Jifosses and Livericorts, so carefully 
 and generously elaborated for the i)revious editions of this work by 
 my friend, Wm. S. Sullivaxt, Esq. It is hoped that the Liclienes, 
 if not all the other orders of the Lower Cryptogamia, may be added 
 to this supplementary volume, so that our students may extend 
 their studies into these more recondite and ditheuU departments of 
 Botany.* 
 
 * The followinp important aids, moreover, are already j^oviiled, viz. The 
 Jronri* Miisroriim, or Figures ami /ItKcnjilioiis of must of those .Uosstis peculiar to 
 
12 PREFACE. 
 
 Six plates, illustrating the genera of the Cyperacece or Sedge 
 Familj', are now added to the eight which illustrate the Graminece 
 or Grasses, and the six which illustrate the Filices or Ferns and 
 their allies : all are from original drawings by Mr. Isaac Sprague ; 
 and they should rerfder the study of these families comparatively 
 easy, even to the beginner. 
 
 In other respects the changes in this edition are only in details, 
 and such as the progress of botanical knowledge,- and the longer 
 experience of the author and his associates or correspondents in 
 teaching, have seemed to render necessary or advisable. 
 
 I am newly indebted to Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, 
 for a revision of the account of Cuscuta and Sagittaria, &c., formerly 
 prepared by him, and for the complete re-elaboration of the genera 
 Callltriche, Euphorbia, Pl/ius, Juncus, and Isoetes. I have also to 
 express my special acknowledgments to my friends, Dr. J. W. 
 KoBBiNS, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who contributed the whole 
 article on the difficult genus Potamogeton ; — to Mr. Coe F. Austix, 
 of Closter, New Jersey, who furnished that on the Lemnacece ; — and 
 to Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, of Yale College, who has entirely 
 re-elaborated the Ferns for the present edition. The Salicacece and 
 the genus Carex, as is well known, were contributed to the first 
 edition by my old friend and associate, John Carey, Esq., now of 
 London. Deprived of his further and important assistance, I have 
 
 Eastern North America ivJiich have not hem heretofore fgured, by "Wm. S. Sdlli- 
 VANT, LL. D. Imp. 8vo, with 129 copper-plates. 
 
 Musci-Boreali-Ami-ricana, sivc Specimina Exslccata, etc. — A seroiid and en- 
 larged edition of the arranged collection of Mosses of the United States, pub- 
 lislied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lksquereux, of which the first issue was 
 noticed in the preface to former editions of the Manual. The present edhion 
 comprises 536 species or varieties of Mosses, and is supplied by Mr. Leo Les- 
 quereux, of Columbus, Ohio, for $35 in gold, or £7 sterling. 
 
 Lichmes Ersiccali, by Professor Edward Ttickerman, of Amherst College; 
 — of which four vols, (small 4to) have already been issued A small volume on 
 the Genera of North American Lichenes is now in preparation by the same author. 
 
 Nereis Boreuli-Anwicana, — an account of the Marine AlgiB of tbe United 
 States, by the late Professor Wm. IT. Harvky, a large quarto volume with fifty 
 colored plates, — published by the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
PRKFACE. 13 
 
 myself revised these articles as well as I could, in advance of the 
 publication of Andersson's work on the Salicacete in the forthcoming 
 volume of l)e CandoUc's Prodromu.-, and of the posthumous volume 
 of the late Dr. Boott's Illustrations of Car ex. In the latter genus, 
 however, I have been essentially aided by William Boott, Es(|., 
 of Boston, and S. T. Olnk-Y, Esq., of Providence, who have made 
 the Carices a special study. To render due acknowledgments to 
 the correspondents who have contributed to the value of the Manual 
 by the communication of specimens, notes, and corrections, would 
 require me to enumerate all the cultivators and numerous amateurs 
 of botany in this country. In special instances their names will be 
 found scattered throughout the pages of the work. The necessity 
 of economizing space to the utmost, so as to keep the volume within 
 the dimensions of a manual, alone has debarred me from fuller 
 citations of the names of collectors and of particular stations of rare 
 or local plants. For the same reason I have generally omitted 
 synonymes, except in case of some original or recent changes in 
 noraenclatuie. 
 
 There is abundant reason, I doubt not, for me to renew the re- 
 quest that those who use this book will kindly furnish information 
 of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so 
 that it may be made more accurate and complete hereafter, and 
 maintain the high character which it has earned. 
 
 Some explanations are needful in respect to details of typography, 
 reference, and arrangement. 
 
 GEOGRAniicAL LIMITATION. DISTRIBUTION, &c. As is Stated 
 on the title-page, this work is intended to comprise the plants which 
 grow spontaneously in the United States north of North Carolina 
 and Tennessee and east of the Mississippi. A Flora of the whole 
 national domain, upon a similar plan (the issue of wliich I may now 
 hope will not be delayed many years longer), would be much too 
 bulky and expensive for the main purf>ose which this Manual fulfils. 
 
14 PREFACE. 
 
 For its purpose, the present geographical limitation is, on the 
 whole, the best, — especially since the botany of the States south of 
 our district has been so well provided for by my friend Dr. Chap- 
 man's Flora of the Southern States, issued by the same publishers. 
 The southern boundary here adopted coincides better than any other 
 geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-tem- 
 perate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the United States ; 
 very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, 
 and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, 
 &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie 
 vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great West- 
 ern woodless plains, which approach our bordei'S in Iowa and Mis- 
 souri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, 
 varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces 
 Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the 
 plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well 
 as those of the deep peninsula of Canada "West, will be found in 
 this volume.* 
 
 I have here endeavored to indicate, briefly and generally, the dis- 
 trict in which each species occurs, or 'm which it most abounds, in 
 the following manner : 1. When the principal area of a species is 
 southward rather than northward, I generally give first its northern 
 limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then 
 its southern limit if within our boundaries, or add that it extends 
 southward, meaning thereby that the species in question occurs in 
 the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia gla^ica, 
 p. 49, a prevailingly Southern species, but wliich is sparingly found as 
 far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann 
 and New York southward, near the coa^t " ; M. acuminata, " W. 
 New York to Ohio and southward," &c. While in species of northern 
 
 * For the geographical statistics of our botany, sec three articles in The 
 American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Yol. XXII. and Vol. XXIII. 
 1856-57. 
 
PRKFACE. 15 
 
 range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as Anemone Pennsylvan- 
 ica, ♦' W. New EngUmd to Illinois and northwestward." And so 
 of Western plants ; e. g. Isopyruin bilernutinn, p. 44, " Ohio to 
 Illinois, Kentucky, and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 130, 
 "Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward." But this rule has not 
 always heen closely adhered to. 2. AVhcre no habitat or range is 
 mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole 
 area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. AVhen the species is 
 quite local or rare, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Veslcaria 
 Shortii, p. 73, and Alyssum Lescurii, p. 72 ; Sidlivantia Ohionis, 
 p. 1G9, &,c. Except in such cases, or when the known geographical 
 range of a species has been recently extended, the want of space has 
 generally demanded the omission of particular stations, which are so 
 appropriately given in local Floras and in more detailed works, but 
 for which there is no room in a manual like this. 
 
 For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the 
 range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits 
 of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facili- 
 tate the comparison of our American flora with that of Europe, I 
 have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indi- 
 genous to both. 
 
 Distinction betaveen Introduced and Indigenous Spe- 
 cies. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil have 
 to be described along with the genuine indigenous members of our 
 flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific 
 name being printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals,* 
 while the names of the indigenous species are in iieavier, antique 
 letter-t Moreover, the country from which they came is specified 
 (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the denizenship. That is, 
 following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have clas- 
 sified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the 
 
 * For example, uiukr Kanuuculus, R. ulmiosls, ackis, &c., p. 43. 
 t For exaaijile, R. repens, on the baine page. 
 
16 PREFACE. 
 
 thoroughly naturalized, and the advenlive ; the first comprising those 
 species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this coun- 
 try, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of 
 cultivated grounds ; the second, those which are only locally spon- 
 taneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in 
 cultivated fields, ai'ound dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, 
 still directly or indirectly dependent upon civilized man, would 
 probably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I 
 here rank with the adventive plants those weeds of cultivation which 
 De Candolle terms plants cultivated without or against man's will.) 
 Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at 
 the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from Eu.) " : those 
 adventive, or less established, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. 
 Distinction of Grade of Varieties. Vain is the attempt 
 to draw an absolute line between varieties and species. Yet in sys- 
 tematic works the distinction has to be made absolute, and each par- 
 ticular form to be regarded as a species or a variety, according to 
 the botanist's best judgment. Varieties, too, exhibit all degrees of 
 distinctness. Such as are marked and definite enough to require 
 names are distinguished here into two sorts, according to their grade: 
 1. Those which, I think, cannot be doubted to be varieties of the 
 species they are referred to, have the name printed in small capi- 
 tals.* These varieties make part of the common paragraph. 2. Those 
 so distinct and peculiar that they have been, or readily may be, 
 taken for species, and are some of them not unlikely to establish the 
 claim : of these the name is printed in the same type as that of the 
 species ; and they are allowed the distinction of a separate para- 
 graph,! — except where the variety itself is the only form in the 
 country, as in the first species of Anemone. J 
 
 * As, for instance, the three varieties of Lespedeza violacea, p. 137, viz. diver- 
 gens, 6ES8ILIFOLIA, and ANGusTiFOLiA. See also, under Eanunculus Tlam- 
 mula, var. intermedius, p. 41. 
 
 t As, Var. reptans, of the above-mentioned species. 
 
 X A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, p. 36. 
 
PREFACK. 17 
 
 Accentuation of Names. As :i f^uidc to correct pronunciation 
 of botanical names (in wliicii great carelessness prevails), I have 
 marked the accented syllable ; and have also (following Loudon's 
 convenient mode) indicated what is called the long sound of the 
 vowel by tiie grave (') and the short sound by the acute (') accent- 
 mark. 
 
 Indication of Prominent Characters is made by the use 
 of Italic type, for the leading distinctions of the orders, and for those 
 points in the specific descriptions by which two or more species of 
 the same division may be most readily or surely discriminated, — 
 the latter a i)lan adopted from Koch's Flora Gennanica. 
 
 Tiie ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a 
 Synopsis, in small type, of the leading characters of all the genera, 
 ■when more than two, under each order. In this the genera are an- 
 alytically disposed under tlieir proper sub-orders, tribes, or other such 
 natural groups, of whatever rank, properly characterized ; and tiien, 
 to save room, all these subordinal or tribal names and characters 
 are left out of the body of the order, the genera following each other 
 without a break. 
 
 Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been 
 taken to render important differences conspicuous, and to abridge the 
 labor of analysis, by proper grouping, and when needed by a series 
 of rightly subordinated divisions and subdivisions. Divisions of the 
 highest raidi, or Subgenera, have the sectional mark {i) followed by 
 the subgeneric name.* Those less important are indicated by the §, 
 without a name ; subsections or divisions of lower grade are marked 
 by stars ( ♦ ); their divisions, if any, by the -»- , and theirs again 
 by the ++ , «S:c. 
 
 Having in view the needs of students rather than of learned bot- 
 anists, I have tliroughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way 
 by discarding many an uimecessary tecimical word or phrase, aud 
 
 * As § 1. .ATRAGENK, uudor Clematis, p. 35, ami § I. PULSATILLA, 
 
 under Anemone, p. 36. 
 
 ^ L&M— '21 
 
18 PREFACE. 
 
 by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps 
 at some sacriiice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for 
 which botanical language is distinguished. 
 
 Arrangement of the Orders. The Natural Orders ai-e dis- 
 posed in a series wliioh nearly corresponds, in a general way, with 
 De Candolle's arrangement (varied somewhat more in this edition, 
 to come nearer to tliat adopted thus far in Bentham and Hook- 
 er's new Genera Plantarum), beginning with the highest chiss and 
 ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the larg- 
 est class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders 
 in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral envel, 
 opes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla 
 consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning 
 this series with those orders in which the several organs of the 
 flower are most distinct and separate (Jiypogynous), and proceeding 
 to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and 
 consolidated with each other {perigyyious and epigynous) ; then fol- 
 low those with the petals combined into a monopetalous corolla (the 
 Monopetalous division ; and finally, those destitute of a corolla or 
 destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetaloiis division). The class 
 of Alonocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders ex- 
 hibiting one form of simplilied flowers, passes to those with the or- 
 gans most combined and consolidated, then to those less combined by 
 adnation of parts, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. 
 Tlie present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural 
 Orders in each class into nalural alliances. But this has not yet 
 been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary stu- 
 dent. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the oiders naturally, 
 but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole 
 a natural and manageable sequence. And, by means of an artificial 
 
 Analytical Key to the Orders (p. 21), I enable the student 
 to refer readily to its proper order any of our plants, upon taking 
 the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometiraco of 
 
ruKFAon. 19 
 
 llic fruit, and following out a series of c.isy step-^ in the analysis. 
 This key is founded upon the most obvious distinctions which will 
 well answer ilw. puipo>e, and is so contrived as to provide for all the 
 exceptional in>iances and variant cases I could think of. I ,-hall he 
 disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its 
 proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of 
 which he has flowering specimens in hand. Referring to the Order 
 which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive 
 points* — which he has chiefly to consider, — brought together and 
 printed in italics in the first sent(;nce of the ordinal description, and 
 thus can verify his results. 
 
 The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be 
 verified in turn by the full generic description in its place ; and the 
 progress thence to the species, when there are several to clioose 
 from, is facilitated by the arrangement under divisions and sub- 
 divisions, as already explained. 
 
 It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain, 
 first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even with- 
 out the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in 
 a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is 
 commonly conlirmed by the numerical plan of the flower; — then, 
 if of the first class, the sub-class is at once determined by the pi-til, 
 whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. 
 If the former, then the choice between the three divisions is de- 
 termined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether 
 separate or united. Each division is subdivided by equally obvious 
 characters, as, p. 21, first the number of stamens, then, whether the 
 calyx is free from or connected with the surface of the ovary. 
 And, finally, a series of successively subordinated j)ropositions, — 
 each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, leads 
 to the name of the order sought for, followed by the number of 
 the page upon which that order is described in the body of the 
 work. 
 
20 PREFACE. 
 
 More particular instructions for the use of this book in the study 
 of our plants are here superfiuous; as these, as well as the needful' 
 preliminary knowledge, will be acquired from the author's Introduc- 
 tion to Structural and Systematic Botany {Botanical Text-Book), or 
 from the simpler First Lessons in Botany, — one or the other of 
 which must needs be previously studied, and be the inseparable 
 companion of The Manual. 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY 
 
 TO THE ORDKRS OF ALL TIIH PLANTS DKSCRIBLD IX THIS WORK. 
 
 Skuies I. riLENOGAMOUS on FLOWERING PLANTS, thuse 
 producing real flowers and seeds. 
 
 Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS on EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a zone 
 between the other two, ami increasing, when the stem continues from 
 year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, 
 ne.xt the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo witli a pair of opposite 
 cotyledons, or in Subclass IL often three or more in a wliorl. Parts of 
 the (lower mostly in fours or fives. 
 
 Subclass L ANGIOSPEll^LE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary 
 ■which contains the ovules and the seeds. 
 
 Division L POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present ; 
 the latter of licpnrate petals. 
 
 A. Stanmis numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the se/>als. 
 1, Calyx entire} y free and si^parate from thf. pistil or pistils. 
 Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid Fuse 
 
 mass on an clonjijated receptacle. . . . Magxoi.iace.e, 48 
 Pistils numerous, separate, liut concealed in a holluw rccc])t:icle. 
 
 Leaves opposite, entire : no stipules. . . . CALvrANTUACE.i:, 162 
 
 Leaves alternate, widi stipules Kosa, in Kosace.k, UG 
 
 Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface 
 
 of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nclumhium, in Nvjirn.KACE.E, .'>4 
 IMstils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct Eosacl.k, 14G 
 
 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelijlious. Malvaci;.!:, "JS 
 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
 Filaments much shorter than the anther ; trees. . . Axoxace.t;, 50 
 Filaments longer than the anther. 
 
 Flowers diarious : twiners with alternate leaves. Memsi>ei:mace.e, 'i\ 
 Flowers i)erfeet : if clind)ers, the leaves o))|josite. 
 
 Leaves not peltate : ])ctals deciduous. . . TiAXt xcllace.i:, 34 
 Leaves peltate : petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYiirujiACE.t, f)* 
 
Tl ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Pistils scvcral-lobcd, the ovaries united below the niiiklle. Resedace^e, 76 
 
 Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvace.e, 98 
 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several. 
 
 Leaves punctate under a lens with tyansparent dots. HvPEKifACEiE, 83 
 
 Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. 
 
 Ovary simple, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled Rosacea, 146 
 
 Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one p^ietal many-ovulcd placenta. 
 
 Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound or dissected. Kanonculace^, 34 
 
 Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in Berbkkidace.k, 52 
 
 Ovary comijound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. Portulacace.e, 97 
 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placenta;. 
 
 Calyx caducous. Juice milky or colored. . . Papaverace^, 58 
 
 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals CAPPARiDAeE-E, 75 
 
 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals Cistaceje, 80 
 
 Ovary compound, several-celled. 
 Calyx valvate in the bud, and 
 Persistent: stamens monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. Malvace-e, 98 
 
 Deciduous : anthers 2-celled Tiliace^b, 103 
 
 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. 
 
 Shrubs : stamens borne on the base of the petals. Camelliace/E, 103 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs : ovules many, 
 
 On 5 placentte in the axis. . . . Sarraceniace^, 57 
 
 On the 8 -24 partitions. .... Nymph^ace.e, 54 
 
 2. Cnhjx more or Jess coherent with the surface of the {compound) orary. 
 
 Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, on the partitions : aquatic. NrMPiiiEACEiE, 54 
 
 Ovary 10-celled: cells 1-ovuled. . . . Amelanchier, in Rosacea, 146 
 
 Ovary 2-5-celled., 
 
 Leaves alternate, with stipules Pomcre, in Rosace-t;, 146 
 
 Leaves opposite, without stipules. Philadclphus, in Saxifragace.t:, 1G3 
 Leaves alternate, without stipules Styracace.e, .309 
 
 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal. 
 
 Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . . Cactace^e, 184 
 Rough-leaved plants: petals 5 or 10 Loasace^, 184 
 
 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. Portulacace.e, 97 
 
 B« Stamens of (lie same nnmher as the petals and opposite them. 
 Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. "Woody vines. Mexisperiiace.e, .51 
 Pistil only one. 
 
 Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Berberidace.e, 52 
 Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 
 
 Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . Primulace^, 313 
 
 Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. Portulacaceje, 97 
 
 Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . . Plumbaginace^, 312 
 Ovary 2 - 4-celled. 
 
 Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. . . Vitace.e, 112 
 Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals im'olute. Rhamxace.e, 113 
 
ANALYTICAL KF.Y. 21} 
 
 C Sldincns not more ihiin twice as mnny ns the pclah, when of just the numher of 
 
 the fH'titls t/uH altcniale with thun. 
 
 1. Cu/i/T free /loin the oran/, i. e. the ovurij whollij superior. 
 
 • Ocavies 2 or more, se/iurate. 
 
 Stamens united witli eiuli otlier and with a laryc and 
 
 tliiek stigma eomnion to the t>vo ovaries. Asclepiadacea:, 394 
 
 Stamens unconnected, on the reeiptaele, free IVoni tlie calyx. 
 
 Leaves punctate with puihicid dots. ..... Rutace.e, 109 
 
 Leaves not ijellutid-puiutate. 
 
 Tree, with piniuite leaves. . . Ailantlius, in Simaiu itA<-i;.i:, 1 10 
 
 Low shrul) with pinnate leaves. Zanthurliiza, in Kanu.nciii.ace.k, .'J4 
 
 Herbs, not llesliy IIaxuxcl'i.ace.e, 34 
 
 llerhs, witli thick lleshy leaves. .... Cuassiilack.k, 171 
 
 Stanu-ns unconnected, inscrteil on the calyx, 
 Just twice as many as tlie pistils (Hower symmetrical). CuASSULACEiE, 171 
 Not just the number or twice the number of the ])istils. 
 
 Leaves without stipules S.vxiruACACEyT:, 163 
 
 Leaves with stipules IIosacea;, 146 
 
 * * Ovaries 2 - .5, somctchat united at the base, separate above. 
 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutace.e, 109 
 
 Leaves not pclluiid-punctate. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. . . . . Sapindacb.e, 116 
 Terrestrial herbs : the carpels fewer than the petals. Saxifkagace.*;, 163 
 
 * * * Ovaries or lobes ofovarij 3 to .5, ivilli arommon style. GEitANiACEi;, 105 
 * * * * Ovarij onlj one, and 
 •t- Simple, xcith one parietal placenta. LEr.iJiiNo.s.E, 123 
 ■(- -t- Comjioiind, as shoirn hij the number of cells, placenta', sti/les, or slii/mas. 
 
 Ovary one-celled. 
 
 Corolla irregular : petals 4 : stamens f). . . . Fu.mariace^, 60 
 
 Corolla irregular: petals and stamens .'). . . . Violace.f., 76 
 
 Corolla regular or nearly so. 
 
 Ovule solitary : slirulis or trees : stigmas 3. ANA(-AUi>iArE.E, 111 
 
 Ovules solitary or few : herbs. . . Some anomalous Cuucifer^, 62 
 Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. 
 
 Petals not inserted (m the calyx. . . . CAHYoriiYLLAOE^, 87 
 Petals on the throat of a hell-shaped or tubular calyx. Lytiikace.*;, 182 
 Ovules several or nn\ny. on two or more parietal j)laccnta;. 
 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid ami dark dots. IlYi'ERiCACEiE, 83 
 
 Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipi)ed bristles. Duo.SEUArE.i:, 82 
 
 Leaves neither jiunctate nor bristly-glandular. 
 
 Scjmls ."i, very nnecpial or only 3. . . Cistace.e, 80 
 
 Se])als and petals 4 : stamens 0. Anomalous Cki < nEit.E, 62 
 
 Sepals and petals ."i : stamens 5 or 10. 
 
 Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. . Passhi-okaik-e, 185 
 Ovary sessile. SA.\iiKA(JACEiK, 163 
 
24 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Ovarj 2 - several-celled. 
 Flowers in-egular. 
 
 Anthers opening at the top, 
 
 Six or eight and 1-celled : ovary 2-cclIed. . . Poltgalace^, 120 
 Ten and 2-celled : ovary 5-celled. . . Rhodora, in Eeicace/E, 286 
 Anthers opening lengthwise. 
 
 Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubu- 
 lar inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in Lttiirace.*:, 183 
 Stamens 5 - 8 or 10, and petals Jiypogynous, or nearly so. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled Sapixdace/E, IIG 
 
 Ovary 5-celled. . . . Impatiens, &c. in Geraniaue.e, 105 
 Flowers regular or nearly so. 
 
 Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as petals, 
 
 Triadelphous : petals 5 Hypericace.e, 83 
 
 Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) : petals 4: 
 
 pungent herbs Crucifer.e, G2 
 
 Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . Oleace.e, 400 
 Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . Sapikdace.e, 116 
 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. 
 Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. 
 Herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. Euphorbiace.e, 430 
 
 Herbs: flowers perfect and symmetrical. 
 Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. Geraniace/E, 105 
 Cells of the ovary (divided) twice as many as 
 
 the styles, sepals, &c LiNACEiE, 104 
 
 Shrubs or trees. 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptclea, in Rutace^e, 109 
 Leaves palmately veined : fruit 2-winged. Sapindace/E, 116 
 
 Leaves pinnatcly veined, simple, not punctate. 
 Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent : 
 
 seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. Celastrace^, 115 
 
 Calyx minute : fruit a berry-like drupe. Aquifoliace^, 305 
 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. 
 
 Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. Elatinace^e, 86 
 Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves 
 
 (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPiNDACii.E, 116 
 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. 
 Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube 
 
 or cup : leaves simple, all radical. Galacine^, 303 
 
 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf- 
 lets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis in Geraniace.e, 105 
 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. 
 
 Style 1, undivided. Ericaceae, 286 
 
 Styles 2-5, separate. . . . Caryopiiyllace.e, 87 
 
 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. 
 Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. Saxifragace^, 163 
 Style 1 : pod in the calyx, 1-celled at maturity. Lythkace^, 182 
 
ANAI.TriCAL KKY. 25 
 
 2. Cah/r-tul>e adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. 
 
 Tendril-beaiin;; and often succulent herbs. . , . CuciriuuTAA.!;, 18G 
 Not tendiil-bearin;;. 
 
 Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovulcd from the base. . . Portulacace.e, 97 
 
 Ovary l<elled, with 2 or 3 i)arietal plaeentaj. . Saxifkacjace.*:, 163 
 Ovary 2 -several-celled. 
 
 Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. Melasto.mack.k, 181 
 Anthers not opening by jwres. 
 
 Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. Celastrace.e, 115 
 Stamens inserted on the caly.x, 
 
 Eight or four (rarely five) : style 1. . . Onagrace^, 176 
 
 Five or ten: styles 2-3, distinct. . . Sa.\ifragace>e, 1G3 
 0\nilcs and seeds only one in each cell. 
 
 Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in Uosace.e, 146 
 
 Stamens 2 or 8 ; style I : stigma 2-4-lobed : herbs. O.nagkace^, 176 
 Stamens 4 or 8 : aquatics : styles or sessile stigmas 4. Halorage^, 174 
 
 Stamens 8 : styles 2 : shrub Hamamelace.e, 173 
 
 Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1 : chiefly shrubs. Cornace.e, 199 
 Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. 
 
 Fmit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2. Umbellifer.e, 187 
 
 Fruit berry-like : styles 2-5, separate, or united. Akaliace^e, 198 
 
 Divisiox II. MONOPETALOUS : calyx and corolla both present ; the 
 latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. 
 
 A. Stamens more numerons than the lobes of the corolla. 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled with one parietal placenta. , . . LKGrMixos.E, 123 
 Ovary 1-cclled, with 2 parietal placenta;. Adlumia, &c. in Fumariace.e, 60 
 Ovary 1 -celled with the ovules at the centre or base. Styracace.k, 309 
 
 Ovary 2-eelled with a single ovule in each cell. . . Polygalace.e, 120 
 Ovary 3 -many-celled. 
 
 Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla : style single. Ericace^, 286 
 Stamens free from the corolla: styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniace^, 105 
 
 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. 
 
 Filaments monadeli)lions : anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. JIai.vace.e, 98 
 Filaments 1 -5-adelphous at base: anthers 2-celled. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary Cameli.iace.e, 103 
 
 Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. . Styracace.e, 309 
 Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . . Euexace.e, 303 
 
 B. Stamens ( fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 
 
 Ovary 5-celled : corolla api)endaged with scales inside. Sapotace.e, 308 
 
 Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. . Piu.mi:i,aci;.i:, 313 
 
 Ovarv 1-cclled : uuiclc 1-secdcd: styles 5. . . PLUMBAOiNACEiE, 312 
 
2G ANALYTICAL KET. 
 
 C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. 
 
 1. Ovary adherent tojhe cali/r-tuhe ( inferior) . 
 
 Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . . Cucurbitace.t3, 186 
 Tendrils none. 
 
 Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. 
 
 Flowers in an involucrate head Composit.e, 215 
 
 Flowers separate, not involueratc: corolla irregular. Lobeliace.i;, 282 
 Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as 
 
 many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. Campanulace.e, 285 
 Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla. 
 
 One to three, always fewer than lobes of the corolla. Valerianace/t;, 213 
 Four or five : leaves opposite or whorled. 
 
 Flowers in a dense head, with an involucre : no stipules. Dipsace.e, 215 
 Flowers if in heads not involucrate. 
 
 Leaves whorled and without stipules. J _ Rubiace^, 208 
 Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. ) 
 Leaves opposite without stipules (but some- 
 times with appendages to the petioles imitat- 
 ing them) Capkifoliace^, 202 
 
 2. Ovarij free from the calyx (supa-ior). 
 * Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. 
 Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. 
 
 • Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Labiat.e, .341 
 
 Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . . Vekbenace.i;, 339 
 Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell. 
 Ovary and pod 1 -celled, 
 
 With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. Lentibulace.e, 317 
 With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentte : 
 
 stamens 4 Oeobanciiace.e, 322 
 
 Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-cellcd. Martynia, / -n .,^^., , ^^ ^ gon 
 Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. ) 
 Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentJe in the axis. 
 
 Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. SckophulariacExE, 324 
 Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections 
 
 of the placentte : no albumen. . . . AcANXiiACEiE, 338 
 
 * * Corolla someichat irregular : stamens [idth anthers) 5. 
 
 Stamens free from the corolla : anthers with their cells 
 
 opening by a hole or chink at the top. Azalea, in Ericace^, 286 
 Stamens inserted on the corolla. 
 
 Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. FA'hium, in Boeragixace.e, 350 
 
 Ovary not lobed : ])od many-seeded. 
 
 Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, Scrophulariace.is, 324 
 Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, Solanace.k, 380 
 
ANALYTIC. \l, KKV. 27 
 
 * * ♦ Corolla rif/ular. 
 
 •»- Stamens as matiij as-tlw lobes of the roroUa. 
 
 Ovaries 2, sci)ar:itf ; tlifir 
 
 Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichoiulra, in Coxvor.virLACE.'E, 374 
 Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. 
 
 Filaments distinct : jiollen in onlinary grains. . . Apocynace^, 392 
 Filaments monadeljilioiis : jM^llen in nnisses. . . Asclki'Iadace^, 394 
 Ovary one, Init deeply 4-lol)ed around the style. 
 
 Leaves alternate Borkaginace^, 300 
 
 Leaves opposite. ' Mentha, in Lai!Iat.«, 341 
 
 Ovary one : pod 2-lobcd or 2-horncd at the summit. . Logaxiace.e, 391 
 Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lohed, 
 
 One-eelled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentic. 
 
 Leaves (or in .Menyantlies three leaflets) entire. . Gkntianace.c, ."584 
 Leaves toothed, lohed or pinnately eompound. IIyduoi-uvllace.e, 367 
 Two- to ten-eelled. 
 
 Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuseuta, in CoxvolVllace.i:, 374 
 
 Leaves op])osite, their l)ascs or petioles conneeted 
 
 by stipules or a stipular line . . . . Logaxiaci;.e, 391 
 Leaves when ojjpositc without stipules. 
 
 Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : style 1 . Eimcace.e, 286 
 
 Stamens almost free from the corolla ; style none. Aql-h-oliace.ic, 305 
 Stamens inserted on the tuhc of the corolla. 
 
 Four : jwd 2-celled, cireiimcissile. . . Pi.antaginace.b, 310 
 Four: ovary 2 - 4-ei;lled : ovules solitary. . Verbenace.*:, 3:39 
 F'ive or rarely more. 
 
 Fruit of two or four .>;eeil-like nutlets. . Borraginack^, 360 
 
 Fruit a few-seeded pod. 
 
 Style 3-cleft : seeds small. . . . Poi.emomace.'e, 370 
 Style single or 2-eleft, or again 2-eleft : seeds 
 
 large, only one or two in a cell. . Convoi.vilaoe.k, 374 
 Fruit a very many-seeded jxjd or herry. 
 
 Styles 2. . . . Ilydrolca, in IIvdropiiyllace.e, 367 
 Style single Solanacejj, 380 
 
 ■*- H- Slaimns fuccr than the lobes of the corolla. 
 
 Stamens 4, didynamous. 
 
 Ovary 2-eelleil ; the cells several-seeded. . . . AcAXTirACE.F., 338 
 
 Ovary 2-4-eelled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . . Verhknack.i-:, .339 
 Stamens only 2 with anthers : ovary 4-1oIhi1. . Lycopus, in Lauiat.!:, 342 
 
 Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-eelKd. 
 
 Low herbs : corolla .scarious, withering on t\w pod. I'i.axtacinace.e, 310 
 
 Herbs : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelforni, and* 
 
 slightly irregular. . . Veronica, in ScRoi-nri.AKiArE.K, 324 
 
 Shrubs or trees : corolla perfectly regular. . ." . . Oi-EACEJi, 400 
 
2» ANALYTICAL KKY. 
 
 Division III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. 
 
 A« Flowers not in catkins. 
 1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. 
 
 Ovary and pod inferior (i. c. calyx-tube adherent to tlie ovary), 
 
 Six-celled: stamens 6 -12. .... AKiSTOLOCniACEiE, 403 
 
 Four-celled: stamens 4 Ludwigia, in Oxagkace.i;, 176 
 
 One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in Saxxfkagace^,. 163 
 
 Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), 
 
 Two-celled, 2-heaked : flowers capitate : tree. . . Hamamelace^, 173 
 
 . Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . Podostemace^, 429 
 
 Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx, 
 
 Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which 
 
 fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, in Crassulace^, 171 
 
 Three -5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, in Portulacace^, 97 
 
 Three-celled and 3-valvcd. . . Mollugo, in Caryopiiyllace^e, 87 
 
 Two-celled or one-celled : placenta central. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. Lytiirace.e, 182 
 
 Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, 
 
 Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . Glaux, in Primulace.e, 313 
 
 Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Caryophyllace>e, 87 
 
 One-celled, with one parietal placenta. ) ^ 
 
 ^ . „ . • , > . . . Eanunculace^, 34 
 
 Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. ) 
 
 2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, jrarly 3 or 4, ovules. 
 
 # Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. . . Rosace.e, 146 
 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Zanthoxylum, in Rctace.e, 109 
 Leaves not dotted. 
 
 Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. Ranuncueace.b, 34 
 
 Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. Saururace.e, 42) 
 
 * * Pistil one, either simple or compound. 
 
 Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 
 
 2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . Hamamelace.e, 173 
 Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). 
 Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4 celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. Halorage.e, 174 
 Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1-celled. 
 
 Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in Cornace,i;, 199 
 
 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. 
 Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. Loranthace.e, 426 
 Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. Santalace.??, 425 
 
ANALYTICAL KKY. 29 
 
 Ovary really free from tlie calyx, but permanently invested by its 
 tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. 
 Shrubs, with siurfv leaves : flowers mostly diceeious. El.kagnaci:.«, 424 
 Herbs : with the ealyx colored like a corolla. 
 
 Leaves opposite, simple. ..... Nyctaginace.e, 404 
 
 Leaves alternate, piiniate Poterium, in Rosacea;, 146 
 
 Ovary plainly free from the ealyx, which is sometimes waiitin;,'. 
 Stipules (oclirea^) sheathinj,' the stem at the nodes. 
 
 Tree : tlie calyx none : tlowers monu;cious, in heads. Pi-ATANAricK, 446 
 Herbs: the calyx jiresent and commonly petal-like. Polyoo.nacl.k, 414 
 Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. 
 Aipiatie herbs, submersed or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves whorled and dissected : style single. CERAToriiYi.i.ACK.T;, 427 
 Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-cellcd. Cali-ituiciiacici:, 427 
 Not acjuatics, herbs. 
 
 Ovary 10-celled: berry 10-sccded. . . . riiYxoLACCACK^v, 405 
 Ovary 3- (rarely 1 - 2-) celled : juice usually milky. Eui'iioBBiACiiiE, 430 
 Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. 
 
 Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : 
 
 no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . Urticace^., 440 
 Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. 
 Stipules not scarious ; leaves palmately cleft or 
 
 palmately compound. . Cannabinea;, in Urticace^, 44C 
 
 Stipules scarious. . . Illocebrea!, in Caryophyllace.*:, SJ 
 
 Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up 
 
 on the tube of the calyx. Selcranthus, in Caryoi'IIYLLACE.e, 87 
 Stipules none : but flowers with scarious bracts. Amakan'tace;e, 411 
 Stipules and scarious bracts none . . Cuenopodiace.i:, 405 
 Shrubs or trees. 
 Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovarj'. 
 
 Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Accrinea?, in Sapindace.t:, 116 
 
 Fruit a 1-celled and 1 -seeded samara or a drupe. Oleace.i:, 40tt 
 
 Ovules single in each cell of the 
 
 Three -nine-celled ovary : leaves hcatb-likc. . Empetrace.i:, 440 
 Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. . . . Riiamxace.e, ll.*) 
 
 One- two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Ui;ticace.k, 440 
 One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire. 
 
 Anthers opening longitudinally . . . TuvMr.i.EACE.E, 424 
 Anihers opening by uplifted valves. . . . Laiuace.e, 422 
 
 B. Flowers {monacioiis or diwcioiis) one or both sorts in calkins. 
 
 1. Only one sort of Jlowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. 
 
 "Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . Urticace.e, 440 
 Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. 
 
 Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. . Jcglandaoe.e, 447 
 
 Leaves simple ; fertile flowers I -3 in an involucre or cup. CuPULiFKRJi, 449 
 
30 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. 
 Ovary and pod 2-cclled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelace^, 173 
 Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with 
 
 a downy tuft at one end. ..... SALiCACEiE, 461 
 
 Ovary 1 -2-eellcd, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1-seeded. 
 Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry. .... Lokanthace.e, 426 
 
 Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. 
 
 Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. UnTiCACEiE, 440 
 Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. 
 
 Style and stigma one, simple : tiie flowers in heads. PLATANACEiE, 446 
 Styles or long stigmas 2. 
 Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin. Betulace.e, 458 
 Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets 
 
 naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like. . . . Mykicace.e, 457 
 
 Fertile flowers in pairs at each scale, each in a mem- 
 branous sac or with leafy bractlets. Carpineaj, in Cupulifer.e, 449 
 
 Subclass II. GYMNOSPEllM.E. Pistil an open scale or altered 
 leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surlace, or in Taxus 
 entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
 
 Represented in the Northern United States only by the order Conifers, 468 
 
 Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which 
 are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- 
 tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. (A transverse 
 slice of the stern therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered 
 throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion- 
 ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the 
 first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in 
 threes, never in fives. 
 
 4. Spadiceocs Division. Flotm-s arjrjrcrjnfrd on a spadix or fleshy nrlK, or 
 sometimes scattered, destitute of ralijr and rorol/a [fxcrptiinj some Araccjc and 
 Naiadaceoe, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also icilltont glumes 
 (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with mttcd veins. 
 
 Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnace^, 478 
 
 Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. .... NAiDACEiE, 482 
 
 lieed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile 
 nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads. 
 Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of fli;ral envelopes. Typiiace.e, 480 
 Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : .s(])als 6. Acorus, y 
 
 Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct ^ Arace.'e, 475 
 
 netted-veined blade, pctiolcd. ) 
 
ANALYTICAL KKV. SI 
 
 B> Petaloideocs Division. Flowers not cof/ectrd on a spndir. furnished with 
 Jloral envelopes (jierianl/i) answering to calyx or to both ciilij.c and corolla, either 
 herhictous or colored and /ittal-ll/ce. 
 
 1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary. 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous, rcfriilar. 
 
 i\(iuiitics: ovules luul seeds several or numerous. IlYDHociiAinnACE.T:, 494 
 Twiners : ovules and seeds one or two in eaeli till. DioscouEACKyE, 513 
 
 Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous. 
 
 Stamens only one or two : llower irregular, gynandrous. Okciiidace.k, 497 
 
 Stamens three. 
 
 Anthers introrsc, ojjcning t^ansve^scly^ . . Biismaxniace-k, 490 
 
 Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. II.lmodokali:.!:, 514 
 
 Anthers extror.^e, opening lengthwise. .... Ikidaci;.!:, 515 
 
 Stamens G : flowers usually on a seajje from a hull). A.mauvli.idacI';.!;, 512 
 
 2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. 
 Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy : the leaves equitant. H/i:mou()kaci;.e. 514 
 Perianth smooth : the leaves gras.s-like. Stcnanthium, &e., in Lii.iACK.ii, 520 
 
 3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary. 
 Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . Alismace^, 490 
 
 Pistil one : anthers 1-eelL'd : flowers dia-eious. Tendril-hearing. S.milace^, 518 
 Pistil one, compound (cells or placentie mo^tly 3) : anthers 2-eelled. 
 Perianth not glumaccous or chaffy : flowers not in dense heads. 
 Stamens 6 (in one Sinilacina 4), similar and ])erfeet. 
 
 Scurfy-leaved epijihyte : seeds hairy-tufted. . . Euo.meliace.e, 515 
 liush-like marsh-herhs : carpels separating closed from the 
 
 axis : seed without alhumen. Trigloehin, in Ai.is.iiace.e, 490 
 
 Terrestrial, not rush-like : seeds with albumen. 
 
 Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. ^ 
 
 Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and .3 col- [- Lii.iace.e, 520 
 
 orcd withering-persistent petals. Trillium in) 
 
 Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 I'phemc- 
 
 ral deli<|ue.scent petals ..... (^om.melynace.e, 546 
 Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers. 
 Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 uiu'(iual 
 
 and ephemeral ])etals. .... CoMMF.i.YNArK.E, 540 
 
 Perianth tubular, 0-lobed P().NTi;i)i;uiAri;.i:, 544 
 
 Stamens 3, >imilar. Moss-like .aquatic. Mayaca, under Xyimdace.*:, 547 
 Perianth wholly glumaccous, of similar divisions. Rushes. Ji'ncace.e, 536 
 I'erianth partly glumaceous or ehafl-like: flowers in very 
 (h'li.sc heads. Rush-like or aquatic. 
 Flowers jierfect : inner perianth of three yellow petals : 
 jierfect stamens and jdumo.xe sterile (ilaments each 
 3 : pod 1 celled, many-.seedcd on 3 pjirietal ])laecnta'. Xvridace.e, 547 
 Flowers moutecious or dia-eious, whitish-bearded : sta- 
 mens 4 or 3 : pod 2-3 celled, 2- 3-seeded. Lkiocalloxace.e, .549 
 
32 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 C. Glujiaceous Division. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except 
 sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, j. e husk-like or scale- 
 like bracts. 
 Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . Cvperace^, .5.50 
 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts Gramine^, 602 
 
 Series II. CRYPTOGMIOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS : 
 
 those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores 
 instead of seeds. 
 
 Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. 
 Plants -with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the 
 foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). 
 Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under 
 
 side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal 
 
 spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teelh 
 
 at each joint of the stem. Equisetace^, G.'iS 
 
 Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on 
 
 their backs or margins Filices, 6.5.') 
 
 Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of simple leaves 
 
 or bracts. Ltcopodiace^, 672 
 
 Fructification on the branches or petioles. . . Htdroptekiues, 677 
 
BOTANY 
 
 NORTHERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 SERIES I 
 
 PII^NOGAJVIPUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Vegetables bearing i)ro{)cr flowers, that is, liaving sta- 
 mens and pistils, and producing seeds, -wlucli contain an 
 embryo. 
 
 Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGE- 
 NOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming 
 a layer between the otiier two, increasing, when the stem 
 continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a 
 n^w layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted- 
 vcined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or 
 rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts 
 usually in fives or fours. 
 
 Subclass I. AXGIOSPERM^. 
 
 Pistil consisting of a clo-ctl ovary, whidi contains the ovules tind 
 forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 
 3 
 
34 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals 
 not united with each other. (Several genera or species .belonging to 
 Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals.) 
 
 Order 1. RANU]¥CIJL.ACE^. (Crowfoot Family.) 
 
 Herbs or woody climbers, rarely undershrubs, with a colorless acrid juice, 
 polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy- 
 nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few {rarely sin- 
 gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. 
 Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely i'tiw : 
 anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or beiTi*?s. 
 Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with 
 fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves often 
 dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of 
 acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) 
 
 Synopsis of the Genera. 
 
 Tribe I. CliEMATIDE^. Sepals valvate in the bud, or iwith the edges bent inwards. 
 Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seeds 
 solitary, suspended. — Leaves all opposite. 
 
 1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. 
 
 Tribe II. AIVEMOIVE^. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none or very small 
 and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- 
 posite or wliurled, forming an involucre. 
 
 * Seed suspended. Sepals 4 - 20. 
 
 2. Anemone. Achenia numerous, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed nor inflated. 
 
 Involucre leaf-like and remote from the flower 
 
 3. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple 
 
 leaves, and resembling a calyx. 
 
 4. Tlialictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf- 
 
 like, and remote from the flowers. 
 
 # » Seed erect. S3pals 3-5, caducous. 
 
 5. Trautvelteria. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. 
 
 Tribe III. RAIVTNCUL.E.E. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often 
 with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous Seed solitary. 
 
 6. Ranunculus. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect. 
 
 7. Myosurus. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended. 
 Tribe IV. IIELIjEBORIIVEjE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely 
 
 persistent, petal-like. Pet^ils (nf claries of the early botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2- 
 lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — Leaves all 
 alternate. 
 
 * Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 
 
 8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 
 14. Caltita. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided. 
 
UANUNCULACKvK. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 35 
 
 10. Trollilia. Petals many, minute ami stamen-like, hollowed near tlie biise. Pods 8 -15, 
 
 sessile. Leaves palmiitely divMed. 
 
 11. Coplis. Petals 5.-C, small, liollowe<l at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals 
 
 ilioiiludiis. Li'aves trifuliolate. 
 
 12. Ilrllfborus. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 5, 
 
 pcrsistfiit, turning green with age. 
 
 13. Aqullcgla. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous se])als. Pods 5 
 
 • • Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Puds sevcral-Sfeded. 
 
 14. Delphinium. Upi)er sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with 
 
 long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the caly.\. 
 
 15. Acoiiit uiii. I'pper sepal h<K>ded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. 
 
 * • * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 
 
 16. Zaiitliui-liizu. Petals 5, small, 2-lobe(l, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in 
 
 drooping cumpouiid racemes. 
 Tribe V. CIMICIFUGKjE. Sepals imbricated, falling' off as the flower opens. Pet- 
 als small and Hat, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pixl or berry. 
 All the loaves alternate. 
 
 17. Hyilrastis. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- 
 
 seeded. Leaves simple, lobcd. Petals none. 
 IS. Actaca. Flowers in a single 'short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. 
 
 lA'aves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest, but small. 
 19. Ciiiiicifiiga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry and 
 
 several-seeded pods. Leaves 2 -3-ternately compound. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Roweu. 
 
 Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvatc margin.s turned inwards in the 
 bud. Petals none, or small. Aehcnia numerous in a head, bearin-.^ the persist- 
 ent styles as naked, hairy, or jilumosc tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly 
 ft little woody, and climbinjj by the bendino; or clas])ino; of the leafstalks, rarely 
 low and erect. Leaves opjjosite. ( KXruiaTis, a name of Dioseorides for a climb- 
 ing plant with long and lithe branches.) 
 § 1. ATIiAGKXE, L. Some of the outer Jilamcnts cnkurjcd and qradnall if passing 
 
 into small spatiilute petals : peduncles bearing sinyle larye Jhivers : the thin sepals 
 
 widely spmidiny. 
 
 1. C. verticill^ris, DC. "Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; 
 leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or 
 slightly heart-shaped, jwinted, entire, or on sterile stems 1 -3-toothed or lobed ; 
 flower blnish-purple, 2'-3' acro-^s ; tails of the fruit plumose. ( Atragenc Amer- 
 icana, Sims.) — Rocky j)laces in moimtainous districts, Maine and Western 
 New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northwestward: rare. May. — A 
 pair of leaves with a j)cdnncle between them, devclo|)ed in spring from each of 
 the oi)i)ositc buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. 
 
 § 2. CLEMATIS projier. Prtals entirely wanting. 
 
 * Peduncles bearing single large nodding Jlowers : calyx leathery : anthers linear. 
 
 ■*- Stem low, enrt and mostly .>iimple: caly.r silky outside, greenish. 
 
 2. C. OChroletlca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate or sometimes 
 3-lobed, almost .•fissile, silky beneath ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses^ 
 L(mg Island, Staten Island (/>;•. Allin), Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare. 
 May. 
 
36 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 ■t- •»- Stents ch'mhl)i(j : leai-es pinnate : cali/x {and foliage) glabrous or piiherulent. 
 
 3. C Viorna, L. (Leather-flower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell- 
 shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short recurred jmints ; 
 the long tails of ihe fndt very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes 
 slightly cordate, 2-3-lobcd or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Kich 
 soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. May -Aug. 
 
 4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyxbell-shapcd ; the dull purplish sepals 
 with narrow and slighdy margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit Jiliform and 
 barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much 
 reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois on the Mississippi, and 
 southward. June. 
 
 5. C. cylindrioa, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of 
 the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin 
 margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets .5 - 9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate 
 to lanceolate, entire or 3 - 5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. 
 May - Aug. 
 
 * * Flowers in panicled clustej-s, polygamo-dicecious : sepals thin: anthers oblong. 
 
 6. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Virgin's-Bower.) Smooth; leaves 
 bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped 
 at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c., common ; climbing 
 over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous 
 white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading) ; the fertile succeeded in autumn by the 
 conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. 
 
 2. ANEMONE, L, Anemone. Wind-flower. 
 
 Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in No. 1 resembling abortive 
 stamens. Achenia pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. — 
 Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- 
 site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from 
 fivffios, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind 
 blows.) 
 
 § 1. PULSATfLLA, Tourn. Carpels numerous in a head, with long and hairy 
 styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis : flower large, usually with 
 some glandular bodies like abortive stamens answering to petals, but minute or 
 indistinct. 
 
 1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana. (Pasque-flower.) Villous with 
 long silky haii's ; flower erect, developed before the leaves ; which are ternately 
 divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, 
 the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; 
 lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shal- 
 low cup; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish (1'- I2" long), spreading when in full 
 anthesis. (A. Nuttalliana, DC. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, ed. 2. P. patens, var. 
 Wolfgangiana, Trautv.) — Prairies, Illinois {Bebb), Wisconsin (Lnpham), thence 
 northward and westward. March -April. — A span high. Tail of carpels 2' 
 long. (Eu. Siberia.) 
 
RANUXCULACK.f:. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 37 
 
 § 2. Caq)el.i ven/ numerous in n drnsr hcdd, ti/i/nil irilli shorl and nearly naled styles, 
 
 thirkli/ dollied witU nri/ loiiij and inutlnl u-ool irlirn ripe. 
 
 ♦ Low or slender plants, somewhat pubescent, alirai/s simple-stemmed, with a mostly 
 
 sessile. 2-'3-leaved iniolucre far below thejiower. 
 
 2. A. Carolini^na, Walt. (Cakolina xVnkmone.) Stem 3'-6' high 
 from a roiiiul tiil>tr; mot-lenvcs once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3- 
 parted, its wcdj,a'-t;hai)ctl divisions 3-(lcft ; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purjilc or 
 whitish; head of fruit oblong. — Illinois {O.Everett, J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, 
 I'J. Hall, T. J. Utile, &c.) and soiitliwurd. Ma}'. Ajjparently passes into the 
 South American A. decapctala. 
 
 3. A. parvifldra, Michx. (Small-flowekeu a.) Stem 3'- 12' high 
 from a slender rootstock ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divis- 
 ions crenate-incised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leavcd; se]xils 5 or 6, oval, white; 
 head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. 
 « * Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles: sejKils 
 
 5-8, silLy or downy beneath (4" - 6" long), oval or oblong. 
 
 4. A. multiflda, DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy (6'- 12' high); 
 principal involucre 2-3-lcaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pe- 
 duncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or 
 thrice 3-partcd and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes 
 greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Ver- 
 mont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. 
 
 5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Long-fruited A.) Slender (2° high), 
 clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-G, on very long and upright naked pcdun- 
 cles; leaves of the involucre long-pet ioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- 
 stalks, 3-tlivided ; their divisions wedge-sliaixjd, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 
 one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sejxils 5, rather obtuse, greenish- 
 white; hfiid of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts 
 and Rhode Island to Illinois and northwestward. May. — Peduncles 7'- 12' 
 long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, 
 or sometimes ])art of them with involiicels, as in the next. 
 
 6. A. Virginikna, L. (Viugiman A.) Hairy; principal involucre 3- 
 leaved ; the leaves long-pet ioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
 cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-eleft ; peduncles elongated, the 
 earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle; sepals 5, acute, 
 greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or olilong. — Woods 
 and meadows; common. June- August. — Plant 2°-3° high; the upright 
 peduncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flowerstalk is 
 leafless; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, 
 which arc 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to 
 similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the summer. 
 
 § 3. Car/i'ls frinr, the acltinia and the short slender styles merily pubescent. 
 
 7. A. Pennsylvdnica, L. (Penxsylvaman A.) Hairy, rather low; 
 Involucres s<ssilc ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon 
 a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leavcd involucre at the middle, which 
 branch similarly in turn; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and 
 
38 RANUNCULACE.E. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 toothed; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft; sepals 5, obovate, white (6" -9" 
 long) ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular. — W. New England 
 to Illinois and northwestward. June - Aug. 
 
 8. A. nemorbsa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood A.) Low, smoothish; 
 stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the in- 
 volucre of 3 lung-pet ioled trifoliolale leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, 
 and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; a simi- 
 lar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer 
 than the involucre : sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple out- 
 side; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — ]\Iargin of woods. 
 April, May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 
 
 3. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica. 
 
 Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a 
 calyx; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus should strictly be viewed 
 as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and 
 persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, 
 wiiich are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the 
 liver in the shape of the leaves.) 
 
 1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Eound-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate 
 obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common 
 eastward ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 
 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, 
 ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (En.) 
 
 2. H. acutiloba, DC. (Siiarp-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate 
 and pointed lolies, or sometimes 5-lobcd ; those of the involucre acute or acut- 
 jsh. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale pur- 
 ple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into the other. 
 
 4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rce. 
 
 Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, 
 grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3- 
 ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in 
 corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or diojcious. (Derivation obscure.) 
 § 1. SYNDESMON, HofFm. Betiveen Thalictrum and Anemone, having all 
 its stem-leaves in the form of an involucre at the top, and the stamens shorter than 
 the 5-10 tvhite and conspicuous sepals; but the stigma depressed-truncate, and 
 the ovoid sessile carpels terete, mang-utigled, icith deep internudiate grooves : flow- 
 ers perfect. 
 
 1. T. anemonoldes, Michx. (Rce-Anemone.) Glabrous; stem and 
 slender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened 
 tuberous roots ; the latter 2 - 3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 
 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2 -3-leaved 
 1 -2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an uml)el ; sepals oval {h' long, 
 rarely pinkish) not early deciduous. — Woods, common, flowering in early 
 
RANUNCULACEiE. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 31) 
 
 spring, along witli and ronsi(lor:il)Iy iTscnil)ling Anemone ncmorosa. Karely 
 the sejials arc ;il()l)eil like tlie Icallcts. 
 
 §2. Leaves alt irimte along the strm: no tm-olnrre : roots Jihrous : Jlowers compara- 
 tiielif small and numerous, imiiicled : sepals 4 or 5, usualli/ J'allint/ early. 
 
 * Flowers di(erioiis or sotnetirnes ]>olijg(nnoiis. in ample panicles : jVaments slender : 
 
 stiymas elomjated, linear or subulate, mostly unilulaul: arhenia sciisile or short- 
 it ijiitule, (iroiil, poiiitid, slronrjli/ several-auffled and (jroored. 
 
 2. T. dioicum, L. (Eauly Mkauow-Ri-k.) Smooth and pale or glau- 
 cous, l°-2° high; leares all with ijeneral jH-tioks; leajhls droopimj, rounded and 
 3-7-Iobcd; flowers purplish and greenish; the yello\vish antiiers linear, mu- 
 cronate, drooping on Jine capilUtrij jilaincuts. — Koeky woods, &e. ; eonimon. 
 April, May. 
 
 3. T. purpur^SCens, L. (Pcrplisii ]\I.) Taller (2° -4° high, the 
 stem usually pur|)lisli) ; stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so; 
 leaflets roundish or ohlong and more or less S-lohed, thiekish, pale and usually 
 minutely puheseent heneath, the margin mostly revolutc and the reining con- 
 spicuous ; panicles eomjjound ; _/7()((V';-s (sepals, filaments, &c.) greenish and ]>ur- 
 plish ; anthers linear or ohlong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary fila- 
 ments which are manifestly broadened at the summit. (T. Virginianum clatius, 
 &c., Aforis. T. rugiisum, .4//. ? T. pid)escens, Pwr.s-A. T. rcvoUitum, Z>C'.) — 
 Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New England to Michigan, Illinois and south- 
 ward. May, June. — Sometimes nearly glabrous throughout, often minutely 
 pubescent, and in 
 
 Var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin, niss., with the lower surface of the leaves, 
 sepals, and mostly the fruit thickly beset with waxy atoms. Plant olten grow- 
 ing with the other, and exhaling a peculiar odor. 
 
 4. T. Corntlti, L. (Tall M.) Smooth or obscurely pubescent, 4° -8° 
 high; slem-leai-es sessile ; leaflets nearly as in the last, but usually thinner and 
 less revolute and veiny and the lobes more acute; panicles very compound; 
 /lowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, ob- 
 long, blunt, the irhite ^filaments decidedly thickened tipwards. (T. rugosum, 
 Pursh., DC. T. corynellum, />C.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, com- 
 mon, especially eastward. July- Sept. 
 
 * « Flowers all jier feet, corymhed ; the Jilamenis strongly rluh-slutped or inflated under 
 
 the small and short anther: stigma short and unilateral : arhenia long-slipitate. 
 .5. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of No. 2, but leaves only 
 twice ternate ; flowers white and fewer ; aebenia .'i - 10, flat, somewhat cresceiit- 
 shajK-d, ta]K-ring into the slender stipe. — Mountains of S. Virginia and south- 
 ward. June. 
 
 5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. False BionANE. 
 Sepals .3 -5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. 
 
 Achenia numerous, in a head, membrainiceous, compresse(l-4-angled anil in- 
 flated. Seed erect. — A iierennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alter- 
 nate, and corymbose white flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Truutveiler, u Russiaa 
 botanist.) 
 
40 RANUNCDLACE^. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, i/(c^T.) Woods, 
 along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also sparingly in 
 Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes 
 toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high. 
 
 6. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenia 
 numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals or 
 perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, 
 yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more 
 than .5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little 
 frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic sjjecies growing where frogs 
 abound.) 
 
 § 1 . BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals luith a spot or naked pit at the base, white, 
 or only the claw yellow : achenia marr/inless, transversely ivrinJded: aquatic peren- 
 nials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected {mostly by threes) into capil- 
 lary divisions : peduncles 1-Jlowered. 
 
 1. R. divaricatus, Schrank. (Stiff Water-Crowfoot.) Leaves all 
 under water and sessile or nearly so, the divisions and subdivisions short, 
 spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when 
 withdrawn from the water. (R. circinatus, iiibtltorp.) — Ponds and slow streams, 
 northward and westward, much rarer than the next. June -Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. R. aquatilis, L., var. triehophyllus, Chaix. (Common White 
 Water-Ckowfoot.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil- 
 lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less 
 ivhen ivilhdrawn from the water. — Common, especially in slow-flowing waters. 
 June -Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. heterophyllus, DC. (Floating W.) Uppermost leaves floating, 
 
 rounded and 3-5-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped. (II. aquatilis, Bigel, ed. 3.) — 
 
 Roxbury and Newton, near Boston, Bigelow ; but not met with for many years : 
 
 was possibly introduced from Europe, where this form is common. 
 
 § 2. RANUNC/ULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base {yellow). 
 
 * Achenia .smooth. 
 
 ■f- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves f I iformly disserted, as in the preceding. 
 
 3. R. multifldus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Stems 
 floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform 
 divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud, the emersed leaves with shorter 
 and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly 
 lobcd or toothed; flower deep bright yellow, j'-l' in diameter; petals 5-8, 
 much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a roimd head, pointed with a straight 
 beak. (R. lacustris, Beck ^- Tracy, and R. Purshii, Richards, both in the year 
 1823. R. Gmelini, DC. (1818) is an older name, belonging to a small north- 
 ern form of the species; but R. multifidus, Pursh, is the oldest, 1814, and 
 apparently free for use.) E. New England to S. Penn., Illinois, and northward. 
 May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in 
 
ranuncl'lacka;. (ciu>\vi-o()t family.) 41 
 
 Vnr. terr^Stris, wliioh differs from the ordinary emerset! forms by the 
 stems nseciidin;; from the hiisc and paiiicuhitcly scvcral-Howercd at tlie summit, 
 wlierc tlie leaves are reduced to ol)lou'r or hnear bracts ; no immersed dissected 
 leaves. — Ann ArJjor, Miehij^an, on muddy banks, Miss Clark-. 
 t- -t- Ttirestrial but (jioivinfl in verij wet plnns, f/lahroiis or ticarly so : root fiercn- 
 
 niid : Imrcs all entire or ixire/i/ loot/ied, all or else oil but the lowest lauceolute or 
 
 limar; niri>,ls fortiii,i;; a i/Miular head. (Si'EAKWOKT.) 
 
 4. R. alismsef'blius, (ieycr. (Water Plantain SrEAUwour.) Stems 
 hollow, asoeiidiiij,'( 1°- 2° liijfh), often rootin;r from the lower joints ; leaves 
 lanceolate or the lowest ol)ion<;, mostly denticulate (.J'-.^' lonjr), contracted 
 into a nuirjiined petiole which ex])ands into a membranaceous claspiuf; base ; 
 jK'tals 5-7, brifriit yellow, much lonj^-r than the calyx (.3" -4" loufr) ; carpels 
 Jl'ttliiud, lan/p, j>oiiit(d with a lowj and straii/hl narrow subulate beak: — Common, 
 esjKxially northward. June-Auf^. — Intermediate in appearance between K. 
 Flammula and Lingua, and has been confounded with both, but most resembles 
 the latter. 
 
 5. R, Flammula, L. (Smai.leu SrEAinvoRX.) Stem reclining or 
 ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong- 
 lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (l'-2' long) ; petals 5-7, much 
 longer than the caly.x, bright yellow ; carpels Jiattish but tunpd, mucronale with 
 a short abrupt jioiut. — Shore of L. Ontario and northward: rare, and only a 
 small form (var. intekmedh;s) met with in this country, a span high, with 
 flowers ;J" in diameter, passing into 
 
 A'ar. r6ptans. (C'uEiii»iNG S.) Small, slender, t\\c filiform crecpimj stems 
 rootiixj at all the joints (3'- 6' long; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (i'-l' 
 long). — Gravelly or sandy shores and inimdated banks; very common north- 
 ward. June -Sept. (Kii.) 
 
 0. R. oblongifdlius, Kll. Stem erect or ascending, often pubescent 
 below, slender (1° high), dij/hseli/ branched alxtre and many-flowered ; It-ares ser- 
 rnte or dniticniale : the lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (^'- 1^' long) ; the 
 up])ermost linear; flowers 3" -5" broail ; petals 5, twice the length of the calyx, 
 bright yellow ; stamens numerous ; carj>els minute, almost globular, tipped with a 
 very snuill sessile stigma. (R. pusillus, var. Turr. <$• Gr. Fl. R. Texensis, 
 Kiii/elni.) Wet prairies, Salem, Illinois DelJi, and in S. States. June. 
 
 7. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (G'-18' 
 long) ; leares entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lowest round-ovate or heart- 
 shaped (^' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1'- 1^' long) ; 
 flowers very small; fielals 1 - .'), yellowish, scarcely excerdiny the cah/r and the .'? - 
 10 stamens ; carpels very lurgid, tipped with a minute se.'^sile stignui. — Wet 
 places, S. New York and .xouthward along the coast. June- Aug. 
 
 ••-•«-■«- Ternslrial, with annual root, spreadiny by ninuers, ylabious: Unns all 
 rounded and undirideil but coarsely crcnate : carjie/s in fruit forminy an oliouy 
 head. 
 
 8. R. Cymbaliria, Pur-^h. (Sea-side Cuowfoot.) Flowering stems 
 leafless (3'-6' high), 1 -7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the 
 joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidncy-shupcd, 
 
 L & M— 22 
 
42 RANUNCULACE^. (CROAVFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 rather fleshy, lonp;-petioled ; petals 5 - 8 ; carpels striate on the sides. — Sandy 
 shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and 
 westward : also at salt ^jmn-fs. June- Aug. 
 
 M- ^- -t- -1- Teirestriul, but o/ien in wet pldccs : root perennial : some or all of the 
 
 letires cleft or dividtd. 
 
 ++ Root-leaves not divided to the vtri/ hase. 
 
 9. R. I'llOmboideuS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairij ; root-leaves roundish or 
 
 rhovibic-ovate., rarely suhcordate, toothed or crenatc ; lowest stem-leaves similar 
 
 or 3 - 5-lobe(l ; the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels 
 
 orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals lanje, exceeding the calyx. 
 
 (Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois and 
 
 northward. April, May. — Stems 3'- 6' high, sometimes not longer than the 
 
 root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 14. 
 
 10. R, abortivus, L. (Small-floweked C.) Glabrous and very 
 s/nooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, 
 the succeeding ones often 3-lobcd or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 
 3 - 5-parted or divided, subsessile ; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- 
 form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a ylobuktr head, mucronute icith a minute curved 
 beak ; petals shorter than the reflex/ d calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks, 
 common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above, 
 the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. 
 
 Var. mieranthus. Pubescent ; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, 
 some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more 
 linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micrantiius, iV«/<.) — Massa- 
 chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprcigue), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 
 
 11. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursed C.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 
 3-l'jbed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, 
 the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; 
 carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals 
 scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June- 
 Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and 
 blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu. ) 
 
 12. R. recurvatUS, Poir. (Hooked C.) Hirsute ; leaves of the root and 
 stem nearly alike, long-petioh'd, d<eply 3-clef}, large ; the lobes broadly wedge- 
 shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a globular head, 
 flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles; 
 }>etals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. — 
 Stem 10-2° high. 
 
 ++ ++ .1// the leaves ternately divided to the very base, or compound, and the divisions 
 
 cleft or cut: acheniaflat. 
 
 a. Head of carpels oblong : petals jiale, not exceeding the calyx. 
 
 13. R. Pennsylvanieus, L. (Brlstly C.) Hirsute with rough 
 spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, 
 somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels 
 pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — 
 A coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. 
 
RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAAIILY.) 43 
 
 b. Head of cariyels glohulnr ; petals bright yellow, much larger than the cnlgx. 
 
 14. R. fascicularis, Mulil. (Early C.) Low, pubescent with close- 
 pressed silky hairs ; rout a duster of thickctud flexliy Jibres ; radical leaves appear- 
 ing iiiuriiite, the long-stalked tcrmiiiivl division remote from the sessile lateral 
 ones, itself 3-5-divided or parted and 3-5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; 
 stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading 
 calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved 
 beak. — Koeky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yellow 
 flower I' broad : petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale, 
 often 6 or 7. 
 
 15. R. repens, L. (Creeping C.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; 
 stems ascending, and some of than forming long runners ; .leaves 3-divided ; the 
 divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or 
 ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ; 
 petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, 
 pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., 
 May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by 
 upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large 
 as those of No. 14, or often larger. (Eu.) 
 
 16. R. BULBOsus, L. (Bulbous C. Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect 
 from a Indb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the ter- 
 viinal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles fur- 
 rowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed 
 calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in 
 E. New England ; rare in the interior. May -July. — A foot high. Leaves 
 appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla 
 more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 17. R. XcRis, L. (Tall C. or Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect (2° -3° 
 high) ; leaves 3-divided ; tlie divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- 
 inents cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; 
 petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common 
 eastward. June- Aug. — Plant twice the height of the preceding ; the flower 
 nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cat- 
 tle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, Avhich, however, 
 being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when these plants are cut with hay. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 -X -* Achenia beset with rough points or small pr idles : annuals. 
 
 18. R. muric.Vtus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- 
 ibrm, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-eleft, wedge-form at the base ; 
 petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly 
 beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir- 
 ginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 19. R. PARViFLORUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round- 
 ish-cordate, 3-clcft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-parted; petals not 
 longer than the calyx; carpels minutely liispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- 
 gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. i'rom Eu.) 
 
44 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 7. MYOStTRUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. 
 
 Sepals 5, spurred at tlie base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- 
 der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20. 
 Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender 
 spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /x£s, a moiwe, and ovpd, a tail), 
 the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulatc 
 root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 
 
 1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and 
 Kentucky, thence south and west; apparently indigenous. (Eu.) 
 
 8. ISOPYRUM, L. (ExEMioN, Raf.) 
 
 Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American 
 species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods 
 ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately 
 compound leaves; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, 
 white. (Name fi-om 'tcros, equal, and nvpos, loheat; of no obvious application.) 
 
 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (commonly 
 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. H. — Moist shady places, Ohio 
 to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here 
 and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Thalictrum 
 aucmouoides. 
 
 9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold. 
 
 Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. 
 Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, 
 with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name 
 from KaXa^oy, a rjohlet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.) 
 
 1. C. pallistris, L. (Marsh Marigold.) Stem hollow, furrowed; 
 leaves round or kidney- shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals bi-oadly 
 oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, 
 May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming 
 into flower, under the name of Cowslips ; but the Cowslip is a totally dif- 
 ferent plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, 
 as in England, the popular name of Marsh Mari<jold. (Eu.) 
 
 10. TROLLITJS, L. Globe-flower. 
 
 Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity 
 near the liase. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- 
 seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra- 
 nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived 
 from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 
 
 1. T. l^XUS, Salisl). (Spreading Glohe-flower.) Sepals 5-6, 
 spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — 
 Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers 
 twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, -so that the 
 
RANUNCULACEyE. (CROWFOOT FAJWLY.) 45 
 
 name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe flower of the gardens, 
 nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white. 
 
 11. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread. 
 
 Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Tetals 5-7, snir.ll, elnl.-.sli;ipcd, hollow 
 at the apex. Stamens 15-25. IMstils ;j-7, on skiider .-stalks. I'ods diver- 
 gent, membranaceous, j)ointed with the style, 4 - 8-scedcd. — Low smooth per- 
 ennials, with ternately dividerl root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. 
 (Name from kotttw, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 
 
 1. C. trif61ia, Salisb. (TiiKEE-LEAVED Goldthread.) Leaflets 3, 
 obovate-wedge-form, sharjjly toothed, obscurely 3-lobc(l ; scape 1 -flowered. — 
 Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the moun- 
 tains. May. — Koot of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, 
 shining. Scape naked, slender, .3' -5' high. (Eu.) 
 
 12. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. 
 
 Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, ver\^ small, tubu- 
 lar, 2-lippcd. Pistils 3- 10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — 
 Perennial herbs of the Old AVorld, with ample palmate or pcdate leaves, and 
 large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelv, to injure, and 
 ^opd, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 
 
 1. H. viRiDis, L. (Green Hellebore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedatc, 
 calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, and 
 Bucks Co., Penn., Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 1.3. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine. 
 
 Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short 
 spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than 
 the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- 
 nials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large 
 and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some 
 fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 
 
 1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Spurs nearly straight; 
 stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April - 
 June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so 
 that tiic spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. — More 
 graceful than the 
 
 A. A'ulg.Xris, L., the common Garden Columbine, of Europe, with 
 hooked spurs, wliich is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 
 
 14. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. 
 
 Sepals 5, irregular, ])Ctal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the 
 ba.se. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs 
 which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws : 
 
46 RAXUNCULACi:^. (CnOWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-sccdcd pods in fruit. 
 
 — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in tcniiinal racemes. (Name 
 from Delphiii, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not 
 unlike the classical ligures of the dolphin.) 
 
 * Perennials, iiidif/i'iious ; piitils 3-5. ' ■ 
 
 1. D. exalt^tum, Ait. (Tall LAKivSi'fR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft; 
 the divisions narrow %vedgc-fonu, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes 
 waiidltke, paniclcd, muny-Jloivered ; spur straight; pods .3, erect. — \Vu:\\ soil, 
 Penn. to Michigan and southward. July. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flowers 
 purplish-blue, downy. 
 
 2. D. trieoi'ne, INIiclix. (Dwarf L.) Leaves deeply 5-paited, their di- 
 visions unequally 3 - 5-clcft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme fetv-jlowered, loose; 
 spur straightish, ascending; pods stroiuj/i/ divenjiixj. — W. Penn. to Illinois and 
 southward. April, May. — Koot a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'- 12' 
 high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 
 
 3. D. aztireum, Michx. (Azlrk L.) Leaves deeply 3-.')-parted, the 
 divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme strict ; spur as- 
 cending, usually curved upwards; pods erect. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south- 
 ward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flow- 
 ers sky-blue or whitish. 
 
 * * Annual, introduced: pistil single. 
 
 4. D. CoxsoLiDA, L. (Fikld L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear 
 lobes; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shorter than the bracts; 
 petals all comltined into one body. — Pennsylvania and Virginia, escaped from 
 grain-fields or gardens; and sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 15. ACONITUM, Tourn. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. 
 
 Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel- 
 met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or 
 very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped 
 bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. 
 Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with 
 palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. 
 (The ancient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Arone. in Bithynia.) 
 
 1. A. unein^tum, L. (Wild Monkshood.) Glabrous ; s/rw slender, 
 erect, hut weak and disposed to climb; Irares deeply 3-5-lohid, pctioled ; the 
 lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; fl'iurrs blue ; lielmH erect, ohtnselij conical, 
 compressed, slijihtly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, 
 S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June -Aug. 
 
 2. A. reclin^tum, Gray. (Trailing Wolfsbane.) Glabrous ; stems 
 trailing (3° -8° lono) ; haves deejihj 3-7-clift, petioled, the lower orbicular in 
 outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobcd ; .^oiWTs irhite, in 
 very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-con ic(d, with a straight beak 
 in front. — Cheat IMountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanics. Aug. 
 
 — Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 
 
RANUNCDLACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 47 
 
 16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Shrub Yellow-eoot. • 
 
 Scpnls 5, regular, spreading, dcciduons. Petals 5, much smaller than the, 
 sepals, concave and ohscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. 
 Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-secdi'd, ohlong, the short 
 style* becoming dorsal in its growth. — ^A low shrui)by plant; the bark and the 
 long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers jjolygamous, brown purple, in com- 
 pound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1-2-pinnate leaves, from 
 large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of $av66s, yellow, and 
 pi^a, nmt.) 
 
 1. Z. apiifblia, L'ller. — Sh.idy banks of streams, Sherburne, New York, 
 Dr.. Douglass, and from the mountains of Pennsylvania southward. — Stems 
 clustered, 1 ° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The rootstoeks of this, and 
 also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 
 
 17. HYDRASTIS, L. Or.vngi:-koot. Yellow puccoon. 
 
 Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pis- 
 tils 12' or mor-e in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a 
 head'of crimson 1 -2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial heri), sending 
 up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical 
 leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated 
 by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vbwp., water, and bpcux), 
 to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 
 
 1 . H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward : rare. -^ Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobed, doubly 
 serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide. 
 
 18. KCm MK, L. Baneberry. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4 - 10, small, flat, 
 spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white fllaments. 
 Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. 
 Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, \vith 
 ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and 
 toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from 
 aKXT), the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 
 
 1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Michx. (Red Baneberry.) Raceme 
 orate; petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; jwdicels slen- 
 der ; lierrifs chprri/-rfd, ova]. (A. brachype'tala, Z)C) — Rich woods, common, 
 especially northward. April, May. — Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. alba, Bigel. (White Baneberry.) Taller and rather smoother 
 than the preceding; raceme ohlonf] ; jtttals slendtr , mosn\y truncate at the end, 
 apjiearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thirlvned in fruit, ns large as the 
 peduncle and red, the globular-oval herries while. (A. spicata, var. alba, Mtclvc., 
 and ed. 2. A. pachypoda, EU.) — Rich woods, flowering a week or two later 
 than the other, and more common westward and southward. — White berries 
 rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels: but 
 these arc perhaps the result of crossing. 
 
48 MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY). 
 
 19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather 
 transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on elaws, 2-liorned at the aj)cx. Stamens as 
 in Acta;a. Pistils I -8, Ibrming dry dcliiseent jjods in fruit. — Perennials, with 
 2-.'J-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 
 gated wand-iike raeemes. (Name from cimcx, a hug, and J'ui/o, to drive away; 
 the Siberian species being used as abughane.) 
 § 1. MACROTYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened 
 
 and jKickcd horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Aeta;a : stiyma broad 
 
 and flat. 
 
 1. C. racemdsa, Ell. (Black Snakekoot.) Racemes very long ; pods 
 ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and south\yard. 
 July. — Stem 3° -8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock; the racemes in fruit 
 becoming l°-3° long. 
 
 § 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3 - 8 : seeds flattened htn-ally, corned with 
 chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the nienibranaceoits jiods : style awl- 
 shaped: stiyma minute. 
 
 2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Raeemes slender, 
 panieled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 
 seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout 
 the Allcghanics. Aug. - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than the 
 preceding. 
 
 Adonis autumxIus, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found 
 growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky. 
 
 NiGELLA Damasce.va, L., thc Pennel-flower, which otters a remarkable 
 exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to 
 form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 
 
 P.EONiA, the P.EONV, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms 
 a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a 
 fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 
 
 OrwDER 2. MAGWOL.IACEJE. (Magnolia Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly- 
 petalous, hypof/ynous, polyandrous, polyyynous ; the calyx and corolla 
 colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (^rarely con- 
 volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. 
 Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re- 
 ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy 
 or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albumen fleshy: 
 embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute 
 transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic 
 and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio- 
 dendron. 
 
MAGNOLIACKuE. (mAGXOLIA FAMILY.) 40 
 
 1. MAGN6LIA, L. ]Magn-olia. 
 Sepals 3. Petals C- 9. Stamens imbricatctl, with very short filaments, ami 
 long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and 
 coherent in a mass, together forming a tleshy and rather woody cone-like red 
 fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 
 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral ves- 
 sels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the suc- 
 cessive i)airs of sti])ules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is 
 folded lengthwise, and api)lied straight against the side of the next stipular 
 sheath, and so on. (Nanitd after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier 
 in the 17th century.) 
 
 * Ldircs all sniltmd aluiifj the hrnnches : leaf-lnids silk^/. 
 
 1. M. glauca, L. (Small or Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.) 
 Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, icliite beneath ; Jlower globular, ichite, 2' long, very 
 fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near 
 Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast; in Pennsylvania as far 
 west as Cumberland Co. June -Aug. — Shrub 4° -20° high, with thickish 
 leaves, which farther south arc evergreen, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumber-tree.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green 
 and a little pubescent beneath; Jlower oblong bell-shnped, glaucous-green tinged 
 with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New 
 York to Ohio and southward. May, June. — Tree 60 - 90 feet high. Leaves 
 thin, 5' -10' long. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling a small 
 cucumber, whence the common name. 
 
 3. M. maeroph^Ua, Michx. (Great-le.v^ved Magnolia.) Leaves 
 obornte-ohloni/, rordiile at the narrowed base, jiubescent and ivhite beneath ; flower 
 open bell-shiipcd, white, icitli a purjite spot at the base, petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of 
 fruit ovoid. — Rockcastle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky and south- 
 ward. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. 
 Leaves 2|°-3i° long. 
 
 * * Leaves a-owded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like 
 circle : leaf buds glabrous : flowers white, slightlg scented. 
 
 4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (Umkrella-tree.j leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
 pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong, 4' -5' long. (M. 
 tripc'tala, L.) — York and Lancaster counties, Penn. {Prof Porter), to Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves 
 l°-3° long. Fruit rose-color, 4'- 5' long, ovoid-oblong. 
 
 5. M. Fr^seri, Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.) Leaves oblong- 
 olionite or spalutale, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-sj)atulate, 
 with narrow claws, 4' long. (M. auriculata, Dim.) — Virginia and Kentucky 
 along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, ALiy. — Tree 30° - 50° high. 
 Leaves 8'- 12' long. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller tlian in 
 the preceding. 
 
 M. cord.Vta, Michx., the Yellow Cucumber-tree, of Georgia, and the 
 M. grandifl6ra, L., the Great Laurel Magnolia, of the Southern 
 States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant great flowers, and 
 GM— 3 
 
50 ANONACF,^, (cUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 
 
 thick evergreen leaves, which arc shining and deep preen above and rustj'- 
 colorcd beneath), are the only remaining North American species. The former 
 is hardy as far north as C^anibriclgc. One tree of the latter bears the winter 
 and blossoms near Pliihulcl])hia. The Umhrelhi-tree attains only a small size 
 in New England, whore M. macrophylla is precarious. 
 
 2. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree. 
 
 Sepals 3, reflexcd. I'etids C, in two rows, making a bcll-shapcd corolla. An- 
 thers linear, ojjcning outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, 
 imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from 
 each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, 
 like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. 
 Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at 
 their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points 
 to the base of the bud. (Name from Xlpiov, lili/ or tulip, and fieVSpor, tree.) 
 
 1. L. Tulipifei'a, L. — Rich soil, S. New England to Miciiigan, Illi- 
 nois, and southward. Mixy, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° 
 high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called 
 Poplar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the 
 apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2' 
 long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long. 
 
 Order 3. AWOIVACE.E. (Custard-Apple Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, tcith naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, 
 and a corolla o/G petals in tivo rows, valoate in the bud, hypogynous, poly- 
 androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : fila- 
 ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a 
 mai5s, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta- 
 ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated 
 albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, 
 solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except 
 one genus in the United States, viz. : 
 
 1. ASIMINA, Adans. North American Papaw. 
 
 Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. 
 Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and 
 oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy 
 aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid 
 flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leares. (Name from Asiminitr, of 
 the French colonists.) 
 
 1. A. triloba, Dnnal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- 
 ceolate, j)oiuted ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 
 times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and 
 Penn. to Illinois and .southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the 
 
MENISPEUMACICyE. (MOONSEEI) FAMILY.) 51 
 
 young shoots and cxpandinfij leaves clothed with a nist\- down, soon plahrous. 
 Flowers appearing with the leaves, I}/ wide. Fruits 3' -4' long, yellowish, 
 sweet and edihle in autumn. 
 
 A. PARViFLOKA, a sniallor-flowcrc'd and sniall-fruitcd low species, probahly 
 docs not grow so far north as Virginia. 
 
 Order 4. MEIVISPEKx^IACE.i:. (Moonseed Family.) 
 
 Wood// climbers, ivilh palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the 
 sepals and petals similar, in three, or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hij- 
 pogynous, dioecious, 3 -6-gynous ; fruit a l-seeded drupe, with a large or 
 long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several 
 Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved 
 in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. 
 Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family ; there 
 are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United 
 States. 
 
 1. Cocciilus. Stamens, petals, anil sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celIed. 
 
 2. Meiiispermuin. Stamens 12-21, slender. Petals 6-S. Anthers 4-celled. 
 
 3. Calycocarpuni. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. 
 
 Petals none. Anthers 2-ceIled. 
 
 1. COCCULUS, DC. CoccuLua. 
 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4celled. Pistils 
 3 - 6 in the fertile flowers : style 'pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. 
 Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillarv racemes or panicles 
 (An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 
 
 1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy benea-. 
 ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish; 
 the petals in the- sterile ones auriculatc-iuflcxed below around the filaments, 
 drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Eiver-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and 
 southward. July, Aug. 
 
 2. MENISPEEMUM, L. Moonseed. 
 
 Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6 - 8, short. Stamens 12-20 m the sterile flowers, as 
 long as the sepals : anthers 4-eelled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised 
 on a short common receptacle: stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the 
 mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its orowtli after flowering being 
 strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone 
 (putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo 
 therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary 
 panicles. (Name from ^r)vr}, vioon, and airep^ia, seed.) 
 
 1. M. Canad6nse, L. (Cwaplvn Moonseed.) Leaves peltate near 
 the edge, 3-7-anL:]ed or lubed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July. 
 Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 
 
52 BERBERIDACE.E. (p.AUBERRY FAMILY.) 
 
 3. CAIiYCOCARPUM, Nutt Ccpseed. 
 
 Sepals G. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers 
 2-celled. Pistils 3, spinille-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-eleft stigma. 
 Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaeeous putamcn hollowed out like a cup 
 on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in 
 long racemose panicles. (Name composed of kuKv^, a cup, and Kupnos, fruit, 
 from the shape of the shell.) 
 
 1. C. Ly6ni, Xutt. (Mcnispcrmum Lvoni, Piirsh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- 
 tucky and southward. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves 
 large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe 
 nn inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the 
 cavity. 
 
 Order 5. BERBEKIDAcEtE. (Barberry Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, u-ith the sepals and petals bath hubricatcd in the hud in 
 two or more roivs of 2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the 
 petals and opposite to them: anthers openincj by 2 valves or lids hinged at 
 the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jefiersonia as respects the 
 sepals in one row.) Pistil sinijle. Filaments short. Style short or none. 
 Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. 
 Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate. 
 
 • Petals and stamens 6. Fruit fcvr-seeded. 
 
 1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair oT glandular spots on the base of 
 
 each petal. Fruit a berry. 
 
 2. Cnnloiiliylluin. Herb, with pxeenish flowers: petals thick, much shorter than the 
 
 sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked. 
 
 3. Dipliylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than sepals. Berry 2-4- 
 
 seeded. 
 
 *# Petals 6-9 Stamens 8-18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs. 
 
 4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod 
 
 opening by a lid. 
 
 5. Podophyllnm. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18 : anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 
 
 Fruit a large beiry. 
 
 1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. 
 
 Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlcts outside. Petals 6, ol)ovate, concave, 
 with two glandular spots inside above the siiort. claw. Stamens 6. Stigma 
 circular, flcpresscd. Fruit a 1- few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta- 
 eeous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers 
 in drooping racemes, .sour berries, and 1 -9-foliolatc leaves. Stamens irritable. 
 (Derived from Birbenj.i, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 
 
 1. B. vclgXrls, L. (Common Barbi:rrv.) Leaves scattered on the fresh 
 shoots of the sea.son, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines; from 
 Avhich the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely 
 bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping mnuy-fiowered 
 racenies; petals entire; berries oliloiiy, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds in 
 
BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAJriLY.) 53 
 
 E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : elsewhere occasionally 
 spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Leaves repandly 
 toothed, the tt'C'th less brLstly-pointed ; racemes fur-flowered : petals notched at 
 the apex; berries oral (otherwise as in No. 1). — Alleghanies of Virginia and 
 southward : not in (Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high. 
 
 2. CAXJLOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. 
 
 Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlcts at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and 
 gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much 
 smaller than the sej)als, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers 
 oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary 
 bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, 
 and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- 
 ing like dru])es ; the fleshy integument tunii«g- blue : albumen of the texture 
 of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending 
 up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or 
 panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately 
 compound leaf, without any common petiole (whence the name, from kuvKus, 
 stem, and <^vK\ov,leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf). 
 Leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobcd. 
 
 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PArpoosE-ROOT.) Lcontiee 
 thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods ; common westward. Ajjril, May. — Stems 
 jo.oio iiiyh. Plowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biter- 
 nate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, 
 also the seeds, which are as large as peas. 
 
 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Umbrella-leaf. 
 
 Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 : 
 anthers oblong. Ovary oblong: style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 
 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded. 
 Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal 
 rootstocks, sending up each j-ear either a huge centrally peltate and eut-lobed, 
 rounded, umbrella-like, radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing 
 two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are jieltatc 
 near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed 
 of Si's, twice, and ^vXKov, Imf.) 
 
 1. D. cymbsa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia 
 an<l southward. May. — iUiot-leavcs l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 
 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 
 
 4. JEFPERSONIA, Barton. Twix-le.vf. 
 
 Sepals 4, fugacious. Pclnls 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong- 
 linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed: stigma 2- 
 lobed. Pod pear-shapc<l, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part 
 
54 nymph.^:ace^.. (water-lily family.) 
 
 making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, •with a fleshy 
 lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial frlahrons herb, with matted fihrous roots, 
 lon<;-peti()led rout-leaves, ])arted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- 
 flowered scapes. (Named in honor of T/ioiwis Jefffisun.) 
 
 1. J. diph^lla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward. April, May. — Low. Flower wliitc, 1' broad: the parts rarely in threes 
 or fives. — Called Ilheumatism-root in some places. 
 
 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Maxdkake. 
 
 riower-lmd with 3 p-een l)raetlcts, mIiIcIi early fall away. Sepals G, fuga- 
 cions. Petals 6 or y, obovate. Stamens as many as the jietals in the Hima- 
 layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by 
 uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Frui't 
 a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many 
 rows, each seed enc'oscd in a pnlpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cav- 
 ity of the Iruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrons 
 roots. Stems 2-leaved, I-flowcred. (Name from ttoCs, afoot, and (/)vXXoi/, a leaf, 
 from a fancied resemblance of the 5-7-parted leaf to the foot of some web- 
 iboted animal.) 
 
 1. P. peltatunij i-- Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-partcd; the lobes ob- 
 long, ratlier wedge-siiaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich 
 woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7-9- 
 lobed leaf, peltaie in fhc middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 
 two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge ; the nodding 
 white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in 
 July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and 
 poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 caipcls ! 
 
 Order G. NYMPILiEACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) 
 
 Aquatic perennial herhs^ icith horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sortietimes 
 only cordate leaves ^/looting or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides or back 
 {or when solitary hanging from the surnmil) of the cells, not on the ventral 
 suture ; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of" the albumen next 
 the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle hardly 
 any : cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. — 
 Flowers axillary, solitary. Leaves rolled inwards in vernation. Root- 
 stocks very obscurely exogenous in structure. — Comprises a few genera, 
 which differ so much in the flower and fruit, that, for the sake of con- 
 venient definition, we have formerly treated as separate orders the follow- 
 ing suborders : 
 
 Suborder I. CAB6i?IBE.E. (Water-Shield Family.) 
 
 Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. 
 Stamens definite (6 - 1 8). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and 
 
NYjrrn.F.ACKyE. (watku-lily family.) 55 
 
 indehiscent, 1 - 3-seedc(l on the dorsal sutme. — Stems slender, leafy, 
 coated with mucilage. Flowers small. 
 
 1. Braseiiia. Stamens 12-18 : filaments slender. Leaves all peltate. 
 
 SuBOKDEU II. ]Vli:L,lIIWB6l\l::.i:. (Nelumbo Family.) 
 
 Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each 
 other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and decid- 
 uous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immei-sed in the obconlcal re- 
 ceptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the 
 imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no al- 
 bumen. — Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the cen- 
 trally peltate leaves and the flowers large. 
 
 2. Nelunibiuin. Character of the Suborder. 
 
 SuBOitDKR III. NYx^IPHiEACK.i: proper. (Water-Lily F.) 
 
 Sepals 4 - G, and petals numerous in many rows, pei-sistent or decayino- 
 away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the com- 
 pound 8 - 30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of ns many car- 
 pels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, 
 except at tb« ventral suture.' Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit bac- 
 cate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock. 
 
 3. Nymph tea. Petals .idnatc to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit. 
 
 4. Nuphar. Petals, very small and stamen-like, and stamens inserted under the ovary. 
 
 1. BRASilNIA, Schrcbcr. Watkr-Shikld. 
 
 Sepals ,3 or 4. rctal* .3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili- 
 form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little eliih-shaped indehiscent 
 pods : stisma linear. Seeds 1 - 2, pcndnlous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock 
 creepino;. Leaves alternate, lonff-j:(etiolcd, centrally peltate, oval, floatin.u: on 
 the water. Flowers axillary, small, dtdl-purplc. (Name of uncertain origin.) 
 
 1- B. peltkta. Pursh. (Hydrope'ltis purpurea, il//r^.r.) — Ponds and slow 
 streams. June - Aug. — Leaves entire, 2' - .3' across. ( Also a native of Puget 
 Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India! 
 
 Cab6mb.\, the other genus of the group, occurs from N. Carolina southward. 
 
 2. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Neixmbo. Sacred Bean. 
 
 The only genus of the suborder. (Nehimho is the Ceylonese name of the East 
 Indian species, the piid<-flo\ver('d N. spcciosum.) 
 
 1. N. liiteura, Willd. (Yellow Nelumbo, or "Wateh CnixQUEPiN.) 
 Corolla pale vellow ; anthers tipjied with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- 
 ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : intro- 
 duced into tlic Delaware below Pliiladelphia. Near Woodstown and Sussex 
 Co., Nf.w Jersey. Rig Sodus Ray. L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near 
 Lyme ; perhaps introduced there l>y the aborigines. June - Aug. — ^ Leaves 
 usually raised high out of the water, circular in outline, with the centre dc- 
 
56 NYMPn^ACE^. (w^ATER-Lir.Y FAMILY.) 
 
 pressed or cupped, 1°- 2° in diameter. Flower 5' -10' broad. Tubers farina- 
 ceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nynijjliaja on a 
 large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well- 
 formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipulc-likc sheath. 
 
 3. NYMPH-ffilA, Tourn. WATEii-NvMrn. Water-Lilt. 
 
 Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the 
 innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbrieately inserted all over the 
 surface of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer 
 with dilated fdaments. Ovary 18-30-celled, the concave summit tipjied with a 
 globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these 
 project at the margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile ap- 
 pendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed 
 petals, maturing underwater. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers 
 white, rose-color, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Watcr- 
 Nymphs.) 
 
 1. N. Odorata, Ait. (Sweet-scextf.i> Water-Lily.) Leaves orbic- 
 ular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (.5' -9' wide), the margin entire; 
 stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, ap- 
 pressed to the rootstock ; flower white, venj sweet scented (often as much as 5^' 
 in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the 
 afternoon) ; petals obtuse ; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblonrf 
 seeds (these about 1|" long; anthers blunt). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing 
 water : common eastward and southward. June - Sept. — Varies with ])inkisli- 
 tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially at Barnstable, Mass.), 
 the leaves often ci-imson underneath, — and in size by gradations into 
 
 Var. minor, Sims (N. minor, DC, &c.), with leav« only 2' -5' and flowers 
 2' -3' broad.— Shallow water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil. 
 
 2. N. tuberosa, Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida, 186.5. (TrnER-BEARiNG W.) 
 Leaves renifonn-orbicular, mostly larger (8'- 1. 5' wide) and more prominently 
 ribbed than the last, green both sides ; rootstock beariiifj numerous spoiitaneoitshi 
 detachintj often compound tubers ; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of 
 apples, white, never pinkish, 4^' -9' in diameter, the petals, as in N. alba, pro- 
 portionally broader and blunter than in No. 1 ) ; the fruit more depressed, and 
 with fewer but much larger (i. e. twice as broad) rjlobulur-oroid seeds which when 
 mature are barely enclosed by the aril, and not stipitate. (N. alba, Nult. Got. 
 N. rcniformis, DC. ? scarcely of Walter, which is very obscure.) — Lakes, slow 
 rivers, &e., W. New York (i'rom Oneida Lake, Pniiie) and near Meadville, Pcnn. 
 ( \V. L. Chaffin) to Michigan, Illinois, and probably in the Southern States. 
 July - Sept. 
 
 4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Poxd-Lilt. Spatter-Docic. 
 
 Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish. 
 Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with 
 the very numerous and short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not 
 
SARRACENIACICyK. (I'lTCIIKU-l'LANT FAMILY.) o7 
 
 surpassing the disk-like 8 -24-raved sessile stijjma. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually 
 ripening above water. Aril none. — Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. 
 Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with jiuryjle, produced all summer. 
 (Noixpap of Dioseorides, from the Kgyjitian name.) — Our various forms seem 
 to iuelude only two species. 
 
 1. N. advena, Ait. (Common- Y.) Sr/xils G, unrt/itd/ ; pdah shorter 
 than the sttimeiis and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate'; stigma 12- 
 24-rayed ; ovary and fruit not contracted into a narrow neck under the stigma; 
 tliin submersed leaves seldom appearing ; floating or emersed and erect leaves 
 thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus 
 open, or (var. VARiKf;.\TrM, Eiigelm., flower often partly purplish) closed or 
 narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water. 
 
 2. N. Itlteum, Smith. (Sm.\ller V.) .SV/in/s 5, near/ij equal; petnls 
 longer and dilated upwards; stigma 12-16-rayed; fruit globular, with a short 
 narrow neck ; earlier and submersed leaves very thin and delicate, roundish, 
 the floating ones oval and usually with a narrow or closed sinus. — The only 
 specimen seen like the Euroijcan (expanded flowcV fully 2' across) is from 
 " Mauayunk, 7 miles from Philadelphia," in herb. Collins, now Durnnd. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. ptimiluin. (Sm.\i,l Y.) Flower 5' - 1' across when outspread ; 
 leaves 1'- 5' long. (N. ])umilum, //o/yje. N. Kalmikna, P«/-.v/i.) — Ponds, N. 
 England to Penn. and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 N. rOLTSEP.\LfM, Engelm., with very Uirgc flowers and numerous sepals, 
 occurs far west. 
 
 N. SAGiTTiFOLiA, Pursli, of N. Carolina and southward, has narrow and 
 long leaves. Both poriiaps run into No. 1. 
 
 OnDF.R 7. SAKKACENIACE.i:. (Pitciier-Plaxts.) 
 
 Pohjnndrous and hiipngijuous horj-plants, with hollow jnlcher-fonn or 
 trumpet-shaped leaven, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui- 
 ana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus 
 in the Atlantic United States. 
 
 1. SARRACENIA, Toum. Side-saddle Flower. 
 
 Sepals 5, with .1 bn.ctlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblonfj 
 or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary 
 conii)ound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at 
 the summit into a very broad and petal-like, ."i-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped 
 body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating uiuler the angles in as many little hooketl 
 stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded plaecntaj 
 in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the l)ase of 
 fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves 
 all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. 
 Scape naked, 1-flowercd : flower nodding. (Named 1)\ Tournelbrt in honor of 
 Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who flrst sent our Northern species, and a botanical 
 account of it, to Europe.) 
 
58 PAI'AVERACE^E. (I'OrPY FAMILY.) 
 
 1. S. purptirea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. Hcn'ts- 
 MAx's Cup.) Leaves pitchir-shuped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the 
 hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; Jiomer deep purple ; the (iddle-shapcd 
 petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish- 
 yellow flowers, and without puri)le veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, 
 Eaton.) — Peat-bogs; common from N. England to Minnesota, N. Illinois, and 
 southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves arc usually 
 half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed 
 with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a 
 foot high : it is difficult to fancy any rcsenihlauce between its shape and a side- 
 saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. 
 
 2. S. flava, L. (TiuMi'ETS.) Ltares lomj (IO-30) and trumpft-shapcd, 
 erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing 
 almost none ; .//ofcer ijillow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, 
 Virginia and southward. April. 
 
 OuDF.u 8. PAPAVERACE.E. (Poppy Family-.) 
 
 Herbs u'llh milky or colored Juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos 
 or fours, fufjdcious sepals, pobjandrous, hypofjjjnous, the ocary l-celled loith 
 2 or more parietal placentce. — Sepals 2, rarely 3-, falling when the flower 
 expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the 
 bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a 
 dry l-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2- 
 celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo 
 at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stip- 
 ules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid. 
 
 * Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentas. 
 
 1. Papnver. Stijrmas united into a radiate crown on the summit of the ovary. Pod 
 
 opening by chiulis or pores. PetJils crumpled in the nodding flowtT-bud. 
 
 * ♦ Ovary strictly 1-celleJ. Pod opening by valves, leaving the 2-6 filiform parietal placcntaj 
 
 as a framework. 
 
 •^ Petals twice as many as the sepals, usually more or less crumpled in the flower-bud. 
 
 2. Argenioue. Stigmas (sessile) and placenta 4 - 6. Pod and leaves prickly. 
 
 3. Slylophoriim. Stigmas and |)lacenta3 3 - 4. Style distinct Pod bristly. 
 
 4. Clielldoiiiuin. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. 
 
 — — Petals 4-6 times as many as the 2 sepals, not crumpled in the erect flower-bud. 
 
 5. Sauguinaria. . Stigma 2 gruoved. Placentiu 2. Petals white. 
 
 * » * Ovary and elongated pod 2-celle(l tiy a spongy partition. 
 
 6. Glaucium. Stigma 2-lubed or 2-horned. Petals 4. 
 
 1. PAP AVER, L. Poppy. 
 
 Sepals mostly 2. Petals niostjy 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-raye(r 
 crown, i-esting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and 
 turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placenta; projecting like imperfect partitions, 
 opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs 
 
PAPAVKUACIC.E. (I'OPPl' FAMILY.) 59 
 
 with a white juice ; tlie flower-hiuls noddinp. (Derivation obscure.) — Tiircc 
 annual sjiecics of the Old World arc sparinjily adventive ; viz. : 
 
 1. P. soMxfFKiUM, L. (Co.MMox I'oi'fY.) Smooth, {glaucous ; leaves 
 clasping, wavv, incised and toothed ; pod (jlobosc ; corolla mostly white or pur- 
 ple. — Near dwellin;^^s in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. P. DuniLJi, L. (Smootii-fkuited Coux-rori'v.) rinnatilid leaves 
 and the long stalks brislb/ ; pods cliib-s/ia/)&l, smooth; corolla light scarlet. — 
 Cult, grounds, Westchester, Pcnn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from En.) 
 
 3. P. akgemT)NE, L. (KoLGii-FKUiTED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut 
 ' leaves and paler flowers than the last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste 
 
 grounds, near Philadelphia, J//-. Dicffcnhaiyh. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 •2. ARGEMONE, L. Pnu klv Vowy. 
 
 Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4 -6. Style almost none: stigmas 3 ~ 
 6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top. Seeds 
 crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickl}' bristles and yellow juice. Leaves 
 sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched witli white. Flower- 
 buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from upye'/iia, a disease of the eye, for 
 which the juice was a supposed remedy.) 
 
 1. A. Mexic.\na, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. — 
 Waste places, southward. July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amcr.) 
 
 3. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Celandine Poity. 
 
 Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 2-4-lobed. 
 Pods bi-istly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren- 
 nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 
 1 - 3-leaved, and umbellately 1 - few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds 
 and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. 
 (Name from arvKos^i style, and <j)ep(i), I bear, indicating one of the distinctive 
 characters.) 
 
 1. S. dip helium, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, 
 dcc])ly pinnatitid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves 
 often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets ; peduncles equalling the 
 petioles; flower deep yellow (2' broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod oval. — Damp 
 woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. ]\Iay. — Foliage and llower 
 resembling Celandine. 
 
 4. CHOiJLIDONIUM, L. Celandine. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16- 24. Style nearly none : stigma 2-Iobcd. 
 Pod linear, slender, smootli, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- 
 wards. Seeds crested — Perennial herb with brittle stems, saff"ron-colored acrid 
 juice, i)innately divided or 2-pinnati(id and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- 
 low flowers in a i)cduiiculate undicl ; the l)uds mxlding. (Xanie from _;(fXt8a)i^, 
 the Sw(dlow, because, according to DioScorides, it begins to llower at the time 
 the swallows appeal-. ) 
 
GO FUMARIACEiE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 
 
 1. C. Ji\jus, L. (Celaxdine.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May- 
 Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Blood-root. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulatc-olilong, the inner narrower. Stamens 
 about 24. Style short; stigma i-groovcd. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2 
 valved. Seeds with a large ercst. — A low perennial, with thiek prostrate 
 rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest 
 spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower 
 white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the' 
 color of the juice. ) 
 
 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. 
 
 6. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. IIorx-Poppv. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none: stigma 2-lobcd or 2-horned. Pod verv, 
 long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crestless. 
 — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary 
 yellow flowers. (The Greek name, y\avKiov, from the glaucous foliage.) 
 
 1. G. LUTEr.M, Scop. Lower leaves jjinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-Iobed 
 and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough, (6'- 10' long). — Waste places S. 
 E. New England, Maryland, and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 Ordeu 9. FUillARI.iCE.E. (Fumitory Family.) 
 
 Delicate smooth herbs, ivith watery Juice, compound dissected leaves, ir- 
 regular Jlowers, icilh 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 
 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small 
 and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the 
 outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at 
 the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested ti[)s united 
 over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger 
 petals, Iiypogynous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of 
 each set 2-celled, the lateral ortes 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded 
 and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placenta?. — Leaves usu- 
 ally alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.) 
 
 « Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae. 
 
 1. Adiumin. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals .<»11 united. Seeds crestless. 
 
 2. Dlceiitra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 
 
 3. Corydnlis. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Seeds crested or arilled. 
 
 » * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 
 
 4. Funiaria. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Seed crestless. 
 
 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Cllmblvg Fumitory. 
 
 Petals all permamntly uiiited in a cordatc-ovatc corolla, becoming spongv- 
 cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. 
 
FCMARIACEJE. (FUMITOUY FAMILY.) Gl 
 
 Stipfma 2-crcste(l. Filaments monailel|ihoiis holow in a tube wliicli is afllicrcnt 
 to the corolla, diaileli)lious at tiie sninniit. — A elimhin^ biennial, with thrice- 
 pinnate leaves, ciit-lolied delicate lealiets, and anjple panicles of dioopinjj white 
 or purpli>li flowers. (Dedicated by Kafines(iiie to Mtijor Adluin.) 
 
 1 A. cirrhbsa, Kal'. — Wet woods; common westward. June -Oct. — 
 A Innid.sonie vine, with delicate ioliajie, clindtinj^- by the slender younj^ leaf- 
 stalks over lii;^h bushes; cultivated lor festoons and bowers in shaded jtlaccs. 
 
 2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dltciimax's Bueeches. 
 
 Petals slifjhtly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurrcd corolla, cither decidu- 
 ous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Fila- 
 ments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, 
 stemlcss perennials (as to our wild sjjecies) with ternatcly compound and dis- 
 sected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bractcd. (Name from 
 his, twice, and Kivrpov, a spur ; — accidentally ])rinted Dici.y'tra in the first 
 instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into I)i- 
 
 t'LYTK.\.) 
 
 1. D. Cucullkria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Scape and slcn- 
 der-petiolcd leaves from a sort of (jranu/ule bulb ; lobes of the leaves linear; ra- 
 ceme, simple, fcw-flowcred ; corolla ivith 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; 
 crest of the inner petals minute. — Kich woods, especially westward. — A very deli- 
 cate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers 
 crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slen- 
 der scape, bearing 4- U) pretty, but odd, white flowers tii)])ed with cream-color. 
 
 2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Sqliukel Coux.) Subterranean shoots bear- 
 ing scattered gmni-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ; 
 leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla meixly Ik art -shaped, the spurs very short 
 and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. —^ Rich woods, Maine 
 tx> Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Flowers 
 greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths. 
 
 3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of 
 the lea\es broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clu.<:tered; corolla oblong, 2-snccate at 
 the base; crest of tlie inner petals ))rojecting. — Kocks, W. New York, rare 
 ( Thomas, Sartw(M), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — Coarser-leaved 
 than the others; scapes 6'- 10' high. 
 
 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Couvdalis. 
 
 Corolla 1-spurrcd at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- 
 ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers Iti racemes. Our 
 sjieeics are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and jjale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek 
 name for the Fumitory.) 
 
 1. C. glatioa, Pnrsli. (Pale Couydalis.) Stem upright ; racemes pan- 
 idecl ; sjiur of the /lurplish and ijellow-tipped corolla very short and iT)unded ; pods 
 me/, .slender, elongated. — Rocky places : common: G'-2° liigh. May- Aug. 
 
 2. C. flivula, Uaf. Corolla /w//r-y,//o«-, 3" -4" long ; i>pur verg short; tips 
 of the outer ptttds pointed, iving-crestid on the back, longer than the inner; seeds 
 
62 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 
 
 aciitclff margined, nij^osc-rcticulatcd ; nril loose : otliciwisc as in the next. — 
 rcnnsylvaiiia to Wi.sconsin and southward. 
 
 3. C. atirea, Willd. (Golden C.) Sttms low or dKcumhut; racemes 
 simple; corolln (joldin-i/fHoiv, i' Ion;;; slightly decurvcd sjntr somewhat shorter 
 than the pedicel, not half the len-jth of the rest of the tiower; tips of outer pi tah 
 blunt, cresllfss and naked on the back, little lonj,^cr than the inner ; pods usually 
 pendent; seeds smooth and even, or sometimes very minutely reticulated, tonjid, 
 mnrqinlrss, partly covered hy the scale-shaped aril. — Kocky places, Vermont to 
 Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April -July. — Var. micrAntiia, Engelm., 
 is a state with minute spurless flowers (probably fertilizcil in the bud), and 
 ascending pods, on very short pedicels. — W. Illinois and St. Louis, Ilittil. 
 
 (C. mo.\t.\na, Engclm., or perhaps rather C. auuka, var. occidentalis, 
 Engelm., Missouri to Texas and westward, dift'ers from the Eastern C. aurea in 
 the often ascending spur nearly equalling the rest of the dorolla and longer than 
 the pedicel, erect or ascending pods, and seeds lenticular with acutish margin. 
 
 — C. cuKVisf LiQUA, Engehn., of Southwest, differs from this in longer 4-an- 
 gular pods ascending on very short pedicels, the acute-margined seed mnriaite! 
 
 — C. crystAllina, Engclm., of Southwest, differs from this in the very broad 
 but short wing on tip of outer petals, short few-seeded pod covered with crys- 
 talline vesicles, and sharper- margined tubercular-reticulated seeds.) 
 
 4. FUMARIA, L. Fl-mitory. 
 
 Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indchisccnt, small, 
 globular, 1 -seeded. Seeds crcstlcss. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, 
 Avith finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or 
 spikes. (>.'ame fromy«/««s, smoke.) 
 
 1. P. officixXlis, L. (Commox Fumitory.) Sepals ovate-lanecolatc^, 
 acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- 
 color tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about 
 dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 Order 10. CRUCIFERJE. (Mustard Family.) 
 
 Herbs, with a pungent icatery juice and cruciform tetrad ijnamous flowers: 
 fruit a silique or silicic. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
 regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form- 
 ing a cross. Stamens G, two of them inserted lower down and shorter 
 (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between 
 the two marginal placenta?, from which when ripe tiie valves separate, 
 either much longer than broad (a sili(jue), or short (a silicic or pouch), 
 sometimes indehlscent and nut-like (jiucumenlaceous), or separating across 
 into 1-seeded joints (lojnentaccous). Seeds eampylotropous, without albu- 
 men, fdled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various 
 wavs : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. their margins on one side aj)- 
 plied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ; 
 
CRUCIFKK^. (mUSTAUD FAMILY.; 03 
 
 or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, 
 thus c(D. In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be 
 Ibhicd upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, wliere they 
 arc conduj)licate, thus o v). In Leavenwortliia alone the whole embryo is 
 straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes 
 or corymbs : jiediccls rarely bracted. — A large and very natural iiimily, 
 of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters of genera 
 taken from the pods and seeds ; the ilowers being nearly alike in all.) 
 I. SlLlQl'Oy.E. Poll long, a A77i"(;ue, opening by valves. 
 
 Tribe I. ARABIDEJE:. I'od elongated (except in Nasturtium). Seeds orbicular or 
 
 oval, more or less flattened. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 
 
 * Seeds small and turgid, seldom half the breadth of the turgid pod. 
 
 1. Nastnrtiiini. I'od terete, linear, oblong or even globular. Flowt-rs white or yellow. 
 
 • * Seeds flat or flattish, scarcely narrower than the partition, e.xcept in some of No. 5. 
 
 2. Leaveii^vortlila. Pod oblong, flat; the valves nervi-less. Seeds winged: embryo 
 
 straight ! Flowers white or purplish, with a yellowish base. Leaves all nulical. 
 
 3. Delitaria. I'od Hat, lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically from the base. 
 
 Seeds wingless, on broad seedstalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem naked IkjIow. 
 
 4. Cardniniiic. I'od flat, linear or lanceolate; the valves nerveless, opening elastically. 
 
 Seeds wingless, on slender stalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem leafy, at least below. 
 5 Arabis. Pod linear, elongated, flat or flattish, rarely almost terete ; the valves commonly 
 with a prominent midrib, or veiny, not opeiiiug elastically. Flowers white, whitish, or 
 purple. Stems leafy, at least below. 
 
 6. Barbnrea. Pod linear, more or less 4-sided, the rigid valves being keeled by a promi. 
 
 nent midrib. Seeds wingless. Flowers yellow. 
 Tribe II. SISYMBRIE.E. Pod elongated. Seeds thick ish, mostly obloug. Cotyle- 
 dons incumbent, narrow, plane. 
 
 7. Krysiiiiiiin. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 
 
 8. Sisyiiibriiini. Pods terete, 4- C-augled, or flattish. FlDwers white or yellow- 
 Tribe III. BIlASSICE.aE. Pod linear or oblong. Seeds globular. Cotyledons in- 
 cumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 
 
 9. Bra!4slca (including Six.\pis). Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, 
 
 or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish. 
 
 II. SILICULOS.E. Pod short, a silicic or pouch, opening by valves. 
 
 Tribe IV. ALYSSINEi*:. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- 
 
 ticin, or globular. Cotyledons accumbent, plane 
 1. Nasturtium. Pod terete or globular with many small seeds. 
 ^M|^-iiba. Pod flat, oval, oblong, or even linear, many-seeded. 
 inHKyssuin. Pod flat, orbicular, '2-4-seeded. 
 
 12. Vesicaria. Pod globular-inflated, 4 -several -seeded. 
 
 Tribe V. CAMELINEi^. Pod turgid or somewhat flattened p.irallel with the broad 
 partition. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. 
 
 13. Cauifllnn. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded ; style slender. Flowers yellow. 
 
 14. .^ubulnria. Pod globular, few-seeded : style none. Flowers white. 
 
 Tribe VI. I.EPIDINK.^ and TIlI.,ASPII>EiE. Pod short ; the boat-shaped 
 
 valves cnniluplicate or much flattened ci>nlrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. 
 l.i. ('n|t!irlla. Pod many-seeded, obenrdate-tri.angular, wingless. Cotyledons incumltent. 
 IC. Tlilaspi. Pod-sevtral-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbenL 
 17. Lepldiiini. Pod 2-secded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 
 
 15. Seael>lt-ra. Pod 2-8eeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from 
 
 the little partition as two closed one-seeded nutlets. Cotyledous incumbent, narrow. 
 
64 CRUCIFKKJC. (MLSTAltU FAMILY.) 
 
 III. LOMENTACE-E. Pod articulated, separating across into joints. 
 
 Tribe VII. CAKlLIXEiE. Ct'tyledons |>l;ine ami aCcumlKiit, as iiiTribe 1. 
 
 19. Cukile. I'oU sliDit, •! jointed : tlio joiiiU l-CL-Uud ami l-secdeil. 
 
 Tribe VIII. It.-tPIIANEiE. Ciityledoiis coiidupliciite and iiicumlMint, as in Tribe 3. 
 
 2U. Rapliaiiua. IVl elongated, severul-scedod, transversely iiiUicoptud. 
 
 1. NASTURTIUM, H. Br. WAXKu-CnEss. 
 
 Pod a short siliquc or a silicic, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete 
 or nearly so. Seeds small, turgid, niarginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell 
 (except in No. 2). Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Atiuatic or niarsli plants, with 
 yellow or white dowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatiHd leaves, usually 
 glabrous. (Name from Nusus lortits, a convulsed uosc, alluding lo the effect of 
 its pungent qualities.) 
 
 § 1. P(tuU ich'tc, twice the hiitjth of the. cali/x : {xxls linear: leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. N. officixXle, R.Br. (Tkle WATEU-C'Ktss.) Stems spreading and 
 rooting; leaflets 3- 1 1, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (G"- 8" long) 
 ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels, y. — Brooks and ditches; 
 escaped from cuUivation. (Nat. from En.) 
 
 § 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom miwh exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblowj, 
 or even ovoid or globular : leaves mostly jdnnuiijid. 
 
 * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots : flowers rather large, bright yellow. 
 
 2. N. svLVESTRE, K. Br. (Yellow Ckess.) Stems a.scending; Icuces 
 pinnate! y jiarttd, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (.^'long) 
 on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row ; style 
 very short. — AVet meadows, Massachusetts to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnniely cleft, the 
 short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4" -G" long), on 
 slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. 
 
 * * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with sim/ileflbroiis roots: flowers small or 
 
 minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 
 
 4. W. sessilifldrum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely 
 incised or toutlu'd, obovate or oblong ; /?oit'M-.s minute, nearly sessile; pods elon- 
 gated-oblong (.5" - G" loni:*), thick ; style very short. — W. Illinois to Tennessee 
 and southward. April -June. 
 
 N. Obttisum, Nutt. Stems much branehcd, diffusely spreading; j^fc fl 
 
 piniiately jiartedvr divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or rep: 
 flowers minute, shoii-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from lincar- 
 oblong to short-oval ; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 
 
 7. N. palustre, DC (M.\ksii Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnnidy 
 clffl or jiarled, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; pedicels 
 about as long as the small /lowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or 
 o\o\i\ ])ods ; style short. — .Wet jjlaccs or in shallow water ; common. June- 
 Scpt. — Flowers only 1"-1^" long. Stems \°-^° high. — The typical form 
 with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartivell). Short pods and hirsute 
 stems and leaves are common. Var. hisi-idum (N. hispiduin, DC.) is- a form, 
 with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) 
 
CUUCirKK.Ii. (MLoTAKi) FAMILY.) 65 
 
 § 3. Petals white, mtirh loiKjor than the calj/.c : fiods oroid or (jlohuUtr : Itiivcs undicidid, 
 or the lourr ones piiiiKili/id : root iitriunud. ( Aniioriifia.) 
 
 7. N. lactlStre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. i;J2. (Lakk C"iu;ss.) Aquatic; 
 imiiKTsod kavcs 1 -3-pinnatt'ly ilissei'tud into nnniiTous ciijiilliiry divisions; 
 cnuTscd leaves olilonj^, entire, serrate, or pinnatilid ; pedicels widely spreadin;,'; 
 pods ovoid, oue-i-t/led, a link' loin/i-r than the stijle. (N. natans, var. Aincricannni, 
 Gniy. Arnioraeia Americana, Ant.) — Lakes and rivers, N. IC. New York to 
 Illinois and sonthwestward. July- Aug. — Near N. anipliibiuni. 
 
 8. N. AuMonXciA, Fries. (Hokskkadisii.) Koot-leaves very large, ob- 
 long, erenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels 
 ascending; jiods </'obiilur {scklom formed); sti/le very "short. (Cochlearia Arnio- 
 raeia, L.) — Roots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from 
 cidtivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Leavkxwortiiia, 
 
 Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu- 
 late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. 
 Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction w Inch 
 if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennial 
 or hyenial annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short 
 one - few-tiowered scapes. (Named in honor of the late M. C. Leavenworth.) 
 
 1. L. Michaiixii, Torr. — On flat rocks and barrens, S. E. Kentucky and 
 southwestward : rare. March - May. — Scapes 2' -4' high. Petals purple, 
 rose color, or nearly white, with a golden. yellow or yellowish base, or rarely 
 yellow throughout? (L. aurca, Torr.), cuncate-obcordatc or cmarginate ; tlic 
 flowers rather large for the size of the plant. 
 
 3. DENTARIA, L. TooxinvoRx. Pepper-root. 
 
 Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seedstalks bfoad and 
 flat. Cotyledons petioled, their margins somewhat infolding each other. — 
 Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed 
 rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless below, bear- 
 ing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a 
 single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from 
 dtns, a tooth.) 
 
 1. D. diph^lla, L. T\(X)tstnrlc loDfj and coiiliiiiioiis, toothed; stun-htiri'S 2, 
 simdiir to the nidiail oiiis, close together, of .3 rliombie-ovate coarsely toothed 
 leaflets; ])etals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 
 5' -10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. 
 
 2. D. maxima, Xutt. Rootstocfcinternipted, foiminij a strintf of thick toothed 
 tubers; stctn-htins (2-7) mostly 3 and ulli-rmtte ; hajlets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely 
 toothed and inci.sed, often 2-3-<'left ; petals pi-ik. (D. laciniata, var. ^, 'J'orr. 
 /ir Or.) — Northern New York (Watertown, Crawe; Utica, Paiiv) to Penii. ; 
 rare. M;iy. — ScMoni taller, but the leaves often smaller, than in No. 1. 
 
 •5. D. heterophylla, Nutt. RootstocL a chain of '2 or 3 ti(irrow-ot)lon<j and 
 ohscureli] toothed tiili(r.i ; slem-ltaves 2 or 3, alternate (rarely opposite), divided into 
 L iL M-2.J 
 
CG CRrciFKR.E. (mustaud family.) 
 
 3 lanceolate or llnear-olilong sorneirliat toothed (sometimes incised or 2-cleft) leaflets; 
 root-leuws of ti rounded or cntmile-orate tiicimd Ixijltts ; petals purple. — Peiin. 
 (near riiiladelpliia, Dr. Diffenbawjh) and Washington {Bcbb) to Kentucky and 
 southward. April, May. 
 
 4. D. lacini^ta, Muhl. Rootstoch as in the last ; stem-leaves^ in a whorl, 3- 
 paiied ; the led/lets liiieiir or lanc(olute, irregularly cut or deft into prominent nar- 
 row teeth, the lateral ones (lee])ly 2-lobed ; root-leaves siniilarli/ diKSecttd ; jxtals 
 pale purple or nearly white. — Kieh soil along streams, W. New England to 
 Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. 
 
 5. D. multifida, Muhl. More slender and delicate than the last; root- 
 stock similar ; n/ciu-ledres 3 or sometimes 2, alternate, opposite, or whorled,yi/ie/y 
 2 -3-tem(iteli/ divided, or the subdivisions jjarted, ?;ito very narrowly linear lobes; 
 root-leaves similarly 3-4-ternately divided; flowers (4-7) white. — Southern 
 Kentucky (doubtless) and southward. — This appears to pass into No. 4 ; and 
 all these species except the first probably run together. 
 
 4. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress. 
 
 Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically fi-om the base ; the valves 
 nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- 
 less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. 
 (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some Cress, from the cordial or cardiacal 
 qualities.) — Huns into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. 
 * Rout perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 
 
 1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (Spuing Cress.) Stems vprir/ht from a tuberif- 
 erous base, simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves 
 ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petiolcd, the upper almost lanceolate, all 
 somewhat angled or sparingly toothed; jjods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a 
 slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oral. — Wet mead- 
 ows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June. 
 
 Var. purpurea, Ton-. Lower (4' - 6' high), and slightly pubescent ; leaves 
 rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, 
 W. New York and S. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and northward. 
 
 2. C. rotundifdlia, Miehx. (Mountain Watek-Ckess.) Stemshranch- 
 ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners ; root fibrous; leaves all much alike, 
 roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, pctioled, the lowest 
 frecjuently 3-lol)eil or of 3 leaflets ; pods iinear-awl-shaped, pointed with the 
 style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, Pennsylvania 
 and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste 
 of the true \\';^t^■r-('r^'ss. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 
 
 3. C. bellidifblia, L. Am// (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, entire, 
 or sometimes 3-lol)ed (4" long), on long j)etioles ; pods upright, linear ; sti/le 
 nearly none. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine 
 (./. \V. Chickering). July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the 
 convex valves 1-nen'ed. (Ku.) 
 
 * * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers shoioy. 
 
 4. C. prat6nsis, L. (Cuckoo Flower.) Stem ascending from a short 
 
CRUCIFKR.E. (mustard FAMILY.) G7 
 
 rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-1.3, those of tiic lower leaves rounded and stalked ; 
 of the upper ones oMoufj; or linear, entire, or slifilitly anj^lcd-toothed ; petals 
 (white or rose-color) thrice the leuf^th of the calyx. -^ Wet places and bogs, 
 Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. May. (Eu.) 
 * * * Root mosthj hiemufil or annmil : leaves pinnate: Jlotcrrs small, white. 
 
 5. C. hirstlta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Beset with scattered hairs, 
 or glabrous ; stems (3'- 12' iiij;h) erect or a.--cen(ling from the sjjreadin;^- cluster 
 of root-leaves ; tiieir leaflets rounded, those of the upjier leaves oblong or linear 
 and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, slender, 
 erect or ascending in line with the pedicel; style very short or almost none. 
 (C. rennsylvanica, Muhl. ; usually tallci- and more leafy-stemmed than the true 
 European C. hirsuta, the stamens always 6, and the pods less erect.) — Wet 
 places: common. May -July. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. sylv^tica (C. sylvatica, Link., C. Virginica, Michx.) grows in drier 
 places, is more slender, and has pods more erect than their ascending or spread- 
 ing pedicels, the style evident. — Commoner southward. (Eu.) 
 
 5. ABABIS, L. Rock Cress. 
 
 Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less l-ncrved in 
 the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Coty- 
 ledons accumbent. — Leaves seldom divided. Piowers white or purple. (Name 
 from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.) 
 
 § I . Seeds in one row in each cell, being nearly us broad as the partition. 
 * Low, chiijly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base. 
 
 1. A. Ludovici^na, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all 
 pinnatclj parted into ol)long or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of 
 the lower leaves numerous ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear 
 and spreading, flat ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludo viciaua, //oo/j.) — 
 Open grounds, Virginia ? to Illinois and southward. 
 
 2. A. lyrata, L. Hoot biennial ; plant mostly glabrous, except the Igrate- 
 pinmitijid root-leans, stem-leaves scattered, spatidate or linear with a tapering 
 base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish 
 calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading ; the seeds margin- 
 less. — On rocks. New England to Kentucky along the mountains, Minnesota 
 and northward. April -July. — Radicle sometimes obliijue, or even dorsal. 
 
 A. Tii.vLiXxA, L., resembles the last, but the root-leaves are hardly if at all 
 lyratc, the stem more strict, flowers smaller, and the cotyledons uniformly in- 
 cumbent ; so it is refeiTcd to Sisymbrium, p. 70. 
 
 3. A. petraea, Lam. Root perennial, mnltiripitnl : leaves sparingly pinna- 
 tifid-toothed or incised, sometimes entire; petals rose-color or nearly white; pods 
 shorti-r and less flat than in A. lyrata : otherwise similar. — Rocks, L. Superior? 
 Wilioughby Mountain, Vermont, //. Mann. 
 
 4. A. dent^ta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (10-20 
 high) ; liaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the 
 stem numerous, halj'rlasping and f(v<d at the ba.sc, of the root broader and 
 tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish), scarcely exceeding the caly.x. 
 
63 CRuciFF.u^. (mustard family.) 
 
 pods icidchj sprendincj, rerji slender, short-stalked ; sti/le scarcely ant/; seeds niar£rin- 
 less. — New York and Illinois to Virjjinia and Kentucky. May, June. 
 * * Erect and sim/tle lea/'ij-stemmed hieniiials, tvith white or whitish Jlowers, nairow 
 but flattened ascending or erect pods, and wingless seeds. 
 
 5. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, ercet (1°- 2° hifrh) ; 
 stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coai*sely toothed or the uppermost entire, 
 partly elasi)ing hy the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice 
 the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or uscmding, 
 tipjted with a distinct sfi/le. — Central Ohio (rocky l)anks of the Scioto, Sulli- 
 vant), Pennsylvania (Huntingdon Co. to the Schuylkill, Porter) ; also in E. 
 Tennessee. April, May. 
 
 6. A. hirstlta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect 
 (\°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- 
 ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) 
 small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods stricthj upright ; style scarcely 
 any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 » * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (l°-3° /(/////), with small whitish 
 flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (.3' -4' long), and broadly 
 winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition. 
 
 7. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly 
 clasjiing by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or 
 entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- 
 spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. hetero- 
 phylla, Nutl.) — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. 
 
 8. A. Canadensis, L. (Su kle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above; 
 stem-leaves pubescent, jioiutid at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower 
 toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat, 
 scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — (A. falcata, Michx.) 
 Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June- Aug. 
 
 « * * * Tall and kafy-stemmed biennials or pei-ennials, with rather shoivy flowers, 
 the pink-purple petals long-clawed ; anthers sagittate and ivlien old arcuate- 
 recurved; the ividely spreading and rather short jiods marly terete ; seeds mar- 
 ginless. (Iodantiics, Torr. .j- G'ra_y.) — Transition to Thclypodium and 
 Streptanthus. 
 
 9. A. hesperidoides. Glabrous (10-3° high), often branched above; 
 root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves ovate-ob- 
 long and ovate-lanccolatc (2' -6' long), membranaceous, veiny, sharply and 
 often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, 
 sometimes bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods on short diverging 
 pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Ilesperis pinnatifida, .l/a/ijr. lodanthus 
 hesperidoides, Torr. <$• 6Vo^.) — Alluvial river-banks, Ohio, Kentucky and 
 Bouthwestward. May, June. 
 
 § 2. TURRITIS, Dill. Seed^i not so broad as the partition, occupying two more or 
 le-is distinct rows in each cell, at leiist when young : s/rirt and nry b ofy-stemmal 
 biennials ; the cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. ( Very gla- 
 
CRUCIFERJE. (mustard FAMILY.) 69 
 
 broiix In fhr ffjllntriin/ sprrir.t, c.rrppl (he base of the stem and the hicer or tnjl of 
 railical /dins, ihi.sc iiiuslli/ hirsute.) 
 
 10. A. perfoliita, Lam. (Towkr Mistard.) Tall {2° -4° h\fih) ; 
 glanrons ; stcm-Icavcs olilonj; or ovate-lanceolate, entire, hall'-elasjtinf; by the 
 saf;ittatc base ; prtals t/dloirish-irhite, little lonijer than the cali/r ; jiods veri/ niiirow 
 {3' lon-x) <ni(l pedirh'x strfrtli/ erect. (Turritis {glabra, L.) — Kocks and fields, 
 scarce and iHTlinps introduced southward ; more common northward. (Ku.) 
 
 11. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 1° - 2° hi;;h ; s/em- 
 leavcs htnceolate or ohhmtf-linear and sagittate (I' -2' long) with narrow auricles, 
 or the lowest spatulate ; petals white or rose-color, full y twice the Icnr/lh of the oili/x ; 
 pedicels and flat /Ws loosely erect, or ascending, or even s/ireading ; seeds wing- 
 margined, when nuiturc little narrower than the partition. (Turritis stricta, 
 Graham.) — Rocky places, from the St. Lawrence in Canada East, to Lewiston 
 {Clinton), Lake Sujierior, and northwestward; also "Chenango Co. New 
 York," Northern Illinois, Vasn/. — Pods 2V-3Vlong, or in var. (T. brachy- 
 carpa, Turr. ij- day) only I'- 2' long. 
 
 6. BAEB AREA, ' R. Br. Winter Cress. 
 
 Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- 
 nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accnmbent. 
 — Mostly biennials resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called 
 The llcrl) of St. Barbara.) 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.) 
 Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and iisiuiUy large, the 
 lateral 1 - 4 pairs or rarely wanting ; u])per leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pin- 
 natilid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. strict.v, ap- 
 prcs.sed ; in var. arcuAt.\, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds 
 and roadsides : apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north- 
 ward and westward. (Ku.) 
 
 2. B. pr.ecox, R.Br. (Early Winter C), with 5 -8 pairs of lateral lobes 
 to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a vari- 
 ety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from New York southward as a winter 
 salad, under the name of Scurvv-Grass, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.) 
 
 7. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Must.vrd. 
 
 Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled witn a strong midrib. Seeds in a sin- 
 gle row in each cell, oblong, niarginless. Cotyledons (often oblitpiely) incum- 
 bent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not 
 clamping. (Name from f'puo), to draw blisters.) 
 
 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-seed Mustard) Minutely rougli- 
 ish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods 
 small and short (7 '- 12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender di- 
 venjcut pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, I'enn., Illinois, and northward, 
 July. (En.) 
 
 2. E. asperura, I)C\, var. Arkans^um, Nutt. (Wi-stekn Wall- 
 flower.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, some- 
 
''0 CRUCIFKR^. (mustard FAHril.T.) 
 
 •what toothed ; /Ws nparji/ crrrt on jw/ short pedlreh, elonrjnled (3' -4' loTif]:), ex- 
 actly 4-si(k-(i ; stigma 2-]ol)cil. — Oliio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and 
 MHithwcstward. Jnnc, July. — Plant stonf, 10-2° liij,^], ; the crowded briiiht 
 orange-yellow (lowers as larjjc as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, 
 on very slender elaws. 
 
 8. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mlstakd. 
 
 Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-ncrved. Seeds oblong, 
 maruinless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or 
 yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours arc 
 annuals or biennials.^ 
 
 1. S. officinXle, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runcinate ; flowers 
 very small, pale yellow; pods uwl-shapcd, close pressed to the stem, scarcely 
 stalked. — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 20-3° 
 high. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. S. TuALi.VxA, Gaud. (Mocse-ear Cress.) Leaves oliovate or Monr], entire 
 or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than 
 the slender spreading pedicels. (Arabis Thaliana, L. ; the plant resembles A. 
 lyrata.) — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky. April, May. — 
 A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. S. caneseens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.) Leaves 2-pinnatiJid, often 
 hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed ; flowers yellowish, very 
 small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than 
 their mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds ^-ranked in each cell. — Penn. and New 
 York (Lucifer Falls, Tompkins Co., ./. IF. Chich-.rin;/) to Lake Superior, thence 
 southward and westward. June -Aug. 
 
 S. SoriiiA, L., with slender linear pods nearly erect on ascending pedicels, 
 and one-ranked seeds is nat. from Eu. in Canada East. — S. i.ncisum, Engelm., 
 dift'ering only in the shorter jjods widely spreading on horizontal pedicels, is wild 
 beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 9. BRASSICA CBrassica and Sinapis), Toum. 
 
 Pod linear or ol)long, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-sccded beak or a 
 rigid style ; valves 1 - .")-nervcd. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- 
 bent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. 
 Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of Cab- 
 bage. Sinapis is the Greek StVan-t, which is said to come from the Celtic nop, 
 a turnip.) 
 
 1. B. SixApfsTRUM, Bois.sier (or Sinapis arvevsis, L., the English Char- 
 lock), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak 
 (which is either empty or one-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a 
 noxious weed in grain-fields, from Pennsylvania and New York westward. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. B. (or SiN\ris) .ii.i'.A. (Wiiiti; MrsTAUD.) Pods bristly, ascending on 
 sjjreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped one- 
 seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 
 
CRUCIFEU^. (mUSTAUD FAMILY.; 71 
 
 3. B. (or SinXpis) nIgra. (Black Mustard.) Tods smooth (J' long), 
 4-conicn'(l (tlic valves only 1-ncrvcd), erect on iipprcssed pedicels forming 
 a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, small- 
 er and more piin<::eiit than in the last; lower leaves with a lar;re terminal lobe 
 and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and w;uste places, or cultivated. (Adv. 
 from Ku.) 
 
 13. CAMPESTKis, L., in the form of the Kutakaua and the Tlump, some- 
 times persists a year or two in neglected grounds. 
 
 10. DRAB A, L. Whitlow-Grass. 
 
 Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex ; 
 the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, margin- 
 less. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low 
 herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers ; the pubes- 
 cence often stellate. (Name from bpd^rj, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of 
 the leaves.) 
 
 § 1. DRAB A, DC. Petals vol mfrhfd twr c!f /I. 
 * Perennial or liicnniid, le>i Jjj-stemmed : flowers white: pods twisted when ripe. 
 
 1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusdj/ much branched and forming many 
 radical tufts, perennial (.5' -8' high), pubescent; /eaves laciniate-toothed, linear- 
 lanceolate, the lower oblaneeolate ; racemes corymboscly-branehed ; jiods hairy, 
 oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5'' long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped 
 with a long sti/le. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &e., Virginia to Ken- 
 tucky Kiver, and southward. April, May. 
 
 2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent, the perennial root bearing 
 rather numerous radical tufts; flowering stems (G'- 10' high) erect and mostli/ 
 simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spattdate, spar inijlij toothed; 
 racemes short, usually simple; jxkIs glabious, oblong-lanceolate (S'-C long), 
 acute, on rather short and spreading pedicels, pointed with a shoii but distini-t 
 stifle. — Rocky banks, N. Vermont and New York towards the St. Lawrence, 
 also Akron, Ohio (Clinton), and shores of L. Huron and L. Superior. May, 
 June. — Petals rather large. Too near .some forms of the next. 
 
 3. D. Inc&na, L. Ilonni-pubesccnt, biennial or somewhat perennial, the 
 radical tuft seldom branching; leaves shorter, raceme more strict, petals smaUer, 
 and pods shorter and blunter than in the last, oJ}(n pubescent, on short erect pedi- 
 cels ; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, 
 Tiickerman, II. Mann.; also high northward. (En.) 
 
 * * Annual or biennial: leaf// stems short : flowers white, or in Ao. 5 yellow: style 
 none, {flares oblong or dtoi-ate, hairy, sessile.) 
 
 4. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' - 4' high), minutely pubescent ; stems 
 leafy to the base of the den.sc at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly ob- 
 long or the lowest ovate (2" -4" long), few toothed or entire; flowers small ; 
 pods smooth, mirrowly olilong, acutish (2" long), ulmtl the length of the a.imiding or 
 spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, A. II. Curtiss, and 
 southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none. 
 
72 cnucTFF.n^E. (must a no family.) 
 
 r). D. nemordsa, L. Lcavesolilonporsomcwhat lanceolate, more or less 
 toothed ; nwemm ilnntjand (4'- 8' loiifj in fitiit) ; petals einaruinatc, small ; jxmIs 
 eUiptkul-Muiiii, half the lcn;;l/i of the Imrlzontiil or uidt/i/s/inddin;/ /xxlircis, pubes- 
 cent (D. ncmoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (1). lUtca, DC). — Fort Gratiot, Michi- 
 gan, and northwestward. (Kix.) 
 
 C. D. cuneifdlia, Nutt. Leaves obovatc, wedfic-shapcd, or the lowest 
 spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongnttd in fruit (l'-3'), at Icngtii equal- 
 ling the naked ])edunclc; jjotals cmarginate, much longer than the calyx; poils 
 dilonrj-Hncar, minutthi hairi/, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, 
 Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 
 
 7. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (l' -5' high); leaves obovate, mostly 
 entire; peduncles scapc-likc; petals usually twice the length of the caly.x ; ra- 
 ceme short or corymbose in fruit (^'-I'long); pods broad/i/ linear, smooth, much 
 longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, Rhode Island to 
 "Wisconsin, and southward. March - May. — Petals often wanting in the later 
 racemes, especially in the 
 
 Var. micreintha (D. micrantha, Xutl.), with minutely rough-hairy pods. 
 With the other, westward, DeU>, &c. 
 
 §2. EROPIllLA, DC. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.) 
 
 8. D. v6rna, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1'- 3' high) ; leaves 
 all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from 
 round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy 
 waste places and roadsides. Ajiril, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada : 
 perhaps introduced, (En.) 
 
 11. ALYSSUM, Toum. Altssum. 
 
 Like Vesicaria but with a flat pouch : only one or two seeds in a cell : flowor" 
 yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. (Greek name of a plant reputed 
 to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) They are plants of the Old 
 World, two adventivc species deserving a mere mention, and one indigenous, 
 rare and doubtful. 
 
 1. A. M.VKfTiMUM, L. (Sweet Altssum), with green or slightly hoary 
 linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly 
 cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from En.) 
 
 2. A. CALYCXNTM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spat\ilatc leaves, 
 pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent caly.x, and orbicular 
 sharp-margined 4-secdcd pod, the style minute, occurs in grass-land at Amherst, 
 Mass., Tuckernum. (Adv. from En.) 
 
 3. A. Lesetirii. (Vesicaria? Lcscurii, ed. 2.) Somewhat pubescent, but 
 green ; stems diflusely ascending from a biennial joot : leaves oblong or oval, 
 sparingly toothed, those of the stem halfrla.^pint] hi/ a .sagittate base; racemes 
 elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; 
 style half the length (flhi- hispid or]ncn]ar or broadly u\i\\ flat ]>mI ; seeds wing-mar- 
 gined, 1-4 in each cell, on free stalks. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo 
 fj'.squereux. April, May. — Petals golden yellow, rather large. Ambiguous 
 between this genus and the next. 
 
CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 73 
 
 12. VESICARIA, Totiin. BLADDEn-ron. 
 
 Pouch globular or inflated, with a broad mostly orbicular partition ; the h-'m- 
 isphcrical or convex thin valves tu-rvclcss. Seeds few or sevcr.il, flat. Corylc- 
 dons acciinihtnt. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or lioaiy with 
 stellate Iiairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name iioni vesica, a bhuhbr.) 
 
 1. V. Sh6rtii, Torr. & Gray. Minutily hoary all over ; stems spreading 
 or deciimliout from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with 
 a tapering base, rcpand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated, 
 with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ; style filiform, much longer 
 than the small globose about 4-sceded pod ; seeds marginlcss. — Kocky banks 
 ofElkhorn Creek near Lexington, Kentucky (Short), and Kentucky Kivcr near 
 Frankfort, Lc-sqticreux. May, June. 
 
 13. CAME LIN A, Crantz. False Flax. 
 
 Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad 
 partition : valves 1-nervcd. becds numerous oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. 
 Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x^'f""' dwarf, and \ivoi>, 
 Jlax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 
 
 1. C. SATivA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods 
 margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 14. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort. 
 
 Pouch ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves 1-ncrvcd. 
 Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbcntly folded transversely, i. c. 
 the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A 
 dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the» 
 name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white. 
 
 1. S. aquatica, L. — Margin of lakes in Maine, iVh^u//, &c. Echo Lake, 
 Franconia, New Hampshire, Tucktrman. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 15. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Pcrse. 
 
 Pouch obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the 
 valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. — 
 Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of cnpsiila, a jiod.) 
 
 1. C. BfRSA-PASTORis, Mttnch. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatilid or 
 toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest 
 of weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 16. THLASPI, Tourn. Penxtcress. 
 
 Pouch orbicular, oliovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par- 
 tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. 
 Seeds 2-8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals eqiml. — Low plants, 
 with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small 
 white or purj)lish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6\uia, to crush, of a 
 Cress the seeds of which were bruised and used like MusUxrd.) 
 
74 CRucii'ER^.. (mcstakd family.) 
 
 1. T. ARVEXSE, L. (Field P. or Mitiiridate Mustard.) A smooth 
 annual, with broadly winjied jiod y in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched 
 at top; style miiiute. — Waste plaees, sliore of Lake Huron and in Lower 
 Canada; also Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 17. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppekwout. Peppekgrass. 
 
 Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves 
 boat-siiaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons 
 incumb^'nt, or in No. 1 accumhent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Namo 
 from Xfnidiov, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours arc annuals 
 or biennials, except the last. 
 
 * Leaves all with a taperitiij base ; the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the foiv/r 
 and often the middle oms incised or pinnatijid : pods orbictilar or oval, with a 
 small notch at the top: the stjle minute or none: stamens otilij 2. 
 
 1. L. Virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotj/ledons accumbent 
 and seed minutely margined ; pod mare/inless or obscurely margined at the top; 
 petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June -Sept. A common 
 roadside weeil, which has immigrated from farther South. 
 
 2. L. intermddium, Gray. Cotijledons incumbent as in the following ; 
 pod minuttlj/ wing-margined at the top; petals sometimes conspicuous, rarely 
 wanting; otherwise nearly as in No. 1. — Dry places, from Northern Michigan 
 and Illinois northward and westward. 
 
 3. L. RLDERALE, L. Morc difFusc, the smaller and oval pods and- the seeds 
 marginless ; petals ahcays wanting. — Koadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, &c. ; 
 not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded. 
 
 4. L. CAMPESTRE, L. Miuutcly so/J f/ojt'Hy ; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat 
 toothed; pods oiute, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow nptch. — 
 Old fields, Mass. and New York to Virginia: rare (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 5. L. Du.Vba, L. Perennial, oibscurely hoaiy; leaves oval or oblong, the 
 upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, 
 wingless, tliickLsh, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New 
 York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 18. SENEBIERA, DC. W^vrt-Cress. Swine-Cress. 
 
 Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indchiscent, 
 but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly 
 wrinkled or tuljerculate, 1-secdcd. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded 
 transversely. Low and diff"usc or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute 
 whiti;-h flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Sencbicr, a distin- 
 guished vegetable physiologist. ) 
 
 1. S. didyma, Pcrs. Leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the 
 apex, rough-wrin/cled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, Z.) — Waste 
 jilaces, at ports, Philadelphia to Virginia, &e. : an immigrant from farther 
 South. 
 
CAPPAUIDAClwE. (CAI'ICR FAMILY.) 7.3 
 
 2. S. ConON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not 
 nolclml lit the ajiex, tiilicirlcd. Virj^iuia, Purslt. Newport, Rhode Island, Roiblm, 
 &c. (Adv. from Kii.) 
 
 19. CAKILE, Toitrn. Sea-Rocket. 
 
 Pod short, 2-jointed across, flesiiy, the uii]Hr joint separatin^^ at maturity; 
 each indehiscent, l-celicd and 1 seeded, or the l(j\vcr sometimes seedless. Seed 
 erect in tlic upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely aceuui- 
 bent. — Seasiile fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 
 
 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (A.meiucan Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obovate, 
 sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper 
 ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great 
 Lakes. July-Sej)!. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper 
 one 4-angled and appearing,' more beaked when dry. 
 
 20. RAPHANUS, L. Eadisii. 
 
 Pods linear or oblony-, tapering- upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint ofte-n 
 seedless and stalk-like ; tiie ujiper necklacc-ibrm by constriction between the 
 seeds, with no proper jiartition. Style long. Seeds spherical as in Cabbage, 
 &c. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, (/uicLlij, and 
 (jialvu), to iijipear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 
 
 1. R. RAriiANfsTKUM, L. (Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.) Pods 
 necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning 
 whitisii or jjurplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New England to 
 Pennsylvania. (Adv. from En.) 
 
 K. SATivus, L., Garden Radish, with pink-purple or whitish flowers, and 
 thick knobby and pointed pods, with irregular fleshy partitions between .the 
 seeds, occasionally becomes spontaneous for a year or two. 
 
 Okder 11. CAPPARIDACE^. (Caper Family.) 
 
 Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform /lowers, but 6 or more 
 not telradijnamous stamens, a l-cetled pod with 2 parietal placentcc, and kid- 
 ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Crncifcra?, but with no partition : seeds 
 similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, 
 mostly palmately compound. — Often with tlie acrid or pungent qualities 
 of Crucifene (as in capers, tlie flower-buds of Ciipparis spinosa) ; also 
 commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within otn- limits only by 
 
 1. POLANISIA, Raf. PoLANisiA. 
 
 Sei)als 4. Petals 4, witli eluws, udtelieil at the apex. Stamens 8-.12, nn- 
 eqind. Receptiiele not elongated, bearing a gland l)ehind the base of the ovary. 
 Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glan- 
 dular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy raeeuies. (Name from TroXi'y, iikdii/, 
 and (ifiaos, uiietjual, points in which tlie genus diflers in its stamens from 
 Cleome.) 
 
7G VIOLACK.E. (VIOLKT FAMILY.) 
 
 1. P, grav6olens, Haf. Leaves with 3 oblonn; leaflets; stamens about 
 ll.scaicrlv I'xri'idiiij: tlii' jictals : style .short; pod sli'^^htiy stipitatc. — Gravelly 
 shores, fioiu L'oiiiieetieut (near llartl'oiil) and W. Vermont to Wisconsin and 
 Kentiieky. June - Aug. — Flowers small: ealyx and Hlaments purplish: 
 petals yellowish-white. 
 
 OuDKU V>. RESEDACE.D. (^Iigxonette Family.) 
 
 Herbs, rcilh iinsi/nimrtriral 4 - 7-merotts small jloirrrs, nJlesJnj one-sided 
 hjpogijnons disk l/etween the peUds and the (3 - 40) stamens, bcarin;/ tlie 
 latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 -G-horneil, l-cellcd 
 with 3 - G parietal placentce, opening at the lop before the seeds (which are 
 as in Order 11) are full (jrown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands 
 ibr stipules. Flowers in terminal .''pikes or racemes. — A small and un- 
 in)portant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette 
 (^Reseda odarata) and the Dyer's Weed. 
 
 1. KESEDA, L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket. 
 
 Petals 4-7, eleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the (lower. 
 (Name from r(S(<li>, to ealni, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 
 
 1. E.. LuTEOLA, L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate; 
 calyx 4-partcd ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two 
 lateral .3-eleft, the lower one linear and entire; pods depressed. — Roadsides, 
 New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 Order 1-3. VIOLACE.E. (Violet Family.) 
 
 Herbs, icith a somewhat irregular 1-spiirred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hy- 
 pogynous stamens with adnale inlrorse anthers conniving over the pMl, and 
 a l-celled 3-valved pod icith 3 parietal placenta'. — Sepals 5, persistent. 
 Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila- 
 ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each 
 other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one 
 side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placenta; on their 
 middle : after opening, each valve as it dries folils together lengthwise 
 firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard 
 seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu- 
 men : cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil- 
 lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.) — Two genera in the 
 Northern United States. 
 
 1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. Green Violet. 
 
 Sepals not prolonged nt the hasc. Petals nearly equal in length, but 
 the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than 
 the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a t>heath enclos- 
 
VIOLACF.^E. (violet FAMILY.) 77 
 
 ing the ovarv, nml lio.iriiij; a broad pland on the lower siilc. Style hooked at 
 the summit. — A lioiiiuh- perennial herb, with stems leafy to the to]), ami 1 -:^ 
 small "greenish -white Howers in the axils, on short reenrved i)edieels. (Named 
 in honor of IT. S(i/,\ author of an essay on the British Mints.) 
 
 1. S. COncolor, (jinj^. (Viola eoneolor, I'urs/i, ice.) — Wood.^ New 
 York to Iliiiiuis and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° hiyh. Leaves oblong, 
 pointed at both ends, entire. I'od 1' long. 
 
 2. VIOLA, L. Violet. IIeart's-ease. 
 
 Sepals extended into cars at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower 
 onc spurred at the base. Stamens eloscly surrounding the ovary, often slightly 
 cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into 
 the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in 
 spring, others are i)rodueed later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter 
 peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves ; these never open 
 nor develop petals, but arc fertilized in the young bud, producing pods which 
 are fiir more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of 
 the genus.) 
 
 §L Stemi.icss Violkts : tlie leaves ami scopes aJl from a mhtcrnmean roolstock, 
 
 Jioicei-iiuj in early spriiir/, and l>eariii(j fruitful, apetalous flowers all summer. 
 
 * Flowers yellow : rootstock creepiny and produciny summer runnas. 
 
 1. V. rotundif61ia, Miehx. (Rouxd-leaved Violkt.) Leaves roiind- 
 ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with 
 brown lines ; spur very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south 
 along the Allcghanies — Snioothish : leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to 
 3' or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above. 
 
 * * Flowers ivhite (small, short-spurred) ; lower petals striped with lilac veins: root- 
 
 stock creepiny and produciny summer runners or subterranean flliform hianclies. 
 (No. 2 and No. 4, however different, seem to be connected by No. 3.) 
 
 2. V. lanceolita, L. (Laxce-leaved Violet.) Smooth; leaves Ian- 
 croliite, erect, blunt, tnpiriny into a lony-maryined petiole, almost entire ; petals 
 beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; com- 
 mon eastward. 
 
 3. V. primulsefblia, L. (PniMnosE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little 
 pubescent ; liaves olilmiy or orate, ulniipl or somewhat htartshaped at the base; 
 petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bige- 
 low.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2. 
 
 4. V. blanda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Leaves round-lieartshapcd or 
 kidney-form, minutely pubescent ; petals mostly beardless. — Damp ])laees, every- 
 where, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers faintly sweet-scented. 
 
 * * # Flowers purplish or violet: rootstocks slender and creepiny, oflen produciny 
 
 numeivus summer runners. 
 V. ODon\TA, L. (Sweet or Kx(;lish Violet), cultivated in gardens, 
 from Europe, belongs to this section, and is becoming spaiingly spontaneous 
 in 5ome places. 
 
78 VIOLACEVE. (violet FAMILY.) 
 
 5. V. pallistris, L. (MAnsii V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped 
 and kidni'v-lonn, slightly crcnatc ; flowers (small) pale lilae with purple streaks, 
 nearly beardless; s/inr venj short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the White 
 Mountains, New Hampshire, and hi>;h northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 6. V. Selkirkii, Pursh, Goldie, \S-2-l. (GuKAT-si'i-KKED V.) Small and 
 delicate ; the fililorm lootstock filjrose-rooted, no runners above ground ; smooth, 
 c.\ccj)t the round-heart-shaped erenate leaves, Avhich are minutely hairy on the 
 upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus ; spur vrnj Imije, thickened at the 
 end, almost as lonjr as the beardless pale violet petals. (V. umbrosn, Frus, 1828. 
 V. Kamtsehatiea, Gingins, 1826.) — Damp and shady soil, W. Massachusetts to 
 Chatauque Co., N. Y. (Clinton), L. Superior (llobhins), and northward : rare. — 
 Scapes and petioles l'-2', the leaf ^'- 1^' long, thin ; the spur 3" long. (Eu.) 
 
 * * « * Flowers violet or purple (or rarely almost wltite) : root stocks Jleshij andthick- 
 ewd or tuberous, mostly erect or uscendimj, piodacinij neither runners nor runner- 
 like subterranean branches. 
 
 7. V. CUCuU^ta, Ait. (Common Blue V.) Rootstocks thickly dentate 
 with fleshy teeth, brancliin;;- and forming compact masses; leaves all lony-petioled 
 and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated- 
 triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled in- 
 wards when young, obtusely serrate; lateral and often the lower petals bearded; 
 spur short an<l thick; stigma slightly beaked or beaklcss. — Low grounds, com- 
 mon everywhere. — Very variable in size, shape of leaves and sepals, and in the 
 color and size of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, some- 
 times nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3'- 10' high. Passes by 
 intermediate forms of all sorts into 
 
 Var. palmata. (Haxd-leai- Y.) Leaves V(iriousIi/^3- 7 -clrfl or parted, or 
 the earlier ones entire on the same individaal. (V. palmata,/,.) — Common, 
 especially southward. 
 
 Var. cordata. Leaves chiefly round-heart-shaped and prostrate, sometimes 
 villous, sometimes nearly glabrous, small. (V. villosa and V. cordata, Wall. 
 V. soivria, Wilkl.) — Common southward; a variety growing in drier soil or 
 more exposed situations. 
 
 8. V. sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smooth ish or hairy ; leaves 
 on shoi-t and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from 
 oblong-h( art-shaped to halberd -shaped, arrow-shaped, ohlong-lanctolute or ovate, denticu- 
 late, sometimes eut-toothed near the ba.se, the lateral or oceasiomilly all the 
 (pretty large purple blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. 
 (V. ovata, Nnlt., and V. emarginata, Le Conte, arc states of this variable spe- 
 cies.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. — 
 Eootstock nearly as in the preceding, into which some forms .«cem to pass. 
 
 9. V. delphinifblia, Nutt. (Larkspur V.) Dares all pahmitdy or pe- 
 dateJji :■>-', -]>iuti(l, divisions 2 -3-cleft; lobes linear; lateral petals bt-ardtd ; stigma 
 short-beaked; (itlurwisc like the next. — Kich prairies, Illinois and westward. 
 
 10. V. pedata, L. (Bikd-foot V.) Nearly smooth ; rootstoek short and 
 very thick, erect, not scaly; leaves all 3-5-dividtd, or the earliest only i)arted, 
 the lateral divisions 2-3-partcd, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 - 
 
VIOLACE^,. (VIOLKT FAMILY.) 79 
 
 3-toothc(l or cut at the apex ; petals brard/ess ; stifrma nearly boaklc.ss. — Sandy 
 or gravelly soil, New Enjrlaml to Illinois and .southward. — Flower lar};c, 1' 
 broad, pale or deep lilac-purjilc or blue. 
 
 Var. bicolor. A \ci-\ handsome variety, with the two upjjcr petals deep 
 violet, and a.s it were velvety, like a pansy, occurs sparingly from Massachusetts 
 to Maryland, &e. 
 § 2. Le.vky-stf.mmed Violets : all but the last perennial from short rootstorls. 
 
 * Laif-bmriwj Jrom baxc to summit, usiialli/ brunchiiKj and jloinring all sunim r : 
 
 stipules entire or bareli/ tootlud, not Jhliarcous. 
 
 11. V. canina, L., var. sylv6striS, Re-el. (Dog V.) Low (.3'-8' high) ; 
 stems ascending;, mostly simple, irom the base at length producing creeping 
 branches ; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney -form, crenate, the uppermost 
 slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur ciflindricu/, half the 
 length of the light vioUt petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. 
 (V. sylvestris. Dim. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr., and former ed.) — Damp or wet 
 shady ))laees : common. May -July. (Eu.) 
 
 12. V. rostr^ta, Pursh. (Loxg-spurked V.) Stems ascending (3' -6' 
 high); leaves roundi.^ji heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; sti])ules lance- 
 olate, fringcd-tootiied, large ; spur slender (^' long), lunger than the pule violet beard- 
 less petals; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- 
 sides, IMaine to Ohio and Kentucky, and southwards in the Alleghanics : rather 
 rare. June, July. 
 
 1.'3. V. Striata, Ait. (Pale V.) Stems anguhir, ascending (C- 10' higl') ; 
 leaves heartshii|)ed, finely serrate, often acute ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, la;-ge, 
 strongly fringedtoothed ; spur thIcLish, much shoiier than the crenm-cnlored or ivliite 
 petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines ; stigma 
 beaked. — Low grounds; common, especially westward. A])ril-Oct. 
 
 14. V. Canadensis, L. (C.\.nada V.) Upright (l°-2° high); leaves 
 heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules orate-lanreolate, entire; petals white or 
 whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral 
 bearded; spur rerg shoii ; stigma beakless. — Kich woods; common northward 
 and along the Alleghanics. May -Aug. 
 
 * * Simple stems erect, naked beloiv, 2 - 4-leaved above : stipules nearlg entire : fiow- 
 
 <rs yellow, in spring and early summer: stigma bearded on each side. 
 
 15. V. pubesc6ns, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent (C - 
 12' high); lenrrs very broadly heart-shaped, toothQ(\, somewhat pointed ; stipules 
 ovate or ovate-laneeolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with 
 purple. — Woods : common. 
 
 Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2°high; pods woolly. 
 (V. eriocarpa, Srhirrin.) — Common westward. 
 
 Var. scabriuscula, Ton-. & (iray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubes- 
 cent ; stems often decumlimt ( f- 10' high). — Rhode Isbind to Kentucky. 
 
 16. V. hast^ta, Miihx. (Halhehd-leaved V.) Nearly glabrous, slen- 
 der (4' -10' high); stem-leaves hulberd-shripcd or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly 
 serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small ; spur very short. — Woods, N. Ohio (near 
 Paincsville, Miss Sliattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward : rare. 
 
80 CISTACE.*:. (ROCK-nOSK FAMILY.) 
 
 * ♦ ♦ Leiif-liearinrj throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimeR short-lived 
 perennial root ; the stipules large, Iciif-like and lyrate-pinnatifid. 
 17. V. TRfcoLOR, L. (Pansy. He.vrt's-e.vsk.) Stem iingled and 
 branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-sluijied, 
 crenatc or entire; petals variable in color or varicfjated (yellow, whitish, 
 violet-blue and purple); — in var. auvensis shorter or little lon{::er than the 
 calvx. — Dry or sandy soil, New York to Illinois and southward: the variety 
 seeuiini; like a native plant. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 OnPEU 14. CISTACE.E. (Rock-rose Family.) 
 
 Low shrubs or herbs, icilh regular Jlowers, distinct and hgpogynous mostly 
 indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a l-celled Z - b-val ced pod with as 
 many parietal placentcE borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous 
 albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; tlie two external often small, like bracts, 
 or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 
 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. An- 
 thers short, innate, on slender fdaments. Style single or none. Ovules 
 few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Embryo 
 long and slender, straightish or curved,' in mealy albumen : cotyledons 
 
 narrow Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, 
 
 and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family: mostly of the 
 Mediterranean region.) 
 
 1. Helianlhcmum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. StameDS and ovules nu- 
 
 mcnms in tlie petiil-bearing flowers. 
 
 2. Huflgoiiia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 
 
 ]-celled, 2-6-seeded. 
 
 3. LecUea. Petals 3, persistent Stamens 3 -12. Style none. Pixl partly 3-cdled, the im- 
 
 perfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentas. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rocic-rose. 
 
 Petals 5, crumbled in the bud, fugjacious. Style short or none in our species : 
 stigma 3 lobed. Capsule strictly l-celled. Embryo curved in the Ibrm of a 
 hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of tAvo sorts, viz., 1. tlic 
 primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and 
 many-seeded pods ; 2. secondai-y, or later ones, which arc much smaller and in 
 clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few- 
 seeded pods. Tlie yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their 
 petals by the next day. (Name from lyXtoy, the sun, and tw6(fxov,floirer.) 
 
 I. H. Canaddnse, Michx. (Fkost-weed.) PitaJ-Ueuriug flowers soli- 
 tar g ; the smcdl srroiidarg floirers rlustered in the axils nfthe leaves, ncar\y sessile; 
 calyx of the large flowers hairy-])uhesccnt ; of the small ones hoary, like the 
 stem and lower side of the lanceolate ()l)l(mg leaves. — A variety is more hoary, 
 and with a stronger tendency to inultiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy 
 or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. June - Aug. — Stems 
 at first simple. Corolla of the large flower» J' wide, producing pods 3' long; 
 
CISTACi:^. (UOCK-nOSK FAMILY.) 81 
 
 pods of the smaller flowers not larper than a pin's head. — Late in artiimn, 
 crystals ol' ice shoot iVoiii the cracked hark at tlie root, wlicncc tlie popular 
 name. 
 
 2. H. COrymbbSUm, Michx. F/onrrs all rlusfcrcd at the summit of" liie 
 Stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks : calyx 
 woolly. — I'inc barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast. 
 
 2. HUDSONIA, L. lliDsoxiA. 
 
 Petals 5, fugacious (la>iting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta- 
 mens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed 
 in the calyx, strictly 1-eelled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each 
 nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy 
 heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot hiyh), covered all over with the small 
 awl-shaped or scale-like ]:ersistent downy leaves, jjroducing numerous (small 
 biU showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper ))art of the branches. 
 (Named in honor of \Vm. Hudson, an early English botanist.) 
 
 1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, 
 loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil neat the coast, N. 
 Maine to Virginia. May. 
 
 2. H. tomentbsa, Nutt. Iloary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly 
 oblong, short, elose-prcssed and imbricated; flowers sessile (sandy coasts from 
 Maine to Maryland), — or short-peduneled, the leaves also narrower: Maine 
 (at Harrison, /. Blake) and along the shores of the Great Lakes to Minnesota. 
 May, June. 
 
 3. LECHEA, L. PixwEED. 
 
 Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-per- 
 sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod 
 globular, partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placenta; borne on imperfect 
 partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species, 
 the placentic curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- 
 ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, 
 in summer. (Named in honor oi John Lcche, a Swedish l)otanist.) 
 
 1. L. m^jor, Mieiix. //f(//;y; stem upright (i°- 2° high, stout), simple, 
 producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves fUl/itical, mucronatc- 
 pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded 
 in ])anicled clusters; pedicels shorter than the very smiiW </lol)Ose-triaii(/ular pod; 
 sejials uarroicer than its i:<dns. — Sterile grounds : common, especially southward. 
 
 2. L. thymif61ia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the de- 
 cumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely 
 branched, with the leaves linear or ohlanccohite ; those, of the shoots elliptiral, 
 whorled, crowded ; flowers saitlered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels as 
 long as the ijloliose jimls. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and southward. 
 — Scarcely a foot hiuh. tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than in No. 1. 
 
 3. L. Novae-Coesarfeae, C. F. Austin, ined. Intermediate in appear- 
 ance between No. 1 and tlie taller forms of No. 4 ; leaves of the former, but 
 
 6 
 
82 DROSERACE-E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 
 
 smaller (J' long) elliptical or linear-oblonrj, often opposite or whorled ; Jloioer^ in 
 varrntr itither close paiiirlcs ; pedicels lon<^er than the oval pods ; the two outer 
 or bnict-like sejxiU very diiider, mostii/ lom/er than the others. — Open dry grounds, 
 N. New Jersey and adjacent part of New York, C. F. Austin. 
 
 4. L. minor, Lam. Minutfli/ hairij ; stems slender, upri{,Mit or ditluse; 
 leafy shoots densely tufted at the biise ; leaves linear ; Jtuwers luoseiij laceimd on 
 the slender liranchlcts ; pedicels mostly longer than the oval pods. — Dry open 
 soil : common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slendL-r, running into num- 
 berless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods smaller 
 than in No. 2. 
 
 Order 15. DROSER.lCEiE. (Sundew Family.) 
 
 Bog-herhs, mostly ylandular-haired, with regular hypogynous Jloivers, pcn- 
 tamerous and wilherimj-persistent calyx., corolla, and stamens, ihe anthers 
 fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-cellcd j)od with twice as 
 many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentce. — Calyx imbricated. 
 Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute 
 embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e. 
 rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small iiimily, of no 
 known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews impart a 
 purple stain to paper.) Only one genus within our limits, viz. 
 
 1. DROSERA, L. Slndew. 
 
 Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they arc taken 
 for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatosc above on the inner face. Pod .*?- (rarely 5) 
 valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the wliolc 
 length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves clothed with reddish gland- 
 bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bear- 
 ing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- 
 developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) 
 is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous 
 fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from Spoatpos, dewy.) 
 
 1. D. rotundif6Iia, L. (Rouxd-leaved Scni>ew.) Leaves orhirul'ir, 
 abruptly narrowed into the spreaditnj hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the 
 coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat- 
 bogs, common, especially nortlnvard. July -Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. D. longifblia, L. lyeuves siunulute-ohtomi, tapering into the long rather 
 erect naked petiules ; seeds oHong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (D. 
 intermedia, Ilayne.) — Bogs; less common. June -Aug. — Plant raised on its 
 prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 
 
 3. D. linearis, Goldic. (Slexdeh Sundew.) Z>rt)es //Wa?-, obtuse, the 
 blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ; 
 seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. — Shore 
 of Lake Superior. July. 
 
iiYPiciucACK.*:. (sT. joiin's-wout family.) 83 
 
 4. D. fi.lif6rmis, Raf. (TiinKAn-LEAVEn St:Ni>E\v.) I^avrs rcrii lour/ 
 avdjilifurm, erect, with no distinction l)Ct\vccn blade and stalk ; seeds spindle- 
 shaped ; flowers ntinierous, purple rosceolor (V hroad). — Wet sand, near the 
 coast, riyniouth, Massachusetts to New Jersey, and southward. Aiifr. — 
 Scapes G'-12' high, and the singular leaves nearly as long, from a l)iill)-likc 
 base or eorni. 
 
 Dion.'ea MuscfpiTLA, Ellis, the Vexits's Fly-trap, — so noted for the ex- 
 traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch, — is a native 
 of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in 
 several respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 
 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 
 
 Order 10. IIYPERICACE^. (St. Johx's-wort Family.) 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, tcith opposite entire (lotted leaves and no stipules, regular 
 hjpogijnous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and 
 many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. 
 Pod 1-celled with 2 - 5 j}arietal placentie, and as many styles, or 3- 7-celled 
 by the union of the placenta: in the centre : dehiscence mostly septicidal. — 
 Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 
 5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds 
 numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. — 
 Plants with a resinous juice (acrid and balsamic), dotted with pellucid or 
 dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or 
 cymose. 
 
 1. Agcyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oV)lique, convolute, yellow. 
 
 2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5, obliquo, convolute, yellow. 
 
 3. Elodes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, purplish. Glands alternating with 
 
 the statnen-clusters. 
 
 1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter'.s-wort. 
 
 Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad ami leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. 
 Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; 
 the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4- 
 valvcd. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, 
 and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some 
 plant, from a, without, and (TKvpn^, roiKjliniss.) 
 
 1. A. Stans, Michx. (St. Petek's-woht.) Stem rather simple, 2-ed<;cd, 
 l°-2° hi;:h, stout; leaves oral or ohlontj, sntnurhiit rlni/iliiii, thickish ; petals 
 obovate ; styles 3 or 4. — Pine barrens. Long Island to Penn. and southward. 
 July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round-heart-shaped. 
 
 2. A. Crux-Andreoe, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much 
 branched and decumbent; liavis iiarroirli/ ohovatc-olilonfj, contrortpd at the Ixise, 
 thin; petals HumroUumj ; styles 2, very shun ; pod flat. — Pine barrens. New 
 Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July-Se]it. — Petals scarcely exceeding 
 the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over tlicm, in the form of a 
 St. Andrew's cross. 
 
84 nvpERiCACK-E. (sT. joiin's-wort family.) 
 
 2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-woht. 
 
 Sepals 5, sonicwliat equal. Petals 5, oblicjiic, convolute in the bud. Sta- 
 mens eonimonly united or clustered in 3 - .5 parcels : no interposed glands. Pod 
 1-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cy- 
 mose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) 
 § 1. Stamens irri/ iiumeruus, b-adeiphoiis : jiod b -1-celled, icilh the placental turned 
 fir hack into tin- nils : ])erennial : flowers very Uuye: styles united. 
 
 1. H. pyramid^tum, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.) Branches 
 2-4-anglcd; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals narrowly obovate, 
 not deciduous until after they wither ; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers : 
 rare. New England and Pcnn. to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant .3°- 
 5° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod |' long, conical. 
 
 § 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered: styles 3 (.Vo. 2 excepted), 
 
 more or less united info one and the sppals foliacLOus, exce/it in iVo. 9. 
 
 * Bns/iy s/tnihs, 1° - &° hii/h, leafy to the top: pod 3 - 5-ctlled. 
 
 2. H. Kalmi^num, L. (Kalm's St. Joiin's-wort.) Branches 4- 
 anglcd : branchlcts 2-edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate (l'-2' 
 long); flowers few in a cluster (1' wide); pods ovate, fxelled. — Wet rocks, 
 Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug. 
 
 3. H. proliflcum, L. (Shrubby St. Joiin's-wort.) Branchlets 2- 
 cdged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers 
 numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods oblonrj, 3-celk'd. — New Jersey 
 to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. — Varies greatly in size, &c. 
 
 Var. densiflbrum. Exceedingly branched above, 1° - C° high, the 
 branches skiuler and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (j'-|'in 
 diameter) and mure numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (li. dcnsiflorum, 
 & II. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey to glades of Kentucky, 
 and southward. 
 
 * * Perennial herbs or in No. 5 and 6 a little wood// at the base: pod one-celled 
 with 3 parietal placenta, or incompletely 3 - 4-ctlled. 
 
 4. H. adpressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly 
 woody creeping base ( 1° - 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ; 
 leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the 
 base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; jmds ovoid-ohlong, partly 3 -^celled. — 
 Moist jjlaces, Bhodc Island (Olnei/), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and .southwest- 
 ward. July - Aug. — Leaves 1 h' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long. 
 
 5. H. dolabrifdrme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, 
 woody below (()'-20' liigii), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading, 
 veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the 
 length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long); pods ovate-conical, jmintnl, 
 strictly \-ce!lid, the walls very thick and hard. (II. procnnd)ens, Michx.) — Dry 
 hills anil rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug. 
 
 6. H. nudifldrum, Michx. Stems branchcil, woody at the base, shar])ly 
 4-angled or almost winged above (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong or oval-lanctolate, 
 obtuse, obscurely veined, pale (2' -2^' long) ; cyme compound, many-flowered. 
 
k 
 
 HYPliKlCACK^t. (sT. JOIIN's-WORT I'AMILY.) 85 
 
 naked ; sfjKils oblong ; jyods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3<(-lled ; seeds slender cy- 
 liiiilrioil, iiiiiiutely jiitted. — Low j^iouiuls, IViiiisylvania, Vir^nnia, anil soiitli- 
 waiil. July. 
 
 7. H. SphserOC^rpon, Michx. 8U'in.s mustly hiiiiijle, lierbaccous, with 
 a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (l°-2° hiyh) ; 
 leaves olilonij-Uneur, greener above and narrower than in the preceding; the 
 naked eynie similar; sepals ovate ; pods depressedf/lobiilar or ovoid-conical, strictly 
 l-cellid; seeds oblong, rough-pitted. — Koeky banks of the Ohio and its tribu- 
 taries, S. W. Dliio to Illinois and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small. 
 
 8. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous ( 1° high), obscurely 
 4-angled ; leaves sjimidini/, (lliptind-o'jlonr/, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked, 
 rather fcw-tlowered ; sepals oblontj ; jiods ovoid, very obtuse, purj)le, I -celled. — 
 Wet places, New England and I'enn.sylvania to Lake Superior and northward. 
 July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long. 
 
 9. H. angulbsura, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharjjly 4- 
 angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves ascendiny, opaque, ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute (^'-\' long), closely sessile by a broad base; cyme com- 
 pound, naked, the scattered flowers raccmo.se on its ascending branches ; sepals 
 herbaceous, ei'ect, enclosing the ovoid 1 -celled pod ; styles 3, separate. — Wet i)iuc 
 barrens of New Jersey and southward. July -Sept. — I'etals cojipcr-yellow^, 
 4" -5" long, furnished with a tooth on one side. 
 
 § 3. Stamens very numerous, in 3 or 5 clusters : styles 3 separate and nsuafly diverg- 
 ing : pod 3-cellfd : calyx erect : petals and anthers with black dots. 
 
 10. H. i'ERFOK.\TtJi, L. (Common St. Joiin's-wort.) Stem much 
 branched and corymbcd, somewhat 2-edgcd (producing runners from the 
 base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep 
 yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals; flowers numerous, in 
 open Iciifv cymes. — Fields, &c. June - Sept. — Too well know^n as a pernicious 
 weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 11. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black 
 and pellucid dots : stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, the base 
 either obtuse or somewhat clasping; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow, 
 much longer than the oblong sepals, styles not longer than the pod. — Damp 
 places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than 
 in the last : ])Ctals 2" -3" long, marked wilh black lines as well as dots. — Too 
 near IL maculatum, TT'i'(/<., of the South, which has more elasi)ing leaves and 
 very long and slender styles. 
 
 12. H. grav^olens, Buckley. Like the last, but with larger leaves and 
 fewer much lanjir bright yellow flowers, lanceolate acute sepals, and long erect 
 styles ; common in the mountains of N. Carolina, doubtless also in S. Virginisu 
 §4. Stamens 5 -1-2, distinct or in 3 dusters: pod (brown purple) \-celled, with 3 
 
 strictly parietal plaei-ntai : styles short, distinct ; petals oblong or linear : sejials 
 narrow, erect : slender annuals, with 4 angular branches ; flowering all summer. 
 
 13. H. mtltilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6'- 10' high) ; 
 leaves ovate, or otiloiig, obtuse, parOy dasping, b-neived ; cymes leafy; }wds orat>- 
 conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl.) — Low grounds. 
 evervwhere. — Flowers 2" broad. 
 
86 ELATIXACE.E. ( WATliU-WOUT FAMILY.) 
 
 Var. gymninthum (II. frymnanthnm, Engelm. Sf Gray), is a form, or per- 
 haps spetie.'^, witli siriit stfin aiul luamhfs, or olten iinbraiichcd, more clasping 
 iieart-siuipLd stuin-lcaves, and a naked cvnic, tlie lloral leaves being reduced to 
 small awl-sliaped bracts; so that in aspect it apjjroaehcs the next. — Newcastle 
 Co., Delaware, Ctiulii/, and Illinois, A\ //«//, thence southward. 
 
 14. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (G'-1j' high), with the branches 
 erect ; kacts lunar, 3-utrctd at the base, obtuse ; cymes naked ; jxids rouival-ol^lontj, 
 usuailij much longer than the calyx. — Wot, sandy soil : common. June - Oct. — 
 Flowers deep yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded. 
 
 Var. mkjor is a large lorni, l°-2° higii, with lanceolate leaves 1^' long, 
 3" wide, the upper acute. — L. Superior, liobbins ; S. New York and southward. 
 
 15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate 
 bushy branches rigid, erect ( 10' - 18 high) ; leaves lineur-subuldte, nearly erect, 
 l-tmved (3" -9" long); Jlowers scatterfd along the upper part of the leafy 
 branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- 
 mondii, Gri-r. <)• Ilouk.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dr}' soil. 
 
 16. H. Sarothl'a, Michx. (Orasge-gkass. Pine-weed.) Stem and 
 bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, 
 oppressed ; Jluwers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; 
 pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, mucA longir than the calyx. (Sarothra gehtianoides, 
 L.) — Sandy fields : common. June -Oct. 
 
 3. ELODES, Adans. Marsh St. John's-wokt. 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in 
 the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as 
 many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles distinct. — 
 Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh- 
 colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name 
 eXwSr/y, f/roivinq In marshes, accidentally changed to Elodea by Jussieu, who 
 was followed by Pursh, &c.) 
 
 1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or cla.yiing by a broad base, 
 oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle, (llyiicrieum 
 Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug. 
 
 2. E. petiol^ta, Pursb. leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong: fila- 
 ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey south and westward. 
 
 Ordku 17. ELATINACE.E. (Watku-wort Family.) 
 
 Little marsh annuals, tcilh menthranaccous .tlijmles lelween the opposite 
 dotless leaves, minute axillary floirers like Chickweeds, /vw< the pod 2-5- 
 celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort. The principal genus is 
 
 1. ELATINE, L. Water-wort. 
 
 Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely 
 twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod 2 - 
 4-celled, several - manj-seeded, 2 - 4-valvcd ; the partitions left attached to tho 
 
CAUYOPIIYLLACE.E. (I'lXK FAMILY.; 87 
 
 nxis, or cvaiipscent. Seeds cylindrical, straif;litish or curved. (A Greek name 
 for sonic ()l)S(iirc IktI).) 
 
 1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1' liij^li), crci'i)in;;, rootiii;,' in the 
 mud, tufted ; leaves oiiovatc ; flowers sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig- 
 mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in eacli cell, rising- from the base. (re])lis Amer- 
 icana, Puik/i. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Marj;in of ponds, &e., N. Hampshire, 
 to Illinois, Virjiinia, and southwcstward. Tod very thin and delicate; the seeds 
 large in proportion, straightish. 
 
 OiiPKU 18. CARY^OPHYIiliACE^. (Pixk Family.) 
 
 Herbs, iL'ith opposite entire leaves, symmetrical i - ii-merous Jlowers, with 
 or u'ithout petals ; the du^tinct stamens no more than twice the number of the 
 sepals, either h II peg !j nous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 {or rarely united into 
 one) ; seeds attached to the base or the central column of the 1-celled {rarely 
 3 - 5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curccd around the outside 
 of mealy albumen, in Diiintiius nearly straight. — Bland herbs; the stems 
 usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves 
 often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigniatic along the 
 inside. Seeds ampliitropous or campylotropous. 
 
 Tribe I. SILEXE/E. Sepals united intu a tube or cup. Petals and stamens borne on 
 the stipe or stalk of tin; ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the cor- 
 responding filaments often adhere, inclu<Ied in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in the bud. 
 Seeds numerous. — Stipulei none. Flowers often large and showy. 
 
 • Calyx Willi scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached 
 by their face : endjryo nearly straight. 
 
 1. Diaulhus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. 
 
 • • Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kiilney-sbaped : embryo curved or coiled. 
 
 2. Sap oil aria. Calyx terete. Styles 2 
 
 3. Vuccni'la. Calyx 5-angletl ami in fruit 5-wuiged. Styles 2. 
 4 Silfiie. Calyx 5-toothi-d. Styles :J. 
 
 5. L> cliiiis. Calyx o toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 5, rarely 4. 
 Tribe II. ALSINEi^. S.-pals sei)arate to the base or marly so, imbricated in the hud. 
 Petals when present without claws, m.istly imhiicaled in the hud, and with the stamens in- 
 serted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the base 
 of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several - many-seeded. Stamens opposite 
 the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs. Stipules none. 
 
 • Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. 
 C. Aminria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Pod short, splitting into 3 or 6 valves. 
 
 7. Sti-lliirin. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3 Pod short, splitting to the base. 
 
 8. Ilolosteiiiii. Petiils denticulate or notched at the end. Styles usually 3. Pod open- 
 
 ing at the apex by tci-th. Seeds fi.xeil by their face. 
 
 9. CcMiMl iiiiu. Petals notched at the end or 2-clift. Styles 5 or 4 (as many as the petals). 
 
 Po«l usually elongated, opening at the ai)ex by 10 or 8 teeth. Seeds fixed edgewise. 
 
 • * Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many. 
 10. Sngiiia. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod 4- 5-valved. 
 
 Tribe III. ILLECEBUEiE. Sepals separate or more or less united below. Petalt 
 without long claws, or minute, or often none, inserted under the sessile ovary or on the 
 calyx. Pod 1-celled and splitting into valves, or a one-seeded utricle. — I^eaves with dry. 
 
88 OAUYOrHYLLACK.E. (I'lN'K FAMILY.) 
 
 scale-like etipnlcs (except in Sclerantlius), tlic uppermost sometimes alternate. Flowers 
 mostly small. 
 
 » I'od (capsule) many-sei'deil. Styhs 3-6. Petals usually conspicuous. 
 
 11. Spergiilnrin. Styles 3-5. Leaves opposite. 
 
 12. !!<|>ei'gula. Styles 5. Valves of the po J opposite the sepals. Leaves whorlcd. 
 
 • • Potl (utricle) l-seeiled. Styles 2, often united. Petals none or minute. 
 
 13. Aiiyt-Iiiii. Sumieus on the base of the 5 parted awnless caly.x. Style hai-dly any. 
 
 14. Paroiij«l»ln. Stamens on the base of the 6-parted calyx; the sepals bristle-pointed. 
 
 Stylo 1, two-cleft at the top. 
 
 15. Scleiiiiillkiis. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. 
 
 Styles 2. Stipules none. 
 Tribe IV. B10l.L.i;GlNE.E. Stamens alternalo wilh the sepals when of the same 
 number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary. Partitions of the pod 
 per.-istent on the valves. Leaves not truly opposite, otherwise as in Tribe IL 
 
 16. AIollu^o. Petals none. Stamens 3 -5. Stijjmas 3. Pod many-seeded. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS, L. Pimv. Cakxation. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothcd, subtended by 2 or more imbri- 
 cated bractiets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, 4-valved at tlie ape.x. 
 Seeds fluttish on the back: embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of 
 ■well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aior, nfjuiiiter, and 
 av6os, flower, i. c. Jove's own flower.) Two insignificant annual species are 
 rarely sjiontancous. 
 
 1. D. Armkria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract- 
 lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl -form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the 
 tube; leaves linear, hani/ ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crcnate. — 
 Fields, &c., Virginia to E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. D. pkolifer, L. (Proliferous Pi.nk.) Smooth, slender; flowers 
 clustered ; bractiets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx ; leaves few, narrow, linear, 
 erect; petals small, pink. — Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. 
 
 Calyx tubular, terete, nerveless, ."i-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1 -celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed 
 at the apex. — Flowers clustered. (Name from s(//;o, soap, the mucilaginous 
 juice forming a lather with water.) 
 
 1. S. officinXlis, L. (C0M.MON Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Clii.s- 
 ters corymbcd; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw; 
 leaves oval-laneeolatc. — Roadsides, &c. July - Sept. — A stout perennial, 
 with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. VACCARIA, Medik. Cow-Herb. 
 
 Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-anglcd, 5-toothed, enlarged and 
 wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in- 
 completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual, with pale red flowers in 
 corymbcd cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from vacca, a cow.) 
 
 1. V. vulo.\ris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens 
 and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
CARYOl'IIYI.LACL.i;. (^I'lNK lAMlLV.) 81) 
 
 4. SILENE, L. Catchflv. Campion. 
 
 Calyx 5-tootlKcl, 10- many-ncrvcd, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 
 3, rarely 4. Tod 1 -celled, sometimes S-eelled at least at the liase, ojieniny liy :i 
 or 6 teeth at tiie ape.x. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. IVtals mostly crowned 
 with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from ataXov, sdlira, from the 
 viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many sj)ecies. The Eni^dish name 
 Catclifly alludes to the same peculiarity.) 
 
 * Calyx blodderlij-iiifluted : perennial : flowers pan ided, white, in summer. 
 
 1. S. Stell^ta, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of A, ovate- 
 lanceolate, taj)er-i)uinted ; caly.x bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownlcss. 
 (Cueubalus stcllatus, Z.) — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and 
 southward. — Stem 3° high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Co- 
 rolla 5' l)road. 
 
 2. S. nivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lancrolate or ohlonrj, taper-pointed ; calyx 
 oblong- ; petals wedyeform, 2-clefl, minutely croivned. — Columbia, Pennsylvania, 
 to Ohio and Illinois: rare. — Stem 10-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, 
 larger than in the last. 
 
 3. S. ixflXta, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous; haves opposite, 
 ovate-lanceolate ; calyx (/lobular, much inflated, elegantly veined; petals 2-eleft, 
 nearly crownless. — Fields and roadsides, E. New England to Pcnn. — A foot 
 high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flowers 
 cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent xvith viscid hairs, especially the calyx : 
 petals crowned, rtd or rose-color. 
 
 4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (4'- 8' high) ; 
 root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ; 
 stem-leaves (2 or 3 ))airs) lanceolate ; floweis cltisterid, short-stalked ; calyx elub- 
 sha]ied ; petals wedge-form, sliijhlly notched and erodid. pinl:. — Gravelly places, 
 E. New England to PcnTi., Kentucky, and southward. Ajiril -June. 
 
 5. S. Virginica, E. (Fire Pink. Catciifi.y.) Stems slender (1°- 
 2° high); leaves thin, spatulate, or the tipper oblong-lanceolate; floirers fw and 
 loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals ol>- 
 long, 2-clef}, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York 
 (Dr. Sartwell) to Illinois and southward. June -Aug. 
 
 fi. S. r6gia, S'ims. (RoTAi. Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (3°-4° 
 high); leaves thirkish, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short -sU diced, in 
 clusters, forming a strict ])anic]e ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; jietals sjxitn- 
 late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and 
 southward. .luly. 
 
 7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (Rofnd leaved Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy; 
 stems weak, branched, deiumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed. 
 the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; pit- 
 nls 2-clefl and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ken- 
 tucky. June - Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. — The last three j»robably run 
 together. L & M— 24 
 
90 CARYOniYLLACK.K. (iMNK FAMILY.) 
 
 « • * Cali/x not inflated, except bi/ the enlarfjinff pod : amuials. 
 t- Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem (fhitinons : flowers pink. 
 
 8. S. Armkria, L. (Swki;t-Wii,liam Catcih-ly.) Glaucous ; /«(ws ocnte- 
 liinccolalc ; ilowors in Hat cymes, ojk'II in suiisliiiic ; cuti/x chihsluipid ; petals 
 notched, crowned witli awl-shaped scales. — Escaped IVoui yaidcus : rare. (Adv. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 9. S. antirrhina, L. (Si.kkpy C.) Stem slender (8'- 30' hi-h) ;/< am 
 lanceolate or linmr; ilowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obeordate, 
 crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil : co'himon in waste places. 
 June - Sept. 
 
 -<-■»- Viscid-pubescent: flowers tvhite or veorli/ so, openinrj at r,ir/hl, sweet-scented. 
 
 10. S, NOCTi'uNA, L. (Night C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulatc, the 
 upper linear ; flowers small, altei-nate in a \ sided spike ; petals 2-parted. — Intro- 
 duced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 11. S. noctifl6ra, L. (NiGiiT-FLOWiiRiNG C.) Viscid-hairi/, tall (1°- 
 8° high) ; lower leaves large and spatulatc; the upper lanceolate ; y?oirersye«', 
 peduncled ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped 
 teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 * * * * Dwarf t lifted, smooth, perennial : flowcrinrj s/ioots Ifloweied. 
 
 12. S. acaulis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a mo.ss (1'- 2' high), 
 leaves linear, crowded ; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ; 
 petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits 
 of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. (Eu.) 
 
 5. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lychnis. Cockle. 
 
 Styles 5, rarely 4 ; and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth : other- 
 wise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient 
 Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from Xvxvos, a liflit or lamp. ) 
 
 1. L. vespektIna, Sibth. (Evening L.) Biennial, usually dioecious, 
 viscid pubescent, in foliage, &c., like Silene noctiflora ; but .5 styles ; calyx much 
 shorter, the fertile enlarging and broadly ovoid in fruit, with lance-linear teeth ; 
 flowers white or pinkish, opening at evening. (L. dioica, L. in part.) — Cult. 
 or waste grounds : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. L. GituXgo, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Annual, clothed with long 
 soft appressed hairs ; flowers long-])eduncled ; calyx-lobes similar to the lorn/ and 
 linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling otf in 
 fruit. (Agrosteinma Githago, L., & cd. 2.) — A weed in wheat-fields, too 
 common, the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the 
 flour. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta- 
 mens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, 
 splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few -many- 
 
CARYOl'HYLLACK^. (PIXK lAMILY.) 91 
 
 seeded. —Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulatc leaves nnd small 
 white flowers. (Nauie from arena, sand, in which numy of the species grow.) 
 — The lollowiiij,' seetious are liy many botani.sts taken lor genera, as they were 
 in the former edition. 
 
 § 1. AUENAIIIA ])roper. Pwl spllltlng whol/i/ or part-waj down into .3 or at 
 kmjth into 6 vulccs: seeds nuini/, uukecl at the hiitini. 
 1. A. SKRi'YLLiFoi.iA, L. ( Til YMiM.iCAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely 
 branched, roughish (2'-G' hi-h) ; leaves ovate, acute, snnill ; cymis leafy; 
 sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3- "j-nerved, about as long as the ])etals and the 6- 
 toothed pod. — A low annual, in sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) 
 §2. ALSINE, (Touni.) Wahl. Pod splittimj to the hase into 3 entire valves: 
 
 seeds many, usiiallij rotujlt, noLtd at the hilum: Jluwers solilanj and terminal or 
 
 ci/mose: root in our species perennial. 
 
 # Leaves small, riijid, aid-shaped or bristle-shaped. 
 
 2. A. squarrdsa, Michx. (Pine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a 
 deep perpendicular root; kace.s clost-lj/ imbricated, but spreading, awl-stiajied, 
 short, channelltd; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flow- 
 ered ; s'pals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (Alsine, cd. 2.) — In pure 
 sand, S. New York, New Jersey, and .southward along the coast May- July. 
 
 3. A. Stricta, ilichx. Erect, or usually ditfnsely spreading from a small 
 root, smooth ; leaves slendei; bcticeen aivl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others 
 clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3- 
 libbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl.) — Rocks and dry 
 wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — The specific 
 name is a bad one, as there is nothing strict about the plant. 
 
 * * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals refuse or notched. 
 
 4. A. p^tula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems 
 filiform (G'-IO' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; seimls 
 lancmlate, acumimite, S-a-nerrrd. (Alsine, cd. 2.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River, 
 mountains of 'Western ^'irginia, and southward. 
 
 5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from 
 slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow- 
 ered; sepals o'llorifj, o''tM.'e, nerveless. (Stellaria Gra-nlandica, Relz. Alsine, ed. 
 2.) — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New 
 York, of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward; alpine or 
 sid)alpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. — 
 Leaves and peduncles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion. 
 
 A. GL\nRA, Michx., of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of 
 Virginia, and is jjcrhaps a large form of the above. 
 
 § 3. MCEIIRfXGL\, L. Parts of th'- flower sometimes in fours: pod as in § 1, 
 
 but the i/ouni/ ovari/ 3-celled : .leeds rather fetv, smooth and with a ihickisk ap- 
 
 pcndaije (sirophiole) at the hilum: perennials, ivith Jlaccid broadis/i leaves. 
 
 G. A. Iaterifl6ra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; 
 
 leaves oval or oblong obtuse (J' - 1' long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3 -4-) flowered, 
 
92 CAUTOPHTLLACE.E. (piNK FAMILY.) 
 
 soon bcconiijig lateral; sepals olflon-j:, obtuse. — Gravelly shores, &c., Rhode 
 Island to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 
 § 4. AMMADENIA, Gniclin. (Honke'nya, EMi.) Pod fleshy, sjilKtinrj into as 
 many calces as there are styles (3, mrely 4 or 5) ; the ovary more or less 3 - (5-) 
 celled: seeds few, smooth, short-btaktd at the naked hilum : disk under the ovary 
 more piominenl than usual, ylundnlar, lO-lohed ; floicers almost sessile in the axi/s 
 of fleshy leaves, sometimes dioecious or jwlyfjamous : root perennial. 
 7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forkin^^ from long rootstocks, 6'- 
 10' high) and uvato i)artly-clasping leaves (8"- 10" long) very fleshy, (llon- 
 kenya peploides, Khrh., cd 2.) — Sands of the sea-shore. New Jersey to Maine 
 and northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 7. STELLARIA, L. Ciiickwked. Starwoht. 
 
 Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 - 5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, 
 or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-cclled, 
 opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several -many-seeded. 
 Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) solitary or eymose, terminal, or appearing 
 lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from 
 Stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) 
 
 * Stems spreading, flaccid, marked lonfjitudiniilly icith one or two pubescent lines : 
 
 leaves ovate or oblong, i' - 2^' long. 
 
 1. S. sii:DiA, Smith. (Co.mmos Ciiickweed ) Annual or nearly so; 
 lower leaves on hairy petioles; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parttd ; stamens 3- 
 10. — Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. S. ptlbera, Miehx. (Great Ciuckweed.) Root perennial; leaves 
 all sessile ; jietah longer than the calyx, deeply 2-clcft ; stamens 10. — Shaded 
 rocks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. May. 
 
 * * Stems erect or spreading : tcholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow or 
 
 . small leaver : stamens usually 10, perigynous. 
 ' -t- Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, eepialling or surpassing the calyx. 
 
 3. S. longifdlia, Mnhl. (Long-leaved Stitciiwort.) Stem erect, 
 weak, often with rough angles (8'- 18' high); leaves linear, acntish at both ends, 
 spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slender 
 pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — 
 Grassy places : common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 4. S. Idngipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked S.) Shining or somewhat 
 glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels 
 strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wiscon- 
 sin : rare, common farther north. (Eu.) 
 
 5. S. Uligin6sa, MniT. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, 
 at length prolonged, leaving the naked and nsuaUy sessile cymes lateral ; Icavts 
 lojiceolute or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx; seeds rough- 
 ened. (S. aquatica, Pollich.) — Swamps and rills, Pennsylvania (Darlington, 
 &.C.), New Hampshire {Blake), and northward iu British America. (Eu.) 
 
CAROPIIYLL.VCK-E. (PIXK FAMILY.) 93 
 
 ■*-■*- LcnfjjhTarted, the Jloirifs terminal or in the forks nfthe stem or ofleafij hrnnrh- 
 es; bravts foUuaous : ]>eta!s 2-/)urtid, small or (ifu-n none : stijle.i3-4 : jiod lonr/er 
 titan the ralij.r. 
 
 C. S. crassifolia, Klniiart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; haves rnlhir 
 Jleshij, varyiu,;- I'rom lim'ar-liiiK.'eolatc to oMonji-; petals lowjir thun the califr, or 
 wanting'; seals niijos(-roii(/hcni<l. — (An ajietalous 4 - G-aiidnms statu is Sagina 
 fontiualis, Shoii <J- Peter.) Springy places, E. Kentucky (Short), Hingwood, 
 Illinois (Vaseif), and northward. April -June. (Eu.) 
 
 ". S. bore^is, Bigclow. (Noktiiern S.) Stems erect or spreading, 
 flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves 
 varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2 - ."j, shorter than the 
 culi/x, or ojlencr none ; sepals acute; styles usually 4 ; seeds smooth. — Shaded or 
 wet places, Rhode Island to Wisconsin and northward. June -Aug. — 
 Var. ALi'ESTKis (S. alpestris, Fri(s, S. Fenzlii, Rec/el) has the later flowers 
 more cymuse, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds ob- 
 scurely rcticidat.d t)r roughish. — Lake Superior, Dr. Itobbins. (Eu.) 
 
 8. S. humiftisa, llottbocll. Spreading or c»-ee/«nr/ ; stems or branches (2' 
 high) 1 - ;3-flowcred ; leaves Jl(shi/, ovate or oblong (2" -.3" long); petals a little 
 longer than the cali/.r ; seeds smooth. — Northern border of Maine on the St. 
 John's (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 8. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jagged Ciiicicweed. 
 
 Sepals .'5. Petals .5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens .3- 
 5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, many-seeded, opening at 
 the top by C teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner 
 fiice. • — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on 
 a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of oKos, all, and dartov, bone, by 
 antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.) 
 
 1. H. iMnELE.XxnM, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the stem 
 glandular-pubescent ; pedicels refloxed after flowering. — Hills around Lancaster, 
 Penn., Prof. Porter, and Morris Co., N. Jersey, C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 9. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4. I'ctais as many, 2-lol)cd or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens 
 twice as many, or (ewer. Styles tcjual in number to the sepals and opposite 
 them. Pod 1 -celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex 
 by twice as nniny teeth as there were styhs, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — 
 Flowers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Ktpas, a horn, alluding to the 
 shape of the pods in many species.) 
 
 § 1. Petals 2-chft or d>eordate: parts of thejlower in fves: pods {except in Xo. .'>) 
 longer than the calyx, and iisiiidli/ more or less curved. 
 
 1. C. vulo.\ti:m, L. (Mouse-ear Ciiickweed.) Annual, hairy and 
 rather clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or ol>ovat,- ; bracts herba- 
 ceous; flowers (small) in close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer 
 than the aciUe sejitds ; petals shorter than the caJi/x. — Grassy places, eastward and 
 southward : not common. May -July. (The names of this and the next were 
 
94 OAnYoriiYi.i,ACF.,F.. (pixk family.) 
 
 transposed by Linnteus, and by continental botanists ever since.) — Stamens 
 often .■). — The var. ? skmidkcandrum, wliich lias more Icnythtw d fruit-liearing 
 peclictis, is here hardly met witli. (Nat. from Kii.) 
 
 2. C. VISCOSUM, h. (L.u:(.;i;u INI.) 1\ ivimial ; stems clammy-hairy, 
 spreading (6' - l;")' loii^) ; /• aci-s ohlmij : upper bracts scarious-margined ; flowers 
 at first clustered, the fruiting />:(//c<7a longer, the earlier ones mostly much loixjcr 
 than t/ic oltnsf. atji'i/.i ; jictals cqmilling the calyx. — Fields and copses : common, 
 periiaps iiidiuenous to tlic country. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. C. nutans, Haf Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slen- 
 der, grooved, difl'usely branched (G'-20' high); cyme loose and open, many- 
 flowered; leaves oblumj-lanctolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly 
 elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved up- 
 wards, thrice the length of the calyx. — Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and 
 southward. May -July. — Var. uRACiiVroDU.M, Engelm., W. Illinois and 
 southwcstward, has pedicels shorter tluin the pods. 
 
 4. C. Oblongifblium, Torr. Perennial; stems ascending, villous (G'- 
 \2' \\\^h), niiiny-jlowtrtd ; Uuvcs oliloug-lanceolate and ovate; peduncles clammy- 
 hairy ; petals (2-lobed) and ripe puds about twice the length of the calyx. — Kocky 
 places, New York to N. Virginia and Illinois: rare. May -July. — Stouter 
 and larger flowered than the following species. 
 
 5. C. arvense, L. (Field Cuickwked.) Perennial; stems ascending 
 or erect, tufted, downy, slender (4'- 8' high), naked and /no -several-flowered at 
 the summit; I aves linear; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the 
 calyx ; pods scarcity longer than the calyx. Dry or rocky places, New England 
 to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. (Eu.) * 
 
 § 2. MCENCHI A, Ehrhart. Petals jntirc or merely retu.ie : the j>arls of the /lower 
 commonly in fours : pod orate, not longer than the calyx. 
 
 6. C. QiATEKXELLUM, Fcuzl. Smooth and glaucous annual ; stem simple, 
 erect (2' -4' high), 1-2-flowered; leaves lanceolate, acute ; |ietals not exceed- 
 ing the calyx ; stamens 4. (Sagina erecta, L. Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrh.) 
 
 — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 10. SAGINA, L. Peaulwort. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many 
 as tiie sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and al- 
 ternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-.5-valvcd to the base; valves opposite 
 the sepals. — Little, matted lierlis, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no 
 stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches ; in siunmer. 
 (Name from sagina, fsxttcning ; of dubious application.) 
 
 * Parts of the flower in fours, rarely tcith some few in fives. 
 
 1- S. prociimbens, E. Perennial, de/n-esxrd or spreading on the ground, 
 plalirous; leaves lincar-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often booked soon 
 after flowering; petals shorter than thf broadly ovate obtuse sr/nrls, sometimes none. 
 
 — Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Pennsylvania. (Eu.) 
 2. S. ap6tala, E. J7»nw/,e/-f>rf, with more slender leaves, narrower sepals, 
 
 and petals none or ol)solete. — Dry soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois: 
 scarce, seemingly native ? (Eu.) 
 
CAUYOPUYLLAClC^li. (I'lNK FAMILY.; 95 
 
 * * Parts of the flower infivcx, the stamens not rnn/i/ 10. 
 
 3. S. subul^ta, Wiininer. Perennial (or apparently annual), asccndin};; 
 the peduiuli's anil calyx with the margins of the upper lcave.s at flrst (/liui(liil<ir- 
 ptiU'.srciil ; leaves siiort, often hristly-tippcd, not faseieled in the a.xils; pedniieles 
 slender; jieta/s eqnalliiuj or shoiter than the cdyjc (S. Klliottii, Fetizl.), — or in 
 var. SMfrmi, a .slender form, seemingly annual, ajietalous, at least in the later 
 flowers. — Near I'iiiladelphia, in waste j;;round, and sandy fields, &c., Sonicrs' 
 I'uint, New Jersey, V. E Smith. — This form has the aspeet of No. 2. Seeds 
 niitiutily roufihened. (Perhaps nat. from Eu.) 
 
 4. S. nod6sa, Fenzl. I'erennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular ahove : 
 stems asceniling (3' -5' high; lower leaves thread-ibrm, the upper short and 
 awl-shapeil, with minute ones yo.sc/c/t'c/ ('« //iCfV a.r(7s so that the brandihts a/ijiear 
 kiiotti/ ; petals much lonifcr than the cali/r. (Spergula nodosa, L.) — Wet sandy 
 soil, along the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, also Lake Superior, and north- 
 ward. (Eu.) 
 
 11. SPERGULARIA, Pcrs. Saxd-Spurret. 
 
 Sepals .'). Petals 5, entire. SUuncns 2 - 10. Styles and valves of the many- 
 seeded jtod ."3, very rarely .5, w hen the valves alternate with the sepals ! Em- 
 bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea- 
 coast, with liliform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones 
 often clustered ill the axils : stipules scaly-membranaccous : flowering all sum- 
 mer. (Name altered from .S'/(f7Y/(//«.) — Genus also known under the name of 
 LnrfGOxuM, Fries. Our species, which perhaps run together, are here arranged 
 in view* of Kindberg's monograph, but with some reduction. They are all 
 annuals and subiicrennials. 
 
 1. S. rilbra, Presl., var. camp^Stris. Nearly glabrous, except the snm"- 
 mit of the prostrate slender stems, peduncles, and sepals, which are usually gland- 
 ular-pubescent; leaves filiform ; stipules triangulai--awl-shaped ; ;>orfs and pink- 
 red corolla small (2"), hardlj (quaUiiuj or exceeding the calyx; seeds rough with pro- 
 jfctlnq jioints, seini-obovate or giUious-iredge-shaped, ivingless. — Sandy or gravelly 
 dry soil. New England to Virginia along and near the coast, but rarely mari- 
 time. (Eu.) 
 
 2. S. sallna, Presl. Larger and more decidedly fleshy than the jircccding, 
 with ovate stiiiules, and peduncles rarely longer than the pod, which is longer 
 than the calg.r (.'S" long) ; jietals jiale ; seed^ ohovate-roundcd and roughened with 
 points, wingless or narrow-winged. — Brackish sands, &c., coast of New Eng- 
 land to Virginia and southward. (Eu.) 
 
 3. S. m6dia, Presl. Distinguished from the last mainly by the snm>lh 
 srtds, either winged or wingless; peduncles c(iualling or exceeding the pod, 
 which is 2" or 3" long, and a little exceeds the c<di/x. (Le])igonnm medium. Fries. 
 L. leiospermum, Kindlirrg.) — Salt marshes and .sands, with the last. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. macroc^rpa. (S. macrocarpa, Prexl. Lepigonum mariuum. Fries.) 
 Eoot more woody and |ierennial ; potl ^y - 5" \on>x, surpassing the valgx ; seeds 
 also larger, rounded, broadly winged, or a few wingless. — Sea-beaches, rare 
 northward. (Eu.) 
 
OG CAnYoniYi.L vcE.K. (pink family.) 
 
 12. SPERGULA, L. Spurret. 
 
 Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. 'Vlw 5 valves of the- pod opposite the sepals. 
 Embryo s])irally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergulari;u 
 (Name from sjicmjo, to scatter, from tlic seeds.) 
 
 I. S. ARVESSis, L. (Corn Sitrkcy.) Annual; leaves numerous in the 
 whorls, thread-shaped (1' -2' long) ; stii)ules minute; flowers white, in a stalked 
 panieled cyme; seeds rough. — Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 13. ANYCHIA, Miehx. Forked Ciiickweed. 
 
 Sepals .'), scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. 
 Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded, 
 larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked 
 annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all sum- 
 mer. (Same derivation as the next genus.) 
 
 1. A. dicll6tonia, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from 
 lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich soil 
 being very smooth, erect (fi'- 10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves 
 broader and thinner (.'3"- 10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea, 
 Niitt. and Queria Canadensis L.) : in sterile or parched soil it is pubescent, low 
 and spreading, sliort-jointcd, narrower-leaved, and the flowers nearly sessile and 
 more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC). Common throughout. 
 
 14. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort. 
 
 Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form, 
 or minute teeth, or none. Stamens .5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1- 
 seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and 
 silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whil/otr, and for a 
 plant thought to cure it.) 
 
 1. P. argyrdeoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreadinfj ; 
 leaves linr(ir ; Jloirns dtiisc/i/ clustered, surrounded by conspicuous larrfe silverif 
 bracts; caly.x hairy, sbort-awned ; petals mere teeth between the stamens. 
 1|. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare 
 summits above. Alleghany Mountains from Virginia southward. July. 
 
 2. P. dich6toma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (6'-12' high) oscenrf/n^f 
 from a rather woody base; leaves and bracts awl-slin jied ; cipnes open, mamj-times 
 forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in ])lace of petals, y. — Rocks, 
 Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and south westward. July -Sept. 
 
 15. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel. 
 
 Sepals .5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. 
 Petals none. Stamens 10 or .5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with 
 awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name 
 from <tk\j)P(')^, hard, and tivBos, flover, from the hardened calyx-tube.) 
 
 1. S. AxMTs, L. Miu'h branched, spreading (.3' -.5' high) ; flowers sessile 
 in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places. (Nat from Ya\.] 
 
rORTrLACACF.K. (pURSLANE FAMILY.) 97 
 
 16. MOLLUGO, L. Ixdiax-Chickwekd. 
 
 Sepals 5, wliitc inside. Petals none. Stamens hypojrynous, 5 and nlternato 
 with the sepals, or .3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stij^inas 3. 
 Pod 3-celkd, 3-valved, loenlieidal, the partitions breaking away from the many- 
 seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, nuieh branched ; the stii)ules obsolete. 
 (An o!il L;uin name for some soft plant.) 
 
 1. M. verticill^ta, h. (Caki'i;t-\vki;d.) Prostrate, forming patches; 
 leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, Avhere the 1-Howered peditcls 
 form a sort of sessile uml)cl ; stamens usually 3. — Saudy river-banks, and cul- 
 tivated grounds. June- Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) 
 
 Ordeu 19. PORTUIiACACE^E. (Purslane Family.) 
 
 Herbs, tfilh succulent leaves, and regular hut unsymmelrical Jlowera ; viz., 
 sepals usualli/ fewer than the petals : the siaviens opposite the petals when 
 of the same number, but of en indefinite: otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. 
 — Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 
 5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. 
 Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few oi- many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks 
 from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy 
 albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla open- 
 ing only in sunshine, mostly ej)hemeral, then shrivelling. 
 
 * ANOMALOrS PORTULACACE.E. Sepals 5, bearing the stamens. 
 
 1. Sesn'vliini. Pot;ils none. Stamens 5 - 60. Pcxl 3 -S-cUed, opening across by a lid. 
 
 • . TRl'E POIlTrLACACE.E. Sepals (2) fewer than the petals : pod I -celled. 
 
 2. Pnrtiilaca. Stamens 7 20, on the partly adherent calyx Pixl open in;: by a lid. 
 
 3. Taliitiim. Stamens more numerous than the petjils, hypopynous Pod manj'-seeded. 
 
 4. CInytoiiia. Stamens as many as the hypogyuous petals, and attached to their base. 
 
 Pod 3 - 6-seeiled 
 
 1 . S E S tr V I U M , L. Sea PunsL.\xE. 
 
 Calyx 5-p.nrtcd, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens ,5 - 
 CO, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 -5-ccllcd, many-seeded, 
 circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs, 
 with succulent stems, 0]ipositc leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An 
 Mncx]ilaincd name.) 
 
 1- S. Portulac^strum, L. Root perennial; leaves lanceolate-oblong, 
 flatfish; flowers sessile or short-pedunclcd ; stamens many. — Coast of New 
 Jersey and .southward. July - Sept. 
 
 2. PORTULACA, Tourn. PrnsLAXE. 
 
 Calj-x 2 cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals .'5, rarely 6, 
 inserted on the calyx with the 7 -20 stamens, fugacious. Stvle mostlv3-8- 
 partcd. Pod 1 -celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper 
 part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals, 
 with mostly scattered leaves. (.-Vn old Latin name, of unknown mc;ining.) 
 GM— 5 
 
08 MALVACIi^. (mallow FAMILY.) 
 
 1. P. OLERACEA, L. (CoMMON PuRSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth; 
 leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn- 
 ings) ; sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-G- 
 partcd ; flower-biul flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds : eommon. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 P. RETUSA, Engelm., closely resembling the common Purslane, is indigenous 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
 P. grasdifl6ra, with terete leaves and showy flowers, cult, for ornament, 
 begins to be spontaneous around gardens. 
 
 3. TALiNUM, Adans. Talinum. 
 
 Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 
 30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, 
 with many seeds on a globular staMced placenta. (Derivation obscure.) 
 
 1. T. teretif61ium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base; 
 leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3'-G') and naked, bearing an open 
 cyme of ])ink flowers (3' broad); stamens 15-20. U — Serpentine rocks, 
 Westchester, Pcnn., Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. 
 June - Aug. 
 
 4. CLAYTONIA, L. Sprixg-Beaittt. 
 
 Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens .5, adhering to the short claws of 
 the petals. Style 3-eleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. — 
 Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a 
 small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty 
 flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day ! 
 (Named in honor of Dr. John C/ai/ton, one of our earliest botanists, who con- 
 tributed to Oronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.) 
 
 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long).— 
 Moist open woods : common, especially westward and southward. 
 
 2. C. Caroliniina, Micbx. Leaves .spatulate-oblong or oval-lanccolatc 
 (l'-2' long). — W. New Hampshire, to Wisconsin, and southward along the 
 Alleghanies. 
 
 OuDER 20. MALVACEAE. (Mallow Family.) 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with altcrriale stipulate leaves and regular /lowers, the 
 calyx valcate and the corolla convolute in the hud, numerous stameiis mona- 
 delphous in a column, which w united at the base icith the short claws of the 
 petals, l-celled anthers, and lidney-shapcd seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the 
 base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of brartlets, forminji a 
 sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along 
 the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a 
 several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo curved, the leafy 
 cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with 
 tough bark, and palmately-vcined leaves. Flowerstalks with a joint, 
 axillary. 
 
BIALVACKyK. (mALLOW FAMILY.) 9'J 
 
 Tribe I. MA1.VE.*:. Columns of stamens anther bearing at the top. Ovaries and 
 
 piuls (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely unitea in a ring around a. central axis, from which 
 
 they separate after ripening. 
 • Stigmas occupying the innt r face of the styles : carpels 1-see.leJ, falling away separately. 
 1. Alllin;a. Involucel of to U bractleU. 
 2 Miilva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcorilate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 
 
 3. Cullitrhoc. Involucel of 3 I)ractlet3 or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 
 
 4. NniiDca. Involucel none. Flowers diujcious. Stamens few. 
 
 * » Stigmas terminal, capiUte : carpels I,- few-seeded, usually dehiscent. 
 5 ninlvastriiin. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seeds solitary in the cells, ascending. 
 C. Sitlii. Involucel none. Seed solitary in tlie cells, pendulous. 
 7. Abuliloii. Involucel none. Seeds 3 or more in each cell. 
 8 Modiola. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Seeds 2 in each cell, and with a transverse partitioa 
 
 between tlieni. 
 Tribe II. HIBISCE.15. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of 
 its length, naked and S-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly Scelled, loculicidal, leaving 
 scarcely any a.xis in the centre after opening. 
 9. Kosteletzkyn. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 
 10. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. ALTHiEA, L. Mausii-M.xllow. 
 
 Calyx surromuk'd by a C-9-clet't involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Name 
 from (iXdio, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 
 
 1. A. offk'in.\lis, L. (Common M.\ksh-Mallo\v.) Stem erect; leaves 
 ovate or sliohtly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes .3-lol)ed, velvety-downy : pe- 
 duncles axillary, many flowered. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and 
 New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Perennial root thick, 
 abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. MALVA, L. Mallow. 
 
 Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- 
 cordatc. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, 
 separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indchiscent round kidney- 
 shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An 
 old I.atin name, from fiaXa^^rj, sof}, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 
 
 1. M. HOTt:Ni)ii-t)i.iA, L. (CoM.MOX Mallow.) Slemx pwnim'ieiif from a. 
 di'cp biennial root ; Unrcs round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, erenatc, 
 o!iscunli/-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pid)esceiit, 
 even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. M. svLVESTnis, L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branchefl (2°-S° 
 high) ; leaves sharply 5-7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, 
 purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 .'5. M. CKfSPA. (Curled M.) A tall, erect annual, with roimd and angled 
 toothed and cn's/ied leares, anil small sessile flowers crowded in the axils, — spar- 
 iii-ly escaped from old gardens. (.\dv. from Eu.) 
 
 4. M. .moscii\ta, L. (Mlsk M.) A low perennial; with t.\\c stem-leaves ^^^ 
 /I'lrled, and tlie divisions once or twice jxirted or clefl into linear lobes, faintly 
 musky-scented, tha Jlowcrs rose<olor or white (1^' in diameter) on short pc- 
 
100 MALVACEAE. (mALLOW FAMILT). 
 
 dunclcs crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy : lias escaped from 
 gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. M. AiAiiA, L., with the sUm-ltcices only once bpurtecl or di/l, tlie iohes 
 incised, hirgc llowers like No. 4, but the truit smooth, and bractlets of tiie 
 involuccl ovate : has escaped irom gardens iu Chester Co., Penn. (Adv. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 3. CAIiLIRRHOiJ, Xutt. C.\LLiRi!iioii;. 
 
 Calyx cither naked or with a S-leavcd involuccl at its base. Petals wedge- 
 shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 
 10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1- 
 seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Kadiclc 
 pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 
 
 1. C. triangulkta, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° 
 high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halbcrd-shapcd, or the lowest 
 ratlier heart-shaped, coar.sely crenatc ; the upper incised or3-5-cleft; flowers 
 panieled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; tnvolucel as long as the culijx; carpels short- 
 pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. ^ 
 Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 
 
 2. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pube.scent ; stems slender (1° high) 
 from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 
 5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers 
 corymbose, on slender peduncles (rose-color or white); involucel none ; carpels 
 obtusely beaked, crested and strongly itrinkled on the back. (Sida alca;oides. 
 Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 4. NAPJEA, Clayt. Glade Mallow. 
 
 Calyx naked at the base, .5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dicecious ; the 
 staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a 
 short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic 
 along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many 
 kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are 
 styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and ronghish perennial herb, 
 with very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and 
 toothed, and small white flowers in panieled clustered corymbs. (Named by 
 Clayton from vanr), a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of 
 the groves.) 
 
 1. N. di6ica, L. (Sida dioica, Car.) — Limestone valleys, Pcnn. an.l 
 Bouthward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. 
 
 5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. False Malloav. 
 
 Calyx with an involuccl of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the 
 end or entire. Styles 5 or more : stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or 
 else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle 
 pointing downwards, as in the former. — Flowers perfect. (Name altered from 
 Malva.) 
 
MALVACK.E. (mAI.LOW FAMILY.) 101 
 
 1. M. angUStum, Gray. Slijihtly hairy; stem erect (6' -9' high) from 
 an anniiiil mot ; loaves iaiiff-oljlony or linear, with scattered fine callons teeth; 
 flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangu- 
 hir sepals ; bruetlets and stipules setaceous; petals yellow, scarcely exceediii"- 
 the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, with smooth sides, at length 2-valvcd. — 
 Kock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois, Ewjelmun)}, Parn/. Aug. 
 
 2. M. eoccineum, (Jray (Sida coccinea, Pursh), a low and hoary 
 ])en-iniiai, with 5 -parted or pedate leaves, and short spikes or racemes of 
 showy pink-red flowirs, the jjctals very much lon,L;cr than the calyx ; tiic car- 
 jjcls 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and iiukhisccnt : abounds on the 
 plains from Iowa and iMinncsota westward. 
 
 6. SIDA, L. Sida. 
 
 Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or 
 more, tipped with capitate stigmas: the ripe fruit separating into as many 1- 
 seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily 
 separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; tlic radicle 
 pointing upwards. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 
 
 1. S. Napaea, Cav. Asmooth, tall (4° -10° high) perennial; hares 5<lf/t, 
 the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; Jloarrs {tclu'le) umhcllate-corijmhal, large; 
 carpels 10, jiointed. (Napica laivis & herniaphrodita, L.) — Rocky river-banks, 
 Penn., York Co., &c., PorUr. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rtv. J. M. IJroicn. 
 (Cultivated in old gardens.) 
 
 •2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (l°-4° hi|^h) ; 
 leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ;^ow- 
 ers {ijellow) rather large; carpi Is 9-10, sllfjhili/ and abruptly y.ointtd, iorming a 
 depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, S. Virginia and southward. May -Aug. 
 
 3. S. spin6sa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'- 
 20' high), much branched; leaves omle-lannolatc or ohloncj, serrate, rather long- 
 petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; Jioivtrs {yelloir) 
 small; carpels H, combined into an ovate fruit, cack splitlimi at the top into 2 
 licaks. -:- A little tu])erele at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives 
 the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places: common 
 southward. (Nat. frimi Trop. Anier. or Afr.) 
 
 7. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indiax Mallow. 
 
 Carpels 2-9-scc(k'il, at length 2-valvpd. Padicle ascending or pointing in- 
 wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 
 
 1. A. AvicENX.E, Gajrtn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves 
 roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf- 
 stalks ; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped 
 from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 
 
 8. MODIOLA, Mocnch MonioL.\. 
 
 Calyx with a 3-lcaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas 
 capitate. Carpels 1-1-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the 
 
102 MALVACi:^. (mai.low family.) 
 
 top; the cavity tlivided into two by a cross partition, witli a single seed in each 
 cell. — Ilmnble, proeiunliLMit or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves 
 and small puqili.-li flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad 
 and depresseil iVuit resembling in shape the Koman measure of tliat name.) 
 
 1. M. multiflda, Maneh. Hairy; leaves 3 -S-cleft and incised ; stamens 
 15 -2U; t'luit hispid at the tup. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 
 
 9. KOSTELETZKYA, Trcsl. Kosteletzkva. 
 
 Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. 
 (Named alter T. /•"'. Koslvletzkij, a Bohemian botanist.) 
 
 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Koughish-hairy j)crcnnial (2°-4°high) ; leaves 
 halberd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. (Hibiscus Virgiiiicus, L.) 
 — Marshes on the coast. New York to Virginia and southward. ^\ug. — Co- 
 rolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 
 
 10. HIBISCUS, L. Eose-Mai.low. 
 
 Calyx involuc-cllatc at the base by a row of numerous bn.ctlets, 5clcft. Col- 
 umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united : 
 Btigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many iii 
 each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old 
 Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 
 
 * Iiidifjcnoits, tall percnniuls (4° - %°) flowering late in summer. 
 
 1. H. Mosehetltos, L. (Swamp Kosk-Mallow.) Leaves ovtitf, lointvd, 
 toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous 
 or shghtly downy beneath ; the l-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the 
 base with the petioles; calyx not inflated; jiod and seeds smooth or nearly so. — 
 Brackish marshes along the coast, sometimes extending up rivers far beyond 
 \hc influence of salt water (as above Harrisburg, Pcnn.) : also Or.ondaga Lake, 
 N. Y., and westward, usually within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla 
 V -6' in diameter, light ro.sc-eolor or white, with or without a crimson eye. 
 
 2. H. grandifl6rUS, Jliehx. L( airs soft-douni/ loth sides, the hu-e'rhi-oad]y 
 ovate and lieart-shnped ; pod vi rij hirsute ; seeds smooth ; — otherwise resembling 
 the last. — Illinois (Lawrence Co., Friicheij) and southward. 
 
 3. H. milit^ris, Cav. (Halbeud-Leavkd 1{.) Sii.ooth throm/hovt ; \owvr 
 leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobcd ; vpper haves halberel-funn, the short 
 lateral loi)es spreading at the base, the middle one jjiolongcd and tajjcr-pointed ; 
 peduncles slender ;/n(<</?i7 cnlyc inflated; s^ed^ hainj. — Kivcr-banks, Penn. to 
 Illinois and southward. — Corolla 4' - 5' in diameter, flesh-color. 
 
 * « Escaped from rjardens or (/rounels. 
 
 4. H. TiuuxLM, L. (Bladder Kktmia.) A low, rather /w/V7/oh»!w/; up- 
 l)er leaves 3-parted, Avith lanceolate divisions, the middle one much ihe longest; 
 fruiting calijx iiflated, niemlnanaceous, r^-winijul ; corolla sulphur-yellow with a 
 blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Fhwer-of-an-liour. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. H. SyrLvcus, L. (Siiruimjy Altii.ea of the gardeners.) Tall shrub, 
 smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobcd ; corolla usually rose- 
 color. — Roadsides and copses, Pennsylvania, &c. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
CAMKI.I.IACi:^. (CAMKI.LI.V FASIII.Y.) l'^3 
 
 Order 21. TICIACE.13. (Linokn Family.) 
 
 Treea {rarely herbs), wkh the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark; 
 valvate calyx, S;c., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals 
 imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 
 2-celled: — represented in Northern regions only by the genus, 
 
 1. TILIA, L. LiNDKN. Basswood. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher- 
 ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the hasc of a 
 spatulate petal-like body plaied opposite each of the real petals. I'istil with a 
 5-eelled ovary and 2 half-ana Iro pons ovules in each, a single style, and a 5- 
 toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 - 
 2-secded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- 
 shaped and lobed cotyledons, which arc a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft 
 and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and often 
 truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on 
 an a.xillarv peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers crcam-coior, 
 honey -bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name of the genus.) 
 
 1. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.) Leaves green and glabrous or 
 nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods, May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely 
 called Lime-tree, oficiicr ]VIiile-wo(Kl, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso- 
 lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. 
 
 Var. pub6scens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. 
 pnbesccns, ,1//.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward. 
 
 2. T. heterophylla, Vent. (White Basswood.) Leaves larger, 
 smooth and bri<;ht green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath. 
 (T. alba, Micltx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southwanl. 
 
 T. EuROpiA, the ErnopKAN Linden, which is planted in and near our 
 cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by 
 the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) 
 gave the family name to- Linmeus. 
 
 Order 22. CAITIELI.IACE.I:.* (Camellia Famfly.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, 
 the regular flowers hyjiogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petah both 
 imbricated in ceslivalion, the stamens more or less united at the base tcilh each 
 other (jnonadelphnus or 3-5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — 
 Anthers 2-eclled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 - 5-celled loeulieidal pod. 
 Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- 
 dons. — A family with showy (lowei-s, the types of which are the well- 
 known Camellia and the more important 'J'ea Plant, — represented 
 in this country by the two following genera. 
 
 • N)une or same (late a»TEUNSXK(EMIAC£iE, and preferable. 
 
1(^1 LINACK^. (l-I.AX FAMILY.) 
 
 1. STUARTIA, Cntcshy. SxrAKTTA. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or laiKeolate. I'etals ."), rari-ly G, obovate, cronulntc. 
 Stamens nioiiadelphous below. I'oU S-ccllcd. Seeds 1 or 2 in caeh cell, crus- 
 taceous, anatropoiis, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albu- 
 men : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with nieml)ranaceoiis dccid- 
 xious oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-pedun- 
 cled lluwers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Lord Bute.) 
 
 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (I'long); sepals ovate; .style 1; 
 stigma 5-tootlied ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. Malachode'n- 
 dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. 
 
 S. i'ENTi.GY\.\, L'ller., with cream-colored (lowers, .5 styles, and an angled 
 and pointed jwd, may be found in tiie Allegluinics of Southern Virginia. 
 
 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. LonLOi,LY Bay. 
 
 Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals .t, obovate. Stamens 5-a(lclphous, one 
 cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the 
 valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-sceded. Seeds pendulous. 
 Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- 
 dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary 
 peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master. Dr. James Gordon of 
 Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 
 
 1. G. Lasianthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per- 
 sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and 
 shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast. Virginia 
 and southward. May -July. — Petals U' long. 
 
 Ordfr 2.3. lilNACEiE. (Flax Family.) 
 
 Herhx {rarely shruhs) icith the regular and symmetrical hyporjyrtous ^flow- 
 ers 4-6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 
 the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, haring 
 twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus, 
 
 1. LINUM, L. Flax. 
 
 Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each 
 other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it sjilits in dehiscence) and 5-cclled, 
 with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com- 
 pletely divided into two by a false partition which jjrojects from the back of the 
 carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, 
 containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough 
 fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often ojipositc), with- 
 out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- 
 cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 
 * I ndlqemns species, fjlabrotis, l°-3° high, with yellow Jloirt-rs, in .itmimer. 
 
 1. L. Virgini^num, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym- 
 bose sprearling or recurving branches terete and even ; leaves oblong or lanceolate. 
 
GERANIACKTIi. (OKRANIUM FAMII.Y.) lO") 
 
 or the lower spatulate and often opposite ; flowers scattered, small (barely 3" 
 long) ; sepals ovate, jiointed, sniootli-ed^red or nearly so, equalling the dejjresseU 
 10-celled pod; styles distim-t. — Dry woods: connnon. — Hoot apparently an- 
 nual; but the ])laiit i)ropaj;:ite(l iiy suckers from the base of the stem. 
 
 2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creep- 
 ing or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short 
 branc/iis striate icith about 4 sharp icintj-Ulce aiitjles decurrent from the leaves; 
 these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower 
 ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small 
 brownish pod : otherwise nearly as in No. 1. (L. oppositifolium, Enydui.) — Wet 
 or boggy groimds. New England to Virginia and southward. — Generally con- 
 founded with L. Virgiuianum (Hgured for it in lieichenb. Ic. Exot.), but well 
 distinguished by Walter, except that the stem-leaves are commonly opposite up 
 to the first branch : here described from the indications given by C. F. Aimlin. 
 
 3. L. sulcatum, Riddell, 1836. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, 
 and with the upright or ascending branches striate-anglcd or grooved; leaves 
 linear, acute, or the upper subulate, rather rigid ; a pair of dark (jbinds in place 
 of stipules : sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharj)-j)ointed, strongly 3-nerved and 
 (like the bracts) with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the 
 ovoid-globose incompletely 10-cclled pod ; sti/les united almost to the middle. 
 (L. Boottii, Plunchon, 1848.) — Dry soils, Rhode Island to Illinois and south- 
 westward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. (L. itfoiDUM, 
 Pursli., of the Western plains, probably in Minnesota, is dwarf, glaucous, and 
 has the styles united almost to the top.) 
 
 * * Escapinq from cultivation, hlue-Jlowered, annual. 
 
 4. L. usiTATfssiMUM, L. {COMMON Plax), IS Occasionally spontaneous in 
 fields. 
 
 Okdkh 24. GEKAIVIACE.E. (Gkraxium Family.) 
 
 Plants {chief ij herbs) with perfect and f/eneralli/ si/mmetrical h>/pnfji/nous 
 flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile fdaments, as many or commonly twice 
 af many, and the lobes or cells (1 -few-oculed) of the ovary as many, as 
 the sepals, an axis of the dry fruit persistinr/. — Seeds withont albumen, 
 except in Oxalis. The flower of Impatiens is partly, and that of Tropa;- 
 olum still more unsynnnetrical. Herbage often strong-scented, but never 
 punctate with pellucid dots. — As a whole the order, here recombined 
 as it was founded by Jussieu, is hard to define. Of late it has generally 
 been broken into several small orders : the principal ones here stand as 
 suborders, with only one or two genera to each. — Thop.koi.um, the 
 Gardkx NA.STURTitTM, Occupies a position between the fii-st and the 
 second suborder. 
 
 SuiJORnr.K I. OCKANIEiE. (Gi-ranh-m Family proper.) 
 
 Flowers 5-merous and symmetrical; the persistent sepals imbricated 
 and the petals usually convolute in the bud : 5 glands of the receptacle 
 
106 GERANIACE^. (GEUAMU.M FAMILY.) 
 
 alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 
 di'oj)ly 5-lobed, the .5 two-ovulcd carpels and the lower part of the long 
 stylfs adnate to a long and beak-like prolongation of the receptacle, 
 from which, when ripe and dry, the small and membranaceous pods are 
 torn oil", and carried away by the styles, — which, as they separate from 
 the beak liom the base upwards, are elastieally recurved or revolute, the 
 solitary seed iidling out. Embryo filling the seed (no albumen) ; cotyle- 
 dons folded togctiler and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong- 
 scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular 
 flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and 
 astringent roots. 
 
 1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 6. The recurving bases of the styles or 
 
 tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside 
 
 2. Ero<liuin. St;imens wiUi anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, 
 
 often spirally twisted. 
 
 SuBORDEU II. LIMNANTIIE^. (Limnantiies Family.) 
 
 Flowers 3-merous or 5-merous, completely symmetrical and regular; the 
 persistent sepals ovate in the bud : glands of the receptacle alternate with 
 the petals. Stamens distinct. No beak or prolongation of the receptacle 
 beyond the ovary, which consists of 3 or 5 almost di>-tinct, at length fleshy 
 and separating, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, united by a common st}le. 
 Seeds without albumen : cotyledons very thick and fleshy, the short radicle 
 included by their heart-shaped bases. — Tender low annuals, with pinnate 
 alternate leaves and no stipules. — Consists of the pretty-flowered Califor- 
 nian Limnaxthes, and of 
 
 3. Floerken. Sepals, minute petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 
 
 SuBORDEit III. BAL,§AI?IIi>fEiE. (Balsam Family.) 
 
 Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, .5-merous as to the stamens and pistil; 
 the sepals and petals irregular, usually unsymmetrical and of fewer pieces, 
 imbricated in the bud, all petaloid and deciduous, the larger piece with an 
 ani])le sac or spur: no glands : filaments distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5- 
 celled pod or berry : no albumen : the straight embryo witli thick cotyle- 
 dons and a short radicle. — Tender herbs, the succulent stems gorged 
 with a bland watery juice ; the leaves simj^le, mostly alternate, without 
 stipules. 
 
 4. Impatiens. Inner or lateral petals unequally 2-ljb-;d. Pod bursting elastieally into 5 
 
 valves, several -scL-ded. 
 
 SciJOUDEii IV. OXALIDE.E. (Souuel Family.) 
 
 Flowers 5-merous, regular and synnnetrical, decandrous ; the jicrsistent 
 sepals imbricated and the petals convolute in the bud : no glands alter- 
 nate with the latter. Stamens ollen monadelphous at the base. Fruit a 
 
GEKANIACK^.. (gkKANIU.M FAMILY.) 107 
 
 6-celle(l loculicidal pod or a berry. Seeds 2 or fi;w in each cell, with a 
 straight embryo in a little (lesliy albumen. — Leaves rompound : juice 
 sour. 
 
 6. Oialis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong ■. the valves not falling' away. LeaOcts usually 
 obcurelate. 
 
 1. GERANIUM, L. Cn.vNKsiui.i.. 
 
 Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in No. 2), all witli perfect anthers, the 5 
 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth 
 inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles 
 1 -3-flowcred. (An old Greek name, from ytpavos, a cniiie; the long IVuit- 
 bearing beak thought to i-cscmblo tlie bill of that lurd.) 
 *• Ruiilstork jieirnnial. 
 1. G. macul^tum, L. (Wild Ckanesbill.) Stem erect, hairy; 
 leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobcd and cut at the end ; 
 sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (^' 
 long). — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched 
 with whitish as they grow old. 
 
 * * Root biennial or annual : Jlowers small. 
 
 2. G. Caroliniknum, L. (Cauolin.v C.) Stems at first erect, dif- 
 fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft 
 and cut into numerous oblongdincar lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; 
 sfjHiIs awn-poinfedy as long as the emarginatc (pale rose-color) petals ; caqjcls 
 hairy ; se((h ovoiil-oblon(j, very minuUlij nticulaled. — Barren soil and waste 
 places : common. May -Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are 
 liardly distinguishable from 
 
 .3. G. inssECTUJi, L. (Cut-leaved C.) More slender and spreading, 
 with narrower lobes to the leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the 
 end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, Jindj and stronrjli/ reticulated. — "Waste grounds, 
 scarce. (Nat. from Eil) 
 
 4. G. conMBixuM, L. (Lon'g-.stalked C.) Minutely hairy, with 
 very slender decumbent stems; leaves .5-7-parted and cut into narrow linear 
 lobes ; prdunclc.t ami prdiccls Jiiiform and clonrjaled ; sepals awned, about equal- 
 ling the ])urple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels f/labrous ; seeds nearly 
 as in No. 3. — Along the Susquehanna, Lancaster Co., &c., Prof. Porter. 
 Alexandria, Virginia, A. II. Curtiss. June, July. (Xat. from Eu.) 
 
 5. G. i-usfLLUM, L. (Small-flowered C.) Stems procumbent, slender, 
 minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded lidn<ij-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions 
 wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish) 
 petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste jilaccs, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania : rare. (NaL 
 from Eil) 
 
 6. G. Roberti^num, L. (IIekd RonERT.) Sparsely hairy, diHusc ; 
 Strong-sccntcd, harts ">-divided or jitdatdij b-divided, the divisions twice pinna- 
 tijid: sepals awncd, shorter than the (rcil-purplc) jietals ; jxhIs trrinUcd ; seeds 
 smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines: common northward. June -Oct. 
 (Eu.) 
 
108 GERANIACE.'E. (OER.WIUM FAMILT.) 
 
 2. ERODIUM, Lllor. Storksbii.l. 
 
 The 5 shorter stamens st(M-ile or wanting. Styles in fruit twistinp: spirally, 
 bearded inside. Otiierwise as Geranium. (Name from tpcobu'is, a heron.) 
 
 1. E. cicut.Vrium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, sprcadinj; ; leaves 
 pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 -2-pinnatilid ; peduncles several-flowered. — New 
 York, Pennsylvania, &e. : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. FLCERKEA, Wiild. False INIicrmaid. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the ealyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, 
 0])]JO.>itc ihe sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre: 
 stiirnias 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous, 
 erect, filled by the large embr^-o with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A 
 small and inconspicuous annual, with tninute solitary flowers on axillary pe- 
 duncles. (Named after Flwrkp, a German botanist.) 
 
 1. F. proserpinaeoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New 
 England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo- 
 late, sometimes 2-3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. 
 
 4. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed. 
 
 Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals ap- 
 parently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably con- 
 sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower 
 hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided 
 and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens .5, short : filaments 
 appendagcd with a scale on the inner side, the .'5 scales connivent and united 
 over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-cellcd : stigma 
 sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several 
 anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and i)rojecting the 
 seeds in bursting. Embryo straight : albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter- 
 nate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled. 
 Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, as 
 described above, which seldom ripen seeds; — and very small ones, which are 
 fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, nor grow to 
 their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upwards on 
 its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence 
 also the popular appellation, Tonch-mc-not, or Snap-weed.) 
 
 1. I. p'illida, Xutf. (Pale Toi-ch-me-not.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar- 
 ingli) dotted with browni'-h-rcd ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, 
 tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich 
 soil; most common northward. July- Sept. — Larger and greener than the 
 next, with larger flowers : a spotless variety in N. Vermont and New Hamp- 
 shire, Miss Lumb'ird. 
 
 2. I. flilva, Nutt. (Spotted Touoii-me-kot.) F/owrrs oranfje-color,thirkli/ 
 spotted with reddish-hrown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into 
 a strongly iriflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places : common, ciepecially 
 
RUTACEyE. (KUE FAMILY.) 109 
 
 Bouthward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° lii<rh : the flowers loosely panicled. 
 at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks,, 
 the oi)en mouth of the cornueopiit-shaped sepal upward. — A variety is not rare 
 with s/wl/ess Jhnvtrs, which diHers from the I. Nolitangere of Europe in the 
 more inlkxud spur and sniallcr jictals. Sjjur rarely wanting. 
 
 5. OX A LIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. 
 
 Sepals .5, persistent. Petals 5, tliiir bases sometimes united, withering after 
 expansion. Stamens 10, usually nionadel|)hous at the base, alternately shorter. 
 Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, .'j-celled, more or less 5-lobcd, 
 •each cell opening on the back; the valves persistent, being fixed to the central 
 column or axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous 
 from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo 
 large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour 
 watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which 
 close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce (like Impatiens) small 
 peculiar flowers, which are precociously fertilized in the bud and are particularly 
 fruitful; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in 
 the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from o^vi, sour.) 
 
 * Steniless perennials: leaves and scopes a routstock or bulb: leojlcts broadlj obcor- 
 
 date: flowers nearly 1' broad; cells of the pod few-seeded. 
 
 1. O. Acetosdlla, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Rootstock creeping 
 and scaly-toothed; ,s-w/)6 \-flowered (2'- 5' high); petals white with reddish 
 veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to Penn., L. Superior 
 and northward : also southward in the AUeghanies. June. (Eu.) 
 
 2. O. viol^cea, L. (Violet W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scali/ ; scapes 
 umheHutelj] sevend-flowered (5' -9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. — 
 Koeky places ; most common southward. May, June. 
 
 * * Stems leaf 11, branching : peduncles axillari/ : flowers small : cells several-seeded. 
 
 3. O. Stricta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual or perennial by running sub- 
 terranean shoots ; stems at first erect ; stipules absent ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, 
 longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Copses 
 and cultivated grounds: common. May -Sept. — Varies gieatly in apjwarance 
 and in the size of its flowers. 
 
 4. O. cormcul.Vta, L., if in this district, and truly distinci from 0. stricta, 
 should be known by the stipules at the base of the i)etiules. (Ku.) 
 
 OuDKit 25. RUTACE.i:. (Rri: Family.) 
 
 Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid fflands, abound- 
 ing tcith a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hupofignous 
 almost always regular ^ - b-mero us flowers, the stamens as many or twice as 
 many as the sepals (^rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com- 
 bined into a compouml ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of 
 the receptacle (jgynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or 
 
110 RUTACE.E. (UUE FAMILY.) 
 
 straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles eommonly united or cohering, 
 even wlien the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves al- 
 ternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old 
 World and the Southern hemisphere; the Propku IIutack.e, represented 
 in gardens by the Rue (llula (iravholens, L.) and Fraxiuella (Diddmntts 
 Fraxiiiella, L.) chietly herbs, but the rest are shrubs or trees. — The Au- 
 KAXTiE.E or Orange Family, recently appended to this order, has baccate 
 fruit, seeds without albumen, and stamens sometimes almost indefinitely 
 numerous. — Our two indigenous genera are 
 
 1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious : ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. 
 
 2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous : ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 
 
 1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Coldcn. rRicKLv Asii. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- 
 bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the 
 petals. Pistils 2 -.5, separate, but their styles conniving or slij^htly united. 
 Pods thick and fleshy, 2.valved, 1-2-sccded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, 
 smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or 
 trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. 
 Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from ^avBos, yellow, and ^v\ov, 
 wood': therefore more properly spelled with an initial X.) 
 
 1. Z. Americknum, Mill. (Northeun Prickly Asii. Tootuache- 
 TREE.) Leaves and Jlowns in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd 
 one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, with 
 slender styles ; pods sliort-stalhed. — Rocky woods and river-banks : common north- 
 ward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yclIowish-green flowers appearing 
 before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very punpent and aromatic. 
 
 2. Z. Caroliniknum, Lam. (Southern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5 
 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovatc-lanccolatc, oblique, shinivg above ; flowers 
 in a terminal q/nif, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; jiistils 3, with 
 short styles; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. — 
 A small tree with very sharp prickles. 
 
 2. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. 
 Stamens as many. Ovary 2-cclled : style short: stigmas 2. Fnut a 2-celled 
 and 2-.secded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- 
 olatc leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. 
 (The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a p;enus with similar fruit.) 
 
 1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Kocky 
 places, Pcnu. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bit- 
 ter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. 
 
 AilAnthus gl.vndulosus, Dcsf., called Tree of IIe.vvex, — but whose 
 blossoms, especially the stamiuatc ones, are redolent of anything but " airs from 
 
I 
 
 ANACAUDlAClCiE. (CASIIICW FAMILY.) Ill 
 
 heaven," — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclining 
 to spread tVoin sctd in rcniisylvania. It hclonj^s to the order 8iMAnuBACE.«, 
 wliicii differs troni Kutaceic in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is 
 known by its very lonj; pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small poly<;aniou8 
 greenish Uowers in panicles, the female jirodueiuy 2-5 thin, lineiir-ol)loiig, veiny 
 samaras. (Adv. from China.) 
 
 Okdkr 2(3. ANACARDIACEiE. (Cashew Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dolless alternate 
 leai-es, and small, ojlen poh/(jamous, regular, jicntandrous Jloivers, with a 1- 
 celled and l-ovuled ovar>/, hut icith 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated 
 in the bud. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises 
 from the base of the cell. Sti{)ules none. Juice or exhalations oi'teii 
 poisonous. — Represented here only by the genus 
 
 1. RHUS, L. SuMACii. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes 
 of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiseent, a 
 sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinns, the Smoke-Plant of gavd^^m) 
 usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, (The old Greek and 
 Latin name of the genus.) 
 
 § 1. Sumac, DC. Flowprs poli/udmoun, in a terminal thijrsoid panicle: fruit 
 (j'ohular, clothed with acid crimaon hairs; the stone smooth: leaves odd-pinnate. 
 {.\ot poisonous.) 
 
 1. R. typhina, L. (Stagiiorx Sumach.) Branches and stalks densely 
 velcety-huiry ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceohite, pointed, serrate, 
 rai-ely laciniatc. — Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with or- 
 ange-colored wood. 
 
 2. R. glabra, L. (Smooth S.) Smooth, some irhat t/luucotts: leaflets 1 1 - 
 31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren 
 soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. A var. has laciniate leaves. 
 
 3. R. eopallina, L. (Dwarf S.) Branches and stalks downy; petioles 
 triii;]-m(in/iiicd between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf- 
 lets, which arc oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — 
 Rocky hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots. 
 
 § 2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. Flowers polyrjamous, in loose and slendef 
 axillary paniclis: fruit globular, (jlabrous,tvkitish or dan-colored; the stone stri' 
 ate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. {Poisonous to the touch.) 
 
 4. R. venenata, DC. (Poisof S. ou Dogwood.) Smooth, or nearly 
 80 ; leaflets 7-1'?, olxwate-oblong, entire. (R. Ve'rnix, L.) — Swam])s. June. — 
 
 ^Shrub G°-1S° bi^h The nmst poisonous species: also called Poison Elder. 
 
 5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Climbing 
 by rootlets o\ cr rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; hajhts 3, rhombic-ovate, njostly 
 pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or eut-lobed, — or 
 else entire, then it is R. radlcans, L. — Thickets, low grounds, &c. Juna. 
 
112 VITACE.E. (VINE FAMILY.) 
 
 § 3. LOBADIUM, Raf. Flowers polygamo-diaxious, in dusUred scnlji-bracted 
 
 spiL-es like calkins, ptecrdim] the leaves : disk b-parted, large : fruit as in ^l, but 
 
 Jlatlish : harts ^-fuliolate. (Sot jioisonous.) 
 
 6. il. arom^tiea, Ait. (Fkaukant S.) Leaves pubescent when young, 
 
 thickisli wlien old; IcaHi-'ts 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle 
 
 one wedge-shaped at tlic base; flowers pale yellow. — Ury rocky soil, fVonv 
 
 Vermont westward and southward. April, May. — A straggling bush ; the 
 
 crushed leaves sweet-scented. 
 
 OitDEit 27. VITACE.E. (Vixk Family.) 
 
 Shrubs with ivalery juice, usuatlij climbing by tendrils, with small regular 
 Jluicers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens 
 as many as the valvule petals and opposite them I Berry 2-celled, usualUj 4- 
 seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila- 
 ments slender : anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a 
 slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-eelled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules 
 li'oiu the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base 
 of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. 
 Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo- 
 site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c., 
 acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera. 
 
 1. VITIS, Touni. Gkape. 
 
 Calyx very short, usunlly with a nenrly entire border or none at all, filled with 
 an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com- 
 pound tiiyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin name.) 
 § I. VITIS proper. Petals 5, cohering at tJie top, spparating at the base, and so 
 the corolla usually falls officilhoiit expanding: 5 thick glands or lobes of the disk 
 altcrmitivg ivilh the stamens: flowers polygamous or dioecious in all the Americm 
 sjiecies, exhaling a fragrance like tlmt of Mignonette: leaves simple, rounded and 
 heart-shapid, often variously and variably lobed. 
 
 * Tjraves wooUy beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses. 
 
 1. V. Labrusca, L. (Northeux Fox-Guai'E.) Branddels and young 
 leaves very woolly: leaves continuing rusiy-ivoolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact; 
 bcrrii-s large. — Moist thickets: common. June. Fruit ripe in Se])t. or Oct., 
 diirk purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, 
 it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties. 
 
 2. v. aestivalis, Mich.x. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves downy ivith 
 loose cobivebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above; fertile panicles com- 
 pound, long and slender: ben-icx sm/f//, black with a bloom. — Thickets: com- 
 mon. M:iy, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct. 
 
 ♦ * Leaves smooth or nearly so and bright green both sid(S, commonly pubescent on the 
 rein^i beneath, either incisdy lobed or undivided. 
 
 3. V. cordifblia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.) Leaves thin. 
 
KIIAMXACK.t. (bUCKTIIOUN FAMILY.) 113 
 
 not shininjj, heart-shaped, aeuminatc, siiarply and coarselj' toothed, often ob- 
 scurely 3-lubcd ; jKinirlis cniiifioidal, lun/e tiitd hose; lii-rn'cs siikiII, Idiic or Idack 
 with a hloom, vcn/ acerb, ripening' after frosts. — V;ir. imiXkia, has the leaves 
 broader and eut-Jobed. (V. riparia, Miclix.) — 'J likkits iiinl rivur-bauks : com- 
 nion. May, June. — Flowers very sweet-scented. 
 
 4. V. vulpina, L. (Muscadine or Sorriii;i!N Fox-Gijapk.) Lenvrs 
 shiiiiiuj both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed 
 with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; ]>titiicles simdl, densel if flowered ; 
 berries lanje (j'-i|' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick 
 and toufih skiu, ri])e early in autumn. — Hiver-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and 
 southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separatinj: in strips as in the other 
 species. Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scitppertiotig 
 Grape, &c. 
 
 § 2. 'CISSUS, L. Petals (5 in mir species) expanding before or when they fall: 
 disk thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed : flowers commonly perfect : tendrils 
 fwer. 
 
 5. V. indivisa, AVilld. Nearly glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or truncate 
 at the base, coarsely and sharjdy toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle snuiU 
 and loose; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1-3-sceded. — River- 
 banks, West Virginia, Ohio, and southward. June. 
 
 6. V. bipinn^ta, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, Imshy and rather u])- 
 right ; leares twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ; 
 calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate. 
 — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 2. AMPELOPSIS, .Michx. Virginian CRicErER. 
 
 Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. 
 Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaf- 
 lets. Flower-elnsters eymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by 
 dilated suckcr-likc disks at their tips. (Name from dpnf'Kos, a vine, and oyj/is, 
 ap/iearauie. ) 
 
 1. A. quinquef61ia, Michx. — A common woody vine, in low or rich 
 grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk- 
 bearing tendrils, blo>soming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in 
 October. Also called Amerlrnn Try, and still less appropriately, Woodbine. 
 Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 
 
 Order 28. KIIAITINACE^. (IkicKTiioRX Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or small In^es, with sitnjde leaves, small and regular floicers (^some- 
 times apelalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate 
 sep(ds and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals .' Drape or 
 poll with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in- 
 wards in the bud, hooded or concave, in.serted alonp with the stamens 
 into the edge of the fleshy disk wliich lines the siiort tid)e of the calyx 
 and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2 - 5-celled ovary. 
 L & M— -J.-. 
 
114 RIIAMNACK^. (buckthorn FAMILY.) 
 
 Ovules solitary, anatropons. Stigmas 2 - 5. Embryo large, wiUi broad 
 cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some- 
 times dia'cious. Leaves mostly alternate : stipules small or obsolete. 
 Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent : the fruit often 
 mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) 
 
 » Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 
 
 1. Berclieinia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 
 
 'i-celleil bony j>utiimen. 
 
 2. Rhaninus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the 
 
 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute. 
 
 3. Fran|;ula. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back: cotyledons 
 
 flat, fleshy. 
 
 ♦ * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 
 
 4. Ceanothu8. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 
 
 1. BERCHEMIA, Neeker. SriTLE-jAcic. 
 
 Calyx with a very short and roundisli tube ; its lobes C(iualling the 5 oblong 
 sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling 
 the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a 
 bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins 
 of the leaves straight and parallel, the small grcenish-wbite flowers in small 
 panicles. (Name unexplained, probably jjersonal.) 
 
 1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely 
 serrulate; style short. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — As- 
 cending tall trees. Stems toug-b and very lithe, whence the popular name. 
 
 2. RHAMNUS, Tuurn. Blcktiiorn. 
 
 Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campannlate, lined with the disk. Petals small, 
 short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some- 
 times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (blackj, containing 2- 
 4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on 
 the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. 
 — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnatcly veined leaves, and greenish 
 polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek 
 name, from the numerous branchlets.) 
 
 * Tjobes of the ca/i/.r, petnls, and stamens 4. 
 
 1. R. cathArtici's, L. (Co^imon nicKTUORN.) Leaves orate, minutely 
 serrate; J'mit S-4-seedefl; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spar- 
 ingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. R. laneeolatUS, Pursh. leaves obloivj-lanroohite and acute, or on flow- 
 ering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, suiootli or n)inutely downy 
 beneath; petals deeply notched ; _//«/< 2-seeded. Hills and liverbanks, Penn. 
 (Mcrcersburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not 
 thorny ; the yellowish-green fiowcrs of two forms on distinct plants, both per- 
 fect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short in- 
 cluded style ; the other with the pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and 
 cxserted. 
 
CELASTHACRyE. (STAIK-TREK FAMILY.) 115 
 
 ♦ * Loins of the cnlifr and stamrna 5 : petalu ivantintj. 
 3. R. alnifblius, Llk-r. A low shnil), k-avcs oval, at-iitf, scrrati-, nearly 
 straiylit-VfiiR'd : Iriiit 3-^c^.•ll^.■d. — lS\vaiiii»s, Maine to IVnii., Illinois, and norili- 
 ward. June. 
 
 3. FRANGULA, Tourn. ALDKn-BrcKxiioRx. 
 
 Sccd.< not grooved or eoneave (hut convex) on the haek. Cotyledons plane, 
 thiek. Flowers pert'eet; the lohes of the calyx, petals, ar.d stamens almost 
 always 5. Leaves with nearly straight parallel veins. Otherwise as in llhaiu- 
 nus. (Name from Jhiiigo, to hreak, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.) 
 
 1. P. Caroliniaua, Gray. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves (3' -5' 
 long) oblong, obseurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deeiduous ; flowers in one 
 form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-jjeduneled ; drupe globose, 
 3-sceded. — Secaueus swamp, New Jersey, Dr. Post, W. II. Liij<iM, ami river- 
 banks. Virginia to Kentueky and southward. June. 
 
 4. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jeksey Tea. Red-root. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick 
 disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals 
 hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also 
 elongated. Fruit 3-lobcd, dry and sijlitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed 
 as in Frangula. — Shrubby plants; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, 
 which arc crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower- 
 branches : caly.x and pedicels colored like the petals. ( An obscure name in 
 Theophrastus, jirobably missiiollod.) 
 
 1. C Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or ob- 
 long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base : 
 common peduncles elongated. —Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 10-3° liigh 
 from a dark red root : branches downy. Flowers in ])rotty white elustei-s. — 
 The leaves were used for tea during the American Kevolutiou ; and the manu- 
 facture has been recently revived in IVnnsylvania. 
 
 2. C. OV^lis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely 
 glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pedimcles. 
 — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — The white 
 flowers laiger than in No. 1, more corymbed : leaves narrower, smooth, mostly 
 acute at both ends. 
 
 Okder 29. CELASTRACE.E. (Staff-tree Family.) 
 
 SJirub.f with .simple leaven, and .^Jiiall 7-ef/uInr flowers, the sepah and the 
 petah both imbricated in the hud, the 4 or o perignnoua stamens as many as 
 the petals and alternate icith them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom 
 of the cali/x and sometimes covers the ovari/. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one 
 or lew (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropoiis : styles united into 
 one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy 
 albumen : cotyledons broad and thin. Stijjules niluutc and fu-jacious. 
 Pedicels jointed. — Represented hy two genera. 
 
116 SAPINDACE>«. (soapberry FAMILY.) 
 
 \l. CELASTRUS, L. Stafftkee. SiiRrnnv Bitter-sweet. 
 
 I Flowers ])()ly;;aiiio-(li(i'(ious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on 
 the margin of a eiip-sluipcd disk which lines the base of the calyx. I'od glo- 
 lx)se (oranjie-eolor and berry-like), 3-eclled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds I or 2 
 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers 
 small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient 
 Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 
 
 1. C. scandens, L. (Wax-wouk. Climuing Bitter-swef.t ) Twin- 
 ing shrub; ICaves ovatc-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and 
 thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet 
 covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 
 
 2. EU6nYMUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat 
 calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short inserted on the 
 edge or face of a broad and flat 4-5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx 
 and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short 
 or none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 4 in each cell, 
 enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate 
 leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation 
 from ev. good, and ovofia, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning 
 cattle. Tourn.) 
 
 1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burxing-Bush. Waahoo.) Shrub 
 tall |6°-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of 
 the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; /Ws smooth, deeply lobed. — 'Kcvf 
 York to Wisconsin and southward: also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in 
 autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 
 
 2. E. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bish.) Shrub low, upright or 
 straggling (2° - 5° high) ; leaves almost si'ssile, titicktsh, bright green, varying 
 from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple 
 flowers mostly in fives ; pods roiirjh-ivarti/, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the 
 aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, S. and W. Kew York to Illinois and south- 
 ward. June. 
 
 Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- 
 ing stems lo-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus, 
 Nutt.) — Low or wet places : the commoner form. 
 
 Ordkr 30. SAPIXDACE^. (Soapberry Family.) 
 
 Trees, shriihs, tcith shnple or compound leaves, moslli/ imsymmetrical and 
 often irregular floxoers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals both imhricated in a:sti- 
 vation: the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigi/nous or /ii/pof/i/nons) 
 disk; a 2-3-celled and lohed ovary, tcith 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in 
 each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without 
 albumen. — A large and diverse order, the true Sapindaceae principally 
 tropical, here represented only by the Buckeyes. 
 
SAriNDACK.E. (sOAPBKUUY FAMILY.) 117 
 
 SunoRDKR I. STAPIIVLEACEiE. Bi.Ani>r.u-NrT Famii-y. 
 
 Flowers (perfect) regular : stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1 -8 
 in eaeh cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — 
 Shrubs with oi)posite pinnately compound leaves, both stijiulate and sti- 
 pellate. 
 
 1. Stnphylea. Lohes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5 Fruit a 3-celleil 
 
 bladdery-inflated pml. 
 
 Si-nouDKU II. SAPITVDACE.i: proper (including IIiitocastaxi:.!;.) 
 
 Flowers (often ])olygainous) mostly unsyminetrical and irregular ; the 
 stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely 
 twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo 
 cinved or convolute, rarely straight : cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves 
 alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound. 
 
 2. .^scuIhs. Calyx .l-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod. 
 
 L-aves opposite, digitate. 
 
 Si-iJORDKu III. ACERIWE.i:. INIaple Family. 
 
 Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsym- 
 metrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair 
 of ovules in edch cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Em- 
 bryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, 
 simple or compound. 
 
 3 Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely dijritatidy compounil. 
 4. Nrgilililo. Flowers diuecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 5 leaflets. 
 
 1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bl.vdder-Xut. 
 
 Calyx deeply ."j-imrtid, the lolics erect, wiiitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulatc, 
 inserted on the nuirjiin of tiie thick perifrynous disk which lines the l)asc of the 
 calyx. Stamens .'), alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 scvcral-oviiled carpels, 
 united in the axis, their loii<; styles lightly cohering. Pod larjxc, meiuhrana- 
 ccous, inflated, Sdobed, 3-eellcd, at length InirstiuH' at the summit ; the cells 
 contiuninp; 1-4 bony anatrojjous seeds. Aril none. Kmbryo large and straight, 
 in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with o|)posite 
 pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme- 
 like clusters, tcnninatin;; the branelilets. Sti[)ules and stipels deciduous. {Name 
 from (TT(i(f)vXTi, (I rlitstcr.) 
 
 1. S. trif61ia, L. (Amkukax Blamm-.h-mt.) Leaflets 3, ovate, 
 pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish 
 striped branches. 
 
 2. ..ffiSCULUS, L. IIonsK-niKSTNUT. Blckeye. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-lol)C(l, often rather oblicpic or {jribbous at the base. Petals 
 4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamena 
 
118 SAPIXDACIC^E. (sOArUKURT FAMILY.) 
 
 7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary 
 3-eellcd, witli '2 ovules in eaeli, only one of whieli, or one in eaeli cell, forms a 
 seed. Seed very lar<re, with a tiiiek and siiining eoat, and a large and round 
 pale sear, wiiliout alliunien. Cotyledons very thiek and fleshy, their eontiguous 
 faees more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 2- 
 leaved : radiele eurved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves op])osite, digitate : leaflets 
 sciTate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or 
 dense jianiele, often fiolygamous, the greater portion with imperfeet pistils and 
 sterile. Pedieels jointed. Seeds farinaeeous, hut imluied with a bitter and 
 nareotie prineiple. (Tiie ancient name of some Oak ur other mast-bearing 
 tree.) 
 
 §1. ^SCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when tjofuij. 
 1. JB. IIirroi.VsTAM M, L. (Common IIousk-ciiestnut.) Corolla 
 spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens deelined ; 
 leaflets 7. — Commonly ])lanted. (xVdv. from Asia via En.) 
 
 2. S^. glabra, Willd. (Fktid or Ohio Buckeyk.) Stamens curved, 
 longer than the ])ale yellow eorolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets 5. — River- 
 banks, AV. I'enn. and Virginia to Jfiehigan and Kentucky. June. — A large 
 tree; the bark exhaliTig an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flow- 
 ers small, not showy. 
 
 § 2. PA VIA, Boerhaavc. Fruit smooth : petals 4, connivinrj ; the 2 upper- smaller 
 and longer than the others, icith a small and rounded blade on a very long chnu. 
 
 3. ^. fl^va, Ait. (Sweet Buckeye.) Stamens indudnl in the yellow 
 corolla; cali/.r oli/ont/-rani/innnhite ; leaflets .5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often 
 minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and 
 southward. May. A large tree or a shrub. 
 
 Var. purpui'ascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh- 
 color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy brneath. (JE. discolor, Pursh.) 
 
 — From West Vii-giuia southward and westward. 
 
 4. ^. Pavia, Jj. (Red Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co- 
 rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular cali/.r ; leaflets glal)rous or soft- 
 downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. 
 
 — A shrub or small tree. 
 
 3. ACER, Tourn. Maple. 
 
 Flowers polygamo-dirreions. Calyx colored, .5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. 
 Petals either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws 
 if any, inserted on the margin of Uie lobed disk, which is either pcrigynous or 
 hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each : 
 styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatie down the inside. From 
 the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at 
 length .separable samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously 
 coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs, 
 with o])posite ])almately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. 
 (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) 
 
SATINDACKvE. (SOAPBICKUY FAIMILV.) 1 1 'J 
 
 ♦ J-'lotfi'is ill tinniiKil ranini's, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6-8. 
 
 1. A. Pennsylv^nicum, L. (Stru'kd Mai-i.k.) Ix-avcs 3-Iohe<l at 
 the ajjcx, finely iiiul sliurply doubly serrate; the short lohes taper-pointed and 
 also serrate; racmus ihoopiiKj, fixise ; pitnls olionite ; Cniit with larye divcrj^in;^ 
 win-s. (A. striatum, Loin) — Rich woixls, Maine to Wiseonsin, and south- 
 ward aloii;,' the Aile;,^hanii's to X'iri^iiiia and KcntiRky. June. — A .small and 
 slendir truu, with li;;ht-j;reeii barli stri|jed with dark lines, and ■,-reeiiish flowers 
 and Iruit. Also railed Striped IkKjinmil and Moosi- Wood. 
 
 2. A. spicitum, Lam. (Molntain M.) Leaves downy underneath, 
 3- (or slightly .')-) lohed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-j)ointed ; racemes vp- 
 riijht, dense, .somewhat eonipound ; petals liiiear-sjHitiilate ; fruit with small very 
 divergent wings. (A. montanum, yl<7.) — Moist woods, with the same range 
 as No. I. June. — A tall shrui), forming clumps. 
 
 * * F/otrrrs iiiiiJx Hiite-coripiilied, greenish-ijeUow, appearing with the leaves. 
 
 3. A. saccharinum, Wang, j; Sugar or Rock M.) Tx-avcs 3 - S-lobed, 
 witii rounded siiiiivcs and ]ii)inted sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart- 
 sliapid or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on 
 the veins bi'neath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buils, 
 'irooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; 
 wings of the fiuit broad, slightly diverging. — Hieh woods, esjieeially north- 
 ward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large and hand- 
 some tree. 
 
 Var. nigrum. (Black Sugar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but 
 often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. (A. 
 nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form 
 
 # * * Flowers in umbel-lilr clusters arisiiig from separate lateral Inids, and much 
 }irccediiig tlie leaves : stamens 3-0 
 
 4. A. dasye^rpum, Ehrhart. (White or Sii.vi.u INI.) Lmres rcrij 
 difjili/ r^-loJxd with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young 
 downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-Iobed and toothed ; flowers 
 (greenish-yellow) on short ])edieels ; petak none ; fruit ivoolli/ trhen young, with 
 large divergent wings. — Hiver-banks ; most common southward and westward. 
 March- April. — A fine ornamental tree. 
 
 5. A. rtlbrum, L. (Ri;n or Swamp M.) Z^i'fs 3-5 /o6c</, with acute 
 sinuses, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, lu-iite, 
 the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-ohlong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson, 
 or .sometimes yellowish) on very short ))edicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro- 
 longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. Ajiril. — A small tree, 
 with reddish twigs; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crini- 
 .son in early autumn. 
 
 4. NEGUNDO, Mandi. Asn-Li:AVF.n Maplk. Box-Eldkr. 
 
 Flowers dia'cious. Calyx minute, 4 -.5Hdeft. 'Petals none. Stamens 4 -.5. 
 Disk none. — Sterile flowers in clusters on ca))illary )>ediecls, the fertile la 
 drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets*. 
 (Name unmeaning.) 
 
1-0 . i , I'OLYGALACK.K. (mII.KAVORT FAJIILV.) 
 
 1. N. aceroides, IMocnch. (Acer Ncgumlo, L.) Leaflets smoothish 
 when old, very veiny, ovate, jjointeil, toothed ; fruit .smooth, with large rather 
 incurved A>iii^s. — lliver-hnnks. l\'nusylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 April. — A .-niail hut handsome tree, with li<;ht-green twigs, and very delicate 
 drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier tiian the leaves. 
 
 Okdi-.k 31. POI.YGALACE.1E. (Milkwout Family.) 
 
 Plants n-ith irregular hijpogynous Jlowcrs, 4-8 dkulclphous or monatlel- 
 phous stamens, their l-celled anthers openiiKj at the top hi/ a pore or chink- ; 
 the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Kepresented in this country only 
 by the ;^enus 
 
 1. POIjYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort. 
 
 Flower very irregular. Calyx ])ersistent, of .5 se])als, of uliicii ."5 (the iip]ier 
 and the 2 lower) are buiall and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner 
 (called wiiiffs) arc much larger, and colored like the j)etals. Petals .'5, hypogy- 
 iious, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) 
 one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments 
 united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the 
 petals, free above: anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or 
 broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen- 
 dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a 
 sni.iU, loculicidal 2-see(led pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much 
 flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or va- 
 riously shaped aj)pendage, at the liilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and 
 hroad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs 
 in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules : 
 sometimes (as in the last two species) bearing concealed flowers next the ground, 
 which are fertilii«.'d in the closed bud. (An old name composed of TroXvy, much, 
 and yuKa, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this seci-etion.) 
 
 § 1. Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which axe dis- 
 2»>s:d to turn greenish in dnjimj: crest of the ktel [lower petal) small : flowerinrj 
 all summiT. 
 
 1. P. lutea, L. Low; flowers [bright orangr-jjcllow) in solitary ovale or ohloiuj 
 heads (:]' thick,) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves (1'- 2' long) ob- 
 ovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as lung as the seed. — Sandy swamps, 
 New Jersey and .southward, near the coast. 
 
 2. P. rambsa, Ell. Flou-ers [citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spik-e- 
 //7ce racfmes collected in a flat-topped cow/;o«Hf/ cyme; leaves oblong-linear, the 
 lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid ; minutely hairy, twice the Inigth of the 
 caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nntt.) — Damp pine- 
 barrens, Delaware and southward. (The allied P. cy.m^sa, Walt., which is 
 P. graminifolia, Pair., P. attenuata, Nntt. and 1*. acutifolia, Torr. cj- Gray, — 
 known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globu- 
 lar seeds with no caruncle, — may occur in S. Virginia.) 
 
POLYGALACE.'E. (mII.KW»;KT FAMILY.) 121 
 
 § 2. Aiiniial.t, wilh all the Icnvrx alternate: floirern in spikes, heads, or raremes termi- 
 
 ntUin'i the stem or liranvhrs, piir/ile or rosc-^edor , in summer: none suitcrraneun. 
 » Corolla consjiintouslij creMid on the led: the clau-s of the, true jictals united into a 
 loiK) and slender cleft tulw much siir/iassinf/ the wim/s. 
 
 3. P. incarilclta, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves 
 minute and liuearawl-shaj)ed ; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle 
 longer th:m the narrow stJilk of llic hairy seed. — Dry soil, I'enn. to Wisconsin 
 and southward ; rather rare. 
 
 « » Corolla minutilji or inconspicuously crested ; the true petcds not lonrjer but mostli/ 
 shortir than the winrjs : seed pear-shaped. 
 
 4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ; 
 leaves ohlon(/-liii<nr ; luads (/lolntlar, at lenijlh oblonf/, very dense (4" -5" thick), 
 bright red-i)uri)le (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any ; winfjs 
 Iroadli/ ovuti', closilij sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parteil caruncle almost 
 equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist groimd : common. 
 
 5. P. fastigi^ta, Xutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched; 
 haves mirroirli/ linear, small ; spikes short and dense (3" in diameter) ; the small 
 rose-purple flowers on ;)e(f/ce/s q/" atewi the temjth of the pod ; wings obovatc- or 
 oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous 
 with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk- 
 like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea. Ton-. <j- Gr., cxcl. syn. ; 
 not of Xutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Xuttull) and Delaware 
 to Kentucky and southward. 
 
 6. P. Nuttillii, Torr. & Gr. (F/. 1,;). 670, cxcl. syn. & descr.) Resembles 
 the last, but usually lower; spikes more cylindrical; flowers duller or greenish 
 purple, on shorter pedicels ; the awl-sliapcd scaly bracts persistent on the axis after 
 the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle snudler. (P. sanguinea, 
 Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk. t. 437. P. anibigua, Torr. ,J- Gr. FL, 
 not o( Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Kentucky and south- 
 ward. — Spike sometimes rather loose. 
 
 7. P. Curtissii, n. sp. Slender (9' high) ; leaves, &c., as in the two pre- 
 ceding ; flowers rose-purple, in elongated and loose racemes ; the ascending pedicels 
 and the narrow oblong erect wings full i/ twice the length of the pod ; bracts persistent, 
 those of the lower and remoter flowers foliaccous ; caruncle small, on one side 
 of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is con.tpicuousli/ apicnhite at 
 the broader end. — Near Alexandria, Virginia, A. II. Curliss. — Most re'ated to 
 P. Chapmanii of Florida. 
 
 § 3. Anmials with at lea.'it the lower stem/eaves irhorhd in fours, sometimes in Jives: 
 
 spikes terminating the stem and Inuinrhes ; ft. .<tummer and autumn. 
 * Spikes short and thick (4" - 9" in diameter ; the a.ris rough with the squarrose bracts 
 
 persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers: crest 
 
 of the keel small. 
 
 8. P. CrUCi^ta, L. Stems (3' -10' high) almost winged at the angles, 
 with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly n!! in fours, linear and some- 
 what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearli/ so, wings broad/;/ deltoid- 
 ovate, slightly hart-shajted, tapering to a bristly point, or rarely pointless; caruncle 
 
 G M— 6 
 
122 POLYGALACE.E. (M'.LIvWOUT FAMILY.) 
 
 nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south- 
 ward near the coast, and along tiie Great Lakes. 
 
 9. P. brevifdlia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered 
 on the liraiuhes, narrower; s/iiLes pidundcd; icinjs lanccolate-orale, jiointkss or 
 J<o.rtli/ mmroitate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island ( Olncij), New Jersey, and 
 southward. Too near the last. 
 
 * * Sjiihes slender [itlout 2" tluck), the bracts faUimj ivith the Jhirrrs, which are 
 siiKill, (jrtenish-irhite ur bardij tiii(j(d With purple, the crest of the keel limjer. 
 
 10. P. verticillilta, L. Slender (6'- 10' high), much branched; stem- 
 leaves all whorled, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute; spikes pcduncled, 
 dense, acute; ivintjs, round, clawed; the 2-lobcd caruncle half the length of the 
 seed. — Dry soil : common. 
 
 11. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem-le>ives 
 in fours, the rat scattered ; spikes lomppeduncltd, more slender, the flowers often 
 purplish and scattered ; wimjs oval.; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly as in 
 No. 10, — of which it is jjrobably a mere variety. — Dry soil, from New York 
 and Pennsylvania southward. 
 
 § 4. Perennial, with alternate leaves throurjhout, and ichite flowers in a solitary close 
 spike : no subterranean blossoms. 
 
 12. P. S6nega, L. (Seneca Sxakekoot.) Stems several from thick 
 and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (G'-12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, with rough margins ; flowers almost sessile ; wings round-obovatc, 
 concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W. 
 New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 
 
 Var. Iatif61ia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, 2' -4' long, tapering to each end. — Maryland to Kentucky. 
 
 § 5. Biennials and perennials, ivith shoici/, rose-purple, conspicuoiisli/ crested flowers ; 
 also bearing colorless and inconspicuous more fertile ones, irith imperfect corollas, 
 feitilized in the bud, on subterranean branches. 
 
 13. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly 
 simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolute or oblong, alternate ; 
 terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ; 
 stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners beneath the ground ; lobes 
 of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil ; common 
 eastward. July. 
 
 14. P. paueifdlia, Willd. Prrwnm/,- flowering stems short (3' -4' high), 
 rising from long and slender jn-ostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear 
 concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered : the upper 
 leaves ovate, petiokd, crowehd at the summit of the stem; flowers 1 -3, large, pe- 
 dunclcd ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested 
 keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed; — 
 Woods, in light soil, especially northward, extending southward along the Al- 
 leghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with hirge and very handsome flowers, 9" 
 long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering -Winter- 
 green, but more appropriately Fringed Rolygala. 
 
LKGUMINOSyi:. (I'ULSK FAMILY.) 123 
 
 Ouni-.K 32. LEGlIIfllNOS.I]. (Pclsic Family.) 
 
 Plants wilft papilionaceous or soinctimcs regular Jtower.i, 10 (rarely 5 and 
 snnielimes mam/) mouailelphous, t/iaih^'phous, or rarelij distinct slarnens, and 
 a .-ingle simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostlg tcithoul 
 albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of tlie 
 sepals inft'rior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of tlie petals superior (i. e. next 
 the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from 
 noxioius (jualities), of which tlie principal representatives in northern tem- 
 perate regions belong to the fii-st of tiie three subordei-s it comprises. 
 
 Suborder T. PAPILIOIVACE.E. Proper Pulse Family. 
 
 Calyx of .5 sepals, more or less united, oi'tcn unequally so. Corolla peri- 
 gynous (inserted into tlie base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very 
 rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less difiimciXy jiapilionaceous, 
 i. e. witli the upper or odd petal, called the cexillum or standard, larger 
 than tlie others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward 
 or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the icings, oblitjue and exterior 
 to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or 
 less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or 
 keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually 
 encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with 
 the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set 
 in a tube which Is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the 
 tenth or up])er one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, .some- 
 times 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2- 
 many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simjile : ovules amphitro- 
 pous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle 
 incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ger- 
 mination usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always (piite 
 entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or 
 panicles. . 
 
 A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 
 
 Tribe I. GENISTEiE. Shrubs or herbs, novcr climbing, with simple or palmatfly com- 
 pound leaves, and peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Stamens monailelplious : an- 
 thers of two forms. I'od continuous. 
 
 1. L.U|>iliU8. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Po<l flat. 
 
 2. C'rotnlaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-sha|>ed, pointi-d. P. id inflated. Leaves simple. 
 
 3. Gciii8tn. Keel straight, deflexe<l. Pod usually flat. Li-aves simple. 
 
 Tribe II. TRIFOI..IK.aC. Herbs, not climbinR, with 3 -(rarely 5-7-) foliolate leaves, 
 the veinleff of the Iraflcls often TunninR int/i minute teeth, and the stipules united with the 
 bas?(if the ]>etiiile. Peduncles axillary. Stamens diadelphous : luithers uniform. Pod small 
 and 1 -few-seeded, or coiled. 
 
 4. Triruliiim. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to 
 
 the stamen-tiibf. 
 
 5. Mi-Iilotiifi. Flowers racemed. Po<ls coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 -2-seeded. 
 
 6. Medicago. Flowers racemeil or ripifted. P<k1h curved or coik-d, 1 - few-seeded 
 
124 LKGU.MINOS.E. (rULSIC FAMILY.) 
 
 Tribe III. GAI^EGEiK. Herbs or woody plants (twining only in No. 12), not temlril- 
 beiiiiii;.', with |)iiiiiate or siim<tiiiies imliiiiitely coni|>i>uiHl leaves. Stuineiis cliacUlplious or 
 rurcly moiiadilphnus : iintliers uiiitunn (or the 5 alternate ones sometimes smaller in 
 No. 7). Poilocontiiiuous, at least not transversely jointed. 
 
 • PSORALIE.E. Glaiidular-dolted shrubs or herbs. Ovary 1-3 ovuled ; the legume small 
 
 and indehiscent, 1-seedeil, rarely 'i-seeded. 
 
 7. PsoraU-a. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of 
 
 the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves 3 - 5-foliolate. 
 
 8. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, raonadelphous ; the cleft 
 
 tube of filaments bearing 4 of the pi^tals about its middle. Leaves piunate. 
 
 9. Petalosltiiioii. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, raonadelphous; 
 
 the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Leaves pinnate. 
 
 10. Aiiioi-plia. Corolla <rf only one peUil ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaves 
 
 pinnate. 
 
 • ♦ TJiPHKOSIE.Ti. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Ovary several - many-ovuled -. pod flattened, 
 
 several-seeded, 2-varved. Leaves ])innate. Suindard large and br.jad. 
 
 11. Robinia. Wings of the corolki free from the keel. I'od flat, thin, margined on one edge. 
 
 Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 
 
 12. Wistaria. Wings free from tli^kcel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody tivincrs : leaflets 
 
 obscurely stipellate. 
 
 13. Teplii-osia. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs : leaflets not 
 
 stipellate. 
 
 • * » ASTRAO.\LE.E. Chiefly herbs, with pinnate leaves and axillary racemes or spikes. Pod 
 
 mostly turgid or inflated. Style beardless. Standard narrow, erect. 
 
 14. Astra^^aliis. Anthers distinctly 2celled. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp ap- 
 
 pendage. Pod turgid, with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the ceJl 
 lengthwise into two. 
 15 Oxyti-npis. Keel of the corolla tipped with a point : otherwise as Astragalus. 
 
 16. Glycyri-hiza. Anthers with the two cells confluent. Pod short, few-seeded, nearly 
 
 indehiscent, glandular-prickly. 
 Tribe IV. HEDYSAUE.^. Herbs, with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves, 
 not tendril-bearing. Anthers uniform, except in No. 21. Pod (loment) transversely 2 -sev- 
 eral-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or sometimes reduced to one 
 
 such joint. 
 
 » Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 
 
 17. .ffi.scliynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Caly.x 2-lipiied. Pod several- 
 
 jointed : joints square. 
 
 18. Hedysariim. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Caly.x 5-cleft. Pod several- 
 
 jointed : joints roundish. 
 
 « * Leaves pinnately 3-fnliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 
 
 19. Desmndiiim. Stamens diadelphous (0 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. 
 
 Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete Leaflets stipellate. 
 
 20. LespedeKn. Stamens diadeli)hous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Po.1 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- 
 
 ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 
 
 21. Stylosaiilhcs. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx 
 
 deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. 
 Tribe V. VICIK.^. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, usually climbing, the common 
 leafstalk continued into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. Stamens chiefly diadc'lphous 
 (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 2-valved, few - several- seeded. Cotyledons very thick, remaining 
 under ground in germination. 
 
 22. Vlcla. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, boarded with a tuft or ring of hair» 
 
 at the apex. 
 
 23. liathyriis. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded 
 
 down the inner face. 
 
LEGUMINOS^. (rULSK FAMILY.) 12;") 
 
 Tribe VI. PHASEOI^E^. Twininp or sometimes only trailing plants (herbs In tem- 
 |>erate repioiis). willi piiinalely 3- (rarely 1- or 5 - 7-) foliolate leavi-s, commonly Blipillatc. 
 Peduncles or flowers axillary ; (he pedicels usually clustered on the thickened nodes of 
 the raceme. Anthers uniform. I'od continuous, not jointed, nor more than l-cclle<l, except 
 by cellular matter sometimes depositeil between the seeds, 2-va'.ved. Cotyledons thick, aud 
 rising above ground lUtle changed in gennination, or sometimes becoming foliuceous. 
 • Leaves pinnate. 
 
 12. Wistnrin. Woody twiner : Icaflfts 9 - 13 Keel barely incurved, obtuse. 
 
 24. Apios. Ikrbaccius twiner : leaflets 5-7. Keel slender and much incurved or colled. 
 
 • • Leaves 3-foliolate Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. 
 
 25. Pllngeolns. Keel strongly incurved or coiled: standard recurved-spreading. Style 
 
 beaniod lengthwise. 
 2G Ceiitrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base: keel broad, 
 
 merely i[icurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma 
 27. Clitoi'ia. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless : keel scythe-shaped. Style 
 
 bearded down the inner face. 
 28 Aniplil<-ur|)iiea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect : keel almost straight. 
 
 Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground. 
 
 29. Gulactin. Calyx 4-clert, the ui>per lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract 
 
 and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous. 
 • * • Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow. 
 
 30. Rliyncliosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4 - 5-i)arted. Pod short. 
 
 B. Stiiinens all .«t'paratc. 
 
 Tribe VII. SOPHOnEjE and PODALY[lIE:.aE:. Stamens 10, distinct ; the co- 
 rolla being truly papilionaceous. 
 
 31. Bnplisia. t'al.vx4-5-liil)ed. Pod inflated. Herbs: leaves palmately3-riiliolate or simple. 
 
 32. Cladrasllii. Calyx 5-toothed. Pod very flat. Tree, with pinnate leaves. 
 
 Suborder II. C.ESALPIl^flEiE. Brasiletto Family. 
 Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- 
 lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed 
 by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the 
 calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. 
 
 » Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 
 
 33. Cercls. Calyx camjianulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. 
 
 • « Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. 
 
 34. Cassia. Calyx of 5 nearly <listinct sepals. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. 
 
 • • » Flower:) not at all papilion.iceous, polygamous or did'cious. 
 
 35. Gymnocladtis. Tree: leaves all doubly pinnate Calyx-tube elongated, at its sum- 
 
 mit bearing 5 |H>tals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stjimens 10. 
 
 36. GIrdilschln. Trees thorny: leaves simply and doubly )iinnate. Calyx-tube short; 
 
 its lobis, petals, and stamens 3-5. 
 
 Suborder III. MH^IOSCiE. Mimosa Family. 
 
 Flower regular. Corolla valvate in a\xtivation, oi\en iniited into a 
 4 - ."j-lobed cup, hypngynous, a.s are the (often very numerous) oxserted 
 stamens. Eml)ryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. 
 
 37. Ucsiiiniilhiig. Petals distinck. Stamens 5 or 10 Pod smooth. 
 
 38. Schraiikia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with 
 
 small prickles or rough projections. 
 
126 leguminos.t;. (pulse family.) 
 
 1. LUPtNUS, Tourn. Lipine. 
 
 Calyx very tUcply 2-lippocl. Sides of tlic standard rcHcxcd : keel scythe- 
 sliapcd, ])oiiited. Sheath of the moiiadelphoiis stamens entire: anthers alter- 
 nately ohlon-i and roinulish. Tod oblong, flattened, often knotty by eonstrie- 
 tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palinately 
 1 - 15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers 
 in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupm, a wolf, because the.>e plants 
 were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 
 
 1. Ii. per^unis, L. (Wii,u Li tine.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem 
 erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolatc ; flowers in a long raceme; pods 
 very hairy. — Sandy soil: common. May, June. — Flowers showy, purplish- 
 blue, rarely pale. 
 
 2. GROT AL ARIA, L. Rattle-box. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lip|)ed. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- 
 shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of 
 the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs 
 ■with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from /cporuXoi^, a rattle ; the loose 
 seed? rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 
 
 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (.3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- 
 lanceolate, scarcely jjctiolcd ; stipules nnite<l and decurrcnt on the stem, so as 
 to be inversely arrow-.shaped ; i)cdnncles few-flowered; corolla not longer than 
 the calyx. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and south- 
 ward. July. 
 
 3. GENISTA, L. Woap-Waxex. Wiiix. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading : keel oblong, straight, 
 deflexed. Stamens mon.adelpbous, the sheath entire ; .5 alternate anthers 
 shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple 
 leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic //en, a busli.) 
 
 1. G. TixcTORiA, L. (Dyek's Greex-weed.) Low, not tbomy, with 
 striate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — 
 Eastern New York and jVIassaehusetts, es])ecially Essex Co., where it is thor- 
 oughly cstablislu'd on sterile hills. June. (Ad\'. from Eu.) 
 
 4. TRIPOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil. 
 
 Calyx i)ersistent, .'5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or 
 persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate 
 standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube : keel short and 
 obtuse. 'J'enth stamen more or less .separate. Pods small and membranous, 
 often includeil in the calyx, 1 -6-secded, indehiscent, or o])eniiig by one of the 
 sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palinately, sometimes ])in- 
 nately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stii)ules uiiitnl with tlu' ])etiole. 
 Flowers in beads or s|)ikes. (Name from tnn, three, am\ toliinn, a leaf.) 
 * Flowers sessile in dmsp heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away afler 
 flowering, tubular below ; tJie petals more or less coherent with each other. 
 
LEGUMINOS.K. (iTI-SK FAMILY.) 127 
 
 ■*- Ca/ijx-teeth s'dkij-pbininse, loii(/rr tfinn flic ir/iltis/t ruml/n : root nnivtal. 
 
 1. T. AUVEXSK, L. (Uabbit-foot or Stone Clovek.) Silky, branch- 
 iti": (5'- 10' high); leaflets obhinceolate ; heads becoiniti<|^ very soft-silky and 
 grayish, oblong or eylindrical. — Old fields, &c. (Nat. Ironi Eu.) 
 
 t- •*- Calyx scaialy luilnj except a benrded rin</ in the throat, shorter than the rose.- 
 pitrple tloii(/(il(d-lubuiar corolla. (K>horl-lictd perennials : Jluwers sweet-scented.) 
 
 2. T. PRATESSE, L. (Red C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; /e»(/?-^<s 
 oral or obocate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a 
 pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and mead- 
 ows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 .3. T. .MEun;M, L. (Ziczag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets Mong, 
 entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked ; flowers deeper ])urple, otherwise too 
 like the last. — Dry hills, E. Massaehusnts. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Flowers pedicellcd in umbel-like round In ads on a naked pedumle, their short pedi- 
 cels reflexed when old : corolla white or i ose-color, wilheriny-ptrsistent and turn- 
 in(j brownish infadiritj ; the tubular portion short. 
 
 4. T. refldxum, E. (Blffalo C.) Annual or biennial ; sto«s <Kcen(//n(7, 
 doiniy : Idijhts ohonitc-oblon;/, finely toothed; stii)ules thin, ovate; calyx-teeth 
 hairy; jiods 3 - 5-seeded. — Western New York (rare) to Illinois and south- 
 ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rosc-rcd ; wings and 
 keel wjiitish. 
 
 5. T. Stoloniferum, Muhl. (Running Riffalo-C.) Smooth, peren- 
 luid ; stems uilli luny runners from the base; luijhts broadly oborale or obcoidale, 
 minutely toothed ; heads l6os6'; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies, 
 Ohio to Rlinois, lu'utucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purj)Ie. 
 Probably a variety of the last. 
 
 6. T. repens, E. (White C.) Smooth, i)crennial ; the slender stems 
 spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely 
 toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very 
 long ; heads snuill and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ; ])ods 
 about 4-secded. — Fields and cojjses, everywhere. Here probably introduced, 
 but indigenous northward. 
 
 "• T. Carolini^uum, Mi(hx. (Cauoiina C) Somewhat pubescent 
 small \wYt-\m\\\\, pronunhint , in tups ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; 
 stipules ovate, foliaceous ; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lance- 
 olate nearly equalling the purplish corolhi ; standard jmiutrd : ])ods 4-seeded. — 
 Nat. from Southern States in waste grounds bchnv I'liiladtljiliia (C. E. Smith); 
 probably wild in S. Virginia. May. 
 
 * * * Flowers short -pedicel led in close heads, rrflrxed when old : conJIn yellow, per- 
 sistent, turning dry and chest utit -brown with ar/e, the standard becoming hood- 
 shnprd: anntuds, fl. in siimmir. 
 
 7. T. A(ii{,\Kn-M, E. (Ykm.ow or Hop-C.) Smoolhish, somewhat up- 
 right (C- 12' high) ; leaflets olmcte-ohloug, nil three from the .-lamr jmint (palmate) 
 and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its 
 length. — Sandy fields, ^lassachusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
128 LEGUMIXOS^.. (pulse FAMILY.) 
 
 8. T. PROCUMnENS, L. (Low IIop-C.) Stems spreading or asccnainjr, 
 pubescent (.'J'-G' liiyh) ; Icnfltts iird/jfolm-n/e, notched at the end; the laleml at 
 a small distance fioin the ollur (i)innately 3-f'oliolatc) ; stipules ovate, short. — 
 Sandy fields and roadsides, New England to Virginia. Also var. jiiNua 
 (T. minus, Ilelhan), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with 
 age. AVith the other; also Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover. 
 
 Flowers much as in Clover, hut in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, 
 free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the 
 calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in 
 drying, with pinnately 3-foliolatc leaves; leaflets toothed. (Name from pe'Xc, 
 honey, and Acoros, some leguminous plant.) 
 
 1. M. officinXlis, Willd. (Yeeloav Melilot.) Upright (2° -4° high) ; 
 leaflets ohovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla ytllow; the petals nearly of equal length. 
 — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. M. Alba, Lam. (White M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla ichite : the 
 standard longer than the other petals. (M. Icucantha, Koch.) — In similar 
 places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. MEDICAGO, L. Medick. 
 
 Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -.several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- 
 curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnafclyS-foliol ate. Stipules often cut. 
 {MrjdiKT], the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from jMcdia.) 
 
 1. M. SATiVA, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaflets 
 obovate-oblong, toothed; flowers (purple) racuncd ; pods spirally twisted. — 
 Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. M. LUPULiNA, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pu- 
 bescent, annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short 
 spikes (yellow) ; pods kldney-fljrm, 1-seeded. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. M. macul.\ta, Willd. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procum- 
 bent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, mi- 
 nutely toothed; peduncles 3 -5 flowered; flowers yellow; pods conipuctlij spind., 
 of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, yu/rou,W on the thick edtje, and fringed with a double 
 row of curved prickles. — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some 
 places. (Adv. from Eu. ) 
 
 4. M. denticulXta, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosily spind, deiply 
 reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like tha last; in similar places, 
 eastward. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 7. PSORALEA, L. Psoralea. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or 
 sometimes monadclphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often 
 wrinkled, indehisccnt, 1-sceded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over 
 or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c) with glandular dots or points. 
 
leguminos.t:. (rui.sic family.) 120 
 
 Leaves mostly 3- n-foliolntc. Flowers spiked or raccmca, white or mostly 
 bliKNpiirplish. Koot sometimes tuberous iind fiirinaecous. (Name, ^//wpuXt'of, 
 srnifij, iVoin the ,i;laiuls or dots.) 
 
 * Lcaccs jtiiinahlij 3-foliolate. 
 
 1. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect 
 (3° -5° hiiili) ; Ixijlils lunceolate-ocale, taper-itoinUd (3' long) ; stijntlis and brads 
 awl-ahujtul ; raeemes elongated ; pcdiinele shorter than the leaves ; pods rough- 
 ene.l and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. 
 
 2. P. stipul^ta, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; sieiiis dif- 
 fus ■ ; Irtilh'iti oniU'-dllptiml, retieulated ; stijmles acute ; Jluwers In heads on rather 
 short peduneles ; hrarls hroad/i/ ovate, shari>-pointc'd. — lloeks, Falls of the Ohio, 
 Kentueky. June, July. 
 
 3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pube.scent, more or less glan- 
 dular ; sirms erect (l°-2° high), slender; Itojlets lanceolate or mrrowli/ oblong; 
 s/jiL-cs oliloni), long-peduneled ; sti/mles awl-sha/jed ; braets ovate or lanceolate, 
 taper-pointed ; ])ods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also F. eglandulosa. Ell.) 
 — Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. 
 
 * * Leaves palmateh/ 3 — 5-folioliite. 
 ■i. P. floriblinda, Nutt. Slender, ereet, much branched and bushy (2° - 
 4° high), miiiiitcli/ lioaiy-pubescetit when young; leaflets varying from linear to 
 obovate-oblong (^'-1^' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panickd; lobes of the 
 calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and south- 
 westward. June - Sci)t. — Flowers 2" or 3" long. 
 
 5. P. argoph^Ua, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently 
 branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes inteirnpted ; lobes 
 of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wisconsin, and westward. 
 June. — Flowers 4" - .')" long. 
 
 6. P. eseul6nta, Pursh. Rowjhish hairy all over; stem stout (.">'- 15' 
 high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets 5, 
 obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; spikes oblong, dense, long-pednncled ; lobes of the 
 calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (^' long). — High 
 plains, N. W. Wisconsin, Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c., and westward. June. 
 The PoM.MK nL.vNCHE, or Pommii de Prairie, of the Voyageurs, 
 
 8. DALE A, L. D.vlea. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on 
 claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel 
 and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of fllaments, which 
 is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-sceded, 
 indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glan- 
 dular-dotted with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. 
 (NauK'd fur Thninns Thde, an Fnglish botanist.) 
 
 1. D. alopecuroides, Wllld. Erect annual (l°-2° hijih), glabrous, 
 except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many 
 linear-oblong leaflets ; corolla whitish. — Alluvial soil, Illinois and southward. 
 July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 
 
130 LKGUMIXOS.E. (I'ULSK FA.'\III.Y.) 
 
 9. PETALOSTEMON, Mkhx. Trairie Clover. 
 
 Calyx 5-tootIiC(l. Corulhi iiidisiiiictly papiliouaccous : petals all on thread- 
 shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreadinj;, borne on the top of the 
 monadeljjhous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; tho 
 fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shai)ed or oblong. 
 Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded. — Chiefly 
 perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, 
 minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and pedunded heads 
 or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, al- 
 luding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 
 
 1. P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish: leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads 
 globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not longer than 
 the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Minnesota 
 and southward. July. 
 
 2. P. candidus, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob- 
 long; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly 
 glabrous caly.x ; corolla white. — With Xo. 1. July. 
 
 3. P. vill6sus, Nutt. SoJ'i-downij or silky a.\\ over; leaflets 1.3- 17, linear 
 or oblong, small (4" - 5" long) ; spikes cijlindricnl ( 1 ' - .5' long), short-pedunclcd, 
 soft-villous ; corolla rosi:-color. — N. Wisconsin (Lake Pepin, &c. T.J.Uale) and 
 westward. 
 
 10. AMORPHA, L. False Indigo. 
 
 Calyx inversely conical, 5 toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals en- 
 tirely wanting !) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadel- 
 phons at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 
 1-2-sceded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; 
 the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet or pur- 
 ple ; crowded in clustered tcrmitud spikes. (Name, apoprpr]. invitimi form, from 
 the absence of four of the petals.) 
 
 1. A. fruticdsa, L. (False Indigo.) Eatlur pubescent or smoothish; 
 leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks S. Penn. to 
 Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable. 
 
 2. A. can6scens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) Low (l°-3° high), ivhitened 
 u-iih ho'iri/ down ; leaflets 1.") - 2'S pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, smoothish al)Ove 
 with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wiscon- 
 sin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate lead-ore. 
 
 11. ROBInIA, L. Loclst-tree. 
 
 Calyx short, .5-toothed, slightly 2-lippcd. Standard large and rounded, 
 turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadclphous. 
 Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- 
 valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- 
 pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging 
 axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. 
 (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son 
 Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 
 
t 
 
 LKGUMINOS.i:. (rULSK FAMILY.) lol 
 
 1. R. Pseud acieia, L. (Common Loci-st or Falsi: Acacia.) Branches 
 naked; met men Khiiflrr, louse : flowers white, fVaj^raiit ; jxxl smooth. — S. Penn- 
 sylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly eidtivated as an ornamental 
 tree, and for its valuahle tiniher : naturalized in many plaee.s. June. 
 
 2. R. visc6sa, ^'ent. (Cla.mmy L.) BmuchUts uud /eafstnlL-s cliimimj; 
 /lowiis cinviid in olloiuj racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous; pod 
 jjlandular-hispid. — Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller 
 tree. June. 
 
 ■'5. R. hispida, L. (Buistly L. or Rose Acacia.) Bianchlets nnd stalks 
 Irlstlij ; tlowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — 
 Varies with less hristly or nearly naked hranchlets ; also with smaller flowers, 
 &c. — Mountains of Virginia and southward : commonly cultivated. May, 
 Jane. — Shriih 3° -8° high. 
 
 12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Wistaria. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower 
 of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at 
 its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly aurieled at the base. Stamens di- 
 adel])hous. Pod elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 
 2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, clinil)ing high, with minute stipules, 
 ])innate leaves of 9- 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipcls, 
 and dense racemes of large and showy lilae-i)ur])lc flowers. (Dedicated to the 
 late Piofcssor Wislar, of rhiladel]ihia.) 
 
 1. W. frutescens, DC. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the 
 corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shajjcd one as long as the claw. (W. 
 specinsa, Xnlt.) — Alluvial grounds, W. Virginia to Illinois and southward. 
 May. — Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese 
 species. 
 
 13. TEPHROSIA, Ters. Hoary Pea. 
 
 Calyx about eiiually 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned 
 back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous 
 or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial 
 herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets 
 mucronate, veiny. (Name from T€(f>p6s, ash-ivlond or hoarij.) 
 
 1. T. Virginikna, Pers. (Goat's Kik. Catcut.) Sdky-viUous with 
 whitish hairs wiien young ; stem end and simfile (l°-2° high), leafu to the top; 
 Iciiflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- 
 nal tJiluii'i dense mreme or jMnide, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry 
 sandy .soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. 
 
 2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Mllons n-ith ritsti/ /luirs; stems branched 
 below, straggling or ascending (2° long), /eir-leared ; leaflets 9- 15, obovate or 
 oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers feu\ in a loose interru|ited very Iviiff- 
 pidinirlid spd.e, red<lish. — Dry soil, Di-laware and southward. .Inly. 
 
 3. T. hispidula, Pursh Hairy with .some long and rusty or only minute 
 and appressed pubescence ; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched, 
 
132 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSK FAMILY.) 
 
 Straggling ; leaflets 5 - 15, ohlong, varying to obovatc-wedge-shaped and oblance- 
 olate; peduncles lonrjir than tlie Icarts, 2-4-Jiowercd ; flowers i-eddisli-purplc. — 
 Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 
 
 14. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetcii. 
 
 Calyx 5-tootlicd. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard narrow, equal- 
 ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta- 
 mens diadelj)hous Stigma minute, terminal. Pod several - many-seeded, various, 
 mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly 
 or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. Chiefly 
 herbs (ours perennials), with Odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. 
 (-The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but 
 the connection between the two is past all guess.) 
 § 1. Pod verji thick and juicy ichen fresh, not stalked in the cali/r, 2-celled, indehiscent, 
 
 or iardili/ separable into 2 closed portions : stems low, decumbent or ascending : 
 
 leaflets numerous. 
 
 1. A. caryocarpus, Kcr. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely ap- 
 pressed-pubcsccnt ; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like 
 raceme : corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed. 
 about ^' in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. Upper Mis- 
 sissippi Elver, thence westward and southward. May. 
 
 2. A. Mexieanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, 
 larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10"- 12" long); 
 calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very ob- 
 tuse ixnd pointless, 1' or more in diameter: otherwise like the last: the unrijm 
 fruits of both resemble green plums, — whence the popular name, — and are 
 eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Xult.) — Prairies and open 
 plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward. 
 
 3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets 
 oblong, often glabi'ous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, 
 cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the 
 calyx villous, — in var. Tennesseexsis (A. Tcnnesseensis, Gray, in Cliapm. S. 
 Fl. ) oblong and slightly curved, much less fleshy and thick than in the preceding. 
 — Gravelly or sandy banks of Illinois River ( Vusey, Slosson, Btbb), thence south- 
 ward and westward. May. 
 
 § 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, more or less thin-urdli-d, turgid, not stalked in the calyx, 
 completely •2-<-elled only in No. 4. 
 
 4. A. Canadensis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4°high), somewhat pubes- 
 cent; leaflets 21 -27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long 
 and close S])ikes ; pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, small, completely 2-celled. — River- 
 banks : common from N. New York westward and southward. July - Aug. 
 
 5. A. Codperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (l°-2° high); leaflets 11- 
 21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary under- 
 neath ; yZoitws u-hite, rather numerous in a short sjiike ; pods inflated-ovoid (al- 
 most 1' long), thin-walled, one-celled, the dorsal suture slightly, the ventral more 
 decidedly projecting inwards. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. <^' Gray. Now named for 
 
LEGUMINOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133 
 
 the (lipcovcrcr, the late ]Vm. Coopn-, tlierc hciiif; alrcaily an A. ne;;lcrtus.) — 
 Gravelly shores, &.C., \V. New York to Wiseousiii. June, July. 
 
 G. A. distortUS, Ton-. & Gray. Low and spreadin;,^ branehed from the 
 base, suiootliish; leaflets 11-23, oblongs or obovate ; y/oi/rrs piirjilish or violet, 
 10 - 20 in a short spike ; the standard deeply notehed at the summit ; pods oblong, 
 tun/icl, iuciirved (§' long), eoriaccous, incompleleli/ '2-celled. — Mason Co., Illinois, 
 Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) 
 
 § 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, thin-wallfd, small, stalked in llirrali/.r {slipilate), and irilh 
 it more or less pubescent with jine blackish hairs, Itamjimj on short pedicels : ra- 
 ceme short, rather many-flowered, lonej-jmlnncled: leajlets oral or dilong. 
 
 7. A. alpinus, L. Smooth or slightly hairy; stemdiffn.<e, 6' to 12'high; 
 leaflets 13-2;'); corolla violet-purjtle, or at least the keel tipped with violet or 
 blue (;■)"- 6" long) ; pods black-hairy, oblong, deeply grooved on the baek and 
 partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, its stipe usually rather 
 exceeding the calyx. — Kocks and banks, Northern Vermont (Wilionghhy 
 Mountain, ./. Blake) and Maine (Dr. Scammon, G. L. Goodale), and north- 
 ward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 8. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender; 
 leaflets 7 - 11 ; corolla white (4" long) ; calyx-teeth short; pods oblong, flaltish (^' 
 long), membranaceous, almost glabrous, the base suddenly contracted into a stipe 
 about equalling the calyx, one-celled, a thin membrane slightly projecting from 
 the dorsal suture. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of Onion River, 
 at Colchester, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829) : the station now obliterated. May. 
 
 15. OXYTROPIS, DC. Oxttropis. 
 
 Keel of the corolla tipped with a sluirp projecting point or appendage : othcr- 
 ■wise as in Astragalus. Pod often partly 2-eelled by the intrusion of the ventral 
 suture. — Our species, and most others, arc low, nearly aeaulescent perennials, 
 •with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, 
 covered with scaly adnatc stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; and naked 
 scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name indicates the peculiarity 
 of the flower, from o^xis, sharp, an<l rponis, keel.) 
 
 1. O. canip6stris, DC. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or 
 oblong : flowers yellowish or white, often tinged or tipped with ])urj)le or violet- 
 blue ; jiods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or ]>apery texture. — Northern 
 bonier of Maine, on tlie St. John's, near Seven Isles, G. L. Goodale, and north- 
 ward. July. (Ku.) 
 
 2. O. Lamb6rti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly 
 linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; jxxis cartilaginous or 
 Jinn coriaceous in texture, strictly erect, cyliadraccous-laueeolatc and long-pointed, 
 almost 2-eclled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Minnesota and 
 westward. .June. 
 
 16. GLYCYRRHIZA, Toiun. LiQioiucii. 
 
 Calyx with the two ujjper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con- 
 fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-lincai-, com- 
 
134 LEGUMINOS^E. (pulse FAMII.y). 
 
 pressed, often curved, clothed with rougli {glands or short prickles, scarcely de- 
 hiscent, few-seeded. The Howcr, &c., otherwise as in Astrajralus. — Long peren- 
 nial root sweet (whence the name, I'rom yXvKvs, sn•e^t, and pi$a, root) ; herhagc 
 glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules ; Howers in axillary 
 spikes, white or l)luish. 
 
 1. G. Iepid6ta, Nutt. (Wild Liquorice.) Tall (2°-3° hi^h) ; leaf- 
 lets 15-rj, obluiig-laiiccolate, niucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales 
 when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes pedunelcd, short ; 
 flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the 
 fiuit of Xunthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Butlalo, New York, on the 
 sands of the shore, probably drifted from its native northwest regions ; but per- 
 fectly established, (J. \V. Clii.loii. 
 
 17. -ffiSCHYNOMENE, L. Sensitive JoiNT-Yi-Tcn. 
 
 Calyx 2-li])pcd ; tlic iijijH'r lip 2-. tlic lower .3-clcft. Standard romidish : keel 
 boat-shaped. Stamens diailcl])lious in two sets of 5 each. Pod flatteneil, com- 
 posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev 
 eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence 
 the name, from alaxwofiivrj, heiiifj ashamed). 
 
 1. JE. hispida, Wiild. Erect,. rough-bristly annual ; leaflets .37-51, lin- 
 ear; racemes few-flowered ; pod stalked, 6- 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. 
 and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally. 
 
 18. HEDYSARUM, Touni. IIedysarum. 
 
 Calyx 5-eleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, 
 obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- 
 phous, 5 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round- 
 ish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs : leaves odd-pinnate. 
 (Name composed o'i r}hvs, sweet, and (ipwiia, smelt.) 
 
 1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla- 
 brous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many dcttexed pur- 
 ple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, 
 reticulated. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, A. Wood, &e. St. 
 John's River, Maine, G. L. Goodule. Also northward. 
 
 19. DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-Trefoil. 
 
 Calyx usually more or less 2-li])ped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to 
 the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- 
 verse ap])ciidage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadclphous, 9 & 1, or 
 monadelplious licldw. Pod Hat, deeply lolwd on the lower margin, separating 
 into few or many flat rciiculati'd joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked 
 hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial 
 herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely l-(bliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers 
 (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from 
 each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and 
 
LEGUMINOSyE. (PULSIi FAMILY.) 135 
 
 bracts scale-like, often strinte. (Name from Sta^oy, a hoiid or chain, from tlio 
 
 coiinectecl joints of the pods.) 
 
 § 1. Pod raised on a sialic within the ra/i/.r (slifx) man;/ timrs lonfjcr than the sliijlithj 
 toothed rali/x and nearli) as Ion;/ as the jxdicvl, slraii/htish on the u/i/ier maiyiu, 
 dee/il;/ sinuate on the lower ; the 1 - 4 joints mosdy huif-ohovate and coniace on 
 the hurt: stamms monadel/ihoiis below: /ilanls nearly glabrous: stems erect or 
 asreiidiii;/: ranine terminal, /xinicled : sti/mles hristle-form, deeiduons. 
 
 1. D. nudifl6rum, DC. Iauvvs idl crowded at the summit of sterile stems ; 
 leaflets broadly ovate, bluntisb, whitisb beneath; raceme dowjnted on an ascend- 
 in;/ mostly leafless stalk or scape from the rout, 2^ long. — Dry woods : common. 
 
 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Lenres all croicded at the summit of the stem from 
 which arises the eloni/aled naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovjitc, taper- 
 pointed, ;;reen both sitU's, the end one round (4' -5' long). — Kich woods. 
 
 3. D. pauciflbrum, DC. Lem-es scattered along the low (8' -15' high) 
 a.seending stems; leatiets rhombic-ovate, bluntisb, i)alc beneath; raceme few- 
 Jtowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and 
 southward. 
 
 § 2. Pod raised on a stalk (sti/w) little if not all surpassinr/ the dee/^ly-rlefl calyx: 
 stems lon;i and /jrostrate or decumbent : racemes axillary and terminal. 
 
 ♦ Sti/>utes coHsjiicimus, ovate, taper-pointed, striate, persistent : racemes mostly sim/)le. 
 
 4. D. rotundifblium, DC. Sof -hairy all over, truly prostrate; leaflets 
 orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers pur/de; pods almost equally 
 sinuate on both edges, 3-5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky 
 woods : rather common. ^ 
 
 Var. glabr^tum: almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form. 
 (Iledysanim bmiiifii>um, .\tuhl. in jjart, Bi;/el., &f.) — Mass., New York, &c. 
 
 5. D. OChroleucum,'M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, AnQwrnhiint; leaf- 
 lets nearly glalirous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath, 
 the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ; 
 corolla whitish; jmls twisted, 2-4-jointed, the large rhomi)oid joints smooth and 
 reticulatc<l but the margins downy. (Tcriiaps Muhlenberg's II. humifusum 
 from '■ C'arulina.") — Woo.lhiiuls, Marylau.l {W. M. C'anby) and southward. 
 
 * # Stipules siiKi/Irr, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less /lersistciit : racemes panicled. 
 
 6. D. humifusum, Beck (as to syn.). Glabrous or nearly so, procum- 
 bent ; leaflets orate or oratc-oblon;/, rather obtu.se, much smaller than in the two 
 jn-eceding (14'-2' long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2-4-jointcd, flat, the oval-rhom- 
 boid joints minutely .scabrous throughout. (Iledysarum humifusum, Muhl. Fl. 
 Luncast. herb., ex Canby.) — Dry sandy soil (Lancaster, IVnn., Mnhlenbery), 
 Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby. 
 
 § 3. Pod slie/htly if at all stalked in the ctdyx : racemes panicled. 
 
 ♦ Stems l(dl (3° -5°) and erect ; the persistent sti/ndes and deciduous bracts laieje 
 
 and conspicuous, ovnte or ovate-lannolate, ta/ter-jiointed : pods of A-1 unequal- 
 
 sided ihombic joints, which are considerably lom/er than broad, about ^' long.' 
 
 [Flowers rathr lar;/e.) 
 
 1. D. candscens, DC Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets orate, 
 
 bluulish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides 
 
136 LEGUMINOS.E. (PCLSE FAMILY.) 
 
 roup:hish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist 
 grounds, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and soiitliward, chiclly westward. — 
 Branches clotiied witii both minute and hoolced, and longer, spreading, rather 
 glutinous hairs. 
 
 8. D. CUSpid^tum, Torr. & Gray. TVr/y swoo/Zi except the panicle; stera 
 straight; lenjiits Itmccolutc-ocale ami tajier-jjointtd, green both sides ; longer than 
 the petiole (•'3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, suioothish. — Thickets : 
 common. — The consi)icuous bracts and stipules \' long. 
 
 * * Stems (2°-50 hiijit) erect: sti/mles as well as the bracts niostlj/ deciduous, smull 
 
 and inconspicuous : pods 0/3-5 triamjular or katf-rhombic or very unequal- 
 sided I'ltomlioidal joints, which are longer t/uin broad, ^' or less in length. (Flow- 
 ers miildh-sizid. ) 
 
 9. D. Isevigatum, DC .Swwrt or nearly so throughout: stem straight ; 
 leajlets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); piinicles minutely rough- 
 pubescent. — Pine wouds, New Jersey and southward. 
 
 10. D. Viridifl6rum, Beck. Stem vcrij dowiii), rough at the summit; 
 leaflets broadh/ ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a sojl velvety down 
 underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. 
 
 11. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leajlets oblong or oblong-ovate, 
 commonly blunti>li, pale beneath, softly and Jinely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' 
 long). — Open woodlands: common. 
 
 12. D. paniculatum, 1>C. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, 
 tall ; leajlets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin 
 (3' -5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. 
 
 13. D. Strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2° -3° 
 high), the uj)per part and narrow panicle rough-glandular; leajlets linear, blunt, 
 strongly reticulated, thiclcish, very smooth (I' -2' long, 4' wide) ; joints of the pod 
 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New 
 Jersey, and southward. 
 
 * * * iSli/>ules small and inconspicuous, mosdy deciduous : jiods oj few roundish or 
 
 obliquely oral or sometimes roundish-rhontboidal joints, l|-"-2i" long. 
 •»- Stems erect : bracts before Jiowering conspicuous : racemes densely Jlowered. 
 
 14. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high) ; leajlets oblong-lance- 
 olate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer 
 than the petiole (l.^'-3' long) ; Jlow/rs showy, larger than in any other species 
 {y~l' long). — Dry, rieh woods: common, especially northward. 
 
 15. D. seSSilifblium, Ton-. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high); 
 leaves nearly sissile; leajiels linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, 
 rough above, downy bcnentli ; branches of the ])anicle \onff ; fowers small. — 
 Co])ses, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois and southward. 
 
 t--*- Stems ascending {\° -3° hii/h) : brarts small; r-acemes or panicles elongated 
 and loosely Jlomred : Jlowers aniall. 
 10. D. rlgidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower 
 surface of the leaves, with a close roughish jiubcsccnce ; leajlets ooate-oblong, 
 blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer thu" 
 the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass. to Michigan, Ulinoi.s, and southward. — In- 
 termediate, as it were, between No. 1 7 and No. 1 1 . 
 
LEGUMINOS.K. (I'ULSli FAMILY.) 137 
 
 17. D. Cili^re, DC. Stem 6]em\t^v, /itiin/ or idui/li-jiiilKsrcnt ; leaves rrou-dd, 
 »n ven/ sliort hniiij ju'liohs ; Utijhts roninl-orntc ur oni/, iliickisli, moiv or le.>;s hairy 
 on tlie iiiar<;ins and niidiTncatli (^'-I'luny). — ])n liills anil sandy (itlds : 
 common, csptrially soutliward. 
 
 18. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Xtar/i/ smooth througliont, slender; 
 leaflets ovate or ruiiiidis/i. wry olituse, thin, the lateral ones uhont the lent/th of the 
 slender jietiole : otheiwi.sc le.sumMing the prccLdiny. (1). obthsuni, DC) — 
 Copses : common. 
 
 ■t--i--^ Stems rerllnimj or prostrate: rurancs loosely jloivered 
 I'J. D. line^tum, DC. Stem minutely puijcsccnt, stiiate-an^led ; leallet.-- 
 orbicular, smoothish (i'-l' long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely 
 stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Maryland ( W. M. Cunby), Virginia and 
 southward. 
 
 20. LESPEDEZA, Mirli. Brsii-CLovi:u 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; tlie lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) : 
 anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seedcd joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with 
 tlie lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or rouiulish, flat, reticulated. — 
 Perennials with pinnately S-Coliolatc leaves, not stiiKliate. Stipules and bracts 
 minute. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to 
 Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of JMicliaux.) 
 * Flowers of two sorts, the lanjer (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, paniclcd 
 or clustered ; with smaller pistdlate and fertile but mostly apttalous ones inter- 
 mixed, or in subsessile little clusters. 
 
 1. L. prOClimbenS, Michx. Sofl-doimy, except the u])]K-v surface of 
 the leaves, trailing, slender; leaflets oval or elliptical; peduncles slender, mostly 
 simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil: commonest southward. — The ajietalous 
 fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 
 
 2. L. rdpens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered 
 hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (^' 
 long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; jiods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, 
 S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 
 
 3. li. viol^cea, Pers. Sterna upright or spreadinr;, branched ; leaflets vary- 
 ing from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubes- 
 cence; peduncles or clusters few flowend : pods ovate. — The jirincipal varieties 
 arc, 1. 1)1 VKKGKNs, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely jmnided flowers; 
 this runs into, 2. SKssn,iii,(')RA, with the flowers ])rinci])ally on peduncles much 
 shorter tlian the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is 3. angusti- 
 fAi.ia, with clo.sely clustered flowers on straight branches, crowded leaves, and 
 narrowly obhmg or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry coiises : com- 
 mon. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers. 
 
 4. L. Sttivei, Xutt. Stems iiprif(ht-spreadin(j, bushy, downy; leaflets oval 
 or rounilish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some- 
 times above) ; clusters nuDiy-ftowered. crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, 
 and sand, Plymouth, Mass. to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Apjiear- 
 ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. 
 
 L & M— 2f. 
 
138 LEGUMINOS^. (rULSE FAMILY.) 
 
 * * Flowns all alike and perfect, in dose spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- 
 color with a pmple s/>ot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx : 
 stems uprifjht, wand-like (2° -4° hi(jh). 
 
 5. L. hirta, Kll- Piduncks longer than the leaves; petioles slender; leaflets 
 rouiulisli or oval, hairy; sjnkes cijlindriccd, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as 
 the calyx. (L. polystachia, Miehr.) — Dry hillsides. 
 
 6. L. capit^ta, Michx. Pedunchsand pttioles sJiort; stems rij^id, woolly ; 
 leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky 
 beneath ; spikes or heads short ; ])ods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies 
 greatly, most of all in var. angustifom.v : slcndtr; leaflets linear; peduncles 
 sometimes elongated. — Dry and sandy soil ; tne narrow variety only found 
 near the coast and southward. 
 
 21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Pencil-Flowek. 
 
 Calyx early deciduous ; the tube slender and stalk-like ; the limb unecpially 
 4 - 5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelj)hous stamens 
 inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube : standard orbicular : keel incurved. 
 Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter 
 ones fixed by the niiiUlle. Stylo fililbrm, its upper part falling oft" after flower- 
 ing, the lower part incun-ed or hooked, and persistent on the apex of the 1 - 
 2-jointed small and short reticulated j^d, the lower joint when present empty 
 and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, 
 pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no 
 stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name 
 composed of orilAoy, a column, and uvdos, a flower, from the stalk-like 
 calyx-tube.) 
 
 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight- 
 veined ; heads or clusters small and tew-flowered. — IMne barrens, Long Island, 
 New York, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July -Oct. 
 
 22. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Take. 
 
 Calyx .5-cleft or .^-toothed, tl)C 2 ujjjier teeth often shorter, or the lowest 
 longer. Wings of tlie corolla adliering to tlie middle of the keel. Stamens 
 more or less diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style Ali- 
 form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2- 
 sevcral-scedcd. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under 
 ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril 
 at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or iiedun- 
 cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.) 
 
 * Annanl : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, inolet-purple. 
 
 \. V. SATiVA, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent j 
 Btem sim])lc ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched 
 and mucronatc at the apex; pod linear, several -seeded. — Cultivated fields and 
 waste places; both the common form and the var. axgustif6lia, which has 
 longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
leguminosa:. (ruLSE family.) 189 
 
 * * Annual, sUvder : peduncles elongated : flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 
 
 2. V. TiiTHASi'ERMA, L. P<t/«Hr7f5 1 - 2-77oi/;«erf; Icaflcts 4 - 6 paiis, liiiL'.ir- 
 oblong, ol)tiisc ; calyx-tccth unequal ; corolla whitish ; jmls narrowly olAony, 4- 
 secded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. V. iiinst'TA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - 6 flowered ; leaflets C-8 pairs, trun- 
 cate; calyx-teeth ccpial ; corolla bluish; pods oblong, 2-seeded, Itairj. — Massa- 
 chusetts Jo Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * * Perennial: peduncles elongated ; calijx-leitli unerptul : pod several-seeded. 
 
 4. V. Cracca, I>. Dowuy-puhescent ; leajLts 20 - 24, oblong -lanceolate, 
 strotiglj mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the 
 tube. — llorders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward: rather 
 rare. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, (i" lung, one-sided in the spike, 
 reflexed. (Eu.) 
 
 5. V. Cai'Olini^na, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse, 
 scarcely mucronate ; piduncles loosfly flowered ; caly.x-teeth very short. — River- 
 banks, &c. May. — Flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, 
 whitish, the keel tipped with blue. 
 
 6. V. AmeX'ickna, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate- 
 oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-8floivered. — Moist soil, New 
 York to Kcntuiky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish, 8" long. 
 
 23. LATHYRXJS, L. Vetchlixg. Everlasting Pea. 
 
 Style flattish, dilated and tlattish (not grooved) al)ove, hairy alung the inner 
 side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the lilaments scarcely oblique at the 
 apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (AdSvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo- 
 phrastus.) — Our sj)ccies arc perennial and mostly smooth plants. 
 
 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout (1° high); 
 leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halberd-shaped, 
 nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles G- 10-flowercd. — Sea-coast, from New 
 Jersey northward, and shore of the (ireat Lakes. June -Aug. — Flowers 
 large, purjile. Leaflets very veiny, as also in the other species. (Eu.^ 
 
 2. L. venbsus, Muhl. Stem climbing (20-5° high); leiiflets 5-7 pairs, 
 scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- 
 der, half arrow-shaped, rarely larger and broader; peduncles many-flowered ; corolla 
 purple. — Shady banks, Pcnn. to Wiscon.^in. and southward. June. 
 
 3. L. OChl'Oleucus, Hook. Stem slender (IO-.30 high); leaflets 3-4 
 pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules hid/ heart-shaped, a f>out hdf 
 as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; corolht yelJnwish-wh ite, simxWcr 
 than in the last.— Hillsides, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and 
 northward. July. 
 
 4. L. pallistris, L. (Maush VKTriii.ixc.) Stem slender (10-2° hi-h), 
 often winged-margined; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly ol>- 
 long, niucrouate-poiuted ; stljinhs small, laiUrolat,; half arrow-sIiaiR'd, sharp- 
 pointed at i>otli ends; peduncles 3 - 5-flowereil ; corolla blue-purple. — Moi^t 
 places, N. England to IVnn.. Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 Vur, myrtifblius. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° liigh ; leaflets oblong or ovate- 
 
140 LEGUMIXOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 
 
 elliptical; upper stipules much larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, 
 Miihl.) — W. New Enfihind to Virginia and northward, July. — Ordinarily 
 appears quite distinct IVoni L. palustris ; but intermediate specimens occur. 
 
 T). L. I'UATENsis, L. Low and straggling ; leajlets a sinrjle pair, narrow< 
 lanceolate ; stipules large ; peduncles several-flowered ; corolld yellow. — Spon- 
 taneous and abundant along the Connecticut at West Springlield, Mass., 
 A. P. Foster. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 24. API OS, Bocrliaave. GRorND-NUT. Wii.p Bean. 
 
 Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper 
 very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the long 
 scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadeljihous. 
 Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A 
 perennial herb (with some milky juice !), bearing edible tubers on underground 
 shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, ob- 
 scurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. 
 (Name from ("nriov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 
 
 1. A. tuberdsa, Ma-nch. (Glycine Apios,Z.) — Low grounds ; common. 
 Aug. -Sept. — Flowers brown purple, or chocolate-color, violet-scented. 
 
 25. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney Bean. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothcd or 5-cleft, the two upjior teeth often higher united. Keel of 
 the corolla, witii the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or curved into 
 a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the uj>per side: stignui 
 oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped 
 with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out 
 of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining or prostrate herbs, 
 •with pinnately 3-foliolatc stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the 
 knotty joints of the raceme, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient 
 name of the Kidney Bean.) 
 
 * Pods scymdar-shaped: racemes long and loosi', panichd. 
 
 1. P. perennis, Walt. ( Wilu Bean.) Stem climbing high from a per- 
 ennial root ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly 
 curved, 4-.5-seeded. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. — Flow- 
 ers purple, handsome, but small. 
 
 * * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete : Jloiversfew in a short mistered and 
 I ong-prduncled raceme. (Strophostyles, Ell.) 
 
 2. P. diversifdlius, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- 
 hairy ; leajh-ts! ov<ite-:Uub('d, or angled to\\ards the base, or some of them oblong- 
 ovate and entire ; i)eduneles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy 
 fields and banks, coast of Massachusetts and along the Great Lakes to 
 Illinois and southward. — Corolla greenish-white, tinged with red or purple. 
 Pod thickish. 
 
 3. P. h^lVOluS, L. Perennial, hiury ; stems diffuse, slender ; hajkts ovate 
 or ohioni, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves. 
 — Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. — More slender than 
 the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar. 
 
LEGUMINOS.E. (PL'LSE FAMILY.) 141 
 
 • ♦ Pi>ds stmifjlit and Um-nr, fltit : jtrdnwli-s short, 1 -fiw-Jlowerrd at the summit: 
 jjijictrs sinnll : kvd hss iiinticid. 
 •1. P. pauciflorus, Ikntli. Anmial ; stems (liffiisc, but twining, slender, 
 puhL'Sccnt ; IcatlL'ts vai yiiijj IVoni ol)loiiy:-ianccoliitc or ovatc-oblong to linear, 
 (r. leiospermus, Torr. ^- dr.) — River-banks, Illinois {Mead) and soutbwcst- 
 ward. July - Scjjt. — Flowers 3" lony, purjjlc. Tod 1' long, pubescent. 
 
 26. CENTROSEMA, DC. SruitRKo BuTTEurLY-PEA. 
 
 Calyx short, 5-el«ft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the spreading 
 standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base : keel broad. 
 Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, 
 flat, pointed with the awl- shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, 
 tJie valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining 
 perennials, with 3-foliolatc stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, 
 bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from 
 KtvTpov, a s/mr, and at)fia, the standard.) 
 
 1. C. Virgini^num, Bcnth. Rather roi'gh with minute hairs; leaflets 
 varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun- 
 cles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth lincar-awl-shaped. — Sandy woods, from Mary- 
 land southward. Jidy. — Corolla 1' long, violet. I'ods straight, 4-5' long. 
 
 27. CLITORIA, L. Bltterfly-Pea. 
 
 Calyx tubular, rj-toothed. Standard nnuii larger than the rest of the flower; 
 erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the Itack : keel small, shorter 
 than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded 
 down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flatfish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed 
 with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 
 3-(oliolatc stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1-3-flowered: 
 braetleti opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.) 
 
 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovatc or ovate-lanceolate; 
 stipules aiidi)racts awl-shapcd ; peduncles short, 1-3-flowcred. — Dry banks, 
 E. New Vork to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ; 
 the showy pale-blue flowers i>' long. 
 
 28. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Hog Pea-nct. 
 
 Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but 
 seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches with the 
 corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about 
 Cfjually 4- (rarely 5-) toothed : bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals 
 similar, almost straight ; the standard i>artly folded round them. Stamens dia- 
 delphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat 
 scymetar-shaped, 3-4-seedcd; of the lower ones commonly subterranean, oI)0- 
 vate or ])ear-sbaped, fleshy, ri])ening usually but one large seed. — Low and 
 slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves 
 pinnately 3-foliokite ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, in clus- 
 
142 LEGUMIXOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 
 
 tcred or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasp- 
 in;:, striate, i'.s well as the stijiules. (Name Ironi dfxcjyl, both, and Kapjros, Jruit, 
 in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) 
 
 1. A. monbica, Nutt. Kacemes nodding; hracts each supporting 2 or 
 more llowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood- 
 lands. Aug., Sept. 
 
 29. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Milk-Pea. 
 
 Calyx 4-elelt ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely 
 incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat, 
 several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or de- 
 formed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 
 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in 
 summer. (Name from yi A a, -uktos, milk ; some species being said to yield a 
 milky juice, which is unlikely.) 
 
 1. G. glabella, ^liehx. Stems nearli/ smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical 
 or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flo\vcrcd ; 
 pods somewhat liairtj. — Sandy woods, S. New York, New Jersey and Penn. to 
 Virginia and .-southward. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple. 
 
 2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and 
 leaves beneath sofl-downy and honri/ ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pods 
 very downij. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July. 
 
 30. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. Rhynchosia. 
 
 Calvx somewhat 2-lipped, or dee])ly 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in- 
 curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, 
 short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnatelv 
 3-foliolate, or -with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or 
 clustered. (Name from pvv)(os, a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 
 
 1. R. toment6sa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets roundish ; 
 racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the 
 upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable : or perhaps the following arc 
 distinct species. 
 
 A'ar. monophylla, Torr. & Gr.iy. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high); 
 leaves mostly of one round leaflet l'-2' wide. (R. reniformis, DC.) — Virginia 
 and southward, in dry sandy soil. — Flowers earlier than the following. 
 
 A'ar. volilbilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaflets 
 3, roundish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. (R. difformis, 
 DC.) — S. Virginia and southward. 
 
 Var. er6cta, Torr. & Gray. Upright {l°^2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 
 3, oval or oblong. (R. crecta, DC.) — ^Maryland and southward. 
 
 31. BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed: 
 keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. 
 
LEGUMINOS.E. (iTI.SIC FAMILY.) 113 
 
 Pod stiilked in the persistent calyx, roundish or olilon<^, inflated, poiiitetl, many- 
 seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palniately .3-fuli()latc (rarely simple) leaves, 
 whieh ;renenilly hlaekeii in dryiii;;, and raeenied flowers. (Named from iiajir'i^oi, 
 to dije, from the econoinieal u.se o( i^ome sj)ecies, whieh yield a poor indi;;o.) 
 
 1. B. tinctdria, U. Pr. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender (2°- 30 
 lii^h), rather filaiicoiis; k'uvos almost sessile ; leaflets ronnded wedge-obovatc 
 (!{' lonji) ; slijinld! (uul hnicts iiiiniit)- (iiiil daiditoiis ; rarcmis fi v-Jlturcrrif, tcrminat- 
 ili<;- the Inishy hraiiehes ; pods oval-};lol)ose, on a stalk lonj^er than the calyx. — 
 Sandy dry soil : common. June- Aujr- — Corolla yellow, ^' long. 
 
 2. B. austl'klis, K.Br. (BuK FALSii-lNDiGO.) Smooth, tall and stout 
 (4° -5°); leaflets oblonjj-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanaolate, as long as llie 
 jwtioks, rather /lemislciit ; raceme eloiirjated ( 1 ° - 2° ) and maui/-Jhwerrd, erect ; bracts 
 deciduous; stalh of the oval-ob/onff podf af)out the lent/th of the ca/yr. — Alluvial soil, 
 from Pennsylvania westward and southward: often cultivated. June. — Flow- 
 ers 1' lonji, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -.3' long. 
 
 3. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in 
 the foregoing ; stiimlcs ear/// deciduous ; pods or<d-o!i/oii(j, raif.ed on a stad.- J'ulli/ twice 
 tlie Itmjtit of the cali/x. — Alluvial .soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and .southwestward. 
 July. — Flowers white ; tho standard short. Pods 2' long. 
 
 4. B. ^Iba, li. Br. Smooth (l°-.3° high) ; the branches slender and icidoly 
 sprmdiiKj : jietioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute an(\ deciduous; leaflets ob- 
 long or oblanceolatc ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; pods linrar- 
 ohlong {I'- \^' lon-^), short-stalhed. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May, 
 June. — Flowers white, 6" -9" long. 
 
 •>■ B. leUCOphaea, Nutt. ITain/, hue (1° high), with direrrjent branches; 
 hares (dniost sissi/, : it'aflcts narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and 
 bracts lar(/e and liafi/, persistent; racemes lonrj, reclined ; Jlowers on elonf/ated ftedi- 
 cels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. 
 — Raceme often 1°, pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length. 
 
 32. CLADRASTIS, Puif Yellow- Wood. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexcd : the distinct kcel-pctals 
 and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved 
 nl)0ve. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- 
 secded, at length 2-valved. — A small and handsome tree, with yellow wood, 
 smooth bark, nearly smooth pinmitc leaves of 7 - 11 oval or ovate leaflets, and 
 ample panicled racemes (10" -20" long) of showy white flowers drooping from 
 the end of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, and 
 enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name 
 of obscure derivation.) 
 
 1. C. tinctdria, Haf. (VirgHia lutca, .l//c//.r. /:) Rich hillsides, E. Ken- 
 tucky and southward along the western ba.sc of the Allcghanies. May, June. 
 
 33. CERCIS, L. RKD-nin. Jri)AS-Tnr.E. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly pai)ilionaceous : standard smaller than 
 the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-pcUils larger and not 
 
144 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSR FAMILY.) 
 
 tinitcd. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, tho 
 iil)lHT .sutiiiv with a win;;ed niar^iiii. Knibryo straij^ht. — Trees, witii rounded- 
 lieart-sliaped !sinii)lc leaves, caducous stipules, and rcd-i)urple flowers in uwihel- 
 likc dusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before 
 the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, L. (Kkd-uhd.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile 
 above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 
 March -May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller 
 than in the European species. 
 
 34. CASSIA, L. Senna. 
 Sepals 5, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, little une(j[ual, spreading. 
 Stamens .'j-lO, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers 
 opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross 
 partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate 
 leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.) 
 » Leaflets large: stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers di formed and imperfect: 
 flowers in short axilltiri/ racemes, the upper ones panicled: herliafje glabrous. 
 
 1. C. Marilandica, L. (Wild Sknna.) Ltaflds 6 -9 pairs, lanceolate- 
 oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland* near the base; pods linear, 
 slightly cui-ved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4') ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil. July. 
 — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. 
 
 2. C. occidentXlis, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, oudte-lunctolate, acute ; an ovate 
 gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (.5' long) with a tumid border, 
 glabrous. — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) 
 
 .'5. C. obtusifblia, L. Leaflets 3 or rareti/ 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an 
 elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slender, 
 6' long, curved; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio Kiver, Illinois (Dr. Vasci/), 
 S. Virginia and southward. 
 
 » * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persi.ftent : rt nip- 
 shaped gland beneath thn lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all perfect : flowers in 
 small clusters abo'w the axils: pods flat: root annual. 
 
 4. C. Chamseerista, L. (Pautridge Pea.) Leaflets 10-1.") pairs, 
 linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels; anthers 10, 
 elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) style slender. — Sandy 
 fields: common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1° long : 2 
 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a pin-ple spot at the base. 
 
 5. C. nictitans, L. (Wild Sensitive-Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, 
 oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on reri/ .'short pedicels; avthers .5, nenrli/ equal; 
 style short. — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and south- 
 ward. Aug. - Sept. 
 
 35. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. 
 
 Flowers dioecious or ])olygam<)us, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, 
 r>-cleft. Petals .5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Sta- 
 
LF-Gl'MINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Ho 
 
 mens 10, distinct, short, inserted witli the petals. Pod ol)lon^, flattened, hard, 
 pul|)y inside, several-seeded. iSeeds tiatti>li. — A tall lar^^e tree, with rou;^h 
 bark, stout branehlets, not thorny, and h\r<j;(i uneiiuaily twiec-jtinnatc luavea; 
 tlic leaflets standing;- veriiealiy. — Flowers whitish, in terminal raeenies. (Name 
 from yvfi.i'ui, uuLil, and KXiidus, a brunch, aliiuling to the stout branehes desti- 
 tute of spray.) 
 
 1. G. Canadensis, Lam. Rieh woods, along rivers, W. New York and 
 Penn. to Illinois and soutlnvcstward. June. — Cultivated as ati ornameuial 
 tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, witli several larj>e partial leafstalks 
 bearing 7 -13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Tod 
 6'- 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over V aeross. Stipules wanting. 
 
 36. GLEDITSCHIA, L. IIoney-Locu.st. 
 
 Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5eleft, the lobes sjtreading. Petals 
 as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta- 
 mens 3 - 10, distinet, inserted with the petals on the base of the ealv.x. Pod flat, 
 1 -many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly onee or twiee pin- 
 nate leaves, and inconspieuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above 
 the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Ukditsch, a botanist contemporary with 
 Linna'us.) 
 
 1. G. triac^nthos, L. (Three-tiiokned Acaci.\, or IIoxey-Locust.) 
 Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; haflds Innreolate-ohlon;/, somewhat ser- 
 rate ; pods linear, eloixfjatcd (1°- U° long), often twisted, fllled with sweet pulp 
 between the seeds. — Rieh woods, Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southwest- 
 ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 
 
 2. G. monosp6rma, Walt. (Watek-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly 
 simple; hojlils oaite or nljlum/ ; pods oval, l-sccdal, puii>lcss. — Swamps, Illinois 
 and southwestward. July. — A small tree. 
 
 37. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTiins. 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-tootlied. 
 Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat 
 coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves 
 of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous 
 stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. 
 (Name composed nf dtana, a bond, and livBo^, flmrer.) 
 
 1. D. brach;^lobuS, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (l°-40 
 high); partial petioles 0-15 pairs; leaflets 20 -,30 pairs ; stamens'); pods ob- 
 long or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1' louir, 2 - f.-seeded. (Darlina-tonia hraehy- 
 loba & glandulosa, Z>C.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and .southwest- 
 ward. 
 
 38. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Bhiar. 
 
 Flowers polygamous, regidar. Calyx minute. .'J-toothed. Petals united into 
 a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12. ilistinet, or the filaments united 
 at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-pricklv, several-seeded 4-valvcd i. c 
 
 G M— 7 
 
146 ROSACK^. (rose family.) 
 
 the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pc- 
 reiniiiil herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Phmts (Mimosa) ; tlie procum- 
 bent stems mid petioles prickly, with twice-jiinnatc sensitive leaves of many 
 small leafletij, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored 
 flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.) 
 
 1. S. uncinkta, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; 
 k-dfhts e//i/itiml, nticulakd with stiony veins Ijencath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly 
 terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, 
 Illinois? and southward. June -Aug. 
 
 2. S. angUSt^ta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblonfj-linear, scarcehj veimd; -fodis 
 slender, tajier-poiuted, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the preceding. 
 
 Okdeh 33. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) 
 
 Plants with regular /lowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in- 
 sened on the calyx, and 1 - many pisiiU^ which are (/uite distinct, or (in the 
 Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tnbe. Seeds (anatropous) 
 1 -few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, 
 with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some- 
 times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3 - 4 - 
 8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double 
 by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- 
 ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the 
 edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A 
 large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro- 
 ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu- 
 minosa; on one Land, and with Saxifragaceaj on the other. 
 
 SuBOKDER I. AMYGDALJC^. (Almond Family.) 
 
 Calyx entirely free from the (usually) solitary ovary, deciduous. Style 
 terminal or nearly so. Fruit a drupe (stone-fi-uit), 1-seeded, or rarely 2- 
 seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and 
 the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. 
 Stipules free, often deciduous. 
 
 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lol)C3 of the calyx and petals .5. Stone of the drupe bony. 
 
 Suborder II. KOSACEiE tropeu. 
 Calyx free from the ovaries (but sometimes enclosing them in its tube), 
 mostl)' persistent with the fruit. Pistils few or many, distinct, occasionally 
 single. Stipules commonly united with the petiole. 
 
 Tribe I. fVlRJEEJE. Pistils mostly 5 and forming follicles in fruit: styles terminal. 
 Calyx without bractlets. Seeds not rarely with some albumen ! 
 
 2. Splrren. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals obovate, equal, chiefly imbricated in the bud. 
 
 3. Glllenla. CMyx elongated, 6-toolUed. PcUla slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. 
 
ROSACK^:. (UOSK FAMILY.) 147 
 
 Trtbe II. POTERIEjE. Pistils 1-4, one-ovuled, becoming acheni.i, and enclosed io 
 the urii-sliiipcil tubu of the dry persistent calyx, wliicli is constricted or nearly closed at the 
 tlii-..at I'l t .Is .ifien wautini; 
 4 Pi>t< i-iiiin. IVtals none. Loljes of the calyx 4, petal-like. Style terminal : stigma tufted. 
 5. Alt litiiiillii. I'etuls none. Suimeiis anil pistils 1 -4 : style lateral. 
 6 A^i^riinoiiia. I'etala 5. SUmens 1-2 - 15. I'istils 2 : style terminal. 
 Tribe III. DKYAUKiS. Pistils numerous, rarely few or single, one-ovuled, becoming 
 liry aclKMiia ; the calyx open, not tlesliy in fruit. Petals present, usually conspicuous. 
 
 7. Drjns. Petals and calyx-lobes 8 or 9. Stamens and carpels numerous: persistent 
 
 styles becomin(f lonj; plumose tails in fruit. 
 
 8. Gviiin. lVt;ils and calyx-lobes 5, the latter usually with 5 alternating small bractleU. 
 
 Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent styles becoming long jilumose or hairy, or 
 naked and straight or jointed, tails. Radicle inferior. 
 
 9. 'WaltUteiitia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 ; no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenia 
 
 2- 6 : styles deciduous from the base. Radicle inferior. 
 
 10. Siblialilia. Petals minute : stamens and achenia 5 -10 : otherwise same as Potentilla. 
 
 11. A.'uleiitilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, and also with an 
 
 altirnating set of accessory lobes or bractlets. Stamens and achenia numerous ; the 
 latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or 
 not enlarging in fruit. Radicle superior. 
 
 12. Frugaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit. 
 Tribe IV. RUBB.^. Pistils numerous or several, 2-ovuled, becoming berry like or 
 
 druiK-lets in fruit ; the 5-cleft calyx not bracteolate, open, persistent or withering beneath 
 the fruit. Petals conspicuous. 
 
 13. Dallbartla. Carpels 6 - 10, in the bottom of the calyx, almost dry. 
 
 14. Kubiis. Carpels numerous, heaped on the receptacle. 
 
 Tribe V. ROSEiE. Pistils numerous, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, contained in the 
 urn-shaped or globular and almost closed fleshy tube of the caly.\, or hip : no bractlets. 
 Petals c inspicuous. 
 
 15. llosa. Character of the Tribe. 
 
 SuBOftDF.R III. POItlE.E. (Pkar Family.) 
 Caly.x-tube thick and flesliy in Irnit, including and combined with the 
 2-5 ovaries (forming a, pome). Stipules free. 
 
 • Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2 5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled. 
 
 16. Crata;gus. Pome drupe-like, with 1 -6 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny. 
 
 17. Py rus. Pome containing 2 - 5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. 
 
 * Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled. 
 13. Aiuelaiifblcr. Pome usually of 5 carpels ; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a 
 projection from its back : otherwise as Pyrus. 
 
 1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cukrey, &c. 
 
 Caly.x 5-cleft ; the tube bcll-shapod, urn-.shaped or ttdiular-obconical, decidu- 
 ous after flowerin":. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens l.")-20. Ovary .solitary, 
 with 2 penduloua ovules. Drtipc fleshy, with a l>ony stone. — Small trees or 
 shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 § 1. PKUXUS & Ci<:RASUS, Tomn. Drupe swoolh, and the stone smooth or 
 somewhat rnijijal : jloWivs {iisiuilli/ whi'tr) /rum se/Hirate Intend sndi/ buds in 
 eurlif spriiu/, precedimj or coetinicous with the Imres ; the pedicels ft w cr seiynd 
 in simple umbel-like clusters. — T/ie Pjlusis of the Old World have the leavef 
 
148 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.) 
 
 convolute in the hud, the fruit with a bloom ; its stone oblong, flattened or flatfish 
 and acutf. at hutli ends : hut our wild Plums are like Ciikkries in liuvlncj the 
 leiives /hided hffure exjicnision, little or i.o hloom, and some of tlitm in the thicker 
 or (jlubular stone, thus confounding the disliuctions. 
 
 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Ykllow or Red Plum.) Leaves 
 ovule or suine\vh;U oljovate, cons/)iciiousli/ j>ointed, coarscli/ or douhlij serrate, very 
 veiny, qlahrous whi:n mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- 
 low, orange, or red, j'-i' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute 
 on l)Oth margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, the flattened 
 stone with broader margins : plea^iant-tastcd, but with a tough and acerb skin. 
 — Woodlands and river-banks : common. — Tree thorny, 8° -20° high. 
 
 2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (2°- 
 5°); leaves ovate or ovul, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short, 
 pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom {h' - 1' in diameter) ; 
 the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the 
 other. (P. littoralis, Bigiluw.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, 
 with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmia, 
 Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Maine to Virginia; the variety. New 
 Jersey and soutlnvard. 
 
 .3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Chick.vsaav Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny 
 (8' -15' high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous; fruit globular, 
 red, nearly destitute of bloom (^'-|'in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as 
 thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Mary- 
 land to Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward. 
 
 4. P. spiNosA, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny; leaves 
 ohovate-obhiig or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla- 
 brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one 
 edge. — Var. iNsixfxiA (Bullace-Plum.), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower 
 side of the leaves pubescent (P. insititia, L.) — Roadsides and waste places, 
 New England, to Pcnn., >S:c. (Adv. from Ku.) 
 
 5. P. ptimila, L. (Dwarf Cherry.) Smooth, depressed, and trailing 
 (6'- 18' high) ; leaves ohovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near 
 the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red, without 
 bloom ; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy 
 banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, ana .south to Virginia along the 
 mountains. 
 
 6. P. Pennsylv&nica, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) Tj'aves dilong-lanceo- 
 late, pointed, jindy mid shar/ily sn-rate, shining, green and smooth both sides; flowers 
 many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with 
 thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods : common, especially 
 northward. May. — Tree 20° -30° high, with light red-brown bark. 
 
 §2. PADUS, Mill. (Cherry.) Drupe small, glohosp, without hloom; the stone 
 turgid-orate, marginless : flowers in rcwemes terminating Uafy branches, therefore 
 appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 
 
 7. P. Virginikna, L. (Choke-Cherry.) lycaves ovtd, ohlong,or obovate, 
 abruptly pointed, very sharply (oflen doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; racemes 
 
rosace.t:. (rose faimily.) 149 
 
 short nnd rloso ; petals roundish; fruit rod turning: to dark rrimson ; stone 
 smooth. — liiver-haiiks : coniinoii, espicially northward. May. — A tall shrub, 
 seldom a trt'o, with >;ra_vish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till per- 
 fectly ripe. (1*. obovhia, Bitjclow. 1'. serotina, of several authors.) 
 
 8. P. sex'btina, Khrhart. (Wild Black Cheruv.) Lcavis oblong or 
 ItincroUitf-oli/uii//, taj)er-})oiiit(ii, serrate with incurred short and ailloiis tetth, tliieki«h, 
 sliinin;; above; racemes elongated; petals obovatc; fruit purj)lish-black. — 
 Woods: common. June. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown liranches, 
 furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker: al.so al)Oiin(ling eastward as a 
 shrub. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. 
 
 2. SPIRJEA, L. Meadow-Swket. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovatc, equal, imbricated in the 
 bud (except in No. 6). Stamens 10-50. Tods (lollicles) 2- 12, several- (2- 
 15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts 
 are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from o-TTftpuw, to wind, alluding to the fit- 
 ness of the plants to be formed into garlands.) 
 
 § 1. rilYSOCARPOS, Camb. (Neillia, Don.) Shrubs with simple pal- 
 matili/lohed leaves and vmhel-like corymbs: jiods iitjlated and diverfjing when 
 grown, 2-4-seeded: seeds pntty large, roundish, bitter, with a thick crustuceou.* 
 seed-codt, and rather copious albumen ! 
 
 1. S. opulifblia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Leaves roundish, somewhat S-lobed 
 and heart-shaped; jiods 2-5. — Rocky river-banks, especially westward. June. 
 
 — Shrub 4° -10° high, with long recurved branches, and white Huwers, sue 
 cecded by membranaceous purplish pods : the ijld bark loose and separating in 
 numerous thin layers. 
 
 § 2. SPIRAEA proper. Shrubs, with simple leavef ; the stipules obsolete : podf 
 [v)ostlg 5) not inflated, several-seeded : seeds mostlij linear and with a thin or 
 loose coiit and no albumen, in this and the following sections. 
 
 2. S. COrymb6sa, Raf Nearly smooth (l°-2° high); leaves oval of 
 ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex; corymbs large, flat, scvcnxl times compound, 
 flnweis irhite. — Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Virginia and Kentucky. Juno 
 
 — A form of S. bctuiivfolia, Pallas. 
 
 •1. S. salicif61ia, I>. (Common Meadoav-Sweet.) Xearly smooth (2° - 
 3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply ur doubly serrate \floirtrs in a crowdtd 
 panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low groumls : alro culti- 
 vated. July. (Eu.) 
 
 4. S. toment6sa, L. (HAnniiACK. Steeple-Bisii.) Slenui and louet 
 surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes 
 crowded in a dense panicle; jiods woolly. — Low grounds : coniinoni'st iu New 
 England. July. — Flowers rose-color, rarely white. 
 
 §3. ULMARLV, Mancii. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicUd 
 rymosp flowers : cnlijx rrfli-red : }iods 5 - 8 in number, 1 - 2-seedetl. 
 
 5. S. lobkta, Murr. (Qceen or the Prairie ) Glabrous (2° -8° high) ; 
 leaves interruptedly jiinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 -O-jmrted, the 
 lobes incised and toothed ; stipules kidney-form ; panicle eompounil clustered. 
 
150 ROSACEA, (rose family.) 
 
 on a lonf,' naked peduncle. — Meadows and Prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Uli- 
 nois, and Kentucky. June. — I'lowers deep peaeh-blos.-iom color, handsome, 
 the petals and sejjals ot'tcu in fours ! The bruised t'oliage exhales the odor of 
 Sweet Bireh. 
 
 §4. ARCNCUS, Serinrje. Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish Jlowers, in 
 
 inani/ slender spi/ciS disfwsed in a lomj comimind ixiiiide: leans thrice-pinnate: 
 
 stipith'S obsolete: pod^ 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflered in fruit. 
 
 6. S. Ariineus, L. (Goat's-Beakd.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lancc- 
 
 ohue-ohlong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-j)ointed, sharply cut 
 
 and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and westward. 
 
 Kear Baltimore, /'. r. /^eroy. June. (Eu.) 
 
 3. GILLENIA, Mueueh. Indian Physic. 
 
 Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. 
 Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; 
 convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at iirst 
 lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-sceded. Seeds ascending, with a close 
 coriaceous coat, and some albumen. — Perennial herbs, Avith almost sessile 3-fo- 
 liolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate aud incised. Flowers loosely 
 panieulatc-corymhed, pale rose-color or white. (I)etlicated to an obscure Ger- 
 man botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 
 
 1. G. trifoliata, Micneh. (Bow.man's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, 
 pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. 
 New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 
 
 2. G, Stipulasea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, 
 deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Pcqq- 
 sylvania and New York to lUiuois and Kentucky. June. 
 
 4. POTERIXJM, L. (including Saxguisorba.) Burnet. 
 
 Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent ; the 4 
 broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. 
 Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1 -.3 : 
 the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achenium 
 (commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry atul thiekish closed calyx- 
 tube. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally jiinnatc 
 leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di- 
 oecious flowers crowded in a dense head or s])ike at the summit of a long and 
 naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-hracteolate. (Name ttodj/jioi/, a drinkiuq- 
 cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medici- 
 nal drink.) 
 
 1. P. Canadcnse. (Canadian BrnxET.) Stamens 4, long-exserted, 
 club-sha])ed, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike ; stem 
 3° - G° high, leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, ob- 
 tuse, heart-shaped at the base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate. (Sanguisnrha 
 Canadensis, Z., and former edition.) — Bogs and wet meadows; ehietly iiortli- 
 Vv-:u'd. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 « 
 
ROSACE^.. (rOSK family.) , 151 
 
 5. ALCHEMILLA, Tuum. Ladv's Maxti.e. 
 
 Calyx-tube inversely coniciil, contracted at the throat ; linih 4-jiartcd with as 
 many alternate accessory lobes outside. Petals iion.-. Sianuns 1-4. I'istils 
 1-4; the slender style arising from near the base of tlic ovary ; the aclicnia in- 
 cluded in the tube of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, witii palniatcly loi)ed 
 or conij)ound leaves, and small corymbed grcenisli Howers. (From AI/.-i nuli/ih, 
 tlic Arabic name.) 
 
 1. A. AUVEXsis, L. (Parsley Piekt.) Small annual (.T-8' hi;;li), 
 leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2-3-cleft, pubescent; How- 
 ers sessile in the axils. — Eastern and Central Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 A. ALPINA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and Wiiitc Moun- 
 tains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 
 
 6. AGRIMONIA, Tuurn. Agiumony. 
 
 Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with liookcd bristles 
 above, induratea .n fruit and enclosing the 2 aehenia ; the limb 5-clcft, closed 
 after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12- 15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended. 
 — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slen- 
 der spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (^'ame a corruption oi' Anjonoiiia, oi the 
 same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.) 
 
 1. A. Eupatbria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Lciflitx :>-! with minute 
 OIKS inUrmixed, olilomz-obovatr, (.•oiwsdy toothed; petals twice the length of the 
 calyx. — Borders of woods : common. July -Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. pax'Vifldra, Ait. (Smai.l-Flowered A.) Lea fids crowded, W- 
 19, with smaller oius iiitcrmixal, hmrjolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, 
 as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, S. New York (C. F. 
 Austin) to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July. 
 
 7. DRY AS, L. Dryas. 
 
 Calyx open, flatfish, 8 - 9-pnrtcd. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Genm 
 § Sieversia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simjile toothed 
 leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dn/ndex, the nymphs of the 
 Oaks, the fulia-c of tlie original species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 
 
 1. D. integrifblia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovatc, slightly heart-shaped, 
 with revolutc margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — 
 White IMountains, New IIam])shire, Prof. P/c/c, according to Purs/i; not since 
 met with : but it grows in Lower Catuida. (Eu.) 
 
 8. GEUM, L. AvENs. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped or flatti>h, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small braetlets at 
 the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Aehenia numerous, hea])cd on a coni- 
 cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long jjcrsistcnt styles forming hairy or 
 iniked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with i)in- 
 nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from ytvu, to tjivc an at/reeuble jiuor, the rootA 
 being ratlier aromatic.) 
 
1-'>'2 . ROSACEA. (rose family.) 
 
 § 1. GE^^^ proper. Sli/Zis jointed and bent near the middle; the hirer portion 
 persistent, indeed, hooked at the end (tflcr the dejiexid and most/;/ somewhat hairij 
 upper joint fulls awai/: head of /ntil sessile in the calyx: calyx-lobis rejiexcd. 
 (Floicers sometchat ]>anicled at the summit of a leafi/ stem: achcnia in our 
 species glabrous or nearly so beluw, more or less bristly at the top or along the base 
 of the style.) 
 * Petuls white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong: stipules small. 
 
 1. G. album, Ginclin. Smoothish or sojlly intbescent; stem slender {2° hh^h); 
 root-leaves of3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on 
 the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-dividcd or lohcd, or only toothed ; petals 
 about the length of the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Bor- 
 ders of Avoods, &c. : common. May -Aug. — Too near the European G. urba- 
 num ; probably a white or whitish-flowered form of it. 
 
 2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem ; lower and 
 root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ; 
 petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit glabrous or 
 nearly so. — Borders of woods and low grounds: common. June -Aug. — 
 Heads of fruit larger than in the preceding, on stouter hirsute peduncles. 
 
 * * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obornte, exceeding the calyx: stipules 
 larger and all deeply cut. 
 
 3. G. maci'Ophyllum, Wilid. Bristly-hairy, stout (1°- 3° high) ; root- 
 leaves lyratcly and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal lenflit very large and 
 round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal 
 roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes ivedge-form and rounded: receptacle of the fruit neaily 
 naked. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hamjjshirc, also North- 
 ern Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 4. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high); root-leaves inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-lenves 3-5, rhom- 
 bic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle of fruit downy. — Moist meadows: common, 
 especially northward. July, Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 § 3. STYLIPUS, Ilaf. Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the 
 calijx: bractiets of the calyx none: otherwise nearly as % 1. 
 
 5. G. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few- 
 leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of them 
 pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep- 
 tacle smooth. (Stylipus vernus, Raf.) — Tliickcts, Ohio to Illinois and Ken- 
 tucky. April -June. 
 
 § 3. CARYOPIIYLLATA, Tourn. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the up- 
 per joint plumose : floicers large : ralyx erect or spreading : petals erect. 
 
 6. G. riv^le, L. (Water, or Turi'LE Avkns.) Stems nearly simple, 
 several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those 
 of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate, refuse, contracted 
 into a claw, purjdish-orangc ; head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Bogs and wet 
 meadows, New England to Ponn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. — Blos- 
 soms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. 
 (Eu.) 
 
ROSACKiE. (rose FAMILY.) 153 
 
 §4. SIEVf:RSrA, AYill.l. Sli/le not jointed, w/wlh/ prrsistrnt and sirnn/lif .- head 
 of fruit S'SsUf : floinrs Itiiyf : ctili/x erect or spreudini/. { Floiverinij stems simple, 
 and Iwarini; onli/ /tracts or small l(nves.) 
 
 7. G. trifl6rum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly 
 pinnate; tlie leatk-ts very numerous and erowded, ol)lon;;-wedjje-('orm, deeply 
 eut-tootlicd ; liowers 3 or more on lon<ij peduncles; bractlcts linear, lo"f/er than tlte 
 purple cali/r, as lonrj as the oblong purplish erect petals: sfi/les v<ry lomj (2'), strongly 
 plumose in fruiL — Roeks, N. New Hampshire and N. New York to Wisconsin 
 and westward : rare. April -June. 
 
 8. G. radi^tum, Michx. Hirsutely liairy or smoothisli ; root-leavrs roundcd- 
 kidney-siuiped, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doul)ly or irregularly cut-toothed and 
 obscurely 5- 7-lol)ed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems 
 (8' -18' high) 1 - .5-flowered ; hrarllets minute; petals ije.llow, ronnd-obovate and 
 more or less obeordatc, exceeding the calyx (h' long), spreading ; styles naked 
 except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) 
 
 Var. P6ckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely 
 liirsutc. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — 'Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New 
 Hampshire. July -Sept. 
 
 9. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (CoMviiorsi^ DC.) 
 
 Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- 
 uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. 
 Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the 
 biise by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical .3-5- 
 lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named 
 in honor of Framis ran Watdstein, a German botanist.) 
 
 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (B.\rren STR.\.wnERKT.) Low; leaflets 
 .3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than 
 the calyx. ( Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hillsides, common north- 
 ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. 
 
 10. SIBBALDIA, L. Siubaldia. 
 
 Calyx flattish, 5-clcft, with o bractlets. Petals .5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- 
 mens .'), inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk 
 which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia .'3 -10: styles lateral. — Low and 
 depre.ssed mountain perennials, — in fact only reduced Potentillas. (Dedicated 
 to Dr. Ruliert Sihhild, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.) 
 
 1. S. prociimbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, .3-toothed at the ajiex ; 
 petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
 and northward. (Ku.) 
 
 11. POTENTtLLA, L. Cinqce-foil. Five-finger. 
 
 Calyx flat, deeply .')-(l(fr, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- 
 ing 10-clcft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenin many, 
 collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles lat- 
 eral or terminal, deciduous. Kadicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with 
 
l04: KOSACK^. (kOSK FAMILY.) 
 
 compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers : their parts rarely in fours. 
 (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, powerful, alluding to the reputed medi- 
 cinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, beinjj; merely mild 
 astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) 
 
 § 1. Sti/le terminal, or atiachid altove the jniddle of the ovary: achenia glabrous. 
 
 * Annuals or bieinikils: petals pale j/ellow, sniall, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle 
 
 glolndar, ocoid, or even oblong in J"/ nil. 
 
 1 . P. Noi'Vfegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched ai)ove ; leaves palmatelg 3- 
 foliolali'.; leaflets ol)ovatc-oblong, cut-tootlicd. — Fields: connnon, especially 
 northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 
 
 2. P. parad6xa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, 
 branched; leurcs /linnute; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia 
 with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Oiiio and Mississippi. 
 Shore of L. Ontario, ./. A. P«/ne ; .probably an immigrant from the West. 
 
 * * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly lunger than the calyx. 
 -.- Low: hares piihwite, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 
 
 3. P, frigida, Vill. Da-aif {V -^' high), tufted, villous when young, 
 stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; Uaflels 3, bro.idly iv-dge-oborate, deeply cut into 
 5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Kobbinsilina, Oalts.) — Alpine summits 
 of the White Mountains of New Hampshire (/^'oWwi/s, Tuckrrnian, &c.). July. 
 
 — Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but 
 agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another 
 form of the same species. (Eu.) 
 
 4. P. Canadensis, ^1. (Commox Cixque-foil or Five-Finger.) Low- 
 er dwarf, silky-hairy ; stems decumbent, prostrate, or at length creeping ; peduncles 
 axillarv, 1-flowercd ; leaflf-ts 5, obovate-wedge-forin, citt-toothfd towards the apex. 
 
 — Dry soil. April -July: producing summer runners (P. sarmcntbsa, Muhl.). 
 Var. simplex, Torr. & Gr. • Less hairy and greener, larger, jhe ascending 
 
 stems (lO-2° long, seldom if ever creeping) from a thicker and harder caudex : 
 leaflets obovate-oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (P. simplex, Micltx.) — 
 Meadows or moister soil. May -Sept. — Usually appearing distinct. 
 
 5. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cixque-foil.) Stems ascending, pr/n/ni- 
 lately branched (it the summit, many-floicrred, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, 
 almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolutc margins, green above, 
 white with silvery tcool l>eneath. —Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 -;- -t- hnrrs pinnate, of 3-d leaflets. 
 G. P. Pennsylv^nica, L. Stems erect (5' -18' high), hairy or woolly ; 
 cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, 
 silky or downy with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and 
 crowded; pet<'\ls scarcx^ly longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania^ New Hamp- 
 shire (Isle of Shoals, Rohbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), N. Wis- 
 consin, and northwestward. July -Aug. 
 
 § 2. Style deeply lateral : petals yellow or white, deciduous. 
 
 * Achenia ghihrous : style thich-ened upiciirds : receptacle conical in fruit. 
 
 7. P. argilta, Pursh. Stem ereetand stout (l°-4° high,) brownish-hairy, 
 
 clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy 
 
 I 
 
ROSACEA. (UOSK FAMILY.) 155 
 
 undcmcatli ; flowers cymoso-clustorcd ; pftnla yellowish or irliitish : divk tliick and 
 glaiulular. — Koik)- hills : coininoii northward and westward. July. 
 
 * » Arhfiiia (lit hfist Mow) and the convex receptacle lu'lloiix. 
 
 8. P, Anserlna, L. (8ii,veu-Wj;kd.) Ilcrhm-eows, neepini) trith slender 
 rimixrs : lians all rmlirnl , pinnate ; /ef{/?(7s 9 - 19, with niimitc jjairs interposed, 
 oblon;:, i)innatilid-scrratc, mostly preen and nearly smooth above, silren/. white 
 xrith silLij down underneath; stipules many-eleft ; flow-rs solitary {i/elloir), on lonp 
 scape-like peduncles. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New I^ipland to 
 Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. Junc-Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 9. P. frutie6sa,'L. (Siiuiunv Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, .s/(n/% (2° - 
 4° hipli), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowded, 
 oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ; flowers 
 numerous (i/ellow), terminating the branchlets. — Wet grounds: common north- 
 wards. Junc-Sept. (Ku.) 
 
 10. P. trident^ta, Ait. (Thkee-toothed C.) Stems low (4'-6' high), 
 rather Moody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves 
 palmate ; hnflcts 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, cwrsely ^-toothed at the 
 apex; petals ichite ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of New England, 
 from Cape Cod, and moimtain-tops from the Allcghanies, northward: also 
 shores of the upper Great Lakes. June. 
 
 § 3. Sti/les moderately lateral ; petals {shorter than the calyx, ovate-lancfolate) and 
 filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recep- 
 tacle hairy, convex, at letiyth large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 
 
 11. P. pallistris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Fixger.) Stems ascending 
 from a creeping perennial basc(l°-2° high); leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate 
 or oi)long crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; 
 caly.x (1' broad) dark purple inside ; petals purple. (Comarum palustre, L.) — 
 Cool bogs. New England to Pcnn., Illinois, and northward. June - Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 12. FRAGARIA, Toum. Str.vwberry. 
 
 Flowers nearly as in I'otcntilla. Styles deeply lateral. Keceptaclc in fruit 
 much enlarged and conical, becoming pul])y and scarlet, bearing the minute dry 
 achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with 
 white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovatcwcdge-forni, 
 coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the 
 scai)es are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering 
 iu s])ring. (The sjieeies are indiscriminately called Wild SxRAwnERRV.) 
 
 1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Achema imlmlded in the deeply pitlid finitiwj 
 receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower- 
 ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructiiied ; leaflets 
 of a firm or eoriaci^nus texture. (F. Canadensis, Michx.) — Moist or rich wood- 
 lands, fields, &c. — In the true F. Virginiana, the hairs of the scajtcs, and es- 
 pecially of the prdici'ls, are silky and appressid. It is the original of the Vir- 
 ginian Scarlet strawberries. 
 
 Var. IlIino6nsi8 (F. Grayana, Vilmorin, F. Illinoensis & F. lowcnsis, 
 
156 ROSACE.K. (rose family.) 
 
 Prince) is a coarser or larpor plant, pcrliaps a distinct species, the flowers more 
 inclined to be polygamo-dia'cions, the viilous futirs of the sca/ie and pedicels 
 loidelij spreadinrj, as in ¥■ clatior and F. coUina, which it seems to represent in 
 this country. — Common in richer soil, from W. New York to Illinois and be- 
 yond the Kocky Mountains. The sujjposed original of llovey's Seedling, Bos- 
 ton Pine, and other cultivated varieties. 
 
 2. F. v6sca, L. Aclienia superjicial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical 
 fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or rcflexed ; 
 hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels apjuessed ; leaflets 
 thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky 
 places: common; certainly indigenous northward. (En.) 
 
 3. P. Indica, L. (or Duche'snea fragario'ides, Smith), — which differs from 
 the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bract- 
 lets larger than the sc\n\\s, yeltoiv ])eifds, and insipid fruit, — has sparingly estab- 
 lished itself in copses around Philadelijhia (Charles E. Smith, &e.), and in the 
 Southern States. (Adv. from Ind.) 
 
 13. DALIBARDA, L. Dalibarda. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5 - 6-partcd, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, 
 sessile, deciduous. Stamens ma-ny. Ovaries 5- 10, becoming nearly dry seed- 
 like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and 
 densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundisli-heart- shaped erenate leaves on 
 slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in 
 honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linniieus.) 
 
 1. D. ripens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and 
 enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks: common northward. June -Aug. — 
 In aspect and foliage resembling a stcmless Violet. 
 
 14. RUBtrS, Tourn. Bramble. 
 
 Calyx .5-parted, without bractlets. Petals .5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. 
 Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent recejjtacle, becoming 
 small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby 
 plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman 
 name, kindred with ruber, red.) 
 
 § 1. RASPBERRY. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the 
 
 dry receptacle iche.n ripe, or of few grains ichichfall sepnrutcli/. 
 
 * LeaiX'S simple : flowers larq> : jirickles none; fruit and receptacle flat and broad. 
 
 1. R. odoratUS, L. (Plrple Flowuiuxg-Hasfbicury.) Stem shrubbij 
 (3° -5° high); branches, stalLs, and calyx bristlij with glandular clammi/ hairs; 
 leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- 
 longed ; peduncles many -flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- 
 pendage ; ]>(lals rounded, purple rose-color ; irult rcckVmh. — Dells, &c. : common 
 northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad. 
 
 2. R. Nutkknus, Mocino. (White F.) Glandular, scarcely bristly; 
 leaves almost cciually .")-lobed, coarsely toothed ; ])eduncles few-flowered ; petah 
 oval, white. (R. parviflorus, NtUt.) — Upper Michigan, and westward. 
 
ROSACEA, (rosk family.) 157 
 
 3. R. ChameembrUS, L. (Ci.oun-itEUUv.) Ilohuceous, low, dujen'ons; 
 stem simple, 2-3-ltaviJ, l-Jtuwend ; leaves rouiidisli-kiiincy-Conn, somewliat 5- 
 loltcd, serrate, wrinkled; calyxlohes pointless; petals obovule, white; fruit of 
 few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of 
 trees : also on the coast at Lubeek, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Li-jijlits (piiinateJij) 3-5; petals small, end, white. 
 •*- Stints iiniiuiil, heib(Keous, not jiricklij : fruit of few separate (/rains. 
 
 4. R. trifl6rus, Hichardson. (Dwakf Uasi-hekuy.) Steins ascending 
 (0'-12' hij^ii) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5), ihombie-ovate or ovalc- 
 lanceoiate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; jjedunclc 
 1-3-flowcrcd. — Wooded hillsides, New England to rcnnsyiviniia, Wisconsin, 
 and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. 
 
 +-■•- Steins biennial and woodi/, prickli/ : receptacle oblonrj : fruit hemispherical. 
 
 5. R. Strig6sus, Michx. (Wild Red H.\si'iJt;imY.) Stems upright, ar\A 
 with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak 
 hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5, 
 oblong-ovate, pointed, eut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ones 
 sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills : com- 
 mon evcrywhci'e, espccirtlly northward. June, July. — Fruit ripening all sum- 
 mer, more tender than that of the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Id.ecs), 
 which it too closely resembles. 
 
 6. R. oceidentMis, L. (Bl.\ck Raspberry. TiiniBLEBEnRY.) 
 Glaucous a'l orer ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c., with hooked prickhs, 
 not brisllji : leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened- 
 downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals sliorter than the 
 sepals ; fruit ]>ur pie-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. — Very 
 conniion northward, especially where ground has been burned over. 
 
 § 2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit, or collectire drupes, not separating from the juicy 
 prolonged receptacle, mostly ovale or oblong, blackish. 
 
 7. R. vill6sus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1°- 
 6° hiuli), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branch- 
 lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hitirij and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or 
 pcdately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate ; the terminal ones somewhat 
 heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; fowers racemed, numerous, bracts short ; 
 se])als linear-])ointcd, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. — 
 Var. 1. FROND6srs : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym- 
 bose, with leafy- bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. iic.mifitsis : trailing, smaller; 
 peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c. : common. May, June : the 
 jileasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect, 
 and slia])e of the fruit : — the varieties connecting with 
 
 8. R, Canadensis, L. (Low Blackulrry. Dicwblruy.) ShrulAi/, 
 exiensiveli/ trailing, s'ightig prickli/ ; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5-7), oval or ovate-" 
 lanceolate, mostly jwintcd, thin, marli/ smooth, sharply eut-scrratc ; flowers ra- 
 cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. triviidis, Pursh, Bigd., <Jr. ; not of Michr.) — 
 Rocky hills and copses : common. May ; ripening its excellent fruit earlier 
 than No. 7. 
 
158 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.) 
 
 9. E. hispidus, L. (Rinmng SwAMr-BL.vcKnERRY.) Stfms slender, 
 scarctly v.rjocljj, extciisivtly procumbent, beset icit/i simtll rtjlextd pricLbs: leaflets 3 
 (or rarely jjcilateiy 5), smooth, ihickish, mostly persistent, obovatc, obtuse, coarsely 
 serrate, entire towards the base; peduncles hajiess, several -flowered, often bristh/; 
 Jloirers small. (H. obovhlis, Michj-. R. sempe'rvirens and K. setosus, Bifjdotc.) 
 — Low w<Joils : lomnion northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend- 
 ing ; sterile ones t'ormiuu- lonj^- runners. Fruit of few grains, red or purjile, sour. 
 
 10. B,. cuneildlius, Fursh. (8and Blackberry.) Shruhbii (lo-.3° 
 liigh), upright, armed with stout rtcwved prickles ; hranchlets and lower sin-face of 
 the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, tliickish, serrate above; 
 peduncles 2 -4-flowered ; petals larye. — Sandy woods, S. New York, Pcnn. and 
 southward. May - July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 
 
 11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Brsn-IJLACKBiiRUY.) Shrubby, procum- 
 bent, bristly and ])riikly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous: leaflets 3 (or 
 p.edate]y 5), ovatc-oblong or lanceolate, siiarj)ly serrate ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered; 
 petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. ISlarcli - Jlay. 
 
 15. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 
 
 Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. 
 Petals 5, obovatc or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge 
 of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous 
 pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achcnia in fruit. — Shrubby and 
 prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipides cohering with the petiole : stalks, 
 foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 * Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens. 
 
 1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLniBixu or Prairik Rose.) Stems climbing, 
 armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, 
 sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers 
 corymbed ; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing to wkitc; fruit 
 (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, W. New York (indigenous 7) 
 to Wisconsin and southwestward : also cultivated. July. — The only Ameri- 
 can climbing rose, or with united protruding styles: sti'ong shoots growing 
 10° -20° in a season. 
 
 * * Stifles separate, included in the calyx-tuhe : petals rose-color. 
 
 2. R. Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed 
 with- stout hooked priikles, not bristly; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull 
 above and pale beneath; stipules nan'ow; flowers numcious, in corymbs; pcdimcles 
 and calyx (with leaf-like appendages) glandular-bristly; fi-uit (hip) depressed- 
 globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds : common. June -Sept. 
 
 3. R. lucida, Elirhan. (Dwarf Wild-Rose.) Stems (l°-2°high), 
 armed with uueqncd bristly prickles, which arc mostly deciduous, the stouter per- 
 sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leafl'ls 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 
 shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles I -S-floivend, mid ^^ith 
 the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth 
 ■when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May- 
 July. — R. m'tida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. . .. 
 
nosAOEiE. (rosk family.) 159 
 
 4. R. bl^nda, Ait. (Eakly Wild-Rose.) NcuiIi/ unarmed, or with 
 scattered straij^lit dueiduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; kajlels 5-7, oral or Mony, 
 obtuse, jmie on both sides and minutely downi/ or Itounj beneath, serrate ; stipules 
 large; flowers 1 -3, ihc juduncks and liili/x-lulie smooth and ijlaucous ; fruit glo- 
 bose, crowned with the persistent erect and conniveiit entire calyx-lobes. — 
 Rocks and i)anks, Vermont to I'cnn. and Wisconsin, cliicHy northward. May, 
 June. — Petals light rose-color. 
 
 5. R. rubigin6sa, L. (Swkkt-Brikr.) Ciinilnng high; prickles numer- 
 ous, the larijerones stromj and hooked, the smaller awl-sluiped ; leaflets doubly serrate, 
 rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with /rafjranl russet glands beneath ; fruit 
 pear-shaped or olmrate, crowned u-ith the mostly persistent calyx-lobes. — Roadsides 
 and thickets. June- Aug. (Nat. from Ku.) 
 
 6. R. MicR.ixTUA, Smith. (Smaller-fl. S.) Prickles uni/orm and hooked ; 
 fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller: otherwise as the 
 last: a mere variety of it. — E. New England to Virginia. (Nat. from En.) 
 
 16. CRATJEGUS, L. IIawtiiokn. Wiutk Tuork. 
 
 Calyx-tuhe uin-sliaiK'd, the limh .'i-clcft. Petals 5, roundisli. Stamens many, 
 or only 10-5. Styles I -5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1-5 liony 1-sceded 
 stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, 
 and white (rarely rosc-colorcd) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength, on ac- 
 count of the hardness of the wood. ) 
 
 * Cvrymhs many-floiuered. 
 T- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than pens), bright red: flowers 
 small : calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous (except No. 1) and 
 gland/ess. 
 
 1. C. PvRACANTHA, Pcrs. (EviiUGUKKV TiiORV.) Tjcaves evergreen, shiTi- 
 ing (1' long), Mong or spatuUite-lanceolate, crenulatc; the short petioles and 
 young branchlcts pubescent ; corymbs small. — Shrub, spontaneous at Wash- 
 ington, and near Philadeli)hia, Isaac Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 •2. C. Spathulata, Michx. Leaves thickish, shining, hut(\cckhiow>, sjiatu- 
 lute or oblanceulate, with a long tapering base, cremtte above, rarely cut-lobcd, 
 nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high. 
 
 3. C. COrdita, Ait. (Wa.«iiixgton Tuorx.) Ltaves broadly ovate or 
 triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender 
 petiole, lariously 3 - ^-xlffl or cut, serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward, 
 June — Trunk 15° -25° high. 
 
 ■*-■*- Fruit small (1' — J' long), ovoid, deep red: /lowers rather large: styles 1 -3. 
 
 4. C. OxYAC.iNTHA, L. (English IIawtiiorx.) Smooth; leaves ol>ovate, 
 cnt-lobed and tuothvd, wedge form sit the base; calyx not glandular. May. — 
 More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. C. apiifolia, Michx. Sottly pubescent when young ; leaves roundish, 
 with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnattly 5-7-r/»/?, the 
 crowded divisions cut-lubed and sharply serrate ; petioles slender ; calyx-lobetj 
 glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and southward. March, April 
 
160 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.) 
 
 •*-■*-■*- Fruit larfje {h'-^' lonrj), red: flowers larfje: styles and stones of the fruit 
 even in the same specie's 1 -3 {when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped), o/- 4-5 
 (wheii the fruit is globular): stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, Sfc. often beset with 
 glands. 
 
 6. C. COCCinea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorx.) Glabrous throughont; 
 leaves thin, roiiiulisli ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed, 
 usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles; flowers white, often with a rosy 
 tinj^e {§' broad) ; /iu/( bright coral-red, ovoid (.^' broad), scarcely edible. — 
 Thickets and rocky banks : common. May. — A low tree. 
 
 7. C. tomentbsa, L. (Ur..\CK or Pear Thorn.) Downy or vilJous- 
 ptibescent at least when young on the peduncles, calyx, and lower side of the 
 leaves ; leaves thic/cish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and 
 often cut, abruptly nan'owed at the base into a somewhat margined jxtiole, the 
 uf)per surface more or less furrowed along the veins; flowers large (often 1, 
 broad), white ; fruit scarlet or orange, large (§'-4' broad), globular or somewhat 
 pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets: common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low 
 tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked. 
 
 Var. pyrifblia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon 
 glabrous, smooth above, and shining often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright- 
 colored, sparingly dotted, of a j)leasant flavor. (C. pyrifblia. Ait.) 
 
 Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer 
 tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous-pubesccnt 
 Avhen young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly im- 
 pressed on the upper surfice and prominent underneath; fruit globose, usually 
 dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jarq.) 
 
 Var. mollis. Leaves rounded, al)rupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the 
 base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed 
 and cut; fruit often downy, dull red. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, 
 var.? mollis. Torr. t^ Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward. 
 
 8. C. Crus-g&lli, L. (CofKSi'irR Thorn.) Glabrous ; leaves thirl; 
 shining al.ove, wcdge-ohovate and ohlanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, 
 serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (i' broad). — Thickets. 
 June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark-green leaves very shining 
 above, and slender thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges. 
 
 * Corymbs simple, few- (1 - Q-) Jlowered : calyx, bracts, ^c. glandular. 
 
 9. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous; 
 leav/s wedge-obovate or rhonthic-ohovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, utiequdlly 
 toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles 
 4- 5 ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish {^' - §' broad*. 
 — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree ir)°-20° high, with 
 rather large flowers, 2 - 6 in a corymb. 
 
 Var. pub6scens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thie"k- 
 ish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elhptica. Ait. C. glandu- 
 losa, Mirhr. C \'irginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward. 
 
 10. C. parvif61ia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Downy ; leaves thick, ohovale- 
 tputulatc, crenatc-tootlitd (i' - 1^' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length 
 
 I 
 
K06ACIJ.K. (K06K lAMlLV.) ICl 
 
 shining; flowers solitary or 2 -3 together on a- n/ short /jicluiwks ; calyx-lobes a$ 
 Ion;/ us the petals ; styles 5; Iruit globuhir or pear-shaped, yellowish. — Sandy 
 soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — blirub 3° -6° high. 
 
 17. PYRUS, L. I'lOAK. AiTLK. 
 
 Calyx-tulx; urn-shaiK-d, the linil) .'i-eleft. Petals i-oundish or ohovato. Sta- 
 mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Tome fleshy or herry-like ; the 2-5 carpels or 
 cells of a ])ai)ery or cartilaginous te.\ture, 2-seeded. — Trees or sliruhs, witli 
 liandsonie flowers in coryuil)ed cymes. (Tlie classical name of the Pear-tree.) 
 
 § 1. MALUS, Toiirn. (Api-Hi.) Liaves sini/de: rijiius slnijile and iiinbil-like: 
 po»ie_ft('x/ii/, (jlubnlar, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. 
 
 1. P. COron^ria, L. (A.MiiRiCAN Ckah-Ai'I'LE.) Leaves ovate, often 
 rather heart-shapetl, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at 
 the base. — Glades, \V. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree 
 20' high, with large^ rose-colored, fragrant blobsonis, few in the corynih, and 
 fragrant, grecnisli fruit. 
 
 2. P. angUStif61ia, Ait. (NAHUOWi.KAViiiJ C.) Leaves oblong or lance- 
 olate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles distinct. — Glades, 
 from Pennsylvania southward. April. — Perhaps a variety of No. 1. 
 
 § 2. ADEN6IIHACH1S, DC. Leaves simple, the mid-rib glandular along the up- 
 per side : ryni's compound : styles united at the base: fruit berry-like, small. 
 
 3. P. arbutif61ia, L. (Choke-berry.) Leaves oblong or ohovate, finely 
 serrate; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ervtiirocAupa, 
 has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. me- 
 i.AXOC.iRi'A, is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets: common. 
 Mu}', June. — Shrub 2° -10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with ])urple. 
 
 §3. SORBUS, Tourn. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leojhts : cymes 
 compound : styles separate : pome berry-like, small. 
 
 4. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountain-Ash.) Nearly glabrous 
 or soon becoming so ; Uajiets 13-15, lanceolate, taper -pointed, sharply serrate with 
 pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, not larger 
 than peas; leaf -buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. — Swamps and 
 mountain-woods, Maine toPcnn.and Michigan, and southward along the whole 
 length of the Alleghanics. June. (P. microcarpa, DC.) — Tree or tall shrub, 
 with leaflets rather shining above and scarcely pale underneath, the rhachis and 
 petiole redilish and ek)ngatc(l : prized in cultivation for the autunmal clusters 
 of bright-red berries. 
 
 5. P. sambucifblia, Cham. & Schlccht. LkiJI ts oblong, oral, or lance- 
 ovate, mostly olituse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more 
 spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger, 
 the latter (4" broad) when young ovoid, at length globose; leaf-buds sparingly 
 hairy: otherwise nearly as the ])reccding. (Sorbus aucuparia, var. /3. Miehx.) 
 — Along the northern frontiers of the United States, northward and westward 
 to the I'aciflc, &c. IVrhaps passes into No. 4 : it is sumetinies cultivated for it, 
 and nearlv connects it with 
 
 L & M-L'7 
 
162 CALYCANTIIACE-rE. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) 
 
 P. aucupXria, GaTtn., the EtuorEAN Mountain Ash or Rowan-tree, 
 the one more commonly planted in grounds : it has paler, oblong, and obtuse 
 leaflets, their lower surface downy, larger globose berries, and blunter and 
 tomentose leaf-buds. 
 
 18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-ui;ruy. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 
 5, united below. Ovary .5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled ; but a projection grows 
 from the back of each, and forms a false partition ; the berry-like pome thus 
 10-ceIled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen) : jmrtitions cartilaginous. 
 
 — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white Huwers 
 in racemes. (Ameluncier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 
 
 1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-bush. Service-berry.) 
 Calyx-lobes triaiigiihu-hinie-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe 
 in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. 
 
 — Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, — 
 
 Var. Botrykpium; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped to the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ; 
 flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the 
 calyx. (Pyrus Botrya])inin, Wilhl.) 
 
 Var. oblongifolia ; a smaller tree or shrul) ; leaves oblong, beneath, like 
 the branchlets white downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter. 
 
 Var. rotundifolia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first 
 variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. 
 
 Var. alnifdlia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both 
 ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly 
 in the Western States and westward. 
 
 Var. oligoearpa ; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, 
 and 2 - 4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the 
 calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward. 
 
 Order 34. CAL-YCANTHACE^. (Calycantiius Family.) 
 
 Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals- a jid petals similar 
 and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrnrse, and the cotyledons convolute : 
 the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus 
 
 1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Carolina Allspice. Sweet- 
 
 SCENTLI) Siiuun. 
 
 Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with 
 some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored 
 like the petals ; which arc similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top 
 of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, 
 short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or 
 many, enclosed in the calyx-tubc, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling 
 those of the Pose ; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenia. 
 
SAXIFKAOACKiE. (SAXIFRAGK FAMILY.) 1 G3 
 
 — The lurid puri>k' flowers terminating^ the lertfy branches. Bark and foliage 
 aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of .strawber- 
 ries. (Name composed of kuXv^, a aip or cali/x, and iivdus, jiuwer, from the 
 closed cup which contains the pistils.) 
 
 1. C. fl6ridus, L- Ltures oral, soft-downy underiwath. — Virginia? and 
 southwiinl, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug. 
 
 2. C. laevigitUS, Wilkl. Inures oUotuj, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, 
 Iritiltt ijruDi and (jiahrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath ; flow- 
 ers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., i'enn. [Prof. Porter), and southward 
 along tlie Alleghauies. May -Aug. 
 
 3. C. glaucus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspicu- 
 ousli/ ta/jer-/K)iiit,d, (/luucoiis-white ben&dh, roughish above, glabrous, large (4' -7' 
 long); probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia? near the mountains 
 arid southward. Mav-Aug. 
 
 Order 35. SAXIFKAGACE.S:. (Saxifrage Family.) 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosacese by hav- 
 ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and 
 usually no stipules when the leaves are alternate ; the stamens mostly definite, 
 and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly 
 so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adher- 
 ent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost al- 
 ways inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. — A large family, to 
 which Parnassia, formerly associated with Drosera, is commonly referred, 
 — now made to include Ilibes also. 
 
 Tribe I. GKOS.SVL.ARIE.K. Shrubs, with alternato and palmatcly veined and lobed 
 leaves : stipules none or united with the base of the petiole. Calyx-tube coherent with the 
 one-celled ovary, which has 2 parietalplacentre and forms a many-seeded berry. Seed-coat 
 externally pelutinous. Embryo minute at the base of the hard albumen. 
 
 1. Ribes. Characttr of the tribe. Stamens and small petals 5 
 
 Tribe II. ESCALLOXIE^E. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and simple pionately 
 veined leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2-5-cclled 
 
 2. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal pod. 
 Tribe III. II YDR ANGIKiG. Shrubs or trees, with opposite simple leaves, and no 
 
 stipules. Ovary 2 - 5-cclIed ; the calyx coherent at least witli its base. Fruit (in the fol- 
 lowinj;) a many -seeded pod. 
 
 3. Ily cli-aiig;i-a. Lobes of the calyx minute in complete flowers. Pctal.s valvatc iu the bud. 
 
 Stiimens 8 or 10. 
 
 4. PhllailclpUuH. Lobes of the calyx and petals conspicuous; the former valvate, the 
 
 latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. 
 Tribe IV. SAXIFRAGE.^. ITerbo, withunt stipules, except p<Thaps a niomhranous 
 dilatation of the base of the ])etiole. Petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Fruit 
 dry, capsular or follicular. 
 • A cluster of sterile or Bland-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Stigmas 3 or 4, Bito- 
 ated ilirectly ov^r ns many pnrii't-il placenta? ! 
 S. Pnrnnxglik. S<.'puU, peUUn, uud projier slameus 5. iVduuclo u scapu or scape-like, 1> 
 flowcjtxl. 
 
164 SAXIKKAGACE^:. (SAXIFUAGE I'AMILT.) 
 
 » • No sterile stamens or bodies resembling them. 
 •*- Poil 2-3-celled and 2- 3-beakfd, or of as many distinct folliclei. 
 
 6. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous. Stamens twice as many as the small petals. Seeds feir. 
 
 LeavfS decompound. 
 
 7. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Seeds numerous, 
 
 with a close coat. 
 
 8. Boykiiiia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only iis many as the petals, which are convolute 
 
 in the bud and dtciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close. 
 
 9. Sulllvaiilia. Flowers perfect. Slameus 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined. 
 
 — — Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentas 
 ++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. 
 
 10. Heucliera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. 
 
 ++ -M- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 
 
 11. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. 
 
 12. Tiai-ella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. 
 
 13. Chrysospleiiiuni. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. 
 
 1. HIBES, L. Clek.v.vt. Gooseberry. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobc(l, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, 
 inserted in tlie throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. 
 Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry 
 crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx ; the surface of the numerous 
 seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em- 
 bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, 
 with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except 
 in one species), often clustered in the axils ; the small flowers from the same 
 clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (An Arabic name, properly belonging 
 to a species of Rheum. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted 
 for the genus.) 
 
 § 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GoosEnERUV.) Stems mostly hearing thorns 
 at the base of the Jeujltalks or clusters of leaves, and ojten with scattered bristly 
 prickles : buries prickly or smooth. ( Our species are indiscriminately called 
 AViLD Gooseberry: the flowers greenish.) 
 
 * PcJiiiicles l-3flowered: leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - ^-lobed. 
 
 1. B,. Cyn6sbati, L- Leaves pubescent ; ;i<'(/«nc/es s/tjx/tr, 2- 3-flowered; 
 stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods : com- 
 mon, especially northward. May. — Spines small or obsolete. Berry large, 
 armed with lonu prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 
 
 2. R. hirtellum, Michx. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; po'iwc/es 
 very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexcd ; stamens and 2-clefl style scarcely longer than the 
 bell-shaped calyx; fruit smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds. New Eng- 
 land to Illinois, common. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with 
 very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of 
 New England, &c., and usually passes for R. triflbrum, Willd., which name be- 
 longs to the next. 
 
 3. R. rotundifblium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy ; peduncles slen- 
 der, 1 - 3-flowere(l ; stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylin- 
 drical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, 
 and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June. 
 
SAXIFRAGACK.E. (SAXIFRAOK FAMILY.) 1 Go 
 
 ♦ « Rnremes 4 - 9-Jlowered, slender, norkUng. 
 
 4. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clotliecl witli bristly jjricklcs, and 
 witli wiaU tliuiii^; leaves heart-sliaijcii, 3 - 5-j)aricd, with the lobes dee|)ly cut; 
 calyx broad and Hat; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly 
 (small, un])lcasant). — Cold woods and swamps, Is'ew England to Wisconsin 
 and northward ; south to Pennsylvania. June. 
 
 § 2. RIIJESIA, Bed. (Currant.) Stems neither jin'rkli/ nor Ihorni/ : flowers 
 {i/reenis/i ) iit racemes : bciries never prklcly. 
 
 5. R. prostritum, L'ller. (Fktid Clruant.) Stems reclined ; leaves 
 dccjdy hcart-shapi'd, 5- 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly senate ; 
 racemes erect, slender ; calyx fiattish ; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit r/landular- 
 bristli/. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward. 
 May. — Tlie bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor. 
 
 6. R. floridum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkbd with 
 res/»io«s f/o^«, sliglitly heart-shaped, sharply 3- 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes 
 droopinff, doirni/ ; lintels lonr/er than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bcll-shaped, smooth ; 
 
 fruit roHiid-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods: common. May. — Much like the 
 DIark Currant of the gardens, wliich the berries resemble in smell and flavor. 
 Flowers large, whitish. 
 
 7. R. rubrum, L. (Red Curr.vnt.) Stems straggling or reclined; 
 leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath 
 when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leuf-lmds, drooping ; calyx 
 flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red ; on our wild plant apt to turn 
 upwards in the drooping raceme : the veins of the leaves are whitish beneath 
 (whence the name R. albinervium, Michx.) : but apparently not distinct from 
 the garden AW Currant of the Old World. — Cold bogs and damp woods, New 
 Hampshire to Minnesota and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 R. .\imEi;M, Pursh, the Buffalo or Missouri Currant, remarkable 
 for the spicy fragrance of its yellow blossoms m early spring, is widely culti- 
 vated for ornament. Its leaves arc convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud. 
 
 2. I TEA, L. Itea. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much 
 longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 
 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, 
 several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stip- 
 ules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) 
 
 1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely ser- 
 rate; seeds oval, llattish, with a crustaceous coat. — Wet places, New Jersey 
 and southward, near the coast. June. 
 
 3. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hydrangea. 
 
 Calyx-tube hcmisjdierical, 8- lO-ribbcd, coherent with the ovary; the limb 
 4 - 5-tootUcd. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8- 10, slender. Pod 
 cro^vncd with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celIed below, many-seeded, opening by a 
 hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules. 
 
IGG SAXiKiJAGAcn^. (saxifrage family.) 
 
 and niimoroiis il<nvcrs in (.•oiiijiound ovmcs. The marginal flowers arc usually 
 sterile aiul r;i(liiiiif, euiisisiiiii; nuiilv of a nuiuhranaeeous and colored flat and 
 dilatetl ealyx, and siiowy. (Xante from vBoip, water, and (i-yyos, a vxise.) 
 
 1. H. arboreseens, h. (Wild Hyukangea.) Glabrous omearly so; 
 haves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, fjreen both sides ; cyrnes flat. 
 
 — Koeky banks, N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July. — Flowers often 
 all lertile, rarely all radiant, like the Ganlm J/i/flraiigea. 
 
 4. PHILADEL^HUS, L. Mock Orange or Strinca. 
 
 Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread- 
 ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, eouvolute 
 in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3- 5, united below pr nearly to the top. 
 Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many 
 pieces. Seeds very numerous,. on thick placentie projecting from the axis, ])en- 
 dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, 
 with oppositu often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or eymose-clu.Sfered 
 showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaius to this genus for 
 no obvious reason.) 
 
 1. P. inoddrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovatc-oblong, pointed, 
 entire or Avitii some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the 
 diverging branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer 
 than the tube, — Mountains of Virginia, and southward. 
 
 Var. grandifl6rus. Somewhat pubescent ; flowers . larger ; calyx-lobes 
 longer and ta]ier-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains. 
 May-July. — A tall shrub, with long and rccun-ed branches : often cultivated. 
 P. coroxXrius, L., the common Mock Or.^^ge or Syrixga of the gar- 
 dens, with cream-colored, odorous flowefs, in full clusters, the crushed foliage 
 with the odor and taste of cucumbers, •^ has sometimes escaped from grounds. 
 
 5. PAENASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. 
 
 Sepals 5, imhricated in the bnd, slightly united at the base, and sometimes 
 also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length 
 deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped 
 sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate \Vith the 
 pct4»ls- filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with 
 4 projecting parietal plnccntie : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the phicentie. 
 Pod 4-valve(l, the valves bearing the plaeent^B on their middle. Seeds very nu- 
 merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen. 
 Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the 
 leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long 
 naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from 
 Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) In former 
 edition placc<l between Droseraceae and Hypericaceae. 
 
 I. P. parvifldra, DO. PcUtts sessile, httlc longer than the calyx; sterile 
 fitamn}ls ahniit 5 in cnrh set, slender ; leaves OiKite or ohlonf), tapering at the base. 
 
 — N. W. shore of L. Michigan (White-Fish Bay^ Wisconsin, Henri/ Gillman), 
 
SAXlFUACwVCK.E. (SAXIFIIAGK FAMILY.) 1 G7 
 
 fuid westward. Jul}-. — More slender than the next, and tlic (lower only lialf 
 the size. 
 
 2. P, pallistris, L. Petah sessile; rather longer than the calyx, fcw- 
 vcined ; sttiih- jihiiiu^nts 9 -15 in each set, slendci- ; leaves heart-shaped. — Shore 
 t)t' Lake Superior, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3'- 10' high. Flower nearly 
 I'l.road. (Ell.) 
 
 •T. P. Carolini^na, Michx. Petuh xessile, more than twice the length 
 oi' tlie (mIvn, niany-M'iiied ; sterile Jilaments ^ in each set, stout, distinct almost to 
 tlic Ixise. — Wet hanks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially 
 along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or i-ounded, often 
 heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and elasi)ing. 
 Stalk 9' - 2° lii.-h. Flower 1'- 1^' broad. 
 
 4. P. asarifdlia, Vent. Petals abruptlji (milmcted into a claw at the base ; 
 sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidnei/shajied : otherwise as in the 
 foregoing. — High Allcghanics of Virginia and southward. 
 
 6. ASTILBE, Don. False: Goatsbe.vrd. 
 
 Flowers dia>ciously polygamous. Calyx 4-.5-parfed, small. Petals 4-5, 
 spatnlate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-eelIed, almost 
 free, many-ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-Gclled, separating into 2 follicles, 
 each rijjening few seeds Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — 
 Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice tcrnatcly-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed 
 and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, 
 which arc disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and 
 aTikjir], a briqlit surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 
 
 1. A. dec^udra, Don. Somewhat' pubescent ; "leaflets mostly heart- 
 shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10, — Rich 
 woods, Alleghanics of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — - Plant^ipLtating 
 Spira;a Aruncus, but coarser, 3°-. 5° high. 
 
 7. SAXIFRAGA, L. S.vxifrage. 
 
 Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-clcft or 
 parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens 
 10. Stjles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-ccllcd, opening down or between the beaks ; or 
 sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, %vith a close coat. — 
 Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly 
 alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, a.nd /lango, to breilk ,' manj species 
 rooting in the clefts of rocks. ) 
 
 * S/ftHW prostrate, in tufts, leofij : leaves opposite : cali/.r free from the pod. 
 1. S. oppositif61ia, L. (Mointain SAXHUAr.i;.) Leaves fleshy, 
 ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2" long) ; flowers 
 solitary, large ; ])etals purjjle, obovatc, much longer than the S-t'left-caly.x. — 
 Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, and northward. (En.) 
 ♦ ♦ Stems ascendin;/, leafy : stt-m-lfows alternate : cali/x coherent Mow with the pod. 
 
 2. S. ' rivuliris, L. (ALriNii Brooic-S.) Small; stems weak, 3-5- 
 flowercd ; lower leans rounded, 3 - b-lobtd, on slender petioles, the ujiper lance- 
 
168 SAXIFRAG.VCE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 olatc ; pctiih ivhi/r, omie. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hamp- 
 shire (Oiikex, &e.) : rare. (Vai.) 
 
 3. S. aizoldes, L. (Yki.low Modntajn-S.) Low (3'-5' high), in 
 tufts, witii few or several eorvuibose flowers; leaves linear-hinrcokUe, entire, fli shy , 
 distantly spinulose-eiiiate ; petals i/ellow, spotted tvith oravfje, olilonr/. — Wiliougiiby 
 Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Rlieliigan ; and north- 
 ward. Jinie. (Eu.) 
 
 4. S. triCUSpidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; 
 floweis eorymbose ; leaves ohlomj or spatulate, icilli 3 rit/kl sharp teeth at the sun?- 
 mit ; petals ohomte-oblonc), yellotv. — Shore of L. Superior and nortinvard. (Eu.) 
 
 * * * Leaves clustered at the root : scape manipjlowered, erect, <:lammy -pubescent. 
 • -t- Petals all alike. 
 
 5. S. Aiz6on, Jaetj. Leaves persistent, tidck, spatulate, ivith ivhite cartila;/i- 
 tious toothed nuiif/iiis ; ealyx partly adherent ; petals obovatc, creara-eolor, often 
 spotted at the base. — Moist roeks. Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Willoughhy 
 Mountain, Vernumt (.1/;-. Blake), and northward. — Scajjc ."J'- 10' high. (Ku.) 
 
 6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (Early S.) Low (4' - 9' higli) ; lenvts 
 obovate or oval-sputulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thiekish ; 
 flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes 
 of the nearly free caljjx erect, not half the length of the ohlomj obtuse {ivhite) petals; 
 pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks: com- 
 mon, cs])ccially northward. April -June. 
 
 7. S. Pennsylvaniea, L. (Swamp S.) Large (1° -2° high); leaves 
 ohhina oUite , obscnreli/ toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and 
 broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the 
 nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small 
 petals ; filaments aid-shaped: pods at length divergent. — Bogs: common, es- 
 pecially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 
 
 8. S. erdsa, Pursh. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceohtte, obtuse, 
 sharplji toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape slender 
 (1°-;?° higli) ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender ; eali/r re- 
 Jlexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse {white) petals; filaments club- 
 shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Oold mountain brooks, Penn- 
 sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies, south- 
 ward. June. 
 
 ■I- ^^- Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow 
 spots near the base : leaves oblong, ivedge-shaped or spatulate ; calyx fee and 
 refiexed. 
 
 9. S. leueanthemifblia, Lapcyronse, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed 
 or cut, tapering into a petiole ; scapes (5'- 18' high) bearing one or more leaves 
 or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading eorymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals 
 lanceolate ; the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots ; the 2 
 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. — Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia 
 ( Wm. ^f. Cauby), and southward in the Alleghanies. 
 
 10. S. Stellkris, L., var. eom6sa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more 
 or less toothed ; scape (4' -5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle; many 
 
saxifragaceyE. (saxikuage family.) 1G9 
 
 or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of preen leaves ; ]>rtnls all lancro- 
 late and laixrini/ into the cluiu. — Mount Katalidiu, Maine (luv. J. Blukc) mid 
 high northward. (Hu.) 
 
 8. BOYKiNIA, Nutt. BovKiMA. 
 
 Calyx-tube toij-shajied, euhereut with the 2-eelled and 2-heaked pod. Sta- 
 mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly conyolute in the bud. 
 Otherwise as in Saxil'raga. — I'erennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5 - 7- 
 lobcd or cut pctioled leaves, anil white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the 
 late Dr. Boi/lciu of Georgia.) 
 
 1. B. aconitiI61ia, Nutt. Stem glandular (C- 20' high) ; leaves deeply 
 5_7.1obed. — JIuuutaius of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 
 
 9. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. Slllivaxtia. 
 
 Calyx bcU-shapcd, cohering below only ^tith the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. 
 Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-]>ersistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the 
 petals. Pod 2-cclled, 2-bcaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the 
 seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-sprcading per- 
 ennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed smooth leaves-, on 
 slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, 
 raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (C- 12' long). Peduncles and calyx 
 glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryolo- 
 gist who discovered the only species.) 
 
 1. S. Ohidnis, Torr. & Or. {Grai/, Chlorh Bor.-Am.. pf. 6.)— "Limestone 
 cliflTs, Highland County, Ohio, SuUivant : Wisconsin River, Lapham. June. 
 
 10. HEUCHEKA, L. Alumroot. 
 
 Calyx bell-shajird, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, .5-cleft. Pet- 
 als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, .slender. Pod 1-cellcd, 
 with 2 parietal many-seeded placcnt.TC, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
 Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round 
 heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, 
 alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. 
 Flowers in small clusters dispo.sed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish 
 or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henri/ llcucha; a. German botanist of 
 the beginning of the 18th century.) 
 
 * Flowrrs smnll, looxely panirhd : slnmrn-f and sli/lrs ergcii'd : calijr r<i]nhir. 
 
 1. H. Vill6sa, Michx. Scapes (I°-.1° high), jietioles, and veins of the 
 acutely 7-0-Iolx'd leaves beneath villous with i-ust;/ lutirs ; calyx 1 V' long ; prtnls 
 spatuhitf -linear, ahout as long as the stumctis, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, 
 Kentucky and !^outhward, in and near the mountains. Aug. - Sept. 
 
 2. H. Americana, L. (Common A LCM-noor.) Scapes (2° -3^ high), 
 Sn.-. i/l(nidu>ar and more or less hirsute with short huirs ; leaves roundish, with 
 short rounded lobce and crcnatc teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spntnlnte intals 
 not lon(jfr than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and 
 southward. June. 
 
 GM-8 
 
J 70 SAXIFRAOACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 ♦ * Flowers larger: cali/r {3" - 4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short: panicle 
 verj/ uanvir: leaves rounded, stif/lgli/ 5-9-lobed. 
 
 3. H. hispida, Pmsh. J/ispid or hirsute witli lony; spreading hairs (oc- 
 casionally almost ylabioiis), scaiTcly glandular ; sfamfins soon exseilid, longer than 
 the spatulute petals. (H. Ilichardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also 
 Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May -July. — Scapes 2° -4° hi-h. 
 
 4. H. pub6scens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high) and petioles .9ran«/ffr- 
 puhiscoit or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter than 
 the lobes of the calyx and the spatulatc petals. — Rich woods, Lancaster, Penn. to 
 Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains. June, July. 
 
 11. MITIJLLA, Tourn. Mitre-wokt. Bisiiop's-Cap. 
 
 Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-clcft. Petals .5, slender, 
 pinuatilid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, 
 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placenta;, 2-valvcd at the 
 summit. Seeds smooth and shinin*g. — Low and slender perennials, with round 
 heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; 
 those on the scapes, opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme 
 or spike. (Name a diminutive from ixirpa, a mitre or cap, alluding to the form 
 of the young pod.) 
 
 1. M. diphylla, L. Ilairij, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5- 
 loI)ed, toothed, those on the niany-Jlowered-scape 2, opjwsite, nearly sessile. — Hill- 
 sides in rich woods : common, especially westward and northward. May. — 
 Flowers white, in a raceme 6' -8' long. 
 
 2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney- form , dQcjAy 
 and doubly crcnate ; scape usually leafless, feiv-flowered, very slender (4'- 6' 
 high). (M. cordifolia. Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods in 
 moss, Maine to Penn., III., and northward. May -July. — A delicate little 
 plant, sending forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 
 
 12. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-partcd. Petals 5, with claws, 
 entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1-celled, 
 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, 
 globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminuiive from 
 Tiapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like 
 that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort projierly belongs.) 
 
 1. T. COrdifblia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart- 
 shaped, sharply lobc-d and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; scape 
 leafless (5'- 12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods: 
 common northward, and southward along the mountains. April, May. 
 
 13. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Touni. Golden Saxifr.vge. 
 
 Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. 
 Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. 
 
CRASSULACK.-K. (ORIMMC lAMILY.^ 171 
 
 Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaiied or 2-l<)iK'(l, flMttciicd, very short, l-ccllcd, 
 with 2 parietal ])laceiit;B, 2-valved at tiie to]), iiiaiiy-see<led. — Low and small 
 smooth herl)S, with tender siieeulent leaves, and small solitary or leaty-eymed 
 flowers, (\iimc eoinixmnded uf xPv<t6s, f/oldoi, and ititXt]v, tlw siiUiii, prohahly 
 from some rcpntid nu'dieiual iiualities.) 
 
 1. C. Americ^num, Seliweln. Stems slender, sjireadinj;- and forking; 
 leaves priueipally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obseurely ere- 
 nate-lobed; ftowcrs distant, ineonspieuous, nearly sessile (j;reenish tinyed with 
 yellower purple.) — Cold wet places: common northward. April, May. 
 
 OuDEU 3(). CRASSUL.ACE.E. (Oiu-ine Family.) 
 
 Succulent kerbs, with pcrfeclli/ si/mmetiical /lowers : viz. the petals and 
 pistils equalling the sepals in number (3 - 20), and the stamens the same or 
 double their number, — technically different from Saxifrageae only in this 
 complete symmetry, and in the carpels being quite distinct from each 
 other, but even this does not hold in two N. American genera. Also, in- 
 stead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, 
 one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) 
 opening down the ventral suture, many- rarely few-seeded. — Stipules 
 none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Pentho- 
 rum not at all fleshy. 
 
 * Nut succulent : the carpels united, forming a 5-colle(l pad. Transition to tlic Saxifrajro Fainiljr. 
 
 1. Pfiilliorum. Sepals 5 Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-l)L'akt'd, many-secilcd. 
 
 • • Leaves, &c., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct. 
 
 2. Tillcca. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many. 
 
 3. Seduin. Sepals, petals, and iiislils 4 or 5. Stamens 10- S. Seeds many. 
 
 1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stoxe-cuop. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils .'j, united below, forming 
 a 5-angled, 5-horncd, and fj-eelled ])od, which ojjens by the falling off of the 
 Leaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of 
 tlie family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked 
 along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Xame from tt(vt(, 
 Jive, and opos. n rule or mode, probaljly from the (juinary order of the flower.) 
 
 1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — 0])en wet 
 places, everywhere. July - Oct. — Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens. 
 
 2. TILLJEA, L. T11.1..EV. 
 
 Sepals, petals, stamens, and jiistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very 
 small tufted anuiuds, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named 
 in honor i)\' Mirhncl Ani/'to Tilli, an early Italian botanist.) 
 
 1. T. simplex, Nntt. Rooting at the bjuse (l'-2' high) ; leaves linear- 
 oblong; (lowers .solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish- 
 white) petals and the narrow 8- lO-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the 
 base of each. (T. asce'ndens, Eulon.j — MiuUy river-banks, Nantucket to Ma- 
 ryland. July -Sept. 
 
172 CRASSULACE.?::. (OUri.VK FAMILY.) 
 
 3. SEDUM, Touin. SxoNK-cRor. Orpine. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; alrttlcscale 
 Kt tiie base of eaeh. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with 
 the lk)\vers eymose or one-sided. Petals alnio.-st always narrow and acute or 
 pointed. (Name from sideo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants 
 tix themselves upon rocks and walls.) 
 
 « Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering 
 branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first ur central flower mostly 
 5-iiierous and lO-androus, the otiiers oflen <^-mtrous and 8-aiidrous. 
 
 1. S. XcRE, L. (Mossy Stoxe-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss- 
 like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, 
 vcrv thick ; jjctals yellow. — Escaped i'rom cultivation to rocky roadsides, &c. 
 July. (Adv. from Ku.) 
 
 2. S. pulchellum, jNIichx. Stems ascending or trailing (4'- 12' high) ; 
 leaces terete, linear fli ifonn, much cro\vded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely 
 flowered ; petals rose-purple. — Virginia to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; 
 also cultivated in gardens. July. 
 
 3. S. N6vii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3' -5' high) ; leaves all alter- 
 nate, those of the sterile shoots wedfje-ohorate or spatidate, on flowering stems lin- 
 ear-sputulate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spikcd, densely flowered ; petals white, 
 more pointed than in the next ; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later ; leaves and 
 blossoms smaller. — Mountains of Virginia (Salt Pond ^luuutain, ir. M. Can- 
 by) to Alabama (R. D. JVevius). 
 
 4. S. ternktum, Michx. Stems spreading (3' -6' high); /eat-e,s/fj<; the 
 lower ivhorlcd in threes, icedge-obovate, the upper scattered, ohlowj ; cyme 3-spiked, 
 leafy; petals white. — Rocky woods, Penn. to Illinois and southward: common 
 in gardens. May, June. 
 
 * * FloiLvrs in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less ped uncled: 
 
 haves flat, ohovate or oblong, mostly alternate. 
 
 •f- Flowers perfect, ri-merous, \0-androii^. 
 
 5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy 
 to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; 
 petals fltsh-cotor, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; jmds tapering into a slender style. 
 — Dry rocks, Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly 
 in New Jersey? W. New York ? and Indiana. June. — Too ne:ir the next. 
 
 6. S. TEL]i;pniuM, L. (Gardkn Orpine or Live-for-ever ) Stems 
 erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; /letals 
 jntrplc, oblong-lanceolate ; jiols abru/illi/ poiiit(d with a short style. — Rocks and 
 banks, escaped from cultivation in some ])laces. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 •<- -t- Flowers ditrrlous, mostly 4-ni'rous and S-androus. 
 
 7. S. Rhodiola, Dr. (Roseroot.) Stems erect (.'5'- 10' high) ; leaves 
 oblong or ovmI, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish- 
 yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Pennsylvania, on cliffs of Delaware 
 River, below Easton ! {Pnfe.sxo'S Porter if Green) ; Quoddy Head, Maine {Prof 
 Verrill), and nortiiward. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
IIAMAMEL.vrK.r.. ( WITCII-IIAZKL FAMILY.) 173 
 
 Order 37. II.4I?I.4ITIElACE.«:. (Witcii-IIazel Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or tires, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; floic- 
 ers in heads or spikes, often poli/yainous or monacious ; the calyx cohering 
 with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms 
 a •2-btaked, 2-celled woody pod, opening at the summit, uith a sinr/le bony seed 
 in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted 
 on tlie caly.x, narrow, valvate, or involute in tlie bud, or often none at all. 
 Stamens twice as many as tiie petals, and half of them sterile and changed 
 into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, 
 in sparing aU)umen : cotyledons broad and flat. 
 
 Tribe I. Il.VItl AltlELE^. Flowers with a manifest calyx or cilyx and corolla, and a 
 siiifjlf ovulf suspeiKleil from the summit of each cell. 
 
 1. Ilnmainells. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, shirt. 
 
 2. Kolhergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. 
 Tribe II. BALSAMIPMiiE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and 
 
 no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell 
 
 3. Liquid uiiibar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli- 
 
 dated by tluir bases in a dense head. 
 
 1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. 
 
 Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded hy a scale-like 
 3-leavcd involucre. Caly.x 4-partcd, and with 2 or 3 hractlcts at its hase. Pet- 
 als 4, strap-sha])cd, lonj^ and narrow, spirally iuvuliite in the hud. Stamens 8, 
 very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anthcr-hcariun:, the others imperfect 
 nnd scale-like. Stvles 2, short. Pod o])cning loeulicidally from the top ; the 
 outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single hirge and hony 
 seed in each cell, hut soon hursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shruhs, with 
 straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From afxa, 
 lib' to, and fiT)\is, an npple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or .-iome 
 other tree resomhling the Apple, which the Witch-IIazel docs not.) 
 
 1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, .«onicwhat 
 downy when young. — Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the 
 leaves arc falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. 
 
 2. FOTHERGILLA, I., f. Fotiiekgii.i.a. 
 
 Flowers in a terminal cntkin-liko spike, mostly perfect. Calyx hell-shaped, 
 the summit truncate, slightly .'j-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 
 borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long, 
 thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base 
 of the calyx, 2-lol)ed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low 
 shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the 
 summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, eneh jiartly covered by 
 a scale-like l.ract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. ./ohn Folli, ri/ill.) 
 
 1. F. alnif61ia. L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April, 
 May. 
 
174 HALOKAGEiE. (WATEU-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 
 
 3. LIQXJIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum Tree. 
 
 Flowers usually monaciuus, in {^lobular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged 
 in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute 
 scales: filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting;; of many 2-eelled 2-beaked 
 ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering 
 together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods 
 opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner 
 side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled 
 seed-coat. — Catkins racemcd, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved decid- 
 uous involucre. (A mongrel name, from //^w/V/hs, fluid, and the Arabic «»(/«!/•, 
 nmbcr; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthinc juice which exudes from the 
 tree.) 
 
 1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, 
 deei)ly 5-7-lol)ed. smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — 
 Motst woods, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large 
 and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with 
 corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep 
 crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re- 
 sembling sawdust. 
 
 Order 38. II.lLORAGE.i:. (Water-Milfoil Family.) 
 
 Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon- 
 spicuous symmetrical Jiowers sessile in the axils of leaves or brads, cahjx-lube 
 coherent icith the ovary, which consists 0/2-4 niore or less united carpels 
 (or in Ilippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stir/mas distinct. 
 Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in (crtile flowers. Petals small 
 oi; none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single 
 jwiatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the 
 axis of flcsliy albumen : cotyledons minute. — Formerly attached as a sub- 
 order to Onagracea?, but now deemed quite distinct. 
 
 1. Myriophyllutn. Flowrers monoecious or polygamous, the part? in fours, with or without 
 
 petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately disseoteil. 
 
 2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Immersed leaves 
 
 pinnately dissected. 
 8. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary 
 only one. Leaves entire. 
 
 1. MYEIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water-Mii.foii.. 
 
 Flowers monaeious or polygamous. Caly.x of the sterile flowers 4-parted, 
 of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- 
 celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves 
 crowded, often whorlcd ; those under water pinnately parted into cnpillnry divis- 
 ions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the ujiper leaves, usually above water in 
 summer ; the uppermost staminatc. (Name from fivpios, a t/iousaiul, and ^vX- 
 Xov, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.) 
 
 I 
 
HALOUAGE^E. (WATEK-JIII.FOIL FAMILY.) 175 
 
 • Stdtnetis 8: jntuls (hcidiioiis: carpels even: leaves irlwilfd in llireei or fours. 
 
 1. M. spiCcltum, L. Leaves uU piiinately parttd ami capillary, except 
 ilnijlural outs or hracls ; these ovule, entire or tuvthul, and diiejlij slioiler than the 
 Jiuwers, wliiiU tluis lonii an inlerrupted sijike. — Deep water: eoiuiuoti. (Vm.) 
 
 2. M. Verticillatum, -L. Flund kaces iiiHcli louijer titan Iht- Jluwers, jiec- 
 tinate-pinnulijid : otherwise nearly as ^'o. 1. — Tonds, &.Q. northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Stamens 4: pettds rather persistent: carpels \-2-ridijed and ronijht ned on tlie 
 
 lath: If-aces wliorleti in fours and fives, the lower with capdlanj divisions. 
 
 3. M. heterophyiium, Miehx. Sti:m stont ; Jloral leavis ovate and lance- 
 oltite, thick, crowded, sharjily serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fndt ohsrure/y rough- 
 ened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward. 
 
 4. M. scabr^tum, Miehx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnatcly 
 parted with tew capillary divisions ; Jlorul leaves linear {rurcly scattei'cd), jMctinute- 
 tuothed or cut-serrate: carpels strom/ly 2-rid(/ed and roughened on the hack. — Shallow 
 ponds, from S. New England and Ohio sonthw^ard. 
 
 * * * Stamens \: petals rather persistent : carpels even on the hack : leaves chiefly 
 
 sctittered, or waiitinrj on the flowering stems. 
 
 5. M. ambigUUm, Nutt. Immersed leaves immatthj parted into about 10 
 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or llf tipper floral 
 linear and s])arin};iy toothed or entire; flowers viostli/ perfect; fruit (minute) 
 smooth. — Var. 1. n.Vtaxs ; stems floatinp;, prolonjjed. Var. 2. cai'ili-Xceim: 
 stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. 
 3. mm6sum : small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or 
 entire. — Ponds and ditclies, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvanin, and 
 southward, near the coast. 
 
 6. M. teil611um, Bigelow. Flowering stems nenrlg leafless and scape-like, 
 (3'- 10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts 
 small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N. 
 New York, New England, and northward. 
 
 2. PROSERPINACA, L. Meumaid-weed. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
 miMis ;3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut- 
 like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the 
 name, Irom proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small Howers sessile in the 
 axils, .'olitary or 3-4 together, in sunnuer. 
 
 1. P. pallistriS, L. /x«ics lanceolate, sharply senate, the lower pectinate 
 when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps: not rare. 
 
 2. P. pectin^cea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions liuear-awl- 
 shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 
 
 9. HIPPURIS, L. .Mahl's Tail. 
 
 Flowers jK-rfect or ])o!yganious. Calyx entire. IVtals none. Stamen one, 
 inserted on the edge of the calyx. Stylo single, thrend-shaj;ed, stigniatie down 
 one side, received in the groove Ix'twceu the lobes of the largo anther. Frui' 
 
176 OXAGRACE^. (KVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 
 
 nut-likc, l-cellcd, l-sccdcd. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in 
 wiiorls, and niiniite flowers sessile in the axils in suiiinicr. (Name from "nrnos, 
 a hui^r, an<l ovpti, <i tail.) 
 
 1. H. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Tends 
 and springs. New York to Kentucky and northwiud : rare. Stems simple, 1°- 
 2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.) 
 
 Order 39. OJ^AGRACE.E. (E vexing-Primrose Family.) 
 Herbs, with -i-inerous (sometimes 2-3- or 5 - 6-merous) perfect and si/m- 
 vietricul Jlowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-celled ovary, 
 its lobes valoate in the bud, or obsolete; the petals convolute in the bud, some- 
 times wanting; and the stamens us many or twice as many as the petals or 
 calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen- 
 der : stigma 2 - 4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cob- 
 webby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. 
 
 « Pai'ts of the flower in twos. 
 
 1. CIrctea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-secdecl, bristly. 
 
 * # Parts of the flowers in fours or more. 
 -- Fruit dry and indehiscent, mostly becoming l-celled, 1-4-seeded. 
 
 2. Gaura. Petals -t Stamens 8 and with the long style turned downwards. 
 
 H- ..- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal. 
 
 3. Epilobium, Stamens 8, Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 
 
 4. CEiiothera. Stumens S and petals 4 on the prolonged caly.x-tulie. Seeds naked. 
 
 5. Jiissirea. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4 -6. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
 
 6. Itudwigia. Slamens 4. Petals 4 or more. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
 
 1. CIRC^A, Tourn. Enciiantek's Nightshade. 
 
 Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; 
 lobes 2, reflcxed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde- 
 hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 -2-cclled : cells 1-secdcd. 
 — Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with oj)positc thin 
 leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in 
 summer. (Named from Cin-e, the enchantress.) 
 
 1. C. Luteti^na, L. Taller (1°- 2° high); /mrra o?-n/c, slightly toothed ; 
 bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-rel/pd fruit bristly. — Very common. (Eu.) 
 
 2. C. alpina, L. Low (.3' -8' high), smooth and weak; leaves hexirt -shaped, 
 thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovatc-oblong l-celled 
 fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods . common northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 2. GAURA, L. Gaura. 
 
 Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 
 3), reflcxed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 
 mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap- 
 pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, .surrounded by a 
 ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3- 4-ribbe<l or angled, inde- 
 
ONAGRACE^. (evemno-primuosi-: familv.) 177 
 
 liiscont or nearly so, iisnnlly hrcoiiiiriG: 1 -rclloil and 1 -4-.';oo(lc(l. Socfls naked. 
 
 — Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, rlmnf^in^ to reddish 
 in fadin-j, in wand-like sj)ikes or raeenies ; in our species quite small (so that 
 the name, from yavpos, siipnh, does not seem appropriate). 
 
 1. G. biennis, L. So/l-hain/ or doirm/ {:i°-S° h\<;h); leaves oblonrj-lanceo- 
 Inle, acute, denticulate ; fmit oval or ohlonjr, nearlfi Sfssi/e, ribbed, downy. — 
 Dry banks, from New York westward and southward : common. Aug. 
 
 2. G. filipes, Spaeh. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; /ea?'cs 
 liniar, mostly toothed, tajiering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- 
 der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-sliaj)ed, 4-angled at the summit, slender pedicelkd. 
 
 — Open ]jlaces, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 3. EPILOBIXTM, L. Willow-heub. 
 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb4-cleft, deciduous. Pet- 
 als 4. Stamens 8: anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft 
 of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, 
 purple, or white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of ini Xo'iiov lov, viz. 
 a violet on a pod.) 
 
 ♦ Flowers hnrje in a lonrj spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws, entire : 
 stamens and sli/le turned downicards : stii/ma of 4 lone/ lobes: leaves scattered. 
 
 1. E. angustifdlium, L. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem simple, tall 
 (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land: 
 common northward. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.) 
 
 « * Flowers rather large, regular : petals obcordate : stamens and style erect: stigma 
 of 4 long linear lobes : leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 2. E. HiRsijTL-.M, L. Soft-hair)', branching (3° -5° high); leaves lance- 
 oblong, serrulate ; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme ; petals 
 rose-purj)le, 6" long. ^Spontaneous in waste grounds. New Bedford, Mass. 
 {T. A. Greene) and Roxbury (/). Mutray) ; and in a ravine near Albany, New 
 York (C. //. Peck). (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 » * Flouvrs small, corymhed or puniclcd : petals (mostly notched at the. end), sta- 
 mens, and style erect : stigma club-shaped, nearly entire : lower leaves opposite, 
 entire or denticulate. 
 
 3. E. alpinum, L. Low (2'-G' high), nearly glabrous; stems ascending 
 from a stolonifcrous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly 
 entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; petals 
 purple; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of 
 New IIami)shirc, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (En.) 
 
 Var. m^jUS, Wahl. Tiiller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed, 
 po.I glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifoliiim, Vill. E. origanifolium, 
 Lum.) —With the ty])ical form: alf-o upper Wisconsin and Michigan. (Eu.) 
 
 4. E. pallistre, L., var. line^re. Fnct and slender (10-2° hi-h), 
 branched above, minutily luHiry-piilii.'niiil ; stem roundish ; hares narmu-li/ lanceo- 
 late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals pur]tlisli or 
 white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, J/h/i/. E. .squauiatum, Xtitt.) — Bogs, N. 
 
 12 
 
178 ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-I'RIMROSE FAMILY.) 
 
 England to Pcnn., Illinois, and northward. There is also a small an simple 
 I - luw-flowcrcd form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter 
 leaves (E. oligauthum, Mirh.c), found in N. New York, White Mountains of 
 New Hampshire, and northward. This is E. nutans, Soinmerf. &, E. lineare, 
 Fries, but tiic pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.) 
 
 5. E. molle, Torr. Sojt-donny alt over, strietly erect (I°-2|° high), at 
 length branching; letives crowdcA; liiiear-oUonc/ or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti- 
 oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Khode Island and 
 Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward. Sept. 
 
 6. E. coloi'atum, Muhl. Glabivus or nearly so ; stem roundish, not 
 angled, much branched (1° -3° high), uiany-flowered ; Icaces lanceolate or ovate- 
 oblong, acute, denticulate, ojlen petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually pur- 
 ple-veined ; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l^"-2" 
 long). — Wet places : common. July -Sept. 
 
 4. CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose. 
 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, rcflexcd. 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear and versatile. Pod 4-valved, 
 many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oivos, wine, and 
 6f]pa, a hunt or eager pursuit, given to some plant the roots of which were eaten 
 to provoke a relish for wine.) 
 § 1 . Tube of the calyx filiform or cylindrical and much prolonged beyond the ovary : 
 
 stamens nearly equal : antheis linear : stiyma of 4 filiform or linear divergent 
 
 lobes. 
 * Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous, yellow, withering the next day: 
 pods fusiform or cylindrical, closely sessi'e. 
 I. CE. biennis, L. (Common Evening-Primrose.) Erect, mostly 
 hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal 
 rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped 
 (light yellow); pods o'llong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies grcatlj' ; as 
 Var. 1. muric.\ta, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer 
 than the stamens. "Var. 2. grandifi.Ara, with larger and more showy petals. 
 Var. 3. parvifl6ra, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. 
 critciXta, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than 
 the stamens, and smooth pods. Var. .5. Oakf.si.Vxa (CE. Oakesiana, Iiol)lii)is\, 
 with a minute and wholly appressed pubescence, or almost glabrous : otherwise 
 as Var. 3. — Fields and waste places : very common. June- Sept. 
 
 2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-omte, acute : calyx-tube very 
 slender, extended an inch longer than the short cylindrical ovary : otherwise 
 rescmblinfr a smoothish or rather hoary narrow-leaved state of No. 1 . — Sandy 
 soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. July- Sept. 
 
 3. CE. sinukta, L. Hairy, low, «.sr^nrf/j/7, or at length procumbent; leaves 
 oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flow- 
 ers (small) axillary; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-color 
 in fading); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and south- 
 M-ard, principally a dwarf state. Juno. 
 
ONAGRACK.*:. (KVENING-PKIMUOSE FAMILY.) 179 
 
 ♦ * Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow: pods club- 
 shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intennediale rihs. 
 
 4. CE. glauca, Miehx. Very glal)rous, glaucous; leaves onite or ovate- 
 laiHcolaio ; pmls oliovoicl-oblong, A-wingnl, almost sessile; root perennial. — Moun- 
 tains of ^'irJJ;inia, Kentiu-ky, an<l sotitiiward. May -July. — heavLs bromlcr 
 and tlowors larirer than in the next. 
 
 5. CE. fruticbsa, L. (Sinduoi-s.) Hairy or nearly smooth (l°-3° 
 liiuh) ; leaves laiirtohite or ol>lotig ; raceme corynibcd, naked below ; petals broadly 
 obcordatt', lonj;er than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods olilong-cluh-sh'iped, 4- 
 icinged, longer than the pedicels ; root perennial. — Open ])laccs, S. New England 
 to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. — Corolla 1^' broad. 
 
 C. (E. rip^ria, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- 
 gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at 
 length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordatc ; pods Mong-chtb-sliaped, slen- 
 der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-wiiiged ; root biennial. — River-banks and swamps, Qua- 
 ker llridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southwiird. 
 
 7. QE. linearis, Miehx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent ; /rarrsZ/nrdr,- 
 flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods ob- 
 orate, hoary, scarcely ■i-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Mon- 
 tauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June, July. — Plant 1° 
 high, bushy-branched: flowers I'wide. 
 
 8. CE. chX'ysantha, Miehx. Slender, sniootli or i)ube,sccnt ; leaves lanre- 
 vUite, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched 
 at the end (orange-yellow), longer than the stiimens : pods alt jmlicelleil , ol)long-club- 
 sha/ml, scarcely wing-aiigled ; root biennial? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to 
 Wisconsin and northward. July. — Stem 12'- 15' high ; flowers larger than in 
 No. 0, from which it may not be distinct. 
 
 9. CE. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or ohlanceolate, 
 mostl}- obtuse ; llo^vcrs in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate 
 (pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club- 
 shaped, strongly wing-angled; root perennial or biennial ? — Dry fields: com- 
 mon northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. —Stems mostly 
 simple, 5'- 12' high: the corolla ^ broad. 
 
 § 2. Tulie of the calyx funnel-form, strongly 4-nerved, and shorter than the cylindrical 
 ovary, its lobes keeled tvith the midrib: Jilaments opposite the jwtals shorter : an- 
 thers ohioog, versatile: stigma disk-shaped, almost entire: Jlowers ojwiing in sun- 
 shine or dayll/jhi. 
 
 10. GE. serrul^ta, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves 
 lance-linear, oi>l:\ncc<)]ate or linear-si)atulate, sliari>ly .serrulate or toothed; flow- 
 ers axillary mostly small ; i>etals yellow, obovate, wavy-erenulate, much longer 
 than the stamens ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wis- 
 consin (tesquereui, T. .1 Ilale), and westward. 
 
 5. JUSSI^A, L. Jrssi.ij.v. 
 
 Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4 - 6, 
 herbaceous and jiersistcnL Petals 4-9. Staineus twice an mauy us tlic petals. 
 
180 OXAGRACE.E. (kVKNING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 
 
 Porl 4-G-ccllccl, usually lonjr, opcninp; hotwccn the rilis. Seeds very numerous. 
 — Ilerhs (ours oliibroiis perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, 
 and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedieated to Bcrwird de JiiS'iicu, the 
 founder of the Natural System of Botany, as further developed by his illustrious 
 nephew. ) 
 
 1. J. deciirrens, DC. Stem erect (l°-2° high), branchinf^, ivlnrjed hy 
 the deeurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as lonjj as the petals ; pod oblong- 
 club-shaped, wing-angled. — Wet places, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 2. J. rdpens, L. Stemcreepinfj,orJloatimi and rootim/ ; leaves oblong, ta- 
 pering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and 
 obovate petals .5 ; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. — In water, Illinois, 
 Kentucky, and southward. Also nat. near Philadelphia. 
 
 6. LUDWIGIA, L. F.vlse Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx- tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually persist- 
 ent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindrical, 
 many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked, — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely 
 capitate) flowers, produced through summer and autumn. (Named in honor 
 of Christian G. Liiduug, Professor of Botany at Leipsie, contemporary .vith Lin- 
 naeus.) 
 
 * Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 •*- Flowers peduricled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4" - 8" long), 
 
 equallinff the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes o/ the cali/x. 
 
 1. L. alternifdlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched 
 (3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends ; pods cubical, rounded 
 at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps : common, especially near the coast. — Pods 
 opening first by a hole where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in pieces. 
 
 2. L. hirtella, Haf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ; 
 leaves oblony, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at Ixtth ends : pods nearly as in the last, 
 but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and 
 southward. — Fascicled roots often tuberous-thickened. 
 
 •*- ■*- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered or crowded) in the axils, 
 with very small greenish petals {in No. 5) or mostly none: leaves mostly lanceolate 
 or linear on the erect stems (l°-3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate 
 or creeping sterile shoots or stolons are nfhn produced from the base of the stem, 
 these are thickly beset icilh shorter olmrate or s/iatulate kavcs. ( Our species gla^ 
 brous, except No. 3.) 
 
 3. L. sphseroearpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or 
 nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at the base ; those 
 of the runneps obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate; 
 bractlets minute, obsolete, or none ; pods glolmlar or depressed (sometimes acute at the 
 base), not longer than the caly.x-lobcs (less than 2" long). — AVater or wet 
 swamps, E. Mass., S. New York, New Jersey, Pcnn., and .'^outliwanl. — Bark 
 of lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened. 
 
 4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at 
 both ends; those of the runners oblong-spatulatp, acute, entire; bractlets linear- 
 
MELASTOMACE^. (mELASTOMA l-AMILY.) 181 
 
 awl-shaped, and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sidtd somewhat top-shaped pod, 
 which is lonj,fer tlum tlie caljx-iolics. — Swamps, Micliifj^aii to lUiiiuis, Ken- 
 tucky, and southward. 
 
 5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those 
 of the short riniiRTs obovate; minute petals usually j)rcsent ; bractlets minute at 
 the base oftltc doiii/uled top-shajkd \-sid(d pod, which is ."5" lony and much longer 
 than the ealyx-lohes. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. 
 
 6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched ; leaves oblong- or spatuhite- 
 lanecolatc, much tapering at the base, or even petiolcd ; bractieis very viinuteat 
 the base of the ci/lihdrical pod, which is 3" long, and several times exceeds the 
 calyx-lobes. — Mound City, S. Illinois, Dr. Vaseij, and southward. 
 
 « * Leaves all opposite: stems creepincj or floating 
 
 7. L. pallistris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth : leaves ovate or 
 oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the 
 plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; pods oblong, 4-sided, not ta- 
 pering at the base, sessile iu the axils (2" long). (Isna'rdia palustris, L.) — 
 Ditches: comiuon. (Eu.) 
 
 8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, 
 nearly sessile ; ilowers solitary, long-peduneled ; petals yellow, exceeding the 
 calyx (3" long) ; pods oblong-club-shapcd, somewhat curved (i' long). — 
 Swamp.s, Eastern Virginia and southward. 
 
 Order 40. MEL.ASTOMACE.I:. (Melasto.aia Family.) 
 
 Plants loith opposite 3- 1-rihhcd leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers 
 opening l»j pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-IViuirose 
 Family. — All tropical, e.\cept the genus 
 
 1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beaut v. 
 
 Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary beloW. and continued above 
 it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- 
 serted, along with tlw 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 
 long, 1-ccllcd, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the 
 permanent calyx, 4-cclIed, with 4 many-seeded placenttc ]irojeeting from the 
 central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low |)crennial 
 herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3-5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large 
 showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (Name from ^v^if, 
 a rupture, applied to this genus for no obvious reason.) 
 
 * Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the 
 filame.nl aliove its base : flowers cipnose, peduncled. 
 
 1. R. Virginica, L. Stem se/uare, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- 
 'aiictolate, anil,'; petals bright jjurple. — Sandy swamps, E. Massachusetts to 
 Peiiu., WiMonsin. Illinois, and southwiird. 
 
 2. B,. Marikna, L. Stems ci/lindric<d ; leaves Unrar-obluni/, nnvro\wd below; 
 petals paler. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey, Kentucky, aud southward. 
 
182 LYTUUACE^. (loosestrife FAMILY.) 
 
 * * Anlhrrs nhlonrj, strnif/ht, iritliout any spur: flowers fetv, se«s(7e. 
 3. R. eilidsa, Michx. Stem ^^qllin•c, f;liibious; leaves broaiilj ovate, 
 ciliate with low^ bristles; ealyx <,dabrous. — Maryland and southward. 
 
 Oiii>Eii 41. L,YTIIBACE^. (Loosestrife Family.) 
 
 Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing 
 but free from the 1 -i-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and 
 hearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter 
 lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary 
 or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, souietinies dimorphous or even tri- 
 morphous, those on dill'erent plants with filaments and style reciprocally 
 longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-celled by 
 the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentte in the axis. 
 Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided. 
 
 * Flowers rej^ukr, or nearly so. 
 
 1. Amman Ilia. Calyx sliort, 4-:iii^led. not striate. Petals 4. or none. Stamens 4, rarely 2. 
 
 2. Lytliruiii. Calyx tubular-cyliiiilrioal, striate. I'eUils 5-7. Stamens 5 - 14. 
 
 3. IVessea. Calyx sliurt-campauulate or liemispherical. Stamens 10 - 14, e.xserted. 
 
 * * Flowers irregular : petals unequal. 
 
 4. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12. 
 
 1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammaxnia. 
 
 Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn- 
 shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, 
 sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, rarely 2, sliort. Pod globular, 2 - 4eclled. 
 — Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small 
 greenish flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul 
 Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linna'us.) 
 
 § 1. Calyx with manifest tooth-like or horn-shaped appendnyes at the sinuses: pod 4- 
 cilUd : plants of low or ivet ground ; ours are annwils. 
 
 1. A. htiniilis, Michx. Leaves tapering at the base or into a short petiole, 
 linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary or 3 together in the 
 axils of the leaves, sessile ; style very short. — Massachusetts to Michigan, 
 Illinois and southward. 
 
 2. A. Iatif61ia, L. Leaves linear-laiireolntc (2' -.3' long), irilh a hrond 
 auricled sessile base; style sometimes very short, sometimes slender. — Oliio, 
 Illinois, and southward. Ship-yards, I'luladeliihia, an immigrant from thu 
 south, C. F. Parker. 
 
 § 2. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Appendages at the. sinuses of the calyx 
 mere callous jmints or none : petals none : pod 2<elled. 
 
 3. A. Nuttallii, Gray. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terrestrial, 
 rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely 
 sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ; 
 flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad triangular 
 lobes; style very short. (Pe'plis diandra, iV«<^, but stamens usually 4. Hypo- 
 
LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 183 
 
 brichia Nnttallii, Af. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (7". .7. Jlalc), 
 Illinois (Buckley, Vasei/, Hall, &.C.), and soutiiward. — Wiieii in deep water tiie 
 stems arc l°-30 lonj,', very leafy, the flowers and pods not larger than a pin's 
 head : when terrestrial 2' - 6' long, larger-flowered, resembling depauperate 
 specimens of No. 1, with obsolete projections at the sinuses. 
 
 2. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5- 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the 
 sinuses. Petals .5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in- 
 serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly ciiual. Pod oblong, 2-celled. 
 — Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple 
 (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from \v6poVi blood; pen 
 haps from the crimson blossoms of some species.) 
 
 * Stamens and petals 5- 7 : flowers small, solitury and nearly sessile in the axils of 
 
 the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teetli often shorter than the inter- 
 mediate processes : plants smooth. 
 
 1. L. Hyssopifblia, L. Low annual (C- 10' high), pale; leaves oblong- 
 liiuur, oltluse, loiii/i:r than the inconspicuous floirtrs ; petals (pale-purple) 5-6. — • 
 Marshes, coast of New England and New Jersey. (Eu.) 
 
 2. Ii. alktum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial ; branches with 
 murgim d (UKjlts ; leaves from ohlony-ocale to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the 
 flowers; petals (deep purple) G. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. 
 
 3. L. line^'e, L. Stem slender and tall (3° -4° high), bushy at the top, 
 two of the uni/lcs margined; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the 
 ui)i)cr acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate; petals 
 (whitish) 6. — Brackish marshes, New Jersey and southward. 
 
 * * Stamens 12, twice the numlxn- of the petals, 6 longer and G shorter : floivers large, 
 
 crowded and ichorled, in an inteirupted wand-likv spike. 
 
 4. L. Salickria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) Leaves lanceolate, heart- 
 shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows. Eastern New 
 England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. —Plant more or less 
 downy, tall : flowers large, purple, trimoridioiis, as to respective length of stvle 
 and filaments in 3 different kinds of individuals. 
 
 3. NES^A, Commerson, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx short, broadly hckl-shaped or hcmis])hcrical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and 
 ns many longer and sjireading horn-like i>rocesscs at the sinjises. Petals 5. 
 Stamens 10-14, exsertcd, of two lengths. Pod globose, 3-5-eelled. — Peren- 
 nial herbs or slightly .shrubby i)lants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and ax- 
 illary flowers (these ])robably dinioridious or trimorphous). 
 
 1. N. veX'ticill^ta, IL B. K. Smooth or downy ; stems recurved (2°- 
 8° lung), 4-C-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the 
 npjicr with clustered flowers in their axils oji short pedicels ; petals 5, wedgc- 
 laneeolate. rose-])nrple \^ long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Dc'codon 
 vertieillatum, Cmelin.]. — Swamj)y grounds : common eastward. July- Sept. 
 
184 CACTACEuE. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 
 
 4. CUP HE A, Jacq. Cupiiea. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 12-ribbocl, somcwbat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the 
 base on tbc upper side, C-tootlied at the apex, and usually with a.s many little 
 processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, appro.xi- 
 inate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved <.rlaiul at the base next 
 the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stij^ma 2-lobed. Pod oblong, 
 few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose, 
 stalked. (Name from Kv<ji6s, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.) 
 
 1. C. viseosissima, Jacq. (Clammy Cupuea.) Annual, very viscid- 
 hairy, branching : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. 
 — Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds flat, 
 borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the ruptured pod. 
 
 Order 42. L.OASACJEiE. (Loasa Family.) 
 
 Herbft, icith a rough or si ingiiu/ pubescence, no stipules, the cahjx-tube ad- 
 herent to a l-cclled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placcntte; — represented here 
 only by the genus 
 
 1. MENTZELIA, Plumicr. (Bart6nia, Nutt.) 
 
 Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 
 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the Inul, deciduous. Stamens in- 
 definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 
 3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry 
 and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little 
 albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowei-s terminal, soHtary or cy- 
 mose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzd, an early German botanist.) 
 
 1. M. oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (l°-30 high), much 
 branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed 
 or angled; flowers yellow (7"- 10" broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge- 
 oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more: filaments fililbrm : pod small, about 9- 
 seeded. — Prairies and plains, Illinois, and on the western jjlains ; — wliei-e M. 
 OKNATA and M. nuda, with large white flowers, arc showy representatives of 
 the genus. 
 
 Ordkr 43. CACTACEJE. (Cactus Family.) 
 
 Flesh >/ anil tliickemd mnstlij lea/less j)lauls, of jttculiar asjicci, (/lobular, 
 or columnar and inanij-amjled, or jlattcned and jointed, usualhj willi prickles. 
 Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev- 
 eral rows, adherent to the l-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long 
 and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by 
 the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a 
 l-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal 
 placenta;. — Represented east of the Mississippi only by the genus 
 
 J 
 
PASSIFLOUACE^. (I'ASSION-FLOWEU FAMILY.) 185 
 
 1. OPUNTIA, Toiini. ruiCKLY I'lCAR. Indian Fig. 
 
 Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the 
 inner roundish. Berry often priekly. Seeds flat and margined. Embryo 
 coiled around albumen: cotyledons large, ibliaceous in germination. — Stem 
 composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves 
 arranged in a s))iral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also 
 in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than 
 one dav. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different 
 plant.)" 
 
 1. O. VUlg^l'is, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate or spreading, 
 pale, with flat and l)roadly obovute joints; the minute /eaccs oi-ate-suimlnte and 
 oppressed; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines; flowers sulphur-yel- 
 low; betTi/ netirlj/ smooth, pulpy, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from 
 Nantucket, Mass., southward, usually near the coast. June. 
 
 2. O. Raflnesquii, Engelm. Joints {deep fjreen) and flowers larger than 
 in the i)receding, the latter often with a red centre, and with more numerous 
 (10-12) petals; liarts i^pnadiii;/, longer and narrower (.3"-4"); axils some of 
 them bearing a few small spines and a single strong one (9"- 12" long). — 
 "Wisconsin to Kentucky and westw'ard. June. 
 
 .'5. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate; thy joints broadly obovate and 
 flat (2'--l' long), tuberculate; leaves minute; axils armed with a tuft of straw- 
 colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (I '-2' long) ; flowers light 
 yellow ; bcrri/ dri/, prickly. — Borders of Wisconsin and westward. May -July. 
 
 OuiMCK 44. PASSIFLORACEiE. (Passiox-Flo\vi;u Family.) 
 
 Herbs or woody plants, climbing bij tendrils, icitk perfect Jlowers, 5 mona- 
 dclphous stamens, and a stalked l-celled ovarii free from the calyx, icilh 3 or 
 4 jiarietal j>lacenl(c, and as many club-shaped styles; — represented by tiie 
 typical genus 
 
 1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flovver. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, 
 usually colored like the jxjtals, at least within ; the throat crowned with a double 
 or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments 
 united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above : 
 anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the ami- 
 tropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, 
 grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmatcly lobed, witli stipules. Pedun- 
 cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (Name, irom passio, passion, 
 and Jlos, a flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these 
 blossoms, in which they fancied a n|)re.sentation of the implements of the cru- 
 cifixion.) 
 
 1. P. Itltea, L. Smooth, slender; loires olitusely S-lolxd at the summit, the. 
 IoIhs entire; j)eti«)les glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (I' broad). — Dump 
 thickets, S. I'enn. to III. and suutlnvard. Julv-Sejit. — Fruit J' in diameter. 
 L .^ M—-2A 
 
s 
 
 186 CUCURBITACE^-. (gOURD FAMILY.) 
 
 2. P. incarn^ta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleJl ; the lobes serrate ; peti- 
 ole bearing 2 glands; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple purple 
 and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leavcd. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky, 
 and southward. May - July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called 
 yy Mat/pops. 
 
 ' (\ 
 
 • OuDF.R 45. CUCURBITACEiE. (GoruD Family.) 
 
 Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dicecioiis or monoicious (^often 7nono- 
 petalous) Jlowers, the calyx-tube cohering v/ith the 1-3-celled ovary, and the 
 5 or usually 2^ stamens (i. e. one with a one-celled and 2 with two-celled 
 anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also 
 by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) jleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. — 
 Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 
 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons 
 leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a troj)- 
 ieal or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the GouuD (La- 
 GEXARiA vulgaris), Pumpkin and Squash (.species of Cucurijita), 
 MusKMKLON (CiJCUMis Melo), Cucumber (C. sativus), and Wa- 
 termelon (CiTKULLUS vulgaris) ; while as wild plants, there are only 
 the three following: — 
 
 1. .Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, iiidehis- 
 
 ceiit, 1-CfIled, 1-seeded. 
 
 2. Kchiiiocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and sprea<ling, 6-partcd. Pod prickly, 
 
 2-celled. 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 
 
 3. Melothria. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Berry smooth, 
 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Star-Cuccmbek. 
 
 Flowers moncecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish co- 
 rolla. Anthers cohering in a, mass. Ovary 1-cellcd, with a single suspended 
 ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the 
 single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which arc rc:ulily detached. — 
 Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, small whitish flowers ; the sterile and 
 fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate 
 cluster, long-j)e(luncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) 
 
 1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, 
 the lobes jKjinted; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks; and a weed in damp 
 yards. July - Sept. 
 
 2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-ai>ile. 
 
 Flowers monrccious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open 
 spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2 celled, with 2 erect 
 ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with 
 weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celIed, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous- 
 netted. Seeds large, with a thickish hard coat. Tall climbing ])lants, nenrly 
 smooth, with 3-forkcd tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish- 
 
UMBELLIFEU.E. (I'Ar.SLEV KAMII-Y.) 187 
 
 white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° lonjr, the fruitful in 
 small cluster* or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of «;(4i/or, 
 a hnhjclioi) , aiitl Kvcms, a bladder, from the prickly covering of the at length 
 bladdery fruit.) 
 
 1. E. lob^ta, Torr. & Gr. Knot annual; leaves deeply and sharjdy 5- 
 lobcd ; fruit oval (2' long); seeds Hat, dark-colored. (Sicyos lobatus, Mkhx. 
 ilomurdica echinUta, Muhl.) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to 
 Wisconsin and Kentucky : also cult, for arbors. July -Oct. 
 
 OQ 3. MELOTHRIA, L. MiiixminiA. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulatc, the corolla 5- 
 lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam- 
 panulatc. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many 
 flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered 
 from ^lr;^aJ^po^', an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 
 
 1. M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves 
 small, ruundi,vh and heart-shaped, fj-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers 
 few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry oval, 
 green. — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug. 
 
 Q OuDER 4G. UMBELLirER^. (Parsley Family.) 
 
 ^^ Herbs, icilfi small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely 
 adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovulcd ouary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in- 
 serted on the disk that crowns the ocary and surrounds the base of the 2 
 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx 
 obsolete, or a mere 5-toothecl border. Petals either imbricated in the bud 
 or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called viericarps) 
 cohering by their inner face (the com)nissure), when ripe separating from 
 each other and usually suspended from the sunnnit of a slender prolon- 
 gation of the axis (carpophore) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 
 primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter- 
 stices or interi-als between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (villa:), 
 wliich are longitudinal canals In the substance of the fruit, containing 
 aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed 
 suspended from the summit of the cell, anatroj)ous, with a minute embryo 
 in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com- 
 pound, tlie petioles expanded or sheatliing at the b;use : rarely with true 
 stipules. Umbels usually compound ; when tlie secondary ones are termed 
 umbellets : each oflen subtended by a whorl of bracts (that under the 
 umbel is the involucre; that of the umbellet, invohicel). — In many the 
 flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles are protrudeil from the bud some 
 time before tlie anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-fertilization. 
 — A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with 
 very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties; the (lowers much alike in all. 
 
188 umbei.lifi:r^. (parsley family.) 
 
 — therefore to be studied In- their fruits, inflorescence, &c., -which likewise 
 exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore diflicult 
 for the young student. 
 
 I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). 
 
 • UmbeU or heads simple or irregularly compound, sometimes proliferous (i. e. one from the 
 summit of another). 
 
 1. Hydrocotj-le. Fruit smooth, orbicular or shield-shaped, flattened laterally. Leaves 
 
 with an orbicular or roundish blade. 
 
 2. Crantzla. Fruit smooth, globular, corky. Leaves are thread-shaped or awl-shapcd 
 
 |)Ctiole3, with no true blade. 
 
 3. Sail tenia. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, globular. Flowers pol3'gamous, capitate 
 
 in the umbellets. 
 
 4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with appressed scales or tubercles, top-shaped. Flowers 
 
 perfect, in dense heads. 
 » * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays regularly bearing umbellets. 
 •^ Fruit lieset with bristly prickles, not flat. 
 
 5. Daucus. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs. 
 
 — — Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc- 
 
 tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 
 
 6. Polytseuia. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the 
 
 fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 
 
 7. Heracleum. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back : 
 
 lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 
 
 8. Pastiiiaca. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the 
 
 marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 
 
 9. Arclieinuia. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral 
 
 ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 
 
 10. Tiedemaiinia. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, 
 
 hollow, with some cross partitions. 
 
 — .^ <- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, 
 
 each carpel also 3 ribbed or sometimes 3-wingedon the back. 
 
 11. Angrlica. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. 
 
 Seed not loose. 
 
 12. Archanselica. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil- 
 
 tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed. 
 
 13. Conioselinum. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or only slightly so, the cross-section nearly 
 
 orbicular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 
 
 14. .X^thnsa. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 shari.ly keeled ridges, and with single 
 
 oil-tubes in the intervals. 
 
 15. Ligusticiim. Fruit elliptical: carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with 
 
 several oil-tubes in each interval. 
 
 16. Tlinspium. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels Swinged or 5-ribbed, and with single 
 
 oil-tubes in each interval Flowers yellow or dark puri>le. 
 
 .^ .^ *. H Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 
 
 17. Zizin. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil- 
 
 tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. 
 
 18. Biipleiirum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed. 
 
 T.A'aves all simple. 
 
 19. Di!<co|>Ieura. Flowers white Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a. thick corky 
 
 margin. Leaves cut into capillary division*. 
 
UMBliLLIKER/E. (rARSI.F.Y FAMILY.) 1B9 
 
 20. CIciita. Flowers white. Fruil subglobo3e, twin: the carpels Btrongly and equally 5- 
 
 ribbeil. Lsaves twice or tlirice teriiate. 
 
 21. Slum. Flowers white. Fruit ovate or globular : the carpels S-ribbeJ. Leaves all simplj 
 
 l)liiiiate. 
 22 Cryptotieiiia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. leaves 3- parted. Umbel irregular. 
 
 II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins invo- 
 lute, .<;o that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 
 
 23. CIiK^rophy Hum. Fruit linear or oblong, narrowed or beaked at the apex. 
 
 21. Ortiiiorrliiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly. 
 
 25. Con I urn. Fruit ovate, flattened at tlie sides : ribs prominent, wavy. 
 
 20. Kulophiis. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, ueaiffy destitute of ribs. 
 
 III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at 
 the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 
 
 27. Erigenia. Fruit twin : carpels nearly kidney-form. UmbelleU few-flowered. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Water rENNYwoRX. 
 
 Caly.x-tcctli obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shiekl-shapcd ; 
 the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened 
 margin : oil-tubes none. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, 
 witii slender crcci)ing stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, 
 with scale-like stipules. Flowers snuill, white, in simple umbels or clusters, 
 which are cither single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from 
 v8iop, water, and kotvKt], a Jlal cup, the peltate leaves of several species being 
 somewhat cup-shaped.) 
 
 * Peduncles much shorter than the petioles: pedicels short or none : leaves not peltate. 
 
 1. H. repanda, Pers. retioies (2'-9' long) and peduncles (l'-2'long) 
 clustered on the creeping stems or runners ; leaves ovatc-heart-shipcd with a shal- 
 low open sinus, repand-tooth'd, thickish; flowers 2-4 in a head or cluster, with 
 a cons])icuons 2-leaved involucre; ripe fruit ribbed, reticulated between the 
 ribs. — Maryland ( IF. M. Canby) and southward. — Probably a variety of 
 II. Asiatica," L. 
 
 2. H. ranunculoides, L. Petioles (2' -9' long) and peduncles (i'-l' 
 long, in fruit reflcxed) from long commonly floating creeping stems; leaves or- 
 bicular or kidneij-form, 3-7-cleft, the lobes broad and crenate; flowers 5- 10 in a 
 capitate luubtd ; fruit smooth, scarcely ribbed. — Pennsylvania to Virginia, and 
 southward. 
 
 3. H. Americana, L. " Stents jUlfonn, branching, sprc:uling and cree])inLr ; 
 leaves rounded Lidiiei/-/orm, crenate-lohed and the lobes crenate, thin, verv smooth and 
 shining, short-petioled ; the f.;w-tlowered umbels of minute flowers in their a.xils 
 almost sessile. — Shady damp places : common northward. 
 
 • # Peduncles scajw-lilce, as long as the slender petioles, all from slender runners or 
 
 rootstoi'/cs creepimj in tlir mud: leaves orbicular, centrallij jultate, simply or doubly 
 crenate: fruit shifrp-margined. 
 
 4. H. umbell^ta, L. Undwl many-flowered and simple or sometimes 
 proliferous (2 or 3, above one another); pedicels slender l^"-3" long); fruit 
 
190 UMBKLLIFKR^. (rARSLEY FAMILY.) 
 
 notched at base and apex. — Massachusetts on the coast, to Penn. (on the Juni- 
 ata Hivcr, Prof. Porter), and southward. — Petioles and peduncles 3' -8" high: 
 leaves 1'- 2' wide. 
 
 Var. ? ambigua. Umtuls .3 - 4 ; pedicels only once or twice the length ot 
 the fniit. — Maivlaiul, W. M. Cdnhi/. lutciinediate between H. umbellata and 
 H. vul<;aris : dilK is IVoni the next i)y the distinctly pedicellcd fruit. 
 
 5. H. interitipta, Muhl. Umbels or rather little heads few-flowcrcd, 
 proliferous and tbriiiiiig an interrupted spike ; pedicels scarcely any, the broadly 
 marjiined fruit acutish at the base. — Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, 
 along the coast. — Usually smaller than No. 4. 
 
 2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Cr.wtzia. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, ,'j-ribbed : an oil-tube 
 in each interval. — Minute perennials, creeping and rooting in ihe mud, like 
 Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped ])etioles, in 
 place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-tlowcrcd, simple. 
 Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Iltnrij John Craiilz, an Austrian botanist of 
 the 18th century.) 
 
 1. C. lineclta, Nutt. Leaves somewhat club-shnped, very obtuse (r-2' 
 long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, forming a corky margin. — Brackish 
 marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July. 
 
 3. SANICULA, Tourn. Saxicle. Black Snakeroot. 
 
 Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating 
 spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with .5 oil-tubes. 
 — Perennial rather tall herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from 
 the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or 
 yellowish) capitate in the umbcllcts, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. 
 Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from f^nno, to heal.) 
 
 1. S. Canaddnsis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sfrrile 
 flowers few, scarcdi/ pediceUeil, shorter than the fertile ones ; sli/les shorter than the 
 pricL/e.'i of the fruit. — Copses. June - Aug. — Plant 10-2° high, with thin 
 leaves ; their divisions wedgc-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the 
 lateral mostly 2-lobcd. Fruits few in each umbellet. 
 
 2. S. Maril^ndica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers nitinerous, 
 on slender perlicels, about the length of the fertile ; sti/les elonr/dted and conspicuous, 
 recurved. — Woods and copses : common. — Stem 2° -3° high ; the leaves more 
 rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous 
 teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 
 
 4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Eryxgo. 
 
 Ciilyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered 
 with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly 
 perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white 
 bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, 
 of uncortaiu origin.) 
 
UMIIKLI.IFKR/E. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.) 191 
 
 1. E. yucC8ef61ium, Miclix. (Rattlesnake-Mastks. Button Snakk- 
 ROOT.) Iawcs liru'iu", tapcr-pointi'd, ri<;id, rfniss-likr, nerved, bristi ji-fi imjrd ; leaf- 
 lets of the involiicio mostly entire and sliorter than tlie liiads ; root jjereniiial. 
 (E. aquaticuin, L., in part, but never acjuatic.) — Dry or dani]) pine-barrens or 
 prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and soutliward. July, An{f. 
 
 2. E. Virgini^UUm, Lain. Lmvcs linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked 
 or somnchtU ^/linij tdth, veiny; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed, 
 lonj^er than the cyniose whitish or bluish heads ; root biennial. — Swamps, New 
 Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 
 
 5. DAtrCUS, Touni. Cakhot. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irrej^ular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels 
 scarcely flattened on the back, with b primary slender bristly ribs, two of them 
 on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones, 
 each hearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of 
 these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2 -3-])innate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- 
 lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit, ('riic ancient (Ireek name.) 
 
 1. D. Cakota, L. (Common Caruot.) Stem bristly ; involucre pinnati- 
 fid, equalling the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields. July- Sept. — Flowers 
 white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark-purple. 
 Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. POLYT^NIA, DC Polyt^nia. 
 
 Calyx .5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky 
 margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each interval, 
 and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb (2°-3° high), resembling a 
 Parsni]), with twice-])innate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo- 
 lucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from ttoXvs, many, 
 and Taiv'uiy a jilld, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 
 
 1. P. Nuttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwcstward. 
 May. 
 
 7. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip. 
 
 Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the 
 carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely 
 heart-shaiH^d, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, apjxiaring 
 2-cleft. — Stout iKM-ennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. 
 Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 
 
 1. H. lanMura, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 -2-ternately 
 compound; leallets somewhat heart-shaped; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist 
 rich ground : most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented 
 plant, 4*^-8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort. 
 
 8. PASTINACA, Tourn. Par,snip. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the 
 carpels minutely 5-ribbcd ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral 
 
192 UMBELLIFKR.E. (I'ARSLEY FAMILY.) 
 
 ones distant from them and near the margin : an oil-tube in each interval, of the 
 Icnj^th of tlie fruit. Petals yellow, roumli.sli, entire ; none of tlic flowers radiant 
 — Chieflj' biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pinnatcly-conipound leaves. 
 Involucre and involuecls small or none. (The Latin name, from pa.stits, food.) 
 1. P. 8ATivA, L. (Co.MMON P.\KSNiP.) Stem <,M-ooved, smooth; leatlcts 
 ovate or oblonp:, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Piclds, &c. 
 July. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 9. ARCHEMORA, DC. Cowbane. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish ; 
 the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex buck : 
 oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, 
 with rather rigid leaves of 3-9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly 
 none: involuecls of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied 
 to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Ardicmorus, who is 
 said to have died from eating parsley. DC.) 
 
 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from 
 lanceolate to ovatc-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. ambigia, 
 linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps. New Jersey and W. New Yoik to 
 Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 
 
 10. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. False WATER-DnopwonT. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single-winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the 
 carpels with .'5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each 
 interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a 
 hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the 
 cavity divided by cross pai'titions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involuecls 
 of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the distinguished anat- 
 omist the late Prof. Ticrktnaun, of Heidelberg.) 
 
 1. T. teretifolia, DC. Virginia (Harper's Ferrv) and southward. Aug. 
 
 11. ANGELICA, L. Anuklka. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a doublc-wingcd margin at the 
 commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing; their 
 flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on 
 the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stont perennial herbs, more 
 or less aromatic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternatcly 
 divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, 
 scanty or no involucre, .ind small many-leaved involuecls. Flowers white or 
 greenish. Petioles meml)ranaccous at the base. (Named unrjdic from its cor- 
 dial and medicinal pro])erties.) 
 
 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the 
 divisions (juiiiate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut 
 and tootlied ; invohicels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. — 
 Mountains of Pennsylvania {Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle- 
 ghanies. Aug. 
 
DMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLF.Y FAMILY.) 193 
 
 12. ARCHANGELICA, IIofTm. Arciiaxgelica. 
 
 Calyx-tectli sliort. Seed hecoiiiiii^' loose in tlic pericarp, coated with numer- 
 ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surliuo. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which 
 the species have heen separated, with hardly sufhcient reason. 
 
 1. A. hirstlta, Torn &, Gr. Woollij or dowiiy at the top (SO-fjO hifrh), 
 rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternatcly divided; leaflets thickish, 
 ovatc-ohlon^'-, often blunt, serrate ; involiicels ivs long jis the uni!)ellcts ; pedun- 
 cles &ud fiitit dotriii/, broadli) icimied. (Angt'lica triquinUta, A'«<^) — Dry open 
 woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 
 
 2. A. atropui'purea, Hort'in. (Gkk.vt Angelica.) 6^woo//( .• stem dark 
 purple, W'/v/ .s7oH< (4°-(i° iiigh), hollow; leaves 2 -3-ternately compound; the 
 leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much 
 inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, ii-inged. (Angelica tri(|uinata, 
 Mich.r.) — Low river-banks, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and nortliward. 
 June. — Flowers greenish-w^hitc. Plant strong-scented. 
 
 3. A. Gm61ini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit ( l°-.3° high) ; 
 leaves 2-.3-ternatcly divided; the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-scrratc, glabrous ; in- 
 volucels about as long as the umbellets ; Jruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing- 
 like ribs to each carpel, rte immjiiial ones little brouder than the others. (A. pcro- 
 gn'na, Xutt., & ed. 2.) — Kocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. 
 July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so 
 equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. 
 
 13. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Hemlock-Parsley. 
 
 Ciilyx-tceth obsolete. Fruit oval : the carpels convcx-flattish and narrowly 
 3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes 
 in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on 
 the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with finely 2-3-pinnatcly compound thin 
 leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of 
 the involucels awl-shajied. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and 
 Selihuin, Milk-ParsIcy, from its resemblance to these two genera.) 
 
 1. C. Canadense, Ton-. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid ; fruit longer than the 
 pedicels. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward through 
 the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock. 
 
 14. JETHITSA, h. Fool's Paksley. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with .') thick 
 phaqily-keelcd ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous 
 herbs, with 2 -3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- 
 nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWoi, to burn, from the acrid taste.) 
 
 1. -S3. CvnXphtm, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate; involucre 
 none : involucels 3-lcavcd, long and narrow. — Al)out cultivatinl grounds, New 
 England to Penn. July. — A fetid, poi,«onous herb, with much the aspect of 
 Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and 
 unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 G M-9 
 
194 UMBKLLIFER^. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.) 
 
 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage. 
 
 Calyx-tccth small or iniimtc. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or 
 sliylitly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projcctinj,' or 
 narrowly winged ridjifes: intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- 
 nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white 
 flowers. (Named from the country IJguiia, where the oflicinal Lovage of the 
 gardens, L. /^vi.sticum, abounds.) 
 
 1. L. Sc6ticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Very smooth; stem (2° high), 
 simple; Uuvcs 2-tcniiite ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut; leaflets 
 of the involucre and involuccls linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowly oblong. 
 
 r Salt marshes, from Kliode Island northward. Aug. — (Eu.) 
 
 2. L. actseifblium, Michx. (Noxdo. Angelico.) Smooth; stem (3°- 
 6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked 
 somewhat whorkd panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf- 
 lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-partcd ; calyx-teeth mi- 
 nute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and 
 southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong 
 aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St. 
 Lawrence," is probably a mistake.) 
 
 16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. 
 
 Calyx-tccth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flatfish or 
 contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat 
 angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, 
 the lateral ones marginal: oil-tubes single in each mterval. — Perennial herbs, 
 with 1 - 2-tcrnately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no 
 involucre, minute few-leaved involuccls, and jellow or sometimes dark-purple 
 flowers. (Name a play upon Tliapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thap- 
 sus.) I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because the same species has fruit 
 either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. integerrlma, DC. 
 * Stems looKfli/ branched, 2° -5° high, mosthj pubescent on the joints: calyx short but 
 mnnifest: corolla light yellow: leaves all ternately compound. 
 
 1. T. barbinbde, Nutt. Leaves l-3-tcrnate; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate 
 and acute, mostly with a ivedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2-3-cleft 
 or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 6-\0-winged 
 (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. — River-banks, 
 W. Now York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 
 
 2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ; 
 leaves 1-3-ternatc; Uaflits 1 -2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong, 
 narrowly 8-lO-winged (1^' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin- 
 natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shutllew., cxcl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens of 
 Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains. 
 
 « « Stems somewhat branched ; tlie whole plant glabrous : calyx -teeth obscure. 
 
 3. T. atireum, Nutt. Leaves all l- 2-lernat<ly divided or parted (or i-Mdy 
 Bome of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong- 
 
UMBELLIFKR.'E. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.) 195 
 
 lanceolate, ven/ sharply cut-senate, with a wcdgc-slmpcd entire base ; flowers deep 
 }cllow •,J'ruit obluiHj-omI , witli 10 wiii;^ed ridyes. — Moist river-biiiiks, &c. June. 
 
 Viir. apterum. Fruit with stronjj^ and shaqj ribs in place of win^^s. 
 (Sni^'iniiiin iiurcmn, L. Zizia aiirea, Koch.) — With the winged form. 
 
 4. T. trifoliatum. lluot-Uaves or some of tiicm round and heart-shaped; 
 stcm-lcares sim/ili/ termite or quinate, or 3-partcd; the divisions or leaflets ovate- 
 liiiiceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, cnnuti I y toothed ; 
 flowers deep yellow ; Jruitj/lohusc-oroiil, with 10 winged ridges. — Kocky thickets, 
 Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : rare eastward. June. 
 
 Var. atropurpureum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap- 
 sia trifoliata, />. ISniyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum, 
 Nutt.) — From New York westward and southward. 
 
 Var. ^ptei'Um. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings. 
 (Zizia conlata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form. 
 
 17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (Zizia § T.T.NfDiA, Torr. & Gr.) 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the 
 carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular; 
 carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with .') slender ribs (which are more con- 
 sj)icuous when dry) : oil-tubes .'5 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A 
 perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately 
 compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen- 
 der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named 
 for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.) 
 
 1. Z. integeXTima, DC — Rocky hillsides : not rare. May, June. 
 
 18. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Tiiorougii-wa.x. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit o\atc-ol)long, flattened laterally or .somewhat 
 twin, the carj)els .'i-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire 
 Ie»ves and yellow flowers. (Name from ^ovs, an ox, and ivXtvpov, n rib.) 
 
 I. B. u<)Tuxnii-bLii:.M, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; involucre none; in- 
 volucels of .") ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York to Virginia: rare. (Adv. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 19. DISCO PLEURA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed. 
 Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on 
 the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : in- 
 tervals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the 
 leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre 
 and involucels conspicuous. (Name from bicrKm, n disk, and ■K\fvp6v, a rib.) 
 
 1. D. capill^cea, DC. Unib.l few-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre .3 - 5- 
 cleft; involucels longer than the umbellcis ; fruit ovate in outline. — Rrackish 
 swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and -southward. Jul v- Oct. 
 
 Var. ? costita, DC. Larger; rays and divisions of the involucre numer- 
 ous; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois ( Fasw/) and sonthwe.stward. 
 
 2. D. Nutt^IIii, DC. Uniiiel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre entire 
 and shorter ; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and southward. 
 
196 UMBEI.LIFERyE. (tAUSLEY FAMILY.) 
 
 20. ClCUTA, L. Water-Hemlock. 
 
 Calyx miiuitelv j-toutlad. rniit sul)<i,lol)osc, a little contracted at the sides, 
 the carpels with 5 flatti^h and strong ril)s : intervals with single oil-tubes. — 
 Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with tliricc piiinately or ternately 
 conij)Ound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets tcrniinating in 
 the notches. Involucre lew-leaved: involucels many-leaved. Flowers white ; 
 in summer. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 
 
 1. C. macuiata, L. ( Spotted Cowba^e. Musquash Root. Bea- 
 ver-Poison.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leuJJcts oUoiKj-lancpolate, 
 coarselji serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps : common. Aug. — 
 Plant 3' - 6° high, coarse; the root a deadly poison. 
 
 2. C. bulbifera, L. /rf'«y/e/A- //Htar, remotely todtlicd or cut-lobcd ; upper 
 axils bcartiiy cliistrrcd buHdels. — Swamps : common northward : seldom Iruiting. 
 
 21. SiUM, L. AVater-Parsnip. 
 
 Calyx-teeth small or none. Fruit oblong, ovate or globular, flatfish or con- 
 tracted at the sides; the carpels with 5 mostly strong rii)s : intervals with l- 
 several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with sharp- 
 angled or grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and serrate or incised leaflets, 
 or the immersed leaves more compound. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers 
 •white; in summer. (Name supposed to be from tiic Celtic siu, water.) 
 
 * Pericarp thin between the siroiit; projectinc/ ribs: lateral ribs maryimd. 
 
 1. S. lineare, Michx. Tall (2° -4°); leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblong- 
 lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, very sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or 
 obsolete ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather wiii(js ; oil-tubes 
 1-3 in the rery narroio intervals. (S. cicutajfblium, Gmelin, of Siberia is prob- 
 ably the same, and if so, the older nam6.) — In water or wet places : common. 
 
 S. latif6lium, L., of Europe (for which broad-leaved forms of our plant 
 have been mistaken), if ever found in this country, will be known by its blunt 
 or less tapering leaves, slender calyx-teeth, and much less ]>rojecting or wing- 
 like ribs to the more oval fruit. 
 
 2. S. Cars6nii, Durand, ined. Smaller (1°- 2° high), branched ; leaflets 
 3-7, thin, varying from linear to oIjIohl;, mute, sharply serrate; calyx-teeth 
 none or obsolete ; fruit oroicl-f/lobnlur, irilh slrnnrj filiform ribs, the broad inter- 
 vals with 1-3 conspicuous oiI-tnl)es. — Wet banks of streams, or in flowing; 
 water (when the submei-.sed or floating leaflets are very thin, sometimes reduced 
 to the terminal one, ovate or oblong, and usually laciniate-toothed or dissected : 
 in this state it was doubtfully referred to Ilelosciiidium nodiflorum, fCoeh, in 
 addend, to ed. 2). — Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain, /Vc/". Traill 
 Green, Prof. T. C. Porter, Dr. Carson. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton. 
 
 * * Ribs inconspieiio'is or confluent in the thick texture of the pericarp, concealing 
 the numerous oil -tubes, the. lateral ones not quite marginal. (Be'rula, Koch.) 
 2. S. angUStifblium, L. I>ow (9'- 20' high); leaflets varying from 
 oblong 10 linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft or even pinnatifid ; peduncles 
 short; fruit ovate ; calyx-teeth scarcely any. — Wet places, MassaHiu.setts [M. 
 A. Cuitis in herb Durand), Michigan, Illinois (Dr. Vnxey), and westward (Ku.) 
 
UMBELLIFER.E. (I'ARSLKY FAMILY.) 197 
 
 22. CRYPTOTJENIA, DC. IIonf.wort. 
 
 C.ilyx-tectli ol)solete. Fruit ohloii};, contnicted at tlic sides; tlic carpels 
 equally aiui obtusely S-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in caeli interval and 
 one under caeh rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial 
 smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolatc leaves, the undieJs and unibellets with very 
 unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name 
 composed of k/jutttos. /lidda), and raivia, ajillcl, from the concealed oil-tubes.) 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Thickets: common. June- Sept. — Plant 
 2° hiyh. Leaflets larye, ovale, jioiuted, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed. 
 
 23. CH^ROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or obloiijj;, ])ointed or short-beaked, con- 
 tracted at the sides ; the carpels .'i-riljbed, at least at the apex : inner face of 
 the seed deejily grooved lengthwise : intervals usually with single oil-tulws. — 
 Chiefly annuals or biennials : leaves ternately decompound ; the leaflets lobed 
 or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers cliiclly 
 white. (Name from ;:^aipa), to (jludden, and (pvXXov, a buj] alluding to the 
 agreeable aromatic o<lor of the foliage.) 
 
 1. C. prociimbens, Lam. Stems slender (C- 18'), spreading, a little 
 hairy ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile 
 or pcduncled) ; fruit imrrowly oblong, with conspicuous narrow ribs, not beaked. 
 — Moist coj)scs. New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June. 
 
 2. C. .s.vTivuM, Lam. (G.vrden Chervil.) Taller; lobes of the leaves 
 ovate and pinnatifid ; fruit oblong-linear, ribless, but tapering into a ribbed beak 
 shorter than the seed. (Anthri'scus Ccrefolium, Ilqff'm.) — Karely seen in 
 gardens (as a sweet herb), but thoroughly spontaneous in fields and copses near 
 Lancaster, reuii., /'ri>f. T. C. Porter. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 24. OSMORRHIZA, Raf Sweict Cicely. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, ta]iering downwards into 
 a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels 
 with sharj) upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a 
 deep longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick sweet-aro- 
 matic roots, and large 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, 
 pinnatifid-toothed. Livolucreand involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name 
 from u(Tfi.rj. It sniit. and f)iC^< <i root, from the anise-like flavor of the latter.) 
 
 1. O. longistylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Styles slmder, 
 nrarfij as loiifj as the oviirij ; laiflets s/inrhufli/ pithfsrciit or smooth wjieii old, slioii- 
 /Joi/iW, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods: conniKmest north- 
 ward. May, June — Plant .3° high, branching : stem reddish. 
 
 2. O. brevistylis, DC. (IIairv SwEin' Cicely.) Sti/lrs ronlad and uot 
 liDK/rr thdii t/tc hriadlli of tin- orari/ ; fruit somewhat tai)eriug at the summit; liaf- 
 Icls downi/dtain/, taiifr-jioliitid, jiiiiiintijid-iut. — Common : root less sweet. 
 
 25. CONtUM, L. Poison Hemlock. 
 
 Calyx-tccth ol)solete. Fniii- ovale, flattened at the .sides, the carpels with .") 
 prominent wavy rib.-;, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep uar 
 
198 j^RALIACKiE. (ginseng FAMILY.) 
 
 row longitudinal proovc. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound 
 leaves. Involucre aiul involucels 3 - 5-lcaved, the latter 1-sided. Flowers wliitc. 
 (Kuvfiov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by whieli criminals and pliilosophers 
 were put to death at Atliens.) 
 
 I. C. macll.VtuiM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati- 
 lid : involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A largo 
 brandling herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised. 
 A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. Eulopiics. 
 
 Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ; 
 the carpels suiootii, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner 
 face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A slen- 
 der, smooth perennial : leaves 2-ternatc!y divided into narrow linear leaflets. In- 
 volucre scarcely any : involucels bristle-form. Flowers white. (Name from eu, 
 well, and Xotpos, a cnst, not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.) 
 
 1. E. Americ^nus, Nutt. — Darby plains, near Columbus, Ohio {Sulli- 
 vant), Illinois, and southwcstward. July. — Koot a cluster of small tubers. 
 
 27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. H.vrbixgkk-of-Spkixg. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ; 
 the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender 
 ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hollowed 
 into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing from 
 a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided 
 leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and Icafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers 
 few, white. (Name from fjpiyfvris, born in the spring.) 
 
 1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Pcnn. to 
 Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' -9' high. 
 
 Order 47. ARAJLIACE.i:. (Ginseng Family.) 
 
 Herbs, n/iruhs, or trees, with much the same characters as UmbelliferaG, hut 
 with usiia/li/ more than 2 st)jles, and the fruit a few — several-celled drupe. 
 (Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflo.xed.) — Represented here only 
 by the genus 
 
 1. ARALIA, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild Sars.vparilla. 
 
 Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the 
 teeth very short or almost obsolete Petals .5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, 
 lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with 
 the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers 
 short and united. Ovary 2 - S-cellcd, with a single anatropous ovule suspended 
 from the top of each cell, ripeninj,' into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds 
 as eells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decomjjound. Flowers white 
 or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fmit, &e. warm and aromatic. 
 (Derivation obscure.) 
 
CORNACEJE. (dogwood FAMILT.) 199 
 
 § 1. ARALJA, L. Floioers mon(ccioushj poli/rfomoiis or perfect, the umheh tisitalltf 
 ill coi 1/ litis or iHinicles : sli/lisuiid cells of lite (hUtck or duik purple) fruit 5 : stents 
 herbaceous or ivooilj : ultimate dicisioiis of the leaves pinnate. 
 
 * Umbels very numeious in a lanje compound /xinicle : leaves vtrij Inrt/e, quinattly or 
 pinnately di compound. 
 
 1. A. spin6sa, L. (Angelica-tkke. Herctles' Cluu.) Shrub, or a 
 low tree; the stout stem and slnlks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, ))alc 1)C- 
 neath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Keutueky and southward: common in 
 cultivation. July, Auj;ust. 
 
 2. A. I'acem6sa, L. (Spikenard.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched; 
 leaflets heaii-orate, pointed, doubly serrate, sligiitly downy; umbels racemose; 
 styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic 
 large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks. 
 
 * * I 'iiilirls 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody. 
 
 3. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.) Stem 
 (l°-2° high), bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; 
 leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places: 
 common northward, and southward along the mountains. June. 
 
 4. A. nudicaulis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out 
 of the (/round, snioulh, bearimj a siiiyle lony-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 
 2-7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 
 divisions. — Moist woodlands; with the same range as A"o. 3. May, June. — 
 The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, arc employed as a 
 substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalk 1° high, 
 
 § 2. GINSEXG, Decaisnc & Tlanchon. (Panax, L.) Floweis dinciously poly- 
 giimous : styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fuit 2 or 3: stem herbaceous, low, 
 simple, Imiring at its summit a ivhorl of 3 jialmately 3 - Ifoliolate leaves (or per- 
 haps reilher a single and sessile twice-eonijjound leaf), and a single umbel on a 
 sleiid( r nak- d vedunrle. 
 
 5. A. quinquef61ia. (Ginsexc:.) Hoot large ar.d spindle-shaped, often 
 forked (4' -9' long, aromatic); stem 1° high; hafl<ts long-stnlked, mostly 5, 
 large and thin, obovatc-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright rid. (Pa- 
 niux quinqucfoliinn, L.) —Rich and cool woods: becoming rare. July. 
 
 6. A. trifblia. (Dwauk Cinsexo. Gi!orxD-NUT.) "Root or tuber ghibnlnr, 
 deep in the ground (|)ungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4' - 8' high ; leaf- 
 lets 3 -b, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles 
 usually 3 ; fmit yellowish. — Rich woods : common northward. April, May. 
 
 IliDERA HfcLix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative 
 of this family in the northern temperate zone. 
 
 OiJDKU 48. CORW.iCE.E. (Do(;\vo(.i> Family.) 
 
 SJiruhx or trees (rarely herhacenus). with opposite or allenm'e simple leaves^ 
 thr ralyr-fuhr roherrni with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, jV.s- limb minute, the petals 
 (valcate in the hud) and as many stamens home on the margin of an epigy- 
 tious dink in the perfect flowers ; style one ; a single anatropous ovule hang- 
 
200 CORXACE^. (dogwood family.) 
 
 inrj from the top nf the cell ; the fruit a l-2-needed drupe; embryo nearly 
 the length of the albumen, tcilh larr/e and foliaceoux cotyledons. — A small 
 family represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa. 
 (Bark, bitter and tonic.) 
 
 1. CORNUS, Tourn. Corvel. Dogwood. 
 
 Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- 
 toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style 
 slender : stigma terminal, flat or cai)itate. Drupe small, with a 2-cellcd and 2- 
 seedcd stone. — Leaves opposite (excei)t in one species), entire. Flowers small, 
 in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like 
 involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) 
 § 1. Flowers (/reenlsh, in a head or close cluster, ichich is surrounded by a larye and 
 shoivy, 4-leuvtd, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.) Stems low 
 and siinjile (o'- 7' liigli) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody 
 trunk ; leaves se;irccly petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an 
 apj)arent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; haves of the involucre 
 ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods : common northward. June. 
 
 2. C. florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Leaves ovate, pointed, 
 acutish at the base; haves of the involucre inveisely heart-shaped or notched (1^' 
 long);//u(< oval. — Rocky woods: more common southward. Maj, June. — 
 Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. 
 
 § 2. Flowers ichite, in open and fat spreading cymes : involucre none : fruit sjiherical. 
 * Leaves all opposite : shrubs. 
 
 3. C. circinata, L'Hcr. (Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.) 
 Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval , abruptly pointed, woolly beneath 
 (2' -5' broad); cymes ^nt; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June. — 
 Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 
 
 4. C. sericea. L. (Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.) Branche.<> purplish ; 
 the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly orate or elliptiad. pointed haves 
 silhy-dou-ny (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; 
 fruit jinle blue. — Wet places : common. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. 
 
 5. C. Stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogavood.) Branches, especially 
 the osier-like anmud shoots, bright red-ptirj)le, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the 
 base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both 
 sides, ichitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth ; /noY 
 white or Icad-rolor. — Wet places: common, especially northward. Multiplies 
 freely by prostrate or sul)tcrranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3° -6° 
 high. June. 
 
 6. C. asperif61ia, Michx. (Rough-leaved Dogwood.) Branches 
 broivnish; the branchlets, ^c. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or otate, on very short 
 petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence altove, aiul downy Iteneath ; calyx- 
 teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June. 
 
 7. C. stricta. Lam. (Stiff Cornel.) Branches brownish or reddish, 
 smooth ; leaves ovale or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous, 
 
C0R^AC^:.'E. (dogwood family.) 201 
 
 vf nearly the same hue both side^ ; cymes loose, flattish; anthirs and fruit pale blue. 
 — Swamps, Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° -15° liigh. 
 
 8. C. paniculata, LIltT. (Paxicled Coknel.) Blanches ymy, smooth; 
 leaves ovatt-Uimeululc, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not 
 downy; cymes convex, loose, often ijaiiiclcd ; fruit white, depressed-f^loliosc. — 
 Thickets and river-banks. Jniie. — Slirub 4° - 8° high, very much branched, 
 bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. 
 
 * * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches. 
 
 9. C. altei'nif61ia, 1^. (ALTERXATK-LiiAVKi) Couxel.) Branches (jrem- 
 ish strriikfd iriih ir/ii/r, dl/irnate ; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the 
 base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; //•(((< dicp blue on rv.'d<lish 
 stalks. — Hillsides in copses. May, June. — Slirub or tree 8° -20° high, with 
 flattish top, and very open, broad cymes. 
 
 2. NYSSA, L. Tlpllo. I'ErrEKiDGE. Sour-Gum Tree. 
 
 Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit 
 of axillary peduncles. Stam. Ft. numerous in a simple or compound dense 
 cluster of fiiscicles. Caly.K small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. 
 Stamens 5-1-2, oftener 10. inserted on the outside of a convex disk : filaments 
 slender : anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted 
 cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re- 
 pand-truncate or minutely .5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu- 
 ous, or often wanting. Stamens b - 10, with perfect or imperfect ai.tlu-rs. Style 
 elongated, rcvolutc, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid 
 or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1 -seeded stone. — 
 Trees with entire or sometimes angulatc-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but 
 mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing- 
 with the leaves. (The name of a Nym])h : "so called because it [the original 
 species] grows in the water.") 
 
 1. N. multiflbra, Wang. (Tupelo. Pepperidge. Black or Sour 
 Gum.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes- 
 cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old 
 (2' - 5' long) ; fori He flowers 3 - 8, at the summit of a slender peduncle : fru't ovoid, 
 bluish-black (about i' long). (N. sylvatica, J/ars/i. N. villosa, Willd,&.c.) — 
 Kich .soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. 
 April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with liorizontal branches and a light Hat 
 spray, like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained ami very unwedgeable, on 
 account of the obli(pie direction and crossing of the fil)re of ditlcrent layers. 
 Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 
 
 2. N. uniflora, Walt. (Large Tupelo.) Loaves oblong or ovate, some- 
 times slightly eonlatc at the ba.se, long-])Ctiuled, entire or angulatc-toothed, jiale 
 and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile Jtower 
 solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit cHilimij, blue (1' or more in length). (N. dcn- 
 ticulata. Ait. N. tomentosa, and angulisans, Michr. \. grandidentata, Miclix. 
 f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and .southward. April.- - 
 Wood soft : that of the root^ very light and spongy, used for corks. 
 
202 CAPKXFOLlACEJi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 
 
 Division n. MONOPETALOUS EX6GEN0US PLANTS. 
 Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the lattei 
 com[)Osetl of more or less united petals, that is, luonopetalous.* 
 
 Okder 49. CAPRIFOClACEiE. (Honeysuckle Family.) 
 
 Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (f/enuine) stipules, (he 
 cali/x-tube coherent icith the 2-5-celled ooary, the stamens as many as (or 
 one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted 
 on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 -several-seeded. Seeds au- 
 atropous, with a small embryo in flesliy albumen. 
 
 Tribe I. LONICEREiE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes •i-lipped. Style 
 slender : stigma capitate. 
 
 1. Liiiiiiiva. Stunieiis 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celIed, but only 
 
 1-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 
 
 2. Syinphoriciii-pus. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular 
 
 corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 
 
 3. LiOiitcera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular 
 
 corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile. 
 
 4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-cclled, 2-valved, 
 
 many-seeded, slender. 
 
 5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. 
 Tribe H. SAMBUCEiE. Coralla wheel shaped or um-shapeil, regular, deeply 5-lobed. 
 
 Stittmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 
 
 6. Saiitbiicus. Fruit berry-like containing the small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 
 
 7. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. 
 
 1. IjINN.S1A, Gronov. Linn^a. Twin-flower. 
 
 Calyx-tccth .5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bcll-sliapcd, almost 
 equally .5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of 
 the corolla. Ovary and die small dry pod 3-cellcd, hut only 1 -seeded, two of the 
 cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little ever- 
 green, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at 
 the base into short petioles, and thrcad-Iikc upright peduncles forking into 2 
 pedicels at flic top, each bcuring a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Co- 
 rolla purple aiul whitish, h;urv inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Limicvns, 
 who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a 
 special favorite.) 
 
 1. L. bore^lis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs: common 
 northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and 
 along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.) 
 
 ♦ In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite sep- 
 arate. In CompositsB and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pa|)pus, or to scales, or a 
 mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the sm-face of the ov;u-y. The student 
 might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis prefixed to the 
 volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead the student to the proper order. 
 
CAPKIFOLIACE-E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 203 
 
 2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOwHEnnr. 
 
 Calyx-tcctli sliort, jxT.sistL-nt on the fruit. Corolla l)ell-.sha])e(l, rc<,nil!irly 4- 
 5-lobi;il, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-ccllcd, 
 only 2 of the eells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4celled l)ut only 2- 
 sccded. Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short> 
 petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or 
 lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close 
 short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of (rvficpoptu), to bear together, axiA 
 KapTTus, fruit ; from the clustered berries.) 
 
 1. S. OCCidentillis, R. Brown. (WoLKnEURV.) Flowers in dcn.«c ter- 
 minal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stnmeiis and sti/le 
 protruded; beiries white — Northern Michigan, Illinois, and westward. — Flow- 
 ers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next. 
 
 2. S. raceradsus, Michx. (Sxowherry.) Flowers in a loose and some- 
 what leafy iiittrrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside ; 
 berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania and 
 Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June -Sept. — Berries rijjc in autumn. 
 
 Var. pauciflbrus, Bobbins. Low, dirtuscly branched and sjjrcading ; 
 leaves smaller (about 1' long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the 
 axils of the upi)erinost. — Hocky woods of L. Superior, Dr. Rabbins, and north- 
 westward. Allcghanics of Pennsylvania, ./. R. Lowrie, Mr. Borldii;/. 
 
 3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Indian Ccrr.vnt. Coral-berry.) Flowers 
 in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly 
 bearded ; berries small, dork red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to 
 Illinois and southward : also cultivated. July. 
 
 3. LONICERA, L. Hoxeysuckle. Woodrixe. 
 
 Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the 
 base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-cellcd. 
 Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. 
 (Named in honor of ^Ja/n Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of 
 the 16th century.) 
 
 § 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorhd 
 clusters from the arils of the {oflen connate) upper lea res and forming iitte)Tujited 
 terminal spikes: jcali/x-tceth persistent on the (red or orange) bcrrg. 
 
 # Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularli/ and equally 5-lobed. 
 
 1. L. Semp6rvirens, Ait. (Trumpet IIoNEYsrcKLE.) Flowers in 
 somewhat distant wiioils ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the up- 
 permost pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to 
 Virginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct, — Leaves 
 deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, 
 yellowish within or rarely throughout. 
 
 * » Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broiul and \-lol>ed. 
 
 2. L. grita, .\it. (American \Vo(H)niXK.) hares smoolh, glaucous be- 
 neath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the oxiib of 
 
204 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 
 
 the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth {whitish with a 
 puri>li'. tube, failing' yellowisii), not gibbous at the base, fragrant.* — Kocky wood- 
 lands, New York, Tenn., and westward : also cultivated. May. 
 
 3. L. flciva, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, very jmle 
 and glaucous bulk sides, thickish, obovatc or oval, the 2-4 upjjcr pairs united into 
 round cup-like disks ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the smooth (li</lif 
 yellow) corolla somewhat gibbous; lilaments almost or quite smooth. — lioeky 
 banks. Catskill mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a Ibrm with rather 
 short flowers), ami SDiithward along the Alleghany Mountains. June. 
 
 4. L. parvifl6ra, J^am. (Small IIoneyslckle.) Leaves smooth, ob- 
 long, (jneii above, very ijlaucous beneath, the ujiper pairs united, all closely sessile; 
 flowers in 2 or 3 closely appro.ximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib- 
 bous at the base, smooth outside [greinisli-yillow tinged with dull purple), short 
 (9" long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. 
 May, June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high. 
 
 Var. Douglasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when 
 young, or ciliate ; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, D<J.) — 
 Northern Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. 
 
 5. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) f^eaves not glaucous, 
 downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull, 
 broadly oval ; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap- 
 proximate whorls ; tube of the [orange-yellow) clammy-pnlx scent corolla gibbous at 
 the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward. 
 July. — A coarse, large-leaved species. 
 
 §2. XYLOSTEON, Juss. Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base : 
 peduncles axdiary, single, 2-Jiowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes 
 united into one : calyx-teeth not peisistent. 
 * The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts. 
 
 6. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches 
 4-angular ; leaves (3' - 6' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petiolcd, and with 
 a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle ; corolla yellowisii, viscid-pubescent, 
 cylindraceous (6" -8" long); ovaries and globose berries distinct. — Deep 
 woods. Lake Superior ( C. G. Loring, Jr., Dr. Robbins) and westward. June. 
 
 * * Brads (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute. 
 
 7. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3° - 
 5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, ojlen heart-shaped, petiohd, thin, downy beneath ; 
 Jiliform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred 
 at the base (greenish-yellow, 3' long), the lobes nearly equal ; berries separate 
 {red). — lioeky woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. 
 
 8. L. caerMea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1° -2° high) ; branches up- 
 right; leuves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; brncls awl-shaped, 
 longer than the ovarie.i of the two (yellowish) _/7o«v/s, which are united into one (blue) 
 berry. (Xylosteum villbsum, Miclix.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Khode Isl- 
 and to Wisconsin, northward. May. (En.) 
 
 9. L. oblongifdlia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Branches upright; leaves ob- 
 long, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bractt 
 
CAruiroi.iACEJi. (iioneysucklk family.) 205 
 
 minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped (^' lonp, yellowish-white); berries 
 (purple) uniud or nearly distinct. — Bogs, Nortlicrn New York to Wisconsin. 
 June. — yiinib 2° - 5° hij,-li. Leaves 2' - 3' lon■,^ 
 
 4. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Blsii-IIoxevsuckle. 
 
 Ciilyx-tiihe tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent 
 Corolla funnel-forin, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. I'od ovoid-oblong, 
 pointetl, 2-celled, 2-valved, scpticidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, 
 with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-tlowcrcd 
 peduncles, from the u|)per axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. 
 Ditrville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefbrt.) 
 
 1. D. trifida, Maueh. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, pctioled ; pe- 
 duncles mostly .'J-llowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Mufd.) — Kocks: 
 common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers hone\' -color, not showy, 
 like the Japanese sjieeies cultivated under the name of Weigkla. 
 
 D. SESSinF(')LiA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may 
 occur in those of S. W. Virginia. 
 
 5. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wokt. IIokse-Gentiak. 
 
 Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous 
 at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 
 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a ratlier dry drupe, containing as 
 many angled and ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial 
 herbs, leaty to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the 
 base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or 
 clustered in the axils. (Name from rpfls, three, and uareot>, a bone, alluding to 
 three bony seeils, or rather nutlets.) 
 
 1. T. perfoliatum, L. S(;flli/ kiiri/ (2°-4° higli); leaves oval, abruplli/ 
 narrowed helnw, downy i)eneath ; flowers brownish-jjurple, mostly clustered. — 
 Rich woodlands : not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, h' long. 
 
 2. T. angUStifblium, L. Smaller; brisdy-huiry ; leaves lanceolate, tajier- 
 ing to the base; flowers greenish-creani-color, mostly single in the axils. — S. 
 Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May. 
 
 6. SAMBUCUS, Touru. Elder. 
 
 Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-sliaped, with a broadly 
 spreading 5-eleft limb. Stamens 5. Stignias ."5. Fruit a berry-like juicy 
 drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank 
 smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate jwinted leaflets, and numerous small 
 and white flowers in comj)ound cymes. (Name from aap^vKt], an ancient nm- 
 sical instrument, sui)posed to have been made of Elder-wood.) 
 
 1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody 
 (5°- 10° hi-h) ; l:itih/s 7-11, oUoii'j, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-partcd ; 
 ci/mts flat : fruit lliirk-jiin-jile. — Piich soil, in oikmi ])Iaces. June. — Pitli white. 
 
 2. S. pilbens, Michx. (RED-nLKUiLD Elder.) Stems woody (2° - IS® 
 high), the bark warty; leajlets 5-7, ovate-lanccolalc, doivny undcrncalli ; cyiiiLS 
 
206 CAriiiFOLiACE^. (honeysuckle family.) 
 
 pauicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit hrir/hl red (rarely white). — Eocky woods; 
 cliieHy northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening 
 in June. — I'ith brown. — Var. with dissected leaves, Lake buijerior, Ltvcis Foote, 
 Dr. Ilobbins. 
 
 7. VIBURNUM, L. Akrow-wood. L.vukestixcs. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 
 1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaeeous 
 (flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white (lowers in 
 flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are 
 evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical 
 Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 
 
 § 1 . Flowers all alike and perfect. 
 
 * Leaves fnelt/ serrate or entire, bri(jht (jreen ; veiiis not prominent : no stipular ap- 
 
 pendatjes: ivliole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf : fruit black or 
 ivilh a blue bloom, sweet; the stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular. 
 
 1. V. Lentigo, L. (Sweet Vibuknum. Siieei'-bekkv.) Leaves ovate, 
 strom/ly jiointcd, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ; 
 cyme sessile ; fruit oval, h' or more long, rii)c in autumn, edible ; tree 15° -30° 
 high. — Copses, &c. : common, especially northward. May, June. 
 
 2. V. prunif61ium, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or sli<;litly 
 pointed, flnely aiid sharply seirate, smaller than in the preceding (l'-2' long) ; 
 fruit similar or rather smaller; cyme sessile. — Dry copses; Connecticut to Illi- 
 nois, and common southward. May. — A tall shrub or small tree. 
 
 3. V. nudum, L. (Withe-rod.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or 
 lanceolate, not shiniinj, the maryins entire, repand, or crenale ; cynw shoi t-jiedunrUd ; 
 fruit round-ovoid (3" long). — Var. 1. Claytoxi has the leaves nearly entire, 
 the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massa- 
 chusetts, near the coast, to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. cassinoides (V. 
 pyrifolium, Pursh, ^r.) has more opaque, often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold 
 swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub e° - 10° high. 
 
 4. V. Obov^tum, Walt. Letivea obovate or s/iatiilate, dituse, entire or denticu- 
 late, thickish, small (1'- 1^' long), shining; cymes sessile, small; fruit ovoid- 
 oblong. — River-banks, Virgiuu\ and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high. 
 
 * * Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately 
 
 veined, the veins straight and simple or sparingly forked : no rusty scurf: fruit 
 small, ovoid, blue or purple; the stone tumid and grooved : cymes pedunded. 
 
 5. V. dent^tum, L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, 
 very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, on slender petioles ; fruit bright 
 blue; the turgid stone deeply excavated on one face; cross section of the seed 
 between kidney- nr.d horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, common northward. June 
 — Slirub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark ; the pale leaves often with hairy 
 tufts in the axils of the straight veins. 
 
 6. V. m611e, INIiclix. leaves broadly oval, obomte or ovate, scarcely pointed, 
 coarsely eremite or rcpand-toothcd, the lower surface, rather slender petioles, brunch- 
 kts and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily [En- 
 
 i 
 
OAPUIFOLIACE^. (honeysuckle FAMILY.) 207 
 
 (jchii.), tlic stone as in No. 5, but less deeply excavated on tlic fare. (V. dcnta- 
 tum, var. scabrfllmn, To)r. <j- dr.) — Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 
 
 7. V. pub6scens, Pursh. (Downv a.) Leaves ovule or olJonc/ -ovale, 
 acute or tapcr-iiointcd, tiic veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in 
 No. 5, the lower sitrfuce and very sitoit petioles soft-doivny, at least when young; 
 fruit dark-purple ; the stone plano-convex and 3-4-groovcd on tlie flat face. — 
 Kocks, &c., W. Vermont to New Jersey, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and nortliward, 
 June. — A low, straggling shrub. 
 
 * * * Leaves coarseli/ toothed and someichat 3-lol>ed, rou7idish, the base mostly 
 
 truncate or somewhat h(art-sha/j(d, 3 - b-ribbed from the base, the ribs and veins 
 prominent Imieath : stijiular appendayes bristle-shaped : cymes small, slender- 
 pi'dunclcd : fruit red ; the stone fattened. 
 
 8. V. acerifdlium, L. (M.vi'lk-lkaved A. Dockmackie.) Leaves 
 sof -downy beneath, 3-ribbed, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ; 
 stamens cxserted ; fruit crimson turning purple ; the lenticular stone undulately 
 2-grooved on one face and 3-groovcd on the othci'. — Rocky woods : common. 
 May, June. Shrub 3° - 6° high. 
 
 9. v. paueifl6rum, Pylaie. Leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 
 t)-rilil)(d at /»/s , uncciually serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lol)es at the 
 summit ; cyme fcw-flowercd ; stamens shorter than the corolla ; fruit red, sour, glob- 
 ular ; the stone very flat and even. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oahes.) — 
 Cold woods, Northern N. Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin, and northward. — 
 A low straggling shrub, most related to the next; the leaf-buds similar. 
 
 § 2. Marginal fuwers of the cyme destitute of stamens and jiistils, and with corollas 
 many times larger than tlie others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea : 
 stipular appendages conspicuous on the petiole. 
 
 * Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red; the stone very flat, smooth and even, 
 
 nearly orbicular : lenfbnds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales. 
 
 10. V. Opulus, L. (CiJAxnERUY-TjiEE.) Nearly smooth, upright (5°- 
 10° high) ; leaves .'5 - .')-ril)bed, strongly 3-lobcd, broadly wedge-shaped or trun- 
 cate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire 
 in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex, cymes ])cduncled. (V. 
 Oxyco'ccus and V. cdulc, Pursh.) — Low grounds, along streams: common 
 northward, and southward in the Alleghanics to the borders of Maryland. 
 June, July. — The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the name 
 Uigh Cranberry bush, &c. — The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder- 
 RosE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile 
 flowers. (Eu.) 
 
 * ♦ Fruit ovoid, red, turning darker ; the stone tumid, G-^/roorrd : Imds wholly naked. 
 
 11. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Honiu-E-nrsu. A.MKUUAN Wavfar- 
 ING-TREE.) Leaves roimd-ovate, abru])t!y pointed, hcart-.sha])ed at the base, 
 closely serrate, pinnatcly many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath alonp 
 with the stalks and brancblets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and 
 flat. — Cold moist woods, New Knginnd to Pcnn. and northward, and southward 
 in the Alleghanics. May. — A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often 
 taking root. Flowers handsome. Leaves 4' -8' across. 
 
208 RUBiACE^:. (maddeu family.) 
 
 Order 50. BUBIACE.E. (Maddkr Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or kerbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, 
 or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent icith the 2 - 4-cclled 
 ovary, the stamens as many as the lubes of the rerjular corolla (3-5), and 
 inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often diinorplious (as in Mitch- 
 ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or anipliitropous. 
 Embryo conimouly pretty laro;e, in copious hard albumen. — A very large 
 family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the 
 Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees) tropical ; not sulHciently represented in 
 our district to render it worth while to note the tribes and the larger 
 systematic divisions. 
 
 I. STELLATE. Leaves in whorls : no apparent stipules. 
 
 1. Galium. Corolla wlieel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) partciL Calyx-tettli obsolete. Fruit 
 
 twill, separating into 2 indehiscent one-seeded carpels. 
 
 II. CINCHONE-tE, &c. Leaves rarely in whorls, with stipules. 
 
 * Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. 
 ■*- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 
 
 2. Spcrmacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form -. lobes 4 Fruit separating when ripe 
 
 into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. 
 
 3. Diodia. i'ruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels : otherwise as No. 2. 
 
 — — Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit di-y. Shrubs. 
 
 4. Cephalaitthua. Corolla tubular : lobes 4 Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-seeded. 
 
 .^ *- — Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyeJ berry. 
 
 6. Mitcliella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb. 
 
 * « Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of IIk' (loculicidal) pod. 
 6 01<leiilun(lia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobfJ. Si;ods very numerous 
 and minute, angular. 
 
 7. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lubed. Seeds rather few, thimble- 
 
 shai)ed or saucer-shaped. 
 
 1. GALIUM, L. Bedstuaw. Cleavers. 
 
 Calyx-tcctli obsolete. Corolla 4-partcd, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvatc 
 in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or flesliy, globu- 
 lar, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehi.scent, 1 -seeded carpels. 
 — Slender herbs, with small eymosc flowers (produced in summer), square stems, 
 and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name 
 from ydXa, milk, which some species are used to curdle.) 
 
 * Annual: haves ahout 8 in a irhnri : peduncles 1 - '2- flowered , a.rillari/. 
 1. G. Aparlne, f-^ (rr.i:.\vi;i!s. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and re- 
 clining, bristle-])riekly backwards, liairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, tay)ering 
 to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long) ; flow- 
 ers white ; fruit (kirrje) hristhj iritk hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubtful 
 if truly indigenous in our district. (I-u.) 
 
 * * Perennial, ascendintj ; If ares 4 -G or S in a whorl, with prominent midriti, hut 
 no lateral nerves : flow rs white, few or numerous, on slender pedicels : fruit smooth. 
 
RUBIACE.t. (madder FAMILY.) 209 
 
 1- Flovns very abundant, the small clusters or ci/nies jxinkUd on the branches. 
 
 2. G. Moi.Lt'GO, L. Stems (l°-3° long) very smooth; liuves mostly in 
 whorls of 8, oblanccoliite or obloii};-linear, biurly rough on tlie margins, slen- 
 der-pointed ; flowers forming a lomj punkie. — Washington Heights, near New 
 York, ir. W.lhnslow. (A.lv. ^om Eu.) 
 
 .J. G. aspr611um, Miilix. (ixoicai Bkdstraav.) Sttm weak, nuuli 
 branehed, ronijh lidcLuards inth liouhd prickles, leaning on bushes (3° - 5° high); 
 leans in u-horlso/6, or 4-5 on the brumhlets, oval-luuceulate, jiointed, with almost 
 priekh- margins and midrib; peduneles short, 2-3 times forked. — Low thick- 
 ets : eoninioM nortliward. 
 
 4. G. COncinnum, Torr. & Gr. Stems low and slender (C - 12' high), 
 with minutely roughened angles; leaces all in whorls of 6, linear, sliyhtlij jminltd, 
 vcinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, 
 diffusely panielcd at the summit ; pedicels short. — Dry ground, Pennsylvania 
 from the Susquehanna, to Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. — Leaves 
 not blackening in drying. 
 
 ■t- t- Flowers ftic, lalend or lerminatiny the branches, not panirled. 
 
 5. G. trifidum, L, (Small Blustk.vw.) Stems weak, ascending (5'- 
 20' high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in 
 whorls of 4 to G, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough; 
 corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3. — Var. 1. prsfLLUM : stems rather 
 simple, 5' -8' high, nearly smooth; leaves only 3" -4" long, all in fours, soon 
 i*eflcxed; peduncles 1 -3-flowered. (In deep sphagnous swamps, northward.) 
 Var. 2. TiNCToKiUM : stem taller and stouter, and with nearly smooth angles; 
 peduncles 3 -"-flowered, the corolla-lobes and stamens 4. Var. 3. latifof.iim 
 ( G. obtusum, Biytl. ) : stem smooth and widely i)ranchcd ; leaves oblong or ellip- 
 tical, quite rough on the midrib and margins. — Swamps: connnfn, and very 
 variai)le. (Eu.) 
 
 * * * Perennial, procumbent : leaves 6 or rarely .5 in a whorl, with prominent midrib 
 and no bthral nerces : flowers greenish : fruit bur-like, beset with hooked bristles. 
 
 6. G. triflbrum, Michx. (Sweet-sckxtkd Bedstkaw.) Stem (l°- 
 3° long) bristly -roughened backwards on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 
 bristle-jwinted, with slightly roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-How- 
 ered, the flowers all i)ediccllcd. — Kich wootllands : common. — Sweet-scented 
 in drying. (Eu.) 
 
 « « « * Perennial, uscendinr) or npriyht : leaves all in fours, more or lets 3-ncrved : 
 
 jKdiincles loosely or remotely 3 - several-flowered : corolla dull-purple, brownish, or 
 
 rarely cream-color ; the lobes pointed or bristle-tipped : fruit, except in No. 10, 
 
 bur-like, Ix'sH icith hooked bristles. 
 
 1. G. pildsum, Ait. //«/>(/ ,-/«Jirsorfj/, (lotted, hairy (1' long), .vni/n/^ 3- 
 
 nerred ; jiidnnclis twice or thrice 2 - 3-forki d, thf flowi-rs all judicelkd. — Dry C»)|)Ses, 
 
 Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois and southward. — Var. PfxCTicLi.68iM 
 
 is a nearly smooth Inrm ((i. punciic iilosuni. Mirhr.): Virginia and southward. 
 
 8. G. Circoezans, Michx. (Wild Lh-ioimce.) Snumth or downy (1° 
 
 high) ; leavei oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly ol>tuse, ^-nerrid, cili.ifi' (!'- li' 
 
 long) ; peduncles usually oncefvrkid, the branches elonyated and widely diverging in 
 
 L & M— 29 
 
210 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 
 
 fruit, bearing several remote flowers on veri/ short latciol pedicels, roi[Qxcd in frnit; 
 lobes of the rw'o//fi /«i//7/ outside above the middle. — Rich woods: common. — 
 The var. moxt.\m .m is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods. 
 
 9. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (Wild Liquokice.) Leaves (except the 
 lowest) Idiiceolute or uvute-tunaolute, tuperini) to the apex (2' long) ; corolla (jUibrous: 
 Otherwise like the last. — Woodlands : common northward. 
 
 10. G. latifblium, Mich.x. Smooth (l°-2° high); leaves lanceolate or 
 ovute-hinreoiiite, acute, .3-ncrved below ; the midrib and margins rough ; cymes 
 paniclcd, U)Osily many-flowered, tlie purple flowers all on slendei- sprcadinr/ pedi- 
 cels ; fniil siiwotli. — Dry woods, Mercersberg, Penn. {Prof. Porto-), Maryland, 
 and southward in the Alleghanies. (Also Arkansas, EiKjelmaun.) 
 
 • * * * * Perennial, erect: leaves 4 or 8 in a wliorl : floivcrs irri/ ninnrroas and 
 crowded in a narroiv and compact terni'mil paiiiclt', ivltUe or ijellow. 
 
 11. G. bore^le, L. (NonxiiiiKN Bkdstraw.) Smooth (l°-2°high); 
 leaves in fours, lin ur-lanceolati', 3-nerved ; flowers white; fruit minutehj hristljj, some- 
 times smooth. — Rocky banks of streams : common, especially northward. (Eu.) 
 
 12. G. viiKUM, L. (Yelloav Bedstraw.) Leaves in eiijhls (or some in 
 si.xes), linear, grooved above, roughish deflcxed ; flowers yellow ; fruit smooth. — 
 Dry fields, E. Massachusetts, (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. SPERMACOCE, L. Button-weed. 
 
 Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or 
 salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the l)ud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. 
 Fruit small and dry, S-i-elled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one 
 of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other 
 open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles con- 
 nected by a bristle-bearing stii)ular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into 
 sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded 
 of anepfia, seed, and aKaxrj, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on 
 the fruit.) 
 
 1. S. glabra, Mich.x. Ghii)rous j)crennial ; stems sjircading (9' -20' long) ; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate; whorled heads many-dowered ; corolla little exceeding 
 the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and 
 style hardly any. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 3. DIODIA, L. BlTTON-WEED. 
 
 Calyx-teeth 2 -.5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaccous 
 carpels into which it splits all closed and indehisccnt. Otherwise resembling 
 Spermaeoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from 8io6os, a thoroughfare ; the 
 species often growing by the wayside.) 
 
 1. D. Virginica, L. Smooth or hairy perennial ; stems spreading (1°- 
 2° long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1-3 in each 
 axil; corolla white {V long), the .flnidcr tube nhrupllij expanded into the large 
 limb; style 2-p<(rted ; friit ohiinii/, stronglii fnrrowid, crowiu'd mostly with 2 slender 
 calyx-teeth. — River-banks, Maryland, and southward. Also naturalized near 
 Fhiladelphia, C. F. Parker. 
 
KUBIACEyE. (mAUDF.R FAMILY.) 211 
 
 2. D. tdres, Walt. Hairy or minutely ])uhcscent annual ; stem spreading 
 3 '- 9' long), nearly terete ; leaves iinear-Ianei.olatc, elosely sessiile, ri<,nd ; Howers 
 1-3 in each axil; corolla Juiinel-form (2"-3" lony, whitish), witii short'lobes, 
 not exeeeiling the long bristles of the stipules; sti/lc tnKlividal ; fruit obovate- 
 turbinate, nut furroiad, erownetl witii 4 short ealyx-teeth. — bandy liclds, from 
 New Jersey and Illinois southward. 
 
 4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BLXTOx-nrsii. 
 
 Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- 
 toothed ; the teeth imbrieated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. 
 Stiy:ma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, 
 at length splitting from the base upward into 2 - 4-closed 1-seeded j)ortions. — 
 Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical pedunded heails. Flow- 
 ers white. (Xame composed ol' K((f}a\T], a lund, and livdos, d Jlouxr.) 
 
 1. C. OCCident^lis, L. Smooth or ])ul)esccnt; leaves ijctiokd, ovate or 
 lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening 
 stipules. — Wet places : common. July, Aug. 
 
 5. MITCHELLA, L. Paktuidg^-berry. 
 
 Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
 nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the 
 bud. Stamens 4. Style I : stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, 
 crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two tiowers, eueh with 4 small and seed-like 
 bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate 
 and siiining petioied leaves, minute stipules, wiiite fragrant flowers often tinged 
 with |mr])le, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain 
 overwinter. Flowers occasionally 3 - G-raerons, always dimorphous ; all those 
 of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, 
 included stamens and exserted style. (This very jiretty plant commemorates 
 Dr. John Mitch' II, an early correspondent of Linnieus, and an excellent botanist, 
 who roidcd in Virginia.) 
 
 1. M. l'6pens, L. — Dry wooils, creeping about the font of trees : common. 
 June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Karely the two flow- 
 ers arc completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla. 
 
 6. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier, L. Oi-dicnlamiiv. 
 
 Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lohcd, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel- 
 shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely .")-) parted, v.ilvatc in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 
 5): anthers short. Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Foil thin, 2-celled, many- 
 8ce<led, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave, very numer- 
 ous, minute and angidar. — Low herbs, with small sti[iules united to the peti- 
 oles. (Dedicated, in I70.T, to the memory of O'ihnhnul, a German jihysiciaii 
 and botanist, wiio died varly at the ('iii>e of (Jood IIo]r'.) 
 
 1 O. glomer^ta, Michx An iiuonspienous, pubescent or smoothish, 
 brauehed and spreading annual (2'- 12' high) ; leaves oblong ; flowers in sessile 
 
212 RUBIACK^. (madder FAMILY.) 
 
 axillary clusters ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the 
 calyx. ((). uniflura, L. Ikdyotis glouierata, EU.) — Wet places, S. New York 
 to Virginia near the coast, aud southward. 
 
 7. HOUSTONIA, L. IIoustonia. 
 
 Calyx 4-lol)ed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or 
 funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate 
 in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers linear or oblong. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Ovary 
 2-cellcd. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper 
 half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the 
 top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shajjed or globu- 
 lar-tiiimble-shaped. pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting 
 the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymosc or solitary and pedun- 
 cled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with the anthers borne 
 high up on the tube of the cofolla and projecting from its throat, while the style 
 is short and the stigma therefore included : in the other sort the anthers are low 
 down in the corolla and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding ; — an 
 arrangement for cross-fertilization. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English 
 botanist who collected in Central America.) The genus, formerly merged in 
 Oldenlandia, merits S-estoration. 
 
 * Erect, mosf/i/ perennial herbs (G'-20' hir/h), tvith siern-leaves sessile, and flowers 
 
 in terminal small cymes or clusters: corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy in- 
 side: seeds meniscoiddl , ivith a ridije acj-oss the hollowed inner face. 
 
 1. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8'- 1 5' high); leaves varyiu;/ 
 from roundish-ovate to lunceolote, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the Imlf 
 free globular pod. (IIoustonia purpurea, Z. H. varians, ^l/(t7ij-. Oldenlandia 
 purpurea, ed. 2.) — Woodlands, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 
 May- July. — Varying wonderfully, as into : — 
 
 Var. longif61ia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- 
 rowed at the base, 1-ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod ; stems 5'- 
 12' high. ( IIoustonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. 
 — A narrow-leaved, slender form is 11. tenuifolia, Nutt. 
 
 Var. ciliolata. More tufied stems .3'-G' high; root-leaves in rosettes, 
 thickish and ciiiate ; calyx-lobes about as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, 
 Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 
 
 2. H. angustif61ia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; 
 leaves narrowly linear, acute. 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, 
 short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod oboroid, acute at 
 the l)a.<ip, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length 
 through the partition. (Oldenlandia angustifolia, ed. 2. Hcdyotis stcnophylla, 
 Torr. ^- Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June -Aug. 
 
 * * Small and delicate, chiefly annuals or biennials, vernal-flowerinf] : ptdunchs \-flow- 
 
 ered : corolla sed vi-r-furm : upper half of the broad and somewhat '2-lobed pod free : 
 seeds (/lobular, ivith a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face. 
 
 3. H. minima, Beck. Scabrous; stems at length much branched and 
 spreading (l'-4' high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or 
 
 I 
 
VALEKIANACE^. (VALEUIAX FAMILY.) 213 
 
 nearly linear; earlier peduncles elonjjatcd and spreading in fruit, the later ones 
 sliort ; titl>e of the pnrijlish corolla not lom/ir than its loln's nor than the amjth. calijX' 
 lobes (\V lonjr). — Dry hills, W. Illinois and south westward. March -May. 
 
 4. H. casi'tllea, L. (Bluets.) (^^Ai/^johs; stems erect, slender, sparingly 
 branched from the base (.3'- 5' high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (."J" -4" long) ; 
 peduncle lilitbrni, erect ; corolla with tube much loni/cr than its l(Jtes or than those 
 of tlie calyx. (Oklenlandia cKrulea, cd. 2.) Moist and grassy places; produ- 
 cing from early spring to niitlsuniuier its delicate little flowers, light blue, pale 
 lilac, or nearly white with a yellowish eye. 
 
 H. sERi'YLLiFoi-iA, Michx., — with similar flowers, but with slender 
 creeping stems, abounding in the mountains of N. Carolina, — may occur in 
 those of Virginia. 
 
 H. ROTLXDiFOLiA, Miclix., — also Creeping, but with much larger round- 
 ish leaves, and axillary peduncles nodding in fruit, — belongs to the low country 
 of the Southern States, and may occur in S. E. Virginia. 
 
 Order 51. VALERIANACEiE. (Valeriax Family.) 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules : the calyx-tube coherent with 
 the ovary, which has one fertile l-ovulerl cell and two abortive or empty ones ; 
 the staynens distinct, I - 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted 
 on its tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5- 
 lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1 - 3. 
 Fruit indeliisoent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappear- 
 ing), or 3-celleil, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, 
 anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled 
 or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre- 
 sented by only two genera. 
 
 1. VALERIANA, Toum. Valeriax. 
 
 Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled 
 up_ inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma- 
 tures. Corolla commonly gibbous near tlie base, the ij-lobed limb nearly regular. 
 Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented foots, and simple 
 or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dicecious, or iliniorphous. 
 (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.) 
 * Unot Jihrons : leaves thin. {Stems l°-S° hiyh ) 
 
 1. V. paucifl6ra, Michx. Smooth, slemler, sureulose ; root-leaves ovate, 
 heart-slia/ied, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem- 
 leaves piimate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme 
 few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla lony and slender {y long). — Wood- 
 lands, and alluvial banks, IVnn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter) ami Ohio to S. 
 Illinois and southward. June. 
 
 2. V. sylv^tica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; root-leaves 
 ovate, or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobCB ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11 
 
214 VALKUIANACK-K. (VALKUIAN FAMILY.) 
 
 ob!ong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at first close, many- 
 flowered ; corolla Inviri^ilij conical (3" loni;, rosc-eolor or white). — Cedar swamps, 
 Western Vermont to Wisconsin and nortinvanl. June. (Probably a form of 
 V. dioiea, L.) n. 
 
 * Hoot s/iindh'-shapcd, larr/e and deep (6' -12' long) : leaves thickish. 
 3. V. 6dulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minntcly downy when very yonng ; stem 
 straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely 
 ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted 
 into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted 
 panicle, nearly diu'cious ; corolla whitish, obconieal (2" long). (V. ciliiita, 
 Torr. ^- Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June. 
 
 2. FEDIA, Gicrtn. Coun Salad. L.vmb-Lettuce. 
 
 Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally 
 or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells 
 empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and 
 biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves 
 (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered 
 and bracte'd small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all 
 have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, 
 &c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 
 a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore be- 
 long to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) Valkuianella. 
 
 1. F. OLiTURiA, Vahl. Fndt compressed, oblique, at length broader than 
 long, with (I corkij or sponpi/ moss at the buck of the fi-rlUe cell nearli/ as larfje as the 
 (often confluent) emj)ti/ cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, New York and Peim. 
 to Virginia : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. F. Fagopyrum, Ton-. & Gr. Fruit ordte-triniifjiilnr, smooth, not t/rooued 
 between the (at length confluent) em pti/ cells, which form the anterior am/le, and are 
 much smaller than the broad and JIat fertile one ; flowers white. — Low grounds, 
 from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant 
 l°-20 high. 
 
 3. F. radi^ta, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downi/ (rarely smooth), oldnseli/ and 
 tmequally somewhat A-amjled ; the empti] cells parallel and contifjuons, but with a 
 deep groove between them, rather narroicer than the flat tish fertile cell. — Low 
 grounds, Penn. to Michigan, an<l southward. — Plant 6' -15' high. 
 
 4. F. Umbilic^ta, Sulliv. Fmit (/lolndar-omte, smooth; the much in flat d 
 sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish feHile one, contiguous, and 
 when yovmg with a-common partition, u-hen grown, indented with a deep circular 
 depressiou in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells; bracts not cili- 
 ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, SulJivant. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1842.) 
 
 5. F. patell^l'ia, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shafied or disk-like, 
 slightly notched at both ends, the flattrned-concave sterile cells widili/ divergent, 
 much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing arotmd it when 
 ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus. Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, resem- 
 bling the last, but with a very diflerent fruit. 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.; 215 
 
 Ordkr 52. DIPSACE.'E. (Tkaskl Family.) 
 
 Herbs, witli opposite or tchor/ed leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense 
 heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Funiily ; but the sta- 
 mens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by 
 the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus 
 
 1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasei- 
 
 InvohicTC maiiy-lcavi'd, lonj^er than tlie chaffy Icafy-tippcd and pointed bracts 
 amon^ the (k-nsdy capitate Ho\vor.>( : cm\\ tlower with a 4-lcaved calyx-like in- 
 voluccl investin},^ the ovary and fruit (aclicniuni). Ciilyx-tubc coherent with 
 the ovary, the limb cup-.shapcd, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 
 4-clcft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla, t^tyle slender. — Stout and coarse 
 biennials, hairy or priekly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 5(^da>, 
 to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaj)cd bases of the leaves in some 
 species hold water.) 
 
 1. D. SYLVESTRis, Mill. ( W I'D Tkasel. ) Prickly ; Icavcs lancc-oblong ; 
 leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chart) tapering 
 into a long fle.xiblc awn with a straight jwint. — Roadsides : rather rare. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) Susjx:cted to be the original of 
 
 '2. D. Fllloxum, L., the cultivated Fi;i.ler's TEASKi^.wbich has a shorter 
 involucre, and stifJ" chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a 
 nap upon woollen cloth : it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 OuDEu 53. COItlPOSIT.E. (Composite Family.) 
 
 Flowers in a close head (tlie compound flower of the older botanists), 
 on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) 
 stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (synyenesious). 
 — Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a. pappus) 
 crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or 
 cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu- 
 lar ; in the latter chielly 5-lobed, valvat« in the bud, the veins bordering 
 the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the ape.x. Fruit seed-like 
 (achenium), dry, containing a single erect "aiiatropous seed, with no albu- 
 men. — An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without 
 stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or di<rcious flowers. The 
 flowers with a strap-shaped (liyulate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlotc- 
 ers: the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the 
 margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head 
 ■which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains 
 two sorts of flowers it is saitl to be hflcrdyamous : when oidy one sort, 
 homdyamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, 
 are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the recep- 
 
216 COMPOSITyE. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 
 
 tacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting, 
 the receptacle is s.iid to he naked. — The largest order of Phfcnoganious 
 plants. It is divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of 
 which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much 
 the larger. 
 
 SunonnF.n I. TUBUHFtORiE. 
 
 Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-) 
 lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-tlowers, which when present 
 are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). 
 
 The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast sul)ordcr TubuliJIora, 
 taken from the styles, rc(iuirc a magnifyinj^-glass to make tliem out, and will 
 not always be clear to the student. Tiic following artificial analysis, founded 
 upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The 
 numbers are those of the genera.) 
 
 Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. 
 
 § 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular (or rarely none). 
 * Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. 
 Pappus composed of bristles ; 
 
 Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 1 
 
 Simple, the bristleoi all of the same sort. 
 
 Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . . 2. 
 Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. 
 
 Keceptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy . . . . 67, 68, "0. 
 
 Kcceptacle deeply honeycomb-like 69. 
 
 Keceptacle uaked. 
 
 Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 4. 
 
 Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish • . 5. 
 
 Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 6,7,8,20. 
 
 Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 62, 63. 
 
 Pappus composed of scales or cbatf. 
 
 Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. 3. 
 
 Iteceptiicle naked. Leaves alternate 45. 
 
 lleceptncle bearing chaff among the flowers. 49. 
 
 Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth 41,42. 
 
 Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. 65, 57. 
 
 * * Flowers of two kinds in the .same head. 
 Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66. 
 Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. 
 
 Keceptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 60. 
 
 Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chalf. 
 
 Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23, fiS. 59 
 
 Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . . 14,61. 
 
 Pappus obsolete or none. 
 
 Achenia becoming much loneer than the involucre. 11 
 
 Acheiiia not exceeding the involucre 29, 56, 57. 
 
 ♦ » * Flowers of two kinds in .separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate. 
 
 Heads dioecious ; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 24, 59 
 
 Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 30, 31 
 
COMPOSURE, (composite famii,\-.) 217 
 
 { 2. Rays present ; 1. c. the mnrginal flowers or some of thein with ligulate corollas. 
 • I'uppus of cupillujy bristles. (Iluys uU pistillate.) 
 
 RajR occupy ing several rows 9, 10, 14. 
 
 Ka>8 ill oue iii.irKiiiiil row, mid 
 
 \Vhit«, purple or blue, uever yellow 12-15. 
 
 Yellow, of the niuiu color as the il'i^k. 
 
 Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21. 
 
 Pappus ^illlple. 
 Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . C3. 
 
 Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 04. 
 
 Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22. 
 
 * • Pappus a circle of shafTy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. 
 • • * Pappus a circle of tliin chuffy scales or short chaffy bristlea. 
 
 Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy. 50. 
 
 Heads 8-10 Hi>weri'd. Keceptacle naked 18. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Kcceptacle dei-ply honeycombed 48. 
 
 Heads mil ny- flowered. Keceptacle naked 45.}, 46, 47. 
 
 • » * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding 
 
 with the edges or angles of the ucheniuui, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. 
 
 1- Keceptacle naked. 
 
 Acbenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns 16. 
 
 Acbcnia fliit, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 17. 
 
 Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 54. 
 
 Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. .... 55. 
 
 4- -I- Receptacle chaffy. 
 Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. 
 Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar;, and 
 
 Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 5I. 
 
 Chaffy Ihrous'iout. Achenia flattened laterally If at all 8G-40. 
 
 Receptacle flat or fliltish. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41,42. 
 Rays pistillate .ind fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. 
 
 Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned 43. 
 
 Achenia flattened p.irallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53. 
 
 Achenia 3- 4-angular terete or laterally flatfish, awnless. 
 
 Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate dissected 52. 
 
 Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite simple. 
 
 Achenia ohovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 32. 
 
 .Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales. S.'S. 
 
 Recppticle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 33, 34. 
 
 Rays pistillate and fertile : the disk -flowers staniinat« and sterile (pistil imperfect). 
 
 Receptacle chaffy 25-28. 
 
 Systemalic Synopsis. 
 Tribe I. VKRNOXIACF^.. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- 
 lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly -hairy 
 all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 
 1. Vernoiiln. Heads several -many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- 
 pus of many capillary bristles 
 2 Elrpliniilopiis. Heads .l-o-flowered, several crowded topether into a compound head. 
 
 Involucre of S .scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. 
 Tribe II. ErP.\TORf.\rFiK. Heads di.scoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- 
 bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate Ilranches of the style 
 thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, very mlnutbl/ and uniformly pubescent -, tb* 
 siigmaUc Unee indistinct, , 
 
 G M— 10 
 
218 CO-MPOSIT.E. (cOMrOSITE FAMILY.) 
 
 Subtrlbe 1. EupatorU-rc. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. 
 
 * Pappus a row of hard scales. 
 
 8. Sclerolepis. Head many -flonereJ. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves wborled. 
 
 » * I'appus of slender bristles. 
 
 4. Lilatris. Achenia many-rihbcd. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corollas 
 
 red-purple, .strongly 5-lobed. 
 
 5. Kiiliiiiii. Aohenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corol- 
 
 liui whitish, 5-toothed. 
 
 6. Eu|>atui-iiim. Achenia 5-angled. Bri.«tles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the 
 
 involucre many or several. Ueieptacle of the 5 -many flowers flat or barely convex. 
 
 7. nilkaiiia. Acbenia and pappus as No. 6> Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 
 
 8. Couoclluiuin< Acbenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. 
 
 iSubtribe 3. Tussilasinrte. Flowers (sometimes yellow, more or le.'s monoecious or 
 diwi'ious) of 2 sorts iu the same head. 
 * Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head l>istillate and ligulate. Scape leafless. 
 9 NardoMiiiiu. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary. 
 
 10. Tussilujjo. Ilead single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary. 
 
 ♦ * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy. 
 
 11. Adenocauloii. Uead few-flowered ; the ouler flowers pistillate. Pappus none. 
 
 Tribe III. ASTEROIDEiE. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tuhular ; 
 or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Bl-auches of the style in the perfect 
 flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi- 
 nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which 
 is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Keceptacle naked (destitute of 
 chafl^) in all our species. 
 
 Subtrlbe 1. Asterliiere. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal 
 ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base. 
 
 » Kay -flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. 
 ^- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat. 
 
 12. Sericocnrpus. Heads 12 - 15 flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, 
 
 imbricated, carJ;ilaginous. Ac .euia short, narrowed downwards, silky. 
 
 13. Aster. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated, .\chenia flattish. 
 
 Pappus simple, copious. 
 
 14. Eriseroii. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of narrow scales, little imbricated. 
 
 Achenia flattened. Pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales. 
 
 15. DIplopappus. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double; the 
 
 outer obscure, of minute slitt bristles, 
 t- I- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical. 
 
 16. Boltonia. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short. 
 
 17. Bellis. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Recepta<;le conical. 
 
 * * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Polidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. 
 
 18. Brachj-rhreta. Heads 8-10 flowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of mi- 
 
 nute bristles shorter than the achenium. 
 
 19. !SoIifIii;;o. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1 - 16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen- 
 
 der and erjual capillary bristles. 
 
 20. Bigelovia. Heads 3- 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shapcd. Pappus simple, 
 
 a single row of capillary bristles. 
 
 21. Chrysopsia. Heads many-flowered: rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of 
 
 very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles. 
 
 Subtrlbe 2. Inulrse. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1. 
 
 22. luulo. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary and copious. 
 
COMPOSITyr,. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 219 
 
 Snbtribc 3. Bncchnricletv &. Tart-honaiithfoe. Flowors of the head all tuba- 
 Ijir, eitlier dineoious or iiioiia'ciou-', n.-iim-ly, the Ktiiniinitto and pistillate (lowtTH eitlier in 
 different la-ads on distinct plants, or in the sanii- liead. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flow- 
 ers a very slender tube fiheathing the style, and truncat4! at the summit. 
 
 23. Pliichrn. Heads contJiining a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many 
 
 pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tiileJ at the base. I'uppus capillary. 
 
 24. BacchnrU. Heads dicGcious, some all pistillate, others all stamiaate, on different plants. 
 
 Anthers tailles-s. Pappus capillary. 
 
 Tribe IV. SENECIOXIDE.^. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile 
 flowers linear, thiokish or convex externally, flat intemalh, hairy or pi^ncil-tufted at the 
 apex (where the stiginatic lines terminate abruptly), and eitlier truncate, or continued be- 
 yond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate. 
 
 Subtribe 1. Melnmpodiiierc. Flowers none of them truly perfect, but either stam- 
 inate or pistillate ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. 
 I'uppus, if any, never of bristles. 
 
 • Heads containing two kinds of flowers, the marginal ones pistillate, the central and tubular 
 
 Rtaminate flowers having a style, but alwais sterile. 
 <- Fertile flowers with a li^ulate corolla (rarely wanting in No. 25) receptacle chaffy. 
 
 25. Polyimiln. Achenia thick and turgid, roundi.sh. Pappus none. 
 
 26. Chrysnjfonum. Achenia flattish. I'appus a one-sided 2 - S-toothed chaffy crown. 
 
 27. Sil|ihluin. Achenia flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows : rays deciduous. 
 
 28. Pat-theiiiuin. Achenia fl.at, slightly margined: rays very short, persistent. 
 
 <- t- Fertile flowers with tubular or no corolla : no pappus. 
 
 29. Ivn< Achenia short and thick : recept;icle with narrow <'haff. 
 
 57. Arlemlsln, in part. Achenia short and small : receptHcle naked. 
 
 11. Adeiiocauloii. Achenia elongated, bearing stalked glands : receptacle naked. 
 
 • * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on 
 
 the same plant ; the pistillate only 1 or 2. in a closed involucre re.-sembling an achenium or 
 a bur ; the st.iuiinate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre. 
 
 30. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre (fruit; .small, l-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 
 
 31. Xaiithluin. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered. 
 
 Sul>tribe '4. Ilrlinitlhrie. Hcadsradiate.orr.irely discoid; the rays ligulatc. the disk- 
 flowers all perfect and fertile. Uecept.icle chaffy. Anthers bl.ickish, taillejss. Pappus none, 
 or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform 
 chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. 
 
 * Kays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 -4-sided, slightly if at all flattened. 
 1- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 
 
 32. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. 
 
 <- ^- InV' 'lucre of one or more rows of separate scales. 
 3.3. Ec-lipta. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. #appus obsolete or none. 
 3t. Ilorrlvhia. Ueccpt.acle flat, its chaff .-icale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure croTrn. 
 35. HeliopMis. Receptacle conical ; ita chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border. 
 
 • • Kays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occa.'sionally none ; ache- 
 
 nia 4-angular or flatteneil laterally, i.e. their edges directed iuwards and outwards, th^ 
 ch;iff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge. 
 
 <- Receptacle elevaU^d, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown. 
 3f). Echiiinrrn. Kays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided. 
 37 Riiilberkin. Kays neutn\l. Achenia 4sicliMl, flat at the top, inarginless. 
 3.S. Ltiint liys. Itays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined. 
 «- <- Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned. 
 
 39. HclianthuH. Achenia flatteneil, margiulcss. Pappus of 2 very deciduous chaffy scales. 
 
 40. Actliionierlii. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. 
 
220 coMPOSiT.E. (composite family.) 
 
 • • • Rays sterile, tieutrnl : achenia obcompressed, I. e. flattened parallel with the scales of the 
 involuore, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading 
 and often foliaceous. Iteceptiicle flat. 
 
 41. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or 
 
 barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown. 
 
 42. Bid«ii8> Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth. 
 
 « • * » Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none): achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned. 
 
 43. Vtrbesliia. Itays few and small, or rarely none. Receptacle convex. Achenia some- 
 
 times winged. 
 Subtribe :t. TRg^etiiiere. Heads commonly radiate ; the r.iys ligulate ; the disk-flowers 
 all perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, fiat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. 
 Pappus various. — Herbage strong-sceuted (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted with 
 large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 
 
 44. DysoUia. Pappus a row of chally scales dissected into many bristles. 
 
 Subtribe 4. Heleiiierc. Heads radiate or .sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect. 
 Pappus a circle of several chaify scales. Anthers tailless. 
 
 « Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed.) 
 
 46. Hymeiiopnppus. Ra>8 none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored. 
 45}. Acliiiella. Itays pistillate, merely toothed. Receptacle elevated, rnvolui're appressed. 
 40. Heleiiiuin. Rays pistillate, 3 5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. 
 
 47. Leptopotla. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwi.se as i\o 40. 
 
 « * Receptacle deeply pitted, like hone.conib. 
 
 48. Balcl^viiiia. Rays numerous: neutral, elongated. Involucre much imbricated. 
 
 * * « Receptacle chaffy. 
 
 49. Mnrshallia. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow and foliaceous scales. 
 
 50. Gnlliisoga. Rays 4 or 5, short, pistillate, whitish ; the disk yellow. Involucre of 4 or 
 
 5 ovate and thin scales. 
 
 Subtribe 5. Anthemidree. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes 
 infertile, and the jiistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- 
 wise nearly as Subtribe 4. 
 
 » Receptacle chaffy, nt least in part: rays ligulate. 
 
 51. Maruta. Ravo neutral. Achenia ohovoid .and many-ribbed. Pappus none. 
 
 .')2. Aiitlieinis. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4 angular. Pappus minute or none. 
 
 53. Acliillea. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined. 
 
 * * Receptacle naked. 
 
 54. Leucniilliemiini. Rays numeroas, pistillate. Receptacle flatfish. Achenia striate 
 
 or ribbed. Pappus none. 
 
 55. Matricaria. Rays pistillate, or none, and then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle con- 
 
 ical. Pappus crown-like or none. 
 
 56. Tanacetiiin. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the 
 
 top. Pappus a short crown. 
 
 57. Artemisia. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at 
 
 the top. Pappus none. 
 
 Subtribe 0. Gnaphalinrnc. Heads all di.scoid, with tubular corollas; those of the 
 fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their b.ise. Pappus of capillary bristles. 
 Flocculent-wnolly herbs : leaves alternate. 
 68. Gnaphaliuin. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate 
 
 flowers. Bristles of the pappus all slender. 
 59. Aiitciiiiaria. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the 
 
 staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit. 
 CO. Fila^o. Receptacle columnar or top-sh<aped, chaify. Pappus of the inner flowers capil- 
 lary, of the outer often none. 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITF, FAMILY.) 221 
 
 Snbtribe 7. Senvcionero. Heads rniliate or disroiJ ; the rentrnl flowers perfect. An- 
 thers t^iii less. I'iippus ciipillury. KeccpCaeIc nukcJ. (Scales of the involucre cutnoionly 
 iu a siugle row.) 
 
 • Heads discoid. Leaves alternate. 
 
 6L EreclilUitcs. Heads many - liowercd : flowers wiiitifh ; the marginal ones pistillate 
 and witli liliforni corollas. 
 
 62. Cacalla. Heads 5-uiaoy-flowercd: flowers white or cream-color, all tubular and perfect. 
 
 63. Seueclo. Heads mauy-flowered : flowers yellow, all perfect. 
 
 ♦ • Heads radiate, many-flowered. 
 
 <- Rays conspicuous and in a single row : flowers all fertile, yellow. 
 63. Senecio. I'appus fine and soft. Leaves alternate. 
 
 C4. Arnica. I'appus of more rigid and rough-denticulate bristles. Leaves all oppo.site. 
 <- <- Rays narrow or small, in more than one row, at least in fertile heads. Leaves all radical. 
 9. Niii'dotiiiila. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scape bearing several beads. 
 10. Tu8!*iInKO. Flowers yellow. Scape bearing a single bead. 
 
 Tribe V. CYNAREjE. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or 
 some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rjvys but not truly li^'ulate. Style 
 thickened or tbickisb near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any 
 appendage, ofien united below. (Heads large.) 
 
 * Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose. 
 
 65. Centnurcn. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral 
 
 flowers commonly enlarged or ray-like. 
 
 66. Ciiiciis. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter 
 
 rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 « » Flowers all alike in the (ovoid or globular) head. 
 
 67. Cirsiiim. .\chenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with long 
 
 and soft bristles or hairs. 
 
 68. Cardiiiis. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No. 67. 
 
 69. Onopordon. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep- 
 
 tacle hone) combed. 
 
 70. Lnppn. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Receptacle 
 
 bristly. 
 
 SUBORDKR II. L.IG1JLIFL,0R.1E:. Tribe VI. CICHORACEiE. 
 
 Corolla lifjulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 
 fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 
 
 * Pappus none. 
 
 71. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row. 8-12-flowercd. 
 
 * • Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 
 
 72. Cicborium. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 
 
 73. Kri^ia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 slender bristles. 
 
 74. Cynthia. Pappus double -, the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of 
 
 numerous long capillar., bristles. 
 
 • • • Pappus plumose. 
 
 75. Lcontodon. Bristks of the pappus several, chaffy -dilated at the base, tawny. 
 
 • • • • Pappus compo.sed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. 
 
 ■<- Achenia not flattened nor distinctly beaked, columnar or terete, often slender: pappus 
 
 rather stiff, mostly tawny or ilirty-wliite. 
 
 76. Troximon. Involucre loosely imbricated, many-flowered, corolla yellow. Achenia 
 
 lO-ribbeil. Pappus very copious and unequal. 
 
 77. Ilic-rarliim. Involucre more or less imbricated, 12 - many-flowered : corolla yellow. 
 
 Achenia short. Pappus of rather scanty and tawny roughish bristle*. 
 
222 composit.t:. (composite family.) 
 
 78. Nabnlna. Involucre cylindriral, of 5-14 linear equal scales in a single row and a ftw 
 
 little scales at base, 5 - manj-flowered : corolla whitish, cream-color, or purplish. Ache- 
 ni;i rather short and blunt. I'appus ol' very copious tavinj or brown roughish bristles. 
 
 79. lij'gollesinla, Involurre as the preceding, 5 - 10-Howered . corolla rose-purple. Ache- 
 
 nia long and slender, tapering at the summit. i'ai>pus of copious whitish bristles. 
 t- t- Achenia terete or ndkrly so, ribbed, rou;:bish above, abruptly slender-beaked. Pappu« 
 soft, fine, and flaccid. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear scales in a single row and 
 some .small short ones at the ba.«e. Corolla yellow. 
 
 80. (lion il I'll la. Involucre few-tlowered. I'appus white. Stems branching, le.afy. 
 
 81. Pyrrliopnppus. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus reddish or rusty. Stemi 
 
 bnmching, leafy below. 
 
 82. Taraxacum. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus whitish. Scape naked, simple. 
 
 ^- <- <- Achenia flat or fl.ittish. Involucre somewhat imbricated, mostly many-flowered. 
 S3. LaclucB. Achenia abruptly long and slender-beaked, very flat : pappus bright white. 
 
 84. Mulgertiuin. Achenia flattish, and with a short and thick beak. 
 
 85. Soncliiis. Achenia flattish, bcakless. Pappus white. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. VERNONIA, Sdircb. Iuox-weed. 
 
 Heads 15-many-flo\vcrc'(l, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- 
 lucre shorter than the flowers, of many apprcssed closely imbricated scales. 
 Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer 
 of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- 
 nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly i>urplc flowers. (Named in honor 
 of a Mr. Vernon, an early Eni^lish botanist who travelled in this country.) 
 
 1. V. Noveboraeensis, WiUd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long 
 bristle-form or awl-shapHl sjnriulinf/ appendnrje or awn ; in some varieties merely 
 pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-banks in 
 the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall coarse weed 
 with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 
 
 2. V. fascieulata, Michx. Sraks of the involnrre (all but the lowest) 
 rounded and obtuse, icitiiout appendage. — Prairies and river-l)anks, Ohio to Wis- 
 consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads 
 mostly crowded. Very variable, and manifestly passing into Xo. 1. 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Elei'ii.\xt's-foot. 
 
 Heads .3 - 5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound head : flow- 
 ers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia 
 many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, 
 with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of eXfCpas, ele- 
 phant, and TT oil s, fool.) 
 
 1. E. Caroliniauus, Willd. Somewliat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, IVnnsylvania to Illinois and southward. 
 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cas. K( lkuouu-is. 
 
 Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, 
 in 1 or 2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angIed. Pappus a single row of 
 almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems, 
 rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and a terminal head 
 
COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 223 
 
 of flesh-colored flowers. (Xamc of a-KXtjpus, hard, and Xfirir, a scale, from tfio 
 pappus.) 
 
 1 . S. verticill^ta, Cass. — la water : pine barrens, Isew Jersey and 
 southward. Any. 
 
 4. LIATRIS, Sehrel). Bltton Sxakekoot. Blazing-Star. 
 
 Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfeet. Seales of tlic involuerc iin- 
 brieatfd, appressed. Keeejjtaelc nakeil. Corolla 5-lobed. Aelienia slender, 
 tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 eapillary bristles, 
 which arc manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — rcrcnnial herbs, often 
 resinous-dotted, with riyid alternate entire leaves (these sometimes twisted .-o 
 as to become vertical), and heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, spieatc, 
 racemose, or panieled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Deri- 
 vation of the name unknown.) 
 
 § 1. Stem usually icamUike and si m pic, from a fjlohular or roundish corm or tuber 
 (impreijnated with resiuous matter), very leaf i/ : leaves narrow or (jrass-l ike, 1- 
 5-nervcd: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the 
 corolla long and slenda: 
 
 * Pappus vertj plumose ; srafcs of the ^-/lonrred involucre ivith ovale or lanceolate 
 
 Sjircadimi petal -like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the fowers'i 
 
 1. L. 61egans, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves 
 short and >prea(ling ; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir- 
 ginia and soutliwanl. 
 
 * » Pappus VI ry phnnosc : scales of the ri/lindrical mnnip/lowered involucre imbri- 
 
 c(it(d in mauji rou-s, the tips rigid, not petal-like : corolla huirg within. 
 
 2. L. squarr6sa, Willd. (Blazixg-Star, &e.) Often hairy (l°-30 
 high); leaves linear, elongated; heads few (1' long) ; scales of the inrolucre 
 mostlij with ehingaldl and leaf like spreading tips. — Dry soil, TcnnsylvaTiia to 
 Illinois and soutliwMrd. 
 
 3. L. cylindr^cea, ]\Iichx. Commonly smooth (G'-IS' high); leaves 
 linear; heads few (i'-j' long) ; i-cales of the involucre with short and rounded ap- 
 pressed tips. — Dry o])en places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward. 
 
 « * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye : corolla stnooth inside. 
 
 4. L. scari6sa, Willd. Stem stout (2°-50high) pubescent or hoary; 
 leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest o'llong-lanceolatr or 
 olwate-oblong, tai)ering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30-40-ilow- 
 cred ; .scedis of the broad or dipressid involucre ohovatc or sjtutulate, very numerous, 
 with dry and scarious of en colored tips or margins. — Dry soil, New England to 
 Minnesota, and southward. — Widely variable : heads 1' or less in diameter. 
 
 ,5. L. pil6sa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; hares 
 linear or lincar-lanctolate, elongated; heads few, 1 - 1 .")-flowercd ; scales of the 
 to/)-shajwd or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrow'y oblong, very 
 ol/tuse, the innermost linear. — fountains of Virginia and southward : rare and 
 obscure. rerliai>s a remarkable state of the ne.\t ; but the flowers as largo 
 aa in the preceding. 
 
224 coMrosiT.E, (composite family.) 
 
 6. L. spic^ta, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy ; stems very leafy 
 (2°-;")° hiuh) ; liavcs linear, the lower 3-5-ncrved ; heads 8 - 1 2-fiowcred (i'- 
 ^' lonjr), erowdcd in a long spike ; scales of the rijlindricul-bell-shaped involncre 
 Mony or oval, olliiae, upprtssed, with sli(jht margins ; achenia jiubesceiit or smoothish. 
 
 — Moi>t grounds : roniinon from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. — 
 Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 
 
 7. L. graminif61ia, Wilid. Hairy or smoothish; stem (10-3° high) 
 slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved ; heads several or numerous, 
 in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-flo\vcred ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre 
 spatulate or oblony, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, riyid, appres&ed ; achenia hairy. — 
 Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in 
 
 Var. dubia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often 
 ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and soutliward. 
 
 8. L. pyeuostaehya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout (3° - 5° 
 liigh), very Icafv ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; 
 spike thick and dense (G'-20' long) ; heads alwut ."i-flowercd (^' long) ; scales of 
 the cijliudrical involucre olilong or lanceolate, with recurved or sjn-eciditiy colored tips. 
 
 — Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward. 
 
 § 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber: heads small, corymbed or pan- 
 icled, A - Id-flowered : involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: 
 pappus not plinnoxe. 
 
 9. L. Odoratissima, Willd. (A^vxilla-plaxt.) Very smooth; leaves 
 pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. 
 
 — Low j)ine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of 
 Vanilla when bruised. 
 
 10. L. paniculkta, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lan- 
 ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Virginia 
 and southward. 
 
 5. KUHNIA, L. KcuNiA. 
 
 Heads 10-2.'j-flowcred : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and 
 loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achenia cylindri- 
 cal, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A 
 perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and 
 paniculate-corymbose heads of crenm-colorcd flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, 
 of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.) 
 
 1 . K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and 
 toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward. Sept. 
 
 6. EUPATORIUM, Toum. TiioitouGinvoRX. 
 
 Heads 3-many-flowcrod : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- 
 shaped. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia .5- 
 anglcd. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — 
 Perennial herbs, often sjn-inklcd with bitter resinous dots, with generally co- 
 rymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of 
 
COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 225 
 
 summer. (Dedicated to Enpnior Milhrkhites, wlio is said to have used a species 
 of the pcnusin mcdiiine.) 
 
 * Heads ri/limlrlcal, 5 - ICi-Jloireivfl ; llie purplish scales nnmrroiis, closely imbricated 
 
 in several rows, of unequal len;/t/i, sllr/litli/ striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly 
 whorled leans, and fli sh-colored flowers. 
 
 1. E, purpureum, I>. (Jok-Pye Wked. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems tall 
 and .stout, simple ; leaves .'3-6 in a whorl, oblon<^-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, 
 very veiny, rouf>liish, toothed ; corymb.s very dense and compound. — Varies 
 greatly in size (2° -12° liij^h), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted 
 stems, &c., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds: common. 
 
 * « Uexids 3 - 20-Jlowered : involucre o/" 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal 
 
 scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white. 
 ■*- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panichd, very small, 3 -^flotfered. 
 
 2. E. foenicul^ceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, pauiculutely much- 
 hranclied (.iO-loo liiuli) ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Virginia, 
 near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia. 
 
 -!- -t- fj'iircs mnxlly opposite and sessile: heads 5-8-flowered, corytnbed. 
 
 3. E. hyssopif61ium, L. Minutely pubescent (1°- 2° high) ; /eawi 
 narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-ncrved, entire, or the lower 
 toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base; scahs of the involucre obtuse. 
 — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward. 
 
 4. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°high); 
 leaves linear -lanceolate, closely sessile, \-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough Imth sides; 
 corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy 
 bogs. Long Island, New Jersey, and .southward. 
 
 .'). E. parvifldrum, Ell. Minutely velvety -pubescent, branching (20-3° 
 high) ; leaves laiiciolote or oblomj, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, 
 tapering to the ba.se, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short involucre 
 obtuse. (Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.) — Damp 
 soil, Virginia and southward. 
 
 6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and taW (3° - 7° high), f/wny; leaivs 
 lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspiciwusly 3-nerred, entire, or toothed above the 
 middle, the upperiitost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre Ql)tuse, 
 shorter th:in the flowers. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky.— 
 Leaves 3' - 4' lung, somewhat like tlio.sc of a Solidago. 
 
 7. E. ilbum, L. Rixigliish-hniry (2° high) ; leaves ol)long-lanceolate, coarsely 
 toothed, veiny; heads clustered in the corymb; .w/teo/'/Af in w/wrz-ff closely imbri- 
 cated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, jiointnl, white and scnrions aliove, lowjer than the 
 flow.rs. — Sandy and barren places, ])iue barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and 
 southward. 
 
 8. E. teucrifdlium, Willd. Koitghish-pubescent (20-30 high); Imves 
 ovate-ohlong and ovuii-bnifeoliite, obtuse or truiu-ate at the base, slightly triplc- 
 n Tved, veiny, roarseli/ lonlhtd or incised towards the base, the npjwroiiis alternate.' 
 branches of the corymb few, uno(iiial ; scahs of the involucre ohlonfjlmwi o'ate, rather 
 o'ltuse, at li-ngfh shorter than the flowers. (E. verlieniefoliiim, Michc.) — Low 
 grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and soutliwanl near the coast. 
 
 15 
 
226 coMrosnvE. (compositk family.) 
 
 9. E. rotundifblium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; hares ronndish- 
 ovalf, obliise, tnincato or slij:htly heart-shaped at tlie base, deeply erenate-tootlicd, 
 triple-nerved, veiny, I'oughish (I' -2' long) ; corymb large and dense; scales of 
 the (i>-f1uwfncl) involucre linear-laticfolute, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode 
 Island to Virj;iiiia, near the coast, and southward. 
 
 10. E. pubescens, Muhl. rultcseent: Imces ovale, moslly ocu^e, slightly 
 truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, .somewhat triple-nerved, veiny ; scales of the 
 7 - 8-Jloirered involucre lanceolate, acute. ( E. ovatum, Biijcl.) — Massachusetts to 
 New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 
 
 11. E. sessilifdlium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4°- G° high), 
 smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taperimj from near the ronmhd 
 sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb very 
 compound, pubescent ; scales of the 5- (or 5-12- \) flowered involucre oval and oblong, 
 obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward along the 
 mountains. 
 
 •<-••-•<- Leaves opfjosile, clasping or united at the base, long, ividelg spreading : heads 
 nuistlij \0-\5-Jlowered: coripnbs veri/ compound and large. 
 
 12. E. resinbsum, Torr. Mmutelg velvelipdowny (2° -3° high); leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, paillij clasping, tapering to the point, sliglitly 
 veiny beneath (4' -6' long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine 
 barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. 
 
 13. E. perfoliatum, L. (Thoroughwort. Boneset.) Stem stout 
 (2° -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connatc- 
 perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy be- 
 neath (5'-8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds: 
 common and well-known. — "Varies with the heads 30- 40-flowered. 
 
 -I- -t- -t- -t- Leaver long-petioled, the upper ones alternate : heads 12-1 T^-floivered, in 
 compound cori/mhs. 
 
 14. E. serdtinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched 
 (3^-6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and 
 veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial 
 ground, Maryland to Illinois and southward. 
 
 * * * Heads 8 - t^O-fowered ; the scales of the involucre nearli/ equal and in one 
 row: leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veini/, not resinous-dotted: 
 flowers white. 
 
 15. E. ageratoides, L. (WrriXE S\ake-root.) Smooth, branching 
 (3° high); leans broadli/ orate, jwinted, coarseli/ and sharplg toothed, long-pdioled, 
 thill (4' -5' long) ; corymbs compound. — Hicli woods: common northward. 
 
 16. E, arom^ticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy ; stems nearly sim- 
 ple ; haves on short petioles, ovale, rather obtusili/ toothed, not poi>it<d, thickish. — 
 Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Lower and 
 more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. 
 
 7. MIKANIA, Willd. Climkixg Hemp-weed. 
 
 Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and 
 achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with 
 
COMI'OSIT^E. (CUMI'OSITK FAMILY.) 227 
 
 oppo<»\t« rtmmonly hcart-slinpcd and pctiolcd leaves, and eorymlwse-paniclcd 
 flusl'-'^ol'Tcd flowers. (Named tor Prof. Mlbin, of l'raj;,Mic.) 
 
 *• M. scandens, L. Nearl\ smootli, twininu:; leaves somcwliat triangu- 
 liT-li'-art-shnped or liallienMorni, pointed, tootlied at the base. — Copses along 
 streams, E. New lui;;l;intl to Kentucky and southward. July-Se])t. 
 
 8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Mist-ii.ower. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involuere l)ell-shaped, the nearly' equal linear-awl- 
 sliaped seales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! U^erwisc as in I'^u- 
 patorium, of which it is ratlier a section. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite 
 petioled leaves, and violet-pnrplc or blue flowers in crowded terminal coryml).s. 
 (Name formed of Kou'oy. fi conr, and kXivt], a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 
 
 I. C. eCBlestiuum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (1°- 2° hiirh) ; leaves tri- 
 anfrularovate and sliulitiy heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich 
 soil, Pennsylvania to Michij^an, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 
 
 9. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Swekt Coltsfoot. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, somcAvhat dioecious: in the sterile plant with a sin}j:le 
 row of ligulatc pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the 
 fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulatc ray-flowers, and a few tubular 
 perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Hecejitacle flat. 
 Achenia terete. Pa])pus of soft capillary bristles, louf^er and coj)ious in the fer- 
 tile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, 
 the scape with sheathinif scaly bracts, bearing- heads of purplish or whitish fra- 
 grant flowers, in a corymb. (Name from vaphos, siuk-eiuini, and oa-fir], odor.) 
 
 1. N. palm^ta, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white- 
 woolly beneath, ])almately and dee])ly .5-7-lobed. the lobes toothed and cut. 
 (Tussila.ffo palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Dijjil.) — Swamps, Maine and Massachu- 
 setts to Michigan and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Full-grown leaves 
 (6' -10' broad). 
 
 10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot. 
 
 Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in 
 many rows; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucro 
 nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. 
 Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low ])erennial, with hori- 
 zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simj)lc .scaly scapes in early spring, bear- 
 ing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves 
 later in the sea.son, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tiutsis, 
 a cough, for which the j)lant is a reputed remedy.) 
 
 1. T. FiRFAUA. L. — Wet places, and along brooks, New England, New 
 York, and Pennsylvania; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 11. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Adk.nocailon. 
 
 Heads 5- 10-flowcred; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the 
 marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others stiminatc. Scales of the involucre 
 
228 coMPOsiT.E. (composite family.) 
 
 equal, in a single row. Achcnia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with 
 stalked glands above. Pap|)us none. — Slender perennials, witli the alternate 
 thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few 
 sm.ill (whitish) lie. ids in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, 
 from ci8ijv, n (/hind, and kuvXos, a stem). 
 
 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- 
 lar-toothed margins; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe- 
 rior, and westward. 
 
 12. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster. 
 
 Heads 12-I5-fiowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre 
 somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several 
 rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- 
 ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely ])yram- 
 idal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial 
 tufted herbs (1°- 2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small 
 heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a Hat corymb. Disk-flowers pale 
 yellow. (Name from arjpiKns, silL-ij, and Kapnos, fruit.) 
 
 1. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender ; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, 
 entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narroio (3" long), inoiose 
 clusters, few-flowered; iHippus white. — Thickets, S. New England to Virginia, 
 near the coast. July. 
 
 2. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent ; leaces ohlonq-lanceolute or 
 the lower spatidalc, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather 
 loo>cly corymbed, obconical (4" -6" long); pappus rusty<olor. — Dry ground: 
 common. July. 
 
 3. S. tortif61ius, Nees. Hoary -pubescent ; leaves ohovate or ohlomj-spatu- 
 late, short, (j'- 1' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads 
 rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long); pappus white. — Pine woods, 
 Virginia and southward. Aug. 
 
 13. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. 
 Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- 
 like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia more or less flattened. Pappus 
 simple, of capilbiry bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual only in § 6), with co- 
 rymbed, paniclcd, or racemose heads ; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, 
 or blue: the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name aarrip, a star, from 
 the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers. ) 
 
 § 1. CIOTLV, DC. I nvoliKre o'lOvoid-bi It-shaped; the scales regularly imhrlcntcd in 
 
 several rows, oppressed, nearly destitute of hcrlxiceous tips: rays 6-15 {white or 
 
 marly so) : achenia slender: lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely 
 
 serrate : heads in open corymbs. 
 
 1. A. COrymbdsUS, Ait. Stem slender, somewliat zigzag; leaves thin, 
 
 smoothish, coarsely and unequally sen-ate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed, 
 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on 
 
 i 
 
COMl'OSIT.E. (COMI'OSITK I-AMILV.) 229 
 
 slender naked petioles ; rai/s 6-9. — Woodlands : common, especially northward. 
 July, Aiij;. — Plant l°-2° liigh, with smaller heads, looser corynil)s, rumidcr 
 and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and tliiiiner leaves than tiie next; not 
 rough, but sometimes j)ul)esceut. 
 
 2. A. macrophyllUS, L. Stem stoiU ami rl</i(l (20-30 higii); leaies 
 thickls/i, roiiij/t, doAf/i/ .scnulf, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10' 
 long, 3'-G' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or ol)long, sessile or on mar- 
 gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; uii/s 12-2.') (white or bluish). — 
 Moist woods : common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., 
 Sept. — Involucre ^' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, tlie 
 innermost much larger and thinner. 
 
 § 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre imbricated in severed 
 rows, coriaceous, mlh short herbaceous tips: rays 12-30, violet or blue: ucluniu 
 narroiv (siuoulliish) : pappus ofriijid bristles of unequal thickness: stem-leaces ail 
 sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped : heads few, or when several cori/mbosc, larye 
 and showtj. (Allied to § 1, and to Scricoearpus.) 
 
 3. A. R^dula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth, 
 many-leaved (1°- 3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate pointed, shar pi ij serrate in the 
 middle, cerj ronyh both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly 
 equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, oppressed, with very short and slightly 
 spreading herUiccous lips; achcnia stnooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware 
 to Maine and northward, near the coast. Also Pocono Mountain, Penn. (Pr<f. 
 T. Green); and a dwarf variety, with iinear-lanccolatc leaves, at White Moun- 
 tains, New Hampshire. Aug. — Kays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, 
 except the ciliate margins. 
 
 4. A. SUrcul6sus, Michx. Stems slender (i°-l° high), from long and 
 slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping, subterranean shoots or suck- 
 ers, roughisli-pubescent above, 1-2- or eorymbosely several-flowered; leaves 
 roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower spatulate ; involucre oh-onical or 
 bell-sluiped (^' - h' long), tiie whitish and coriaceous scales ivith short herbaceous 
 tijis, th' outer ones shorter ; achcnia .slightly pubescent. — Var. orXcilis (A. gra- 
 cilis, Xult.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical involucre succes- 
 sively shorter and witli very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling 
 a Scricoearpus. — Moist grounds, j)ine barrens of New Jersey and southward. 
 Sept. — Hays about 12, violet, G" long. 
 
 5. A. spect^bilis, Ait. Stems (1°- 2° high) minutely rough and gland- 
 ular-j)ube.<eent at tlie summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, row/hish, oliscnrely tiHithed, 
 tapering to the Ixise ; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-ob- 
 long, with consi)icuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outer mast scarcely shorter ; 
 achcnia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Mas.<achusetts to New Jersey, near 
 the coast, and southward. Sept. - Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus, 
 though the luMds are few. Tiie rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly 
 1' long, viry dec]) violet-blue. Involucre i' long and wide. 
 
 6. A. H6rveyi, n. sp. Stem slender (10-2° high), nearly smooth, tho 
 summit and i)eduncles of the several corymbose iieads minutely glaiulular-j)ubes- 
 cent; leaves tliinnish, roughish, obacurely serrult, obloug-lauceolate, very acute, all but 
 
230 COMPOSIT.E. (composite family.) 
 
 the uppermost taper-pointed, and also taperinfj Mow into a narrowed base or winjrcd 
 petiole; /uads smitll (less than ^' long, exclusive of the narrow r-.iys) ; involucre 
 between bell-shaped and top-shaped ; the scales ohscurdy (jlandnlttr, linear, or the 
 short outer ones oblonJ,^ wiih j;rcenish appressed tips; achenia linear, slightly 
 pubescent. — Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, New Bedford, Mass., 
 E. W. Ilcicei/. Sejtt. — An ambiguous member, and the snialle.st-Howered, of 
 the section. Pappus whitish, Hner than that of the preced;ng. 
 § 3. ASTER, proper. Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, wiih 
 lierbaceous or Ituf-lilce summits, or the outer ones entirely follaceous : raijs numer- 
 ous: pappus sojland nearlij uniform: achenia JJatleiud. (All flowering late 
 in summer or in autumn.) 
 
 * Leaves whitened, silvtri/silki/ both sidex, all sessile and entire, mucronulate : involu- 
 
 cre imbricated in 3 to several tows: rays showy, purple-violet. 
 
 7. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves silver-white, lance- 
 olate or oblong; htuJs mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlcts; scales of 
 the (jlobulur involucre sitnilar to the haves, sprcadiiiy, except the short coriaceous 
 base ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to 
 Kentucky and southward. — Heads large: rays 20-30. 
 
 8. A. COncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves croicdcd, ob- 
 long or lani<ol(ile, appressed, tlie upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple 
 or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the oliovoid involucre closely imbricated 
 in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenia silky. — Dry 
 sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — Plant l°-3°high, 
 with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky both sides. 
 
 * * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or le.ss clasping by 
 
 a lu art-shaped or auricled base : heads showy : scales of the inversely conical or 
 bdl-shaptd involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively 
 shorter, appressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips: rays large, 
 purple or blue. 
 
 9. A. patens, Ait. Rough- pubescent ; stem loosely panicled above (1° -.3° 
 high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating 
 the slender branchlets ; le<ives oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted 
 below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-sluiped base, rough, especially 
 above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with 
 spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. phlogifolius is a form which 
 the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely 
 rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much 
 contracted below the middle. — Dry ground: common, es])ecialiy southward. 
 Heads i' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays. 
 
 10. A. Isevis, L. Vu-y smooth throughout : heads in a close panicle ; leaves 
 thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less 
 clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi- 
 spherical inrohicre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. 
 A variable and elegant species, of which the two best-marked forms are : — 
 
 Var. ISBVig^tuS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong; 
 involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with narrow and 
 
COMPOSIT.^. (cOMrOSITi: TAMILY.) 2.'31 
 
 acute green tips tapering down on the midncrvc. (A. la; vis, />. A. Uuvigatus, 
 Wili'd.) — Dry woodlands: rather lonnnon. 4 
 
 Var. cytincus. Very smooth, hut jjalc or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; tho 
 upper oltiMi ohlong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping hy a heart-shaped base; invo- 
 lucre narn)Wi'd at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter 
 and abrupt tii)S. (A. eyaiieus, Iloffm., i^c.) — JJordcr of woodlands : connnon, 
 especially north wanl. 
 
 11. A. tui'binellus, Lindl. Very smooth; stem slender, paniculately 
 brauiiud ; Intns hiiictohitc, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; 
 ini-o'ucre dotiijdtcd-ohcouirdl or almost club-shaped (V^OHg); tli<^ scales linear, 
 with very short and blunt green tips ; rajs violet-blue ; uclienia ni.arly smooth. — 
 Dry hills, &,c., Illinois and southwestward. — Well-marked and handsome. 
 * * * Lower laives all heart-shaped and petioled, t/ie upper sissile or pelioled: invo- 
 lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, verij numerous, 
 racemos'd or paniclcd. 
 ■*- Lexivrs entire or sli(jhtlij serrate : heads middle-siz^d : rays briyltt-blue. 
 12. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound 
 at the sunnnit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-iance- 
 elate or oblomj, heart-shajted, on lonfj ojlen hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin- 
 ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses 
 and prairies, Niagara Falls (Clinton), and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — 
 Involucre much as in A. la;vis, but much snuillcr, slightly pubescent ; the rays 
 bright blue. 
 
 1"5. A. Shortii, Boott. Stem .slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing 
 very numerous heads in racemose panicles; hares smooth aliore, minutily pubes- 
 ant underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elonr/ated, tapering gradually to a 
 sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base, and on naked 
 petioles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and bank-s Ohio to Wisconsin and 
 southward. — A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3' -5' long. 
 
 14. A. undulktUS, r>. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; 
 stem spreading, bearing nunu'rous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or sliyhtly toothed man/ins, roiiyhish above, downy under- 
 neath, the lowest heart-siiaiH-d on margined jx-tioles, the others abruptly contracted 
 into short broadly wimjt-d petioles which arc dihitrd ami claspinr/ at the base, or di- 
 rectly sessile by a heart-shaped Ijase ; invohure obovoid. (A. diversif()liu3, 
 Michx.) — Dry copses: common. 
 
 ■i- ■*- Leans conspicuously serrate: heads small : rays pale blw or nearly white. 
 
 1.'). A. COrdif61iuS, L. Stem much hnwKhvil above, the sprradiny or di- 
 venjimj branches beariny very num-rons pnnicled hca-ls ; lower leaves nil heart- 
 shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliatc petioles ; scales of the inversily coni- 
 cal involucre all appra^srd and tipped with short ip-een fwints, dttuse or acntish. — 
 Woodlands: very cominon. — Varies with the stem and leaves cither smooth, 
 rougiiish, or sonivtiin s hairy. Heads profuse, but (piite small. 
 
 IG. A. sagittifblius, Willd. Stem rigid, crec. with nscendiny branch's 
 beurinij numerous raccwosi- hnuls; leaves ovate-lanceolate, jiointed ; the lower 
 hcart-bhaijed at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear. 
 
232 COMl'OSlTvE. (cOJIPOSITIi FAMILY.) 
 
 pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped 
 
 slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Kentueky and 
 
 nortlnvard. — Usually more or less hairy or downy ; the heads rather lar<,^er 
 
 than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., whieh probal)ly 
 
 grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is a downy-leaved variety of this. 
 
 * ♦ * ♦ Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid, 
 
 entire: involucre imbricated in several rows: the coriaceous scales appressed and 
 
 whitish lit the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herlxjceous tips : heads 
 
 stnall and i-enj numerous, paniculate-racemose ; rai/s white. 
 
 17. A. erieoides, L. Smuothor sparingly hninj {\° -\^° Wv^hj ; tlie sim- 
 ple branchk'ts or peduueles racemose along the upper side of rlie wand-like 
 spreading branches; lowest leaves obloiig-spatulate, sometimes tootliL-d ; the ul hers 
 linear-lanctolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre 
 broadest at the base, with acute or awl-sluipal green tips, — Var. vill6sus is a 
 luiiry form, often with broader leaves ; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry 
 open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and soiuliward. 
 
 18. A. multiflbl'US, Ait. I'ale or koarg with minute close pubescence (1° 
 high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading 
 racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar- 
 gins, the upper somewhat dilated and purtlg clasping at the base ; scales of the in- 
 volucre with spalulatc spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer 
 obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil : common. 
 
 ***** Leaves none of them lieart-shaped ; those of the stem tapering at the b'ise, 
 sessile ; involucre imbricated ; the scales tmequal, with short and narrow up- 
 pressed or rather loose greenish tips: lauds small or middU-sized : raijs ivhite or 
 bluish-purple. 
 
 H- Heads stnall. (Involucre 2" -4" long.) 
 19- A. dum6sus, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the 
 scattered heads mostly solilarij at the end of the spreading branchlets ;. leaves linear 
 or the upper ol)long, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; 
 scales of the closdg imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4 - 6 rows. — 
 Thickets: common. — Available species, 1°-. 3° high, loosely branched, with 
 small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely conical or bell-shaped invo- 
 lucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale 
 purple or bliu\ lar!_''er tlian in the next. Runs into several peculiar forms. 
 
 20. A. Tradescanti, L. Smooth or smcothish : the nunvrons heads closely 
 racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves 
 lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larircr ones remotely serrate in the middle with 
 fine sh.'irp teeth ; scales of the inrohirrp narrowly linear, arute or acullsh, in .3 or 4 
 rows. — Var. frAoii.is has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest, 
 the heads more scattered. — Moist banks : very common. — Stems 2° - 4° 
 high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or 
 nearly so. 
 
 21. A. miser, L., Ait. More or If ss hairy, much hTi\nchL'i\ ; the brunches 
 usually divcri^ing, bearing racemose often srallerrd heads; leaves lanceobite or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, bharply serrate in the middle • 
 
COMrOSIT.E. (COMI'OSITK FAMILY.) 233 
 
 scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imlH-iciitcd in 3 or 4 rows. — 
 Thickets, Helds, &c. : very common, and c.xtcn.sivcly variahle. — Leaves larj^cr 
 than in either of the precedin;; (^' -.')') ; tiie involucre intermediate between 
 tlicni, as to the forn.\ of tiie scales. Kays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or 
 white. 
 
 H- H- I/,a<ls mul.lli-sizrd. (Incolucre 3" - .')" /o»</.) 
 
 22. A. simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° - 6° high), much 
 branched; t\n: brumhi a and scattered heads somewhat corifmhose at the summit; 
 Uai-es lanceolate, pointed, the louxr serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-aui-shaped, 
 looselj and sjxirinyli/ imbricated. — Shady moist banks : common. — Rays pale. 
 Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. 
 
 23. A. tenuifblius, L. Nearly smooth; stem much branched (2° -3° 
 high); the heads sumewluit i)aiiicled or raeemcd ; leaves narrowli/ lanceolate, 
 tapering into a lomj slender point (2'- 6' long), with rough margins, the lower some- 
 what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-shaped, 
 verij slender-pointed, numerous, closelij imbricuted. — Low grounds. New York to 
 Wisconsin, and .southward. Kays short and narrow, ])ale purple or whitish. 
 
 24. A. CarneUS, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent; 
 leaves lanciolute, somewhat pointed, or the upjier short and partly clasping; 
 heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of the obovate in- 
 volucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricuted. — Moist soil : common. Leaves 
 firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Kays rather large, bluish, purplish, 
 violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older 
 names will be found and verified for this and No. 22, which here cover a multi- 
 tude of forms. A muta'bilis, L., is probably one of them. 
 
 » « jK * * * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or bss rldspliH/ : scales of the hemi- 
 sjiherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somew/iut ecjual, ivith herba- 
 ceous tips, or the outer often entirety herbaceous: heads middle-sized or large: 
 rays blue or pur/ile. (The species of this group are still perplexing.) 
 
 2.5. A. SestiVUS, Ait. Stem slender, roui/h, bushy-branched ; leaves nar- 
 rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough nuirgins; heads 
 corymbose, loose ; scales of the involucre linear, loose ; rays large, apparently light 
 blue. (A. laxifblius, Nees.) — Var. L.KTiFL6nus has very slender branches 
 and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. — 
 Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. — Heads about as large 
 as in A. puniccus, in some forms ap])earing more like A. carueus. Leaves 4'- 
 7' long, \' to i' wide. 
 
 2G. A. Novi-B61gii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tajiering to each end ; 
 scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with bro<idi.th acute herbaceous tips; 
 rays j)ale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wilil state. 
 The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 24 and No. 27. — Heads 
 smaller and less ^liowy tiian in the next. 
 
 27. A. lougif61iuS, Lam. Smmith or nearly so ; stem branclicd, corym- 
 bose-panicled at the summit; /((fCLs/dHfro/f/^'or //;(«;»-, or the lower ovate-lanceo- 
 late, entire or sparinglv serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above; scales 
 L & M— 30 
 
234 coMPOsiTJE. (composite family.) 
 
 of the inrolucrc ImhiicnUd in 3 - 5 roirs, linear, icith acute or atcI-sJiaprd spreading 
 or recurved green tips ; rays larj^c juul niunerous, bright purplisli-blue. — Moist 
 places, along streams, &c. : eoiinnoii eastward. — riant l°-5" high, with large 
 and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiforia 
 varieties inchiding A. thyrsiHorus, Ilojfin., A. jaxus, Willd. (a form wiih more 
 leafy involucres), A. jinualtus, Poir., A. elodes, Tvrr. cj- Cr. : also A. salicifolius, 
 Scholler, the oldest name of all. 
 
 28. A. punieeus, L. Stem tall and stout, rom/h-hiiiri/ all over or in lines, 
 Msually purple below, panicled above; leures olilong-lanccolate, claapiug lii/ an uuri- 
 cLd liiise, spuriuijlji serrate in tiie middle ivith nppress<d teeth, rough above, nearly 
 smooth luiderneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose, 
 egiuil, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in 
 shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, in 
 open grounds rough with ri<;id bristly hairs. 
 
 Van vimineus (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through- 
 out; growing in shade. 
 
 29. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. 5'^r?m /off (I°-.'}°high), corymbosc-paui- 
 cled, hairi) ahore in lin<s; leaves rough aliove, very snimlh undirnialli, ovalc-lunceolute, 
 sharply mt-tootlied in the middle, conspicuously taper-jminted, and tapering below in a 
 long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly ddated into an auricled-heurt-shaped 
 clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-spreading 
 tips; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York to Wisconsin, and 
 southwards to Virginia. 
 
 ******* Leaves entire, those of the stem sessile, the base often clasping: heads 
 solitary terminating tlie branches or somewhat corymbed, showy: scales of the invo- 
 lucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly fuliaceous tij>s, 
 usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, ij-c. 
 
 ■*- Inrnlnrre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks. 
 
 30. A. grandiflbrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender, 
 loosely mucii branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (i'-l' long), oblong- 
 linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical 
 squarrosc many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (I' long); achcuia hairy. 
 — Dry open ]>laccs, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy. 
 
 31. A. oblongifblius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberutent, much branched 
 above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (l°-2'' high) ; leaves narrowl y oblong or lancer 
 olate, mucronate-pointcd, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2' long by 2" -5" wide) ; 
 scales of the involucre broadly linear, appresscd at the base; rays violet-purple; 
 achcuia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn.sylvania (Huntingdon County, 
 Prof. Porter !) and Virginia to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and westward. — Heads 
 miildlc-sizcd or smaller. 
 
 32. A. amethystinus, Xutt. Taller than the foregoing (2° -.5° high), 
 more ui)right, witli more hirsute and not at all glandular or viscid pubescence ; 
 heads more racemose on the branches and smaller; involucre only about 3" in 
 diameter, the tips of the scales less s))reading ; rays light clear blue. — ^ Moist 
 grounds, Massachusetts (near Salem, Cambridge, &e., Nuttall, Dr. liobbins, &.c. : 
 Amherst (Prof. TucLcrman), Illinois (f. Hall), and Wisconsin. 
 
COMI'OSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 23J 
 
 ■*- ■*- Im-o'urre of many fen/ .shtultr rqiial smlrs npprnriug like n single row. 
 3.^. A. Novae-AngliaB, L. .SVrw k/ok/, /lu//// (3°-8° higli), conmbed at 
 the smnniit ; hunx n rj uiiimrviis, lannolotc, mlire, acute, aiiriatlate-rlas/un;/, clol/ud 
 with minittejmbescence ; scuks oj't/ie inrolucre lineuf-aul-s/tupcd, loose, (jUindulur-viscid, 
 as well as the branchlcts ; rays violct-purplc, in var. kosels rosc-purpic (A. 
 losL'us, Desf), very numerous; aciienin hairy. — Moist grounds: eoninion. — 
 Heads larj;e, corynibcd. Var. > witii white rays, Carroll Co., 111., //. ^/limtr. 
 **#****# ILads, Sj-c, as in tlir prrredinr/ group ; hut foliage as in ♦ » ♦. 
 
 34. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubeseent; stems slender 
 (2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branehcd above; leaves ovate or ovatc-lanec- 
 olatc, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper 
 small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in 
 several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achcnia smooth. — 
 Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Mis.souri, near St. Louis), Engelinann. — Heads 
 as large as those of No. 31 : rays violet-purple. 
 
 §4. OKITROl'HIUM, Kuntli. Scales of the inrolucre narrow, nearly equal and 
 almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous: pappus ofsojl and uniform capil- 
 lary bristles: mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads. 
 
 35. A. graminifdlius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6'- 12' high); 
 leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked 
 peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. — North- 
 ern borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward. 
 
 § 5. OllTHOMERIS, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, 
 unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitute of herba- 
 ceous tips: jHipptts of soft and unequal capillary bristles. 
 
 36. A. acuminatUS, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) 
 simple, zigzatr, paiiiiled-corymbosc at the sunnnit ; peduncles slender ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire 
 at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, 
 pointed, thin (3"- 5" long) ; heads fcw or several ; rays 12-18, white, or slightly 
 purple. — Cool rich woods : common northward and southward along the Alle- 
 ghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White 
 Mountains of New Hampshire. 
 
 37. A. nemor^lis, Ait. Minutely roughisli-pubescent ; stem slender, 
 simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leares small (!'- 
 li' long), rather rigid, lameohtte, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the 
 inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into 
 awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New 
 Jersey to Maiui- along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of 
 New Hampshire; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept. 
 
 38. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- 
 tered (6'- l.")' high), simple; /coirs linear-lanceolnte, acute, rigid, entiw, tapering 
 to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a 
 flat corymb ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short ; rays white 
 (2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to lUiuois and Wisconsin along the 
 Great Lakes, and northward. Aug. 
 
236 coMPosiT.iL. . (composite family.) 
 
 § 6. OXYTRIPOLIUM, DC. Scales of the involucre hnhricaied, without herha- 
 rroKS ti/)s, iiaiuilli/ rcry acute, the outer passing into scale-like brads : pappus sojl 
 ami cajtHhn If : aihenla striate. 
 
 39. A. flexu6sus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (O"- 20' hi|,^h) ; the 
 branches bearing/ lan/e avlitdri/ heads ; leaves linear, thick aiul Jlcshy, j)oiiitcd, entire, 
 seales of the hell-shaped involucre imbricated in many roivs, ovate-hxneeolatc with 
 awl-shaped points; ruifs numerous, lanje, pale purjile. — Salt marshes on the 
 coast, Maine to Viriijinia. Sept. 
 
 40. A. Iinif61ius, L. Annual; stem iiuk-1i In-anchcd (G'-24' higli), the 
 branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 pointed, entire, flat, on the branehcs awl-shaped ; seales of the oblong involucre 
 linear-aivl-shnped, in feiv rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be- 
 yond the disk-, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, 
 Michx.) Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 41. A. angustus, Torr. & Gr. (Tripolinm angustum, Z/«f//. T. frondo- 
 sum, Nutt. Also in Siberia, Conyza Altiiica, DC, and Brachyactis ciliata, 
 Ledtb.) An annual species related to the last, but with broader leaves, very 
 many minute rays, and more copious pappus : comes from the northwest to near 
 the borders of Wisconsin. 
 
 14. ERIGERON, L. Fleabaxe. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hcmisj)herical ; the narrow rays 
 very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and 
 little imbricated. Keceptaclc flat or convex, naked. Achenia flattened, usually 
 pubescent and 2-ncrved. Tappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter 
 ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or ehaff'y 
 scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary 
 or corymbed heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from vp? spring, 
 and ytpav, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of the ver- 
 nal species.) 
 
 § 1. C^NOTUS, Nutt. Rays inconspicuous, in sevei-al rows, scarcely longer than 
 the pappus: pappus simple: chiefly annuals and bienniids. 
 
 1. E. Canad^nse, L. (House-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy; 
 stem erect, wand-like (3° -5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire ; those from the 
 root cut-lobed ; /iea(/s very numerous and small, cylindrical, paH/c/<rf. — Waste 
 places; a common weed, now widely ditiPused over the world. July -Oct. — 
 Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. (Nat. in En. &e.) 
 
 2. E. divarieatum, Michx. Dijfuse and decumbent (3' - G' hi<:h) ; leaves 
 linear or awl-shaped ; heads loosely coi-ymbed ; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1. — 
 Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 3. E. acre, L. Sparsely hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (10' -20' high) ; 
 leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulatc-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather 
 numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemisidicrical (4'' -5" 
 long) ; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pap- 
 pus. — Shores of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, Prof. Porter, &.C.), and northwest- 
 ward. (Eu.) 
 
CO.MPOSIT.E. (cOJirOSlTE FAMII.V.) 237 
 
 § 2. EUERf GERON, Torr. & Gr. lini/s elonqnted, crowded in one. or more rows: 
 ixi/i/iiis siiii/>/<!. (Erect ficrennkih : heitds somewliat cori/mhrd, middle-sized.) 
 
 4. E. bellidifblium, Muhl. (Kohin's Plantain.) Hairy, proditrimj 
 offsrts from tin- Ikisc : stiiii sini/ile, rather U(dc<d uiure, Itcariiig low (1-9) lar<;c 
 heads oii .slciulcr iieiliincle.s, root-leaves ohovate ami spatulate, sparingly toothed ; 
 those of the stem distant, huiceolateoblong, i)aitly elas])ing, entire ; rnija (ulioiit 
 50) rather hroud, liijht hluixh-jmriile. — Copses and moist hanks : common. May. 
 
 5. E. Pllilad61phiGU.m, L. (Co.m.mon Fleabane.) Hairy; stem fea/i/, 
 corymhed, hearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob- 
 long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the 
 lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh- 
 color. (E. purphreum, Ait.) — Moist ground : common. June -Aug. 
 
 § 3. STENACTIS, Cass. Outermost bristles of the pappus short and minute, or 
 ratlur chiij/'j/, forming an external series: otherwise as § 2. 
 G. E. glab^llum, Nutt. Stem (6'- 15' high) stout, hairy al>ove, the 
 leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the 
 margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or 
 partly clasping, the lower s])atulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple) 
 more than twice the length of the hoary-hisj)id involucre. — Plains N. Wiscon- 
 sin, and westward. June. 
 
 § 4. PHALACROL^MA, Cass. Bays numerous, but nearly in a single row, con' 
 sjn'cuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chajfy-hristle-fortn 
 scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which arc deciduous, or entirely 
 wantinfj in the ray : annuals and biennials. 
 
 7. E. ^nnuum, Pcrs. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem 
 stout (.'}°-5° high), branched, l)eset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and 
 sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upiwr 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, 
 tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E. hetcro- 
 phyllum, Afuhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places : a very com- 
 mon weed. June -Aug. (Nat. in En.) 
 
 8. E. Strigbsum, Arnhl. (Daisy Fleab.^ne.) Stem panicled-corym- 
 bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost 
 smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest ob- 
 long or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length 
 of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifulium, Blgel.) — Fields, &c. : com- 
 mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller 
 heads but longer rays. — Var. DiscofDEUM, RdJnus, has the rays minute, 
 scarcely exceeding the invohicre. — Uxbrid;re, Massachusetts, and adjacent parts 
 of Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. RMiins. 
 
 § 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. Rays about 30, in a single row, rather 
 broad: pappus simple : achenia mosdy Anerved : root ptrenniid. 
 
 9. E. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the root, 
 oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender ( 1° -2° high), bearing 5-12 small 
 corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Micluc, Aster veriius, L.) — Low 
 grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 
 
238 coMrosiT.E. (compositf. family.) 
 
 15. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cciss. Double-bristled Aster. 
 
 Ikiuls nuiiiy-flowcrcd, railiatc ; tlic rays 8-12, i)istillatc. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre imbricated, appicsised, narrow, 1-iierved or keeled, destitute of lierbuceous 
 tips. Ixeeeptaclc tlat, alveolate. Acliciiia Hattish. rapi)us double ; the outer 
 of very short and small stifi' bri-stle.s, the inner of capillary bristles as long as 
 tlie disk<orolla. — Tcrennials with corymbose or sini])le heads : disk-flowers 
 vcUow ; rays white or violet. (Name coniposed of StTrXooy, doublef^id nuTTTros, 
 piifj/ius, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)^ 
 § 1. Rays violet, showy: head solilari/, pretty large: involucre much imhricaled : 
 achniia silky : bristles of the inner jiapjms all alike. 
 
 1. D. Iinariif61ius, Hook. Stems (6'- 20' high) several from the same 
 woody root, iuu.-.tly siiii|)le, very leafy ; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 
 l-nerved, smooth, rough-margined. — Dry soil : common. Sept., Oct. 
 
 § 2. Bays white: heads small, corymhfd : inrolnrre shorter than the disk, imhricaUd 
 in about 3 rows: acheniu smooth i sh : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some 
 of them thickened at the tip : leaves ralhi-r large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, 
 entire. 
 
 2. D. umbell^tus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high); 
 leaves lanc(olate, elonijutid, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -C long); 
 heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; scales of the involucre rather 
 close, obtusish. — Moist thickets: common, especially northward. Aug. 
 
 3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ; 
 leaves ovate-la nreolale, aruie, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- 
 cre loose, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Pcnn., and southward. Aug. — 
 Too near the last ; but lower, rougher, and with broader and shortir leaves. 
 
 4. D. COrnifdliUS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few 
 heads on direrqent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed 
 at both ends, ciliatc, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa- 
 chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July -Sept. 
 
 16. BOLTONIA, L'llcr. Boltoxia. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
 hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow 
 memhranaceons margins. Rcccj)tacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Aelie- 
 nia very flat, obovatc or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, 
 or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a ])a])pus of sbveral minute bristles and 
 tisnally 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial aiul bushy -branched smooth herbs, ])ale 
 green, with the aspect of Aster: the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned 
 edgewise. Flowers autumnal : disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedicated 
 to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.) 
 * Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed. 
 
 1. B. asteroides, L'lkr. Leaves lanceolate ; achcnia broadly oval ; pap- 
 pus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams, renn- 
 sylvania (Bartram), and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — Plant 
 usually 6° high. 
 
COMI'OSIT^. (composite FAMILY.) 239 
 
 2. B. glastif61ia, L'llcr. Leaves lanceolate, ascendirif; ; achenia obovate, 
 l)r()a(lly wiii-fil ; ])ai>|iiis of several short bristles and 2 or 3 short awns. — Kiih 
 soil, reiiiisvlvania to Illinois and soutiiward. Sept., Oet. — Plant 2° -4° hit;h. 
 
 * * IIhii/s swtill, fHtniclcd on ihe slrm/rr lirdncJws. 
 
 3. B. dijRTtlsa, L'lli-r. Stem ditiusely I)ranthcd ; leaves lance-linear, those 
 on tlic liraiK lilcts very small and awl-sliaprd ; pajipns of several very short bris- 
 tles and 2 sliort awns. — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois ( Vascif), and southwest- 
 ward. AiJg. - Oct. 
 
 17. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays nnmerons, pistillate. Scales of the 
 involucre lierl)aceous, etpial, in about 2 rows. Heceptacle conical, naked. Ache- 
 nia obovate, flattened, winjiless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but 
 onr sinjilc species natives of the Old World), cither stemless, like the true Daisy, 
 B. j>erennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from 
 lieUiis, pretty.) 
 
 1. B. integrifdlia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Annual or biennial, 
 diffu.sely bram lied (4' -9' high), snioothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the 
 lower spatulatc-obovatc ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. — 
 Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March- June. 
 
 18. BRACHYCHiETA, Ton-. & Gr. False Golden-rod. 
 
 Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidag«, except the pappus, which is a row 
 of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, 
 with rounded or ovate serrate leiwes, all the htm- ones heml-sluiped ; the small 
 yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or sjaked on the branches. (Name com- 
 posed of ^pap^ilf, shorl, and X"""'?' (>''istle, from the pappus.) 
 
 1. B. cord^ta, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Slio)-t.) Wooded hills, 
 E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2<'-4° high, slender, more or less 
 pubescent. 
 
 19. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. 
 
 Heads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the 
 oblong involucre ajjprcssed, destitute of heri)aceous tips (except No. 1 ). Recep- 
 tacle small, not cliafly. Achenia many-riipbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple, 
 of equal capillary bristles. ^Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and 
 nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clus- 
 tered : flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from so- 
 lulo, to join, or make whole, in alln-^^ion to reputed vulnerary (jualities.) Flow- 
 ering in autumn. 
 
 § 1. CHUYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the much imhHcattd and rigid 
 
 inrohicrc with alnuptli) sprmdini/ hnliacrous tips : heads in c/nstrrs or (jlomcrate 
 
 racemes, disjiosed in a dense somtichat Ua/i/ and intcrrufilid iraud-lih eumjmind 
 
 spilce. 
 
 L S. squarrbsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2°-.')0 high), hairy above; leaves 
 
 large, oblong, or the lower spatulutc-oval and tapering into a luurgincd petiole. 
 
240 comi'OsityE. (composite family.) 
 
 serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12- 16. — Rocky and wooded 
 hills, Maine and W. Vermont to renn.sylvania, and the mountains of Virginia : 
 rather rare. 
 
 §2. VIllGAiniEA, Toiirn. Soilis of the involucre destitiUe of herlxtceous tiys: 
 rai/.i moAtly fewer than the disL-Jioweis : /leads dl more or hss pedict-lled. 
 * III (ids clustered in the axils of the ftutlier-veintd leaves. 
 2. S. bicolor, L. Uoarjj or (jrnylsh with soft, hairs ; stem mostly simple ; 
 leaves obloii"- or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval ami 
 tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; cinders or short racemes Jiom the axils of 
 the upper /taws, forming an interrujjted spike or crowded panicle; rai/s small, 
 cream-color or jiearli/ white. — Var. concolok has the rat/s yellow. — Dry copses 
 and hanks : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 
 f^.i^a^ ■"'-''' C^- ^- latif61ia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or 
 ^i^^^-- ''paniculate-branched (l°-30 high) ; leaves broadly orate or oval, very strongly and 
 sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long) ; heads in very 
 short axillary clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. — 
 Moist shaded banks : common northward, and along the mountains. 
 
 4. S. Cii&sia, h. Smooth ; stein terete, mostly glaucous, at length much 
 branched and diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or ohlong-lanceolatc, serrate, pointed, 
 sessile ; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-paniclcd on the 
 branches. — Moist rich woodlands : common. 
 
 * * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and 
 
 panided, not one-sided : leaves father-veined. (Not maritime.) 
 
 1- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost. 
 
 5. S. virgkta, Michx. ^'<■ry smooth throw^hout; .stem strict and simple, wand- 
 like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-ob- 
 long thickish leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the 
 lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme ; 
 rays .'3-7. — Diimp pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 
 
 6. S. puberula, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and pan- 
 icle minutely hoary ; s/em-leares lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, snioothish ; the 
 lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very numerous and crowded 
 in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or ])yramidal {xinicle ; 
 scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, 
 Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 
 
 7. S. striata, Ait. Very smooth throughout; • stem simple, strict (2° -3° 
 high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly 
 sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much 
 crowded and ai)pre.^sed in a di-nse wand-like panicle; scales of the involucre linear- 
 oblong, obtuse; rays .5-0, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wis- 
 consin, and northward. Ituut-kuvcs G' - 10' long. Plowers earlier than most 
 species, beginning in July. 
 
 -1- H- J/uiils rather large, at hast Jar the size of the plant. 
 
 8. S. Speci6sa, Nutt. Stem slout (.'3° -0° high), smooth; leaves thickish, 
 smooth with rougli margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- 
 lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat 
 
COMrOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FA^IH.Y.) 211 
 
 crowded in numerous erect rnremos, forminrj an amjiJc pi/rnnn'dal or lln/rsi/orm pan- 
 iclc ; peduncles and ])ediccls roM;;li-hiiiry ; scales of the cylindrical involucre 
 oblong, olitiise ; rays about 5, large. — Var. angi:st.\ta is a dwarl Ibrin, witli 
 the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. 
 — Copses, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A very handsome species; 
 the lower leaves 4'-G' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. 
 
 9. S. petiol^ris, Ait. MinHtely himrij or downij ; stem strict, simple, (1°- 
 :\° higii) ; harts smull (.}'-2' long), omil or oUomj, mucronatc, veiny, rough-ciiio- 
 late ; the ni)per entire and nhntptly vera siml-pdiohcl, the lower often serrate and 
 tapering to the base; heads ftw, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender 
 bracted pedicels ; rays about 10, elongated : scales of the piihescent involucre 
 lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer ones loose and spreading, 7nore or /ess 
 foliuceous, — especially in var. SQUARnuL6sA, Torr. & Gr. — S. W. Illinois 
 (Dr. Kiujdiiirtnii), and southward. — The name is misleading, as the leaves are 
 hardly pctioicd. 
 
 10. S. Virga-atirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6'- 18' 
 high) and simple ; leitces lanceolate or oldanceolatr, or the lowest spatulute or Miptical- 
 oliovute and jietioled, serrate with small appresse.d te(th or nearly entire ; racemes 
 thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute; 
 rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- 
 ern regions ; jjcrhaps including several. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large 
 lieads (.3" -4'' long, becoming smaller as tliey increase in number) ; leaves thick- 
 ish, mostly smooth; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays 
 about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and 
 New York; and shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Var. htimilis. Low (6'- 12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numer- 
 ous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &e., arc mostly 
 somewhat glutinous; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short; leaves 
 varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate. 
 (8. humiHs, Pursh, Torr. <f- Gr.) — Itocky banks, W. Vermont, and along the 
 Great Lakes northward. Also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, 
 I'cnn., Prof. Porter! Great Falls of the Potomac, Virginia, Dr. Pol)l)ins.' — At 
 the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of 
 streams, occurs a form, with the minutely pubescent stout stem I°-2° hi;;h, the 
 leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound 
 raceme ; the rays occasionall}' almost white. 
 
 11. S. thyrsoidea, E.Meyer. Stem stout (l°--l° hvj^h),vand-liLr,imWs- 
 cent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, inrrjularli/ and coarsely serrate 
 viih sharp salient teeth, laryc ( t'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly con- 
 tracted hnolonrj and uianiined petioles ; heads lanjc (.")"- 6" long), niany-flowercd, 
 crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted ])anicle (2'- 18' long) ; 
 scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8- 
 10, elongated ; aehenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, /'"/Ji/i. S. leiocarpa, Z>C'.) — 
 Wooded sides of niountaius, N. Maine to New York (houth to the CatskiUs), 
 shore of Lake Superior, and northward. — Very near an European form of S. 
 Virca-uurea. 
 
 <; M-n 
 
 ^ 
 
242 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 
 
 » » * Heads in a componml cori/nib terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose: 
 Uuris mostljj Willi a sirorij midrib. 
 
 12. S. ri^ida, L. Row/h and someu-hat hoeni/ with a minute pubescence; 
 Btcm stout (."J" -5° high), very leafy; coiynib dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi- 
 ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, 
 slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, about 34-flo\vered ; the rays 
 7-10.— Dry soil, Connecticut to N. Wisconsin and southward. 
 
 13. S. Ohioensis, Hiddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, 
 slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-laiweolate, Jlut, entire, obscurely 
 fciitiier-veined, closely sessile ; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly 
 serrate towi.rds the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous, 
 on smooth pedicels, small, 16 -2()-tiowercd ; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows 
 or jn-airies, W. jS'cw York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Koot-leaves 1° long; the 
 upi>er reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest. 
 
 ■ 14. S. Rlddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout {2° -4° high), mi/ /m^, the 
 branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-])ubescent ; leaves linear-lance- 
 olate, eloni/att.d (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, rowrfw/Vi- 
 late and mostli/ recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long 
 keeled petioie, obscurely 3-nervcd; heads ve^i »iHmc)oi/s, clustered, 20-24-flow- 
 crcd ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. — 
 Heads larger than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly 
 sheathing at the base, then gradually rccurved-spreading. 
 
 15. S. Hought6nii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rathei- low and slender 
 (l°-2° higii) ; leaves scattered, hnmr-kmceolate, acutish,Jlat, entire, tapering into 
 a narrowed slightly elas|Hng base, or the lower into margined petioles ; heads 
 few or several, 2u - 30-fiowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan ; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Swamps at West Bergen, Gen- 
 esee Co., New \ork, J. A. Paine, &c. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined, 
 2' - 5' long, 2" -4'' wide, 1-ncrved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above ; veins 
 obscure. Heads large, nearly ^' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. 
 
 * * * * Heads in one-sidi d more or less spreiidine) or recurved racemes : leaves veiny, 
 
 not 3-ril)lied, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved. 
 •»- Leaves thirkish, very smooth, entire, tlongated, obscurely ixiny : heads rather larrje. 
 
 16. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (l°-6° high) ; leaves fle-liy, 
 lanceolate, sliglitlv clasiting, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely 
 triple-ncnx'd ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Vai'ics, in le-s 
 brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, taj>ering to 
 each end, and more erect racemes in a narroAver panicle. — Salt marshes, or 
 rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy : the golden rays 8-10. 
 
 ■*- H- leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely sll(jhlly tri/ile- 
 vrrvrd: heads middle-sized. 
 
 17. S. eHiptica, Alt. Smooth; stem stout {\° -3° hv^h), very leafy ; leaves 
 elliptical or ohlunij-bninoldle, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, 
 strongly veined, ihich, smooth both sides, shinimj abm-e ; heads in dense sjnrad in ij ra- 
 cemes which are crowelid in a close pyramidal panicle ; jK'iUinclcs aiid achunia stri- 
 gose-j)ubescent. — Swaui]is (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to New Jer- 
 sey and southward. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the rays 8-12. 
 
COMPOSIT/E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 2 I'J 
 
 1 8. S. negl6cta, Torr. & Gniy. Smooth ; stem stout (2° - 3° high) ; hares 
 tlii(kisli, .■iiiiuDtJt Ijolk sales, ojiuque ; the upper oblong-lanccoliite, mostly acute ami 
 neiirly cmire; tlie luwer orat^-lauceohite or ohloiifj, sliarply serrate, tapcrin<r into a 
 petiole ; raremes short aiid dense, at letii/th spreudiiuf, di'<i)0>cd in an elon^attd or 
 pyraniiilal dose panicle; peduncles and aclienia nearly glabrous. — 5>wamns, 
 Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes at 
 first erect and scarcely one-sided. 
 
 19. S. p^tula, Muhl. Stem stronr/h/ anyh'd, smooth (S^-S* high); Uareji 
 (4' -8' long) nriitc, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and celni/ uudenieath, but the 
 upper surfttce verij rofiijh , \\\iG s\\n\xYQii\\ ; racemes rather short and numerous on 
 the spreading branches. — Swamps : common. 
 
 20. S. argilta, Ait. Smooth throw/hoid {\°-i° high); radical and lower 
 stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharpli/ seirate with spreading teeth, pointed, 
 tapering into winged and ciliatc j)etioles ; llie others lanceolate or olilonr/, slightly 
 triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at 
 leiiijlh iloiKjatrd and recurved, formiiKj a crowded and flat coripnh-llke }>anlcle: rays 
 8-12, smidl. — Var. 1. jvxcka has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all 
 the upper entire. — Var. 2. scAi!Kiii,i,.\ is .somewhat roughish-])ubeseent (Wis- 
 consin, &c.). — Copses and banks : common, especially the first variety. — Well 
 distinguished by its long or droo])ing racemes, and the closely appressed rigid 
 scales of the involucre, siii;ill rays, i*^c,. But the name is a bad one, as eveu 
 the root-leaves are seldom much tootlied. 
 
 21. S. Muhlenb6l'gii, Torr. & tJr. Smooth; stem am/led; leaves (large 
 and thin) orate, ami the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser- 
 rate, pointed at both tnds, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pidiesccnt, 
 spreadinf/, dis/iosed in an elon(/atid open ]Kinirle ; rays 6-7, lanje. — Copses and 
 moist woods. New Hampshire to Tenn. — llicemes much shorter and looser 
 than in the last ; the iuvolncral scales thin and more slender. 
 
 22. S. linoldes, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' - 20' high) ; 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narnnved at the base, the 
 lower tapering into margined ciliatc jjctioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes 
 short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided i)anicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small 
 and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — IBogs, New England (near Boston and Provi- 
 dence), to the j)ine barrens of New Jersey. 
 
 ■*-■*-■*- Lku-ix hroad, not large, sessile or short -pet ioled, coarsely and sharply serrate, 
 co])ie)u<lii fiather-velned and conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays shod. 
 
 23. S. altissima, L. Rouyh-hairy, especially the stem (2' -7' high) ; leaves 
 ovate-lane-eolate, ellipticed or olilony, often thiclcish and very ruyose ; racemes panided, 
 spreading; scales of the involucre linear; rays 6-9; the disk-flowers 4-7. — 
 Borders of fields ami copses : very common, jiresenting a great variety of forms : 
 but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest 
 of the common G'o'elen-reiels. It flowers early. Aug. - Se])t. 
 
 24. S. Ulmifblia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, 
 elllptieal-orate iir eJ,li,nyleinfio!<ite, pointed, lapniny to the- Inise, loo,sely veined, be- 
 set with soft hairs beneath; racemes panieled, recurved-spreading ; scales of 
 the involucre laneeolnte-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low eop.ses : common. — Too 
 near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem .tikI thin larger leaves. 
 
244 coMPOsiTi'E. (composite family.) 
 
 25. S. Drummdndii, Torr. vt Gr. Stem (1°-.'J° hiuli) and lower surface 
 of the hriMullij onite or ornl somewhat tn/ile-ribbed leaves mimilelj/ relreti/-/>ub( scent, 
 soino of the leaves almost entire; nueiiies panicled, short; scales of the in- 
 volucre ohiong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Hocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and 
 southwestward. 
 
 ^- -I- H- -t- Leaves entire or nenr/i/ so, thirkish, reticttlate-vn'ni/, lint the veins obscure. 
 
 26. S. pilbsa, Walt. Stem stunt, uiiriyhl {:i° -7° h\ij;\\), clothed with spread- 
 ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lunceolate, rouyhish, hairy 
 lieneuth, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong 
 and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram- 
 idal panicle ; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of jS'ew Jer- 
 sey to \'ir;jinia, and southward. 
 
 •r,. S. odbra, Ait. (Swket Goldkn-hod.) .S'moo^/i or nearly so through- 
 out; stem slender (2° -3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lauccolate, entire, shin- 
 ing, jiellucid-ilotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3-4, 
 rather larire. —Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to 
 Kentucky and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor. 
 Bnt an occasional form, var. ixodOua, is nearly scentless. 
 
 -t- -1- f- -I- H- Leaves more or less rjrayish or hoary, thicklsh, feather-veined and 
 sliiihthj triple-ne.rvid, obscurehf serrate or entire; heads middle-sized. 
 
 28. S. nemoralis. Ait. Ciothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft 
 or roughish) puhesrence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (^°-2j° 
 high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate- 
 toothcd and tapering into a petiole; racemes nnmerous, dense, at length re- 
 curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is 
 usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, oppressed ; 
 rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields: very common. — Flowers very bright }'ellow, 
 beginning early in Aug. 
 
 29. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovatc-spatulate leaves rigid 
 and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, 
 rigid ; rays 3 - 6 : otherwise nearly as in S. nemoralis, of which it is most 
 probably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, Western Illinois and south- 
 westward. 
 
 ***** Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample 
 
 panicle ; leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed. 
 
 -t- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, and with somewhat 
 
 greenish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining. 
 
 30. S. Shoi'tii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-30 high), mi- 
 nutely rougliisii-]iubesc-cnt ; leaves oUong-lancolate, acute, the lower sharply 
 serrate above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a 
 crowded panicle; achenia .silky-pubescent. — Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. 
 — A handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow. 
 
 31. S. Missouri6nsis, Nurt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; leares 
 lincar-lanc(olale, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with 
 very rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded 
 racemes nearly as in No. 20 ; arJunla nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wis- 
 consin and Illinois southward and westward. — Heads l-^"-2" long. 
 
COMPOSITE.. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 24') 
 
 •*- ■*- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous: racemes mostly elon- 
 gated and nnmeroHS, fonnimj a crowded amjite juinicle. (Tlicse all jjivsent in- 
 tcnnctliati' i'urins, and .should ratlier he ivjjarded as one jwlymorphous 
 species.) 
 
 32. S. rup6stris, Kaf. 5/t/« smooth and slender (2° -.3° high); lcai:es 
 linear-lancioldte, ttijierinc] to both ends, smooth and (//uhrous, entire or nearly so ; 
 panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Kocky river-hanks, Kcu- 
 tueky and Indiana. 
 
 33. S. Canadensis, L. Stem roii<jh-huiry, taW and stout (3° -6° liigh) ; 
 leaves lanaolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less 
 pubescent beneath and rouijh above ; heads small ; rays vtry short. — Boiders of 
 thickets and Hclds : very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairi- 
 ness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear- 
 lanceolate ; — in var. procek.v, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. scXiuja 
 also very rough above, often entire, and rngo.se-veincd. 
 
 K/ 34. S. serotina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tail and stout (4° -8° higli), often 
 
 ^^^ glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, ronghish above, smooth ereejit the veins 
 ""^•y^^juiuiderneath, ichich are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low grounds : 
 
 common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the licads and rays, 
 
 between the hist and the next. 
 
 35. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem stout (3^-7° high), smooth, often glaucous; 
 leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, tapci'-pointed, ver}' sharply serrate, ex- 
 cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather 
 lony. — Copses and fence-rows : common : — presenting many varieties, but with 
 decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall. 
 
 § 3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. Corymbosely much branched: heads small, s>ssile, in 
 little clusters which are crowded in Jiat-topped corymbs; t/ie closely oppressed 
 scales of the involucre somewlmt glutinous: receptacle Jimbrillate : rays 6-20, 
 short, more numerous than the disk-flowers : Uaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded 
 or fascicled in the a.rils. 
 
 36. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, S-t)-nervcd; the neiTcs, 
 margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- 
 cylindrical, in dense corymbcd clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c., in 
 moist soil : common. — Stem 2° -4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long. 
 
 37. S. tenuif61ia, Tursh. Smooth, slender; leaves tery nairowly linear, 
 mosdy \-nerved, dollfd: beads obovoid-club-shajieil, in numerous clusters of 2 or 
 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays G- 12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to 
 
 ^ Illinois, and southward : common near the coast. 
 
 20. BIGELOVIA, DC. Ravi.ks.s GoLniix-noD. 
 
 Heads 3- 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular: rays none. Invo- 
 lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely 
 imbricated and apprcssed. Receptacle murow, with an awl-shaped j>rolongation 
 in the centre. Achenia somewhat oliconical, hairy. Pa])pus a single row ui' 
 capillary bristles. — A smooth perennial ; the slender stem (l°-2° high) sim- 
 ple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing 
 
24G coMPOSiT.E. (composite family.) 
 
 small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblan- 
 ccolate or linear, 1 -3-nerved. (Dedicated by DcCandolle to Dr. Jaah Biijeluw, 
 author of the Flonila Bpstoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany. > 
 
 1. B. nud^ta, DC. — Low pine barrens, New' Jersey (rare), and south- 
 ward. Sept. 
 
 21. CHRYSOPSIS, Nntt. Golden Aster. 
 
 Iloails many-fluwcrcd, radiate ; tin' rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the 
 involucre linear, imliricatcd, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achcnia 
 obovate or linuar-oblon^j;, flattened, hairy. I'appus in all the flowers double, the 
 outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary 
 bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often 
 corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk anil ray-flowers yellow. 
 (Name composed of ;(pvcr(If, yold, and o\//is, asjicct, from the golden blossoms.) 
 
 * I e ires iKirrmrh/ hinrcotntf. or linear: achcnia linear. 
 
 1. C. graminifblia, Nutt. Sih-en/silLi/, -^v'nh long close-pressed hairs; 
 stem slender, often with niimers from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; 
 leaves lanceolate or linear, elom/alecl, ffrass-like, nerved, sliininr/, entire. — Dr}' sandy 
 soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct. 
 
 2. C. faleata, Kll. Stems (4'-10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded, 
 linear, rii/id, about S-nirrrd, entire, somewhat recurred or sci/thc-s/tapfd, hairi/, or 
 smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the 
 coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket and Cape Cod, JIass. Aug. 
 
 * * Leaves ohlonrj or lanrrnlate, entire or slifjhtli/ sei'rate, mosthj sessile, veined, not 
 nerved ; achenia ohnvate, flattened. 
 
 3. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. DenseJi/ wonllif all over; leaves ohlom/, obtuse (1'- 
 2' long) ; heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and south- 
 ward. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silh/ iriih low/ and n-ml: hairit, or when old smnotli- 
 ish ; leaves obloni/ ; heads corymbed, on glandular j)eduncles. — Dry barrens, 
 from S. New York and Pcnn., southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 5. C. villdsa, Nutt. Hirsute and villons-pubescent ; stem corymboscly 
 branched, the branches terminated by single short-pednncled heads ; leaves 
 narrowljl oblom;, hoarij icith rou(/h pubescence (as also the involucre), Jn-istlijciliate 
 toward the base. — Dry jilains and jjrairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky-, and west- 
 ward. July - Sept. 
 
 22. INULA, L. Elecvmiuxe. 
 
 Outer .scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided. 
 Pappus simple, of caj)illary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Other- 
 wise much as in the last genns. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 1. I. IlEi.fexM-M, L. (Common Ei.ec ami>.\\i:.) Stout perennial (3° -5° 
 high) ; leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, 
 the others partly clas])ing ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides, escaped 
 from gardens. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
COMPOSITyK. (COMPOSITF, FAMILY.) 217 
 
 23. PLtrCHEA, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane. 
 
 Heads ma)iy-fluwerc(l ; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, 
 few, with n .5-clert corolla; nil the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, 
 pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achcnia 
 grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somcwiiat glandular, 
 emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads in close compound corymbs. 
 Flowers j)urpli>li, in suinuier. (Dedicated to the Abbe Piurlie.) 
 
 1. P. camphor^ta, DC (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Annuul, miimUh/ 
 ri.irid, pale {l°-'2° hi.uh); haves scarcely pctiolnl, ohlow^-ovixtii or lanceolate, 
 thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (Co- 
 n\za camphorata, Bi(/i:l. C. Marylandica, Ptira/i.) — Salt marshes, Massa- 
 chusetts to Virginia and southward. 
 
 2. P. foetida, DC. Pe.rcmilal, almost smooth (-2°- 4° \u'j:h); leaves disdnctli/ 
 jietioted, veiny, oval-litneeolate, poitittd at Initli tt>ds, serrate ; corymbs panieled ; 
 involucre smooth. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 3. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial; leaves closely sessile or hulf-claspinfj b}- a 
 somewhat heart-shaped base, lance-oblong, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2'- 
 3' long) ; heads clustered in a corymb ; involucre smooth. — Salisbury, ilary- 
 land ( W. M. Canby), and southward. 
 
 24. BACCHARIS, L. GnorNnsnL-TnEE. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dicecions, viz. the pistillate and 
 staminate flowers in sejjarate heads borne by difl'erent plants. Involucre imbri- 
 cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the 
 staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Aeheni.i ribbed. I'apjius of 
 slender capillary bristles, in the sterile j)lant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile 
 plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and n\sinous or glu- 
 tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (The name of some shrub 
 anciently dedicated to Bdrrlms.) 
 
 1. B. halimif61ia, L. Smooth and soniewlmt scurfy ; branches angled ; 
 leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads 
 scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beach, 
 Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Shrub 6° -12° high; the fertile 
 plant c()ns])icuous in autinnn by its very long and white ])ap|)us. 
 
 2. B. glomerulifl6ra, I'ers. Leaves sinituiate-oblong ; heads larger, 
 sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, 
 very obtuse : otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, E. Virginia and south- 
 ward. 
 
 25. POLYMNIA, L. Leai -Ci r. 
 
 Heads manyflowcrcd. radiate: tlic rays several (rarely abortive), jiisfillatc ; 
 the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Scales of the involucre ill two rows ; the 
 outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membrana- 
 ceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achcnia. l\ecej)tacle flat, 
 with a membranaceous cliaft' to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching 
 
248 COMTOSIT.E. (COMl'OSITE FAMILY.) 
 
 perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, 
 opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like 
 stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow ; in 
 summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Poli/hi/mnia, for no obvious 
 reason, as tlie ])l.ints are coarse and inelegant.) 
 
 1. P. Canadensis, L. Clammij-hnirn ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the 
 uppermost tn;ingular-ovatc and 3-5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small; 
 rays/ew, obocate or widtjr-fnrni, shorter than the involucre, whiti-h-ycllow. — Moist 
 shaded ravines, W. New York (and Weehawken, New Jersey, Dr. Allen) to 
 Pcnn., Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. — Var. niscoiDEA has 
 the corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to a mere ring around the base of the style. 
 Mt. Carroll, Illinois, Flcnri/ Shinier. 
 
 2. P. Uved^lia, L. Roiujhish-hnin/, stout {A° -10° hh^h) ; leaves broadly 
 ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly 
 narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rai/s 10-15, 
 linear-ohlom/, i>iitch loiifjer than the inner scales of the incoliicre, } ellow. — Rich soil, 
 W. New York and New Jersey to Illinois and southward. 
 
 26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Ciirysogoxum. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radi;ite ; the rayt about 5, ])istillate and fertile ; the 
 disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about .5 exterior leaf-like oblong 
 scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like con- 
 cave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia 
 all in the ray, obovate, obeompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the 
 short scale of the involucre behind it; those of the disk-flowers abortive, l^^p- 
 pus a small chaffy crown, 2 -3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low 
 (2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, 
 the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, cre- 
 nate, long-pctioled. Heads single, long-])edunclcd. Flowers yellow. (Name 
 composed of XP'J"''''^^ fplden, and yow, knee.) 
 
 1. C. Virgini^num, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania ( Mercersburg, 
 prof. Porter) and Illinois southward. May- Aug. — Rays ^' long. 
 
 27. SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-Plaxt. 
 
 Heads many-flovvercd, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their 
 broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers apparently perfect, 
 but with undivided style, and sterile. Scales of the broad and flatfish involu- 
 cre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like sunmiits, e.\cc|it 
 the innermost, which are small and resemble the linear chaff of the flat recep- 
 tacle. Achenia broad and flat, obc()mi)resscd, surrounded by a wing which is 
 notched at the top, destitute of ])appus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the 
 winged margin: achenia of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tall 
 rough pcrenniid herbs, with a cojiious resinous juice, and large coryuibosc- 
 panicled yellow-flowered heads. (SiX^toi/, the ancient name of a plant which 
 produced some gum-resin, perhaps assafcutida, was transferred by Linna;us to 
 this American genus.) 
 
 i 
 
COMPOSITE. (COMI'OSITi: FAMILY.) 249 
 
 ♦ Stem trrrtr, miked ahnrr, nltrrnatr-lrtivnl near the hnsn {root irnj larrjf and thick). 
 
 1. S. laciniitum, L. (Hosix-wkkd. Compass-I'laxt.) Ronfj/i-hrislhi 
 ihroiirilioHt ; stciii stout (.■!° - G° lii^li), leafy to the top; ledvcs jiinmitdi/ pnrtij, 
 potiolcd l)ut dilated and claspiiij,' at the base; t/ieir dinsloiis lanreolate or /iiii"ir, 
 sicwtc, riil-lolii'd or pliinatl/id, rarely entire; heads few (!'- 2' broad), somewhat 
 raecnied ; srtifes of the involiicro orate, tapcriug into loiicj and s/neadinrj ri(fid jioinli ; 
 aehcnia broadly winjjed and deeply notehed. — Prairies, Miehij^an and Wiscon- 
 sin, thence southward and westward. July. — Lower and root-leaves vertical, 
 12 -30' lon<;, ovivtc in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present 
 their edi^es noith and south ; hence called Conipasa-Plant. 
 
 •2. S. terebinthiniceura, L. (Tijaiuie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender 
 (4°- 10° hi;;h), panicled at the sununit and bearing nuiny (small) heads, leafless 
 except towards the base ; leaves orate and ovate-oblong-, somewhat heart-shaped, 
 serrate-loot lied, thick, rough, especially beneath (1° - 2° long, on slender petioles) ; 
 scales of the inrotucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; aehenia narrowly wingeii, slightly 
 notched and 2-toothed. — Var. piNNATfriDUM has the leaves deeply cut or pin- 
 natilid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio 
 and Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. July- Sept. 
 
 * * Stem terete or slii/htiij 4-anffled, leaf}/: leaves undivided (not larr/e). 
 
 3. S. trifoli^tum, L. Stem smof>th, often glaucous, rather slender (4°- 6° 
 high), branched aliove; stem-leaver liinetolate, /w/»W, ?«<//•« or scarcely ser>*ate, 
 rough, shoit-fietioled, in whorls o/' 3 or 4, the ii])perniost opposite; heails loosely 
 panicled; aehcnia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — 
 Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 
 
 4. S. AsterisCUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the. 
 loiver in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblonc] or oval-lanceolate, coarseli/ tootlw.d, 
 rarely entire, romjh-huirif ; heads nearly solitary (large); aehcnia obovate, 
 winged, 2-to()thed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 
 
 5. S. integrifdliura, Michx. Stem rouyh, rather stout (2° -4° high), 
 rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanccoluie-orate, entire, 
 tapering to a sharj) \)oint from a roundish /uart-shapcd and parlli/ clasping Imse, 
 rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' - 5' long) ; heads m a close forking 
 corymb, short-pcduncled ; aehenia broadly winged, deeply notched. — Var. 
 L/EVE ha-s the stem antl leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to 
 Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 
 
 « * « Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, G'-l.')' lonq). 
 
 6. S. perfoliatum, L. ((-li'-Pi,ant.) Stem stout, often branched alwro 
 (4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases 
 and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles 
 which are (onnate by their bases; heads corymbose ; aehenia wingeil and vari- 
 ously notched. — Huh soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south- 
 ward : common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July. 
 
 28. PARTHENIUM, L. Paktukmi m. 
 
 Heads many-tlowcred, inc(Mis))i(uou>ly radiate ; the ."> ray-(lowers with verr 
 short and broad obcordate lii;ules not jirojecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- 
 
250 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 
 
 late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- 
 luere heinispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundisli scales. Receptacle 
 conical, chafiy. Achenia only in the ray, obcomprcssed, surrounded hy a slen- 
 der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 
 small chatty scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corynihcd ; the tlowers 
 whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from napdtvos, vinjin.) 
 
 1. P. integrifblium, L. Kough-puhesccnt perennial (l°-3° high); 
 leaves ohlong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cnt-lohcd he- 
 low the middle ; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Maryland 
 to Wisconsin and southward. June - Aug. 
 
 2 9. IV A, L. Marsh Elder. IIiGiTWATER-snRCB. 
 
 Heads several-Howered, not radiate ; the pistillate fertile and the staminate 
 sterile flowei-s in the same heails, the former few (1 -5) and marginal, with a 
 small tubular or no corolla ; the latter with a funnel-lorm 5-toothed corolla. 
 A.nthcrs nearly separate. Scales of the iavoiucre few, roundish, lleceptaclc 
 small, with narrow chaft" among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. 
 I'appus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the 
 lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads of flowers ; in summer and au- 
 tumn. (Name of unknown derivation.) 
 
 4 I. Ftrl He flowers irit/i a small, tubular corolla: involucre simple {heads noddimj in 
 the arils of Ifiif-llb' bracts, fi>rmin(/ spikes or racemes). 
 
 1. I. frut6scens, L. Shrubhi/ at the liase, nearly smooth (.3° -8° high); 
 leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper 
 reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disjwsed, in leafy 
 paniclcd racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes, 
 coast of Massiuliusetts to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 2. I. ciliata, WilUl. Annual {2° -8° hh^h), rourjh and hain/ ; leaves ovate, 
 pointed, coarsely toothed, doinnij beneath, on slender cUiate petioks ; heads in dense 
 spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliatc bracts; scales of .the in- 
 volucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois southward. 
 
 $ 2. EUPHIKJSYNE, DC. Fviii I e flow-is 5, in the arils of as mani/ thin mem- 
 branaceous scales of the involucre, ivhich loosely enwrap the achenia, their corolhi 
 a mere rudimei^tary rinrj or none. 
 
 3. I. xanthiif61ia, Nutt. /lHn»n/, tall, ronghish; leaves nearly all oppo- 
 site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly 
 or ent-toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded in s])ikes or dusters 
 disposed in axilRiry and terminal panicles; bracts inconspicuous. — N.W.Wis- 
 consin (T. J. Ilalc), and northwestward. 
 
 30. AMBROSIA, Toum. Ragweed. 
 
 Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the s;nne plant ; the 
 fertile 1 -3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the 
 racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flatfish or top-shaped, 
 composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stam- 
 
COMPOSiTyE. (co:mi"Ositk family.) 2.j1 
 
 inatc flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost sepa- 
 rate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, reseml)Iing 
 an adieniuni, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row, 
 enclosing a single flower which consists of a- pi>til only ; the elongated branches 
 of the style jirotruding. Achenia ovoid: pappus none. — Homely and coarse 
 weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and incon.^picuous 
 greenish or whitish flowers, produced throughout hue summer and autumn : our 
 species are all annuals. ( 'Afx^poaia, the. food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for 
 these miserable weeds.) 
 
 § 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense njUndiical spike, the top-shnped involucre 
 with its tnmrute nianjin extcndid on one side into a hmje, lanctolule, hooded, re- 
 cnrad, iri:<l/i/-liii/ri/ toolli or appendiuje ; fertile involucre oblong find 4-angled. 
 
 1. A. bidentilta, JMichx. Hairy (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves alter- 
 nate, lanceolate, partly clasjting, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on 
 each side near the base. — Prairies of Illinois and southward. 
 
 § 2. Sterile heads in single or panichd racemes or spikes, the involua-e regidar. 
 * Leaves opjxisite, only once lobed: sterile involuae 3-riljbed on one side. 
 
 2. A. trifida, L. (Gre.vt Ragweed.) Stem stout (40-12° high), rough- 
 hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and 
 serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5-6-ribbed and tubercled. — Var. 
 ixtegrif6lia is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, un- 
 divided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks : common. 
 
 * * Leaves mani/ of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatlfid. 
 
 3. A. artemisisefdlia, L. (Roman- Woismwood. IIoo-wEEn. Bit- 
 ter-weed.) Much hrauciicd (10-3° high), hairy or r()Ughi>li])ubesceut ; 
 leaves thin, twice-plnnutijid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo- 
 void or globular, armed ivilh almit G short acute teeth or s/>ines. — Waste places 
 everywhere. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves; rarely the 
 spikes lK*ar all fertile iieads. 
 
 4. A. psilost^chya, T)C. Pani(iilate-l)rauched (2°-:")° high), rough and 
 somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; letives once pinnatijid, thidish, the lobes 
 acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuliercles or 
 with verji small ones, pubescent. (A. coronopifoliH, Torr. tj- 6'/-.) — Prairies and 
 plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward. 
 
 31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CocKLEnru. Ci.oxnrR. 
 
 Sterile and fertile Howers occniiying ditVerent heads on the same plant ; the 
 latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile in- 
 volucres anil flowers as in Ambrosia, but the .•;cales separate. Fertile involucre 
 closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked |)rickles so as to form 
 a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen- 
 der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat, destitute of pappus. — Coarse 
 and vile weeds, with annual roots, hiw and branching stout stems, and alternate 
 toothed or lol)ed ])etioled leaves ; tlowering in summer and autumn. (Namo 
 from ^dvdos, yellou; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.) 
 
252 co.MPosiT.E. (composite family.) 
 
 1. X. Stl'umirium, L. (Common CocKLEnun.) Uoui^h; stems unarmed; 
 leaves diluhd-lriaiKjitlar and more or less heurl-shiijitd, on long petioles, toothed and 
 cut or obscurely lobcd; fruit oval or oblong (i'- §' long), pubescent on the 
 lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually 
 straight liealcs at the summit. — Barn-yards, &e. (Nat. from Eu.) — Varies into 
 forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (!'- 1' long), which is 
 cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular-hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks 
 often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — Kiver-banks, &c., common west- 
 ward ; apparently indigenous. And this j)asscs into 
 
 Var. eehinatum. (X. echinatum, Mtirr., &c.) Fruit turgid (I' long), 
 thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- 
 curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps 
 an immigrant from farther south. Now widely scattered over the warmer parts 
 of the world. 
 
 2. X. spixosfM, L. (Spiny CLOTBfR.) Honry-pubescent ; stems slender, 
 with sleniler yellow 3-/iarted s/)i>ics at the base of the Iwiaolalc or ovute-kinctolale 
 leaves; these taper into a short petiole, arc white-downy beneath, often 2- 
 .3-lobed or cut; fruit (J' long) pointed with a siny/e short bcaL\ — Waste places 
 on the sea-bo;ird and along rivers, southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 
 
 32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Tetragonotiieca. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays G - 9, fertile. Involucre double; the 
 outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins 
 into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as 
 there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or 
 conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia 
 roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pai)pus none. — An erect perennial herb, 
 viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or ol)long 
 leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yel- 
 low flowers, on terminal ])cduncles. (Name compounded of TfTpdyui^os, four- 
 am/led, and 6f)Kr], II case, from the shape of the involucre.) 
 
 1. T. heliantholdes, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June- 
 
 33. ECLIPTA, L. Eclipta. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers perfect, 
 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. 
 Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia 
 short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy 
 at the summit ; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual 
 or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong 
 leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from 
 (K\(i7r(i>, to k' defiilftit, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 
 
 1 E. prOCTlmbenS, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems 
 procumbent, crec])iiig, or ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 
 sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. 
 BRACHTPODA Has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. — 
 
COMPOSITE. (coMi'osrri: kamm.y.) 253 
 
 Wet river-banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. June -Oct. — All 
 belonfr to a widc-sijjrcud and variable species ol the wui nier regions, the oldest 
 specific uaniL- of wiiicli is E. ai.u.v. 
 
 34. BORRICHIA, Adaus. Ska Ox-eye. 
 
 Heads niany-liowtrcd, radiate ; tiic rays rcrtile. Scales of the hemispherical 
 involucre imbricated. Ucccptacle Hat, covered witli lanceolate rigid and per- 
 sistent chart'. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-4-angled. Pappus a short 
 4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or rteshy, with 
 opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow 
 flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Oluf Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 
 
 1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'- 
 Vl' high); leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; 
 chafl" rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 
 
 35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the 
 involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner 
 shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- 
 angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Hclianthus. 
 Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite, 
 petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of rjXios, the 
 61111, and o\|/'is', apjuurance, from the likeliess to the Sunflower.) 
 
 1. H. laevis, Pcrs. Nearly smooth (l°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate 
 or oblong-ovatc. — Var. sc.\bra has roughish foliage, and the involucre some- 
 what hoary. — Banks and copses : common. Aug. 
 
 36. ECHINACEA, Maiich. Purple Cone-flower. 
 
 Heads numy-flowercd, radiate ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but 
 sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle 
 conical ; the lanceolate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Ache- 
 nia thick and short, 4-sidcd. Pa])pus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, 
 with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single 
 large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather 
 persistent: disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E;(I«'os, the Ilcdi/ehorj, or Sea- 
 urchiii, in allusion to the sjiiny ciiafJ'of the disk.) 
 
 1. E. purptirea, Moncli. Lcm-es rough, often serrate ; the lowest w<»^', 
 b-mrfccl, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbricated 
 in 3-5 rows ; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. scrtitina, DC.) rough-bristly, 
 as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward 
 and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), \'-2' long. 
 Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in poi)ular medicine under 
 the name of /i/'ick Sinn/isivt. — Probably varies into 
 
 2. E. angUStif61ia, DC. Ltaws, as well as the slender simjile stem, 
 bristli/-h'iiri/, laiiculatc and linearlaiiceulate, S-iiernd, intire ; involucre less imbri- 
 cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains from lUiuois and Wiii- 
 consin southwcstward. June -Aug. 
 
254 coMPOsiT.t:. (composite family.) 
 
 37. RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower. 
 
 Heads niany-HoweiTd, radiate ; the rays noutral. Scales of the involucre 
 leaf-like, in about a rows, spreading. Keceptaclc conical or columnar ; the short 
 cliatt' concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not mai-gincd, tlat at the 
 top, witli no i)ai)j)us, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly jjcrennial herbs, 
 with alternate leaves, and siiowy heads terniinating the stem or branches ; the 
 rays generally long, yellow. (Named in honor of the Projtssors Itudbtclc, fatlier 
 and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal. ) 
 
 * Disk cohiiiiiwr ill fruit, dull (jreeriish-i/eUow : leaves divided and cut. 
 
 1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves 
 smooth or rougliisli, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper 
 leaves irregularly 3 - o-parted ; the lol)es ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the ujiper- 
 most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chatt' truncate and downy at the tip ; 
 rays linear ( 1' - 2' long), drooping. — Low thickets : common. July - Scjit. 
 
 * * DisL ylubiiiiii , pale hrutniialt : lower leaves S-parted: recejttade sweet-aanttd. 
 
 2. R. SUbtomentOSa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), 
 downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; 
 heads short-pedunelcd ; chaff downy at the blunt ajjcx. — Prairies, Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, and southward. 
 
 » * * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or hroirii : leaves undivided, except Xo. 3. 
 
 3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2° - 5° high), the 
 branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 
 the loivcj- 3-lobtd, tapering at the base, co«yst//y-.s«Ta<e (those from the root pin- 
 nately parted or undivided) ; ixiys 8, oval or ohlony ; chaff of the blaek-jjurjde 
 disk smooth, awned. — Dry soil, Pemi. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — 
 Heads small, but numerous and showy. 
 
 4. R. specibsa, Wenderoth. Kou^hisb-liairy ( 1° - 2° high), bninehed ; 
 the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large 
 lieads ; leaves lanceolate or orate-lanccolate, pointed at both ends, petiulid, 3 - b-nerved 
 coarselij and uneqwdlif toothed or incised ; involucre nuieli shorter than the numer- 
 ous elongati'd (I'-U') rays ; chaff of the dark purple disk acutisb, smooth. — 
 Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 
 
 5. R. fiilgida, Ait. IlHiry, the branches naked at the summit and bear- 
 ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-ol>lonfj or lanceolate, por^/^ clas])imj, triplc-iierved, 
 the upper entire, mosdy obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; 
 chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Pennsyl- 
 vania to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high: the rays orange- 
 yellow. Nearly ap])roachcs the next. 
 
 C. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simiile 
 or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single 
 large heads ; leans tiearli/ entire ; the upper oblon(j or lanceolate, sessile; the lower 
 spatulatc, tri[)le-ncrved, petioU-d ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the 
 involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the Up, acutish. — Dry soil, W. 
 New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, as a weed 
 in meadows, of recent introduction, with clover-seed from the West June- 
 Aog. 
 
COMI'OSlTyK. (composite FAMILY.) 255 
 
 38. Ll^PACHYS, Kaf. (Oreliscaiua, 7)C.) 
 
 Heads inaiiy-ll<i\vciT(l, radiate ; tlie rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre 
 few and small, sjireadiii;;. lvece])tacle oijionj^j or coluinuar : the chall' tiuniate, 
 thickened and iicarded at the U\>, partly euil)racin<^- the tlattened and niar;;ined 
 achenia. l'ai)i)us none or J teeth. — I'erennial herb.s, with alternate pinnate 
 leaves; the grooved steins or hranehes naked above, terminated by single showy 
 lieads. Ka\'s yellow or ])urty-eolored, drooping ; the disk grayish. (Name from 
 XfTTf?, a si-iilr, and nax^s, tliir/c, from the thickened tips of the chaff.) 
 
 1. L. pinnita, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender 
 (4° higii), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much 
 shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which arc 2' long). — 
 Dry soil, W. New York {Dr. Sdiiircll), to Wisconsin and southward. July. — 
 The receptacle exhales a ])leasant anisate odor when bruised. Aehcnia slightly 
 margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothcd at the top. 
 
 39. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. 
 
 Heads nuiny-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre 
 imbricated. Ueceptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chatf endjracing the 
 4-sidi.'d and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- 
 giiicd. ra])pus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles 
 of the achcnium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and 
 stout herbs, with solitary or corymbcd heads, and yellow rays ; flowering to- 
 wards autumn. (Named from tjXios, the sun, and uv6os, ujiower.) 
 
 § 1. Root annual : leaves alternate : receptacle Jlat : disk biownish. 
 
 1. H. ANNUL-.S, L. (CoMMox SuNFLOWER.) Tall, rough ; leaves triple- 
 ribbed, ovate or the lower heart-shaped ; heads in cult, plant very broad, and 
 rays many. — Escaped from cult, into waste grounds. (Adv. from trop. Anier.) 
 § 2. Hoot perennial, the creeping roofstocks sometimes tuberous-thickened or tulicrijlrous. 
 
 * Disk convex, dark purple: leaves mainly opposite: heads small, except Xo. A. 
 
 2. H. angUStif61ius, L. Stem slender (20-60 high); leaves lonij and 
 linear, sessile, entire, with revolute nnvrgins, 1-nerved ; heads loosely corynd)cd, 
 long-fledunilc.l ; scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading hcr- 
 baceons tii)s.— Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky ami southward. 
 
 .}. H. atr6rubens, L. RnMjh-hairii ; stem s/pWe/- (20-50 high), smooth, 
 and naked and forking above ; hacrs thin, orate or oral, or the lowest heart- 
 shajjcd (.'J'-G' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined jx-tiolc ; 
 lieads small, corymbcd ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, regularly indiri- 
 cated, (fy»/)ms-,sW, destitute of herlmcous tips; rays 10-16; pai)i)us of 2 fringed 
 scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. 
 
 4. H. rigidus, Dcsf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly 
 branched, rough ; leaves veri/ thick and rigid, rough lioth sides, Monij-lunceolate, 
 usually pointed at both cinls, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest ovnl ; 
 heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales of the involucre ovate or lance-oblon;;, 
 obtu.se, eiliate, appressed, r/'.s7///(/,' of herhacout tips: rays 20-25; p.i|)pus of 2 
 large and often several small scales. — Dry prairies, Aliehigan to Hlinois, and 
 westward. 
 
256 coMi'OrfiT^. (composite family.) 
 
 * « Disk convex, ycUotv : scales of (he involucre rerjularlij imbricated and oppressed, 
 with somewhat spreadinrj and acute {hut not/oliaccous) tips : Icucis ckicfly opposite. 
 
 5. H. l8Btifl6ruS, Tcrs. Stout and romjh (3° -4° high), branching above: 
 leaves oval-lam-iuldtc, verij rourjh both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper- 
 pointed, the upi)erniost alternate and nearly entire ; licads single or corymbcd, 
 on naked ])eiluneles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliatc. — 
 Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as 
 in 11. ri;iiilus. Kays showy. l'-2' long. 
 
 6. H. OCCident^Iis, Kiddcll. Somewhat hairy; stem s/c«t/r';-,s/;«;)/<', Wa J 
 above (l°-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small 
 heads on long jjeduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceulate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely 
 serrate, romjhish-ptibescmt beneath, abruptly contracted into lony hairy petioles ; the 
 upper small and remote, entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, 
 ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 7. H. cinereUS, var. SuUivantii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close rouijh- 
 ish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblomj , sessile bi/ a nar- 
 rowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles 
 slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, SuUi- 
 vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads, as large as those of the next. 
 
 8. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, Uafy, to 
 the top (2° -4° higii) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, 
 pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft ivhite-ivoolly and reticulated under- 
 neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens iind Prairies, Ohio 
 to Illinois, and westward. 
 
 * * * Heads very S7nall {about 4" broad) : scales of the involucre fetv, shorter than the 
 
 yellow disk, irrerfulurly imbriculed, oppressed, the outer with spreading foUuceous 
 pointed tips : rays 5-8, slender : leaves all but the uppermost opposite. 
 
 9. H. mierocephalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth {i°-^° high), with 
 numerous slender branches above ; haves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taperjiointed, 
 somewhat serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy undernnith ; pe- 
 duncles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, 
 ciliate. — Thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. * 
 
 10. H. Isevig^tus, Ton-. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or 
 sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly 
 terrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm 
 Springs of Virginia, and southward. 
 
 * # * * Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the im^olucre irregularly imhrimtaf, 
 
 loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yrllvw disk or longir. 
 •*- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, somrtimes obscurely triph-rihhed. 
 
 11. H. giganteUS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3" -10° high), branched 
 above; Irarrs lunnoldti', pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-liairy hewalh, 
 narrowed and ciliate at the I)asc, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long, 
 linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. .VMnfouus has most 
 of the leaves opposite and clo.se]y sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. 
 14. — Low thickets and swamps : common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the 
 pale yellow rays 1 5 - 20. 
 
COMl'OSIT.K. (tOMl'OSlTi: 1 AMILV.) 257 
 
 12. H. grosse-SerrktUS, Miutciis. Stem smooth and yfatifous, at least 
 below (5" - lu^' lii;L;li) ; /ains clon<jal(ul-.'<i>iciolatc or ovate-hmccolatc, taixT- 
 irtintod, senate, iDiigli above, rouiidod or acute at the base, peliokil, /tomij- 
 clotinij liencuth ; scales of the involucre lance-a\vl-sha]jcd, slightly ciliate. — Dry 
 j)laiiis, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs into the last. 
 
 13. H. tomentdsUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaven 
 oUong-lancio'.alv, or the lowest owttc, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'- 
 12' long), somewhat ])etiolcd, veri/ roiu/h above, sojl-downij liencath ; scales of the 
 involucre with very long and si)reading tips, hairy; the chaff and tips of the 
 disk-flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays l.'i-16 about I' long.) — Rich 
 woods, Illinois 1 Virginia and southward along the mountain*. 
 
 ■*- ■*- Leaves opposite, or the npjKrmost alternate, S-nerced or triple-ribbed. 
 
 14. H. Stl'Umbsus, L. Stem (30-4° high) smooth below; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, tapering (jradudl If to a point, serrate with small appressed t<tth, abruptly 
 contracted into short margined jjetioles, rough above, whitish and nuked or mi- 
 nutetij duwiiij underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spread- 
 ing tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. m6llis has the leaves 
 softly downy underneath. — Kiver-banks and low copses . common, especially 
 westward. 
 
 15. H. divaricitUS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top 
 (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nervtd 
 from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3'- 
 6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate 
 from a broad ba.se, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12. — Thickets and 
 barrens: common. — Disk 6" wide ; rays I 'long. 
 
 16. H. hirstltUS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1° - 2° lii-k), 
 hristlg-hiiiri/ ; haves more or less jictioled, ovate-lanciolate, gradually ])ointed, slighlli/ 
 serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, vug rough above, rough-hairy underneath; 
 scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; .-ays about 
 12. — Dry plains. Oliio to Wisconsin, and southward. — Runs into the hxst. 
 
 17. H. traeheliifdlius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy; 
 leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply seirate, 
 smoothish or ronghish/wbescent both s/V/es, contnicted into short jietioles; scales of 
 the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, e.vceed- 
 ing the disk; rays 12- 15. — Copses, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Illinois, and 
 southward. — Probably runs into the next. 
 
 18. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (3°-G° high), smooth below; 
 leaves thin and gieen both sides, sviuoth or roiighislt, ovale, coarsely serrate, pointed, 
 abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate- 
 linear, elongated, loo.sely spreading, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 
 10. — Var. FKONUOsu.s has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to 
 leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams: common, especially northward. 
 (11. mnltitlorus, L., may be a cultivated state of this.) 
 
 I'J. H. dOX'OllicOideS, Lam. Stem stout (5°- 9° high),branihing, roi/yA- 
 hiiiry above; leaves ovale or olilong-lanrtolale, pointid, serrule, strongly Iripb-vtintd, 
 rough above, smoothish or dmcny underneath, the lower often heurt-shaped and ou 
 L & M— 31 
 
258 cOMPOsiTiE. (coMrosiTi': family.) 
 
 maro;incd petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely 
 exceeding the disk ; rays 12-15. — Kiver-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and 
 southward. — A coarse species, with anij)le leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the 
 upper ones frequently alternate; rootstock thickening into elongated tubers. 
 This is probably the original of 
 
 20. H. TiiHKnosu.s, L., the Ji:nrSAi-i;M Akticuokic, (i. e. (Jinisole of the 
 Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jenisu- 
 lem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into 
 fence-rows, &c. in some places. 
 
 40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Actixo.mekis. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- 
 volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, 
 chatty ; the chaft' embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) 
 and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- 
 ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and 
 mostly dccurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name 
 from OKTis, n mij, and fXfpis, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) 
 
 1 . A. squai'l'bsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winyed above (4° - 8° 
 high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed 
 at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the imolncre. in 2 
 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, rcjlexed ; raijs 4-10, inrf/iilar ; achenia liroadly 
 winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York {Sarturll} 
 to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 
 
 2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy {\° -:i° high), widdt/ idnged hy 
 the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- 
 hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not .yireadinr/ ; rai/s 8-15, 
 regular; a-jhcnia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns; receptacle 
 conical. —Prairies and coi)ses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. 
 
 41. COREOPSIS, L. TicivSKiiD. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, ncutrMl. rarely wanting. 
 Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- 
 what sjjreading ; the inner broader and oppressed, nearly membranaceous. 
 Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia 
 flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, 
 not beaked or naiTowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at 
 the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with op- 
 posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely pm-])le, rays. (Name from 
 Kopis, a bii(j, and o\//'is, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) 
 
 § 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color: disk i/ellow: root perennial. 
 
 1. C. rdsea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (G'-20' high) ; leaves 
 opi)osite, linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ; 
 outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless ; jjappus 
 an obscure crown-like border. — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa- 
 chusetts, to New Jersey, and southwai-d : rare. Aug. 
 
coMPOdiT.*:. (composite family.) 259 
 
 § 3. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow or partly brown : branc/its of the style tipped 
 with a pointed or acute ujipendaiie. 
 
 * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly wiityed, incur vtd, furuishtd with a callous tubercle 
 
 on the inside, at the top and bollum, crowned with 2 sntail chaj'-lilce denticulate 
 teeth: outer involucrt about the Iniyih of the inner: rays la ry e, coarsely Z-b- 
 toothed: liaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: lieuds oniony naked ptdun- 
 clcs : root in our wild sjttcits perennial. 
 
 2. C. auriculata, LUm. rubesceut or ylabrous; stems \°-4° high, 
 brauLliiuy, .soiuctinics witli runners; leaves mostly ]>etioled, tite up/ier oblong or oval- 
 lunctolute, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some if them variously 3 - ^-lobid or 
 divided; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods 
 and banks, Virginia to Illinois and southward. June -Sept. 
 
 3. C. laneeolkta, L. Smooth or hairy ( 1° - 2° higli) ; stems short, tufted, 
 branched only at the base; leaves idl entire (or the lower rarely with a pair of 
 small fliteral lobes), lanceolate, sessile, tlie. lowest obianceolate or spalulate, tapering 
 into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. — Kich or damp 
 soil, Michigan and Illinois to Virginia, and southward. July. Also cultivated 
 in gardens. — Heads showy : rays 1' long. 
 
 C. TixcTOKiA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with 
 
 the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, a common garden 
 
 biennial or annual, is becoming spontaneous in a few places. 
 
 « « Achenia oblong, narrowly ivinyed, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the summit: 
 
 scales of the outer involucre narrow, about llw, length of the inner, all more or less 
 
 united at the base : 7uys mostly entire and acute : leaves op/iosite, sessile, mostly 3- 
 
 divided, then fore appearing as ifwhorkd: perennial (l°-3° high). 
 
 4. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile oca/e-ZaHcco/o/e 
 entire leafiels, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-pubes- 
 cent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July. 
 
 Var. stellata, Torr. &, Gr. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. (C. stel- 
 lata, Xntt.) — \'irginia, Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 5. C. delphiuif61ia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided into 
 3 sessile laijkts which are 2-a-parted, their divisions lance-linear (l"-3" brojwl), 
 rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 
 
 6. C. verticill^ta, L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets 
 which arc I -'2-j>innately /xtrted into narrowly linear orjiliform divisions. — Damp 
 soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also cultivated in old gardens, 
 but not sliowy. July -Sept. 
 
 7. C. palmata, Xutt. Nearly smooth, simple; /<<nv.s broadly i«(/(/r-s/«»/j«/, 
 deeply 3-<le/), rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobod. — 
 Trairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July. 
 
 * * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing 
 
 minutely lacerate-toulhed : scales of the outer inrvlucre fJiaceoiis, much smalU r than 
 the inner, all united at the base: rays obtuse, entire: leaves o]i/iosite, pilioled, 3- 
 5-dividid: prrenniaJ. 
 
 8. C. tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (40 - 9" 
 high), corymbed at the top; leadets luueeolate, acute, emire. (Chryswslemuia, 
 
200 COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 
 
 Less.) — Pcnn. to Michigan, Illinois and sonthward. Aui;. - Sept. — Heads cx- 
 haliny the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning hrownisli. 
 
 * « * * Ac/ienia wimjless, flat, 2-awned, 2-toothid, or rureli/ truncate, l-neived or 
 ridyed on each Jace : acales uf the outer inrolucre leafy, njhxid or s/madiiK/ : 
 leaves ojj/tosUe, jittiuled, (jencrully pinnatd;! or teriiately compound, the leaves or 
 leaflets serrate: biennials or annuals, with the aspect of Bidens, intermediate be- 
 tween that (jenus and Coreopsis ; — ««(/ certain amblijitous (hybridized?) speci- 
 mens, With the awns barbed some it/iwuids and some downwards, connect the ttco. 
 •*- J!iii/s cons/ticuous, ijulden-yillow. 
 
 9. C. arist6sa, Miehx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 -2-pinnately 5- 
 7-dividcd, petiolcd; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads paniclcd- 
 corymbosc; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achcnia derate, often ob- 
 scurely wing-margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender divere/ing 
 aicns as long as the achenium itself. — Swamjjs, Ohio to Michigan, Wisconsin, 
 and southwcstward. Ang. -Oct. — Var. ml'tica has two short divergent teeth 
 or points in place of the awns. — W. Illinois and southwcstward, where a form 
 (C. involucrhta, Nutt.) occurs with the bracts of the outer involucre more leafy, 
 numerous, and hirsute. Mr. Fritchey sends, from near St. Louis, specimens with 
 short awns and their barbs cither spreading or retrorse, and others with long 
 awns retrorscly barbed, — perhaps hybrids with some Bidcns. 
 
 10. C. trichosp6rma, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.) Smooth, 
 branched; leaves short-pctioled, 5-7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut- 
 toothed, or the upper leaves only 3-5-cleft and almost sessile; heads paniclcd- 
 corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedf/e-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, smooth or 
 minutely appressed-hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular ur awl-sltaped 
 stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Also Buffalo, 
 New York {G. IF. Clinton), and Illinois {V'uscy), where forms with shorter 
 achenia approach the Southern C. aurea. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 t- -t-Rays none, or rarely sniall and inconspicuous : outer involucre of flew {usually 
 3-5) loose lafy bracts commonly surpassing the heads: achenia minutely ap- 
 pressed-puhi scent : plants glabrous, l°-.3° high. 
 
 11. C. diSCOidea, Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched; leaves iernately di- 
 vided, slender-])etioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads 
 2"-3" long; achenia linear-wedge-shapid (2"-3" long), bearing a pair of short 
 and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the co'olta. — Wet banks and 
 swamps, Delaware ( W. M. Canby) to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July. 
 
 Anomalous specimens, from near Pliihulclphia {A. II. Smith, &c.), growing 
 with Bidens frondosa, differ from suuiU forms of that only in the less rigid and 
 upturned barlis of the awns. 
 
 12. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Taniculately branched ; leaves undivided, Ian- 
 ciobile, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, and the base tapering into a slender pet- 
 iole; heads G"- lU" long; achenia. nearly subulate tapering downwards, bearing a 
 pair of eery slender upwardly roughened awns sur/iassing the corolla (4" long), but 
 shorter than the achenium, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. — 
 Shores of Delaware liiver, near Philadelphia, and in Delaware, Nuttail, Durand, 
 A. U. Smith, W. M. Canby. 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (cOilPOSlTE FAMILY.) 2G1 
 
 42. BIDENS, L. BrR-MAUiGOLD. 
 
 Ilotitls manj-'flowcrcd ; the rays wlicn present 3-8, neutral. Involucre (lonl)Ie, 
 the outer commonly large and foliaccous. IJcccptaclc flattish ; the cliall' decidu- 
 ous with tiic fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, 
 or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which 
 arc downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial licrbs, with opposite various 
 leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.) 
 
 * Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. {All annuals ?) 
 
 1. B. frondbsa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Smooth or rather hairy, 
 tall (^o-G" high) and branching; leaves 3-^<licid('d ; the leaflets mosllj stal/ced, 
 lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; outer leafy involucre much longer than 
 the head, ciliatc below ; rays none or few and very small ; achenia tvedye-oliovate, 
 2-awned, the vtan/ins ciliate with upwardlij-tnnied bristles, except near the summit. 
 — Moist waste places : a coarse troublesome weed, the achenia, as in the other 
 species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece 
 of animals. July - Oct. 
 
 2. B. COnnita, Muhl. (Swamp Bicggar-ticks.) Smooth (l°-2° high) ; 
 leaces lanceoiite or oblong-lanceolate, jiointcd, sharply serrate, tapering into mar- 
 gined piitioles which are slightly united at the base ; the tower oflen 3-dirided, their 
 lateral divisions united at tlf. base and decnrrent on the petiole ; scales of the outer 
 involucre longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; raj/s none; achenia narrowli/ 
 wed(je.-form, 3- (2-4-) awiwd, the mnnjiits minntelij retrors'ly ciliate. (B. tripartita, 
 Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more jjetioled form is B. petiolata, Nutt. — E. 2\'ew Eng- 
 land to Illinois, and southward. — V'ar. comosa is stouter, the leaves commonly 
 all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with more numerous 
 and leafy bracts. — Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. B. c6rnua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' 
 high); leaves (dl undivided, lancobite, uneqwdti/ serrate, scarcely connate; heads 
 nodding, otV/i or without (light yellow) rays: outer involucre longer than the 
 head; achenia wedgc-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — 
 Wet places, Virginia to Wisconsin, and northward. Julv - Scj)t. — Kavs, when 
 present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer 
 involucre more leaf-like. (En.) 
 
 4. B. Chrysanthemoidas, Michx. (Larger Bur-Marigold.) Smooth, 
 erect, or reclining at the i)as;; ((-,'-30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both 
 ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate: outer involucre mostly sliorter than 
 the sho'vy ,/o!den-yello,v {V long) rays; achenia wedge-sliai>ed. with almost prickly 
 downwardly barbed m irgins ; awns 2,3, or 4. — Swamps : common. Aug. - 
 Oct. — Northward it runs into No. 3. 
 
 * * Arhenin linear or airl-shaped, A-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 
 
 5. B. B6Gkii, ToiT. (Watkr Marigold.) .Ir/w///-. perhaps perennial, 
 smooth ; stems long and slender, bearinu: crowded immersed lemv.s mnn>/ times dis- 
 sected into flne capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly 
 connate, toothed ; heads single, short-jiedimelcfl ; involucre much shorter than the 
 shou-y {gofden yellow) rays: achenia linear, thickish, .smooth (V Icmg), be:irin<r 4- 
 6 stout divergent awns which are an inch long and barbed only towards the 
 
202 coMPOsiT.r. Ccor.irosixr family.) 
 
 nppx. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massnchusctts to N. Jersey, Illinois, and 
 northward. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 G. B. bipinnata, L. (SpAXisn Needles.) Smooth annual, branched ; 
 Icar.s \- 3-jiiiinottl^ parted, pctiolcd ; letijitts ovatc-lanccolate, mostly wcdgc-shiiped 
 at the base; heads small, on slender pcduncljs; outer involuc re of linear scales 
 eqmUitig the short /uilr. ydlow rnip ; aelmnia slender, 4-p:roovcd and angled, nearly- 
 smooth, 3-4-awucd. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. 
 
 43. VERBESINA, L. Cromnbeard. 
 
 Heads several - ni.^ny-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. 
 Sciiles of the erect invulucrc few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle 
 rather convex; the chaiF concave. Achcnia flat (compressed laterally), winged 
 or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs ; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent 
 on the stem. ("Xamc metamorphosed from Verbena.") 
 
 1. v. Siegesbeckia, aiichx. Stem tall, 4-wingcd ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
 triple-nerved, serrate, poiutcd at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and 
 thin); heads in compound corymbs; /lowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; 
 achenia wingless. — Rich soil, S. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 
 
 2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, dnwny- 
 pubesceiit, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate featlicr-veincd alternate 
 Uavpjt ; heads in compound corymbs ; floweis white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia 
 nan-Qwly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania 1 Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 44. DYSODIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one 
 row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlcts. Recep- 
 tacle flat, not cliafly, but beset with short chaify bristles. Achenia slender, 4- 
 anglcd. Pappus a row of chafl"y scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. 
 — Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which 
 give a strong odor (as in TAtiixES, the French Marigold of the gardens, 
 which belongs to the same group) ; the heads terminating the branches : flow- 
 ers yellow. (Name hvainhia, an ill smell, which the plants er.emj)lity.) 
 
 1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diff'usely branched 
 (6'- 18' high); leaves opposite, jnnnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly- 
 toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and 
 banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed ; now migrating east- 
 ward, established at Butlaio, N. Y., G. W. Clinton. Aug- - Oct. 
 
 45. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Hymexopappus. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubuiar and ficrfect. Scales of the in- 
 volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). 
 Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolutc lobes. Achenia top- 
 shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of l.')-20 small and blunt scales 
 in .1 sino-le row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vpT]v, membrane, 
 and ndmrv^, pnppux). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis- 
 sected leaves, and corvmbcd small heads o<" usually whitish flowers. 
 
COMl*OSIT>i:. (cOMrOSITK FAMILY.) 203 
 
 1. H. scabiosaeus, L'Hcr. Somewhat floccnlcnt-wooUy when young 
 (l°-3° hi^h) ; leaves 1 -2-i)inn:Uoly pnrtod into linear or ol)lon{r lobes ; scales 
 of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy liarrcns, Illinois and 
 southward. May, June. 
 
 45^. ACTINijLLA, Pers., Nutt. Actinkli.a. 
 
 Heads niany-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays several, wcd;j;c-()l)lon<r, S-lobed at the 
 npcx or 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or 
 lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, apprcsscd in 2 or .3 
 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. 
 Achenia top-shaped, densely silky-villons. Pappus of 5 or more ovate or lance- 
 olate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow leaves, dotted or sprin- 
 kled with resinous atoms as in the next genus; the solitary heads terminating 
 acapes or slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow. — Natives of the Western 
 plains, &c., and barely entering our borders. (Name a diminutive of ylrt/nea, 
 from aKTis, ray.) 
 
 1. A. seap6sa, Nutt., var. glabra. Tufted; leaves crowded on the 
 summit of woolly rootstocks, linear or somewhat spatulate, tbickish, sparingly 
 silkj'-hairy, becoming glabrous ; scape (3' -9' high) and involucre more woolly, 
 the scales ovate and obtuse ; chaffy scales of the pappus ovate, awnless. — 
 Joliet, Illinois, on an Indian mound [Dr. Scammon, W. Doott), and westward. 
 
 46. HELENIUM, L. Sneeze-weed. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays .several, 3- 
 5-clcft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, refl(;?;ed, the scales linear or 
 nwl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed. 
 Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chafl[\- scales, the nerve usually extended into 
 a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves deeurrent on 
 the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed 
 (yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resin- 
 ous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 
 
 1. H. autumnkle, L. (Sxeeze-weed.) Nearly smooth, perennial ; 
 leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular-disk. — Alluvial river- 
 banks : common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant 1°-^"^ high, bitter: 
 the corymbed heads showy. 
 
 47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Leptopoda. . 
 
 Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Heleuium. — In the true species (of 
 which L. piihfiula and A. hrrrifJiit may be found in S. Vir;:inia) the stems are 
 simple, and naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head 
 (whence the name, from XfTrnJs, slivdr, and novs. ftmf) ; but the following is 
 leafy to the fop, and branched ; and were better restored to Heleuium. 
 
 1. L. brach^poda, Ton-. & Gr. Stem corymbed at the snnnnit (l°-4<' 
 high); leaves oblou^i-laneeolate, deeurrent on the sten» ; disk ^'lol)nlur, brown- 
 ish ; rays (J^'- 3' I'J'ifi) yellow, or in one variety brownish-purple, sometimes 
 with an imperfect style. — Damp soil, from Illinois southward. June -Aug. 
 
264 coMPOSiTvE. (composite family.) 
 
 48. BALDWINIA, ^'utt. Baldwinia. 
 
 Heads globular, iiiany-flowcred, railiutc ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped 
 rays nsutral. luvoiucru short, of niaiiy tliickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 
 4 rows, the outer obovutc and obtu-e. Kcceptacle strongly convex, with deep 
 honeycomb-like cells containing the obconicd or oldong siiky-villous achenia. 
 Pappus of 7 -9 lancc-oblong erect ciiatty scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, 
 with slender simple stems (2° -.3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, 
 and the long naked summit terminati-d by a showy large heail. Kays yellow 
 (I' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark i)urple. (Named for the late Dr. 
 WiUinm Baldwin.) 
 
 1. B. uniflbra, jS'utt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward. 
 Aug. 
 
 49. MARSHALLIA, Schrcb. Makshallia. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tulnilar and perfect. Scales of the 
 involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. 
 Receptacle <;onvex or conical, with narrowiy linear rigid chaff among the flow- 
 ers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, .'j-angled. 
 Pappus of 5 or G membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low 
 perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nei-ved leaves, and solitary heads (re- 
 sembling those' of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple 
 stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Ilumphnj 
 Marshall, of I'eunsylvania, author oi' Arhustruin Americanuin , one of the earliest 
 works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) 
 
 1. M. latifblia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, 
 sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. i^ancloi.ata and M. an- 
 GCSTiFOLiA may occur in S. Virginia.) 
 
 50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. Galixsooa. 
 
 Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, ])istillatc. 
 Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Recejjtaclc conical, with narrow chaff 
 among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed 
 chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved 
 thin leaves, and small heads . disk-flowers yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for 
 Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 
 
 1. G. pauvifl6ra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, some- 
 what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8- 10. — Waste places, especially eastward; 
 spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 
 
 '51. MARUTA, Cass. May-weed. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ra_vs neutral. Involucre of many small 
 somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Kece[)taclc conical, bearing 
 slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribl)ed, smooth. 
 Pappus none — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, flnely thrice-))innately 
 divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches Rays white, soon 
 
COMPOSURE. (COMTOSITE FAMILY.) 2G5 
 
 >cflcxcd ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown. — The genus not distinct 
 enough iVuni the next.) 
 
 1. M. Con i,A, DC. (Common May-wkkd.) Scales of the involucre 
 with whitish margins. (Anthciuis Cotula, L.) — Koadsides : very coiuiuon. 
 (Nat. from Ku.) 
 
 52. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile. 
 
 Heads and flowers as in JMarutu, Imt the rays pistillate. Achcnia terete, stri- 
 ate or smooth. Tappus nunc, or a minute crown. — llerhs with aromatic or 
 strong odor, 1 -2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single 
 heads. Kays in ours white ; the disk yellow. ('AvOffiis, the ancient name, given 
 in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 
 
 1. A. AUVE.NSis, L. (CoKx CiiAMoMiLK.) Puhcscent (tn)iu(d or l/u'iiitiul, 
 resembling May -weed, but not ill-scenteil ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, 
 pointed ; pai)pus a minute border. — Waste places : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. A. xoiiiLis, L. (Gauukn Chamomile.) More downy and perennial, 
 pleasantly strong-scented ; sterile shoots depressed or creeping ; leaves very 
 finelv dissected ; chaff' of the receptacle blunt ; pappus none. — Established 
 near Lcwistou, Delaware, yiittall. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 53. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. 
 
 Heads many-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. 
 Eeceptaele chaffy, flattish. Acluiua oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus 
 none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its 
 virtues are s;iid to have been discovered by Achilles.) 
 
 1. A. Millefbiium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems 
 simple; hares ticicc-jtitnidtelii parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - .5-cleft, crowded ; 
 corymb compound, flat-toj)pcd ; involucre ohiong ; rays A- h, short, white (some- 
 times rose-color). — Fields and hills : common northward. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. PtArmica, L. (Sneezkwort.) • Daves simple, lanre-linear, sharply 
 serrate with oppressed teeth; corymb loose; mys 8-12, nvirh lonrjer than the 
 involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, ^Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 54. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the 
 broad and flat involucre imbricated, with .^carious margins. Receptacle flat or 
 convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achcnia of the disk and 
 r.ay similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pin- 
 natifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymhcd heads. Rays white : disk 
 yellow. (Name comjjosed of XfuKiIr, uhlte, and avStnov, a Jhurr, from the 
 white rays.) 
 
 1. L. vl-lgXre, Lam. (Ox-i:ve or White Dai.sy. Whitk-wkli).) 
 Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing n single large heail ; root- 
 leaves spatnlate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut orpinnatifid-toothed ; 
 Bcnles of the involucre with ni^ty brown margins, ((^hrysjinthemum Leucan- 
 thcinuni, L. — Fields and meadows : too abundant. June, July. A pernicious 
 G :\I— 12 
 
2CG COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 
 
 weed, with large and hliowy lieads : in Connecticut is a variety with inconspicu- 
 ous rays. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. L. rAUTiiENHJM, Uodron. (Fevkrfkw.) Tall, hranched, leafy ; leaves 
 twice-pinnately divided ; the divisions ocatc, cut ; heads conjmlied, rather small. 
 (Matricaria rarthcniiim, L. ryrcthrum Partheuium, Smith.) — Escaped from 
 gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involu- 
 cre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, na- 
 ked. Achcnia angular, wingless. raj)pus a membranaceous crown or border, 
 or none. — Smooth and brandling herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with di- 
 vided leaves and single or corymljcd heads. Rays white or none : disk yellow. 
 (Mamed i'or reputed medicinal virtues.) 
 
 1. M. ixouoRA, L. Leaves twicc-pinnatcly divided into fine almost filiform 
 lobes; heads Uirgc, nakcd-pedunclcd, and with man y long raijs; pappus a short 
 crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. 
 Venill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6' -9' high); leaves 2 - .3-pinnatcly parted 
 into short linear lobes; hads nvjltss, short-ped uncled ; scales of the involucre 
 oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; pappus obsolete. 
 — Banks of the Mississipiii opposite St. Louis. Probably an immigrant from 
 Oregon, now extending eastward : also established in N. Europe. July- Sept. 
 
 56. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly 
 pistillate and 3-.5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recep- 
 t.icle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pap- 
 pus a short crown. — Bitter and ncrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), 
 with 1 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in 
 summer. (Name said to be a corruption of aOavaala, undyimj, from its durable 
 flowers.) 
 
 1. T. vulgXre, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (20-4° high) smooth; 
 leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate 
 flowers terete; pappus .5-lobcd. - Var. ndspuM has the leaves more cut and 
 crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. T. Huron6nse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-.''<' 
 high); lobes of the leaves oblong ; heads large (^'-§'wide) and usually few ; 
 l)istillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. — St. John's River, 
 Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward. 
 
 57. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. 
 Heads discoid, few- many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal 
 wcs pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre 
 Imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na- 
 
COMrosiTyi:. (coJirosiTE fa:mily.) 2G7 
 
 kcd. Achcnia obovoid, with a small sumniit and no pappus. — Ilcrhs or shrubby 
 plants, bitter and aromatic, wit li small heads in ijaniili-d sjiikes or racemes; 
 flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or j)urplisb. (Dedicated to Artemis, the 
 Greek Diana.) 
 
 § 1. Rcciptadv smooth : vmrgiiial jlowers jiistillate. and f(rtll<: : dis/c-Jluwers jKrfcct but 
 stcrili' : riMit jierennial, except in \o. 4. 
 
 1. A. dracunculoides, Tursh. Tall (.•3° -5°), somewhat woody at base, 
 slightly hoary or glabrous; Imves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; Jtexids 
 small and uiimeroiis, jjanicled. — Sandy banks of streams, S. W. Illinois {Dr. 
 T use)/, Dr. Mead) and westward. 
 
 2. A. bore^lis, Pallas. Low (3'-f)' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly 
 smooth ; loiver leaver 3 - Ty-chjl at the ajxix, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnatelij parted, 
 the, lobes lanceolate or linear; heads few, liemispherieal, pretty large, spiked or 
 racemal. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 .3. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (lO-S® 
 high) ; lower leaves twiee-pinnately divided, the upjier 3 - 7-divided ; the divisions 
 linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in punicltd racemes. — Shore of all the (Jreat 
 Lakes, &c., and northward. (En.) 
 
 4. A. caud^ta, Miehx. Smooth {2° -5° high) ; upper leaves pinnatcly, 
 the lower 2 -3-pinnatcly divided ; the diiusions thrcad-'lrm, diverging ; heads stmdl, 
 the racemes in a wand-like elongnted panicle ; root bieni ial. — Sandy soil, coast of 
 Kew Hampshire to Virginia; also Michigan and Illinois. 
 
 § 2. Recpptade smooth: flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. 
 
 ♦ Tall (l°-5°) and hnnichini/ perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool : 
 
 h"iid-i small, oroid, crowded in leafy panicles. 
 
 5. A. Ludovicikna, Nntt. (Western Mugwoist.) Whitened icoolly 
 throughout ; leaves lanciolnte, the upper mostly entire, the lower cut-lobed, toothed 
 or j)innatifid; ht'ads larger than in the next, mostly sessile in narrow })anicles. 
 — Dry banks, Lukes Huron and IMiehigan, and sonthwestward ; esj>ecially the 
 var. (iXAi'HAi-oDES, wliieli has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly 
 both sides. 
 
 6. A. vulcVris. L. (Commox Mitgwort.) T.pnves mostli/ glabrous and 
 green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all jjinnatifid, with tiie divi- 
 sions often cnt-lobed, lineir-lanceolatc ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste 
 places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Kii.) 
 
 * * />.« branched (l°-3°) biennial or annual, glabrous: heads dcnseli/ clustered. 
 
 7. A. biennis, Willd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Lower leaves twiec- 
 pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves 
 cut-toothed ; heads in short a.xillary sj)ikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and 
 glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northwestward ; 
 rapidly extending eastward l>y railroad to liutValo, riiiladelpliia, &e. 
 
 § 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers (dl fertile, the marginal ones pistillate : heads nodding. 
 
 8. A. AusfNTHiLM, L. (Common Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2°- 
 4°high), silky-lumry ; leaves 2- 3-piunately parted, lobes lanceolate ; heads liemi- 
 spherieal, panieled. — lloadsides, .sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from 
 
208 coriPOSiTjE. (co:ipopite faimily.) 
 
 9. A. frigida, Willd. Low (C'-^O'high), in tufts, slightly woody at the 
 1)asc, v.hitc-sillcy ; leaves pinnatcly parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions naiTow- 
 lincar; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks. Falls of St. Anthony, 
 "Wisconsin {L. Lcsqucrcux, T. J. IIcIc), Lake Superior, and northwestward. 
 
 5 8. G-I7APHALIUM, L. Cudwekd. 
 
 Ilends inany-flowcred ; tlic llowers nil tubular ; the outer pistillate and very 
 slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or 
 colored, ind)ricatcd in several rows. Eeceptaclc flat, naked. Pappus a. single 
 row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile ordecurrent leaves, 
 and clustered or corynibcd heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish 
 or yellowish. (Name from ypd(f)a\ov, a lock of ivool, in allusion to the floccose 
 down of the leaves.) 
 § 1. Achenia terete: pistillate Jloiccrs in several 7-oirs : bristles of pappus distinct. 
 
 1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (Evkklastjxg.) Stout, erect (2° high) peren- 
 nial, branched at the top, clammy -])ubescent, white-woolly on the branches, 
 bearing numerous heads in dense cori/mbed clusters ; leares linear-lanrealtite, partly 
 clasping, decwrent ; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutisli. — 
 Hillsides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine, Michigan, and northward. 
 
 2. G. polycephalum, Michx. (ComiMon Everlasting.) Erect, woolly 
 annual (l'-2' high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu- 
 late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the 
 panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales 
 of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers 
 few. — Old fields and woods : common. 
 
 3. G. uliginosum, L. (Low Cudaveed.) Diffuseli/ branched, woolly 
 annual (3' -6' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) 
 in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds by the 
 roadside; common eastward and northward : perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. GAM0CHJ:TA, Weddell. Achenia and flowers as % \ : bristles of the 
 pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together. 
 
 4. G. purptireum, L. (Purplish Cudwhed.) Annual, simple or 
 branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly ; leaves oblong-spatu- 
 late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un- 
 derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the 
 icandjjlce summit%of the stem ; scales of the involucre tawny, the inner often 
 marked with puri)lc. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and 
 southward. 
 
 § 3. HOMALOTHfeCA, DC. Achenia flattened: pistillate flowers in a single 
 marginal row : bristles of the pappus distinct and fdling separately, as in § 1 . 
 
 5. G. suplnum, Villars. (Mountain Citdweed.) Dwarf and tufted 
 perennial (2' liiuh) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on 
 the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, 
 acnte. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire: very rare. 
 (Eu.) 
 
composit-t:. (co:\rposiTK faafilv.) 200 
 
 50. ANTENNABIA, G.-urtn. Eveklastixg. 
 
 Heads inany-flowerc'il, di(i;i-iou.s or nearly t^o ; tlie flowers all tubular : jiistil- 
 late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or 
 colored, imbricated. Reccptaele convex or flat, not chafly. Pappus a .sin'rlc 
 row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, and in the sterile thickened and 
 club-shaped or barbelhite at the suniniit. — I'crennial vvliite-woolly herbs, witli 
 entire leaves and corynibcd (rarely single) heads. Corolla ycllowi.^li. (Name 
 from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antemm of certain insects.) 
 
 1. A. margarit^Cea, R. Brown. (Pkarly EvEnLASTiNC. Stem erect 
 (l°-2° hi-b), roiyiidiose. at the summit, with many hciuls, l(-(i/(/ ; leaves lincar- 
 lanccolatc, ta[)er-poiuted, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few impcrl'ect stami- 
 iiatc flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded. 
 — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 
 
 2, A. plantaginifblia, Hook. (rLANXAiN-LEAVKD Everlasting.) 
 Sjircadimi iy oj/'sds mid runntrs, low (4' - 10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when 
 young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- 
 like flowering .stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovatc or oval- 
 spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-ncrvcd ; lieads in a small crowded corymb ; scales 
 of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower 
 in the fertile plant. — Var. moxocei'iiala is an occasional state, with a single 
 larger head. — Stenile knolls and banks : connnon. March - May. 
 
 60. FILAGO, Tourn. Cottox-Rose. 
 
 Heads many-flowcrcd ; tlie flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but 
 often infertile ; the others j)istillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of 
 the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shajjcd, naked at the 
 summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the 
 ])ropcr involncral .scales, each covering a single ])istillate flower. — Pappus of 
 the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low, 
 branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. 
 (Name from Jiliim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of thcr^c plants.) 
 
 1. P. GERM.iMCA, L. (1Ii:ri$a Imima.) Stem erect, short, clothed with 
 lanceolate and.npri^'ht crowded leaves, i)roducing a capitate cluster of woolly 
 heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated liy a similar 
 head, and so on: — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, 
 as if the offspring were nndutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — . 
 Dry flelds. New York to Virginia. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 61. ERECHTHITES, Ral. Fireweed. 
 Heads many-flowcrcd : tiic flowers all tubular an<l fertile ; the marginal jiis, 
 tillrtte, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single 
 row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. 
 Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pa])iius copious, of very tine atid white 
 soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simjile 
 leaves, and panicuhite-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name 
 of some spoeics of Groundsel, probaV)ly called after Ercrhlliciis.) 
 
270 COMPOSITE. (COMrOSITE FAMILY.) 
 
 1. E. hieracif61ia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem grooved 
 (l°-rj° liijili); liaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the 
 upper with au auricled clasping base. (.Senecio hieraciColius, L.) — Moist 
 woods : common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the 
 ground has been burned over ; wlience the popular name. July - Sept. 
 
 62. CACALIA, L. Indian Plantain. 
 
 Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and ])erfcct. Scales of tho 
 involucre in a single row, with a few bractlcts at the base. Iteceptacle naked. 
 Corolla deeply Scleft. Achcnia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- 
 lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled 
 leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. 
 (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) 
 
 * Inrohtcre "2n - ^0-fhwered, with seveial brads at its base: receptacle flat. 
 
 \. V. SUav6olens, L. Stem grooved (.3° -5° high); leaves triangular- 
 lanceolate, htylbfrd-shaprd, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged jjetioles. 
 — Rich woods, Coiiiiectieut to Wisconsin and Kentucky : rare. Sept. 
 
 * * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-floicered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle beariu<j 
 
 a more or less evident scale-lik^ pointed appendage in the centre. 
 
 2. C. renifox'mis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Stem (4° -9° 
 higli) groo\ed and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest 
 kidnfij-form (l°-2° broad), repand-tuothed and angled, palmately veined, peti- 
 oled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, New Jersey to 
 Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. 
 
 3. C. atriplicifblia, L. (Pale Indian P.) Stem terete (30-6° high), 
 and with the palimitelij veined and angnlatc-lohed leaves qlaucons ; lower leaves 
 triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhomboid or 
 wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New -York to Wisconsin, and 
 southward Aug. 
 
 4. C. tuberdsa, Nutt. (Tup.kkois Indian P.) Stem angled and grooved 
 (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; kaces green both sides, thick, 
 strongly 5-7-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into 
 long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the 
 apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Jnnc. 
 
 63. SENECIO, L. Gkoundsel. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers nil perfect and tubular, or mostly with 
 radiate marginal ones ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single 
 row, or with a few bractlets at the l)ase. Receptacle flat, naked. Pap])us of 
 numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, 
 with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. 
 (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many 
 species, or to the white hairs of the pn])pus.) 
 
 * Root annnal or in No. 3 biennial: heads several or muni/ in a corymb: herbage 
 
 glabrous or soon becoming so. 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (co"Mi'Osrn: fa^iily.) 271 
 
 1. S. vi'ix.Vris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymboscly branched ; 
 leaves jnnnalilid and toothed, claspiiifr; rays none. — Waste grounds. July - 
 Sept. (Adv. from Ku.) 
 
 2. S. lobktUS, I'ers. (BiTTi:u-\vi:i;i).) Kather tall; leaves .somewhat 
 fleshy, mostly lynitt or piiiiuite, tlie divisions or lealU't.s crenate or ent-loheil, vari- 
 able; heads small in a naked corymb; 7<ii/s aljout 12, consjiintons. — Low banks 
 of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April -July. 
 
 3. S. pallistris, llook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout, 
 6-3^ higii ; Uiivea ol)iong-lanceolate, irm/iUdrly toothed or luciniute, the upper 
 with a heart-shaped clasping ba.sc ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus 
 copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W. Wisconsin {T.J. Uale) 
 and northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 * ♦ Root ]X-rennial : heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb. 
 
 4. S. atireus, L. (Golukn K.vgwort. Sqlaw-wkud.) ^Smooth, or 
 fldccosc-iroully irlwii yoiiiii/ (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger 
 
 _ones mostly heart-sliaped, crenate-toothed, lomj-petiokd ; the lower stem-leaves 
 lyrate; ni)jicr ones lanceolate, cut-pinn*atitid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb 
 umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. I. 
 obovXtls, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — 
 Var. 2. BalsAmit^, w ith root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes 
 cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Kocky places. — Var. 3. lanceoi-.\tus, 
 Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed, 
 cither wcdge-shai)ed or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely 
 pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins.) — Common 
 everywhere : the primary form in swamps. May, June. 
 
 5. S. Elli6ttii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often 
 nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb; roof-harrs tliirh'sh, ohorate or ivnndisli, 
 narrowed into a short and wintjrd pitiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- 
 rate ; stem-leaves small, cnt-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward 
 along the mountains. May. 
 
 6. S. tomentdsUS, Michx. (Wooi.lv Ragwort.) Clothed n-ith scarcely 
 deciduous hoary icoiil (l°-2° high) ; roof-leaves oblonrj, obtuse, crenate toothed, on 
 slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat-topped ; rays 12 -15. — Moun- 
 tains of Penn.sylvania {Pursli), Maryland, and southward. May. — S. cXni:?, 
 Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within 
 the nortliprn borders of Wisconsin. 
 
 * * * Root perennial : head^ larr/c and mnatli/ solitari/. 
 
 7. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white woolly, sometimes becom- 
 ing glabrous ; stem stout, f)' - 12' high, lenfv to tho top; leaves oblong, repaiul, 
 tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; beads 1 -4, over an iiuli in diameter; 
 rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island oil' Maine (/'/W: Vnrill) and 
 northward. 
 
 64. ARNICA, L. Arnica. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped 
 involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, flmbrillatc- 
 
272 coMPOsiT.E. (cor:MrosiTK family.) 
 
 Achcnia slender or spindle-shaped. P.ippus a single row of rather rijrid and 
 strongly roiighcncd-dcntienlatc bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of inountiiins 
 and cold northern repons, witii simple .'■tcnis, bearing single or corymbed large 
 lieads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption 
 of Ptaniiicu.) 
 
 1. A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; shm Icnf}/ (l°-2° high), bearing \ to 5 
 liciids ; leav(S thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovale-hinceolntc, 
 closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of 
 the involucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, mountains of 
 New Hampshire and N. New York, shores of Lake Superior, and northwest- 
 ward. July. 
 
 2. A. nudicatllis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high); fcarcs 
 thirkish , ^-b-ntrced, ocatc or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, 
 those of the naked stem small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed, 
 showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May. 
 
 65. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle. 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger 
 and as it were radiate, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the 
 scales margined or appendagcd. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of 
 a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from 
 the Centaur, Chiron.) 
 
 1. C. CVaxus, L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe- 
 margined ; false rnjjs large; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at 
 the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers 
 blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. C. NIGRA, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appcn- 
 diiged, and with a stiff black fringe; raijx- icanting ; pappus very short; leaves 
 lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angied, rough ; root perennial. — Waste places, E. 
 New England. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (Star TiiiSTLE.) Stcm diflfuscly much branched ; 
 leaves pinnalely lohnl or spinulosc-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the. 
 ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual. — Norfolk, 
 Virginia, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 66. CNICUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle. 
 
 Heads many-flowcrcd ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the 
 rest, which arc all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, 
 apprcsscd, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- 
 ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, 
 crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a papi)us of 10 elongated 
 rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the Inst in an inner row. —An 
 annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely i)iiinatilid-cut leaves and large 
 braeted heads. Flowers yellow. (Nmuic from kvI^co, to prid:) 
 
 1. C. BENEDfcTLS, L. — Uoadsidus, Southward : rare, scarcely naturalized 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK IWIMILV.) 273 
 
 67. CIRSIUM, Tonm. Common- or ri.rMr.n TniSTi.E. 
 
 Heads maiiy-llowcrnl ; the Ilowcrs all tuhuhir, perfect and similar, or rarely 
 imperfeetiv dlteeioiis. Scales of the ovoid or sjilierieal involucre imbricated in 
 many rows, tipped witli ajwint or prickle. IJeceptaele thickly clothed with soft 
 hristles or hairs. Aehenia ohlon;,', (lattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous 
 bristles united into a rinj^at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs, 
 with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatilid, and priekl}'. Heads large, ter- 
 minal. Flowers reddish-purple, occasionally yenowisii, white, or cream-color; 
 in summer. (Name I'nnn Kipdos, a mnllid vein, i'ov which the Thistle was a 
 reputed remedy.) 
 
 ♦ Scales of the involucre all tipped ivith spreading prickles: root biennial. 
 
 1. C. l.a^nceol.Vtum, Seop (Co.mmon Thistle.) Leaves deeurrcnt on 
 the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, ])innatitid, rough and bristly above, 
 Moolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. — Pastures 
 and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 ♦ « Scales of the involucre a})prrssed ; the inner ones not pricLlij : f laments hain/. 
 
 t- Leaves white-ivoollij beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre 
 
 successiveli/ shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 
 
 2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. Wlute-ivoollij throughout, perennial, low ; stem 
 stout, very leafv ; leaves all pinnateli/ parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated 
 divisions, with rcvolute margins; flowers cream-color. — Sandy shores of Lakes 
 Michigan, Huron, and Siijicrior. 
 
 3. C. Undul^tum, Spreng. White-woollg throughout, biennial, low and 
 stout, leafy; haves luuceolate-ohlong, partly ela-ping, undulate-pi nnali fid, with 
 prickly lobes; flowers reddish-purple. — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan; 
 thence westward. 
 
 4. C. discolor, Spreng. Biennial ; stem grooved, hairy, liranched, tall, 
 leafj'; leaves all deeply pinnatijid, sparingly hairy and green above, tvhilcned with 
 close wool beneath ; the diverging lobes 2-3-cleft, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointe'l ; 
 
 cpiile to the heads: haves roughish-hairy aliovc, whitened with close wool l)eneath, ' . y^ 
 oblong-lanceolate sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnafi'fid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth r 
 jjrickly ; those from the base pinnatifid ; and their Wjcs short, oblong or triangular : 
 flowers chiefly i)uriile. — Fields and copses, Penn. to Illinois and southward. 
 
 G. C. Virginiknum, Miehx. Stem woolly, slender. sim])le or sparingly 
 i)ranchcd (l°-3° high) ; the bra'iches or long jmlnncles naked: leaves lanceolate, 
 green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, en- 
 tire or sparingig sinuatel(J>ed, sometimes the lower dee])ly sinuate-pinnatifld ; outei 
 scales of the involucre scarcely prickly; heads small; flowers purj)le. — Wood* 
 and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. 
 
 Var. fllip6ndulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymboscly branched 
 above; the brads on shorter peduncles; leaves iiinnatifld : roots tuberous, en- 
 larged below. (C. lilipeiidulum, Kugelm.) — I'rairies of S. Illinois and south- 
 westward. 
 
 18 
 
 flowers pale jturple, rarely white. — Meadows and copses. 
 
 C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching (.3°- lOOhi-lO.^/y a 
 
274 COMPOSITE. (CO-MTOSITE FAMILY.) 
 
 ■t- -t- Leaves green both sides, or onhj with loose cobwehhi/ hairs vnderncalh : scales of 
 the involucre scarccli/ pricUy-pointeci : heads large. 
 
 7. C. muticum, Jlichx. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3°-8°high), 
 angled, snioutliisli, jjunick-d at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and 
 bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, 
 whitened with louse tvdJii/ hairs beneath wiien young, deejilji jiinmttijid, tlte divisions 
 lanceolate, acute, cut-Iobcd, j)rickly-pointed ; scales of the icehhij and glutinous invo- 
 lucre closely apprcssed, pointless or barely niucronate ; flowers purple ; root per-, 
 cnnial. — S\vaini)s and low woods : common. 
 
 8. C. pumilum, Spreng. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout 
 (l°-3° liigli). Iiaiiy, bearing 1 -3 very large hauls (li' broad), which are some- 
 ivhat leafif-bracted at the base ; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly chisping, 
 sometrhat hairi/, pinnatijid, with short and cut very jiric/clij-margined lobes ; outer sades 
 of the involucre pricklij-jioiiitcd, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely 
 white (fragrant, 2' long) ; root biennial. — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the 
 coast, Illinois and westward : common. 
 
 9. C. horridulum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (l°-4o 
 high), webby-liaired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, 
 lanceolate, pinnatijid, the short toothed and cut lolxs veri/ spiny with yellowish 
 prickles; heads (l'-l|' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of 
 leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed 
 scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow or purple. — Sand}' fields, Massachu- 
 setts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. 
 
 * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : f laments nearly 
 imooth : heads imperfectly dioecious, sm(dl and numerous. 
 
 10. C. ARVENSE, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, the roots exten- 
 sively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, 
 sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; flowers rose-purple. — Cultivated fields, 
 pastures, and roadsides : common at the North ; a most troublesome weed, ex- 
 tremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 68. CARDUTJS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle. 
 
 Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. 
 Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 1. C. NUTANS, L. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, 
 spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near Ilarrisbiirg, 
 Penn.sylvania, Prof Poftei: (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 69. ONOPORDOW, Vaill. Cotton or Scotch Thistle. 
 
 Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, 
 tipped with a lanceolate ))rickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. 
 Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, 
 slender, not ))lumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching 
 annuals, or biennials, with the stems winjred l)y the decurrent base of tin; lobed 
 and toothed somewhat prickly loaves. Heads large- flowers purple. (The an- 
 cient Greek name of the plant.) 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 275 
 
 1. O. ArAxTniuM, L. Stem (2° -4° higli) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales 
 lincar-awl-sliaptd. — Roadsides and waste places: rather rare. July -Sept. 
 (Adv. from Kii.) 
 
 7 0. LAPPA, Tuurn. BrHDorK. 
 
 Heads many-flowcrcd ; tlic flowers all perfect and similar. Invohicro glohiilar ; 
 the imbricated scales coriaceous and ap])rcsscd at the base, tipped with an abrupt 
 and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Achc- 
 nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. I^i[)pus short, of numerous rough 
 bristles, not united at the base, dccitluous. — Coarse biennial weed, with large 
 unarmed and petiolcd leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads : flowers 
 purple, rarely white. (Name from Xa/Seii/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a 
 hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 
 
 1. L. officinXlis, Allioni. — Waste places and around dwellings, in ma- 
 nured soil. — The var. mXjor (CoMjroN Bukdock) has the involucre smoothish ; 
 leaves loosely whitish-cottony beneath or becoming smooth, the upper ovate, 
 lower heart-shaped. — Var. tomentosa has the involucre cottony, and is rare. 
 — Var. JiixoR has smaller heads with smooth involucre, and smaller smoothish 
 leaves, often tai)cring at the base ; occasionally cut-toothed or liu-iniate-lobcd. 
 (Uxbridgc, Mass., Dr. Robbius.) July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 Suborder II. LIOULIFLOR.^:. (Cichorace^.) 
 
 71. LAMPSANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort. 
 
 Heads 8- 12-flowcred. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one 
 row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Papjius none. — Slcniler branch- 
 ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely paniclcd small heads : 
 flowers yellow. (The Aafxy\ri'ivr^ of Dioscorides Wi»,s evidently a wild Mustard.) 
 
 1. L. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- 
 shaped. — Roadsides, near Boston, Burtiiio, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 72. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SrccoRV or Cioiiory. 
 
 Heads .several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of ."j short spreading 
 scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. l'ap|)us of nnmerous .Nmail 
 chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots; 
 the .sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue or 
 varying to ])urplc, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the j)lant.) 
 
 1. C. Intybu.s, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clas])ing, the 
 lowest rnncinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides.- 
 common near the coast, especially in E. Ma.ss. Jidy-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 73. KRIGIA, Sehreber. Dwarf Dam.kmon. 
 
 Heads l.')-20-Howcrcd. Scales of the involucre several, in alwut 2 rows. 
 Acheaia top-shaped, miuiy-striute or angled. Paj)pus double ; the outer of 5 
 
276 coMPOsiTiE. (composite family.) 
 
 broad and rounded chaffr scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- 
 tle. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly 
 radical, lyratc or toothed ; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or 
 branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krkg, an early German botani- 
 cal collector in tliis coimtry.) 
 
 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (I'-IO' high) ; earlier 
 leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — Var. 
 DicnoTOM.v is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois 
 and southward. April - Aug. 
 
 74. CYNTHIA, Don. Ctnthi.v. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. 
 Achenia short, striate. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small 
 chatfy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low per- 
 ennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves; 
 the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy 
 single heads. Flowers yellow. (Perhaps named after Mount C'j/nllnis.) 
 
 1. C. Virginica, Don. Roots Jilirous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lan- 
 ceolate-spatulatc, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short Avinged 
 petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatilid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New 
 York to IMiclii-an and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more. 
 
 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (G'-15' high) ; 
 leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. — 
 Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. March- July. 
 
 75. LEONTODON, L., Juss. IIawkbit. F.\ll Daxdeliox. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- 
 lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, 
 composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. 
 
 — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes 
 bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from \(cov, a lion, and oSoJj, a tooth, 
 in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus 
 Opouf.si.v, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 
 
 L L. atitumxXle, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniatc-toothed or 
 pinnatifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished 
 with small scaly bracts. — Meadows and roadsides : common in E. New Eng- 
 land. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 76. TROXIMON", Nutt. Tkoximon. 
 
 Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- 
 late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, lO-ribhed, 
 not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal 
 rigid capillary bristle-!, some of the larger gradually thickened towards tlie l)ase. 
 
 — Perennial herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and a simple naked 
 scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from rpio^onai., to cat, 
 first applied to some plant with an edible root, like Salsify.) 
 
COMl'OSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 277 
 
 1. T. CUSpid^tum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a 
 sharp i)oint, W(«>!!y on i!ic margins; scales of tlu; involncre lanceolate, sharp- 
 poiriti'il. — rniirics, AViscousin, X. Illinois, and westward. April, May. 
 
 77. HIERACIUM, Tourn. II.vwkwkkd. 
 
 Heads 12-nuiny-flowcred. Involucre more or less imhricated. Aclicnia 
 short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. I'appus a single row of tawny 
 and fragile capillary rough bristles. — I'crennial herbs, with entire or toothed 
 leaves, and single or paniclcd heads of mostly yellow llowers ; in summer und 
 early autumn. (Name from te/Ja|, a hawL:) 
 
 * Heads larrjc (ind hrowt : involucre imbricated: achenia tapering towards the base. 
 
 1. H. Canaddnse, Michx. (Canada IIawkweku.) Stems simple, 
 le;ify, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate- 
 oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the upper- 
 most slightly clasping. — Dry woods, northward. 
 
 * * Heads small : involucre ci/lindrical, scarctli/ imbricated. 
 
 2. H. sckbrum, Michx. (Rough II.) Stem rather stout (I°- 3° high), 
 leafy, rou(jh-haiiij ; the still" panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; 
 the thickish jK'duncles and the hoary 40-50-flowered involucre densely clothed 
 M'ith dark glandular bristles ; uc/itniu columnar, not tujierimj at the summit ; leaves 
 obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods; common. 
 
 3. H. longipilum, Torr. (Long-Beaudkd H.) Stem wand-like, sim- 
 ple, stout (2° -3° high), ivry Icafij towards the Imse, nalced above, and bearing a 
 small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo- 
 late or sjiatulatc entire leaves thickly clothed with very lomj and u]>ri<jht bristUs 
 (often I' long) ; peduncles and 20 -30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; ache- 
 nia spindle-shajied, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Aliehigan to Wisconsin and 
 soutlnve-'tward. — Heads intermediate betw'een the last and the next. 
 
 4. H. Gron6vii, L. (IIaiky H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, /co/y 
 and vei-if hainj below, naked above and forming a long.and narrow j)anicle ; leaves 
 oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 -30- 
 flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achtnia spindle shaped, with a 
 i-erij tufjcr summit. — Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. — Varies 
 from 10-4° high. The small heads and almost beaked fruit distinguish the 
 largest forms from No. 2, and small naked-stemmed states from the next. 
 
 5. H. ven6sum, L. (Hattmcsnake-weed.) Stem or scape {\°-'2° 
 high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, fork inrj above into a spreadiw/ 
 loose cori/mb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely pctioled, thin 
 and pale, pnri)lish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), 
 marked al)()ve with ])nr])le veins ; peduncles very slender; involucre 20-flowered ; 
 achenia linrar, not t;ipcring upwards. — Var. srnc.vn.ESCKNS has the stem 
 mure or less leafy next the base. — Dry jilains and pine woods: common. 
 
 6. H. panicul^tum, L. (Panki.ed H.) Stem slender, leafy, dijfnselif 
 branched, hairy below (2° -3° hi>:h); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
 slightly toothed, smooth; /leadi in a loose panicle (very small), ou slender and 
 
278 coMrosrra:. (compositk family.) 
 
 divcr;;ing peduncles, 12 - 20-Jlowercd ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. 
 — Open woods : rather common. 
 
 78.- NABALUS, Cass. R.vttlesx.vkk-root. 
 
 Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in 
 a single row, and a few small braetlcts at the base. Achenia short, linear-ol)- 
 long, striate or grooved, not contracted at tiie apex. Pappus of copious straw- 
 color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial iierbs, with upright 
 loaiy stems ari.sing from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable 
 leaves, and racemosc-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-wliite 
 or yellowish, often tinged with purple; in late summer and autumn. (Name 
 probably from vdjiXa, a harp, in allusion to the lyrato leaves which tliese plants 
 sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L. 
 
 * Involucre smooth or neurit/ so, b-20-Jiuwered. 
 
 1. N. albus, Hook. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth 
 and glaucous (2° -4° higli) ; stem corymbose-pan icled at the summit : leaves angu- 
 late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost 
 oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-l2-Jloaered ; 
 pappus deep cinimmon-color. — Var. SeupentXuia is a form with deeply divided 
 leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil : 
 common, especially northward. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, 
 witii tliickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads G" long. 
 
 2. N, altissimus, Hook. (Tall W.) Smooth; stem tlill and .slender 
 (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming 
 a long and wand-like leafy panicle: leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, 
 heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged 
 petioles, or frequently 3-5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; in- 
 volucre slender (greenisli), o/' 5 scales, 5 - G-flowered ; pap/ius dirty white, or pale 
 straw-color. — Kich moist woods : common northward. 
 
 3. N. Fi'^seri, DC. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly 
 smooth ; stem coryiiJiose-pnn icled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- 
 toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3- T-lobed, on margined jietioles ; the upjier 
 oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; iuvulucre (greenish or pur- 
 plish, sometimes slightly bristly) o/a^w/^ 8 scales, 8 - \2-Jioweied : jxtp/nis dull 
 straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage : tlie var. integrif^lius has the thick- 
 ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New 
 England to Virginia and southward. 
 
 4. N. nknus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5'- 10' high) ; the 
 heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular- 
 halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre 
 (livid) 10- \'i- flowered, of about 8 propel- scales and several very short bract-like ones, 
 which are Iriamptlar-ovate and ap pressed ; pap])us straw-color. — Aljjine summits, 
 Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondacks, N. New York. 
 
 5. N. Bo6ttii, DC. Stem simple, dtoarf 15' -G' high), pubescent at the 
 summit; the heads in an almost simpb; raceme; lowest leaves lialberd-shaped 
 or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper- 
 
COMPOSITJC. (cOMPOSITli FAMILY.) 279 
 
 ing into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10 -\8-Jlowcred, of \0- 15 ver^ ob- 
 tuse, jrrnppr sral<:i, and sirpial linear ami loose ixterior ones iieaili/ half the le/)fft/i of 
 the former ; jjiippus straw-color. — Ilijiher alpine suumiits ol' the mounuiius of 
 Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. 
 
 6. N. virgatUS, DC. (Sli;nukk Kattli:.snakk-root.) Smooth, slightly- 
 glaucous ; sliin simple (2° -4° high), I'ldlonr/irl into a naked and slender sj'iked 
 raceme (l^°-2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnati- 
 fid ; ini-olucre (purplish) of about 8 scides, 8 - l2-Jlowered ; pappus straw-color. — 
 Sandy ])ine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 * * Involucre 12 - -iO-Jlowered, hairy, as well us the peduncles. 
 
 7. N. racem6sus, Llook. Stem wand-like, simjjle (2° -5° high), s»ioo/A, 
 as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering 
 into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatitid,) the upper partly clasping; heads in 
 clusters crowded in a lom/ and narrow interruptedlj/ spiked panicle; involucre about 
 Vl-Jhwertd ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Illinois and northward. 
 Also Iluckensack marshes, New Jersey. — Flowers flesh-color. 
 
 8. N. asper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-likc, simple (2°-4°high), rowjh- 
 fubesccnt, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; lieads 
 (mostly erect) in small clusters disposed in a lomj and narrow comjmund raceme : 
 involucre 12 - \4-Jlowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies anU barrens, Ohio 
 to Illinois, and .southward.— Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 
 
 9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high), 
 bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the conjmlM^e-jwniclcd 
 branches; hares large (G'-l^ long), hroadli/ trianfjular-ovale or halberdfonn, 
 strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - 40-/low<red ; 
 pappus brown. — Kich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — Involucre black- 
 ish ; flowers cream-color. 
 
 79. LYGODESMIA, Don. Lvoodes.mia. 
 
 Ileails and (lowers (3-10) nearly as in Nahalus; the cylindrical involucre 
 more elongated, and the achenia long and slender, tapering at ilie summit. 
 Pappus whiti.sh. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, Avith sin-jc cnvt 
 lic.ids of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or 
 branches. ( Name composed of \vyos, a twig for wickerwork, and bfo-pos, a bond, 
 from the twiggy or rush-like stems.) 
 
 1. L. jlincea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower 
 leaves lance-linear, l'-2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 
 5-flowcred. — St. Croi.x liiver, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and westward. July. 
 
 80. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Ciiondkii.la. 
 
 Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal 
 scales, and a row of small bractlets at the biuse. Achenia terete, sev«!ral-ribl)cd, 
 smooth below, roughened at the sununit by little scaly projections, from among 
 which springs an abrupt slender beak. Pa|>pns of copious very fine and sofk 
 capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-liko 
 
280 CO-MI'OSIT.IC. (COMPOSITK KAMlLi.) 
 
 branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for 
 some plant whieli exudes a j,^um.) 
 
 1. C. JiJNt'EA, L. Biennial; bristly-hairy below, smooth above (l°-3° 
 hi- li) ; root-leaves runeinate ; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads seattercd 
 on nearly leafless branches, 6" -8" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant 
 near -Vle.xandria, Virginia, M. J. BM, A. II. CurUas; j)erhaps of recent intro- 
 duction. Aug. (Adv. irom Eu.) 
 
 81. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. 
 
 Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty- 
 color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak of the achenium. — 
 Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy below. Heads soli- 
 tary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep 
 yellow. (Name composed of nvppos, flame-colored, and namros, pup/ms.) 
 
 1. P. Carolini^nUS, DC. Stemi)ranching(l°-2°high); leaves oblong 
 or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy 
 fields, from Maryland southward. April -July. 
 
 82. TARAXACUM, Hallcr. Dandelion. 
 
 Head many-lowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner 
 of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Aehenia terete, oblong, ribbed, and 
 roughened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, 
 bearing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennials or 
 biennials, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runeinate radical leaves, and slender 
 naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name 
 from Tapd(T(T(i)., to (lisf/iiirt or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.) . 
 
 1. T. Dens-le6nis, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first 
 pubescent; outer involucre reflcxcd. — Pastures and fields everywhere: prob- 
 alily indigenous in the North. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner invo- 
 lucre closes, the slender beak elongates and rai<es up the pappus while the fruit 
 is forming; the whole involucre i-; then refle.xed, exposing to the wind the naked 
 fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 
 
 83. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lkttiice. 
 
 Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets 
 of unequal lengths. Aehenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- 
 lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and 
 fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed 
 herbs, with j)anicled heads; the flowers of variable color, produced in summer 
 and autninn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. scitini; from hf, milk, in 
 allusion to the milky juice.) 
 
 L L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Biennial, mostly tall ; leaves 
 partly clasping, ])ale bemath ; the ujjpcr lanceolate and entire ; heads about 20- 
 flowered ; aehenia oval, rather longer than the beak, minutely rugose transversely 
 and I'oughish, one-ribbed on each face. The typical form (L. elongata, Muh! , 
 
COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 281 
 
 nnd Ed. 2) is tall, with a thick and hollow very leafy stem (4° -9° high), smooth 
 Oi nearly so i leaves long, most ol'tlieni runciuatc-pinnatilid ; heads very numer- 
 ous, iu a long and narrow naked panicle ; flowers mostly pale yellow. — Rich 
 and damp soil, borders of fields or thickets: common, especially northward. — 
 The following are perhaps to be restored as species : — 
 
 Var. integrifblia, Torr. & Gr. ( L. integrifblia, Bii/tl.) Stem 3° - 6° high ; 
 leaves all undivided, either entire or sharply denticulate; panicle more ojrcn ; 
 flowers pale yellow, cream-color, or purple. — Open and dry or sterile soil, E. 
 New England near the coast to Illinois and southward. 
 
 Var. sanguinea, Torr. .<: Cir. (!.. .^-an^uinea. /%./.) Lower and less 
 stout (2°-')° high); leaves all runcinate-iiiinialilid, the midrili beneath and 
 lower part of the stem often sparsely bristly-hairy ; heads fewer, in a loose open 
 ])aiiiele ; flowers yeilow-purijle, reddish with or without a yellow centre, or rarely 
 white. — Open dry ground, Eastern New England to New Jersey, Illinois, and 
 southward. 
 
 2. L. ScakIola, L. (Pricki.y Letticic.) Annual or biennial ; stem 
 below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the sagit- 
 tate-clasping oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticnlate vertical leaves; panicle 
 narrow ; heads small, few-flowered ; achenia striate. — Waste grounds and road- 
 sides, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 84. MULGEDIUM, Cass. False or lii.tE Lettt'ce. 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally com- 
 pressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick (or in 
 No. 1 slender) beak or neek of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a 
 ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary 
 bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca ; 
 ours glabrous or nearly so. Heads raeemed or i)aiiiclcd ; the flowers chiefly 
 blue ; in summer. (Name from muh/eo, to milk.) 
 
 * Pappus bright wfiite: flowers blue. 
 
 1. M. pulchellum, Nutt. Pere«;//a/, pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1°- 
 2° high ; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runei- 
 nate-pinnatifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect ; scales of the conical-cylin- 
 draceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks ; the peduncles scaly- 
 bracted ; achenia taprrinfj into a slender beak, almost as in Lactuca. — Upper 
 Michigan {Prof. Porter, &c.), probably in N. W. Wisconsin: common on the 
 plains westward. 
 
 2. M. acuminiltum, DC Tall biennial (3° -CO high), with many small 
 lieads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leatrx ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 pointed, bareh/ toolheil, .sometimes hairy on the midril) beneath, contracted into a 
 winged jjctiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate; achenia with a very short beak. 
 — Borders of thickets. New York to Illinois, and .southward.— Probably only 
 an eutire-lfavcd state of the next. 
 
 3. M. FiOridknUm, DC. Lem-es all li/rate iir rimrliiii/i , ihi' upper olteu 
 with a heart-shaped clas|)iug base; panicle larger: otherwise as Nj. 2.— Rich 
 soil, Pennsvlvaniii to Illinois and southward. 
 
 L & M— 32 
 
282 LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 
 
 * * Pappus tmrnif : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 
 4. M. leucophaeum, DC. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tail (3° -12° 
 high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatitid, sometimes ruiicinate, coarsely 
 toothed, the upjiermost often undivided and sometimes clasping ; heads in a 
 large and dense compound panicle. — Low grounds : rather common. 
 
 85. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Tjiistle. 
 
 Heads many-Howcred, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less 
 imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus 
 copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- 
 stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymlied or umbel- 
 late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancieut 
 Greek name.) 
 
 * Annual (1° - 5° hlr/h) : floweis pale yellow. 
 
 1. S. olerXceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate- 
 pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping 
 bv a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache- 
 nia striate, also wrinkled transcerselij. — Waste places in manured soil and around 
 dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. S. AsPER, Vill. (Spixy-leaved S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more 
 spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenia margined, 3- 
 nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 ♦ * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks : flowers briglu yellow, in large heads. 
 
 3. S. ARVENSis, L. (Fields.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, 
 clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- 
 versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, &c.. New England and New York : 
 becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 Order 54. LOBELIACE.I:. (Lobelia Family.) 
 
 Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered fltnvers, an irregular 
 monopetalous o-lobed corolla; the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united 
 into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx- 
 tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma often fringed. 
 Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — 
 Acrid poisonous plants (rather to be regarded as a part of the next 
 order), represented only by the genus 
 
 1. LOBi3LIA, L. Lobelia. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on 
 the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect 
 lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species 
 bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers 
 axillary or chiefly in hracted racemes; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi- 
 cated to Matthias De I'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.) 
 
LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 283 
 
 ♦ Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 
 
 1. L. cardinklis, L. (Cakdinal-fm)Wkk.) Tiill(2°-4°lii';li), smooth- 
 ish ; leaves obIoiij;-laiK-eo!ate, .slij^Iitly tootlied ; raceme eloii^ateti, ratlier l-sidcd ; 
 the pedicels iiiueh sliorter tliaii tlie leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds: coininon. 
 — rerennial liy oH'sets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely- 
 varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white ! 
 
 * * Flotvers blue, or blue varicijuted with white. 
 •*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° hiijli) from a perennial root ; leaves oblong yr 
 ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous dejiextd auricles : flowers 
 crowded in a long s/ii/ce or dense jaceme. 
 
 2. L. syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Sotnewhat hairy; leaves thin, 
 acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly l'long)pedi- 
 celled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of 
 tlu; corolla, the short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds; connnon. — Flowers 
 light blue, rarely white. 
 
 3. L. pubdrula, Michx. Finely sojl-pubescent : leaves thickish, obtuse (1'- 
 2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate 
 bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube lop-shaped. — JMoist grounds, New 
 Jersey to Illinois and southward. — Corolla bright blue, |' long. 
 
 4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike 
 like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auri- 
 cles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. — 
 Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. — Corolla 3" -4" long. 
 
 f- ■>- Stems leafy, mostly simple (I' -2^' high) from a perennial root : leaves lanceo- 
 late or oblong-lanceolate: calyx-tube hemispherlcrd, the sinuses destitute of auricles: 
 floivers pretty large (§'- 1' long) and showy, in a loose 7iearly l-sided raceme: 
 anthers sometimes bearded on the back. 
 
 5. L. glanduldsa, Walt. Sparingly pubescent : leaves, bracts, and usu- 
 ally the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, 
 rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. — Moist places, Virginia and southward. 
 
 6. L. amfiena, Michx. ^^/o/woi/s (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and 
 bracts usually glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. — Shady moist 
 places, Virginia and southward. 
 
 ■*-■*-■*- Stems leafy : calyx tvith no auricles or appendnqes at the sinuses : flowers 
 small i'-i' long, racemed : roots slender, annual or biennial, or perhaps some- 
 times perennial. 
 
 *^ More or less pube.srent, at least below: leaves oblong or ovate: sterns anghd or 
 striate : racemes splice-like : corolla pale blue. 
 
 7. L. infl^ta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched 
 from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (9'- 18' high) ; leaves 
 ovate or oblong, toothed, gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which ex- 
 ceed the lower short-i)edicellc(l flowers, calyx-tube ovoid, the /W inflated. — Dry 
 open fields: common. — Corolla only l.J"-2"long. I'laut poisonous and a 
 noted quack mediciae- 
 
284 LOBELTACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 
 
 8. L. spicita, Lam. StQin slender, strict and simple {1°-!^° high) from a 
 biennial- or pcrlraps perennial root, below and the barely denticulate leaves mi- 
 nutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovatc or spatulate. the upper reduced 
 to linear or club-shaped bracts ; rarmie long and naked, mostly dense and many- 
 flowered ; calyx-tubc short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical. (L. 
 Claytoniaua, il/«V/tx. L. pallida, Muhl.) — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or 
 sandy soil : rather common, at least southward and westward. — A slender and 
 smaller flowered variety (beginning to blossom in June) grows in swamps at 
 Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Corolla ordinarily 4" long. 
 
 ++ ++ Glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, linear or lancedafe, only those from the 
 root ohovate or spatulate, the uji/>ermost reduced to setaceous In-acts, all entire or 
 barely denticulate : stems vert/ slender, simple or hcomim) punirulatehj branched 
 above : racemes loosely several-flowered. 
 
 9. L. Nuttallii, Uoem. & Seh. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), terete; 
 pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very 
 minute bractiets near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in 
 fruit, the globular pod half free ; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy 
 swamps, from Long Island, New Jersey, and the adjacent lower borders of 
 Pennsylvania, southward. 
 
 10. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4'-18'high) minutely angled; 
 pedic<-ls fliiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long us the flower, 
 minutely 2-bracteoleile or 2-glundular above the middle ; calyx-tube top-shaped or obo- 
 void with an acute base, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer 
 than they, smooth, covering the whole pod ; corolla bright light blue, 4"- 5" 
 long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks. Northern New England to Wisconsin 
 and northward along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and through Ne\^f 
 York southward to Lancaster, Penn. [Prof. Porter). 
 
 11. L. C^nbyi, n. sp. Stem strict (l°-2°high), minutely angled; pedi- 
 cels shorter titan the bracts and mostly shorter than the flower, minutely roughened 
 under a lens ; brucllets none ; calyx-tithe top-shaped, acute at the base, and only half 
 the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, arc sparsely glandular-den- 
 ticulate along the margins), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod ; 
 corolla deep blue (fu/iy .')" long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, 
 pine barrens of New Jersey, especially at Quaker Bridge, Wm. M. Canby, (J. 
 E. Smith, &c. (Also South Carolina, M. A. Curtis.) Aug., Sept. — Leaves 1', 
 rarely 1|' long, numerous, gradually diminishing in size up to the raceme, the 
 largest 2" wide. Pod near/y 3" long. 
 
 •»- -t- 1- H- Stem simple froM a perennial root, and nearly leafless, except at or near 
 the base : flowers in a simple loose raceme, light blue: leaves flashy : calyx-tube 
 acute at the base, top-shaped: auricles none. 
 • 12. Ij. palud6sa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (10-2phigh); 
 leaves thidish but flat, scattered near the base, Umar-spatulate or oblong-linearj 
 glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla 
 bearded in the middle ; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, be- 
 coming hemispherical in fruit. — Wet bogs, Delaware [Natiall) and southward. 
 — Corolla 5" -6" long. 
 
CAMPANULACE^. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 285 
 
 13. L. Dortm^nna, L. (Water Lobema.) Very smooth ; scape thick- 
 ish (5'- 12' liiuli). hir-tliiwcnd ; leaves all tti/hd ut the root, linear, teirte, hollow, 
 witli Ji partition leiigtlnvisc, sessile; lower lip of the corolla slightly hairy; 
 calvx-tul)L' aliout as long-as the lobes, in fruit much longer. — In the gravelly 
 lionlers of ponds, N. Penn. to New England, and northward. — Corolla 6" - 8" 
 long. (Ku.) 
 
 OnoER 55. CAMPA^ri^ACE^. (Campanula Family.) 
 
 Ilerhs, with milh/ Juice, alternate leaves, anil scattered Jlowcrs ; the calijx 
 adherent to the ovary ; the reyidar b-lohed corolla hell-shaped, valcate in the 
 hud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usuull;/ distinct. — Style 1, be- 
 set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 -several-celled, 
 iiiiiny-seedcd. Seed small, ana troj)ous, with a straight embryo in fleshy 
 alimmen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented 
 in America, and in the Northern States by only two genera. 
 
 1. CAMPANULA, Toum. Bellflower. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally hell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens .5, separate j 
 the filaments broad and meinbranaeeous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the 
 pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or 
 liolcs. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive 
 of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.) 
 
 * Indifjenous species, peremduls, exce/jt No. 2 and No. 4. 
 f- Flowers Joosehf panicled (or rareli) solitary), lonr/-peduncled : jyxls no(hliti(j. 
 
 1. C. rotundifolia, L. (IIarebkll.) Slender, branching (.5' -12' high), 
 1 - 10-ilowered ; rout-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed orcrenatc, 
 long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narroichj 
 lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyT-lol)es awl-shaped, varying from J to § the length 
 of the bright-blue corolla (which is G"-9" long). — Rocky shaded banks : com- 
 mon northward, and along the mountains. — A delicate and pretty, but variable, 
 species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely 
 obvious. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. linifblia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves 
 varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla ij'-l' long. (C. linifo- 
 lia, L<im.) — Shores of the Great Lakc-i, and northwestward. (Eu.) 
 
 2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Maush Bellflowek.) Stem simple and 
 slender, irial: (8' - 2U' high), few-flowered, somewhat .3-anglcd, roMf/Zi backwards 
 on the aiif/les, as are the slightly toothed edijis and midrib of the linear-laurcolate 
 leaves; peduncles divertjitief, slender; lobes of the cali/r triani/iilar, half the length 
 of the i)cll-shaped nearly white corolla. (C. crinoidcs, Midil.) — Bogs and wot 
 meadows, among high grass. — Plant with .--uincwliat the habit of a Galium ; the 
 corolla barely 4" long. 
 
 -3. C. divaricilta, i\iichx. Very smooth ; stem loosely branched (1°- 3° 
 high) ; leaves ohlonylaiiceolute, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toot/ted; 
 
286 ERICACE^. (UKATH FAMILY.) 
 
 Jlowers niimrrous on the branches of the large compoiind panicle, caJyx4ohes awl- 
 s/taped, iihout half the lcn;j;th of the pale-blue sniall corolla (of 3" long) ; stij/e 
 lirotrtidfd. — Dry woods and ro(L<, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and 
 southward. 
 
 ■*- t~ Flowers numciotts and nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike: 
 corolla almost wJieelshapcd, deeply 5-lol>ed ; pods end. 
 
 4. C. Amei'icana, L. (Tall BLLLFLowiiu.) Stem mostly simple 
 (3°-G° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly 
 on nnirgined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^'-G' long) ; the slender style 
 protruded and curved. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and south- 
 ward. — Spike 1° - 2° long. Corolla light blue, 1' broad. Root annual. 
 
 * European species escaped from gardens into roadsidis ; both perennials. 
 
 5. C. GLOMiiKXTA, L. (Clusteued B.) Somcwliat hairy, stout and crcct, 
 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or laJieeolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile, 
 clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1' 
 long. — Danvcrs, Mass., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. C. EAPUNCULOiDES, L. Smoothisli, slender, erect ; stem-leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-pctioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding, 
 single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes ; corolla oblong, 1' long. — K. Mas- 
 sachusetts; and Richfield Springs, New York, G. IF. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. SPECULARIA, Heister. Vexus's Looking-glass. 
 
 Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa- 
 rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. 
 Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. 
 — Low annuals ; the earlier flowers in the American species (§ Triodalli;s, 
 Raf.) minute and fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their im- 
 perfect corolla. (Name from Specidum Veneris, the early name of the common 
 European species.) 
 
 I. S. perfoli^ta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3' - 20' high) ; leaves round- 
 ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary 
 or 2-3 together in the axils ; the upper or later ones only with a conspicuous 
 and expanding (purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below tlie 
 middle. — Sterile open ground : common. May - Aug. 
 
 Oroeu 5G. ERBCACEiE. (Heath Family.) 
 
 Shrub.t, sometin}e.<^ herbx., with the flnirrrs ree/iilnr or nearly .<;o ; the Mnmens 
 an many or twice o.s" many as the 4 - ^i-lohed or 4 - 5-pctalled corolla, free 
 from but inserted with it : anthers 2-celled, commonly appendayed or open- 
 •"i7 ^1/ terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3) : style 1 : 
 ovary 3-lO-cclled. Pollen compound, of 4 imitod grains, except in Sub- 
 order 4. Seeds small, anatropons. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, 
 in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac- 
 ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows : — 
 
ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 287 
 
 Suborder I. VACCINIE.E. Wiiokt^kukkry Family. 
 
 Calyx-tube adlicroiit to the ovary, which forms an cdilile berry or berry- 
 like ii-uit, crowned with tlie short calyx-teeth. Anthers 'i-parted. — Shrubs 
 or somewhat woody plants, witli scaly buds. 
 
 1. Ga}-Iu8sacia. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each ctll. Fruit a l)erried 
 
 <lrui>e with 8 or 10 small sceil-liku nutleU. 
 
 2. Vaccliiiiini. Ucny 4-5-celle(l (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by false partitions), many- 
 
 seeded. Anther-Cells tapering upward into a tube. 
 
 3. Cliiogeiies. Berry 4-celled, muny-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged 
 
 into a tubo, but each 2-pointcd. 
 
 SuBOKDEU II. £KICIlV£ii:. Proper Heath Family. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or sometimes poly- 
 petalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees. 
 
 Ti-lbe I. ARBITTE.S:. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 
 
 4. ArctoslapltyluA. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 6 - 10-sceded. 
 
 Tribe II. ANDROMEDE.E. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Corolla deciduous. 
 
 * Anthers upright iu the bud. Corolla monopetalous. 
 
 ■1- Anther-cells opening through their whole length ; not appendaged. 
 
 5. Epigtea. Corolla salver-shaped. Caly.x of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. 
 
 •t- <- Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped. 
 ++ Caly.\ becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 
 
 6. Gaultlieria. Caly.x 6-clel't, in fruit enclosing the small pod. Anthers 4 awned at the top. 
 
 +* +* Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 
 
 7. Leucotlioe. Calyx imbricated iu the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod 
 
 depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 
 
 8. Cassandra. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod 
 
 splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the iimer of 10 valves. 
 
 9. Caasiope. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-.')-cleft. Pcxi 
 
 globular-ovoid, 4- 5-valved, the valves 2 cleft. 
 
 10. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Po*l globular. Seeds 
 
 mostly hanging on the central placenta. 
 
 11. Oxydendrum. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidaJ. 
 
 Seeds all ascending. 
 
 • * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 
 
 12. Clethra. Sepnls 5 Stamens 10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal hole or chink. 
 
 Style: y-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved. 
 Tribe III. ERICE.^.. Corolla persistent, becoming Rcarious after flowering. 
 
 13. Call una. Corolla bell-shap-d, 4-parte(l Pod opening septicidally. 
 
 Tribe IV. RHODORE.flE. Fruit a scpticidal pod. Corolla deciduous. 
 
 • Anthor-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. 
 
 — Flowers not from scaly bu Is ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 
 
 14 Phyllndoci*. Cor.'lla ovate or urn-shaped. Loaves narrow and heath-like. 
 
 15. Kalmin. Corolla broadly hell-shaped or wheel-shai>ed, with 10 pouches receiving U 
 
 many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. 
 
 ■^ *- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the sciiles or bncls caihicous. 
 16 Menzieala. Corolla plobular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Li-avcs deciduous. 
 17. Aaalca. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stameu8 5. Leaves deciduous. 
 
288 ERiCACK.E. (heath family.) 
 
 IS. Rtiododenclron. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen. 
 10. Hhoduru. Corolla irri-'Kuliir, two iietals nearly separate. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 20. Lirduin. Corolla rejrular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stiimens 5 - 10. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 * • Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent. 
 
 21. Liulseleiiria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. 
 
 22 lieiopliylluin. Corolla of 5 separate i)etals. Stamens 10, exserted. 
 
 SuBOKDER III. PYKOLE.E. Pyrola Family. 
 
 Calvx free from tlic ovary. Corolla polypctaloiis. Anthers extrorse 
 in the bud. Seeds with a loose and translncent cellular coat much larger 
 than the nucleus. — jJsearly herbaceous and broad-leaved evergreens. 
 
 23. Pjtrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. 
 Style long. Valves of the potl cobwebby on the edges. 
 
 21. Aluiieses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- 
 dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigma 5-rayed. Vahes 
 of the pod smooth on the edges. 
 
 25. Chimaphiln. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments 
 
 dilated in the middle : anthers 2-horned. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a 
 broad and orbicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the eilges. 
 
 Suborder IV. ITIONOTKOPEiE. Indian-pipe Family. 
 
 Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root- 
 parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech- 
 drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3. 
 
 * Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-celIed. 
 
 26. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-tfiothed : anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 
 
 27. SchM'einltzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed : anthers opening at the top. 
 
 * * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like. 
 
 28. nionotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 
 
 1 . G A Y L U S S A C I A , II. B. K. Huckleueruv. 
 
 Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-clcft. Stamens 10: an- 
 thers awnlcss; the cells tapcrinj^ upward into more or less of a tube, o])cnin<; by 
 a eliiuk at the end. Fruit a bcrry-likc drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — 
 Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, comnioidy sprinkled with res- 
 inous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral aiKl bractcd 
 racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gaij-Lussac.) 
 * Leaves thick and everqri-en, not reslnous-dotled. 
 
 1. G. brach^cera. Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (l°high) ; 
 leaves oval, tinciy crcnate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels 
 very short ; corolla cylrndrical-bell-shapcd. — Dry Woods, Perry Co., I'cnnsyl- 
 vania, near Bloomfield (Prof. Buird), and motintainsof Virginia. May. — Leaves 
 in shape and aspect like those of the Box. 
 
 * * Lmves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or /ess irit/i rrsinous or irari/ ntoms. 
 
 2. G. dum6sa, Ton-. & Gr. (DwAUF IltcKLEBEiiuy.) Somewhat hairy 
 and glandular, low (l°-5° high from a creeping base), bushy; Imves obovate- 
 
ERICACE/E. (heath FAMILY.) 28^ 
 
 oblongr, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes 
 elongated ; Imcts lenf-Uke, oval, persixleiit, as luiirj us the ]>edir.els ; ovuri/ biistlij or 
 (jianduhtr ; corolla bcll-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. iiiktklla has the 
 joung branclilets, racemes, and often tiic loaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine 
 to IVnn. and Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 
 
 3. G. frondbsa, Torr. &Gr. (Bluk TAXuLii. DANGi.unEnnY.) Smooth 
 (3°-C° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, bhiiit, 
 pnle, yluiicoits beneath : racemes slender, loose ; brads obloixj or linear, deciduous, 
 shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shapcd ; fruit dark 
 blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New Eng- 
 land to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 
 
 4. G. resinbsa, Torr. & Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, 
 rigid, sHijIill)/ pubescent wlien young (10-3° high); leares oval, oblong-ovate, or 
 oblong, tiiickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as thejiowers, with shining res- 
 inous glolndcs ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of 
 the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovoid-coni- 
 cal, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom 
 (pleasant, very rarely white). — Woodlands and swamps: common (except 
 southwestward towards the Mississippi). May, June. — The common //uciWe- 
 beirif of the North. 
 
 2. VACCINIUM, L. Cranberry. Blueberry. Bilberry, 
 
 Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10: 
 anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up- 
 wards into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, many-seeded, 
 or sometimes 8-10-ceIlcd by a false partition stretching from the hack of each 
 Cell to the placenta. —Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers: the 
 corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) 
 § 1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn. Orari/ 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the long nairoto 
 
 dinsions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering al>ove into very long tubes: pedi' 
 
 eels slender. 
 * Steins very slendei; creeping or (railing : leaves small, entire, wliltened beneath, ever' 
 
 green : pedicels ei-ect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit : 
 
 corolla dcrplij A-partcd : l>eiries red, acid. 
 
 1. V. Oxyc6ecus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4' - 
 9' long) ; hares ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2" -3'' long) ; pedicels. 
 1 -4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus 
 vulgaris, Pf^-.s/i.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, 
 and northward. June.- Rerry 3"- 4" broad, often speckled with white when 
 young; seldom gnthorpd for the market. (Eu.) 
 
 2. V. macroc^rpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems 
 elongated (l°-3" i.-ng), the flowering l)ranclics ascending ; leans olUig, ol,tuse, 
 glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, In-coming 
 lateral ; filaments .scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus 
 macrocarpus, Prr.s. ) — Pent-bogs, Virginia to Wi.sconsin, and everywhere north- 
 
 •ward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry i'- 1' long. 
 GM— 13 
 
290 ERICACE^. (lIEATII FAMILY.) 
 
 » ♦ Stem uprifjht and leaves deciduous, as in common Bluberries: flowers axillary 
 and solitary: corolla dcejily 4-clifl: berries turning purple, insipid. 
 
 3. V. erythroearpon, Mkhx. Smooth, divergently braiulicd {l°-4° 
 high); icavcsi ol)loiii;-l;uicLolate, tiipcr-poiuted, bristly serrate, thin. — Wood',id 
 hills; iiiountiiiiis of N'iryiuia aud southward. July. 
 
 § 2. VITIS-ID.EA, Tourn. Ovary 4 - 5-celled : corolla bell-shnped, 4-5-hhfd: 
 anthers 8-10, awnless: fllaments huiri/ : flotvers in short and bructcd nodding 
 racemes : leaves evergreen : beiries red or purple. 
 
 4. V. Vitis-Idsea, L. (Cowbeuky.) Low (6'- lO' high); branches erect 
 from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green, 
 smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath ; co- 
 rolla bell-shaped, 4-clcft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the 
 coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June. 
 — Berries dark red, acid aud rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) 
 
 §3. PICKOCOCCUS, Nutt. Ovary more or less \0-celled by false part illona: ber- 
 ries greenisJi, hardly edible, ripening Jew seeds : corolla open-btll-shaped, b-lol>ed: 
 anthers 10, extended into very long much exserled tubes, 2-uwnedon the hick: flow- 
 ers on slender pedicels, singly in the axils of the upper leaves or Itaf-Uke bracts, 
 fl)rming leafy racemes, not articulated : leaves thin, deciduous. 
 
 5. V. stamineum, L. (DeeritErry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Dif- 
 fusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, 
 glaucous or whitish underneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; berries 
 globular or pear-shaped, large, greenish, mawkish. — Dry woods, Maine to 
 Michigan and southward, mainly eastward. May, June. 
 
 §4. BATODENDRON, Nutt. Ovary more or less \0-celled by false partitions: 
 berries black : corolla short-hell-shapcd, 5-lootltcd : anthers 1 0, included, conspicu- 
 ously 2awned on the back, and extended into slender tubes : fllaments hairy : flow- 
 ers on slender pedicels singly in the arils of coriaceous shining leaves, or racemed 
 at the end of the branches, articulated just btlow the ovary! 
 
 6. V. arbbreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (8°-15° high), 
 smoothish ; leaves oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright 
 green and shining above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white; berries mealy, 
 insipid, ripening late. — Dry ground, Makanda, S. Illinois {Dr. Vasey), proba- 
 bly also in Virginia, and southward. June. 
 
 § 5. EU VACCf NIUM. Ovary 4 - b-celled, with no trace of false partitions : corolla 
 urn-shaped or globidar, 4-5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back: fllaimnts 
 smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or S together : berries blue or black, edible: 
 * northern or alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. 
 
 * Parts (f the flower nms/li/ in fours: stamens 8. 
 
 7. v. uliginbsum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and sjircading (4' -18' 
 high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly ])ubesccnt 
 underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; 
 corolla short, nrn-shai)ed ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. —Alpine tops of 
 the high moinitains of New England aud New York, shore of Lake Superior, 
 and northward. (Eu.) 
 
ERICACEAE. (lir.ATII FAMILY.) 291 
 
 « ♦ Parts of the flower iiiflres: staiiviis 10: leaves meinbiamtceous : flowers soUtarj 
 on short (ij-il/ari/ pidniicles, nodJiiifj. 
 
 8. V. C8espit6sum, Mklix. Dwarf (3' -5' lii};li), tiifteil ; leaves ofmvatc, 
 narrowed at tlio basr, siaootli ami shini/u;, serrate; corolla ohlomj, slif^litly urn- 
 shaped; berries liluo. — Aljiiiie reyioii of the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
 shire; and hi;;li nortiiward. 
 
 9. V. OValif61ium, Smith. Stran:','ling, 3°- 10° higli ; leaves elliptical, 
 obtuse, nearly entire, jiale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid; berries 
 blue. — Peat-l)ogs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins (and far west- 
 ward). May. 
 
 10. v. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1°- 4° hi<,-h; branchlets .some- 
 what angled ; leaves niosthj orate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely sejrulate, 
 bright green, nearly smooth ; border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depresscd- 
 glolmlar, rather large ; berries large, black, rather acid. — Woods and bluffs, 
 Keweenaw Co., Lake Sui)crior, Dr. liobbins. (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd; and 
 northwestward.) May, June. — Pedicels 3" - G" long, drooping in flower, 
 erect in fruit. 
 
 § 6. CYANOCOCCUS. Ocarti more or less completeli/ \Ocelled hji false partitions: 
 corolla ohlong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, Moothtd : anthers 10, uwnless: 
 fllaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in clusters or 
 very short racemes from seedy buds separate from and lather preceding the leaves, 
 on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Nortliern 
 species or pro/ier Bhtdierries.) 
 
 11. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lnm (Dwarf BLUEitKiiKY.) Dwarf (6'- 
 15' high), smooth ; leares lanceolate or oblong, distinrily serrulate with bristle-jminted 
 teeth, smooth and shining Imth sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under- 
 neath) ; corolla short, cyliudrical-bell-sliapcd. — Var AXGUSTiF(")LifM is a high 
 mountain or ijoreal form, 3' -6' higli, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. an- 
 gustifolium. Ait.) —Dry hills and woods: common from Pennsylvania and N. 
 Illinois far northward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, 
 large and sweet, ripening early in July: the earliest blueberry or blue huckle- 
 berry in the market. 
 
 12. V. Canadense, Kalm. (Canada Bu'khkruv.) Low (1° -2° high) ; 
 leaves olilong-lanccolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sid'S, as well as the crowded 
 branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as the last, into which it seems to pass. 
 — SwamjjS or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 
 
 13. V. vaciUaus, Sulander. (Low Bukhkuky.) /^w (l°-2i° high). 
 glabrous; lanes olioralc or oval, very pale or dull, f/la neons, at least underneath, 
 minutely ciliolate-serrulatc or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra- 
 ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, es|)ccially in sandy 
 soil. New Kngland to Virginia and N. Illinois. — Branches yellowish-green. 
 Berries ripening later than those of No. 11. 
 
 14. V. COrymbdsum, L. (t'osniox or SwA.Mr-Bi,i:KnERRY.) Tall 
 po_ioo hijrji) ; /,(/(, .s urate, orid, oblong, or ellipticallanceolate ; corolla varyinjj 
 from turgid-ovatc and cylindric.al-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps 
 and low thickets: everywhere common, except southwestward. — This yields 
 
202 KRICACE^. (lIEAXn FAMILY.) 
 
 the common blttebeiri/ or blue hucklebern/ of the latter part of the season. The 
 typical ibriu has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when 
 younji:, as also the branchlets. The species exiiibits tlie greatest variety of forms : 
 the last of those here mentioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which 
 has any claims to i)e regarded as a species. 
 
 Var. gl^brum, is wholly or nearly glabrous tliroughout; the leaves entire. 
 
 Var. amcenum, has the leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both 
 sides, beneath soiucwhat pubescent on tiie veins. (V. araujnum. Ait., &c.) 
 
 Var. pallidum, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous: 
 especially underneath, scirulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum. Ait.) 
 
 Var. atroCOCCUm, has the leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even 
 when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. ( V. 
 fuscatum, Ait.'f & Ed. I.) 
 
 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberrt. 
 
 Caly.\-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Co- 
 rolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed 
 cpigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovatc-oblong, quite 
 separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-poiiitcd at the apc.x, and 
 opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, crowned 
 with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dr}', 4-eelled, many-seeded. — A trailing and 
 creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small 
 Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with rcvolute margins, 
 smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. 
 Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 
 large bractlcts under the calyx. (Name from x"^") snow, and yevos, offspring, 
 in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 
 
 1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. — Peat-bogs, and mossy mountain woods, 
 in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the 
 Alleglianies. JMay. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Birch. 
 Leaves 3" -4" long. Berries 3" broad, bright white. 
 
 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry. 
 
 Corolla ovate and nrn-shapcd, with a short rcvolute 5-toothcd limb. Stamens 
 10, included : anthers with 2 rcflcxed awns on the back near the apex, opening 
 by terminal pores. Drupe berry -like, with .5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs, 
 with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terriiinal racemes 
 or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of /i/jktos, a hear, and aTu(f)v\ri, 
 a grape or Iik'ti/, the Greek of the popular name.) 
 
 1. A. Uva-lirsi, Spreng. (BE.\niiERRV.) Trailing; /«/rr.s ^///V/>- nW rm- 
 (jreen, ohovixte or spatulatc, piitiro, smooth : fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.) — 
 Rocks and bare hills, New Jersey to Wisconsin and nortlnvard. May. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and de- 
 pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrnfe, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ; 
 fruit iihirk. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount 
 
 Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
» 
 
 ericace-t:. (iieatii family.) 203 
 
 6. EPIGifeA, L. GuotND Laukel. Trailing Annrxua. 
 
 Corolla salvcr-fonii ; the tube liairy inside, as lon^ as the ovate-lanceolate 
 pointed and sealc-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments : 
 anthers ol)lon<j, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in 
 Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and piirtly adnate to the 5 little 
 lobes of the stigma, i'od depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-cellcd, many-seeded. — 
 A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby j)lant, bristly with rusty hairs, with ever- 
 green and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender peti- 
 oles, and « itli rose-colored llowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts, 
 (>'ame composed of tVi, upon, and y^, the earth, from the trailing growth.) 
 
 1. E. ripens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, csjiecially 
 in the shade of pines: common in many places, es])ecialiy eastward. — Flowers 
 appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England 
 called Mayflower. 
 
 6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wixtergreen. 
 
 Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothcd. Stamens 10, in- 
 cluded : anther-cells each 2-awncd at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. 
 Pcd depi-essed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by 
 the calyx, which thickens and tums fleshy, so as to appear as a globular retl 
 berry! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves 
 and axillary (nearly white) flowers: pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by 
 Kalm to "Dr. Ganlthkr," of Quebec; Liii». Amoen. Acad. 3, p. 15. The true 
 orthography, as ascertained by Prof. Brunet from the old records in Quebec, 
 is (jatiltier ; so that the orthogra])liy of the genus, if changed at all, should be 
 Gaultiera.) 
 
 1. G. prociimbens, L. (Creeping Wintergreex.) Stems slender 
 and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascend- 
 ing, leaf)' at the summit (3' -5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurel_v serrate ; 
 flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in 
 the shade of evergreens especially northward, and southward along the Allegha- 
 nies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have 
 the well-known sjjicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the interior of the 
 country it is called Wmterrpeen, or sometimes Tta-herry. Eastward it is called 
 Checkerberrij or Partrid<)e-berrij (names also ai)plied to Mitchella, the latter espe- 
 cially so), also Borheiri/. 
 
 7. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Leccotiioe. 
 
 Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor 
 fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-t()(itlie(l. St'imens 10: an- 
 thers naked, or the wlls with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, o])ening by a ],ore. 
 Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick- 
 ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentiC borne on the summit of the short 
 columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and 
 white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A 
 mythological name.) 
 
294 ERiCACE.-E, (heath family.) 
 
 § 1. LEUCOTIIOE proper. Anthers awnlcss; the cells sometimes ohscurdij 2- 
 polntcd: sti(jma (l./)ri>sscd<apitiite, b-raycd : racemes sessile {dense), produrnl (U 
 the time of flower in j from seal j buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shinin/j jicr- 
 sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlets 
 at the. Iiase of the short pediaU. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, icintj-likc.) 
 
 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or 
 acute, somewhat s])iiuilose-scrrulate, on very short petioles ; sepals broadly ovale. 
 (Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in tiie low country, 
 and southward. Feb. - April. — Siirub 2° - 4" high. 
 
 2. L. Catesbsei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, SGVT\\\A\.c\\\\\vQ\\\vLic- 
 epinulosc appresscd teeth, conspicuously petiuled (.3' -6' long) ; sejials ovate-oblong, 
 often acute. ( Andr. Catesbai, Walt. A. axillaris, Micluc. A. spinulosa, Pursh. 
 L. spinulosa, Z)on.) — Moist banks of streams, Viriiinia alonj,^ tlie mountains, 
 and .southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading or recurved 
 branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. 
 
 §2. EtiBOTRYS, Nutt. Anthers nwned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the 
 calyx, and, lilce the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: pla- 
 centie not pendulous : flowers very short-pedicel led, in long one-sided racemes, 
 which mostli/ terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the 
 flower-buds not expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-shaped, deciduous: 
 leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and veins beneath pu- 
 bescent. 
 
 3. L. recurva, Buckley. Brnnrhes and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves 
 lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate ; anther-cells l-awned ; pod i>-lobed ,■ 
 seeds flat and eeJlitlar-wingcd. — Dry hills, Allcgiianies of Virginia and southward. 
 April. — Lower and more straggling than the next. 
 
 4. L. racembsa. Branches and racemes mostly erect ; leaves oblong or oval- 
 lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not lobed ; 
 seeds angled and wingless. (Andromeda racemosa & A. paniculata, L) — Moist 
 thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. May, 
 June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical. 
 
 8. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf. 
 
 Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and 
 with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- 
 mens 10: anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at 
 the apex, awnlcss. Pod depressed, 5-celied, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 
 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. 
 Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever- 
 green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers 
 white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy ra- 
 cemes; the flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next 
 spring. {Cassaiidni, a diiuglitcr of Priam and Hecuba.) 
 
 1. C. calycul^ta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda caly- 
 culata, Z.) — Wet bogs: common northward: rare westward to North Wis- 
 consin. (Eu.) 
 
ERICACEAE. (lIEATII FAMILY.) 29a 
 
 9. CASStOPE, Don. Cassiope. 
 
 Calyx without bractlcts, of 4 or .'> nc;u-ly distinct ovate scpali;, imbricated in 
 the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-clcft. Stamens 8 or 10 : 
 nnthcrs fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a larpc terminal 
 pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5- 
 ccilcd, 4-5-valvcd; the valves 2-cleft : placenta; many-seeded, pendulous from 
 the .'iummit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or 
 alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, 
 nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the 
 motiicr of Andi-unicila.) 
 
 1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1' - 4' high) ; 
 leaves necdle-siiaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-clcft ; style short and conical, (An- 
 dromeda liyi)noides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Mountains, New 
 York (Dr. Patri/), White Mountains of New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin, 
 Maine (Mr. Youmj), and high uorthwatd. (Ku.) 
 
 10. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part). Axduomed.\. 
 
 Calyx without bractlcts, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the 
 bud, but vcrj- soon separate or o\vin. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers 
 fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal ])orc. Pod globular, 5- 
 celled, 5-valvcd ; the many-seeded jilaccntix; borne on the sunnnit or middle 
 of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or paniclcd and raccmed 
 (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnajus for A. poliiulia, in al- 
 lusion to the fable oi Andromeda.) 
 
 § 1. ANDROMEDA proper. Corolla gldHdar-urn-slmped : JUaments bearded, 
 not (ijifuiidarjrd : anthers short, the cells tach surmounted bij a slender ascending 
 awn : sc(ds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard snioiAk coat : 
 Jloivers in a terminal umbel: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly 
 bracts ; leaves evergreen. 
 
 1. A. polif61ia, L. Smooth and glaucous (G'- 18' high; leaves thick, 
 lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolutc margins, white beneath. — 
 Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. PORTONA, Nutt. Corolla ovoid-urn-shaprd and b-angled : filaments not 
 appcndaged : anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long refl'xrd awn near the 
 insertion : .leeds moslli/ pendulous, and icilh a loose cellular coat : flowrs in axil- 
 larij and terminal naked racemes, formed in summer, but the lilossoms expanding 
 the following spring: pedicels \ -sided, bnicted and uuth minute bractlets, re- 
 curved : leaves thirl- and fverqrcen, 
 
 2. A. floribtinda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young ; leaves lance- 
 oblong, acute or jiointcd (2' long), pctioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes 
 dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanics from Virginia 
 southward. April.— Avery leafy shrub, 2° - 10° high, bearing abundance 
 of hand.somc flowers. 
 
 §3. PIERIS, Don. Corolla nvoid-iJibmij or rijlindraccous : Jilaments slender and 
 awi-sluiped, usually appendnged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side 
 
296 KRICACE^. (IIKATH FAMILY.) 
 
 at or below the apex : anthers ofAong, aivnless : sutures of the 5-anguIar pod with 
 a more or less tliickened line or ridge, which o/)en falls uwaij spjiaiatJj when the 
 pod opens : seed:i turned in alt directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose 
 reticulated rout : Jloweis in umbel-like clusters variousli/ arrani/ed. 
 
 3. A. Mariana, L. (Stagger-bcsh.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves dceid- 
 uous, but ratliur coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding, 
 in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of 
 the preceding year ; sepals leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low 
 places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June. 
 — Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves. 
 
 § 4. LYONIA, Nutt. Calyx T^-cleft : corolla globular, pubescent : filaments and 
 anthers destitute of aivns or ajipendages, or the former sometimes 2-setose near the 
 apex: pods pruminentli/ ribbed at the sutures, the ribs at length separating or 
 separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and thin cilliilar coat : flow- 
 ers small, niostlij in clusters ichich are racemosed-jianicled : bracts minute and 
 deciduous: leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath. 
 
 4. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when 
 old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers raceniose-pauided on 
 branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets. New England 
 to Penn., Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 
 
 11. OXYDENDRXJM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood. 
 
 Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvatc in the bud. 
 Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, pubcrulent. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the base, 
 linear, awnless ; the cells tapering upwards, and opening by along chink. Tod 
 oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placenta; at the base of 
 the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat ex- 
 tended at both ends into awl-shaped append.ages. — A tree with deciduous, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate le:ives, on slender petioles, and 
 white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an oj)cn paiiide, terminat- 
 ing the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foli- 
 age sour to the taste (whence the name, from o^vs, sour, and dfvSpou, tree). 
 
 1- O. arb6l'eum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Kich woods, from 
 Penn. and Oliio southward, mostly along the Alleghanics. June, July. — Tree 
 15° -40° high. Leaves in size and sha])e like those of the Peach. 
 
 12. CLETHRA, L. White Alder. Sweet Pepperbush. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob- 
 long petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, in- 
 verted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style 
 slender, 3-elcft at the apex. Pod .3-valved, .3-cel]e(l, many-seeded, enclosed in 
 the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and serrate deeiiluous leaves, and 
 white flowers in terminal honry racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KXij^pa, the 
 ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in 
 feliuge.) 
 
ER1CACK.E. (IIKATH FAMILY.) 697 
 
 1. C. alnifdlia, L. Leaves wedge-oliovate, sharply serrate, entire towards 
 the base, proiiiinently straight-veined, smootli, green both sides; racemes iiprlff/tt, 
 paniclcd ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine 
 to Virginia near the coast, and sontliward. — Shrub 3° - 10*' higli, covered in 
 July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South arc varieties 
 with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy l)encath. 
 
 2. C. acuminata, Midix. Ijeares oral or ohioiiy, ]>oinl(d, thin, finely ser- 
 rate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes aolitarij, fLoupintj ; brads loiKjir than the 
 flowers: lilaments and puds hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanics, Virginia and 
 southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree. 
 
 13. CALLUNA, Salisb. Heather. 
 
 Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-partcd, much shorter and 
 less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta- 
 mens 8, distinct: anthers with a pair of detlexed appendages on the back, the 
 cells opening each by a long chink. Pod 4-ccllcd, septicidally 4-valved. — 
 Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly 
 extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. 
 Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, 
 forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or 
 sometimes white, small, bractcd by 2 or .3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which 
 are more or less scarious. (Named from KaXKvv(x>,to brush or sweep, brooms 
 being made of its twigs.) 
 
 1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. (C. Atlantica, Seemann, Jour. Bat. 4, p. 305, t. 
 53. Erica vulgaris, L.) — Low grounds, Tewksbury, Massachusetts (Jackson 
 Dawson, &c., a small patch) ; border of forest on Cape Elizabeth, Maine {Mr. 
 PirJcard, from Dr. Wood) ; also Xova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland ; 
 mostly local. ( See various articles in ^;ns/-. ./o«r. -Sc;'. ) July, Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 14. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. I'm llodoce. 
 
 Corolla urn-sh;ii)cd or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers 
 pointless, shorter than the lilaments, opening l)y terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 
 5-valvcd, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine 
 Ileath-Iike evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse 
 rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or uinbelled pe- 
 duncles at the sumniit of the branches. ("A mythological name.") 
 
 1. P. taxifdlia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, jmrplish, smooth; 
 style included. (Meiiziesia ea;rulea, 5/«/M.) —Alpine summits of the moun- 
 tains of New Hampshire and Maine, and northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 15. KALMIA, L. Amlisk an Lmuel. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla In-twcen wheel-shaped and bell-slinpcd, 5-lobcd, 
 furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ; 
 fibmcnts long and thrend-form. Pod globose, 5 celled, many-seeded. — Ever- 
 green mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, 
 
298 ERiCACK^. (hkatii family.) 
 
 naked buds, and sho\v}' flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnajus 
 •who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards 
 Professor at Abe. ) 
 
 § 1 . Flowers in simple or clustered naked umhel-like cori/mhs : pedicels from the arils 
 of small and fii m fuliaceous persistent bracts: calyx smaller than the pod, per- 
 sistent : leaves f/lubrous. 
 1. K. Iatif61ia, L. (C.vlico-busii. Mountain Laurel. Spoon- 
 wood.) Li aces mostly alternate, brnjld cp-een both sides, ocutc.-Utnceolate or ellipti- 
 cal, tapering to each end, pctioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, claniniy- 
 pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — liocky hills and damp soil, rather 
 common irom Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° -8° high; but in 
 the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree- 
 like (10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, large and very showy, 
 varying froni deep rose-color to nearly white, clammy. 
 
 2. K. angUStifdlia, L. (SuKiiP Laukel. Lamkkill.) Leaves com- 
 monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish undernntth, liyht yreen above, narrowli/ 
 oblonij, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the 
 season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; 
 pedicils recurved in fruit. — Hillsides: common. May, June. — Shrub 2° -3° 
 high : the flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last. 
 
 3. K. glauca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edyed : leaves opposite, 
 nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with recolute margins ; corymbs termi- 
 nal, few-lloAvered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. rosmari- 
 nif6lia has linear and strongly rcvolutc leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and moun- 
 tains, from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. 
 Flowers ^' broad, lilac-purple. 
 
 § 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy, 
 larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous: leaves {alitr- 
 mite and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy. 
 
 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" 
 long), becoming glitbrous. — S;mdy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- 
 ward. May- Sept. — Slirul) 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 
 
 16. MENZIESIA, Smith. Menziesia. 
 
 Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- 
 um-shapcd and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : an- 
 ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 
 4-vaIved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with .-v loose coat. — A low shrub ; 
 the straggling branches and the ol)Iong-<ibovate alternate deciduous leaves (like 
 those of Azalea) hair^^ and ciliate with rusty rather chafl'-like bristles. Flowers 
 small, develoj)cd with the leaves, in terminal dusters from scaly buds, greenish- 
 white and jiurplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzics, who in Vancouver's 
 voyage brought the sijccics from the Northwest Coast.) 
 
 1. M. ferruginea, Smith, var. globul^ris. Corolla rather shorter 
 and broader than in the Oregon ])lant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyl- 
 vania to Virginia, &c. (Also beyond Lake Superior.) June. 
 
ERICACK/E. (HEATH FAMILY.) 299 
 
 17. AZALEA, L. False Honeysuckle. Azalea. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd, often iniiiiite. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu- 
 lar ; the lol»cs sjjrcnding. Stamens .'), with long exserted filaments, usually 
 declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, 0])ening by terminal pores, 
 pointless. Tod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright 
 shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which arc entire, 
 ciliate, and mueronatc with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often 
 glandular and glutinous outside, in uiubclled clusters from large scaly-imbri- 
 cated terminal buds. (Name from dCaXeos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- 
 plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) 
 
 * Flowers api>eariii(j ajler the leaves. 
 
 1. A. arborescens, Pursh. (Smooth Azalka.) Branchlets smooth ; 
 leaves obovate, obtuse, ciry siiiouth both siiles, shiiiiiu; tiliore, glaucous beneath, the 
 margins bristly-ciliate ; ailijx lolies long and conspicuous; corolla slightly clammy; 
 stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and 
 southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- 
 grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 
 
 2. A. viscdsa, L. (Clammy A. White Swamp-IIoxeysuckle.) 
 Branchlets bristlij, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate 
 otherwise smooth leaves; cali/r-lobcs minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer 
 than the lobes; stamens and especially the style exserted. — Var. glaCca has 
 the leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough- 
 hairy. — Var. NfTiDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — 
 Swamps, Maine to Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° 
 - 10° high, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with roseeolor. 
 
 * * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 
 
 3. A. nudifl6ra, L. (Plkim.e A. Pixxter-flower.) Branchlets 
 rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath; culifx very short; 
 tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glanduhir ; stamens and 
 style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Illinois, 
 and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° -6° high ; the showy flowers varying 
 from flesh-color to pink and purple. There arc numberless varieties, some of 
 them with 10 stamens. 
 
 4. A. calendul^eea, IMicIix. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Branchlets 
 and obovate or oi)long leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous; tube of 
 the corolla shorter than the. lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Woods, 
 mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 
 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of largo 
 orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 
 
 18. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-day. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- 
 form, sometimes slightly irregular, .5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- 
 monly declined: anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with 
 evergreen entire alternate leaves, and ample showy flowers, in compact terminal 
 
300 ERICACE^. (HEATH FAMILY.) 
 
 corymbs or clusters, from large scalj-bractcd biids. (' PobutevBpov, rose-tree ; tho 
 ancient name.) 
 
 1. H. ia^imum, L. (Great L.vurel.) Leaves d/iiilical-ol/lonci or hxnce- 
 oblong, aciilc, imrroiaed (awards the Inise, very smooth, witli somcwiiat revolutc 
 margins; i)eiiicels visciil ; corolla bell-sliapeil. — Damp deep woods, sparingly 
 from Maine to Oliio, but very common along sliaded water-courses through the 
 mountainous parts of Pennsylvania and southward. July. — Shrui) or tree 6° - 
 20° liigh. Leaves 4' -10' long, very thick. Corolla an inch broad, pale rose- 
 color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with 
 yellow or reddish. 
 
 2. R. Catawbi6llSe, Michx. Leares ornl or ohionrj, roinidcd at both ends, 
 smooth, pale beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; 
 pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. June. — 
 Shrub 3° - 6° iiigh. 
 
 • 3. R. Lappbnicum, Wahl. (Lapland Rose-bay.) Z^itvjr/] prostrate ; 
 leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted (Wkii the branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few- 
 flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Aljjine summits of 
 the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6' 
 high, in broad tufts : leaves ^' long. Corolla violet-purple; (Eu.) 
 
 19. RHODORA, Duhamcl. Riiodora. 
 
 Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
 usually 3-lol)ed or 3-clcft, and the lower two-parted or of 2 distinct s])reading 
 petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in 
 Azalea. (Name from p68ov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 
 
 1 . R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England 
 to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, 
 with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and dowTiy underneath ; the showy 
 rose-j)urple (rarely white) flowers in umbel-like clusters, on short peduncles, 
 appearing rather earlier than the leaves. 
 
 20. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovatc and spreading distinct 
 petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, 
 splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placentai borne on the summit 
 of tiie columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with 
 rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolutc : herbage slightly fra- 
 grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters 
 from large scaly buds : bracts or scales thin and caducous, {.\rj8ov, the ancient 
 Greek name of the Cistus.) 
 
 1. L. Iatif61iuni, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes 
 6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to 
 Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. J«ine. — Shrub 2°-5° high. (L. 
 PAn'sTRE, L., grows in British America. It is dis::;nguished by its linear leaves, 
 uniformly 10 stamens, and oval }>ods.) (Eu.) 
 
ERICACl::^^. (lIliATII FAMILY.) 801 
 
 21. LOISELEURIA, Dcsv. Alpine Azalea. 
 
 Calyx 5-pnrtc(l, nciirly as long as tlic rather l)cll-sha[)C(l and deeply 5-cleft reg- 
 ular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : antiiers opening lengtiiwise. 
 Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-ccllcd, many-seeded, 2-3-valved; the valves 2- 
 cleft from the apex: placenta; borne on the middle of the columella. — A small 
 depressed evergreen shrubby plant, nmch branched and tufted, smooth, with 
 coriaceous oi)posite elli])tical leaves, on short jietioles, with ruvolute margins. 
 Flowers small, wiiite or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; 
 the scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loisdeur Delongcliumps, n 
 Frcncii butaiii>t.) 
 
 1. L. prociimbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbcns, /..) — Alpine summits 
 of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) 
 
 22. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. 
 
 Calyx ."j-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovatc-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- 
 mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from 
 the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the 
 aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genns, but the crowded leaves sometimes al- 
 ternate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. 
 (Name formed of Xfiof, smooth, and (f)i\\ov,folki(je, from the leaves.) 
 
 1. L. buxif61ium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and moun- 
 tain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high: leaves 
 oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3' - 6" long. 
 
 23. PYROLA, Toum. Wintergreex. Shin-leaf. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, 
 deciduous. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers extrorsc in the 
 bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of tiie apex of the filament, more 
 or less 4-cellcd, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned 
 base which by the inversion becomes the apparent apex ! Style generally long : 
 stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved 
 from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds 
 minute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated 
 coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, 
 bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple 
 raceme of nodding flowers, on an ujjright more or less scaly-bracted scape. 
 (Name a diminutive of Pyrun, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance 
 in the foliage, which is not obvious.) 
 
 § 1 . Stamens ascending : sfi/le turned down and tuwaids the ajtex ttsual/i/ more or less 
 cvrccd upwards, longer than the campamdate-conniiient or somewhat er/ianding 
 jH'tids: stigma much narrower than the truncate and somewhat crcacntcd ujtex of 
 the stifle which forms a sort of ring or collar, the 5 Wv.s otjiist very short iiud in- 
 cludi d, at length vsuallij protruded. ( Le<ives denticulate or entire. ) 
 1. P. rotundifdlia, L. La ares orliicular, thirl:, shining, usually shorter 
 than the petiole ; rae^jme elongated, many-tlowcrcd ^ .calyx-lobes lamedatu or Mong' 
 
302 ERiCACii.E. (heath family.) 
 
 lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one lialf or one third the length 
 of the roundisli-oljovatc rather sprcailiiig (eiiieliy white) petids; anthercdk nearly 
 blunt. — Damp or sandy wouds : eomnion, e^peeialiy nortliward. June, July. — 
 Seape C- 12' liigh, many-braeted : flowers i' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, 
 sueh as: Var. ixcaknXta, with flesh-colored flowers; calyx-lobes triangular- 
 lanceolate. — Var. asahif6lia, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and trian- 
 gular-ovate calyx-lobes of about half the length of the white or flesh-colored 
 petals. (P. asarifolia, Michx.) (.Common northward. — Var. uliginOsa, with 
 roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (I'-l^' wide), and 
 ovate acute calyx-lobes, about one quarter of the length of the reddish or pur- 
 ple petals; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Twr. <$* Gr.) 
 Cold bogs, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 2. P. elliptiea, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leares thin and dull, elli/itical or 
 ohuvatf-ovul, usuallij lunijer titan the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calj/x- 
 lohes ovate, acute, not one fourth thelengih of the obovate rather spreading (greenish- 
 white) petals; anther-cells blunt. — Kith woods, New England to Pennsylvania, 
 Wisconsin, and northward: common. June. — Seape and flowers nearly as 
 large as in the preceding. 
 
 3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. I.caves small (1' long), roundish, thick, dull, 
 shoi-ter than the peliule; scape few-Jtowyed, naked (5' - 8' high) ; caiyx-loltes roundish- 
 ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther<ells 
 contracted below the orifice into a distinct neck or horn ; style little exserted. — Open 
 woods, New England to Penn., AViseonsin, and northward. June, July. 
 
 4. P. oxypetala, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Leaves ovate, small {S" -12" \ong), 
 shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7' -8' high) several-flowered; flowers 
 on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; 
 petals lanceolate-ohlong , acuminate, greeni>h ; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the 
 apex, obtusely 2-horned (as in No. 3) at the base, not inverted ; style straightish, 
 scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., New York, June 
 1, 1860, C. F. Austin. — Stigma as in No. 3; the calyx-lobes, &c., diflerent, so 
 that' it can hardly be a monstrosity of that species. 
 
 § 2. Stamens regular : style straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed 
 5-rayed stigma : petals erect and conniveut. 
 
 5. P. seciinda, L. Subcaulescent ; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the peti- 
 ole, .scattered, y!'«e/^ ser/a^e; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous Small 
 (green ish-\vhite) fowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
 very much shorter than the oblong oval petals ; style long^ exserted. — Uich woods: 
 common eastward and northward. July. — Scape 3'- 6' high. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. pvinila (Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida Co.) is a renuukable form, growing 
 in high peat-bogs from Otsego Co., New York, Lake Superior, and northward 
 (indicated by Chamisso in Russian America) ; leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 
 very thin (5"- 12 ' long) ; scape 2' -4' high, 3- 8-flowered. July, Aug. 
 
 6. P. minor, L. Zeui;esro«Hc/<s/(,slightlycrenulate,thickish, mostly longer 
 than the margined petiole; raceme spiked ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very 
 much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style short and included. — Woods 
 at the base of the White Mouutaius, New Hampshire, Lake Superior (L. Footi ), 
 
EKICACKiE. (iII!;aTII FAMILY.) 303 
 
 and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, 
 white or rose-color. (Eu.) 
 
 24. MONESES, Salish. One-flowkrkd Pyuola. 
 
 Petals 5, widely spreailing, orhicular. Filamcuts awl-shaped, naked : anthers 
 as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-liorned. Style straight, exseried : stigma 
 large, peltate, with .5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the 
 pod naked, as in the next genus. (Parts of the flower occasionally in four.-.) 
 Scape 1-tlowercd. Otiierwise as in Pyrola : intermediate between it and C.'liima- 
 phila. (Name funned of fxovos, siiujle, iind r^ais, deliyhl, from the pretty and 
 solitary flower.) 
 
 I . M. unifldra. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, from Penn. and 
 New England nortbward. June. — A small perennial, with the rounded and 
 veiny serrate thin leaves (6" -9'' long), clustered at the ascending apex of creep- 
 ing subterranean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape (2'-4'high) bearing a white 
 or rose-colored terminal flower G" wide. (Eu.) 
 
 25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa. 
 
 Petals .5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en- 
 larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less consi)ic- 
 uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the 
 depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, disk- 
 shapeil, tlie border .5-crcnate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the 
 apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous 
 plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining 
 leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the 
 fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbcd or timbelled on a terminal pe- 
 duncle. (Name from x^'M'"' winter, and (f)i\i(t), to luve, in allusion to one of the 
 popular names, viz. Winti'njreAU.) 
 
 1. C. umbellata, Xntt. (Puixce's Pixk. Pipsissewa.) fxaves wedcje- 
 lanceolate, unite at the Ixisr, sharply serrate, not s/)olt(d ; peduncles 4-7-flowered. 
 — Dry woods : common. June. — Plant 4'- 10' high, leafy : petals flesh-color : 
 anthers violet. (Eu.) 
 
 2. C. macul^ta, Pursh. (Spotted Wixtergreen.) Leaves ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuHu at the base, remotely toothed, the vppfr surface variefjaled ivith white; 
 peduncles 1 - S-flowcred. — Dry woods: most common in the iliddlc States. 
 June, July. — Plant 3' -6' high. 
 
 26. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pixe-dkops. 
 
 Calyx .'j-])arted. Corolla ovate, .urn-shaped, 5-toothed, jjcrsistent. Stamens 
 10: anthers 2-cellcd, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short: 
 stigma 5-lobed. I'od glol)ose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the 
 valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to 
 each end, the apex expan<led into a broad reticulated wing many times larger 
 than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown elami4y-pubcs- 
 
304 EKICACE^. (UliATH FAMILY.) 
 
 cent root-parasitic herb (l°-2° high) ; the wand-like stem furnished towards 
 the base witii seuttcred laiieeohite seales in place of leaves, above bearing many 
 nodding (white) flowers, re>embling those of Andromeda, in a long braeted ra- 
 ceme. ( Name from nrfpov, a iviinj, and aiiopd, sttd, aliuding to the singular 
 wing borne hy tlie seeds.) 
 
 1. P. Andl'omed^a, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the 
 roots of pines, iVoni Vermont, I'eekskill and Albany, N. Y., audJSi. reunsylvauia 
 nortliwanl and westward : rare. 
 
 27. SCHWEINITZIA, EII. Sweet Pine-sap. 
 
 Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla 
 persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at tlie base. 
 Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filaments, fi.xed near the summit, 
 awnless ; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid. 5-celled, with 
 a short and thick style, and a large .5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — 
 A low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, 
 scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, 
 exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Srhireini/z.) 
 
 1. S. odor^ta, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland 
 and southward : rare. April. 
 
 28. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap. 
 
 Calyx of 2 - 5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep- 
 arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which arc gibbous or 
 saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments awl- 
 shapcd : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-cellcd, opening across the top. 
 Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-groovcd, 4-5- 
 celled, loculicidal : the very thick placenta; covered with innumerable minute 
 seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or 
 white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a 
 Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, 
 furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several-flowered; the flow- 
 ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of fiovos, one, 
 and T/joTTOf, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.) 
 § 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petaIlcd and \0-an- 
 drous flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2- A irregular scales or bracts : anthers 
 transverse, opening In/ 2 chinks : sti/le short and thick : stigma naked. 
 1. M. unifldra, L. (Indian Pii-e. Corpse-Plaxt.) Smooth, waxy- 
 white (turning blacki<h in drying, 3' -8' high); stigma naked. — Dark and 
 rich woods: common. June -Aug. 
 
 § 2. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Plant commonlji fragrant : flowers several in a scaly 
 raceme; the terminal one usually ^-petalled and lO-androus, ivhilc the rest are 4- 
 jietalled and 8-undrous ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals : ant/urs 
 opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and 
 appearing like a continuation of the jUajnent.: style longer than the ovary, hollow. 
 
AQLiroLIAC.i;. (IIOLLV FAMILY.) 3().j 
 
 2. M. Hypdpitys, L. (I'ink-sap. Falsi-: Bi;i;< ii-i>roi'S.) Somewluit 
 pubc8wiit or (luwiiv, tawny, whitish, or ri-ddisli (4'- 12' lii;j;h) ; ]Kj(i ^;lol)iilar 
 or oval ; sti{;iiui ciliate. — (.)criirs in various forms: thf more piiljL'sccnt is M. 
 lanuginosa, Midix. — Oak and jiino wood.-.: common. Junc-Auj^. (Eii.) 
 
 OuDKU 57. CJALACi]\E.li. (Galax Family.) 
 
 CharacU'r that of the lullowinj; j^enus ; wliich is kept as a distinct order 
 until tlie true relationsliij) is asct-rtained. 
 
 1. GALAX, L. Galax. 
 
 Calyx of 5 small and scjuu-atc sepals, persistent. Petals T), liypojrynous, ob- 
 ovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypojrynous : filaments united 
 in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth 
 oppcsite the jjctals naked, the .5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round- 
 ish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short: 
 .'^tigma .3-lol)ed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved : columella none. 
 Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight 
 in iieshy albumen, more than half its length. — Evergreen herb, witli a thick 
 matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up 
 round-heart-shaped crenate-toothcd and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on 
 slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, \° -2° high, bearing a wand-like 
 spike or raceme of small and ininutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from 
 •yii'Xa, milk, — of no conceivable application to this plant.) 
 
 I. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June. 
 
 OuDioR 58. A<iUIFOLIACE.E. (Holly Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with small axUlary 4 - 8-merous foicers, a minute calyx 
 free from the 4 - 8-celled ovary and the 4 - 8-seeded berry-like drupe ; the 
 stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - 8-petalled corolla 
 and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla iniLrieated 
 in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into 
 one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatrojious, 
 with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. 
 Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represente<l by only 
 two genera (Prinos being j)laeed under Ilex) ; related to the Celastraeeie, 
 &e., among the Polypetalous orders jis nuich as to tlie following order. 
 
 1. ILEX, L. (Ilcx& I'rinos. A..) Hoi.lv. 
 
 Flowers more or less di(eci()nsly polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 
 4-G, separate, or united only at the base, oval or olxnate, obtuse, s])reading. 
 Stamens 4-6. The berry -like dru])C containing 4- G little nutlets. — Leaves 
 alternate. Fertile flowers iudint'd to be .solitary, and the sterile or partly sterile 
 flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak 
 rather than of the Holly.) 
 L & M— 33 
 
306 AQUIFOLIACKliE. (lIOLLY FAMILY.) 
 
 § 1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. Paiis of the /lower commovlij in fours, sometime* 
 mJir(S or sixes: dnijK red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-yrooned on the back: 
 leaves (mostly smooth] coriaceous and eceii/reen. 
 
 * Leaves armed with s/iiny teeth : trees. 
 
 1. I. op^ca, Ait. (Amekican Holly.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy 
 margins witli scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of 
 the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, 
 Maine to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and more common from Virginia 
 .southward. June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, 
 the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European 
 Holly (I. AguiFOLiiTM, L.). 
 
 * * Leat^es serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs. 
 
 2. I. Cassine, Ij. (Cassen.v. Yaupon.) Leares lance-orate or elliptical, 
 a-enatc. (l'- 1|' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — • 
 Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea by the 
 people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the 
 North Carolina Inilians. 
 
 3. I. myrtif61ia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or llnear-oblonff, sparingly 
 and sharply serrate or entire (1' long); peduncles slender and 3- 9-tlowered, or 
 the more fertile shorter and 1-flowered, smooth; caly.v-teeth acute. — Coast of 
 Virginia and southward. May. — Probably a var. or the next. 
 
 4. I. Daho6n, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 
 entire, or shur ply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long), 
 the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia 
 and southward. May, June. 
 
 § 2. PRINOIDES. Paris of the {poly(/amous or dlarlons) Jlowers in fours or Jivrs 
 {rarely In sires) : drape red or purple, the millets striute-many-rlbbed on the buck: 
 leaves deciduous : shrubs. 
 
 5. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves iccd//e-ublong or lunce-obovafe, obtusely serrate, 
 downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of tho 
 sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, 
 acute. — Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and .southward. Mav. 
 
 6. I. montieola, Gray. Leaved ovate or lance-oblong, ample (.T- 5' long), 
 taper-pointed, thin-mcmbranaceous, smooth, sharply sen-ate ; fertile flowers very 
 Bhort-ped uncled ; calyx ciliate. (L ambigua, Torr. L montkna, Ed. 1, not 
 Prinos montanus, >S'«;.) — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and 
 Cattaraugus Co., New York (G. W. Clinton), through Pennsylvania (cast to 
 Nortluuuptou Co. Mr. Wolle, Prof. T. Green), and southward along the Alle- 
 fhanics. May. 
 
 7. I. moUiS, Gray. Leaves soft downy benntlh, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper- 
 ijointcd at both ends, especially at the ajK-x, thin-membranaccous, sharply ser- 
 tulatc ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter 
 than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very 
 short. (Prinos pubescens, Michx. herb. P. ambiguus, Purx/t, not MIchx.) — 
 Burgeon's Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania (.7. It. Lowrie, Porter), and alony 
 the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last. 
 
EBENACEiE. (eBONY FAMILY.) 307 
 
 §3. PRINOS, L. Parts of the sterile flowei-s in fours, fvcs, or sixes, those of the 
 fertile Jiowi-rs commoiili/ in sixcs (rarefy injicts, secens, or tiyhts) : nutlets smooth 
 and tvtii : Jiiuhs. 
 
 * Leaves (Itcidiiuits: Jlowcrs in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary : fruit bright red. 
 
 8. I. verticillkta, Gray. (Black Aldek. WiNTKUUEKitY.) Leaves 
 obovate, oval, or wcdge-lanccolatc, pointed, acute at tlie base, serrate, downy on 
 the veins beneath; floweis all very short-pedunded. (Prinos vcrtieillatiis, L.) — Low 
 grounds : couiinou. May, June. 
 
 9. I. laevigata, Gray. (Smooth WiNTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or 
 obloug-Unucolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be- 
 neath mostly (jlahrous ; sterile Jiotvers lony-peduncled. (Prinos la;vigatus, Pursh.) 
 — Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger 
 than in the last, ripening earlier in the autumn. 
 
 * * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above, of en black-dotted heucatli : fruit black. 
 
 10. I. gl^bl'a, Gray. (Inkheruv.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, 
 sparingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (|' long) of the sterile 
 flowers .3 - G-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri- 
 nos glaber, L.) — bandy grounds. Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and 
 southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° -3° high. 
 
 2. NEMOPANTHES, Kaf. Mountain Hoixy. 
 
 Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de- 
 ciduous teeth; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-Iinear, spread- 
 ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, 
 light red. — A much-br.nnched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong 
 deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers 
 on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly dustei-ed. (Name 
 said by the author to mean " flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore prob- 
 ably composed of vrjfia, a thread, ttovs. afoot, and livOos, a flower.) 
 
 1. N. Canadensis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Jl//f/i.r.) — Damp cold woods, 
 from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, and northward : commoa 
 at the north. May. 
 
 OuDKR 59. EBENACE.^. (Eboxy Family.) 
 
 Treea or shrubs, irilh alternate entire leaves, and pnli/gamous regular flmo- 
 ers which have a calyx free from the 3- \2-ceUed ovary: the stamens 2 -i 
 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, of}en in pairs before them, their 
 anthers fumed inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. •Ovules 1 or 2, 
 suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatroponp, mostly sinfjle 
 in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceons integument ; the 
 embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyl- 
 edons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard ami dark -colored. 
 No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical, reprefe^ted here only 
 by the Persimmon. 
 
308 safotacejE. (sappodilla family.) 
 
 1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon. 
 
 Calyx 4-6-lol)eil. Corolla 4- G-lolicd, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- 
 monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. 
 Berry larj^e, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-ccllcd, 
 4 -8-sced'.'d. — Flowers diuiciously poly<^amous, the fertile axillary and solitary, 
 the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atos, of .love, and nvpni, ijrain.) 
 
 1. D. Virgini^aa, L. (Commo.v Pekslmmox.) Leaves ovate-oblong, 
 smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; caly.x 4-parted ; corolla between 
 bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-cclled. — 
 Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward. 
 June. — Ti-ee 20° -60° high, with very hard blackish wood, thickish leaves, a 
 pale yellow corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly 
 astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure 
 to frost. 
 
 Order 60. SAPOTACEJE. (Sappodilla Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, mostly ivilli a m'dkij juice, simple and entire alternate 
 leaves {often rusty-downy beneath), srnall and perfect regular flowers usually 
 in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com- 
 monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite 
 them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and 
 scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 '2-celted, with 
 a single anatropous ooule in each cell ; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; 
 but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style .single, pointed. — 
 A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, 
 and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genua 
 
 1. BUMELIA, Svvartz. Blmelia. 
 
 Calyx .'5-parteil. Corolla S-clcft, with a pair of internal appendages at each 
 sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, 
 alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem- 
 bling a cherry, black, centaining a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish 
 scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves. 
 Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short si)urs. Wood very hard. 
 (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 
 
 1. B. lycioides, G;ertn. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10° - 25° 
 high); lectves ivnl^/e-oblony varying to ovid-huuxohite, with a tapering base, often 
 acute, reticiilateil, imirly gktbrous (2' -4' long); clusters deitsely mauy-Jhwered ; 
 fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 
 
 2. B. Ianugin6sa, Pers. Spiny (10°-40° high); leaves obtong-oliovate or 
 wedye-obocate, rusty-woolly beneath, ohtase (I J' -3' long) ; clusfirs 6-\2-flowered ; 
 fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. pC.) — Woods, Illinois, Gi)po- 
 site St. Louis, and .southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty 
 beneath (B. oblongilolia, Natt.), passing towards No. 1. July. 
 
STYRACACi:^-. (STORAX FAMILY.) 309 
 
 ORni-.R 01. STVKACACE.E. (Storax Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or trees, icith alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- 
 fect ref/ular flowers ; the cali/x either free or adherent, to the 2 - i>-celkd 
 ovary ; the corolla of i-S petals, commorUi/ more or less united at the base ; 
 the stamens twice as manij as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or 
 poli/adel/>hous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - b-celled, the cells 
 commonly \-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the 
 albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. 
 Corolla hypogynous when tlie caly.x is free : the stamens adherent to ita 
 base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm 
 countries, comprising two very distinct tribes, which arc sometimes sepa- 
 rated as suborders or orders. 
 
 Tribe I. STYRACE.fl5. C;il.vx 4-8-tnotho(l or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as manj 
 as till' petals : anthers linear or oblong, adimt*;, introrse. Ovules or part of tliem asceoiliug 
 — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft auil stellate. 
 
 1. Styrnx. Calyx coherent only with the base of tlie 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5, 
 
 p.irted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 
 2. Ilalesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4, 
 
 winged and 2-4-Cflled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. 
 Tribe H. SY.MPLOCINE.E. Caly.x 5-cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: aa 
 tln-rs sliort, innate. Ovul>-s pendulous. -- Flowt-rs yellow. I'ubesceuce simple. 
 
 3. J^yiiiplocoti. Caly.x coherent. PeUils 5, united merely at the base. 
 
 1. ST"^RAX, Tourn. Storax. 
 
 Calyx truncate, somewlmt .o-foothi-d, the base (in our species) coherent with 
 the hii.se of the 3-ccllcd ma)iy-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- 
 parted), larpe ; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the 
 lobes of the corolla : filiiinents tlat, united at the base mto a short tube : anthers 
 linear, adnatc. Frtut j,dobuUr, its ba.se surrounded by the persistent calyx, 
 1-ccllcd, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often .3-valved. Seed jrlobular, erect, with a hard 
 coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with coinniouly deciduous leaves, and axillary or 
 Icafy-raccmed white and showy flowers, on droopini,' peduncles ; produced in 
 spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (ij Srupa^, the ancient Greek name of 
 the tree which produces stouir.) 
 
 1. S. grandifdlia, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, (c//»V^-/ompn/osc 
 l>ei„-iilh (.J'-e' lun-) ; jloivtrs mtstly'ni eluu;i(it>'d racemes ; corolla (J' long) convo- 
 luie-inil.riiatcd in ilic l.ud. — Woods, Virginia and southward. 
 
 2. S. pulverul6nta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovatc (al>out 1' long), 
 above spaihii/li/ i>itl,ciiil<i,t. ti„d friirOf-lomciitoxfi himith ; flowers (^ long) \-3 to- 
 gethr in ihe tirlls and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens, 
 Virginia (Pins/,) and .^outlnyard. — Shrub lO-4° high. 
 
 3. S. Americana, Lan^ Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (l -.Tlong), 
 smn>.th,ortHn:lii jni/nmlnit l;^rath : fluircrt arilhiry or in 3-4floitynd rorrmes 
 (^' loii^') ; corolla- valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lave, £7/.) — Mar- 
 gin of swamps, Viiginia and southward. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 
 
310 PLANTAGIXACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILT.) 
 
 2. HALESIA, Ellis. SNownnor or Silvkr-bell-Tree. 
 
 Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothcd ; the tube 4-ribl)ed, coherent with the 2-4- 
 cellccl ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or ol'tener to the middle, into an open 
 bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16: tila- 
 iijcnts united into a riny at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base 
 of the corolla: anthers linear-oblonj,'. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit larye and 
 dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. — 
 Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy 
 white Howers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from 
 axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for 
 Step/im Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 
 
 1. H. tetl'^ptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-wingcd. — Banks of 
 streams, upper jiart of Virginia, also on the Ohio Kiver at Evansville (S/iort), 
 and southward. Fruit I^' long. 
 
 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. (HOPEA, L.) Sweet-Leaf. 
 
 Calyx 5-clcft, the tube coherent Avith the lower part of the 3-cclled ovary. 
 Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly ui.Jted at the base. Stamens very nu- 
 merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen- 
 der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-cellcd and 1 -seeded. 
 
 — Shrubs or small trees , the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, 
 and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. 
 (Name avfnrXoKos, connected, from the union of the stamens.) 
 
 1. S. tinctdria, L'Hcr. (Horse-Scgar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, 
 acute, obscurely tootheil, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and 
 pale beneath (.3' -5' long) ; flowers 6- 14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. 
 
 — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily 
 eaten by cattle. 
 
 Order fi2. PLANTAGINACE^. (Plantain Family.) 
 
 CJiiefli/ stemlex.t herb.'i, irith rrr/ulnr A-mrrnu;^ spiked ftotcers, the stamens 
 inserted on the tube of the dry and memhranaceous veinless monopetalous 
 corolla, alternate with its tnhrs ; — chiefly represented by the genus 
 
 1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. Ribgra.ss. 
 
 Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous mar- 
 gins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 
 4, or rarely 2. in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and 
 fiVracions 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in No. .5 falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1 - 
 several ovules in each cell. Stvlc and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Pod 
 2-celled, 2 -several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that tho 
 top fills offlike a lid, and the loose partition (whi(4i boars the peltate seeds) falls 
 away. Embryo strnight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbeil. Flowers whitish, 
 small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.) 
 
PLANTAGINACK/E. (PI.ANTAIN FAMILY.} 311 
 
 § 1. Flowers all perfect and alike, and with the 4 stamens and fiiform stigma much 
 erserted, but diriwijumotts, i. e. with the stiijma cxsertnl from the tip of tin- corolla a 
 duji or so before it expands and the anthers are hun;/ out (an arrangement for crosr- 
 fertilization) : tobts of the corolla spreading or rejlexed after Jiowering. 
 
 * Leaves 5 - 1-ribbid, mostli/ broad : spike long and slcmler, smooth : seeds not concave 
 
 on the inner face: root perennial, or perhaps annual in No. 2 and 3. 
 
 1. P. M.Vjon, L. (Common Plantaix.) Smooth or ratlmr hairy, rarely 
 rounhi.sli ; leaves ovate, obloii},^ oval, or sliijhtly heart-shaped, often toothed, 
 abruptly narrowed into a ehainielled petiole; spike dense; }X)d 7 -16-seedcd. — 
 Moist {^rounds, everywhere near dwellings. June - Sept. — A small and rougher 
 form in salt marsiies. (Nat. from Eu., but probably indigenous high north.) 
 
 2. P. KamtscuAt'ca, Cham. Much resembles small forms of the preced- 
 ing; but sepals and bract narrower, and pod 4-seeded. (P. Kugelii, Uecaisne.) 
 — Buttalo, N. Y., Mr. Dag, and sparingly in the south. (Apparently adv.) 
 
 3. P. sparsiflbra, Michx. Slender (3' -18' high), smoothish or hairy; 
 leaves lanceolate or vlilong, 3 - 5-ncrvcd, tapering to both ends, denticulate or entire ; 
 spike spitrsilg-Jluirercd, very slender; lobes of the corolla acute; pod 2-seedeJ. — 
 Mound City, Illinois (Dr. Vaseg), and southward. July -Sept. 
 
 4. P. COrdata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or ronnd-ovate 
 (3' - 8' long), long-pctioled, the ribs rising from the midrib ; spike at length loosely 
 flowered ; bracts round-ovate, flfshy ; pod 2 - 4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York 
 to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April -June. 
 
 * ♦ Leaves linear, thick and flesliy, ivithout I'ibs, or when dry obscurely 3-nerved: spike 
 
 slender: tube, of the corolla hairy below: seeds not hollowed. 
 
 5. P. maritima, L., var. juncoides. Smooth, or the scape slightly pu- 
 bescent; leaves flat or tlnttisii anil eliaiinelled,, erect, nearly as long as the scape 
 (5'- 12'), mostly entire; pud 2-eelled or iiu.omi)leteiy 3 -4-cel led, 2 -4-seeded ; 
 root on our coast annual or liiennial. (P. juncoides, Litm.) — Salt marshes, from 
 New Jer.'-ey northward. Near Boston a dejjauperate form, 2' -5' high, littlo 
 fleshy, grows in sand beyond the influence of salt water (D. Murray). The per- 
 ennial P. maritima occurs in New Brunswick, &c., perhaps in Maine. 
 
 * » « Leaves 3-5-riblKd, narrow: spike thick arid dense, at first or throughout very 
 
 short: two of the scarious sepals generally united into one: seeds only 2, hollowed 
 on the inner face. 
 
 6. P. lanceolXta, L. (RincRASs. Rii-plegrass. English Plantain.) 
 Mostly hairy ; scape groovcd-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate 
 or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9' -2° high); root perennial. — Dry fields: 
 common eastward. (Nat. from En.) 
 
 § 2. Flowers of two .<>orts on dislinrt plants, apparently polygamo-dimions ; the mostly 
 sterile with thf tismd large anthers on long rnpillari/ flanifnts, and the lolxs of the 
 corolla refi'xedor spreading ; the truly fitilc with minute anthers on short imlmlid 
 filaments, and the corolla usually closing periuanmlli/ oinr the apex of the fruit : 
 seeds not hollou-e<l on the fare: small annuals or biennials. 
 * Stamens 4 : spike dens(^ 
 
 7. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or honry-jmbescent (2'-9' high); leaves ob- 
 long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanccolatc, 3 -5-ncrvcd, sligiitly or 
 
312 rLUMBAGiNACi:^'.. (lkadwokt family.) 
 
 coarsely and sparingly tootlied ; seeds usually 2. — Sandy grounds, Uhode 
 Island to Illinois and southward. May -Sept. 
 
 * * Stamens onli/ 2 : Imres narrowli/ linear or thread-shaped, bareli/ \-ribbcd: spike 
 invsllji sleiidfr, of few or inanif croivdiu or sailtered small Jlotrers. 
 8. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1'- 4' higii) ; leaves entire ; pod 
 short-ovoid, 4-se(did, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Dry hills, New York 
 to Illinois, and southward. April- Aug. 
 
 0. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some 
 of them helow 2-4-lobed or toothed; pod olilnmj-ronoidal, ]0-'28-seeded, nearly 
 twice the length of the calyx and bract. ( P. pusilla, Dtcaisne, in DC.) — Low or 
 sandy grounds, from Philadelphia southward. April -June. — Plant 2' -8' 
 high. 
 
 § 3. Flowers all rotiimonli/ firtik, but of 2 sorts on diffi-rent plants; the more common 
 mth.veri) small anthers on short filaments (perhaps early and close-frtilized) ; oth- 
 ers with large anthers on lomj-erserted f laments : corolla with broad round lobes 
 permaneiilli/ iridehj spreadinij : seeds 2 (one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hol- 
 lowed on the face: uwslltf annuals, with narrow and ivoolly or hairy leaves. 
 10. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves 1- 
 3-nervcd ; spike (vlindrirai or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with 
 a thick centre. (Fuund tln-ough almost the whole length of America.) 
 
 Var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky wool ; leaves varying from 
 oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (5' 4' long), woolly; bracts noi 
 exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Piirsh. P. gnaphalioides, AV/.) — Dry 
 plains, W.Wisconsin and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and 
 var. NiiDA mto 
 
 Var. arist^ta, Gray. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; 
 bracts awned, 2-3 times the lengtl^of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., &c.) — 
 Llinois and southwestward. 
 
 Order G3. PLUMB AGINAcE.*:. (Lead wort Family.) 
 
 Maritime herhs, icith regular b-merous flowers., a plaited calyx., the 5 sta- 
 mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary 
 one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanr/ing from a long cord irhich rises from 
 the base of the cell. — The Statice/E or Marsu-Rosemary Tribe only 
 is repnisentcd in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Arm'eria vul- 
 garis), on the coast by a single species of 
 
 1. STATICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary. 
 
 Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1 -sided on the branches, 2-3-bractcd. 
 Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or 
 quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their 
 bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, 
 in the bottom of the calyx*. Embryo straight, iii mealy Jilbumen. — Seaside 
 perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or 
 
PRIMULACE^. (rRIMROSE FAMILY.) 313 
 
 scapes bmnchcd into panicles. (SrariKij, an ancient name given to this or somo 
 other herb, on account of its astringency.) 
 
 1. S. Lim6nium, Ij. Leaves oblong, spntuiate, or obovatelanceolatc, l- 
 riblicd, tipiied with a deciduous bristly point, ])etioled; scape inueh-hnmehed, 
 corynibose-panicled (l°-a° high); spikelets I - 3-llo\vered ; caly.x-tuhe hairy on 
 the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — 
 Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color, (lai.) 
 
 Var. Caroliui^na (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &.C.), the plant of the Northcra 
 States, has a hollow scape, more erect branches, at length scattered Howers, and 
 sharper caly.\-lobcs. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward ( whero 
 it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 Order G4. PRII?IUL.ACE.E. (Primrose Family.) 
 
 Herbs, u-ith sunple leaees, and regular pei-fect Jloivers, the stamens as many 
 as the lubes of the monapelalous (rarely polyjietalous) corolla and inserted 
 opposite them, a l-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the 
 base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in 
 Sainolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, 
 rarely 6 or 8. Style and .stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy- 
 albumen, ampbitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4. 
 Tribe I. PRIMULEiE. Pod free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth. 
 * Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 
 
 1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. 
 
 2. Aiidrosnce. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. 
 
 3. Dodecathcoii. Corolla reflexcd, 5-parted. Stamens exserted : filaments united. 
 
 * • Stems leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 
 
 4. Trientalis. Corolla mostly '-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit. 
 
 5. I^ysimncliia. Corolla 5 6-parted or 5-6-i)etalled. Stems leafy throughout, 
 
 6. Glaiix. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like. 
 
 Tribe II. ANAGALLIDE^. Pod circumcissile. Otherwise as in Tribe L 
 
 7. AiiR{;alIia. Corolla lonper than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite. 
 
 8. Cciitiiiiculus. Corolla shorter thau the calyx, 4- deleft. Leaves alternate. 
 Tribe III. SA MOIjF.JE. Poil partly adherent to the caly^c, opening by valves. 
 
 9. ^amolus. Corolla tiell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. 
 
 Tribe IV. IiOTTOiVIE.E. Pod as in Tribe L Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 
 (0. Ilottoiiia. Corolla salvcr-shiiped. Immersed leaves pcctinately dissected. 
 
 1. PRIMULA, L. rniMROSE. Cowslip. 
 
 Calyx tubular, angled, ."i-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the 
 Insertion of the stamens; the 5 lohcs often notched or inversely hciirt-shaiK-d. 
 Stamens .5, included. Tod many-seeded, sjilitting at the top into !i valves or 10 
 teeth. — Low perennial lierhs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and 
 simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umlwl. (Name a diminutive of /wimus, 
 from the flowerinir of the true Primrose in early s])rifig.) 
 
 1. P. farin6sa, L. (limn's-KVK Pkimhose.) Leaves elliptical or obo- 
 vatc-lan<xolatc, llie lower surface and the 3-20-flowered involucre, <Jx. covered with 
 G M-U 
 
314 PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) 
 
 a while mealiness: corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St. 
 Clair and Huron ; also Mount Kineo, Maine {A. H. Smith), and northward. 
 June, July. — Sciipc 3' -10' lii;.^h. (Eu.) 
 
 2. P, Mistassinica, jNIichx. Leaves spatulatc or wedge-oblong, thin and 
 veiny, not mealy; involucre 1-8-flowcred; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla 
 broadly and deeply obeordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked Lake 
 (Utirtirell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knicskern and Vasey), 
 Wilioughby Mountain, Vermont (Wood, Sfc), and northward. May. — A 
 pretty species, 2' -6' high. (Eu.) 
 
 2. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Androsace. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube 
 shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throHt; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 
 and style included. Tod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, 
 and very small solitary or unibellcd flowers. (An ancient and obscure name, 
 thought by Linnaeus to be formed of at8poy, of man, and o-fiKOf, a shield.) 
 
 1. A. OCCidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diff'use (2' -4' 
 high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, 
 sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. 
 — Bare hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 
 
 3. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip. 
 
 Calyx deeply .'i-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very 
 short tube, a thickened throat, and a .5-partcd reflexed limb ; the divisions long 
 and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and 
 linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous 
 roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- 
 cratc with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, 
 nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name 
 fancifully assumed from ScoSfKu, twelve, and 6eoi, gods.) 
 
 1 . D. Me^dia, L. — Kich woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Wiscon- 
 sin, and southwcstward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the 
 West called Siiooting-Star. 
 
 4. TRIENTALIS, L. Ciiickweed-Wintekgreen. 
 
 Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla 
 mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in 
 a ring at the base : anthers oblong, rcvolutc after flowering. Pod fcw-sccdcd. — 
 Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate 
 usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at 
 the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and 
 star shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding 
 to the heijrht of the plant.) 
 
 1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Leaves elongated-lanceo- 
 late, tapering to both ends ; petals fiiiely pointed. — Damp cold woods : common 
 northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 
 
• PRIMULACK^. (primrose FAMILY.) 315 
 
 6. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Looskstrife. 
 
 Calyx 5- (nurly C-7-) juirtcd. Corolla wlieel-sliapcd, 5- (or 6-7-) parted, 
 or even of as many separate petals. Stamens as many. I'od globose, .5-10- 
 valvcd, few - many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with mo.stly yellow 
 flowers, either axillary or in a terminal raeeme. (Named in honor of King 
 Lysimac/tun, or from Xvcris, a rdaisefiom, fidx']^ ulrl/e.) 
 
 § 1. NAUMBCRGIA, Moeneh. Daves opjwslte, sessile, minutelij glandulnr-dotled : 
 jvirts oflhefloutr not ranlij 6, sometimes 7 ; the narrow petals a/most or f/iiitc 
 distinct, and with an interposed small tooth, spriukkd with purplish dots: jilamcnts 
 slender, distinct, equal : anthers short : pod few-seeded. 
 
 1. L. thyrsiflbra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem .simple 
 (l°-2° hij:li) ; lower leaves redueed to scales, the rest lanceolate, the axils of 
 one or two pair.s. of the middle ones hearing a short-jjcduncled head-like or sjjike- 
 likc elnster of light yellow small flowers; divisions of the eorolhi lance-linear. 
 (Xaumhurgia thyrsiflora, luichenb., and Ed. 2.) — Cold wet swamjjs, from Tenn. 
 northward. June, July. (Kn.) 
 
 § 2. TRIDYNLV, Kaf Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and 
 golden-i/ellow corolla streaked trith dark lines : Jilaments mosllij nnerjual, jilainli/ 
 monadclphous at the base, tcilh no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : poil 5- 
 Vdlvcd, riprnimi onli/ 2 - .5 sn-ds. 
 
 2. L. Stricta, Alt. Smootii, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opiiosite. 
 or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in 
 a lonrj raceme (,')'- 12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. producta, leafy 
 for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds : com- 
 mon. June -Aug. — Stems l^-l^ high, often bearing oblong or monihform 
 bulbiets in tlie axils. 
 
 3. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2° high); 
 leaves ivhorkd in lours or flves (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate; flow- 
 ers on long capillary peduncles y/o/« the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla 
 ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil : common. June. — A variety has the 
 leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reducL'd to 
 bracts shorter than tlie peduncles. Near New York, Washington, &c. 
 
 § 3. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Leaves opposite, no! doited, (jltdiroiis, mostlij dilate at 
 the base : flowers noddinij on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : 
 corolla light yellow, not streaked nor dotted ; the lol>es broadly ovate, fm'nted, trith 
 undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: flJamenls nearly equal, 
 scarcely momulclphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interpnsid at the bnsi' in 
 the form of slender teeth or processes: anthers linear, at length curved: pod '> - 10- 
 valred, or bursting irregularly, 1 - 20-sefded. 
 
 4. L. Ciliilta, L. Stem erect (20-.'}0 high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (.T-f.' 
 .ong), tapering to an acute point, rnu»ded or heartsha/^d at the base, all on long 
 iind fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets: 
 common. July. 
 
 5 L. radlcans, Hook. .S>m «/«)rfrr, .<;oon J7v//wrf, the elongated branches 
 jften rooting in the muil ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at Uie base, on sltn- 
 
316 rniMULACK.E. (primrose FAMILY.)- 
 
 der petioirs : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, West 
 Yirjriiiia [Aik'm) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one halt' smaller 
 thnii ill the last. 
 
 0. L. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (W - 20' \ni;\\) ; leaves lancfohite, va- 
 ryiiKj to ulilonij mid to linear, nariowid into a short man/ined ]>etiole or tapering base, 
 or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. iiybuida is merely the 
 broader-leaved form. Var. angi'stifolia (L. angustifolia, Dim.) is a slender 
 branching form, with the ujiper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute 
 at both ends. — Low grounds : not uncommon, especially westward and south- 
 ward. June -Aug. 
 
 7. L. longifblia, Pursh. 6"'to«<'r«-/,4-angled, slender (l°-3° high), often 
 branched below; stem-leaves sessile, tutrrotili/ linear, elonijated (2' -4' long, 2" -3" 
 wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revo- 
 lute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate ; corolla (8" -9" broad) 
 longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. rcvoliita, Nntt.) — 
 Moist soil, Western New York and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Illinois. 
 July- Sept. 
 
 § 4. Introduced European species of true Lysimachia. 
 
 8. L. nummcl.Vria, L. (Monevwout.) Smooth; stems trailing and 
 creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petiolwl ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ; 
 divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate ealyx- 
 lol)es and the stamens; filaments slightly monadelphous at the base. — Escaped 
 from gardens into damp ground in some places. July -Sept. 
 
 6. GLAUX, L. SiiA-MiLKwoRT. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petiil-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- 
 mens ."), on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod ."i-valved, few- 
 seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- 
 sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. 
 (An ancient (ircck name, from yXavKos, sea-(jreen.) 
 
 1. G. mai'itima, L. — Sea -shore of New England from Cape Cod north- 
 ward. Also beyond the Mississippi northwestward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 7. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. Pimpekxel. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, .5-parted, longer 
 than the caly.x ; the divisions broad. Stamens b : filaments bearded. Pod 
 membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off" like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, 
 spreading or ])rocumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire 
 leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, 
 probably from di'ii, ar/ain, and ayiiXXw, to dili(//it in.) 
 
 1. A. AiiVKNSis, L. (Common PiMricRxici,.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter 
 than the peduncles ; petals obovate. obtuse, fringed with miiiute teeth or stalked 
 glands. — Waste sandy fields. June- Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, 
 sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad 
 weather; whence the ICnglish popular name of "Poor Man's Weatlier-ijluss." 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
LENTIBULACi;^.. (iJLADDKRWORT FAMILY.) 317 
 
 8. CENTUNCULUS, L. Cuaffweed. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-partcd. Corolla shorter than the ealyx, 4-5-cleft, wheel-shaped, 
 with an urn-shaped short ttilie, usually withering on the sununit of the pod 
 (whieh is like that of Aiiagallis). Stamens 4 or 5: lilaiiients beardless. — 
 Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspieuous flowers 
 in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 
 
 1 . C. minimus, L. Stems aseending (2' - 5' long) ; leaves ovate, obovatc, 
 or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lan- 
 ccolatus, Miclix.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (1-u.) 
 
 9. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. 
 
 Calyx o-eleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat 
 bell shaped, .'j-eleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True 
 stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, 
 many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white 
 flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.") 
 
 1. S. Valerindi, L. Stem erect (6'- 12' high), leafy ; leaves obovate; 
 bracts none ; bractlcts on the middle of the slender aseending pedicels ; calyx- 
 lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. Americ^nus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; 
 racemes often panidcd, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, 
 and pods smaller. (S. floribiindus, //. li. A'.) — Wet places : common. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 10. HOTTONIA, L. Featiiekfoil. Water Violet. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short 
 tube; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5-valved; 
 the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached bv their b;ise, 
 anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the 
 erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorlcd at 
 the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Ilollun, a 
 botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 
 
 1. H, infl^ta, Ell. Leaves dis.seetcd into thread-like divisions, scattered 
 on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the duster of pe- 
 duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (odffu as thick as one's 
 finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and 
 southward. June - Aug. 
 
 Order G5. LENTIBIIL.4CE.£. (BLADni-uwoRT Fa.mily.) 
 
 Small herbs (fjroirhif/ in water or wcl places), wilh n 2-lij>pe(l cali/x, ami a 
 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens tcilk (con/luentli/) one-celled anthers, 
 and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, hearing several anatro- 
 pous seeds, wilh a thick straiijht endirf/o, and no albumen. — Corolla <leenly 
 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate visually beai-ded. Ovary 
 
318 LENTIBULACE^, (bLADDKUWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger 
 and with a prominent palate. Tod often bui-sting irregularly. Scapes 
 1 -few-flowered. — Consists mostly of the two following genera: — 
 
 1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladdekwort. 
 
 Lips of tlic 2-])artcd calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the p.alate 
 on the lower 11]) projectin},^ often closing: the throat. Anthers eonvcri^ent. — 
 Aquatic and ininicrsed, with capillary di.ssectcd leaves bearing little bladders, 
 which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting 
 in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few- 
 flowered ; usually flowering all summer. (Name from iitriculus, a little bladder.) 
 
 * Upper leaves in a ivhoH on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large 
 
 bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and capillarij, 
 bearing little bladders: rootlets fow or none. 
 
 1. U. inflata, Walt. (Inflated Bladdeuwort.) Swimming free; 
 bladder-like imtioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, 
 bearing (iuc thread-like divisions ; flowers .')- 10 (large, yellow) ; the appresscd 
 spur half the lengtli of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, iMaiiiu to Virginia, 
 and southward, near the coast. 
 
 * * Scapes naked (except some small srnli/ bracts), from immersed branching stems, 
 
 which commonlij swim free, and bear capillarij dissected- leaves furnished ivith 
 small air-bladders on their lobes: roots few and not affixed, or none. [Mostly 
 perennial, projiagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) 
 +- Flowers all alike, ydloiv, seveml in a raceme: pedicels nodding in fruit. 
 
 2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed stems (1°- 
 3° long) crowded ivith 2-3-pinnittfly many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many 
 bladders; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6' -12' long) ; corolla closed (6"- 9" broad, the 
 sides reflexcd ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt 
 in the European and the high northern plant; in the common Var. Americ.Vna 
 (U. macrorluza, LeContc), less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and 
 slow streams. (Eu.) 
 
 3. U. minor, L. (Smaller B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like im- 
 mersed stems, 2-4 times /w/ar/, short ; scapes weak, 2 - 8-flowcred (3' - 7' high ) ; 
 upper lip of the gapgtg corolla not longer than the depressed ])ahite : spur very short 
 and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, Rhode Island to Illinois and north- 
 ward. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu. ) 
 
 •*- -t- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual .'<ort (3- 7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- 
 ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and sraltertd along the hafy 
 Stems, on short .soon refle.red pednnrb s, fruiting in the bud, the roiolla. minute and 
 never expanding. 
 
 4. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed 
 stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- 
 der (3'-.')' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader 
 and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the ajjproximatc thick and blunt sj)ur. — 
 Ponds, E. New England, W. New York, and New Jersey. 
 
LENTIBULACE^., (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 319 
 
 •*-■*-■*- Flowers all alike, few (1 -5) : pedicels erect in fruit. 
 ** Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels jili/brni : sjjitr ascendini/ or horizontal. 
 
 5. U. intermedia, Ilayne. Lmves crowdcil oil tlic immersed stems, 
 'Z-rauk<d, 4-:') times furLid, ri</ id ; tlie divisions linciir-iiwl-shnpcd, minutely 
 bristic-tootiied along the margins, not bladder-beuriiu/, the bladders being on sep- 
 arate leiifless branches ; upptr lip of (he corulla much longer than the palate ; spur 
 conical -diloiuj, acute, oppressed to the very l,road (6" - 8") lower lip and nearly as lontj 
 as it. — SJiullow pools, New England and New Jersey to Ohio, Wiseonsin, and 
 florthward. — Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - 7' high. (En.) 
 
 6. U. striata, LeConte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- 
 mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, hiadder-hearinej ; flowers 2-5 (6" 
 broad), on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded ; 
 the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striatc in the middle; spur neeirly linear, 
 obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine bar- 
 rens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. — Scape 8'- 12' high. 
 
 7. U. bifl6ra, Lam. Scape (2' -5' high) I -Sflowered, at the base bear- 
 ing soniL-wliat elongated submersed branches with caj)illary root-like leaves and 
 numerous bladders ; spur oblong, erjuulling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped ; other- 
 wise resembles the next. — Shallow water, Illinois and southward. 
 
 8. U. gibba, L. Scape (1 '-3' high), \ -2flowered, »\. the base furnished 
 with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like 
 ieaves and scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly 
 equal; the /o!f«- with the sides reflexed (^''-S" long), cj-acf//m/ the very thick 
 and blunt coniced gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Vii'ginia to Massachusetts, N. 
 New York and N. Illinois. 
 
 ■>-<- ++ Corolla violet-purple. 
 0. U. purptirea, "Walt. ? Leaves whorled along the long immersed free 
 floating stems, jietiuled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 
 2-4 (G" wide) ; spur a]ipressed to the 3-lobcd 2-saccate lower li|) of the corolla 
 and about half its length. (U. saccata, LeConte.) — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, 
 and southward. — Scape 3'-G' high, not scaly below. 
 
 * * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a fexo small scales, the base rooting 
 in the mud or soil : leaves snudl, awl-shaped or gia.is-like, often raised out of the 
 tcater, commonly few or fugacious: air-blaelders few on the leaves or rootlets, or 
 commonly none. 
 
 ■*- Flower purple, solitary: leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 
 
 10. U. resupin^ta, Greene. Scape (2'-8'high) 2-bracted above; leaves 
 thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4"- 5" long) deeply 2-i>arted ; 
 .vpur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote 
 from it. l>olh ascending, the flower resting transver.-icly on the summit of the scape- 
 — Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to Rhode Island. 
 
 ■*- ■»- Flenvers 2-10, {chiefly) yellow: leaves entire, rarely .sent. 
 
 11. U. COrndta, .Mlchx. Stem strict (;5'-l° high), 2 - lO-flowercd ; /W- 
 icels not longer than the califx; lowir lip of the corolla large and helnut-shapfd, its 
 centre very convex and ](rojeeting, while the sides are strongly rellexed ; upper 
 lip obovato and much smaller ; spur awl-sliaped, turned downward and outward. 
 
320 BIGNONIACE^.. (bIGXONIA FAMILY.) 
 
 about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps : common both 
 northward and southward. — Flowers close together, large. 
 
 12. U. SUbulita, L. Stem capillary (3' -5' high); pedicels rapilhry ; 
 lower lip of the roiolla Jlut or with its margins recurved, eqmdly 3-M>ed, much 
 larger thim the ovate upper one ; spur oblumj, acute, straight, oppressed to the 
 lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of 
 Kew Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Corolla 2" -4" broad. 
 
 U. — Walter characterizes his IJ. purpurea as with " Jlorilms pnrvis." 
 Elliott mentions that he once saw, near Savannah, a small terrestrial species, 
 like U. subulata, but purple-flowered, which he took for Walter's plant. Mr. J. 
 A. Paine, Jr. found in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in Sept., 18G6, a few 
 minute specimens of this sort, with " faint pink-purple corolla, not larger than 
 a pin's head." It is left for further investigation. 
 
 2. PINGUiCULA, L. Butterwort. 
 
 Upper lip of the calyx 3-clcft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy 
 or spotted palate. — Small and stcmless perennials, growing on damp rocks, 
 with 1 -flowered scape.<i, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, 
 soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 
 
 1 . P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little 
 pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur 
 straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 
 July. (Eu.) 
 
 Order GG. BIGNONIACEiE. (Bignoxia Family.) 
 
 Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- 
 drous, with the ocary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal 
 placenlce or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a 
 flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla 
 tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lij)ped, deciduous; 
 the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fii'th or pos- 
 terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : 
 anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 
 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. 
 Flowers large and showy, — Chiefly a tropical family : to which are ap- 
 pended several outlying groups, such as the I^kdalinEvE, represented 
 by Marty nia, &c. 
 
 • Woody plants, with do' pods. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-lili« 
 
 cotyle<lons notched at both ends. 
 
 1. Bignonia. Pod flattened iiaralKl with the jiartition. Leaves compound, tendril-be.iring. 
 
 2. Tecoina. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils. 
 
 3. Catalpa. Pod as in No. 2. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees: leaves simple. 
 
 * « Herbs. Fruit fleshy outside, woody within. Seeds attached by one cud, not winged ; tba 
 
 cotyledons thick and entire. 
 
 4. Alartyuia. Fertile Elamens 2 or 4. Corolla bell-shaped o-lobed. Fruit beaked. 
 
 # 
 
BIGNONIACK.Ii. (I'.IGNOMA FAMILY.) 321 
 
 1. BIGNONIA, Toiirn. Biononia. 
 
 Calyx truncate, or slijL;litly 5-t()()tliC(l. Corolla somewhat lu'll-shnpcd, S-lobcd 
 and rather 2-li])pe(l. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Tod 
 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely 
 winged. — Woody elinihers, with chieHy cuinpoiind leaves, terminating in a ten- 
 dril. (Named for the Ahhe Biiinon.) 
 
 1. B- capreol^ta, I> Smooth ; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a 
 braneheil tendril, often wiili a jjair of accessory leaves in the a.xil resembling 
 stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia to S. 
 Illinois and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a transverse sec- 
 tion of the wood showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds 
 with the wing 1^' long. 
 
 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRuj^ET-FLowEn. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funncl-forra, 5-lobcd, a little irregular. 
 Stamens 4. Pod 2-ceiled, the jjartition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds 
 transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with compound leaves. (Abridged from 
 the Mexican name.) 
 
 1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Climbing by rootlets; 
 leaves pinnate ; leaflets .5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbcd ; sta- 
 mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (IJignonia radi- 
 cans, Z,.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated 
 farther north. July - Sept. — Corolla 2' -3' long, orange and scarlet, showy. 
 
 3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. C.vtalpa. Ixdi an Bean. 
 
 Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, sAvclling ; the undulate 5-lobcd 
 spreading border irregular and 2-Iipi)ed. Fertile stamens 2, or .sometimes 4; 
 the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly 
 cylindrical, 2-cclled ; the ])artition contrary to the valves. Seeds winged on 
 each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginrtl name.) 
 
 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy be- 
 neath ; Howers in open coin])ound panicles. — S. Illinois ? and southward. Cul- 
 tivated in the Northern States : a well-known ornamental tree, with large leaves, 
 and showy Howers, which are white, .slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with 
 purple and yellow in the throat, appearing in July. Pods hanging till the next 
 spring, often I*' long. 
 
 4. MARTYNIA, L. U.vironN-pi.AXT. 
 
 Calyx .5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-Iobcd and 
 somewhat 2-lipped Fertile stamens 4. or only 2. I'od fleshy, the flesh at length 
 falling away in 2 valves ; the inner j)art woody, terminated by a beak, which at 
 length sjjlits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex k'tween the horns, 
 imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two 
 partitions or i)laeenta;, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and co- 
 hering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wing- 
 21 
 
322 OROBANCIIACK.E. (bUOOM-RAPK FAMILY.) 
 
 less, with a thickened and roughened coal. — Low hrancliing annuals, clammy- 
 pubcsccnt, exlialing a heavy odor : .stems thickish : leaves .simple, rounded. 
 Flowers raceiiK'd, large. ( Dedicated to Prof. John Martyu, of Caml)ridge.) 
 
 1. M. proboseidea, Glo.x. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or un- 
 dulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel- 
 low and ])urple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks 
 of the Mississippi in S. Illinois (probaldy indigenous) and southwestward. Also 
 common in gardens. July -Oct. 
 
 Ordkr G7. OROBANCUACEiE. (Broom-rape Family.) 
 
 Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites) monopetalous, didi/na- 
 mous, the ovary one-celled uuth 2 or 4 parietal placentce; pod very inany- 
 secded: seeds minute, with albumen^ and a very minute embryo. — Ca!y.K 
 persistent, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, 
 ringent, persistent and withering; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- 
 er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, dldyiiamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla: 
 anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style 
 which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1-celled, 2'Valved ; the 
 valves each bearing on tlieir face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- 
 merous, minute, anatropous, the minute embryo at the base of transparent 
 albumen. — Low, thick or lleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, 
 lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. 
 
 * Flowers of two sorts : stems branching. 
 
 1. EpipUeff us. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the 
 
 corolla miuute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. 
 
 # * Flowers all alike and perfect: stems mostly simple. 
 
 2. C on o pi) oils. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and split on the lower side. Sta- 
 
 mens protruded. Corolla 2-Iipped. 
 
 3. Pheliprca. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlcts, and regularly 5-cleft. 
 
 Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 
 
 4. Aphylloii. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla with 
 
 the border almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. 
 
 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BcEcn-DROPS. Caxcer-root. 
 
 Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with 
 a long tuliular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very 
 short corolla which seldom opens, l)Ut is forced off from the base i)y the growth 
 of the pod : the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothcd. Stigma capi- 
 tate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate jdaccntaj 
 on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, 
 with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of eVi, upon, 
 and (firjyik, the Bez-rh, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 
 
 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. Americimus, Niitt.) — Common under 
 Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. -Oct. — Corolla of the upj^er (ster- 
 ile) flowers whitish and purple, 6" - 8" long, curved, 4-toothed. 
 
onoBANCiiACK^. (bkoom-rapk KAMILY.) 323 
 
 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallruth. Sqiaw-root. Ca.vcer-root. 
 
 Flowers in a tliick sciily spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irre<^- 
 nlarl y 4 - 5-tootlieil calyx; its tube sjjlit down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- 
 lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lii)ped ; the u])per lip arehed, notehed at the 
 summit ; the lower shorter, .'}-parted, spreading. Stamens ])rotruded. Stijrma 
 depressed. Pod with 4 placenta', a pair on tiie middle of each valve. — Upper 
 scales forming bracts to the Howers ; the lower covering each other in regular 
 order, not unlike those of a fir-couc (whence the name, from kwi/os, a cone, and 
 \})ai\is, a scale.) 
 
 1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (OrobiincheAmcricana,Z.) — Oak woods: 
 not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular 
 plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3'- 
 6' long, covered witli scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. 
 
 3. PHELIP^A, Tourn. Broom-k.\pe. 
 
 Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair 
 of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the 
 upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary 
 with a gland at the base on the upper side. Tod with 4 jilaccntre, two on the 
 middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. rj- ./. P/uli- 
 peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tourncfort.) 
 
 1. P. LudOViciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3'- 12' high) ; 
 the flowers spiked in close clusters; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length 
 of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois (E. 
 Hall) and westward. Oct. 
 
 4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-r.u'e. 
 
 Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets. 
 Calyx 5-clcft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor- 
 der, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lij) deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3 
 of the lower lip.. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lippcd. Capsule with 
 4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and 
 the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers (purplish) and scaj)cs 
 minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (f)vX\ov, foliuije, 
 alluding to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phclipa'a. 
 
 1. A. uniflbrum, Torr. & Gr. (Oxe-floweued C.axcer-root.) Slem 
 suhUrnini'on or VKirli/ so, verij short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending 
 up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3'- .5' high) ; divisions of the calyx hnce- 
 awl-shajml, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods : 
 not rare. April, May. — Corolla 1' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the 
 throat, the lobes obovatc. 
 
 2. A. fasciculitum, Torr. & Gr. Saih/ stem erect and risitir/ 3' - 4' out 
 of the f/roiinil, mostly lunger than the crowded peduncles; dirisions of the calijx 
 triuii(/ii/tir, viifji iniirh slioilir than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. 
 (Orobanche fascicuhita, A'»/^) — Islands in Luke Michigan (Engelmann), N. 
 Illinois ( Vasey), and northwestward. May. 
 
324 SCROPIILLARIACK.E. (fIGWOUT FAMILY.) 
 
 Ordkr G8. SC'ROPIIULARIACE.E. (Fiowout Family.) 
 
 ChieJJy herbs {rarehj trees), ivitli d'uhjmimnus or diandrous (or very rarely 
 5 perfect) sffnnens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregu- 
 lar corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-celled and 
 usually many-seeded pod, icith the placentcB in the axis : seeds anatropous, 
 with a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 
 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal 
 in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, 
 some of them narcotic-poisonous plants : the two principal groups generally 
 distinguishable by the lestivation of the corolla. 
 
 I. ANTIRRIIINIDE.E. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in 
 
 the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually 
 septicidal. 
 Tribe I. VERBASCE.E. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or 
 raceme. Leaves all alternate. 
 
 1. Vei-basciiin. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of thera with bearded filaments. 
 Tribe II. ANTinRlillVEiE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, 
 
 the throat usuiilly with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple 
 racemes or a.\illary. Lower leaves usually opposite or wlinrled. 
 
 2. Li Italia. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the tliroat. 
 
 3. Aiitirrliiiiuin. Corolla mert-ly saccate at the base ; the palate closinR the throat. 
 Tribe III. CIIELONEjE. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. 
 
 Pod 2- 4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound ; the flowi-rs in small 
 clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts, the clusters spiked or racemed ; or 
 when reduced to a single flower the peduncle 2-bracleate. Stamens 4, with mostly a rudi- 
 ment of the tifth. 
 
 4. Scropiiularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one 
 
 spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip. 
 ' 5. Colliiisia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of 
 the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stiimens. 
 
 6. Ctieloiie. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. 
 
 Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged. 
 
 7. Peiitstenion. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless. 
 Tribe IV. GRATIOLEiE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Vod 2-valved. 
 
 Iiillurcsccnco simple ; the flowers being single in the a.\il of the bracts or leaves, the pe- 
 duncles bractless. Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No rudiment of a fifth stamen. 
 * Stamens 4, all antlier-bearing and similar. 
 
 8. Itliinnlus. Caly.i prismatic, 5-angled, 6 toothed. Corolla elongated. 
 
 9. CoiKibeu. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. • 
 
 10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short. 
 
 * » Anther-bearing stamens 2 : usually also a pair of sterile filaments. 
 
 II. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none. 
 
 12. Ilysaiillies. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded. 
 
 11. RIIINANTIIIDE.E. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla 
 
 covering tiie upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal. 
 Tribe V. SIBTHORPIK^, VEROIVICE^, &c. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver- 
 shapeil, or bell-shaped. Suimens 2 or 4, not approaching each other in pairs nor strongly 
 diilynamous -. anthers 2-celled. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEJE. (fIOWORT FAMILY.) 325 
 
 13. Mlcrnikthemnin. Calyx 4-tooth<?<l or cleft. U)>i)er lip of corolla short or none. Sta- 
 mens 'Z, anterior : liliinieiits with an iiiipeiiiliigc. Leaves o|>|>o8it<'. Flowers axillary. 
 
 14 L.iiiio8elIn. Calyx 5-toothe(l. Corolla oih;h bell-shaped, .Vcleft, nearly regular. Sta- 
 mens 4. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Flowers axillary. 
 
 15. Syiitliyrla. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shapeil, 2-4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 
 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers raceuie.1. 
 
 10. Veronica. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, 
 almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed. 
 
 Tribe VI. BDCIINEREjE. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : 
 anthers l-celled. I ppcr leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike. 
 
 17. Biicliiiera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-clert. 
 
 Tribe VII. GEUAR1}IK;E. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly 
 unequal 5-lobed liiiil>. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves oppo 
 site, or the uppermost alternate. 
 
 18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. 
 
 19. Gerard in. Stamens strongly unequal, included. 
 
 Tribe VIII. EVPHIl ASlE.iE. Corolla tubular, 2-lipi)ed ; the upper lip narrow, 
 erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didyuamous stiimens. 
 
 « Anther-cells uuequal and separated. Pod many-seeded. 
 
 20. Castilleiu. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. 
 
 « * Anther-Cells equal. Pod many -several-seeded. 
 
 21. Sclfivalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest. 
 
 22. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong. 
 
 23. Rliliiaiitbus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged. 
 
 24. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless. 
 
 • * * Anthcr-ccUs equal. Pod 1-4-secdod. 
 
 25. Melampyrnin. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique. 
 
 1. VERBASCUM, L. Mlllkin. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-lobcd, open or concave, Avhecl-shapcd ; the lobes 
 broad and rounded, a little unctiual. Stamens •') ; all the lilainents, or the 3 
 upper, woolly. Style flattened at. the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. — 
 Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of tlie stem 
 sessile or decurrciit. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral ; in sum- 
 mer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbasmm.) 
 
 1. V. Tii.vi'Sis, L. ((^OMMON MiTLLEiN.) Denselij icoolly tliiouijhout ; sstcm 
 tall Olid stout, siiiijile, winged J)y the deciirrcnt bases of the oblong acute leaves ; 
 Jlowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a proloncjed and reiji dense cijlindriail sjiilce; 
 lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, &c. : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. V. BlattXria, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoolhisli, slender ; lower 
 leaves j)etioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaj)ed, tiie upper partly 
 clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides: 
 not rare eastward. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. V. LychnItis, L. (Wiiiti; M.) Clotlied in'ih a thin jioinlen/ iroolllness ; 
 stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurreiit, greenish 
 above; flom-rs (yellow, rarely whiti«) in a fii/ramidal fianirfe ; filaments with 
 whitish wool. — Waste places, Penn. to New York : rare: hybridizes spontane- 
 ously with the common Mullein. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
326 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 2. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly 
 closinj,' the tinoat, spurred at the Itase on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pud 
 thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many. 
 
 — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate : fl. in summer. (Name 
 from Liiium, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) 
 
 * Leaves sessile, narrow : plant (jhihroiis, erect, leafij. 
 
 1. L, Canadensis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) Slender annual or 
 biennial, mostli/ simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots 
 oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled ; Jlowcrs blue (very small), in 
 a slender raceme, short-pedieelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting). 
 
 — Sandy soil : common. 
 
 2. L. vulg.Vris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Blttek-and-eggs. Ramsted.) 
 Perennial, pale (l°-3° high); leaves alternate, crowded, hnear or lanceolate, 
 SLCVLiiih ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, i/d low (I'long); spur awl-shaped; 
 seeds flattened and munjined. — Old fields and roadsides : common eastward, ex- 
 tending westward : a showy but pernicious weed. — The Pcloria state, with a 
 regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been observed 
 in Pennsylvania by Dr. Duilintjlon. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. L. GENiSTiFOLiA, Mill. G/rtf/coKS /)eren7(H(/, paniculate-branclicd ; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller than in 
 No. 2) ; seeds angled and wrinkled. — Roadsides, New York, near the city {Prof. 
 H. J. Clarh, Lesqitereux) . (Adv. from Eu. ) 
 
 * * Leaves petioled, broad, veinij, hairi/ : stems procumbent. 
 
 4. L. ElAtine, Mill. Branching annual ; leaves alternate, ovate and hal- 
 berd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers small, 
 yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. — Fields and banks, east- 
 ward: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. SxAPDnvGox. 
 
 Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. 
 Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly showy, 
 resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from avri, in 
 comparison with, and piP, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn. 
 
 1. A. OiJONTiuM, L. A small flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; 
 leaves lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy ; sepals longer than the purplish or white 
 corolla. — About gardens, and old fields in Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. A. m\.jus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with 
 oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme ; sepals short ; corolla 1 i' - 
 2' long, purple or white. — Eastward escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort. 
 
 Calyx deeply .")-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper 
 lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. 
 Stamens 4, declined, with the anthcr-ccUs transverse and eoiiUuent into one ; 
 
scrophulariacejE. (figwort family.) 327 
 
 the vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like nuliineiit at the summit of tho 
 tube of the coiollii. Pod iiiiiiiy-.siednl. — Kaiik herbs, with mostly ojjpositc 
 leaves, and small <;ivenisli-i)iir])le or lurid Howers in loose cymes, formiii;; a ter- 
 minal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for sciofala.) 
 
 1. S. UOdbsa, L. Smooth perennial (3°-4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves 
 ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at 
 the base. (S. Marilaiidica, Z.) — Damp copses and banks. June- Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. CoLMNsiA. 
 
 Calyx deeply .5-clcft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at 
 the base on the u])])er side, dcei)ly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes 
 partly turned backwards ; the lower 3-clet't, its middle loi)e keeled and sac-like, 
 enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment, 
 p. id 4 -many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals or biennials, with ojJiHjsitc 
 leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, apjjcaring 
 whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, 
 of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.) 
 
 1. C. v6rna, Nutt. Slender (6'-20' high); lower leaves ovate; the up- 
 per ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorh aliout 
 6-ftoicered ; JioHfis lon<]-])eihinded ; corolla (blue and ichite) twice the length of the 
 caltfx. — Moist soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. 
 
 '.i. C. parvifl6ra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded; 
 the up])er oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; ichorls 2 -&- flowered ; flowers short- 
 peduncled; the snuiU (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx — Shore of Lake 
 Superior and westward. 
 
 6. CHELONE, Tomn. Tlrtle-iie.vd. Sn.\ke-iie.\d. 
 
 Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the 
 month a little open ; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, 
 notched afthe apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, ;3-lobcd at the ajK-x, 
 the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly fllaments and very woolly 
 heart-shaped anthers ; and a tilth sterile lilament smaller than the others. Seeds 
 many, wing-margined. — Smooth jjcrennials, with upright branching stems, op- 
 posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile 
 in s|)ikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts 
 and bractlets. (Name from x^^^vrj, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape 
 the head of a rci)tile.) 
 
 1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong, 
 l)ointed, variable in wiiltli, &c. : the llowers wliite, rose-color, or purple. (Also 
 C. obluiua, L., &e.) — Wet places : common. July - Sept. — Called also Suell- 
 ILOWKU, Balmoxy, i«ic. 
 
 7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beaud-toxgle. Peststemox. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, 
 cither decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-eleft. 
 Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile (ilament 
 
328 SCKOPHULAUIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 
 
 usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wing- 
 less. — Perennials, braHched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, 
 the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, tliyrsoid or ra- 
 ccmose-panieled. (Name from nivT(,Jive, and arrffiaiv, stamen; the fifth stamen 
 being present and eon.>;pieuous, although sterile.) 
 
 « Sterile Jilament bearded down one side: Jioioers numcioiis in a loose and somewhat 
 chimmi/ panicle, white or purjilish. 
 
 1. P. pub6scens, Solander. More or less pubescent (l°-3° high); stem- 
 leaves lanceolate from a clasping ba.se, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla 2 
 h'pped, (jradiiaJli/ widened upwards, somewhat Jlatteneil i\nd one-ridged on the ujjper 
 side, and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; thu throat 
 almost closed ; lower lip rather longer than the upi)er; sterile filament densely 
 ycIlow-bcardcd. —Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, when 
 it is P. hvvigatus, Solander, &c. — Dry banks, C^ounecticut to Wisconsin, and 
 southward. June -Sept. 
 
 2. P. Digitalis, Xutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob- 
 long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla ahruptli/ inflated and 
 almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless, with the throat widely open, the 
 spreading lobes nearly equal ; sterile filament sparingly bearded. (Flowers more 
 showy than in the preceding, mostly white, over 1' long). — Rich soil, Alexan- 
 dria, Virginia {A. H. Curtiss), to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. 
 
 * * Sterile filament nearly beardless, dilated and hooked at the end [rarelij wanting). 
 
 3. P. grandifl6rus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous; stems simple 
 (l°-3° hi-li) ; leaves tliicki.sh, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping ; flowers 
 (showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than 
 ])anicle; corolla oblong-bcll-shajied, almost regular, bluish or lilac-purple. — 
 Prairies, W. Wi.sconsin (Falls of St. Anthony, Lupham), and westward. June. 
 
 8. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, .^-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu- 
 lar ; the upper lij) erect or refle.Kcd-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3- 
 lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lippcd, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, 
 with opf)Ositc leaves, and mostly h>mdsome flowers on solitary axillary and 
 bractless peduncles. (Name from /ntum, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.) 
 * Erect from a perennial root, (jlohrons : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 
 
 1. M. ringenS, L. Stem square (1°- 2° high); leavis oblong or lanceolate, 
 pointed, clasping by a heart-sluqied base, serrate ; pedmicles longer than the 
 flower ; calyx-teeth tMper-])ointed, nearly e(iual. — Wet places : common. July - 
 Sept. — Flower 1' - U' long, rarely white. 
 
 2. M. al^tUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leai-es oblong- 
 ovate, tapering into ajtetiole; jjcduneles shorter than the calyx, which has very 
 short abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Connecti- 
 cut to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 * * Dijfnsflli/ spreading: hares sereral-nervrd and veinij : corolla yellow. 
 
 3. M. Jamdsii, Toit. Smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at the base: 
 stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; 
 
SCROl'llLLAUlACIi^. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 329 
 
 calyx ovate; inflated in fruit, the ui)pcr tootli inncli tiic larj^cst. — In cool sprin{?«, 
 N. Miehi;ian, Witiconsin, Illinois, aniT wci^twaid. — Flovwrs small, little larger 
 than in the cultivated M. Jios( iiatus or Mlsk-Plant. 
 
 9. CONOBEA, Aublct. (CaprXkia, .1//V-Ax.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, ecpial. Up])cr lip of the corollu .'i-loKcd, the lower 3-piirted. 
 Stamens 4, fertile: anthers approximate. Style 2-lolie(i at tiie apex, the lobe. 
 wed<;e-form. Seeds numerous. — Low brancliini; herbs, with opposite leaves, 
 and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Namcuncx- 
 l.lainecl.) 
 
 1. C. multifida, liontli. Ditfuscly spreadinjr, niueli branelied, minutely 
 pubescent, annual ; leaves petioled, i)innately parted, divisions linear-wedf^e- 
 shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — River-banks, 
 Ohio to Illinois, and southward ; also adventive bejow Philadelphia. July- Sept. 
 
 10. HERPESTIS, Gartn. IIiiRi-KSXis. 
 
 Calyx ."j-parted ; the u])pcr division broadest, the innermost often vvvy narrow. 
 Upi)er lij) of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 
 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low 
 herbs, with opjwsite leaves, and solitary axillary flo^vers; in summer: ours 
 rather succulent perennials. (Name from efJ7rr](TTr]s, (t,cn<jHii(j Oiiug, the species 
 being chiefly procumbent.) i 
 
 * T'^ppcr lip of the. blue corolla merely notched: Imves many -nerved. 
 
 1. H. rotundifblia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, crecming ; leaves round-ohovate, 
 half cUiSjumi (^' - 1 ' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the Imrith of the calyx, the upjjcr 
 Bcpal ovate. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. K 
 
 2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, cAjjing at the base ; leaves 
 ovate, cldspiiHj; ptdniirhs shorter than the calyx; upper semi heart-shaped. — Wet 
 places, New Jersey and southward. — Aromatic when bmised. 
 
 * « Corolla (bluish) almost equally b-clejl, the upper lip (M^ "l-parted: calyx 2- 
 bnirtid: stttmens almost equal: hares nearly ii^k'cless. 
 
 3. H. Monnidra, II. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creiMng; leaves obovate 
 or wedge-shai)ed. — JNIaryland and southward along the coa^^ 
 
 11. GRATIOLA, L. IIej)ok-IIys1^ 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly ecjual. Uppe^ii) of the co- 
 rolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, inclndi^knosterior; 
 the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-li^Bd at the 
 apex. Pod 4-valvcd, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly ])crennials, som^ppar- 
 cntly annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, 
 usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all 
 inhabiting wet or damp i)laces. (Name from yralia, grace or favor, on account 
 of supposed excellent medicinal properties.) 
 
 § 1. Anthers u-ith a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusfly 
 branched, or crecpiny at base, soft viscid-pubtsc&d or smooth. 
 L & M— 34 
 
G30 SCROPHULARIACK^. (fIOVVOUT FAMILY.) 
 
 ♦ Sterile fdameiits minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 
 
 1. G. Virginicina, L. Stem cliiinii)y-pulH;rulciU above (4' -6' liigh) ; 
 leaves laiiccolutc, narrowed at the base, sparingly tootiied ; piduncles almost equal- 
 ling the leavis (i'- 1' long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very eomnion. 
 
 2. G. sphaeroe^rpa. Ell. Smooth, ratlier stout (5'- 10' high); leaves 
 lance-ovate or oblong, tootiied; jiedunrlcs scarctly longer than the culi/x and the 
 large (3") glol)iilar pod. — N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 » ♦ Sterile filaments slender, tipped ivith a little head: leaves short (I'-l' long). 
 
 3. G. visedsa, Schwcinitz. Clummji-puhejicent or glandular; leaves ovate- 
 lanccniate or ollong, acute, tootiied, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla 
 whitish, ijellow within. — Kentucky and southward. 
 
 4. G. atirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, 
 equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (.J' long). — Sandy swamps, N. 
 Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 § 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid 
 and more simple stems, from an apparently annual rout : sterile Jiluntents tii>ptd 
 with a head. 
 
 5. G. pil6sa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile 
 (4' long) ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — 
 Low ground, Camden Co., New Jersey ( C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), JMaryhmd, 
 and southward. 
 
 12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Muhl.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, nearly e(pial. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; 
 the lower larger and spreading, .3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; 
 the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without 
 anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- 
 like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small 
 and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, 
 or the upper raceined, produced all summer. (Name from i\vs, mud, or mire, 
 and ("tvdos, Jlowtr.) 
 
 1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (False Pimpernel ) Much branched, dif- 
 fusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly 
 toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping. (Capraria gratioloides, L. Lin- 
 dernia dilatata, & L. attenulita, Muhl.) — Wet places : common. 
 
 13. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Including IIemiaxtiius, Nutt.) 
 
 Calyx 4-lobcd or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lippcd, with the up- 
 per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or l-liijjied, the upper lip obsolete ; 
 lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila- 
 ment with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage : anthers 2-celled, didynious. 
 No sterile filaments. Style short, its apex or the stigma 2-lohcd. Pod glob- 
 ular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several -many-seeded. 
 — Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow 
 water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 331 
 
 •white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usu- 
 ally one axil florilcroiis, that of the other Iciif stirik-j. (Name formed of fiiKpos, 
 siiutU, and audfiiov, Jloiver.) — The section IIesiiAntiius (Irom rjfii, ha fj, and 
 tivOos, Jidiccr) includes the species like ours, of which there are several dis- 
 covereil by C. Wri;,'ht in Culm, havin;; the upper lip of the corolla very short 
 or obsolete, and mostly slender or subulate stij^^uias. 
 
 1. M. Nutt^Uii. (Ilcmiantlnis micranthcmoidcs, Nittt.) Branches as- 
 cendiuj;, \' -'2' high; leaves obovate-spatulatc or oval; peduncles at length 
 recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and 
 usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of 
 the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones ; appen- 
 dage of the stamens nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate. — 
 Tidal muddy bands of the Delaware River, and southward. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mldwort. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly 
 regular. Stamens 4 : anthers contluently 1-eelled. Style short, club-shaped. 
 Pod globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals, 
 growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, with- 
 out ascending stems ; t!;e entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 
 1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diuiiimtive 
 oi limns, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 
 
 1. L. aqu^tica, L. : var. tenuifblia, llort'm. Leaves (with no blade 
 distinct from tlie petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nittt. L. 
 subulata. Ices.) — In brackish tidal mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug., 
 Sept. —riant r-2' high. (Eu.) 
 
 15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Syntiivius. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 -4-lobcd or cleft. 
 Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the 
 corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- 
 eeils not confluent into one. Style slender : stigma simple. Pod flattened, 
 rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved. 2-cclled (rarely .3-lobed and .3-celled), 
 many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Per- 
 ennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping braet- 
 like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and ))etioled, crenate. Flowers 
 in a raceme or sjjike, with bracted jjcdicels. (Name composed of avv, tofjfther, 
 and Ovpis. a lit//,- thmr : evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 
 
 1. S. Houghtoniina, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- 
 shaped; raceme spiked, dense (.">'- 12'); corolla not longer than the calyx, 
 usually 2-.3-parted. — High prairies and hills. Wisconsin, //wyA/o", /v//>A<imi. 
 Michigan, Wrif/ht. Illinois, Mcdd. May. — Corolla grceni>h-white, for tlie 
 most part deeply 2-parted, with the ujjper lip entire, a little hunger and narrower 
 than the lower, which is .3-toothed ; but occasionally 3-tiarled, with the ujiper 
 lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stameus the lower aie later than 
 the others- 
 
332 SCROPHULAKIACE.E. (kIGWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 16. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. 
 
 Calyx 4- (rarelv .3-5-) partuil. Corolla wlicel-shapcd or salvcr-shapcd, the 
 border 4-iKuted (rarely 5-parto(l) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one eoinmonly 
 narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one caeh side of the upper lolte of the 
 corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : sti^^ma 
 sinj;le. I'ud flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2celled, few -many- 
 seeded. — Chiefly herbs : leaves mostly opposite or whorled : flowers blue, flesh- 
 color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower oi' Si. Veronica.) 
 § 1. Tall perennials, with mostly ivhorled leaves: raames terminal, dense, spiked : 
 
 bracts verij small: tube, of llie corolla lonc/er than its limb and much lonyer than 
 
 the calijx ; both sometimes b-difl. (Lepttindra, Nutt.) 
 
 1. V. Virginica, L. (Culver's-koot. Cilver's Physic.) Smooth 
 or rather douny ; stem simple, straight (2° -6° hi^h) ; leaves whorled in fours 
 to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ; 
 stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward: 
 often cultivated. July, Aug. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, 
 not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. 
 
 § 2. Perennials with opposite nsuallij serrate leaves : flowers in axillary mostly oppo- 
 site racemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod notched, many-seeded. 
 
 2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and 
 rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them claspivy by a heart- 
 shaped base, ovute-lanceolale, acute, serrate or entire (2' - 3' long) ; j)cdicels spread- 
 ing; pod slightly uotclied. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward: rare 
 eastward. June -Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 
 
 3. V. Americana, Schwcinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, 
 decumbent at th.c base, then erect (8' -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or 
 Mom], acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base; 
 the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. ( V. Beccabiinga, ^mer. a«//iorA-.) 
 — Brooks and ditches : common. June -Aug. 
 
 § 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves 
 opfiosite : racemes axdiary, from alternate or sometimes opposite axils : corolla 
 wheel -shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded. 
 
 4. V. SCUtellkta, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) 6';noor/i, slender and weak 
 (6'- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very 
 slender and zigzag ; flowers fw and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed 
 pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didy- 
 mous. — Bogs : common northward. June- Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 5. V. ofl&cinklis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem pros- 
 trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-illiptical or wedge-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, seiTale ; i-acemes den.iely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; ]iod 
 obovate-iriangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods. July. (Ku.) 
 §4. Leaves opposite : flotvirs in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the 
 
 stem-ldivis: corolla wheel-shaped : pods flat, several-seeded. 
 * Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 
 
 6. V. alplna, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2'-G' 
 high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed ; nearly sessile; 
 
SCROPIIUL.VRIACK.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 333 
 
 raceme hairy , f w- flowered, eroirded ; pod ohovate, luitclicd. — Alpine summits of 
 the Wliitc Mountains of New Ilnmpsiiiiv. (Kii.) 
 
 7. V. serpyllifblia, L. (TiiYMK-i.KAVia) Spekdwell.) Much inanelied 
 at the creepinir l>:>se, »«///// amooth ; Itranclics asccndinjr and simple (2' - 4' liigli) ; 
 laves ovate or oh/oiii], ol)si-urely crcnatc, the lowest fietioled and rounded, tlic njiper 
 pas.sin,!| into lanceolate hraet.s ; raenne loose; pod rountled, broader than lon<^, 
 obtusely notched. — Roadsides iind (iclds ; common : introduced and indigenous. 
 May-July. — Corolhi whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (En.) 
 
 « # AnnuaU or hiennkds : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that tlie Jlowers 
 appear to be axdiary and solitary: corolla shorter than the calyx. 
 
 8. V. peregrina, L. (Neck weed. Purslane Speed well.) Neaily 
 smooth, erect (4' -9' liif^h), branched; lowest leaves petioled, ocal-ohloni/, toothed, 
 thiekish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer 
 than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- 
 seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds: common: appearing like an intro- 
 duced weed. April -June. 
 
 9. V. ARVEssis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched 
 (.3' -8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, 
 lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, 
 the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds : rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 § 5. Annuals or biennials [prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite [all peti- 
 oled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled Jlowers In their axils : 
 corolla tcheej-shaped : pod flat: seeds cup-shaped. Rare or local immigrants, 
 and only near the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia. 
 
 10. V. AGRESTLS, L. (FiELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre- 
 nate-toothcd ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurred pedun- 
 clis ; ealyx-loi)cs oi)long ; flower small ; ovary uiany-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- 
 lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields. (Adv. from Eu. ) 
 
 11. V. BuxnAu.Mii, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crcnatcly cut- 
 toothed (i'-l' long), shorter than tlw. peduncles; flower large (nearlv A' wide, 
 blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod olicordate- triangular, 
 broadly notched, 16-24-seeded. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 12. V. heder.ef6lia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded 
 or heart-shaped, 3 - 1-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some- 
 what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-A-seedtd. — Shaded 
 places. April -June. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 17. BUCHNERA, L. Blle-IIearts. 
 
 Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a 
 straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-eleft Iind) : the lobes oblong or 
 wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, apjiroximatc in jiairs : anthers one- 
 celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 
 2-valved, maiiy-sccdcd. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitie), 
 turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the upix'rmost alternate; 
 the flowers opposite in a terminal sjiike, braeti-d and with 2 Iractlcts. (Named 
 in honor of y. G. Buchner, un early German botanist.) 
 
334 scnopiiULARiACE.E. (figwort family.) 
 
 1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high); 
 lower leaves oliovate-olilun^^ the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and 
 coarsely toothed, veiny; tiie ni)])erinost lincar-lanccolate, entire; spike inter- 
 rui)ted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purplt» 
 corolla. — riaiiis, W. New York to WiK-onsin and southward. June- Aug. 
 
 18. SEYMEKIA, Pursh. Sey-mkuia. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, deeply S-cleft. Corolla with a short and l)road tube, not 
 longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. IStaniens 
 4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-cellcd ; the cells 
 equal and pointless. I'od nuuiy-seeded. — Erect branc^iing herbs, with the gen- 
 eral as])ect and character of Gerardia : leaves mostly opposite and dissected or 
 pinnatitid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt- 
 ed! v racemed or sjjiked. (Named for IJenn/ Scymer, an English naturalist.) 
 
 1. S. macroph^lla, Nutt. (Mullein-Foxglove.) Rather pubescent 
 (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan- 
 ceolate divisions pinnatitid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla 
 incurved, very woolly inside, as arc the filaments except their apex; style short, 
 dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-banks, Ohio 
 to Illinois, and soutliwcstward. July. 
 
 19. GERARDIA, L. Gerardia. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-clcft. Corolla campanulatc-funnel-form, or 
 somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, 
 the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- 
 dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells 
 parallel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flat- 
 tened at the apex. Pod globular or ovate, ))ointcd, many-seeded. — Erect branch- 
 ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) : stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter- 
 nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, 
 wliich often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow ; in late 
 summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated hcr])alist, John Gprnrde.) 
 § 1. GERARDIA proper. Cali/r-trcth shmi .- romlla purple or rose-mJnr : nnthfra 
 all alike, nearhi poinlless: leaves linear, entire. {Our spenex are nil hrnnrhlnrj 
 annuals. Tltey still need revision , in connection with those of the Southern States.) 
 » Peel uncles .<!horfer or moderatelfi lonqer than the cah/r: stem erect. 
 
 1. G. purptirea, I>. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (8'-20' high) with 
 long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rouqh-warqined; 
 flowers large (I' long), bright purple, often downy; cali/r-teefh .sharp-pointed, 
 shorter than the tube. — Low grounds, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, 
 mostly towards the coast. 
 
 2. G. marltima, Rnf. (Sea-side G.) Low (4'- 12' high), with shorter 
 branches ; lemrs rathrr flr-fhi/ and obtuse, as are the short cali/x-teeth ; corolla ^' long. 
 — Salt marshes along the coast. 
 
 3. G. ^spera, Dongl. Sparingly branched (P-2° high); leaves long 
 and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has 
 
SCKOI'IIULAUIACE.E. (fIGWOUT FAMILY.) 335 
 
 lanceolate acute teeth nearli/ as long as the tultc ; corolla lar<;cr than in No. 1. — 
 Damp grounds, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. 
 
 * * Peduncles long and Jili/orm, commonli/ exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely 
 branched, slender (8' - 20' hit/h) : corolla liyht purjile, 5" - 7" long. 
 
 4. G. tenuif61ia, Vahl. (Slkndku G.) Leaves narroicli/ linear, acute, 
 the tlural unis iiio.-tly like the others; calyx-teeth very sliort, acute; pod globular, 
 not exr<ediii(/ the ciilyx. — Di'y woods : common. 
 
 5. G. Set^eea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as arc the branchlcts, or the 
 lower linear ; pod orate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has siiort setaceous teeth. 
 (G. Skinneriaiia, Wood.) — Dry grounds, I'enn. to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 
 § 2. DASi'STOiMA, .Raf. Calyx 5-cleJ}, the lobes ojlen toothed: corolla yellow; 
 the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as tlie anthers andfilanu.nts : anthers all 
 alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base: leaves rather large, all 
 of them or only the lower pinnutijid or toothed. (Pei-ennials.) 
 6.'G. fl^va, L. partly. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent trith a 
 fine close down ; stem (3° -4° hijih) mostly simple; /cures ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
 long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnafi/id ; jmluncles very 
 short: calyx-lol)es oliloiig, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods, 
 especially in the Middle States. — Corolla U' long. 
 
 7. G. quercifblia, I'ursh. (S.mootii False Foxglove.) Smooth and 
 glaucous (3° - 6° lii^h), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinntitijid ; 
 the upjier oblong-lunceolate, pinnatifid or entire; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, 
 the lance-linear acute lobes of which arc as long as the at length inflated tube. 
 
 — Rich woods, cs])ccially southward. — Corolla 2' long. 
 
 8. G. integrif61ia, Gray. Smooth, uolglaucous; stem (10-2° high) mostly 
 simple ; kuvis hinrinhite, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; jxdunclcs 
 shorter than the calyx. ( Da.'^ystoma qucrcitblia, var. ? intcgrifolia, Benih. ) — Woods 
 and barrens, Penn.sylvauia to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. — 
 Corolla 1 ' long. 
 
 9. G. grandifl6ra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (3°- 
 4° high) ; leaves ovaU-laiiceolale, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid ; pedun- 
 cles rather shorter than the caly.x; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the 
 broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes. {Di\systoma Drummondii, 
 Benth.) — Oak o])cnings, Wisconsin {Lapham), Illinois (]'asfy) and southward. 
 
 — Intermediate between G. flava and the next. 
 
 10. G. pediculiria, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 
 3° high, very leafy ) ; leaves nvate-lanceolate, pinnatifid. mid the lohes cut and toothed; 
 peduncles longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lvbes. — Dry copses : common. 
 §3. OTOPIIYLLA, Benth. Calyx deeply H-cle ft. the lolics unequal: corolla pur- 
 ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens: 
 anthers jio'ii/ltss, those, of the shorter jniir much smaller. {Annuals?) 
 
 11. G. auricul^ta, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9'- 
 20' higli); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the 
 others with an ol)long-Ianceolate lobe on each side at the ba.<e ; flowers nearly 
 sessile in the axils (1' long). — Low grounds, Fcnu. to Michigan, Illinois, and 
 southward. 
 
o30 scROPnuLARiACE-^. (figwort family.) 
 
 20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Paintf.d-Ccp. 
 
 Calyx tulmlar, flnttciicd, deft af tlic summit on tlic anterior, and usnally on 
 tlio jiostcriur side also ; tiie divisions entire or 2-lol)cd. Tube of tiie corolla in- 
 cluded ill the cal^x ; its ujipcr lij) long aiul narrow, arched and keeled, flattened 
 laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther- 
 cells oblong-linear, imequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. 
 I'od miiny-bceded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire f)r cnt-lobcd 
 leaves; the floral ones usnally dilated, colored, and more showy than the yel- 
 low or pui-plish s])iked flowers. (Dedicated to Casti/lrjo, a Spanish botanist.) 
 
 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (Sc.vklet Painted-Cup.) Hairy biennial or 
 annual; stem sim])lc; root-leaves clustered; tho.sc of the stem incised; the floral 
 .3-cleft, hn'i/ht scarict towards the summit (rarely yellow) ; ca/i/.r u/mosl crjunlli/ 2- 
 rlef'/, the lolws tikiiIij entire, about the length of the \y.\]c yellow corolla. ( Euchroma 
 coccinca, .iY»/r) — Sandy low grounds: not unconunon. May -Aug. 
 
 2. C. pallida, Knnth. Smooth or sparingly hairy perennial ; at the sum- 
 mit woolly ; leaves often incised ; the floral oblong or obovate, whitish, rarely 
 tinged with purple; cahj.r clefl more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleJ}, the ovate- 
 oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla. (C. sei)tentrionalis, 
 fjndl.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green 
 Mountains, Vermont, Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. (En.) 
 
 3. C. sessiliflbra, Pursh. Hairy and low perennial (6' -9' high) ; leaves 
 mostly 3-clcft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader, not colored: spike 
 many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions dee/ily 2-de/l', 
 shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla; which 
 has the lol>es of the lower lip slender, pointed, about half the length of the upper. 
 — I'rairies, Wisconsin [Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long. 
 
 21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed. 
 
 Calyx oblique, tubular, 10- 12-ribbcd, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth much 
 smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the 
 corolla acthcd, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaitcd, with 3 
 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the ui)per lip : an- 
 thcr-cclls equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- 
 seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chafl-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu- 
 bescent upright herb (lo-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a 
 loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, 
 sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into nar- 
 row bracts. Pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated 
 to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.) 
 
 1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, Cajie Cod at Sandwich (B. D. 
 Greene), near Albany, New York, pine barrens of IS'cw Jersey, and southward 
 ntS&r the coast. May -July. 
 
 22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Evebright. 
 
 Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely 
 arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the 
 
scROPiitn.ARiACF.yE. (figwort famti.t.) 337 
 
 lobes obtnsc or notched. Stnmcns 4, under the upper )ip : antlicr-cclls equal, 
 pointed at tlic base. Pod oblong, fl.ittencd. Seeds numerous. — Ilerlis witli 
 branebin<; stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, sj)iked. 
 (Name elcf^paala, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 
 
 1. E. officinalis, I-^- Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest 
 crcnato, the (Uiral lirisily-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of tlic (whitish, yellow- 
 ish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
 Hampshire {Ouhs), Lake Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, 1 '-.')' 
 high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godcl, mss.) (Eu.) 
 
 23. RHINANTHUS, L. Ykllow-Ratti.e. 
 
 Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. I'pper 
 lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, hut fur- 
 nished with a minute tooth on each side below tlic apex ; lower lip 3-lobcd. Sta- 
 mens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transver.se; the cells 
 equal, pointless. Pod orliicuhvr, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — 
 Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the 
 upper lanceolate, toothcJ ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ; 
 the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one- 
 sided s])ikc. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and tivdos, a Jlourr, fvom the 
 beaked u])per li|) of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.) 
 
 1. E. Crista-g^lli, L. (Common- Yellow- Rattle.) Leaves ol)long 
 or lanceolate; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, 
 whence tlic popular name). — Plymouth, Mass. (probably introduced), White 
 Mountains, X. Hampshire (Tuckennun), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 24. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Loisewort. 
 
 Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip arched, flattened, 
 often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; 
 the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 
 4, under the upper lip: anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointle-'s. Pod 
 ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with 
 chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. 
 (Name from fiidivulnx, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 
 
 1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lolsewokt. AVood Betoxy.) 
 Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5'- 12' high); haves scattered; the lowist pin- 
 nalely parted; llie others half-pinmitijid; spike short and dense; calyx split in 
 front, otherwise .ilmost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow 
 and purplish) corolla hooded, inciuved, 2-toothed under the apex; ]>od Jhit, 
 wiiieirhdt sirnrd-s/miird. — Co])ses and lianks : common. May -July. 
 
 2. P. lanceol^ta, Michx. Stem upright (l°-.3° high), nearly simple, 
 mostly smooth; Imrcs ]Kiit/i/ opfiosito, ohlvnq-lnnreolate, doiib/i/ cut-toothed ; spiko 
 crowded; calyx 2-lolx'd, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) coi-oUa 
 incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so aa 
 nearly to close the throat; /W orate, smrci/i/ /onf/er than the cnli/r. (P. pallida, 
 Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept. 
 
 G M 15 
 
338 ACAXTIIACE/E. (ACANTIirS FAMILY.) 
 
 25. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-Wukat. 
 
 Calyx bc'll-sliapcd, 4-cli'ft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the co. 
 rolla eyliiulrieal, enlargin;^ above; ii]>por li]) arehed, coin])rcssed, straight in 
 front; the lower creet-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, 
 under the npper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the 
 cqnal cells minutely pointed at the ba.se. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. 
 Pod flattened, oblique, 1-4-seedcd. — Erect branching annuals, with o])posite 
 leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth 
 at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in 
 our spcQics. (Name composed of /xe'Xas, hloLk, and jrupoi-, ivlmit ; from the color 
 of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 
 
 1. M. Americ^num, Miehx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower 
 entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and I)eset with a few bristly 
 teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of 
 the pale greenish-yellow corolla, (M. pratense, var. Americannm, Bmth.) — 
 Open woods: common. June- Sept. — Plant 6'- 12' high. Corolla 5" long, 
 more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. 
 
 Order G9. ACAKTII.4.CEiE. (Acanthus Family.) 
 
 Chieflij herbs, tiAth opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrons sta- 
 mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lippcd corolla, the lobes of 
 which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4 - 
 12-) seeded pud ; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and sup- 
 ported by hoolced projections of the placentte. — Flowers commonly much 
 bracted. Calyx 5-clefl. Style thread-form: stigma simple or 2-clell. 
 Pod loculiciilal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. 
 Seed with albumen in Elytraria of the Southern States, according to Dr. 
 Feay. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not 
 noxious. A large Aimily in the warmer parts of the world : represented 
 in gardens by Tiiuxbeiu.ia, which diflTers from the rest by the globular 
 pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks (relinacula) ; in the Northern States 
 by only two indigenous genera. 
 
 1. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Water-Willow. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lij)ped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the 
 lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, 
 the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted 
 at the i)ase into a short stalk, 4-seedcd. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or 
 wet places, with entire leaves, and jnirplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes 
 or heads. (Name formed of bis, donlile, and avOqpd, nnthcr ; the separated cells 
 giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 
 
 1. D. Americana, E. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes ob- 
 long, dense, long-pcduncled. (Justi'cia jiedunculo.sa, Michx. llhytiglossa. Nets.) 
 — Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and 
 southward. Jnly - Sept. 
 
VERBENACE^-. (VEUVAIN FAMILY.) 33\> 
 
 2. RUELLIA, L. (DiptkracAnthls, Nccs, & Ed. 2.) 
 
 Calyx o-partuil. Coiullii fiiiiiiol-foriii, the spreading ample Ixjrdcr almost 
 equally and re<^ularly ."i-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included, di- 
 dynamous : cells of the .somewhat aiiow-shapcd anthers parallel and nearly 
 equal. Pod narrow, in our species (of the section Dii'Tkkacantiius) somewhat 
 flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8- I2-.seeded. beeds with 
 a mucilaginous coat, when wet under the microscope cxhil)itiuy innumerable 
 tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, 
 with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary dusters, 
 sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx 
 often 2-bracte()huc. (Named for the early herbalist, John Riulk.) 
 
 1. R. cilidsa, Pursh. ///«)//« with soft whitish hairs (l*- 3° high) ; fotw* 
 imirhi srs-llc, oral or ovate-oblong (l'-2' long) ; flowers 1 -3 and almost sessile 
 in the axils; tube of the. corolla (I'- H' long) fully twice the lent/th of the setaceous 
 cahjx-hhes ; the throat short. (Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nejis.) — Dry soil, Mich- 
 igan to Illinois, and southward. Jime-Scpt. 
 
 2. R. Str^penS, L. Glabrous or sparlnfjlij pnhesrent (l°-4° high); leaves 
 uarroired at the Ikisc into (t petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - .'3' long) ; 
 tube of the corolla {ahowt \' \on<r) little longer than the dilated portion, slir/htly 
 exceeding the hiiiceohite or linear calf/ r-lobes. (Dipteracanthus strepcns. Nets.) — 
 Flowers 1 -5 in each axil, rarely on a slender pt'diinclc, usually almost .sessile; 
 sometimes many and closely crowded, then mostly fruiting in the bud, (when it 
 is D. micninthns, EiifjeJm. <f- (Jr.). — Kich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and 
 southward. July - Sej)t. 
 
 Order 70. VERBEWACE^. (Vervain Family.) 
 
 //p;-t.<j or sh-ii7).<f, irlth oppnuite leaven, more or fess 2-Upped or irregular 
 corolla, and didipiamonx .'Stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma l-celled)//-MJ< 
 dnj or drupaceous, usualli/ splilting xchen ripe into as many l-seeded inde- 
 hi^cent nutlel.i ; difTerlng from the following order in the ovary not being 
 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromaric or 
 furni.shing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no 
 albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly rep- 
 resented in cool regions. 
 
 TrllJC I. VERBENE.3E. Ov.nry 2 - 4-cellc(l, and with an erect anatropous ovulein cacb 
 cdl : r.i.licle inforinr. 
 
 1. Vtrbeiin. Flowers in spikes or heads. Ciilyx tuliular. Fruit splittinp into 4 nutlets. 
 
 2. Lippla. Fluwers in spikes or lieiuls. Calyx short, 2-eleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets. 
 
 3. CalUciirpa. Flowers in axillary cynics. Calyx short. Fruit beiTy-like, with 4 nutlets. 
 Tribe II. PIIKYRIE^. Ovary I -celled : ovule erect, orthotropnus : radicle superior, 
 i. Phryiua. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2 lip|>ed. Fruit an achcnium. 
 
 1. VERBENA, L. V.kvain. 
 
 Calyx tubular, a-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co 
 rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. 
 
340 VKRBENACr.E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 
 
 Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender : 
 sti<,^niu capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 ;-ceil-like nutlets-. — Flowers sessile, in 
 single or often i)anicled spikes, bractcd; produced all summer. (The Latin 
 name for any sacred herb: derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous 
 spontaneous hybrids. 
 
 § 1. Aitt/ters not appendiu/cd : erect herbs, vith slender spikts. 
 * Lmves undivided: root perennial, 
 
 1. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Low (6' -18' high), often simple; leaves 
 narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the b;vsc, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; 
 spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry 
 soil, Amherst, JIass., to Wisconsin and southward : rare northward. 
 
 2. V. hastata, L. (Hluk Vluvai.n.) Tall (4°-G° high); leaver lance- 
 olate or oUoiKj-tunctulute, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the loioer ojlen lobed and 
 sometiiiiis halherd-shaiied at the base ; ypikes linear, erect, denselij flowered, corymbed 
 or panicled. (V. paniculiita. Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and 
 waste grounds : common. At the north probably immigrant from the south. 
 
 3. V. Ul'ticifdlia, L. (Nettle-leaved or White V.) liather tall; 
 leaves oval or oUony-ovale, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes very slender, at 
 length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. 
 — Old fields and roadsides : apparently immigrant. 
 
 4. V. Stricta, Vent. (HoAKY v.) Downg with soft whitish hairs; stem 
 nearly simi)le (1° - 2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate ; s/iikis thick 
 and verij denscli/ flowered, .somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wiscon- 
 sin, and southward. — Flowers blue, pretty large. 
 
 * * Leaves clefl or pinnritifid, narrowed at the base: root perennial ? 
 
 5. V. offici.nXlis, L. (Eukopean V.) Erect, \oosii\y branched (1° -3° 
 high) ; leaves pinnatifid or 3-clefl, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes 
 cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much shorter than 
 the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Roadsides; chiefly south- 
 Avard : scarce. (Nat. from En.) 
 
 6. V. braete6sa, Michx. Widdg spreading or procumbent, hairy; A ares 
 wedge-lanceolate, vut-pinnatijid or 3-rlfft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely 
 flowered ; bracts large and lenfi/, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small pur- 
 ple flowers. — Waste places, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward. 
 
 § 2. Anthers of thf longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 
 
 7. V. Aubl6tia, L. tIwhho/, rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves 
 obovatc-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, .3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid ; spikes 
 ])cduiu'led. flat-t()|iped in flower; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers .showy, 
 light jiurple. — Prairies and rocks, from Illi^iois southward. Also cultivated. 
 
 2. LIP PI A, L. (Zap.\xia, ./«.«.) 
 
 Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped : up- 
 per lip notched ; tiie lower much larger, .3-lobcd. Stamens inclu<led. Style 
 slender: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to 
 Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 
 
LARIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) '341 
 
 1. L. lanceolMa, Michx. (Fog-frlmt.) Procumbent or creeping, rough- 
 ish, green ; leaves oldaiieeolatc or wedgc-spatiilate, serrate al>ove ; ])ediiiKlcs 
 axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely braetcd beads of bluisb-wbitc Howers; 
 calyx 2-elefi, tbc divisions sbarply keeled. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Illi- 
 nois and soutliward. July -Sept. 
 
 3. CALLICARPA, L. Callicarpa. 
 
 Caly^ 4-5-tootlied, sliort. Corolla tiibular-bcll-sbapcd, 4-5-lobcd, nearly 
 regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : antliers opening; at tbe npcx. Style 
 slender, tbiekened upwards. Fruit a small berry-like druj»c, witli 4 nutlets. — 
 Sbrubs, witb scurfy i)ubcseence, and small Howers in axillary cymes. (Name 
 lormed of xiiXXos, Imuiti/, and Kapnos, fruit.) 
 
 1. C. Americana, L. (French Mulberry.) Leaves ovate-oblong with 
 a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath; calyx obscurely 4-tootbcd ; fruits vio- 
 let-color. — Kich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. 
 
 4.. PHRYMA, L. Lopseed. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; tbc upper lip of 3 bristlc-awl-shapcd teeth ; tho 
 lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; tlie lower much 
 larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, 
 in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1 -seeded! Seed orthotropous. 
 Radicle pointing upwards: cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A peren- 
 nial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the 
 lower long-pctiolcd ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal 
 spikes, reflcxed in fruit, and bent close against the axis. Corolla purjilisb or 
 pale t:o.se-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 
 
 1. P. Leptost^chya, L. — Woods and copses : common. July. — Plant 
 (20-3° high) : leaves 3'-.'}' long, thin. 
 
 OuDEU 71. LABlAT.i:. (Mixt Family.) 
 
 Chicflf/ 7ie)-hs, trilli square stems, opposite aromatic legces, more or less 2- 
 lippetl corolla, ilidi/namous or diaiulrous stamens, and a deeply i-lohcd ovary, 
 which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia, swTounding the base 
 of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin- 
 ffle erect seed. — Nutlota smooth or barely rougliish and fixed by their 
 base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Knibryo straigiit 
 (except in Scutellaria) : radicle at the base of the Iruit. Upper lij) of 
 the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 
 ^hserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-Iobed at the apex. Flowers 
 axillary, chielly in cyniose clusti'rs, these often aggregateti in terminal 
 spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a 
 volatile oil, upon which dep*'nds the warmth and aroma of the plants of 
 this large and well-known family. (More abundant in the Ohl World 
 than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are 
 merely intro«luced plants.) 
 
342 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.^ 
 
 Tribe I. A JUGOIDF:.^. Stamens 4, a.-icendin); (curved upwards) and parallel, usually 
 projecting from the notch of the upper side of thf (not evidently 2-Iipped) 5-lobcd corolla. 
 Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attoched by the inside near the base. 
 
 * Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 
 
 1. Teui-rluin. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Cal.. x 5 toothed. 
 
 2. Ti'lchosttriiiR. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. 
 
 • * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included. 
 
 3. liiaiit lilts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. 
 
 Tribe II. SATi:UEIE.^. Stamens 4. the inferior pair longer, or onl.; 2, dist;int, 
 straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2 celled. Lobes of the 
 corolla flat aud spreading. 
 • Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant. 
 
 4. Mentha, Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 
 
 5. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. 
 
 * * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked (not bearded) within. 
 
 ■I- Stamens only 2, distjint : no rudiments of the upper pair. 
 
 6. Caulla. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. 
 
 H- 4- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 
 
 7. Ilyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Sta- 
 
 mens exserted, diverging. 
 
 8. Pyciiaiitlieiiiiint. Cal>x ovate or short-tubular, 10-13ncrved, naked in the throat, 
 
 equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or dusters. 
 
 9. OriKniiuiii. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13 nerved, 5-toothed. Sta- 
 
 mens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 
 
 10. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10- 13-nerved, 2-lipped. 
 
 Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small. 
 
 11. Sntiireiu. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta- 
 
 nicn.s somewhat ascending. 
 12 Calainintho. Calyx tubular, often liairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tu,be of 
 the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the suniniit in pairs under the upper lip. 
 
 13. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flatti.sh on the upper side. Tube of the 
 
 corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. 
 4_ ^_ ^_ Stamens only 2 with anthers, aj^ccnding, and a pair of small sterile filaments. 
 
 14. Iledeoina. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flower.-< loose. 
 
 » » « Corolla 2-lipped and with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. 
 
 15. Colliiisuiiia. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the co- 
 
 rolla much larger than the other four. Stamens 2 or 4, long, diverging. 
 
 Tribe III. MON.\RDP3.E. Stamens 2 (.sometimes hIso with mere rudiments of the 
 upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers either apparently or really 1-ceIled. Corolla 
 2-lipped. 
 
 16. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing 
 
 a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower. 
 
 17. MnilRi-dn. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothcd. Anthers of 2 cells con- 
 
 fluent into one ; the connective inconspicuous. 
 
 18. BlephlPn, Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped .Anthers as in the preceding. 
 
 Tribe IV. WEPETE.^. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior! 
 a.<cendiiig or diverging. Corollb, 2-lippcd ; the U|>per lip concave or arched, the lower 
 spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. 
 
 19. Lophnnthns. Stamens divergent; the upper pnir curved downwards ; the lower aa- 
 
 cending: anther cells nearly parallel. 
 
 20. ]Kepeta. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length 
 
 widely diverging. Calyx more or less currad. 
 
LABlATiF,. (mint FAMILY.) 343 
 
 21. DracocephnlHin. Stnmcns nearly as in the pnrceding. Calyx Btmisht, the upper 
 
 lip or mipcr tooth coiiinionl.v larger. 
 
 22. Ce«lr«ni«-Iln. Staiiions all asceudini;. Anther-rolls panillel. 
 
 Tribe V. STACIIYDK^. Stamens 4, ascending and parullel ; the inferior (outer) 
 pair iDiiiftT than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate iu pairs. 
 Corolla 2-lippeil ; the upper lip concave or arched, (,'alyx 5 - lO-ncrved. 
 
 • Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflatcd-bell-.ihaped in fruit. 
 
 23. Sy nam! III. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed 1 Arither-oells widely divergent. 
 
 24. PI>y8oate(;la. Calyx 5-toothed or 5 lobed. Anther-cells panillel. 
 
 • ♦ Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 
 
 25. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 
 
 26. Siculellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire. 
 
 • * • Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5-10 toothed. 
 4- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla. 
 
 27. MniTubluin. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-uerved, and with 5 or 10 awl shaped teeth. 
 
 4- 1- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. 
 ♦* Anthers opening tninsversely by two unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 
 
 28. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-sbaped ; the 5 teeth spiny -pointed. 
 
 « ++ Anthers opening leugtlnvi.-^e. 
 
 29. Stachys. Calyx tubuhir-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after 
 
 shedding the pollen often turned downward. 
 
 30. L.<-oiiiirii)i. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nut- 
 
 lets trun ate and acutely 3-angled at the top. 
 
 31. Laiiiiiiin. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-anglcd, truncate at the top. 
 
 32. Ilallula. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5 -10 teeth united at the base into a spread- 
 
 ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 
 
 33. Plilouiia. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 
 
 1. TEUCRIUM, L. Gekm.vnder. 
 
 Calyx 5-tootlicfl. C'oroll.T witli the 4 nppiM- lolics nearly equal, oblong, turned 
 forward, po that there .';ecnis to lie no iqijicr lip , the lower one iniieh larger. 
 Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft hetween the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : 
 anther-ecll.-^ confluent. (Named for Tencer, king of Troy.) 
 
 1. T. Canad6nse, L. (A.mkrican Gkr.m.wder. Wood S.voe.) Her- 
 baceous perennial, downy ; stem erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 serrate, rounded at the base, short-petiolcd, hoary undcrnciith; the floral scarcely 
 longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, 
 crowded in a long and simple wand-likc spike. — Low grounds: not rare. 
 July- Sept. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white. 
 
 2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Bue Crni.s. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, oblitjue, deeply ."i-deft ; the .3 upjier teeth elongated and 
 partly iiniled, the 2 lower very .'<hort. Corolla 51oi)ed ; the lobes narrowly ob- 
 long, declined, nearly equal in lenjrth ; the .'{ lower more or less united. Sta- 
 mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exscrted much beyond the corolla, 
 curved: anther-cells divergent and at lrn'.:th conlliient. — Low annuals, some- 
 what clanjmy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly 
 solitary 1 -flowered j)cdicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the 
 production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed. 
 
•'^44: * LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 
 
 namely, the short teeth of the ealyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varyinj^ to pur 
 nle, rarely white, sm:Ul ; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of Of>i^, 
 hair, luiil orrj^a, slumrii, from the capillary filaments.) 
 
 1. T. dichbtomum, L. (Rastakd Pexnyroyai,.) Lmirs lance-Monrj 
 or r/ioinliic-laiicco/(ite, rarely lance-linear, short-petiolcd. — Sandy fields. New 
 England to Kcntueky, and southward, chiefly eastward. — Stamens ^' long. 
 Corolla blue : a j)ink variety near Hartford, Conn., C. II. Olmstaul. 
 
 2. T. line^re, Nutt. Z/«'^«w-i; ///im/-, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens 
 of New JersL-y, and southward. — More slender and less forked than the last. 
 
 3. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Tj-nnyroyal. 
 
 Calyx bcll-slinped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than 
 the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly e<jual and obovate spreading 
 lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, iiieurved-aseending, scarcely exceeding 
 the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly en- 
 tire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3- 
 flowered peduncles. (Name from lo-oj, equal, and avQoSt flower, referring to the 
 almost regular corolla.) 
 
 I. I. CSeruleus, Michx. — Gravelly banks and fields, Maine to Illinois, and 
 southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long. 
 
 4. MENTHA, L. Mint. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, .5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a 
 short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upjier 
 lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous 
 perennial herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axil- 
 lary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes ; produced 
 in summer ; of two sorts as to the length of the stamens in most species. 
 Corolla pale ])urple or whitish. (MtV^r; of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that 
 name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.) 
 * Inflorescence terminal, fljrming narrow spikes: hares sessile or nearly so. 
 
 1. M. rotuxdif6lia, L. (Rodnd-leaved Mint.) ASo/J-Zia/V^ or downy ; 
 leaves ronml-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed. — Wet 
 places, Maine, .7. Blake, New Jersey and Penn., Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. M. vfRiDis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth; leaves olilonij- or oiate- 
 lanceolate, unequally serrate. — Wet places : common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Inflorescence mostly terminal, fl:irmiii(] interrupted spikes or heads : leaves pctioled. 
 
 3. M. piperita, L. (Peppermint.) 5moo//t,- leaves ovate-oblong, acute; 
 spikes loose. — Var. sitbiiirsuta, Benth., has the petioles, veins of the leaves, 
 &c. rather hairy. — Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the 
 last; and like it multiplying rapidly by running under-grouiul shoots. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 4. M. aquAtica, L. (Water Mint.) Puhesceiit or smoothisli ; leaves 
 ovifte or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal (jlohutar or interrupted and oblong 
 head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the uppei leaves ; calyx and 
 
LABIAT.E. (MINT FAMILY.) 345 
 
 usnallj the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hninj doionwards. 
 — Muddy shores, Nantiioiic River, Delaware, IT. .1/. Ctinbi). — Var. glahrAta, 
 Briitii., a ucarly sinootli litrin, dittlrin},' from Peppermint in the rounder leaves 
 and i^])ike of 2 or a rounded heads (M. eitratii, Eltrh.). — Litchtield, Connecti- 
 cut, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 * * » Inflorescence axilla ri/, the (/lobular whorls or clusters all in the axils of the leaves, 
 
 the iipprrmost axils not floiver-biarinij : leaves more or less ytlioled, toothed. ( The 
 
 species (tjiparenllij run together,) 
 
 5. M. satIva, L. (WiiouLED MrNT.) Stem hninj doumcards; \ca.ycs ovate ; 
 calyx ohlong-cylindrical with vcri/ slender teeth. Intermediate between the last 
 and the ne.xt, ap|)arently runs into both. — Kivcr-banks, N. Jersey &Penn., Prof. 
 Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)* 
 
 6. M. AKVEN'sis, L. (Corn Mixt.) Lower and smuUcr-leavcd tliaii tlio 
 last; calyx bell -shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields: rare. (Adv, 
 from Eu.) 
 
 7. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Z.<?aie.s varying from ovate-oblong 
 to lanei'olate, l<i/i<riii(i to both ends; calyx oblony-bell-sliaped, tiie teeth rather 
 short; hairs on tiie stem when present not conspicuously reflcxed. The com- 
 moner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. — 
 Var. GLABRATA, Bcnth. (M. borealia, Michx.) is smoothish, "the scent pleas- 
 antcr, more like that of Monarda." (Prof. Porter.) — Shady wet places, New 
 England to Kentucky.and northward. 
 
 6. LYCOPUS, L. Water IIoreiiound. 
 
 Calyx bell-sh:ipcd, 4-.5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, 
 scarcely lon;;er than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the 
 upper pLiir either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins. 
 — Perennial low herbs, reseful)ling Mints, with sharply toothed or pininitilid 
 leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer tlAn the dense axillary whorls of 
 small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of XJicoy, a wolf, 
 and TTovs, fo"t, from some fancieil likeness in the leaves.) 
 
 1. L. Virginicus, L. (Blgi.e-weed.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'- 18' 
 high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or ovatc- 
 laneeolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petiolcd ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, 
 bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places: common, especially northward. — 
 Smooth, often purpli>ih, with small caj)itate clusters of very small flowers. — The 
 depauperate, few-flowered form, often tiiU'riferous at base (L. uniHorus, il/(c/ix., 
 and L. piinrilus, Vulil), I.,ake Superior and northward. Plant very Iiitter. 
 
 2. L. Europceus, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (1° -3° high); leaves ovate- 
 oiilong or o!)long-lanccolate, sinuate-toothed.or pinnatifid, usually more or less 
 jjCtioled ; whorls many-flowered ; cali/x-teeth 5, triampilarlanceohite, tajKrincj to a 
 rifjid reri) sharp ])oint ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roHgliene<l at the top) equal- 
 ling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (En.) — Includes several nominal species (tho 
 sterile filaments variable) ; among them in our district is 
 
 Var. sessilif61ius. Nearly smooth, producing slender leafy runners from 
 the decumbent base ; leaves oblong-ovate, closely sessile or almost clasping, re- 
 
346 lauia'im:. (mint family.) 
 
 motely toothed ; sterile filaments minute and slender. — Atsion Creek, New Jer- 
 sey, ir. M. Cunbi). — Nearest the var. parvifolius, Miqttel, from Japan: proba- 
 bly L. ruhelhif^, Mdnrh, is a closely related form. 
 
 Var. integrif'61ius. Stems often producing slender runners ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nutt.), much acu- 
 minate at both ends (2' -4' lougj, sleuder-petioled, sharply serrate. — Common 
 westward. 
 
 Var. sinuitUS. (L. sinuatus, Bmth. L. exaltatus &. L. sinuatus, Ell.) 
 Much brauciied, smooth or smpothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly 
 more tupering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed 
 to pinnatihd ; sterile filaments mostly with a globular or spatulatc tip. — Com- 
 mon in wet grounds. , 
 
 6. CUNILA, L. Dittany. 
 
 Calyx ovate-tubular, equally .5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- 
 lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. 
 Stamens 2, erect, cxsertcd, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with 
 small white or purplish flowers, in corym bed cymes or clusters. (An ancient 
 Latin name, of unknown origin.) 
 
 1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely 
 much branched (1° high) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped 
 at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1' long) ; cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. — 
 Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July-SepL 
 
 7. HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 1.5-ncrved, equally .^)-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 
 phort, 2-]ip]X'd ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-clcft, with 
 the middle lobe larger and 2-clgft. Stamens 4, cxserted, diverging. — A peren- 
 nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and 
 blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) 
 
 1. H. officix.Vlis, L. — Roadsides, &c., sparingly escaped from gardens. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 8. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil. 
 
 Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothcd, or the 
 three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more 
 or less 2-li{)ped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched; 
 the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower 
 pair rather longer : anther-cells parallel. — Perennial uprighs herbs, with a pun- 
 gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched .nbove ; the floral leaves often 
 whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually 
 forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips 
 mostly dotted with ))urple Fl. summer and early autumn. — Varies, like the 
 Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com- 
 posed oiirvKvos, dense, and apdefioi/, a blossom, from the dense infloreeceace.) 
 
LABIAIVIC. (mint FAMILY.) 347 
 
 • Calyx srarceli/ at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed, 
 
 ri</id, nalid, as /oiifj as the corolla : Jloivtrs in rather dense mostly terminal heads: 
 Iciiris ri</i(l, sli</litlij pctiolvd. 
 
 1. P. aristitum, Michx. IMimitdy hoary-puln'iiilciit (l°-20 lii;,rli) ; 
 leaves ovate-oldonf; ami oMoii^-laiK-eolate, acute, spariiijily ileiiticulatc-serratc 
 (I '-2' Ion;;), ruimdisli at tiie liasc. — riae barrens, from New Jersey southward. 
 
 Var. hyssopifblium, Gray. Leaves narrowly ol)lon;4 or broadly linear, 
 nearly entire aiidobtusc. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward. 
 
 # ♦ Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which, 
 
 with the l)racts, are subulate and bearded with some spreadinij hairs: /lowers m 
 dense and compound Jlatteiicd cymes, which become considei'ably expanded in fruit.' 
 learrs membranaceous, petioled. (S/>ecies 2-5 incline to run toyelher. ) 
 
 2. P. Tlillia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely sojldowny, only the floral 
 ones whitened, otherwise icsembling those of the next; cymes dense; bracts 
 much surpassing thejlowirs, their long awn-likc points and the awn-pointcd calyx- 
 teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — Dry ground, mountains of Virginia and 
 southward. 
 
 3. P. inc^num, Miehx. Lcm-es ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, 
 downy ultove and mostly hmry icith ivhiiish wool underneath, the uppermost ichitcned 
 bothgides; cymes 0}>en ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the caly.x-tceth, more 
 or less awn-pointed. — Hocky woods and hills. New England to Michigan, and 
 southward. — Plant 2° -4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Penny- 
 royal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. 
 
 4. P. clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves ohlong-lanceulate, scarcely 
 toothed, sliDrt-pctioleil, not whitened ; the upper surface often smooth, the lower 
 as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted ; bracts and calyx-teeth short-subu- 
 late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses, S. New York 
 to Pennsylvania. Connects No. 3 with No. Ci. 
 
 * * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense 
 
 clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils; the brads shorter 
 than the 2-Hpped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 
 
 5. P, Torr6yi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly 
 simple {•2°-3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 
 2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts 
 cancscent. — Dry soil, S. Now York to Pennsylvania. — Intermediate in aspect 
 between No. 4 and No. 8. 
 
 tj. P. pil6sum, Nutt. More or less downy with lontj and soft whitish hairs, 
 much brauihed al)Ove ; hares lanceolate, acute at l>oth ends, or th.: lower oratr-lan- 
 ceolatf, nearly entire, the jloral not whitened; caly.x-tecth ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 and with the bracts hoary-hairy. — Dry hills and plaitis, \V. Pennsylvania to 
 Illinois, and southwanl. 
 
 "• P. mtlticum, Pers. Minnttly lifHiry throughout, or becoming almost 
 smooth, corymbosdy much branched { 1° - 2J° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate- 
 lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly htartsltu/ted 
 at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sliarji-toothed, prominently veined, green 
 when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangulai- or ovate calyx-tccth, hoary with a 
 
348 LABlATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 
 
 fine closfi down. (Brachystemum vcrticillatnm, Michx.) — Dry liills, Maine to 
 
 Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Flowers in very dense clusters; the outer 
 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless. 
 
 « * « * Caljix eqmdly b-toothed : flowers collected in dense and rjlobidar, oflevflis- 
 
 cichd, small and nnnierons heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts 
 
 rigid, closely apprtssed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla very short: 
 
 leaves narrow, sessile, entire, r'tgid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 
 
 B. P, lanceol^tum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); 
 
 (eaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; /wads downy ; calyx-teeth short 
 
 and triangular. — Dry thickets ; not rare. 
 
 9. P. linifblium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less 
 downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lanre-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pun- 
 gently pointed. — S. New England to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 ***** Calyx equally 5-tonthed : flowers collected in few and solitary large and 
 glohular heads (terminal, and in the up/ier axils of the membranaceous petioled 
 learrs) ; the brads loose, ciliate-bcurded. 
 
 10. P. mont^num, Michx. Stem (l°-30 liigli) and ovate- or oblong- 
 lanceolatc serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, tlie oiitcr- 
 nio.^t ovate and Iwif-Iikc, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx shoit and 
 acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. — Flavor warm and pleas- 
 ant. Foliage and heads resembling Monarda. 
 
 9. ORIGANUM, L. Wild Mar.joram. 
 
 Calyx ovatc-bell-shapcd, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the 
 corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and 
 slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly etpial spreading lobes. Stamens 
 4, exscrtcd, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish 
 flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. 
 (An ancient Greek name, said to be composed of o/joy, a mountain, and ydvos, 
 delight. ) 
 
 1. O. vulgXre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti- 
 oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks : scarce. June - 
 Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 10. THYMUS, L. TuvME. 
 
 Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, I3-nerved, hairy in the throat; the npper lip 3-toothed, 
 spreading; the lower 2-clcft, with the awl-shnped divisions ciliate. Corolla 
 short, slightly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip straight and flatti>h, notched at the apex ; 
 the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exsertcd. — Low per- 
 ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish 
 flowers. (The ancient Greek mime of the Thyme, probably from 6vo, to burn 
 perfume, because it was used for incense.) 
 
 1. T. Serpylldm, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, 
 ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old 
 fields. Eastern New England to Pennsylvania: rare. (Adv. fromEu. ) The 
 Garden Thyme is T. vulgaris, L. 
 
I.AUIAT.i:. (mint lA.MlLY.) 349 
 
 11. SATURJSIA, L. Savory. 
 
 Calyx l)ell-sliapc(l, lO-iicrvt'd, equally 5-tootlic(l, naked in tlic throat. Corolla 
 2-lii)pecl ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, tlic lower 3-clcft. Stamens 4, 
 somewhat ascendinj;. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus- 
 tered, and .somewhat spiked purpli.sh flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 1. S. iioiJTENSis, L. (SuMMiiU Savory.) Pubescent annual ; clusters few- 
 flowered ; bracts small or none. — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the 
 Palis of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 12. CALAMINTHA, Manch. Calamintii. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lippeil, the upper lip 
 3-clett, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straijibt tube and an inflated throat, 
 distinctly 2-iipjx'd ; the upper lij) erect, flatfish, entire or notched ; the lower 
 spreading, 3-partcd, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascend- 
 ing ; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly pur- 
 plish or whitish flowers; produced all summer : inflorescence various. (Name 
 composed of (caXor, hcatiliful, and filvda, Mint.) 
 
 § 1. CALAMINTHA, Ma-nch. Cnh/x striate, scarcely r/iblmux at the Ixtse: cliistt-rs 
 ofjiowers loose and pedmicUd in the axils of the leaves, and Junniny a raceme at 
 the summit: bracts minute. 
 
 1. C. Nepeta, Link. (Rasil-Tiiymk.) Soft hairy ; stem ast ending (1°- 
 3" higli) ; leaves pctioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crcnate ; corolla (3" long) about 
 twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &,c. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 §2. CALOMELfSSA, Benth. Cah/z nearlj/ «s § 1 : whorls feu^- several-flow- 
 ered, .'ir-ssilc ; flowas on slender naked pedicels : the bracts at their base linear or 
 oiilon'i, Ip'iflike. 
 
 2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth ; stems diffuse or spreading (10-2° long) ; 
 leaves slightly pctioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (8" -2' 
 long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6-10-flowered ; corolla (pur- 
 plish, .5" -6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter 
 awl-pointed. ( Cunila glabella, Michx. Mieromcria. Benth.) — Limestone banks, 
 near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward. 
 
 Var. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowerinj? stems more upright (.')'- 9' 
 high), wiih narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters; while 
 sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" -.5" long. (C. 
 Nuttallii, Benth. Micronu-ria glabella, var. angustifolia. Ton:) — Wet limestone 
 rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sultirant), and south westward 
 — Appearing very distinct, but united by southwestern specimens. 
 §3. CLINC)rODIUM, L. Cali/x more or less qiblioiis In-low : clusters sessile and 
 mnnii-tloicired, dense, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 
 
 3. C. Clinop6dium, Benth. (Basil.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves 
 ovate, ixjtioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy 
 bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, />.) — Borders of thickets 
 nnd fields. Naturalized extensively : but apparently also indigenous about the 
 upper Great Lakes and elsewhero. (Eu.) 
 
350 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 
 
 13. MELISSA, L. Balm. 
 
 Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-tootlied, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
 with a recurvod-aseendin^' tiil)C. Stamens 4, curved and connivin;; under the 
 upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calanuntha. — Clusters Jew-flowered, loose, 
 one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts rescniblin<^ the leaves. (Xame from 
 firj\i(Taa, a bee ; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 
 
 1. M. officinXlis, L. (Common Balm.) Uprijiht, branehinjr ; leaves 
 broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. — Sparingly 
 escaped from gardens. (Xat. from Eu.) 
 
 14. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock Pexnyroyal. 
 
 Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nervcd 
 bearded in the throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip 3-tootlied, the lower 2-cleft. Co- 
 rolla 2-lij)ped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- 
 ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the ujiper pair reduced to sterile filaments or 
 wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters 
 of Howers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 
 'll8vu(Tfj.oi>, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 
 
 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branch- 
 ing, hairy; leaces petioled, oblong-ovate, ol'scureli/ seiraie, the floral similar; whorls 
 few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile 
 filaments tipped with a little head. — Open barren woods and fields. — The taste 
 and odor nearly of the true Pennijroija/ (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. 
 
 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect, hairy (2' -5' high) ; leaves sessile, linear,, 
 entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than 
 the ciliate /lispid cahjx. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and westward. 
 
 15. COLLINSONIA, L. IIorse-Balm. 
 
 Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and 
 flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, 
 somewhat 2-lippcd ; the 4 upj)er lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and 
 longer, pendent, toothed or laeerate-fringt d. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the up- 
 per pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. — Strong- 
 scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedi- 
 cels, in loose and ])anicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Pdtr ColUn- 
 son, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, who intro- 
 duced it into England.) 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth 
 (l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -6' long); panicle loose; 
 stamens 2. — Rich moist woods : common. July - Sept. — Corolla 8" - 9" long, 
 lemon-sceutcd. 
 
 16. SALVIA, L. S.^GE. 
 
 Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothcd or entire, the 
 lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-li])ped, ringcnt ; the upper lip straight or scythe- 
 shaped, entire or bai-ely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobcd. the 
 
LABIAT/E. (mint FAMILY.) 851 
 
 middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated 
 transverse connective, one end of wliicli ascending under the upper lip hears a 
 linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending hears an ini|>crfect or 
 deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, raccined, 
 or paniclcd whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salco, to save, in allu- 
 sion to the repined healing qualities of Sage.) 
 
 1. S. lyrita, L. (LviiE-LKAVKn S.u;i:.) Low perennial (10'- 20' high), 
 someuhit /iiiiri/ ; sfcm ncdili/ siiiijile <tnd nalccd ; root-lcuvis oljuvdte, li/ieshajied or sin- 
 uatc-pimiiititid, .sometimes almost entire; Uiose of the stem mostly a single ]>iiir, 
 smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls 
 loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the hlue-purplo 
 pubescent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, New 
 Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 
 
 2. S. urticifdlia, L. (Ni;ttm;-le.\ved S.voe.) Domii/ u-illi claminj/ hairs, 
 lecfll ; leans rliomhir-oratt', ])()inted, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at 
 the base, narrowed into a short ])etiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote, 
 many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the 
 lower; style bearded. — Woodlands, from Maryland southward. — Corolla 4" 
 long; the lateral lobes delkwed, the middle nutciicd. 
 
 17. MONARDA, L. IIok.se-Min-t. 
 
 Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-ncrved, nearly ecpially 5-tootlied, usually hairy 
 in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 
 2-lij)ped limb ; the li])s linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, entire 
 or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd at the apex, the lateral lobes 
 ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2, 
 elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers linear (the 
 divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or 
 toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded 
 with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Moimnks, author of many tracts upon 
 medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the 
 latter half of the 16th century.) 
 
 » Slametis and sti/le exserted heipnd the narrow acute upper Up of the corolla : root per- 
 eiinial ; hares lance-ovate or oblong, with a roundid or slightly heart-shaped Ixise. 
 
 1. M. didyma, L. (Osw-kgo Tk.\.) Somewhat hairy (2° high) ; leaves 
 petioled, pointed ; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; 
 culyx smiiolh, inciirced, nearly nuLiil in ihelltroat; corolla snioalh (2' long), bright 
 red. showy. — Moist woods by streams. New England to Wisconsin northward, 
 and southward in the AUeghauies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or 
 B(e-Uahu). July, Aug. 
 
 2. M. fistul6sa, L. (Wild Bki!o.\mot.) Smoothish or downy; leavea 
 petiolid; tlu' uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colore<l (whitish or purplish) ; 
 culyx slightly curved, veiy hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color, or almost 
 white, smooth or hairy. — Woods ami rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and 
 southward, csi)ceially westward. July - Sejit. — Very variable in appearamio, 
 2° -5° high; the pale corolla smaller than iu tl»c last. 
 
352 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.; 
 
 3. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, clothed with lonrj soft hairs, 
 espi-ciulli/ uiuiciiu'uth ; the Horul and tlie outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, pur- 
 plish ; calyx smoolhish, contracted above, vei-y hairy in the throat, wit\ awl-shufjcd 
 owned teeth ; corolhi smootliish, bearded at the tip of the uppt-r iij), scarcely twice 
 the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak- 
 openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May -July. 
 
 * * Stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the short corolla: annuals or biennials. 
 
 4. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mint.) Minutely downy (2°-3°high); 
 leaves pctioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at 
 the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, 
 awnlcss; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple, 
 notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and 
 dry banks, New York to Illinois and southward. July -Sept. — Very odorous 
 and pungent. 
 
 18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Blephilia. 
 
 Calyx ovoid-tuljular, 13-ncrved, 2-lippcd, naked in the throat; upper lip with 
 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the 
 throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lippcd ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the 
 lower spreading, 3-clcft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than 
 the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- 
 ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Peren- 
 nial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple 
 flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls ; in summer. 
 (Name from jSAe^api'y, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and 
 calyx-teetli. ) 
 
 1. B. eilikta, Kaf. Somewhat downy (l°-2° high); leaves almost sessile, 
 oblnnfi-ovote, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts orate, 
 acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, 
 L.) — Dry open places, Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 
 
 2. B. hirstlta, Benth. Usiiry throu'r'hont; leaves long-petio'ed, ovate, pointed, 
 rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost 
 and the h-acts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ; corolla 
 smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. (B. nepetoides, Rqf. Monarda hir 
 suta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, E. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — 
 Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the 
 lower remote. 
 
 19. LOPHANTHTJS, Benth. Giant Hyssop. 
 
 Calyx tubular-bell-sliaped, 1.5-nerved, oblique, 5-toolhed, the ui)pcr teeth rathev 
 longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; 
 the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, 
 exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that 
 the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with peti- 
 oled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted term nal spikes; in 
 summer. (Name from X6<pos, a crest, and uv6os, a flower.) 
 
LABIAT.E. (hint FAMILY.) 353 
 
 1. L. nepetoides, Bcnth. .S'j/ioo^A, or nearly so ; leaves ovate, somewhat 
 pointed, coarsely crenatc-toothed (2' -4' long) ; culjix-teethcuate, rather obtuse, /title, 
 shorter than the pale (jreenish-yelloiv corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to 
 Wisconsin, and southward. — Stem stout, 4° - 6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes 
 2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate jiointed bracts. 
 
 2. L. serophularisefblius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-anglcd) and lower 
 surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes- 
 cent; cati/.v-tetth lanceolate, acute, .shorter than the fiurijlish corolla (spikes 4' - 15 'long) : 
 otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. 
 
 3. L. anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hissop.) Smooth, but the ovate acute 
 leaves glaucotis-ichlte underneath \\''\i\\ minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. 
 — Plains, Wisconsin and northwestward. — Foliage with the scent of anise. 
 
 20. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mixt. 
 
 Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely .5-toothcd. Corolla dihited in the 
 throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cktt ; the 
 lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta- 
 mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers ap- 
 proximate in pairs ; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, 
 thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) 
 
 § 1. Cymose chisli-rs rather dense and many-floicerfd, forming interrupted sjiikes or 
 racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract -like. 
 
 1. N. Cat.yria, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart- 
 shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, 
 dotted with purple. — Near dwellings: a very common weed. July -Se] it. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 § 2. GLECHOMA, L. Leaves all alike: the axillary clusters loosely fw-flou-ered. 
 
 2. N. Glechoma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill) Creejiiiig and trail- 
 ing ; leaves pctioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla 
 thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Damp 
 waste grounds near dwellings. May - Aug. — Anther-cells diverging at a right 
 angle, each pair approximate' and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-IIead. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13- 15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth usually 
 much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the 
 lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and2-cleft or notched at the 
 end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An- 
 thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly 
 spiked or capitate, and with awn-tootiicd or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from 
 8paK(ov, a dragon, and Kfcpa^r], luad, alluding to the form of the corolla in the 
 original species.) 
 
 1. D. parvifldrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8'- 
 20' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded 
 in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling 
 L & M— 35 
 
354 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 
 
 the bluish small slender corolla. — Rocky places, from St. Lawrence Co., New 
 York, to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, northward. May - Aug. 
 
 22. CEDRONELLA, Mu;nch. Cedronella. 
 
 Calyx rather .obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded 
 at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upjier lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3. 
 cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair 
 shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purpHsh 
 flowers. (Name a diminutive of Ke8piov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves 
 of the original species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) 
 
 1. C COl'd^ta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly 
 heart-shaped, crenate, potioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- 
 flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy inside (1^' long) ; 
 stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracoccphalum cordatum, Nult.) — Low 
 shady banks, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. June. 
 
 23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. Stnandra. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 
 4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; 
 the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate 
 lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending : 
 fllaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two 
 upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with 
 each other (whence the name ; from <tvv, together, and avr]p, for anther). 
 
 1. S. grandifl6ra, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- 
 ward. June. — A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 
 broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced 
 to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla Ij' long, yellowish-white. 
 
 24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head. 
 
 Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-ncrved, short-tubular or bell- 
 shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflafed in fruit. Corolla funnel- 
 form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, nearly entire ; 
 the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, 
 notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate ; 
 the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and ses- 
 sile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose 
 or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled 
 terminal leafless spikes. (Name from ^vaa, a bladder, and aTfyrj, a covering.) 
 
 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Corolla 1' or more long, gaping, the upper 
 lip slightly arching ; calyx-tubc oblong- or obconical-bell-shaped. (Dracoccph- 
 alum Virginianuni, L.)' — "Wet bank«, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin and 
 southward. July - Sept. — Varies from l°-4° high, stout or slender; the 
 leaves from oblong-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very 
 sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded or scattered. 
 
LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) OOO 
 
 25. BRTJNELLA, Tourn. (Prunella, Z.) Self-heal. 
 
 Calyx tubular-bell-shiiped, soiiicwluit lO-nervud and reticuhitcd-veiny, flat- 
 tened on the upper side, naked in tlie throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipiJcd ; the up- 
 per lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 .short teeth ; the lower 2-clett. Corolla 
 ascending, slightly contracted at the tlnoat, and dilated at the lower side just 
 beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexcd- 
 spreadiug, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, 
 crenulatc. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : fllaments 2-toothed at 
 the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, 
 their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow- 
 ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membrana- 
 ceous floral leaves, imbi'icated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken 
 from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a 
 reputed remedy. 
 
 2. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Si;lf-iieal or He.vl-all.) Leaves ovate- 
 oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or snioothish ; corolla (violet or flesli- 
 color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and 
 fields : common. June -Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 2 6. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lippcd ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper 
 with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the 
 upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall- 
 ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the 
 throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched; the lateral 
 lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe 
 or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under 
 the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the 
 lower stamens 1-cclled (halved), of the upper 2-cellcd and heart-shaped. — Bit- 
 ter perennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else s])iked or racemcd flow- 
 ers; in summer: the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, 
 often 1 -sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the ap- 
 pendage to the fruiting calyx.) 
 
 * Flowers (blue) in terminal {single or pan id ed) racemes; the Jloral Icares, except the 
 
 loiver ones, being small, and reduced to bracts. 
 1- Lips short, nearhj equal in length, the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as 
 long as the slraigldish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles. 
 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairg, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c. 
 partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate or round- 
 ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced 
 to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- 
 cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Pcnu. to Wisconsin and southward. 
 — Corolla 9" long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- 
 spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the loweif 
 as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benik., is probably a smaller 
 
356 LABIAT.E. (mIXT FAMILY.) 
 
 form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (The hatter from Harper's Feny, Dr. Aihln, 
 according to Wund.) 
 
 2. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smoothish or sliglul'/ Itairi/ ; stem weak, ascend- 
 ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or omte-oblong 
 and mostlij heart-shuped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long), thiri, obttisn ; upper 
 bracts oblong or ovate, small ; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, 
 Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. — Corolla 8" long, 
 the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. 
 
 •*- -t- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, 7nitcJi shorter than the decidedly arched or in 
 curved upper lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves modeiately peliuhd, 
 except in No. 6. 
 
 3. S. can6scens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high) above, with the 
 paniclcd many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance- 
 ovatu acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish icith flne 
 sofl down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper 
 lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and 
 southward. — Corolla 8" long. 
 
 4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple 
 (l°-3° high), Avith single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at 
 loth ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla 
 equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last, 
 which this resembles). — Woods, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 5. S. pil6sa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading Jmirs; stem nearly simple 
 (1° -3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to round- 
 ish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petiolcd, the 
 upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short, 
 often branched ; corolla (6" - 8" long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. 
 (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry ground, S. New York to Michigan 
 and southward. 
 
 6. S. illtegl*if61ia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com- 
 monly simj)le (l°-2o high) ; leaves Mong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, 
 very short-petiolcd ; raceme often branched ; corolla (I'long) much enlarged above, 
 the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, from Bridgewater, Mass. 
 (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. 
 
 * * Flowers {blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mosdy 
 
 sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. 
 
 •1- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly 
 
 equal in length, the upper lip concave. 
 
 7. S. nervdsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20- 
 high) ; loivcr leaves loundi.^h ; the middle ones orate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped 
 (V long) ; the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath. 
 (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist tliickcts, New York to Illinois and southward. 
 
 ( (^/vi*^S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched 
 P^ arrd spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all 
 entire or nearly so, slightly hcarl'shaprd (G" -8" long). (S. amlngua, A^««.) — 
 Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 
 
LABIAT.E. (.MINT FAMILY.) 357 
 
 t- H- Corolla (S"-9" hnrj), with n slc/ulrr tube: Innrr lip larfje and rallur longer 
 tluin the so.'ueichat inched uii/x r lip : stem aiiiiple. 
 
 9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; 
 leaves ovatc-lanccohitc, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the 
 base ( 1' - 2' long). — Wet shady places : common northward. ( En.) 
 
 * * * Flowers small [blue, 3" long), in axillarjj and ofien also in terminal one-sided 
 racemes ; the lower Jioral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like. 
 
 10. S. laterifldra, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched {\°~2° 
 high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded 
 at the base, petioled (2'- 3' long). — Wet shaded places : common. — A iiuack 
 having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species 
 bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 
 
 27. MARRtlBIUM, L. Horehound. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or 
 less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 
 notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, 
 included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- 
 aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenatc or cut leaves, 
 and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from 
 the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 
 
 1. M. vulgXue, L. (Common Horehound.) Stems ascending; leaves 
 round-ovate, petioled, crenatc-toothed ; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved 
 teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens 
 into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 28. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle. 
 
 Calyx tubular-bcll-shaped, about 5-nerved, with .5 somewhat equal and spiny- 
 tip])ed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the tipper lip ovate, arched, entire ; 
 the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely 
 heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under 
 the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly- 
 fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, 
 and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly 
 like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaXerj, a weasel, and o\j/^is, resemblance, 
 from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 
 
 1. G. TetrXiiit, L. (Common Hemp-Nettle.) Stem swollen below the 
 joints, bris>li/-hairi/ ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla pur]ilish, or variegated, 
 about twice the length of the calyx ; or, in var. graxdi flora, 3-4 times the 
 length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — 
 Waste places : rather common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. G. LAdanum, L. (Red H.) Stein smooth or pubescent; leaves ob/ong- 
 lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the thront often spotted 
 with yellow), much exceeding the calyx. — Eastern New England : rare. Aug. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
358 LABTAT^E. (.MINT FAMII.Y.) 
 
 29. STACHYS, L. Hkdge-Nettle. 
 
 Calyx tubular-bcll-sluijjcd, 5 - lO-uevvcd, equally 5-tootlicd, or the upper teeth 
 united to form an upper li]). Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip 
 erect or ratlier sprcadini^-, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually 
 longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. 
 Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after 
 flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — 
 Wiiorls 2 - inany-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence 
 the name, from ardxvs, a spike). Flowering in summer. 
 * ll(jot annual : stems decumbent, low. 
 
 1. S. ARVENSis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse, 
 crcnate, heart-shaped at the base ; a.xillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; corolla 
 (purplish) scarcely longer than. the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste 
 places, E. Massachusetts : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Root ]>erennial : stem erect. 
 
 2. S. pallistris, L. Stem 4-angled j2°-3° high), leafy, hirsute with 
 spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower 
 short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- 
 shaped at the base, downy or liairj'-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper 
 floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the up- 
 per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid ; the lance-subulate teeth 
 somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet 
 banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we 
 must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : — 
 
 Var. ^spei'a. (S. aspcra, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the 
 sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, 
 pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often 
 slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more 
 awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into 
 
 Var. glabra. (S. glabra, RiWfJl, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slender, 
 smooth find f/labtous throiic/hout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate- 
 lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at 
 the base, all petioled. — W. New York to Michigan and southwestward. 
 
 Var. cord kta. (S. cordata, 7?/fWe//, /. c. S. 'SnttaWii, Shuttlew.) Stem 
 beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, 
 heart-shaptd at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth sometimes 
 shorter. — Common westward and southward. 
 
 3. S. hyssopifblia, Midix. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems 
 slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leai'es lincar-ohlonp, or 
 narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the ape.x ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, 
 rather distant; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangular- 
 awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Vir- 
 ginia ; also Michigan, Illinois and southward. 
 
 Betonica officin.\lis, the Wood Betony of Europe, — of a genus hardly 
 distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) S69 
 
 30. LEONURUS, L. Motherwort. 
 
 Calyx top-shaped, 5-ncrvcd, witli T) nearly equal teeth which arc awl-shaped, 
 and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the eorolla ob- 
 long and entire, somewhat arehed ; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd ; its middle lobe 
 larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, 
 ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. 
 Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, 
 and close whorls of flowers in their axils ; in summer. (Name from X«'coi/, a lion, 
 and ovpdi tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.) 
 
 1. L. CaruLvca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial ; leaves 
 long-petioled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at 
 the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 
 
 — Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. L. MarrubiAstrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem- 
 leaves olilong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx- 
 teeth; the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect. — Koadsidcs, Pennsyl- 
 vania: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 31. LAMIUM, L. De ad-Nettle. 
 
 Calyx tubular-ix'll-shapod, about .5-ncrvcd, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed 
 teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar- 
 rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched 
 at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the 
 margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- 
 proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. 
 
 — Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the 
 middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled 
 clusters of flowers ; produced from spring to autumn. (Name from Xainos, the 
 throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) 
 
 * Anmiah or biennials, low: Jlowers small, purple, in feiv u'horls or heads. 
 
 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, 
 the upper ones claspirtrj ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; 
 lateral lobes truncate. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. L. PURPUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- 
 toothed, all petio/cd. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu. ) 
 
 * * Perennial, lalUr : ^flowers larger, in several axilkmj whorls. 
 
 3. L. Album, L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth 
 very slender, spreading ; corolla white, the tube curved upwards, obliquely con- 
 tracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower 
 lip bearing a long slender tooth. — Waste ground near Boston, D. Murray. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 32. BALLOTA, L. Fetid Horehound. 
 
 Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the lO-ribbed tube expanded above mto a spreaCN 
 ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of 
 
."GO BOPaiAGINACICiE. (bORAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 the corolla, approximate in pnirs. Otherwise mueh as in Marrubium. (The 
 Greek name, of iineertaiii origin.) 
 
 1. B. n'igua, L. (Black IIorehouxi).) More or less hairy, but green, 
 erect; the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; wliorls maiiy-Howercd, dense; 
 calyx-teetli 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, Mas- 
 sachusetts and Connecticut : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 33. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the 
 corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- 
 imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filament.t of the upper pair with an awl- 
 shaped apj)cndage at the base., longer than tite others in V. tuberosa, &c. : anther- 
 cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- 
 ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of 
 oliscurc derivation.) 
 
 I. P. tuber6sa, L. Tall perennial (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves 
 ovate-heart-shaped, crenatc, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl- 
 shnped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs 
 on the in.';] de, — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester. June, July. (Adv. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 Order 72. BORRAGII^ACE.E. (Borage Family.) 
 
 Chinflii rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaven, ana 
 sTjmmetrical Jlowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla (except 
 in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4:-lobed 
 ovary (as in Labiatse), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a 
 single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing 
 to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- 
 bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side 
 of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is 
 rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate 
 or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, muci- 
 laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a 
 red dye.) 
 
 Tribe I. BORRAGGjG. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming aa many separate 1-seeiled 
 
 nutlets i:i fruit ; the style rising trom the centre between them. (Root frequently red ) 
 
 * Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets erect 
 
 1. IDcliiuin. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. 
 
 * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, erect ; the scar broad. 
 
 2. Lycopsis. Coi'oUa funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy. 
 
 3. Symphytum. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl -shaped. 
 
 • » » Corolla open, with folds rather than scales in the throat. Nutlets smooth, erect ; scar small 
 — Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated ii\ the bud. 
 
 4. Onosmotlium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. 
 
 6. Liithospcrmum. Nutlets stony, smuuth. Lubes of the corolla spreading, rounded- 
 
BORUAGINACE^. (bOUAGE FAMILY.) 3G1 
 
 6. Mertensla. Nutlets fleshy, fixed by tlie inner angle. Lobes of the corolla roundud. 
 
 ■<- ■>- Lobes of the short salver-shnped corolla convolute in the bud. 
 
 7. M'yosotis. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all or most of them bractUss. 
 
 » * » « Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central 
 column or the base of the style, often recuuiljent. 
 
 8. EcUinospermum. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets eiwct, prickly on the margin 
 
 9. Cyuu^loasuiu. Corolla fuiinet-furm. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. 
 Tribe II. HELIOTROPEjE. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the fruit 
 
 sei)arating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets. 
 
 10. Helioti-opluhi. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets l-celled. 
 
 11. Ileliophytum. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, i. c. 4 iu 2 
 
 pairs and sometimes a pair of empty false cells. 
 
 1. ECHIUM, Touni. Viper's BiTGLOSS. 
 
 Corolla with a cylindraccous or funnel-forin tube, and a more or less unequal 
 spreading .5-Iobcd border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- 
 mens mostly cxserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or 
 wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from exis, a viper.) 
 
 1. E. vulg.\re, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect 
 (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; floAvers showy, 
 in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish- 
 purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows : rather 
 rare northward ; but a troublesome weed in ciiltivatetl fields in Virginia. June. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. LYCOPSIS, L. BuGEOss. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the 
 throat clo.sed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed- opposite the lobes. Sta- 
 mens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed- 
 out base. — Annuals. (Name from 'Kvkos, a ivolf, and o^is, fnce.) 
 
 1. L. ARVENSis, L. (SiM.\LL BuGLOSs.) Very rough-bristly (l°high); 
 leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube 
 of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields. New England to Virginia: 
 scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfret. 
 
 Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ; 
 the throat closed with .5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ; 
 anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by 
 the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse peren- 
 nial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raccmc-liko 
 clusters cither single or in pairs. (Name from cri;/i^eli', to grow tojether, proba- 
 bly in allusion to its re])uted healing virtues.) 
 
 1. S. officx.v.Vle, L. (C(i.M.MON CoMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged 
 above by the dccurrcnt leaves ; the lower leaves ovatc-lanceolatc, tapering into 
 a petiole, the upper n.arrowcr ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist 
 places ; cscajxid from gardens. June. ( Adv. from Eu. ) 
 G M 16 
 
362 boiiragix\acp:^. (bouage family.) 
 
 4. ONOSMODIXJM, Mirhx. False Gromwell. 
 
 Calyx 5-prtrted ; tlie divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular- 
 funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hoodcd-inflexcd) ; the 5 
 acute lobes converj;ing or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- 
 shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, 
 much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the .'car 
 minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with ob- 
 long and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, 
 in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters ; in summer. — 
 Our siiecies all belong to true Onosmodium, having the anthers all induaed, 
 smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the Icigth 
 of the calyx. (Named from the resemblance to the genus Onosma, which means 
 asssmell. ) 
 
 1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over idtli harsh and rifiid a),prcssed 
 short bristles ; stems rather slender (l°-2°high); l>:aves narrowly ohloiir,, or ob- 
 long-lanceolate (l'-2|' long), the lower narrowed at the base; lobes of the nar- 
 row corolla lance-awl-shapcd, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. (0. 
 hispidum, Michx. Lithospe'rmum Virginianum, L. !) — Banks and hillsides, S. 
 New England to Virginia and southward. 
 
 2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. 3//c7(a:.) Shfifffji/ all v^'er with long 
 and spreading hristlij hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leavi/s ovate-lance- 
 olate or oblong-lanceoliite, acnte ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular 
 or triunqular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. (0. molle, Beck, &c. Lithospcr- 
 mum Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and 
 southward. — Perhaps passes into the next. 
 
 3. O. molle, Michx. Hoary with finer and soft mostly appressed hairs ; leavai 
 ohlong-ovnte, olnusish, strongly ribbed, lobes of the rather narrow corolla triangu- 
 lar and sharp-pointed, thicUy hirsute outside.— Dry grounds, Ohio to Ihinois> 
 and southward. 
 
 5. LITHOSPERMUM, Toum. Cromwell. Plccooit. 
 
 Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat maked, or 
 with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage op^wsite each 
 lobe; the spreading limb5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost 
 sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, 
 fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish aiid commonly 
 red roots and sessile leaves ; the flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and 
 leafv-bractcd : sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of 
 style. (Name formed of Xi'^oy, stoiie, and anepfia, seed, from the hard nutlets.) 
 § 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-icriiddtd and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the 
 (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. 
 
 1. L. ARVENSE, L. (Corn Cromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary annual 
 or biennial; stems erect (6'- 12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; 
 corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.— Sandy banks and roadsides. May- 
 Ang. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
BORUAGINACIC^. (boUAGI;; FAMILY.) 3G3 
 
 § 2. Nutlets smooth and shinitirj, viostli/ ivhite like ivory, occasional!)/ dotted with pores: 
 corolla in our species ijreenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct 
 pubescent scales in the throat. {Root perennial.) 
 
 2. L, angUStifblium, Michx. Minutely and sliglitlj hoaiy, roughish, 
 much bratiched, erect or spreading (6'- 15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, \-nerveA; 
 corolla not lonc/er than the calyx ; the sliort peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; 
 nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin- 
 ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 
 
 3. L. officin.Vlk, L. (Common Gromwell.) ]\Iuuh branched above, 
 erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct 
 veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx ; nutlets very 
 smooth and even. — Roadsides, &c. : ratlier rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 4. L. latifdlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -.3° high), 
 rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 
 2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughi-<h above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the 
 root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or 
 sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, W, 
 New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and southwestward. June. 
 
 § 3. BATSCHIA, Gmclin. Nutlets smooth and shining: corolla large, salver-shaped 
 or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, someiohat pubescent outside, the tube 2-4 times 
 longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long 
 and deep, yielding a red dye. ) 
 
 * Tube of the corolla from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than 
 
 its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (especially 
 ichen the stamens are at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 
 
 5. L. hirtum, Lchm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Hispid with bristly hairs 
 (1° -2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches 
 ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliato ; corolla icoolty-bearded at the base inside; flowers dis 
 tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (j'long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets- 
 (Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gniel. B. Gmclini, Mich.) 
 — Dry woods, New York to AVisconsin, Virginia, and southward and westward. 
 April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy: limb of the corolla g'-l' bi-oad. 
 
 G. L. candscens, Lehm. (IIoary Puccoox or Alkanet.) Softly hairy 
 and more or less hoary (G'-l.'j' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper 
 ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs 
 above; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) 
 barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canesccns, ]\L''-hx.) — Ojwn Avoods 
 and plains, New York to Kentucky and nortliwcstward. INIay. — Limb of the 
 showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. 
 
 * * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed or 
 
 crennlateh'irs, the appendages more projecting. (Pentalophus, A. DC.) 
 7. L. longifl6rum, Sjjrcng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (C- 
 18 high); leaves linear; tulje of the corolla much longer than the calyx (8"- 
 1^' long). (Batscliia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus lon- 
 giflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin west- 
 ward. May. 
 
364 BORHAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 6. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lcngwokt. 
 
 Corolla triiiiipet-;sha])t'(l or hi'li-luuiicl-.slmpcd, lunger than the deeply r)-cleft 
 or 5-jjartC(l ealy.x, naked, cr with 5 small jilandiilar iolds or appendages in the 
 open throat. Anthers oblong or arro\v-sh;iped. Style long and thread-form. 
 Nutlets ovoid, Heshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attaehed next 
 the base by a prominent internal angle ; the sear small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy 
 pereimial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely 
 white) flowers, in loose and short panieled or eorymbed raceme-like clusters, 
 only the lower one Icafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Gained t'ov Prof. Francis 
 C/uiilcs Merle/is, a German botanist.) 
 
 § 1. Corolla perfectly nuked in the throat; the broad trumpet-iiiouthed limb almost 
 entire : filaments slender, protrudin<j, much longer than the anthers. 
 
 1. M. Virginiea, DC. (Virginian Cowslip or Lungwout.) Very 
 smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves obovatc, veiny, those of the root (4'- 
 6' long) petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding tlie 
 calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; lol)es of the disk one on each side of the 
 ovary. (Tnlmonaria Virginiea, L.) — Alluvial banks, W. New Yorji to Wis- 
 consin, Virginia, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. 
 
 § 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at t/ie throat; the limb b-lobcd. 
 
 2. M. maritima, Don. (Ska Lungavort.) Spreading or decumbent, 
 smooth, gliiuvoiis ; leaves fleshg, ovate or obovatc, the upper surface becoming pa- 
 pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; fila- 
 ments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets flattened. — Sea-coast, on 
 rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward: scarce. June -Aug. (En.) 
 
 3. M. paniculata, Don. Ronghlsh and more or less hairy, erect (10-2° 
 high), loosely branched ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolatr, taper-pointed, ribbed, 
 thin; corolla (Belong) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the 
 lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx ; fihimcnts broader and shorter than the 
 hnthcrs. — Shore of L. Superior and northward and westward. July. 
 
 . BfYOSOTIS, L. ScoRnoN-GRASS. Forget-me-not. 
 
 Corolla sal vcr-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-clcft calyx ; 
 the throat with .') small and blunt arching apjicndages opposite the rounded 
 lobes ; the Litter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- 
 niints. Nutlets smooth, compressed, lixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low 
 and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and 
 Mitli small flowers in naked (so called) racemes, which arc entirely bractlcss, or 
 occasionally witii one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight- 
 ened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of /uijr, mouse, 
 and Oi^s, a>r(js, car, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some 
 species : one popular name is Mouse-ear.) 
 
 * Cahjr open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor r/lanehilar. 
 1. M. palustris, Withering. (Ti:i-e FonoET-ME-xoT.) rcrcnni:il ; stems 
 ascending from an oblique creeping base (9'- 20' high), loosely branched, 
 
BORRAGINACE^. (bOHAGE FAr.IILY.) 3Go 
 
 Emoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, obloTig-Ianccolate or linear-oblong; culvx 
 moderately 5-clcft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in 
 the genuine phint) pale blue with a yellow eye. —Nat. from Eu. near Boston, 
 escaping from gardens. — Varies into smaller-Howered forms, among which higli 
 authorities rank M. caispitosa, and (with yet more i-eason) the intermediate 
 
 Var. laxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers a 
 third or half smaller ; pedicels longer. — Wet places, northward. (En.) 
 * * Calijr. closiny or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with sprcadim/ hnirs, a />rni of 
 
 t/icin 1 1, i I add y hooked or glandular at the apex : corolla small: root animal or 
 
 biennial. 
 
 2. M. arvensis, Iloffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend- 
 ing (6'- 15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base 
 and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than 
 the b-clejl equal calyx. (M. intermedia, Link. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L.) 
 — Fields, &e. : not very common, perhaps not indigenous. (Eu.) 
 
 3. M. verna, Kutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'- 
 12' high); leaces obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes 
 Itafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fmit 
 erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex, 
 rather shorter than the deeply 5-clefl unequal (somewhat 2-lippcd) eery hispid calyx. 
 (M. inflexa, Engelm.) — Dry hills : rather common. May - July. 
 
 4. M. VERSICOLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at the base ; 
 racemes loose, mostly naked at the base ; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale i/el- 
 hw changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equallij 5-clefl. — Fields, Delaware, 
 W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 8. ECHINOSPEEMUM, Swartz. Sticksiced. 
 
 Corolla salvcr-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud, 
 the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed 
 laterally to the base of the style or central column, triiingular or compresseci, 
 the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the ' 
 apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow- 
 ers in bractcd (so called) racemes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all 
 summer. (Name compounded of ex'""^- '' hedgehog, and cnrep^a, se(d.) 
 
 1. E. LAppula, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°- 2° high) ; the 
 short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double 
 row of prickles at the margins, and rongh-tuberclcd on the back. — Waste places : 
 common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Nutlets with a single marginal row of stout 
 prickles, and granulate-roughened on the back : otherwise much like the hi.st. 
 (E. patnlum, Hook.) — St. Paul's, Minnesota, and on tht plains westward 
 
 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. IIocxd's-Tongue. 
 
 Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of tl:e .'i-partcd calyx ; the 
 throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nut- 
 
366 BORRAGINACE.C (P.OKAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 lets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, 
 roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with 
 a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) ra- 
 cemes naked above, usually bractcd at the base. Fl. all summer. (Name from 
 Kvwv, a dtxj, and yXaxrcra, tonf/uf,; from the shape und texture of the leaves.) 
 
 1. C. officinXle, L. (Common Houni>'s-Toxguk.) Biennial; clothed 
 with short s'ljl hairs, Itafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile 
 by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly braetless ; corolla 
 reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper lace, somewhat 
 margined. — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed ; 
 the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. C. Virginieum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial; rouyhish with 
 spreadiiu/ hristlj hairs ; stem s\m^\c, Jlw-leaued (2° -3° high) ; stem-leaves lance- 
 olate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corj/mbed, 
 raised on a lour/ naked j^eduncle, braetless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly con- 
 vex. — Kich woods : rather common, especially westward. — Flowers interme- 
 diate in size between the other two. 
 
 3. C. Moris6ni, DC. (Beggar's Lice.) Biennial; stem hairy, very 
 broadly branched, leafij (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also 
 tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and rougliish above ; 
 racemes panicled, Ibrking, diverging, hairy, leafy-brdcted at the base ; flo^vers very 
 small; corolla white or pale Wue (minute); pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets 
 convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echino- 
 spermum, Lehm.) — Copses : a common and vile weed. 
 
 10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heliotrope. 
 
 Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobcd ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the 
 bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stfgma conical, or 
 capitate. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4- 
 cellcd ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-secded. — Herbs or low shrubby 
 plants, the small flowers in one-sided spikes ; in summer. (The ancient name, 
 from rjXius, the sun, and rponr], a turn.) 
 
 1. H. EuROP.iiUM, L. Erect annual (6' - 18' high), hoarj'-pubescent ; leaves 
 oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading 
 in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems a.scend- 
 ing; leaves lanec-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost vcinless; spikes in 
 pairs. — Sandy shores, Norfolk, Virginia, S. W. Illinois, and .southward. 
 
 11. HELIOPHYTUM, Cham., DC. Indiax Heliotrope. 
 
 Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-cellcd, 
 i. e. 4, in puirs, and sometimes a pair of empty ialse cells besides : otherwise 
 nearly as in Heliotro])ium. (Name, rj\ios, sun, and (J)vt6v, plant.) 
 
 1. H. ixDicuM, DC. Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or 
 oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, 
 with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliotropiura Indi- 
 cum, L.) — Waste places, S. Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from India.) 
 
HYDROPIIYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 3G7 
 
 Order 73. HYDROPIIYLLACE^. (Waterleaf Family.) 
 
 Herbs, commonhj hairy, wi:h moslli/ alternate leaves, ref/ular 5-merous and 
 b-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but 
 the ovari/ entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placenta, or 
 rarely 2-celled by the union of the i^lacenloi in the axis; style 2-clefi or 2 
 separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4 - many-seeded pod. — Seeds mostly retic- 
 ulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers cliieHy blue 
 or white, in one-sided cymes or ra'.'emes, which are mostly bractless and 
 coiled fi'om the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. (A small order 
 of plants of no marked properties, some cultivated for ornament.) 
 
 Tribe I. H YDROPH VL.l,E.E. Ovary and pod 1-celleiI. Seeds amphitropous, pitted 
 
 or reticulated, and with cartilayiuous albumen. Leaves usually cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. 
 Style 2-cleft. 
 « Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placenta, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our 
 plants these are only 4 in numl)er) like an inner pericarp. 
 
 1. Hydropliy Hum. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 
 
 2. Neiiiopltila. Stamens included -. anthers shoi't. Calyx with ap])endagcs at the sinuses. 
 
 3. Ellisiu. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appL'ndages, enlarfred in fruit. 
 
 # * Ovary with narrow pwietal placentEe, in fruit projecting inwards more or less. 
 
 4. Pliai'elia. Coralla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages. 
 
 Tribe II. HYDROLE.E. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the placentas often projecting from 
 the axis far into the cells. Seeds anatropous : albumen fleshy. Leaves undivided. 
 
 5. Uydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. Styles 2 Leaves entire. 
 
 1. HYDROPHYLLTJM, L. Waterleaf. 
 
 Calyx 5-partctl, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open 
 in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-clcft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the 
 tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which 
 cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a necta- 
 riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less 
 bearded : anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the famil}-) ; the 2 
 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon 
 free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules 
 on the inner face. Pod rii)ening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petiolcd 
 ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (--Naftie formed 
 of i^^otfp, water, and (f)v\Xov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) 
 
 * Calyx toifk minute if any appendages: rootstocks creeping, sca/y-toot/ied. 
 
 1. H. macroph^llum, Nutt. Rough-hain/ ; Imces oblong, pinnate and 
 pinnatifd; the dirisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very 
 long; calyx-lohcs lanccolatc-pointcd from a broad base, very hairy. — Kocky, 
 shaded l)anks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Pioot-lcavcs 
 1° long ; flowers crowded in a globular cluster. 
 
 2. H. Virginieum, L. 5(/wv/f/.s/i (1°- 2°high); leaves pinnntelydlrldcd; 
 the divisions 5-7, ovate-Uinoolate or oblong, pointed, sharjdy cut-toothed, the lowest 
 mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer 'han the petioles of the 
 ujiper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobas narrowly linear, bristly-ciliatc — Damp woods. 
 June - Aug. 
 
368 nVDUOPIIYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 
 
 3. H. Canad6nse, L. Nearly smooth {\° high); leaves palmalehj 6-7. 
 lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; tliose fVom the root 
 sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter 
 than the lour/ pttioirs, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short 
 peiliccls ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W. 
 New England to the mountains of Virginia and northward. June -Aug. — 
 Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases 
 of the stout petioles : leaves 3' - 5' broad. 
 
 * * Culi/x tci/h a small reflextd append<ii/e in each sinus: stamens sometimes not 
 txsertul (prohahhj two forms ofjluwcrs, as in some Borrafjinacece, ^'c). 
 
 4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmatcly 5-lobed, 
 rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes 
 lather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — 
 Open woods. New York to Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June, July. 
 
 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Nemophila. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more 
 or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes 
 convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- 
 mens included : anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placenta; (bearing each 2-12 
 ovules), pod, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diff"use and fragile annuals, with 
 opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun- 
 cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of vtfjLos, 
 a (/rove, and ^tXf'w, to love.) Some handsome species arc garden annuals. 
 
 1. N. mici'oealyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems 
 diff'usely spreading (2' - 8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3 - .5 roundish 
 or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; 
 peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute; 
 corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled; pod 1 -2-seeded. 
 (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Moist woods, 
 Virginia (near Washington), and soutliward. April -June. 
 
 3. ELLISIA, L. Ellisia. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla 
 bell-sh.aped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, .5-lobed above ;' the lobes 
 imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. 
 Stamens included. Placentfe (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hy- 
 drophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, 
 the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a dis- 
 tinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnaus.) 
 
 1. E. Nyct^lea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughisli-hairy, divergently 
 branched (G'-12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- 
 oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- 
 site the leaves, I -flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate lanceolate, pointed, about 
 the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit becoming nearly^' 
 long) ; pod pendulous. — Shady damp places, W. New Jersey and E. Pennsyl- 
 vania to Virginia. Mav-.Jiilv. 
 
IlYDROrilYLLACK.E. (WATIiULKAF TAMILV.) 3G9 
 
 2. E. ambigua, Xutt. Later peduncles sometimes 2- S-flowcred; corolla 
 ratlicr more bcll-shnpcd, tlic upper jiart of tube 5-angular : otherwise like the 
 prcuedinjj;, of which it is ])rohably a variety. — Illinois and westward. 
 
 4. PHACELIA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, 7?. 5/-.) 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open bcll-shapcd, 5-lobcd ; the 
 lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) 
 cxserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary witli 2 narrow linear placenta2 ad- 
 herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two 
 often ibrniing an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 
 2 - 30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, 
 lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flow- 
 ers iu one-sided raceme-like clusters. (Name from (fiuKeXos, a fascicle.) 
 
 § 1. PHACELIA. Seeds and ovules oiili/ 4 (two on each plaanta) : corolla with 
 narrow folds, appendaries, or scales within, the lobes entire. 
 
 1. P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, much branched, 
 hairy (l°-2° liigh) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions 
 or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed 
 orpinnatifid; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; 
 pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks, 
 in rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, 
 6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds, covering as many externally keeled 
 deep grooves. Stamens bearded below; these, with the style, are either some- 
 what included (P. brevistylis, Buckhy) or cxserted in different individuals. 
 
 §2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, AW/e. Sect. Eucosmanthns, ^. DC, 
 in part.) Seeds and ovules onlij A: corolla naked within ; its lobes beaulifulhj 
 fringe-toothed: filaments villous-hearded below : leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- 
 ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled : annuals or spring biennials. 
 
 2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched 
 (8'-12' hi.i;h) ; Ivhcs of the stem-leaves 5 - 9, oblong or lanceolate, ariite ; raceme many- 
 flowered ; cali/x-lobes lance-linear ; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ^' in 
 
 diameter). (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, 
 Nulte, ij-c.) —Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 
 April- June. 
 
 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or as- 
 cending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3-5-divided into roundish leaf- 
 lets ; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse ; raceme 3 - \0-flou-ered ; 
 cali/x-lobes liiicar-oblong, obtitse, becoming spatulate ; corolla white (3' -4" broad). 
 — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. 
 
 § 3. EUTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) Seeds (or at least the ovule.<!) several or many, 
 rarely only 3 or 4 on each jihtcinta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous 
 folds or (ippcndiign^ ivithin, its lobes entire. (Ours are annuals or biennials.) 
 
 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somcwh;it hairy, slender, diffusely spreading 
 (3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ; 
 racemes solitary, loosely f> - lb-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times 
 
 24 
 
370 rOLEJIONIACE^. (I'OLEMOMU-M FAMILY.) 
 
 longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish-while (3" -4" broad) ; pod 
 /eir-secilfd. — Shaded banks, S. Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June. 
 •>. P. Pranklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (C- 15' hiyii), rather 
 stout; leaves j)innatcly jjarted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, 
 which are crowded and often ciit-toothcd or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense., 
 crowded into an oblumj sfiike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod uiani/s^eded . 
 (Eutoca Franklinii, li. Br.) — Shores of Lake Superior, especially on Isle 
 Koyale ; thence northward and westward. 
 
 5. HYDROLEA, L. Htdrolea. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-caniiianulatc or almost wheel-shaped, .5-clcft. 
 Filaments dilated at the base. Styles '2, distinct. Pod globular, 2-celled, and 
 the cells often partly divided into 2 by the projection of the many-seeded pla- 
 centJe, thin-walled, 2-4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate- 
 ribbcd. — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants, growing in water or wet places 
 (whence tlie name, from vdcup, icuter), with entire leaves, often having spines 
 in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. 
 
 1. H. afQ.nis, n. sp. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creep- 
 ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a 
 very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bractcd clusters; divisions of 
 the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose 
 pod. — Banks of the Ohio in S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey (and of the Missisippi at 
 Memphis, A. Fendler: also E. Texas, C. Wright: in addenda to ed. 2, referred 
 to H. quadrivalvis, Walt., of the Southeastern States, from which it is dis- 
 tinguished by the smoothness and the broader sepals. 
 
 Order 74. POLiEIWONIACEJE. (PolemoniUM Family.) 
 
 Herbs, tvith alternate or opposite leaves, regular b-merous and 5-androus 
 flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, 
 a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal,few- 
 many-seeded ; the valves usually breakinr/ away from the trianrjular central 
 column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when 
 moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of 
 copious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 
 ^-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many 
 are ornamental in cultivation.) 
 
 Tribe I. POL.F.I»IO]VIE.aE. Calyx 5 cleft. Corolla convolute In the bud. Filaments 
 filiform, iiisertwl on the tube of the conillii : Cecils of the anther parallel, opening length- 
 wise. Flowers cymose-paiiicilt'd or clustered. 
 
 1. Polciiioiiiiiin. Calyx and corolla open-bell -shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 
 
 2. Plil«(X. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally 
 
 inserted filaments. 
 Tribe II. DIAPENSIEiE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla imbricated in the bud, and 
 with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers opening transversely. 
 
 3. Diapeiisia. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 
 
 4. Pyxidaiitliera. Anther-cells awo-pointed underneath, opeuiug straight across. 
 
POLlCMONIACEyE. (i'OLEMOlSlUM FAMILY.) 371 
 
 1. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian. 
 
 Calyx bell-sliapcd. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short 
 tube of the opcn-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla : filaments slender, 
 declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Perennials, 
 with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the (blue 
 or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from noXefios, 
 war, of doulitful application.) 
 
 1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout; stems weak and spreading (6'- 
 10' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate 
 or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; lobes of the calyx rather 
 shorter than the tube ; stamens and stijie not protruding beyond the corolla, which 
 is light blue, about ^' wide ; pods about 3-seeded. — Woods, W. New York to 
 Wisconsin and southward. May, June. 
 
 2. P. esertlleum, L. (Jacob's Ladder.) Stem erect (1°- 3° high); 
 leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lnnccolatc, mostly crowded; 
 flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer 
 than the tube; stamens and sti/le mosll// e.rserted beyond the bright blue corollo, 
 which is nearly 1' broad; pod several-seeded. — Swamps, about the sources of 
 the Susquehanna, New York: East of Charlottesville, Schoharie Co., Dr.E. C. 
 Howe. Elk Creek, near Delhi, Delaware Co., D. D. Gilbert. Head of Little 
 Lakes, Warren, Herkimer Co., G. W. Clinton. Warren Co., New Jersey, 
 A. P. Garber. Wild far northwestward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 2. PHLOX, L. Phlox. 
 
 Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- 
 form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the 
 corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with (sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only) a sin- 
 gle seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few Southern species, such as P. 
 Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, 
 the floral often alternate. Flowers cyniosc, mostly bracted ; the open clusters 
 terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (^Xo^, flame, an ancient name of 
 Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of the species are 
 cultivated in gardens. 
 
 * Stem strictli/ upright: panicle pi/rnmidnl or oblong, manij-floirered : peduncles and 
 pedicels very short : lobis of the corolla entire. ( Very common in gardens.) 
 
 1. P. panicul^ta, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves oblou)^ 
 lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper 
 often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, jn/ramiehd-corgmbed ; culgx-teeth awn- 
 pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. acu.mix.Vta (P. acuminata, Pursh) has 
 the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is some- 
 times rough-hairy and spotted below. — Rich woods, from I'enn. to Illinois, and 
 southward. June, July. — Flowers pink-purple varying to white. 
 
 2. P. maeulMa, L. (Wild SwEET-WiLLiAM.) Sniootii, or barely 
 roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high); lower leaves 
 iauceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad 
 
372 roLEMONiACK.E. (poLEMOMUii fa:\iily.) 
 
 and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; prtnide narrow, oblong, leafy below •, 
 calyx-tetth trinnrjiilar-lanccoldtc, .s/wrt, scarcely pointed; corolla purple (sometimes 
 white, when it is P. suaveoleiis, Ait.). Lower branches of the ])anicle rarely 
 elongated, so as to become pyraniidid, when it is P. pyramidalis. Smith. — Ricli 
 woods and river-banks, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 
 
 * * Stems ascmdintj or uprigid, ojlenfrom a dicambent base: Jluwers in terminal co- 
 
 rijinbfd cymes: the whole plant smooth and <jlahi ous : lobes of tin corolla round and 
 entire : calj/x-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 
 
 3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (^°-a° high), often from a pros- 
 trate base ; leavi^s oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes 
 licart-sliaped at tiie base, acute or i)ointed ; flowers crowded, short-pcduncled ; 
 ctilijx-teeth acute. — Var. ovXta, Benih., has broader leaves (P. ovata, L.). — 
 Var. xfTiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh), and verges to the 
 next. — Woods, W. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, 
 July. — Corolla 1' long; the limb I' broad, pink-purple. 
 
 4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°- 3° high) ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate or rarely obiong-lanciolute, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes 
 revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long) ; cymes few-flow- 
 ered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth 
 sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods, 
 Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. 
 
 * * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more 
 
 or Ics'i clammy-pubescent, us ivell us the calyx and the oblong, l<inc<olate, or linear 
 leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly pedicclled: calyx deeply cleft, 
 the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. 
 
 5. P. pildsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-1^° high), usually hairy, 
 as are the lanceolate or linear leaves, which commonly tapei- to a sharp point ; cymes 
 at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer tlian the tube, 
 loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla 
 obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Miclix. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in 
 DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward. May, June. — Leaves l'-2^' long, l"-3" wide. 
 
 6. p. prociimbens, Lehm. Stems ascending (j°-l^° liigli). mostly 
 simple ; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt 
 (^' - 1^' long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leaf//- 
 braeted; calyx-teeth aivl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather 
 longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely 
 notclied), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. pilosa, Wtdt., Michx., Ell., 
 Benth. in part, not L. P. pilosa, var. ? Walter!, Ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapman. 
 P. procumbens, Lehm. is a small form.) — Dry hills and barrens, Kentiuky, 
 Virginia, and southward. May, June. 
 
 7. P. l'6ptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing round ish-olmrate smooth- 
 ish and thiekisli leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate 
 obtuse Uavis (V long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered ; calyx- 
 teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-purple 
 corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and 
 
POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 373 
 
 southward. May, Juno. — Flowers showy : tube of tlie corolhi an inch long ; 
 the limb nearly as broad. 
 
 8. P. diVaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent 
 base (9'- 18' Iiigli) ; leaves ohlung-ocate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (I^' long), 
 acutish ; cyme corymbose-paniclcd, spreading, loosely-flowered; peduncles slen- 
 der; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, m-ich longer than the tube; lobex of the pale 
 lilac or htuinh corolla obcordate or wed<je-ohovate and notched at the end, or often entire. 
 ( var. Laphamii, Wood), j' - §' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather 
 wide sinuses between them. — llocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N. 
 New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 
 
 9. P. bifida. Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves linear, 
 becoming nearly glabrous (^'-li' long, Ij" wide) ; flowei's few, on slender pe- 
 duncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the pale 
 purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4" long), equalling the tube, the divis- 
 ions linear oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May. 
 
 * * * * Stems creeping and ttfled in broad mats, the short flowering shoots ascendin(/, 
 glandalar-pahescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled. 
 
 10. P. subulata, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad 
 mats; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (.3" -6" long) ; cymes 
 few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color 
 with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely 
 entire. (P. setacea, L.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to 
 Michigan and southward. April, May. — Common in cultivation. 
 
 3. DIAPENSIA, L. Diapexsia. 
 
 Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes 
 roimded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, 
 short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening 
 therefore by a ti-ansverse-deseending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- 
 nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense 
 convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- 
 ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1 -flowered peduncle, 
 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (^' wide). (Ancient Greek name of 
 the Saniclc, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linna?us to this plant.) 
 
 1. D. Lapponica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New 
 Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 
 
 4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Pvxidanthera. . 
 
 Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. 
 Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and cree])ing evergreen, 
 ■with narrowly oblanceolatc and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly 
 alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Fk)wcrs 
 solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from wv^ls, 
 a small box, and a:>6r)pa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 
 
 1. P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey and south- 
 Vvard. April, May. 
 
374 CONVOLVULACE.B. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 
 
 Order 75. CONVOLVULACE-a:. (Convolvulus Family.) 
 
 Chiefly twininf/ or Iraiting herbs, often with some milky juice, icith alter- 
 nate leaves (or scaleit) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated 
 sepals ; a 5-plaited or b-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- 
 celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair 
 of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition 
 between the seeds, so becoming A-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled 
 in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - G-seeded pod. Flowers 
 mostly showy, on axillary peduncles : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. 
 (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, lor its edi- 
 ble farinaceous roots : those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) 
 — There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. 
 
 Tribe I. CO]VVOIiVrL.E.E. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. Ovary 2-4-celled. Pod 
 
 usually SL'ptifragal. Embryo with broad and leaf-IiUe cotyledons, crumpled in the seed. 
 
 » Style single and undivided. 
 
 -^ Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by leafy bracts. 
 
 1. Quamoclit. Stamens and style exserted. Corolla salver-shajied or nearly so. Stigma 
 
 capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 
 
 2. Ipoincea. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, often 
 
 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. 
 
 3. Couvolvulus. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in Ipuraoca. 
 
 — -^ Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of broad leafy bracts. 
 
 4. Calystegia. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeiled. 
 
 * * Style single and 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely more. Prostrate or spreading herbs. 
 
 5. Boitainia. Styles 2 and undivided, or a single one 2-cleft : stigmas capitate. 
 
 6. Evolvulus. Styles 2, and each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. 
 
 Tribe II. DICHONDRE.3E. Creeping plants. Ovaries as well as styles 2 or more. 
 Embryo, &c. .is in the preceding tribe. 
 
 7. Dicliondra. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded. 
 
 Tribe III. CUSCUTIKEiE. Leafless parasitic twiners. Embryo spiral, slender, desti- 
 tute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-ct'lled. Parts of the flower rarely iu fours' 
 
 8. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group. 
 
 1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CypeessVixe. 
 
 Sepals mostly mucronatc or awncd. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small 
 spreading border, not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma 
 capitatc-2-lol)cd. Pod 4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. — Annual twiners, with red 
 or crimson flowers; in summer. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 
 
 1. Q. coccfxE.\, Moeuch. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or an- 
 gled; sepals awupointcd; corolla light scarlet (I'long). (Ijiomcca coccinca, 
 L.) — Eivcr-banks, tic, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from 
 Trop. Amcr. or Ind.) 
 
 2. Q. vulg-Vris, Choisy. (Cypress-Vike.) Leaves pinnately parted into 
 lincar-thread-shapcd delicate parallel lobes ; peduncles l-flowcrcd; corolla nar- 
 row,, scarlet-red, and a white variety. — Sparingly escaped from gardens south, 
 ward. (Adv. from India.) 
 
CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 375 
 
 2. IPOMCEA, L. Mokxing-Glory. 
 
 Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., twisted in 
 the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, 
 or in one <;roup .3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, according to Linnaeus, 
 from lyj/, Inus, a Bindweed [which it is not], and ofxoios, like.) 
 
 § 1, PHARBITIS, Choisy. Pod 3- {rarelij 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded. 
 
 1. I. PURPUREA, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Annual ; stems re- 
 trorsely hairy; leaves lienrt-shuped, acuminate, entire; jjcduncles long umbellately 
 3 - 5-flowercd ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long), purple, 
 varying to white. (Convolvulus purpureus, Z. Pharbitis hispida, Choisy.) — 
 Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Ti-op. Amcr.) 
 
 2. I, Nil, Roth. (Smaller M.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; /eayes Aea>-<-sAapec?, 
 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 -3 flow- 
 ered ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue ( I' - 1^' 
 long). (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, Z.) — Banks and near dwellings, from 
 Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amcr.?) 
 
 § 2. IPOMOEA, Choisy. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-sccded. 
 
 3. I. lacunosg,) L. Annual ; leather smooth ; stem twining and creeping, 
 slender ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 - 
 3-flowered ; sepals hnice-ohlong, pointed, hristhj-ciliate or hairy, half the length of 
 the shai-ply 5-lobed (white, ^'- J' long) corolla. (C. micranthus, /2(rfc/e//.) — 
 Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois and southward. Aug. 
 
 4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vixe. Man-of-tiie-Earth.) 
 Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves 
 regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the 
 sides so as to be fidille-shapcd ; peduncles lonr/er than the petioles ; I - 5-flowered ; 
 sppnls smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funncl-form (3' long), white 
 with purple in the tube. — Sandy fields and banks, from Connecticut to Illinois 
 and southward. June -Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which 
 often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. 
 
 3. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. 
 
 Calyx naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stamens 
 included. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2- 
 seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly 
 opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 
 
 1. C. ARVENSis, L. (BiNDW'EED.) Perennial; stem jirocunibent or twin, 
 ing, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; 
 peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9" long) white or 
 tinged with reddish. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a troublesome 
 weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 4. CALYSTEGIA, R.Br. Bracted Bindweed. 
 
 Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal. 
 Corolla bell-funuel-forni, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Stamens in- 
 
376 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.' 
 
 eluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-cclled or 1- 
 cclled, 4-se(dod. — rerennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shajxHl leaves, and 
 axillary l-flowcred pediincles; H. in summer. (Name from (caAu|, calijx, and 
 (TTtyw, to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the. calyx.) 
 
 1. C. S^pium, 11. Br. (HiCDGE BixuwKED.) Stem tivinirig or sometimrs 
 Irailin;/ e.rieiisirelj ; leaves triangular-halberd->haijcd or 'arrow-shaped, acute or 
 pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed 
 or sinuate-Iobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white, or in the American plant 
 more commonly light rose-color ( H' - 2' long) : the typical form ylabrous through- 
 out. (Convolvulus sepium, and C. repens, L.) — Varies greatly, often slightly 
 pubescent: Var. pubescens is a downy form, in the young state approaching 
 the next. (C. Catesbyana, Parsh.) — Common, especially along the moist banks 
 of streams. (Eu.) 
 
 2. C SpithamSea, Pursh. Downij ; stem low and mostli/ simple, upriijht or 
 ascending (G'-12' long) ; leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auri- 
 cled base ; corolla white (2' long). — Dry, mostly sandy ground : not rare. 
 
 5. BONAMIA, Thouars. (Breweria, R. Br. & Stylisma, Raf.) 
 
 Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below : stig- 
 mas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial 
 prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs (or in warmer regions sometimes shrubby) ; 
 flowers small ; in summer : corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named 
 for Francis Bonamij, author of a Flora of Nantes.) 
 
 1. B. humistrata, Gray. (Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 337.) Sparsely 
 hairfi or nearly smooth ; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart- 
 shaped base to linear, mucronate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than 
 the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla icliite : ^filaments Itairi/ ; 
 styles united (it the base. (Convolvulus humistratus, Walt., who well distinguishes 
 this from the next. Stylisma evolvuloides, C/iois., in part. S. humistrata, 
 Cha/nn.) — Dry pine barrens, Virginia (probably not in Ohio), and southward. 
 
 2. B. aqiiatica, Gray. Minntflji soft downji and somewhat hoary ; sepals 
 silk-ij ; corolla pink- or purple ; ^filaments smooth ; styles separate almost to the base : 
 otherwise nearly as in the last. (Conv. aquaticus, Walt. Stylisma aquatica, 
 Chapm.) — Mar;;in of ])onds, S. Virginia? and southward. 
 
 3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves very nar- 
 rowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; pe- 
 duncles 1 -3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; 
 sepals hairy : ^filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (which are united fir above the 
 middle) exser led from the oprn white corolla. (Stylisma Pickeringii, Ed. 2.) — 
 Rather dry sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey and southward. — Stems l°-o'^ 
 long: leaves 1 '- 1 ^' long. Corolla 4"-. 'i" bruail. 
 
 6. EVOLVULUS, L. Evolvulus. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost 
 wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 
 
CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 377 
 
 2-scedcd. — Low and small herbs or suff'rutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never 
 ivviuiiig (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus). 
 1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, 
 dwarf, silky- villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the 
 lower oblong-spatulatc and short-petioled, about ^' long; flowers almost sessile 
 in the axils ; corolla purple, 3" broad. — Potosi lead-mines, Missouri, probably 
 also on the Illinois side of the Mississippi : common westward. 
 
 7. DICHONDRA, Forst. Dichonuka. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-elcft. Stamens included. 
 Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 -2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. 
 — Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped 
 entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel- 
 lowish or white. (Name composed of 5is, double, and ^oi'Spos'j roundish mass; 
 from the fruit.) 
 
 1. D. repens, Forst.: var. Carolinensis, Choisy. Leaves round-kid ■ 
 ney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1"- 
 Ij" I'ong). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Norfolk, 
 and southward. (Widely difi'used in the Southern hemisphere.) 
 
 8. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Doi>der. 
 
 Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- 
 shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens 
 furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-celled, 
 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely unitcfl. Pod mostly 4-.seeded. Embryo 
 thread- shaped, spirally coiled in the rather •eshy albumen, destitute of cotyle- 
 dons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule): ger- 
 mination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or 
 reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of 
 leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of 
 herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of 
 papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, 
 mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name of un- 
 certain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) 
 
 The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. Engelmann, 
 ■whose monograph of the whole genus is published in Transactions of the St. 
 Louis Academy of Science. 
 
 § \. Stigmas eloiif/ated : pod open in (j reguhirlij around the base hij ciicumcissile dehis- 
 cence, leuvinp (he partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.) 
 
 1. C. EpfLiNUM, VVeihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low, 
 flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin- 
 arical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left sur- 
 rounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, 
 crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very in- 
 jurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 L & M— 36 
 
i>/8 coxvoLA'ULAC;:.ii. (convolvulus family.) 
 
 § 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularlij. 
 
 ♦ Flowers more or less pedicelled: the scaly bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - 5-cleJl. 
 
 ■>- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 
 
 2. C. tenuifldra, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, palc-colorcd ; 
 flowers at length pcduncled and in rather loose cymes; tube of the coiolhi (ven- 
 tricosc after flowering) twice the length of its obtuse sprecuUng lobes and of the ovate 
 obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lohcs of 
 the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cepiialanthi, 
 Engelm.) — Swamps, New Jersey to Illinois and Avestward ; on Ccplialanthus 
 and other shrubs, and on various tall herbs. — Hower the narrowest of all our 
 Northern species. 
 
 3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers pcduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1" long; 
 tube of the mostly A-cleft fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate 
 erect infexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute andfewtouthed, 
 appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbouate, of a thicker texture, brown, its 
 top covered with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. umbrosa, 
 B(yrich, and Kd. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceano- 
 thus, and other shrubs or herbs ; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward 
 and westward. 
 
 4. C. decdra, Chois., altered by Engelm. Floiivrs larger than in No. 3, 
 from l.V to nearly 2" long, loosely paniculate, broadly campanulate; corolla 5- 
 clef; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; the scales large, broadly oval; pod envel- 
 oped by the remains of the corolla. ( C. nidecora, Chois. C. neuropetala, Engelm. 
 C. pulcherrima, Scheele.) — Wet prairies, S. W. Illinois and southward ; on va- 
 rious shrubs and herbs. — The name changed by Dr. Engelmann, because this 
 is not a homely but the handsomest of our species. 
 
 •*- -1- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of lite ripe pod. 
 
 5. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low ; flowers small, 5-parted, pcduncled in 
 loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolla included in or little exceeding the 
 broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate spreading or reflexed 
 lobes; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla; scales ovate, fim- 
 briate, converging and often exceeding.^ the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish. 
 (C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from S. New York 
 (C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward ; on smaller herbs, and 
 flowering (in June and July) earlier tlian any other of our species. — Stems 
 low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and 
 quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) •. 
 with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispherical 
 one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a lleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa, 
 Engelm. (Texas.) 
 
 6. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored; flowers mostly 4- 
 cleft, about 1" long, short-pcdicelled, in scattered clusters; corolla open bell- 
 shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens 
 as long as the lobes; scales snnill, appressed, incised, sometimes almost want- 
 ing ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary ; pod depressed, thin, 
 greenish-yellow. (C. polygonoruin, £;(^e/;«.) — Low grounds, on Polygonum 
 
CONVOI.VULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 379 
 
 nnd other herbs, Delaware to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — The large ovary 
 fills the shallow tube of the corolla. 
 
 7. C. Grondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5- 
 cleft, pcduucled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes; corolla bell-shaped, 
 the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire 
 spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the 
 base; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, P(trs/(, &c. C. vulgivaga, 
 Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; 
 everywhere common both cast and west, and the principal species northward 
 and eastward : chiefly on coarser herbs and low shrubs. — The close-flowered 
 iorms occur in the Northeastern States ; the loosely-flowered ones westward 
 and southward ; a form with 4-partcd flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. 
 Sauriiri, Engdm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer te.\ture, in the 
 Mississippi valley. 
 
 8. C. rostrkta, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers 
 (2" -3" long) 5-parted, pedunclcd, in umbel-like cj'mes ; corolla deep bell- 
 shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its 
 ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the 
 base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — 
 Shady valleys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on 
 tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. Flowers and fruit larger than in any other of our 
 species. 
 
 * * Flowers sessile in compact and mosthj conUnuous clusters: calijx of 5 separate 
 sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts: remains of the corolla borne on the 
 top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.) 
 
 9. C. COmpaeta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, 
 concave, slightli/ crenate, appressrd, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- 
 lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading 
 lobes of the latter; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. 
 C. coronata, Beyrich (C. compacta, Choisij) is the Eastern and Southern form, 
 with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla. C. (Lepidanche) adpressa, 
 Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. 
 Both glow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first from N. New York, and New 
 Jersey southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and 
 Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes fully 
 2' in diameter. 
 
 10. C. glomer^ta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming 
 knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated 
 with scarious oblong bracts, their tips returved-spreading ; sepals nearhj similar, 
 shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long 
 as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales 
 large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the 
 pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. ( Lepidanche Compositarnm, Engelm.) — Moist 
 pi'airies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward : growing commonly on tall Conx- 
 posita;. — The orange-colored items soon disappear, leaving only the close mat- 
 ted coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around tllQ stctas. 
 
380 SOLANACF-E. (XIGUTSUADK FAMILY.) 
 
 Order 7G. SOL.ANACE.E. (Nightshade Family.) 
 
 Ilerhs (or rareli/ .ylirub^), with a colorless Juice and alternate leaves, regu- 
 lar o-merous and b-audrous jloicers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla imbri- 
 cate, convolute, or vulcate in the bud, and mosthf plaited ; the fruit a 2-ceHed 
 (rarely 3 ~ 5-celled) many-seeded ]Md or berry. — Seeds caiiii)ylotropous tir 
 ampliitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. 
 Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. 
 Style and stigma single. Placenta? in the axis, often projecting far into 
 the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, 
 often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the 
 tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off" into Scro- 
 phulariacea?, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens 
 generally distinguish it. 
 
 * Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvule and their margins usually 
 turned inwards in thu' bud. Anthers conuivent. Fruit a beny. 
 
 1. Solaiiuni. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. 
 
 * * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate. 
 •<- Fruit a lierry, enclosed in the bladderyinflatL-d calyx. Corolla widely exjiaiidiiig. 
 
 2. Phy sails. Calyx deleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-CLlltd. 
 
 3. Kicaudra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-oelled. 
 
 — — Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. 
 
 4. Iiyciunt. CuruUa funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled. 
 
 M- ■<- »- Fruit a pod. 
 
 5. Ilyoscj'amus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled pod, which opens by 
 
 the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular. 
 
 6. Datum. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled,4-valved. 
 
 Corolla funnel-form. 
 
 7. Nicotiaua. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 
 
 1. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade. 
 
 Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted), 
 the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted: 
 filaments very short : anthers converging around the style : opening at the tip 
 by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-cellcd. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm 
 climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; 
 the peduncles also mostly lateral and cxtra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in 
 the warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuberOsuji) and the Egg- 
 plant (S. Melongena); while the To.mato (Lycopeksicum esculextuii) 
 is hardly of a distinct genus. (Name of unknown derivation.) 
 
 * Anthers blunt. {Plants not prickly, smooth or nearly so.) 
 
 1. S. Dl-lcam.\ra, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem shrubby, scarcely climhing ; 
 leaves orate-lieart-shajied, the up]3er halberd-slKiped, or with two eur-llL-e lobes at the 
 base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. — JMoist banks 
 and around dwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. S. NIGRUM, L. (Co-MMON Nightshade.) ^l/iniW, low, much branched 
 and often spreading, roug-h on the angies; leaves vvate, ivca-y-tvothed ; Jiowers 
 
SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 381 
 
 (rery small, white) in small and vmbel-liLe lateral clusters, drooping; berries 
 globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields : coniuion. July - Sept. — A 
 homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Anthers domjatfd, lanceolate, pointed. (Phints vwstli/ pricklij.) 
 3. S. Carolinense, !>• (Hokse-Nettle.) Perennial, low (1° high); 
 stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovatc-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, 
 roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; 
 flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular, 
 orange-yellow. — Sandy soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June- 
 Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) 
 
 2. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- 
 flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between 
 wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave 
 spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5- 10-toothed. 
 Stamens .5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- 
 try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe- 
 duncles extra-axillary; flowering through tiie summer. (Name, (f)V(Ta\is, a 
 bladder, from the inflated calyx.) 
 
 * Root annual : anthers tintjed icilh blue or violet: steins 1° -3° /;////(. 
 -1- Corolla while, larije. 
 
 1 . P. grandifldra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate, 
 pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla l'-2' wide when expanded, almost entire, 
 and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly 
 filled by the berry. — Upper Michigan, shore of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbing, 
 &c.) and northward, springing up in new clearings. 
 
 t- -*~ Corolla pale or fjreenish-yellow, small or smallish. 
 
 2. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or ob- 
 long-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ; 
 corolla brownish- or violel-sjMtted in the centre, 7" -10" broad; calyx at maturity 
 globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at 
 the mouth. — Rich grounds, not rare, especially southward : also cult. 
 
 3. P. angulata, L. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, much branched ; leaves 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, shar])ly and irregularly /(»c/n(Vite-/oo//*ef/,- peduncles fili- 
 form ; corolla uns/iotted, verij small (3"- 6", broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx 
 conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, but at 
 lengtii well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Cult, and waste grounds. 
 
 4. P. pub6scens, L. Pubescent or ctammylwiirij (rarely smoothish) dif- 
 fuse] if much branch (I or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angu- 
 hite- or repand-toothed ; corolla sjmtttd with brown-purple in the centre, ."^''-S" 
 broad when cxp:inded, oi)seurely 5 -10-toothed ; fruiting calyx ovate from a 
 truncate or impressed base, pointed, sharply 5-angled, loosely enclosing the 
 yellow or greenish berry. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part.) — ■ 
 Low grounds : common, especially southward and westward. 
 
382 soLANACE.E. (nightshade family.) 
 
 ♦ * Root perennial: stems mostli/ from slender creepinr/ rootstocks, nsualh/ low (6'- 
 20' liii/h) : anthers ydlow : fruiting calyx loosely injiatcd, b-anyled, much larger 
 than tlie berry. 
 
 *- Wild species : corolla greenish-yellow and commoxly broirn or purplish in the 
 cinlre, the border !)-aiigUd or barely 5 - lO-loollud, 6" - 12" broad. 
 
 5. P. viscbsa, L. Clammy pubescent, diHiiJiely much branclied and widely 
 spreading, or at first erect ; leaves ovate or siiyiitly heart-shaped, sometimes 
 oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire ; corolla dark brown in the 
 centre; fruiting calyx ovate, barely concave or truncate at base, sharply 5- 
 angled ; berry orange or reddish, glutinous. (P. heterophylla, iVees. F. nyc- 
 taginea, &, P. viscido-pubescens, Dunul?) — Light or sandy soil : common. 
 
 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Minutely hirsute-pubescent (not clammy), or 
 nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and tapering at the 
 base, entire or sparingly repand-toothcd ; corolla merely darker or purplish-veiny 
 in the centre; fruiting calyx conical or globular ovate, pointed, and with an im- 
 pressed base; berry red. — Var. l.wceolata ; the narrower-leaved and pubes- 
 cent form (.)'-15' high), especially the state with a hairy calyx. (P. lanceolata, 
 Michx. P. maritima, J/. ^1. Curtis.) — Dry, often sandy soil, from Pennsyl- 
 vania southward and westward, even northwestward to tiie Winipeg valley. — 
 Fruiting calyx I'-l^' long. Shape of calyx-lobes very variable. 
 
 t- •*- Introdiwed : corolla greenish -white, unspotted, 5-lobed. 
 
 7. P. Alkekengi, L. (Strawberry Tomato.) More or less pubcs- 
 cent ; sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, pointed ; calyx-teeth awl-shapcd ; 
 fruiting calyx broadly ovate, turning red ; the berry bright red, pleasant. — Cult, 
 and waste grounds, eastward. (Cult. & Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. 
 
 Calyx .5-partcd, 5-anglcd, the cTivisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and 
 bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with 
 border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb 
 (2°-3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale 
 blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet A^zcan- 
 der of Colophon.) 
 
 1. N. PHYSALOiDES, Gojrtn. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Peru.) 
 
 4. LYCIUM, L. Matrimony- Vine. 
 
 Calyx 3-.5-toothed or cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. 
 Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-Iobed, the lobes imbricated and not 
 plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender : 
 stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celli'd. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with 
 alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named 
 from the country, Lyn'a.) 
 
 1. L. vul«.\ke, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentosc re- 
 curved-drooping brandies, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or 
 spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on 
 slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; coi-olla short funnel-form, greenish- 
 
SOLANACE^.. (nightshade FAMILY.) 383 
 
 purple ; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red. 
 (L. Ba'rbarum, L., in part.) — About dwellings ; and escaped into waste grounds 
 in Pennsylvania, &c. June- Aug. (Adv. IVoni Eu.) 
 
 5. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funncl-iorm, oblique, with 
 a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en- 
 closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near tho 
 apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with 
 lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of 
 vs, idr, o lioq, and Kvafios, (t bean; said by ^lian to be poisonous to swine.) 
 
 1. H. xiciiiK, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasp- 
 ing, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; co- 
 rolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from 
 gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. DATURA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, .'i-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, 
 the upper part falling away. Corolla funuel-form, with a large and spreading 
 5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved, 
 2-cclled, with 2 thick placentie projected from the axis into the middle of the 
 cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the 
 pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placenta; as if on the middle of these 
 false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, 
 with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks 
 of the branching stem ; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the 
 Arabic name, Tnlomlt.) 
 
 1. D. Stram6nium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.) 
 Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla 
 white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth. — Waste grounds : a well-known weed. 
 (Adv. from Asia.) 
 
 2. D. TAtula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller ; stem purple ; corolla pale 
 violet-purple. Thought to be sjjecifically distinct fronj the last, on aeeo'unt of the 
 behavior of the cross-breeds. (Adv. from trop. AmehJ) 
 
 7. NICOTIANA, L. Tobacco. 
 
 Calyx tubular-bcll-shapccl, .'i-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- 
 ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-Tobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- 
 celled, 2- 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, 
 mostly clammy-pubcseeiit, with ample entire leaves, and racemcd or panicled 
 flowers. (Named after .Aj/(n Nicot, who was thought to liave introduced the 
 Tobacco (N. Tabacum, L.) into Europe.) 
 
 1. N. rlstica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled ; 
 tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the 
 calyx, the lobes rounded. — OM fields, from New York westward and south- 
 ward • a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Anier.) 
 
384 GKNTIANACK-E. (gICNTIAX FAMILY.) 
 
 OnoKn 77. GElVTIAWACEiE. (Gentian Family.) 
 
 Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter Juice, opposite and sessile entire and 
 simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular Jiowers with the 
 stamens as mani/ as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute {rarely im- 
 bricated and sometimes valvule) in the bud, a 1-celled ovanj ivith 2 parietal 
 placenfcE, or nearhj the tvhole inner face of the ocarij ovuliferous ; the fruit 
 usually a 2-valred and septicidul many-seeded pod. — Flowers solitary or 
 cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent ; the 
 stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo 
 in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) 
 
 Tribe I. GENTIANE^. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the buil (with the sinuses 
 mostly plaiteil), or in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, en- 
 tire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat ; In 
 Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of 
 the pericarp ! 
 
 * Style distinct and slender, deciduous. 
 
 1. Sabbiitia. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- 12-parted : anthers at length recurved. 
 
 2. Erythrrea. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-clefl : anthers soon spiral. 
 
 » * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight. 
 
 3. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. 
 
 4. Hnlenia. Corolla 4- 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and 4 - o-spurred at the base. 
 
 5. Gentiaiia. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, not spurred. 
 
 6. Barloiiia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, bell-shaped : no jjlaits. Calyx 4-parted. 
 
 7. Obolaria. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobea, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in 
 
 the bud ! Calyx '2-leaved. 
 
 Tribe II. MEIV YANTIIE^. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges 
 turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 
 
 8. MeiiyaiitUes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 
 
 9. liiniiiantbeuium. Corolla naked or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, 
 
 rounded. 
 
 1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 
 
 Calyx .^- 12-piirteil, tlic divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-partcd, wheel- 
 shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers soon recurved. Style 2-piirtcd, slender. — 
 Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (whitfe 
 or rose-purple) flowers ; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian 
 botanist.) 
 
 * Corolla ^-/inrted, or rnreli/ 6-7-pnrtrd. 
 -»- Corolla ivhitc, often turning yellowish in dryiny: rynus rarymhed, wany-fowered. 
 
 1. S. paniCUlkta, Pursh. Stpm Imwhiately much-lmmrhcd (l°-2° hi>,rh), 
 rather terete, l)nt angled with 4 sharp lines ; letrces linpfir or the hnvr ahtmiq, ob' 
 fuse, I- nerved, iio;iily ('(|iiallinfi the internodes ; calyx-lohes linear-thread-form, 
 much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Viriiinia and southward. 
 
 2. S. lanceolata, Ton-. & Gr. Stem sim/ile (l°-3° hi>-h) bearing a flat- 
 topped cyme; Imrts ovntp-ianceohite or ovate, H-nerved, the upper acute, much 
 shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger thnn in 
 
gentianaoejG. (gentian family.) '3S6 
 
 No. 1. (Chironia lanccolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Vfet pine bar- 
 rens, from New Jersey southward. 
 
 4_ ^_ Corolla rose-i)ink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye: stem erect, 
 1° -3° hii/h, pyrumiihilly maity-flowered : bniiivhes oi>/.osile : peduncles short. 
 
 3. S. brachi^ta, Ell. Stem sliyhtly anyled, simple below (l°-2° high); 
 leaves linear and linear-oblon(j, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few- 
 flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the 
 corolla. (S. concinna. Wood, ex char.) —Dryish grassy places, Virginia (Indi- 
 ana, Wood), and southward. — Corolla rather smaller, and its lobes narrower 
 than in the next. 
 
 4. S. angularis, Pursh. St(m sonmchat Awinrjed-angled, much branched 
 above [\°--l^° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a 
 stmewhut heart-sha/ied clas/iiiiy base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of 
 the corolla. — Dry ground. New York to Illinois and southward. Corolla 1^' 
 wide ; the lobes obovate. 
 
 4- -t- -t- Corolla rose-jnirple or while: stems (5' -20' hiyh) slender, loosely and often 
 alternately branched, or merely forked, terete or scarcely i-anyled : peduncles elon- 
 gated and \-fluwered. 
 
 5. S. ealyc6sa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale ; leaves oblong or lance-ob- 
 long, narrowed at lite base ; caly.r-lobes fuliace.ous, spatulate-lanceolate ('i' - I' long), 
 exceeding the almost while corolla. — Marshes, E. Virginia, and southward. 
 
 G. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong- or 
 ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear; ctdyx-lobes aicl-shaped-linear, varying from 
 half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marshes, Massachu- 
 setts to Virginia, and southward. Too near the next. 
 
 7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ; 
 the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, 
 the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple 
 corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes, Nantucket (OaKs), 
 banks of lower Delaware River {Mr. Cooley,Mr. Diffenbaugh), and southward. 
 
 * * Corolla 9-12-parted, large {about 2' bro'td). (Lapithea, Grisebach.) 
 
 8. S. ehloroides, Pursh. Stem (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above; 
 the peduncles Slender, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, 
 half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of 
 brnckish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. — One 
 of our handsomest plants. 
 
 2. ERYTHEMA, Pers. Centaury. 
 
 Calyx 4- 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, 
 with a slender tube and a 4 -5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting 
 spirally. Style slender, single : stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small 
 branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, 
 from (pvBpos, red) ; in summer. All our Northern species were probably intro- 
 duced, and occur in few localities. 
 
 1. E. CicxTAURiuM, Pers. (Ckntacuy.) Stem upright, con/w/)OsT////)n(«(7(r<i 
 above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cytm^ clus- 
 GM 17 
 
3R6 GKNTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMII-Y.) 
 
 terfd, flat -topped, the. Jlourrs all ncarhj sessile; tube of the (pnrple-rosc-colored) 
 corolla not twice the len^^th of tlic oval lobes. — Oswego, New York. — Plant 
 C - 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pcrs., var. pci.chella, Griscb. Low (2'-G' high) ; 
 stem many tl mes forked above and forming a diffuse cipm ; leaves ovatc-oblong or 
 oval ; flowers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the 
 length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbe'rgii, Grisd., as to Penn. 
 plant. Exacuni pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. 
 Virginia : scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. E. spicXta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6' - 10' high) ; the floiccrs ses- 
 sile and spiked alonrj one side of the simple or rarely forked brunches ; leaves oval 
 and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) 
 corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickcringii. 
 Oakcs.) — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Oakes, and Norfolk, Vir- 
 ginia, Riir/fl. — Remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. 
 (Nat. from Eu. 1) 
 
 3. PRASERA, Walt. American Colcmbo. 
 
 Calyx deeply 4-partcd. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division 
 with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shupcd, usually 
 somewhat monadeljdious at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persist- 
 ent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4- 14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, 
 wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly 
 simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous pcdunclcd flowers in open 
 cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John 
 Eraser, an indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last 
 century.) 
 
 1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (.3° -8° high) ; 
 leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py- 
 ramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer 
 than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland 
 on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry 
 soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Root very thick 
 and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown- 
 purple dots. 
 
 4. HALENIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian. 
 
 Calyx 4- 5-parted. Corolla short bcll-shapcd, 4-5-cleft, without folds or 
 fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which arc 
 glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish 
 pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- 
 ish or purplish panicled-cymosc flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 
 
 1. H. defldxa, Griscbadi. Leafy annual or biennial (9'- 18'high), sim- 
 ]ik' (jr branched above; leaves 3-5-ncrvcd, the lowest oblong-spatulatc and 
 jietiolcd ; the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, 
 descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobcd corolla. (Swe'rtia corniculata. 
 
GICNTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 387 
 
 L., partly.) — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to Wisconsin, and 
 northward. July, August. 
 
 5. GENTIANA, L. Gextiax. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-clcft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate 
 plaited folds, which bear a|>pendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or 
 none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds 
 either borne on placenta; at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover- 
 ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (First shown by Prof. II. J. Ckirlc!) 
 
 — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name 
 from Gentlus, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) 
 
 § 1. AMARELLOIDES, Ton-. & Gr. Corolla tubular-funnel -form, witliout 
 crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, jixed by 
 the middle, iulrorse in the bud, but reflextd afer the flower opens : seeds wing- 
 liss : annuals. 
 
 1. G. quinquefldra, Lam. (Five-flowered G.) Stem rather slen- 
 der, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and 
 heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed 
 or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx 
 awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the ])ale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, 
 one fourth the length of the slender obeonical tube. — Var. occidentXlis has 
 lineai'-lanceolate calyx-lobes, more leaf-like, about half the length of the corolla. 
 
 — Dry hilly woods, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the 
 Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. — Corolla 
 nearly 1' long ; in the variety proportionally shorter. 
 
 § 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Frcel. Corolla funnel-form, gland-bcarinfj between the 
 bases of the f laments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lo'.ies fringed or toothed 
 on the marfiins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds luingless, clothed 
 • with little scales: annuals or biennials. 
 
 2. G. crinita, Frcel. (Fuixged G.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles 
 terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate or ocate-lanceolate from 
 a parth) heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx uneqnal, ovate and 
 lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaiied tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of 
 which arc wcdge-obovate, and strongl/j fring^l around the summit; ovari/ lanceohite. 
 r— Low grounds. New England to Kentucky and Wisconsin : rather common. — 
 Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 
 
 3. G. detonsa, Fries. (Smaller Fringed G.) Stem .simple or witli 
 fllendcr branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves 
 linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely h-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or 
 triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, 
 with citiate-fringed margins, the fringe sliorter or almost obsolete at tlte summit; 
 ovary elliptical or obovatr. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Illinois and north- 
 westward. Passes into the last. (Eu.) 
 
 § 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Nccker. Corolla bell-shaped or obeonical, 5-lobcd, 
 with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : ant/ias crtcl, 
 
388 GENTIANACE^. (gKNTIAN FAMILY.) 
 
 Jixed by the deep sacjittate base, exfrorse, often cohtring with each other in a ring 
 or tube: pofi slulktd : perennials, musl/i/ (lulttmn-Jluwerini/. 
 
 * Flowers nearly sessile, clustered or rarely solitary, 2-bracteolale. 
 •1- Seids winyless : anthers unconnected. 
 
 4. G. OChroleuea, Fial. (Ykllowisii-Whitk G.) Stems ascending, 
 mostly smooth ; tlic flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in ax- 
 illary clusters ; leavis oborate-oUonfj, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the 
 uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narroued at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, un- 
 equal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, 
 which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate, 
 very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod 
 included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. rennsylvania (rare) to 
 Virginia, and common southward. 
 
 -i- -1- Seeds winged: anthers connivent and usually more or cohering. 
 
 5. G. ^Iba, Muhl. Cat.! (Whitish G.) Stems ujiright, stout, and very 
 smooth ; Howers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster, 
 sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a ncart- 
 shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
 shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the 
 corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla ivhite more or less tinged with greenish or yellow- 
 ish, iiijlated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes n&trhj twice the 
 length of the tuothed appenchig/'s ; pod nearly included; seeds broadly winged. 
 (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Griseltach, 
 in part.) — Glades and low grounds, S. ^^. New York to Virginia along the 
 AUeghanies, and west to Illinois and Lake Superior. Begins to flower in July, 
 fur earlier than the two next. 
 
 6. G. Andl'ewsii, Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth ; flow- 
 ers closely sessile in tcrmin;il and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate 
 and lancfolate from a narrower base, gradunlly pointed, rough-margined ; calyx- 
 lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much 
 shorter than the inflated chib-slmpid and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is 
 dosed at the mouth, its proper lubes obliteraUd, the apparent lobes consisting of 
 the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out 
 of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sajionaria, Frai., not 
 oi' L.) — Moist and rich soil: common, csi)ccially northward. — Corolla an 
 inch or more in length, striped inside, the folds whitish ; occasionally jiare 
 white througboiit. 
 
 7. G. Sapon^ria, L. (Soapwokt G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; 
 the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the axils ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, oblong, or lancenlate-olm-ute, with rough margins, narrowed at the base ; 
 calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the 
 length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shapcd light-blue corolln obtuse, erect or 
 converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or hss longer than the consj)>cuous 
 2-cleft and minutrly toothed a/iptuditges ; se/ds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Cates- 
 ba;i. Wall.) — Moist woods. New Jersey and S. Penu. to Virginia, Illinois, and 
 southward : flowering late. 
 
GENTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) dSO 
 
 Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or 
 lancc-linuar (2'-3' long), acittish ; Hppendages of the corolla shorter and less 
 cleft, or almost entire. (G. rncumonanthc, Amer. autlt., .j- Ed. 1. G. linearis, 
 Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Pcnn., to Lake Superior, 
 Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Tort- 
 land) : heginning to hlossom at midsummer. — Seems to pass on one side into 
 G. Saponaria, on the other into G. Pneumonanthe of Europe. 
 
 8. G. pub6rula, IMichx. Stems erect or ascending (8'- IC high), mostly 
 ?-oi(///t and minutely pubescent above; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceolate 
 to oblong-lanceulate, rough-margined (1'- 2' long) ; flowers clustered, rarely soli- 
 tary; calyx-lobes lanceolafe, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the 
 b.H-fnmiel-form o/ien briglit-lilti corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acutish 
 and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbtei, 
 Ell. G. Saponaria, var. pubcrula, Ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to 
 Wisconsin, and southward. Flowering near the end of summer. Corolla large 
 for the size of the plant, 1,'- 2' long. Seeds (also in G- Pneumonanthe) not 
 covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. 
 
 * * Flowers 1-3, peduncled: seeds wingless: anthers separate. 
 
 9. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' - 15' high) ; 
 leaves linear or the lower oblanccolate, rigid ; corolla opcn-funnel-form, azure- 
 blue, also a greenish and white variety (2' long), about twice the length of the 
 thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut- 
 toothed appendages. — Moist piae barrens. New Jersey, and southward. 
 
 6. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. 
 Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 
 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface 
 of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3'- 10' high), with thread-like stems, 
 and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. 
 ( Dedicated, in the year 1 801 , to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.) 
 
 1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above; the branches or peduncles 
 mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acntish, rather longer 
 than the. calg.v, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the 
 cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, New England to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri, Grisebuch, is a variety with the scales and 
 peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 
 
 2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem l - few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla s/iatitlate, 
 obtii.se, spreading, thrice the length of the cali/.r ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs 
 near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3" -4" long, larger 
 than in No. 1. 
 
 7. OBOLARIA, L. Obolaria. 
 
 Calyx of 2 spatulatc spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- 
 lar-l)ell-shaix;d, withering-persistent, 4-clcft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age 
 
390 GENTIANACK^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 
 
 spatiilatc, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at tlie sinuses of the corolla, 
 sliort. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, l-cclled, the ecll 
 cruciform : tlic seeds covering the whole face of tlie walls. — A low and very 
 smooth purplish-green perennial (3' - 8' high), witli a simple or sparingly 
 branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish 
 flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile ; in 
 spring. (Xanie from o^oXoy, a small Greek coin; to which, however, the 
 leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 
 
 1. O. Virginica, L. (Grntj, Clilor. Bm-.-Am., t.?,.) — Rich soil, in woods, 
 from New Jersey to Illinois, and soutlnvard : rather raie. 
 
 8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla short funnel-form, .'j-parted, deciduous, the whole 
 npper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. 
 Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lol)ed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, 
 many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- 
 leaved herb, with a thickit;h creeping rootstoek, sheathed by the membranous 
 bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit; 
 the flowers raeemed on the naked scajie (l°high), white or slightly reddish. 
 (The ancient Theophrastian name, ])robably from }ir]v, month, and (wBos, a 
 fluwtr, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 
 
 1. M. trifoliata, I>. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, 
 and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 9. LIMNAISTTHEMUM, Gmclin. Flo.^ting Heart. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed 
 or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a 
 glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobcd, per- 
 sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat 
 hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, 
 which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) 
 flowers, along with a cluster of short and s])ur-like roots, sometimes shooting 
 forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous 
 stolons : flowering all summer. (Name compounded of 'Kl^vr), a marsh or/W, 
 and uvSfiJiov, a hlotKoin, from the situations where they grow.) 
 
 1. L. lacunbsum, Gri.sebach (partly). Zeai'es ph^')7>, round-lioart-sliaped 
 (l'-2' broad), thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly 
 oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at their base, twice the length 
 of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; xarls smoo/h and rrni. (Villarsia 
 lacunosa. Vent. Y. cordlita, Ell.) — Shallow water, from Maine and N. New 
 York to Virginia and southward. 
 
 2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. /.«7tvs/(/)y/rc (2'- C broad), and rounder, 
 thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughisli and dark-punctate or pitted 
 beneath ; ])etioles stouter ; seech i/landiilar-ruui/hciictl. (Menyanthes traehysperma, 
 Michx.) — Ponds, Maryland ( IF. M^. Canbij) and southward. 
 
loganiacejE. (logania family.) 391 
 
 Ordkr 78. LiOGANIACE.lE. (Logania Family.) 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, loilh opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a 
 stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 - b-merous 4-5- 
 androus perfect flowers, the ocunj free from the calyx : a connecting group 
 between Gentianaceai, Apocynaccoe, Scrophulariaccae (from all wliich they 
 are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceaj, from which they differ in their 
 free ovary : our representatives of the family are all most related to the 
 RubiaceoB, to which, indeed, they have been apjjcnded. 
 
 * Woorly twiners ; leaves evergreen. 
 
 1. Gelseniiuin. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 4. 
 
 « * Herbs. 
 
 2. Pol ypremuiM. Corolla 4-Iobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 
 
 3. Spigelia, Corolla 6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle. 
 
 4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the 
 
 summit, and with a common stigma. 
 
 1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine. 
 
 Calyx .5-partcd. Corolla opcn-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in 
 the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. 
 Stigmas 2, each 2-partcd ; the divisions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened con- 
 trary to the narrow partition, 2-celIed, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or 
 several, winged. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons 
 much shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants 
 with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute stipules, and showy 
 yellow (lowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( (Jelse- 
 iidiin, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 
 
 1. G. semp6rvirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem 
 climbing high; leaves sbort-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in 
 short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright 
 yellow corolla I'-l^' long); pod flat, pointed. —Low grounds, Eastern Vir- 
 ginia and southward. JMarcli, April. 
 
 2. POLYPREMUM, L. PoLYruEMUM. 
 
 Calyx 4-pnrtcd ; the divisions awl-shajied from a brond scariotis-marginrd 
 Lase. Corolla not longer than the caly.x, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in tbc 
 throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short: anthers 
 globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat- 
 tened, notched at the apex, 2-cellcd, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A 
 smooth, ditnisc, much-branchcil, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl- 
 sliapcd leaves, connected at their b:isc across the stem hy a slight stipular line; 
 tlic small flowers solitary and sessile ia the forks and at the ends of tlic 
 branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXv-pfjivos, 
 mnni/slemmrd ) 
 
 1. P. pi'OC1J.rabenS, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maryland and 
 southward; also ad ventive at Philadelphia. June- Oct. 
 
S^2 APOCYNACi:^. (l>OGI5A\E FAJIILY.) 
 
 3. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass. 
 
 Calyx 5-partC(l ; tlic lohcs .slender. Corolla tubular-fiinncl-fonn, ."i-lobed at 
 the siiininit, valvate in the i)iul. StaniOns 5 : anthers linear. Style 1, slender, 
 hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flat- 
 tened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open 
 lociilieidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the pair of leaves united by 
 means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for 
 Adrian S/u'egel, latinized Spiijelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for 
 preparing an herbarium.) 
 
 1. S. Marilandica, L. (Maryland Pink-root.)^ Stems simple and 
 erect from a perennial root (6'- 18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute ; spike simple or forked, short ; tube of the corolla 4 times the Jengtli ot 
 the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted. — Kich woods, 
 Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward: not common northward. June, 
 July. — Corolla 1^' long, red outside, yellow within. — A well-known officinal 
 anthelmintic, and a showy plant. 
 
 4. MITREOLA, L. Mitrewort. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 
 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly 
 adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and 
 united above ; the stigmas also united into one. Pod projecting beyond the 
 ralyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each 
 horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 6' -2° high, with small stipules 
 between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the 
 branches of a terminal pctioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape 
 of the pod.) 
 
 1. M. petiolkta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong lanceolate, pctioled. 
 — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. 
 
 2. M. Sessilif61ia, Torr. & Gray, with thickish sessile and roundish 
 leaves, probably occurs as far north as Virginia. 
 
 Order 71). APOCYIVACE^. (Dogbane Family-.) 
 
 Plants almost all with ntilky acrid juice, entire {chiefly opposite) leaves 
 vithnut stipules, regular b-merous and r,-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the 
 corolla convolute and twisted in the hud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on 
 the corolla, and the pollen granular; the calyx entirely free from tlic 
 two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (and forming pods), 
 though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitro- 
 pous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, 
 often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of 
 acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and 
 Periwinkle, and among wild plants by three genera : — 
 
APOCTNACEiE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 393 
 
 1 Amsoiiia. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the 
 filaments. Leaves alternate. 
 
 2. Forsttroiiia. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- 
 
 der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 
 
 3. Apocyiiuin. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, 
 
 broad and flat. Caly.\ not glandular. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. AMSONIA, Walt. Amsonia. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- 
 side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- 
 mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than 
 the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded witii a cup-like 
 membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- 
 cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with 
 f//ter/ia<p /caoes, and pale blue tlowers in terminal panieled cymes. (Said to be 
 named for a Mr. Chdiies Amson.) 
 
 1. A. Tabernsemontkna, Walt. Loosely somewhat pubescent or hairy 
 Avhen young, or soon glabrous ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- 
 lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish 
 corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or 
 glabrous. — Low grounds, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. May, June. 
 
 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteroni.v. 
 
 Calyx .5-partcd, with .3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not 
 appendaged ; the limb 5-lol)cd. Stamens b, included : filaments slender : an- 
 thers arrow-shaped, with an iiiHexcd tip, adhering to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 
 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, 
 more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named 
 for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.) 
 
 1. F. diflformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval- 
 lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. — 
 Damp grounds, Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April. 
 
 3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogb.xxe. Indian Hemp. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 trian- 
 gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 very base of the corolla: filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shnpcd anthers, 
 which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- 
 herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- 
 lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of 
 silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with n))right branching stems, ()i)po- 
 site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and ])ale cymosc 
 flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbnne, composed of 
 viTo., from, and Kvav, a dor;, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 
 
 1. A. androssemifblium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth, 
 branched above; branches d I ceigeMlij forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly pctiuled ; 
 
394 aSCLepiadace^. (milkweed family.) 
 
 a/mes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 
 4" broad) open-beJI-sfiaped, with revolute lubes, the tube much loni/er than the orute 
 poitittd divisions of thi: cali/x. — Varies, with the leaves downy underneath. — 
 Borders of thickets : common northward. June, July. — Pods 3' - 4' lo>g, 
 pendent. 
 
 2. A. cannabinum, L. (Indian Hemi'.) Stem and bnuuhes uprii/ld 
 or asccndiny, terminated by trect and dose many-jiowcicil cymes, which are usually 
 shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube 
 not longer than the lanceolate divibions of the calyx. — Var. glabekkimum, Z)C'. 
 Entirely smooth ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest 
 petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the uppermost mostly acute at l)oth ends. — 
 Var. PLBESCEXS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, soft-downy underneath 
 or sometimes on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, li. Br.) — 
 Var. HYPEEiciFOLiUM. Leuves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on 
 very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) 
 — River-banks, &c. : common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more 
 upright than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. 
 
 Order 80. ASCL.EPIADACE^. (Milkweed Family.) 
 
 Plants with milky Juice, and oppofdte or whorled (j-arcbj scattered) entire 
 leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible 
 properties, ffc.,just as in the last family : from which they differ in the com- 
 monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers icith the 
 stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., as 
 explained under the first and typical genus. 
 
 Tribe I. ASCLEPT ADE^E. Filaments roonadelphous. Pollen-m.asses 10, waxy, 
 fixed to the stigma in pairs liy a pland, lianging vertically. 
 
 1. A8c]epias. Caly.x and corolla refli'xed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bod- 
 
 ies (nectaries, /..), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 
 
 2. Acerates. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but 
 
 without a horn inside. 
 
 3. Enslcnin. Calyx and corolla erect Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated 
 
 by a 2-cleft tail or awn. 
 
 4. Vincdoxicum. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10- 
 
 lobed ring or disk. 
 
 Tribe II. GONOLOBE.^. Filaments monadel|>hous. Pollen-masses 10, aOi.xed to the 
 stigm.i in pairs, horizontal. 
 
 5. Goiiolobus. Corolla wlieel-shapcd. Crown a wavy-lobcd fleshy ring. 
 
 Tribe III. PEI?II»LOCEiE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- 
 lar separately applied to tin- stigma. 
 
 6. Periplocn. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. 
 
 1, ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd, persistent ; the divi.sions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 
 5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 
 hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing 
 
ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 395 
 
 an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments 
 united in a tube which encloses the jjistil : anthers adherent to the stij,nna, each 
 with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con- 
 taining a flattened pear-shajjcd and waxy ])ollen-niass ; the two contiguous pol- 
 len-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolon- 
 gation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the 
 stigma,e.\tricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing cojjious 
 pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles. 
 Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy 
 mass which takes the place of stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of 
 them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, 
 downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the 
 suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. 
 Embryo large, with broad foliaeeous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial 
 upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or lateral and be- 
 tween the petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels : flowering in summer. 
 (The Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) 
 
 * Leaves opposite {or some of them in No. 5-7 in threes or fours.) 
 ■*- Stem simple or nearly so, Jeafij to the top, and hearing lateral umbels as ivell as a 
 
 terminal one: leaves ovate or oblong : flowers whitish, pinkish, or dull purple. 
 •M- Pods beset with sojl spinous projections : flowers 6" -9" long when open, greenish- 
 purple, numerous in dense umbels. 
 
 1. A. Corntlti, Decaisne. (("ommox Milkweed or Silkweed.) Stem 
 tall and stout.; leaves oval-oblong (4' -8' long), contracted at base into a short 
 petiole, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, &c. ; hoods of the 
 crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claiv-like 
 horn ; pods ovate, covered with iceak spines and woolly. (A. Syriaca, L., but the 
 plant belongs to this country only.) — Kicli ground, everywhere. 
 
 2. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- 
 oblong with a sonif'ivhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, ob- 
 tusely 2-eared at the base outside j^vflowers larger (9' long) and more purple than 
 in the preceding ; pods obscurely soft-spiny, chiefly on the beak, ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio {Sullivant) to Illinois. 
 
 ' ++ Pods even, not ivarty-roughened, mostly glabrous. 
 
 3. A. phytolaccoldes, Pursh. (Poke-Milkweed.) Stem (.3° -.5° 
 high) smootli ; Icures broudly ovale, or the tipper oval-lanceolate and pointed at l/olh 
 ends, short-pet iolid, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long); lateral 
 umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, nurnerous, long and slender ( 1 ' - 3' long), 
 equalling the pcil uncle, mrfH_y^//«'S longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of tlw (green- 
 ish) corolla; hoods of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the 
 summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped jwint ; pods minutely downy. 
 
 — Moist co])ses ; flowering early in summer. — Flower 6' long. 
 
 4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1° -3° 
 high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the uj)per taper-pointed, minutely velvety- 
 downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the base into a short petiole ; pedicels 
 
396 ASCLiiPiADACi:.E. (milkweed family.) 
 
 shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the lemjth of the dark purple lanceolnte- 
 oviite dicisions of the coru'/a ; hoods of the crown oblong, ahriiptly narrowed 
 above ; the horn broadlij scylht-shaped, with a narrow and ubrnptly injiuxcd horizontal 
 point. (A. amuena, L., JJichx. ) — Borders of woods, &c., New Enghmd to Illinois 
 and southward. — Flowers G" long. 
 
 5. A. Variegata, L. (VAUiJiG.VTED M.) NeaHi/ r/Uihrous {\° -2° h\<ih); 
 liUL-ia orate, oca/, or odocute, somewhat wavy, contracted into alwit petioles ; pudicds 
 (numirous and crowded) and peduncle short, downij ; divisions of the corolla ovate 
 (while) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn 
 semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L., in part. 
 A. hybrida, Alichx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. 
 July. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white tiowers. Leaves 
 4-5 pairs, the middle ones sometimes whorled. 
 
 6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Low (6'- 18' higli), so/t-downij, es- 
 pecially the lower surface of the ovate or lunctolate-oblong acute short-petiokd 
 Itaves; umbels loosehj 10 - \%-jiowered, cither sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen- 
 der ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about 
 the length of the oval ijreenish-white divisions of the corolla (which arc tinged 
 with purple outside); pods downy. (A. lanuginosa, Ed. 1, probably not of 
 Nutt. A. Vascyi, Careij). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vascy, Wis- 
 consin, Laphani, and northwestward. June. — Leaves H'-3' long, smoothish 
 above, the upper sometimes scattered ; the middle rarely in threes. Flower 
 4" -5" long. 
 
 7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (Four-leaved M.) Nearli/ smooth; stem 
 slender (1° - 2<= high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually o;/e or two whorls 
 of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper- 
 pointed petioled leaves (2' -4' long); pedicels slender; divisions of the (pale 
 pink) corolla oblong; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved 
 horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and liills : 
 not very common. June. — Flowers 4" long. 
 
 ■*- -<- Sleni branchincj, leafi/ to the top, bearing lateral as well as terminal umbels: 
 leaves jntiolcd : Jlowers small (3" lonij) : pods smooth and glabrous. 
 
 8. A. perennis, Walt. Nearly glabrous; stems (l°-2° high) persistent 
 or somewhat wuodi/ at the beise ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both 
 end^, thin, rather slendcr-petioled ; Jlowers white, small; the srarfll hoods of the 
 crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a 
 coma! (A. pai-viflora, Pu/s/;, and Ed. 2.) — Low grounds, S. Indiana, Illinois, 
 and southward. 
 
 9. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp JMiLKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in 
 the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of 
 the peduncles (2° -3° high), very leafy; leuas oUong-lanceolnle, acute or pointed, 
 ol>tuseor obscurclg hcart-shajitd at ba.t'. : Jlowers rose-j>ur,)lc; liood.s of the crown 
 scarcely equalling the slender necdle-pointcd horn. — Var. laLciinA has broader 
 and shorter-petiolcd leaves, mure or less hairg-pnbe.scent, as well as the stem. (A. 
 pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward; 
 the hairy variety more so southward. — Milky juice scanty. ^ 
 
 / 
 
ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 397 
 
 ■♦i- •»- -1- Stem perfecth) simjile, jnodar.infj onli/ a sim/le conspicuoiislif-pedunclrd ttn'mi- 
 nal umbel of dull-colored lanjlsh (tj" lo)i(j) flowers: hoods and lulies of the co- 
 rolla broad : jiods smooth : whole plant (jlubrous or neurlij so, and pale or f/luu- 
 cous : leaves closely sessile, transversely veiny. 
 
 10. A. obtUSifdlia, Michx. Stem tall (2° -3° high); leaves wavy, oblong 
 with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2^' -5' long) ; peduncle 
 3' -12' long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods of the crown truncate and 
 somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than tl)e slender awl-pointcd horn. — 
 Sandy woods and fields : not rare, especially southward. 
 
 11. A. Meadii, Torr. (in Ed. 2, addend.) Stem slender (l°-2° high); 
 leaves ovate or obloug-ovute, not wavy, obtuse or acutish (H'-25' long) ; peduncle 
 only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short; corolla green- 
 ish-white ; hoods of the crown rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp 
 tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn ; pod unknown. — 
 Augusta, Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead. Clinton, Iowa, Dr. Vascy. June. 
 
 -1- -I- -i- -1- Stem simple or mostly so (2° -4° high), bearing 2-5 panicltd umbels on 
 a naked terminal peduncle, and sometimes single axillary ones : flowers pink-red, 
 rather large (over G" long) : crown conspicuously elevated above the base of the 
 corolla : pods smooth : whole plant glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 12. A. rilbra, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or 
 heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2' -6' long, j'-2^' 
 ■wide), bright green ; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla and hoods 
 of the crown oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender. (A. lauri- 
 folia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Wet pine-barrens, «&-c., New Jersey and 
 Penn. to Virginia and southward. 
 
 13. A. pauperoula, Michx. Stem slender (2° -4° high); leaves don- 
 gated lanceolate or linear (5' -10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled; 
 umbels 5 - l2-floiierfd ; divisions of the red corolla narroivly ohlong ; the bright orange 
 hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved liorn. — Wet pine-bar- 
 rens on the coast. New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. 
 
 * * Leaves scattered, or some opposite: milky juice little or none: flowers orange-red. 
 
 14. A. tuberbsa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Rough- 
 ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and 
 bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong- 
 lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish- 
 orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer 
 than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. deeiim- 
 bcns, L.) — Dry hills and fields: common, especially southward. — Plant 1°- 
 2° high, leafy, to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbcil sliort- 
 pcdunclcd umbels of showy flowers. 
 
 « « * Leaves nearly all whorled, rardy alUrnatc, croivded : flowers white, small-. 
 
 l->. A. Verticill^ta, L. (Whouled M.) Smoothish; stems slender, 
 simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit ; leaves very narrowly 
 linear, with revolutc margins (2' -3' long, 1" wide), 3-G in a whorl; umbels 
 small, latci-al and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white) ; 
 
398 ASCLEPIADACE^. (lIILKWEED FAMILY.) 
 
 hoods of the crown roumlish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw- 
 bhapcd horns; pods smooth. — Dry hills: common, especially southwurd. 
 
 2. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. 
 
 Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods of the crown destitute of a horn 
 (whence the name, from a pricativt and Ktpai, -gtoj, a horn). — Flowers green- 
 ish. Leaves varying from opjjosite to irregularly alternate, short-petiolcd or 
 sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. 
 
 § 1 . Divisions of the corolla rejiexed, oblong : hoods of (he crown erect and concace : 
 
 umbels compactly manij-Jioivejtd : pods not muricate, slender. 
 
 * Crotcn not elevated; its hoods oblony, neailij equalling the anthers. 
 
 1 . A. Viridifldra, Ell. Minutely sofi-downtj, becoming smoolhish ; stems as- 
 cending (l°-2° high) ; leaves varying from oval to linear, thick (l^'-4' long), 
 umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is re- 
 fle.\ed) nearly V long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil : common, especially south- 
 ward. July - Sept. 
 
 2. A. lanugindsa, Dccaisne. //aZ/v/, low (5' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, pedunded ; flowers not larger 
 than in the next ; pedicels slender. (Probably Ascle[)ias lanuginosa, Nntt. : cer- 
 tainly A. Nuttalliana, Torr. Acerates monocephala, Lapham, in Ed. 2, addcud.) 
 — Prairies, Wisconsin [Lapham) and westward. July. 
 
 * * Crown short- stalked, i. e. elevated above the base of the corolla : its hoods oval, 
 strongly concave, and decidedly shorter than the tips of the anthers. 
 
 3. A. longif61ia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish ; stem 
 erect (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate-scattered, linear (3' -7' 
 long) ; umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of tiic slender pedicels; 
 flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward. July -Oct. 
 
 §2. ANANTIIERIX, Nutt. Divisions of the corolla ascending or barely spread- 
 ing : hoods of the crown widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped 
 and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition : 
 umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-Jiowend : pods oblong or ovate, 
 often somewhat muricate with sofl spinous projections. 
 
 4. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short (l°high); 
 loaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, l'-2' wide; umbels several in 
 a chister, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1' in diameter), green, with a purplish 
 crown. — Prairies, Illinois [Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. 
 
 3. ENSLENIA, Xutt. Exslenia. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. 
 Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are trnncate or obscurely lobcd 
 at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An- 
 thers nearly as in Ascle))ias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed 
 below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-laneeo- 
 late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb. 
 
ASCLEPIADACEiE. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 399 
 
 smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-pctioled leaves, and small 
 whitish flowers in racenic-like clusters, on slender axillary pcdunck's. (Dedi- 
 cated to ^1. Enden, an Austrian hotanist who collected in the Southern United 
 States early in the present century.) 
 
 1. E. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward: com- 
 mon. July - Sept. — Climbing- 8° - 1 2° high : leaves 3' - 5' wide. 
 
 4. VINCETOXICUM, Moench. Vincetoxicum. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, 
 disk-like, 5-10-lobed, simple. Anthers smooth, pods and seeds much as in 
 Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name composed of Vinca, the Periwinkle, 
 and toricum, poison. ) 
 
 1. V. NIGRUM, Mccnch. (Black V.) More or less twining, nearly smooth ; 
 leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, 
 on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — Cambridge, Mass., &c. : a weed escap- 
 ing from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Gonolobus. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. CoroHa 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- 
 ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring 
 in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat- 
 tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods 
 turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds 
 with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart- 
 shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on pe- 
 duncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of ywi/os, an a)i(/le, 
 and Xo/3of, « pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of some species.) 
 
 1. G. Isevis, Michx. Nearly glabrous, or the stems and petioles sparingly 
 hirsute and finely pnbcrulent; cali/x and corolla (jlnhrous, the latter tapering-con- 
 ical in the bud, the expanded divisions lanceolate, yelloiclsh-fjreen ; pods ribbed, 
 smooth. ( Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Periploca latc-scandens, Clayt. G. 
 macrophyllus, Michx., also Deaiisne, excl. syn. Jacq. & Bot. Mag. G. tiliaifo- 
 lius, Diraisiw.) — River-banks, Virginia, to Illinois and southward. July. 
 
 2. G. obliquus, R. Br. Stems, petioles and often the ribs of the leaves 
 beneath hirsute with spreading viscid hairs ; calyx and corolla pubescent or pubern- 
 lent outside, the latter narrowconical-oblong in the bud, its divisions ligulato- 
 linear or lanceolate, obtuse, dark dull crini son-pur pie within ; pods copiously muri- 
 cate, ribless. (Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq., 1786. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. 
 May. Gonolobus hirsiitus, Ed. 2, &c. G. discolor, R. ^ S. G. macrophyllus, 
 Decaisne in part.) — River-banks, Penn. to Virginia. Aug., Sept. — Lobes of 
 the corolla nearly 6" long. Pod 5' long. 
 
 3. G. hirsutus, Michx. ( Ap(5cynum hirsutum, A'l/Z:. ; perhaps Periploca 
 Carolinensis, Dill., and P. latc-scandens fl. ferrugineo, Clayt.; Vincetoxicum 
 acanthocarpos, Walt.; and' clearly Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq.) Known 
 from the last by its short-ocate flmoer-bud.t, and the oval or oblong divisions of tlie 
 purple corolla (only about 3" long) ; perhaps occurs in S. E. Virginia. 
 
400 OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) 
 
 6. PERIPLOCA, L. PKRirLocA. 
 
 Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-partccl, wlicel-shaptd, with 5 awiied scales in tlio 
 throat. Filaments distiiiet: anthers coherent with the apex of the stiynia, 
 bearded on the back : pollcu-masscs 5, each of 4 united, sin<^Iy affixed directly 
 to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely 
 divergent, bccds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth 
 opposite leaves, and panicled-eymose flowers. (Name from ntpinXoKr], a coUukj 
 ruuiiii, in allusion to tlie twining stems.) 
 
 1. P. Gu.KCA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-'.anccolatc, shorter than the loosely- 
 flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purjde corolla linear-oblong, very 
 hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c.. New York. Probably hardly established. 
 Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 Order 81. OL,EACEJE. (Olive Family.) 
 
 Ti'ees or shrubs, with opposile and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or 
 sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular A-clefl or nearly or quite A-petalous 
 corolla, sometimes apetaluus; the stamens only 2 {rarely or accidentally 3 
 or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds 
 anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or with- 
 out albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true OleaccEB, to which be- 
 longs the Lilac (Syrixga), &c. ; while the Jessamine (Jasminum) 
 represents another division of the order. 
 
 Tribe I. OL1KINE.E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygiimous, with 
 both calyx aud corolla ; the latter valvate ia the bud. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple, 
 mostly entire. 
 
 1. l<ij;^tislruin. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the caly.v, 4-cIeft. 
 
 2. OlfB. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-iiarted. 
 
 3. Cliioiiautlius. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear. 
 Tribe II. FRAXIXE.E. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioacious or 
 
 polygamous, mostly apetalous, auj sometimes also without a calyx. Ovules suspended. 
 Leaves odd-pinnate. 
 
 4. Fraxiiiiis. The only genus of the Tribe. 
 
 Tribe III. FORESTIERE^. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect, 
 apetalous. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple. 
 
 5. Purestiera. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bul. Stamens 2-4. 
 
 1. LIGtrSTRUM, Tourn. PiuvJiT. 
 
 Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobcd ; the 
 lobes ovate, obtu.se. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma 
 2-cleft. Berry sjiberical, 2-cclled, 2-1-sceded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves on 
 short petioles, and snudl white flowers in terminal tbyrsoid panicles. (Tlie clas- 
 sical name.) 
 
 1. L. vulgXue, L. (Common- Pkivkt or Puim.) Leaves elliptical- 
 lanceoUite, very smooth, tliickish, deciduous ; berries black. — U.scd lur low 
 h-dges : naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England aiul 
 Pennsylvania. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) 401 
 
 2. OLE A, Toiirn. Olive. 
 
 Calyx short, 4-tootlK'd, rarely entire. Corulla with a shoit l>cll-shapc(l tube 
 and a 4-parted spreading linib. Stamens 2. Drupe with a bony stone, 2-1- 
 seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and eoriaceous mostly entire leaves, 
 and perfect, or (in our species) polygsnnous or dioecious small white flowers, in 
 panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the Olive, 0. EuROPyEA.) 
 
 1. O. Americana, L. (Devil-woou.J Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth 
 and shining (3'-G' long) ; fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia, 
 and southward. May. — Tree 15° - 20° high. 
 
 3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-tree. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, 
 which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base 
 of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 
 1-cellcd, 1 -3 seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled 
 leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral 
 l)uds. (Name from x"^''' snow, and livdos, b/ussum, alluding to the light and 
 stiow-white clusters of flowers.) 
 
 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers 
 on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6" -8" long). — River- 
 banks, S. Pennsylvania and southward : very ornamental in cultivation. June. 
 — Petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5-6 in number. 
 
 4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asii. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dia'cious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, 
 toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base, 
 or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, 
 sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft. 
 Fruit a 1 -2-celIed samara or h-ji-fnut, flattened, winged at the apex, 1-2- 
 seeded. Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with peti- 
 oled pinnate leaves of 3- 15 either toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers 
 in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The tl-is- 
 sical Latin name, thought to be derived from (fypu^is, a sejtarution, from the 
 facility with which the wood splits.) 
 
 * Fruit ifinged fioni the aj)ex onhj, barely margined or quite terete toicards the base: 
 calyx minute, persistent : corolla none : leu fiefs stalked. 
 1. F. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; 
 leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lancc-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent 
 underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless bdow, above 
 extended into a lanceolate, oblunceolate, or wedge-linear uiing. (F. acuminata, and 
 F. juglandifolia, Lnm. F. epi'ptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods: common. 
 April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branch- 
 lets, and rusty -colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in Michaux's Sylva is 
 misplaced, apparentlv interchanged with that of the Green Ash.) 
 L&M— 37 
 
402 OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) 
 
 2. F. pub6seens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pu- 
 bescetit: leatlrts 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper- pointed, almost entire, 
 pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the l)ase,Jiattish and 2-ed(jed, 
 the edges gradually dilated into the long (l^'-2') Munccolate or linear-lunceolati'. 
 wing. (F. tomentosa, il//(//r.) — With No. I: rare west of the Alleghanies : a 
 smaller tree, less valuable for timber: j)asses by gradations into the next. 
 
 3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (Gkken Ash.) Glabrous tltrouyhoul ; IhiJIl-Is 5-9, 
 ovate or oblong-binccolate, often Avedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, 
 brif/ht (jre.en both sidus ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edfjed or margined, gradually 
 dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No. 2. (F. 
 eoncolor, 3/«/i/. F. juglandifolia, Willd., DC, and Ed. I, but not of Lam.) — 
 Near streams. New England to Wisconsin and southward; most common west- 
 ward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given in Michaux's 
 Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.) 
 
 * * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion. 
 •»- Cahjx icanting, at least in the fertile flowers, ichich are entirely naked! 
 
 4. P. sambucifdlia, Lam. (Bl.\ck or Water Ash.) Branchlets and 
 petioles glabrous ; kajiets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, 
 serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young 
 with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly ellipti- 
 cal, blunt at both ends. — Swamps, Penn. to Kentucky, and everywhere north- 
 ward. A\)\-\\, May.— Small tree; its tough wood separable into thin layers, 
 used for coarse basket-work, &c. Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder. 
 
 *- -1- Caljix present, persistent at the base of the fruit. 
 
 5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at ]east 
 on vigorous shoots, glal^roiis ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lance- 
 olate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and 
 of the same ividlh at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at 
 the apex (1 V long, y - ^' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1. 
 
 G. P. platyearpa, Michx. (C.\rolixa Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, 
 glabrous or pubescent; leaflets .5 - 7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short- 
 stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely S-winged), oblong (9'' wide), with a taper- 
 ing base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March. 
 
 5." FORES TIER A, Poir. (AniiLiA, Michx.) 
 
 Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last 
 year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous, 
 of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, 
 with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed. 
 Urupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-sceded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci- 
 cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, I -3-flowered. 
 (Named for ^f. Foreslier, a French ])hysician.) 
 
 1. P. acurnin^ta, Poir. Glabrous; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe oblong, usually 
 pointed. — Wet river-banks, W. Illinois and southward. April. 
 
ARISTOLOCUIACE^. (lilRTHWORT FAMILY.) 403 
 
 Division HI. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or 
 sometimes wanting altogether. 
 
 Order 82. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (Bihtiiwort Family.) 
 
 Twining shrubs, or low herbs, tcilh perfect /lowers, the conspicuous lurid 
 cali/x valcate in the bud and coherent {at least at the base) with the 6-celled 
 ocanj, ivhich forms a many-seeded G-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 
 6-12, 7no)-e or less united toith the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves 
 petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large 
 flesliy rhaplie, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of 
 bittei'-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 
 
 1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asaharacca. Wild Ginger. 
 
 Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less 
 distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a poiut. 
 Pod rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. Seeds large, thick. — Stem- 
 less herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then 
 one or two kiduey-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and terriii- 
 nated by a short-peduncled flower, close to the ground; iu spring. (An ancient 
 name, of obscure derivation. ) 
 
 § 1. Calyx-tube wholly cohrent tcitli the ovary, the tips injlrxed in bud : f laments 
 slender, united only icith die base of the style, much lonycr than the short anthers : 
 styles united into one, which is barely Ct-lobed at the summit, and icitli 6 radiating 
 thick stii/mas : Icaixs unspotted, a single pair, with the peduncle between them. 
 
 1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney- 
 shaped, more or less ])oiuted (4' -.'3' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, 
 with the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, 
 brown-purple inside ; at each sinus is usually a small awl-shaped appendage 
 (abortive petal). — Hillsides in rich woods: common, especially northward. 
 
 § 2. Calyx-tube infated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, only its base 
 coherent with the lower half of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleJl, short : f laments very 
 short or none : anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, feshy, diverging, 2-clefl, each far- 
 ing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves thich'sh, persistent, usually only 
 one each year, the upper surface often whitish-mottled : peduncle very short : root- 
 storks clustered, ascending. 
 
 2. A. Virginieum, L. l^carly glahrons ; leaves round-heart-shaped {:\hout 
 2' wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and 
 southward, in and near the mountains. 
 
 3. A. arifdlium, Michx. Laiveshalberd-heort-shapcd (i'-A' \o\v^); calyx 
 oblong-tubular, willi very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely shorl-iMiinlcd. — 
 Virginia and southward. • 
 
404 KYCTAGINACE-E. (fOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 
 
 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 
 
 Calyx tubuhir ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted 
 at the throat. Stamens 6 ; the sessile antiiers wiiolly adnate to the back of the 
 short and fleshy 3 - 6-lol)ed or an^'led stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. Seeds very 
 flat. — Twininj,^ climbinjj, or sometimes upri;^ht perennial herbs or shrubs, with 
 alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named 
 from reputed medicinal properties.) 
 § 1. Calyx-tuhe bent like the letter S, eulanjcd at the two ends, the smnll limb obtnseh/ 
 
 3-/ob(d: U7itheis contij/iwus in pairs (hiakitig 4 cells in a row under each of the 
 
 three truncate lobes of the stigma ) : low herbs. 
 
 1. A. Serpentkria, L. (Virginia Snakeroot.) Stems (8' -15' high) 
 branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped 
 base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed ; flowers all next the root, short- 
 peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, Muhl., A. hastata, Nutt., 
 &c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward : not common except 
 near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root 
 is well known in medicine. 
 
 § 2. Calyx-Vibe strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short 
 limb obscurely 3-lobed: anthers contiguous in jMiirs under each of the 3 short and 
 thick lobes of the stigma : twining shrubs : fioweis from one or two of the super- 
 posed accessor!/ axillary buds. 
 
 2. A. Sipho, L'Her. (Pipe-Vine. Dutchman's Pipe.) Nearly gla- 
 brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped; peduncles with a clasping bract; calyx (1^' 
 long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Pcnn. to Kentucky, 
 and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems sometimes 2' in diameter, 
 climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad. 
 
 3. A. tomentdsa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped, 
 very veiny (3' - 5' long) ; calyx yellowish, with an ohlicjue dark purple closed orifice 
 and a rugose refexed limb. — Rich woods, from S. Illinois southward. June. 
 
 Order 83. NYCTAGIWACEiE. (Four-o'clock Family.) 
 
 Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), tcith mostly opposite and 
 entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form 
 calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 
 l-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the 
 stamens few, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the out-' 
 side of mealy albumen, with broad foUaccous cotyledons. — Represented in 
 our gardens by the Four-o'clock, or Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis 
 Jalapa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup- 
 like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx ; — and by a single 
 
 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Oxybapiics. 
 
 Flowers 1-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open invohure. 
 'which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short 
 
CHENOPODIACF.^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 405 
 
 tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. 
 Stamens mostly 3. Style filitbnn : stijiina ca])itate. Fruit aclienium-like, 
 several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, abounding on the western ])lains, with very 
 large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flow- 
 ers. (Name o^v(iu(jiov, a vimiiar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape 
 of the involucre.) 
 
 1. O. nyctagineUS, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked 
 (l°-3° high) ; leaves varying from ovate, or somewhat heart-sliaped to lanceo- 
 late ; involucres 3-.')-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois 
 southward and westward. June- Aug. 
 
 Order 84. PIIYTOLACCACE.*:. (Pokeweed Family.) 
 
 Plants with alternate, entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general 
 c^aracto'S o/Chenopo(liace£e, 6u< usuallij a several-celled ovary composed 
 of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit; — repre- 
 sented only by the typical genus 
 
 1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. 
 
 Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of .5-12 
 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short sepiirate styles, in fruit forming a 
 deprcKsed-globose 5-12-cciled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. 
 Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennials, 
 with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and op- 
 posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (pvTuv, pl<int. and the French Inc, 
 lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter resembling that pigment which 
 the berries yield.) 
 
 1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeox- 
 Berry.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Low grounds. July -Sept. — A smooth 
 1-lant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 
 4'-C' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (which are in early spring sometimes 
 eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), at length 6°-9° high. Calyx white: 
 ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice, 
 ripe in autumn. 
 
 Order 85. CHElVOPODIACEiE. (Goosefoot Family.) 
 
 Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter- 
 nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, vulh 
 the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or 
 occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled 
 ovary becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled 
 into a ring around the mraly albumen, tvhen there is any, or else condupli- 
 ca'Cs or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing llie fruit. Styles or 
 stiijmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants: several 
 aie ])ot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.) 
 
406 ciiKXoroDiACE^. (goosekoot family.) 
 
 • EmlTyo coiled into a ring around copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny nor fleshy. 
 
 — Fluwers all alike and |>vrft;ct, or merely pnlypamous by the want of stamens in sume of then, 
 
 clustered or paiiicled. Calyx olividu*. Si;eil-ci)at crustaceous. 
 
 1. Cyclolotna. Calyx 6-cleft, iu fruit s-uirouiided by a horizontal continuous membrana- 
 
 ceous wiiitr. Soed horizontal. 
 
 2. Clui«o|>o«lluiii. Calyx3-5-cKft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit. 
 
 Sred horiz .Mtal, rarely vcrtic.ijV. 
 
 3. Ulltiiiii. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, mostly juicy or fleshy in fruit. Seed vertical. 
 
 — ■>- Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of 2 distinct sorts ; the stamiuate with a regular 
 
 calyx, clustered, the clusters mostly spiked. 
 
 4. A triplex. Fertile flowers without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed bracts. 
 
 ..- H- — Flowers all perfect and alike, single in the axil of bracts, naked or 1-sepalled. 
 
 5. Corispermuni. Fruit oval, flattened : pericarp adherent to the seed. Leaves linear. 
 
 * # Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate : no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed -. 
 
 leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect. 
 
 6 ^allcornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like. 
 
 « » * Embryo coiled into a spiral : albumen mostly none. (Leaves alternate.) 
 
 7. Sueedifc. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. 
 
 8. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx iu fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent 
 
 1. CYCLOLOMA, Moqiiin. Winged Pigwked. 
 
 Flowers perfect, l)ractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes stronjjly 
 keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and 
 continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal, 
 flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched 
 coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small paiiicled 
 clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of kikcAco, round about, and Xw/xu, 
 a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.) 
 
 1. C. platyph^llum, Mu(iuin. (Salsola platyphy 11a, ^l//c/ix.)— Illinois, 
 on sandy banks of the Mississi])j)i, and northwestward. 
 
 2. CHENOPODIUM, L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. 
 
 Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with 
 the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming snccident, more 
 or less enveloping the depres,«ed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform. 
 Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 3,7-0). lenticu- 
 lar ; the coat crnstaceous : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. 
 — Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in 
 small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from xh^^ " (/nosp, and noiis, 
 foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (ex- 
 cept the last two), flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around 
 dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places. 
 
 § 1. Smooth or mpnly, never (jhindnhir nor sweet -scented : emhnjo a complete, rinq. 
 
 1. C. POT.YSPERMi'M, L. Low, oftcu Spreading, green and ivfiol/i/ destitute of 
 ntenh'ness thivphout : hares all entire, oh\or\^ or ovate and on slender petioles ; 
 flowers very small, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the 
 fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — In and around Boston : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 407 
 
 2. C. Ar.ncM, L. (LAMn's-QrARTERS. Pigweed.) Erect (1°-3«^ lii;xh), 
 mealy (itid jiale, soinetimcs f/reeii and the mealiness obscure ; kaves vanjinrf from 
 rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the ujjpenuost even linear, acute, all or onlij the lower 
 wore or less anr/ulate-toothed ; clusters spikcd-panided, mostly dense; seed with 
 acute or bluntish marj,^ins. — Common, especially in cult, ground : extremely 
 variable. — The genuine C. album is considerably whitish-mealy, at least the 
 inflorescence, which is dense ; the calyx with strongly keeled lobes, and com- 
 pletely enclosing the fruit. A green form with somewhat entire leaves and less 
 dense inflorescence is C. viride, L. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 Var. B0SC1A.NUM. Loosely branched, more slender, the mealiness obscure 
 or slight and only on the iuHoresccnce, which is laxer, the flowers smaller ; calyx 
 incompletely covering the fruit, its lobes moderately or slightly if at all keeled; 
 leaves inclined to be entire. (C Bosc'ianum, Moquin. C. Berlandieri, Moquin, 
 an intermediate form. C. polyspermum, var, spicatum, Ed. 2.) — More shady 
 places, Pennsylvania and southward. In some forms appears as if a distinct 
 species ; seemingly indigenous southwestward. 
 
 3. C. GLAuct'M, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Low (5' - 12' high), 
 spreading, glaucous meal;/, haves simiately pinnatijid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale 
 green above ; clusters spiked, small ; calyx-lobes not at all keeled ; seed sharfy- 
 edyed, often vertical. — Streets of towns: rather scarce. Brackish borders of 
 Onondaga Lake. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 4. C. URBicuM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of meali- 
 ness, with erect branches (l°-3° high); leaves triangular, acute, coarse/y «7ic? 
 shurplji many toothed ; spike» erect, crowded in along and narrow racemose panicle; 
 calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded margins. — Var. riiombif^mum, 
 Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Afnhl.), is a fomi with the leaves more or less wedge- 
 shaped at the base, and with longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 5. C. murXle, L. Resembles No. 4, but less erect, loosely branched (1°- U° 
 high) ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, 
 bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed; calyx-lobes scarcely 
 keeled; seed sharp-edged. — Boston to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 6. C. iiy'bridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Bright green 
 throughout; stem widely much branched (2° -4° high); leaves thin (2'- 8' 
 long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the 
 angles extended into a/ew/a»Y/e aW/)o/V//frfte//t; racemes diffusely and loosely 
 paniclcd, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled ; seed sharp- 
 edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like 
 Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 § 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (Amrrtva, Moquin, in part.) Not mecdy, hut 
 more or less viscid-glandular and plens<tnt-aronmlic : seed frequently vertical, 
 ohtuse-edgrd : embryo forming only two thirds or three quarters of a ring. 
 
 7. C. BoTRYS, L. (Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.) Glan- 
 dular pubescent andvi.'icid; leaves slender-pet ioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate piii- 
 natifid ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, Irajess ; fruit not perfectly enclosed. — 
 Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
408 CIIENOPODIACK.E. (c.OOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 8. C. ambtjosioIdes, L. (Mexica:* Tea.) Smoothish; leaves sJifjMy 
 peti'ol&l, oblonjr or lanceolate, ropuntl-tootlietl or nearly entire, the up])cr taper- 
 ing to both ends ; spikes dense! ij Jiowereil, lea/}/, or intermixed with leaves ; I'niit 
 perfectly enclosed in the calyx. — Waste places : common, especially southward. 
 (Nat. I'rom Trop. Anicr.) — Passes into 
 
 Var. ANTiiELMiNTicUM. ( WoKMSEED. ) Root perennial {]) ; leaves more 
 strongly toothed, .the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatilid ; spikes ntost/i/ 
 leafless. (C. anthelmi'nticura, L.) — Common in waste places southward. (Nat. 
 from Trop. Amcr.) 
 
 9. C. MULTiFiDUM, L. Glandular-pubcrulcHt, diflFuscly branched; leaves 
 nnce or twice pinnatijid, pale ; flowers small in axillary clusters ; calyx only 5- 
 clefl, compressed and completely closed over the glandular-dotted utricle ; seed always 
 vertical, (lloubieva multitida, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Waste places. City of New 
 York (the station now seemingly extinct), and Philadelphia. Introduced iu 
 ballast from South America, not permanently established. 
 
 3. BLITUM, Tourn. Elite. 
 
 Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3-5-parted, becoming fleshy or berry -like 
 in fruit; the genus also made to include some with calyx unchanged in fruit. 
 Stamens I - 5 : filaments filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com- 
 pressed-globular ; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — 
 Herbs, with petioled triangular or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed 
 leaves. (The ancient Greek and Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.) 
 § 1 MOROCARPUS, Moench. Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : Jlonrrs 
 in axillary heads, the upper ones ojlen spiked: calyx in fruit commonly becoming 
 fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle. 
 
 1. B. maritimum, Nutt. (Coast Elite.) Stem angled, much branched; 
 leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base 
 and above into a slender j)oint, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear- 
 lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy s/iikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ; 
 stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New Jersey to Mas- 
 sachusetts: salt springs, at Syracuse, New York {G. W. Clinton), and north- 
 westward. Probably a variety of B. rubrum of Eu. 
 
 2. B. capit^tum, L. (Strawberky Elite.) Stem ascending, branch- 
 ing; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd shaped, sinuate toothed ; clusters 
 simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the up])er leafless ; stamens 1 -5 ; calyx berry- 
 like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. — Dry 
 rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Sujierior, and northward. 
 June. — Tiie calyx becomes pul])y and bright red in fruit, when the large clus- 
 ters look like Strawberries. (Eu.) 
 
 §2. AGATIIOPHYTON, Mocpiin. Somewhat mealy : root perennial : flowers 
 iu clusters crowded in a terminal spike : calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half- 
 naked fruit. Intermediate between Blitum and Chenopodium. 
 
 3. B. Eonls-IIknricus, Reichenljach. (Good-King-IIenrv.) Leaves 
 triangular-halbcrd-form ; stamens .">. (Chenopodium Eonus-IIenricus, L.) — 
 Around dwellings : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) r^^^f*"^ 
 
 4. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. Oraciie. 
 
 Flowers moncjccious or dia'cions ; the staniinate like the flowers of Chenopo- 
 dium, only sterile by the abortion of the jjistil ; the fertile flowers consisting 
 simply of a naked pistil eneloscd between a pair of appressed foliaecons (ovate 
 or halberd-shaped) bracts, which are enlarj^ed in fruit, and sometimes united. 
 Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a rin<j around the albumen. In one section, 
 to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are also some fertile flowers with a 
 calyx, like those of Chenopodium, but without stamens, and with horizontal 
 seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with triangular 
 or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and 
 autumn. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 
 
 1. A. patula, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, annual, scurfy, fjreen or 
 mthei- hoari/, branching; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolcd, varying 
 from triangular and halberd-form to lance-linear; fruiting bracts ovate-trian- 
 gular or rhombic, entire or 1 -2-toothed below, united to near the middle, their 
 flat faces either even or sparingly warty-muricate ; radicle inferior or some- 
 what ascending. — The two extreme forms are, Var. uastAta (A. hastata, L.), 
 with the leaves nearly all triangular-halbcrd-shaped, entire or sparingly toothed. 
 — Var. littorXlis (A. littoralis, L.), with lanceolate or Hncar mostly entire 
 leaves. — Salt marshes, brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine, and spar- 
 ingly on the Great Lakes, and northward. The plant on the shore is more 
 scurfy and hoary ; more inland, sometimes far from saline soil, it is greener and 
 thiimer-leaved. (En.) 
 
 2. A. arenaria, Nutt. Silvery-mealy annual, diffusely spreading ; leaves 
 oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge- 
 shaped, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with a few prickly points on 
 the sides; radicle superior. (Obione arenaria, il/o^uj'n, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy 
 beaches, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. 
 
 5. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Juss. Bug-seed. 
 
 Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axil of the upper leaves reduced to 
 bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner 
 side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer fice 
 rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a canjopsis, i. e. the thin 
 pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a cen- 
 tral albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved 
 leaves. (Name formed of Kopir, a bug, and antpfj-u, seed.) 
 
 1. C. hyssopifdlium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral 
 leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and jwintcd, 
 scarious-margincd ; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy benches «f the Great Lakes • 
 from Buffiilo, a recent immigrant ( G. W. Clinton), Chicago (Dr. Scammon, &c.), 
 to Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 
 
 6. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Gi.asswort. Samthire. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper 
 joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Caly.x small ami 
 G xU i« 
 
410 cniiN'opoDiACE!i;; ' (goo'sefoot family.) 
 
 bladdcr-likc, with a tootlied or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly 
 ^Ying-bor(lcred, cnclo-iiig tlic tiattcncd tliin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Stylos 2, 
 united at base. Seed vortical. Embryo thick, condiiplicate : no albumen. — 
 Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opimsite branches; 
 the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, 
 and coniu, a horn ; saline plants with hornlike branches.) 
 
 § 1. Aniiiuils: spiL-es very thick andjleshij: Jlowers and se(ds deeply immersed. 
 
 1. S. herbieea, L. Erect or at length spreading (6' -12' high), r/'ecn ; 
 settles obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginatc termination 
 of the joints of stem or elongated s])ike ; middle flower much higher than the 
 lateral ones; seed oval or oblong. — Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt 
 springs. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 
 
 2. S. Virginiea, L. (pi. Clayt.) Erect, less branched, naked below 
 (2'-9' high), turning red in age; spike shorter and thicker; scales viucroniite- 
 pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry ; middle flower little iiigher than 
 the lateral ones; seed round oval. (S. mucronata, Lae/asca? 1818, Biyelow, and 
 Ed. 2.) — Salt marshes, coast of Virginia to Maine. Sept., Oct. (En. ?) 
 
 § 2. Perennial : spikes less thick-, and Jlowers less immersed; middle one hardly higher. 
 
 3. S. fruticdsa, L., var. ambigua. (S. ambigua, 3/(V/(.r.) Numerous 
 tufted stems (3' -12' long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather 
 woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; the cylindri- 
 cal joints rather strongly notched at the end; seed round-oval. — Sandy wet 
 beaches, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 
 
 7. SU-53DA, Forskal. Sea Bute, 
 
 Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5- 
 parted, not appendagod, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the 
 fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. »Stignias 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with 
 a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into 2 
 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. 
 (An Arabic name.) Ciiknopodix.\, Moquin was founded for those species, 
 like ours, which have horizontal seeds, — a wholly insufficient and inconstant 
 dittcrcnce. 
 
 1. S. maritima, Dumorticr. Annual, smooth, diff"usely much branched; 
 leaves .slender (1' long), acute; calyx-lobes keeled ; stigmas 2 ; .«ecd horizontal. 
 (Cbenopodina maritima, Moquin.) — Salt marshes of the sea-shore, and on the 
 northwest plains. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 9. SALSOLA, L. Saltwort. 
 
 Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx S-parted, persistent and enclosing 
 the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the 
 back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 
 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, fllled by the embryo, which is 
 coiled in a conical spiral (cochlcate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching 
 plants cf the scarshorc, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and 
 
AMARANtACE^. (aMAKANTII FAMILY.) 41 I 
 
 sessile axillarv flowers. (Name from sal, salt; in allusion to the alkaline salts 
 these plants t-oitioiisly contain.) 
 
 1. S. Kali, L. (Cu.AiMON S.vLTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching, 
 bushy, rough or snioothish ; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, jirickly-jjointed ; 
 flowers single; calyx with the converging- lobes forming a sort of beak over the 
 fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — 
 Sandy seashore : cpmmon. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 OuDER 80. AM.4BA]\TACEiE. (Amaranth Family.) 
 
 Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last familij, but thejloivers 
 mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored, 
 commonly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary sonietiuies niany-ovuleJ. 
 (The greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way 
 northward as weeds.) 
 
 « Anthers 2celled : filaments sepamte. Ovule and seed solitary. 
 
 1. Ainarantiis. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a caly.x of 3 or 5 distinct 
 
 erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. 
 
 2. Moiitelia. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in fertile flowers. Utricle thin, circumcissile. 
 
 3. Aciiida. Flowers dioecious. Fruit fleshy, indehisceut, 3- 5-angled. 
 
 * * Anthers 1-celled. Ovule and seed solitary. 
 
 4. Iresine. Caly.x of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. 
 
 6. Froelicliia. Caly.x 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube. 
 
 1. AMARANTUS, Toum. Am.vranth. 
 
 Flowers moncccious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, 
 equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate : anthers 2- 
 celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the 
 apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting 
 irregularly. Embr3'0 coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds, 
 of coarse aspect, Avith alternate and entire petioled leaves, and small green or 
 purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and 
 autumn. ('A/ia/jai/ros, unfiduig, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. 
 The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists in- 
 correctly altered to Amaranthus.) 
 
 § 1. Utricle thin, circumcissde, the top fall! ny away ax a lid: flowers polyyamous. 
 
 * Flowers in taminal and axillary simple or mostly panirhd spikes: stem erect 
 
 (1°- 6° high) : leaves iony-petloled : stamens and sepals 5. 
 
 .— Red Ajt.\RANTiis. Flowers and often leaves tinged ivith crimson or purple. 
 
 1. A. iiYPOCiiONDiuAcus, L. Smooth or smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elon- 
 gated and interrupted ; bracts longawned; fruit 2-3-cleft at the apex, longer than 
 the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ; but doubt- 
 less adv. from Trop. Amer.) 
 
 2. A. pamcul.\tus, L. Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovatc or 
 ovate-lanceolate ; splices numn-ons and slender, panirled, erect or spreading ; bracts 
 awn-pointed ; fruit 2 -'Moot hed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers 
 
412 AMARANTACF..E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 
 
 small, green, tinged with red, or sometimes crimson as in A. candatus, L., the 
 Prixck's FiCATUER of the gardens. (A. sanguineus,//.) — In gardens, &c. 
 (Adv. irora Trop. Amer.) 
 ■t- t- Green Amaranths, PiowiiED. Floirers (jrpeu, rare! ij a little reddish. 
 
 3. A. RKTROFLEXUS, L. Rougliish and pubescent, or smoothish; leaves 
 dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; spikes crowded in a 
 stiff' or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the calyx. — Var. 
 ciH.oRosTACiiYS (A. clilorostacliys, Wdld.) is smoother, with biighter green 
 leaves and less thick and crowded spikes, apparently passing into var. hy'bridus 
 (A. hybridus, L.), which is smooth and more loosely panieled, — perhaps not in 
 our district. — Cultivated and mauureil soil, gardens, &c. Probably indigenous 
 southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. '.) 
 
 * * Flowers crowded in close and siiuill axillary clusters: stems low, spreading or 
 ascending: stamens and sepals 3, or the former onlij 2. 
 
 4. A. Albus, L. Smooth, pale green ; stows tt7((7/s/i, mostly spreading next 
 the ground ; leaves long-j)etioIed, obovate and spatnlate-oblong, very obtuse or 
 retiise ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the rugose fruit, 
 much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste grounds, near 
 towns, and roadsides: common, (Nat. from Trop. Amer.?) 
 
 § 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imjjerftctly circumcissile : ftow&s monacions. 
 
 5. A. SPiNosus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.) Smooth, bushy-branched; 
 stem reddish ; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of 
 spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; 
 the fertile globular and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. — 
 Waste grounds, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 
 
 § 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregu- 
 larly: no spines: bracts inconspicuous. 
 
 6. A. LfviDiis, L. Smooth, somewhat succulent, much branched (l°-3° 
 high) ; Icai-eslividpurfili.^h, long-petioled, ovate or oval ; flower-dusters greenish, 
 sessile in the axils and crowded in a terminal interrupted spike ; stamens 3; se- 
 pals mostly 3, rather shorter than the ovate smoothish fruit. (Eiixolus lividus, 
 liqf) — Coast of Virginia, Clayton. Probably an introduced species, and to in> 
 dude A, oleraceus, L., and the next. 
 
 7. A. pumilus, Ivif. Low or prostrate ; leaves more fleshy and obovate, 
 emarginate, the ribs stouter and transverse; flower-clusters sniidl and axillary; 
 stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely .5-ribbed fruit: 
 probably a maritime form of the preceding. (Euxolus pumilus, Baf.) — Sandy 
 beaches, Rhode Island to Virginia and southward. 
 
 8. A. vfRiDis, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent, spreading or ascending 
 (O'-IS' high); leares pale green, ovate or ovate-oblong, long-petioled ; y?owrs 
 innrh smaller than in the preceding, in axillary clusters and usually also in a 
 terminal spike; sepals and s/anip'-s .T, the latter thin, shorter than the small 
 globose-ovate roughish fruit, (Euxolus deflexus, Ed. 2; but that has a larger 
 and more elongated smooth 3-nerved utricle.) — Streets of Albany, New York: 
 depauperate form with the terminal spike undeveloped. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 413 
 
 2. MONTELIA, Moquin (under Ackida). 
 
 Flowers dioecious, 2-3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblonfj and mu- 
 cronatc-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong 
 anthers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers 
 without any calyx, their lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovnled 
 ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shapcd, plumose-hispid. Fruit a thin 
 and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transversely 
 around the middle ; the upper part falling oft" like a lid. Radicle of the annular 
 embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or ob- 
 long-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow- 
 ers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. (Probably 
 a personal name.) 
 
 1. M. tamariscina. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nnft. A. altissimus & 
 Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, Mirhx. herb. A. rusocarpa, Moqitin, &c. ) 
 — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, Illinois, and 
 southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. concatknXta is a form 
 with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish distant heads (5" - 6" 
 in diameter) in the axils of the leaves ; the stems often low and spreading or 
 decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height (l°-C° higti), 
 the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of the same 
 length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the frxit 
 (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The steiile 
 plant i.s Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's coliec- 
 tion, but the fruit is neither obtuse-angled, rugose, nor indchiscent. That n^me 
 is unmeaning, perhaps a misprint of niscorarpa. 
 
 3. ACNIDA, L. Watek-IIemp. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy and indchiscent utricle, 3-5-angled, the angles often rug5«e or 
 tubcrcled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shnped. 
 Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the preceding genus. 
 (Name formed of a privative and KviSt], a ruttli-.) 
 
 1. A. eannabina, L. Annual, tall (2° -6° high); leaves elongated-lan- 
 ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pctioled ; fruit globular (l^"-2" long), nuich 
 .exceeding the pointless bracts. — Salt marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to 
 Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Probably the only species; for A. 
 rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia ta«ians> 
 cina ; and A. tuberculata, Muquin, must be one or the other. 
 
 4. IRESINE, P.Browne. Ire.sine. 
 
 Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bractcd. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- 
 mens mostly .5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers 
 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite 
 petioled leaves, and minute •carious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked 
 and branching panicles ; the calyx, <Sc. often bearing long wool (whence the 
 name, from fipfo-iaji/^, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in proces- 
 sions .It festivals.) 
 
414 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKAVIItfAT FAMILY.) 
 
 1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous annual, erect, slender (2° -4° 
 hijjli); leavfs ovutc-laincolate ; panicles narrow, naked; bracts and calyx sil- 
 very-white, tlie l.'.tter wuully at the base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Illinois and 
 southward. Sept. 
 
 5. FRCELICHIA, Mrench. (Ovlotukcx, Nuit.) 
 
 Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Caly.x tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5- 
 crcsted lengthwise, or tubcrclcd and indurated in fruit, enclosini,' the indehiscent 
 thin utricle. Fihiinenjs united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong l-ccUed anthers, 
 and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, Avith 
 op[)osite sessile leaves, and sjiiked searious-braeted flowers. (Named for ./. »-l. 
 Fwlicli, a German botanist of the last century.) 
 
 1. F. Florid^na, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (l°-2° 
 high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an inter- 
 rupted spike; caljx very woolly. — Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 ORDi:n 87. POLY'GONACEiE. (Buckwheat Family.) 
 
 Herbs, icith alternate leaven, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ochrese, 
 these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen Joints of the stem; the flowers 
 mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a l-celled ovary hear in j 
 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embr}-o 
 curved or straiglitish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre; 
 the radicle pointing from the hilum and to" the apex of the dry seed-like 
 fruit. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-G-cleft calyx. Leaves 
 usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acnl, 
 as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — West of the 
 Mississippi are a great nimiber of Ekiogone.e, having their flowers sur- 
 rounded by an involucre. Our few genera are all of the true Polygona- 
 ce£e, except the anomalous Brunnichia. 
 
 » Slipular sheaths {pckretB) manifest. Ovule erect from the base of the cell. 
 »- Sepals 5, sometimes 4, somewhat equal and erect in fruit. 
 
 1. Polygonum. Embryo curved around one side of the albumen: cotyledons narrow. 
 
 2. Fagopyruin. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. 
 
 H- — Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflcxcd, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 
 
 3. Oxyrin. Si'puls 4. Sligmas 2. Fruit 2-\vingcd, samara-like. 
 
 4. Runiex. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit o-angled, enclosed by the inner sepals. 
 
 * * Stipules obsolete. Ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 
 
 5. Briiiiiitcliia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the i>e(liccl. Tendril. 
 
 climber. 
 
 1. POLYGONUM, L. Kxotweed. 
 
 Calyx mostly .5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with- 
 ering or persistent and surroimding the lenticular or 3-angidar achenium. Sta- 
 mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside 
 of the albumen and curved hall-way around it ; the radicle and usually th6 cotyl- 
 
POLYGONACK^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 415 
 
 edons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Our.s all herbaceous, nowerin^? thron;;!) Into 
 summer and early autumn. (Name composed of ttoXv, inaiii/, and ■ydi'i;, knee, 
 from the numerous joints.) 
 § 1. BISTORTA, Tourn. Calijx petal-Uhe, dee],!:/ v,-rhfl : stamens 8 or 9 : *■////(.» 
 
 3, slemhr : arlien'ium 3-sided: stems low and sim/Aa J'rom a thick and icaudj 
 
 crcppiivj rootstoch : Jloiccrs in a Sjnke-like raceme. 
 
 1. P. Viviparum, L. (Alpixe Bistort.) Smooth, dwarf (4'-8' liigli), 
 bearing .i linear sjiikc of flesh-coIorcd (lowers (or often little red bulblets in their 
 place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, Jscw Hamp- 
 shire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 §2. PEKSICaRIA, Tourn. Califx petal-like, b-j>arted : stirjmas capitate: ache- 
 niuin lenticular, or [when there are 3 sliijmas) 3-sided: cotyledons accumbent and 
 albumen hard and hornij except in A'ci. 2 ; roots jibrous : Jlowcrs crowded in 
 spikes or spike-like racemes. 
 
 * Sheaths some of them irith an abrupt spreading and more or lesa follaceons (some- 
 times deciduous) bordir: tall branching annuals, with panickd and nodding dense 
 cylindrical spikes: Jlowers rose or Jlesh-color : achenium flat. 
 
 2. P. orientXle, L. (Prince's Feather.) Soft-hainj ; leaves ovate or 
 oblong, pointed, distinctly pctioled ; flowers large, bright rose-color ; stamens 7 ; 
 style 2-cleft; cotyledons incumbent; albumen floury. — Si^aringly escaped 
 from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.) 
 
 3. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem (3° -5° high) and peduncles f//aH(//(/o?-7)m//y; 
 leares lanceolate, ronghisli ; flowers jiurplish ; stamens moslly 5 ; style 2-parted. — 
 Shady swamps, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northward. 
 
 * * Sheaths all cylindrical and truncate, without a border. 
 •*- Annuals: spihs oblong or linear, densely Jlowertd: flowers ro.'se or Jlesh-color, or 
 occasionally varying to white, slightly or not at all glandular-dotted : stamens 6 - 8 : 
 styles 2 or 2-cleJl and achenium flattened, except soineliiucs in No. 7, ichich alone 
 has the sheaths at all or more than slightly ciliate. 
 
 4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem (l°-3°high), smooth below, the 
 branches above, and esjicciully the peduncles, beset with brislly-stalked glands; leaves 
 lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins (iV-S'long); sjiikes oblong, 
 obtuse (I' -2' long), erect, thick; stamens mostly 8, somewhat cxserted ; style 2-clefl ; 
 achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places : common. 
 
 5. P. incarnatum, Ell. Nearly glabrous (.30-0° high) ; the peduncles, 
 &c. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands ; sheaths wholly naked 
 and glabrous ; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate 
 (4' -12' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradu:illy from towards the ba.se to a 
 narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (1 j'- 3' long) ; stamens 
 C and styles 2, loth included; achenium with concave sides. (P. nodosum, var. 
 incarnatum, Ed. 2. P. lapathifoiium, Amer. authois, Si-c.) — Wet borders of 
 ponds and streams ; rather common everywhere, especially soutliward and 
 westward. — Flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color, or flesh-color, 
 varying to white. 
 
 6. P. Iapathif61iuni, Ait., is lower, with shorter and muiii less ]>ointed 
 leaves; sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolatc ; sjrikes oblong and blittU ; flowers 
 
416 rOLYGOXACE^. (P.UCKAVIIEAT FAMILY.) 
 
 pale or whitish ; style 2-clr/), or not parted to (lie hose. Wc have, sparingly, var. 
 iNcXxLM, Koch (P. incanuin, ]V<lld.), and only a depauperate form of it, 
 3'-C' high; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, white-downy heneath; spikes barely C" 
 long, erect. — Borders of Cayuga Lake, New York (Cliiclceriiig and Breiar), of 
 Lake Su]icrior {0. B. W/icekr) and farther northward (Buimjrau). — The true 
 P. nodosum, Pns., which connects this species with the next, has not been 
 detected. (Ku.) 
 
 7. P. PicKsicVniA, L. (L.vdt's Thumb.) Nearly smooth and glabrous 
 (12'- 18' high); shcallis more or less bristty-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
 roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar sjyot near the middle ; 
 spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles ; 
 stamens mostly G; styles half 2-5-cl(Jl ; achenium gibbous-flattened or some- 
 times triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places: very com- 
 mon. — Flowers greenish-purple. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 ■•- ■*- Annuals or peretmials : spikes slender, Jiliform, loosely-flowered or inter- 
 rupted: flow?7-s greenish or whitish, sometimes purplish-tingrd : sepals dotted 
 with conspicuous glands: leaves pellucid-dotted : sheaths fringed with bristles' 
 whole lurbai/e pungcntly acrid! 
 
 8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartweed or Water-peitek.) 
 Annual, l°-2° high, smooth; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted; 
 flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6; style 2-3-parted ; achenium c?«//, minutely 
 striate, either ^a< or oblusfly triangular. — Woist or wet grounds; apparently 
 introduced eastward, but indigenous northward. (Eu.) 
 
 9. P. ^cre, H. B. K. (Water Smartvv-ked.) /-"e/pHr/Za/, nearly smooth ; 
 stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2° -5° high; leaves larger and longer 
 than in the last, taper-{X)inted ; spikes erect ; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh- 
 color ; stamens 8 ; style mostly 3-partcd, and the achenium sharply triangular, 
 smooth and shining. (P. punctatum, £■//. P. hydropiperoides, PwsA.) — Wet 
 places : common, especially southward. 
 
 ••-■'-■*- Pf-rennials, not acrid, aquatic or arujihiliious : sepals not glandular-dotted. 
 
 10. P. hydropiperoldes, Miehx. (Mild Water-Pepper.) Stem 
 smooth (l°-3° high), branching ; the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with bristles; 
 leaves narrowly lanceolate ; sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes 
 filiibrm, often interrupted at the base (l'-2^' long); flowers small, flesh-color 
 or nearly white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-clefl ; achenium sharply triangular, smooth and 
 shining. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrunk.) — Wet places, and in shallow water : 
 common, especially southward. 
 
 11. P. amphibium, L. (Water Persicaria.) Stems somewhat sim- 
 ple, and usually terminated by a single ovate or oblong and very dense spike 
 (6" thick) of rather large briijht rose-nd flowers ; sheaths not fringed with bri.s- 
 tles; stamens h; style 2-clefl ; achenium biconvex; leaves varying greatly, from 
 elliptical or cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate. — The ty])ical ])lant is 
 var. aquAticum, Willd. (Var. natans, Ma-nch. P. coccineum, Muhl., &e.), in 
 water, nearly glabrous ; leaves long pctioled, floating, elliptical or oblong, some- 
 times heart-shaped at base ; sjiikes short. — Var. tekuestke, Willd., grows 
 in shallow water, or in wet soil, or even "in sandy prairies" in lUinoia 
 
POLYGONACE7E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 417 
 
 {Dr. Mmd), cither almost glabrous or strigosc-hirsutc ; leaves short-petiolcd, 
 varying f'roiu eloiigatcd-luiiceolatc to lance-ovate and taper-pointed ; spikes 
 cylindrical (1' -3' long) often in pairs. — Common. (Eu.) 
 
 § 3. TOVARIA, Adans. Qtli/x rather herbaceous {rjrei iiish), unegnalli/ 4-parted: 
 stamens 5 : sti/les 2, distinct, rii/id and jiersisteiU on the smooth lenticular ache- 
 niinn: cotyledons ohlony, accnnibent: perennial: Jlowers looseli] disposed in naked 
 lo)ifj and slender s/iikes. 
 
 12. P. Virgini^aum, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (2° -4° 
 high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the 
 base, short-petioled, rough-eiliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical, truncate, 
 hairy and fringed ; flowers 1 - 3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles 
 in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets in rich 
 soil : common. 
 
 § 4. PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA. Characters of the next section, except that the 
 sheaths are truncate, naked and rigid ; t.lie flowers rucemed, soli tury from each trun- 
 cate bract ; pedicels jointed below the middle ; caltjx expandimj and pctaloid. 
 
 13. P. articulatum, L. (Jointweed.) Annual; stem upright, panic- 
 ulately branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; 
 flowers rose-color, crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on re- 
 curved pedicels twice the length of the crowded joint-like bracts ; stamens 8 ; 
 aehenium triangular, smooth and shining. (Polygonella articuhita, Meisner, 
 but has not the enlarged connivent inner sepals, nor the axilc embryo of thav 
 genus.) — Dry, sandy soil ; along the coast and the Great Lakes, and in inter- 
 mediate places in New York. — Singular for its many-jointed spikes or racemes, 
 which are l'-3' long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed on one side. Three inner 
 filaments dilated at the base. 
 
 §4. AVICULARIA, Mcisn. Cuh/x more or less petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 
 3 - 8 ; the fllameids awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base : stifjmas 3, glo- 
 bose, ncarli/ sessile: aehenium 3-sided: coli/ledons incumbent: albumen horny: 
 flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, 2 or 3 together or sonutimes solitary in the 
 axils of the small haves, appearing nearly sessile, sometimes more or less spiked 
 along the leafless summits of the branches : ours all annuals or nearly so : sheaths 
 sc'jrious, usually 2-3-cl(ft or cut-fringed and torn. 
 
 14. P. aviculkre, L. (Knotgrass. Goosi;-gr.vss. Dook-wekd.) 
 Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; stamens chiefly 
 5 in the American, 8 in the European plant; aehenium dull, minutely granular 
 under a lens, enclosed in the calyx. — The commonest weed, in yards, waste 
 places, &c. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. erectum, Eoth. Stems upriglit or ascending; leaves broader (ob- 
 long' or oval) and larger. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer soil or more shaded 
 places : common. 
 
 15. P. maritimum, L. (Coast Knotgkass.) Prostrate, ^/'/kcok.s, with 
 a hard and sometimes woody and jjcrcnnial root; stems very short-jointed; 
 searious sheaths large; leaves /A/t-fo/i'f/, cllii)tical-lancco!ate or narrow oblong ; 
 flowers larger than in the last ; aehenium very smooth and shining. (P. glaucum, 
 
 27 
 
418 POLTGONACE^. (BUCKWIIKAT FAMILY.) 
 
 Nutt. P. avicularc, var. littorale, Ed. 2.) — Sandy sea-beach, Mass. to Virginia 
 and southward : at the north apparently only annual. (P^u.) 
 
 1 6. P. ramosissimum, Alichx. Stems erect or uscending, much branched 
 (2°-4° hi^h), riyid, iiiiiny-striatc ; leaves lanceolate or linear, taperiii;/ into a 
 petiole; sheidlis iiwstlij short; calyx (drying yellowish) 6-parted and with 6 or 3 
 stamens, or 5-partcd and with 4 or 5 btumens ; achmium very smooth and shoiiiu/. 
 
 — Sandy shores iind banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southwaril. 
 Salt marshes, Kliodc Island, Oliie;j. — Larger leaves 2' long. 
 
 17. P. t6nue, Mich.x. SlemsUnder,\tpri(jht, sfKirimjIij branched (a' ~\2' hv^h), 
 sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowlj limar, very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; 
 flowers axillary and loosely spiked on the filiform branches ; achenium smooth and 
 shinimj. — Dry soil, and rocky hills. 
 
 § 6. TINIARIA, Meisn. Calyx 5-parled (rarely 4-parted), (jreenish tinrjed with 
 rose-color or white : stamens mostly 8 : styles or capitate stiijmns .3 and achenium 
 3-sided {except in No. 18) : leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, pet ioltd : sheaths 
 sem icylindrica I. 
 
 * Annuals, erect or somcichut climbing hy the rrjlcrid prickles which beset the angles 
 
 of the stem and jietioles: divisions oj' the (pale rose-colored or white) calyx iiot 
 keeled: bracts chaff-like. 
 
 18. P. arifolium, L. (IIalberd-leaved TEAR-muMn.) Stem grooved- 
 angled ; haves halberd -shaped, taper-pointed, long-petiohd ; flowers somewhat ra- 
 cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-partcd ; stamens C ; styles 
 2, very short; achenium lenticular (large). — Low grounds. 
 
 19. P. sagittatum, L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumh.) Stem 4-angled ; 
 leaves arrow-shaped, short-pet iohd ; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens 
 mostly 8; s/yes 3, slender ; achenium sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds : common. 
 
 — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem'and midrib beneath : these are 
 armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, which cut the 
 hand drawn against them. 
 
 * * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in 
 
 fruit : Jlowers in loose paniclcd racemes : bracts like the stipules. 
 
 20. P. Convolvulus, L. (Black Bindweed.) Annual; stems twining 
 or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halbcrd-hcart-shaped, 
 jiointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-loins keeled; 
 achenium smoothish. — Cult, and waste grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 21. P. cilin6de, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at 
 the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, 
 taper-pointed; racemes paniclcd; calyx-lol>es obscurely keeled; achenium very 
 smooth iind shining. — Copses and rocky hills. Climbing 3° -9° high. 
 
 22. P. dumetbrum, L. (Climbing False Buckwheat.) Pirenniid, 
 smooth; sheaths naked ; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; 
 racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer ralyx-ioUs strongly keeled and in fruit 
 winged; achenium smooth and shining. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. seandens (P. scanden.s, L.) has more paniclcd flowers, and usually 
 much broader wings to the fruiting calyx than the European. — Moist thickets. 
 Twining 8° -12° high over bushes. 
 
POLYGONACE^.. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 419 
 
 2. PAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BucKwriEAx. 
 
 Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parte(l, withering and nearly unehangcd in fruit. 
 Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-si(lc(l, longer than tho 
 calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, wiiich it divides into 2 parts, 
 with very broad and ibliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with 
 triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, scmicylindrieal sheaths, and 
 Cf"-vymbose racemes or panicles of white llowers, often tinged with green or rose- 
 color. (Name, (prjyos, the beech, and nvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain 
 being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from 
 the German iSurfjf, lieech.) 
 
 1. P. ESCULilNTU.M, Mocncli. (BucKwnEAT.) Smootliisli ; flower with 8 
 honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute 
 and entire. (Polygonum Eagopyrum, Z.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed 
 after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Sorrel. 
 
 Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two 
 inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses- 
 sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than llae calyx, sur- 
 rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction 
 from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender. 
 — Low alpine perennia's, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves 
 chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers 
 clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o^vs, sour, in 
 allusion to the acid leaves, like those of Sorrel.) 
 
 1 . O. digyna, Campdera. Leaves all i-ound-kidney-forni, usually notched 
 at the end; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New 
 Hampshire, Oakcs, &c., and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
 4. RtlMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. 
 
 Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base, 
 spreading in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, increasing after flow- 
 ering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often bearing a grain- 
 like tubercle on the back (in fruit called valves). Stamens 6. Styles 3: 
 stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, 
 slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which 
 are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the ])ctiolcs somewhat 
 sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants ; of unknown 
 etymology.) 
 
 § 1. Dock. Fhncers perfct or nwiacioiisli/ poli/ijamoits : lierliotjr not sour: none 
 
 of the liavfs hulbenf -shaped. {Flotariii;/ through the suvimei.) 
 
 * Pereuiiiuls, 2° - 7° higli : ra/res not bearbiy bristles. 
 
 •*- Valvis (larrje, 3" broad, thin) all ntdad or one with a small grain. 
 
 1. R. Patiextia, L. (Patience Dock.) A very tall si)ccies, with ovate- 
 oblong and lanceolate leaves, those from the root 2° -3"^ long, and one of the 
 
420 roLYGOXACE.E. (buckwiikat family.) 
 
 hcfirt-shapcfl nearly entire valves bearing a small grain, or its midrib tbickened 
 at tlic base, was found spontaneous at Aniberst, Mass., by Piof. Tuvkenmin, in 
 tbc form witli undulate leaves, K. oricntaiis, Bcnih. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. B,. longif6lils, DC. (R. donie'sticus, Ilmtm., and too near R. aquat- 
 icus, L.), known by tbc rounded somewbat beart-sbaped valves all witbout a 
 grain, — i.s indigenou.s at tlie nortbwest, pcrbaps in Nortbern Wisconsin. (Eu.) 
 
 ■*- Valves (amuller) one or more of them conspicuousl y f/rain-benring. 
 ■*-*■ Intlirjenoiis: /fares not wavy, none htart-shaped, except the lowest of No. 6. 
 
 3. R, orbieul^tus, Gray. (Great Water-Dock.) Tall and stout 
 (5°-G° lii-li) ; rateinus upriylit in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ; 
 ■wborls crowded ; pedicels cctpillnri/, noddimi, about twice the lemjth of the fruiting 
 calyx ; the vidves orbicular or round-orate, very obtuse, obscurely beart-sbaiwd at 
 base, membranaceous, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticnlate (2" -3" 
 broad), all grain-bearing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at botb ends, 
 transvei-sely veined, and witb obscurely erose-crenulatc margins (tbe lowest, in- 
 cluding the petiole, l°-2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate 
 at base). (R. Ilydrolapatbum, var. 1 Americanus, Ed. 2. R. Britannica, Pursh ? 
 Tiiijelow, Toff. F\. N. Y. R. aqua'ticus, Pursh ?) — Wet places : rather common 
 northward. — Root yellow. Leaves occasionally abruptly contracted a little be- 
 low the enlarging apex. Valves very much rounder, thinner, larger in propor- 
 tion to the grain, and more reticulated than in tbe Eurojican R. Ilydrolapatbum, 
 resembling those of R. longifolius except in bearing a conspicuous grain. 
 
 4. R. Britannica, L. (Pale Dock.) Rather tall (2°-6° high); ra- 
 cemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded ; pedicels noddiurj, 
 shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, 
 obtuse or acutish, entire, membranaceous, loosely reticulated (about 2" broad), 
 one witb a conspicuous grain, the others witb a small grain or tbickened midrib, 
 or naked ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thiekish. obscurely 
 veiny (those of the stem 3' - 6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole), none 
 heart shaped. (R. Claytonii, Campdera, which name is to be adopted if we 
 reject that inconsiderately assigned by Linnajus, who transferred the obscure 
 Herba Britannica of the old writers to a Virginian species. R. xanthorhizus, 
 Uoffmansegg, ex Meisner. R. altissimus, Wood.) — Moist grounds, New York 
 to Illinois and southward. 
 
 5. B. salicifblius, Weinmann. (White Dock.) Rather low (l°-3° 
 high); root white; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong; 
 whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves deltoid- 
 ovate, obtnsisb or acutish (about 1 j'' long), one, two or sometimes all three with 
 a consj)icuous often very large grain : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. (R. 
 pallidus, Bigeiow.) — Salt marshes, coast of New England ; also far westward 
 and northward. 
 
 6. R. vertieill^tUS, L. (Swamp Dock.) Rather tall (3°-:>° high); 
 racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose ; tbe whorls crowded or the lower ones 
 distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times 
 lunger than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, 
 strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain ; leaves lanceolate or 
 
POLYGONACEiE. (BUCK^V^EAT FAMILY.) 421 
 
 oblong-lancftolale, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart- 
 shaped at the base. — Wet swamps : common: 
 
 ■>-*■ •*-* Naturalized weeds : lower leaves mostly heart-sluiptd at the base. 
 
 7. E.. cuispus, L. (CuuLED Dock.) Smooth; leaves luith strongly wavy- 
 curled iiiari/ins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at 
 the base ; whorls crowded in /iroloiiijed ivand-like racemes, lexijiess above ; valves 
 rontid-heart-ahaptd, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. 
 — A very comiuon weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° -4° high, 
 from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. There is a hybrid of this with the 
 next. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 8. R. ODTUSiFOLius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish ; lowfst haves 
 ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy- 
 margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate- 
 holberd-shipcd, and ivith some sharp awl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated, 
 one of them principally grain-bearing. — : Fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 9. E.. coxglomerXtus, Murray. (Smaller Green Dock.) Leaves oh- 
 'long, pointed, sliglitly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; whorls 
 
 distant, leafy ; pedicels very short; valves linear-oblong, raihtr broinhr next the base; 
 obtuse, entire, each bearing a single reddish grain. (R. acutus, jSmith.) — Moist 
 places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 10. R. SASGufNEUs, L. (Bloody-veined Dock.) Leaves lanceolate, wavy- 
 margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and slender 
 leajiess interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, 
 one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or, in var. viridis, green. — 
 Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Annuals, low: valves bearing long awns or bristles. 
 
 11. R. maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely 
 branched ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped 
 at base ; A\horls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ; 
 valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2 -.3 long awn-like bristles 
 on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioules, L.) — Sea- 
 shore, Virginia to Massachusetts : also Illinois and westward. — Plant 6' -12' 
 high ; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-colored fruiting calyx, 
 the bristles usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. Sorrel. Flowers diacious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : herbage sour : 
 some kaves halherd-sha/ied : smooth perennials, flowering in spring. 
 
 12. R. Engelmanni, Ledeb. Stem simple, l°-2° high; leaves nearly 
 as in the next ; pedicels jointed at or below the middle ; valves of the fruiting calyx 
 round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the 
 acheninm. (R. hustnXiitns, Baldwin.) — S. W. Illinois, thence southward and 
 westward. 
 
 13. R. AcETOSELLA, L. (FiELD or SiiEEP SoRREL.) Low (C - 1 2' high) ; 
 leaves lancc-halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; 
 pedicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, oittte, naked. — 
 An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. — The fertile 
 panicles usually turu reddish in summer. . (^at. from Eu.) 
 
422 LAURACK.E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 
 
 5. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Bruxnichia. 
 
 Calvx 5-partcd ; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivcnt and 
 coriaceous in fruit. Stamens 8 : filaments capillary : styles 3, slender : stigmas 
 depressed-capitate. Ovule hanging- on the summit of a slender erect funiculus : 
 the seed erect, 6-grooved. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy all)umcn, 
 somewhat curved. Achenium ol)tuscly triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in 
 the indurated calyx, its base and almost the whole length of the pedicel wingeil 
 on one side. (Named for F. Bninnuh, a Danish naturalist.) * 
 
 1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — A somewhat shrubby smooth jilant, with grooved 
 stems, climbing by tendrils extended from the ends of the branches. Leaves 
 ovate or heart-shaped, jiointed, entire : petioles dilated at base and partly elas])- 
 ing; but no distinct sheath or stipules. Flowers greenish, 2-5 in a fascicle 
 from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal 
 racemes : pedicel jointed near the base. Fruiting calyx with the wing 1' long. 
 — Pulaski Co., S. W. Illinois, Dr. F. Brendd : also soutliwui-d. 
 
 Order 88. L,AURACEiE. (Laurel Family.) 
 
 Aromatic trees or shrubs, icitli alternate simple leaves mostly marked tdth 
 minute pellucid dots, andjloicers with a regular calyx of A or G colored sepals, 
 imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-omded ocary, 
 and mostly feicer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or A uplifted 
 valces. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or 
 drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large 
 almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very numerous in the trop- 
 ies, represented in our district by only five species, in four genera. 
 
 * Flowers perfect, paniclcd : stamens 12, three of them sterile. 
 
 1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of three stamens turned outwrard. 
 
 « ♦ Flowers dioecious, or nearly so : stamens in the male flowers 9. 
 
 2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umhellike racemes Anthers 4-celled, 4-vaIved. 
 
 3. LiiKlera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2- valved. 
 
 4. Teti-aiitliera. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 
 
 1. PERSEA, Gffirtn. Alligator Pear. 
 
 Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry- 
 like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re- 
 duced to a sort of glands: the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the 
 two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted 
 valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees, 
 with persistent entire leaves, and small paniclcd flowers. (An ancient name of 
 some Oriental tree.) 
 
 1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. (Red Bay.) Hoary at least when young 
 with a tine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle 
 bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries 
 dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, i.J — 
 Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. June. — A small tree. 
 
LAUUACE^. (lAUUEL FAMILY.) 423 
 
 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 
 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of 
 stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile Howers 
 with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), 
 supj;ortcd on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with 
 spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu- 
 ous, often lobcd. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled 
 corynibed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. 
 Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.) 
 
 1. S. oflQ-Cinale, Noes. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, 
 soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods: common. April. — 
 True 15° -50° high, with yellowish-green twigs. 
 
 3. LINDERA, Thunbcrg. Wild Allspice. Fever bush. 
 
 Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind 
 Avith 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at 
 the base; anthers 2-cclled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments 
 of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not 
 thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost 
 sessile lateral iimbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; 
 the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and 
 surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named 
 for John Under, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th centur}^ 
 Benzoin, Nets, adopted in Ed. 2, is a much later name.) 
 
 1. L. Benz6in, Meisner. (Spice-busii. Benjamin-bush.) Nearly 
 smooth; leaves ob/onij-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L. Benzoin 
 odoriferum, Nees, & Ed. 2. ) — Damp woods : rather common. March, April. — 
 Shrub 6° -15° high. 
 
 2. L. melisssefblia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves 
 oblon(j, obtuse or heart-sluiptd at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. ( Lauru3 
 mclissaefolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Mic.hr. Benzoin nielissaifolium. Nets.) — 
 Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. April. 
 
 4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Tetraxtiiera. 
 
 Flowers dicccious, with a G-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens 
 in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valvcd : fertile llowers with 12 
 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovarv. Drupe globular. — 
 Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered um- 
 bels. (Name composed of rtrpa, four, and dvdrjpd, antlier.) 
 
 1. T. geniculata, Xees. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow) appearing 
 before the deciduous ()l)long leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; 
 branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 -4-leaved, 
 2-4-flowered; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia 
 and southward. April. 
 
424 ELiEAGXACE.E. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) 
 
 Order 89. TlIYMELEACEiE. (Mezereum Family.) 
 
 SJirubs, with acrid and i-crij lonr/h (not aro7natic) hai-k; entire leaves, and 
 perfect flowers with a regular and .sim/ite colored culijx, bearing usuulhj twice 
 as inanij stamens as its lobes, free from the \-ceUed and \-ovuled ocary, 
 wlilcli forms a berry-like drupe in i'ruit, with a single suspended anatro- 
 pous seed. Kiubryo large: albumen little or none. — A small family, rep- 
 resented in cultivation by Dapiin'e Mezkueum, and one or two other 
 species; in North America only by a single species. 
 
 1 . D i R C A , L. Leatiiekwood. Moose-wood. 
 
 Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely 
 about 4-tootlicd. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the 
 middle, ])rotruded, the alternute ones Ioniser. Style tliroad-forui : stigma capi- 
 tate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A niuch-branched bush, with jointed branehlcts, 
 oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short peti- 
 oles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light 
 yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many diirk- 
 hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. 
 (^IpKrj, the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnfeus to this North 
 American genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently 
 grows near mountain rivulets.) 
 
 1. D. pallistris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps. New England 
 to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° -5° high; 
 the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough, 
 used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In Northern New 
 England also called Wicopy. 
 
 Order 90. EL,iE.lGNACE/E. (Oleaster Family.) 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurf y leaves and mostly dioecious flow- 
 ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or 
 ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and 
 berry-like in fruit, and strictly enclosing the achenium ; and from the 
 following or by the calyx-tube not cohering with the ovary, &c. A 
 small family, represented by only three North American species, only 
 one strictly within our limits. 
 
 1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Siiepiierdi.x. 
 
 Flowers dioecious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvatc in the bud) and 
 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with 
 an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth 
 of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sidcd. 
 — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their 
 axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep- 
 herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 
 
SANTALACEiE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 42J 
 
 1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. (Canadian Shkpherdia.) Leaves elliptical 
 or ovate, nearly naked and yrcen above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty 
 scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red, insijjid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Ver- 
 mont to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Shrub, 3° -6° high ; the branch- 
 lets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales. 
 
 2. S. arg6ntea, Nutt., the Buffalo-Berky of Upper Missouri, has nar- 
 rower leaves, tapering at bjise, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet 
 fruit : probably in Minnesota : sometimes cultivated. 
 
 El^Agnus ARGENTINA, Pursh, the Silver-Berry, Avith oval silvery leaves, 
 and silvery and mealy edible fruit, ditl'ering from Shepherdia in its perfect flow- 
 ers with only 4 stamens, — abounds not far beyond our northwestern limits. 
 
 Order 91. SANTALACE.E. (Sandalwood Family.) 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4-5-cleft calyx valvule in 
 the bud, its tube coherent with the l-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovtdes 
 suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from 
 the base of the cell, but the {indehiscent) fruil always l-seeded. — Seed des- 
 titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al- 
 bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal 
 in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the 
 edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater 
 part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow- 
 ing genera. 
 
 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary 
 with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the 
 edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle 
 of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe- 
 like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the 
 globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous steins from a 
 lather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white 
 flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from KUfxrj^ 
 hair, and /ivdpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which 
 are attached to the anthers.) 
 
 1. C. umbell^ta, Nutt. Leaves oblong, pale (l' long) ; peduncles several 
 and corymbose-dust end at the summit of the stem, several flowered ; calyx-tube con- 
 spicuously continued beyond the ovary, forming a necji to the globular-urn- 
 shaped fruit ; the lobes obiony ; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground : common. 
 May, June. — Stems 8' -10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attach- 
 ments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Staiifflr). 
 
 2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles axillavy, 3 - b-floicered, shorter than 
 the oval leaves ; calyx-tiibe not continued beyond the ovary, the Mies ovate; style 
 short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Sandy shores of Lake Superior and north- 
 ward. — Leaves larger than in the last. 
 
 L & M— 38 
 
426 LORANTHACE^. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 
 
 2. PYRULARIA, Mkhx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. 
 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved; a 
 tuft of hairs at their base iu the male tlowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short 
 filaments, alternate with as many rounded <;lands. Fertile flowers with a pear- 
 shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat sum- 
 mit : disk with 5 glands: style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit 
 fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped ;' the globose entloearp thin. Embryo small : 
 albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and decidu- 
 ous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. 
 (Name a diminutive o( Pi/nis, from the fruit, which in the original species looks 
 like a small pear.) 
 
 1. P. oleifera, Gray. Shrub straggling (.3°- 12° high), nunutely downy 
 when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed 
 at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small and few- 
 flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft. (P. piibera, 37/c/tx. ; a little older than the 
 other specific name, but much less appropriate. Hamiltonia oleifera, Mull.) — 
 Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward through the Allegha- 
 nies. May. — Whole plant imbued with an acrid oil, especially the fruit, which 
 is an inch long. 
 
 Order 92. LORANTHACE.E. (Mistletoe Family.) 
 
 Shrubby plants icith coriaceous greenish foliarie, parmitic on ?ree>", repre- 
 sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its 
 near allies ; distinguished from the preceding family more by the parasitic 
 growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential 
 characters : represented by an American genus nearly allied to Viscum, or 
 true Mistletoe, viz. 
 
 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. False Mistletoe. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under 
 each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- 
 (rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the 
 base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or 
 slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma sessile, 
 obtuse. Berry I-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit 
 of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches 
 of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or 
 only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name com- 
 posed of ^cop, a thief, and bevhpov, tree; because these plants steal their food 
 from the trees they grow upon.) 
 
 1. P. flav6scens, Nutt. (^mekican Mistletoe.) Leaves ol)ovate or 
 oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the si)ike5> in their axils, yellowish ; berries 
 white. (Viscum flavesccns, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and southward, 
 on various deciduous-leaved trees. 
 
) 
 
 CALLITRICHACE^. (WATEK-STARWOUTS.) 427 
 
 Order 93. SAURURACE^E. (Lizard's-tail Family.) 
 
 Herbs, with Jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in 
 spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and loilh 3-5 more or less 
 separate or united ovaries. — Ovules ihw, ortliotropous. Embryo heart- 
 shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — An 
 offshoot of the (tropical) Pe[)per Family, and represented only by 
 
 1. SAURURUS, L. Lizard's-tail. 
 
 Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat 
 fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds 
 usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped con- 
 vergiug-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules; flowers (each with a 
 small bract) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal 
 spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from (raiipos, a lizard 
 and ovpti, tail). Bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel. 
 vr'Vl. S. c6rilUUS, L. Flowers white, in a dense spike nodding at the end ; 
 brae 
 Aun 
 
 ^*^ ^ bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps : common. June - 
 
 Order 94. CERATOPHYELACEiE. (Horxwort Family.) 
 
 Aquatic herhs, with xoliorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary 
 and sessile monoecious flowers tcithout floral envelopes, but with an 8-12- 
 clefl involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a 
 suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled by a highly developed embryo with 4 
 cotyledons! and a cotispicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus 
 
 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornavort. 
 
 Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- 
 nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, 
 in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread- 
 like rigid divisions (whence the name from Kcpas, a horn, and (jivWov, lenf). 
 
 1. C. demersum, L. — Var. commune has a smooth marginless fruit 
 beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the 
 base on each side. — Var. echinXtum (C. echinatum. Gray) has the fruit 
 mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly wing-ed mar- 
 gin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds : common, but rarely seen in fruit. 
 Probably there is only one sjjccics. (Fu.) 
 
 Order 95. CAEEITRICIIACEJE. (Water-Starworts.) 
 
 Small annuals or perennials, mostly aquatics, with opposite entire leaves 
 and axillary monoecious flowers ivithoul any proper floral envelopes, and with 
 a i-lobed and A-celled i-sceded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus Calll- 
 triche (regarded by many botanists, perhaps with good reason, as repre- 
 
428 CALLITRICHACE^. (WATER-STARWORTS.) 
 
 senting the most reduced form of the Halorageae, p. 174. The so-called 
 perfect flower is considered to be a staiuinate and a pistillate, or two stam- 
 inate and one j)istillate naked flowers in the same axil, each of a single 
 stamen or pistil.) 
 
 The elaboration of our species is contributed by Du. G. Engelmanx. 
 
 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Watek-Starwort. 
 
 Flowers moncecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, 
 wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a sin- 
 gle stamen : filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence 
 becomes one-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-cclled 
 ovary, either sessile or pcdicclled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually 
 persistent stigmas. Ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4- 
 lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. 
 Seed anatropous, suspended, filling the cell : cnd)ryo slender, straight or slightly 
 curved, in the axis and nearly tlie length of the oily albumen. — Smooth, or liesct 
 with minute stellate scales (visible only under the microscope), with spatulate or 
 linear leaves, both forms often occurring on the same stem. (Name from KnXor, 
 beautiful, and 6pi^, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted stems of 
 the commoner species.) 
 
 § 1. Terrestrial species. Small annuals, forming tufls on merely moist soil; 
 destitute of stellate scales and cf bracts: leaves uniform, very small, obovate or 
 wedge-shaped, 3-nerved, crowded, provided with stomata : jUament iwt lengthen- 
 ing: carpels connate. 
 
 1. C. Austini, Engelm. Fruit small, broader than high, deeply notched 
 above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length ; lobes of the fruit 
 narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them, wings denticulate ; per- 
 sistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflcxed ; leaves obovate. — 
 On damp soil in open woods, fields and roads, New York and New Jersey ( C. F. 
 Austin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America. April- June. 
 — Half an inch or an inch high : leaves l"-2" long: fruit J'' in diameter. 
 
 C. PEPLOiDES, Nutt. and C. Nuttallii, 7orr. (C. pedunculbsa, Nutt.), — 
 the former with subsessile curiously gibbous fruit, the latter with long-pcduncled 
 fruit with eversed keels, — are southwestern species of this section. 
 
 § 2. Amphibious species. Perennials? with elongated stems [occasionally quite 
 ten-estrial as in the former, or wholly sttbmersed as in the next section) : haves 
 with stellate scales and stomata, the f outing ones obovate and 3-nerved, the sub- 
 mersed linear: flowers usually between a pair of bracts, rarely naked : pollen shed 
 only in the air ; the filament elongating afterwards : carpels in fruit connate. 
 
 2. C v6rna, L. Fruit (-}" long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob- 
 cordate, usually thicker at the base than ujjwards, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled 
 or very narrowly winged upwards, and with a wide groove between them; stig- 
 mas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves 
 crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed iuto a petiole. — Common in stagnant 
 waters, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey north and northwestwai-d. April - 
 
rODOSTEMACEVE. (UIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 429 
 
 Aug. — From a few inches to a foot and more in length: upper leaves 3" -5" 
 long ; lower ones twice as long. A terrestrial form with smaller, narrower, and 
 more uniform leaves (C. brevifolia, Pursh), occurs where the waters recede in 
 summer and fall. (Eu. ) 
 
 3. C. hetaroph^lla, Pursh. Fruit sm.allcr, as broad or broader than 
 high, deeply cmarginate, thick, almost ventricosc, sessile or nearly so, its lobes 
 obtusely angled, wiih a small groove between them ; stigmas as long as the 
 fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often 
 retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. (C. Asagrayi, Hegtimaier.) — 
 Stagnant water. New York to Illinois and southward: common. April -Aug. 
 — Similar to the last, of same size, but with smaller leaves (2" -4" long), and 
 fruit scarcely larger than in No. 1, but much thicker. A terrestrial form (which 
 comes also under C. brevifolia, Pursh) and a submerged one, with linear leaves 
 often an inch long (C. linearis, Pursh), arc not rare. 
 
 § 3. Submersed species. Perennials, entirely under water, with crowded and uni- 
 form linear l-nerved leaves, without scales or stomata : flowers hrarlless, fertilized 
 under tcater : filament not elowjating: carpch se/iarate nearly to the axis. 
 
 4. C. autumn^lis, L. Fruit large, flattened, circular, deeply and nar- 
 rowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very 
 deep and narrow groove between them ; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; 
 leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at tip. — In the St. Law- 
 rence River, near Ogdensburgh (G. W. Clinton), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, 
 Jr.), and northwestward. Aug. -Sept. — Stems 3"- 6" high : leaves 2"- 5" 
 long : fruit variable in size, usually 1" or more in diameter. (Eu.) 
 
 Order 96. PODOSTEIWACEiE. (River-weed Family.) 
 
 Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of 
 Sea-weeds or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers 
 bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2 - 3- 
 celled many-seeded ribbed pod ; — represented in North America by 
 
 1. PODOSTIIMON, Michx. River-weed. 
 
 Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of 
 floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with 
 their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short 
 sterile filaments, one on each side : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. 
 Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valve(l. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick 
 persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name 
 ivomiTovs, foot, awA (rTrnKjiv, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised 
 on a stalk by the side of the ovary.) 
 
 1. P. ceratoph^Uus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a 
 sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare 
 in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. — A small olive-green plant, of 
 firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose stones, ia 
 the manner of a Fw.us, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. 
 
430 KurnoRBiACK>E. (spurge family.) 
 
 OnpER 07. EUPIIOltBI.kCEiE. (Spurge Family.) 
 
 Plaiits usiinl'i/ iritli a viilkij acri'l juice, and moncccious or dioecious Jl on-' 
 crs, mostly apdalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypelalous or 
 monopetaloiis) ; the ovary free ami usually 3-ceUed, with a single or some- 
 times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or 
 branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly 
 a 3-lobed pod, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent 
 axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as 
 long as and the Jlat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. 
 Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world 
 (the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numerously represented in Northern 
 countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very remarkable reduced 
 (lowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates a calyx. Our last genus 
 belongs to the Box-Family, which some botanists of late separate from the 
 Euphorbiacefc, on account of the rha]jhe being on the outer or dorsal side 
 of the suspended ovule, &c. 
 
 * Seeds and ovules only one in each cell. 
 t- St.iminate and pistillate flowers both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in 
 the same cup-shaped involucre, which imitates a calyx, — the whole liable to be mistaken 
 for a sinjrle flower. 
 
 1. Eiiphoi-bia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked 
 
 stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). 
 
 •^ •<- Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a calyx, not involucrate. 
 ++ Stamens erect in the hud. 
 
 2. Jatrophn. Flowers cymose or panicled. Calyx corolla-like, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbri- 
 
 cated in the bud. Stamens 10 or more. 
 S. Stillingta. Flowers in a spike, pistillate at the base. Calyx 2-3-partcd, the lobes im- 
 bricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas or branches of the style 3, simple. 
 
 4. Acalypha. Flowers spiked or glomerate, the pistillate in the axil of bracts. Calyx 3-5- 
 
 parted ; in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly 8 : anthers with 2 
 separate pendulous cells. Stylos or stigmas 3, dissected. 
 
 5. Tragla. Flowers in racemes, pistillate at the base. Calyx in staminate flowers valvate In 
 
 the bud. Anther-cells united. Styles united at the base, simple. 
 ++ ++ Stamens inflexed in the bud. 
 
 6. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-4-) celled. 
 
 7. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlcts. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. 
 
 * * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Calyx imbricated in the bud. 
 
 8. Pliyllaitllius. Flowers axillary. Stamens mostly 3, and usually monadelphous. 
 
 9. Pachysaitdrn. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-i)arted. Stamens 4, separate. 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, incliuled in a ciip-shnped 4-.5-lobcd involucre (floiner of 
 older authors) lesenibling a calyx or corolla, and usually bcarino- larj^e thick 
 {jiands (with or without pctiil-like mar;j;ins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers 
 numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little 
 bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the fila- 
 ment : anthcr-cclls globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of 
 
EUPHOKBIAClCyE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431 
 
 the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3- 
 celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the .stig- 
 mas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 one-seeded carpels, which split elasti- 
 cally into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. — Plants (herbs in the United States), 
 with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the 
 first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after 
 Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.) 
 
 Genus newly elaborated for this work by Dr. George Engelmann. 
 
 A. APPEND I CULAT^. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white 
 or rose-colored, and entire or toothed margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete 
 in No. 1 . 
 
 § 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small, 
 oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly and oft. en fringed persistent 
 stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent: involucres soli- 
 tary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, 
 always with 4 glands : seeds ivithout a caruncle : all our species are annuals, 
 flowering throughout summer and autumn. 
 
 * Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored: leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant, 
 and pale green or glaucous. 
 
 1. E. polygonifdlia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-linear, ob- 
 tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4" -8" long) ; stipules seta- 
 ceousiy divided ; peduncles in the forks of the branches, as long as the petioles ; 
 lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods ob- 
 tusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1" long, the largest of this section). — Sandy 
 shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. 
 
 2. E. G6yeri, Engelm. Procumbent; leaves ohlong-ovate, obtuse, slightly 
 mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3" -6" lon'^J^ ^ stipules 
 setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, at lengtliMn loose foliaceous 
 lateral clusters; glands of the involucre with narrow white or red appendages; 
 pods acutely angled ; seeds ovate, acute at one end (^" long). — Sandy soil, 
 Illinois (Geyer, Vasey) to Wisconsin and Minnesota (2'. J. Hale). . 
 
 The nearly allied E. petaloidea, Engelm., of Kansas and Nebraska, extends 
 into Western Missouri and Iowa, and may cross the upper Mississij)pi ; it is dis- 
 tinguished by its half-erect spreading growth ; longer, narrower, and retusc or 
 emarginate leaves ; peduncles longer than petioles ; larger involucres, tiic broadly 
 campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous ; capsule obtusely angled ; 
 seeds nearly a line long. 
 
 3. E. s6rpens, II. B. K. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; 
 leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only |" - \^" long) ; stipules mem- 
 branaceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than petioles, at length in loose 
 foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands- of the very small involucre with minute crenu- 
 late appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (|" long or less). 
 (E. herniariokles, iVhM. and Ed. 2.) — In rich soil, Illinois, especially in the 
 alluvions of the larger rivers, and southwestward : also advcntive on ballast 
 sand-banks of the Delawai-e near Philadelphia. ( /. Martindale, C. F. Parker.) 
 
432 EUPHORBIA CK.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 
 
 ♦ * Seeds minutrft/ roufjhened, or transirrsdij urinlled, or pitted, osh-colored, Ot- {in 
 the last Sfwrifs) lilnrlcish : Imvcs more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy. 
 
 4. E. serpyllifdlia, Pcrs. Glabrous, prostratc-siprea(liii<,' ; leaves oborate- 
 nlitoiir;, iiariowcil at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate towards the obtuse 
 apex (3" -6" long, often with a red spot) ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; pe- 
 duncles as lon<r or longer than petioles, at length in loose Coliaceous lateral clus- 
 ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ; 
 pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely gtiadrani/utar, slir/htli/ cross-wrinkled and often 
 pitted (nearly %" long). — Wisconsin and Minnesota, and southwcstwnrd. 
 
 5. E. glyptosperma, Engelin. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), 
 erect-sjircading ; liare^ liuear-oblonrj, mostly falcate, Very unequal at base, slightly 
 serrulate towards the obtuse apex (2" - 5" long) ; stipules lanceolate, sctaceously 
 divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands 
 of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ; pods sharply 
 angled ; seeds sharply 4-anf/led and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse ivrinkles (^" long). 
 — Wisconsin {Hale, Lapham) to Illinois, opposite St. Louis, where is also the 
 pubescent form [Eiehl), and southwestwai'd. 
 
 6. E. maeulata, L. Prostrate ; stems puberulent or hairy ; leaves oblong- 
 linear, very oblique at Ijase, sernilate upwards, more or less pubescent or some- 
 times smoothish (4" -6" long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; 
 stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense folia(«ous 
 lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly 
 crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate 
 (I" long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the con- 
 cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh, not L. E. dopressa, Torr.) — Open places, 
 roadsides, &c. : everywhere. 
 
 7. E. liuniistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; Icaiys 
 elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate towards the apex, sparsely 
 hairy underneath (4" -9" long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules 
 lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than petioles, in dense scarcely 
 foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre clejl on the back, its (red or white) appen- 
 dages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely 
 amjled, minutely roughened (.j" long). — Rich soil, in the alluvions of the Missis- 
 sippi and lower Ohio and their tributaries ; and also southward. 
 
 8. E. hypericifblia, L. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or 
 erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovatc- 
 oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (^'-1^' lonfJ^), often with a 
 red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the peti- 
 oles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the end of the branches ; appendages of the 
 involucre entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; jmd glabrous, 
 obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (^" long), 
 blackish. (This character is from the U. S. plant, E. Preslii, Gussone and 
 Boissier, the E. hypericifolia, var. communis, Engelin. The West Indian origi- 
 nal E. hypericifolia, L. (found also in Florida) has more compact and usually 
 lateral inflorescence, smaller flowers and small reddish seeds.) — Open places, 
 cultivated soil : very common. 
 
EUPHORBIACE^.. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433 
 
 § 2. PETALOMA. Uppermost or floral leaves with rompirnous white petal-like 
 margins, whorl ed or opposite, the others scattered: erect annuals, with the leaves 
 equal at the ba^e and entire, and with lanceolate d(ciduous stipules: involucres 
 mostlij ^^-lobid, collected in an umbil-like inflorescence : no caruncle to the seed. 
 
 9. E. jMauginXta, Pursh. Stem stout (2°-3° hiy,h), erect, hairy; leaves 
 sessile, ovate of oblong, acute ; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays ; glands of the 
 involucre witW broad white appendages. — Frequently cultivated in gardens for 
 its showy bimdly white-iuargined floral leaves : native of the plains of Kansas 
 and Nebraska. 
 
 § 3. TITH YM AL6PSIS. Onlij the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite : 
 erect perennials, ivith entire leaves equal at the base : stipules none : involucres 
 mosthi 5-lobed, in thefl)rks of the branches and terminal, in an umbellifl)nn inflo- 
 rescence : seeds without caruncle. 
 
 10. E. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2°-3° high) ; 
 leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3-7-) forked, and 
 the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled ; pod 
 slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds thick (1" long or more), ash-colored, the surface 
 slightly uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, New York to Wisconsin and southward. 
 July - Oct. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the involucre, which ap- 
 pear like five white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved. . 
 
 B. EXAPPENDICULATJE. Glands of the involucre without petal oid appendacjcs. 
 
 § 4. POINSETTIA. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 -5-lobed, with few {or 
 oflen solitarij) cup-shaped (/lands: seed without a caruncle: ours erect annuals, 
 with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all of them or only the upper ones 
 opposite ; the uppermost often colored, especially at the base : stipules small and 
 glandular. 
 
 11. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves ovate, 
 lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2' long), only the lowest ones 
 alternate, all others opposite, upper ones often paler at base; involucres almost 
 sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked 
 glands ; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Penn. to Illinois and 
 southward. July - Sept. 
 
 12. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1°- 3° high), glabrous; leaves alternate, 
 petioled, ovatc-ful die-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and en- 
 tire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper ones usually with a red 
 base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes 
 and a single or few and almost sessile glands : seeds nearly globular, tubercled. 
 (E. cyathophora, ./ficy.) — Slopes and rocky soil, W. Illinois and southward. 
 July - Sept. 
 
 § 5. TITHYMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or cowmonli/ nmbelli- 
 form inflorescence, !j- or usually A-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or 
 crescent-shaped glands : seeds mostly carunculate: ours ascending or erect, and 
 glabrous {except No. \5) annuals or perennials ; ivith entire or serrulate leaves, 
 and no stipules. 
 
 ♦ Perennials with entire kaves, all or only the upper ones opjwsite : involucres tong- 
 G M 19 
 
434 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPVRGR FAMTLT.) 
 
 pednnrhd in a dichotomoiis inJJore.trence, mosdy with 5 obtuse glands : seeds icith- 
 out caruncle. 
 
 3. E. Ipecacuanhse, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular 
 root, erect or (lifTiistly spreading (5'- 10 long), forking from near the base; 
 leaves varying from obovatc or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, gla- 
 brous ; peduncles elongated (^'-1' long) ; pod longpedicelled, obtusely angled, 
 nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy 
 soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. May- July. 
 
 » * Perennials or mostly annuals, with serrulate or rarely entire scattered leaves, only 
 the floral leaves in the unilieUiform inflorescence whorled or opposite and qfdifler- 
 enl shape: glands oftlie involucre mostly 4, transversely oval, obtuse. 
 ■*- iSecds smooth and even : pod warty or rough. 
 
 14. E. Datlingt6nii, Gray. Tall perennial (2° -4° high); leaves entire, 
 minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ; 
 the floi-al ones oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate 
 base; umbel 5- 8-raycd, then simply forked; pod minutely warty ; large globular 
 seed with a small caruncle. (E. nemoralis, Z>ar/., not of Kitaibel.) — Copses, 
 Penn. and southward along the mountains. July -Sept. 
 
 15. E. PLATYPiiYLLA, L. Ercct annual (8'- 18' high); upper stem-leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered 
 hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-raycd ; involucre 
 with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the ovary, united at 
 the base, slightly 2-cIpJI; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the Great 
 Lakes and the St. Lawrence to L. Champlain. June -Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 16. E. obtUSkta, Pursh. Erect ann»a/ (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong-spatu- 
 lafe, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones 
 ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then 
 into 2; involucre ivith naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles distinct and 
 longer than the ovary, rcct, 2-rlefl to the middle; pod beset with long Avarts. — 
 Damp woods, Virginia to Illinois. May- July. 
 
 -t- •*- Seeds rugose or rc*iculated : leaves serrulate: annuals. 
 
 17. E. dictyosp6rma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8'- 18' high); 
 leaves oblong- or obovatc-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper 
 ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, 
 slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucre 
 •with nearly naked lobes and sm«// almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the 
 ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. Arkan- 
 skna, Engelm. ^- Gray.) — Prairies and roadsides, Kentucky (Short), and west 
 and southwcstward. May -July. 
 
 18. E. Heliosc^pia, L. Stems ascending (6'- 12' high), stout; leaves all 
 dmvate and very rounded or retuse- at the end, flnely serrate, smooth or a little 
 hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, 
 or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked; jmd smooth and even; seeds 
 with coarse honeycomb like reticulations. — Waste places, especially eastward and 
 along the Great Lakes. July- Sept. (Nat from Eu.) 
 
EUPHORBIACK.^.. (SPUKGIC FAMILY.) 435 
 
 * * * Pcrcnttials or annuals ; ours with evtire and scalteirxl leavef:, only the Jloral ones 
 
 in the unibfl-like iiiflorcitcence whurled or op/)osite and of different shape: glands 
 of the involucre mostli/ 4, crescent-shaped or 2-horned. 
 
 I- Sf.eds smooth and dark-colored : perennials, with runniufj roolstocks. 
 
 19. E. EsuLA, L. Stems clustered (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; the 
 floral (yellowish) broadlj/ heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays, 
 then forking; glands short-horned (brown); jsods smoothish and granular. — 
 Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 20. E. CvPARfssiAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6'- 10' high) ; stem-lcares 
 liiirar, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent- 
 shaped; [¥)ds granular. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, in a few places in 
 Kew England. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 +~ H- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored : pod smooth: aruutals or biennials. 
 
 21. E. Peplus, L. Erect or ascending (.5' -10' high) ; leaves petioled, thin, 
 round-ol)Ovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands 
 long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crestsd on the back ; seeds 2-grooied on the 
 inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over half a line long). — Waste places east- 
 ward : not common. July, Aug. 
 
 22. E. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de- 
 cumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the 
 upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long.; umbel 3-forked ; glands 
 with slender horns ; pod ohtusely angled, creslless ; seeds ovate, jiittfd all over (a line 
 long). (E. Ohiutica, Stcudel ^' Hochslelter.) — Along streams and shady slopes, 
 from Virginia towards the mountains to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and westward- 
 May, June. — Leaves often persistent over the winter on sterile shoots, turning 
 red. Larger i^ all its parts than E. Peplus, with which it has been confounded ; 
 but the characters of the pod and seeds readily distinguish it. 
 
 * * * * A glabrous annual or biennial, with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an 
 
 umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands : seeds carunculate. 
 
 23. E. LAtiiyris, L. Stem stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or ob- 
 long, the floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-i-ayed, then forking. 
 — Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. JATROPHA, L. (Cnidoscolus, Pohl., Ed. 2.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the 
 fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate 
 flowers often salver-shaped, S-lobed ; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or 
 convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or in 
 our species none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, 
 in 2 or more whorls : filaments monadelphous at the base. Ovary mostly 3- 
 celled : styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Pod 3-celled, 
 3-seedcd, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial 
 lierbaccous or shrubby pla»its, chiefly trojjical, witli alternate mostly long- 
 pctioled palnuitely-veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the section 
 Cnidoscolus; of ])lants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by 
 Linnaeus to be formed of larpui/, a rcmcdij, and (^ayu, to cat.) 
 
436 EuniORBiACK^. (spruoK family.) 
 
 1. J. ixrens, L, var. stimulbsa, J. Miilkr. (Tread-soi-tly. Spurge- 
 Nettlk.) Herbaceous, from a lonir perennial root, branching (6'- 2° hijili) ; 
 leaves roun(lish-heart-siiai)cil, 3 -5-lobeil ; the divisions toothed, cut, or even pin- 
 natitid, often discolored ; flowers slender ; tilanicnts 10, nioiiadelphons only at 
 the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. stiniulosa, Micli.r. C'ni- 
 doscolus stiniulosus, Ed. 2.) — Dry sandy soil, Virginia on the coast, and south- 
 ward. June - Sept. 
 
 3. STILLINGIA, Garden. Stillixgia. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of 
 the disk none. Caly.x 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. 
 Stamens 2 or 3 : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Style thick : stigmas 3, di- 
 verging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth 
 upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base; the 
 fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the 
 bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. StiUiniiJieet.) 
 
 1. S. sylvatiea, L. Herbaceous (l°- 3° high); leaves almost sessile, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry 
 soil, E. Virginia and southward. June -Sept. 
 
 4. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 Flowers moua?cious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few 
 or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx 
 of the sterile flowers 4-partcd and valvate in the bud ; of the fertile 3-5-parted. 
 Corolla none. Stamens 8-16: filaments short, monadelpTious at the base: 
 anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the 
 filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Pod 
 separating into 3 globidar carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one 
 carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, with the appear- 
 ance of Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. 
 Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a 
 large and leaf-like cut-lobed ]K'rsistent bract. ('AKaX»)(^r;, an ancient name of 
 the Nettle.) 
 
 * Fniit smooth or mei-eh/ pnhescent : seeds nearlij s))iooth. 
 
 1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely 
 serrate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the 
 deeply pahnately-cleft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places : common. 
 July -Sept. — A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often 
 turning ])ur])lish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the 
 small and short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts large and leaf-like, unequally 
 cut into !)-9 lanceolate lobes. — Passes by various forms (belonging to var. 
 
 INTERMEDIA, ./. Mull.) iutO 
 
 Var. gracilens, with lanceolate or even linear leaves, less toothed and 
 shoriir-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often I'long, and miu-h surpassing 
 the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. (A. gracilens, Ed. 1 ^ 2. A. Vir- 
 giniana, var. gracilescens, J. Miill. A. monococca, Enydm., a reduced form with 
 
EUPHORBIACE^. (srUKGE FAMILY.) 437 
 
 two cells of the ovary abortive.) — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois, 
 and common southward. 
 
 * * Fruit erhinate ivith soft brislly green projections : seeds roitrjh-wrinkled. 
 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt., Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and 
 closely serrate-tootlied, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, 
 axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut 
 into many linear lobes. (A. ostryaefolia, Riddetl.) — New Jersey (Princeton, 
 Tonry), Ohio, and southward. 
 
 5. TRAGI A, Plumier. Tragia. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Sicr. Fl. Calyx 3-5- (chiefly 
 .3 ) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 : filaments short: anther-cells 
 united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3- 8-partcd, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted; 
 the branches 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 
 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants 
 (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly 
 alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the 
 leaves ; the* sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. 
 (Named for the early herbalist Boch, latinized Trufjus.) 
 
 1. T. innocua, Walt. Erect, paniculate-branched, suftlu hairy-pubescent 
 (6' -12' high) ; /eaivs varying frojn obovate-oblong to narrowly \ineiiv, acute at 
 the base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or loljcd, sometimes entire, short-peti- 
 oled or sessile, paler beneath; stamens 2. (T. urens, L., having been discarded 
 as a false name, the next oldest, and a good one, is adopted, rather than the 
 recent one of T. discolor, Miiller.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Virginia and south- 
 ward. May -Aug. 
 
 2. T. urticsefdlia, Michx. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute 
 ■with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or trinngular-lanceolafe, or the lower 
 ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-ptti- 
 nled. — Virginia (Puish), and common southward. 
 
 3. T. macrocarpa, W^illd. Twining, somewhat hirsute, not stinging; 
 Itai-es deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long- 
 jietioled (pod ^' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky [Michaux,) and south- 
 ward. — Apparently quite distinct. 
 
 6. CROTON, L. Croton. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, rarely dia?cious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or 
 spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbri- 
 cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, but mostly small or 
 rudimentary, hypogynous, as many as the divisions of the calyx. Glands or 
 lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Rccc])tacle usually 
 hairy. Stamens 5 or more : filaments with the anthers inflcxed in the bud. 
 Fert. Fl. Calyx .5-10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers : but 
 petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary mostly 3-celled, rarely 2-celled, with 
 a single ovule in each cell : styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod .')- 
 (rarely 2 -4-) celled, separating into as many 2-valved I-seeded carpels. Seeds 
 
438 BUpnoRBiACH.«. (spurge family.) 
 
 carunculate. — Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or liairy and glnndular plants, mostly 
 strong-scented ; tlic sterile flowers above ; the iertilc usually at the base of the 
 same spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes iiniicrfectly opposite, 
 with or without obvious stipules. (Kporwc, the Greek name of the Castor-oil 
 riant, of this family.) 
 
 § 1. GEISELERIA, Klotzseh. Sterile flowers mostly with a 4-parted calyx, 
 as many orate.-loimulate petals, a A-raijed disk, and 8 stamens: Ji-rl He floweis 
 with a 5-parted culi/x, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 
 3 styles 2-clefl. 
 
 1. C. glanduldSUS, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1° - 2° high), 
 somewhat iimijcUately branched ; leaves oblong or lincar-oi)long, obtusely toothed, 
 the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile flowers capitate-clus- 
 tered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the i'orks and terminal. — Open 
 waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 
 
 § 2. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzseh. Sterile flowers with the calyx 'qnally 5- 
 parted, as many (/lands ulternaie with the petals, and 10-14 stamens: flrtile 
 flowers with a 7-l2-jiarted calyx and vjithout petals; the 3 styles twice or 
 thrice 2-parted. 
 
 2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat 
 glandular (l°-2° high), branched; leaves long-pctioled, lanec-oblong or elon- 
 gated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely 
 fimbriate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter- 
 minal sterile spike. — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Tine 
 barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern ! July - Sept. 
 
 §3. GYNAMBLOSIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, A7o^rsc/(.) Sterile flowers with 
 an unequally 3 - 5-parted calyx, and us many petals and scale-like glands ; the 
 stamens varying from 3-11: flirtile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx, 
 and with no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-3-celled ovary, crowned with as many 
 sessile 2-parted stnjmas. 
 
 3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubcsccnt and 
 rusty-glandular; stems (l°-2° high), slender, erect, below often umbellately 
 3-4-forkcd, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong- 
 ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6"- 12" long, about twice 
 the length of their petioles) ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the sum- 
 mit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly soli- 
 tary on short recurved peduncles; stamens 3-8; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often 
 by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded ; the seed broadly oval. (C. elh'pticum, Nutt. 
 Engelinannia Nuttalliana, /l/otec/j. Gynamblosis monanthogyna. Ton-.) — 
 Barrens, and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and west- 
 ward. June - Sept. 
 
 (C. EUTRfGYNUs, as It mnv be named, is the related Texan species, — with 
 more silvery down, rounder leaves on longer petioles, 7-12 stamens, more pe- 
 duncled fertile flowers, and a 3-celled ovary generally ripening 3 oblong-oval 
 seeds, — mentioned by Torrey as a possible variety of this, and taken by 
 Baillon and Miiller for C. ellipticus of Nuttall.) 
 
 i 
 
EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 439 
 
 7. CROTONOPSIS, Miclix. Crotoxopsis. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the 
 lower fertile. Ster. FL Calyx equally S-parted. Petals o, spatulate. Sta- 
 mens 5, opposite the petals : filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at 
 the apex. Fed. Fl. Calyx unequally 3-5-parted. Petals none. Glands 
 (petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovulcd, bear- 
 ing a twice or thrice forked style. Pruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1 -seeded. 
 — A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or 
 elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery 
 hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as 
 the branches, &e. (Name compounded of KpuTo)v, and oy^is, appearance, for a 
 plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.) 
 
 1. C. line^l'is, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, New Jersey (Knieskern, C. E. 
 Smith), Bristol, Pennsylvania (E. DijfeHiam/Ii), Illinois, and southward. July- 
 Sept. The form with shorter and broader leaves is C. elh'ptica, Willd., and C. 
 arge'ntea, Parsh. 
 
 8. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Phyllanthus. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-partcd, imbricated in the 
 bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 
 in each cell of the ovary. Pod depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds 
 not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name com- 
 posed of (pvXXov, kiif, and (iudos, bhssoni, because the flowers in a few sj)ecies 
 are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.) 
 
 1. P. CarolinensiS, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves 
 ■obovate or oval, short-petiolcd ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, 
 one staminate, the other fertile ; calyx 6-parted ; stamens 3 ; styles 3, each 
 2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Gravelly 
 banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and southward. July- Sept. 
 
 9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Pachtsandra. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-partcd. Petals none. Ster. 
 FL Stamens 4, separate : filaments long-exserted, thick and flat : anthers ob- 
 long-linear. Fert. FL Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, 
 stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, 
 with the rhaphc dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Pod deeply 3-horned, 
 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seedcd carpels. — Nearly glabrous, 
 low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alter- 
 nate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at the base into a petiole. 
 Flowers each 1 -3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, 
 unpleasantly scented: sepals greenish or purplish: filaments white (the size 
 and thickness of the latter giving the name, from naxvs, thick, and <"v8pa, used 
 for stamen). 
 
 1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap- 
 proximate leaves at the summit on slender jietiolcs, and a few many-flowered 
 spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. 
 
440 EMPETRACK^, (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 
 
 (P. erecta, Raf., BaiUon, is the same.) — Woods, mountains of Kentucky, W. 
 Virginia, and southward. March - May. 
 
 OuDER 98. EITIPETU.4CE.I:. (Crowberry Family.) 
 
 Low shruhbi/ evergreens, icitJi the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of 
 Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or 
 laciniate stigmas, &c. of some Eiiphorbiacea; : — probably only an apctalous 
 and polygamous or dioecious degenerate Ibrra of Ericacea?, — comprising 
 three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the 
 third further south. 
 
 1. EMPETRUM, Touni. Crowbekrt. 
 
 Flowers polygamous, scattered and .solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon- 
 spicuous), scaly-hracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. 
 Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6-9-rayed. Fruit a berrv-like drupe, 
 with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo 
 terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very 
 small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from iv, upon, and ntTpos, a rock.) 
 
 1. E. nigrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) Procumbent and spreading ; 
 leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the mountains 
 of 2sew England and New' York, Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 2. CO RE MA, Don. (Buoom-Ckowberrv.) 
 
 Flowers dicecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil 
 of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and searious imbricated bractlets, but no 
 proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- 
 (or rarely 4-5) cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 
 (rarely 4 -.5) nutlets. Seed, &e. as in the last. — Diffn.sely much-branched 
 little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. 
 (Name Koprjfia. n hrnom, from the bushy aspect.) 
 
 1. C Conradii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very 
 small, dry and juicoless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr. Tuckermania, AT/otocA. 
 Oakesia, Tnckennnnn.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places. New Jersey ; 
 Long Island ; Plymouth and Cape Cod, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of 
 Penobscot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high : 
 the sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments 
 and brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Clilor. Bor -Am. t. 1.) 
 
 Order 99. UBTICACE^. (Nettle Family.) 
 
 Plants with stipules, and monacious or dioecinus, or rarely (in the Elm 
 Family) perfect Jlowers, furnithed ivith a regular calyx, free from the 1- 
 celled (rarely 2-cclled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in 
 the albumen when there is any, iu> radicle pointing upwards; stamens as 
 
URTICACK^. (nettle FAMILY.) 441 
 
 many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Coty» 
 ledons usually broad. Stipules often deeiduous. — A large order (far the 
 greater part tropical), comprising the following suborders, viz.: — 
 
 Suborder I. ULITIACE^. P:lm Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous. Filaments straight op 
 m««derately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara 
 or drupe. Seed suspended. — Ti-ees, with a watery juice (no active or 
 no.\iou3 properties), and alternate leaves. 
 
 * Fruit dry, winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse. 
 1. riinus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, winged. 
 2 Planera. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit wiugless, nut-lilie. 
 * * Fruit a drupe : anthers Introrse. 
 
 3. Celtis. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled. 
 
 Suborder II. ABTOCARPEiE. Bread-fruit & Fig Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads; 
 the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-) 
 celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2. 
 — Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous) 
 juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens Inflexed in 
 the bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe 
 More.e. 
 
 4. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Calyx berry-like in fruit. 
 
 Suborder III. URTICEyE. Nettle Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and 
 inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower 
 opens. Style or stigma simjile. Ovary always 1-celled, with an erect or- 
 thotropous ovule, forming an achenium In fruit. Embryo straight in the 
 axis of albumen. — Herbs (or In the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a 
 watery bland juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves: 
 many are armed with stinging hairs. 
 
 « Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals. 
 1- Plant beset with stinging bristles. 
 
 5. Urlica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straiarht and erect, en- 
 
 closed by the 2 inner .^nd larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite. 
 
 6. Lnpoi-lea. Sepals b in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two 
 
 exterior minute and obscure. Arheniuui very oblique and bent down, nearly naked. 
 Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate. 
 
 ■1- I- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. 
 
 7. Pllea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small 
 
 Achenium partly naked, s-traight and ertct. Stigma pencil-tufted. 
 » » Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclo.«ing the achenium. 
 
 8. BfEhmerla. Flowers monoecious, glomer.ate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate- 
 
 St \ le long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. 
 0. Parietaria. Flowers polygamous, in iiiTolucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. 
 
442 URTiCACK^. (nettle family.) 
 
 Suborder IV. CAN^ABINE^E. (Hemp Family.) 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; the sterile raceuied or panicled ; the fertile in clus- 
 ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx 
 of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, 
 ■with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular acheniuin in iruit. 
 Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs, with a watery 
 juice, mostly opposite and lobed or divided leaves, and a fibrous inner 
 bark (yielding bitter and narcotic products). 
 
 10. Cnnnnbis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 -"-divided. 
 
 11. Hum III lis. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a meiutiranaccous cutkiu iu fruit- 
 
 Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed. 
 
 1. ULMUS, L. Elm. 
 
 Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments. 
 Ovary 2 celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of 
 each cell, rarely 1-celled : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner 
 edge. Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, 
 winged all around. Albumen none : embryo straight ; the cotyledons large. — 
 Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species 
 preceding the leaves, which arc strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and 
 oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu- 
 cous. (The classical Latin name.) 
 
 * Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate : leaves very rour/h above. 
 
 1. U. ftilva, Mich. (Slippery or Red Elm.) Buds before expansion 
 soft-downy witii rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly 
 serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly 
 rough downwards; branchlcts downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit 
 (8" -9" wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil from \V. New England to 
 Lake Superior and southward. March, April. — A small or middle-sized tree, 
 with tough reddish wood, and a veiy mucilaginous inner bark. 
 
 * * Flowers on slender droopinrj peduncles or pedicels, which, are jointed above the 
 
 middle: fruit ovate or oval, frinffed-ciliate : leaves smooth above, or nearly so. 
 
 2. U. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (American or White Elm.) 
 Buds and branc.hkts glabrous ; branches not corky ; leaves ohovatcoblong or oval, 
 abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-pubescent 
 beneath, or soon ^Xnhrous; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish 
 lobes ; fniit ylabrous except the margins (i' long), its sharp points incurved and 
 closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich .soil. April. — 
 A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable, usually with spreading 
 branches and <lrooping branchlets. 
 
 3. U. racemdsa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Bnd-srales downy- 
 ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as arc the young branchlcts ; branches often icilh 
 corky ridi/es ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ; 
 flowers racenied; fruit much as in the hist, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. 
 New England to Wisconsin and southward. April. 
 
URTICACE^. (nettle FAMILY.) 443 
 
 4. U. alita, Michx. (Whaiioo or Winged Elm.) Bnd-sailcs atidhianrh- 
 lets nearly (jl all OHS ; bianchis corky-ii'inged, Sit least some of them; leaves downy 
 beneath, ovate-oblong- and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thiekish, small {\'-2h' lon^:) ; 
 calyx-lobes obovatc ; fruit downy on the face, at least when youn<i^. — Virginia 
 to Illinois, and southward. Rlarcii. — Wood tine-grained, valuable. 
 
 2. PLANERA, Gmelin. Planek-tree. 
 
 Flowers monaciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 -5. Ovary 
 ovoid, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which arc stigmatose 
 dow'.i the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Al- 
 bumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, 
 the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J- 
 Planer, a German botanist.) 
 
 1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit 
 stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, Ken- 
 tucky (Mic/iuux) and southward. April. 
 
 3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-tree. Hackberrt. 
 
 Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 
 5-6. Ovary 1-celIed, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and 
 pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing 
 a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed, 
 petioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or 
 in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate 
 only, in little fascicles, or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. 
 {An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree 
 supposed to have been the food of the Lofopharji.) 
 
 1. C. OCeidentalis, L. (Slgarberry. Hackberrt.) Leaves reticu- 
 lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-jjointed, usually conspicu- 
 ously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, sharply serrate, sometimes 
 sparingly so or only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, 
 usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish, 
 turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the 
 petiole. (Also C. Audibertiiina, 5/;ncA., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, New- 
 England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or middle-sized 
 tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird- 
 cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var. pumila. Low 
 and straggling (4° -10° high); leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly 
 acuminate. (C. pumila, Purs/i.) River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland south- 
 ward. — Var. crassif6lia. A tall or low tree ; leaves thicker, usually serrate 
 all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale beneath. (C. cras- 
 sifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and wcstwia'd. 
 
 2. C. Mississippiensis, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed, 
 rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. integri- 
 folia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky, Illiuois? and southwestward. — Even this proba- 
 bly runs into the last. 
 
444 URTICACE^. (nettle family.) 
 
 4 . M 6 R U S , Tourn. Mclberrt. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary and 
 catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastical- 
 ly expanding. Ovary 2-eelled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing^ : styles 2, 
 tlircad-form, sti{i:matie down the inside. Aeheniiun ovate, compressed, covered 
 by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a thick- 
 ened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice and 
 rounded leaves : sterile sjiikes rather slender. (Mopta, the ancient naine.j 
 
 1. M. rtlbra, L. (Red Mulberry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, routjh 
 al)ore, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ;. flowers frequently 
 dioecious ; /)«i< dark purple, long. — Rich woods, New England to Illinois and 
 southward. May. — Small tree, ripening its blackberry-like iruit in July. 
 
 2. M. Alba, L. (White Mulberry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, 
 acute, serrate, sometimes lobcd, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous 
 near houses : introduced for feeding silk-worms. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 5. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, or rarely dia-cious ; clustered, the clusters mostly in ra- 
 cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Ft. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around 
 the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer 
 smaller and spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and 
 enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened aeheniura. Stigma sessile, cap- 
 itate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite: 
 stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish ; in summer. (The classical 
 Latin name; from uro, to burn.) 
 
 * Perennials: flower-clusters in hranching panicled spikes, often dicecious. 
 
 1. U. gracilis, Ait, Sparingly hristlu, ^\cm\cr (2° -(,°\\v^h); leaves ovate- 
 lanceolaie, pointed, serrate, 3 - 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely hcart-shnped 
 base, almost glabions, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly ; spikes slender 
 and loosely panicled. (U. prbcera, Willd.) — Fence-rows and moist ground: 
 common. Stings few. 
 
 2. U. DioicA, L. Very bristly and stinging {2° -3° high); leaves ovate, heart- 
 shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy underneath as well as the upper part of 
 the stem ; spdes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, chiefly eastward. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 » * Annuals : flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous. 
 
 3. TJ. URESS, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate 
 with long spreading teeth, the terminal not longer than the lateral ones ; flower- 
 clusters 2 in each aril, small and loose. — Waste groimds, near dwellings, east- 
 ward: scarce. Plant 8'- 12' high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 4. TJ. Chamsedryoldes, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the 
 upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in 
 each axil, and spiked at the summit. (U. gracilis & U. verna, liaf. U. purjni- 
 rasccns, Nntt.) — Alluvial shaded soil, Kentucky and southward. — Slender, 
 6' -30' high, sparsely beset with stings. 
 
URTICACEJE. (nettle FAMILY.) 445 
 
 6. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle. 
 
 Flowers mona-cious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely 
 spreading and cliicHy or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Stcr. Fl.. 
 Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4 
 sepals, the two outer or one of tliem usually minute, and the two inner much 
 larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down o!ie side, persistent. Achc- 
 nium ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflcxed on the winged or margined pedicel, 
 nearly naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate 
 leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for M. LaiMile.) 
 
 1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather- 
 veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent; stipule single, 
 2-ck'ft. (U. Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods. July- 
 Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
 
 7. PI LEA, Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert. 
 Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal : a rudiment of a stamen commonly 
 before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Ache- 
 nium ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly gla- 
 brous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules ; the staminate 
 flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal 
 of the fertile flower in the origin.il species, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the 
 Eomans, which partly covers the achenium. In our solitary species the thi'ee 
 sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded. ) 
 
 1. P. piimila, Gray. (Richweed. Clearweed.) Low (3'- 18' high) ; 
 stems smooth and siiining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed , 
 3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the 
 fertile flowers lanceolate, .scarcely unequal. (Urtica pumila, L. Dubrueilia 
 pumila, Gaudichaud. Ad'icc pumila, Raf.) — Cool and moist shaded places. 
 July - Sept. 
 
 8. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the 
 fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the 
 ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. 
 Achenium elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compres.sed 
 calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Bohmer, Professor at Wittenberg in 
 the last century.) 
 
 1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish; stem (l°-3° high) 
 simple ; leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ser- 
 rate, 3-nerved, long-petioled; stipules distinct; flowers dio-cious, or the two 
 kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated 
 axillary spikes, the sterile internqjted, the fertile often continuous. — A state 
 with alternate leaves is B. lateriflora, Mu/il. — Moist or shady ground: very 
 common throughout. 
 
446 uRTiCACE^. (nettle familt.) 
 
 9. PAKIETARIA, Toum. Pelutory. 
 
 Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staniinatc, pistillate, and perfect in- 
 termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cvmose axillary clusters ; the sterile 
 mueh us in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved 
 calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid aehenium. Style slender or none : 
 stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alter- 
 nate entire .3-ril)bed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because 
 growing on old walls.) 
 
 1 . P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, 
 minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, rougbish with opaque 
 dots ; tiowers shorter than the leaves of the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded 
 rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward. June -Aug. 
 
 10. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 
 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers sjjikcd-clustcrcd, 1-bracted: 
 the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary. 
 Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7 
 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark 
 of very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.) 
 
 1. C. SATiVA, L. (Hemp.) — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from 
 Eu.) 
 
 11. HIJMULUS, L.-- Hop. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and .5 
 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins : 
 bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem- 
 branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achenia 
 invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — 
 Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downwards, mostly oppo- 
 site heart-shaped and palmately 3 - 7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules 
 between the petioles. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth, 
 from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.) 
 
 1. H. Ltipulus, L. (Common Hop.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, and 
 commonly longer than the petioles; bracts, &c., smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, 
 aehenium, &c.. sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, giving the bitterness and 
 aroma of the hop. — Alluvial banks: common northward and westward, where 
 it is clearly indigenous, July. (Eu.) 
 
 Ordeu 100. PLATANACE.*:. (rLAXE-xuEE Family.) 
 
 Trees, icifh watery Juice, alternate palmately-Iobed leaves, sheathing stip- 
 ules, and monacious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute 
 of calyx or corolla : the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished 
 with briitly doion along the base : consists only of the Ibllowing genus (of 
 uncertain relationship). 
 
JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNL'T P'AMILY.) 447 
 
 1. PLATANUS, L. Plane-tree. Bdttonwood. 
 
 Sterile flowers of numcioiis stamens, --.vith club-shapeil little scales intermixed : 
 filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consistnig of inversely 
 pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style i-ather lateral, awl-shaped or 
 thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing 
 a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. 
 (The ancient name, from ir^arvs, broad.) 
 
 1. P. OCCidentalis, L. (American Plane or Sycamore.) Leaves 
 mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobcd or toothed, the short lobes 
 sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial 
 banks : very common, especially westward. May. — A very large and well- 
 known tree, with a white bark, sejjarating early in tliin brittle plates. 
 
 Okder 101. JUGLA^DACE^. (Walnut Family.) 
 
 Treca, tcilh alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; Jlowers monaciou.t, 
 the sterile in catkins (amenis) icith an irre(jidar calyx adnate to the bract; 
 the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed 
 calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 - A-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit 
 a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceans or bony nut-shell, containing a large 
 4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, 
 sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes 
 present in the fertile flo\vt<-s. — A small family of important trees, consist- 
 ing chiefly of the two following genera. 
 
 1. JtlGLANS, L. Walnut. 
 
 Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the preced- 
 ing year; the calyx adherent to tlie entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6-cleft. 
 Stamens 12-40: filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several 
 together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bear- 
 ing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat 
 club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a 
 mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong- 
 scented or rc>inous-aromatic bai-k, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 su- 
 perposed, and the uppermost for above the axil), odd-pinnate leaves of many 
 serrate leaflets ; and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith in plates. (Name con- 
 tracted from Jovis (jlcuts, the nut of Jupiter.) 
 
 1. J. eindrea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
 rounded at the base, downy, cspecudly underneath, the petioles and Immchlets 
 doicny ivilh clammy hairs ; fruit ohlomj, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured 
 and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich woods: common. 
 May: fruit ripe in Sept. — Tree 30° -50° high, with gray bark and widely 
 spreading branches ; wood lighter brown than in the next 
 
 2. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 
 somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower surfaca 
 
448 JUGLANDACK.E. (WALXIT FAMILY.) 
 
 and the petioles mtnuteli/ downif ; fruit xphcriccd, rouj^Iily dotted, the nut corrugated, 
 4-ccllcd at top and bottom. — riith wooils ; rare in llic Eastern, very common 
 in the Western States. Alay : the iruit ripe in Oct. — A larjjc and handsom* 
 tree, with brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish 
 with age. Seed less oily than the butternut, more so than in the European 
 Walnut (J. kkgia). 
 
 2. GARY A, Nutt. Hickory. 
 
 Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins : calyx naked, adherent 
 to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10: filaments short or none, 
 free. Fertile flowers 2-.') in a cluster or short spike, on a j)etluncle terminating 
 the shoot of the season : caly.x 4-toothod : petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, 
 large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry 
 cxocarp, falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or 
 nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-cclled. — Fine 
 timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in 
 spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fer- 
 tile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Ku/jua, an ancient 
 name of the Walnut.) 
 
 § 1. Sterile catkins fuscichd (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from 
 separate lateral scaly buds near the summit i>f sliools.of the prectdiny year: bud- 
 scales few: fruit elonyated-ohlony : the thin-shtlled nut 2-celled below: seed sw'tet : 
 leajfets short-slalked, numeious. 
 
 1. C. olivseformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Minutely downy, becoming 
 nearly smooth ; leaflets 13 - 15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen- 
 der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, from Illinois 
 southward. — A large tree; its delicious nuts well-known. 
 
 § 2. Sterile catkins in threes {or rarefy more) on a common peduncle from the aril of 
 the inner scales of the common hud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the 
 season, which, then beariny S or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers : 
 fruit (/lobular or oral : nut 4-celled at base : leaflets sessile or nearly so. 
 
 * Bud-scales ntniwrous, almut 10, successively enivrappiny ; the inner ones accrescent, 
 becominy thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous: husk of the fruit 
 splittiny promptly into 4 thick (but variable in this respect) and when dry hard 
 or uoody valves : seed sweet and delicious. ( The hickory nuts of the market. ) 
 
 2. C. ^Iba, Nutt. (Shell-bahk or Shag-bark Hickory.) Bark of 
 trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming 
 large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets .5, 
 when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovntc- 
 lanccolate, the loicer pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ; 
 fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globnlar, barely mucronate, the 
 shell thinnish. — Large and handsome tree, furnishing most valuable wood and 
 the principal hickory nuts of the market. 
 
 3. C. microc^rpa, Nntt. (Smai,l-fri;ited Hickory.) Nut as in the 
 preceding, but smaller (7" -9" long), and the husk much thinner; while the 
 foliage resembles that of No. 6 ; the leaflets .5 - 7, oblong -lanceolate glandular under- 
 
CDPDLincuji, (oak family.) 449 
 
 nonth, and the bark of the trunk is said to be close : an uncertain species. — New 
 I'ork to Penn. and southwestward. 
 
 4. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Whstkkn Shkll-bark IIickouv.) Bark, &c. as 
 in No. 1 ; leajiets 7-9, more downy beneatli ; /nut oval or omtc, 4-ribbed above 
 the middle, the husk very thick; nut lanjc (li'-2' long) and usually angular, 
 dull white or i/elloirlsh, thick-walled, usually stroin/li/ po'inttd at both ends. — Pennsyl- 
 vania to Wisconsin and southward. — Seed as sweet as in No. 1. Ilcart-wood 
 light colored. 
 
 5. C. toment6sa, Nutt. (Mocker-nut. White-heart Hkkory) 
 Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, 
 shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomenlose when young, resinous-scented, 
 leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit globular 
 or ocoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridgcd 
 towards the slirjhthj pointed summit, biownish, very thick-shelled, 1' in diameter or 
 smaller, — Dry woods. New England to Virginia, Kentucky and southward. — 
 Wood, &c. as in the lasf seed more oily. — A var. mAxima, of Nuttall bears 
 " fruit as large as an apple," the husk exceedingly thick. 
 
 * * Bud-scales numerous or Jew ; husk ofthefruil thin and rather friable at maturiti/, 
 A-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base: seed more or less bitter : 
 bark of old tnmk not exfoliating. 
 
 6. C. poreina, Nutt. (Pig-nut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in 
 No. .5, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so; 
 leaflets .5 - 7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate : fruit 
 pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (\^' to nearly 2' long), with a 
 thick bony shell ; the oily seed nt first sweet in taste, then bitterish. (C. glabra, 
 Torr. & Ed. 2. Juglans glabra, Wang., Muhl., &c., is much the oldest name, 
 but not quite clear in application. The ordinary forms of the present species 
 arc J. ovata and J. obcordata, Wang.) — Woodlands: common. — Wood very 
 tough : heart-wood reddish or dark-colored : bark of trunk rough. 
 
 7. C. amkra, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small 
 yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and 
 young herbage more or less pul)escenf, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets 
 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrow!}' 6-ridged ; nut 
 globular, short-pointed, -white (barely 1' long), thin-walled; seed at first sweet- 
 tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil: common. — Wood less valued, 
 liusk and iiut-shcU thinner and less hard than in other species: bark of trunk 
 close and smooth. 
 
 Order 102. CUPULIFEBtK. (Oak Family.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, icitk alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, very 
 deciduous stipules, ami mona;cious flowers ; the sterile in calkiiis (laments') 
 (or capitate-clustered in the B*!ech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered or spiked, 
 furnished trith an involucre ivhich forms a cup or covering to the l-celled 
 and l-seeded nut. Ovary more or less 2- 7-celle(l, with 1 or 2 pendulous 
 anatropous ovules in 'each cell; but all the cells and ovules excejit one 
 L & M— 39 
 
450 CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 
 
 <lisapj)oaring in the fruit. Calyx adlierent to the ovary, the minute teeth 
 crowning its summit. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo: 
 cotyledons thick and fleshy, in many edib'e : radicle short, superior. Stip- 
 ules forming the bud-scales. Leaves usually conduplicate in the bud. 
 
 Tribe I. Q,rKRCIIVEj^. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4-7-lobed cnlyx, including 
 3-20 stamens : filaments slender, free, exserted : anthers '2-eelled. Fertile flowers one or 
 few enclosed in a cupule consisting of bracts variously consolidated. Ovary imperfectly 
 3-7-celled, crowned with 3-8 (mostly 6) calyx-teeth, forming a nut {gland), in fruit 
 surrounded or euclo.^ed by the indurated scaly or prickly cupule. 
 • Sterile flowers in slender catkins. 
 
 1. Quercus. Cupule l-flowered, scaly, and entire: nut hard and terete. 
 
 2. Cnstanea. Cupule 2 - 4-flowcrcd, forming a prickly hard bur, 2 -4-valved when ripe. 
 
 « * Sterile flowers in a small head. 
 
 3. Fagiis. Cupule 2-8owered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts. 
 
 Tribe II. CARPIJVEiE. Sterile flowers destitute of true calyx, consisting of several 
 stamens included under and more or less adnate to a bract : filaments short : anthers 1- 
 celled. Fertile flowers in a short spike, catkin, or head, two together under each fertile 
 bract, each with one or more br.actlets, wliich form a foliaceous or membranaceous invo- 
 lucre to the nut. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Seed-coat single. 
 
 * Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of braetlets inside. 
 
 4. Corylus. Involucre enclosing the large bony nut, leafy -coriaceous. 
 
 » * Bract of staminate flower simple : nut small, achenium-like. 
 
 5. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. 
 C. CarpiDUS. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. 
 
 1. QUERCXJS, L. Oaiv. 
 
 Sterile flowers in slender and naked catkins: bracts caducous: calyx 2-8- 
 parted or lobed : stamens 3 - 12 : anthers 2-ccllcd. Fertile flowers scattered or 
 somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-cellcd and 6-ovulcd ovary, with a 
 3-lol)ed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indu- 
 rated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons 
 remaining underground in germination : radicle very short, included. — Flowers 
 greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from tlic same 
 lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our sjiccies. (The classical Latin 
 name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct(jber. 
 § 1. AxxuAL-FRCiTED ; i. c. acoms perfected in the autumn of the Jlist year, home 
 tlarefore on the icood of the season, muallij in the axil of the leaves, and often 
 ruisid on a peduncle; the kernel commonljj sweet-tasted: lubes or teeth of the 
 leiivtsifanijnothriMle-pointed: abortive ovules persistent under the seed : sterile 
 flowers mostly 4 - 6-parted and 8-<indrous. 
 
 * AViiiTii O.VKS. Leaves li/rafe or sinuate-pinnatijid, }>ale beneath. 
 1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or </laucous 
 underneath, hriyht green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or 
 linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hen»s]thei'ical-sai(cer-shaped, rough or 
 tuhercUd at maturity, tuihd, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. — Tiich 
 woods : common. — A valuable large tree. Lobes of the leaves short and broad 
 3 - 5, or 5 - 9 deep and narrow. Acorn about 1 ' long ; kernel edible. 
 
CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 451 
 
 2. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak. Rough or Box White-Oak.) 
 
 Leaves grayish or i/dlowlsli-dowiiy wulerneatk, pale and rouffh aboee, tliiddslt, sinu- 
 ately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much huger and 
 often 1 - 3-notched ; cup deep saucers/taped, naked, one third or half the length of the 
 ovoid acorn. (Q. stellata, Wilkl.) — Sandy or sterile soil : common, especially 
 southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood. Acorn 6" -9" long. 
 
 3. Q. macroc^rpa, Michx. (Buu-O.vk. Over-cup or Mossy-cup 
 Whitk-Oak.) Lmvcs obovate or oblong, Ijratclij-piniiatijid or dtejily sinuale- 
 lobcd, or nearly parted, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly 
 and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody, 
 conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones awned, 
 so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; acorn broadly ovoid (I'-l^' 
 long), half immerstd in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, W. New Eng- 
 land to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwestward. — A handsome, middle-sized 
 tree. Cup very variable, especially in size, from 9" to 2' across. 
 
 Var. olivseformis (Q. olivajformis, Michx.) is apparently a mere state of 
 this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and 
 more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups. 
 
 * * Chestnut-Oaks. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, hut not lobed, except slightly 
 in No. 4, whitish and more or less downy beneath : cup hoary, hemispherical or a 
 little depressed, about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. 
 
 4. Q. bieolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate or ob- 
 long-obovate, iccdf/e-sha/ied at base, coarsely sinuate-creiiate and often rather pin- 
 natifd than toothed, soft-doivny and ivhite-hoary underneath, the main primary 
 veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting pedimcle much longer than the 
 getiole; upper scales of the cup awn-])ointcd, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed 
 margin; acorn scarcely 1' long. (Q. Prinus, var. tomentosa, iV/V^a:. Q. Prinus, 
 discolor, Michx. f &, Ed. 2.) — Low ground : common. A tall tree. 
 
 5. Q. Prinus, L. (Chestnut-Oak.) Zfnivs varying, obovate or oblong, 
 icith nn obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-toothed, minutely downy beneath, the 
 main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting pedun- 
 cles shorter than the petioles, often I'pry short; cup thick (r,"-l2" wide), mostly 
 tuberculate with hard nnd stout scales ; acorn 1' or less in length.- — Dry or moist 
 ground: common southward, scarce northward : a middle-sized or small tree. 
 
 "Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. montana, Willd.) 
 Connects with the next variety, but has large acorns ; the cup is figured and de- 
 scribed as top-shaped : but I have not seen the like when the acorn is well grown. 
 — From Vermont southwa^-d along the upper country. A small tree. 
 
 Var. acuminata, Michx. (Yellow Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. Castanca, 
 Muhl. & Ed. 2.) Leaves slcnder-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usu- 
 ally acute or pointed, mostly 'obtuse or roundish at the base, almost equably and 
 rather sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales, 5''- 
 7" broad; acorn 7" -9" long. — Rich soil, W. New England to Wisconsin: 
 common in the Middle States. — Leaves more like those of Chestnut than any 
 other ; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A 
 middle-sized tree. 
 
^2 CUPULIFER^.. (oak FAMILY.) 
 
 Var. hiimilis, Marsh. (Dwakk Chestnut- or Cuinquapin-Oak.) 
 
 (Q. pumila, Mic/i.r. Q. Tiinus, var. Chincapin, Mkh.r. /., A. DC. Q. pri- 
 noides, ]['H/d. & Ed. 2.) Foliage as in one other of the preceding Ibrnis ; 
 acorns and cups simihir, but mostly smaller (abundant, sessile or nearly so) ; 
 but is a shrub, only 20-4° high; seemingly therefore a distinct species, but 
 MO good character is found. — Poor .«oil, sandy barrens, &c., S. New England 
 ind New York to Wisconsin and southward. {See p. 681.) 
 * * * Live Oak.s. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rareljj spiny-toothed. 
 C. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, 
 hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3- 
 fruited; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one 
 mass. — Coast of Virginia and southward. Farther south becoming a large 
 tree : timber invaluable. 
 
 § 2. Biennial-fruited; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the second year, 
 ther<fure on old wood below the leaves of the season : peduncles short and thick or 
 none: kernel bitter ; the abortive ovules at the apex of the seed : calyx of sterile 
 floweis 2 - 5-parled: stamens 3-5. 
 *. Leaves entire or with a few teeth, or somewhat '3-5-lobed at the summit, coriartous, 
 inclined to be persistent southward, but none of them really everynen at the north, 
 the tips or lobes commonly bristle-pointed : acorns (/lobular, small, at most only 6" 
 long. (Intermediate forms, in certain cases probably hybrids, occur between all 
 these species and some of the next section.) 
 
 ■5- Leaves not dilated upwards, generally entire: acorn globose. 
 
 7. Q. cin^rea, Michx. (Upland Willow-Oak.) Hoariness and shape 
 of the leaves as in No. 6, but commonly more lance oblong or lanceolate, and 
 rather more downy beneath, and the shallow cups and globular acorns as in the 
 next. — Dry pine-barrens, from E. Virginia southward. 
 
 8. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to 
 both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3' -4' long); cup saucer-shaped. — Sandy 
 low woods. Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree 
 30° -50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves. 
 
 9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Laurel or Shingle Oak.) Leaves lan- 
 ceolate-ohlonrj, thickish, smooth and shining above, doivny underneath, the down 
 commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. — Barrens and 
 open woodlands. New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° 
 high ; the wood used for shingles in the Western States, whence the specific 
 name. 
 
 + • -t- Leaves thick, ivide'ning or often much dilated upwards, when they are more or less 
 sinuate or someichat 3 - 5-lobed : acorns globular-ovoid. 
 
 10. Q. aquatica, "Catesby. (Water-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shining, 
 oborate-spattilate or narrowly icedge-form, with a long tapering base, and an often ob- 
 scurely 3-lobcd summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi- 
 spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, &c., Maryland to Virginia and south- 
 ward. — Tree 30° - 40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ; 
 the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-piunatifid ; 
 then mostly bristle-pointed. 
 
CUPULIFKR-iE. (OAK FAMILY.) 453 
 
 11. Q. nigra, L. (Black-Jack or Barren Oak.) Leaves brondJy wedge- 
 sha/ied, but .soiuutiiiies louiRled or obscurely cordate at tlic base, wkltli/ dilated 
 and somewhat 3-Iobed (rarely 5-lol)ed) at the siiininit, occasionally with one or 
 two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty -jjubescent beneath, 
 s^iining above, large (4' -9' lonsj;) ; ch/) top-s/ut/ied, coarse-scaly; acorn short- 
 ovoid. (Q. ferruginea, Mic/ix.) — Dry sandy barrens, New York to Illinois, and 
 southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high. 
 
 •t- -(- -I- Anomalous or occusioinil, /irolmhli/ some or all of them Iiijlirid forms, derived 
 u'holli/ or ill part from the Jbrei/oinij species. 
 
 Q. tridentXta, Eiigelni., arranged by DC. as a var. of Q. nigra, is 
 just intermediate between it and Q. imbricaria. — Near St. Louis, Engelmana. 
 
 Q. QUiNQUELOBA, Engelm., is intermediate between, and probably de- 
 rived from Q. nigra, and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. — St. Louis, Enyelmann. 
 
 Q. L^ANA, Nutt. (Lea's Oak), by its characters and by the foliage of 
 the second generation, communicated by Mr. David Christy, is pretty clearly a 
 hybrid between Q. imbricaria and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoiia. — S. Ohio and 
 Illinois: two or three trees known. 
 
 Q, HETKROPHYLLA, Michx. (Bartram's Oak), lately rediscovered in 
 Delaware and New Jersey, by T. Mecliaii, C. E. Smith, &c. — has laciniate leaves 
 like those of vigorous young shoots of Q. aquatica, to which De Candolle refers 
 it as a variety. It is as likely to be a state of Q. Phellos, with dilated and 
 toothed or cut leaves. 
 * * Black and Red Oaks. Leaves pinnatifid or lohed, and slender-petioled, not 
 
 coriaceous, the tips of the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed. 
 
 H- Mature leaves soft-downy beneath: cup saucer-shaped with a soineivhat top-shaped 
 
 base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn. 
 
 12. Q. ilieifdlia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-Oak.) Dwarf {5°^ 
 8° high), straggling ; leaves obovale, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3-7-) 
 lobed, white-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid, globular, .5" - 6" long. — Sandy barrens 
 and rocky hills. New England to Ohio and Kentucky. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — 
 Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish, with short and triangular spreading lobes. 
 
 13. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Lenvis grayish-doivny or fulvous 
 underneath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prohuqed, 
 mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or 
 sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4" -5" long. — Dry or sandy soil, New 
 Jersey to Illinois and southward. — A small or large tree, extremely variable in 
 foliage; bark excellent for tanning. (Q. triloba, Michx., seems to be a confu- 
 sion of this and Q. nigra.) 
 
 t- t- Mature leaves glabrous on both sid'S or nearly so ; oval, ohlong or somewhat obo- 
 vate in outline, all except some of No. 14 varying from moderately sinuate-pin- 
 natifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late 
 autumn : large trees ; the wood reddish, course-grained. (Apjiarently these species 
 all naturally intercross.) 
 
 14. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Cup top-shaped, or hemispher- 
 ical vnth a conical scaly base ("" - 9" broad ), coarsely scaly, covering half or more 
 of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn. — Leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on 
 
454 CUPULIFERiE. (oak FAMILY.) 
 
 full-grown trees, bright grocn, shining above, turning red in autumn, dcei)ly 
 ])innatilid, the lobes divergent and s])ariugly cut-toothed; acorns G"-9'' long, 
 the kernel and the scar in the cup whitish or yellowish ; bark of the trunk gray, 
 the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil : common. 
 
 Var. tinctdl'ia. (Qlkkcitro.v, Yellow-b-vukki), or Bl.vck Oak. (Q. 
 tinctoria, B(ti1nim.) Leaves, especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnat- 
 itid, sometimes barely sinuate, more menibianaceous, commonly retaining some 
 pubescence on the lower surface, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in au- 
 tumn ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and 
 internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; cup sometimes 
 less top-shaped, rather hemispherical with a conical base, the scar inside orange- 
 colored, the kernel yellowish. But the shape of the acorn-cup and the charac- 
 ter of the bark do not always coincide : and in the figure of the younger Mi- 
 chaux, and in one of the two by the elder, the cup is just that of true coecinea. 
 The foliage, in general, approaches that of Q. rubra. — Rich and poor soil. 
 
 Var. ambigua. (Viiiw 0.\k.) (Q. ambigua, or borealis, Miclix. f.) 
 Found along our northeastern borders to Lake Champlain and nortlnvaid, fig- 
 ured and briefly characterized as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of 
 Q. coecinea. The acorn in rising more out of the cup, also approaches the 
 former. The Oak of Lake Superior, with " wood better than that Of Q. rubra " 
 (Dr. lioWitis) has cup and acorn still more like this last. 
 
 A hybrid Q. coccinea-ilicifolia is found by Dr. Robhins at Northbridge, 
 S. Massachusetts. 
 
 15. Q. rvibra, L. (Red Oak.) Cup saucer-sluiped or flat, with a narrow 
 raised border (9"- 12" in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile 
 or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, veri/ much shorter than the 
 obloiifj-oroid or tHipaoidal. acorn, which is 1' or less in length; leaves rather thin, 
 moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatitid, turning dark red after frost; bark 
 of trunk dark gray, smuothisli. — Common both in rich and poor soil. — Tim 
 ber coarse and poor. In Illinois and southward occurs a form with a deeper cup, 
 more or less conical at ba.sc. 
 
 Var. runcinkta, Engelm. Leaves with less deep and more ascending 
 lobes; fruit nearly half smaller; acorn 7" -9" long by 6" broad; cup with a 
 convex or obscurely top-shiiped base : approaches the next therefore in fruit, 
 but not in foliage. St. Louis, in company with Q. rubra, palustiis and imbri- 
 caria ; ])rol)aI)ly a hybrid. 
 
 16. Q. pallistris, I)u Roi. (Swamp Spanish, or Pin Oak.) Ciipjl'it- 
 saucer-shnprd, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk ; fine-.scaled 
 (5"-7"l)road), fci-i/ viuch shorter than the ovokl-f/lobose acorn, which is .'j"-7" 
 long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. 
 — Low grounds : rather common. — A middle-sized tree : timber accounted 
 better than of the last. 
 
 2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 
 
 Sterile flowers interruiitcdly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins : 
 calyx mostly 6-parted : stamens 8-20: filaments slender: anthers 2-celled. 
 
cupuLiPER^. (oak family.) 455 
 
 Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together m an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx 
 with a 6-]obc(l l)order crowning the 3-7-celled G-14-ovuled ovary: abortive 
 stamens 5 - 12 : stijrmas bristle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts 
 coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the hard and thick 
 very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat phiited, co- 
 hering together, remaining underground in germination. — Leaves strongly 
 straight-veined. Flowers appearing Liter than the (undivided straight- veined) 
 leaves ; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, cream-color ; the fer- 
 tile flowers at the base of the ui)per ones. (The classical name, from that of a 
 town in Thessaly.) 
 
 1. C. vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Ltavesoblong-lanccolaie, pointed, sevratc with 
 coarse pointed teeth, when mature smooth and (jreen both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in 
 each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides : in the American tree, 
 var. AmeiucXna, Michx., leaves acute at the base, nuts smaller and sweeter. — 
 Kocky or hilly woods, Maine to Michigan and Kentucky and southwards, espe- 
 cially along the Alleghanies. June, July. — A large tree, with light coarse- 
 grained wood. (En.) 
 
 2. C. pumila, Michx. (Ciiinquapin.) Lraves oblong, acide, serrate with. 
 pointed teeth, whitened doivnij underneath: nut solitary, not flattened. — Sandy 
 woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward, where it abounds. 
 June. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid 
 pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet. 
 
 3. FA GITS, Tourn. Beech. 
 
 Sterile flowers in small heads on droojiing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like 
 bracts : calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 7-clcft : stamens 8 - 16 : filaments slender : anthers 
 2-cellcd. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, in- 
 vested by numei-ous awl-shaped bractlcts, the itmer grown together at their bases 
 to form the 4-lobcd involucre : calyx-lobes 6, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2 
 ovules in each cell : styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts 
 sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involu- 
 cre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded 
 and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees, with 
 a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided 
 strongly straight- veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering l)ud, 
 and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish 
 staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the 
 leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from (pdyco, to lat, in allusion 
 to the esculent nnts.) 
 
 1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (American Beech.) Leaves oblong-ovate, 
 taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon 
 nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. (F. ferru- 
 ginea and F. sylvestris, il//c/(T. /.) — Woods: common, especially northward, 
 and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer, thinner, and 
 less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs usually early 
 deciduous ; the very straight veins all running into the salient teeth. 
 
45G ruptTi,iF!-.R.i:. (oak family.) 
 
 4. CORYLUS, Tmnn. IIazi:l-nct. Filbert. 
 
 Sterile llowers in drooiiitii,^ eyliiub-ical catkins eonsistinj,^ of 8 (lialt-) stamens 
 with l-ceiled antlier.s, their siiort lilanients anil jiair of sealy i)raetlets eolicrin,<^ 
 more or less witli tlic inner face of the braet or scale of tlie catkin. Fertile 
 flowers several in a scaly bnd or ovoid catkin, each a single ovary in the axil of 
 a scale or bract, and accompanied l)y a pair of lateral braetlcts ; the ovary 
 tipped with a sliort limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 
 pendnlous ovules, one of them sterile: style short: stigmas 2, elongated and 
 slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, each enclosed in a leafy or partly coria- 
 ceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two braetlcts enlarged and often grown 
 together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (but raised to the sur- 
 face of the soil in germination), edible; the short radicle included. — Shrubs oi 
 small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengtliwise in the l)n(l, 
 flowering in early spring : sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of 
 the axils of the jjrcccding year, the fertile terminating early leafyishoots. (The 
 classical name, jjrobably from Kopvs, n hcJmet, from the involucre.) 
 
 1. C. Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazel mt.) Lcnrts round ish-hmrt- 
 shaped, pointed ; hivoliureojirn above down to the globose nut, of 2 broudjbliuceoua 
 cut-tootJied c^inost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glantlular 
 bristles intermixed. — Thickets : common. — Twigs and petioles often glandular- 
 bristly. Nut smaller and thicker-shcllod than the European Hazel-nut. 
 
 2. C. rOStr^ta, Ait. (Beaked H.\zel-nut.) Leaves orate or orolfi-n'i'onrj, 
 somcw/iat /i(art-s/iitpi(l, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much jnvlowjed above the 
 ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Common northward and 
 along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2° -5° high, with slender and mostly smooth 
 branches. 
 
 6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. 
 
 Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens 
 in the axil of each bract: filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united, 
 bearing 1-cclled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short cat- 
 kins ; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2- 
 ovulcd ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, 
 tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in 
 fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small 
 and smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of 
 strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard 
 wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch : leaves 
 open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flow- 
 ers in spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1 -3 together from 
 scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile Single, 
 terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 
 
 1. O. Virginica, Willd. (American Hoi'-Hornbeam. Lever-wood.) 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, ta])er-pointed, very sharply doubly .serrate, downy beneath, 
 with 11-1.') jirineipal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the 
 base. — Rich woods: common. Hop-like fruit full grown in Aug. 
 
MYRICACEiE. (SWKKT-GALE FAMILY.) 457 
 
 6. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iro-x-wood. 
 
 Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens 
 in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract : filaments very short, mostly 
 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-eelled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flow- 
 ers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, 
 each subtending- a jiair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the involucre-like bractlets 
 are open, enlarged in fruiting and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate 
 several-nerved nut. — Trees, or tall shrubs, with a smooth and close gray bark, 
 in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling tlie Beech; 
 the leaf-buds and liie inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 1. C. Americana, Michx. (American Hornbeam. Blue or Water 
 Beech.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly 
 smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, 
 acute. — Along streams: common. — Tree or shrub 10° - 20° high, with a 
 ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood; also called Iko.n-woud. 
 
 Order 103. MYKICACE.i:. (Sweet-Gale Family.) 
 
 Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with loth kinds of Jiowers in short scaly 
 calkins, and resinous-dolled often fragrant leaves, — differing from the 
 Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous 
 ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. — Consists chiefly of the 
 typical genus, from which our Sweet-Fern is not sufliciently distinct. 
 
 1. MYRICA, L. Bayberrv. Wax-Mvrtle. 
 
 Flowers chiefly dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in 
 ovoid catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, 
 solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2 - 8 : 
 filaments somewhat united below: anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-4 scales 
 at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a sm;ill globular nut, or dry drupe, 
 coated with resinous grains or wax. (MvpiKT], the ancient name of the Tama- 
 risk or some other shrub ; perhaps from fiupifco, In ])erfnme.) 
 
 \. M. Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) Loti'ps ?tvc((/e-/a7!Cfo,'«te, serrate towards 
 the apex; pule, later than the floicers ; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in im- 
 bricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its 
 base. —Wet borders of ponds, New England to "Virginia in the mountains, 
 Penn. to Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub .3° - 5° high. (Eu.) 
 
 2. M. cerifera, L. (Bavberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves ohloivj-lanceo- 
 late, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shininy and 
 resineits-dotted both sides, somewhat prtcediny the fuwers ; sterile catkins scattered, 
 oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and 
 incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on 
 Lake Erie. May. — Shrub 3° -8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins ses- 
 sile along the last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 
 years. 
 
 GM 20 
 
458 BETULACE^. (bIRCII FAMILY.)" 
 
 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. 
 
 Flowers frequently inona'cious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney- 
 heart-shaped jjointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens ; the fertile in globular 
 catkins, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent 
 around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. — Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, piiHiatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing rather later than 
 the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Uenry Conijilon, Bishop 
 of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.) 
 
 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. (Myrica Comptonia, CDC.) — Sterile hills, 
 New England to V'irgiuia, Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. — Shrub 
 l°-2° high, with sweet-scented fern-like leaves. 
 
 Okder 104. BETULACEJE. (Biucn Family.) 
 
 Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate fiinjdr. mostly slraifiht-veined 
 leaves, both kinds of Jlowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and 
 no involucre to the naked \-celled and 1-seeded often winged small nut, 
 which results from a 2-celled and 2-oculed ovary. Stipules often early 
 deciduous. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Seed anatropous, suspended : no 
 albumen. Cotyledons flattish, oblong, foliaceous in germination. — Com- 
 prises the two genera, Birch and Alder. 
 
 1. BE TULA, Tourn. BiRcn. 
 
 Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each shield-shaped scale or bract of 
 the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments 
 with 1-celled anthers, or strictly of 2 two-parted filaments, each division bear- 
 ing an anther-cell. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each 3-lobed bract, without 
 bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly Avingcd and scale- 
 like nutlet or small samara crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer 
 bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and 
 leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, 
 scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in sum- 
 mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their 
 golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves : fertile catkins ob- 
 long or cylindrical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches 
 of the season. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 * Trees, with brown or yellow-r/ray bark on the trunk, swect-aromalic as well as the 
 twigs, memhranareous and slraight-veincd Jloriibcain-like haves with a heart- 
 shaped or rounded Ijase, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting aiikinS: 
 their about equally 3-cl<'f scales rather persistant : icing of fruit on each side not 
 broader tlian the seed-bearing body. 
 1. B. l^nta, L. (Cherky-B. Sweet or Black Birch.) Zjuc^ of trunk 
 dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves 
 ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, shai-ply 
 
BETULACK.T':. (niUOn FAAIILY.) 4')9 
 
 and finely doubly serrate all round, wlicn mature shinini;- or hri^lit green above 
 and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fiuitimj calkins oli/oiif/ci/liiidiicul 
 (I'- l\' long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. (IJ. carpinifolia, Ehr/i., 
 Htlichx.) — Moist woods, &e. : common northward from New England to Illinois, 
 and along the Alleghany region southward. — Rather large tree, reddish-bronzc- 
 eolored on the spray, nuich as in the Garden (Mierry : timber rose-colored, fine- 
 grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 
 
 2. B. lutea, j\Iichx. f (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of trunk yel- 
 hvcisli- or silvery-graij, ddiiclung in very thin Jilniy hii/cis, within and the twigs 
 much less aromatic; leaves slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often nar- 
 rowish towards the base, duller-green al)ove and usually more downy on the 
 veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-ocoid (I' or less in length, G"-9" thick), 
 the thinner scales (5" -6'' long) twice as large as in No. 1, and with narrower 
 b'lreli/ spreading lobes. (B. cxcelsa, Amer. authors, but not of Ait., Kegel, &c. 
 The latter unaccountal)ly fails to distinguish the present froni the preceding 
 species.) — Moist woods, New England to L. Superior and northward. — Wood 
 whiter and less valuable: tree not higher than No. 1. Leaves 3' -5' long. 
 
 * * Trees, with ckalkif-ichite bark of the Iriinlc separable in thin sheets, ovate or tri- 
 
 angular leaves of ^firmer texture, on long and ."slender petioles : fruiting catLins 
 cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their sc(des glabrous, 
 with short diverging lobes, separating freely from the axis : wing of the fruit 
 much broader than its body. 
 
 3. B. alba, var. populifdlia, Spach. (American White Birch.) 
 Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad 
 base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B. 
 populifolia. Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Pcun. to Maine, near the coast. 
 
 A small" and slender graceful tree (15° -25° high), with bark much less separa- 
 ble into sheets than the next; the mostly very long-pointed leaves on petioles 
 of fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.) 
 
 4. B. papyr^cea, Ait. (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Daves ovate, taper- 
 pointed, heart-shaped cr abrupt (of rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, smooth 
 above, dull underneath. — Woods, New England to Pcnn. and Wisconsin, almost 
 entirely northward, and extending far northwest. — A large tree, with fine- 
 grained wood, and very tough durable bark splitting freely into paper-like 
 layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on 
 the veins undern?ath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the 
 length of the petiole. — Var. minor, Tuckerman, in the alpine region of White 
 Mountains, is a dwarf form, ajipronebing the var. occidentalis of N. W. Amer, 
 and B. Da\uriea. In- this country no transitions are seen between our White 
 and the Paper Birch. (The original B. cxcelsa, Ait., and of Kegel, seems likely 
 to belong here, or to have been mixed up with the next.) 
 
 * * * Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhnt livninnti-, and reddish twiqs, ovate 
 
 li'ures u-hiti.-ih bent-alh, and sofi-downy pediin<-l<d fruiting catkins. 
 
 5. B. nigra, L. (River or Ri:d Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acut- 
 ifih at both ends, irregularly doiildy serrate, whitish and (until old) downy un- 
 derneath ; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3" -7") and with 
 
4G0 BKTULACEvE. (iJIRCIl FAMILY.) 
 
 the oblong catkin tomentosc; the hnu'ts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes; 
 fruit broadly winged. (15. rul)ra, Miilix. f.) — Low river-banks, E. Massachu- 
 setts to Illinois and southward. — A rather large tree, with light-colored wood, 
 and somewhat Alder-like leaves. 
 * # * * Shrubs, ivith brownish bark, loinnhd or ivKh/p-shnped crenrite and niost/i/ 
 
 small leiires of tluckish or coriaanns texture, and obUnuj or ci/lindrical ijlahrons 
 
 and mostly erect catkins, on short judiineles. 
 
 6. B. ptimila, L. (Low Biucii.) Steins (2° -8° high) erect or ascend- 
 ing, ?io/ y/((Hrf((/ar; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly so/?- 
 domui ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6" - 1 6" long), pale beneath, veinUts 
 on bo(h faces finel ij reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. — 
 Bogs, Conn. (Canaan, W. H. Le(ifietl) to N. Jersey and northward. — Leaves in 
 one form resiniferous or glandular-dotted, usually not at all .so. — B. Grayii, 
 Kegel, recently characterized on specimens of a shrub introduced from ('entral 
 Ohio into the Cambridge Botanic Garden, since lost, appears to be only a marked 
 variety or luxnriant form of the present species, with shoots and young leaves 
 beneath more tomentosc, and wings of fruit (which are as wide as body in one 
 Michigan specimen of B. pumila) here alniosl twice us wide! 
 
 7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (1)\v.\kf Birch.) Stems erect or mostly 
 spreading (l°-4° high), or when alpine procumbent; brawhlels e/htbrous, conspic- 
 uously dolled with resinous wart-like (/lands ; leaves roundish wcdge-obovate or 
 sometimes orbicular (6" -9" long), green both sides, less reticulated; fruiting 
 catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval ; wing of the fruit narrower than or 
 .sometimes equalling the body. (B. nana, Eil. 2, not of L. A round-leaved 
 alpine form is B. rotundifolia, S/xirh., and B. Littclliana, Turkerman.) — High 
 mountains, Northern New England and New York, and shore of Lake Superior 
 and northward. — The resinous-glandular branches chiefly distinguish some of 
 the larger forms from B. pumila, and the small' alpine ones from B. nana, L. 
 of Europe : probably they run together. 
 
 2. ALNUS, Tonrn. Ai.r.ER. 
 
 Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlcts and 3 (rarely 6) 
 flowers under each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with 
 a 3 - 5-parted calyx aiid as many stamens : filaments short and simple : anthers 
 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2-3-flowcred, 
 with a calyx of four little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, 
 which are thick and woody in fruit, wedgc-obovate, truncate, or 3-5-lobed, and 
 persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or 
 often racctuose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles. 
 (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 § \. Flowers developed in spring ivith the leaves; the sterile from catkins which hare 
 remained naked over winter ; while the. fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud: 
 fruit with a conspicuous thin winc), as in Birch. 
 
 1. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) Leaves round- 
 oval, ovate, or slightly heart-.shaped, glutinous and smooth or .softly downy 
 underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often 
 
salicackjE. (willow family.) 461 
 
 triit-toothed ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid. (A. undiilata, 
 ]Vil/d. Bctula crispa, Mkhx.) — On mountains and along streams descending 
 f;-om them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and north- 
 ward. Also in the Alleghanies southward. Shrub 3° - 8° high. (Eu.) 
 § 2. Flowers decpJoped in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered 
 calkins which (if both sorts) were formed thefongoing summer and have remained 
 naktd over winter ,• fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin. 
 2 A. inckna, Willd. (Speckled orlloARY A.) Leaves broadly oral or 
 ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened and 
 mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, 
 Michx.) — Shrub or small tree 8° -20° high, forming thickets along streams: 
 the common Alder northward. — Var. glauca has the leaves pale, but when 
 old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.) * 
 
 3. A. serrulata, Ait. (Smooth A.) Leaves obovate, acute at the base, 
 sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, .9reen both sides, smooth or often 
 downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high: the com- 
 mon Alder from S. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 § 3. Flowers in autumn {Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly solitary 
 in the arils of the leaves, ripening the fuit a year later : fruit ivingless. 
 
 4. A. maritima, Muhl., Nutt. Sylv. t. lO. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous; 
 leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a -wedge-shaped base, slcnder-pctioled, 
 sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large, 
 ovoid or oblong (9" -12" long, 6" thick). (A. oblongata, Begel, not of Willd. 
 A. Japdnica, Siebold ^' Znccarini, according to Kegel.) — Along streams, Dela- 
 ware and E. Maryland, Dr. Pickering, W. M. Canby, &c. Also, what is thought 
 to be the same species in Japan ! — Tree 20° high. 
 
 Order 105. SAI^ICACE^E. (Willow Family.)* 
 
 Dioecious trees or .■shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one nnde? 
 each bract, entirely destitiUe of floral envelopes (unless one or two gland-like 
 bodies represent the calyx) ; the fruit a 1-celled and 2-valved pod, with 2 
 parietal or basal placentce, bearing numerous seeds furnished with a long 
 silky down. — Style short or none: stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds as- 
 cending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves 
 alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and 
 persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light : bark bitter. 
 
 1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. 
 
 Bracts (.-a/As) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2, 
 distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers 
 also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stig- 
 
 ♦ This order was elaborated for the first edition by John Caret, Esq. ; whose account ia 
 essentially preserved, pending? the publication of Professor Audersson's mouograph in tbo 
 furthcoming volume of DeCandolle's Prodrouius. 
 
4G2 SALTCACK.E. (aVILI.OW FAMILY.) 
 
 mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and 
 lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. 
 Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating 
 in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name, 
 said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.) 
 
 § 1. Culkins lateral and sessile, apjvarinq Itrfore the leaves in April or May : stamens 
 
 2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent. 
 
 * Ovary stalked, doicny, hairy, or woolly. 
 
 ■^ Catkins oroid or cylindrical : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed, hairy or iroolty, 
 
 with pnwiini'nt veins and more or less recoliite maryins. Shrtibs. 
 
 1. S. Candida, Willd. (Hoarv Wii,i,ow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
 tapcr-])ointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and younrj branches covered 
 with a thin tveb-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipulei small, lanceolate, 
 toolh-d, about the lenyth of the petioles ; catkins cylindrical, closely flowered ; the 
 fertile 1^' -2' long at maturity; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas 
 2 -cleft; scales oblong, obtuse (S. inckna, Michr., not of Schrank.) — New- 
 York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - .5° 
 high : reddish twigs smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub very 
 white in exposed situations, greener in shade. 
 
 2. S. tl'istis, Ait. (I)w.\KF Gray AV. ) Leaves almost sessile, wedye-lanreo- 
 late, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on botli sides, the upper side 
 becoming nearly smooth at nuiturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very early deciduous ; 
 catkins small and very short, globular when young, loosely fowered ; ovary with a long 
 tapering beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas 2-/oW. — Bogs: 
 common. — Shrub l°-lj° high, much branched: leaves thick, I.V long. Stip- 
 ules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. — Var. mickopiiylla has very 
 small and rigid contorted leaves. 
 
 3. S. humilis, Marshall. (Prairie W.) Leaves petioled, lanceolate or 
 obovate-lancL'olate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly downy above, 
 more thickly so or sometimes grayish-woolly beneath ; stipules small, semiorate 
 and entire, or larger and lunate with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; catkins 
 ovoid or oblong, small, often recurved; ovary hairy ; style distinct; stigmas 2- 
 clejl. (8. Muhlenbergiana, Bairatt. S. conifera, Muhl.) — Dry plains and bar- 
 rens : common. — Shrub 3° -8° high, varying much; the small forms some- 
 times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2 ; but leaves longer, thinner, and 
 generally stipulate : the larger forms, with leaves 3' -5' long and ?,'- 1' Inoad, 
 resemble those of the next species, but retain more or less down beneath at 
 maturity. — The species of this and the following section often bear cones on 
 the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occa- 
 eioned by the puncture of insects. 
 
 -t- -*- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed icilh very long glossy hairs: leaves more or 
 less serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous icncaih and at length smooth. 
 Shrubs or small trees. 
 
 4. S. discolor, Muhl. (Glaucol-s W.) Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, or oblong, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides , entire at the base and 
 apex; stipules lunate, toothed; catkins erect; .vales very hairy, oblanceolatc ; 
 
SALICACEiE. (willow FAMILY.) 4 G3 
 
 ovari) densely silky. — Low meadows and river-banks : common. — A large shrub 
 or small tree, 8° -15° high. Young leaves commonly obtuse and pubescent, 
 at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules on vigor- 
 ous shoots equalling the petiole, often inconsi)icuous. Young catkins 1 1' long, 
 glossy, blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'. — S. eri- 
 ocephala, Michx.. admitted in former editions, is of this species. 
 « * Oi:ar)j stalked, silky-hoarij and shining : catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts 
 at their base: leaves Jinelij and evenly serrate, silky-graij or (jiuueoas beneath, 
 drying dark : sliptdes varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very deciduous. 
 Shrubs, 30-10° high. 
 
 5. S. sericea, Marshall. (Silky W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy 
 ahovc, grayish underneath with short silky hairs ; sterile catkins small, globular ; 
 the fertile cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obovatc, as long as the 
 stalk of the densely sUky ovoid ovary ; stigma sessile. (S. gr'isea, Willd.) — Sandy 
 river-banks : common. Fertile catkins, at length 1' long; the pods not spread- 
 ing or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile. 
 
 6. S. petiolaris, Smith. (Petioled W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
 smooth above, slightly silky beneath ivhen young, at length smooth and glaucous ; fer- 
 tile catkins ovoid-cylindrical; scales acute, very hairy, scarcely as long as the stalk 
 of the silky tapering ovary ; style distinct; stigma 2-clff. (S. rosmarinifolia, and 
 S. fuscata, Pursh.?) — Same situations as the last, which this resembles; but 
 the mature leaves arc not silky beneath, nor so blackish in drying ; the scales 
 not so dark, and clothed with longer white hair; fertile catkins shorter and 
 broader ; the pods spreading and showing the stalks. 
 
 * * * Ovary sessile or almost so : downy : catkins bracted at the base. Small trees. 
 +- Filaments and often the reddish anthers united, so as to appear as one. 
 
 7. S. PL'RPUREA, L. (Purple W.) Leaves oblanceolatc, pointed, smooth, 
 minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins cylindrical ; scales round and concave, 
 very black ; stigmas nearly sessile ; ovary sessile. (S. Lambcrtiana, Pursh.) — 
 Low grounds. — Twigs olive-colored or reddish. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 H- -!- Filaments separate. 
 
 8. S. VIMINA.LIS, L. (Basket Osier.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, 
 (3' -6'), taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, lustrous white and satiny be- 
 neath ; sterile catkins oblong, the fertile cylindrical, silky-hairy ; style elongated ; 
 stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species 
 for basket-work. — S. Smithiana, IViHd: (thought to be a hybrid of this with 
 some other species), differing principally in the somewhat broader leaves, is 
 also occasionally met with. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 § 2. Catkins latend, with ^-b leafy bracts at the base, appearing ivith or before the 
 leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of flowering buds separating 
 
 from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes raised on the apex of the bursting cat- 
 kins : ovary slender-stalked, smooth {under a lens granular, ivith occasionally a 
 
 few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. 
 
 9. S. cordita, Muhl. (Heart-le.wed AV.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate, or even acute at base, taper-pointed, shaqrly 
 
464 SALICACEiE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 
 
 toothed, smooth, paler and with vcinlcts reticulated beneath ; stipules kidney- 
 shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, of the length of the 
 (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes small and almost entire; catkins 
 appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating in 
 fruit; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — Var. ufciDA has the leaves 
 large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the lowest are somewhat elongated. 
 (S. rigida, Mu/d. S. Torrcyima, Barrati, which has leaves of a deeper green 
 beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var. mykicoidks has narrower leaves, 
 neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base. (S. myricoidcs, J/uA/.) — Var. 
 anglstXta has lanceolate tapering finely serrate leaves, acute at the base, and 
 a more slender style. (S. angustata, Pi(rs/i, & Ed. 2.) — Low or inundated 
 places : common. — Shrub or small tree, with leaves 2i' - 6' long. 
 § 3. Catkins lateral, with a jew leafy bracts at the base, nppeuriuy with the leaves in 
 May or June : ovary stalked, silky-hnary ; stamens 2 : scales persistent, 
 
 10. S. livida, Wahl., var. OCCidentalis. (Livid W.) Leaves oblong 
 or obovatc-lanccolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veini/, 
 softly liairy and glaucous beneath; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical, 
 the fertile becoming loose in fruit; ovary almost linear; style scarcely any; 
 pods slender, tapering from near the base, thtir very slender stalk longer than the nar- 
 row scale. (S. rostrata, Bichardson, & I"]d. 2. S. vagans, cincrascens, var. occi- 
 dentalis, Andt-rs.) — Moist or dry ground. New England to Penn., Illinois, and 
 northward : common. — Shrub 3° - 15° high. A transformation of the anthers 
 into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species. 
 
 11. S. chlorophylla, Anders. (Grekn W.) Glabrous, excerpt the cat- 
 kins ; leaves ohlung-laiiccolate or oblong, mostly entire, obtuse or acutish at 
 both ends (1'- 2' long), shining above, pale or glaucous beneath; fertile cat- 
 kins dense, short-cylindrical; ovary ovoid-conical; pod silky, very short-stalked ; 
 style slender; scale dark colored, villous. (S. phylicifolia, Ed. 2, not of Z.) — 
 Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire 
 {Oiikcs, Tuckerman), and northward. — A low spreading shrub, with leaves of a 
 coriaceous texture when old. 
 
 § 4. Catkins pedunclcd {long and loose), home on the summit of lateral leafy branches 
 of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less 
 hairy, fall inq before the prxls are ripe : filaments hairy below. Shrubs and trees, 
 with the bra)iches very brittle at the base. 
 
 * Stamens 3-6 or sometimes more : ovary stalked, glabrous. 
 
 12. S. ItlCida, Muhl. (SiiixixG W.) Leaves ovate-olilong or lanceolate 
 and narroiv, usiudly ivilh a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides, 
 serrate; stipules oblong and toothed; stamens commonly 5, rarely 7-10; jmds 
 tapering. — Along streams: rather common. — A beautil'ul species, .sometimes 
 flowering at the height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12°- 
 15°. Probably the same as S. pcntandra, L., of Eu. 
 
 13. S. nigra, IMarsh. (Black W.) I^eaves narrowly lanceolate, pointed 
 and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib) 
 and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; scales short and rounded, 
 woolly ; glands large, of the sterile flowers cleft, of tlie sterile kidney -shaf>ed ; 
 
SALICACE^. (aVILLOW FAMILY.) 4G5 
 
 Btamcns 3-6; pods mostly sitort-ovate. {S. amhigiisi, Piirs/i.) — Var. falcXta 
 lias tlic Icares clomjiitcd, sri/t he-shaped, antl the stipules lar<;e, broadly lunate, re- 
 flexed. (S. falcata, PHcs/i. S. Purshlana, 5/)?e«r/. S. ii'^uatrma, Micfix.f.) — 
 Tree I5°- 25° high, with a rough black bark : frequent along streams, especially 
 southward. 
 
 * * Stamens mostly 2 : ovary very short-sfalhd or nearly sessile, ghihrous, 
 
 14. S. FKAGiMS, L. (Brittle W.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, 
 (jlaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth ; stipules 
 half-heart-shaped; pods tapering-conical. — Var. DEcfpiENS has dark brown 
 buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse. 
 (S. decipiens, Z/fj^w.) — Var. Rcsselliana has the leaves long and bright, 
 strongly and very sharply serrate ; the younger ones and upper branches of 
 the annual shoots silky-downy towards autumn ; stipules large and taper 
 pointed. (S. Russelliana, Smith.) — Var. vfuiDis, has long and acute flcxuous 
 erect catkins, tough pendulous branchlets, and firmer bright-green leaves. (S. 
 viridis, /^r/f-s.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches^ 
 cultivated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 15. S. Alba, L. (White W.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 
 pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially beneath; 
 stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. vitellina 
 has yellow branches ; leaves shorter and broader. (S. vitellina, Smith Sp Borrer.) 
 — Var. c^rulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity, greenish or brown- 
 ish, and greatly resembles the preceding species. (S. axtmlQa, Smith.) — A 
 familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50° - 80°. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 16. S. Babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping AVillow), helongs to this section, 
 and is planted for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United 
 States. — There is also a remarkable form of it with curled or annular leaves 
 (S. annularis, Forbes), well known in gardens as the Ring-leaved or Hoop 
 Willow. 
 
 * * -* Stamens 2 : ovary stalked, mostly silky or downy ; the scale narrow. 
 
 17. S. longifdlia, Muhl. (Long-leaved W.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with pro- 
 jecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young ; stipules small, lanceolate, 
 toothed; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes deeply 2-3-cleft; in the 
 fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas very large, sessile. — 
 River-banks, rooting extensively in sand or gravel : common, especially west- 
 M-ard. Varying greatly, 2° - 20° high. 
 
 § 5. Catkins peduncled, home on the lateral {or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches 
 of the season, appearing in .Tune: stipules deciduous or none: scales persistent. — 
 Small shrubs, mostly with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or 
 prostrate branches. 
 
 ■* Ujiright (1°-.3° high), not alpine: pod long-stalked : stamens 2. 
 
 18. S. myrtilloides, L. (]\Iyrtle W.) Very glabrous, except the 
 scales of the catkin; leaves elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong, entire (l'-2' 
 long) reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, somewhat coriaceous; catkins <jb- 
 
466 SALiCAOK^.. (willow family.) 
 
 lonji;, the fertile loose in fruit ; stalk of the ovarj slender, longer than the green- 
 
 ish-yellow scale. (S. ])cdiecllaris, Pitrsk., more luxuriant than the Eurojiean 
 
 plant.) — Cold peat-bog.*, ^Ccw England to Wisconsin and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Prostrate or spreadliuf and matted, alpine. 
 
 19. S. Clitleri, Tuckerman. (Cutler's W.) Leaves elliptical and 
 pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strongly 
 veiny, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly- 
 lateral, oblong-cylindrical ; ovary smooth, short-stalked ; style distinct; stamen sin- 
 gle; scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky /tairs. (S. Uva-Ursi, 
 Pursh, in part, & Ed. 2.) Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine, 
 New Hampshire, and New York. 
 
 20. S. argyroc^pa, Anders. (SiLviiUYFRCiTED W.) Leaves lanceo- 
 late, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, irregularly rejiaini-crenate, smooth 
 and green abo\e, covered benenth when young ivith long and shining deciduous hairs, at 
 maturity smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silvfiry-silh/, 
 stalked; style distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 ; gland sometimes double; scales obovate, 
 obtuse, clothed with long hairs. (S. repens, Ed. 2, but is much nearer S. 
 arbuscula, L.) — Moist alpine ravines of the White Mountains, New Hamp- 
 shire. — Whole plant, when young, of a glossy satiny lustre; the leaves at 
 length becoming quite smooth, with a white and prominent midrib, and slightly 
 elevated veins. 
 
 21. S. herb^cea, L. (Herb-like W.) Leaves mundish-oml, hrnrl-sh<iprd, 
 notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated veins ; calkins 
 issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary sessile, smooth ; scales 
 smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
 and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the stems seldom rising 
 above an inch or two from the ground. (En.) 
 
 2. POPULUS, Tuurn. Poplar. A.spev. 
 
 Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from 
 a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or 
 more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with broad and more 
 or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. Buds 
 scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing 
 before the leaves. (The ancient name, called Arbor PopuU, because it was used 
 to decorate the public walks, or on account of the constant agitation of the 
 leaves by every inipniso.) 
 
 1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspex.) leaves roundish- 
 heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth 
 on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3- A deep linear divisions, 
 fringed with long hairs. — Woods: common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with 
 smooth greenish-white bark. Leaf-stalk long, slender, and laterally com- 
 pressed, which accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slight- 
 est breeze. 
 
 2. P. grandident^ta, Michx. (Lakge-toothed Aspen.) Leaves 
 roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered 
 
SALiCACi;^, (willow family.) 467 
 
 with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal 
 miall divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods : eomnion, espeeiuliy northward. — 
 A rather larger tree tiian the last, with a smoothish gray bark. 
 
 3. P. heteroph^lla, L. (Downy Poplar.) Branches round ; leaves 
 heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-wonlly when young, at length 
 nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. New 
 England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40°-C0° high, with large, usually 
 blunt leaves ; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed by the overlapping lobes 
 which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk. 
 
 4. P, monilifera, Ait. (Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.) Young 
 brunches slightly angled, becoming round; leaves broadly deltoid, vjith sjireudiiig promi- 
 nent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, serrate with 
 cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very long; sralei 
 lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated and very large. 
 — Margins of lakes and streams, W. New England to Illinois and southward 
 especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vigorous bi anchc* 
 decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted round, with smaller 
 foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx.f. P. lajvigata, WiUd.) 
 
 5. P. angulkta, Ait. (Angled Cotton-wood.) Branches acutely angu- 
 lar or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or with 
 obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and 
 southward. — Tree large as (and probably a mere variety of) the last, and lik 
 it bearing very large heart-shaped leaves (7'- 8' in length and breadth) on 
 3'oung plants and suckers : on full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and 
 commonly without the sinus. 
 
 6. P. balsamifera, L. (Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.) Branches 
 round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both 
 sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta- 
 mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 
 tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished 
 with copious fragrant resinous matter. 
 
 Var. candicans. (Balm of Gilead>) Leaves broader and more or less 
 heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole 
 commonly hairy. (P. candicans, '^«<.) — N. New England to Lake Superior 
 and Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation. 
 
 P. NIGRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any 
 mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, imder the niime 
 of P. Hudsdnica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson River, 
 above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifblin by Pursh, who further 
 added as its station, "about Lake Ontario " It was probably introduced from 
 Europe, and was latterly so considered by the younger Michaux himself. 
 
 P. dilatXta, Ait., the well-known Lombardy Poplar (probably a form of 
 P. nigra) has been extensively introduced as an ornamcnt:il tree. 
 
 P. Alba, L., the Abele or White Poplar of the Old World, is occasionally 
 planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common than is 
 desirable. 
 
4G8 CONIFERS. (pine family.) 
 
 Subclass II. GYMXOSPER^LE. 
 
 Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely ^van^ 
 inir; \\n' ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and 
 fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often 
 more than two. 
 
 Ohdkr 100. COWIFER^. (Pine Family.) 
 
 Treen or shrubs, icith resinous Juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped 
 entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious Jlowers in calkins, destitute 
 of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al- 
 bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of duets, composed chiefly of 
 a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on 
 two sides.) Composes the three following Suborders: — 
 
 SuRORDKii I. ABIETIWE.E. Pkopf.r Tine Family. 
 Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the 
 form of scales in the axil of a bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. 
 Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned 
 downward. Buds scaly. 
 
 * Cones maturing the year after flowering. 
 
 1. Piiius. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent. 
 
 « * Cones maturing the same year. 
 
 2. Allies. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent. 
 
 3- JLarix. Leaves many In a cluster, the primary ones similar to the others, deciduous. 
 
 Suborder II. CUPKESSIIVE.E. Cypress Family. 
 Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear- 
 i:ig single or several erect ovules on tiiei'r base (the orifice upward), form- 
 ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked. 
 
 * Flowers monoecious. f=trobile dry, opening at maturity. 
 
 4. THiija. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely Im- 
 
 bricated on the flattened branches. 
 
 5. Cujircssus. Fruit of several shield-form thick .scales united in a globular woody cone. 
 
 Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. 
 
 6. Taxodiuin. Fruit of several thick shield-shaped scales united in a globular woody 
 
 cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-rauked, deciduous. 
 * * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening. 
 
 7. Juuiperua. Fruit composed of 3-C coalesccnt 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. 
 
 Suborder III. TAXlNE.i:. Yeav Family. 
 Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut- 
 like or drupe-like seed. Carpel or scale entirely wanting. Buds sealy. 
 y. Taxus. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which in fruit furme a 
 
 berry -like cup around the nul-like seed. 
 
CONIFKR^. (pine FAMILY.) 469 
 
 1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine. 
 
 Sterile catkins arranged in a spike at the base of the shoot of the same spring, 
 involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous sta- 
 mens spirally inserteil on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like 
 connective : anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. 
 Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated inuncdiately below the terminal bud, or 
 lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricaied carpellary scales, each in 
 the a.xil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. 
 Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are 
 thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe 
 and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale, 
 and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and 
 fragile wing. Cotyledons 3- 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin 
 and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the 
 secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle- 
 shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud- scales sheath- 
 ing the base, of the cluster. When there, are only 2 leaves in the cluster they 
 are semicylindrical and when dry channelled or concave; when mor& than 2 
 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; 
 the cones maturing only in the autumn of the second year. (The classical 
 Latin name.) 
 
 The species here arranged and characterized from notes contributed by Dr. 
 Engelmann. 
 
 § 1. Leaves 2 or 3 in a dose sheath: cones (except in No. 7) persistent after shedding 
 
 the seed ; their woody scales tliickened at tlie end, and iisuallt/ spiny-tipped. 
 
 * Fertile catkins and cones lateral : scales much thickened at the end : leaves riijid. 
 
 -1- Leaves in threes. 
 
 1. P. Tseda, L. (Loblolly or Old-fteld Pine.) Lcai-es loncj (6'- 10'), 
 with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3' -5' long) and 
 tajiering ; scales tipped with a stout incurved s/)ine. — Barren light soil, Delaware 
 ( ]V. M. Canhjj), Virginia, and southward near tlie coast. — Tree 50°- 100° high. 
 Sterile catkins slender, 2' long, their involucre of 10-13 (rarely fewer) scales. 
 Seeds with 3 strong and rough ridges on the under side : cotyledons 5-8. 
 
 2. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves (3' -5' long) dark green, 
 from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (l'-3^' long), often in clusters; 
 the sc<des tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare rocky 
 soil, Maine to W. New York and southward: common. — Tree 30° -70° high, 
 with very rough and dark bark, and hard resinous wood. Sterile catkins slen- 
 der (j'-li' long), with C-8 involucral scales. Seed with hardly any ridges: 
 cotyledons about 5. 
 
 ■*- -1- Leaves in twos, or sonic of ihrni in threis in 3 ^- G. 
 
 3. P. pungens, Michx. (T.vr.r.i; 'Slovsrxis Pixe.) L<avfS stout, shoH 
 {\\'-'2h' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); 
 cones ovate ("^' long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine ('/long). — 
 Alleghany Mountains, especially in the Blue Ilidgc, N.- Carolina and Virginia 
 
470. CONIFERJE. (pine FAMILY.) 
 
 (near Charlottesville, .V. A. Curtis) to Penn., Prof. Porter, as far north as Port 
 Clinton near Heading {T. Mtehan). — Sterile catkins 6"- 9" long, ■with G -8 iu- 
 volueral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 sligiit ridges: cotyledons about 7. 
 
 4. P. inops, Ait. (Jeusey or Scituu Pixe.) .Leaves shurt (l^'-3' long); 
 cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped with a 
 straif/ht ur ncurvid oui-sltaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New Jersey to 
 Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with spreading 
 or drooi)ing hranclilets : young .shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. Sterile 
 catkins liuear-obloiig, 5" -6" long, with about 8 involucral scales. 
 
 5. P. Banksi^na, Lambert. (GuAY or Noktiiekn Scrub Pixe.) 
 Leaves short (I'long), oblirjue, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved 
 (1^' -2' long), smooth, the scales pointle^ss. (P. rupestris, J/(V./(x./) — Rocky 
 banks, N. Maine, N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling 
 shrub or low tree (5° -20° high) : the sterile catkins nearly as in No. 4. Seed 
 with 2 or 3 ridges on the inner side : cotyledons 4 or .5. 
 
 6. P. mitis, Michx. (Yellow Pixe.) Leaves in pairs or sometimes in 
 threes, y/'ow long shmths, slender (3' - 5' long) ; cones ovate- or oblong-conical 
 (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prirlle. (P. variabilis, 
 Piirsh.) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England ? and New Jersey to Wisconsin, 
 and common southward. — Tree 50° -60° high, straight, producing a durable, 
 fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves 
 more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. The western 
 form has more rigid leaves, and more tuberculate and spiny cones. Sterile 
 catkins linear, 6" -9" long, with 9-12 involucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 
 rough ridges : cotyledons 5-7. 
 
 * * Fertile catkins and cones terminal, the latter deciduous after shedding the s<ed: 
 their scales slightly thickened, pointless : leaves in twos, slender. 
 
 7. P. resindsa, Ait. (TIedPixe.) Leaves from long sheaths, elongated 
 (5' -6' long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2' long) ; sterile 
 catkins oblong-linear (6"- 9" long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales 
 which are early deciduous by an articulation above their base ; seeds slightly 
 ridged on the lower surfoce ; cotyledons 6 or 7. (P. rubra, Michr.f.) — Dry 
 woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Tree 50° -80° high, with 
 reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact, not very resinous wood. — 
 Wrongly called Norwajj Pine. 
 
 § 2. Leaves 5 in a {loose-scaled entirelj diridnons) shalh : cones terminal, deciduous 
 after shedding the seed ; their scales slightlij if at all th'ckened at the end and 
 wholly destitute of prickle or point : bark smooth except on old trunks. 
 
 8. P. Str6bus, L. (White Pixe.) Leaves very slender, glaucous; 
 sterile catkins oval (4" -5" long), with 6 -8 involucral scales at. b;ise ; fertile 
 catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often 
 curved (4' -C long) ; seed smooth ; cotyledons 8-10. — Cool and damp woods; 
 common northward to the Mississippi, and southward in the Alleghanies. — 
 The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 
 120° -160° in a straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable fur its 
 soft and light white or yellowish wood, m large trunks nearly free from resin. 
 
CONIFERS. (pine FAMILY.) 471 
 
 2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. 
 
 Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered in the axils of leaves of the 
 preceding- year. Fertile catkins and cones lateral or terminal on hranchcs of 
 the preceding year : scales of the cone thin and even, not at all tliickened nor 
 prickly-tipped. Leaves all of one kind and foliaccous, scattered (not fascicled), 
 short, persistent for two or more years. Flowering in spring, and cones ma- 
 turing in autumn. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The clas-nical Latin name.) 
 Of European species A. excelsa, the Norway Spruce is most commonly, 
 and A. pectinXta, the Silver Fir, occasionally planted. 
 
 § I, Spruce. (Picea of Link, not of L. Abies, L. and others. These 
 ancient names much transposed by moderns.) Cones hanrjing from or near 
 the end of a branch ; the scales persistent on the axis : anthers tipped laith a 
 rounded recurved appendaffe, their cells distinct and opening lengthwise: pollen 
 nearly/ as in Pine : leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing every way. 
 
 1. A. nigra, Poir. (Black or Double Spruce.) Leaves short (6" -8" 
 long), eitiicr dark green or glaucous-whitish ; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (I'-I^' 
 long), mostly recurved, jtersistent, tlie i igid scales with a thin often eroded edge. 
 — Swamps and cold mountain woods. New England to Wisconsin and north- 
 ward, and southward along the mountains. 
 
 2. A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones 
 nodding, cylindrical (about 2' long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an 
 entire edge ; a handsomer tree than No. 1, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. — 
 Northern New England and New York to Lake Superior, and northward. 
 
 §2. Hemlock-Spruce. (Tsuga, Endl.) Cones hanging on the end of declined 
 branches of the preceding year, persistent, small ; the scales persistent on the axis : 
 sterile calkins small, of a few capitate anthers, their sho7-t confluent cells opening 
 transversely : pollen-grains s'lmple: leaves flat, whitened beneath, petioled, spread- 
 ing in two directions so as to seem 2-ranbd. 
 
 3. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.) Leaves short-linear, 
 obtuse (^' long) ; cones oval (6" -8" long), of few thin scales much longer 
 thiin the bracts. — Hilly or rocky woods ; very common northward, and rare 
 southward in the Allcghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful 
 of Spruces, with a light and spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright greer 
 above, silvery underneath. Timber coarse-grained and poor. 
 
 § 3. Fir. (Abies of Pliny. Picea, L., not oi Link.) Cones erect on the upper 
 side of spreading branches ; their scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous from 
 the persistent axis at maturity : seeds atid bark of tree with balsam-bearing vesi^ 
 cles : anthers tipped with a 1 - 2-pointed appendage, their cells opening by lacer-. 
 alion ; pollen nearly as in Pine : leaves fat, with midrib prom'inent on the whitened 
 lower face, mostly sessile, on horizontal branches more or less spreading hi two di' 
 reilions, sn as to seem '1-ranhd. 
 
 4. A. balsamea, Marshall. (Balsam Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear; 
 cones cylindrical, hirge (2' -4' long, V thick), violet-colored; the bracts obovate, 
 serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, 'included or slightly projecting. — 
 Cfild damp woods and swamps. New England to Peun., Wisconsiu, and north- 
 
472 coNiFKu^. (pine family.) 
 
 ward. — A slender tree, of no value as timber, when young very handsome, 
 but short-lived. Leaves G"-10"iu lengtii, narrower and lighter green above 
 than those of tiic European Silver Fir. Also called Balm-v/'-Gilcud Fir. Canada 
 balsam is drawn from blisters in the hark of this and the next species. — A sub- 
 alpine state on the Green Mountains, &e., has shorter or oblong, stunted cones, 
 and apipoaches the ne.\t. ^ 
 
 5. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Fuaskr's or SoiTiiKKN Balsam Fir.) Cones 
 small [V -2' \o\\\r,), oblu)i<j-oi;ate ; tiie bracts obloiicj-wcdije-shaped, the short-pointed 
 upper part much jirojectiiifji and rcjlexed. (A. balsamiTera, Mic/ix. Fl.) — Moun- 
 tains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. — Foliage, 
 &c. nearly as in the last. 
 
 3. LARIX, Tourn. Larch. 
 
 Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on the branches of the preceding 
 year, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; 
 the fertile mostly with leaves below. Aj|^her-c.ells opening transversely. I'ol- 
 len-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves 
 needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed 
 in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the 
 developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The 
 ancient name. ) 
 
 1. L. Americana, Michx. (American or Black Larch. Tamarack. 
 Hackmatack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6" -9" long), of few rounded 
 scales, arranged in | order. (Pinus pe'ndula, Ait. P. inieroc;irpa, Lambert.) — 
 Swamps, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A 
 slender tree, with heavy, close-grauied wood, horizontal branches, and more 
 slender and usually shorter leaves than the European Larch ; — which is a 
 handsomer tree, and has the scales of its larger cones arranged in the order A. 
 
 4. THUJA, Tourn. Ardor Vit.i:. 
 
 Flowers mostly nioncceious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid 
 catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther- 
 cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 
 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small ever- 
 green trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appres.sed 
 persistent leaves are closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or 
 successive branehlets ; the one awl-shajied ; the other .scale-like, blunt, short, and 
 adnate to the branch. (0ui,u, Sra, or Qvda, the ancient name of some resin- 
 bearing evergreen.) 
 
 1. T. OCeidentklis, L. (American AnhoR Vit.ic.) Leaves a ppressed- 
 imbrieated in 4 rows on the 2edged branehlets ; scales of the cones pointless ; 
 seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks : common 
 from Penn. northward, where it forms extensive "cedar-swamps," and is called 
 "White Cedar: rare southward along the Alleghanies. MayrJune. — Tree 
 20° -^ 50° high, yielding a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, l>ut very durable. 
 
CONIFERJE. (pine FAMILY.) 473 
 
 5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cvprlss. 
 
 Flowers mona'cious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile 
 catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells 
 under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales bear- 
 ing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but open- 
 ing at maturity; the scales thicR, pointed or bossed in the middle ; thAew or 
 several seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. C^otyledons 2 or 3. — 
 Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl- 
 shaped closely appressed-imbriciitcd leaves, and exceedingly dni'ablc wood 
 (The classical name.) 
 
 1. C. thyoides, L. (White Cedau.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or 
 triangular-awl-shapcd, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated 
 in 4 rows ; anther-cells 2 under each scale ; cones small (3'' -5'' in diameter) ; 
 seeds slightly winged. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia, and 
 southward. May. — Tree 30° -70° high ; the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, 
 as well as the foliage, much as in Arbor Vitffi ; bat the spray more slender, the 
 leaves finer and glaucous-green. 
 
 6. TAXODIUM, Puchard. Bald Cypress. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile catkins 
 spiked-panicled, of few stamens: filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2- 
 5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of 
 ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick 
 and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. 
 Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous 
 leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in 
 autumn. (Name compounded of Ta^oy, the Yew, and etSos, resemhiance, the 
 leaves being Yew-like. 
 
 1. T. distic hum, Richard. (American Bald Cypress.) Leaves linear 
 and spreading ; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. 
 — Swamps, Delaware, to S. Illinois, and southward, where it is a very largo 
 and valuable tree. March, April. 
 
 7. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, or occasionally mona?cious, in very small lateral catkins. 
 Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile 
 catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy coalescent scales, each one-ovulcd, in fruit forming 
 a sort of berry, which is scaly-braeted underneath, '....ick with white bloom. 
 Seeds 1-3, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with 
 awl-sliapcd or scale-like rigid leases, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical 
 name.) 
 
 § 1. Leaves all in iclwrh and I inenr-airl -shaped, prickhj-pointcd, free, art'tculaitd witn 
 I he stem, ic'ith a midrib and riblike iinuyiiis. 
 
 1. J. coniinuais, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, with slen- 
 der prickly point, spreading, bi'ight greeu except the glaucous-white upper face, 
 L & M— 40 
 
474 CONIFERS. (PINF, FAMILY.) 
 
 6"-9"long; berries large. — Dry sterile hills: common. May, June. — Low 
 shrub, ascending or spreading on the ground. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. alpina, L. (J. nana, W'ilhl.}, is a prostrate state, with shorter and less 
 ta])ering, mostly ascendin;^ or incurved leaves. — Shores of upper Great Lakes, 
 Maine, and northward. (Lu.) 
 
 § 2. £eavi-s small, mostly opposite, not iirlkulated but connate-decurrent on the stem 
 of two somewhat dijj'erent forms, i. e. awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and 
 appressed-imhricattd, the latter flattened and ojlen with a rtsiniferous <jland on 
 the buck, and no distinct nerve or midrib. 
 
 2. J. Virginikna, L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) Scale-shaped leaves 
 acute or acutish ; fruit small, a'ect on the short supporting branchlet. — Dry, 
 mostly sterile or rocky soil : common. May. — Shrub, small tree, or westward 
 oi'ten a large tree, 60° -90° high ; with most durable, compact, reddish and odor- 
 ous wood. 
 
 3. J. Sabina, L., var. proevimbens, Pursh. Scale-shaped leaves ob- 
 tuse or acutish, strongly ai)j)resscd ; fntit linjer, nodding on the recurred pedunde- 
 likc branrltht ; stems procumbent or prostrate, sometimes extensively creeping. 
 (J. Yirginiana, var. hnmilis, Ed. 2.) — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, &c., 
 Maine to Wisconsin along and near the Great Lakes, and northward. May, 
 June. (Eu.) 
 
 8. TAXUS, Tourn. Ykw. 
 
 Elowers mostly direcious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds ; 
 the sterile in small globtdar catkins formed of a few naked stamens : anther- 
 cells 3-8 imder a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers 
 solitar}'^, scaly-bracted at the base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule ; 
 ■with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base, and at 
 length jniljiy and berry-like, globular and red, and nearly enclosing the nut- 
 like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, niucronate, rigid, scattered, 
 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from ru^ov, a how; the wood anciently 
 used for bows. ) 
 
 1. T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Gr()im> 
 Hemlock.) Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. 
 Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the 
 shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward mainly along 
 the Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate 
 bush, never forming £^n erect trunk like that of Europe and of Northwest 
 America. (Eu.) 
 
ARACE^. (arum family.) 475 
 
 Class II. M ON C T YLE D ONOU S or EN- 
 OOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and 
 pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads 
 which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue: peren- 
 nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly paral- 
 lel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom sepa- 
 rating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered 
 and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. 
 Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plu- 
 mule alternate. 
 
 Okdeu 107. ARACEiE. (Arum Family.) 
 
 Plants tcilh acrid or punyent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, 
 and Jlowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. 
 — Flonil envelopes none, or of 4 -G sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds 
 with ilesliy albumen, or none but lilled with the large fleshy embryo in 
 Nos. 2, 4, and 5. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding 
 ih slender rhaphides. — Tiie genuine Aracea; have no floral envelopes, and 
 are almost all moncEcious or dioecious : but the genera of the second section 
 with more highly developed flowers are not to be separated. 
 
 # Spathp surrounding or subtcndinR the spathe : flo^ver^ naked ; i. e. without perianth. 
 
 1. Arisa;nia. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadiv. 
 
 2. Peltaiiilra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix ; an tliers above, ovaries below. 
 
 3. C'alln. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of tlie short spadix. 
 
 Spathe open and spreading. 
 • » Spathe surrounding the spadix in No. 4, none or imperfect in the rest : flowers witfi a 
 calyx or peri.anth and perfect, covering the whole spadix. 
 
 4. Syinplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless. 
 
 5. Orontiuin. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. 
 
 6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. 
 
 1. ARIS-SlMA, Martins. Indian Turnip. Dragon-Arum. 
 
 Spathe convohite below and mostly arched above. Flowers monfcciuus or 
 by abortion dioecious, coverino; only the base of the spadix, which is elongated 
 and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above tho fertile, 
 each of a cluster of almost sessile 2 - 4-celIed anthers, opening by pores or chinks 
 at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a l-<t»clled ovary, tipjicd with a 
 depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base 
 
476 ARACE^. (arum family.) 
 
 of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the .axis of albu- 
 men. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a 
 simple scape sheathed witii the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves, 
 as if eoalescent. (A play upon Arum, the ancient name; probably formed of 
 apov, Arum, and crrjfia, a si(/n or murk.) 
 
 1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Indian Turxii' ) L'^avcs mosth/ 2, divided 
 into 3 e/lijjtiail urate jionded leajicls ; s/iudix mostly dioecious, club-sli<i/ied, obtuse, 
 much shorter than the spathc, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the 
 summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods: common. May. — Corm 
 turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathc with 
 the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish 
 stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed. 
 
 2. A. Dracdntium, Sehott. (Ghekn Dragox. Dkago.n'-root.) Leaf 
 vsuallij solilari/, fmhilelij divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ; 
 spcidix o/len uiidro/;yiious, tapi:rin<j to a loiifj and slender point beyond the oblong 
 and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along 
 streams. June. — Corms clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than 
 the peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point. 
 
 2. PELTANDRA, Kaf. Arrow Arum. 
 
 Spatlie elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on tlie margin, curved at the 
 apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadi.x 
 throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the 
 upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick 
 and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at 
 the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous or nearly orthotropous 
 ovules at the base : stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy utricle, 
 1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, 
 the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo ; no albumen. — 
 A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped le<ives and simple scapes from the root of 
 thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the 
 spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the 
 globular cluster of fruit. (Name composed of niXTr], a target, and dvijp, for 
 stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 
 
 •L P. Virginiea, Raf. (P. undulata, /?«/". Arum Virginieum, Z. Le- 
 contia, Torr. Rensselreria, Beck.) — In shallow water: common. June. — 
 Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have 
 escaped attention that this plant has an exulbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as 
 in Symplocarpus.) 
 
 3 . C A L L A , L. Water Arum. 
 
 Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), 
 persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and 
 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments 
 slender: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-9 erect 
 auatropous ovules : stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distiuct, few-seeded. 
 
ARACEiE. (aUUII FAMILY.) 477 
 
 Seeds with a conspicuous rlmplic nnd an embryo nearly the length of the hard 
 albumen. — A low perennial lioil), yrowiii;; in cold boos, with a long creeping 
 rootstock, bearing heart-shajicd long-pi'tioicd leaves, and solitary scapes. (An 
 ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 
 
 I. C. pallistris, L. — Cold bogs. New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and 
 common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 
 
 4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cadbage. 
 
 Spathe hooded-shcll-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. 
 Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers, which are 
 tliickly crowded and their (I-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in 
 the fleshy receptacle. Sc])als 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with 
 at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length- 
 wise. Style 4-angled and awi-shaped : stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, 
 anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and 
 spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surl'ace, which is 
 roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds 
 filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or 
 several plumules at the end next tbe base of the ovary; albumen none. — 
 Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat 
 alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse 
 fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded 
 in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the 
 ground. (Name fiom (TVfnrXoKi], connection, and Kapnus, /mil, in allusion to 
 the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) 
 
 1. S. fcetidus, Salisb. (Ictbdes, B^V/e/.) — Bogs and moist grounds : com- 
 mon. — Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, l°-2° long when grown, short-petioled. 
 — Spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. 
 Fruit ripe in September, forming a roughened globular mass 2'- 3' in diameter, 
 in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4" - 6" in diameter, and filled 
 with the singular solid fleshy embryo. 
 
 5. ORONTIUM, L. Goldex-club. 
 
 Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part 
 of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flow- 
 ers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect : the lower with 6 concavo 
 sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened : anthers 2- 
 celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with an anatropous 
 ovule: stigriia sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. 
 Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the 
 plumule curved in a groove on the outside." {Torr.) — An aquatic perennial, 
 with a deep rootstock, long-petiolcd and entire oblong and nerved floating 
 leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape ; its rather club-shaped 
 emcrsed apex as thick as the sp^ulix. (Origin of the name obscure.) 
 
 1. O. aquaticum, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, 
 and southward. May. 
 
478 LEMNACK-E. (UUCKWEEI) FAMILY.) 
 
 6. ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Calami-s. 
 
 Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edgC(3 
 scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect Howers. Sepals 
 6, concave. Stamens G : filaniciits linear • anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 
 opening across. Uvary 2-.3-celled, with sevcr.il ])endnlous orthotropons ovules 
 in each cell: stigma minute. Frnit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1- few- 
 seeded. Embryo in the axis of all)nmcn. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially 
 the thick creeping rootstocks {ailumus of the shops), which send up 2-edged 
 sword-like leaves, and scapes similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; 
 the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of 
 open .-pathc. (The ancient name, from a privative, and Kuprj, the pupil of (he 
 eyf, having been used as a remedy for sore eyes.) 
 
 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel- 
 lowish-green) sjjadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. Probably truly in- 
 digenous northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 Order 108. L,EilIl>f.4CE.13. (Duckweed Family.) 
 
 Minute stemless plants, Jioalinr/ free on the icater, destitute of distinct stem 
 and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers 
 from the edge or upper surface, and commonbj hanging roots from under- 
 ■neath : ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a \- 7-seeded utricle. 
 Seed large; the apex or radicular extremitji of the seed-coat separable as 
 an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, &c.) Embryo straight, surrounded by 
 Jieshy or sometimes very scanty albumen — The simplest, and some of them 
 the smallest of flowering plants, j)ropagating by the proliferous growth of a 
 new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remain- 
 ing connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the 
 form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise 
 and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some 
 species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous ; the upper sur- 
 fjice furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as a sort of 
 very simpli6ed Aracea;. 
 
 Arranged from notes contributed by C. F. Austin, Esq., who is pre- 
 paring a monograph of the American Lenmacete. 
 
 1. LEMNA, L. DucivWEED. Duck's-meat. 
 
 Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to- 
 gether surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen 
 only; the other ])istiliate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a 
 single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender : anther 2-celled, didy- 
 mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely ; iiollcn-grains large, spherical, muricate. 
 Fert. FL Ovary 1-celled : style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. 
 Ovules and, seeds 1-7. — Fronds producing rootlets underneath, proliferous 
 
I.EMNACE^.. (dUCKAVEKD FAMILY.) 479 
 
 from a cleft in the marj^in towards the base, and at length stii)itatc; the tissue 
 abounding with bundles of acicular rhaphides, as in Araceic. (An old Greek 
 name, of uncertain meaning.) 
 § 1. LEMNA, Schleiden. Root simjlc : omlc one, half-aiKilroponx or orlliotropoiis. 
 
 1. L. trisiilca, L. Fronds obloiuj-lanceolate from a sta/ktd base, thin, dentic- 
 ulate at the tip (.j'-.l' long), proliferous from one or both sides; seed half-ami- 
 troi)OH>i. — Ponds and springy places ; immersed and living through the winter, 
 usually several generations remaining connected. Flowers found, for the first 
 time in this country, by C. M. Booth, Rochester, New York. (Eu.) 
 
 2. L. Torreyi, Austin, n. sp. Fronds oblong or ohouute-obtomj, uaiiAWy some- 
 what falcate (l"-i.i" long), thin, faintly 1 -nerved, cavernous to the apex, pale 
 green both sides, commonly in groups of 4 - 8 ; utricle elongated-ovate, pointed by 
 the lonr/ stjjle, flattish, usually half the length of the frond ; seed olilon;/ and rather 
 abruptly expanded below the middle, unequally cordate at the base, orthotropous, 
 very obtuse, partly striate when dry ; testa fleshy, loosely adhering to the thick- 
 ish and solid inner coat; operculum distinctly apicalate ; albumen vert/ scanli/ (a sin- 
 gle layer of cells). — Pools, New Jersey (fertile) to Missouri and southward. 
 
 3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds oborate or roundish-oliomte, oblique ( 1 " - 1.^" 
 long), obscurely 3-nerved, grouped in circular patches (of 4-8) ; utricle ovate 
 and at length obliqne, tipped with a ratiier lonrj eccentric sli/le; seed ovate or oval, 
 obtuse, oblique in the utricle, ortliotropous, delicately many-striate when dry ; testa 
 coriaceous, solid, firmly attached to the very thin inner coat ; operculum scarcely 
 apiculate ; albumen abundant. — New York to Wisconsin and soul h ward: often 
 fertile. — Var. trinervis, Austin. Fronds larger, distinctly Averred, thin ; utricle 
 ovate, pointed with a nitlier long style ; se<'d ovate, acutish, mostly straight, 
 unequally cordate. — New Yoik and Penn. (fertile) to Wisconsin. 
 
 4. L. minor, L. Fronds o':nn(te or elliplirni <ilo-nte, thickish (II' -2" ]ong), 
 often grouped and short-stalked, obscurely .3-nerved ; utricle short-urn-shaped and 
 tipped ivith a short style ; seed oval or ovate, half-nnatropous, horizontal, parallel with 
 the margin of the frond. — Stagnant waters : common : rare in flower. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. obseiira, Austin. Fronds obovate, convex on both surfaces, often 
 purple underneath. — New York to Virginia : sterile. 
 
 Var. orbioulkta, Austin. Fronds nearly orbicular, flat above, convex and 
 dark purple underneath, proliferous on very short included stalks. — New York 
 to Wisconsin and southward : sterile. — This and the preceding variety have been 
 taken for L. gibba by American authors. 
 
 §2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. Pioots several in a cluster: ovules 2, anatro/wns. 
 
 5. L. polyi'rhiza, L. Fronds round-obovate (2" -4" long), thick, purple 
 and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. — 
 Very common in ponds and pools ; not found here in blossom. (Eu.) 
 
 §3. TELMAT(')PHACE, Schleiden. noots sim/le: ovules and seeds 2-7, ana- 
 tropous: albumen hardly any in the mature seid. 
 
 6. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate or almost orbicular (U"-n" long), 
 nearly flat above, much thickened and cavernous-spongy underneath (almost 
 hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom 
 
^^0 TYPHACEJE. (cat-tail FAMILY.) 
 
 moro than 2 or 3 in connection. — Occurs in Arizona anvl southward : but tha 
 true plant seems not to liave been detccled within our limits. (Eu.) 
 
 2. WOLFPIA, Horkel, Schlei.len. 
 Flowers central, bursting tlirougli the upper surface of the globular (or in some 
 foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one consisting of a single 
 stamen with a one celled 2-valved anther; the other of a globular ovary, tipped 
 with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather 
 oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds rootless, prolif- 
 erous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soon 
 detached : no rhaphides. — The simjjlest and smallest of flowcJring plants, from 
 k" -I" long (a new African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains 
 on the water. (Named for John Fred. Wolff, who wrote on Lemna in 1801.) 
 
 1. W. Columbiana, Karstcn. Globose or globular, J" -5" long, very 
 loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1 -6 ; the opening at 
 the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface 
 of stagnant waters, near Butcher's Bridge, Salisbury, Connecticut (Rohbins, 1829), 
 Orange Co., N. Y. (Austin), Lake Ontario (Pa'nie), Detroit (./. M. Diycluw), Illi- 
 nois (/s. Hall, Engehiiann, fertile), and Louisiana (Riddcll). 
 
 2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. 01>long, smaller and more densely cellular, 
 flattisii and deep gicen witli many stomata above, tumid and jjalc below, brown- 
 dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular. — Growing with 
 the last from Lake Ontario to Illinois, floating on the surface. (Char, of both 
 by G. Engil matin.) 
 
 OuDKii 109. TYPII.iCE^. (Cat-tail Family.) 
 
 Mar.'ih or (uiuatic herbs, toith nerved and linear .se.s.si7e leaves, and monoe- 
 cious Jloicers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper Jloral envelopes. 
 Ovary tapering into a style and (usually elongated) 1 -sided stigma. 
 Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, 
 anatropous : embryo straiglit in copious albumen. Root perennial. 
 
 1. TYPHA, Tonrn. C.vt-tail Fl.\g. 
 
 Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the 
 upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs, and inserted 
 directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrotinded 
 by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets 
 minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Iloot- 
 stoek.5 creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, 
 erect, thicki.sh. Flowering in summer. (Name from rlcfios, a fen.) 
 
 1. T. Iatif61ia, L. (Common Cat-tail or Reed-macf..) Leaves flat: 
 staininate and pistillate parts of the spike a])proximato. Common. (Eu.) 
 
 2. T. angUStif6Iia, L. (Narrow-leaved or Saiai.l C.) Leares chan- 
 nrlled towards the Ixise, narroirlij linear : staminate and ]iistillatc parts of the sjjike 
 usually separated by an interval. A rarer and smaller jjlant. (Eu.) 
 
TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FASIILY.) 481 
 
 2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Pur-keed. 
 
 Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which 
 are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper ones sterile, consistinj; 
 merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer- 
 tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 -6 scales 
 much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Kootstocks creeping 
 and stolonifcrous : roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed l)elow 
 by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. ( Xame from 
 aniipyavov, aJiUet, from the ribbon-like leaves.) By Dr. G. Engelmann. 
 
 ♦ Enct, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as lonrjas the surround- 
 
 ing truncate scales, attenuated into a short style bearing one or ojlen two elongated 
 stigmas : nuts sessile, wedge-shaped, angular: leases for the greater part flat and 
 merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides. 
 
 1. S. euryc&.rpum, Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3j"-4"long) when 
 fully ripe, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (2^"-3|" wide) ab- 
 ruptly tipped in the centre ; fruit heads 1' wide. (S. ramosum, in part, of most 
 American botanists.) — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, from New Kngland 
 and Pennsylvania northward and westward. — Stems stout, 2° - 4° high ; heads 
 2 to 6 or more : the largest species known. 
 
 (S. ram6sum, Hudson, of Europe, has not yet been found on this continent: 
 It is distinguished by smaller heads, and smaller, few-angled, usually 1 -seeded 
 fruit, with a conical and long-pointed summit.) 
 
 * * Erect or rarely floating, with simple (or rarely branched) inflorescence of numer- 
 
 ous heads ; the conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate scales : stig- 
 mas always single, linear or oolong : nuts attenuated at both ends, and with a 
 stalked base, nearly terete : stems rather slender : leaves {unless floating) triangu- 
 lar with flat sides in the lower half. 
 
 2. S. simplex, Hudson, genuinum. Erect (9'- 15' high), slender; in- 
 florescence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or commonly pedun- 
 cled (""-8" wide); stigma linear, equal to the style; fruit more or less con- 
 tracted in the middle. — New England and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. Nuttallii. Like the last or type, but heads axillary ; stigma linear- 
 oblong, shorter than the style; fruitless contracted. (S. Americanum, A^u?/.) 
 — From Pennsylvania and New England northward and northwestward. — In- 
 florescence rarely branched ; heads 8" - 9" wide. 
 
 Var. androcladum. Stouter (l^°-3° high) ; inflorescence branched be- 
 low; branches bearing numerous sterile (rarely also 1 or even 2 fertile) heads; 
 stigma linear, as long as the style; fruit larger, not contracted, long-tapering 
 upwards and dcwnwards. (S. ramosum, in part, of American authors.) — From 
 New England southward and especially westward. — Heads 10"- 12" wide. 
 
 Var. fltiitans. Leaves floating ; inflorescence branched ; branches bearing 
 fertile heads below ; stigma oval, shorter than the style ; fruit somewhat con- 
 tracted and with a short stipe. (S. fluitans, Fries.) — Ponds at the base of the 
 White Mountains, Oakes. — Heads 6" -7" wide. (En.) 
 
 Var. augustifdlium. Leaves floating, longer and narrower than in the 
 GM 21 
 
482 NAIADACE^.. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 
 
 last ; inflorescence simple ; lower fertile heads usually supra-axillary, sessile or 
 pedundctl ; stiiinia line:ir, about the length of the style; fruit smaller, short- 
 stipcd, contracted in the middle. (IS. anLjustii'olium, Mic/tx. S. affiiie, Schnitz- 
 lein ; said to be the true S. natans of Linna;us.) — Mountain lakes and slow 
 streams. New York, New Englaml, and northward. — Heads 5" -7" wide. 
 Dwarf states, growing nearly out of water, have shorter erect leaves. (Eu.) 
 • * * Usually flouting, with venj slender stems and delicate alwaj/sflat and narrow 
 leaves: inflortscence simple, of flto small heads: stifjma oval, about as long as 
 the short style, scared y surpassing the oval or olmvate denticulate scah s : nuts oval, 
 loith a very short stipe and short jwint. 
 3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Fries. Fertile heads solitary or usually 2, ax- 
 illary, sessile or the lower one pedunded, fruit heads 4" -5" in diameter; nuts 
 somewhat triangular, the lower third usually contracted ; stems when out of 
 water only 5'-6' high ; when submersed longer. (S. natans, of older authors, 
 but not of Linnieus, according to Fries. S. angustifolium, Ed. 2.) — Northern 
 New England to Wisconsin and iiortiiward. (Eu.) 
 
 OrDF.U 110. NAIADACE.I:. (PONDWEI^D FaMII.Y.) 
 
 Immersed aquatic plants, u-ilh Jointed stems and sheathing stipules within 
 ' the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous flowers, tohich 
 are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx: (he ovaries solitary or 2-4 
 and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed -withGut albumen, filled by the large 
 embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowei-s usually bursting from a spatbe, 
 sometimes on a spadix. 
 
 * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, iixillary, naked, nionandrous. 
 
 1. Nnias. Pistils solitary and n.aked. Siigaias2or4 
 
 2. Zaiiiiichellia. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath. 
 
 3. Zoslcro. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in two rows on one side of a lincarspadis 
 
 enclo.sed in a leaf. Stigmas 2. 
 
 * # Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered. 
 
 4. Rnppia. Flowers naked (no perianth), each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries. 
 6. Potamogetoii. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4. 
 
 1. NAIAS, L. Naiad. 
 
 Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary and sessile ; the sterile con- 
 tisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe : anther at 
 .first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting 
 of a single ovary tapering into a short style: stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped: ovule 
 erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and sejjara- 
 blc membranous cpicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downwards. — 
 Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with o])j)osite and linear leaves, 
 somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at the base. 
 Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the 
 axils; in summer. (Naids, water-nymph; au ill-chosca uame for these insig- 
 nificant water- weeds.) 
 
NAIADACK^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 483 
 
 1. M". mkjOV, All. Leaves linear, rather broad, strongly rcpand-toothed, 
 the back as well a> the stern more or less beset with little spines, the sheathing 
 base entire or nearly so; flowers dioeeious ; antlur 4-cclled, 4-valved. — New 
 York, Onondaga Lake, G. ^F. Clinton ; Lake Ontario, near Roehester, C. M. 
 Booth: recent discoveries. (Eu.) 
 
 2. N. flexilis, liostk. Leaves very narrowly linear and minutely serrate, 
 as is their alniiiit rounded sheathing base ; flowers monoecious ? (N. Canadensis, 
 Michx. Cauliuia flcxilis, ]Villd.) — I'onds and slov.' streams : common. (Eu.) 
 
 2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Horned Pondweed. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil ; 
 the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4- 
 cclled anther; the fertile of 2-.'j (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup- 
 shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaded wuh a short 
 style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. 
 Seed oithotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent r--id coiled up. 
 — Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposit-^ or alternate 
 long and linear thread form entire leaves, and. sheathing memU-anous stipules- 
 (Named in honor o? Zanniclie/li, a Venetian botanist.) 
 
 1. Z. paltistris, L. Style at least half as long as the fn-it, which is flat- 
 tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less top*hed on the back 
 (not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. PEruvcuLXxA, both 
 the cluster and the separate fruits evidently pedunclcd. — -.Vuds and slow 
 streams: rather rare. July. (Eu.) 
 
 3. ZOSTERA, L. Gr.\ss-avkack. EEr crass. 
 
 Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately aiTanged 
 in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid- 
 den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spatiie) ; the sterile flowers consist- 
 ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large a? the ovaries, and 
 containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary jrollen ; the fertile of single 
 ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- 
 shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : r>tigmas 2, long 
 and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclcsing an oblong 
 longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- 
 don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which 
 protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing 
 wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the 
 bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped 'eaves 
 (whence the name, from ^coarijp, a hiind). 
 
 1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common :r. htys 
 along the coast, in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 4. RIJPPIA, L. Ditch-grass. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 2 or more apjiroximated on a slender spadix, which 'S at first 
 enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute <>f flu/^h 
 
484 NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 
 
 envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate an- 
 ther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended 
 ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes, 
 each raised on a slender stalk which appears after tlowcring; the spadix itself 
 also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a 
 short and pointed plumule from the ui)pcr end, by the side of the short cotyle- 
 don. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thiead-like forking 
 stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base. 
 Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to //. D. 
 liu/i/iins, a German botanical author of the early part of the 1 8th century,) 
 
 1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect; 
 fruiting peduncles capillary (|^' - 1 ' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast : 
 also Onondaga Lake (near salt springs). New York, J. A. Pdine. Chiefly a 
 narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, approaching K. rostcllata, 
 Koch. June -Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Fondweed. 
 
 Flowci's perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo- 
 site the sepals : anthers nearly sessile, 2-cellcd. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), 
 with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short style. 
 Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed : endocarp {nutlet) crns- 
 taeeous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleatc, the radicular end pointing 
 downwards. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed 
 mostly rooting stems, and 2-rankcd leaves, which are usually alternate or im- 
 perfectly opposite ; the submersed ones. pellucid, the floating ones often dilated, 
 and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheath- 
 ing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to 
 the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of 7rora/Aoj, a river, and 
 yeiTcov, (I ml(ihbor, from their place of growth.) 
 
 The following account of the genus is contributed by Dr. J. W. Robbins, of 
 Uxbridge, Mass. — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; 
 by nutlet, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except 
 No. 15 flower in summer: the month mentioned indicates the season of the 
 maturation of the fruit, which, especially, should be collected. 
 § I. DiVERSiFOLii. Leaves of tico sorts ; the flocitinrj ones coriaceous, and different 
 
 in form from the more delicate submersed ones. 
 * Submersed leaves mostli/ loilh no distinction of blade and petiole, being in fact blade- 
 
 hss more or less flattened /letioies, or phi/llodia, sessile, grass-like, narrowljj linear, 
 
 or so attenuated as to become flii form or capillar j/. 
 •*- Stems rather stout : stipules free from the leaves : .spikes all cmersed, cijlindriral and 
 
 denselji fruitfd : fruits fle^hij and turnid, oUUqnclj ohovate : enihri/o coiled into less 
 
 or saircelfi more than one turn. 
 
 1. P. nutans, L. Stem simi>le or fparinglg branched ; floating leaves all 
 
 long-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a 
 
 blunt point, 21 -29ncrved ; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, 
 
 the lower (later in the season) very slender (3' -7' long, barely a line wide); 
 
NAIADACE^. (rONDWEED FAMILY.) 485 
 
 tipper stipules venj long, acute; peduncle about the thichiess of the stem ; spikes 1' -2' 
 long ; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo 
 coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Var. PROLfxus, Koch. More slen- 
 der ; upper leaves lanceolate, frequently submersed, acute; stem (6° -12°), 
 suiimcvscd leaves (sometimes 21') and stipules very lon;^-. — Common in ponds 
 and ditches : the var. in deep flowing water. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. P. OakesianuS, Robbins, n. sp. Stem more slender, ?«Hr/i branched; 
 floating leaves smaller (1'- Ij' long), ovate- or obloug-clliptical, obtuse, fewcr- 
 (17-23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only ^"-5" wide), 
 continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter H'-l' long), on pe- 
 duncles much thicker than the stem ; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the tur- 
 cjid nutlet not at cdl impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex 
 directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant 
 ditches, not rare in E. Massachusetts. Aug. 
 
 3. P. Claytbnii, Tuckcrman. Stemx compressed, often simple from the 
 creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1'- Ij' long), 11-17- 
 nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing and 
 passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate, 
 2-riuiked, linear (2'-5' long, and l"-2.i" wide), 5-nervcd, the lateral nerves 
 slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular- 
 reticulated ; stipules very obtuse; spikes numerous, about the length of the thick- 
 ened peduncle ; _//•«/< ?-ou/iof-o6ofafe, flattish, 3-keeled when dry; nutlet distinctly 
 impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. Nuttallii, 
 Chamisso?) — Still or flowing water, and even in small streams: common. — 
 Perfectly distinct, and peculiar in the reticulation of the centre of the delicate 
 grass-like submersed leaves. July, Aug. 
 
 H- -1- Characters of the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate 
 as in the next, or as in No. 20 (and like it propagated by autumn buds), but with 
 coriaceous floating leaves. 
 
 4. P. V^seyi, Robbins, n. sp. Very delicate ; stem almost capillary ; 
 floating leaves obovate (3" -5" long) and about the length of their filiform 
 petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; sub- 
 mersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (l'-2' long, l"-^" wide) and 
 acute ; stipules not adnate, scarious ; spikes all emersed and similar, few, inter- 
 rupted-oblong, 3 - .5-flowered, on a thiekish peduncle ; fruit oblique round- 
 obovate (§" long) compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct 
 recui-ved style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo 
 circularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Illinois, near Ringwood, 
 McHenry Co., Dr. G. Vasi'y. Apparently also in Quinsigamond Lake, Mass. 
 ■I- -t- -t- Stems slender or fliform and much branched: floating leaves sonutlmes 
 
 wanting : stipules adnate to the base of the leaf: spikes of two kinds : one emersed, 
 cylindrical and viauy-flowered, on a clnb-shtped peduncle ; the ollur submei'sid, 
 globular and few-flowered : fruit fat, cochleate, with thin or scurcily any flesh, 
 and a thin nutlet: emliryo spiral. 
 
 5. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Floating leaves varying from oval to 
 lance-oblong and lanceolate (the largest 10" long and 4" wide), usually obtusei 
 
486 NAIADACIi^E. (I'ONDWKKD FAMILY.) 
 
 about equalling the rather dilaled petioles, with 5 - many nerves beneath deeply 
 impressed ; upper submersed leaves either witli or without a lanee-oblong or 
 broad-linear prui)er blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering 
 towards the obtuse apex ('i' - 1^' long, i"-'i' wide) ; stipules early laeeratc ; 
 suimtrsid Jhiicers tistudli/ solitary on verif sliorl ertct peduncles; sliell-slmpedfrtdt with 
 the back either a-imjed and with 4-5 distinct letth or wiiajless and entire; embryo 
 coiled \[ turns. — Uivers, and even far up snuill streams, in company witli the 
 Ko. 3, or rarely with the following, Maine (J. Blake) to Lake Superior and 
 Virginia. June -Aug. — Stem less slender than the next. 
 
 6. P. hybl'idus, Miehx. Floating leaves varying from oval to lance- 
 oblong ; (the largest 10" long and 6" wide), often acute, longer than the JH iforni 
 \)etioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very 
 numerous, alniost setaceous, (l'-3' long, very rarely ^" wide) ; stipules oljtuse; 
 mbmersed spikes 1 -4-Ho\vered, their fieduncles (of their own langth) Jie(jueiitli/ 
 recurved ; J'ruit minute, about 8-louthed on the margin; embryo coiled l^ turns. (P. 
 diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursli.) — Shallow stagnant waters. June - 
 Aug. — Emersed spikes 4" to (in var. spicatus, Enijdm.) 7" long. 
 
 * * Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oral or linear, membranaceous. 
 
 7. P. rufescens, Schrader. Stem simple, floating leaves (often wanting, 
 p. obrutus, Wood) rather thin, wedge-oblunceolute, narrowed into a .short petiole, 1 1 - 
 17-ncrved; submersed leaves almost sessi'fe, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth 
 on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, ui)])cr ones 
 acuminate; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute 
 margin and pointed with the rather long style ; embryo incompletely annular. 
 — Rivers and streams, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and especially 
 northward. — Aug. - Sept. — Spike often somewhat compound ! (Eu.) 
 
 8. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem often branching below ; ^floating 
 leaves thiimish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, loiig-petiuled, 17-2-3- 
 nerved; submersed leav&i very long (.3' -12', by 2"- 12" wide), lanceolate and 
 lanre-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened 
 upwards ; fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh and distinctly 
 so when dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow 
 indentations; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style; 
 nutlet with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circulirly 
 incurved. (P. Americanus, Chamisso?) — Rivers and ponds, New England to 
 Illinois. Aug., Sept. — More slender than the very similar P. fliiitaus of 
 Europe, its leaves longer petioled, the floating ones more abrupt at the base ; 
 stipules not bicarinate. Cham i.sso's name of this and Xo. 3 merely provisional. 
 
 9. P. pulcher, Tuckerman. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three 
 kinds; floating ones becoming very large (4^' by 3h') roundish-ovate and cordate 
 or ovate-oblong, 2!i- 37 -nerved; idl alternate; upper submersrd ones (3-5) usually 
 lanceolate, acute at the base and very long-acuminate, 10- 15-ncrvc(l, very thin, 
 cellular each side of the midril), undulate, short-jietioled ; lowest (2-4 near the 
 base of the stem) thicker, jilane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate- 
 oblong, on longer petioles; stipules rather short and obtuse; peduncles thicker 
 than the stem ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed with the 
 
NAIADACE^. (rONDWEKD FAMILY.) 487 
 
 Style, distinctly 3-keelcd when fresh, sharply so when dry ; nutlet marked on 
 the back by two deep furrows and in front by a sinus below the angle; sides 
 flat; upper portion of the embryo circularly much incurved. — Ponds; found as 
 yet only in ICastern Massachusetts and " in ponds on hills north of St. Louis," 
 Missoui'i, Eiif/Jiiiann : also Georgia, Le Conte. — July, Aug. 
 
 10. P. amplif61ius, Tuckerman. Stems simple, of very variable length ; 
 flodtlii'i leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oUoiig or lance-utnile, sometimes slightly 
 cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30 - 50-nerved, on rather lonrj petioles; sub- 
 mersed leaves often very large (reaching 7' by 2'), lanceolate or oval, acute at 
 each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules 
 verij long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened up- 
 ward, in deep water much elongated ; fruit rather obliquely obovate, the back 
 rounded and bluntly keeled; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; upper 
 portion of the embryo incurved into a ring. — Ponds and large rivers : not rare. 
 ■ — Aug., Sept. — In very shallow water sometimes without membi-anaceous 
 leaves, and in deep water it may have those only. — (Leaves on a radical 
 shoot in one specimen with adnate stipules !) 
 
 11. P. gramineus, L. Stem slender, verg branching hc\o\v; duating leaves 
 mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-I5-nerved; submersed 
 ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed 
 towards the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ; 
 upper ones petioled, lower sessile; stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat 
 thickened upwards; fruit small, roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; upper 
 portion of the embryo annular, (P. heterophyllus, Schreber.) — Still or flowing- 
 water : common. — Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, and 
 otherwise. The ordinary forms are: — Var. gkaminif6|||^, Fries. Sub- 
 mersed leaves lance-linear, attenuate at each end, flaccid, sometimes more 
 than 4' long by 3" wide ; stem elongated. — Var. hetkropiiy'llu.s, Fries. 
 Lower leaves shorter, lanceolate, more rigid : the commonest form. The follow- 
 ing are doubtfully referred to this species. (Eu.) 
 
 Var.? Spathul3ef6rmis. (P. spathaeformis, 7'»r/v?7?)f7)),in herb.) Branches 
 scattered ; floating leaves obovate or oblong, with a larger point ; subinersed 
 ones spatulate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes recurved ; spikes large and 
 densely flowered. — Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman. The fruit is lacking 
 to prove its rank. 
 
 Var. 1 myrioph^llus. Sending up from running rootstocks many short 
 repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slender ; 
 floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles ; sub- 
 mersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green) 
 linear-oblanceolate, very small (|'-l'long), acute, sometimes minutely serru- 
 late ; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the thickened peduncle. 
 — Apponaug Pond, Rhode Island, without fruit. 
 
 § 2. CoNFORMiFOLii. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostlg sestile, memhntna- 
 ceous and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval. (Stipules obtuse, becoming loo<e.] 
 
 12. P, Iticens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; leaves 
 more or less puiulcd, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, //-cguen/Zj/ 
 
488, naiadacejE. (pondwef.d familt.) 
 
 ffiinhitj ; fruit ro\m(\hh and compressed, «v7A ohtusr margins, sliuhilji heelid; em- 
 bryo eirciilarly incurviMl aKovc — Ponds -. not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. minor, Xoltc. Smaller; upper leaves distinctly petioled am\ sometimes 
 emersed, the otlicrs siil)sessile, all usually numerous, undulate and sliinivg. 
 
 Var. ? Connecticutensis. Stem flexuous ; Itaves all submersed, nearly 
 sessile, laiieeulale, acumindte, crisped, not shininrj ; fruit larr/rr, diatiiictli/ keeled; 
 nutlet thiek and hard. — Saltonstall's pond, East Haven, Conneeticut, 18.50. 
 
 13. P. pi*8el6ngUS, Wulfen. Stem very long, brandling, flexuous ; haves 
 lanee-oblong or laneeolate (sometimes 7' long), hdlfclasjiinfj, obtuse with a boat- 
 s'iii/>ed cavil ij lit the extremity, thenec splitting on pressure; stipules searious, 
 very obtuse; sj)ikes rather loose-flowered; peduncles very Ion;/ (sometimes reach- 
 ing 20') ; fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sliarjilij keeled when dry ; style ter- 
 minating the nearly straight iace ; curve of tbc embryo oval and longitudinal. — 
 Ponds and large rivers, E. New England, and along the Great Lakes to Lake 
 Superior. Sept., Oct. — Stem wbite : foliage brigbt green. (Eu.) 
 
 14. P. pei'foliatUS, L. Stem i)ranehing; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo- 
 late from a cordute-claspiiifj base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate; 
 peduncles short, cylindrical ; fruit irregularly obovate, obtusely manjintd; embryo 
 incurved in an oval. — Ponds and slow streams : common. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. laneeolatus. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-elnsping 
 base and acuminate, wavy, 3' to sometimes 4.^' long ; peduncles thickevcd upivurds. 
 — Along the Great Lakes. — This form seems peculiarly American. 
 
 15. P. crispus, L. Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong, half-clasping, ob- 
 tuse, serrulate, crisped-wavij , 3-neived ; fruit long-beaked ; upper portion of the em- 
 bryo incurved in. a large circle. — Flowing and stagnant waters, Delaware, 
 Penn., and IsevsH^sey, Tatnall, Porter, Meehan. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 § 3. Angl'STIFOHI. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and 
 sessile, linear or sfitareous. (xVo. 16, 17, and 20 are of en gemmiparous, propa- 
 gating by narrow terminal buds detached in autumn.) 
 
 * Slifiiiles free from the sheathing base of the leaf. 
 
 16. P. COmpressus, L. (ex Fries.) Stem branching, wiug-flatlened ; leaves 
 linear and grass-like (commonly 4' by l.j'), abruptly pointed, with many fne and 
 5 larger nerves; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse ; sjtikes cylindrical, 12- 
 1.5-flowered, 7iot half as long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovate, somewhat 
 keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arch- 
 ing and terminated by the short style ; summit of the large embryo lying transverse 
 to the fruit. (P. zosterrefolius, Schumacher.) — Still and slow-flowing waters. 
 New England to Penn. and Wisconsin : not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 17. P. obtusifdlius, Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching, 
 leaves linear, tapering towards the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, 3- 
 (rarely h-) nerved; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike orate, continuous, 5-8- 
 flowcred, oLout the length of the peduncle ; fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not 
 keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to 
 the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds: very rare : Dillerville swamp, near Lan- 
 caster, Penn., Prof. Porter. Swamp of Beaver pond, near Central mine, and 
 floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Michigan. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) 
 
NAIADACK.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 489 
 
 18. P. Niagarensis, Tuckerman. Stem flattened, t>en/ branchirifj ; leaves 
 linear, very acute, iiiiicronatc and much attenuate at the nearlij scusilc base,. 3 -5- 
 nerved, scarcely veiny ( li' -3' long and at most 1" wide) ; midrib below dilated; 
 stipules acutisk (sometimes 8" lon;.^), the numerous nerves early becominr/ bristles; 
 peduncles short, club-shaped, comj)resscd ; spikes few, capitate, 8 - l2-flowered ; 
 fnut roundish, compressed, tcith a winc/ed and toothed keel and anrjkd flu:e ; " seed 
 convolute-uncinate." — Ilapids above Niagara Falls, Tuckerman. Aug. 
 
 19. P. paueiflbrus, I'ursh. Stem Jiliform, flaltish and verij branching; 
 leaves narrow linear (I' -i' long and seldom ^" wide), acute, t>6>c(«-e/^ 3-nervcd ; 
 stipules obtuse ; spikes capitate, 1 -4- usually 2-flowered, on short club-shaped pedun- 
 cles ; fruit roundish-lenticular ; the back more or less crested; upjier portion of the 
 embryo incurved in a circle. — Still or stagnant waters : common. Aug., 
 Sept. — Its largest forms arc approached by the preceding. 
 
 20. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, branching ; 
 leaves narroio- or setaceous-linear, obtuse or acute, furnished with translucent (/lands 
 on each side at the base ; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate, 
 2 - 8-flowcred, on rather long peduncles ; J'ruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ; 
 apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downwards. — Pools and ditches: 
 rather common, especially southward. — The principal forms are 
 
 Var. major, I'ries. Stem less branching; leaves broader (almost 1" wide), 
 often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted. (P. mucronatus, Schmder.) — This hardly 
 passes into the following forms : rather rare. July. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. vulgaris, Fries. Slender, very branching ; leaves 3-nerved, often ob- 
 tuse ; spikes cylindrical and interrupted, or capitate and then but 1 -3-flowered. 
 — A rare form (E. Mass.) has sometimes lanceolate floating leaves of the length 
 of the petioles, with 5 nerves impressed beneath, as in P. hybridus. A Swedish 
 specimen in Fries. Herb. Norm, exhibits the same in the following variety, though 
 in a slighter degree. July, Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch. Stem very slender and much 
 branched; leaves almost setaceous, acute or cus\)'niat(i, obsoletely 3-nerved; spikes 
 interrupted or capitate. — New England and New York : rather rare. July, 
 Aug. — All three are rather sparingly furnished with reproductive buds : also 
 the last two fruit freely, — the reverse of the fact in the following. 
 
 Var. 1 gemmiparus. Stem filiform and very branching, leaves thicker, 
 perfectly setaceous and usually exceedingly attenuate to the finest point, scarcely 
 with a proper midrib; stipules long (j'-T), obtuse; spikes very few, always 
 interrupted, 3 - 6-flowered, long-ped uncled , propagating buds very numerous; fruit 
 wanting. (P. gemnn'parus, Robbins in herb.) — Pools and slow-flowing waters: 
 outlet of Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman ; valley of the Blackstone from 
 Worcester to Providence. — This plant is annual, propagated exclusively hy its 
 gemmffi, the fruit tiot maturing. 
 
 21. P. Tuekerm^ni, Robbins. Vtry slender and delicate i\-om a crcQ-pm^ 
 rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly 
 dichotomous Icat-bearing branches ; leaves thin and flat, but setaceous and taper- 
 ing to near the fineness of a hair (I' -4' long and ^" extreme width), obscurely 1 - 
 3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations ; stipules rather persistent below, J' 
 long, obtuse; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickening upward; spike 4-8- 
 
490 ALISJIACliiE. (\VATi:U-l'LANTAIX FAMILY). 
 
 Jlowercd, in fruit continuous, oblonr/ ; fruit lltick-leiilicular, obseui-cl}- G-kcclcd ; nutlet 
 slii/filJj im/ircssid on l/ie sides; shell thick and hard ; I'lnbryo nearly iiniuihir. — 
 Cold jjonds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, to I'cnn. Juul', July. 
 * * Stipules united icith the sheuthimj base of the leaf. 
 
 22. P. pectinatUS, L. Stem f I form, repeatedly dichotonious ; leaves se- 
 taceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved witii a tow transverse veins; spikes inter- 
 rupted, on long filiform peduncles; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed, 
 bluntly keeled; shell of nutlet very thick; embryo nearly annular. — Lake 
 Champlain to Lake Superior, and along the coast, both in fresh and salt water. 
 Aug. -Oct. (Eu.) 
 
 23. P. Robbinsii, Oakcs. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rifpd, very 
 branching, invested bt/ the basen of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks, 
 recur ved-spreadinff, narrow-lanceolate or linear (.i'-S' long and 2" -3" wide), 
 acuminate, ciliute-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse 
 when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, luoseli/ f-.w- 
 flowered, on short peduncles. A single, rather immature fruit in I'rolcssor 
 Tuckerman's herbarium, from Prof Eaton, is obliquely obovate, acutish at the 
 base, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, much arched on the thinner 
 face, compressed and impressed on the sides, and apiculate with the rather long 
 style ; superior portion of the large embryo circularly incurved and pointing 
 obliquely downwards. — Oozy bottoms of ponds and slow streams: common in 
 Kcw England : also in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Elowcring in June 
 and July. Mature fruit not yet seen. 
 
 (P. DENSUS, L. The plant upon which Schweinitz introduced this 
 European species into the U. S. flora proves to be Anacharis Canadensis.) 
 
 Order HI. ALISMACE.'E. (Water-Plantain Family.) 
 
 Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or vwnmcious 
 flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and 
 petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united 
 separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed 
 ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 
 from 6 to many : anthers e.xtrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. 
 — Coiupi-ises two very distinct suborders, viz. : — 
 
 Suborder L JUl^CAOIWEiE. Arrow-grass Family. 
 Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Carpels more or less 
 united. Seed anatropons, with a straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, 
 ■without a blade. (Flowers perfect.) 
 
 1. Triglochiii. Ov.iries 3-6, unifed to the appx into ox\o. but scparatin<: in fruit. 
 
 2. ISclieucltzeria. Ovarips 3, !ilmo>-t distinct, forming diverging pods in fruit. 
 
 Suborder IL AL.ISMEJE. Water-Plantaix Family. 
 Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Ovaries nu- 
 inerous, distinct. Seed campylotropous : embryo bent double or hook- 
 
ALISMACli.E. (WATEU-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 491 
 
 shaped. Leaves or some of tliem commonly furnished with a blade, 
 (Flowers perfect, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious.) 
 
 3. Alisnia. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels flattened, whorled. 
 4 l!}cliinocloriis. Flowers perfect, with G - many stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed. 
 0. Saf;»ltni"«n- Flowers monoecious, rartly dioecious, with indefinite, rarely few stamens. 
 Carpels capitate, flattened, winged. 
 
 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow gkass. 
 
 Sepals and petals much alike (grecnishj, ovate, concave, deciduous. Stamens 
 3-6: andiers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-ccllcd 
 compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe 
 into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. — Perennials, 
 with rush-like, fleshy leaves, helovv sheathing the base of the wand-like naked 
 and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name 
 composed of rpels, three, and y\oi))(iv, point, from the three points of the ripe 
 fruit in No. 1 when dehiscent.) 
 
 1. T. pallistre, L. Scape (6'- 18' high) a/irf leavs shmler ; fruit linear- 
 cluh-s/iaped ; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwunls leaving a 
 triangular axis, awl-pointed at the base. — Marshes, both fresh and brackish. New 
 York to Illinois, and northward. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. T. maritimum, L. Scape (12' -20' high) ajid leaves thickish, fleshy, 
 fruit oimte or oblong, aciitish, ofG or rareli/ 5 carpels which are rounded at the base 
 and sll(;htli/ grooved on the back; the edges acute. — Salt marshes along the coast, 
 also salt springs in the interior, shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. — 
 Var. elXtum (T. datum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from W. New 
 York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the angles of the carpels sharper, 
 or almost winged. (Eu.) 
 
 2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Scheuchzeria. 
 
 Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish -yellow), but the 
 latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, 
 slightly united at the base, 2-3ovided, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit 
 forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 -2-seedcd pods, opening along the inside. — 
 A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending 
 simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like cou- 
 duplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheath- 
 ing bracts. (Named for John and John Jacob Scheuchzer, d'latinguMiQd Swiss 
 botanists early in the 18th century.) 
 
 1. S. palustris, L.— Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, 
 and northward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 3. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Petals iiivulute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. 
 Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori- 
 aceous achenia, which are diluted and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. 
 
492 ALISMACi:^. (WATEU-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 
 
 Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with eonneeted veinlets. Scape with 
 whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, wiiite or pule rose-color. (The 
 Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.) 
 
 1. A. Plant^gO, L., var. Araericknum. Koot perennial ; leaves lon;>- 
 petioled, ovate, ol)lon^^ or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped 
 at the base, 3 - 9-ncrvcd ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° 
 lonji:) ; carpels obliquely obovatc, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit 
 (A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Shallow water. July- Sept. (Eu.) 
 
 4. ECHINODORUS, Kichard, Engclmann. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more 
 Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a liead, forminj; thick and ribbed 
 achenia in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit inter- 
 mediate between the preceding genus and the following. Fl. summer and 
 autumn. (Name from ()(iva)8rjs, pric/c/i/, or from f)(lvos, and 8op6s, a leathern 
 bottle, applied to tlie ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent 
 style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.) 
 
 Genus elaborated for this work by Dr. Engelmaxn. 
 
 1 . E. parvulus, Engclm. Lpuvcs lanceolate or spafulate, acute (^' - 1 i' long, 
 including the jtctiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (l'-3' 
 high) bearing a 2-8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stametis 9; 
 styles much shorter than the ovari/ ; achmin hrakless, many ribbed ; root aimual. — 
 In mud, Cambridge, Mass. James, and Michigan to 111. &c. — Flower 3" broad. 
 
 2. E. rOStr^tUS, Engelm. Leares broddli/ heart-shaped, olitiise, nerved {l-- 
 3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a 
 branched panicle of ])i:oliferous umbels ; stamens 12 ; styles lonejer than the ovary ; 
 achenia beaked, many-ribbed ; root annual. (Alisma rostrata, Niitt.) — Swamps 
 and ditches, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" 
 wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide. 
 
 3. E. radicans, Engclm. Leaves somewhat truncatelj' broadly heart- 
 shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad, long-petioled) ; stems or scapes prostrate, 
 creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens 
 about -l ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenia short -beaked, the keeled back 
 denticulate. (Ali.sma radicans, Xutt.) — Swamps, Illinois and southward. — 
 Flowers G"-9" in diameter. 
 
 5. SAGITTARIA, L. Akrow-iie.vd. 
 
 Flowers monwcious, or often dicecious in Xo. 2, and polygamous in No. 3. 
 Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indelinitc, rarely lew. Ovaries many, 
 crowded in a spherical or somewhat tri.ingular depressed head on a globular 
 receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or 
 aquatic, perennial, stolonifcrous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the 
 scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular ijctioles, of which 
 the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, arc flattened, nerved, and desti- 
 tute of any proper blade (i. e. are phyllodia) : when present the blade is arrow- 
 shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers 
 
ALISMACE^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 493 
 
 produced all summer, mostly whorlcd in threes, with membranous bracts ; 
 the sterile above. (Name from sayitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of 
 the leaves.) 
 
 Genus newly elaborated for this edition by Du. Engelm.\nn. 
 * Filaments narrow, an lony as the liiitar-ob/ung anthers: scape simple or branched. 
 
 1. S. lancifdlia, L. Scape 2°- 5° hiyh, with several of the lower whorls 
 fertile ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely 
 shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenia obovate-falcate, 
 pointed with an incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lancc-oblong, rarely Hnear, 
 all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6'- 18' long and on a long and 
 stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick 
 midrib. (S. faleata, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward to 
 the West Indies. 
 
 2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (|°- 4° high) angled, with one or more 
 of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts mostly pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers 
 about half the length of the sterile ones; petals with white claws; filaments 
 glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia broadly obovate, with 
 a long and curved beak j - J its length ; leaves very various, almost always 
 sagittate. (S. sagitti folia Anier. auth. etc. — The European species has the 
 fertile pedicels only J or 4 the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple- 
 tinged ; filaments not longer than the anthers ; achenia almost orbicular, very 
 broadly winged and with a short and straight beak.) — In water or wet places : 
 very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the following are the 
 leading forms. — Var. obtusa (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large and dioecious; the 
 broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, 6' -12' long.— Var. latif6lia (S. latifolia, 
 Willd.) is large, mona-cious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. 
 h.4stXta is the ordinary form, with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves 
 (including S. hastata, Pursh). — Var. diveusif^lia, with some leaves lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. angustif6lia 
 has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes. — Var. gracilis 
 (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and 
 lobes. — Var. pubescens (S. pubeseens, Muhl.) : upper part of petiole and of 
 scape and especially the orbicular ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or 
 woolly; leaves obtuse or acute; beak of fruit (as also sometimes in some of the 
 other forms) horizontal, so that the fruit-head appears compact and smoothish, 
 while usually it has a squarrose surfiice, from the protruding and recurved beak, 
 New Jersey and southward.— A state with double flowers has been found in 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 3. S. calyeina, Engelm. Scape weak (.3' -9' high), at length mostly 
 procumbent ; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as lortg as 
 those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely 
 pointed ; calijx oppressed to the fruit-head and partl/j corerivtj it ; filaments slightly 
 rough, as long as the anthers; achenia obovate with a short horizontal style; 
 leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, Avith wide spreading lobes, 
 often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear phyllodia. 
 — IMaine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and southward. — Var. spoxgi6sa, with a 
 loose or spongy texture and linear bladeless leaves submersed, occurs eastward ; 
 
494 HYDROCHARIDACE^. (fROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 
 
 Var. FLtiTAXS, with lancc-lincar floating leaves, has been found in Missouri and 
 westward; and Var. gk.4xi>is, with leaves 9'- 12' wide and 'J' long, branched 
 scape, and fruit-heads 9" diameter, grows farther south. — This species shows 
 9-12 stamens in the fertile, and some sterile jiistiis in the sterile tiowers; and 
 thus connects with Echiuodorus. 
 * * Filaments i\rij short, tcilh enlarged moslljj glandular base: scape more, simple. 
 
 4. S. heterophylla, Pur.-h. Scape weak (3' -2° high), at length pro- 
 cumbent; bracts roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and al- 
 most sessile; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-pubescent; ache- 
 nia narrowly obovate with a long erect beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, 
 entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. — Rather common, 
 at least southward. — Var. elliptica has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long 
 and .")' wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. nfciDA 
 (S. rigida, PursJi, on the Niagara and along the Great Lakes), the tallest ibrm, 
 has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. — 
 Var. ANGUSTiFOLiA has nearly linear leaves. 
 
 5. S. graminea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect (3' -2'' high); the 
 lower whorls fertile ; bracts rather obtuse and usually connate ; pedicels all 
 slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length; filaments glandular-pubescent; 
 acbenia small, narrowly obovate, almost beakless ; leaves varying from ovate- 
 lanceolate to linear or reduced to broad and acute phyllodia (when it is S. 
 acutifolia, P(/rs/)) ; scarcely ever sagittate. (S. simplex of Amcr. authors ; not 
 of Pursh, whose plant of this name is a dioecious form of S. variabilis.) — Rather 
 common, especially southward. — Flowers and fruit-heads smaller than in any 
 of the foregoing; except in the var. platvphylla, which is found farther 
 south, and has leaves 6' -9' long and 3' -4' v.idc ; flowers 1' wide, on pedi- 
 cels 1.^'- 2' long. 
 
 6. S. pusilla, Nutt. Scape (l'-3' high) weak, reclining in fruit; bract 
 single, clasping ; one or two whorls onl^', of which but a single flower is fertile, 
 recurved in fruit ; stamens about 7, with glabrous filaments; achenia obovate, 
 with an erect beak and three notched dorsal ridges. (Alisma sultulata, Pursh.) 
 — Inundated shores, from Eastern New Jersey (C. F. Austin) and riiiladeljjhia 
 southward near the coast. 
 
 S. nXtaxs, Michx., closely allied to the last, is only foxmd farther south; 
 i^s a larger plant with long phyllodia, or oval floating leaves, glabrous fila- 
 ments, and obovate short-beaked achenia, with 5-9 crenate angles, — by which 
 structure it is nearly connected with Echinodorus. 
 
 Order 112. IIYDROCHARIDACE.E. (Frog's-bit Family.) 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with (liwcioii.t or poli/gamous regidar flowers on scape-like 
 peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the 
 fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent tvith the 1 — 3-celled ovary. 
 Stamens 3- 12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 
 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehisccnt, many-seeded. Seeds as- 
 cending, without albumen : embryo straight. 
 
hydrochauidacejE. (frog's-bit family.) 495 
 
 Tribe I. STRATIOTIDE^E. Ov,ar.v 6 - O-celled : sti^'mas 6 - 9. 
 
 1. Lininobiuin. Fihiments 6-12, unequally united in the sterile flowers : anthers linear. 
 Tribe II. VALliISIVERIEiE. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae: stigmas 3. 
 
 2. A iiai'Iinris. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers thread-form. 
 
 3. Valllsueria. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not proloujted beyond tlie ovary. 
 
 1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. Americax Frog's-bit. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) froin sessile or somewhat peduncled 
 spnthes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled fiowers; 
 tlic fertile 2-lcaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or 
 cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united 
 in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there 
 are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9- 
 cclled, with as many placentaj in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry 
 in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules ortho- 
 tropous, Ton-.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, pro- 
 literous by runners, with long-pctioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which 
 are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Ster- 
 ile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger ; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals 
 white ? (Name from Xt/^ro^tos, lic'uvj in pooh.) 
 
 1. L. Sp6ngia, Richard. (Hydn)charis Spongia, Bosc. II. cordifolia, 
 Natt.) — Lake Ontario {Dr. Brad/ei/, Dr. Sartwetl), Illinois, Dr. Vasfi/, and in 
 the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves 1'- 2' long, f\iintly 5-nerved. Peduncle 
 of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like; of the fertile, only 1', stout. 
 
 2. ANACHARIS (and Elod^.v), Richard. Water-weed. 
 
 Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2- 
 cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely 
 united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short .ind 
 monadelphous at the base, or none; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers either 
 pistillate or apparently peifect: perianth extended into an extremely long and 
 capillary tube; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate, 
 spreading. Stamens 3-9, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without 
 anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong anthers Ovary 1-celled, 
 with 3 parietal placenta, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary 
 style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas .3, large, 2-lobed or notched, 
 exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, grow- 
 ing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pdlucid 
 and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flow- 
 ers (which arc rarely seen) commonly break off", np in Vallisncria, and float on 
 the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the 
 fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx- 
 tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of 
 dp, throu'/hoiit, and ("xapis, v/ilhout charms, being rather homely water-weeds.) 
 
 1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower 
 opposite, varying from lineal- to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in 
 
49G BDRMANNIACE^. (bURMANNIA FAMILY.) 
 
 the sterile flowers, 3 or G almost sessile anthers in the perfect flowers. (Elodea 
 Canadensis, Miclix., and E. latil'olia, Cuapiirij, who has recently well illustrated 
 this and the two related genera; all perlwps to be reduced to one, Ilydrilla. 
 Udora Canadensis, Null. Anacharis Alsiniistruni (BubiiKjton), Nuttaliii, and 
 Canadensis, also Apalanthe Schwcim'tzii, Plaiichon.) — Slow streams and ponds : 
 common. July. — Nat. in England, where it is very troublesome by its rapid 
 increase, filling navigable waters ; but no inconvenience of the sort is complained 
 of here in its native country. 
 
 3. VALLISNERIA, Michcli. Tape-grass. Eel-grass. 
 
 Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a 
 conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne 
 on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in 
 a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (caly.x) 
 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 
 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3 
 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- 
 merous, scattered over the walls, ortliotropous Fruit elongated, cylindrical, 
 berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing 
 entirely under water. The stansinate clusters being confined to the bottom of 
 the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously 
 break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they 
 expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised 
 to the surface at this time: afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet 
 long, according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit 
 under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vullisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 
 
 1. V. spiralis, L. Leaveslinear, thin, long and ril)bon-like (l°-2<^ long), 
 obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veiued. — Common in 
 slow waters. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 Order 113. BURITIAWIVIACE.^. (Burmanxia Family.) 
 
 Small annual lierhx, often with minute and scale-like leavex, orthoae of the 
 root gra^s-like; the flowers perfect, with a Q-clefl corolla-like pciianth, the 
 tube of lohich adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovarii ; stamens 3 and dis- 
 tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth : pod many-seeded, the seeds 
 very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family, of which only one species is 
 found within our borders. 
 
 1. BURMAWNIA, L. (Tripterei.la, Mirhx.) 
 
 Ovary 3-ccl!ed, with the thick placenta; in the axis. Filaments' 3, very short. 
 Style slender : stigma capitate-'Mobcd. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for 
 J. Biirmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 
 
 1. B. bifl6ra, L. Stem low and slender (2'-4' high), 2-flowered at the 
 sumniit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2"-3"long) bright blue, 3-winged. 
 (Tripterella ca;rulea, Mic/is.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward. 
 
ORCHlDACli^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497. 
 
 Ordeh 114. ORCIIIDACE.E. (Orchis Family.) 
 
 Herbs, clearly tlistinyuished htj their perfect irrefjular flowers, tnitli G-merous 
 perianth adiiate to the 1-celled ovari/, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal 
 placentcE, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering 
 in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds, 
 appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth ofG divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer 
 (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 
 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc- 
 tion, ike. from the rest, and is called the labellum or lip : only the other 
 two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is 
 really the upper or posterior petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a 
 twist of the ovary of half a turn it more commonly is directed forward, as 
 if anterior, i. e. is next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, 
 is the column; composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two sta- 
 mens and a sterile rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne 
 on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; the anther 2-celled ; each cell con- 
 taining one or more masses of pollen (pollinia or pollen-masses). Stigma a 
 broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Pei'ennials, often tuber- 
 bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all 
 alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, 
 racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, — in all arranged for 
 fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertili- 
 zation. (See articles on Fertilization of Orchidsj in Sill. Jour. 18G2, 
 1863, &c.) — A vast family, but few in the United States. 
 I. Anther only one. (The 2 cells should not be mistaken for anthers ! ) 
 
 Tribe I. OPHRVDE^. Anther (of 2 separate cells) borne on and entirely adnate to 
 the face of the stigma, erect or reclined. Pollen ,cpJi«iing into a great number of coarse 
 grains, which are all fastened by elastic and cobwebby tis-ue into one large mass, and to 
 a stalk that connects it with a gland or disk which was originally a part of the stigma. 
 Flower in our species ringent, the lip with a spur beneath Kone distinct gland to each 
 pollen-mass. 
 
 1. Orcltis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch. 
 
 2. Habeiiaria. The two glands or disks naked (without any pouch or covering), either 
 
 approximate or widely separated. 
 Tribe II. NEOTTIEjE. Anther dorsal and erect or inclined, attached by its base 
 
 our genera loosely cohering (mostly by some delicate elastic threads) iu 2 or 4 soft masses, 
 and soon attached directly to a viscous gland on Ihe beak of the stigma. 
 
 3. Gooclyera. Lip entire, free from the column, without callosities at the base. 
 
 4. Spii-aiilhes. Lip ascending and embracing the column below, 2 callo.sities at the base. 
 •5. L-istera. Lip fiat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the ape.\. 
 
 Tribe III. ARETIIVSE*:, MALAXIDEjE, &c. Anther terminal and in- 
 Terted (except in No 12 like a lid over the stigma, deciduous. 
 
 * Pollen powdery or pulpy, in 2 or 4 delicate masses : no gland. 
 
 6. Arethiisa. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4. 
 
 7. Pogouia, Lip more or le.ss crested, free from the club-shaped column. PoUea-masses 2 
 
 L& M— 41 
 
 .V 
 
498 ORCIIIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 
 
 8. Calopogou. Lip bearded, stalked, free: column winged at the apex. PoUen-raa^ses 4 
 
 • • Pollen in 4 -8 smooth waxy masses, 
 ■^ Without sUilks, uttacheil dinctly to a large gland. 
 
 9. Calypso. Lip inflated and sac-like. Column winged and petal-like. Stem 1-flowered. 
 
 <- <- With stiilk.s to the 2 or 4 pollen-masses, counectiug them with a gland. 
 
 10. Tlpularia. Lip short, flat, loug-spurred beneatli. Raceme many-ttowered. 
 
 1-. 1- H- With sulks to the 8 pollen-masses, but no gland. 
 
 11. Bletia. Lip hooded, crested, spurless. Scape several-flowered. 
 
 4- ^- +- <_ Without either stalks or glands to the 4 pollen-masses. 
 ++ Plants green and with ordinary leaves. Sepals spreading. 
 
 12. Microstylis. Column minute, rdund : anther erect. 
 
 13. Liiparis. Column elongated, margined at the apex : anther lid-like. 
 
 «• ++ Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only. 
 
 14. Corallorliiza. Perianth gibbous at base, or with a spur adherent to the ovary. 
 
 15. Aplectrum. Perianth not gibbous nor spurred at base. A green autumnal leaf. 
 
 II. Anthers two, or very rarely three. 
 Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEiE. The stamen which bears the anther in the rest oi 
 the order here usually forms a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. Pollen not in 
 masses : no stalks nor gland. 
 
 16. Cyprlpedtuni. Lip an inflated sac. Anthers 2, one each side of the column 
 
 1. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. 
 
 Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them (in out 
 species) eonverging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned down- 
 wards, coalescing with the base of the column, bearing a nectariferous spur at 
 the base underneath. ;\nther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering 
 in numerous coarse waxy grains, which Tire collected on a cobwel)-like elastic 
 tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, 
 the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two 
 glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, phu-ed just above the 
 orifice of the spur or nectary. Flowers showy, in a spike. — These glands stick 
 fast to the proboscis of a butterfly or some such insect introduced into the 
 nectar-bearing spur : when it flies to another flower, it drags out of the anther 
 and carries with it the pollen-masses, and applius them to the stigma of the 
 second or of several succeeding flowers, thus effecting cross-fertilization 
 ("Opyty, the ancient name.) 
 
 1. O. spectabilis, L. (Showy Ononis.) Root of tbick fleshy fibres, 
 producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (."3' -5' long), and a few-flowered 4- 
 angled scape (4' -7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all 
 lightly unitpcl to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate un- 
 divided lip 'vhite. — Rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially) 
 northward. May. 
 
 2. HABENARIA, Willd., R. Br. Rein-Orchis. 
 
 Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and 
 exposed, separate, sometimes widely separated (becoming attached, some to the 
 proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon tiie nectar of the 
 
ORCHIDACK^. (orchis FAMILY.) 499 
 
 spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) : otherwise nearly a3 
 in true Orchis: the lateral sei)al.s, however, mostly spreadinj^. (Name from 
 hahena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shai)o of the lip or spur of some 
 species.) — Platantiikka, named primarily for the species with the glands 
 and bases of the anther-cells widely divergent, and Gymnadkxia, where 
 tliese are approximate, arc found to afford no wholly fi.xcd or clear jjractic'al 
 distinctions. Accordingly, in this edition, our species arc restored to the 
 older genus. 
 
 § 1. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, 
 their (jlands therefore contif/uous. {Appendages of tlie stigma in our species two 
 or three and much developed, obloiifj or club-shaped.) 
 
 1. H. tridentata, Hook.. Stem slender (C'-12' high), with a single 
 oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts 
 above ; spike 6- 12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip 
 wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly 
 club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. (Orchis tridentata, 
 Muhl. Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl.) — Wet woods : common northward and 
 along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages 
 of the stigma (sterile stamens?) three, oblong-elub-shaped, one outside each 
 orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their 
 cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated 
 by pollen-tubes ! 
 
 2. H. Integra, Sprcng. Stem several-leaved (1.5' high), the 1 or 2 lower 
 leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and 
 bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yel- 
 low, small ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl- 
 shaped descending spur. (Orchis Integra & flava, Nutt. H. Elliottii, Beck. 
 Gymnadenia flava, Lindl.) — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and 
 southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. 
 Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy : rostellum or middle 
 appendage narrow. 
 
 § 2. PERULARIA, Lindl. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, separated by a 
 broadish connective, narrowed towards the base, the margins of which are ex- 
 tended so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity (piore than semi- 
 circular in cross-section), ivhich is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurvd gland. 
 (Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.) 
 
 3. H. vireseens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; 
 the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the 
 elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth 
 on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, 
 truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slen- 
 der club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, Z/. .'but the flowers are not yellow. O. 
 vireseens, Mnhl., Willd. O. fusce'scens, Pursh., not of L. O. herbiola, Pursh. 
 O. bidentata, Ell. O. scutellata, Nutt. H. herbiola, R. Br, H. flava, Gray. 
 Platanthera flava, Gray. ) — Wet places : common. June, July. — Stem 10' - 20' 
 high ; the spike at first dense, with the bracts loaigev than the flowers, at length 
 
500 ORCHIDACEiE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 
 
 elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers; which 
 
 are (juitc small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish. — The 
 
 Siberian II. (renilaria) fuscescens is clearly distinct. 
 
 § 3. PLATANTH^RA, Richard. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, morerom- 
 monlji (liverrjent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed f/lunds are more or 
 less distant. (Root a duster of Jleshij fibres, or tuberous-thickened.) 
 
 * Flowers greenish or tchitc, small, numerous in a close spike: spur not longer than the 
 
 entire or mcrehj notched narrow lip : anther-cells almost parallel , wholly adnute ; 
 stem leafy. 
 t- Spur short and sac-like : the 3 sepals and 2 narroiu petals erect : glands small, 
 rather widely separated. (PEnfsTYLUS, Lindl.) 
 
 4. H. viridis, R- Br., var. braeteata, Reichenbach. Lower leaves obo- 
 vatc, the nj)])er oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4 
 times the length of the green flowers; spike 10-30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear 
 or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobcd at the tip, more than 
 twice the length of the spur. (H, braeteata, R. Br.) — Stem 6' -12' high. 
 According to Mr. Darwin, in the common European H. viridis each gland is 
 protected by a minute pouch : this is not yet verified in ours. — Damp woods, 
 especially northward. (Eu.) 
 
 •<- H- Spur slender, incurved, about as long as the entire lip : lateral sepals spreading. 
 
 5. H. hyperbdrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (G'-2° high) leaves lanceo- 
 late, erect; spike dense (2' -15' long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, long'er than the 
 {greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading 
 from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; 
 glands orbicular ; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. (P. hyper- 
 borea, Huronensis, &c., Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods : common north- 
 ward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 6. H. dilat^ta, Gray. (That of Hook, Exot. Fl. is the preceding.) Re- 
 sembles No. 5, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves; 
 flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidid-dilated base, entire, its base with the 
 bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells 
 almost parallel ; glands approximate, laige and strap-shaped, x-erticat, nearly as long 
 as the pollen mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel- 
 shaped conspicuous beak (rostellum) between the bases of the anther-cells. 
 (Orchis dilatata, Pursh.) — Cold bogs : common northward. June, July. 
 
 * * Flowers greenish or white and purple, few or several (5-15) in a loose spike, 
 
 rather larqe for the size of the plant: scape or stem naked above, l-teaved at the 
 io.s« (5' -9' high) : .ipur not longer than the lip: anther-cells wholly adnate. 
 
 7. H. rotundifblia, Richardson. Leaf varying from almost orbicular to 
 oblong (lV-3' long) ; flowers rose-purple ; or the lip white and spotted with pur- 
 ple, S-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lob(d or strongly notched at the 
 summit (4" -6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the 
 slender depending sjjur; anther-cells contiguous iir.d parallel. (O. rotundifolia, 
 Pursh.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine, Mr. Goodrich; Warren, Herkimer 
 Co., New York, .7. A. Paine; shore of L. Michigan in Wisconsin, Lewis Fuote, 
 and northward. June. 
 
ORCniDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 501 
 
 8. H. obtUS^ta, Richardson. Leaf obovate or apatulate-ohlong; ^^''^f'^rs 
 grc'iiis/i-ir/u'te ; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals 
 lance-oblonj,' ; ///) entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3" lonji), about the len;>th 
 of the tai)erin<j and curvin;^ spur ; inither-ct//s arcuate and wide/// sc/ia rated. (O. 
 obtnsata, Pfos/i.) — Cold peat-bogs, &c., northeastern coast of Maine, and on 
 mountains of New England and N. New York to Lake Superior (ciiiefly sub- 
 alpine), and nortliward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 * * * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-kaved 
 at the base: spur lonc/er than the narrow entire lip: anther-cells wideli/ diverging, 
 their narrowed heak-like bases projecting forwards : base of the stalk of the pollen- 
 mass lateralhj affixed hg a short intermediate body to the back of the orbicular 
 gland, the viscous face of which looks oblifjiielg inward {the space between the two 
 broad enough to receive the head of a butterflg). 
 
 9. H. Hookeri, Torn Leaves orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad) ; scape 
 mostly nalvcd (j°-l° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flow- 
 era in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, 
 longer than the lance-awl-shnped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the 
 ovary (nearly 1 ' long). (H. orbicuiata. Hook. ) — Woods, Rhode Island to Pcnn., 
 Wisconsin and northward. June. — Var. oblongif6lia, J. A. Paine. Leaves 
 oblong (3' -5' by U'-2'). Little Falls, New York, J. A. Fame. 
 
 10. H. orbicuiata, Torr. Leaves very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular, 
 spreading flat on the ground ; scape bractcd, bearing many spreading 7rfl«?/.s/i- 
 white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; ///) nar- 
 rowly linear and slightly spatulnle, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the 
 oblong-lanceoiatc and falcate obtuse petals ; .ymr curved, slender (about 1 4' long), 
 gradually thickened towards the blunt apex, tivice the length of the ovary ; anther- 
 cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly \' apart). 
 (H. macrophylla. Hook. Orchis orbicuiata, Fursh.) — Rich woods, especially 
 of Conifers, Maine to Pennsylvania and Lake Superior, and southward along 
 the AUeghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth, shining above, silvery under- 
 neath. Scape 1°- 2° high. 
 
 » * * * (Fringed Orchis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, un'tk 
 mostly folidccous bracts: stem {rather tall) leafy: spur thread-shaped or scarcely 
 club-shcprd, longer than the fringed, clefl, or dissected lip: anther-cells wideJij sep- 
 arated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported bi/ the arms 
 of the stigma, strongly projecting forwards or partly upwards : base of the stalk of 
 the pollen-mass mostly affixed more or less laterally to the gland. 
 
 ■*- Lip pectinately fringed but undivided: flowers golden yellow or irhitc: anther-cells 
 widely divergent and beak-pointed, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle 
 much projf cting forwards or slightly inwards: ovary long, tapering to the summit. 
 
 11. H. erist^ta, R.Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the uppef 
 gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded {yellow) 
 flowers; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; lip ovate, with a 
 laceralefringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which 
 is not half the length of the ovary. — (O. cristata, Michx.) — Bogs, Pcnn. 
 {Fursh) to Virginia and southward. July. — Flowers only a quarter as large 
 as in the next. 
 
502 ORcniDACE.E. (orchis family.) 
 
 12. H. ciliaris, K. Br. (Yellow riuxGED-ORcms.) Leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed binds, which arc shorter t/um the oi:a- 
 ries; spike oblong, rather closely muny-tiowcrcd ; Jiuwers bn'i/ht oraiKjt-ijtllow ; 
 lateral sepal rounded, rcHe.xed; jietals linear, cut-fringed at the apex; li/ioUongj 
 almit hii[f'tlic h'iii;lh of the. .sjiui\Juiiiishtd with ii veri/ Uhkj and copious at /nl/uri/ fringe. 
 (U. ciliari.s, L.) — Wet sandy places, ^'ew England to Michigan, and especially 
 southward : rare north of New Jersey. July - Sept. — Our handsonjcst species, 
 li° - 2° high, with a short spike of very sliowy flowers ; the lip i' long, the con- 
 spicuous fringe fully Y long on each side. 
 
 13. H. blephai'iglottis, Hook. (White Fiuxged Oncms.) Leaves, 
 &c. as in the last; Jhwers white; j^etals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the 
 apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of 
 the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of tiie spur. — 
 Var. noLOPETALA (Platanthera holopctala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with 
 the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of 
 ponds, with the preceding, commonly taking its place in the northward. July. 
 — A foot high, the flowers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. 
 
 -t- 1- (Grkenish Frixged-Orchis.) Li/t3-parlcdahore the stalk-like Ixisr, the 
 divisions cat into capillary fringes : ^flowers greenish- or yellowish-white : anther- 
 cells not very divergent, the beaked bases, supported on the upper edge of the broad 
 arms of the stigma, projecting forwards ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, trans- 
 verse, nearly facing each other: ovary short-tapering at the summit : the long spurs 
 gradually thickened doivnward. 
 
 14. H. leueophEea. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the bracts similar, rather 
 shorter than the (lar^c) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obo- 
 cate, minntely ciil-toothal ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped or fun-shaped, 
 many-clef to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary 
 (l'-l|' long); glands transversely oval. (Orchis leucophiX'a, iV^^/.) — Moist 
 meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high. 
 Lip 7" -10" long. 
 
 15. H. lacera, R.Br. (Bagged Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petids oblong-linear, entire ; divisions 
 of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the 
 length of the ovary; glands lanceolate, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass. 
 (0. psycodes, Mvhl., &.C., not of Z. Platanthera psychodes, LIndl. 0. lacera, 
 Michx.) — Bogs and moist thickets : common. July. 
 
 -t- -1- -f- (Purple Frixgkd-Orciiis. ) Lij> fan-shaped, S-parted above the stalk- 
 like base, the dlintxd divisions ero-^ely fringed : fowers pyurple : anther-cells widely 
 separated, but little divergent, their tapering bases {supported as in the ]>recedlng) 
 strongly projecting, the orbicular glands looking obliquely forwards and downwards : 
 ovary contracted only at the summit : the long curving spur somewhat thickened 
 downward. 
 IC. H. psyc6des, Cray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost 
 passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-fluwend ; 
 lower sejxds round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above : di- 
 visions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. 
 
ORCHIDACEJi:. (orchis FAMILY.) 503 
 
 (O. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. 0. incisa and O. fissa, Mnhl. 
 in Willd. Platanthcra fimbriata, Zi'no?/.) — Wet meadows and bojis: common. 
 July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4'- 10' in length, 
 small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely ^' broad and not 
 so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply 
 cleft as the lateral ones. 
 
 17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the npper few, 
 passing into lanceolate bracts; spike or raceme oblorn/, loose! //-Jlowered ; lower sep- 
 als orate, acute; petals oblon;/, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pendent 
 large lip fan-shaped, more fringed. (0. fimbriata. Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. 
 Fl. &c. 0. grandiflora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, New England to Pcnn. 
 and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple), 
 and 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding; the more ample dilated 
 lip 5' to 1' broad, with a deeper and almost capillary crowded fringe, different- 
 shaped petals, &c. 
 
 18. H. peramoena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo- 
 late; spike oblong or cyliudrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate; 
 petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadli/ 
 wedge-shaped, irregularis/ erodid-tootJud at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral 
 ones truncate, the middle one2-lohed. (Platanthcra peramoena, Ed. 2. P. fissa, 
 Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to 
 Illinois, and southward along the AUeghanies. Aug. — Flowers large and 
 showy, violet-purple; the lip paler and very ample, 8"- 10" long: its divisions 
 minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the terminal edge, but 
 not fringed. 
 
 3. GOODYERA, R.Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain. 
 
 Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at the base. Otherwise 
 as Spiranthes. — Rootof tJiick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, 
 bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. 
 Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. 
 (Dedicated to John Goodger, an early English botanist.) 
 § 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip: anther 
 
 short, borne on a distinct fllament attached to the back of the short column, blunt: 
 
 gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short. 
 
 1. G. ripens, R. Br. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, 
 more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose 1-sidcd 
 spike ; lij) with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens : 
 common northward and through the AUeghanies. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 2. G. pubescens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-rcticulated ; 
 scape G'-12' high; the numerous crowdid flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular 
 lip very short: otherwise like the preceding, and too near it. — Rich woods, cast- 
 ward and southward. July, Aug. 
 
 § 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sid(S involute above: anther ovate and 
 long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short proper column, which is continued 
 above the stigma into a conspicuous long tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak. 
 
504 ORCHIDACE^. (ORCniS FAMILY.) 
 
 Aapect o/" Good vera : structure of the flower near/y o/" Spirantlics, hut the lip 
 
 jritliont cal/usities. 
 3. G. Menzidsii, Limll. Leaves ovate-ol)lonLr, acute (2' -3' lonrr), less 
 wliitcreticiilateil than tlic procetlinjr, some not at all so; scape 9' - 12' liiyh ; 
 flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1 -sided spike; Hovver-buds less pubes- 
 cent, elonjratcd-ovate and pointed; lip with the saecate-eonduplieatc lower por- 
 tion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. (Spiran- 
 thes deei'piens, Hook:) — Woods, Western New York to Michigan (confounded 
 ■witli G. pubescens), Lake Superior, and far westward. July. 
 
 4. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 Flower somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the .sepals and petals all 
 narrow, mostly erect or connivcnt, the tiiree upper pieces sticking together more 
 or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short-stalked or 
 sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuber- 
 ance on each side of the base ; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or re- 
 curved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, 
 bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly 
 acute or pointed) 2-cclled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in 
 each cell), ovate, each 2-parted from the base (or even again divided) into thin 
 and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, their summits 
 together soon adhering to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland of the stigma, 
 which is set in the slender or tapering thin process or beak terminating the 
 column, and is carried away on the proboscis of insects visiting the flower, 
 with the pollen, to be deposited upon the stigma of another flower. After the 
 removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothcd or 2-forkcd tip. — Roots 
 clustcred-tuberous : stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing lielow or at the 
 base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1 -3- 
 ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the 
 name, from a-mlpa, a coil or curl, and tiv6os, floiver.) 
 
 * Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike. (Leaves at the root and 6ase ofthii 
 stem jiresent at the flowering season.) 
 
 1. S. Iatif61ia, Torn Low; naked stem or scape 4' -9' high, smooth; 
 leaves all next the liase, oblom; or lance-oblong ( 1 ' - 3' long, 6" - 8" wide), 3 - 5-nerved, 
 contracted into a sheathing base ; spike narrow (1' - 2' long), flowers small ; lip 
 quadrate-oblong, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the 
 small callosities at the base ohlong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ; 
 gland and beak of the stigma short. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not 
 of Li ndl. S. astivalis, Oakes, Cot.) — Moist biinks, A^ermont and N. New York 
 to Michigan, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter), and Delaware, W. M. Canhy. 
 June. — Perianth 2" -3" long; lip yellowish on the face, not contracted in the 
 middle nor the margins involute. 
 
 2. S. Romanzovikna, Chamj.sso. Stem le'ifij heloiv, and kafi/-l)rarted 
 a/x>re (.')'- 15' high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; 
 spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1'- 4' long) ; perianth curved and the sum- 
 mit maniflstlji ringent, the sepals and petals all connivcnt in the upper portion or 
 
ORCniDACE^. (ORCniS FAMILY.) 50i5 
 
 galea; the Up ovate-oblong, contracted bihw the rounded wavy-crenulite much re- 
 curved sumwit, otherwise entii'C, tlie callosities at base globular and smooth ; 
 gland oblong-linear and the 2-liorned beak of the sli<jma short. (S. geniinipara, 
 Liiidl. (Xeottia, Smith.) S. eerniia, in part, Hook. & Ed. 2.) — High and cool 
 bogs, New York, from Herkimer and Otsego Co., to Lake Suj)erior, and north- 
 westward. July, Aug. — Perianth about 4" long, pure white, smooth or 
 smoothish. (Eu. Bantry Bay, Ireland, only.) 
 
 3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem leafy belotv and leafy bract ed above (G'-20' 
 high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4' -12' long, 2" -4" wide); 
 spike cylindrical, rather dense (2' -5' long) and with the flowers either pubes- 
 cent or nearly smooth ; perianth horizontal or recurving, the lower sepals not 
 upturned or connivcnt with the upjjcr ; lip oblong and very obtuse when out- 
 spread, but condiiplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the 
 middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at 
 the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear, 
 in a long and very slender beak. — Common in wet places, especially eastward 
 and southward. Sept., Oct. — Very variable in size, foliage, &c. : the commoner 
 form, with pure white sweet-scented flowers, often nearly losing its roof-leaves 
 at flowering-time : a variety in dry ground has greenish-cream colored stronger- 
 scented flowers, and retains its root-leaves. Perianth 4" -5" long. 
 
 * * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted 7-anl:. 
 
 ■t- Stem bearing towards and at the base elongated leaves, whivh mostly persist during 
 
 the flowering season. 
 
 4. S. graminea, Lindl., Var. Walteri. Stem 9'- 2° high; loAver and 
 root-loaves linear or lance-linear (3' -8' long, 2" -4" wide) gradually tapering 
 to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2' -5' 
 long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, &c. downy-pubescent; bracts 
 ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing 
 the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with 
 rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded apex ; anther and beak 
 of the stigma very acute. (Liraodbrum praecox, Walt. Nedttia tortilis, Pursh, 
 Barton, Fl., &c. S. tortilis, Chapm.) — Wet, grassy places, S. New England to 
 Virginia, and southward. July, Aug., at the north. —Koot of fleshy or some- 
 what tuberous thickened fibres. Perianth 3" long. — The original. West Indian 
 S. tortilis (Swartz), Richard, has a smoother much less twisted spike, smaller 
 bracts, and more leafless scape, the root-leaves seldom present at flowering-time : 
 it is very like S. brevifolia, Chapm. (S. longilabris, Lindl. ?). Our plant has a 
 more acute tip to the anther and stigma than the Mexican. 
 
 H- 1- Scape vei-y slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster 
 at the ground, orate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly wither- 
 ing away at or before flowering .-flowers small, and ivhole plant gabrous or nearly 
 so : bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the pod. 
 
 5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tiiberous-thietened ; scape 8' -18' 
 high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; lip oval when 
 outspread, nan'owly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin 
 white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish ajiex wavy-crisped, the callosities 
 
 GM 33 
 
506 ouciiiDACE^. (orchis family.) 
 
 at the h;i<c nipple-sliiipcd. (Also S. Reckii, Lindl., at least as to the Northern 
 ])lant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July -Oct. — Perianth 
 barely li"-:i" long-. 
 
 G. S. simplex, n. sjj. Koot a soli/orij ob/on</ or spiinlli:-sliai>e(l tiilirr ; nc 
 leaves at lloweriny time; scape .5' -9' hi<;li, bcariiij; a small narrow (rarely 1- 
 sided) spike of very sliort Jiowera (perianth 1"- li" lon<;) ; lip thin, white, oliornte- 
 oblomj, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. — Dry, 
 sandy soil, E. Mass. (Nantucket, Dr. Rohhins), New Jersey (C. F. Austin, ^c), 
 and Delaware, Win. M. Caidnj. Aug., Sept. — Spike l'-3' long. 
 
 5. LISTERA, R.Brown. Twaybi.ade. 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip niostlj- drooping, 
 longer than the scpnls, 2-lobcd or 2-cleft. Column wingless: stigma with a 
 rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, 
 ovate: pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute glatid. — Roots fibrous. 
 Stem bearing a pair of ojiposito sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or ra- 
 ceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, 
 an early and celebrated British naturalist.) 
 
 * Column very sliort. ( Sepals ovate, rejlexed : plants delicate, 4' - 8' high.) 
 
 1. L. COrd^ta, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped 
 (^'-1' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longci- than 
 the ovary ; Up linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side at the 
 base, 2-cle/}. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; floweis 
 very small, on minutely (jiandular-pnhescent f>edicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip 
 linear, 3-4 tiines the length of the sepals, 2-parttd, the divisions linear-setaceous. 
 — Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. "Virginia and southward. June. 
 
 * * Column longer, arching or straightish. 
 
 3. L. eonvallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes 
 a little heart-siiaped (I'-lj' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on slen- 
 der pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on 
 each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread- 
 ing sepals, purplish, y long. (Epipactis eonvallarioides, Swarts.) — Damp 
 mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., also Maine to 
 Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high. 
 
 6. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Aretiiusa. 
 
 Flower ringcnt ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the 
 base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved spread- 
 ing towards the summit. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated 
 at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells : pollen-masses 
 powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed 
 scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-pur- 
 ])le flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, 
 protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.) 
 
OUCHIDACE^. (ORCUIS FAMILY.) 507 
 
 1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single, erect, with an entire lip recurved at the 
 apex and bearded-crested down tlie face. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wis- 
 consin, and northward : rather scarce or local. May. — Flower 1 ' - 2' long, very 
 handsome, bright rose-purple ; very rarely a pair of flowers. 
 
 7. POGONIA, Juss. rouosiA. 
 
 Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. 
 Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, 
 stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular, (llcoywz/i'as, 
 bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) 
 
 § 1. S''i)als and petals nearli/ equal and alike, }iak rox-color, somdimL'S white. 
 
 1. P. ophioglOSSOldeS, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6'-<J'high) 
 bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or 
 bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower iu their 
 a\il; lip spatulate below, apprcssed to the column, beard-crested and 'ringed. — 
 In bogs. June, July. — Flower 1' long, sweet-scented. — An interesting mon- 
 ster of this, with two additional lips, and some other petaloid parts, wa^ found iu 
 Herkimer Co., ]S'ew York, by J. A. Paine. 
 
 2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3' - 8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 
 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3" -6") leaves, the upper 1-4 with 
 drooping flowers in their a.xils on slender pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhut .3- 
 lobed, roughish or crisj)ed above, crestless. (Triphora pendula, Nutt.) — Damp 
 woods : rather scarce. Aug. — I'erianth ^' long, narrow. 
 
 § 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, lunger and much narroiue.r than the erect or ron- 
 nicent petals : lip 3-lubed at tiie ap^x, crested down the middle, beardless : Jlowtrs 
 solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal : root a cluster of fibres. 
 
 3. P. divaricita, R. Br. Stem ( 1 ° - 2° high ) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the 
 middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the 
 sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spat- 
 ulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about I'-U' long. — Wet pine- 
 barrens, Quaker Bridge, New Jeisey ( IF. //. Leijjett), Virginia, and southward. 
 June, July. 
 
 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6' -12' high), naked, except some sni;<.ll 
 scales at the base, and a whorl of mostly .') obovute or obovate-oblong sessile leares at 
 the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a, peduncle longer than the orary and pod ; 
 sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a 
 mostly erect base (l^'-2' long) ; lip with a narrow crest down the middle. — 
 Low woods: rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. — Glaucous when 
 young. Stalk of pod al)0ut 1^' long, more than half the length of the leaves. 
 
 5. P. afifinis, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Somewhat smaller than the preceding ; 
 leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or 
 greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and pod ; sepals not twice the length 
 of the petals, tapering to the base ; lip crested over the whole face and on tlie 
 middle of the lobes. — With the last, which it nearly resembles, but is much 
 rarer. Southern New York and Northern New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; and 
 Connecticut, near New Haven, Edward Dana. 
 
508 ORCIIIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 
 
 8 . C A L O P 6 G O N , R. Br. Calopogon. 
 
 Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on tht 
 upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis- 
 tinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or 
 stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Colunm 
 free, slender, winged at the ape.x. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen- 
 masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate 
 threads. — Scape from a small soliil bulb, sheathed below by the base of the 
 grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name 
 composed of kuXos, haiillful, and Trwycoi/, heard, from the bearded lip.) 
 
 1. C. pulehelius, K. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow- 
 ered; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded towards the dilated 
 summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs: common. 
 June, July. — Flowers I' broad, i)ink-purplc. 
 
 9. CALYPSO, Salisb. Calypso. 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. 
 Lij) larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated {9" long), 2-pointcd 
 underneath the ape.x. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing 
 the lid-like anther just below the apex : pollen masses waxy, 2, each 2-partcd, 
 all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a 
 single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in A plectrum, and a short 
 (3' -5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated 
 purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Cah/pso.) 
 
 1. C. borealis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in 
 moss, Northern New England to Michigan, and northward. May. — Avery 
 local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, 
 woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.) 
 
 10. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane fly Orchis. 
 
 Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro- 
 longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length 
 of the flower (9"- 12" long), .^-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as 
 long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular.- Column narrow and 
 wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con- 
 nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large 
 solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct petiole, producing in antumn 
 a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, tinged with purple 
 beneath ; and in summer a long and naked slender scape (10'- 18' high), with 
 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing a many-flowered raceme of small greenish 
 flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers 
 to insects of the frenus Tipiila.) 
 
 1. T. discolor, Nutt. Lip blunt at the tip (which distinguishes it from 
 a recently discovered Himalayan species). — Sandy woods, Massachusetts to 
 Michigan and southward : very scarce. July. 
 
ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 509 
 
 11. BLETIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Bletia. 
 
 Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, hinged as 
 it were with the eolunin, crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. (,"ol- 
 umn half-cylindrical ; the fleshy anther forming a lid at its apex. PolJen-niasscs 
 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many- 
 flowered from solid tubers. (Named for Loais Diet, a Spanish botanist.) 
 
 I. B. aph^lla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l"-2° high) beset with purplish 
 scales, the lower ones sheathing; flowers raecmcd, brownish-purple; lip not 
 saccate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward. 
 
 12. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's-Mouth. 
 
 Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or 
 ovate at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, 
 with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pol- 
 len-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, 
 without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Little herbs, from solid bulbs, produ- 
 cing simple stems or scapes, which bear in our species a single leaf, and a raceme 
 of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed oi' fiiKpos, Utile, and arvXis, a 
 column or sfi/le. ) 
 
 1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf sheathing the 
 base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; raceme spi/.id, loncj and slender; pedicels not 
 longer ihan the fowc'rs ; lip long-pointed. — Cold wet swamps, N. New England 
 to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 2. M. ophioglossoldes, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, 
 clasping; raceme shoit and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the Jloiuers ; lip 3- 
 toothed at the summit. — Damp woods : more common southward. July. 
 
 13. LIPARIS, Richard. Twayblade. 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. 
 Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, 
 incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 4, in 
 one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or 
 gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a Ioav 
 scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from 
 \nTap6i, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 
 
 1. L. Iiliif61ia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals tliread-like, reflexed ; tip 
 large (^' long) wi'dge-ohovate, abruptli/ short-pointed, hroivn-purptish. (Malaxis lilii- 
 Mia., Suartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest in the Middle States. June. 
 
 2. L. LcBs61ii, Richard. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ; 
 lip obomite or oblong (2" long), mncronate, ydlowiah-green, shorter than the linear 
 unequal petals and s'pals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs, New England 
 to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. (Eu.) 
 
 14. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Cokal-root. 
 
 Perianth somewhat ringcnt, oblique and gil)bous or obscurely spurred at the 
 base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the upper aiching ; 
 
510 ORCHIDACE^. (OUCHIS FAMILY.) 
 
 the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbos- 
 ity or short spur which is mostly adnatc to the summit of the ovary : lip slightly 
 adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of pro- 
 jecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther 
 terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free. 
 Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched 
 and toothed coral-Iikc root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim- 
 ple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-colored 
 flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of KopuWiof, coral, and f>i(a, 
 root.) 
 
 § 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the sutnmit of the ovary: flowers small : lip whitish 
 or purplish, often mottled with crimson. 
 
 1. C. inn§,ta, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3'- 
 9' high), 5 - 12-(lowered ; pedicels very short ; lip somewhat hastately 3-lolied aboce 
 the base, the lamella; thick and rather short ; spur a very small piotuberance ; 
 pod oval or elliptical (.3" -4'" long). (C. vcrna, Nittt.) — Swamps and damp 
 woods. May, June. — Perianth only 2' or 2^'' long. (Ku.) 
 
 2. C odontorhiza, Nutt. Piant light brown or purplish ; stem rather 
 slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6'- 16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels 
 rather slender ; liji entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, 
 abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamella? a pair of short projections; 
 the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to -the summit of the 
 ovary; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval (4" long). (C. 
 Wistariana, Conrad.) — Rich woods, New York to Michigan, and especially 
 southward : rare northward. May, July. — Perianth about 3" long. 
 
 3. C. raultiflbra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high), 10- 
 30-flowered ; ///) dee/i/i/ 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent 
 lamellai; spur manifest and protuberant; pod oblong (6'' -9" long), sliort-ped- 
 ieelled- — Dry woods : common. July - Sept. — Perianth 2^" - 4'' long. 
 
 § 2. Spttr none: the broad/i/ gibbons somewhat saccate base of the perianth irhoJli] frc-e 
 from the ovarij : flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotlpd, more expanding. 
 
 4. C. Macrsei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6-16' high), bearing 1.5- 
 2.') large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval or obovate, 
 perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1-3 short 
 lamellaj ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves ; pod oblong 
 (9" long). — Woods, from near Lake Eric (Caledonia Springs, Canada, W. F. 
 Macrae), Mackinaw, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof Whitney, and westward to the 
 Pacific. July. — Sepals, petals, and lip 6" or 7" long. — This is the Aplectrum 
 aphyllum, Nutt. in herb.; and from the range and the size of the flowers it can 
 hardly be other than C. striata, Lindl., but it does not at all agree with the 
 character as to the lij) and spur. 
 
 15. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Evk. 
 
 Perianth neither gibbous, nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. 
 Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and the scape (invested 
 below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza. But, instead of a coral-like 
 
k 
 
 ORCHID ACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 511 
 
 root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb 
 or corni, often I' in diameter (tilled with exeeediny:ly glutinous matter), which 
 sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, pctioled, green 
 leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape, 
 a foot or more high, is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy ratiicr large flowers. 
 (Genus too near the last. The name composed of a privative and nXrjKTpov, 
 a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 
 
 1. A. hyemale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould: rather rare or local. — 
 Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizon- 
 tally connected. Perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat 
 ?peckled with purple, 5" - 6" long. 
 
 16. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slippek. Moccason-flow'er. 
 
 Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into 
 one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually nar- 
 rower. Lip a large infldted sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile sta- 
 men, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and 
 pulpy or powdery-granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like 
 but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and 
 covers the summit of the style ; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, 
 moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen 
 in most of our species, especially in No. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face 
 of the anther into a viscid", varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches 
 it, carrying away .«ome of the pollen. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves 
 large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or 
 few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kvnpis, Venus, and ttoSioi', a sock 
 or buskin, i. c. Venus' s Slipper.) 
 
 § I. T/ie three sepals sppnrate. [Stem leaf ij, single- flowered.) 
 
 1. C. arietinum, K. Brown. (Ram's-head L.) Upper sepal ovate- 
 lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the yietals linear and nearly alike (green- 
 ish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip, which is prolonged 
 at the apex into a short conical deflexed point ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo- 
 late, nenrly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietmnm, Be(l.) — CoU\ swamjjs 
 and damp woods, Maine to New York, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. 
 — The smallest species : stem slender, 6'- 10' high : lip only 6' long. 
 
 § 2. Two of the sepals united into one piece under the lip. 
 
 * Stem leafu to the top, 1 -S-foircred: lip sUpper-sliaped or roundish, much isiflatrd, 
 
 horizontal, and with a rounded open orifire. 
 
 t- Sepals and linear Wiiri/-/wisted petals brou^nish, pointed, lonqer than the Up. 
 
 2. C. candidum, Muhl. (Small White Lady's Slipper.) Sepals 
 ovate-lanceolate ; liji white, flatfish laterallj', convex above ; sterile stamen lanceo- 
 late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Bogs, Central and W. New Yuik (rare) 
 to Kentucky and Wisconsin. May, June. — Little larger than the foregoing 
 species, slightly pubescent, 1-flowered : petals and sepals greenish, not much 
 exceeding the lip, which is less than 1.' long. 
 
512 AMARYLLIDACE^. (aMAUTLLIS FAMtl^T.) 
 
 3. C. parviflbrum, Salisb. (Smallek Yellow L.) Sepals ovate or 
 orate-hinceolate ; Up Jhittish fioin al)ore, bii(//it r/fllow ( I' or less long) ; sterile sta- 
 men trian>^ular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Bogs and low woods; rather eoninion. 
 May, June. — Stem I °- 2° high. Flower fragrant: sepals and petals more 
 brown-purple thr.n in the next, into which, however, it seems to pass. 
 
 4. C. pubeseens, WiUd. (Larger Yellow L.) Sepals t longnted-lancco- 
 late; lip Jiattcmd lattrallij, very convex and gibbous above (1^' -2' long, scent- 
 less, )iale. ydlow. — Bogs and low woods : common northward and westward, 
 and southward in the Alleghanics. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as 
 are the broadly oval acute leaves. 
 
 ■^ •»- Sepals and petals plane, rounded, uldte, not longer than the lip. 
 
 .5. C. spectS,bile, Swartz. (Showy L.) Sepals round-ovate or orbicu- 
 lar, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, ichite, pink purple in 
 front (Ij' long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New 
 England to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanics. July. — The most 
 beautiful of the genus, downy, 2'^ high. Leaves ovate, pi'nted. 
 * * Scape naked, 2-leav(d at the base, \ flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter 
 than the drooping lip, which has a closed flssure down its whole length in front. 
 
 6. C. acatlle, Ait. (Stemless L.) Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 
 nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely 
 white), nearly 2' long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid; leaves oblong. (C. 
 humile, Sulisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens : common, especially 
 northward. May, June. — Plant downy : the scape 8'- 12' high, with a green 
 bract at the top. 
 
 Order 115. AMARYLLIDACE.*:. (Amaryllis Family.) 
 
 Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scur/g or icoolly, icilh linear- 
 flat root-leaves, and regular {or nearly so) and perfect G-androus fluicers, 
 the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent loith the 3-celled ovary; the 
 lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introi-se. Style single. Pod 3-celled, 
 several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight 
 embryo in the axis of flesliy albumen. — An order represented in our gar- 
 dens by the Narcissus (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. Jonquilla), and Daf- 
 fodil (N. Pseudo-Narcissus), the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) 
 and the Snowflake (Leuco.jum veknum), &e., but with very few indige- 
 nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Dirters from Liliaceae 
 chiefly in the inferior ovary. 
 
 « Pod 3-Talvcd, loculiciJal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped. 
 
 1. Amnryllis. Flower naked in the tliroat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated. 
 
 2. Fanci-ailuin. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-sbapej 
 
 crown connecting the stamens. IJulbs ( o:ited. 
 
 3. Agave. Flower equally 6 cleft, persi.-teut •, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous. 
 
 * * Pod iiidehiscent ; anthers sagittate. 
 i. Hypoxys. Perianth G-pnrted nearly dowu tu the ovary. Bulb solid. 
 
AMARYLLTDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 513 
 
 1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Amaryllis. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and 
 similar, spreading above-; the G stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers 
 versatile. Pod membranaceous, o-lobcd. — Leaves and scape from a coated 
 bulb. Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.) 
 
 1. A. Atamasco, L. (Atamasco Lily.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex; 
 perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (Muhl.) Virginia, 
 and southward. June. — Elower 3' long, on a scape 6' high. 
 
 2. PANCRATIUM, L. Pancratium. 
 
 Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes 
 long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped coroUine 
 delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers 
 linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 - 3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb- 
 lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an 
 umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of -nav, all, and 
 KpaTvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.) 
 
 1. P. rotatum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (\° - 2° long); 
 scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading 
 large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno- 
 callis rotata, Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and 
 southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather. 
 
 3. AGAVE, L. American Aloe. 
 
 Perianth tubuhir-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal, 
 narrow. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, many-seeded. 
 Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny 
 teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous- 
 rooted crown. (Named altered from dyai/os, wonderful, not inappropriate as 
 applied to A. AxMericana, the Century-plant.) 
 
 L A. Virginica, L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or den- 
 ticulate ; scape 3° -6° high ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish- 
 yellow, fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn.? Virginia to Illinois (Mr. Luni' 
 mis), and southward. Sept. 
 
 4. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. 
 
 Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba- 
 ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers sagittate, erect. Pod crowned with the 
 withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a 
 crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent 
 quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of 
 lateral beak. Radicle inferior ! — Stcmless small herbs, with grassy and hairy 
 linear leaves and slender f^'w-flowci-ed scapes, from a solid bulb. (Name com- 
 posed of uTTo, beneath, and o|uf, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acuto 
 at the bas2.) 
 
 33 
 
614 n^MODORACE^. (blood WORT FAMILY.) 
 
 1. H. er6eta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 
 1 - 4-Ho\vefcd scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel- 
 low within. — Meadows and open woods : common. June- Aug. 
 
 OunEU IIG. lI.EillODOKACE.E. (Bi.ooinvouT Family.) 
 
 Herbs, icithjibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect S-ii-androus 
 regular jloicers, which are tcoolbj or scurfy outside ; the lube of the ii-lobed 
 perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the 
 3-cclled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ; 
 the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en- 
 closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celied, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded. 
 Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the 
 Southern hemisphere. 
 
 # Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, ampbitropous. 
 
 1. liuvltuaittUes. Stameas 3, exserted anthers Tcr.satiie. Leaves equitant. 
 
 * * Ovary free except at the biise : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous. 
 
 2. liophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly G cleft perianth. Leaves equitant. 
 
 3. Aletris. Stamens G, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6 toothed 
 
 perianth. Leaves flat. 
 
 1. LACHNANTHES, L. Ri^d root. 
 
 Pcriitnth woolly outside, 6-partcd down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, 
 opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear, 
 fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular. 
 Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — 
 Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered 
 at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated 
 by a dense comjiound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence 
 the name, from \ii)(vri, irool, and liudos, h/ossom). 
 
 1. L. tinct6ria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey 
 southward, near the coast. July - Sept. 
 
 2. LOPHiOLA, Ker. LornioLA. 
 
 Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading, 
 longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by 
 the base. Pod ovate, free from the ])erianth except at the base, pointed with 
 the awl-shaped style, which finally sjdits into 3 divisions, one terminating each 
 valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial 
 herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi- 
 tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the 
 summit, as also the crowded or paniclcd cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in- 
 side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft 
 towards the iiasc (wbcncc the name from Xoc^tioi/, n small cirsl.) 
 
 1. L. aurea, Ker. ( Comisty lis Americana, A<r.s/i.) — Boggy pine barrens. 
 New Jersey to Virginia, and touthward. June- Aug. 
 
IRIDACE^. (lUlS FAMILY.) 515 
 
 3. ALETRIS, L. Colic-koot. Star-grass. 
 
 Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinklccf and roughened outside by 
 thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below 
 with the base only of the ovary, 6-clet't at the summit. Stamens C, inserted at 
 the base of the lobes: filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, 
 3-eleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the 
 roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren- 
 nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading 
 cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked 
 raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2°-3° high). Bracts awl-shaped, 
 minute. ('AXerpiy, a female slave who grinds corn ; the name applied to these 
 plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.) 
 
 1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-ob- 
 long. — Grassy or sandy woods : not rare. July, Aug. 
 
 2 A. aiirea, Walt. Plowersbell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter); lobes 
 short-ovate. — Barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 
 
 Order 117. BROMEHACEiE. (Pine- Apple Family.) 
 
 Herbs (or scarcely/ woodi/ plants, nearly all tropical), the cjreater part epi- 
 phytes, loith persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath- 
 ing at the base, usually covered with scurf: G-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth 
 adherent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c , or free from it in 
 
 1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss. 
 
 Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana- 
 ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading 
 above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with 
 the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig- 
 mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting 
 into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds .several or many in each cell, anatro- 
 pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. 
 Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. 
 (Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.) 
 
 1. T. usneoides, L. (Common Long Moss or Black Moss.) Stems 
 thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped; peduncle short, I- 
 flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward; growing on the branches 
 of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern 
 States, and barely coming within the limits of this work. 
 
 Order 118. IRIDACE^. (Iris Family.) 
 
 Herbs, with equitant 2-ranled leaves, and refjular or irregular perfect 
 flowers; the divisions of the G-clefl petal-like perianth convolute in the bud 
 in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-cetled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona- 
 delphous stmnens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth and 
 
516 IRIDACJE^. (iris family.) 
 
 opposite the stifjtuns, loilh eitrorse anthrrx. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 
 or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite 
 the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, lociilicidal, many-seeded. Seeds 
 anatropous: embryo straight in (leshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or 
 conns mostly acrid. — Reprerented in gardens by Crocu.s, Glaimolus, 
 TiGRiDi.A. or TiGKR-FLOWKU, and by three genera in the wild state. 
 
 1. Iris. Outer Jivisions of the perianth recurved ; the inner erect : stigmas petal-like. 
 
 2. Partlniillliis. Perianth eciually spreading: filaments nearly distinct : stigmas dilated, 
 
 3. SiHyriiichiiiin. Perianth regular and equally spreadiog : filaments luonaUelpbous lo 
 
 the top : stigmas thread-like. 
 
 1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce. 
 
 Perianth 6-clcft; the tube more or less ])rolongcd beyond the ovary; the 3 
 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the ."5 inner smaller and erect. Stamens 
 distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like 
 stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of 
 a thin lip or plate under their apex) : most of the style connate with the tube 
 of the perianth. Pod 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened. — 
 Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours 
 nil with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. ('iptJ, the rainbow 
 deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied 
 colors of the blossoms.) 
 
 * Steins leaf If and rather tall ( 1 ° - 3° high ) , from thickened rootxtochs, often branching : 
 
 tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, tvhich are beardless and a'esfless, 
 the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer. 
 -1- Flowers violet-blue, variegated with greenish, yellowish or ichite, and purple-veined. 
 
 1. I. versicolor, L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on 
 one side ; leaves sword-shaped (|' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides 
 flat; flowers (2^' -3' long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter than 
 the ovary; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places: common. 
 May, June. 
 
 2. I. Virglnica, L. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very slender, terete ; 
 leaves narrowly linear (2" -3" Avide) ; flowers slender-peduncled (H'-2' long), 
 the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled, tach side 2-grooved ; pod sharply 
 triangular. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gracilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to 
 Virginia and southward, near the coast. June. 
 
 1- H- Flowers yellowish or dull reddish-brown. 
 
 3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem and leaves as No. 1 ; tube of the perinnth 
 cylindrical, as long as the G-angled ovary; petal-like branches of the style 
 narrow. — Swamps near Cairo, S. Illinois (Dr. Tosf>y), and southward. May. 
 
 * * Stems low (.3' — 6' high), from tnfedand creeping slender (or here and there tuber- 
 
 ous-thic.ke.nexl) rootstocks, I -3-flowered: tul)e of the peridnth long and slender ; 
 the viuhf-lilue divitions nearly equal. 
 
 4. I. verna, L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- 
 cous ; the thread-like tube of the iKuianth about the length of the divisions, which 
 
IRIDACE^. (mis FAMILY.) • 517 
 
 nre olilong-obovate and on slender claics, the outer ones slightly hairy down 
 the orange-yellow base, c)a.V/ess ; pod obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides, 
 A'irgiuia, Kentucky, and southward., April. 
 
 5. I. erist^ta, Ait. (Crested Dwarf Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (3' -5' 
 long when grown) ; those of the spathc oa'tte^anceolate, shorter than the thiead- 
 Uke Inbc of the perianth; which is 2' long and much lonfjer than the light blue 
 obovate short-clawed dn-isions, the outer ones cresteil but beardless ; pod sharply 
 triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. ' Mav. — 
 Creeping rootstocks pungently acrid. 
 
 6. I. laCTistriS, Nutt. (L.\ke Dwarf Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather 
 shorter than the dinisions (yellowish, ^'-|' long), dilated upwards, not exceeding 
 the spathe : otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes 
 Huron and Michigan. May. 
 
 2. PARDANTHUS, Kcr. Blackberry-Lily. 
 Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally 
 spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens mona- 
 delphous only at the base : anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the nar- 
 row divisions tipped with a small dilated stjgma. Pod pear-sliaped ; the valves 
 at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose 
 black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). 
 
 — Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, &c. of an Iris ; the branching stems 
 (3° -4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above 
 with crimson purple spots (whence the name from napBos, a leopafd, and avdos, 
 a flower). 
 
 1. P. Chinexsis, Ker. (Ixia Chinensis, Z.) —Sparingly escaped from 
 gardens into waste places. July- Sept. (Adv. from China, &c.) 
 
 3. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Gr.^ss. 
 
 Perianth G-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to 
 the top. Stigmas thread-like. • Pod globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low 
 slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch- 
 ing 2-edged or winged .stems, and fugacious umbelledclustcrod small flowers 
 from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of oris, a hog, and pvyxos, snout, from 
 a foncy that the hogs arc fond of rooting it up ) 
 
 1. S. Bex'mudi^na, L. Stem winged, naked, or 1 -2-leavcd; leaves nar- 
 row and grass-like; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at 
 the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal, 
 shorter than the flowers.) — Var. Anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged 
 scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — 
 Var. mucron.\tum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and narrowly winged 
 scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe shar))-pornted and unequal, one of 
 them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various intermediate forms. 
 
 — Moist meadows, &c , among grass; common everywhere. June -Aug. — ■ 
 Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whitish ; or, in var. 
 Ilbidusi (S. albidura, liaf.) pure white : Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. 
 
518 SMILACE.E. (^SMILAX FAMILY). 
 
 Order 119. DIOSCOREACE^. (Yam Family!) 
 
 Plants wilh twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, 
 and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and 
 regular Jiowcrs, icith the fi-cleft cali/x-like perianth adherent in the fertile 
 plant to the '3-ctlled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, 
 anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod. 
 Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly by 
 the genus 
 
 1. .DIOSCOREA, riumier. Yam. 
 
 Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base 
 of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, S-winged, lociilicidally 
 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, 
 with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscoridcs.) 
 
 1. D. Villdsa, L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alter- 
 nate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy underneath, 
 heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9- 11-ribbcd; flowers pale greenish-yellow, 
 the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple raccmcS. — Thick- 
 ets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — Stems 
 slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods 8"- 10" 
 long. — A bad name, for the jjlant is never villous, and often nearly smooth. 
 
 Order 120. SI»IILACE.E. (Smilax Family.) 
 
 Shrrdiby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair of 
 tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves; tcith 
 dioecious small flowers ; regular perianth of 6 (rarely more) similar greenish 
 deciduous sepals, free from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals, with in- 
 trorse l-celled anthers : ovary with 3 (rarely 1 or 4-6) cells and as many 
 elongated spreading sessile stigmas. Ovules one or a pair in each cell, 
 suspended, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. Seed-coat close, firmly 
 adherent to the hard horny albumen : embryo minute. — Order, as here 
 limited, represented almost solely by the genus 
 
 1. SMILAX, Tourn. Gkeexbuilr. Cathuier. 
 
 Character as above. — Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, greenish or 
 yellowish. Ster. Fl. Stamens inserted on the very base of the sepals : filaments 
 linear : anthers linear or oblong, fi.xcd by the base, 2-loccllate. Fert. Fl. Fila- 
 ments, if ])rescnt, sterile. Stigmas thick and s])reading, almost sessile. (The 
 ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) 
 
 §1. Steins icood ji , often pr Ickl ij : ovules solitary. [Ours all (fahrous.) 
 
 * Leaves ovale or roundish, <Jt., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 
 
 and 5 -^-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. 
 
SMILACEiE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 519 
 
 -•- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, Jlultrmd ; leaves thickish, 
 incUniiKj to be eveiyreen, ut least southward, green loth sides. 
 
 1. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near tlic 
 base or unarmed ; leaves ovate and sumeichut hiurt-sliufied (3' -4' long); berries 
 eoralrtd. (S. China, WuU.) — New Jersey, and southward. July. 
 
 2. S. rotundifblia, L. (Common Greenbrier.) Stem armed with 
 scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4- 
 angular; leaves uvate or round-orate, often broader than long, slightly heart- 
 shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long); berries blue-black, with a bloom. 
 (S. caduca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thick- 
 ets : common, especially southward. June, July. — Plant yellowish-green, often 
 high-climbing. — Passes into var. quadrangularis, with the branches, and 
 especially the branchlets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muld.) — 
 Penn. to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 ■<- •*- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole, flattened : leaves 
 tardily deciduous or partli/ persistent : berries black, with a bloom. 
 
 3. S. glavica, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-anguIar branchlets 
 armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate, 
 glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young 
 (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsa- 
 parilla, L., in part, but not as to the syn. of Bauhin, whence the name was taken. 
 (S. eatluca, Willd. S. spinulosa, Smith ? Torr.fl.) — Dry thickets, S. New York 
 to Kentucky and southward. July. 
 
 4. S. tamnoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch- 
 lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; leaves varying from round-heart- 
 shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- 
 berd-shaped or 3-lobe(i, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margina 
 often somewhat bristly-eiliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata Willd., 
 S. pandurata, Pursh, &c , arc all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to 
 Illinois, and (chiefly) southward. July. 
 
 ■<- -^ -<- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample {^' -5' long), 
 thin ur thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets warli/ so. 
 
 5. S. hlspida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing 
 high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering 
 branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, 
 slightly rough-margined, membranacfous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn. 
 and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l^'-2' long. Sepals lan^ 
 ceolate, almost 3" long. 
 
 G. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuba-ous ,- stews and branches unarmed, 
 or with very few weak jirickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets 
 ovate-oblong, cus])idate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; 
 peduncles flat (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and 
 southward. July. 
 
 * * Leaves varyi)ig from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short 
 petiole, 3 - b-ticrvid, shining above, paler or glaucous bentuth, many of them 
 
520 LiLiACE-«. (lily family.) 
 
 without tendrils: peduticles short, seldom exceeding tiie pedicels, terete j the umbels 
 soimiljiKS paiiic/id : branches tcrtle, iiitanned. 
 
 7. S. lauceol^ta, L. Leaves thiiinish, ratlicr deciduous, ovate-lanccohite 
 or lancL'-ol)long ; slujinus 3 ; berrits dull ral. — Southcustcru Virginia and south- 
 ward. Juno. 
 
 8. S. laurifdlia, L. Tjeaces thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from 
 oblong-lanecolatu to linear (:?^'-5' long) ; stigma solitarj ; berries black when ripe, 
 1-secded. — Tine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug, 
 
 § 2. COPKOSMANTHUS, Torr. Stem herbaceous, nevei- prickhj : Jloioers 
 carrion-sccnttd : ovuUs mostly in pairs in each ctll: leaves long-petiulid, mem- 
 braiiuceous, mucronute-tipptd: berries bluish-black with a bloom. 
 
 9. S. herb^oea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem erect and recurving, 
 or climbing ; leaves ocatc-obloivj or rounded, iitoslly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved, 
 smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or 
 sometimes even 6' -8', and much longer than the leaves), 20-40-flowered. — 
 Var. iHLVERULENTA (S. pulvcruicnta, Michr. &. S. peduncularis, Mahl.) has 
 the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter-peduncled state 
 of this appears to be S. lasioueuron, Ilouk. — Moist meadows and river-banks : 
 common. June. — Very variable, l°-3°, or even 6° -8° high: petioles I' -3' 
 long. Seeds 6. 
 
 10. S. tamnif61ia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves htart-hulberd- 
 shaped, 5-nervtd, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tamnoides, 
 Pursh, not of Z.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. — 
 Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the 
 apex. Berry 2-3-seeded. 
 
 Order 121. LILIACE^. (Lily Family.) 
 
 Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 
 C-androus /lowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3- 
 celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in 
 one instance 4), icilh 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few -many-seeded pod or 
 berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or 
 ampliitropous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer 
 and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally 
 similar, except in Trillium. — A large fiimily, as here extended, the prin- 
 cipal divisions commonly received as orders, but not well limited. For 
 the present purpose they are best regarded as tribes. 
 
 Tribe I. TRIIjL.1DEjE. Styles or se=sile stigmas 3, sep.irate down to the ovary. 
 Fruit a sevenl -many -seeded berry. Divisicms or leaves of the perianth distinct, the 3 
 outer often folinccous. Simple stem from a rootstock, naked below ; leaves all in one or 
 two whorls above, broad, more or less conspicuously nettod-veined! 
 
 1. Trillium. Perianth of two sorts, 3 folinceous persistent sepals and 3 colored pctils. 
 
 Anthers adnate, introrse. Leaves (3) in a single whorl. Flower single. 
 
 2. Metleola. Teriauth of 6 similar colored divisions, deciduous. Anthers fixed by thu 
 
 middle, «:itrorse. Leaves la two whorls. Ftowers.several. - 
 
LILIACE^. (lily family.) 521 
 
 Tribe II. MELAKTHIEiE. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. separate down to the ovary. 
 Fruit a several -many-seeded pod. Seeds with a soft; or loose coat. Anthers extrorse, 
 e.xcept in No. 11. I'erianth withering-persistent. Leaves parallel-veiued and alternate. 
 Flowers often poly gamous, sometimes dioecious. 
 # Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, .shield-shaped after openiLg: 
 pod 3-horned, and .•^epticiJal : seeds Hat, membrauaceous-margiued. 
 1- Sepals with one or two glands or spots on the upper face near the base. 
 
 3. Meluiithiuia. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free froui the ovary, their long 
 
 claws bearing the stamens. 
 
 4. Zysmleiius. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals nearly free from the base of 
 
 the ovary : stamens free. 
 
 t- *- Sepals destitute of glands, and not raised on claws. 
 
 5. Steiiaiitliium. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo- 
 
 late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Kacemes compound-panicled. 
 
 6. Veratruin. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the 
 
 stamens. Flowers panicled, polygamous. 
 
 7. AiniaMtliium. Perianth entirely free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the 
 
 stamens. Flowers racemed, perfect. 
 * * Anthers 2-celled, extrorse^Dod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked. 
 
 8. Xeropliylluin, Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves 
 
 very slender. Seeds 2 in each cell. 
 
 9. Hclonias. Flowers ^perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves 
 
 lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous. 
 
 10. Cliauiccliriiiiu. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy. 
 
 * * * Anthers 2-oelled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal, many-seeded. 
 
 11. Toiieldia. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant. 
 
 Tribe III. UVULiARIEjE. Style Sparted ; i. e. styles 3 united into one only at the 
 base. Fruit a few-seeded pod. Seed-coat soft or loose. Anthers more or less e\ tror.se. 
 Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Stems from a rootstock or fibrous roots, leafy. Leaves 
 alternate, broad, parallel-veined. 
 
 12. Vvularia. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. 
 
 Tribe IV. ASPARAGINE^. Style 1. undivided (i.e. the 3 or rarely 2 styles united 
 to the summit into one). Fruit a few-seeded berr. . Seeds with a close coat and horny 
 albumen. Stems from a rootstock. Leaves parallel-veined, chiefly alternate. Pedicels 
 often articulated with the flower or in the middle. 
 
 * Plants with true leaves. Coat of the hard >eed thin and membranous, 
 •t- Anthers extrorsely attached to the filament. Stamens hypogvnous. Sepals distinct, 
 
 13. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating the forked branches, 
 
 on straight jointless pedicels. 
 
 14. Streptopiis. Anthers arrow-shaped, pointed. Flowers lateral along the forked branches : 
 
 pedicels bent about the middle. 
 
 15. Clintonia. Anthers oblong, pointless. Flowers terniiniitins a naked scape. 
 
 •I- -I- Anthers introrse. Filaments attached to the perianth. Stem simple 
 
 16. Convallaria. Perianth bell -shaped, 6-lobed, bearing the stamens. Leaves all at the 
 
 base of the naked scape, which bears the flowers in a simple raceme. 
 
 17. Sinilaciiin. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Stem 
 
 le.afy. Flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme. 
 
 18. Poly^oiiatiim. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the middle 
 
 Stem leafy to the top. Flowers axillary. 
 • « Plants with branching stems, their true leaves reduced to scales : leaf-like branchlets 
 serving for foliage. Seed-coat hard and black. 
 
 19. Asparagus. Perianth 6 parted. The apparent leaves very narrow or threal-like- 
 
 L & M-42 
 
522 ULiACE^. (mly family.) 
 
 Tribe V. LILIEi'E. Stvle 1, undiTidcJ (i. e. the three united throughout into one), 
 or rarely a sessile stigma. Fruit u loculiiidal pod. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. An- 
 thers iutrorse or extrorse. Sti-m commonly from u coated or scaly bulb. 
 * Leafy -stem med from a sraly bulb. 
 
 20. Lilllum. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. I'od obloug, many -seeded : seeds horizontal, flat. 
 • » Scape nailed or nearly so, from a coated or rarely scaly bulb. Seeds mostly globular. 
 
 ^- Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate divisions or sepals. 
 
 21. Erythroiiiiiin. Flower single. St> le club-shaped. Pod obovate. 
 
 22. Oriiiiliosuluin. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sidcd. 
 '23. Scllla. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like. 
 
 24. Allium. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved. 
 
 ^- ■>- Perianth globular or ovoid, C-toothed. 
 
 25. Muscari. Flowers in a dense raceme, numerous, small, mostly blue. 
 
 * * * No bulb. Stem or scape several-flowered. Pod many-seeded. 
 26 llemerocallis. Perianth large, funnel-shaped; the sepals united in a narrow tub© 
 below. Stamens and long st> le declined. Seeds globular, black. 
 
 27. Yucca. Perianth large, of 6 .separate broad divisions. Stigmas sessile. Stem woody 
 
 and persistent: leaves persistent. Seeds flat, horizontal. Flowers paniclcd. 
 
 28. Ufartlieciuin. Perianth G-parted, the divisions narrow, yellowish. Filaments woolly. 
 
 Style slender. Flowers in a raceme. Leaves ccjuituut. Seeds small, long-tailed at both 
 ends. (Transition to Juncaceae.) 
 
 1. TRILLIUM, L. TiiREE-LEAVED Nightshade. 
 
 Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals .3, larger, 
 withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, in- 
 trorse ; the cells opening down the margins. Styles (or ratlier stigmas) awl- 
 shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the 
 inner side. Ovary 3 - 6-angIed. Berry ovate, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds 
 horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and sim- 
 ple stem rising from a short and prasmorsc tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing 
 at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed 
 but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from 
 tiiUx, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities arc not rare with 
 the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the 
 flower increased in number. 
 § 1 . Flower sessile in the bosom of the leares, erect : petals i^arijing from spatulate 
 
 to lanceolate, l'-2' lonrj, little exceeding the sepals, witherimj-persistent (stems 
 
 A>-V1' hi.jh). 
 
 1. T. sessile, L. Leaves sessile, orate or rhomboidal, acute, often l)]otchcd 
 or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreudiiKj (dark and dull purple, Aarying to green- 
 ish). — Moist woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 
 2. T. recurvktum, Beck. Leaces contracted at the base into a petiole^ ovate, 
 obJonrj, or obomie : sfpals reflexed, pet.<ds pointed, the base narrowed into a claw, 
 dark purple. — Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 
 § 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: pdnis loithering away after blossoming. 
 
 » Peduncle slender, erect or inclined: leaves rhombic-ovate, ubrajitljj taper-pointed, 
 
 sessile or nearlij .so bg a ivedge-sh'ijied or acute base: petals plane. 
 
 3. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. (Lauge White T. or Wake Ronix.) 
 Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, barely sessile ; petals obovate. 
 
LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 523 
 
 spreading from an erect base, much larger than the sepals (2' -2^' long), ivhile, 
 chuii(/ii>(j wall (t(je to rose-colur. — Kicli woods, Vermont to 8. Tcnn., Kentucky, 
 Wisconsin, and northward. June. —Flower erect, on a peduncle 2' -3' long, 
 very handsome. 
 
 4. T. ereetum, L. (Purple T. or Birthroot.) Leaves dilated-rhom- 
 boidal, nearly as broad as long ; petals ovate, ucutish, dark dull purple, spreading, 
 little longer than the sepals (I'-l^' long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropur- 
 pureum, Michx.) — Rich woods : common, especially northward. May. — 
 Fcduncle 1'- 3' long, usually rather inclined than erect. 
 
 Var. album, Tursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary 
 mostly dull-purple. (T. pe'ndulum. Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form, 
 especially from New York westward. 
 
 Var. deelin^tum. Peduncle (fully half the length of the leaves) horizontal, 
 or soon becoming so, or in fruit almost deflexed ; petals white, rarely pink. — 
 Ohio to L. Superior (where it is the principal Trillium, Dr. Robbins), and 
 northward. — Sometimes confounded with the next, if not passing into it. 
 
 * * Peduncle from the. first recurved under the short-pet I oled or almost sessile leaves, 
 scarctli/ if at all longer than tlie wavy recur ved-sp reading petals. 
 
 5. T. cernuum, L. (Nodding T. or Wake-Robin.) Leaves broadly 
 rhomboid, abruptly pointed ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, rather longer thaa 
 the sepals (6" -9" long) ; styles distinct. — Moist woods, esj)ecially eastward. 
 
 6. T. Styldsum, Nutt. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, more dis- 
 tinctly ribbed ; petals tinged with rose-color, oblong, much longer and broader thaa 
 the sepals ; styles united below the middle. — Virginia 1 and southward. 
 
 « * * Peduncle erect or nearly so: leaves distinctly pet ioled from a rounded base: 
 petals merely spreading, longer than the seprds. 
 
 7. T. nivale, Riddell. (Dwarf White T.) Small (2' -4' high) ; /eni^es 
 oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, obtuse, ichite, scarcely wavy, spreading from an 
 erect base (as in No. 3), equalling the peduncle ; styles long and slender. — Rich 
 Avoods, Ohio to Wisconsin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1' long. 
 
 8. T. ei'ythroearpum, Michx. (Painted T.) Leaves ovate, taper- 
 pointed ; jietdls orate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, ivavy, widely spreading, white, 
 painted with purple stripes at the Irnse, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum, 
 P/o-aA.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New England and Penn. to L. Superior 
 and northward, and southward in the higher AUeghanies. May, June. 
 
 2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. 
 
 Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish- 
 yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the slender filaments, 
 oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the 
 closely contiguous parallel cells lateritf or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles 
 stigmatic down the upper side, recurvcd-diverging from the globose ovary, long 
 and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-eelled, few-seeded. 
 — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (l°-3° high, clothed with 
 flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous whit* 
 
524 LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 
 
 rootstock (which has the tiiste of cucumber), bearin" near the middle n whprl 
 of 5-9 obuvatc-lauceohite and j.ointcd, sessile, ii^-htly parallel-ribbed and 
 netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate 
 ones at the toj), subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named 
 after the sorceress Mtdea, from the wholly imaginary notion that it possesses 
 great medicinal virtues.) 
 
 1. M. Virginica, L. (Gyromia, xVi<«.)—Kich damp woods. June. 
 
 3. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. Melantiiium. 
 
 Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely 
 spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised 
 on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or conflu- 
 ent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the 
 sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Anthers 
 heart-shaped or kidney -shajjcd, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening, 
 extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, tijjjjcd with simple stigmas. Pod 
 ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carjjcls united in the axis, 
 separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds 
 flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous 
 base, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal ])anicle 
 (composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves 
 lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of 
 fifXas, black, and av6os,Jlower, from the darker color which the persistent peri- 
 anth assumes after blossoming; but the name is hardly warranted.) 
 
 1. M. Vil'ginicum, L. (Buxch-flowkr.) (M. Virginicum & race- 
 niosum, Michx. Lcimantliium Virginicum, WUId. L. Virginicum & hybridum, 
 Roi'm. ^- Sc/ui/t., Grai/, Mtlunth.) — Wet meadows, from Southern New York to 
 Illinois, and common southward. July. 
 
 4. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zygadene. 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading; 
 the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or less nar- 
 rowed, but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent 
 with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. 
 Anthers, styles, and pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly 
 winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems 
 from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled 
 greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of fvyof, a yoke, and 
 abr)v, a gland, the glands being in pairs.) 
 
 * Glands on the perianth conspknous. 
 
 1. Z. glab6rrimus, Michx. Stems l°- 3'^ hli^h from a. creeping rootstorr.; 
 leaves (pass-like, chumulled, conspicnously nerved, elongated, tapering to a ])oint; 
 ■patiicte pyramidal, many-flowered; perianth nearly free; the scftals (^' long) 
 ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a jiair of orbicular i/lands tihore the •ihorl claw-like 
 base. — Grassy low grounds, Virginia [Purah) and southward. 
 
LTLIACEvE. (lily FAMILY.) 525 
 
 2. Z. glatlCUS, Nutt. Stem l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves flat; 
 panicle rather simiile. and few-flowerod ; base of the perianth coherent witli tlic base 
 of the ovary, the thin ovate or ohovate sepals marked with a hn-gc obcordate 
 (/land. (Anticlea ghuica, /!«»//(.) —Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes 
 (Bergen Swamp, Gcnnesec Co., New York, G. T. Fish) to N. Illinois: rare. 
 
 * * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Grui/.) 
 
 3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem l°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous base, 
 slender; lea\es narrowly linear; flowers small (4" in diameter) and numerous, 
 in a few crowded panielcd racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base 
 of the divisions of the free perianth. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Grai/.) — 
 Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Kni,skern) and southward. 
 
 5. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum). 
 Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, 
 
 tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent 
 ■with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the 
 short stamens. Anthers, pods, &c. nearly as in Nos. 4 and 6. Seeds nearly 
 wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, 
 long and grass-like conduplicate-kceled leaves, and numerous small flowers in 
 compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle ; in summer. (Name com- 
 posed of orfi/o's, narrow, and uvdos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 
 1. S. angUStifdlium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers (:^' long), 
 white, very short-pedicellcd, in slender racemes ; the prolonged terminal one, 
 and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Ptirsh. He- 
 lonias graminea, Bot. Ma(j.) — Low prairies and meadows, Penn. to Illinois and 
 southward towards the mountains. — Stem slender, 2° -6° high. 
 
 6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 
 
 Flowers monccciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate 
 obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the 
 base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the 
 sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as 
 in Mclanthium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a 
 thickened base jiroducing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), .3-ranked leaves, 
 and racemcd-panicled dull or dingy flowers ; in summer. (Name formed of 
 vere, truly, and ater, black.) 
 
 1. V. viride, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.) 
 Stfm stout, vrri/ l&fi/ to the top (2° -4° high); Icares broadly oval, pointed, 
 sheath clasjiinrj, siromjiij phiitcd; panicle jiyramidal, the dense s/iil-e-like racemes 
 spreading; pcri.anth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low 
 grounds: common. (Much too near V. album of Europe.) 
 
 2. V. parvi36rum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), spnrlnfjii/ leafi/ 
 below, nahd ahore: leaves scarceli/ p'nited, glabrous, contracted into sfnathinfj jteti- 
 oies, varying from oval to lanceolate ; jjanicle very long and loose, the terminal 
 raceme wand-like, the lateral slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the flow- 
 
526 LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 
 
 «rs ; sepals dingy -green, oblanccolate or spatulatc (2" -3' long), those of the 
 sterile llower.-i on claws, witlely spreading. (Melanihiinn nionoicuin, Walt. 
 Leiniantliiuiu inonoiciuu, Grui).) — Mountains of Virginia and southward. 
 
 3. V. Woodii, Hobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels 
 ( 1 ^" - 3" long) sli.jid r than the jiuinrs, the oblaneeolate spreading seimU (3" - 4^" 
 long) dingy green turning MdVi/.sA /mqile witltin : otherwise much as iii tlie last, 
 of which it may be a variety ; but tiie Howers are mostly double the size, and 
 the i)aniele stouter. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly barrens, Green 
 Co., Indiana, W'ooil. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. 
 
 7. AMIaNTHIUM, Gray. Fly-Poisox. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free petal-like 
 (white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments 
 capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, pods, &c., nearly as in 
 Melanthiuni. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose 
 coat, 1-4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or 
 coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand- 
 some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. 
 (From a/uiaiToy. unapotted, and ai/^os, Jluwei' ; a name formed with more regard 
 to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 
 
 1. A. mUSCSetOXicum, Gray. (Flv-Poisox.) Lcaces bruadly linear , 
 elongated, obtuse (^'-1' wide); raceme simple; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds 
 oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (Ilelonias erythrospe'rma, Mlchx.) — Open 
 woods, New Jersey and Penn. to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 
 
 8. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Xekophyllu.m. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval, 
 distinct, without glands or claws, at length withering, about the length of the 
 awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2celled, short, cxtrorsc. Styles thread-like, 
 stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculiei- 
 dal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-an- 
 glcd, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, 
 10-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy 
 white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the ujiper ones reduced 
 to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, a 
 foot or more long, 1' wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid 
 (whence the name IVoin ^rjpos, mid, and (f)u\\ov, leaf). 
 
 1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tcnax, Nntt. X. .setifolium, Micluc. 
 Helonias asphodelioides, />.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward: also 
 far westward. June. 
 
 9. HELONIAS, L. Helonias. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong ])urple sepals, persistent, 
 turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, round- 
 ish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod 
 
LILIACEiE. (lily FAMILY.) 527 
 
 obcordiitely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed, 
 Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at l)oth ends. — A 
 smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulatc or oblanccolate evergreen flat 
 leaves, from a tuberous rootsiock, jiroducing in early spring a hollow naked 
 scape (l°-2° high;, sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by 
 a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the 
 flowers. (Name probably from eAoy, a swamp, the place of growth.) 
 
 1. H. buUata, L. (II. latifbliu, Micltx.)—Wet places, New Jersey and 
 reiiusylvaiiia to Virginia : rare and local. 
 
 10. CHAM^LIRIUM, WiUd Devil's-Bit. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-lincar (white) spreading sepals, 
 withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile 
 flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along 
 the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 
 3-valved from the apex, many-.«eeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each 
 end. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt 
 tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4' -9' long) 
 of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves 
 flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulatc, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of 
 ;(a|Liat', on t/ie piviiiid, and Xfipiof, li/i/ ; of no obvious application.) 
 
 1. C. Iviteum. (Bl.\zing-Stak.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrnm 
 luteum, L. Helonias lutea. Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New 
 England to Illinois and southward. June. 
 
 11. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. False Asphodel. 
 
 Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri- 
 anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or 
 obovate, without claws. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or some- 
 what introrse, 2-cellcd. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 
 3-partible or septicidal ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender perennials, 
 mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at the ba.se, bear- 
 ing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, 
 grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tojidd, an English botanist of the last century.) 
 § \. Floioers in a simple spike-like raceme or head: anthers introrse: seeds not 
 ap/pend(i(jed : plant smooth and r/lahroiis. 
 
 1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (3' -6' high), slen- 
 der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers ; 
 leaves tufted, I'long. — IsleRoyale, &c.. Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 § 2. Flowers racemose, hut devel opine/ from above downwards : short pedicels in threes 
 
 from a little im-olncre of as manji bracts: anthers innate: seeds tuil-jmntal at 
 both ends {<is in nianjj species o/" Juncus.) 
 
 2. T, glutin6sa, Willd. Stem(6'-1G' high) and pedicels vciy r//H//noMs 
 with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi- 
 gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the AUeghanies. June. 
 
528 LTLIACK.E. (lily FAMILY.) 
 
 3. T. ptlbens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels rourjhencd with 
 mimtte ijlands ; leaves longer and n:irro\ver. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to 
 Virginia and southward. July. 
 
 12. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. 
 
 Perianth nearly hell-shapcd, lily-like ; the 6 distinct sepals s])atulate-lanceolatc, 
 with a honey-bciiring groove or pit iit the erect contracted base, much longer 
 thiin the stamens, which barely adhere to their base, deciduous. Anthers linear, 
 much longer than the filaments, adnatc and extrorse, but the long and narrow 
 ceils opening nearly along the margin. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stig- 
 niatic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobcd, loculicidally 3-valvcd 
 from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. 
 
 — Stems rather low, from a rootstock, naked or scaly at the base, forking 
 above, bearing oblong sessile or clasping flat and membranaceous leaves, and 
 yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal 
 ])e(luncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from 
 tiic flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.") 
 
 * Leaves claspinc]-jKr foliate : sepals pointed: fiod truncate, 3-lohed : rootstock short. 
 
 1. U. grandiflora, Smith. Stems l°-2° high; flower U' long, pale 
 greenisli-i/'lloiv, tlie si-pnis lu-arljj smooth ivtliin; anthers bluut-poiuted. — Kich 
 woods, Vermont tt> Wisconsin and soutliwcstward. 
 
 2. XT. perfoliata, L. Smaller; sepals ipanular-roiighened within; anthers 
 sharper tipped ; otlR-rwise as No. I. — Common eastward and southward. 
 
 3. U. flava, Smith. Flotvi-r bright yellow, \ long; sepals nearly smooth with- 
 in; anthers short-pointed. — New .Jersey to Virginia: rare. 
 
 * * fjenves sessile : jmd trianijular : stems low (6'- 12'): rootstork creeping. 
 
 4. U. SeSSilifdlia, L. Leai-es lanre-ohlong, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or 
 partly clasping by a narrow b.asc ; sepals blunt (9" long); anthers pointless; 
 the ovoid and sharply triangular / o / siipitate. — Low woods : common. May. 
 
 5. IT. puberula, Michx. S]i>^ht\y pubemlent ; leaves bright green both sides 
 and shining, oval, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not ex- 
 ceeding the short-pointed anthers ; jiod ovate, not stipitate; otherwise like the last. 
 
 — ^Mountains, Virginia, and southward. 
 
 13. PROSARTES, Don. Pro.sartes. 
 
 Perianth bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate (n- linear, deciduous. Filaments 
 thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are llxed 
 by a point above the base, and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from 
 the summit of each cell : style one : stigmas short, recurved-sprcading, or some- 
 times united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3- C-seeded, red. — 
 Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and 
 membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender termi- 
 nal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from npoaapTaoi, to hang 
 from, in allusion to the jiciident ovules or flowers.) 
 
 1. P. Ianugin6sa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, tapcr-])ointed, rounded 
 or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers 
 
LILIACEiE. (lilt FAMILY.) 529 
 
 solitary or in pairs ; sepals lincar-lanccolatc, taper-pointed (J' long), soon spread- 
 ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth ; stigmas 3. (Strep- 
 topus lanuginosus, Michx.) — Kich woods, Western New York to Virginia, 
 Kentucky, and soutliward along tlie Alleghanies. May. 
 
 14. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TwisTiiD-SxALK. 
 
 Perianth recurvcd-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the 6 distinct sepals 
 lanceolate, acute, tiic 3 inner keeled, deciduous. Anthers arrow-siuiped, ex- 
 trorse, lixed near the base to tlie short flattened filaments, tajjcring above to a 
 slender entire or 2cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: style 
 and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. — 
 Herbs, with rather stout stems, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper- 
 pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary 
 flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are 
 abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from (TrptnTos, 
 twisted, and novs, foot or stalL) 
 
 1. S. amplexifblius, DC. Leaven vm/ smooth, (/la ucous wider tmitJi,strong\y 
 clasping ; Jloirer ijreenish-w/iite on a long peduncle abruptly bent above the mid- 
 dle ; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; sthjma entire, truncate. (S. dis- 
 tdrtus, Mirhx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods, from Penn. 
 northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very 
 smooth. Sepals ^' long. — In this, as in the next, the peduncles arc opposite 
 tlie leaves, rather than truly axillary, and arc bent round the clasping base under- 
 neath them : they are rarely 2-flowered. (En.) 
 
 2. S. r6seus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely cilinte, and the branches 
 sparingly beset with short bristly hairs •, flower rose-purple, more than half the 
 length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-cleJl. — Cold 
 damp woods, northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May. 
 
 15. CLINTONIA, Raf. Clintonia. 
 
 Perianth of G separate sepals, bell-sha])cd, lily-like, deciduous ; the 6 stamens 
 inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear or ol)- 
 long, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down the 
 margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-ccllcd: style long : stigmas 2 or 3, or in 
 ours united into one. Berry ovoid, blue, few -many-seeded. — Stemless peren- 
 nials, with slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at 
 the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliatc leaves. Flowers 
 rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.) 
 
 1. C. bore^lis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more. 
 (Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and 
 northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 
 5' -8' long. Perianth over V long, grecnish-j-ellow, somewhat downy outside. 
 
 2. C. umbellata, Torr. Umbel mamj-flowered ; owiXcs 2 in cax:\\ cqW. (C. 
 multiflora, Deck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx.) — Rich woods, S. W. New 
 York, and soutlnvard along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Flowers half the 
 size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots. 
 
 GM 2o 
 
530 LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 
 
 16. CONVALLARIA, L. (in part). Lilv of the Valley. * 
 
 rerianth bell shaped (white), 6-Iobcd, deciduous; the lobes recui-vcd. Sta- 
 mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers introrse. Ovary 
 3-celled, tapeririy into a stout style: stipma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each 
 cell. Berry (ew-seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with 
 blender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 obloqg 
 leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to 
 appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty 
 and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from Liliiim convalJium, the pop- 
 ular name.) 
 
 1. C. majalis, L. — High Allcghanics of Virginia, and southward. May. 
 — Same as the European Lily of tul Valley of the gardens. (Eu.) 
 
 17. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens 
 inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short, introrse. 
 Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell : style short and thick : stigma 
 obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-sceded. — Perennial herbs, with 
 simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and 
 ■white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme. 
 (Name a diminutive oi Smilax, to which, however, these plants liear little re- 
 semblance.) 
 
 § 1. SMILACINA proper. Divisions of the perianth {oblonfj-ianccolate) and sta- 
 mens 6, the latter longer: ovary 3-celled: ovules collateral: racemes crowded in 
 a compound raceme or close panicle : roof stock stont , Jleshjj . 
 
 1. S. racembsa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy (2° high) ; 
 leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper pointed, ciliate, abruptly some- 
 what pctiolcd. — Moist copses: common. June. — Berries pale red, speckled 
 with purple, aromatic. (S. ciliata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.) 
 §2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. Dimsions of the perianth 6, ohlonrj-lance- 
 
 olate, lonrjer than the stamens: ovary 2~3-cellcd: ovules one above the othei- : 
 raceme siiirjle, .'3 - 20 flowered : rootstock rather slender. 
 
 2. S. Stell^ta, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 olilonf/-!anreolate leaves 
 minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; beirics blackish. — Moist 
 banks: common nortliward. May, June. — Plant 1°- 2° high. (Eu.) 
 
 3. S. trif61ia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' -6' high); leaves 3 (sometimes 
 2 or 4), oblong, tajtcring to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New Eng- 
 land to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. 
 §3. MAIANTHEMUM, Desf. Divisions qftherefexed-spreadinrj perianth (oval) 
 
 and the stamen)s 4, of equal length: ovnrij 2-celled : ovules collateral: raceme 
 single, manji- flowered : creeping rootstocks slender. 
 
 4. S. bif61ia, Ker. Glabrous, or .somewhat pubescent, low (3'- .5' high); 
 leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, pctiolcd, or in our plant (the var. 
 Canadensis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist woods : 
 very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.) 
 
i.iLiACE^.. (lily family.) 531 
 
 18. POLYGONATUM. Tourn. Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Perianth cj-Iindrical, G-lobc(l at the siiniiuit; the 6 stamens inserted on or 
 above the middle of the tube, included : anthers introrsc. Ovary S-cclled, with 
 2-6 ovules in each cell : style slender, deciduous by a joint: stiynia obtuse or 
 capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. 
 ^ Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping 
 thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half- 
 clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers : pedicels jointed 
 with the flower. (The ancicTit name, coujposedof ttoXlis, man//, and yovv, knee, 
 alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and sterns.)^ Ours are all al- 
 ternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh. 
 
 1. P. bifl6rum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Glabrous, except 
 the ovate-obiong or lance-oblong tieur/ij sessile leaves, which are commonly 
 mhudely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale 
 or glaucous widernealh; stem slender (l°-3° high); peduncles 1-3- but mostly 
 2^nwered; Jilaments papillose-rougliened, inserted towards the summit of the 
 cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. 
 Polygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — Wooded 
 banks; common. — Perianth j' long, greenish. 
 
 2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (Great S.) Glabrous throuyhoul; stem 
 stout and mostly tall, terete; leaves ovate, partly claspini/ (■5'-8' long), or the 
 upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several- {-2 -9-) flowered; 
 jilanient'i smooth and nuked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the 
 cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum 
 canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commutktuni, Dietrich.) — River-banks, in alluvial 
 soil, 5° - 8° high ; in dry or less fertile soil 2° - 4°. June. ( The stem not being 
 at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to discard the earlier name of 
 canaliculatum.) — Pedicels 4" -15" long: perianth 9" long. — Perhaps pas.ses 
 into the preceding. 
 
 3. P. Iatif61ium, Desf. Upper part of the sfem (2°-3° high), the 1 - 5- 
 flowered peduncles, pcdicJs, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly peti- 
 oled leaves more or less pubescent ; jUaments (jiubrous. (P. hirtura, Pursh. Conval- 
 laria hirta, Poir. ) — Pennsylvania, 3Iuhlenberq ! 
 
 (P. MULTIFLORUM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.) 
 
 19. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparagus. 
 
 Perianth G-parted, spreading above: the 6 stamens on its base: anthers 
 Introrsc. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled ; the cells 
 2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted 
 rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. 
 The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branehlcts, act- 
 ing as leaves, clustered in the axil of a little scale which is the true leaf. (The 
 ancient Greek name.) 
 
 1. A. officinXlis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Herbaceous, till, bushy- 
 branched ; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste 
 places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
532 LILIACE.E. (lily FAMILY.) 
 
 20. LILIUM, L. Lily. 
 
 Perianth fiinnol-form or l)ell-^liui)i.'cl, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading of 
 recurved above, witii a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; tiic 6 sta- 
 mens soniewliat adhering to their bases. Antliers linear, extrorsely inserted 
 towards tlie middle to the tapering apex of the long Hlanient, which is at fi^ 
 included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrsc 
 line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, 
 containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely 
 packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with 
 numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one 
 to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin name, 
 from the Greek Xei'/jtoj'.) 
 
 * Flowers erect, hcU-shapKl, the sepals narrowed heloiu into claivs. 
 
 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (Wild Okange-keu Lily.) Lcnres lin- 
 ear-lanceolule ; t/ie upper cldijlij in w/iorls of 5 to 8; flowers I -3, open-bell-shapeti, 
 reddish-oraiif/e spotted with pur|)Iish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not recurved 
 at the summit. — Dry or sandy ground: common. — Stem 2° -3° high: the 
 flower 2V long. 
 
 2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. (Solthern Rkd Lily.) Leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, scutturcd ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on 
 the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and 
 yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward. 
 
 * * Flowers noddinij, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revoliite. 
 
 3. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Leai-es remotely whorled, 
 lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long- 
 peduncled, oblong-bell-shapcd, the sepals recur ved-sprendim] above the middle, 
 orange-spotted inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs, especially 
 northward. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flower 2' -3' long. 
 
 4. L. sup6rbum, L. (Thrk's-cap Lily.) Loiver leaves ivhorlcd, lan- 
 ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3 - 20 or 40) in a pyram- 
 idal raceme ; sepals slronfjli/ revolnte, bright orange, with numerous dark purple 
 spots inside. — Hich low grounds. — Stem 3° -7° high: sepuls 3' long. L. 
 ("aroliniannm, Mlchr., apparently belongs to this species, which also probably 
 passes into the preceding. 
 
 21. ERYTHRONIUM, L Dog's tooth Violet. 
 
 Perianth lilj-likc, of G distinct liinccolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, 
 deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base, 
 and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-linear, con- 
 tinuing erect. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved, 
 loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose, mcmhranaeeons tip. — 
 Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into 
 petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising 
 from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (Name 
 from fpvOpik, red, which is inappropriate as respects the American species.) 
 
LILIACE.^E. (lily FAMILY.) 533 
 
 1. E. Americknum, Smith. (Yellow Adder's-tongue.) Leaves 
 elliptical-laiu'coliUc, pale green, mottled and commonly dotted with purplish 
 and whitish ; perianth ll(/ht yellow, often spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; 
 sti(i mas united into one. — Low copses: common. May. — Scape 6' -9' high: 
 flower 1' or more long. — E. bracte.\tum, Boott, from the Camel's Rump 
 
 fountain, Vermont, is probably only an accidental state, with a bract, such as 
 c Western E. grandiflorum often has. 
 
 2. E. albidum, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Leaves ellip- 
 tical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted, not dotted ; perianth bluish-white; inner 
 divisions toothless ; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 spreading 
 stigmas. — Low thickets, New York (near Albany), and S. Pcnn. to Wisconsin 
 and Illinois. — At Lake Superior, Dr. Bobbins finds a plant hke this hnti/cllow- 
 Jiowercd, a transition towards E. granditlorum. 
 
 22. ORNITHOGALUM, Tonrn. Star-of-Bethlehem. 
 
 Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3-7-nervcd sepals. Filaments 6, 
 flattencd-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous, 
 roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal. — 
 Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, 
 braetcd. (An ancient whimsical name from opvts, <i bird, and ydXa, milL\) 
 
 1. O. umbell.\tum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels; 
 sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gardens into moist 
 meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 23. SCILLA, L. Squill. 
 
 Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous; 
 the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-ang1ed, loc- 
 ulicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish see^ls in each cell. — Scape and 
 linear leaves from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly braetcd. 
 (The ancient name.) 
 
 ]. S. Frkseri. (Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth.) Leaves long 
 and linear, keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ; 
 stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, several-seeded. (Phahingium cscule'n- 
 tiim, Nutt. Scilla esculenta, A'ec. Camassia Fraseri, To/r.) — Moist ])rairies 
 and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May. — Bulb onion- 
 like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale 
 blue, 3-nerved, 6" long. 
 
 24. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Garlic. 
 
 Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the 
 very base, 1,-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent : 
 the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style jiersistent, thread- 
 like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, loculicidal, 3-valve(l, with 1 or few ovoid- 
 kidney-sha(ied aniphitropous or eanipylotropous black seeds in each cell. — 
 Strong-scented and pungent stcmless herbs; the leaves and scape from a 
 
•534 LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 
 
 coatcil bulb flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to 
 bulblcts ; spatlie 1 - 2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) 
 » Ovules and seeds stnyle in each cell: leaves broad and flat, appearing in cirli/ 
 spring, and dying befl}re die flowers are developed. 
 
 1. A. tricOGCUm, Ait. (Wild Lkek.) Scape naked (9' high from 
 clustered j)ointcd bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; ]ca\^ 
 lance-oblong (.5'-9' long, l'-2' wide); sepals oblong (white), equalling tne 
 simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobcd. — Kich woods, W. New England to 
 Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alleghanies. July. 
 
 * * Orults mostly 2 in each cell: orarg crested with 6 teeth: leaves long and narrow. 
 
 ■t- Umhel bearing onlg flmvers and ripening jiods. 
 
 2. A. c6rnuum, Roth. (Wild O.vio.n.) Scape naked, angular (I°-2° 
 high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping mani/-flowered umbel; 
 leaves linear, sharplij keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), 
 shorter than the simj)le slender filaments. — Steep banks, Western New York 
 to Wisconsin and southward. July, Aug. 
 
 ■3. A. Stellatum, Nutt. 5c«/je /«•«>/&, slender, bearing an er^cOonW,- leaves 
 flat; sepals equalling the stamens: otherwise resembling the last, but usually 
 not so tall ; the pod more crested. Aug. — Eocky sl«pcs, Illinois (Engthnann), 
 and nortlnvestward. 
 
 4. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (Chives.) Scape naked or leafy at the 
 base (6' - 12' high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ; 
 sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ; 
 leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A. Sibiricum, 
 L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 -(- -I- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or ivitliout flowers. 
 
 5. A. vine.Vle, L. (Field Garlic.) Scape slender, clothed with the 
 sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high); leaves terete and 
 hollow, slender, channelled above; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-cle/l, 
 the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields: a vile weed 
 eastward. June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 6. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Scape leafy only at the 
 base (1° hi.yli); leai-x-s narroivly linear, flutti.sh ; umbel fcAV-flowered ; ^/iVawp/z^s 
 simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color, 
 pedicclled ; or a head of bulbs in their place. 
 
 * * * Ovules several in each ceJl : leaves long and linear. (Nothdscordum, A'i<»?/(.) 
 
 7. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on 
 the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' - 12' long) ; 
 filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are 
 white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4 - 7 in each cell. — Prairies and open woods, 
 Virginia to Illinois and southward. May. 
 
 25. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape-Hyacixth. 
 
 Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothcd (blue). Stamens 6, included : 
 ^inthcrs short, introrse- Style short. Pod loculicidal, with 2 black angular 
 
liliagejE. (lily family.) 535 
 
 seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb : the 
 small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the naine). 
 
 1. M. BOTRYOiDKS, Mill. Lcavcs linear ; flowers globulur ( 1 j" - 2" long), 
 deep blue, appearing like minute grapes; whence the popular name. — Escaped 
 from gardens into copses and fence-rows, E. Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 26. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day-Lilv. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread- 
 ing limb G-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lily, 
 more or less extrorse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and 
 ascending : stigma simple. Pod (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally 
 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy pei'ennials, 
 with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base 
 of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit sevei'al bractcd and large yellow 
 flowers: these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence 
 the name, from rjixfpa, a day, and /cdXXos, btautij). 
 
 1. H. Fi'iLVA, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Liner divisions (petals) of the 
 tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens, 
 where it is common (as is also the bright yellow-flowered H. fl.ava). July. 
 (Adv. Irom Eu.) 
 
 27. YUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. Spanish Bayoxkt. 
 
 Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither- 
 ing-persistent, tiie 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, 
 sessile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sidcd, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a 
 partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valvcd fi-om the apex. 
 Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or 
 rising into thick and colunmar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear 
 or s word-shaped leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy 
 (often polygamous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.) 
 
 1. Y. filamentbsa, L. (Adam's Needle.) Trunk (from a running 
 rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with the lanceolate 
 iinaritied coriaceous leaves (l°-2'^ long), which heai\/iliime)ils on their margins; 
 scape-like flower-stem 6° -8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and south- 
 ward. July. 
 
 28. NARTHECIUM, Mochring. Bog-Aspiiodel. 
 
 Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments G, woolly: an- 
 thers linear, introrse. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed witli the undivided style 
 and single stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appcndaged at each end 
 with a long bristle-form tail, as in many species of Juncus. — Rootstock creep- 
 ing, bearing linear equitant leaves (as in Tofieldia), and a simple stem or 
 scape, terminated by a simple dense raceme. (Name from vap6l]<iov, a rod, or 
 a box for fraijrntit ointments, of obscure application.) 
 
 1. N. OSSifragum, Huds. — Herb with scape about a foot high, longer 
 than the leaves: pedicels mostly bracteolate. (Eu.) 
 
53G JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 
 
 Var. Americ^num. (N. Amcricanum, Ker.) Flowers rather smaller 
 (scarcely 3" lonjj) ajid leaves narrower than the European plant, which is lim- 
 ited to the Atlantic-side of that continent, as is ours here: viz. in sandv ho<j;s, 
 on this side, where it is very local, in the pine barrens of New Jersey only. 
 June, July. 
 
 Order 122. JUNClCEiE. (Rusn Family.) 
 
 Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with small Jlowers, a regular and hypogynous 
 persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with 
 2-celled anthers, a single short style, SJili/orm hairy stigrnas, and an ovary 
 either 3-cclled or l-celled tcith 3 parietal placenta;, forming a loculicidal 
 3-valved pod. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the 
 base of the fleshy ajbumen. — Rushes, with the flowe s liliaceous in struc- 
 ture, but sedge-like in aspect and texture, mainly represented by only 
 two genera. 
 
 1. LITZULA, DC. Wood-Rush. 
 
 Pod l-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials, often 
 hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked- 
 crowded or umbelled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian luciola, 
 a glow-woiin. ) 
 
 * Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymhed. 
 
 1. L. pil6sa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; umbel mostly simple; 
 sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds with a curved appendage. — 
 Woods and banks : common northward. May. — Plant 6' - 9' high. (Eu.) 
 
 2. L. parvifldra, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth (l°-3° 
 high) ; leaves broadly linear; corymb deronijiound, loose; prdicels droopiny ; sepals 
 pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown pod. 
 (L. melanocarjia, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine to Northern New York, and north- 
 ward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. {Plants G'- 12' liigli.) 
 
 3. L. eamp6stris, DC. Leaves fat, linear ; s/iilces 4-12, somewhat umbelled, 
 ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile; sepals 
 bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appendage at 
 the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.) 
 
 4. L. areu^ta, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal 
 oflen recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals 
 taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine 
 summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
 5. L. spicita, Desvaux. I^enves channelled, narrowly linear ; y?o(«/s in 
 sessile clusters, furminy a noddiny interrupttd spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle- 
 pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-j)ointed ))od; seeds merely witli 
 a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. raeemosa, Desv.l according 
 to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.) 
 
JUNCACE^. (r.USII FAMILY.) 537 
 
 2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-TIush. 
 
 Pod many-seeded, 3-cellcd, or 1-ccllcd by the placentixj not rcaehing the axis. 
 Stamens when 3 ojjposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chietiy perennials, and in wet 
 soil or water, with 2)ithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and 
 paniclcd or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. 
 Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to the 
 use of the stems for bands.) 
 
 Contributed for this edition by Dr. Engelm.vnn, who has recently published 
 a monograph of the North American species in the Transactions of the St. 
 Louis Academy of Science. 
 
 § I. True Junci ; with naked and simple scapes from matted rimninfi root stocks, 
 vuinij of them barren, furnished at base with short leafless or rarehf Imfbcaritig 
 sheaths: leaves, if any, terete, knotless and similar to the scape: flowers single 
 or rarely clustered on the pedicels, in sessile panicles, produced apparently from 
 the side of the scape, the exterior sheath or involucral leaf being similar to and 
 continuing the scape. Flowering in early summer. 
 * Flowers single on the pedicels or ultimate rumif cations of the panicle. 
 ■1- Sheaths at base of the stem leafless. 
 ++ Stamens 3. 
 
 1. J. effusus, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape soft and pliant 
 (2°-4°]iigh) ; inner sheaths awncd ; panicle dift'usely much branched, many- 
 flowered; flowers numerous, small (1|" long), greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very- 
 acute, as long as the triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown 
 pod ; antbers as long as filaments ; style very short ; seeds small (about \" long)' 
 with short pale points, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Var. conglomeratus 
 (J. conglomeratus, L.) has the scape more distinctly striate, the panicle closely 
 crowded, and the pod short-pointed. — Marshy grounds : very common ; the var. 
 in sphagnous swamps. (Eu.) 
 
 t-f ++ Stamens 6. 
 
 2. J. filiformis, L. Scape very slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle 
 few-flowered, almost simple; flowers (1^" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner a 
 little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but short- 
 pointed greenish pod ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seed 
 (less than J" long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. — N. 
 New England and New York to Michigan and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle few- 
 flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (IJ" long) ; outer sepals lanceolate and 
 acute, inner a little shorter, obtiisish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather tri- 
 angular acute and pointed deep chestnut-brown pod; anthers as long as fila- 
 ments ; style short, seeds large (J" or more long) obtuse, with short a])pcndages 
 at both ends, many-ribbed and reticubited. — Sphagnous swamps, on Broad 
 Mountain, Pennsylvania, C. /i. Smith. 
 
 4. J. Baltieus, Dethard. Scape rigid (2° -3° high); panicle loose; 
 flowers larger (2" long), chestnut-brown with green; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
 the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather 
 triangular obtuse and pointed deep brown pod ; anthers much longer than the 
 
 k 
 
638 JDNCACE^. (rush family.) 
 
 broad filaments; style about the length of the ovary ; seeds rather large (J" or 
 more long), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Sandy shores of 
 New England, the Great Lakes, and westward ; also in swamps, Lancaster Co., 
 Pcnn., Prof. Porter. (Eu.) 
 
 -t- •)- Jnnermost sheaths leiif-hidrim] : stanipus 6. 
 
 5. J, set^ceus, Uostkovius. Scape slender (I°- 3° high) ; panicle loose, 
 rather fcw-fiowcrcd ; flowers grcenisii (2" long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp- pointed, 
 especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as the nearly 
 globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown pod ; anthers as long as filaments; 
 style conspicuous; seeds (^" long) almost globose, ribbed and cross-lined. — 
 Pennsylvania (/?os</tWMs), Virginia? and North Carolina, southward near the 
 coast. — Doubtful if in our district. 
 
 * * F/oinrs in clusters, Q-androiis : innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing. 
 
 6. J. Roemerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2° -3° high), its 
 apex as well as the leaves pungent; panicle compound ; 3-6 greenish or light- 
 brown flowers (1^" long) in a cluster; outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-])ointed, 
 longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular 
 obtuse short-pointed brown pod ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ; 
 styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (J" long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed. 
 (J. mari'timus of Amer. authors.) — Brackish marshes. New Jersey (Pursh), 
 Virginia and southward. 
 
 § 2. Grassy-leaved Junci ; ivith simple or rarelij branched stems, leafij at base 
 or throughout : leaves fat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never 
 knotted : ■panicle terminal. 
 
 * Flowers crowded in heads {produced in late summer). 
 
 1- Leaver thread-like, hollow : sierns simple : heads single or few : seeds large, the 
 
 loose seed-coat produced into conspicuous tails : stamens 6. 
 
 7. J. St^gius, L. Stems slender (6' -16' high) from slender brfinching 
 rootstocks, 1-3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3-4-flowcrs, 
 about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and 
 reddish (2|-"-3" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, | the length of 
 the oblong acuminate pod, as long as the slender stamens ; fibimcnts many 
 times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; 
 seeds oblong, with a very loose slightly striated coat prolonged at both ends 
 (1|" long). — Peat-bogs bordering Perch Lake, JefiFerson County, New York. 
 N. Maine, G. L. Goodale. (New Brunswick, ^^r. Fowler. North shore of Lake 
 Sujjcrior, Mr. Wheeler.) — Flowers larger and ]i()d more abiuiilly j;oiiuc(l tlian in 
 the European plant. (Eu.) 
 
 8. J. trifldus, L. Stems densely tnftcil from matted creeping rootstocks, 
 erect (5'- 10' high), sheathed and mostly leafless at the base, 2-3-leaved at 
 the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head of 1-4 
 brown ( 1 i" - 2" long) flowers ; sepiils ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather 
 shorter than the ovate bcak-)iointed deep l>rown pod; anthers much longer than 
 the filaments; seed-: few, oMong, angled (1" long), faintly striate, short-tailed. 
 — Alpine summits of the mountains of New England, and N. New- York, and 
 high northward. (Eu.) 
 
JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 539 
 
 -I- -t- Leaves Jlat and open, f/rass-like : stamens 3. 
 
 9. J. marginatUS, Rostkovius. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stolo- 
 niferous base (1°- 3° liigli), flattened, leafy ; leaves long-linear; heads 3-8- 
 flowcred, pauicled ; flowers purplish with green (1^'' long) ; sepals oblong, the 
 3 outer acute and slightly awned, the inner longer and mostly obtuse and point- 
 less, as lung as the almost globular scarcely jiointed pod ; stamens exceeding 
 the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter than flhunents ; style very short ; seeds 
 (*"~ 4" long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. (J. aristulatus, 
 Michx. ) — Moist sandy places, S. New England to Illinois and southward. — 
 Var. PAUCiCAPiTATUS has smaller and less flattened stems, narrower leaves, and 
 few large 8- 15-flowered heads. Sandy coast of New Jersey and elsewhere. — 
 Var. bifl6rus has numerous and small 2-3-flowcred heads, in much-branched 
 panicles. (J. biflorus, Ell.) New Jersey to Illinois and southward. 
 
 10. J. rdpens, Michx. Stems flattened, ascending (4' -6' high) from a 
 fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of 
 the stem nearly opposite and fascicled ; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3-12- 
 flowered ; flowers green (3" long) ; sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed, 
 the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse pod, the inner ones much 
 longer; stamens as long as the outer sepals ; filaments many times longer than 
 the oblong anther; seeds small (\" long), obovate, slightly pointed, very deli- 
 cately ribbed and cross-lined. ( Ccphalu'.\.ys flabellata, Z>esi;.) — Miry banks, 
 Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward. 
 
 * * Flowers single on the ultimate peduncles : sta}nens 6. 
 ■I- Stem branched: root annual. 
 
 11. J. bufdnius, L. Stems low and slender (3'- 9' high) from a fibrous 
 root, leafy, often branched from the base ; panicle spreading, mostly with one- 
 sided dichotomous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2" -3^" long); sepals 
 linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed, 3 outer ones much longer than the inner and 
 than the oblong obtuse pod ; stamens short ; filaments scarcely longer than 
 anthers ; seeds elliptical, obtuse (-^'"i" I'J'ig). ■^'C'T delicately ribbed and cross- 
 lined. — Low grounds by roadsides: common, but not everywhere. June- 
 Sept. — Var. fasciculXtus, with flowers crowded at the end of the branchlcts, 
 i-i a southern form, which has been introduced about the Philadelphia Navy 
 Yard. (Eu.) 
 
 ■*- -1- Stems slender, simple, tujled, Ifafi/ beloic; root perennial (Jl. early in summer). 
 
 12. J. Ger^rdi, Loisel. (Black-Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid 
 (l°-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow- 
 ers chestnut-brown with green (1^" long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, 
 as long as the oval obtuse and niucronate pod ; anthers much longer than the 
 short filaments ; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly J" long) obovate, 
 short pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes: 
 common along the coast, especially northward; also in saline marshes 
 of W. New York: rare along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) — The closely allied 
 J. bulbosus, L. (to which this was referred in a lormcr edition) has not yet 
 been found in this country. 
 
54:0 JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 
 
 13. J. tenuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9' -18' high); leaves flat or channelled ; 
 panicle shorter than the iiivulucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded ; flowers green 
 (2'' or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, very acnte, s])reading in fruit, longer tlian 
 the ovoid i-etusc scarcely pointed green pod ; anthers nearly equal to the flla- 
 mcnt; style very short; seeds small (about i" long), white-pointed at both ends, 
 delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Low grounds, flelds, and roadsides. (Eu.) 
 — Var. SECUNDiTs is a smaller plant, with smaller one-sided flowers on the 
 forked branches of the panicle. New England to Pennsylvania. 
 
 14. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (l^°-2° high) from a tumid 
 base; leaves fililorm, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; panicle 
 loose, often with 1-sided tbrked branches, mostly longer than tiie involucral leaf; 
 flowers greenish (2" or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading 
 in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored pod; anthers 
 nearly as long as filaments ; style short ; seeds small (\"-i" long), white-pointed 
 at both ends, coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, New Jersey (C F. 
 Paikf-r), Delaware [Prof. Lf.idy, Mr. Commons), and southward. 
 
 15. J. Gre6nii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2° high); leaves 
 nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan- 
 icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense; the 
 numerous crowded flowers often one-sided (li|" long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
 light grccnisii-brown, apprcssed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish- 
 brown pod; anthers as long as filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid, tail- 
 pointed (J" - f " long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of New 
 England, and on the Great Lakes near Detroit {Uolzer, J. M. Biijelow). 
 
 16. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1°- 2^° high) ; leaves nearly terete, 
 very slightly channelled on the inner side ; panicle longer than the involucral 
 leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2" or more 
 long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appresscd, shorter than the oblong and retnse 
 green-brown pod; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds 
 slender, conspicuously tailed at both ends {h" -V long), closely ribbed. — 
 Michigan, with the last (near Detroit, llulzer, Bit/r/ow) to N. Illinois ( Va.'^eij), 
 and westward. June. 
 
 §.3. Knottv-leaved Jun'CI ; stems leaf}/, simplfi. or hranchinq : leaves terete 
 or sometimes Idterallij compressed, knotted In/ inttrnal cross-part itiuns : panicle 
 terminul, loith flowers c/iiefli/ in heads. 
 
 * Seeds barely pointed, without tails. 
 •t- Heads composed of 2 or sometimes onhj simjle G-androus flowers. 
 
 17. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slende^ 
 running rootstock (6'- 18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves, 
 branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing in the forks and 
 along one side of the branches single flowers or 2-flowercd heads ; often with the 
 flowers or in place ot them arc tufts of leaves ; flowers small (1'- 1 i' long), green- 
 ish with red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the 
 oblong tajjer-beakcd l-ccllcd pod ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; style 
 slender; seeds (J" long) obovate, short-pointed, delicately ribbed-rcticidatcd. 
 (J. viviparus, Conrad. J. Conrkdi, Tuckerm.) — Sandy, wet or swampy places 
 
JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 541 
 
 Canada to "Wisconsin, and from New England southward near the coast. 
 July, Aug. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger than 
 the fertile ones, with larger and more diffuse panicles. — Var. slbtilis (J. flui- 
 tans, Michx.), from Canada, is a small and creeping or floating form, mostly 
 with single 2-flo\vcred heads at the ends of the short stems. 
 H- H- Heads numerous, o/3- \'2 flowers (rurelij more in No. 21), in earlj summer. 
 ++ Stamens 6. 
 
 18. J. articul^tus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9'- 15' high), tufted 
 from a short crcej)ing rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle short, 
 spreading; the crowded heads 3-8-Howered; flowers brown, rarely pale (1|"- 
 li" long) ; sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a 
 little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed 
 incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining pod ; anthers as 
 long as filaments; ovary attenuated into a short style; seeds (less than ^" long) 
 obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above, ribbed-reticulated. (J. 1am- 
 poca'rpus, Ehrh.) — Wet grounds, New England to Western New York and 
 Delaware. (Eu.) — Var. obtusXtus. Panicle crowded, level-topped ; heads 
 5-flowcred, green; sepals obtuse, of equal length, the outer mucronate; pod 
 obtuse, mucronate. — Pctty's Island, near Philadelphia, J/r. DiJl'mbinigh, Mr. 
 BarJce. 
 
 19. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9 - 18' high) 
 from a creej)ing rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle meagre, with erect 
 branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3 - 6 flowers 
 (^i"-!?" long) ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer- mucronate or cuspidate and 
 usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long or shorter than the obtuse 
 short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown pod; anthers as long as fila- 
 ments; style short; seeds (\" or more in length) spindle-shaped, ribbed-reticu- 
 lated. (J. pelocarpus, Ed. 1. J. articulatus, var. pelocarpus, ^(/. 2.) — Wet 
 sandy banks, from Lake Champlain {Robhiiis, Macrae,) and along the Great 
 Lakes northward and westward. (Eu.) 
 
 20. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -4° high) from a thick creeping 
 rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (^'^-3^° long) below the middle 
 which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous, 
 5-12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (1^" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the 
 outer ones awl-pointcd, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1- 
 celled pod ; anthers longer than filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slcndc r style , 
 seeds (i"- J" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed, ribbed-reticulated. 
 — In bogs and streams, Maine to Maryland. — Dr. Robbins finds that in flow- 
 ing water, at Uxbridgc, Mass., this bears numberless capillary submersed leaves, 
 2° -3° long, from the rootstock. 
 
 ++ +-1- Stamens 3. 
 
 21. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, bearing about 2 leaves 
 and a loose spreading panicle ; heads few -many-flowered, greenish, at length 
 straw-colored or darker; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equ:il, as long 
 as or shorter than the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled pod; anthers 
 a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none ; seeds small (■^" - ^" long), 
 
542 JUNCACE^.. (rush family.) 
 
 acute at both ends, ribbcd-rcticulatcd. (J. pallcscens, E. ^feyer, as to the N. 
 American plant.) — Earlier than other species which arc likely to be con- 
 founded with it: May, June. — A very variable plant, the following forms of 
 which have the appearance of distinct species, but are connected by various 
 intermediate states. 
 
 Var. d6bilis. Stems slender (9'- 18' hi^^h) ; heads green, 3 - 6-flowered in a 
 loose panicle ; flowers smaller ( 1.1"- 1^" long) ; pod longer than the sepals. (J. 
 debilis, Grai/, in former editions.) —Wet sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky 
 and southward. — Stems sometimes decumbent and rooting. 
 
 Var. roblistUS. Stems stout, tall, (20-4° high), bearing numerous 5-8- 
 flowered light-brown lieads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small 
 (1"-H" lo"?) ; ovoid pod scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep swamps in 
 the Mississippi Valley, from Illinois southward. 
 
 Var. legitimus. Stems slender {1° -2° long), bearing fewer and larger 
 heads in a very loose spreading panicle; flowers 5-12 and often more in a 
 head (H"-2" long); sepals as long as the straw-colored or light-brown pod. 
 (J. acumniatus, Michx. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer. J. fratcrnus, Kunt/i. J. siib- 
 verticillatus, Muhl. J. Pondii, Wood.) — Conunon in wet places from S. New 
 England southward and westward. — Heads often proliferous in the autumn. 
 ■(-■!--•- Heads Jew, crowded, of numerous Jlowers. 
 ■>-* Stamens 6. 
 
 22. J. nodosus, L. Stem erect (6' -15' high), slender from a creeping 
 thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly -with 2 or 3 slender leaves; 
 heads few or several, rarely single, 8-20-flowered (3|^"-4" wide), overtopped 
 by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (l^"-2" long) ; sepals liincc-lincar, awl- 
 pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender trian- 
 gular taper-pointed 1-cclled pod ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filament ; style 
 very short; seeds (about -4" long) obovate, abruptly mucronate. (J. Rostkovii, 
 E. Meyer.) — Swamps and gravelly banks, fi-om New England and Pennsylvania 
 north and northwestward. July, Aug. — A very tail form (2° high) occurs on 
 the islands above Niagara, G. W. Clinton. 
 
 Var. megacephalus, Torr. Stem stout (l°-3° high), with thick leaves; 
 heads few and large (6"- 8" wide) 30 - 80-flowercd ; flowers pale green (2,',"- 
 2^" long) ; outer sepals longer than the inner ones ; anthers linear, shorter than 
 the filaments. — From Western New York west and southwestward. Aug. — 
 An intermediate form, with numerous green heads in a compound panicle, occurs 
 in Michigan and Northern Illinois. 
 
 •*-+ ++ Stamens 3. 
 
 23. J, brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (l°-2i° high), rigid from 
 a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely 
 flowered spherical heads (4" - 5" wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle 
 much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance- 
 linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer, and the ovoid pointed 1 -celled pod 
 rather shorter, than the inner sepals; anthers much shorter than filaments; 
 style very short; seeds (\" long) abru])tly apicidate, ribbed-rctieulated. — Moist 
 places in open woods and prairies, Ohio to Michigan, Illinois and southward 
 May, June. 
 
JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 543 
 
 24. J. seirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (l°-3° liijrh). rigid, from a thick 
 white iiorizontal root-tock, bearing about 2 leaves with wide and open sheaths, 
 and a panicle of few or many densely -flowered pale-green spherical heads much 
 longer than the involucral leaf; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the 
 outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, nearly equalling the oblong-triangular 
 taper-pointed 1-celled pod; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end, ribbed- 
 reticulated. (J polyccplialus, Mivlix.) — The following forms belong here. 
 
 Var. macrostemon. Rather slender; leaves terete; branches of the 
 panicle erect and often elongated; heads smaller (3^"-4" wide), 15-40-flow- 
 ered; (lowers \\'' - 1 j" long; outer sepals mostly longer than the inner, as long 
 as the stamens ; anthers very small ; seeds i" long. (J. echinatus, Midd. J. 
 macrostemon, Gaij.) — Wet sandy soil, from Statcn Island ( C. F. xiustin) south- 
 ward near the coast. 
 
 Var. echinatus. Stouter ; leaves terete ; branches of the compact panicle 
 short; heads larger (5"-6" wide), 40 - 80-flowered ; flowers (l3"-2" long); 
 sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the 
 inner ones ; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and 
 seeds rather smaller and more slender. (J. echinatus,. £//.) — From Maryland 
 southward. 
 
 Var. polycephalus. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened (-3" -6" 
 wide) ; panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as 
 tnose of the foregoing form ; flowers 2" - 2k" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer; 
 anthei-s about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (J" long). (J. poly- 
 cephalus. Ell., Chapm.) — From North Carolina southward; and may be 
 looked for in Southern Virginia. 
 
 * * Seeds tailed. 
 H- Stamens 3. 
 
 25. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing 
 2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3 
 outer shorter than the inner ones, not much longer than the stamens, equal to 
 or shorter than the triangular prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed 
 pod; style mostly short; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, delicately 
 many-ribbed. — Common in most districts. Aug., Sept. — One of the latest 
 flowering species, and thus easily distinguished, even when quite immature, 
 from the similar but early J. acuminatus. This very variable species comprises 
 the following forms. 
 
 Var. longieaudatUS. Stem stout and rigid (l^°-30 high), bearing in a 
 decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 - 50-flowered heads ; 
 flowers greenish or light brown (li"-2" long); sepals awl-pointed mostly 
 shorter than the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds slender (-j"-!" long), con- 
 spicuously tail-pointed. (.J. paradoxus, Ed. 1 & 2, Chapman, ^~c.) — From 
 S. New England southward along the coast, and westward to Wisconsin and 
 Northern Illinois. 
 
 Var. SUbcaudktUS. Stem slender, often dccumbjnt (1°- 2° high), bear- 
 ing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 - 20-flowcred heads; flowers greenish, 
 as large as last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; pod mostly tapering ; seeds 
 
544 PONTEDERIACE^. (PICKEUEL-WEED FAMILY.) 
 
 large (i"-i" long), with sliort white membninaeeous appenchigcs. — From S. 
 New Enghind houthward, especially in New Jersey. — Often eoiifouniled with 
 forms of No. 21, from wiiieh it is readily distinguished by the hirge, delicately 
 ribbed and not reticulated, ajipendaged seeds, and by the proportion of the inner 
 and outer sepals. 
 
 Var. brachyc6phalus. Stem slender (1^°- 2^° high), hearing numer- 
 ous small and 3- 5-tio\vered heads in a large and spreading panicle; flowers 
 greenish or light brown (1^"- l^" long) ; sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than 
 the brown abruptly short-pointed pod; style longer than in other forms ; seeds 
 smaller (i''- 4" long), slender, with rather short appendages. — From Penn- 
 sylvania northwestward to Illinois and Wisconsin. — Sometimes confounded 
 with No. 18, and with small-Howe red lorms of No. 21. 
 
 Var. coai'CtatUS. Stem slender, shorter ('J' - 18' high), bearing fewer deep- 
 brown 3 - .'j-tlowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ; flowers as 
 large as in the last ; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter than the 
 prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown pod ; seeds as in the la-it, (J. acuminatus, 
 Ed. 2, and of most American authors, but not of Michaux). — New England 
 to Wisconsin and northward, southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania. 
 
 -1- H- Stamens 6. 
 26. J. asper, Engclm. Stems tufted, erect (2° -3° high), terete, stout, 
 rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading 
 branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with 
 brown (2^" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly 
 nerved, the outer much shorter than inner ones, these a little shorter than the 
 triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown pod ; ovary tapering into 
 a conspicuous style; seeds large, oblong, delicately many-ribbed, with white 
 or often reddish appendages (1 4" long). — Sphagnous swamps, New Jersey, 
 Picktring, C. E. iSiudh. August. 
 
 OuDEn 123. POlVTEDERlACE.i:. (Pickerel-weed Family.) 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or lesn irregular flowers from a spathe ; 
 the petal-like G-meroux perianth free from the ^-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6 
 moxtli/ unequal or dissimilar starnens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with 
 the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole 
 together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, 
 or the base thickencd-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. 
 Ovules anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a per- 
 fectly or incompletely 3-celled niany-see<Ied pod, or a 1-celled 1 -seeded 
 utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen. 
 
 1. Pontrderia. Perianth 2 lipped, its BusIiy persistent base enclosing the l-seedeJ utricle. 
 
 St.imens 6. Spike many-flowered. 
 
 2. Hctt-rnittliera. Peri.inth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded. 
 
 Stamens 3, unequ.^1, of 2 forms. Ppathe 1- few-flowered. 
 
 3. Schollcra. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. SUmens 3, alike. Spatlie 1-flowerod. 
 
rONTEDEKIACK^. (PICKKUEL-WEED FAMILY.) r)45 
 
 1. PONTEDERIA, L. riCICEREL-WEED. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- 
 lobcd upper lip ; the 3 lower sprea(^ill^^ and their claws, which form the lower 
 part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base : 
 after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its 
 fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the irnit. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior 
 exserted on elongated filaments ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with 
 very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 
 3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri- 
 cle 1-cellcd, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, 
 with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart- 
 shaped leaves, and a 1 -leaved stem or scape, terminated by a spike of violet- 
 blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. 
 (Dedicated to Pontcdera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 
 
 1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from 
 a spathe-likc bract. — Var. angl'STif6lta (P. angustifblia, Pursh) has triangu- 
 lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common. 
 July -Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe 
 of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots. 
 
 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-Plantain. 
 
 Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, 
 ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 posterior filaments 
 thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other longer, 
 bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (greenish) anther. Pod incompletely 
 3-ceIled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, in mud or shallow 
 water, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered spathe 
 bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white, 
 in summer. (Name from ire pa, different, and dvdrjpd, anther.) 
 
 1. H. reniformis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3-5- 
 flowercd ; flowers white. — Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 2. H. limbsa, Vahl. Zcaws oWo»9 or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; 
 spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to 
 Illinois, and southward. 
 
 3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber (1789). Water SxAUonASs. 
 
 Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lancc-lincar divisions on a very long 
 thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or 
 rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod 
 oblong, invested by the withered perianth, l-celled with 3 projecting parietal 
 placentae, many-seeded. — A grass like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly 
 under water, only the (small pale-yellow) flowers reaching the surface ; the 
 slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and 
 bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe : in summer. (Named after one Scholler, 
 a German botanist.) 
 
 1. S. graminea, WiUd. (Leptanthus, Mivhx.)— In streams: common. 
 L & M— 43 
 
546 COM-MELYNACEiE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 Order 124. COI»I]IIEL.YIVACE^. (Spiderwort Family.) 
 
 Herbs, icith Jibrowt or somelimes thickened roots, Jointed and often branch- 
 inr/ leafy stems, and c/iiefli/ perfect ant! G-androus, of en irrecjular flowers, 
 with the perianth free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx 
 and corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, 
 ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them 
 v)ften sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. 
 Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds ortho- 
 fropous. Embryo small, pulley -shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression 
 at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, j)arallel- 
 veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and 
 forming a kind of spathe. — A chietly tropical family, not aquatic, here 
 represented only by two genera. 
 
 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. D.vy-flower. 
 
 Flowers irregular. Sepals sonifwliut colored, uneijual ; the 2 lateral partly 
 united by tlieir contig:uous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney- 
 shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of tliein fer- 
 tile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect 
 cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-cclled, two of the cells 2-seedcd, 
 the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root- 
 ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into shcathin<.f petioles; the 
 floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, fornnng a spathe 
 enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved 
 on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer. 
 Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints. 
 (Dedicated to the early Dutch botainsts ./. and G. Commehjn.) 
 
 1. C. ereeta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large 
 (3' -7' long, l'-2' wide), oblongdanceolate, the upper surface and margins 
 rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; sputhes crowded and nearly 
 sessile, hoodtd, lop-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others but smaller, round- 
 ovate raised on a claw; pod 3cellcd. (C. Virginica, Ed. 1. A hairy form is 
 C. hirtella, Vaht.) — Alluvial and shaded river-banks, Penn. to Illinois and 
 southwai'd. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe. 
 
 2 C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards 
 the base; leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate; spatlies mostly solitary or scattered, 
 Ijeduriclcd, cimduplicate, round-heart -shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit some- 
 what hooddike ; odd petal usually inconspicuous and nearly sessile ; pod 2-celled. 
 (C. Virginica, L., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnieus's detailed 
 description apparently pertains to No. i, which however must bear the name 
 which he took from Dillenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia. 
 Mickx., is a narrow-leaved form.) — Damp rich woods and banks, S. New York 
 to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 
 
 3. C. Cayenn^nsis, Kidiard. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate- 
 ciblong or lance-oUony, ohtuie, small (r'-2' long); sputhes heart-ovate when ex- 
 
XTRIDACE^. (yELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) 547 
 
 paneled, pedmdcd, condtiplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3-4-flo\vcrcd ; the 
 odd petal roiiiul-ovate, nearly sessile. ( C. agvaria, Kiinth.) — Alluvial banks, 
 Illinois and soutinvard. — The snuillcst-leaved and smallest-flowered species. 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spidekwort. 
 
 Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta« 
 mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. — 
 Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves 
 keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro- 
 duced through the summer: floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for 
 the elder Tiade^cant, gardener to Charles the First.) 
 
 * Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrafe by 2 leaves. 
 
 1. T. Virginica, L. (Common Spidekwort.) Leaves lance-linear, 
 elonyuttd, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less 
 open; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to 
 Wisconsin, and southward : also commonly cultivated. — Plant cither smooth or 
 hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purple or white. 
 
 2. T. piI6sa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base, 
 pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; umbels many-flowered, in 
 very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy. 
 (T. flexuosa, /?«/) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. — Stem stout, 
 smooth below, 2° -3° high, often branched, zigzag above, forming a close clus- 
 ter of small (8" -9" broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils. 
 
 * * Umbels lony-ptduncled, naked. 
 
 3. T. rdsea, Vent. Small, slender (6'- lO' high), smooth ; leaves linear, 
 grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or a pair; flowers (6" wide) rose- 
 color. — Sandy woods, Pennsylvania (^ to Kentucky, and southward. 
 
 Order 125. XYRIDACE^. (Yellow-eyed-guass Family.) 
 
 Rush-like herhs, with et/iiilant leaves slicathinr] the base of a naked scape, 
 which is terminated by a head of perfect 5-androus flowers, with extrorse an- 
 thers, glumaceous calyx, and a reyular colored corolla ; the 3-valved mostly 
 1-celled pod containing several or many orlhotropous seed.'i with a minute 
 embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — But the 
 anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, 
 intermediate in character between this family and the last, may be intro- 
 duced here. 
 
 1. MAYACA, Aublet. (Syena, ^c/^-e&er.) 
 
 Flowers single, terminating a n.aked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her- 
 baceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the 
 petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal fcw-ovuled placentae : style filiform : 
 stigma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, crce])ing 
 or floating in shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile 
 
548 XTRIDACE.E. (YKLLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY). 
 
 1-ncrvcd, pcUnciil, entire, notched at the npex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed 
 at the base. (An aboriginal name.) 
 
 1. M. Michauxii, Sehott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding tin 
 leaves, nodding in fruit ; petals white. (Sycna tluviiitilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Yir 
 ginia, and southward. July. 
 
 2. XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
 
 Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which arc densely 
 imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral ghime-like, boat-shaped or keeled 
 and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the 
 corolla in the bud and deciduous witli it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere 
 more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, in.serted on the claws of 
 the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which arc cleft and in our species 
 plumose or bearded at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1 -celled, 
 with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, niany-secdcd. — Flow- 
 ers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. (Svpls, an 
 ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from ^vpuv, u razor.) 
 
 1 . X. flexudsa, Muhl., Chapm. Scape slender ( 10' - 16' high), barely flat- 
 tened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than 
 the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish- 
 ovoid (3'' -4" long); lateral sepals oUoiv^Aanceohite, ^fiiidij ciliale-scariotis on the 
 narrow wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex, 
 shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. 
 bullK)sa, Kunth, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from E. Massachusetts south- 
 ward near the coast; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. 
 
 Var. pusilla. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2' -9' high, the 
 base not bulbous. (X. brevifolia, Mnhl.,'m part, &c., not oi' Mickx.) — From 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania northward to the base of the White Mountains 
 and Lake Superior. — Head 2" -3" long. 
 
 2. X. t6rta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9' - 20' high, 
 from a bulbous base, and with the lineiir-Jiliform rigid leaves becoming spirally 
 twisted; head ovoid becoming spindle-shaped and acute (5"- 9'' long) ; sepals 
 exceeding the bi-act ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the ndddle. 
 — Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the Southern 
 States : in dry sand. 
 
 3. X. Carolini^na, Walt. Scape flattish, 1 -angled below, 2-edged at the 
 summit, smooth, 1°- 2° high, the base hardly bulbous; leaves linear-sword-slioped, 
 flat; head globular-ovoid (5"- 7" long); lateral sepals obscurely hicenite-fringed 
 above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, 
 Michx. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy swamps, &c., Khodc Island to Virginia and 
 southward, near the coast. 
 
 4. X. flmbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edgcd above, rough 
 (2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaj)ed or strap-shaped leaves, 
 the base not bullous ; head oblong (G"- 10" long); lateral sepals lanceolate-lin- 
 ear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the 
 wing-margined keel, and even plumose ul the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey 
 to Virginia, and southward. 
 
ERTOCAUI.ONACE^. (PU'EWOUT FAMILY.) 549 
 
 Ordkr 126. EBIOCAULOXACE^. (riPKwouT Family.) 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or shorl-stemmed, loiih a tufl of Jibroua 
 roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaces, and 
 naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of rnoncKcious or 
 rarely dicecious small 2 - Z-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious 
 bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse; the 
 fruit a '2-3-celled 2-3-seeded pod: the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in 
 the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temper- 
 ate regions. 
 
 1. Eriocaul on. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-fonn in the staminate 
 
 flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled. 
 
 2. Peepalaiitliu.s. Perianth as in the last: the stamens only as many as the lobes of the 
 
 inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celleJ. 
 
 3. Laelinncaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An- 
 
 thers 1-celled. 
 
 1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. 
 
 Flowers moncEcious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either 
 intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious. 
 Ster. Ft. Calyx of 2^ or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or 
 dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 -3-lobed, each of the lobes bearinj^ a black 
 gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted 
 at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus: anthers 2-celied. Pistils rudi- 
 mentary. Fert. FL Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from tbe rest 
 of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla 
 of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3- 
 lobed, 2-3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3, 
 slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth,, loosely cel- 
 lular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a 
 single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty uracts. Flowers, also 
 the tips of the bracts, &c., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Na,nie compounded 
 of epLov, wool, and Kav\6s, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and 
 leaves of the original species. Excepting this and the flowers, our species are 
 wliolly glabrous.) — The North American species are all stemless, with a 
 depressed head, and have the parts of the flowers in twos, the stamens 4. 
 
 1. E. deoangul^re, L. {syn. Pink. &c.) Leaves obtuse, varying from 
 linear-lanceolate to Hnear-awl-shapcd, rather rigid ; scapes 10-12-«-ibbed (1°- 
 3° high; head hemispherical, becoming globular (2" -7" wide); scales of the 
 involucre actitish, straw-color or light brown; c/;f/j7"( bracts amotig the flowers) 
 pointed. (E. senJtinum, Walt.) — Pine-barren swamps (New Jersey ?) Virginia, 
 and southward. July - Sept. 
 
 2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves spreading (2' -5' long), grassy-nwl- 
 shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a 
 sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the \0-ribbed scape; scales of the 
 involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color ; chaff obtuse. (E. decangulare, L., in 
 
550 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 part, viz. as to pi Clai/t. E. conipressum, Lam.) — Pinc-barrcn swamps, New 
 Jersey to Vi/ginia, and soutlnvanl. Juiie-Aii;^. 
 
 3. E. septaugul^re, Witlierini;. Lmas short (I' -3' \on<^), awl-sli(iped, 
 pelliiciil, soft anil very cellular; saipe 1 -striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when 
 suliincrscd beioiiiiii;^ l°-6° long, aeeording to the depth of the water; chuff 
 aailish. (E. peHuciiluni, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders, from New 
 Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" -3" broad; 
 the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu. Coast of 
 Ireland, &c. only.) 
 
 2. PiEPALANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of Eriocaulox of authors.) 
 
 Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of 
 the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary 
 throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from iramakr), dust 
 or flonr, and av6os, ftoiver, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and 
 flowers of many South American species.) 
 
 I. P. flavidus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristlc-awl-shapcd 
 (1' long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5- 
 angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flow- 
 ers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers 
 linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. (Eriocaulon flavidum, Midix.) — Low pine 
 barrens, S. Virginia and southward. 
 
 3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Hairy Pipewort. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none ! 
 Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalcscent into a club-shaped tube around 
 the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers 1-celled ! Fert. 
 Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stig- 
 mas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, simple, 
 bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the name from "Kdxvos^ wool, 
 and *:avXo9, stalk). 
 
 1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low pino 
 barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward. 
 
 Order 127. CYPERACE^. (Sedge Family.) 
 
 Grass-like or rush-lit/; hrrJis, irilh fihrous roots, mostbj solid .'ttons (culms), 
 closed sheaths, and spiked chiejli/ 3-nndrous flowers, one in the axil of each 
 of the glume-like imbricated brads (.scales, glumes), destitute of ani/ perianth, 
 or u-ilh hjipofiynous hrbttles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovarii irilh a 
 sinf/le erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-(;left 
 ■when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleil when it is 3-an<iul:ir. 
 Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury alhmnen. Stem-li-aves 
 when present 3-rank.ed. — A larj^e, widely dlflused family. (See Plates 
 1-6.) 
 
 I 
 
CYPEKACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 551 
 
 Tribe I. SCIRPINE^. Flowers normally perfect and alike, rarely some of them with 
 
 stamens or pistil abortive : spikes all of one sort. 
 Snbti-ibe 1. Cyperese. Scales of the spike strictly 2-rankRd, conduplicate and keeled 
 
 (in all our species). Spikes usually aggregated into clusters, heads, umbels, spikes, &c. 
 
 # Flower destitute of any bristles, also of any beak to the achenium. 
 
 1. Cy penis. Spikes few- many -tlowercd, usually elongated or slender. 
 
 2. Ky lliiigia. Spi.ves 1-ttowered (but ot 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a Eessile head. 
 
 * Flower furnished with bristles : achenium beaked by the persistent base of the style. 
 
 3. Duychiutn. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle. 
 
 Subtrlbe 3. Scirpese. Scales of the spike or head imbricated all round, convex or 
 open, all or nearly all of them with a perfect Uower in the axil. 
 
 * Flower with one or more inner scales (either bractlets or perianth). 
 
 4. Fuirena. Scales of the spike awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked 
 
 petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles. 
 6. JLiipocar pha. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis and the other next 
 the awnless .<cale of the spike. No bristles. 
 
 6. Heinicarpba. Flower with a single very minute inner and thin scale next the axis 
 
 of the spike: no bristles. 
 
 * * Flower without inner scales, either wholly naked or with some bristles (perianth). 
 
 ■I- Bristles generally pre.«ent. 
 
 7. Eleocliaris. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous 
 
 persistent base of the style, t'pike solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm. 
 
 8. Scirpiis. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of 
 
 the style. Culms often leafy at the base or apex. Spikes one or more. 
 
 9. Eriuphoriiiit. Achenium, &c., as in Stirpus. Bristles after flowering exceedingly 
 
 lengthened into cottony hairs. 
 
 f- ■<- Bristles always none. 
 6. Hemicnrpha will be looked for here when the minute inner scale is overlooked. 
 
 10. Fiiiibrlslylis. Style bulbous at the base, or constricted at the junction, deciduous 
 
 from the achenium (with or rarely without the jointed bulb). Culms leafy at the base, 
 and bracted at the summit, bearing usually several jspikes. 
 
 Subtrlbe 3. Rhyncbosporeae. Scales of the spike or head imbricated in few or 
 several ranks, some of the lower commonly empty, and of the upper subtending abortive 
 or staminate flowers. No inner .scales. 
 
 11. Dicbroineiia. Spikes crowded into a leafy -involucrate head, laterally flattened, the 
 
 scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Achenium crowned with a beak or tubercle 
 formed of the enlarged persistent base of the style. No bristles. 
 
 12. Rbyiicbospora. Spikes terete or flattish, the scales convex, and either loosely 
 
 enwrapping or regularly imbricated. Achenium crowned with a persistent tubercle 
 or beak, and at the base commonly surrounded by bristles. 
 
 13. Cladiuin. Spikes terete, few-flowered, the scales, &c. as in the preceding. Achenium 
 
 destitute of tubercle. No bristles. 
 
 Tribe H. SCI.iERI]VE.^i Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate in the 
 same or in different clustered spikes. Achenium naked, bony or crustaceous, supported 
 on a hardened disk. 
 
 14. Scleria. Spikes few -flowered: lower scales empty. No bristles, &c. 
 
 Tribe HI. CARICINE.^. Flowers niona-cious in the same (androgynous) or in sepa- 
 rate spikes, or sometimes ditecious. Achenium enclosed in a sac {pi7ii;i/)tiuiu), which 
 answers to a single or a pair of inner scales or bractlets. 
 
 15. Carex. No bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac which encloses the 
 
 achenium. 
 
•'•>2 CYPKRACK.^C. (SKDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 1. CYPiJRUS, L. Galingai.e. (PI. 1.) 
 
 Spikes niany-fcw-flowcivil, hiomIv flat, variously anan^'cd, mostly in clusters 
 or Iieails, wiiieli arc eoininoiily disposed iTi a siinj)lc or eompound terminal 
 undiel. Scales 2-ranked, condiiplicate and keeled (tlieir decurrent base below 
 often forniinij margins or winj^s to the hollow of the joint of the axis next 
 below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1 -3. No bristles or inner scales. St^le 
 2-3-cleft, deciduous. Aehenium lenticular or trian<Tular, naked at the 
 apex. — (Tnlms mostly triangular, .simple, leafy at the base, and with^one or 
 more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel. I'eduncles 
 uneijual, sheathed at the base. All flowering in late summer or autumn. 
 (KvTTetpos, the ancient name.) 
 
 § 1. PYCKEUS, Beauv. Sif/le 2-rlp/l: aehenium flaWnrd : spikes Jlat, innuy-flow- 
 erid: vnly the lowest scale empli/. (Ours all ainiuals.) 
 
 1. C. flavescens, I>. Stiimp)is 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus- 
 tered on the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles); scales obtuse, sircnc-i/i-liow ; 
 aehenium shiniiiff, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast. — Culms 
 4'- 10' high; spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre .3-leaved, very unequal. (Ku.) 
 
 2. C. diandrus, Torr. Stamens 2, or som' times 3 ; spikes lance-oblong, 
 scattered or clustered on the 2 - .3 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse, 
 jnirple-brouii on the margins or nearly all over; aehenium dull, oblompobomte : 
 otherwise much like the last. — Var. castXneus, Torr. (C. castaneus, ZJ/yt/.) 
 is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds : common. 
 
 3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Slmiiens 2 ; s])ikes lance-linear, acute and very 
 flat (i'- 1' long), crowded on the i'l^w very short (or some of them distinct) rays; 
 scaiis oblorii], yeltoicish-brown, rather loose ; aehenium obhnfj-obonute, very blunt, dull. 
 — Saltor brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Culms 
 4' -12' high. — C. minimus? Nutt. (C. Cleaveri, Torr.) is a depauperate form 
 of this, with. a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two spikes! 
 
 4. C. flavieomus, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4'' -9" long), 
 spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed 
 umliel, spreading ; scales oral, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- 
 (whitish-) margined; aehenium obovale, muc.ronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3° 
 high); leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long. — Low grounds, Virginia and 
 southward. 
 
 §2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. Style S-clefl: aehenium triangular: stamens 3: 
 spikes many-flowered : the scarious lomged margins of the joints of the axis 
 eaily separating down to the base in the form of a pair of free scales, tvhich 
 are persistent afer the proper scale falls away : otherwise us in § 3. ( Oars 
 annual.) 
 
 5. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (3'-3° high); 
 umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 4-.^-leavcd, very long; involucels 
 bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical nearly 
 sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontidly, linear, flatfish (3"-6"long), 
 bright chestnut-colored ; scales lanceolate, mucronulate. — Alluvial banks, Penn. 
 to Wisconsin ? Illinois, and common southward. — Koot fibrous, red. 
 
CTPKRACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 553 
 
 §3. CYPERUS proper. Style 3-c/e/l: achenium triamjnlar : spilcei* many-flow- 
 e)-(d,Jiat or aliuusL terete; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints oj' the axis wing- 
 margined or naked. 
 
 * Stamen only one: spilces short and small (2''-3", or becoming 4"- 5" long), col- 
 
 lected in globular heads, ovate or linear-oblong, compactly many-Jiowertd : the 
 scales merely ascending on the naked marginless axis. 
 
 ■\- Low annuals : involucre 2 - 3-li avcd : heads few : scales pointed. 
 
 6. C. infl6xus, Muhl. Dwiirf (l'-5' high) ; spikes oblong becoming linear, 
 7-13-flowered, in 1-5 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pedun- 
 cled) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ; achenium obovate, obtuse. 
 — Sandy wet sliores : common. — Sweet-scented in drying. 
 
 7. C. acuminatUS, Torr. Slender (3' -12' high); spikes ovate, becoming 
 oblong, 16 - SO-fiuwered, pule; scales obscurely S-nerved, short-tlpptd ; achenium 
 oblong, pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and southwestward. 
 
 •4- -t- Tall perennial (l°- 4° high) : heads many, greenish: scales pointless. 
 
 8. C. virens, Michx. Culm either sharply or obtusely triangular; leaves 
 and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikes ovate 
 or oblong; achenium oblong or linear ; scales acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C. 
 ve'getus, Torr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward. 
 
 * * Stamens 3 : spikes 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the culm or of each ray of 
 
 an umbel, flat, oblong or linear, the crowded scales ascending, strongly keeled, 
 ovate, with abruptly sharp-pointed slightly-spreading lips: achenium broadly 
 obovate, sharply triangular. 
 
 9. C. COmpressus, L. Low annual (3' -9' high), with a single sessile or 
 a few umbellate clusters of linear green spikes (of 6"- 10" long, 15-30-flowered), 
 the axis naked. — Sterile fields, Somerset Co., Maryland, W. M. Canby (also 
 adventivc near Philadelphia Navy Yard), and southward. 
 
 10. C. dentatUS, Torr. Perennial, witli'running rootstocks (6' - 12' high) ; 
 clusters several or many in a simple or twice or thrice compound umbel ; spikes 
 ovate-oblong and rather few-flowered, or when well-developed linear and 15-30- 
 flowered (3" -5" long); the scales reddish-brown with green back; joints of the 
 axis wing-margined. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Northern New York 
 (./. A. Paine), and southward. ^ Spikes often abortive and changed into leafy 
 tufts as in Juncus. 
 
 * * * Stamens 3 : spikes narrowly linear, flat, scattered along the upper part of the 
 
 rays of an open simple or somewhat vompound umbel : scales appressed, pointless: 
 joints of the spike icing -mar g i ned : perennial by slender running rootstocks, which 
 bear small nut-like tubeis, by which the plants multiply pestiferously in cultivated 
 grounds. 
 
 11. C. rotlindus, L., var. H^rdra. (Nut-Grass.) Culm slender 
 (^°~H° li'ti"'0> longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, 
 about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple 
 12-40-flowercd acxtie spikes (5"-9" long) ; sc(des ovate, closely appressed, nervele.'is 
 except on the keel. ( C. Hydra, Michx. ) — Sandy fields, Virginia and southward : 
 and adventive near Philadelphia, C. F. Parker. (Eu.) 
 
 G M 24 
 
554 CTPEHACE^. (SKDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 12. C. phymatddes, IMulil. Culm (l°-2^° high) cqunllinfr the leaves; 
 umlwl often (oiiipound, 4 - 7-rayc(l, much shorter than tlic long involucre ; spikes 
 numerous, li(/Jil chestnut or stniwculw, ucutish, 12 - 30-tlo\vered (4"- 7" long) ; scales 
 dilong, nurrowlj/ scnrious-marf/iufd, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose; achcnium 
 oblong. (C. repcns, Ell) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to 
 Wisconsin, and common southward. 
 
 * « * * Stamens 3 : spikes mirrowhj linear or slender-awl-shapcd, numerous and 
 
 dmseli/ crowded or spiked on the summit of the rays of the open simple or xomi times 
 com/iound umbel, spicadinej or sometimes refleied: scales erect-appnsscd, condu- 
 plicate or kethd, pointhss: joints of the axis of the spike with scali/-wih(jed mar- 
 gins partly embracing the acheniiim : involucre of 3 to several long leaves : annuals 
 with fibrous roots, or sometimes ajiparentli/ nwre or less perennial from a tuberous 
 or bullions thickened base : no running rootstocks. 
 •*- S{>ikesfiiit, becoming straw-color (^'- 1' long) ; the scales strongli/ conduplicate. 
 
 13. C. Stl'igbsus, L. Culm mostly stout (l°-3<^ high) ; most of the rays 
 of the umbel elongated ( 1 ' - 5'), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes 10 - 25-flowcrcd, 
 scales oblong-lanccolatc, several-nerved, much longer than the oblong-lineai 
 achenium. — Damp or fertile soil: very common, especially southward. (C, 
 stenolepis, Torr., is of this group and nearly related.) 
 
 ••- ■*- Spikes slender and rather awl-shaped, almost terete, at least when mature ; th; 
 scabs less conduplicate and more appressed to the axis. 
 
 14. C. Michauxianus, Schultcs. Culm stout, mostly low (.5' -20' high) -, 
 rays of the umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikes 10 - 20-flowered, gelluivish- 
 brown at maturity (3'' -7" long), the short joints of its axis winged with very 
 broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate tr'iangular acJunium ; the scales ovate, 
 ohtusish, imbriculeig overlapping. — Low grounds and sandy banks : common. — 
 lioot truly annual : stem seldom bulbous-thickened at the base. 
 
 15. C. Engelmanni, Stcud. Resembles the foregoing; but the spikes 
 more slender and terete, somewhat remotely 5- \bflowered, the zigzag joints of the 
 axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious scales 
 propo'tionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the siwces- 
 sive sailes not reaching the base of the one above on the same side ; achenium oblong- 
 linear, very small. (C. tenuior, Engelm.) — Low grounds and sandy banks, 
 Virginia to Wisconsin and southward : also adventive at the Philadelphia Navy 
 Yard. 
 
 * « * * Jie Stamens 3: spikes loosely or somewhat remotely %-\2-flowercd, flattish 
 
 and greenish, several crowded together ?n one sessile or in a few peduncled heads 
 or dense clusters; their scales ovate, convex on the back, many-nerved, applitd 
 to and little longer than the ovate or obovate and sharply triangular achenium : 
 perennials, jn-opagating from the hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the 
 base of the culms. 
 
 16. C. Sehweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles {l°-2° high); 
 leaves linear ; umbel simple, 4 - 8-rayed ; s/iikes crowded along the U])pcr part of the 
 mostly elongated rays, erect, loose (4"-G" long) ; scales awl-pointed ; joints of 
 the axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores and ridges, from Lake Ontario 
 to Ohio, Illinois, and northwestward. — Flowers rather large. 
 
CTPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 555 
 
 17. C. Gr^yii, Ton-. Culm threadronu, wiry (6'- 12' higli';; leaves 
 almost bristle-slut [xd, clmiuielled ; uinhd sinijik, •l-d-raijed ; spikes 5-10 in a loose 
 head, spreadimj ; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, greenisli-chestimt- 
 colur. — Barren sands, Plyniouth, Mass., to New Jersey, near the coast. 
 
 18. C. filiculmis, Valil. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8' -15' 
 hi<>!i); leiires liiirar ( 1 " -2" wide); spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile 
 dense head, or in 1-7 additional looser heads on spreading rai/s of an irregular 
 umbel; Joints of the axis naked; scales blunt, greenish. (C. mariscoides, Eil.) — 
 Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. 
 
 §4. MARtSCUS, Vahl. Sti/le 3-cleJl: the uchenium triangular: stamens 3: 
 spikes 1 -few-flowered, narrow or awl-shaped, with 2 lower scales short and 
 eniptg, and inclined to persist on the common axis when the rest of the spike dis- 
 articulates and falls, crowded in dense heads : otherwise nearly as in the penvJ- 
 timate division o/" § ■3. ( Perennials with clustered small tubers at base of the culms, 
 as- in the preceding division : spikes green, merelg tawny with age. ) 
 
 19. C. Laneastriensis, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Culm (l°-2° high) trian- 
 gular ; leaves rather broadly linear; nmbcl of 6 - 9 mostly elongated rays ; spikes 
 veiy numerous in short-oblong or globular dense heads, soon reflexed, 3-6- 
 flowered, linear-awlshaped ; the joints of the axis broadly winged ; scales oblong, 
 obtuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong achenium. — Rich soil, banks of the 
 Susquehanna near Lancaster, Penn., Prof Porter. — Most like the Southern 
 C. Baldwinii, Torr. ; but twice the size; the more numerous spikes 4" -5" long, 
 more linear, less pointed, on a setaceous-bractcd axis of 6" or 7" in length, 
 with longer scales and achenium, &c. 
 
 20. C. OVUlai'is, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6'- 12' high); umbel 
 1 -6-rayod; spikes (50-100) in a globular Ver^^ dense head, 2 -4-flowered, oblong, 
 blunt (li-"-2" long); joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, obtuse, a little 
 longer than the obovate-oblong achenium. — Sandy dry soil, S. New York to 
 Illinois and southward. 
 
 21. C. retrofractus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy 
 and rough on the obtusish angles (l°-3° high); umbel many-rayed; spikes 
 slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the 
 elongated rays, soon reflexed, \-2-flowered in the middle (3" -5" long); scales 
 usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed, 
 the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ; achenium linear. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) 
 — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 2. KYLLIWGIA, Rottbiill. Kyllixgia. (PI. 1.) 
 
 Spikes of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1 - l-i-flowcrcd ; the 2 lower scales rhinute 
 and empty, as in Cypcrus, § 4, but style ofrencr 2-cleft, and achenium lenticular : 
 the spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre 
 3-ljavcd. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.) 
 
 1. K. ptimila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (about 
 4" broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the 
 keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois 
 and southward. Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high : root annual. 
 
556 CYPERACKyF,. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 3. DULICHIUM, Kichard. Duliciuum. (PI. 1.) 
 
 Sj)ikos iiiiiiiy- (t) - 1(1-) (l()\\ci((l, liiu'ar, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary 
 solitary jieduueles emeriti ti<;- from tiie .sheaths of tlic leaves: scales 2-raiiked, 
 lanceolate, decurrent, forming Hat wing-like margins on the joint below. PerU 
 :.nth of G-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. — ■ 
 Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A 
 perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed and leafy to the 
 summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name of a Greek 
 island ; its singular application to an American plant unexplained.) 
 
 1. D. spathkeeum, Pers. — liordcrs of ponds : common. July- Sept. 
 
 4. FUIRENA, Kottbull. Umbkella-Gk.vss. (PI. 2.) 
 
 Sj)ikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. 
 Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri- 
 anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually 
 with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium 
 triangular, ])ointcd with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren- 
 nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuin-n, a Danish botanist.) 
 
 1. F. squarrdsa, Michx. Stem (l°-2°high) leafy; leaves and sheaths 
 hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (ti ' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- 
 ing awns of the scales; perianth-scales ovate and awn-pointed, the interposed 
 bristles minute. — Var. pumila, Torr., is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 
 2-6 spikes; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. — Sandy wet 
 places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward ; also Michigan : northward 
 mostly the small variety. Aug. 
 
 5. LI PO CARP HA, R. Br. Lipocarpiia. (PI. 2.) 
 
 Spikes terete, mnny-flow(>ii'd, in a terminal close cluster, which is involucrate 
 by leafy bracts. Scales spatulatc, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks, 
 awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to 
 each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spike and the flower, one between 
 the latter and the axis of the spike. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens 
 I or 2. Style 2 -3-cleft. Achenium flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. — 
 Culms leafy at the base. (Name formed of 'Klnoi, fut, and Kcipfpos, chaff, from 
 the thickne.ss of the inner scales of some species.) 
 
 1. L. maculkta, Torr. Annual; culm (4' -8' high) much longer than 
 the linear concave leaves; spikes (1"- 2'' long) green and dark-.spotted ; inner 
 scales ■delicate ; stamen one ; achenium oblong with a contracted base. — Petty's 
 Island, Philadelphia, Prof. Leidy, ^c. Probably adventive from S. States. 
 
 6. HEMICARPHA, Nees. IIemicaupiia. (PI. 2.) 
 
 Spike, flowers, &c. just as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute trans, 
 lucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spike. 
 Stamen only one. Style 2-clcft. Bristles or other iK'rinnth none. (Name from 
 rifj.1, half, and K(ip<pos. sham or c/iaJJ', in allusion to the single inner scalelct.) 
 
I 
 
 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGK FAMILY.) 557 
 
 1. H. SUbsquarrdsa, Nccs. Dwarf or minute annual (l'-5' high); 
 invohicre l-lcavud, as if a continuation of tiie bristle-like cuhn, and usually with 
 another n)inute leaf; spikes 2-3 (barely 2" long) ; scales brown, tip])ed with a 
 short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of 
 ponds and rivers; often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July-Sc])t. — Var. 
 Drummondii (H. Drummondii, Nees.) is a form with single and paler or green- 
 ish heads : Illinois and southward. 
 
 7. ELEOCHARIS, R.Br. SpiKii-Rusii. (PI. 3.) 
 
 Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many -several-flowered. Scales 
 imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3 - 12 (com- 
 monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- 
 mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is 
 jointed with the apex of the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Leafless, 
 chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creep- 
 ing rootstocks : flowering in summer. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^'P"' 
 to de/iglit in; being marsh plants.) 
 
 § 1. Spike terete, hirdhj if at all thicker than the spongi/-cel!u!ar culm ; the scales 
 Jirmltf jiersistent : sti/le mostly 3-(J(ft : bristles of the perianth 6 [rarehj l),Jinn 
 or rigid, mostly bailed downwardly, and equalling or surpassing the triangular or 
 double convex achenium. 
 
 * Spike linear or lanceolate-aid-siiaped, few-Jlower<d ; the scales {only 3 - 9) few- 
 
 ranked, convolute-clasjiing the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, herba- 
 ceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scniioits margins. 
 
 1. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather 
 stout, erect (8'- 2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or 
 fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; achenium ob- 
 long-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the 
 bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shallow water; from 
 Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Bobbins), to New Jersey (C. E. Smith, 
 ^~c.), and southward. — Spike varying from 4" to 10'" long, by scarcely over a 
 line wide ; the long scales rather remote and sheath-like. 
 
 # * Spike cylindrical and many-flowe>-ed, 1 ' - 2' long ; the scales regulai-ly imbricated 
 
 in several ranks, flrm-coriaceous with a narrow scarlous margin and no midrib, 
 pale, nerveless or faintly striate : culms large and stout (2° - 4° high) : sheat/is at 
 the base of en leaf-bearing. (Limnochloa, Nees.) 
 
 2. E. equisetoldes, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross 
 partitions; achenium smooth, with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, 
 Rhode Island (OIney), Michigan (Houghton). Delaware, and southward. 
 
 3. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culm continuous and sharply 4-angUd ; 
 achenium flnely reticulated, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Shallow 
 water, New York (outlet of Oneida Lake, A. II. Curtiss) to Michigan and 
 southward : rare. 
 
 § 2. Spike terete and turgid-ovate, very much thicker than the slender culm ; the scalet 
 thiri-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous and persistent, ovale: style 3-clefl : bristles 
 
558 CTPERACE.-E. (SF.DGE FAMILY.) 
 
 of the perianth stont, downumvdlii harlifd, as long as the striated and pitted-rctic- 
 itldtcd triiinfjular aclienium arid its tubercle; culms tufted from fibrous roots, 
 about 1° hitjh. 
 
 4. E. tuberculbsa, Ti. Br. Culms flattish, striate; spike 3" -6" long, 
 many-llowcivd ; tubcrdv Jhtttishatp-sh<ifi<d, as large as the bodi/ of the aclienium. 
 ■ — Wet sandy soil, Mass. along the coast to Virginia and southward. 
 
 5. E. simplex, Torr. Culms sharplt/ triangular, capiilari/, twisting when 
 dry; s])ike 2" -3" long, fcw-flowercd ; conicul-beakcd tubercle much smal'er tJ.an 
 the achenium. (E. ttJrtilis, Schultcs.) — Eastern shore of Maryland (W. M. 
 Ca)ibi/), and southward. 
 
 §3. Spike terete, much thicker than the culm, mnnij-fowrrcd ; the scales imbricated 
 in many or more than three ranks, tliin-membranactous or scarious in texture, with 
 a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous at maturity. 
 (Eleogenus, Kees.) 
 
 * Achenium smooth and lentictihir, and style 2-clef, or in No. G inore commonly 
 3-cli-/l : culms slender or thread form, terete or compressed. 
 
 6. E. Obtusa, Schnltes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from 
 fibrous roots ; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblung, obtuse, rarely becoming acute 
 (dull brown); the scales very obtuse and numerous (80- \30), densely crowded in 
 many ranks; style 3- (rarely 2-) clef; achenium bbovate, .shining, tumid- mar- 
 gined, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles, crowned with a short and very 
 broad fattened tubercle. — Muddy places : most common. 
 
 7. E. Olivasea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slender 
 matted rootstocks (2' -4' high) ; spike ovate, acutish, 20-30-fo>.cered ; scales ovale, 
 obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (puri)le with a green midrib and slightly scari- 
 ous margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle, 
 shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to New Jersey near the 
 coast, and soiitlnvard : also shore of Lake Ontario, J. A. Paine. 
 
 8. E. pallistris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high), from 
 running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, jyointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate- 
 oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and 
 translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest 
 rounded and often enlarged; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned 
 with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually 
 4 bristles. — Var. glatcescens (S. glauccscens, Willd. !) : culms slender or fili- 
 form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the 
 achenium. — Var. c.Ilva (E. calva. Ton:): bristles wanting; tubercle short, 
 nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York, 
 Dr. Crawe). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stont and tall; 
 or in wet grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Ku.) 
 
 9. E. COmpressa, Sullivant. dims fit, striate, erect (l°-2° high); 
 sjnke orate-obhmg, or at length lanceolate, 20- .'50;/7o)rrm/ (4" -7" long) ; scales 
 lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark pnr])le with broad white pellucid margins and sum- 
 mit ; achenium olMvate -pear- shaped, compressed, crowned tvlth a small conical and 
 pointed tubercle; bristles I -4, very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the 
 achenium, sometimes none or a single rudiment.) — Wet places, N. New York 
 
ctpekacejE. (skdge family.) 553 
 
 to Ohio and Illinois. — Culms tufted on running rootstocks, strikingly flat, 
 often spirally twisted in drying. 
 
 * * Achenlum triangular or turcjid : sti//e S-chp. 
 t- Bristles cqttalliuj or sur/)ussiii(j thi smooth ucheniiim, doivnivurd ij barbed, persistent. 
 
 10. E. rostellata, Torr. Cidms flattened and striatt-grooucd, wiry, erect 
 (l°-2|^-° liigli), lite sterile ones reclining, rootini; and jiroiiferoiis from the apex 
 (l'^-'2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike s/iindle-shaped, 12-20- 
 flowcrcd ; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achenium obovate-triangular, 
 narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 
 4-6 bristles. —Marshes, Ehode Island [OIney), E. Massachusetts ( W. Boott), 
 and Vermont {Tnrb-nnan) to New Jersey (Dr. Allen), Alexandria, Virginia (A. 
 IT. Cnrtiss), Michigan and southward. 
 
 11. E. intermedia, Sclmltes. Culms capillary, iviry, striate-grooved, 
 densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6' -12' long) ; 
 spike oblong-ovate, aciitish, loosely \0 - 20-floivered (2" -3" long); scales oblong, 
 obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium obovoid with a nar- 
 rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which 
 nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kuntli.!) — Wet slopes: conmion 
 from New York and Penn. to Illinois and northward. 
 
 12. E. mieroearpa, Torr., var. filiculmis, Torr. Like the preceding, 
 but more capillary ami heads smaller (lj"-2" \o\\g), sometimes proliferous, the 
 one or more short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists 
 as an herbaceous bract ; achenium very much smaller, witli sharper angles and a 
 short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. — 
 Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 
 
 -t- -1- Bristlea 2-4, slwrter than the achenium, slender and fragile, or none. 
 
 13. E. tenuis, Sclmltes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root- 
 stocks, 4-angular and tlattish (1° high), the sides concave; spilce elliptical, acut- 
 ish, 20- 30-flowered {3" long) ; scales ovate, oi/ifsf, chestnut-purple with a broad 
 scarious margin and green keel ; achenium oborate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with 
 a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles half the 
 length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptiea, Kunth.!) — Wet meadows 
 and bogs: common, early-flowering; June. 
 
 14. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'- 
 18' high); spike rylindrical-oroid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered 
 (■3" -6" long) ; scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brown- 
 ish with broad scarious margins ; achenium smooth, ohovate-top-shaped, obtusely 
 triangular, the broad .lumna't entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle, 
 which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles shorter 
 than the (soon blackish) achenium, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, 
 Massacbusctrs, to Virginia, and southward along the const. 
 
 1.5. E. tricOStata, Torr. Culms flatfish (10-2° liij;h) ; spike soo:i cyfin- 
 driral, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long, thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse, 
 rusty brown, witii broad scarious margins; achenium oborate. ivith 3 promi-nent 
 thickened (tngUs, minnttly rom/h-wrinkled, cronmeA with a short -conical acuti' tubercle; 
 bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and southward. 
 
5G0 CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 § i. Spike more or less flattmfd , thicker than the slende-r or cnpiljanj culm,fem-many- 
 Jlowered ; the thin memhranaceotis scales somewhiit 2 ~3-raii/ced : stifle S-chft: 
 bristles of the perianth 3 - G,fiar/ilc or fuijacious. Sntull or dulicate species, dif- 
 fering from the lust subdiciaion chiijlij in ihejlaltish spikes. (CH.ETOCYi'iiRL'S, 
 Nees.) 
 
 * Acheniitm tumid, obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides. 
 
 16. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2'- 8' long), more or 
 less 4-anj,'ular ; spike 3 - 9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish 
 with purple sides); achenium obovatc-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and 2-3 
 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer than 
 the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichodes, 
 Mulil., &c.) — Muddy shores : common. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 
 
 17. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1'- 2' 
 high) ; spike oc/ite, 3 - S-flowred; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute ; 
 achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, ti[)ped with a minute 
 tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus, 
 Vuhl?) —Brackish marshes and brackish river-banks. 
 
 8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush. (PI. 3.) 
 
 Spikes several - many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which (except 
 in No. 1) is subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre (this when simple often 
 appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly 
 imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed, 
 the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers under all the scales, or all 
 but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3-6 (straight or rarely 
 tortuous) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, 
 simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or 
 point to the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base; 
 the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8-9; flowering in 
 summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) 
 
 § 1. SCIRPUS proper (including Isolepis, which simply wants the bristles). 
 Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserled after flowering, 
 mostly barbed downivards. 
 * Spike solitary, few-flowered, small, oflen flatfish: achenium triangular, smooth. 
 *- No involucral leaf or bract and no leaves below : base of style indurated and persist- 
 ent, but continuous with the achenium. ( Transition to Eleocharis and Blysmus. ) 
 1. S. paueifldrus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, very slender 
 (3' -9' high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, at the base with a 
 short truncate sheath ; scales of the ovate spike evidently 2-ranked, chestnut- 
 brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower Larger ; bristles 3-6, down- 
 wardly barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular 
 achenium. (S. Tixothryon, Ehrh. Blysmus pauciflorus, Corar/. ) — Very wet 
 places. New York (Jefferson Co., Dr. Crnwe, & Herkimer Co., ./. A Paine) to 
 N. Illinois 'D Vaspy), Michigan, and northwestward. (Eu.) 
 
 i 
 
CYPEltACK.li. (SEUGE FAMILY.) 5tl 
 
 •<- ■*- Involucre a short aid-sltaped hrnct : culms tufted (3'- 12' hi(jk) , Jil [form. 
 
 2. S. csespitdsus, L. Culms tcntc, wiry, densely slieathed at the base, in 
 compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a vei*y short awl-shaped leaf; spike 
 ovoid, rusty-color ; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling the lowest 
 proper scale of the spike and scarcely surpassing it ; bristlis G, smooth, longer 
 than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of 
 Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. On Roan Mountain, N. Carolina. 
 Also, away from mountains, Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., New York, G. W. 
 Clinton, J. A. Paine. N. Illinois, Dr. Vasei/. (Eu.) 
 
 3. S. Clintdnii, Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like ; 
 sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usu- 
 ally very much shorter) than the culm; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly 
 shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spike, which has pointless scales : other- 
 wise as the next. (S. planifolius, var. brevifolius, Torr.) — Rather dry plains. 
 New York, Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe; near Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. June. 
 
 4. S. planif61ius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at the base ; the leaves 
 linear, flit, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle- 
 tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or ol>long chestnut-colored spike, the 
 green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points; bristles of the perianth up-- 
 icardly hairy, as long as the pointless achenium. — Dry or moist ground. New 
 England to W. New York (G. W. Clinton), Penn., and Delaware. June. 
 
 -t- 1- -I- One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm. 
 
 5. S. SUbterminalis, Torr. Aquatic- culms (l°-3° long, thickish-fili- 
 form) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular ; the 
 filiform green bract 6" - 12" long, much surpassing the oblong spike ; scales some- 
 what pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly- 
 pointed achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England 
 to Michigan and westward. — Var. tereestris, Paine, Cat. Less tall; stem 
 and leaves firmer; fully-fruiting spike more turgid : growing chiefly emersed, in 
 a quaking morass, Litchfield, Herkimer Co., New York, ./. A. Paine. 
 
 » * Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre, 
 which 7-esembles the naked culm, seeming to be a continuation of it. 
 
 +- Culm sharply triangular, stout, chief y from running rootsloiks : spikes many-flow- 
 ered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf- 
 bearing. ( Very rarely a second and smaller vnvlucral leaf) 
 
 6. S. piingens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; culm sharply 
 3-angled throughout (l°-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated 
 (4'- 10' long), keeled and channelled ; spikes 1 -6, capitate, ovoid, usually long 
 overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly eiliate, 2-cleft 
 at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes ; anthers tipped ivith an 
 aivl-shapid minutely fringed appendage; style 2-c.left (rarely 3-clcft) ; bristles 2-6, 
 shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S. 
 triqueter, MicJix., not of Z. S. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh 
 ponds and streams : very common. (Eu.) 
 
 7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Calm S-wing-angled, luith deeply excavated sides, stout 
 (2° - 7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short Inangulur leaf or none; spikes 6 - 12, 
 
5G2 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopjtcd by tbc short involucral leaf; scales 
 orbicular, smooth, the inconsiiicuous nuicTonatc point shorter than the scarious 
 apex; aiilheis with a crrij t,lwrt and bluut jiiiiiiitcli/ luanlHl tij) ; style i-dcjl; bristles 
 6, scarcely equalling the obovate i)lano-convcx anil nmcronate acheniuwi. — 
 Salt marshes, Martha's Vineyard (Oa/as), and llhodc Island (OIncy), to Dela- 
 ware, and common southward. — Cross-section of the stem stronyly 3-raycd, 
 with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. 
 TRiQci;TER, which has similar anthers, and an abbreviated or almost abortive 
 leaf; but its culm is wingless:, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of 
 them umbellate-stalked. 
 
 8. S. T6rreyi, Olney. Eootstocks slender if any (so tliat the jilant is 
 readily pulled up from the mud) ; culm 'S-aiu/lcd, with concave sides, rather slen- 
 der (2° -4° high), Icajjj at the base; learfs 2 or 3, more than half the leiiyth of the 
 Ci//«(, triangular-channelled, slender; spilccs 1-4, oblony or spindle-shapcil, acuip, 
 disliiid, ])ale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; 
 scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mueronatc; style 3-cli-fl ; bristles longer than 
 the unequally triaiu/ular ol>ovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucro- 
 natus, Pursh?, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, 
 New England to Penn. and Michigan. 
 
 1- •>- Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootslocks : spil-es many- 
 flour red loo'idy umbellate or corymbed, involurellate-braded. 
 
 9. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3° -5° high) 3angled, usually sharply so 
 above, obtusely below, the sheath at the base extended into a long and slender 
 triangular and channelled leaf ; the involucral leaf similar, continuing the 
 culm; spikes oblong (4' -6' long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 
 together, nodding on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles 
 or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ; 
 scales of the spike loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scari- 
 ous, with a greenish nerved back ; bristles of the perianth 6, firm, furnished 
 above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak 
 of the obovate-triangular shining achenium. — In a mill-pond, near Salisbury, 
 Maryland, A. Commons, W. M. Canby. — A remarkal)le species: leaf 2° -4° 
 long: involucral leaf 4' -8' long: rays or peduncles l^'-3' long, each sub- 
 tended by a single involucellate leaf or bract, the lowest like that of the involucre 
 but short, the uppermost reduced to scale-like bracts. Achenium (Ij", and its 
 beak ^" long. 
 
 •t- H- -1— Culm terete, very fall and stout, from a deep runninn rnntstnfl\ naked ; the 
 sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or none : spi/ces numerous 
 and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal 7-ays of 
 which mostly surpass the involucral kaf: involucellate brarts small, scale-lilce and 
 rusty-scarious : scales of the spike rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, icith a sah'ent 
 midrib extended into a mucronnte jioinf. 
 
 10. ^. validus, Vahl. (Great Bulrush.) Culm 30-9° high, ^'-1' 
 thick at base; s])ikcs ovate-oblong (3" -4" long); scales mostly a little downy 
 on the back and ciliate ; style 2-clcft ; achenium pale and dull, obovate with a 7)ar- 
 rowed base, plano-convex, mueronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4 -H slender 
 
CYPERACKVE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 563 
 
 dowmmrdly barbed bristles. (S. aciitus, MitJil. R. laciistris, of Amcr. authors and 
 in former editions.) — C'onimon cverywiierc in still fresh water. — Aeheninm 
 (§" long, half the size of that of the European S. lacustris, also narrower, pale, 
 not shining. — A slender variety with narrower heads, very smooth scales, 
 and shorter or fragile bristles, was sparingly collected by liav. J. W. CItkkerinq 
 at Havan<v, New York. 
 
 11. S. riparius, I'resl., which largely takes the place of the preceding 
 southwestward, probably within our limits, is known by the 2-4 rather shorter 
 imd linear }ili(muse scales, 7-ather than bnslles,of the perianth. 
 
 -^ -^ I- •*- Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely trian- 
 gular, naked; the sheaths at the base rarely extended into a short leaf: s/iikes 
 few or several, sometimes solitary, in a sessile cluster, much overtopped by the 
 involucral leif: bristles of the pmanlh often few or wanting. 
 
 12. S. d6bilis, Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hol- 
 lowed sides, l°-2° high, yellowish-green; spikes 3-12, capitate, ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse (3" -4" long), chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at matu- 
 rity ; scales roundish ; stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly 
 barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate turgidly plano-convex (or 
 bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed smoothish achenium. (S. juncoi- 
 des, Roxburgh.) — Swamps, Mass. to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 
 
 13. S. Smithii, n. sp. Culms terete, slender, 3'- 12' high, often leaf-bear- 
 ing from the upper sheath, dull green as arc the 1-3 oblong-ovate acute spikes ; 
 involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cIeft; bristles 1 or 2 
 minute rudiments or none; achenium somewhat lenticular, smooth, deciduous 
 with the scales. (S. debilis, Gray, Gram <f- Cyp. 135.) — Wet shores, Lake On- 
 tario to Illinois and Delaware Bay (in tidal mud). July. — Named for C. E. 
 Smith, who indicated and insisted on its distinctions. 
 
 14. S. SUpinuS, L., var. Hallii. Culms filiform, 5'- 12' high; upper 
 sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikes 1 - 7 in a sessile or sometimes gem- 
 inately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish ; .scales 
 ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; brislbs 
 none ; achenium obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled 
 transversely. (S. Hallii, Gray, addend, ed. 2.) — Wet shores, Illinois, E. Hall, 
 &c., and southwestward. — In Texas occurs the normal S. supinus, with 3-cleft 
 etyle and triangular achenium, as in Europe, where it sometimes has short 
 brisiles, as in No. 13. (Eu.) 
 
 •s * * Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled 
 clusters, many-floirered, terete : inrnhtrre of mostly severed obvious and fat leaves : 
 culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks; triangular, lenfy, sedge-like: style 
 mostly 3-cleft. 
 
 •*- Spikes large, G"- 15" loiiq: midrib of tht, scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate 
 or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn. 
 
 15. S. maritimus, L. (Sea Chib-Rusii.) Leaves flat, linear, as long 
 as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1 -4, very unequal; 
 spikes few- several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1 -4 unequal nays 
 bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikes; awns of the 
 
5G4 CYPERACi:.E. (sedge family.) 
 
 scales soon recurved ; achenium obovateorhicular, comprPssrd,Jlat on one side, con- 
 vex or obtuse-o lit/led on the other, miniiltli/ poniled, shiiiinp, longer than the 1 -6 un- 
 equal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. macuostacuyos, 
 Miclix. (S. robustus, Pursli) is a larger form, with very thick oblong-eylindri- 
 cal heads, becoming I'-H' long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often 
 1° long. — Salt marshes: common on the coast, and near salt springs in the 
 interior (W. New York, &c.). (Eu.) 
 
 16. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (River C.) Leaves flat, broadly linear (^' or 
 more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long 
 involucre very much exceeding the com/iouitd iimhel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved- 
 spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; achenium 
 obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equal- 
 ling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. maritimus var.? fluviatilis, Torn, excl. syn.) — 
 Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin and 
 Illinois. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° -5° high. Leaves roughish 
 on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1° - 2° long. 
 Principal rays of the umbel 3' -4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads paler 
 and duller than in the preceding ; the scales less lacerate, and their awns less 
 recurved , the fruit larger and very different. 
 
 ■•- •*- Spikes very numerous, small, l'-3' long; their scales mucronate-pointed or 
 blunt : umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : culm 
 2° -5* high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft, rough 
 on the edi/es : bristles of the perianth very slender, o/len more or less tortuous and 
 naked below: — transition to § Trichophorum. 
 
 17. S. sylvaticUS, L. S/n'kes lead-colored, clustered 3-10 together at the 
 end of the mus/ly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle, ovoid 
 or lance-ovate, 2" long ; scales bluntish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed through- 
 out, rather exceeding the trianguhir short-pointed achenium; style 3-cIeft. — 
 Along brooks, E. Mass., W. Booit, to Albany, N. Y., C. II. Peck. (Eu.) 
 
 18. S. microcarpus, Presl. Like No. 17, but earlier, and with rather 
 smaller heads, blunter scales, 2 stamens, a 2-cleft style, 4 bristles, and obovate- 
 lentieular achenium. (S. lenticularis, Torr.) — Near Boston, W. Boutt, to New 
 Hampshire, Oukes, ^-c, and N. W. 
 
 19. S. atrdvirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid ; spikes dull 
 yreiiiish-hrown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also 
 usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed; bristles 
 sparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly 
 straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular 
 achenium. (S. sylvaticus, var. atrovirens, Ed. 2., — Wet meadows and bogs, 
 New England to Kentucky and northward : common. 
 
 20. S. polyph;^llus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy ; .<!p?7fs ;/e//o?t)-ftroit7n, 
 ovate, becoming cylindrical, clusterui3-S together in small heads on the short 
 ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel; scales mucronate; bristles 6, 
 usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of 
 the achenium. (S. c\a\ta.tiis, Pursh. S. briinneus, Muhl.) — Swamps and 
 shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and common southward 
 
CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 565 
 
 § 2. TEICH6PH0RUM, Richard. Bristles capillary, naked, not bailed, elm- 
 gatincj, hecomim/ tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular arheniunt, 
 when old mostlij projecting beyond the rusti/-colored scales : cuhn, leaves, ^-c. as in 
 the preceding subdivision; umbel -like cymose panicle decom/iound. 
 
 21. S. line^tUS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3° high); leaves 
 linear, flat, rather broad, ruugh on the margins ; umbels terminal and some- 
 times axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1-3-leaved involucre much 
 shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical 
 (2" -4" long), on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely 
 exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. 
 
 — Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. 
 
 22, S. Eriophorum, Michx. (Wool-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, very 
 leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre 
 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length droop- 
 ing; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral ones pedi- 
 celled, woolly at maturity (l^"-3" long) ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer 
 than the pointless scales; achenium short-pointed. (EricJphorum cyperinum, L.) 
 
 — Var. CYPERiNUS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all tlie spikes 
 conglomerate in small heads. — Var. laxus (S. Eriophorum, A'«''<'^) has the 
 heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms 
 occur ; and the umbel varies greatly m size. — Wet meadows and swamps : 
 common northward and southward. 
 
 9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass. (PI. 3.) 
 
 Spikes, scales, achenium, &c. as in Scirpus. Bristles of the perianth of 
 numerous (in one species few) flat and delicate capillary bristles, which lengtiien 
 greatly after flowering, much exceeding the scales, and forming of the capitate 
 spike a (white or reddish) conspicuous cotton-like tuft in fruit. Stamens 1 -3. 
 Style 3-cleft. Perennials. (Name composed of tpiov, wool or cotton, and (l>opa, 
 hearing.) 
 
 * Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, ivhite ; spike single : small, involucre none. 
 
 1. E. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running root- 
 stock 6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold 
 bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit. 
 ■*- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none. 
 
 2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the 
 base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, 
 triangular-ciiannelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at 
 maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to mountains of Penn. 
 (Prof. T. Green), Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 (E. RUSstoLUM, Fries, with copper-colored wool, found in New Brunswick 
 by Bev. J. Fowler, may be expected in N. E. Maine.) 
 
 •<- -1- Cidin leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, invohicrate. 
 
 3. E. Virginieum, L. Culm rigid (2°-4°high); leaves very narrowly 
 linear, elongated, flat; spikes nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or head; 
 
5G6 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 wool rustj/ or coppcr<oior, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs 
 and low meadows : common. July, Aug. 
 
 Var. Album, with the wool white. — Oswego and Jefferson Counties, New 
 York, Dr. Cmwf, A. II. Cii,!iss. 
 
 4. E. polystachyon, h. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu- 
 lar; Ifdrcn limiir,Jiat, orlidn/i/ chuiinellal bdow, triangular at the point ; iinohicre 
 2 - 3-k(iced ; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- 
 gated in fruit; acheninm ohovate; irool a7i(/e, very str.dght (1' long or more). 
 
 — Var. angustifOlium (E. angustifulium, /?o//i, and of European botanists, 
 not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of A.) has smooth pcduiules. 
 
 — Var. LATiFOLiUM (E. latifolium, Ilujipe, & E. polystachyon, Toir.,) has 
 rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common 
 in bogs, northward ; often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating 
 that the species should be left as Linnaius founded it. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular; 
 leaves slender, diannelled-triantjidar, rough on the angles ; involucre short uud scale- 
 like, innsllij \4mced ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent; achcnium ellipti- 
 cal-linear. (E. triijuetrum, Iloppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, 
 New England to Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, 
 when mature the copious white wool 6" -9" long. Scales brownish, several- 
 nerved; or in our plant, var. rAUCiXERVicM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut- 
 color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.) 
 
 10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (PI. 3.) 
 
 Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all florifcrous, regularly im- 
 bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, ie ) none. Stamens 1-3. Style 
 2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except in No. 
 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as 
 in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the 
 involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of Jimbria, a fringe, and sti/lus, tho 
 style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) 
 § 1. FIMBRISTYLIS proper. Siijle 2-cleft,Jlat and ciliate, falling awmj, base 
 
 and all, from the lenticular achenium ; scalis of the mani/Jtoivered spike closely 
 
 imbricated. 
 
 1. P. spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea. Culms (10-2^° high) tufted 
 
 from a perennial root, riipd, as are the threudform convohite-channdled leaves, 
 smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" 
 thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium veri/ minuteli/ striate and obscureli/ reticulated. 
 (F. castanea, cylindrica, &c., Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast, New York 
 to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — Spikes less dark-colored and scales 
 mostly thinner thiin in the original Jamaica plant. 
 
 2. P. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high) from an ('»»!(«/ ^■oo^ H-ertt, 
 grooved and flatfish ; leaves linear, fat, ciliate-dcnticulate, yhiiicous, sometimes 
 hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3'' long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium co:iSi>icuously 6 - S-ribbed 
 on each side, and with finer cross lines. (F. Haldwiniana, Ton-. F. brizo~ides, 
 Nees, &,c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July- 
 Sept. — Scales broader and less pointed than in F. annua. 
 
CYPEKACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 567 
 
 § 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style ^-clejl and the achenium triangular: 
 otiiciwise nrarlij us in § 1 : the spikes siiudl and fewer-Jli>wered. 
 
 3. F. autumnalis, Koem. & Sclmlt. Annual (3'- 16' liijih), in tufts; 
 culms Hilt, .'^kndor, diffuse or irect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes 
 oblonj,^ acute (\"-2" long), single or 2-3 in a cluster; tbe scales ovate-l.ineeo- 
 latc, mucronatc ; stamens 1-3. (Scirpus autumnalis, Zy.) — Low grounds, 
 Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 § 3. ONCOSTYLIS, Martins. Stijle S-chfl, slender, its thichish base mom tardi/ij 
 deciduous from the a/)ex of (he triawjular achenium. 
 
 4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3' -9' high) ; culm 
 and loaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or panicled ; 
 spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled, very 
 obtuse. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Sandy fields : common. Aug., Sept. 
 
 (F. co.vGESTA, Torr., a diminutive Southern species, with the 2-cleft style 
 not ciliate, has been detected in ballast-sand at Camden, New Jersey, opposite 
 Philadelphia, by C. F. Parker: probably only a waif.) 
 
 11. DICHROMENA, Richard. Diciirojie.na. (PI. 4.) 
 
 Spikes aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com- 
 pressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive. 
 Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat- 
 shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, 
 &c., none. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the per- 
 sistent and broad tuberclcd base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping 
 perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly Avhite at the base 
 (whence the name, from his, double, and ^(^pwfia, color). — Differs (too little) 
 from the ne.xt genus in tlic involucrate bracts and flattened spikes. 
 
 1. D. leMCOCephala, Miehx. Culm triangular (l°-2° high); leaves 
 narrow; those of the involucre 4-7; achenium truncate, not margined. — 
 Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept. 
 
 2. D. Jatifolia, Baldwin. Culm stouter, nearly terete; leaves broadly 
 linear, those of the involucre 8-9, tapering from base to apex; achenium 
 round-olx'vate, laintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. — S. Vir- 
 ginia ? and southward. 
 
 12. ^HYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rcsh. (PI. 4.) 
 
 Spikes panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, 
 terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat- 
 shaped nor keeled) ; the lower ones commonly loosely imbricated and empty, 
 the uppermost often subtending imfierfect flowers. Perianth in the form of 
 (mostly 6) bristles, or occasionally wanting. Achenium lenticular, globular, 
 or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent 
 and indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly peren- 
 nials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the si)ikes in terminal and 
 axillary clusters : flowering in summer. (Name composed oi pvyxos, a snout, 
 and anopa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) 
 
568 CYPEKACK^. (SKDGK FAMILY.) 
 
 § 1. PSILOCARYA, Torr. S/nles ovate, lerrle, the 7iwi,erons scales all alike 
 and regularly imhricuted; a perfect Jlower under each : stumcns mostly 2: style 
 2-cleJl ; its Ixise or the ynater jxirt of it entargin;/ and luirdetiin;/ to form the liealc 
 of the lenticular or tumid more or less cross-unnkl(d aclienium: bristles wholly 
 wanting (wlicnce the name). 
 
 1. R. SCirpoldes. Annual, 4' -10' high; leaves flat; spikes in broad 
 and open cvnios, 20- 30-flowcrcd ; seales ohlong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; 
 aclienium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-shaped almost wholly per- 
 sistent style, and somewhat margined. (Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. & Ed. 2.) 
 — Inundated places, Khode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. 
 
 (R. NiTENS (Scirpus nitons, Vahl. Psilocarya rhynchosporo'ides, 7o/T.),like 
 this, but with a more wrinkled and short-beaked aclienium, takes its place in 
 Southern States.) 
 
 §2. EUHHYNCHOSPORA. Spikes terete or biconvex, few- many-fliHcered; 
 some of the lower scales almost always empty : stamens mostly 3 : style conspicu- 
 ously 2-clefl, its base only forming tlw. tubercle or Ixak of the mostly lenticular 
 aclienium : bristles of the perianth usually present, and merely rough or barbed- 
 denticulate {not plumose). 
 * Achenium transversely wrinkled: bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate. 
 
 2. R. eym6sa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (^' wide) ; cymes 
 corymbose; the spdces crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the 
 length ot the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. — 
 Low grounds, Penn and New Jer-sey to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 3. E.. Torreyaaa, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender : leaves bristleform ; 
 cymes paniclcd, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicellfd ; achenium oblong- 
 oborale, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed- 
 conical tubercle. — Swamps; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 
 
 4. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slexuhr ; leaves narroioly linear ; 
 spikes spind.'e-shii/ied, mosflif pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium d)long, half 
 the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate 
 tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 
 
 * * Achenium smooth and even. 
 -1- Bristles of the perianth 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate. 
 
 5. R. flisca, RoMn. & Schultes. Leaves bristleform, channelled; spikes 
 ovate-olilong, few, clustered in 1 -3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium 
 oliovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute 
 tubercle, which is roiigh-sernilate on the i^argins. — Low grounds, New Jersey 
 to Maine and Lake Superior: rare. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (En.) 
 
 6. R. gracilenta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear : spikes ovoid, in 2 - 4 
 email clusters, the lateral long-pcd uncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the 
 bristles, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S. 
 New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high. 
 
 •*- -I- Bristles none or 1—3 and minute : spikes pale, \-flow red. 
 
 7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (l°-2° high) acutely triangular; 
 leaves and spikes as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster, 
 which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny ; achenium obovatc-lenticular, 
 
 \ 
 
CYl'KRACK.iS. (SEDGK FAMILY.) 'OdO 
 
 tipi)ed with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle , the delicate bristles four 
 or five times shorter or obsolete. — Boys in pine barrens of New Jcfrscy ( W. M. 
 Cauhij, C. F. Parker), and in N. Carolina. 
 
 H- t- -t- Bristles long, denticulate downwardly, or both icai/s in No. 12. 
 
 ++ S/)ikes white or whitish, becoming tuwntj icith aye, perftctiiKj onlij a single Jlower : 
 
 stamens usualli/ 2 : bristles 9-12, or even 20 
 
 8. R. ^Iba, Vahl. Culm slender (1° -2° high), triangular above ; leaves 
 narrowly linear or almost bristle-fonn ; spikes lanceolate, densely crowded in a 
 head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones ; achenium ob- 
 long-obovate with a narrowed ba^e, sciU-eeiy longer than the flattencd-awl- 
 shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, especially eastward. (Eu.) 
 *+ ■>-<■ Spikes clustnitt-colortd or darker in No. 11 and 12, few - several -Jlow{: red: 
 
 stamens 3 : bristles usually 6. 
 
 9. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal 
 cluster, and comniouly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong -lanceolate 
 (pale chestnut-color, 3" long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely 
 wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the 
 length of the hiuceolatc-bcaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Penn. 
 to N. Vermont, New York, and Michigan. — Culm 6' -9' high, slender. 
 
 10. R. Knieskernii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short; spikes numer- 
 ous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (scarcely 1" long); achenium 
 obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the bristles, twice the length of the trian- 
 gular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron ore exclu- 
 sively {Knieskern), and southward: rare. — Culms 6'- 18' high, slender. 
 
 11. R. glomerata, Vahl. leaves linear, flat ; .ipikes nutnerous in distant 
 clustei-s or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid -oblong ; 
 achenium obovate, margined, n.irrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl- 
 shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles. 
 — Low grounds : common, especially eastward. — Culm 1° -3° high. — A state 
 with small panicled clusters is K. paniculata, Gray. 
 
 12. R. cephalantha, Torr. I^eaves narrowly linear, fat, keeled; spikes 
 very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads which arc distant 
 (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown; achenium orbicular-obovate, 
 margined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, hnlf the 
 length of the stout bristles, which are barbed downwards and sometimes also up- 
 wards. — Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. - Culin 
 stout, 2° -3° high: the iruit larger than in the last, of which it may be only 
 a marked variety. 
 
 § 3. CERATOSCIKENUS, Nces. Spikes spindle-shaped or lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, infntitfatrish, large, cymose-panicled, producing only one perfect and 1 to 4 
 staminate flowers ; their scales few, the lower mostly empty : stamens 3 : bristles of 
 the perianth rigid, either short or slender, minutely scabrous npivard : style simple 
 or barely 2-toothed at the apex, flUfbrm and gradually thickened downwards, in 
 fruit almost all of it persistent as a very long, exserted, slender-awl-shaped, 
 upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth and flat obovate 
 achenium: coarse jierennials: spikes in flower 4", in fruit including the pro- 
 L&M— 44 
 
570 CTPERACE.E. (SKDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 jecting bealc or sfi/h ahout V hnj. (This long beak gives the name, fron» 
 Kipas, a horn, anil (t-j^o'ivos, a rush.) 
 
 13. R. eorniculkta, (imy. (IIohnkd lUisn.) Ci/i)ies decompound, dif- 
 fuse; brisilen aivl-s/uifH'xl, stout, nnequul, shorter than the achenium. — Wet plares, 
 Penn. to Illinois, antl southward. — Culni 3°-6° high. Leaves about 6" wide. 
 
 14. R. macrostichya, Toir. Ci/mes dec-ompouiul, or in tlie northern 
 form somcuhut Kim/>l>'. and smaller, and the spikes usually more flustered ; hn'sllo 
 capillari/, twice the length of the oc/ien/ww. — Borders of ponds, Massachusetts, 
 Khode Island, New Jersey, and southward: rare. — Perhaps it runs into the 
 preceding. 
 
 13. C LABIUM, P. Browne. Twig-Rush. (Plate 5.) 
 Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones 
 empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or innperfect flower ; the terminal 
 flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, deeid- 
 uoua. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, 
 without any tubercle, in which it differs from Khynchospora. (Name from 
 KKaboi, a twig or branch, perhaps on accoutit of the twice branching styles of 
 some species.) 
 
 1- C. mariscoides, Tom Perennial; culm obscnreiy triangular 
 (10_20 high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rouiih-mar^ined ; cymes 
 small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2 to 4 peduncles; style 
 once 3<'left. — Bogs, New England to Delaware, Illinois, and northward. July, 
 
 14. SCLERIA, L. Nt;T-Rrsn. (PI. 5.) 
 Flowers moncecious ; the fertile spikes 1-flowered, usually intermixed with 
 clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower 
 ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-clefr. Achenium globular, stony, liony, 
 or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. I'crennials, Avith triangular 
 leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks : flowering in summer: all in low 
 ground or swamps. (Name (T<\r]pla, hardness, from the indurated fruit.) 
 
 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (2°-3° high) and broadly linear 
 leaves rougliish ; fascicle*^ of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, 
 the lowermost pedunded : nfomens 3 ; achenium smooth and polished, on an obscure 
 crustaceous ring or disk. — Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward. 
 
 2. S. reticularis, Midix. Culms slender (l°high); leaves narrowly 
 linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or the lower on short slen- 
 der peduncles ; stamens 2 ; achenium globular, regularli/ pitted-reticulated, not hairy, 
 resting on a double disk, each of three greenish appressed superposed calyx-like 
 lobes, the inner larger. — Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and southward: 
 rare northward. 
 
 3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high); leaves linear ; 
 clusters loose, the lower mostly lonLC-p''dnncled and drooping; achenium globular, 
 irregularli/ pilttd-reticulutid or pilted-rugosp, towards the base minuteli/ hairy on the 
 somewhat spiral wrinkles : otherwise as in the foregoing. — E. Massachusetts to 
 New Jersev, Pennsvlvania, and southward. 
 
CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 571 
 
 4. S. paucifl6ra, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish , culms slender 
 (9'- 18' lii^li) ; Iciivcs narrowly linear ; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral 
 ones when present pedunclcd ; bracts clliate ; stamens 3 ; arhenuim (/lohoae, papil- 
 lose-row /Iwned, white : the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles. 
 — S. New En'^'laiiil to W. New York (rare), am! more common southward. 
 
 5. S. vertieill^ta, Mulil. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4'- 12' high), 
 terminnted by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile and small 
 clusters ; bracts minute ; leaves linear ; st.imens 1 or 2 ; acheniuiii roiif/h-wrinkkd 
 ivith short elevated ridges, globular-triangular ; the disk obsolete. — W. New 
 York and Penn. to Michigan and southward: rare. — Flant faintly sweet- 
 scented ; achenium small, 'i" long. 
 
 15. CAREX, L. Sedge. (PI. 5, 6.) 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers separated {monoecious), either borne together 
 m the same spike landrdipjnous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very 
 rarely on distinct plants (dinecions) . Scales of the spikes equally imbricated 
 around the axis, eacii subtending a single staminate or pistillate flower. Sta- 
 mens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an iiiflateil sac (composed of either one or 
 two inner scales (bractlets) united by their margins), forming a rounded or an- 
 gular bladdery sac {ppricji/niuin), whicli encloses the lenticular, plano-convex, or 
 triangular achenium, .tipped with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) 
 base of the style. Sticrmas 2 or 3, long, projecting from the narrow orifice of 
 the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowing in spring and maturing in 
 summer, frequently trrowing in wet places, often in dense tufts. Culms trian- 
 gular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bract.s, 
 and terminal ; commonly with sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of 
 the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually ronsh on the margins and keel. 
 .(A classical name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from rareo, to 
 want, the upper s|)ikes being mostly sterile ; and Iiy others from Kfipco, to cut, on 
 account of the sharp leaves.) 
 
 Contributed for the first edition of this work, ami revised for the second, by 
 Joiix C.U5EY, Esq.; with some present additions, from recent discoveries, and 
 a few alterations, chiefly from the subsequent investigations of the late Dr. 
 Fraxcis Boott, pu!)l-i!ied in his magnificent Illustrations of the genus Carex, 
 and from notes furnisHd by Wisi Boott, Esq. 
 
 .^ -iRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. 
 
 A. Spike solitary and terminal, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and 
 
 scale-like. — (This division, retained fnr the convenience of students, is merely artificial, 
 and combines species having no real natural affinity.) PSYLLOPIIOR.E, Loiseleur. 
 § 1. Spike dioecious, or with a f^'W staminate flowers ut its base. No. 1-2. 
 2 Spike anf!ro;;ynous, staminate at th'3 summit. No. 3-0. 
 
 Spike androgynous, staminate at the base. No. CG and 13S may bo sought here. 
 
 B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer- 
 
 tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. PIIYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 7-9. 
 
 C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessilcs 
 
 forming compact or mors or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or decon^ 
 pound spikes. Stigmas 2 VIQNEA, Beauv. 
 
572 CYPEKACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 i 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and iiistillate flowers variously situated. No. 10-12. 
 
 2. Spikes pistillate below, stamiiiate at the suniinit. No. 13 -2S. 
 
 3. Spikes pistillule above, stauiia.ite ai the base. No. 'Jd-46. 
 
 D« Stainiuate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple 
 spikes on tlie same uuhn ; the one or more stamiuate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- 
 most, having; occasioniilly more or less fertile flowers at base or apex; the lower spikes 
 all jiistilliite (fertile), or sometimes with staminate fljwei"s at the base or apex. Siigmas 
 3 (or only 2 in No. 40, 53, 05, 150, &i;.). CAUK.K proper. 
 
 * Pcrigynia with merely a mioute or short point, scarcely ever prolonged into a beak. 
 
 i 1. Perijrynia not inflated (sli;:;htly so in No. 55, bo), snD.Hh, nerved or nerveless, with a 
 minute straiffht point, trlaucous-j?reen, becmiiuj,' whiiish, or more or less spotted or 
 tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1-3, or the ter- 
 minal spike androgynous and staminate at the b.ise, the rest all fertile. No. 46-64. 
 
 2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless, or with a straight or 
 oblique pi.int. Scales brown, becoming tawny or while. Staminate spike solitary (ex- 
 cept sometimes in No. 71) or andr.)gyuous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 
 65-81. 
 
 3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 83 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute 
 straiglit point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the ape.x, the rest all fertile. 
 No. 82. 83. 
 
 4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliqualy bent or 
 recurv-ed point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green 
 and leaf-like (e.xcept in No. 84). No. 84 - 91. 
 
 6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, 
 white and membranaceous point, reddish brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal 
 spike all staminate or with 2-3 fertile flowi rs at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a 
 few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored deaths, or with a short green 
 prolongation. No. 92, 93. 
 
 ♦ * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonaed. 
 
 6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana- 
 ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice. Bracts shi)rt : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves 
 all radical, hmg and narrow. Staminate «pike solitary. No. 94-101. 
 
 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire 
 or slightly notched orifice. Bracts long and leaf-like : culms tall and leafy. Staminate 
 spike solitary (in No. 102 pistillate at the summit): fertile spikes erect (except in No. 
 102). No. 102, 103. 
 
 8. Perigynia slightly inflat?d, smooth and shining, green, f"W-nerved or n^rvelpss. with a 
 straisht tapering beak terminating in 2 sm.ill membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike 
 solitary (often androgynous in No. 107) : ft-rtile spikes all on slender and pedulous 
 stalks. No. 104-110. 
 
 9. Perigynia slightly inflnted. smioth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, 
 terminating in 2 distinct mem'iranacenu^ teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. 
 Staminate spike solitary. No. Ill- 115. 
 
 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rouirh or pubescent, ranly smooth, with an abrupt straight 
 bi^ak. Staminate spikes usually two or more. No. llG-119. 
 
 11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth or pubescent, conspicuously many-nerved, ^with 
 a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Stajninate spikes 
 1-5. No. 120-127. 
 
 12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tappring 2- 
 toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary No. 12? -130. 
 
 13. Pcrigynia much infliited, obovoil or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- 
 rupt, very long, 2-tonthed b?ak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- 
 ing or defl -xed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. 
 No. 137-133. 
 
 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a taper, 
 ing and more or less elongated 2-tootheU beak. Staminate spikes 2-5. No. 139 - 151. 
 
CYPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 573 
 
 A. Spike solilari/, simple ; ?7s scales or bracts small and scar ions or colored (never 
 (jrrcn orfoliacnoiis). Psyllopwora, Loiseleur. 
 § 1. Spil,-e'd,'acioiis, or the fertile merehj with a few sfaminatejlowers at the base. 
 
 1. C. gynocrates, Yv'"ormskiokl. Culm and bristle-form radical leaves 
 smootli, or ininutely rough at the top; sterile spike linear; fertile spike ovoid, 
 looiuly flowered ; perigynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous 
 obtusely 2-toothed apex, narrowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, 
 spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale ; stig- 
 mas 2. — Swamps, Wayne and Genesee Co., Kew York (Sartwell, &.C.), Michi- 
 gan, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 2. C. SCirpoidea, Michx. Leaves flat; spike narrowly cylindrical ; peri- 
 gynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about 
 the length of the pointed ciliate scale ; stigmas 3. (C. Wormskioldiana, Ilornem. 
 C. Michaiixii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and New 
 Hampshire, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, 
 Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. Spike amlrogtjnous, stnminate at the summit. 
 * Sli(/mas 2 : leaves hri>yllr-form. 
 
 3. C. eapit^ta, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid; perigynia broadly ellip- 
 tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, 
 longer than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
 Kew Hampshire, Bobbins, Oakes. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Stiijmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. 
 
 4. C. pauoiflbra, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2 ; 
 perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, £"/(/•/(.) — 
 Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.) 
 
 5. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm capillary ; spike very small, few- 
 iiowcred ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, 
 slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. 
 (C. leptalea, WuU. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs: 
 very common. 
 
 * * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very [about 1') broad, longer than the naked culm. 
 G. C. Fraseriana, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves without 
 a liiidrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins 
 (9' - 18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike 
 oI)long, the fertile part becoming globular ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, nuicro- 
 nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse 
 scale ; often enclosing a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich 
 woods, mount;iins of Pennsylvania ? Virginia, and southward : rare, and a most 
 remarkable plant. 
 
 B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminatc at the summit: bracts and 
 scales of the piatillnte flowers g'tcn, leif-like, tajjering from a broad base, the lowest 
 much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri- 
 gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much 
 •xceeding the short almost radical culms.) Phyllostachys, Terr. & Gr. 
 
574 cyPKiiACii.E. (sEUGn family.) 
 
 7. C. Willden6vii, Schk. Slerile Jloioent 4-8, c]ose\y imbricated ; pm- 
 rjy^iia C-9, soiniwhat alternate, oIi!o»(), rouih on the. anrjies and tapering hcuk; 
 aelicnium oblong, triangular, iinely dotted ; slit/mas downy. — Copses, Mass. to 
 N. Virginia and westwaiil. 
 
 8. C. £:teud61ii, Kuntli. Si rrilc flowers \0-\:^,x:it\\Qv loosely imbricated 
 into a linear (a])]Mrciitly distinct) spike; peritjynia 2 -.3, ruundis/i-ofiocoid, smooth, 
 with a lonij and ahrnpl row/h lieuJc : acbcnium roundish, obscurely triangular, very 
 minutely dotted; sti;/nias downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hillsides, N 
 Kew Vork to Illinois and Kentucky. 
 
 9. C. Baekii, Boott. Sterik flmrers .3, inronspinions ; pn'ifjynin 2-4, loose, 
 (floliosc-ovoid, with a rouiciil l>'(i/c, smooth througliout : achenium glohosc-pyriform, 
 scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Eock}- hillL;, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, 
 Prof. Whitiif-y), and N. Kew York to Ohio, Lake Su])crior, and northward. — 
 Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, 
 than in the last two. 
 
 C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (rarely dioecious), sessile, forming a 
 compact or more or less interru])ted sometimes paniculate-compound inflores- 
 cence : stigmas 2 : arhenium lenticular. YiG'shx, Beauv. 
 
 § I. Spikes approximated, the staminale and pistillate flowers variously situated: 
 pcrigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak: bracts 
 light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than 
 the (at maturity) brown and chaffy spikes. — Sicc.Vt.e. 
 
 10. C. bromoides, Sehk. Sjiihs 4- G, alternate, olilong-lanceoJate, some of 
 the central ones wholly fertile : perigynia erect, narrow-hmceolate with a tapering 
 point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style jointed 
 at the base. — Swamj)* : common. — Slender, occasionally diax-.ious. 
 
 11. C. Siceata, Dew. Spites 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost and commonly 
 1-3 of the lowest fertile below, the intermediate ones fre<pieutly alt staminate ; peri- 
 gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the 
 length of the scale ; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer.) — Sandy 
 plains, New England to Illinois, and northwestward. 
 
 12. C. disticha, Iluds. Spikes numerous, short and oroid, the upper or mid- 
 dle ones frequently almost all staminate, the loiver principally or entirely frtile: peri- 
 gynia ovatc-laneeolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft 
 on the outer side; scale ovate, pointed, nearly the length of the perigynium. 
 (C. interml'dia, Good. C. Sartwe'llii, Dew., and former editions.) — Seneca Co., 
 New York (SurtwiH) to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. .9;;//,' s pistillate below, staminate at the s'lmmit. 
 * Perigynia of a thick and corky te.rture, with a short 2-tootlK'd rouuhly margined 
 beak, nerved tow.irds the base, dark cht-stnut-broum and polihrd at maturity: 
 spikes decompound, ))aniculate: scales lijiht brown, with white membrana- 
 ceous margins ; the br.icts at the base resembling them, and with a short 
 bristly prolongation. — 1'ani(.i:l\t.t;. 
 
 13. C. teretiliscula. Good. Spikes with short apprcsscd branches, 
 crowded in a slen<ler spiked jianicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short- 
 stalked, with 3-5 short nereis on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-shaped 
 
CTPEUACE^. (sedge family.) 575 
 
 base; scale acute, rather shorter than the pcrigyniutn ; acheninm olMvoid-pi/rtform, 
 obtusf'li/ tiiavguhtr. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscuhx, Wuld.) — Swamps, especially 
 nortlnvard. (Km.) 
 
 Var. major, Koch. S])ikes more ]>;iiiicli'd ; jjcri-ynia rather nnrrower. 
 (C. Ehrhai'tiinia, I/oppp. C. jjrairiea, Za«'.) — bugs and low grounds, New 
 England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Kn.) 
 
 14. C. decomposita, Mulil. Panicle large, with very numerous densely- 
 crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; })cri(/i/nia ohomte, ttn- 
 cf/iKil/// biconvex, sessile, with a short veri/ uhrujit hettk, conspicuoiishf nerved on each 
 side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom- 
 posita. Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pennsylvania, Illinois, 
 and southwestward. 
 
 * * Perifji/iiia small, compressed, 2-3-ncrvcd, membranaceous, with a short 
 
 2-toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : s/nLrs decompound, with 
 numerous small very deuselij-Jiowered heads: scales of the fertile spikes tawny, 
 with the green keel prolonged into a rough jioint : bracts sliort and resem- 
 bling them at the base, or often beconn'ng gi-een and bristle-sliapcd, and 
 much exceeding the culm. — Multifi.6rje. 
 
 15. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less 
 interrupted (lj'-2^' long), of 8- 10 crowded clusters; perigynia ovate from a 
 broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi- 
 flora, Muhl. C. bractebsa and C. polymdrpha, Schw. C. microsjie'rma, IVuhl.) 
 — Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more 
 strongly serrulate. (C. setiicea, Dew.) — Low meadows : everywhere common. 
 
 * * * Perigipna on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous, 
 
 with a thick and sjioiKjy base and a long tapering 2-tootiied rough beak, dis- 
 tinctly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 19 and 20), widely spreading and 
 yellow at maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decom- 
 pound : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point: bracts bristle- 
 shaped, shorter than tlic thick and triangular culms. — Vulpine. 
 
 16. C. erus-eorvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the 
 lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts oJ).en 
 2-toothed at the base ; perif^ynia. attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate Ixisc into 
 a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base. 
 (C. sica;fbrmis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Oliio to Wisconsin, and 
 southwestward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, 
 often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous Itavcs 6" wide. 
 
 17. C. Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower mostly 
 distinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a loug beak tapering 
 from a truncate baf^e, many-nerved, mwh errc(diiig the scale; style slightly tumid at 
 the base. (C. vulpinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Low grounds: com- 
 mon. — Culm flaccid : spikes pale. 
 
 18. C. eonjuncta, Boott. Resembles the preceding; but the spikes 
 (6-12) more sim]j]e ; perigynia ovate from a snbiordale flat (not coiky-tuinid) 
 base, short-beaked, fewer-nerved, longer and broader than tiie jjointcd scale ; 
 style bulbous at the base. (C. vulpina of former editions; — from which it 
 
076 CYPERACIwK. (sedge FAMIL'*.-) 
 
 differs in its flaccid culm, transversely wrinkled slieaths, orbicular aGhcnium, 
 &c.) — Oliio to Illinois and Kentucky. 
 
 19. C. alopeeoidea, Tuckcmian. Head of 8-12 aggregated spikes, 
 oblong, dense ; jierii/ijuia com/inssf-d, uerrcli'ss or nry dmcunJi) mrvetl, ovate, from 
 a broad truncate or somewliat heartshajied base, a little longer than the scale ; 
 achfiiiiiim pi/ri/orm ; base of the. style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxinui, 
 Drtu.) — Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Kcscmbles the last, 
 but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes; easily distinguished by the 
 murlji nerveless per'iijynla, and the difl^"crcnt achenium and style. 
 
 20. C. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the 
 lowermost sometimes a little remote; pcrirji/nia ovate-lancwkUe, somawhat com- 
 pressed, iitrveltss, or very obscurely nerved lotvurds the base, rather longer than the 
 scale; achenium ovate; base of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts 
 (introduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky : rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the 
 last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.) 
 
 * * ^ * Purij/yiiia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem- 
 branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 
 2-toothcd beak, spreading and yreen at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes 
 tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. — 
 MuiilenbergiXn-e. 
 
 21. C. SparganioldeS, Muhl. Spikes &-l2, ovoid; the upper ones a fjcjre- 
 gated, the lower distinct and more or less distant; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless, 
 rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale; 
 achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, merely tumid at the base. — Var. JIINOR, 
 Boott, is merely a reduced form. (C. cephalophora, var. Torr. C. muricata, 
 var. ccphaloidca, Deiv. C. cejjhaloidea, Dew. in part. ) — Low rich grounds. — 
 A robust species, with rather wide pale-grceu leaves; sometimes with 1-2 short 
 branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C. 
 divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenougli). 
 
 22. C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part), Boott. Spikes 5 or 6, contiguous; 
 the broadly ovate pirigynia icing-margined, spongy at the base, shorter beaked, 
 equalling or shorter than the cuspidate-tipped scale; style bulbous at the base. — 
 New York? Illinois ( Vasey), — Much resembles and has been confounded with 
 the small form of the foregoing. 
 
 23. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes .5-6, small, and densely aggregated 
 in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer 
 side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and style 
 as in the last. (C. cephaloidea. Dew. (in part.) — Var. angustifAlia, Boott, 
 is a narrow-leaved, smaller form. (C. Leavcnworthii, /)(-«?.) — Woods and 
 fields : common. 
 
 24. C. Muhlenbdrgii, Schk. Spikes 3-9, closely approximate, forming 
 an oblong head ; jieriijijiitti orbit ular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently many- 
 yiervedon both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; ache- 
 uium orbicular, with a very short buUmts style. — Fields: rather common, especially 
 southward. — Culms 12' -18' high, and with the leaves pale and rigid: com- 
 monly with a bract to each spike. 
 
 i 
 
CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 577 
 
 • Var. eil6rvis, Boott. Scales sometimes pointless ; prrifjynin nenrhf or wholly 
 nerveliss; sj)ii<cs often bnvctless. — Hudson lliver, New Yorii, ./. A. Ritisell. — 
 Distingnislied Ironi C. cepiuiloiUea by its rigid culm, narrower leaves, and 
 firmer perijiynium, spongy at the base. 
 
 25. C l*6sea., Sclik. Sj>ikcs 4-8, the 2 uppermost fipprn.rinialc, the others <tll 
 distinct, (tiid the loirest ojlen leinote ; perigijiiia ohlun<j (about 8-10 in eaeli spike), 
 narrow at the base, widely diverging- at maturity, twice us Ion;/ as the Lioadly 
 orate obtuse scale. — Var. biixor, Buott, has tiie 4-6 sj)ikes smaller and more 
 separated, the scales less obtuse and with a rough mucronate point ; perigynia 
 more erect; "leaves narrower. — Var. radiAta, Dew, is still more slender, 
 almost capillary, and has only 3 or 4 remote and 3-4-flowered spikes. (C. 
 negle'eta, Tnckenn.) — Moist woods and meadows: common. 
 
 26. C. retroflexa, Midil. Spikes 3-6, «// approximate, the 1-2 lowest dis- 
 tinct but not remote; peric/ynia (about 5 - 7 in each spike) ovale, or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, smooth on the mairjin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate painted 
 sc<de, widely spreading or reflexcd at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr., 
 Ci/p.) — Copses and moist meadows : less common than the last, from which it 
 is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, 
 and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth perigynium. 
 ***** Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, 
 
 prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire 
 or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achcnium conformed to the peri- 
 gynium, crowned with the short thick style: bracts like the scales (brown), 
 the lowest with a prolonged point : rootstock creeping. — Chordokhiz^. 
 
 27. C. chordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root- 
 stock (4' - 9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- 
 pressed leaves ; spikes in an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, a little longer than the 
 scale. — Cold bogs. New York to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 28. C. tenella, Schk. Spikes 2-6, very small, rather remote, or the upper 
 approximate, with 2 or 3, rarely A, fertile flowers; perigynia ovate, twice as long 
 as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. suppl., not of L. C. dispe'rma, Dew. C. gra- 
 cilis, Ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps. New Enghtnd to Penn., Wisconsin, 
 and northward. — A slender species, 6'- 12' high, with long grassy leaves, 
 growing in loose tufts. (Eu.) 
 
 § 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. 
 
 * Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzng axis (closely 
 
 aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale greeti, becoming 
 ichitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous; the bracts resembling 
 them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — Cankscentes. 
 1- Perigynia mostly somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, and with a 
 smooth or minntdij serrulnte short point, entire or sli't/htly notched at the apex. 
 
 29. C..trisp6rma, Dew. Sjiikes 2-3, very sni'ill, ivith about ti frtile flow 
 ers, remote, the lowest with a long bract : perigynia oblong, with numerous slender 
 nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on moun- 
 tains. New England to Fenn., Michigan, and northward. — Resembling the last, 
 but larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, l°-2° long. 
 
 OM 2.~) 
 
578 CTnciiACE^. (sedge family.) 
 
 30. C. tenuifibra, AVahl. Spikes 3, few-Jfoirered, closely approximated ; 
 pfrifji/niu orate-ohluny, al)Out the length of tlie hroadly ovate scale. — Cold 
 swamps, N. New Eiiylaiul to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 31. C. candscens, L. (in part). Tale or f/hucous ; sjiitcs 5-7 (almtt 
 \2-'20Ji(ju:eie(I}, (he iiji/m- (ip/iroxiiiuiled, the rest distinct, the lowermost remote; 
 p<ri(/i/iiia orate, equalling- tlie pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Kichardi, 
 Mahx.) — Marshes and wet meadows, common, especially northward. (Ku.) 
 
 Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller 
 and roundish 6- l.'i-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and 
 often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpi'cola and var. 
 sphairostachya, AW. 1. C. tenella, .EA/7i. C. Tersoonii, 5/e6er. C. vitilis, /'nes. 
 C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphterostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- 
 tains, and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
 32. C. Norv^gica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled; spikes 
 2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a lew staniinate (lowers 
 below the numerous fertile ones, or the terminal one all staniinate; perigynia 
 oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the 
 obtuse scale. — Salt marsh. Wells, Maine, Rec. J. Biake. (Eu.) 
 
 t- t- Peiirpjiiia tliin, .tponf/i/tliickencd at the base, scarceli/ nerved, 2-toothed. 
 
 33. C. Dewey^na, Schw. Spikes about 4; the 2 uppermost approximate, 
 the others distinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, taper- 
 ing into a rough serrate-margined beak, rather longer than the sharply pointed 
 or awncd scale. — Copses, New England and New York to AVisconsin, and 
 northward. 
 
 * * S}iikes ovoid or ohovoid, more or less clustered ; periffynia concave-conver, com- 
 pressed, man/iiied or iviiiged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothcd beak, often 
 tawny at maturity : scales tawn}- or white, awnless : bracts bristlc-shapcd, 
 usually falling before the maturity of the spikes. 
 ■*- Spikes small: perigynia usually (but not always) becoming spongy-thickened at the 
 base, the margins rigid. — STELLUL.\T.aE. 
 ++ Spikes completely or incompletely dicccious. 
 
 34. C exllis, Dew. Spike commonly solitary and cylindrical, dioecious or 
 androgynous (staniinate) and contracted below, often with 1-6 small atlditional 
 fertile spikes contiguous to the terminal larger one ; perigynia orate.-lanceolate, 
 plano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the convex side, spreading, turning 
 brownish., longer than ovate acute or obtuse scale; leaves involute-filiform. — 
 Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast: also borders of 
 mountain likes, Es.scx County, New York. 
 
 35. C. St6rilis, Wilkl. 6';)//.vs 4-6, all staminate and rarely all pistillate 
 on some plants, many androgynous, especially the lower spikes, all oblong or the 
 fertile roundish ; perigynia ovale from a broad somewhat heart-shaptd sharply mar- 
 gined base, flat, diverging or the lower recurved, very acutely 2-toothed at the 
 apex, about equalling the acute or pointed scale; leaves narrow^, involute, pale. 
 (C. stellulata, var. sterilis, of former ed.) — Swamps and wet meadows: com- 
 mon, especially northward. 
 
CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 579 
 
 ++ *-*• Spikes androgynous. 
 
 36. C. Stellul^ta, L. Spikes 3 - 5, the uppermost much contracted at the 
 base by the numerous staminate flowers; perigynia ovate or slightly heart- 
 sliaped at the base, which has thickish or obtuse margins, the apex more mi- 
 nutuly tootiied; scales rather blunt and considerably shorter; leaves flatter and 
 pale : otherwise nearly as in the last. — Like Superior and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 Var: seil'poideS. Culms slender and weak (9' -20') ; leaves very narrow; 
 spikes contiguous, smaller ;.perig-ynia with a rounded or truncate base, plano- 
 convex, almost twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. scirpoides, Sc/ik.) — 
 Wet places : common. 
 
 Var. angUStata, is remarkable for the narrow lanceolate perigynia more 
 than twice the length of the blunt scale and oblong achcnium; otherwise as in 
 var. scirpoides. — Fairfield, New York. 
 
 -t- t- Splices rather large: perlgijnla tldclccned and spongi/ on the angles, with a more 
 or less dilated metnbranac.bous margin or wing. — Ovales. 
 
 37. C. sychnocepliala, Carey. Spikes denselji clustered, forming a short 
 compound spiked head, subtended bi/ 3 verij long and unequal persistent lerify brads ; 
 perlgjpila tapering from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, 
 somewhat exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoidas, 
 Dew., not of Z.) — JeflFcrson County ( Vasey & Knleskern) and Little Falls, New 
 York, Vasey. — Different in habit from the rest of this section; recognized at 
 once by the ovoid compound spike, subtended by long leaty bracts, by which 
 the lower spikes ai-e partly concealed. 
 
 38. C. ai'ida, Schw. & Torr. ASy^'te 8 - 10, approximate (3' long), oWo»(/- 
 cyllndrlcal, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 Ihies In 
 length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate 
 scale ; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet 
 meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — In characters scarcely distin- 
 guished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; much larger, with 
 long, dry, and chafly-looking spikes. 
 
 39. C. seoparia, Schk. jSyj/te 5 - 8, c/u6-s/(«/>ec/, at length ovate, more or 
 less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head : perigynia ell Ipllcal-lanceolate, 
 tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale; achenium 
 distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows : everywhere common. — Spikes 
 brownish or straw-colored when ripe. — Var. minor, Boott. Spikes more rusty, 
 smaller, contiguous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate. — Base of Wiiite ^Nloun- 
 tains, New Hampshire, and northward. 
 
 40. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15 or more, approximate, or 
 tlij lower more separated; perigynia lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate- 
 oblong ralhir pointed scale; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk ; leaves very 
 tapering to the apex ; their sheaths loose, enlarging upwards, sharp-edged. — 
 Moist, rather shady places : common. 
 
 4L C. cristata, Schw. Spikes sma//e/-, 8-12 closely aggregated, globular, 
 greenish; perigynia oblong or ovate, recurved at maturity; scules olitnse ; otherwise 
 as in the last, of which in former editions it was taken for a variety. — AVet or 
 moist ground : common. 
 
580 CTPERACK^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 Var. mirabilis, Boott, has hroctdly ovate pn-iiji/nia with a shorter beak, 
 longer than the acute scale. (C. festiicaeea, var. niiraltilis of Ibriner ctlitioiis. 
 C. inirabiiis, Ikw.) — Ma.ss. to Ohio, &c. 
 
 42. C. adUSta, Boott (not of former cd.). Sjiifces 4-10, pa'e or brown, 
 gMndar, o\- thti, u\)\KV tlub-sliaped, the lower rtinote and sometimes com]iuiuKl; 
 jKriiji/iiia oval, ovate, or roundish, gradually tapering to a beak, many-nerved, with 
 the narrow wing wider above the middle, turgid at maturity, equalling the scale 
 in length and breadth; achenium large, orbicular, sessile. (C. argynintha, 
 'J\wkeriii., is a very delicate form of this, found in rocky woods.) — Moist copses, 
 ii,e., from Rhode Island (OIney) and New Jersey ( A'/ie/sAre/H), nortiiward and 
 westward : rare. 
 
 43. C. foenea, Willd. Sjjihcs 3-8, /w/e or silvery fjreen, finally straw-col- 
 ored, mostly approximate, ovoid, generally acute, the uppermost contracted or 
 club-shaped at the sterile base ; jinigynia oval, orbicular or vbovatf, short-beaked, 
 broadly winged, appressed, transversely wrinkled, a little longer tiian the ovate 
 or lanceolate white scale; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Sandy and mostly 
 salt or brackish marshes, &c., along the coast, from New England southward. 
 
 Var.? ferruginea, referred liere by Dr. Boott, with rusty-colored acute 
 spikes, and longer-beaked perigynia, generally acutish at base and exceeding 
 the acute or mucronate scale {Ohio, Sullicant), connects this with C. straminea. 
 
 Var.? sabuldnum, also reierred here by Dr. Boott, has 2-10 drooping 
 rather remote spikes, more or less obovatc or club-shaped, contracted at base, 
 pale green turning straw-color; perigynia broadly winged at base, slightly ex- 
 ceeding the pointed scale : it is C. adiista of former editions, not of Boott. — 
 Sands of the sea-shore from Maine southward. — Leaves narrow, often involute. 
 
 44. C. Stl'aminea, Sciik. S/iilce3 2-\2, ])ale or tawny, \arying from obo- 
 vate-globular to club-sha]x'd, contiguous or rather remote ; jierir/ynia orbicular- 
 ovate or oval, often heart-shaped at base, very fid, abruptly contracted into a short 
 or tapering into a longer beak, winged, much wider and commonly longer than 
 the usually acute or pointed scale; achenium nearly sessile, oval. — Open 
 grounds and borders of woods : common, and very variable. The following arc 
 the varieties designated by Dr. Boott. — Var. typica, with 3-6 roundish spikes ; 
 perigynia sjjreading, broadly winged, ratiier longer and mueli broader than tho 
 scale. — Var. te.nera, more slender and delicate, with 3-6 smaller oval or ob' 
 ovate spikes, more tawny ; perigynia with a short and broad beak, rather longet 
 and broader than the scale. (C. tenera. Dew. C. festueacea, var. tenera, oi 
 former cd., in part.) — Var. apekta. Spikes 4-8, tawny, tapering at base, 
 drooping; perigynia long-beaked, thrice the length of the very sharp-])ointed 
 scale, loosely spreading in the spike. — Var. festucXcea. Spikes .5-8, club- 
 shaped, tawny or greenish ; perigynia abruptly short-beaked and mostly nar- 
 rowly winged, longer than the acute or mucronate scale ; plant tall and rather 
 rigid. (C. festueacea, Sehk., and former ed.) — Var. hyalixa, a chiefly West- 
 ern form, approaching the next species, with larger and thick pale spikes, usu- 
 ally 6, all tapering at base; perigynia greenish, with a wide spongy wjng, and 
 a long beak, about twice the length of the brown pointless scale ; rather tall and 
 stout, with broad leaves. (C. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott; but probably by 
 dome mistake said to be collected in Michigan by the late Dr. Crawe. C. hya- 
 
CTPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 581 
 
 Una, Boott, is a small Texan form of it.) — Var. MeXdii (Illinois, Dr. Mead), 
 resembles the last, luit has ratlier smaller and i-oiinder sjjikes, thinner wings to 
 the perigynia, and long-tapeiin;;- or rough awn-pointed scales. 
 
 45. C. alata, Turr. Sjiih s 'i - U), jKile, turgkl-ocokl, conXv^wows, moslhj laifje 
 (6"-lU" long); piiiffjiiia dildted orbicidar or obovute, broadii/ icin(/<d, abruptly 
 short-beaked, either heart shaped or wedge-shaped at the base, longer and thrice 
 broader than the lanceolate or ovate acute or rough awn-pointed scale ; Hchenia 
 stipitate. — W. New York (.'^arlwcll) to Virginia and southward. — All these, 
 from No. 38 to the present, run together variously. 
 
 D. Staminate and fHstillale flowers borne in separate {commonhj more or less stalked) 
 simple spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes con- 
 stantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermi.xcd; 
 the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at 
 their base or apex : sfir/mas 3 : achenium sharpljj trimvpdar (only usually 2 stigmas 
 and the achenium lenticular in No. 46 -.56, 6.5, 149, 150). Carkx proper. 
 § 1. Perirjijnia without a beak, or scaralj/ any, smooth, not inflated (sligiitly in No. 
 55, 56), terniinatimj in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glancons-'^rcen 
 when young, becoming whitish, often spotted or tinged with pur|)lc, or 
 occasionally nearly black at maturity: jiislillate scales lilarkish-pnrjile (liarcly 
 brown in No. 55, 56, 61), (jiring a dark appearance to the spikes. 
 * Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate 
 spikes 3 - 5, frequent! 11 with sterile flowers at the apex : bract of the lowest spike 
 leaf-like, mostly with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and 
 very minute sheaths or none. {-Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.) 
 •*- Stigmas 2 {in No. 46 and 47* sometimes 3) : perigynia. lenticular. — AcisTM, 
 *+ Alpine, saxatile: pistillate scales pointless: leaves flat. 
 ■M- Scales awuless, mostly olituse. 
 
 46. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary ; the Jertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect, 
 rather loosel// flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the 
 length of the culm, witli rounded auricles ; stigmas 2 - 3 ; perigynia elliptical, with 
 an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm 
 rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect 
 leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., partly of L.) (Eu.) — Our plant is the 
 
 Var.? Bigeldvii (C. Blgelovii, Torr. C. Washingtonia, Dew), with 3-5 
 longer and laxer fertile spikes, the lowest long-stalked, spreading, and sometimes 
 remote; the sterile or terminal one often fertile at the top; perigynia more or 
 less nerved : perhaps a distinct species. — Alpine summits of the mountains of 
 New England, New York, and high northward. 
 
 ++ ++ ]Vot alpine, pahidose: pistillate .<icales awnless, single-nerved. 
 a. Leaves with involule margins when dry ; their sheaths not flbrillo<e. 
 
 47. C. vulgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1 -3 ; the fertile 2- 4, appro.rimated, 
 oblong, erect, densely flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on 
 a very short stalk ; lowest bract barely the length of the culm, with small 
 blackish rounded auricles; perigynia ovate-ellipti<(d, stalked, nerved especially to- 
 wards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched jwint, 
 langer than the obtuse oppressed black acale; culm slender, sharply triangular. 
 
582 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 nearly smooth, except at tlic top. (C. acuta, var. vulgaris, Z. C. caispitbsa, 
 of authors.) — "Wet banks, &c. Xew England to Wisconsin anil northward. — 
 Grows in small patches (not in dense tufts like No. .")0), and varies in height 
 from 3' to 18', witli narrow leaves shorter than tiie cuhn. (ICu.) The follow- 
 ing may be appended. 
 
 47". C. limula, Fries ? Fertile spikes less approximate or rather remote ; 
 their bracts stiriKissiiiij the culm (at least the lowest) and with rougher margins; 
 leaves longer and more numerous at the base of the rougher cuhn ; ixritjijiiia 
 nerveless; stirjiuas often 3: otherwise like C. vulgaris. — E. New England, near 
 Boston, TT'. JJoutt, who rather doubtfully identifies it with the Lapland plant. 
 The specimens in Herb. Succ. Norm, differ iu their flat leaves, and narrower, 
 longer, and even pointed scales. (Eu.) 
 
 48. C. aquatilis, Waid. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the frtilc 3-'i, 
 cylindrical, inclining to club-shaped, erect, densehj-Jlowered, sessile, or the lower on 
 very short stalks ; bracts hmj, 1-2 lowest exceeding the. cidm ; periyijnia ohovate- 
 ellipticul, stalked, nerveless, with a very short entire point al)Out the length of the 
 lanceolate scale ; culm smooth, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous 
 leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers. New England to Wisconsin, and north- 
 ward. —Robust, 2°-3° high ; the thick fertile spikes l'-3' long. (Eu.) 
 
 b. Leaves with more or less revolule manjius when drij ; sheaths at length JihriUose, 
 i. e. iclien old splitting up or resolved more or less into slaukr parallel or loosely 
 reticulated fibres. 
 
 49. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 -2, commonly l,/('/-^7e 3-4, p/on9«^t'rf, 
 nariowlg-rijlindrical or slightly cltih-sha/ied, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasion- 
 ally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks, 
 spreading or droeiping; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the 
 lowest about tlie length of the culm, the rest bristle-sh.iped, shorter tlian their 
 rcsjjcctivc spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tujieriiig to a distinct point, 
 ■with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerve- 
 less, the empty ti/is spreading or olilirjuely rceurveel at maturity, scarcely exceeding 
 the narrow obtuse scale; aclieniuin broadly obovatc, much shorter than the 
 perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves siiort, slightly rough on the margin only. 
 (C. acuta, var. sparsiflora. Dew. ?} — Kills and wet banks, N. New England, New 
 York, &e., and along the mountains from Pcnn. southward. — Well marked by 
 "Is smooth flaccid culm (12' -18' high), soft and short grassy leaves, and the 
 tortuous empty apex of the perigynium. 
 
 50. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; /cr- 
 <ile 2-4, oliloug, erect, the uppermost approriwnte anel sessile; the lower distant and 
 sliort stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about 
 the length of the culm, with oblong brown anricles, or very slightly shcatliing, 
 the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked, 
 without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very 
 slightly rough at the apex, ivith an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and 
 much shorter than the lanceejl ate pointed brown seede ; culm shar])ly triangular, smooth 
 below, exceeding the rough shar])-pointed leaves. — Wi^ t meadows, Khode Lsland 
 and Mass, to Illinois and far westward. — ^ Culm 1°- 2° high, with commonly 
 
CYPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 583 
 
 2 fertile spikes 9"- 18" in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and 
 spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigyniuni and 
 nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps bo referred to it. 
 
 51. C. Stricta, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2 -4, 
 ajlindrical, slender, usitalli/ barren ot the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short 
 stalk; lower bract with rounded or ohlong brown auricles, seldom exceeding 
 the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerceless, or very obscurely few- 
 nerved, often minutdy rowjh on the short, entire, or sVkjIuIij votrheJ point, usually 
 shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharpli/ 
 triamjular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves ; 
 their older sheaths with conspicuous reticulated fibres. (C. acuta, il/u/t/., &c., 
 not of L. C. Vii-giniana, Smith in Rees, Cijcl. C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew. 
 C. angustata, Boott.) — Var. STRfcTiOR has shorter and more dcnsel}- flowered 
 fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (G. 
 stn'ctior, Dew.) — Wet meadow^s and swamps : very common. — Grows in large 
 and very compact tufts: culms 2°-2j° high. Scales of the fertile spikes very 
 variable ; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. (C. xero- 
 carpa, .S". //. Wright, in Dew. Cat., seems to be a mere state of C. stricta.) 
 
 52. C. lentieulai'is, Miehx. Stn-ile spike single and mostii/ fertile at the 
 top; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (G"- 12'' long), sessile, or the lower short- 
 peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the cn\m ; periggnia orate-oral, 
 sessile, more or less nerred, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex- 
 ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale; culm (6' -20' high) and leaves smooth 
 or nearly so, pale. — Wet gravelly banks and shores, X. Maine (./. Blake, C. 
 E. Smith), N. New York {Torreg, Knieskern, J. A. Paine), Upper Michigan 
 {Prof. Porter, (Jr.), and northward. 
 
 *+ ++ 4-H- Paludose or maritime: pistillate scales owned or pointed from the broad and 
 strong more or less triple-nerved centre or midrib. 
 
 53. C. salina, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2 - S ; the fertile 2-4, cglindrical, erect, 
 often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with 
 rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the cuhn ; periggnia ocate- 
 'elliptlcal, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the -roughlg-awned 
 dark-brown scale; culm (l°-2° high) rough at the top, rather exceeding the 
 leaves. — Salt nuirshes, Massachusetts (Greene, W. Boott), Maine [G. L. Good- 
 ale), and far northward. (Eu.) 
 
 54. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each 2-4 (the latter 
 rarely 5 or 6) (l'-2' long), spreading or drooping on shnder peduncles : periggnia 
 uearlg orbicular, with a short entire ])oint, much shorter than the long-awned green- 
 ish scale; culm (l°-2° high) and the broad flat hares smooth. (C. paleacea, 
 
 Wahl.) — Salt marshes, Cambridge and Medford, Mass. {Greene, W. Boott), 
 Wells, Maine, (./. Bloke) and northward: rare. (Eu.) 
 
 55. C. orinlta, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers vari- 
 ously intermixed; the fertile 3-5, long-cglindric<il (2' -3' long), densely JJoioered, 
 often staminatc at the apex, on e.rserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceed- 
 ing the culm ; periggnia roundish-oborute, sUffhtlg inflated, obscurely nerved, with 
 a short entire point, shorter than thu oblong mostly notcJied roughly-serrate awned 
 
584 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 h'l/ht'broini scnJc. ; rwm (2°-4° liigh) rough and shnrpli/ angkd nho\e, leafy below; 
 tlic pale loaves (3" -4" wide), roii^h on the edges, their surface and the s/unt/is 
 smooth. — Varies in size (hut usually tall) ; and with the lower fertile scales often 
 very long-awned, the fruit imperfect and deformed (var. morbida, Carci/ in 
 Sill. Jour. C. paleacea of authors). — Wet grounds by streams : common. 
 
 !)G. C. gynandra, Schw., Boott. Shmt/is rourjk with minute hairiness; 
 fertile spikes rather thicker and looser, and oftcner staminatc at the apex ; peri- 
 gyuia iTioro ovate or ohiong and elliptical ; the scales longer and less sjjrcading 
 but mostly shorter-awncd : otherwise as in the jircccding, — to which it is very 
 nenrly related. — In similar situations, but less common, from New England to 
 Penn. and Michigan. 
 
 •*- -^ Sti^mns 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more 
 or less compressed : pistillate spikes on filiform drooping sialics. — LiM6siE. 
 
 57. C. Barr^ttii, Schw. & Torr. Sterile spike mostly single, sometimes 2 or 
 even 3, dark purple ; fertile mostly 2 or 3, cijlindrical, commonlij sluminate at the lop; 
 lower bract usually shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; pfiti- 
 gynia oval or ocnl-lnnreolate, obliquely divergent, scarcely notched at the point, 
 about the length of the ovate and blunt black-purple scale; culm (l°-2° high) 
 sharply triangular, nearly smooth, longer than the glaucous flat leaves;, the old 
 sheaths at base splitting into threads. (C. flacca, of former ed., and probably a 
 mere geographical variety of that European species.) — Marshes, New Jersey 
 near the coast, Co'lins, Knieskern ; and Townscnd, Delaware, IF. .1/. Cttnhy. 
 
 58. C. limbsa, L. Staminatc spike soWtary ; fertile \ -2, uhlong, 10-20- 
 flowered, occasionally with staminatc flowers at the ape.x ; bracts very narrow, the 
 lowest shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about 
 equal to the ovate mucronale dull or purplish-brown scale. — Peat-bogs, New Eng- 
 land to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6'- 12' high, erect, 
 sharply triangular, longer than the acute and rigid keeled leaves. (Eu.) 
 
 59. C. rariflbra, Smith. Resembles the last (of which it was thought to 
 be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; culm obtuse-angled; leaves flatter and 
 rather broader; pistillate spikes wirh only 5-10 less crowded flowers; pcri- 
 gynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the 
 broadly-ovate black-purple scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (G. L. Goodale), and 
 northward. (Eu.) 
 
 60. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminatc spike solitary; //(e/;-/-///e 2-4, orojrf or 
 oblong, occasionally staminatc at the apex, or with a few sterile flowers at the 
 base ; loiu'sl bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia roundish- 
 ovate or diovnte, with an entire oriflce, much shorter than the tapering and slender- 
 pointed dark purple scale. (C. Magellanica, Lam., according to Bootl. C. limosa, 
 var. irrigua, Widil. C. paupe'renla, Mirhr. ) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., 
 Wisconsin, and northward. — Tallcrjhan No. 58, growing in loose clumps, with 
 weaker and nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.) 
 
 ♦ * Uppermost spike club-fihnped, pislillnte above and staminatc at th" base; the rest 
 all fertile or with a few sterile flowirs below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely 
 equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm 
 and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — Atr\t.e. 
 
CTPKRACE^. (SKDGK FAMILY.) 585 
 
 ■t- Scales of lite spike deep-colored, purple or dark hrown. 
 
 61. C. Buxbailmii, Walil. Spikes 3-4,obovoid or oblonij, (he uppprmost 
 short-stalked (rarely altogetlicr staminatc), tlte others ueurli/ sessile, the lowest 
 somewhat remote ; perigynia elliptical, obtusely triaiiji;ular, compressed, ob- 
 scurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate 
 sh.irp-pointed or short-awned (brown-purple) scale. (C. caue'scens, L., in part.) 
 — Pc.at-bo<;s : not rare. (Eu.) 
 
 62. C. air^ta, L. Sjiikes ^ -a, ohhng-ovoid, approximate, all on short Jiliform 
 stalks, at lengtli droopinrj ; |ierigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the 
 length of the ovate acute or dark brown-purple scale. — Alpine summits of the 
 White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12'- 15' high, with rather rigid 
 leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first pale straw-color, often becom- 
 ing dark purple or nearly black. Stigmas sometimes 2. (Eu.) 
 
 63. C. alplna, Swartz. Spikes 3-4, swall, oral or ylohidar, croivded into a 
 head at the summit of the slender naked culm, nearly sessile, mostly overtopped 
 by a foliaccous bract ; periijipiia orbicular or obovate, pointed ivith a small short 
 biak, minutely notched at the orifice, roughish, longer than the ovate bluntish 
 black-purple scale. (C. Vahlii, Schk.) Tsie Royale, &c., Lake Superior, Prof. 
 Whitnci/, C. G. Loring, Jr., and northward. — Culms in ours l°-2° high, the 
 leaves all at the base: spikes 2" -4" long. (Eu.) 
 
 -1- H— Scales and spikes greenish turning straw-color. 
 
 64. C. Shorticina, Dew. Spikes 3-5, cylindrical, erect, more or less dis- 
 tant (V-li' long), and the lowest rather remote, «// androgynous and densely 
 jluweral ; the terminal one about half staminate, the rest with only a few barren 
 flowers at the base, the lower on short stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly 
 contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire jjoint, little 
 longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsyl- 
 vania to Illinois and southward. — Plant l°-.3° high : leaves flat, 3" wide. 
 
 §2. Perigynia without a beak (except in 'No. G7, &c.), smooth, slightly inflated, 
 bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless nriflce, or a short (and 
 straight or ol)lique) entire or notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: stami- 
 nate .spike solitary (except sometimes in No. 71), or androgynous and pistillate 
 above ; the rest all fertile. 
 
 * Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (rarely short-stalked or sessile, or with 1-2 
 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1 -6, erect, the upper on very short, 
 the lower on more*or less elongated cxseited stalks (short and incliuled in 
 No. 73) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in No. 65 and 72) : perigynia 
 with an entire and slmight or obliquely bent point, glaucous-green when young, 
 becoming c xim-colored or yt-lluw at iiniturity, sometimes spotted with purple ; 
 pistillate scales dark-brown Avith white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves 
 mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — Pan/ce^. 
 
 -r- Stigmas mosdy 2 : perigynium icholly pointless, turgid-obovnte. 
 
 65. C. atirea, Nutt. Fertile spikes. 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the 
 lowest often Acry remote; perigynia pcai^aped, obtuse, longer than the ovate 
 acute scale ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyrifirmis, Srhiv.) — Wet grassy bank.s, 
 vspecially on limestone, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A 
 
586 CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 slender delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy- leaves, and bracts exceed- 
 ing the culm. Sterile spike often witli some fertile flowers at the apex. 
 1- t- Sli(/mas 3 : perifji/nium somewhat pointed and 3-sidcd. 
 ■w- Stainiiiate spike (or the cluster in Xo. 71) loiKj-stnlhid. 
 
 66. C. livida, Wilkl. Fertile spikes 1 -2, rarely with a tliinl near the base 
 of the culm, \0 - Xh-floicered ; peri(/i/nin ovoid-oblonfj , ivith faint pellucid nerves, 
 tipped witli a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C. 
 limosa, var. livida, Wuhl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine bar- 
 rens, New Jersey, Oneida Co., New York, and high northward. — Rarely with 
 a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 4' -9' 
 long, from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and 
 finely tapering. (Eu.) 
 
 67. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sterile spike with its stalk commonly bent to a 
 ri(jht angle with the culm at flowering time, afterwards erect; fertile 2 or 3, 
 remote, erect, slendcr-ped uncled, loosely flowered ; bracts foliaccous, short, with 
 dilated sheaths ; perigynia short-ovate when mature and witli a distinct terete 
 beak orbeuk-like oUif/ue point, cmarginate at the orifice, exceeding the ovate acute 
 scale; culm slender (lo-2° long), weak and reclining, naked, stoloniferous ; the 
 long-creeping sterile shoots bearing tufts of flat green leaves (2"-3" wide) 
 almost equalling the fertile culms. (C. sparsiflora. Fries. C. pha;ostachya, 
 Smith.) — Moist banks, Bergen swamp, Genesee Co., New York (J. A. Paine), 
 Lake Sui)crior (Robhins and Porter), and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 68. C. panicea, L. Sterilespikealwayserect; fertile l -3, mostly 2, erect, 
 remote, oblong or short-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, only the lower slen- 
 der-peduncled ; sheaths of the short foliaceous bracts shorter and narrower; 
 perifjipna turgid-ovate at maturity, obscurely nen'ed, tipped with a short bent 
 entire point (mostly straw-colored), longer than the ovate blunt scale. — Moist 
 grounds, Massachusetts to Delaware ( W. M. Canbij) : rare. (Eu.) 
 
 69. C. Me^dii, Dew. Differs from the last only in the denser fertile spikes, 
 the sterile one sometimes longer; and the periggnia more triangular, less turgid, 
 paler, less indistinctly nerved, the scales pointed; culms more rigid and rough- 
 ish : the more slender forms closeh' approach the next. (C. panicea, chiefly of 
 former ed.) — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Illinois and Wisconsin. 
 
 70. C. tetanica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonig 2, oblong-cglindricaC, 
 looselg floii-ered, especially at the tapering liase, remote ; periggnia when young 
 pointed at each end, at mnturitij obovoid, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, 
 longer than the ovate obtuse and often abruptly mucronate or awn-pointed scale. 
 (C. oonoidea, Gray, Gram. ^ Cgp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins 
 of lakes and rivers, AV. Mass. to Penn., Michigan, and southward. 
 
 71. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spikes often 1 or 2 small ones at the base 
 of the terminal, wjiicii is occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, re- 
 mote, and the lowest mar the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely floicered, and some- 
 times slightly compound at the buse; their short peduncles included, or the 
 lowest cxserted ; perigynia oroid-ablong, obscurely nerved, with a very small straight 
 or slightly recurred jioint, longer than the ovate obtuse or acute or short-pointed 
 scale. (C. heterostachva, Torr.) — Wet places, S. Herkimer and Jefferson 
 
CTPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 687 
 
 Counties, New York, to Illinois, Michi<;an, and northwestward. ^ Viiriablc, 
 4'- 12' high; tlic taller forms resembling the next; but the perigynium is less 
 round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the 
 culm, and the staminate spike is long-peduneled. 
 
 ++ ++ Staminate ^pike nearhj sessile: peri(/i/inuin turgid, man jj -nerved, greenish. 
 
 72. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike mostly shorter than the approx- 
 imate uppermost of the 3 oi' 4 fertile ; these ci/lindricul, dense, tlie lowest remote and 
 slender fiedttncted, sometimes from near tlie root; pcrigynia globular-ovoid, con- 
 tracted into a short often slightly bent point, longer than the pointed scale ; 
 plant pale, glabrous; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows : common. 
 
 73. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike overtopping the 2 or 3 ovoid 
 contiguous nearly sessile fertile spikes ; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, the very 
 obtu.se or retuse summit abruptly tipped with a very short cylindraceous beak- 
 like point, longer than the ovate mostly acute or pointed scale; culm, leaves, 
 and short sheathless bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw., Boott.) — Bethlehem, 
 Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, New York ? and high northward. — Probably over- 
 looked from its close external resemblance to the next; but it is very distinct. 
 
 * * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 75) : pistillate spikes 
 2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks; bracts longer than the cuhn 
 (except in No. 75) : periggnia very obtuse, with an abru])t and minute or 
 almost obsolete point, gr-een and somewhat pellucid at maturitij : pistillate 
 scales tawny, fading to white. — Pallescentes. 
 
 74. C. pallescens, L. Fertile spikes 2 -S, ovoid, densely floivered. approxi- 
 mate; perigynia oboroid-ohlong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. — 
 Var. undulXta is a mere state with the lower bract at the base transversely 
 wavy-lined. (C. undulata, Kunze.) — Meadows, New England to Penn. and 
 northward. — Plant 8'- 18' high : culm and leaves slightly pubescent. (Eu.) 
 
 75. C. COnoidea, Sehk. Staminate spike on a long stalk; fertile 2 -3, oblong, 
 closely flowered, the lower distant ; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed nerves, 
 slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the 
 sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica, 
 Schw. ^ Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows : rather common. 
 
 76. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-6, oblong, rather loosely flowered, re- 
 mote, or the 2 upper contiguous and the lowest distant; pei-igynia oblong, rather 
 longer than the broadly ovate ahrapUy strongly awned scale (the awn rough- 
 hispid ; style bulbous-thickened; leaves light green, flat, rather broad. (C. laxi- 
 flora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Moist grounds : rather common. 
 
 77. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Diiiers from the preceding in having the 
 flaccid leaves paler or glaucous: spikes longer, cylindriad (about 1' long), with 
 more numerous flowers, usually more distant, their bracts shorter; perigynia 
 larger (2" -3" long), laxer, turning brownish, twice or thrice the length of the 
 short-pointed or short-awn-pointed scale; style not thickened. (C. grisea, var. 
 miitica, of former cd. Prof. Dewey now proposes to change the name to xan- 
 thosperma, because flaccosperma is a hybrid word and "yellow-fruited" was 
 meant. But the fiuit is not yellow, and the original name has been adopted 
 by Boott and Steudel) — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey, AT// /es/ter/i (a 
 dubious form), and common southward. 
 
588 CTPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 • * * Uppermost spike firtife-Jlowered at the apex (rarely all staminatc) : pistillate 
 spihs 3-5, oblong or cylimlriciil, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted jUi- 
 fonn stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the eulni : perigynia oblong, 
 with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 80), green and mem- 
 branaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or white. — GnAcfLLiJiJi. 
 t- Fertile npi/ces noddinq or pendulous. 
 
 78. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-rijlindiiral, rather thick ; 
 perigtpiid somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspicuous/ij 
 owned scale. (C. aristata, Z>e«;., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — Wet 
 meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next 
 (1°- 2° high), and with stouter and longer sjjikes. 
 
 79. C. form6sa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 or 
 3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigijnia somewhat contracted at 
 each end, nearli/ twice »s long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows, 
 Massaciiusetts to W. New York. 
 
 80. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile .spikes linear, slender; perlggnia obtuse 
 and slightlif oblique at the orijice, longer than the oblong awned or awnless scale. 
 (C. digitalis, Schw. <^ Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to 
 Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. — When the uppermost spike is alto- 
 gether staminate this resembles C. arctata ; but is distinguished by the obtuse 
 and sessile perigynium. 
 
 t- -1- Fertile spikes marlg erect, all but the lowest short-pednucled or nearlg sessile. 
 
 81. C. sestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri- 
 gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale; 
 aciieniuiu somewhat stifjitate; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent: otherwise 
 nearly as the last, but smaller (1°-1^° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massa- 
 chusetts (Dcwi-y), mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward. 
 
 § 3. Periggnia wilhont a beak, luiiry (in No. 83 becoming smooth at maturity), 
 slightly injluted, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a mi- 
 nute abrupt straight point : bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete 
 sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm ; pistillate scales tawny or white ; 
 spikes 2-4, e7-ect, the uppermost androgynous, fertile-flowered at the apex and 
 club-shaped: the rest all fertile. — Virescextes. 
 
 82. C. vil'6scens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri- 
 gyniu ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ; 
 leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, New 
 England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough, slender, l°-2°high: 
 fei-tile sjjikes G"-12" long. 
 
 83. C. triceps, Michx. Spikrs ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate; 
 perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at 
 ma?i»-/'^, rather longer than the pointed scale; sheaths very hairy; leaves more 
 or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. virulula, Schw. t^- Torr., not of Michr.) — 
 Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and leaves nearly smooth. 
 (C. hirsuta, var. pednnculata, Schw. <f- Torr.) — Woods and meadows: the 
 smoother form southward. — Culm 12'- 18' high. Spikes 6'' - 9" long. 
 
CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 589 
 
 § 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi- 
 natiiK/ in a short, entire, ruther obli(/uely bent or recurved }>oint, remaining green at 
 maturity: pistillate scales ineinbranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point 
 or awn, brown or spotted, fading- to while : staminute spike solitary : pisii/late 
 spikes 2-5, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm. 
 
 « Sterile spike club-shaped : yi'rt//e s/i/te (erect, the uppermost commonly near 
 the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheatliiiig bracts, 
 except sometimes the lo\vest, and shorter than t/ie spikes or not much exceeiling 
 them: perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end: culms numerous, 
 diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very braid, finely 
 and closely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLAXTAGfi\E.ffi. 
 
 84. C plantaginea, Lam. Fertde spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5 - 8- 
 flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, ov the lowest greenish. (C. latifolia, 
 Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hillsides in rich soil, New England to Penn., 
 Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward through the Allcghanies. 
 
 85. C. Carey ^na, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5- 
 flowered; bracts green, the upper equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat 
 exceeding them; perigynia large (2" -2^" in length); leaves dark green. — In 
 similar situations witli the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare. 
 
 86. C. platyph^lla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, flliform, loosely 3- 4flowered; 
 bracts as in the last; jierigynia small, culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-green. 
 — In similar situations with No. 84 ; and commoner southward. 
 
 * * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate: fertile spikes 2-4, all on flh- 
 
 form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves; the upper- 
 most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate 
 culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DigitXles. 
 
 87. C. retrociirva. Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid w oblong, compactly 3-8- 
 flowered, on lung druopiitg stalks, frequently with one or two staminate flowers at 
 their base ; leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, with 3 prominent nerves. — Copses and 
 hillsides. New England to W. New York, Virginia, and southward. — Closely 
 approaching the next; perhaps only a variety of it. 
 
 88. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - 'i flowered, on 
 long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark green ; 
 perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. ^- Torr., not of Schk. 
 C. Vanvleckii, Schw.) — Copses and hillsides : not rare. — Slender, C - 12' high, 
 growing in tufts, with numerous culms and long grassy leaves. 
 
 # * * Sterile spike linear, either conspicuously peduncled or smaller and nearly 
 
 sessile in the same speiiics : fertile spikes 2-6, erect; the 1-2 uppermost 
 commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk.; the re.st on 
 exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resentbling the leaves; the uiSpermost 
 exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of 
 the scale. — OligocArp.e. 
 +- Perigynia distinctly nerved, and with a hyaline oriflce : style nearly even : scales 
 of the pistillate spikes awnless or barely awn-/ioint.ed. 
 
 89. C. laxiflora, Lam. Fertile spikes slender and loosely several -many- 
 flowered on a zigzag rliacliis, cyliudrical, or sometimes rather dense and oblong; 
 
590 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 perifrynia ovjil-triangular, narrowed to each end, the point either strongly or 
 sometimes siiglitly recurved. — A most polymorphous sjiecies ; very eommon 
 in ()i)en woods, cojjses, &e. The leading tbrms were collated by Dr. Boott as 
 follows. — The typical form taken by him (C. striiitula, Mkhr.) has the leaves 
 long and narrow (2"-4" wide), spikes ahout 1' long and loosely flowered ; peri- 
 gynia with a slightly recurved or almost straight point, their scale c,\ee])t the 
 lowest nearly pointless ; sterile spike mostly conspicuous and long-pcdundcd. 
 
 — Var. STVLOKLE.XA, Boott. (C. stylofle.xa, Dew. C. fusiformis, C/ia/nwm.) 
 Slender, the weak filiform culms l°-2^° long; fertile spikes 2-4, short, 5-10- 
 Howered, the lowest on a long setaceous peduncle ; bracts mostly shorter than 
 the culm ; pcrigynia more tapering or triangular-fusiform, the point commonly 
 recurved. New Jersey {C. F. Austin), renn. (Piqf. Por(fr), and southward. 
 
 — Var. PLANTAGfNEA, Boott (var. patulifolia of former edition. C. planta- 
 ginea, Scfik:), has the root-leaves 5"- 7" broad, otherwise as in the typical form. 
 
 — Var. iNTEUMKDiA, Boott (C. anceps, Willd., Schk:), includes various slender, 
 narrow-leaved forms, with loosely-flowered spikes, but otherwise as the next. 
 — Var. BLA.NDA (C. blanda, Z>eu;. C. laxiflora, var. striatula, Ed. 2), includes 
 narrow-leaved forms, 6' -18' high, with the sterile spike usually short or 
 club-shaped and nearly sessile ; the fertile oblong and dense, the uppermost 
 approximate ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; pcrigynia obovate with a short 
 abruptly bent point; scale usually awn-pointed. — Var. latifolia, Boott, has 
 a broadly and very sharp-angled culm, and very broad leaves and bracts 
 (8" -15" wide), inconspicuous sterile spike, the fertile ones cylindrical and 
 loosely flowered, but the broad perigynium much longer than the truncate or 
 abruptly short-pointed scale. 
 
 •t- -t- Pen'(ji/ni(i denselij striate, or as if finely wrinkled rather t/inn nerved, of a firm 
 texture, obscurely triangular, with a callous orifice : style thickened ahore the base : 
 scale ivUh the soiwwhat H-nemed keel extended into a stout roufjh uwn or point, 
 
 90. C. oligoearpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-flowered ; the 
 point of the perigynium straight or slightly oblique, not recurved ; leaves 
 rough only on the edge; sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Guy.) — Woods, 
 W. New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 6'- 12' long. 
 
 91. C. Hitehcockiana, Dew. Fertile spikes .very loosely 3- 5-flowered ; 
 apex of the pciigynium recurved ; sheaths and upper side of the Imres roughly 
 pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culml°-2° 
 high, stouter, and fruit larger than m the last. 
 
 § .5. Pirigyniuin vu'lhout a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrons, 
 with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown 
 or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sliealhs, or with a short 
 green prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DigitXt.i;. 
 
 92. C. eblirnea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary ; tha fertile 3-4, erect, about 
 b-floinrfd, (ij)pro.riiiialid and elevated on long stalks aliove the staminale spike : the 
 lowest sometimes a little remote; pcrigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and shin- 
 ing, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale. 
 (C. alba, var. sctifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks. N. New England to Kentucky, 
 aiid northward. — A delicate species, with very slender culms, 4'- 10 high, and 
 
CYPEUACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) 591 
 
 bristle-shaped leaves, forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes 2" -3" in length, 
 about 1" broad. 
 
 93. C. pedunculita, Muhl. S\>ikes3-^,commonlij4,the uppermost sterile 
 with 2-Sfvriilefloivers at the. hase, the rest fertile loith a few staminate flowers at the 
 apex, (ill on ton;; stal/cs, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near tiie base of the culm ; 
 sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perif/ynia ivith a long 
 attenuated hase and a minuttlii notched orifice, someuhat down//, especially on the 
 angles, about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pomted 
 dark-purple scale. — Dry woods and hillsides, E. New England to Pcnn., 
 Wisconsin, and northward. — Culms 4'- 10' high, prostrate at maturity, in 
 tufts, partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves. 
 
 § 6. Perii/ynia with a strni(jht or sliijhtly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in- 
 flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts 
 short, either green and slightly sheathing oraurieulate at the base, or small 
 and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins, 
 fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ; 
 the fertile 2-3, nearly sessile and erect, or the lower on a long radical 
 peduncle. ( Culms mostly low and slender : leaves all rudital, long and narrow.) 
 — Mont.Vn.e. 
 
 94. C. umbellata, Schk. C«//?ts ?>e?_ys/io?-f (l' -3', rarely 6' high), in close 
 tufts ; staminate spike sometimes with a few pistillate flowers ; /trt/Ze spikes A- ft, 
 ovoid, few-flowered ; the uppermost commonly close to the sterile spike and sessile, the 
 rest on stalks arising from the base of the stem and of about equal height, nearly 
 concealed by the long gras;sy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather 
 long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Kocky hill- 
 sides, New England to Illinois, and northward, 
 
 95. C. Novse-Anglise, Schw. Sterile sp'ike sessile, short and usually in- 
 conspicuous ; fertile 2-4, greenish-purple, 3 - 8-flowered, contiguous and sessile, 
 or the lowest rather distant (sometimes even radical) and more or less pe- 
 dunclcd ; the lower or all the leafy bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia globular- 
 pear-shaped with a much attenuated base and a short conical 2-tootlied beak, mi- 
 nutely hairy, longer and broader than the ovate mucronate-pointed purple scale 
 (with green midrib and hyaline margins); achenium apiculate with the very 
 short persistent base of the style; culms very slender (4'- 10' long), weak, 
 soon reclined or procumbent. — Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, Adirondack 
 Mountains, New York, and high northward. — Too near C. pilulifera, L., of 
 Europe and the following. 
 
 96. C. £j]Iini6nsii, Dew. Paler, and the spikes greenish, not purple, usu- 
 ally more crowded than in the foregoing, often a long-peduncled one from the 
 base; bracts short, rarely equalling the culm; jierigynia oval and more 3-s'ided, 
 hairy, and with a tongrr cylindrical beak; base of the style deciduous by an 
 articulation. (C. Novaa-Anglia;, vai*. Emmonsii, Ed. 1. C. Davisii, Dew., &c.) 
 — Dry woody hills: not rare. 
 
 it7. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. SUrMe sp'ike commonly on a short stalk; 
 fertile 1 -3, usually '2, approximatt, nearly sessile, ovoid, i-Q-flowered, the lowest 
 commonly with a colored scale-like long-aivned bract; perigynia roundish-ovoid, with 
 
592 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 a short aud abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed 
 chestnut-colored scale. (C. niarginata, Maid.) — Dry woods and liills : common, 
 especially northward. 
 
 98. C. viria, Muhl. Sterile spiLe sessile ; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on 
 very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - lO-Jiouered ; the lowest and sometimes the 2 lower 
 with fjreen leaf -I dee bracts; pen<jyiiia obocold, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak, 
 about the lenj^th of the ovate pointed liyht-brown scale. (C. Peimsylvanica, var. 
 Muhlenbcrgii, Gray, Gram. <j- Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills: common, especially 
 northward. Closely rescmljlcs the last; but has wider, shorter, and more rigi.l 
 glaucous leaves; also taller (1°-1.^°) and more erect than No. 96, broader- 
 leaved, and the spikes scattered. All these seem to run together. 
 
 99. C. PRECOX, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid, 
 a(/fjre(/nt! d near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a 
 very short «talk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; perujynia 
 ovoid-trinnijulur, attenuutid at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifice, 
 about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale; achcnium obovoid, with ii 
 prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm 3' -6' high ; 
 leaves short, ratlier rigid. (C. verna, Vdlurs, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills, 
 Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 100. C. Eichards6nii, 11. Br. Sterile spile pedunded, cylindrical; frtite 
 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblorxj, longer than the scale-like 
 brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangiilar, tvith a 
 t(iperh)fj base, obtuse, nearly biukless, the short point with an almost entire orijice, 
 rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm 
 (5'-y' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York 
 (Deu-ry); prairies of Illinois {Mead); Wisconsin {Sart well), and northward. — 
 A well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 97. 
 
 101. C. pubescens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; /er?//e 3-4, o6- 
 lon;/ or cylindrical, loosely fiowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little 
 remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the 
 culm ; fruit ocoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, tvith an 
 abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orijice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt- 
 ly-pointed white Scale ; culm and flaccid flat leaves soft downy. — Moist woods and 
 meadows. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other 
 species of this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the 
 sharply angled perigynium. 
 
 § 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slajlilly 
 notched oriflce; staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 102 usually pistil- 
 late at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. (Two quite unlike species, arti- 
 ficially combined merely for convenience.) — Anomaly. 
 
 102. C. mili^eea, Muhl. Staminale spike commonly fertile at the sum- 
 mit ; fertile, sp'ikes 3, cylindrical, ratlier slcauler, loosely flowered at the base, on 
 fliiform noddiiiq stidts; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete 
 sheaths; peritjipiid ovoid-triangular, very smooth aiul thm, with an entire or \iiy\f 
 minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awjied white scale. (C. 
 prasiua, Wald.) — Hills aud wet meadows.- rather common. 
 
CYl'ERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) ' 5do 
 
 103. C. scabrata, Schw. Fertile sjiikes 4 - 5, cylindrical, erect, rather 
 distant, dense! y flowered, the lower on loni,^ stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed- 
 ing the culm ; jierigyida ovuid, contracted at the base, ]jrumini-iil/y few-nerved, 
 rowjh, spreading at maturity, with an ol)liqnely notched beak, longer than the 
 ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm leaves and bracts vt-ry roiir/h. — Wet 
 meadows and swamps, E. New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward. 
 
 § 8. Peri;/ynia slljjhtly inflated, 3-an(jled, snwotic and shhiinej (minutely pubescent 
 in No. 104 and one form of 108), green, with a straight tuperiiiij beali (short- 
 pointed in No. 107), terminating mostly in 2 small membranaceous teeth: 
 lower bracts green and sheathing: pistillate scales tawny or white ; stami- 
 nate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flowered, all (except 
 in No. 104) on filiform noddhirj stalks. 
 
 * Fertile spikes mostly slender, remote; perigyma somewhat nerved: bracts equalling 
 
 or exceeding the culm. — Debilks. 
 
 -t- Leaves and sheaths more or less soft -pubescent : fertile snikes nearly erect. 
 
 104. C. Sullivantii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3 -.5, commonly 4, narrowly 
 cylindrical, erect, rather dense, the upper approximate, the lowest often lemote, 
 tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough peduncles; 
 bracts sheathing, not exceeding the culm; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly 
 stalked, very obscurely nerved, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer 
 than the ovate ciliate rough-awned or merely mucronate white scale. — Woods, 
 Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. 
 
 10.5. C. Knieskernii, Dew. Less pubescent; fertile spikes 2 or 3, on 
 longer and somewhat spreading peduncles ; perigynia glabrous, more evidently 
 nerved: otherwise like the preceding: too little known. — Copses, Oneida Co., 
 New York, Dr. Knieskern, Dr. Vasry. 
 
 -1- -t- Glabrous or nearly so : fcrtde spikes mostly nodding or sprcadim/, loose. 
 
 106. C. aretata, Boott. Fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, narrowed to- 
 wards the base; perigynia ovate, short-stalked from a blunt base, short-beaked, 
 longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica. Dew., not of Hudson.) — Woods 
 and meadows. New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. 
 
 107. C glabra, Boott. Fertile spikes oblong or short-cylindrical, rather 
 dense and the terminal one oftener partly fertile ; perigynia elliptical-oblong, 
 not stalked, somewhat contracted at the base, and short-pointed at the apex, but 
 nearly beakless, minutely and sharply 2-toothed at the orifice, prominently 
 nerved, almost twice the length of the blunt brownish-margined scale. — Oneida 
 Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern. Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. Probably 
 not rare, but confounded with the next: also resembling C. formosa. 
 
 108. C. debilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex j 
 fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, with loose alternate flowers on a somewhat 
 zigzag rhachis ; perigynia S])indle-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a 
 slender beak with a hyaline 2-lobed tip, twice as long as the obtuse and pointless 
 scale. (C. te'nuis, Rudtje. C. flexuosa, Aluhl.) — Moist meadows: rather com- 
 mon, esi)ecially southward. — Perigynium often rusty-dotted : — in var. ptBERA 
 minutely pubescent and ])assing to C. vcnusta, Dew. of the Southern States. 
 Bear Meadows, Centre Co., Penn., Prof. Porter. 
 
 L & M— 4.5 
 
594 CTPEKACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 » » Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless : bracts short. — Flexiles. 
 109. C. capill^riS, L. Fertile splices commonly 3, minute, tvith about 6 alter- 
 nate Jloivers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slightly 
 serrulate beak, with an obliiiue nearly entire orifice, lonj;er than tlie ovate scale. 
 
 — Point de Tour, Lake Michiican ; alpine summits of the White Mountains, 
 New Hampshire; and hijiii northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4' -6' 
 hiyh, with spikes .3"- 6'' long, ami a line or less in width. (Eu.) 
 
 HO. C. flexilis, Rud<;e. iiieril,^ spike short and club-shaped : fertile spikes 
 oblong or soinctimes with a few stamiuate flowers at the base and becoming 
 club-shaped; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, 
 very slightly sheathing ; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a 
 beak about the length of the ovate hairy -fringed scale; leaves pale green and 
 glaucous, and with the bracts soft-hairy. (C. bicphaniphora. Gray.) — Moist 
 and sliady places, Connecticut (near Salisbury), Central and Northern New 
 York, Lake Superior, and Newfoundland : rare. 
 
 § 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely ^-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a benk, 
 ■with two mostly distinct teeth, becoming taiuny or yellow at maturity : achenium 
 obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base ; staminate spike usually soli- 
 tary. — Flav^. 
 
 * Perigynia erect, slender-beaked: spikes remote; the staminate one usually long- 
 
 stalked. • bracts not exceeding the culm, and with long sheaths. 
 
 111. C. laevigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, on exserted nodding 
 stalks; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light- 
 brown or purplish pointed and aicned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.) 
 
 — Massacliusetts (Tcwksbary ? jB. Z). Greene). Introduced? (Eu.) 
 
 112. C. flilva, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -3, obloiiq or ovo'id, erect, the lowest on 
 an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown scarcely 
 pointed awnless scale ; culm rough. (C. bine'rvis. Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at 
 Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene: not since found. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Perigynia ascending, short-beaked : .ipikes approximate or the lower remote ; the 
 
 staminate one sessile or nearly so ; bracts much surpass'mg the culm; the upper 
 nearlij without sheaths. 
 
 113. C. extensa, Good. Fertile s]iikc's2-4, oblong, brown-green, very 
 dense (5"- 10" long), the ui)]K'r nearly sessile, the lowest on a short included 
 stalk; perigynia ovate, the short conical beak sharply 2 toothed, longer than 
 the ovate pointed purple scale; leaves and bracts long and narrow, involute, 
 erect, rigid ; culms tufted, 8' - 20' high. — Border of salt-marshes, coast of Long 
 Island, New York, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Piriippiia spreading or rijli'xid, lonqer than the scale: spikrs mostly approxi- 
 
 mate or crowded ; the slaiiiinale mostly sessile or .'ihorl-slaUccd, open Jerliln nt the 
 apex or middle ; the fertile (2-4) enct all or all but the lowest short-stalked or 
 sessile: bracts much exceeding the smooth culm, their sheaths very short. 
 
 114. C. fl^va, L. -Ferti/e s/^/te 2, )0K(/c?*67t-0i.o«/, dense, the upper approxi- 
 mated, the lowest often remote on a short exserted stalk ; brads spreading or re- 
 flexed ; perigynia tapering horn an o^oid contracted hiisc into a, slender i-ecurved 
 
CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 595 
 
 beak, widely spreading or reflcxed at maturity. — Wet meadows, especially 
 northward. — Wiiole plant of a yellowish hue, 6'- 15' high, with spikes about 
 6" in length. (Eu.) 
 
 115. C. OEdei'i, Ehrh. Fi^nile spikes obloiif/-ocoid, closely ai/fjregated, or t\vi 
 lowest rather remote, on very ^hort stalks, densely flowered, sometimes stami- 
 natc at the ape.\ ; leaves and biacts luirrvw, r/qid/j/ ei-ect ; pcii(/ijiua oroid, with a 
 short and rather abrupt ininutdij notched beak, scarcely recurved at maturity. (C. 
 viridula, Miclix., not of Schw. ^- Torr. C. irregularis, Schiv.) — Wet rocks and 
 hluffs, coast of New England to Illinois, Lake Superior, and northward. — 
 Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigynia are much smaller, and 
 the beak more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.) 
 
 § 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, ovoid or obtusely 3-angled, with an abrupt 
 straight beak, nerved, densely pubescent or rough-puberulent, the pubescence 
 nearly concealing the nerves, except in No. 119 : bracts leaf-like, with short 
 sheaths : scales dark-purple or brown. 
 
 * Perigynia. densely pubescent of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, ovoid, with 2 
 
 short and diverging membranaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth 
 culm : staminatc spikes 2 or 3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and 
 sessilQ : fertile spikes 1-4, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short 
 stalks. — Laxugin6s.e. 
 
 116. C. filifbrmis, L. Fertile spikes oblong or ovoid; perigynia very 
 short-beaked and with 2 sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts narrow and involute; culm 
 very slender (l^°-3° high). — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, 
 and northward. (En.) 
 
 117. C. lanugindsa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; peri- 
 gynia more hispidly pubescent; leaves and brads flat, broader and shorter; culm 
 stouter (l°-2° high) ; staminate spikes usually shorter. (C. pellita, Aluhl.) — 
 Swamps and wet meadows. New England to Kentucky and northward. 
 
 * * Ferigyn'ia thin, downy like the last or roughly granulate, or even smooth, ovoid, 
 
 the beak terminating in a thin and scariom oblique orifice, either entire or slightly 
 notched; bracts rigidly erect, shorter than the sharply triangular roug4a 
 culm. — Sc.\Ri6sjE. 
 
 118. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile .spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical, 
 short-stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes 
 staminate at the apex ; perigi/nia densely pubescent, with a short thick beak, a little 
 longer than the ovate pointed scale; leaves flat, shorter than the stout and rigid 
 culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts. New England to Penn. and southward. 
 — Resembling the last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the 
 membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is reddish at the base and white and 
 transparent at the oritice ; and the style is twisted within the perigyninm, 
 
 119. C. polymorpha, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper- 
 most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the 
 base ; fi-rfik spike solitary or rarely 2, remote, cylindrical, sometimes staminate at 
 the ai)ex, erect, on partly exserted stalks; perigynia fl^w- (5 -10-) nerved, very 
 minutely roughened with granular dots^ or smooth, abruptly contracted into a, slender 
 
596 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 
 
 cyUndricnl usually purplish beak, with a whitish hyaline entire orifice, longer than 
 
 the ovate hlunt pnrpHsh scale. (C. Ilalseyana, Deic. ^ Ed. 1. C. striata, Torr. 
 
 N. Y. FL, not of Michx.) — • Varies considerably ; in one form with the fertile 
 
 spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhaehis. — 
 
 Upland meadows, Rhode Island and Mass. to Pennsylvania. 
 
 § 1 1. Pcriijynia moderately inflated, conxpicuously many-nerved, smooth or puheseent, 
 
 u-ilh a slrai(;IU beak terminating in 2 riyid more or less spreadir.q teelh : bracts 
 
 leaf like, with very short sheathing bases, equalling or exceeding the cu'ni : 
 
 stamlnate spikes 1 - 5. 
 
 * Perigynia with a short and thick beak, and short teeth. — Lacijstres. 
 +- Perigynia hairy, .sometimes glahrute, turgid-ovate. 
 
 120. C. striata, Michx. (not of Ed. 1). Sterile spikes .3, the uppermost 
 «lender-stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, sessile or on short 
 stalks (or the lower rarely on a slender stalk) ; perigynia minutely hairy or 
 smoothish, or rarely smooth, rather thin, longer than the blunt or pointed scale, 
 the teeth usually scariously lobed at the base ; leaves and bracts long and nar- 
 row, rather rigid, involute, with slender or setaceous rough extremities. (C. 
 polymoipha, Ed. I.) — Wet places. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 121. C. Houghtbnii, Torr. Sterile spikes mostly 2 ; fertile 2-3, oblong 
 or cylindraceous, thicker and less distant, olive-colored; perigynia hairy, thick- 
 walled, longer than the pointed or short-awn-tipped scale; the teeth at the 
 orifice narrow and entire; leaves and bracts flat, shorter and broader, and culm 
 lower (9' - 1.5') than in the foregoing. — Wisconsin (Lake La Biclie), Dr. 
 Ilouqhton ; shore of Lake Ontario. Prof. Whitney ; Mcdford above Bangor, 
 Maine, J. Blake ; and northwestward. 
 
 ■1- -t- Perigynia very smooth, very finely many-nerved. 
 122 C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppernio>t stalked; fer- 
 tile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the lowest 
 on a short stalk, large and thick (2' - 3' long. 4" - 6'' wide), olive-colored ; peri- 
 gynia lanceolate-conical, coriaceous, tipped with rather slender short teeth, 
 longer than the lance-ovate awned scale. (C. lacustris, Wilkl. and former cd.) 
 — Borders of streams, ponds, and swamps: common. — Very robust, 3° -5° 
 high : leaves 3" -5" wide, and sheaths nodose-reticulated. (Eu.) 
 
 123. C. paludbsa, Good. More slender, with spikes smaller, leaves nar- 
 rower, perigynia ovate, flattened, and more strongly nerved than the preceding, 
 the orifice merely notched, and hardly exceeding the awned scale. — Border of 
 a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., W. Bootl. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 
 
 * * Perigynia iv'ith an elongated tapering beak and with long and setaceous or awn- 
 like spreading or divergent teeth. — AristXt^. 
 
 •*- Stamlnate spikes 2-5 {rarely w'lth some fertile flowers) : fertile spikes remote, 
 erect, rather loose, the uppermost almost sessile, without sheaths, the lowest often 
 on an exsorted sometimes spreading peduncle : perigynia ascending. 
 
 124. C. arist^ta, R. Br. Fertile spikes 2 -4, cylindrical; perigynia ovate- 
 lanceolate, smooth, tapering into a slender beak ti])ped with very slender at 
 length diverging awn-like teeth, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned and 
 above hispid-ciliate scale ; culm smooth ; sheaths and under surface of the leaves 
 
CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 597 
 
 hairy. (C. atherbdes, Sprenfj. C. mirlita, Dnr.) — Lake sliorcs and rivrr-banks, 
 N. New York to JMicliigaii, and iiortliwestward. — Culm 2° - 0° liiyli : leans 
 2" -3" wide. Fertile spikes 2'-o' long, often loosely flowered towards the base. 
 (En. C. orth(jstacliys.) 
 
 125. C. trichoeai'pa, ]\[iihl. More .slender; le.aves and bracts rongh, 
 but not hairy; fertile spikes 2 or .3, fewer-flowered; pcrigynia more ovate and 
 with shorter and stouter teeth, do\vny-j)ul)escent, the scale short-awned or awn- 
 less. (C. striata, Ed. 1, not of Michx.) — lii water or wet ground: eonunon, 
 especially northward. 
 
 Var. imberbis. Perigynia glabrous ; sheaths rather rough. Penn-Yan, 
 New York, Sartwell. Illinois, Me(td, E. Hall, and northwestward. 
 •I- -t- Staminate spikes solitary, loith a filiform bract ; fertile 3-5, cylindrical, densely- 
 flowered, on lontj exserted and at len<)t/i drooping stalks, mostly approximate : 
 perigynia widely spreading, reflexed at maturity. 
 
 126. C. COmbsa, Boott. Fertile spikes thick (l'-3' long, and 6" -7" 
 wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid- 
 triangular base into a long deeply 2 forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread- 
 ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lancetjlate, with a long bristle-shaped awn 
 shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, ^//., 
 not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. ij' Torr., Dew., Sfc, in part, not of Z^.) 
 
 — Wet places : common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly confounded 
 with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in the larger 
 fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and widely 
 spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance. 
 
 127. C, Pseudo-Cyp6rus, L. Fertile spikes narrower and sometimes 
 slightly compound at the i)ase ; perigijnia as in the last, but with a shorter beak 
 and shorter less spreading teeth ; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Bor- 
 der of lakes and in bogs. New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. (Eu.) 
 § 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, ivith a long tajyer- 
 
 ing 2-toothed beak : bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny 
 or white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — Lupulin.e. 
 * Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths. 
 
 128. C. hystrieina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flow- 
 ers at the base or apex; fertile sjnkes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, 
 the u])permost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nod- 
 ding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid 
 base into a long slender /^-a/i; with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awncd scale. 
 
 — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stitlk, 
 4' -6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is 
 C. Cooleyi, Diw. — Wet meadows : common. — Plant pale or yellowish green, 
 with fertile spikes 9'' to 1^'long. Distinguished from the preceding by the 
 more inflated less diverging fruit, its beak longer and teeth shorter ; and from 
 the following by the smaller nodding spikes and many-nerved periginium, 
 with longer and smooth teeth. 
 
 129. C. tentaeulkta, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindri- 
 cal, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost ses- 
 
598 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 silc, the Imi-cr on short rrscrted stnHc.t ; pcrigyni.i spreading, tapering from an ovoid 
 few- (about 10-) nerved ba^c into a long slender Itcuk with oblique orifice or short 
 minutcf If serrulate teeth, mueh longer than the lanceolate awned scale; aehenium 
 papiiio^e-roiv^hencd. (C. rostraa, Mulil., not of Mirhx.) — Wet meadows : very 
 comnioji. — Var. cuXcilis, Boott, is a slender form with 2 mueh smaller fertile 
 spikes (4"- 12" long, 3"-4" broad). — Var. Altiok, Boott, is tall (2° high), 
 with more scattered large fertile sjiikes, and the more tapering beak of perigy- 
 nium with longer teeth, perhaps a hybrid with C. lupul'ina. Penn-Yan, New 
 York, Surticill, and Anilierst, iNIass., TiwI.eriiKin. 
 
 130. C. intumescens, Rmlge. Fertile s/iikcs l -3. ovoid, looselif few- (5-8-) 
 flowered, closehj a/i/irorimuted, sessile, or the lower on a veiy short cxserted 
 peduncle ; iJerif/'/nia ereil-spreadiuij, tapering from an ovoid J 5 - 20-ncrved base 
 into a long sometimes rour/h beak. (C. folliculata, Sclik., Michx., not ofZ-.) — Wet 
 meadows and swamps : very common. — Culm slender, about 18' high: fertile 
 spikes usually contiguous; perigynia 6" -7" long, very ventricose. 
 
 131. C. Grayii, Carey. /"e/7<7e s/ul-es 2 (sometimes single), c/Wwse, c?f;!se/y 
 (15-30-)y?Gi;re/W, separate, on short exserttd peduncles ; peri(/i/nia (8" long) spreail- 
 vKj and dejiixed, tapering from an ovoid 25-30-ncrved base into a long smooth 
 and shininy beuk. — River bottoms, Oneida Co., New York, to Ohio and Illinois : 
 rather rare. — Culm robust, 3° high ; leaves broader; and flowers in July, a 
 month later than the last. 
 
 * * Bracts all or all but the uppermost conspicuouslif sheathinrj. 
 ■*- Fertile spikes approximate, or only the lowest one distant, erect, very large and 
 turgid, many-flowered: pcrifjynia ascending, long-beaked from an ovate-venlricosa 
 base : sterile spikes rarely 2. 
 
 132. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindraceous or oblong 
 fl'-2' long, 1' thick), the lower on e.xserted stalks; perigynia (6^" -7" long) 
 often rnised on a short stalk-like base, smooth or with the beak rough above, 
 much longer than the lanceolate rough awn-pointed scale; stem (2°-3°) and 
 long broadly linear leaves and bracts smooth, the latter with rough margins 
 (3'' - 4" wide). (C. liirida, Wahl.) — Wet grounds, common. — C. Canade'nsis, 
 and C. Bellavilla, Dew., appear to be depauperate and attenuated states of this, 
 with more distant lax, and fewer-flowered spikes. 
 
 133. C. lupuliformis, Sanwell. Fertile spikes 4 -.5, cylindrical (2' -3' 
 long), less approximate; perigynia sessile (7"-8" long); aehenium broader, 
 with mamillated angles; scale more awned ; otherwise as in the foregoing, of 
 which it is probably a mere variety. (C. lupurma, var. polystaehya, Schw. ^ 
 Torr.) — Swamps, New York to Delaware, &c. 
 
 t- -r- Firtile spikes distant, fliw - several -flowered : perigynia lanceolate, ovate-lanceO' 
 late or spindle-shaped, loose or widili/ spreading at maturity : staminate spike small, 
 short-sta'kfd : obiusely angular culms and grassy soft leaves smooth. 
 
 134. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3 -4, remote, 12 -20-flowerfid, aW or 
 the lowest on cxserted peduncles, turning yellowish at maturity; perigynia taper- 
 tng ovate-lanceolate from a broadish base, short-beaked, at length widely spread- 
 ing, rather exceeding the ovate white rough-awned scale. (C. xanthoph5sa, 
 Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., and northward, and in one form 
 
CYPERACIwE. (sedge FAMILY.) 599 
 
 iouthward. — Plant 2° -4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaccous 
 bracts, and leaves 4" wide. 
 
 135. C. rostr^ta, Michx. More slender and smaller than the last (10'- 
 15' high), strictl}' erect, rather rigid; leaves narrow; fertile spikes 1-3, com- 
 monly 2 ; peritpjnia sccvn-ly spreadui(j at maturity, lanceolate, ohtuselij friamjtilar, 
 slender-lwdkeil, about t^\'icc the length of the brownish blunt scute. — Cold bogs, 
 mountains of N. New York, New Kngland, and northward. 
 
 136. C. SUbul^ta, Michx. Fertile spi/ces 3-5, rerij remote, on included 
 peduncles loosely few- (4-S-Jlouvrtd, commonly with a few staminatc flowers at 
 the apex ; p<ri<ji/nia awl-shaped, rejicxed at maturiti/ ; the long slender beak deeply 
 cleft or grooved down one side, tipped with 2 awn-like and at length rigidhj de- 
 flexed teeth. ( C. Collinsii, Niitt. C. Michauxii, Dew. ) — Cedar swamps, Canada 
 (Midtaux) to Rhode Island {Ohiei/}, and New Jersey near the coast: rare. 
 
 § 13. Perigijnm much inflated, ohovoid or ohconic, rather few-nerved, smooth, with a long 
 and slender 2-toofhed beak abruptly produced from the obtuse or at maturiti/ ecen 
 refuse summit, tawny-brown or straw-colored at niaturity, spreading horizon- 
 tally, or the lower detlcxed, very densely aggregated in thic/c spilces: these, 
 1 — 7 in number, are either all androrpjnons, staminate at base, or the terminal 
 wholly staminate, the others sometimes wholly pistillate : leaves and bracts flat, 
 the latter much longer than the culm. — Squakk6s^. 
 
 137. C. squarrdsa, L. Spikes of en only one, commonly 2-5, globular, ovoid, 
 or cylindraceous (G''-7" thick), the terminal one with a slender-contracted base 
 from the numerous staminate flowers, the others almost wholly fertile, on short 
 slender peduncles, their bracts scarcely sheathing; perigynia sparingly nerved, 
 longer than and concealing the blunt or short-pointed scales. (C. typluna, Michx.) 
 — Low grounds, E. New England to Illinois and southward. — Itemarkablc for 
 its dense, short and thick spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of 
 the perigynia give a bristly appearance. 
 
 138. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 5-7, the terminal one wholly staminate, 
 or sometimes fertile at the top or throughout ; the others irilh a few staminate 
 flowers at the base or sometimes none, cylindrical (I' or more long), the upper 
 approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted 
 stalks, their bracts sheathing ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like rough 
 scales. (C. Frankii, Kuuth. C Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, Penn- 
 sylvania (Prof Porter) and Virginia to Illinois, and southwestward. — Somewhat 
 resetnbling the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a 
 still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales. 
 
 § 14. Perlgijnia much infljtted, smooth and shining, becoming straw-colored at maturity, 
 with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very 
 short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing only in No. 139) ; scales 
 brown or tawny: staminate spikes 2-5, rarely 1, stalked. — Vesic.Vri.e. 
 * Perigynia conspicuous! y nerved : bracts ns'ial/y much exceeding the culm. 
 •f- Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered. 
 
 139. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sterile s])ikes 1 -.S, the uppermost occasionally 
 with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base; fertile spikes 
 4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in- 
 
coo CYPERACKiE. (sedge FAMILY.) 
 
 eluded stalks, the. loiirst remote on a long cxsertcd stalk, and (with one or more 
 of the others) often bearing: I -2 short branehcs at the base; i)erii;i/iiia ciowded, 
 spretidim/ uiid at length rejiixed, sUoiv^ly Jliv-iierued, tapering from an ovoid eon- 
 traetcd base into a conspicnoush) toothed beak, much loii<ier than the hiiiceohiie sndc. 
 (C. reversa, Spreiirj.) — Marshy borders of streams, New EngUind to Penn., Wis- 
 eonsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth (1^°-2.|° high) : leaves and 
 bracts 3" -4" wide, miieh exceeding the tiiiek spikes, whifh are I'-l^' long. — 
 Van IIAuTii (C. Hartii, Dea:} is a slender state, with fertile spikes distant, the 
 lower long pediineled. — Yates Co., New York, Dr. Hurt \Vri<//it. 
 
 140. C. gigantea, Hudge. Sterile spikes 1-5; sometimes with a few 
 fertile Howers ; _/ert//e spikes S-^, vjjilndricul, someidiat erect, or spreading on 
 exscrted peduncles, distant or the upper contiguous, all or most of them stximimite 
 at the apex ; peri gi/nia ascending, at length horizontal, mang-nerved, al)ruptly tapering 
 from a broadly or globular-ovate ventricosc base into a long and slender sharply 
 2-toothed beak, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate mostly awn-pointed scale ; 
 achenium broader than high, strongly triquetrous, with concave faces. — Swam])S, 
 Delaware ( IF. M. Canhg), Kentucky (.SVfwO, and southward. — Allied to the 
 preceding and to No. l.'3.3. Culm 2° -3° high : perigynia about G" long. 
 
 141. C. Schweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often 
 pistillate at the base;yert//e sjii/ces 3-4, cylindiical, somctrhat drooping, densclg 
 flowered, ofhn staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound 
 at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks; perigynia ascending, oblong-(noid, 
 rather lightly few-nerved, tapering into a smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer 
 than the lanctohite roughlg long-awned scale. — Wet swamps. New England, New 
 Jersey, W. New York, and northward: not common. — Culm 10'- 15' high, 
 smooth : bracts and leaves 2'' -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much ex- 
 ceeding the culm : fertile spikes (2' -3' long, rather narrow) and ihe whole jjlant 
 turning straw-color. Perigynia 2i"-3" long, thin. 
 
 142. C. Utriculkta, Boott. Sterile spikes 3~i; fertile spikes 2-5, com- 
 monlg 3, rather distant, sessile, or the lowest (sometimes loose and attenuated at 
 the base), peduncled, cylindrical (l^'-4' long) thick, and densely very many- 
 
 floicered; perigynia ovate, either vcntricose and abruptly or inclining to elliptical 
 and more gradually contracted into a cylindrical smooth beak, longer than the 
 lanceolate very acute or awn-pointed scale : culm stout and thick, obtusely angular, 
 spongy at base (2°-3° high); leaves flat (3' -4'' broad), pale, nodose-reticu- 
 lated. (C. ampullacea, var. utrieulata of former ed.) Swamps, New England 
 to Penn., Michigan, and common northward. — Fruit sometimes almost that 
 of C. vesicaria, sometimes that of C. ami)ullaeea, into which it merges north- 
 ward : the rough mostly awn-like points of the scale usually distinguish it from 
 both European species. 
 
 143. C. Vaseyi, Dew. Differs from the Inst in the shndrr culm n-ith acute 
 rouqh angles; fertile spikes (2 or 3) looser and fewer-flowered; perigynia more 
 tapering into the lieak, and scales less pointed ; from C. vesicaria, L. of Europe 
 (of which it is the nearest representative) in the more pointed scales and fewer- 
 nerved perigynia tapering gradually into a longer beak ; from the next (into 
 which it probably passes) by the \:\r<::Qr elongaled-orate perigynia tapering into a 
 slender beak (the roughness of wliieh, indicated by Dr. Boott, is rarely obvious, 
 
CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILl.^ 601 
 
 the teeth, however, rough-scrrulatc). (C. monile. Dew. in 1845, not of Tnckerm. 
 C. vcsicaria, var. cyliudracea, Dew.) — Swamps, Yates Co., New York, Saiiwdl, 
 to Illinois ■? 
 
 144. C. monile, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; /r77//e s/</ies 
 mostlij 2, rarely 3 or solitary, ci/Undraceous or ci/bndrka/. (l'-2^ long), mostly 
 slender, slightly or the lower when remote longer-peduneled ; perii/i/iuu (jlohidnr- 
 ovate, very vcntricose, shining, ubrupllj contracted into a ahort smooth beak, longer 
 than the ovate-laneeolate acute or scarcely pointed scale; culm slender il°-30 
 hi"h), sharply triangular, rough on the angles ; leaves narrow (l)arely 2" wide), 
 
 — Wet places, common, especially northward. — Perigynui 2"-2^'' long, 
 (C. vcsicaria, var. alpi'gena. Fries, of N. Eu. appears to be a form of this.) 
 
 145. C. Olneyi, Boott. Resembles the two preceding and C. vcsicaria ; 
 the fertile Sjides denstr und thicker, short-cylindrical (1-1^' long); periyynia 
 (2i"-3"long) tunjid-ocutc, with the short beak rough-serrate at the apex and on 
 the awlshaped teeth ; the scales acute or bluntish ; leaves ( 1" - 2'' broad) rough. 
 
 — Wet ground, Providence, Rhode Island, OIniij. 
 
 146. C. Tuckermani, Boott. Sterik spikes about 2 ;/«V«/e spikes 2-3, 
 commonly 3, oblonij or cyLindr'icul , stout, somewhat approximate, on roiujh stalks, 
 tlie lowest often nodding ; peric/ynia shin'inij, thin and delicate, much inflated, ovate, 
 ascending, tapering into a rather abrupt slender and cylindrical smooth beak, 
 much longer than the ovate or lanceolate acute or short-pointed scale ; the very 
 long narrow bracts and leaves rough, much surpassing the rough-angled culm. 
 (C. bullata of authors, not of Schk. C. cylindrica of former ed. ; but the cylin- 
 drica of Schweinitz belongs mainly to the next or to some others, and is too 
 much confused for preservation.) — Swamps, W. New England to Penn., Illi- 
 nois, and northward. — Differs from the next in the more numerous and longer 
 fertile spikes (8'' -2' long), and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous 
 fruit (4" -5" long), with a smooth beak. 
 
 147. C. bullkta, Schk. Sterile spikes 2 -ti; fertile spikes most frequently 
 only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short 
 smooth stalks ; perigynm spreading, shining, turgid-ovate, tapering into a long cylin- 
 drical ro^f//; 6erfA', much longer than the lanceolate pointless scale; bracts and 
 leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica, 
 Schw., at least in part, Tuckerni.,&c.) — W(ii swamps. New England to Penn. 
 and southward, chiefly eastward. 
 
 -t- -i- Fertile spikes globular or oblong, few flowered. 
 
 148. C. oligOSpdrma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1 -2, slender; fertile spikes 
 1 -2, densely 6- 18-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk ; perigynia turgid 
 ovate (2^" long), tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer 
 than the ovate awnlcss scale; culm Aery slender ; leaves and bracts involute. 
 (C. Oakesiiina, Dew.) —Wet borders of ponds, &c., E. Mass. to Pennsylvania. 
 Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly in cold or mountainous regions. 
 
 * * Pengynia nerveless or nearly so bracts mostly .<<horter than the. culm. 
 ■*- Perigynia pointed with a very short smooth beak, minutely ^-toothed at the apex: 
 stigmas either 2 or 3 : fertile spikes 2 or .sometimes one, dense, short, mually 
 brown-purple or. purplish, the upper almost sessile, the lower short-peduncled : ster^ 
 G M 36 
 
Cf)5 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 He spilrs I or 2, often soUturij. (The two following are very much alike ; and 
 one or the other is doubtless C. miliaris, Michx. The first is regarded by 
 Andersson as an extreme form of C. ampullacea, the second of C. vesicaria.) 
 
 149. C. rotund^ta, Wahl. ? Leaves and bmcls involute, smoot\\\^]\ ; fertile 
 spikes oblong or cylindraceoiis, or the U|ipcr ovate or globular ; perigynia short- 
 ovate, aliout the length of the broiidly ovate (obtuse, or in our specimens acute 
 or pointed) scale. — Gravel-bars at the outlet of Moosehead Lake, N. Maine, 
 C. E. & A. 11. Smith. — The si)ecinicus are a foot high, with one leaf on the 
 obtusely angidar culm, and otdy the lowest spike leafy-bractcd : sterile spiko 
 single- the fruit not fully formed. (Eu.) 
 
 150. C. piilla, Good.'; Leaves and bracts flat, with a slender triangular 
 apex, rough-margined ; culm rather sharply triangular ; perigynia inflated- 
 ovate, mostly longer than the ovate scale. (C. saxatilis, L., but that was in 
 part C. ngiaa: the name is ap])r(ipriatc for that hut not for this species, and is 
 better discarded altogether.) (Eu.) — Var. ? mili.\ris. Culm more slender, 
 1° or more high ; fertile spikes paler (1-3), ovoid or oblong, in our specimens 
 staminate at the apex, each with a very rough leafy bnict, the lowest often sur- 
 passing the culm. (C. miliaris, Miclix.) — Outlet of Moosehead Lake, with or 
 near the preceding, July 29, C. E. & A. H. Smith; and far northward. 
 
 t- -t- Perif/i/nia ahniptJij rontracted into a verij lonrj and 2-tootlied htak. 
 
 151. C. longirdstris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of 
 a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 
 2-4, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length droojjing stalks, 
 loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly con- 
 tracted into a slender cylindrical beak, which is longer than the body, rough on 
 the margin, and 2-cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the 
 lanceolate light-colored or white scale. (C. Sprcngelii, Z>ei<;.) — Shady rocks, 
 N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. 
 
 Okder 128. GRAMINEiE. (Grass Family.) 
 
 (Jroft.ses, with, usually hollow stems (culms) closed al the Joints, alternate 2- 
 ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the 
 hi//)0(/i/nnus jloirers md^ncated rcith 2-rnid:ed glumes or brads: the outer 
 pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of one or several flowers; 
 the inner pair {palcm or palels) enclosing each particular flower, which is 
 usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous scales (sqnamuUc, Juss., 
 lodiculcE, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celle(l, 
 the cells distinct. Stylos mostly 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. 
 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain (car)/opsi.'<) in fruit. 
 Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of the floury albumen. — 
 Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or less extended above 
 the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets parri^ 
 cled or spiked. Inner (upper) palet usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed 
 Or partly covered by the outer (lower) palet. Grain sojlietimes ^ce from, 
 
GUAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 603' 
 
 sometimes permanently adherent to, the palets. — A vast and most impor- 
 tant family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal food of cat- 
 tle, &c. (See Plates 7-14.) 
 
 Tribe I. POACEjE. U.Br. Spikelefsl -many-flowered, when more than oiie-flowere* 
 centripetal in development; the lowest flowers first developing, upptrmost, if any. imper- 
 fect or abortive, the re.st all alike in the .>-pikelet (perfect, or occasionally nionoecioua or dioe- 
 cious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several flowers less perfect 
 than the uppor ("viz. staminate only in Arrheuatherum and Phragmites, neutral iu Uniola, 
 Ctenium, &c.). 
 
 Subtribe 1. Oryzese. Spikelets l-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious. 
 Glumes abortive or wanting ! Inner palese 3-nerved ! Stamens 1-6. 
 
 1. Licersia. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless conduplicate palets. 
 
 2. Zizaiiia. Flowers monoecious. Palets convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers. 
 
 Subtribe 3. Agrnstidi-fe. Spikelets l-flowered, perfect, and occasionally with the 
 ruiliuient or abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or clustered, sometimes so 
 contracted as to form a sort of spike, but the spikelets are not directly borne on the 
 common axis. Stamens 1-3. 
 
 * niLEOIDE.E. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat 
 
 herbaceous, as well as the paleae. Inflorescence densely spiked '. 
 
 3. Alnpeciiriis. Glumes united at the base. Lower palet bearing an awn on the back : 
 
 the upper p:ilet wanting. 
 
 4. Phlenm. Glumes distinct, sharp-pointed, much larger than the two thin and truncate 
 
 awnless palets 
 
 5. Crj-psis. Glumes distinct, not longer than the palets ; both awnless and pointless. 
 
 * * AG1!0STIDE.E proper. Glumes and palets both'membranaceous, or the latter sometimes 
 
 very tliin and delicate. Inflorescence panifled or glomerate, sometimes rather .spike-like, 
 but not contracted into a uniform cylindrical spike. Palets not surrounded by a tuft of 
 hairs, or only with some very minute ones at the base. 
 
 4- Flower perfectly sessile in the glumes : lower palet 1-nerved : awns none. 
 
 6. Vllfa. Fruit a caryopsis (.seed adherent to the pericarp, as in most grasses). Panicle 
 
 spiked or contracted. 
 
 7. Sporobolus. Fruit an utricle (seed loose in the thin pericarp). Panicle open or close. 
 ■t- ■— Flower slightly raised in the glumes on a short sometimes stalk-like base (rallus) : lower 
 
 palet 3-5-nerved ; and this or the glumes awned or pointed, except in some species of No. 8. 
 
 8. Agrostls. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very 
 
 thin blunt palets. Lower palet pointless, often awned on the back ; the upper sometimes 
 wanting. Panicle open. 
 
 9. Polyposon. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the palets, the lower 
 
 of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Panicle contracted. 
 
 10. Ciniin. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling and the upper slightly exceeding the 
 
 similar palets. Stamen 1. Flowers raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless : lower 
 palet short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper l-nerved. 
 
 11. Muhleiibergin. Lower glume mostly smaller Palets chiefly hairy-bearded at the 
 
 base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-poinied or awned. Stansens 3. 
 
 12. Brachy ely ti'iim. Lower glume almost obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower palet 
 
 long-awued from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slender 
 naked pedicel of an .-ibnrtive second flower. Stamens 2. 
 
 * * • CALAM.\GROSTIDE.li;. Flower with a copious tuft of hairs at the base of the palets : 
 
 otherwise as in the foregoing subdivision. 
 12. Caloniagrostis. Lower palet mostly awned ou the back, shorter than the glumes. 
 
G04 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 • » * » STIPK.E. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fniit.commonl.v shorter than the mem- 
 hranaieous glumes, usually on a rijjid Ij'i-'-e or nUliis ; the lower involute, terete, closely 
 enclosing the upper and the grain, mostly 1 -3-a\vned at the apex. Inflorescence racemose 
 or p micleJ ; spirielets usually large, the flower deci Iuouk from the persistent glumes. 
 
 14. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palet or sometimes wanting. 
 
 15. Mipii. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base. 
 
 10. Atisticla. Awn triple. Upper palet small. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base. 
 
 « • • « * Palets coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by 
 the student who overlooked the p;iir of rudimentary flowers in No. 50, and was not ac- 
 quainted with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 57 and 5b. 
 
 56. Plialnris. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palet. 
 
 57- Milium. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the l>edii«ls : flowers all alike. 
 
 58. A m phicarpiiin. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle 
 separating by a joint without ripening grain. 
 
 Subtribe 3. Cliioridese. Spikelets rarely l-flowered, usually 2 -several-flowered, with 
 one or more of the upper flowers imperfect, dispo.sed in one-sided spikes 1 Clames persist- 
 ent, the upper one looking outward. lUiachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually several and 
 racemed or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3. 
 
 * Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. 
 
 50. Pnspaliim mishtbe looked for liure, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelets. 
 
 17. Spariiua. Spikelets much flattened contrary to the glumes, imbricated in 2 ranks on 
 
 the triangular rhachis of the straight spike. 
 « « Spikelets with one perfect and two or more imperfect or neutral flowers : 
 *- The perfect flower intermediate. 
 
 18. Ctenitim. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spl .a. 
 
 4-H- The perfect flower below the one or more neutral or rudimentary ones. 
 
 19. Boiitelona. Lower palet Scleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense. 
 
 20. Gyiiliiopo'jon. I^ower palet and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, raceme^. 
 
 21. Cyiiodoii. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate., 
 
 » * * Spikelets several flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile. 
 ■f- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, den.se. 
 
 22. Dactylocleniiini. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awued : lower palet pointed. 
 
 23. Elcusilie. Glumes and palets both awnless and blunt. 
 
 ■I- ■>- Spikes r.acemed, slender. 
 
 24. Leptocliloa. Spikelets loosely s|)ikid. L:-wer palet pointless or awned at the tip. 
 
 Subtribe 4. Fesfiicinere. Spikelets several- (few-many) flowered, panirled ; the 
 uppermost flower often imperfect or abortive. Palets pointle.ss, or the lower sometimes 
 tipped with a straight (not t-.visted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stamens 1-3. Culms 
 sometimes reed-like, but not woody. 
 
 * Lowest flowers of the spikclet perfect and fertile. 
 
 -1- Gr.iin free from iKe palets. 
 
 ■H- .Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis, 
 
 bearded. Glumes and convex palets membranaceous. 
 
 25. Tricuspts. Spikelets 3- many -flowered. Lower paleae hairy fringed on the 3 nerves, 
 
 one or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts. 
 2G. Graphephoruni. Spikelets 2 -few-flowered. Glumes and palets awnless or pointless. 
 ++ ++ Rhachis of the spikelet and ba^ie of the flower not bearded. 
 a. Lower palet 1-poiuted, awned or acute, the nerves when present running into the point. 
 37. Diarrhena. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palet coriaceous, 
 convox-boat-shaped. Stamens 2 I'ericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely 
 few-flowered. 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 60^ 
 
 28. Dactylls. Glumes (rather long) and lower palet awn-pointed, herbacaous, compressed- 
 
 keeled. Pauicle contracted in one-sided clusters. 
 
 29. Koeleria. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palet membranaceous, 
 
 keeled, acute or niucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like. 
 37. Festuca, with grain sometimes free, may be looked for here. 
 
 b. Lower palet awnless and pointles.s, blunt (except one Glyoeria), the nerves parallel. 
 1. Glumes extremely disfiniilar. Ij -3-iiowered. 
 
 30. Eatoitia. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers. 
 
 2. Glumes similar in shape, but often unequal in .«ize. 
 
 31. MellcB. Lower palet fluttish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, harden- 
 
 ing on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapjiing deformed sterile ones. 
 
 32. Glycerla. Lower p;ilet convex or rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, scarioiis at the 
 
 tip. Spikelets ma.iy-fiowered ; the flowers deiiduous at maturity by the breaking up of 
 the rhachis into joints. 
 
 33. Brizopyi-tiin. Lower palet laterally much compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, 
 
 rather coriaceous, smooth, faintly many -nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered. 
 37. Festuca. Lower palet slightly if at all laterally compres.sed, not keeled, only 1 - 5-nerved, 
 
 not cobwebby, and nearly without scarious margins, acutish : otherwise as in I'oa. 
 31. Poa. Lower palet laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous, 
 
 scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the upper 
 
 palet not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened. 
 
 35. Eragrostis. Lower palet 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on 
 
 the rhachis. Spikelets flat. 
 
 +- +^ Grain adherent to the upper palet. 
 
 36. Briza. Lower palea rounded, very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel to 
 
 the glumes, soon ventricose, scarious-margined. Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped. 
 
 37. Festuca. Lower palet convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-nerved. 
 
 Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal. 
 
 38. Bt-fiiniis. Lower palet convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing 
 
 below the 2-cleft tip, 5-9-nerved. Stales scarcely terminal. 
 
 * * Lowest flower of the spikelct neutral or staminate. 
 
 39. Uniola. Spikelets very flat ; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty 
 
 palet. Flowers strongly compressed-keeled, crowded, coriaceous. 
 
 40. Phraginites. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the 
 
 lowest flower stamiuate or neutral. Palets membranaceous. 
 
 Subtribe 5. Bnmbnsese. Culms woody and commonly arborescent. Spikelets and 
 flowers nearly as in the preceding i?ubtribe, awnless. 
 
 41. Aruiitiiiiaria. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5- 14-flowered, in depauperate panicles. 
 
 Subtribe G. Horcleinese. Spikelets 1 -several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a 
 zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming 
 a spike. Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Otherwise as in Subtribe 4. 
 * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis. 
 
 42. Lepturns. Spikelets almost imtnersed in the excavations of the very slender rhachis, 
 
 1-flowered. The filiform spikes usually several. 
 
 43. liolinin . Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the solitary spike : 
 
 glume only one, external. 
 
 44. Triticuin. Spikelets 3- several flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis of the solitary 
 
 spike: both glumes present, transverse (right and left). 
 
 * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis : spike solitary. 
 -I- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets. 
 
 45. Ilordeuni. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile. 
 16 Elynius. Spikelets 1- several-flowered, all perfect and similar. 
 
600 GRAMINE.^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 — ■<- Glumes none or 1-2 awn-like rudiments in their place. 
 4". Gymnosticituiu. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint. 
 
 Subtribe 7. Aveiirte. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of 
 the flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding tUe flowers 
 Lower palet bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex ; the 
 upper palet 2-nerTed. Stamens 3. 
 
 » Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary. 
 48. Danlhonln. Spikelets ."ieveral-Hott'ered. Lower palet firm and rigi.l. rounded on the 
 back, scvenilnerved. the 3 middle nerves running into the flattish twisted awn wliich 
 proceeds from the cleft at the apex. 
 40. Aveiia. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palet roundish on the back, and of firmer 
 texture than the glumes, several-nerved, .sharply 2-tootlied or 2-cleft at tbe tip, the bent 
 or twisted awn rising only from tlie midnerve at or below the cleft. 
 60. Trlsetum. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palet laterally compressed and keeled, 
 sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed at the apex, the slender awn rising at or near the cleft, 
 from the midnerve only. 
 51 Alrn. Spikelets small, 2-fiowered, with or without the rudiment of a third flower. Palets 
 thin or scarious, the lower awned from towards the base. 
 
 * * One of the flowers staminate only. 
 
 52. A rrbeiiatlierum. Lower flower staminate ; tbe perfect one commonly awnless ; the 
 
 upiJennost a rudiment : otherwise as in Avena. 
 
 53. Ilolfus. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment 
 
 none : otherwise resembling Aira. 
 
 Tribe II. PHALARIDEiE, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-nowered ; the upper- 
 most or niiildlo (terminal) flower perfect : the two lower (one on each side) imperfect, 
 either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspfcuous rudiment. 
 
 Subtribe 1. AnthoxanlliesB. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, 
 of 1 or 2 palets ; the upper one awnless and diandrous. Upper palet 1-nerved. 
 
 54. Hierochloa. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 palets. 
 
 55. Anthoxantbuin. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned and hairy palet. 
 
 Subtribe 3. Plialaridese proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment 
 
 or abortive pedicel on each side ol tiie fertile one ; which is awnless and triandrous. 
 66. Plialaris. Glumes boat shaped, keeled, enclo.-:iug the coriaceous fertile flower 
 
 Tribe III. PANICEiE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either 
 stJiminate or neutral; in the latter case usually reduced tu a single empty palet (placed 
 next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (rermiual) flower (placed next the 
 upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the out<'r .side 
 of the grain! (next the lower palet of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or hemi- 
 gamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and perfect, 
 from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palet of the neutral flower, 
 sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.) 
 
 Subtribe 1. Paspaleee, Griseb. Glumes and sterile palets herbaceous or membrana- 
 ceous : palets of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awuless, not 
 keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes. 
 
 » Spikelets appearing a,s if simply l-flowered, from the supprc'^sion of the lower glume, the 
 .■iingle neutral palet ot the sterile flower apparently occupying its place, (.\wnless.) 
 
 57. Milium. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle. 
 
 58. Amphicarpuin. .^pikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts; one in a terminal 
 
 panicle ; the other .subterranean, on radical peduncles. 
 
 59. Paspaluin. Sjiikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike,, plano-convex, in one- 
 
 sided .spikes or spiked racemes. 
 
GRAMINE^.. (grass FAMILY.) 607 
 
 « * Spikelets manifestly 1 J - 2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower (itAtninate or often 
 
 neutral, of one or both palets), the lower glume being present. 
 60. Panlcniii. Spikeiets not involucrate, nor the peduncles biistle-beiiriug. Lower glume 
 
 usually small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral. 
 CL Setaria. Spikelets spiked or dcnse-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary 
 
 bristles or awns : otherwise as in I'anicuni. 
 
 62. Ceiiclirus. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny or bristly and globular 
 
 bur-like involucre. 
 
 Subtribe 'i, SaccUai-e;«. Fertile palets membr.anaceous or scarious, .always of thinner 
 and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, freijueutly awned from the 
 tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile 
 or rudimentary. 
 
 * Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike. 
 
 63. Tripsacuni. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate spikelets sin- 
 
 gle iu each joint : glumes indurated. 
 # * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower: 
 Idwer palet of the perfect flower awned. 
 
 64. Erianthiis. fioth spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, and iovolucrate 
 
 with a silky tuft : otherwise as in the next. 
 
 65. Aiicli-o|ios[«u». Spikelets a pair at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them 
 
 sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary. 
 
 66. Sorglium. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or some- 
 
 times reduced to mere pedicels. 
 
 1. LEERSIA, Solandcr. White Grass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but tliosc in 
 the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in 
 the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets 
 1 -flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short 
 pedicels. Glumes wanting. Palets chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally 
 or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in 
 length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens I - 6. 
 Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses: the flat 
 leaves, sheaths, &c., rough upwards, being clothed with very minute hooked 
 prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.) 
 * Spikclds nnrroii'/i/ ohlonrj, rather loosfli/ crntvded. 
 
 1. L. Virginica, Willd. (White Gr.\ss.) Panicle simple; the spikehts 
 cloaehi tipnressfd on the slender branches, around whii-h they are partly cur\e(l 
 (1^" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; palets sparingly ciliate 
 (greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept. 
 
 2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Cut-grass.) Panicle dijfnseli/ branched ; 
 spik-eletsjidt, rather sprmdinq (2^" -3" long) ; stamens 3; palets strongly bristly- 
 ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places : common. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 * « SpiMets broadly oval, imhricately coverimj each otlur (2i"-3" long). 
 
 3. L. lenticuliris, Mich.x. (Fly-catch Grass.) Smoothish ; panicle 
 simple; ])alets very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ; 
 stamens 2: otherwise like the preceding. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, 
 «nd southward. ... 
 
G08 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Water or Indian Rice. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious; tlie staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowcrcd spikclcts 
 in the same panicle. Glumes isanting, or rudimentary and forming a little 
 cup. Palets herbaceo-membranaccous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower 
 one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Stamens 6. Stigmas 
 pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the 
 club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. -(Adojjted from Zi^aviov, the ancient 
 name of some wild grain.) 
 
 1. Z. aquatica, L. (Indian Rice. Wateii Oats.) Annual; lower 
 brunches of the ample pyramidal panicle stamimUe, spreadimj ; the up/ier end, pis- 
 tilhite; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palet lontj-awni d, row^h; styles dis- 
 tinct; grain linear, slender. (Z. clavulusa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of 
 streams and in shallow water : common, especially northwestward. Aug. — ■ 
 Culms 3° - 9° high. Leaves flat, 2" - 3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain 6" long ; 
 largely gatheicd for food by the Northwestern Indians. 
 
 2. Z. miliaeea, Michx. Perennial ; panicle diffuse, amjjle, the slamivdte 
 ' and jiistil late flowers intermixed; awns short ;■ styles united; grain ovate. Penn. 7 
 
 Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute. 
 
 3. ALOPECtTRUS, L. Foxtail Grass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, 
 nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palct, which 
 is awned on the back below the middle: upper palet wanting! Stamens 3. 
 Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Clusters contracted into 
 a cylindrical and soft dense spike. Root perennial. (Name from aXwnrj^^fox, 
 and ovpd, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.) 
 
 1. A. PRATENSis, L. (Meadow Foxtail.) Culm upright, smooth (2° 
 high) ; palet eqnallimj the acute (jlinnes; awn exserted more than half its length, 
 twisted; the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. — Meadows and 
 pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. A. GExicuL.lTtis, L. (Floating F.) Culm ascending, bent at the 
 lower joints ; palet rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its base 
 and projecting half its U-ngfh beyond it: anthers linear ; the upper leaf as long as 
 its sheath. — Moist meadows, eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 3. A. aristuIktUS, Michx. (Wild F.) Glaucous; culm decumbent 
 below, at length bent and ascending; peilet rather longer than the obtuse glumes, 
 scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its middle; anthers 
 oblong. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet places : common. June- 
 Aug. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.) 
 
 4. PHLEUM, L. Cat's-tail Grass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Palets both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower 
 one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope- 
 curus. — Perennials. Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name.) 
 
 I. P. pratense, L. (Timothy. Herd's-Grass in New England and 
 New York.) Tall; spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, 
 
GIIAMINE^E. (grass FAMILY.) G09 
 
 tipped with a short bristle. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for har. (Nat 
 from Ell.) 
 
 2. P. alpinuin, L. Low; spike ovate-oblong ; glumes stron,2:ly ciliatc on 
 the back, tipped with a rough men about their own leixjth. — Alpine tops of tli» 
 White jMonntains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (En.) 
 
 5. CRYPSIS, Ait. Crypsis. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Spikclets 1 -flowered, in clusters which are crowded in a dense head or short 
 spike bracted by the uppermost leaves. Glumes, palets, «&.c. as in the next 
 genus, or rather thinner. — Low and spreading tufted annuals, natives of the 
 East ; with short leaves, the sheaths of the upper spathaceous. (Name, Kpvyjris, 
 concealment, the spikes at first partly hidden by the subtending sheaths.) 
 
 1. C. sciicENOiDES, Lam. Leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; 
 heads or spikes oblong, 7'' -20" long, thick. (C. Virginica, Nutt., excl. syn.) 
 
 — Waste places, streets of Philadelphia and vicinity, also of Wilmington, Dela- 
 ware: becoming very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 6. VILFA, Adans., Bcauv. Rush-Grass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-ncrved or 
 nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in 
 the glumes. Palets 2, much alike, of the same textui'e as the glumes (mem- 
 branaeeo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly 
 pointless; the lower 1-nerved (rarely somewhat .3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3. 
 Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous. 
 
 — Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat; their 
 sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name unexplained.) 
 
 1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high) ; lowest 
 leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and 
 thread like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly or at first wholly 
 enclosing the contracted panicle ; palets much lonr/er than the unequal glumes ; 
 grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestma & A. involiita, 
 Mnhl. A. longifolia, Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward. 
 Sept. — Spikelets 2" - .3" long. Palets rough above, smooth or hairy below, of 
 greatly varying proportions ; the uj)per one tajjcring upwards, acute, and one 
 half to twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled or even con- 
 siderably exceeded by the lower ! 
 
 2. V. vaginaefldra, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6' -12' high), 
 ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (I' -4' long); panicles simple and 
 spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palets some- 
 what equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer 
 than the linear grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl , not of L.) — Barren and 
 sandy dry fields : common, especially southward. Sept. 
 
 3. V. CUSpidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more slender 
 than in the preceding ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets 
 smaller, tlie glumes verg acute, and the loiver palet cuspidate. — Borders of Maiud 
 (on the St. Joini's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward. 
 
 .39 
 
CIO GRAMINE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 4. V. "Virginica, Bcanv. Root per-rnnial ; ctthiis tufted, slender (5'- 12' 
 long), often prociunbcnt, branched; loaves convolute, rigid ; palcts rather shorter 
 tlian the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, Z.) — Sandy sea- 
 shore, Virginia (Ciai/Zoii) and southward. — Siiikelets much smaller and more 
 numerous than in the others. 
 
 7. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Dkop-seed Guass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers 
 ncarlv as in Vilfa ; the palets longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3. 
 Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed, 
 deciduous (whence the name, from (rnopd, seed, and /SaXXw, to cast forth). 
 
 * Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open : ours perennials, except No. 3. 
 
 1. S. jlinceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon- 
 gated ; culm (l°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes 
 ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper etjuallint/, the nearly 
 equal pdlets. (Agrostis juncea, jl//c7i.r. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Penn- 
 sylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southwai-d. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2" long, 
 shining. 
 
 2. S. h.eter61epis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-Jbrm, rigid, the lowest as 
 long as the culm ( 1° - 2°) which is naked above ; panicle very loose ; (flumes very 
 unequal; the lower awl-shnped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some- 
 what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal 
 palets. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, and New York to 
 Illinois and Wisconsin! Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sidlicant), 
 stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam- 
 eter), shining, thick and coriaceous ! 
 
 3. C. cryptandrus, Gray. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal 
 panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading 
 branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of 
 the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palets ; sheaths strongly bearded at the 
 throat ; root annual ? (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy shores, coast 
 of New England, and of the Great Lakes. Aug., Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high 
 Panicle lead-color: spikelets 1" long. 
 
 * * Glumes almost equal, short rr than the broad palets : panicle racemose-elongated, 
 open, the pidirels capillary : shiatlis nabd at the throat : spikelets not iinfequently 
 tuoflorci red : root perennial. (CoLPODlUM ?) 
 
 4. S. COmpr6ssus, Kunth. Very smooth, /w/vy to the top: culms tufied, 
 stout, very flat: sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; leaves erect, 
 narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than 
 the obtuse palets. (Agrostis comprcssa, Torr. Vilfo, Trin.) — Bogs in the 
 pine-l)arrcns of New Jersey. S?pt. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high. 
 Panicle 8'- 12' long: spikelets 1" long, purplish. 
 
 .5. S. serdtinUS, Gray. Smooth \ odms i^ry slender, flattish(^' -\'j'h\(rM), 
 few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much crserted, the diffuse 
 capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the 
 
GK amines:, (grass family.) 61 f 
 
 palcts. ( Agr. & Vilfa scrotina, 7brr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? tmiflofa, Muld. 
 P. niodesta, TucJcprm.) — Sandy wet places, Maine to New Jersey and Michigan. 
 Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelcts half a line long. 
 
 8. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. (PI. 7.) 
 
 Spikclets 1 -flowered, in !in open jianiele. Glumes somewhat equal, or the 
 lower rather longer, usually longer than the palets, jiointless. Palcts very thin, 
 pointless, naked; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, frequently awncd on the back; the. 
 upper often minute or none. Stamens chiefl_v .3. Grain (caryopsis) free. — 
 Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly iicrcnnial. (Name from ayitus, 
 a Jitld, the place of growth.) 
 
 § 1. TRICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper palet nhoii ice, minute, or none 
 
 1. A. el^ta, Trin. Culms firm or sfoM< (2° -3° high) ; leaves flat (1"- 2" 
 wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2" -3" long) ; xpikehts aoicdtd on the branches 
 of the spread'nui panicle above the middle (1^" long) ; lower palct awnless, slightly 
 shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the npjK'r wanting. (A. Seliweinitzii, 
 Trin.? A. altissima, Tiickerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatiim, Pursh.) — 
 Swamps, New Jersey and soutliAvard. October. 
 
 2. A. perennans, Tuekerm. (Tiux-Gkass.) C((/;hs s/e«rfo-, erect from 
 a decumbent base (l°-2° high) ; leaves flat (the upper 4'- C long, l"-2''wide) ; 
 panicle at length diffiisoti/ sprt-ading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and 
 fiower-bearing from or hfloLV the middle; lower palet awnless (rarely short-awned), 
 shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. (Cornucopite 
 perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans. Ell. T. decumbens, Michx. T. scabrum, 
 Midd. Agr. andmala, Willd.) — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelcts, 
 &c. as in No. 3, into which it seems to vary. 
 
 3. A. Scabra, Willd. (IIair-Guass.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2° 
 high) ; leaves short and narrow, tlic lower soon involute (the upper l'-3' long, 
 less than 1" wide) ; panicle i-cri/ loose and divergent, purplish, the long capdlary 
 branches fiower-bearing at and near the apex; lower palet awnless or occasionally 
 short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the 
 upper minute or obsolete ; root biennial ? (A. laxiflora, i?/c//arrf. A. Michauxii, 
 Trin. partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated 
 places : common. June- Aug. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capil- 
 lary branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with 
 very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelcts 
 1 ' long. ^ A variety ? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana, 
 Tuekerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta- 
 num, Torr. (A. ore(5phila, Trin.}, which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in 
 hollows of rocks, &c. 
 
 4. A. canina, L. (Browv Bext-Grass.) Culms 8'- 2° high; root- 
 leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle loose ; 
 glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute ; prdet ersertlg awncd on 
 the back at or below the middle ; spikelcts brownish or purplisli, rarely pale or 
 greenish (1"-!^" long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A 
 mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii 
 
G12 GRAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 & A. connnna, Tuclerm., A. canina, var. alpina, Oales, & Ed. 2., and csscn 
 tially A. rubra, L. ex WuliL, and A. borcalis, Hartm.), is indij^cnous on 
 mountain-tops, Maine to New York ; also, an ampler form in the AIJe<rhanic3 
 of Tennsylvania (./. R. Lowrie), and southward (A. rupestris, C/aipman, &c.). 
 July -Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. AGROSTIS proper. Upper palet manifest, but shorter than the lower. 
 
 5. A. vulgaris, With. (Red-top. Hkkd's-Grass of Penn, &c.) Root- 
 stocks creeping ; culm mostly. uprigiit (l°-2° high) ; panicle oblong, with spread- 
 ing slightly rough short branches {purple) ; leaves linear, flat ; lirjule very short, 
 truncate ; lower palet nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ; 
 the upper about one half its length. (A. polymtJrpha, Huds., partly. — Varies 
 with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, WilUi), and rarely with the flower short- 
 awncd. — Low meadows; naturalized from Eu.^ and apparently also native 
 northward. (Eu.) 
 
 6. A. alba, L. (Fiokin or White Bent-Grass.) Rootstocks more 
 stoloniferous, and culms often decumbent at the base, ascending; ligule elon- 
 gated, oblong or linear; panide contracted after flowering, cither greenish, pur- 
 plish or brownish ; otherwise as in the preceding, and equally variable ; rarely 
 with the lower palet short-awned, or even slender-awned below the tip. (A. 
 stolom'fera, L., |>artly.) — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass : nat, from Eu. : 
 also indigenous on river-banks, N. New York and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 9. POLYPOGON, Desf. Be.\kd-Gra8S. (V\. 8.) 
 
 Sjiikelcts 1 -flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Glumes nearly 
 equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palets, the lower of 
 which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free. 
 (Name composed of ttoXu, much, and Trcoycoi/, beurd ; from the awns.) 
 
 1. P. MoxsPKLiEXSis, Dcsf Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn 
 i'roni a notch at the summit ; lower palet awned ; root annual. nani])ton Beach, 
 New Hampshire {Nubbins), Virginia ? and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 10. CINNA, L. Wood Reed-Grass. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikelcts 1 -flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. 
 Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel ; the 
 lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the p.alets. Flower manifestly 
 stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palets much like the glumes ; 
 the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or mucronate on the back below 
 the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved upper palet! Grain 
 linear-oblong, fiec. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and 
 upright somewhat reed-like culms (2°-7° high), bearing an ample compound 
 terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate 
 flat leaves (4'' -6" wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often pur- 
 plish-tinged. (Name unexplained.) 
 
 1. C. arundin^eea, L. — Moist woods and .shaded swamps : rather comr 
 mon. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' - 15' long, rather dense ; the branches and pcdi- 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 613 
 
 «els spreading in flower, afterwards erect. Spikclets 2^"-3" long. Awn of 
 the palet either obsolete or nianifost. 
 
 Var. p6ndula, Gray. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly 
 capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palets thin- 
 ner, the former less unequal ; spikclets 1^"- 2" long ; upper palet obtuse. (C. 
 pendula, Trin. C. latifoiia, Grisel>. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia suaveolens, 
 Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New England to Lake Superior and northward, 
 and on mountains southward.' — A slender variety of the last, as is shown by 
 intermediate si)ecimens, always monandrous. (Eu.) 
 
 11. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-seed G. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Glumes mostly 
 acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower 
 very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palets usually minutely bearded 
 at the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the 
 lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to 
 the Rev. Dr. Ilmmj Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early 
 part of this century. ) 
 
 § 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or fjlomcrate, terminal 
 and axillary : perennials {in our species) with branchirirj rirjid culms, from scu/ij 
 creefiing rootstocks : leaves short and narroiv. 
 * Lower paid bartljj mucronate or sharp-poinled. (Sp. of Cinna, Knnth, Trin.) 
 
 1. M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (l°-2° high), rarely branching; 
 the simple contracted jianicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost 
 equal, one third shorter titan the equal palets ; lower ])alet abruptly short-mucronate. 
 (Agrostis sobolifera, il/«/(/. ) — Open rocky woods, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois, 
 and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long. 
 
 2. M. glomerkta, Trin. Culms upright (1° -3° high), sparingly branched 
 or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike, long- 
 peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and (with the 
 bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the imequal very acute palets. (Agr. 
 racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus, Nutt.) — Bogs: 
 common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long. 
 
 3. M. Mexic^na, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° -3° high); 
 panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the branches 
 densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish); glumes awnless, sharp-pointed, 
 unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palet. (Agr. 
 Mexicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender panicles (A. 
 filif(5rmis, j1/((A/.) — Low grounds : common. Aug. 
 
 * * Lower paid bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-pedicelled. 
 
 4. M. Sylv^tiea, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and 
 diff"usely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely manyflmvered; 
 glumes almost equal, brisllc-pointed, nearly as long as the Iowa- palet, which bears an 
 awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. difl["usa, Muhl.) — Low or 
 rocky woods : common. Aug., Sept. — In aspect between No. 3 and No. 5. 
 
G14 GRAMINEJS. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 5. M. Willdendvii, Trin. Culms upright (3° higli), slender, simple oi 
 sparingly branched; contracted panicle ^lender, loosdij flowered ; (/liiinas sUt/hdjj 
 unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower paid, wiiich bears an awn 3-4 
 limes the length of the sj)ikelet. (Agrostis tenuiHora, Willd.) — Kucky woods: 
 rather common. Aug. 
 
 6. M. diffusa, Sehrehcr. (Drop-seed. Nimble Will.) Culms dif- 
 fusely much branched (8'- 18' higii) ; contracted jumiile^ slender, rather loosely 
 many-Howered, terminal and lateral; (jlumes ertremeli/ minute, the lower obsolete, 
 the upper truncate; awn once or twice longer than the palet. (Dilep5'rum 
 minutiHorum, Micli.r.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi- 
 gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelcts only 1" long. 
 
 § 2. TRICH6CHL0A, DC Panicle veri/ loose and open, the long branches and 
 pedicels capillarij : leaves nairow, often convolute-bristleform. 
 
 7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (IIair-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2° high) 
 from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (G'-20' long, purple) ; glumes 
 unequal, one third or half the length of the long-awned palets, the lower mostly 
 pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. New Eng- 
 land to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Sept. — Pedicels l'-2' long, 
 scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long. 
 
 12. BEACHYELYTBUM, Beauv. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered, with a consiiicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second 
 flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed raccmed 
 panicle. Glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the lower one almost 
 obsolete. Palets chartaceo-herbaeeous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong 
 grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles ; tlic lower .5-nervcd, 
 extended into a long straight awn; the upper 2-poin ted ; the awn-like sterile 
 pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stig- 
 mas very long. — Perennial, with simple culms (lO-S*' high) from creej)ing 
 rootstoeks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spike- 
 lets i' long without the awn. (Name composed of ^paxvs, short, and eXvTpof, 
 husk, from the minute glumes.) 
 
 1. B. aristatum, Bcauv. (Muhlenbcrgia erecta, Sclmb. Dilepyrum 
 aristbsum, Mich.c.) — Rocky woods : common. June. — Var. ExgelmAnni, 
 is a Western form, with the upper glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of 
 the palet. 
 
 13. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adan,s. Eeed Bent-G. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikelcts 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor- 
 tive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or 
 boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, 
 which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs. Palets thin ; the lower 
 bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless ; the 
 upper mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running 
 rootstoeks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of 
 KuXap.os, a reed, and dypuaris, a grass.) 
 
GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) .61v> 
 
 § 1. DEYEUXIA, Kunth. RndinmH of a second flower present in the form of a 
 plumuse or hairy small pedicel behind the upper jialel ( Vfrij rureli/ more developed 
 and hacimj jialcts or eoen stamens) : (jltimes and pulels mcmhrunoceous, or the lat- 
 ter thin and delicate as in Aj;rostis ; the lower 3 - ft-nerad and uwn-hearincj. 
 
 * Panicle loose and open, even ajhrflowerint; : the mostlji purple-timjtd or had-colored 
 
 striffose-scahrous ylunies not closinr/ in fruit: copious hairs surrounding the flower 
 about equallinij the hyaline lower pultt, not surpassed by those of the rudiment : 
 awn delicate, straight. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (Blue Joint-Grass.) Culm tall (3° -5° 
 high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; f/lumes ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute, 14"- U" long ; awn from near the middle of the palet, not exceeding and 
 scarcely stouter than the hairs around the flower. (Arundo Canadensis, Michx. 
 C. Mexicana, iV((//.) — Wet grounds : common northward. July. 
 
 2. C. Langsdorffli, Trin. Spikelcts larger, 2^" -3" long; /y/wmes /awcco- 
 late or oblong -lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed; awn stouter: otherwise like 
 the preceding. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Panicle strict, its short branches oppressed or erect afler flowering, and the glumes 
 
 mostly closed: lower palet less delicate, rouyhish, sometimes of us firm texture as 
 the glumes : awn stouter. 
 
 •t- Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute: awn straight. 
 
 3. C Strieta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict ; glumes 1|"- 2" 
 long, ovatc-ohlong, not acuminate ; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the 
 flower, and as long as those of the rudiment ; awn from the middle of the thin 
 palea or lower, and barely exceeding it. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont 
 ( IF. Boolt), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 •f- •*- Leaves' broader, flat: awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry, 
 
 4. C. COnfinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, its rather slender branches spread- 
 ing at flowering-lime, afterwards appressed ; glumes lance-oblong, very acute, 
 2" long, pale; hairs of the flower copious, ecjiuil, slightly or one thiixl shorter than 
 the thin lower palet and than those of the rudiment ; awn borne much below the 
 middle of the palet, somewhat surpassing it ; grain glabrous. (Arundo confinis, 
 
 Wilkl.l C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially 
 Penn Van, SartwcU) and Pennsylvania. July. — Culm tall. 
 
 5. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (30-5° high); panicle contracted 
 and spilce-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips, 
 3" long ; luiirs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and 
 keeled lower palet, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the 
 summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle and the taper- 
 ing tip of the palet, stout, not twisted ; grain bearded at the top. (C. Canade'n- 
 sis, Nutt. C. coarctata, Torr., and of former ed.) — Moist grounds, E. New 
 England to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and southward. Aug. 
 
 6. C. Poi'teri, Gray. Culm slender (2° -4° high) ; a woolly-bearded ring 
 at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; panicle long and 
 narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2^ ' 
 long; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment uranfy, and both reaching about 
 to the middle of the flower behind the upper palet, but very short or none at the 
 
616 aRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 base of the Jirm-memhranaceous lower palet, wliich bears near its base a twisted awn 
 of its own length. — Dry woods, Pulpit Kocks and vieinity, Huntingdon Co., 
 Pennsylvania, Prof. T. V. Purler. 
 
 7. C. PiekeX'ingii, Gray. Culm l°-l^ohigh; leaces short ; panicle pi/- 
 ramidal, jjurpiisli ; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntisU or bluntly pointed (l^"-2" 
 long) ; hairs both of tliejluwer and of the rudiment virij short ami scanty, one lourtli 
 or fifth the Icngtii of the flower, none behind the obtuse lower palet, which 
 bears between its middle and biise a short and stout (straight or bent, not twisted) 
 awn. — White Mountnins, New Hampshire, in the al})ine region of Alt. Wash- 
 ington (Dr. Pirkeriiuj, &e.) ; and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets 
 at Echo Lake, Franconia, W. Buott. Sept. 
 
 §2. CiVLAMOViLFA. Glumes and equal palets rather chartaceous, compressed- 
 keeled ; the. lower yUime shorter than the upper and shorter than the palets, of which 
 the lower is l-iierved and entirely awnless: the upper strongly '2-lceeUd : rudiment 
 of second fower wantiny : panicle open and loose. 
 
 8. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capil- 
 lary (purplish); glumes ovate, mueronate; the upper slightly, the lower nearly 
 one half shorter than the palets, which are above twice the length of the hairs and 
 bristly-bearded along the hels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine- 
 barrens of New Jersey : rare. Sept. — Culm 3° -4° high : leaves nearly flat. 
 
 9. C. longif61ia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running 
 rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long tln-ead- 
 like point; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth; glumes lanceolate, the up- 
 per as long as the similar palets, the lower one fourth shorter ; the ro/>ious hairs 
 viore than half the length of the naked pnlels. — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, 
 from Illinois and Michigan northwestward. Aug. — Spikelets 2^" long. 
 Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool. 
 
 §3. AMM6PHILA, Host. Rudiment nf second flmoer present and pi umo>ten1m'e: 
 glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palets, scarious-char- 
 aceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lovw palet 5-nerved, slightly mueronate or 
 obscurely au-ned near the tip ; the uppei- 2-kepled : squamulrv Innreohite, much longer 
 than the ovary : panicle spiked-contracted : spikelets large (^' long). 
 
 10. C. aren^ria, Roth. (Sea Sand-Rekd) Culm stout and rigid 
 (2° -.3° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute; panicle 
 contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (.5' -9' long) ; hairs only one third of 
 the length of the palet. (Arnndo, L. Psamma, Beanv.) — Sandy beaches. 
 New Jersey to Maine, and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.l 
 
 14. ORYZbPSIS, Michx. Mountaix Rice. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowcrcd, nearly terete. Glumes herbaceous or thin-memhrana- 
 ceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong 
 flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a \cry short obtuse callus or 
 scar-like base Lower palet coriaceous, at Irngth involute so as closely to enclose 
 the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and 
 deciduous awn jointed on its aj)cx. Stamens 3. SquamulsB "J or 3, conspicuous. 
 Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a Uiirrow raceme or 
 
GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 617 
 
 panicle. Spikelets greenish, ratlier large. (Name comjjoscd of opv^a, rice, and 
 oylns, likeness, Ironi a fancied rcscniblance to that grain ) 
 
 * Styles distinct, short: culm leafy to the summit: leaves broad andjlat. 
 
 1. O. melanoearpa, Mulil. Leaves lanceokte, taper-])ointed ; sheaths 
 bearded in tlic tlirout; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the 
 lenyth of the blackish paltts (nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Pip- 
 tatherum nigrum, 7wr.) — Rocky woods. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high. 
 
 * * Styles united below, slender: culms tufted , naked : leaves concave or involute. 
 
 2. O. asperif61ia*, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) with sheaths bearing a 
 mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf from the base ; 
 very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn 2-3 times the length of the rather 
 hairy whitish palets. (Unichre, Trin.) — Hillsides, &c., in rich woods: common 
 northward. May. — Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting 
 through the winter. SquamulaB lanceolate, almost as long as the inner palet! 
 
 3. O. Canadensis, Toir. Culms slender (6' - 15' high), the lowest 
 sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involule-lhread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2' 
 long), the branches usually in pairs; palets pubescent, whitish ; awn short and 
 very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, A^u/^ Stipa juncea, il//c/ir. S. Can- 
 adensis, Po(V. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky 
 hills and dry plains, W. New England to mountains of Penn., Wisconsin, and 
 northward: rare. May. — Glumes l"-2" long, sometimes purplish. 
 
 15. STIPA, L. FE.iTlIER-GRASS. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Spikejcts 1 -flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with tne 
 conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem- 
 branaceous glumes. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely 
 embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long 
 and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. 
 Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose 
 panicle. (Name from (TTvnr)-, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the 
 feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.) 
 * Callus or base of the flower short and blunt : glumes pointless. 
 
 1. S. Richardsbnii, Link. Culm (l^°-2° high) and leaves slender; 
 panicle loose (4' -.5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly 
 equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong 
 lower palet, which i)ears a tortuous awn 6" -8" long. — Pleasant Mountain, 
 near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague, and northwestward. (Flowers rather 
 smaller than in Richard^son's plant, as described.) 
 
 * * Callus or base of the flower pungenti y pointed, at maturity villous-bearded : lower 
 jiaUt slender and minutely bem-ded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed. 
 
 2. S. aven^cea, L. (Black 0.a.t-Grass.) Culm slender (1°- 2° high) ; 
 leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palets blackish, nearly as long as ilw glnmrs 
 (about 4" long) ; the awn bent above, twisted below (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy 
 woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 
 
 3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (Pokcux'ink Gkass.) Culm rathe. 
 
 L & M— 46 
 
618 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 Stout (UO-3° hijrh) ; panicle contracted; pakis linear, 5'-l' lon;^ (including the 
 long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed 
 greenish y/u/Hf-s; the twisted strong awn (3^' -7' long, pubescent below, rough 
 above. (S. juncea, Pursh ?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi- 
 gan northwestward. May -July. 
 
 16. ARiSTIDA, L. Tkiple-awxed Gkas.s. (PI. 8.) 
 
 Glumes unequal, often brittle-pointed. Lower palct tipped with three awns; 
 the upper much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stip.1. — Culms branching: 
 leaves narrow, often involute. 8j)ikelets in simple or paniclcd racemes or spikes. 
 Grain linear. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry 
 soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late. 
 
 * Aw/is separate to the base, not jointed ivith the palet. 
 ••- Axvns very uncf/iiid ; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect; the elonqated 
 middle one horizontal or turned dowmvards : rjluines equal or the upper one longer: 
 low (5'- 18' hiffh) and branchinr/, mostli/ tufled annuals. 
 
 ■*-*■ Sj'Ikcltts few in hose simple spilccs or racemrs: (/liimes S-H-neri'ed. 
 
 1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffusely much branched; 
 glumes (9" -10" long) rather shorter than the flower; middle awn 1' long, 
 soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones hardly 2" long ; ligule truncate, 
 bearded. — Dry prairies of Illinois {Enf/elmann, Vasei/) and Kentucky (Michaux). 
 — Var. UNIARI8TATA, Avith lateral awns wanting. Odin, S. Illinois, Vasey. 
 
 ■M. ++ Spikehts more numerous : rjlumes (.3"-4" long) carinately l-nerved. 
 
 2. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Poverty Gkas.s.) Culms low, much 
 branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in short narrow clusters; glumes 
 nearly equal, longer than the flower, fully equalling its minute lateral awns, the 
 soon reflexfd middle awn about the length of the })alet. — Dry, sandy or gravelly 
 fields: common, especially southward. 
 
 3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6'- is' high), naked above and 
 terminating in a shmder raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle ; glumes about 
 the length of the flower, the exserted lateral awns i-arying from one third to fully 
 half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in var. ijepaupek.\ta, from 
 one fifth to one third its length. — Sandy soil, coast of Mass. and from Illi- 
 nois southward. — Middle awn 6" -9" long, in the ordinary forms. In the var. 
 which abounds on micaceous hills near Philadelphia (C E. Smith), the flowers 
 are much smaller, and awns shorter; but it passes into the larger form. 
 
 H- -1- Awns all divei-ging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter. 
 ++ Glumes equal or the upp^r one longer. 
 
 4. A. Strieta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) densely tufted from a /lerennmi 
 root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle ; leaves involutc-thread-form, long, rigid, 
 sometimes downy: awns about the length of the flower (0") or the lateral one 
 third shorter. — Virginia and southward. 
 
 5. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (G"- 20" high) tufted from an annual? 
 root, bearing a loosely few flowered raceme ; leaves short, somewhat involute when 
 dry; lower glume 3-.5-nQi-ved (nearly 1' long); awns capillary, l^'-3' long, 
 much exceeding the slender flower. — Virginia to Illinois, and common south- 
 westward. 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 619 
 
 •w- -w- Upper (jhimp shorter than the lower: perennials, simple-stemmed, 2° -4" hiffh. 
 
 6. A. purpurascens, Toir. Glabrous; leaves rather involute; flowers 
 in a (10'- 18') long spiked panicle; oivns much lomjer than the flower, the middle 
 one about I' long. (A. raceinbsa, MM. A. Geyeriana, Steucl.) — Massachu- 
 setts to Michiyan, Illinois, and southward: common. 
 
 7. A. lan^ta, Poir. Tall and stout; leaves tardily involute, ?-ow//( on the 
 upper side, rigid ; sheaths woolly ; panicle (P-2° long) spike-like or more com- 
 pound and open; middle awn (I'long) longer than tiie flower. — Salisbury, 
 Maryland, ]V. M. Canhij, and southward. 
 
 * * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of ihe.palet : root annual. 
 
 8. A. tuberculdsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6'- 18' high), tumid 
 at the joints; panicles rigid, loose; the branches in pairs, one of them short and 
 about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (I'long, in- 
 cluding their slender-awned tips longer than the palet; which is tipped with 
 the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns 
 (l^'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to 
 New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. 
 
 17. SPARTINA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked 
 in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly compressed- 
 keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the upper one 
 much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palets, of which the upper 
 is longest. Squamulas none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. — 
 Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively creeping 
 scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and tough 
 leaves (whence the name, from anapTLvr], a cord, such as was made from the 
 bark of the Spai-iium or Broom.) 
 
 * Spikelets compaclli/ imbricated, veil/ rough-hispid on the heels: spikes (2' -4' long) 
 more or less peduncted : culm and elongated leaves rigid. 
 
 1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (Fresh-water Cord-Grass.) Ctdm rather 
 slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, ^' or less wide below), taper- 
 ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth 
 except the margins; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading ; 'rhachis rough on the 
 margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the loioer eqwdling the lower 
 palet, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra- 
 nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michx. Liinnetis, Pers.) — Banks of 
 rivers and lakes, especially northward. Aug. — Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid 
 on the keel ; the awn of the upper one about 4' long. Palets somewhat unequal. 
 — Certainly distinct from the next, to which, in strictness, the Linna;an name 
 belongs. 
 
 2. S. polyst^chya, Willd., Muhl. (Salt Eeep-Grass.j Culm tall and 
 stout (4° -9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves: bivad (}' to I'), 
 roughish underneath, as well as the margins; spikes 20- 50, Jbnning a dense oblong 
 raceme (purplish) ; glumes harelif mucronate, the lower half the length oj^ the equal 
 palets, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower oac reaches to the apex. 
 
620 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY). 
 
 (Trachynotia polystacliya, ^fichx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L..' in part, excl. 
 var.) — Salt or hiiukisli marshes, within tide-water, especially southward. 
 
 3. S. jlincea, Willd. (Uusii Salt-Grass.) Culms low (1° -2° hii;h) and 
 slender; leaves nuirow and rush-Uke, stronrjii/ involnte, verij smooth ; spikes 1 -5, on 
 very short peduncles ; the rhachis sinooth ; yluines acute, the lower scarcely half 
 the len},'th of the upper, not half the length of the lower palet. (Dactylis pa- 
 tens, .4 iV.) — Salt uiarshcs and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 » * Spikelcts looseli/ hnbriratr-d, or somewhat remote, and alternate, the keels onli/ sliqhlli/ 
 hairy or lonrjliish under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, sojl: leaves, rhachis, ^c. 
 very smooth : ciilm_ rathei' succulent. 
 
 4. S. Striata, Roth. (Salt Marsh-Grass.) Culm l°-4° high, leafy 
 to the top ; leaves soon convolute, narrow ; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly 
 projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets : glumes 
 acute, very unetjual, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palcts. — Salt 
 marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. {Muhl ) — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. glabra. (S. glabra, ^l/w///., partly.) Culm and leaves longer ; spikes 
 5- 12 (2' -3' long) ; spikelets imbricale-crowded. — Common on the coast. 
 
 Var. alternifldra. (S. alterniHora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var., 
 L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over- 
 lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage: 
 larger glume indistinctly 5-ncrved (not so evidently as in the European and 
 Tropical American plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it 
 passes. — Common with the last: also Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine. 
 
 18. CTENIUM, Panzer. Tootiiachi;-Grass. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis 
 of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent : the lower one (interior) much 
 smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a horn, on 
 the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the one or two lower 
 consisting of empty awned palets : the one or two uppermost of empty awnless 
 palets : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palets membranaceous, 
 the lower awned or mncronate below the apex and densely ciliate towards the 
 base, 3-nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name Krepioif, 
 a small ronih, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) 
 
 1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high from a perennial root) 
 simple, pubescent or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and con- 
 spicuously awned. (Mon<5cera aromatica. Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia 
 and southward. — Taste very pungent. 
 
 19. BOUTELOITA, Lagasca (1805). MtisicfT-GRASS. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened 
 rhachis, comprising one pcri'ect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly 
 neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter. 
 Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palet 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the 
 2-nervcd upper palet 2-tootlicd ; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or sub- 
 
GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 621 
 
 ulate-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers 
 mostly 1 -Sawned. Spikes solitary, raceined or spiked ; the rhacliis somewhat 
 extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutdou, a Spanish writer 
 upon floriculture and agriculture.) 
 
 § I. CHONDROSIUM, Dcsv. Spites pectinate, of very mam/ spikelets, oblong 
 or linear, verij dense, solitari/ mid terminal or few in a raceme : sterile Jiowers 
 \ -3 ana slinrt pnlicel, neutral, consisting of 1-3 scales and awns. 
 
 1. B. oligost^ehya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6' -12' high); leaves 
 very narrow ; spikes 1 - .5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile pali-t 
 sparingly sofl-liairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously oillous-tufted 
 at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume. 
 (Atberopogon, NuU.) — 'S. W. Wisconsin and westward. — Glumes obscurely 
 if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palet 2-cleft at the 
 tip Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming 
 liood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Fjk].) 
 
 2. B. hirstlta, Lagasca. Tufted, annual.' (8'- 20' high); leaves flat, 
 lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; upper glume hispid with 
 strong bristles from dark ivurtif glands ; lower palet pubescent, 3clcft into awl- 
 pointed lobes ; stei-ile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the 
 glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engchn. Chondrosium 
 hirtum, H. D. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward. 
 
 § 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate 
 one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or rcflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets: 
 sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary. 
 
 3. B. curtipendula, Gray. Culms tufted from perennial rootstocks 
 (l°-3° high) ; sheaths often haii'y ; leaves narrow; spikes ^' or less in length, 
 nearjy sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8' - 1 5' long) ; flowers 
 scabrous ; the lower palet of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile 
 flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 aAvns shorter than the fer- 
 tile flower, and I or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris 
 curtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula, 
 Trin.) — Dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into, Var. akistosa, with spikes shorter; 
 sterile flower of a large saccate lower palet, awned at the 2-eleft tip and from the 
 lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of an inner palet 
 (Eutriana affinis, ./. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Gcyer), and .southward. 
 
 20. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Naked-beakd Grass. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of 
 an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile .ind remotely alter- 
 nate on long and ttliform rays or s])ikes, which form a crowded naked raceme. 
 Glumes lance-awl-.>ihaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the some- 
 what equal membranaceous palcts ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, 
 with the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and 
 slender bristle-like awn ; the ujjpcr with the abortive rudiment at its base. 
 
622 GRAMINEJS. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 Stamens 3. Rtijrmas pcnfil-fonn, purple. — Root perennial. Leaves short and 
 flat, thickish, l'-3' lonJ,^ (Xamc toniposcd of yvfju/us, naked, and Troiycoi/, a 
 beard, alluding lo the reduction of the uliortivc flower to a bare awn.) 
 
 1. G. racembsUS, Beauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstock 
 (1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves ohlong-lanceolate ; sjiikes Jtoiver-lieariii;/ to the Ixise 
 (.')'- 8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk, 
 equalling the jKiinted (/luincs, not more than lialf the length of the awn of the 
 fertile flower. (A'nthopogon lepturoidcs, iVu/^) — Sandy pine-barrens, New 
 Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 
 
 2. G. brevifbliUS, Trin. Filiform S])ikes long-pcdunded, i. e. flower-bfar- 
 ing only above the middle ; lower palct ciliate near the base, short-awned ; aicn 
 of the aliortivejlower obsolete or minute ; gluitieji acute. ( Anthojwgon brevifolius & 
 filifonnis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward. 
 
 21. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda or Scutch-Gr.vss. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicclled rudiment of a second 
 flower, imbricatc-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis , the spikes usually 
 digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless, 
 rather unequal. Talets pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped. 
 Stamens 3. — Low difiusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with 
 short flattish leaves. (Name composed of kuwc, a dog, and 68ovs, a tooth.) 
 
 1. C. D.icTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3 -.") ; palets smooth, longer than the blunt 
 rudiment. — Penn. and southward ; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 22. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Egyptian Grass. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets several-flowei-ed, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on 
 o'<" side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number, 
 digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled, 
 membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palet strongly 
 keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, con- 
 taining a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Root annual. Culms dif- 
 fu.se, often creeping at the base. (Name compounded of baKTvKos, Jlmjer, and 
 KTfviov.1 a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.) 
 
 1. D. ^EGYPTiAtTM, Willd. Spikes 4 -.5; leaves ciliate at the base, 
 (Chloris mucronktii, J//'7/.r.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinoi.Sv 
 and southward. (Adv. from Afr. !) 
 
 23. ELEUSINE, Gartn. Crab-Grass. Yard-Grass. (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricatc- 
 spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. GliimCs membra- 
 naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palets awnless and pointless ; the 
 lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) 
 containing a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, 
 and (lowers much as in I'oa. (Name from 'EXtvaiv, the town where Ceres, the 
 goddess of harvests, was worshijjped.) 
 
GRAMINE^. (GKASS FAMILY.) 623 
 
 1. E. Indica, 'Grertn. (Dog's-tail or Wire Grass.) Culms ascending, 
 flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly soutli- 
 ward. (Nat. from Ind. ?) 
 
 24. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Oxydkxi.v, Nuti.) (PI. 9.) 
 
 Spikelcts 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked 
 on one side of a long filiform riiachis : the s])ikes racemed. Glumes membra- 
 naceous, keeled, often awl-jjointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower 
 palet 3-nervcd, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awn- 
 less, or bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the ujipcr. 
 Stamens 2 or 3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Ours annuals. 
 Leaves flat. (Name composed of Aenrds, slender, and x^"''' .'/''«sn, from the 
 long attenuated spikes.) 
 
 §1. LEPTOCHLOA proper. Lower palet awnless or simply awned. 
 
 1. L. mueronata, Kuuth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40, 
 2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelcts small ; glumes more 
 or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. — 
 Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August. 
 
 §2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Lower palet hrislle-nioiud frotii the 2-tootlicd apex ; 
 the marfp'iial nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or fwints. 
 
 2. L. fascicularis, Gray. Smooth ; leaves longer than the geniculate- 
 decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the crowded 
 panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3'- 5' long) ; spike- 
 lets slightly pcdicelled, 7 - II -flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; 
 palets hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral 
 teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca fa.scicularis. Lam. 
 F. polystachya, Michx. Diplachne fa.scicularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish 
 meadows, from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois 
 southward on the Mississippi. Aug. -Sept. — Makes a direct transition to the 
 next genus. 
 
 25. TRICtrSPIS, Beauv. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelcts 3- 12-flowcred, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive. 
 Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelct bearded below each flower. Palets 
 membranaceous or somewhat chartaccous ; the lower much larger than the 2- 
 toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothcd or cleft at the apex, conspicuously 
 hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar- 
 ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid nerve especially, into a 
 short cusj) or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob- 
 long, nearly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat 
 Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelcts often racemose, purplish. (Name 
 from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palet.) 
 § 1. TRICLTSPIS proper. (Windsoria, iV««.) Glumes shorter than the crowded 
 flowers : lower pnlet S-cuspidate bi/ the projection of the nerves, and usually with 
 intamediaie membranaceous teeth ; the. upper palet naked. 
 
G24 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FA.MILY.) 
 
 1. T. seslerioides, Torr. (Tai.l Red-top.) Pcrcnniul ; cxilm upright 
 (3°-5°Iii<;h), very smooth, as are the flat loaves ; panicle large and compound, 
 the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous, 
 5 - 7-flowercd, shining, purple (4" Ion-); tbc llowcrs hairy toward the base. 
 (Poa flava, Zy. .' V. se.slerioides, .il//r// r. V. iniin([iietida, /'mslt. Windsoria, 
 poaiformis, Nittt. Uralcpis cUprea, Kmii/i.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. Kew York 
 to Illinois and .southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle 
 sometimes 1° wide. I'oiiits of the lower palet almost equal, scarcely e.xceedmg 
 the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed. 
 
 §2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diploeea, Rif. Uniiepis, Niitt.) Glumes much 
 shorter than the. somewhat remote flowers : loth palet s stronc/lij frinr/c-heardcd ; the 
 lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the trun- 
 cate or awn-poinled divisions. 
 
 2. T. purpurea, Gray. (Sand-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from the 
 same annual root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints; 
 leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few 2- 
 5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually cxserted, the axillary ones included 
 in the commonly hairy sheaths; ciioii much shorter than the palet, seldom ercced- 
 imj its eroded-truncate or obtuse hitei-al lobes. (Aira purpurea, W<dt. Di])locea 
 harhata, 7?ri/! Uralcpis pnrjnirea and U. aristulata, iV(/«. ) — In sand, Massa- 
 chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward : also Lake Erie, near 
 Bulfldo, G. W. Clinton. Aug., Sept. ^ Plant acid to the taste. 
 
 (T. CORNUTA (Uralepis cornuta. Ell., and Triplasis Americana, Beauv.!) 
 may perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.) 
 
 26. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. <Dup6ntia, R. Br.) (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 - 5-fiowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, mostly nearly 
 equalling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each 
 flower. Palets thin and membranaceous or scarious ; the lower one convex, 
 scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stig- 
 mas plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and northern or arctic gras.ses, 
 with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose 
 panicle. (Genus allied to the Avcneaj, but awnless ; natncd from ypacfils, a pen- 
 cil, and (pepco, to bear, from the tufts of hair at the base of the flowers.) 
 
 1. G. melieoides, Beauv. Culm 1°- 2° high; leaves roughish ; panicle 
 open ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough ; joints 
 of the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the 2-4 flowers. Grand Detour, 
 Upper Michigan, Prof. Porter, Shore of Moosehead Lake, Maine, C. E. Smith, 
 and northward : rare. — Var. m.\jor, Gray (Dupontia Cooleyi, of former ed.), 
 is a luxuriant form, 2° -3° iiigh, with ampler panicle; found on the borders 
 of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, by Dr. Conleip Aug. 
 
 27. DIARRHENA, Raf Diakuuena. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost 
 flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the 
 lower one much smaller. Lower" palet ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori- 
 
GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625 
 
 aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped 
 tip. Siniamulaj ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid, 
 ol)tusely pointed, rather longer than the palets, the cartilaginous shining peri- 
 carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root- 
 stocks, producing simple culms (-20-3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat 
 leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets 
 (2" -3" long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of 8is, two, and 
 appr)v, man, from the two stamens.) 
 
 1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river- 
 banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug. 
 
 28. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching 
 r<ense panicle. Glumes and lower palet herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough- 
 /iliatc on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ; 
 the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance- 
 oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name haKTvKls, a Jimjvr's 
 'irmdlh, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.) 
 
 1. D. glomerXta, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly 
 linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. — 
 Fields and yards, especially in shade. A variety with downy spikelets, Med- 
 ford, Mass., W. Boott. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 29. KCELERIA, Pcrs. Kosleria. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. 
 Glumes and lower palet membranaceous, compi'essed-keeled, obscurely 3-ner\'ed, 
 barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed ; the former mod- 
 erately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — 
 Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms; the 
 sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. G. L. Kiihler, or Koeler, an early writer 
 on Grasses.) 
 
 1. K. crist^ta, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at 
 the base; spikelets 2- 4-flowered ; lower palet acute or mucronate; leaves flat, 
 the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. grAcilis, with a long and narrow 
 spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. ni'tida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn. 
 to ininois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.) 
 
 30. EATONIA, Raf. (Reboulea, A't/nf/!.) (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets usually 2-flowercd, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, 
 numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat 
 equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower 
 narrowly linear, keeled, 1-ncrved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the 
 flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palet ob- 
 long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin 
 and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen- 
 GM 27 
 
626 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 der {grasses, with simple iukI tufto<l culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths, 
 flat lower leaves, and .small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikclets. 
 (Named for Prof. Amos Juiloii, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the 
 United States, wliieh wiui for a long time the only general work available for 
 students in this country, and of other popular treatises.) 
 
 1. E. obtUS^ta, Gray. Panicle dense and contacted, somewhat intcrriif)ted, 
 rarely slender ; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches ; upper ylume 
 rounded-ohotate, truncate-oUuse, longh on the back ; flowers lance-oblong. (Aira 
 obtusata, Mklix. A. truncata, Muhl. Koelcria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata, 
 Nutt. Reboulea gracilis, yv»«</i, in part. 11. obtusata, AW. 1. Eatonia purpu- 
 niscens, Raf.?) — Dry soil, N. reunsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. 
 June, July. 
 
 2. E. Pennsylv^nica, Gray. Panicle Ion(/ and slender, hose, the rnccmosc 
 branches somewliat elongated ; upper (/lume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; 
 the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. ( Kalcria Pennsylvanlca, Z>C Aira mollis, 
 Muld. Reboulea Tennsylvanica, Ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6'- 8' 
 long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. major, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower 
 palet minutely mucronatc-pointcd ! — IMoist woods and meadows : common. 
 
 31. MELICA, L. Melic-Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikclets 2 - 5-flowercd ; the 1 - 3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con- 
 volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes 
 usually large, scarious-niargined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palets 
 papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age ; the lower 
 rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt 
 summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branchcd-plumose. — Perennials with soft and 
 flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets 
 racemose-one sided. (An old name, from /xe'Xi, honey.) 
 
 1. M. mtltica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the 
 larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palet naked, 
 glabrous minutely scabrous on the nerves. (M. glabra, M/c/i.t. M. speciosa, 
 Muhi.) — Var. gi.Xbra (M. glabra, Pursh) has the jjanicle often few-flowered 
 and rather simple, the lower palet very blunt. — Var. diffusa (M. difi'usa, 
 Pursh) is taller, 2i°-4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani- 
 cle ; the lower palet commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil, 
 S. E. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 
 
 32. GLYCERIA, R. Br., Trin. Manna-Grass. (P1. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early 
 deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and 
 uneijual 1 -3-nervcd membranaceous glumes behind. Palets naked, of a rather 
 firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some- 
 times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous. 5 - 7- 
 nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3, or in the first section 
 commonly 2. Stigmas plumose, mostly conipouiul. Ovary smooth. Grain 
 oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or 
 
GRAMINEJ2. ( GRASS FAMILY.) 627 
 
 rootstocks ; the spikclcts paniclcd. (Name from yXvKfpus, sweet, in allusion to 
 the taste of the grain.) 
 
 § 1. GLYCERIA proper. Tjower palet conspicuously nerved: styles present: 
 plumes of the stlcjma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side: 
 Itavesflut, the sheaths nearly entire. 
 
 * Spilcelets ovate, oblong, or linear-olilong, 1" -.3" in length, 
 -t- At length nodding in an open panicle, JiuUish laterally but turgid. 
 
 1. G. Canadensis, Trin. (Rattlesnake-Gka.s.s. ) Panicle ohlong- 
 pyraniidal, at length (lroo])ing ; spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tu- 
 mid, Briza-like, 2" long, pale, with purplish glumes ; lower palet acute or blunt- 
 pointed, firm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded upper 
 one; culm stout, 2° -3° high; leaves long, roughish. (Briza Canadensis, 
 il7/t7(x,)— Bogs and wet places : common from Penn. northward. July. 
 
 H- ■^ Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid. 
 
 2. G. Obtusa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense ; (3' -5' long); spike- 
 lets 6- 7-flowered ; 2" -3' long; lower palet obtuse; culm stout, l°-2°high, 
 very leafy; leaves long, smooth. (Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New Eng- 
 land to Pcnn., near the coast. 
 
 3. G. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long), 
 recurving ; the branches and 3 - 4-tiowered spikelets appressed ; lower palet ob- 
 tuse ; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Ton:) — Wet 
 woods. New England to Michigan, and northward. July -Aug. 
 
 1- t- 1- Dijl'itse: lower palet truncate-obtuse, prominently 7 -nerved ; upper 2-toothed. 
 
 4. G. nervata, Trin. (Fowl-Mkadow Grass, in part.) Branches of 
 the loose panicle capillary, at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets 
 ovate-ohlong, S-7-tiowcred; leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. stri- 
 ata, Michx. P. parviflbra, Pursh.) — Moist meadows : very common. June. 
 
 — Culm erect, l°-3° high. Spikelets l"-2" long, commonly purplish. 
 
 ^. G. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle slender, erect- 
 spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5-9- 
 flowered (pale, 2'' -3" long) ; lower palet minutely 5-toothed ; the upper lanceolate, 
 conspicuously 2-toothcd ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsbria pallida 
 & Poa dentiita, 7'orr.) — Shallow water : common, especially northward. July. 
 
 — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping base. 
 
 6. G. aquatica, Smith. (Reed Meadow-Grass.) Panicle much branched, 
 ample (8'- 1.5' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age: spikelets 
 oblong or linear-oblong, .5 - 9-floweretr (usually purpli-h, 2" -3" long) ; lower i ml et 
 entire; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to ^'wide. — Wet grounds : common north- 
 ward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° -5° high. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Spikelets linear (^'-l' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long and 
 narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis: palets minutely roughish, 
 the upper 2 loot lird : squamuUe unilateral or united : ligule long: culm flattened 
 (1°-.')° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.) 
 
 7. G. fltlitans, R.Br. Sjjikclets 7- 13-flowered ; lower paid oblong, obtuse, 
 or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3 lobed, usually rather longer 
 
628 GRAMlNEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 than the I)lunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water ; common. 
 June- Aug. — Leaves sliort and ratlicr broad, very sniootii. I'ankle 1° long: 
 the simple branches appresscd, finally spreading below. (Va\.) 
 
 8. G. aeutifl6ra, Torr. Spikclets 5 - 12-flowercd, few and scattered; 
 lower pellet ulilumj-lanviolate, acute, shorter than the. low/ tapering jioint of the Ujiper 
 one. — Wet places, Penn. to Maine : rather rare. June. — Resembles the last ; 
 but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4" long), and 
 less nerved. 
 
 §2. HKLEOCHLOA, Fries. (Sdcrwhloa, ^c/. 1.) Loicer jmlrt inconspicu- 
 ously or olisoletely b-nerv<d : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain 
 hardly grooved : saline species: panicle contracted with age. 
 
 9. G. maritima, Wahl. (Sii.\ Spear-Grass.) Sterile shoots procumbent, 
 runner-like ; flowering culms erect ( 1° - 1^° liigh) ; branches of the panicle solitary 
 or in /xiirs; spikekts oblong or linear, 4-8-flowered; lower palet rounded at the 
 summit, slightly pubescent towards the base; leaves somewhat involute; ligulc 
 elongated. (Poa maritima, //«t/s.) — Sea coast : not rare. (Eu.) 
 
 10. G. distans, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, destitute 
 of running shoots; brunches of the /lanicle .3 - .5 in a half whorl, spreading ; spike- 
 lets 3 -6-flowcred ; lower palet truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule short. 
 (P. fasciculata, Torr.) — Salt marshes along the coast. — Too like the last. (Eu.) 
 
 32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. Spike-Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelcts and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or 
 capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly 
 many-nerved. Lower palet rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, indis- 
 tinctly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dioecious, pretty large. 
 Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded 
 of Briza, the Qiuiking Grass, and nvpos, wluat.) 
 
 1. B. spieatum, Hook. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9'- 18' 
 high) ; spike oblong, flattened (1' long) ; spikelets ovate or oblong, .5 - 10-flow- 
 ered ; flowers smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, Z^. Poa 
 Michauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more 
 rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas ; the sterile smaller 
 and somewhat rounded on the back. 
 
 34. POA, L. Meadow-Grass. Spear-Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2 - 10-) flowered, 
 in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. 
 Lower ])alct mcnibranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious jnargin, com- 
 pressed-keeled, pointless, ."i-ncrvcd (the intermediate nerves more obscure or 
 obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with 
 soft hairs : upper palet membranaceous, 2-toothed : base of the flower often 
 cobwebby. Stamens 2 or .3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — 
 Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except No. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat 
 and soft. (Iloa, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.) 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 629 
 
 * Low and spreading (^' -&' hicih) from an annual or biennial root , flaccid : branches 
 
 of the short panicle single or in pairs. 
 
 1. P. annua, L. (Low Spkar-Grass.) Culms flattened ; panicle often 
 1-sided; spikelcts crowded, very short-pedicellcd, 3-7-flo\vercd. — Cultivated 
 and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if indigenous. April - Oct. ( Eu. ) 
 
 * * Low; the culms (6' -20' long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstoik, 
 
 rigid, verg much flattened : panicle simple and ronlrnctid. 
 
 2. P. compressa, L. (Wike-Grass.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves 
 short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat one-sided (l'-3' long), the sliort 
 branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost sessile, 3- 10-Howered, flat. — Dry, 
 mostly sterile soil, in waste places ; rarely in woods : probably introduced with 
 other and more valuable grasses: apparently indigenous northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufls. 
 
 ■»- Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearlg so, even to the branches of the panicle: leaves 
 
 short and flat, short-pointed ; ligule elongated. 
 
 3. P. alpiua, L. Culms rather stout (8'- 14' high) ; leaves broadly linear, 
 especially those of the culm (1^'- 2' long, 1^" -3" wide); panicle short and 
 broad; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 - 9-flowcred (about 3" long); lower palet vil- 
 lous on the midrib and margins. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, 
 Jr., Prof. Porter,^. Mtxinc'i and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 4. P. l^xa, HiBuke. Culms slender (4'- 9' high); leaves narrow ; panicle 
 somewhat raceme-like, ))an-ow, often one-sided and nodding; spikelets 2-4-flow- 
 ered, one half smaller. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and 
 N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
 ■1- ■*- More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle: ligule short. 
 
 5. P. csesia, Smith. Culms 6' -20° high; leaves narrow, short, soon in- 
 volute ; branches of the panicle 2-5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets purplish 
 (or sometimes pale), 2-5-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate and taner-pniuted ; 
 flowers lanceolate, somewhat webby at the base; the lower palet villous on the 
 keel and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. aspera, d'audin.) 
 — N. Wisconsin, /. A. Lapham; a form with loose open panicle (P. nemoriilis, 
 Ed. 2). — Var. STRfcxiOR, is 6' -12' high, with a contracted grayish-purple 
 panicle, of smaller flowers. N. shore of Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., es- 
 pecially Isle Koyale, Prof. Whitney, &c., and northward. (En.) 
 
 * * * * Taller (l°-3°), meadow or woodland grasses : panicle open. 
 -t- Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches 
 (usually in fives) of the oblong or jiyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes violet- 
 tinged: flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base. 
 
 6. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (Falsk K ED top. Fowl Meadow-Grass.) 
 Culms tufted without running rootstocks ; leaves narrowly linear, soft and 
 smooth; ligules elongated; spikelets 2 - 4- (rarely 5-) flowered (l"-2" long), a// 
 short-pedicelted in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple; flowers 
 and glumes narrow; lower palet very obscurely nerved. (P. nemorklis, Pursh. 
 P. crocata, Michx.) — Wet meadows and low banks of streams: common, csi>e- 
 cially northward. July, Aug. — A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.J 
 
630 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 7. P. prat6nsis, L. (Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentuckt 
 Blue-Guass.) Culms sending oft" copious running roolstorks from the base, and 
 tlie slu'utlis smooth ; ligide short and limit ; panicle short-pviivmidal ; spikeltts 3 - 5- 
 flowered, crowdid, and most of tliem atiuost aesslli: on the branches, ovate lanceo- 
 late or ovate ; loiter pulet 5-nerred, lunry along the margins as well as the keel. — 
 Common in dry soil: imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in 
 mountain regions from X. Penn. northward. May -July. (Eu.) 
 
 8. P. trivi.VliS; L. (lloLGHisii Meadow-Gkass.) Culms erect from a 
 somewhat decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks ; sheaths andlences 
 more or less rough; lignle oblong, acute; panicle longer or with the branches more 
 distant ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upwards ; lower palet prominentti/ 
 b-nerved, naked at the margins: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Moist 
 meadows, &c., July. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 -t- •»- Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels: plants soft and smooth, 
 
 flowering early. (No running rontstocks, except in No. 13.) 
 ■*^ Spikelets small (l"-2" long), pale green, rather loosely 2 - A-floiccrcd : flowers 
 
 oblong, obtuse : lower palet scarcely scariuus-tipped : culm-leaves lunce-lincar, acute, 
 
 1' -3' long. 
 
 9. P. sylvdstris, Gray. Culm flatfish, erect ; branches of the oblong-pyram- 
 idal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more ; lower palet villous on the keelflir 
 its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. 
 — Rocky woods and meadows, W. New York, Penn. and Virginia to Wisconsin, 
 Kentucky, and southward. June. 
 
 10. P. d^bilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle 
 few and slender (the lower H'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes; 
 flowers very obtuse, smo -th and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — 
 Rocky woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May. 
 
 ft- ++ Spikelets 2" long, light green: oblong-lanceolate flowers and both glumes acute. 
 
 11. P. alsbdes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper- 
 most ('2|'-4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, the 
 capillary branches of which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or 
 fours ; lower palet very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a 
 narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. (P. ncmoralis, Torr. ^ 
 Ed. 1 : but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods, 
 on hillsides. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin. May, June. 
 
 ++++++ Spdcclets larger [y - 4" long) , pale green, rarely purple-tingrd, flw and 
 scattered at the extremity of the long and capillary branches (mostly in pairs or 
 threes) of the very diffuse panicle: flowers 3-6, loose, oblong and obtuse, us is 
 the larger glume: lower pabt couspicnnusly sctirious at the ape.r, villous beloiv the 
 middle on the keel and margins: culms flatlish, smooth. 
 
 12. P. flexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms l°-S° high, tufted; its 
 leaves all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed; panicle very effuse (its 
 branches 2' -4' long to the 4-6-flowered spikelets or first ramification); lower 
 palet promin/nily nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. 
 campyle, Schult.) — Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and .southward. Feb. - 
 May. — Wrongly confounded with the last, but near it. P. autumnalis is an 
 
GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 63.1 
 
 inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring to this species 
 tlic earlier and unobjcctionahlc (but not descriptive) name of P. flcxtiosa. 
 
 13. P. brevifblia, Muhl. Culms 1°-1^° liigh from runnimj rootsiocks, 
 2 - 3-leaved, the upper leaocs very short (i' - 2' long), lanceolate, all abrupt! ij cuspidale- 
 tipptd; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; spikclcts 3 - 4-llowered ; 
 lower pal et rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. (P. piingens, Nutt., excl. 
 syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and more appropriate name is lierc 
 restored.) — Rocky or hill}- woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly 
 westward. April, May. — Culm scai-eely surpassing the long root-leaves. 
 
 35. ERAGROSTIS, Bcauv. Eragrostis. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikclets 2-70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palet is but 
 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby -haired at the base, and deciduous; and the up- 
 per one persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms 
 often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat 
 of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early 
 name, pi'obably from tpa. earth, and Aijroslis, in allusion to the procumbent 
 habit of the original species.) 
 
 * Prostrate and creeping, much-branched: root annual: spikelets flat, imperfectly 
 
 dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate. 
 
 1. E. r^ptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10-30-flowered; flow- 
 ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. (Poa reptans, Michx.) 
 
 — Gravelly river-borders: common. Aug. — Flower-branches 2' -5' high. 
 
 * * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6'- 1.5' high) : spike- 
 
 lets large, denselyflowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle. 
 
 2. E. POyKoiDES, Bcauv. Lowcr sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ; 
 spikelets short-pcdicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8-20-flowered, lead-col- 
 ond (2" -.5" long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa 
 Eragrostis,//.) Sandy waste places, eastward : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 Var. megastAchya. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3'' -10" 
 long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10- 50-flowered. (E. megastachya. 
 Link. Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. 
 
 — Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading avd ascending: panicle open, its 
 
 branches cnjiiUary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Num- 
 ber of flowers in the spikeht very varittble, according to age, ^-c. ) 
 •f- Culms slender, branching and dfcumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual 
 root: leaves narrow, flat, sofl : branches of the narrow panicle rather short and 
 thicklyfloioered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest sparingly. 
 
 3. E. PII.6SA, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches 
 (except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5- 12-flowered (2"-4" long, purplish-lead- 
 color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels; glumes (small) and lower 
 palet obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, \-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo- 
 sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Randy or gravelly waste places, S. New England 
 to Illinois, and southward. A ig —Plant G'- 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
G32 GK AMINES. (gKASS FAMILY.) 
 
 4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high) ; panicle 
 ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; siii/cclets 2 - ^-/lowered (l"-l.i" long), 
 on slender pedicels; glumes very acute; loicer palet ovate, acute, rather obscurely 
 3-nerved. (E. crythrugona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly 
 reddish.) — Low or sandy ground, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south- 
 westwurd. Aug. 
 
 5. E. Purshii, (Bcrnh. ?) Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent 
 base, then erect (i°-2°-high) ; panicle elongated, the branches widely spread- 
 ing, very loose ; spikelets 5 - 1 S-Jlowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear 
 (2"-4^" long), mostlij much shorter than their capillurij pedicels ; ylumes and lower 
 palet ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. ( I'oa tenella 1 Pursh. P. 
 Caroliniana, Sprenrj. P. pectinacca of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or 
 sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 
 
 -t- t- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect from an annual or 
 perennial root, mostly forming thick tufls : leaves very long : panicle very large, 
 compound, often longer than the culm, with tlongnted and loDsely-fiowered branches, 
 their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or No. 7 annual.) 
 
 6. E. tenuis, Gray. Pajiiclevirgately elongated (l°- 2^° long), \cry \oose, 
 the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions 
 and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spiliclets 2-6- (sometimes 7 - 12 ) flowered, 
 pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l^"-2" long), mem- 
 branaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palet distinctly 3-nerved ; 
 the upper ciliate-scabrous. ( Poa tenuis. Ell. P. capillaris, Michx. P. trichbdes, 
 Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. 
 Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, 1^-2° long, glabrous or sparingly hairy: 
 the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flowers much 
 larger than in the next, fully 1|" long. 
 
 7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer 
 than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long di- 
 verging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2-4-flowcrcd, green- 
 ish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1" long) ; lower palet 
 obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled; the upper rough-ciliate. (Poa capillaris, L. 
 P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields : common, especially southward. 
 Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous ; the former 
 about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, soon diffuse. 
 
 8. E. pectinkcea. Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main 
 branches beaidtd in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or less oppressed on the 
 secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5- 1.5-flowcrcd, becoming linear, purple or 
 purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower ;)o/d strongly 
 3-nervcd; the upper hirsute-ciliate. (Poa pectinacca, Michx., ex char. P. hirsuta, 
 of Amer. authors. E. Unionis & cogniita Steud. ?) —Leaves long, rigid, mostly 
 hairy, the sheaths especially so. — Var. spkctAbilis. Leaves and sheaths mostly 
 glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels 
 shorter ; si)ikelets rather larger. (E. spectabilis, Ed. 1 . Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) 
 — Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the coast, and from Ohio and Illinois 
 southward. Aug.- Oct. —Plant 1° -3° high. Spikelets 2" - 3" long, 1" wide, 
 closely flowered. 
 
graminkjE. (grass family.) 633 
 
 36. BRIZA, L. QuAKixG Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikclcts nifiny-flowcrcd, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers 
 closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palet round- 
 ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, vcntricosc on the back, heart- 
 shaped at the base, papery-mcmbranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar- 
 gined, obscurely many-nerved ; the upper palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Sta- 
 mens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the palets, 
 adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diff'usc, with the large 
 and showy spikclcts often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an 
 ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /S/ai^a), to shinibcr (Linn.), 
 or ^pi6a>, to brnd downwards.) 
 
 1. B. Mi;DiA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikclcts 5-9- 
 flowered (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the lower flowers; root perennial. — 
 Pastures: sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 37. FESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Spikclcts 3-many-flowcrcd, paniclcd or racemose; the flowers not wcbby at 
 the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palets chartaccous or almost coria- 
 ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute, 
 pointed, or often bristle-awncd from the tip, rarely blunt; the upper mostly ad- 
 hering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1 -3. — Flowers, and often 
 the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.) 
 
 * Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or aicned from the tip : jiunicle contracted. 
 ■f- Annuals or biennials, slender, 5'- 18' ]ii()h : leaves convo'ute-briistle-furm. 
 
 1. P. Myijrus, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; 
 glumes very unequal ; nwn much longer than the palet, fully G" in length ; stamen I. 
 — Dry fields, New Jersey, S. Penn., and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. P. tenella, Wilkl. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound 
 and open ; spikelets 7- 13-flowered ; aivn l"-3" loncj, shorter than or equalling the 
 palet : stamens 2. — Dry, sterile soil, especially southward. June, July. 
 
 -1- -4- Perennial, tufted, 6' - 24' high : stamens 3. 
 
 3. P. ovina, L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, short, 
 usually more or less compound, open in flowering ; spikelets 3 - 8-flowered ; awn 
 not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost want- 
 ing. — Indigenous in Northern New England, Lake Superior, and northward: 
 naturalized fartlier south as a pasture grass. June. — Varies greatly. — Var. 
 vivfpARA (which with us has running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets 
 partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the 
 White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. — Var. duriuscula, 
 (F. duriuscula, />. ) is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more 
 compound panicle ; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with 
 their sheaths either smooth or hairy. New England to Virginia; nat., and in- 
 digenous northward. — Var. KfjimA (F. rubra, L.) has running rootstocks and 
 forms looser tufts ; the leaves often reddish and pubescent above. Naturalized 
 eastward: wild. Lake Superior, Dr. Rubbins, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
G34 GRAMINE^. (GIJ.VSS FAMILY.) 
 
 » * Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (iA."-4" lonrj) : ffrain ofccn 
 free! (Root perennial : culms mostlij tall : leaves Jlat.) 
 
 4. P. el.\tior, L. (Talleu or Meadow Fescue.) Panicle narrow, 
 contracted before and after (lowering, erect, with short branches ; spikelcts ci-owded, 
 5 - 10-flowcrcd ; the /lowers rather remote, obloarj-lanceolate ; lower palct 5-ncrved, 
 scarious-maryincd, blunt, acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn. — 
 The type id large, 3° -4° high ; sj)ikelcts about C" long, in an ample and com- 
 pound panicle. Rich grass-land. — Yar. I'Katexsis (F. pratensis, /7'/f/.s-.) is 
 lower (l°-3° high), with a simpler or close panicle, of smaller or narrower 
 spikelcts; and abounds in grass-lands. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 T). P. nutans, Willd. Pattide of several long and slendir spreading'ln-anches, 
 mostly in ])airs, drooping when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their ex- 
 tremity a few ovate 3 -5-flowered spikelcts (3" long) on pretty long pedicels; 
 Jlowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 
 5-nervcd. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high, naked above : 
 leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy. 
 
 38. BROMUS, L. Brome-Grass. (PI. lo.) 
 
 Spikelcts 5 - many-flowcrcd, paniclcd. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ; the 
 lower I - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-nerved. Lower palet either convex on the back or 
 comprcsscd-kceled, 5 - 9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the mostly 
 2-ck'ft tip : upper palet at length adhering to the groove of the oblong or linear 
 grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — Coarse 
 Grasses, with large spikelcts, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the 
 apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from ^p6fxos,/ood.) 
 § 1. Lower palet convex on the back ; the Jlowers imbricated over one another before 
 
 expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 5 - 9-nerved. 
 
 * Annuals or biennials, weeds of cultivation, introduced into grain-fields, or rarehj in 
 
 waste grounds, probably all derived from the European B. arvensis, L. 
 
 1. B. secAlinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit, 
 the drooping peduncles little branched ; spikelcts oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of 
 8- 10 rather distant flowers; lower palet rather longer than the up])er, short- 
 awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Too common in wheat-fields. 
 June, July. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 2. B. eacem6sus, L. (Upright Chess.) Panicle erect, simple, rather 
 narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated ; lower palet decidedly 
 exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own lengtli ; culm more slender ; sheatlis 
 sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often mistaken 
 in this country. (Adv. from Eu.) • 
 
 3. B. MOLLIS, L. (Soft Chess.) Panicle erect, closely confrrtcled in fruit ; 
 spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy 
 (as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palet acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New York 
 to Virginia : scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 « * Perennial: indigenous, (fjowcr glume strongly ^-nerved, the upper b-nerved. 
 
 4. B. K^lmii, Gray. (Wild Chess.) Panicle simple, small (3' -4' long) ; 
 spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely silky 
 
GRAMIXK^. (grass FAMILY.) 635 
 
 all over ; awn only one tliinl the lcn<rth of the lance-oblong flower ; lower palet 
 7 - 9-ncrvccl, much longer and Iar;^cr than the nppcr; culm slender (15° -3° 
 hi,^■h) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously ov sparingly liairy. (B. ciliiitus, Muhl. 
 B. piirgans, Toir. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry ground: common northward. June, Jidy. 
 • — This is in the herbarium of Linnasus under the name of B. ciliatns, but is 
 not the plant he described ; lliencc has arisen much confusion. 
 
 § 2. SCHED6N0RUS, Beauv., Tries. Lower palet somewhat com-ex, hut keeled 
 on the back and laterally more or less compressed, at least above: JJowers soon 
 separalinf] from each other: lower c/lume \-nervcd, the upper 3-nerred, or with an 
 obscure additional pair. 
 
 * Perennial, lull (.3° -.5° hi'/h) : Jlowers oblong or lanceolate. 
 
 5. B. eiliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches 
 at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 - 12-flowered ; lower palet tipped with 
 an awn half to three fourths its length, silky with apprcssed hairs near the 
 margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back 
 (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. jndiesccns, Muhl.); — or, in var. ruEGANS (B. 
 purgans, Z. .'), clothed all over with short and fine apprcssed hairs. — Rivcf- 
 banks and moist woodlands : common. July, Aug. — Culm and large leaves 
 (.j''-G'' wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths in the larger forms often 
 liairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising several forms, in- 
 cluding both the Linna:an species ; for which the present name is preferable to 
 the inapplicable purgans, taken from Feuille'c's South American species. 
 
 6. B. ASPEK, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller ; spikelets 5 - 9-flowered ; 
 lower palet linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather 
 longer than the awn ; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — Bethel, 
 Maine, in fields along the river-bank, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 * * Annual or biennial (10' -30' high) : flowers slender. 
 
 7. B. STEEiLis, L. Panicle open; spikelets of 5-9 rather distant and 7- 
 nerved ronghish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1' long); leaves 
 rather downy. — Waste places and river-banks, E. Massachusetts, New York, 
 and Pennsylvania : rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 39. UNIOLA, L. Spike-Grass. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the 
 lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palet. Glumes lance- 
 olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palet coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly lat- 
 erally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, 
 enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally 
 flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth 
 perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad /taves 
 and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant, 
 a diminutive of unio, unity.) 
 
 * Spikelets large (i'-2' long), ovate or ohlong, 9 - 30- flowered : panicle open. 
 
 1. TJ. paniculata, L. Zeacts )Knro(r, when dry convolute; spikelets: ovate, 
 alurt-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the fer- 
 
C36 GUAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 tile with .3 Ptamcns; culm and panicle elongated (4°-8° liigh). — Sand-hills 
 on the sca-sliore, S. Virginia and southward. 
 
 2. U. latifdlia, Miciix. Liana hroad and flat (nearly I'widc); spikeUts 
 at \(;n<zth oliloiiff, huii</iiif/ on lonrj jxdicels ; flowers acute, ciliatc on the keel, all 
 but the lowest pcrf.^'ct and monandrous. — Shaded rich hillsides, S. Pennsylvania 
 to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high: panicle loose. 
 
 * * Spiheltts small : panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect Jiowers lonrj-pointed. 
 
 3. U. gracilis, Michx. Spikvbts shorl-pcdicellcd (2"-3" long), broadly 
 wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - 8-Jlowered ; the flowers ovate and diver- 
 gently beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to 
 Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender. 
 
 40. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets 3-7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky- villous at their base, 
 and witli a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except 
 >he lowest, which is cither neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes 
 membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very 
 imequal. Palets membranaceous, slender ; the lower narrowly awl-shaped, 
 thrice the length of the upper. Squamula? 2, large. Styles long. Grain free. 
 — Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal 
 panicle. ((^/juy/xtVfr, (jrowinrj in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does nqt.) 
 
 1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3-5-flow- 
 ered; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds. Sept. — 
 Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance, 5°- 12° high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.) 
 
 41. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets flattened, 5 - 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the 
 jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger. 
 Palets herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back, 
 many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamula; 3, longer 
 than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain ot)long, free. — Arborescent or shrubby 
 Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles 
 or racemes ; the flowers polygamous. (Name from arundo, a reed.) 
 
 1. A. macrosperma, Michx. (Large Cane ) Culms arborescent, 
 10° -20° high, rigid, simple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at 
 indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying ; leaves lanceolate ( I ' - 2' 
 wide), smoothish; panicle lateral, composed of few simple racemes; spikelets 
 purple, erect; lower palet lance-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long). Chapman, 
 under A. gigantea. — Ri^er-banks, S. Virginia? Kentucky? and southward, 
 forming cancbrakes. 
 
 2. A. tecta, Muhl. (Small Cane.) Culms slender, 2°- 10° high, branch- 
 ing ; leaves linear-lanceolate (9"- 1' wide), roughish, the sheaths bearded at the 
 throat ; spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, 
 or frequently on leafless radical culms; lower palet (6" long) ovate-lanceolate, 
 smooth, fringed on the margins. Chapman. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps 
 and moist soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April. 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 637 
 
 42. LEPTURUS, R. Br. Lepturus. (n. 11.) 
 
 Spikclets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed 
 in the excavation, 1 -2-flowcred. Glumes \-'2, including the 2 thin pointless 
 palcts. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch- 
 ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender 
 spikes (whence the name, from Xenros, slender, and ovpd, tail.) 
 
 1. L. paniculktus, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and 
 curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular 
 spikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (.l/caJ), 
 jind westward. Aug. 
 
 43. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis, 
 placed edgewise; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one (the up- 
 per) and external: — otherwise nearly as in Triticum. (Ancient Latin name.) 
 
 1. L. PERENNE, L. (Common Darnel, Rat- or Rye-Grass.) Root peren- 
 nial, (jlume shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short- 
 awned. — Fields and lots : eastward! June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. 
 (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 2. L. TEMULENTUM, L. (Bearded Darnel.) Root annual ; culm taller, 
 glume fuUij equalling the .5 - 7-flowered spikelet ; awn lonyer than the flower (^' long). 
 — Grain-fields: rare. — Grain noxious; almost the only instance of the kind 
 among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 44. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets 3 -several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side 
 against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and 
 opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower i)alet very like the glumes, convex on the 
 back, pointed or awned from the tip: the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the 
 nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical 
 name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of tho 
 spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong, turgid 
 and boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. vulgXre). Others are perennial, 
 with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ninked spikes, never furnishing bread-corn 
 (§ Agropyron, Ga^rtn.) ; to which the following belong. Flowering in summer. 
 * Multiplying by long running rootstocks : awn shorter than the flower or none. 
 
 1. T. r6pens, L. (Couch-, Quitch, or Quick-Grass.) Spikelets 4-8- 
 flowered, glabrous or nearly so ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis glabrous, but rough 
 on the edges ; awns when present straight ; leaves flat and often roughish or 
 pubescent above. — Nat. in cultivated grounds, fields, &c., and very troublesome; 
 indigenous northwestward. — Varies greatly. A tall form, rather bright green 
 (Var. nemorXle, Andersson) bears awns nearly as long as the palct. A lower 
 form is glaucous and mostly awnless or nearly so. A maritime form (nearly 
 Var. intermedium. Fries, and approaching T. laxum. Fries, and T. aeutum, 
 DC), collected by Prof. Tuckerman on the coast of Maine, is glaucous, rigid, with 
 
638 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 at length jomcwhat involute leaves, crowded spikclcts, blunt an<l riyid glumc.s, 
 and pointless or mucronate-tipped palets ; the rhaehis not disarticulating- as in 
 T. junccum, L. (Eu.) 
 
 2. T. dasyst^2hyum, Gray. Perhaps a remarkable variety of the last, 
 but the glaucous leaves are narrow and often involute, and the 5 - 9-flowcred 
 spihelets dinselij (lowriij-hairi/ all over. (T. rejiens, var. dasystachyuni, Hook.) — 
 Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and Sujjerior, and northward. Aug. 
 
 » * iS'o obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves soinetimes 
 Jtairi/ above: glumes as well as flowers moslty owned or aun-pointed . 
 
 3. T. violaceum, Horncmann. Spike dense, strict and rigid, usually tinged 
 with violet or jiurple, ; spikelets .3 - 5-flo\vered ; glumes conspicitotisli/ ^-nerved; 
 mens straight, varying from half to nearly twice the length of the palet. (T. 
 Richardsbnii, Schrader. T. pauciflorum, Sr.hweinitz.) — Mountains of Penn. 
 {Porter) ; in the alpine region of the "White Mountains (Tuekemmn), Wiscon- 
 sin (Dipliain), and northward. — Intennediaie in character between tlie last and 
 the next. (Eu.) 
 
 4. T. caninum, L. (Awned Wiieat-Gr.a.ss.) , Spike usually more or less 
 nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (.y-C long); spikelets 3-5-flowcred; 
 glumes S-H-nerved ; awns mostli/ somtwhul bent or sprmding, fully twice the length of 
 the palet. — Sparingly naturalized in cult, ground and meadows. Indigenous 
 along our northern borders, in a slender form, which approaches the northwest- 
 ern T. divergens, Necs, or T. wgilopoides, Turczaninow, which has narrow and 
 convolute leaves, S-T-nerved glumes, and widely diverging awns. (Eu.) 
 
 45. HORDEUM, L. B.vrley. (D. U.) 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three at 
 each joint of the rhaehis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and 
 short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form- 
 ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Palets herba- 
 ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. 
 Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palets. Si)ike often separating into 
 joints. Ours are annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient 
 Latin name.) 
 
 1. H. jub^tum, L. (SQriRREL-T.\.iL Grass.) Low; lateral flowers 
 abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing a capillary 
 awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all spreading. — 
 Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June. 
 
 2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (6'- 18' high) ; lateral flowers imperfect or 
 neutral, awnlcss or merely pointed ; perfect flower with awn as long as tliose of 
 the glumes (3"- 6") ; spike linear, l'-2' long. (IL pnsillum, Xult. and former 
 ed.) — Plains, especially in saline soil, Ohio to Illinois and westward : also spar- 
 ingly introduced, Virginia and southward along the coast. 'May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 46. ELYMUS, L. Ly.me-Grass. Wild Rve. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhaehis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each 
 1 - "-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets. 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 639 
 
 2 for each spikclet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palets coriaceous; the 
 lower rounded on the back, acute or awncd at the apex. Grain adherent to the 
 involving- jialets (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from eXuca, 
 to roll tip). 
 
 * Glumes and flowers ^/irm or rujid, both or only the latter awned: spikelets 1-5- 
 
 Jlowered: perennials, luith slender culms and rather harsh and broad Jlat leaves. 
 
 ■*- Sfiilce lanje and stout. 
 
 1. E. Virginicus, L. Sjiike riijidty Hj)rii;ht, dense (2' -3' long, 6" thick), 
 on a sliort peduncle muidhj included in tite sluath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2-3- 
 flowered, smooth, ratlicr short-awned, about the length of the thickened strongly- 
 nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks: common. Aug.—' 
 Culm stout, 2° -3° high. 
 
 2. E. Canadensis, L. Spike soon nodding (5' -9' long), on an cxserted 
 peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 -.5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy 
 flowers ; the awl-shapid glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadelphicus, L. .') 
 — Var. GLAUCiF(')Lius (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughout, 
 the flowers with more spreading awns (1^' long). — River-banks : common. 
 
 H- Sptihe more slender, as also the culm. 
 
 3. E. SibiricUS, L. Glabrous; spike ivand-like (2'- G' long, about 3" thick) . 
 often somewhat nodding ; spikelets in pairs, 3 - 6-flowercd ; glumes linear-lanceo- 
 late, 3 - 5-nervcd, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which arc rather short-awnod. 
 
 ■ — South shore of Lake Superior (Porter), and northwestward. (Eu.) 
 
 4. E. StriatuS, Willd. More or less pubescent; spike dense and thickisk 
 (2' - 4' long), upright or sligiitly nodding^ spilvclets mostly in pairs, 1 -2- (or 
 rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned, 1-3- 
 nerved, about thrice the length of the flowers exclusive of the capillary awn (which 
 is I' long). — Var. villusus (E. villosus, Mnhl.!) has very hairy flowers and 
 glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. — Palets 
 only 3" long. 
 
 * * Glumes and palets awnless and sofl in texture: reed-like perennials. 
 
 5. E. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.) Culm (3° high) velvety at top ; spike 
 thick, erect (8' long) ; spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5-8-flowered; the lanceo- 
 late pointed 5-7-nerved glumes (1' long) and the pointed ])alets soft-villous ; 
 rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes, 
 Maine, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.) 
 
 47. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schrcb. Bottlk-brdsh Gkass. (PI. 11.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis, raised on a 
 very short callous pedicel, loosely 2 -4-flowercd (when solitary flatwise on the 
 rhachis.) Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and deciduous (whence the name, 
 from yvfivos, nuked, and arixos, 7'ank). Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. 
 
 1. G. Hystrix, Sehrel), Spike loose (3' -6' long); the spreading spike- 
 lets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, 
 tipped with an awn thrice their length (1' long) ; leaves and sheaths smoothish; 
 culm 3° -4° high; root perennial. (Elymus Ilystrix, Z.) — iloist woodlands. 
 July, Aug. 
 
640 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 48. DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.) 
 
 Lower palct (oblong or ovate, roundcd-cylindraccous, 7-9-nen'ed) hearing 
 between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of tlie tij) an awn composed of the 
 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise 
 nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours peren- 
 nials, l°--J° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded 
 at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowcred spikelets. 
 (Named for Dnnlhuine, a French botanist.) 
 
 1. D. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted, low; leaves short, very narrow; 
 spikelets few, 3" -5" long ; lower jicdet loosili/ hniri/, its teeth short and pointless. — 
 Dry ami sterile or rocky soil. June -Aug. 
 
 2. D. serieea, Nuit. Taller and not tufted (1°- 3° high); leaves larger ; 
 spikelets more numerous and i)anicled, 6" -9" long; lower palet very sUky-viilous, 
 tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, Southern Massa- 
 chusetts {Dr. liobbins), New Jersey {C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), and southward: 
 rare. June. 
 
 49. AVENA, L. O.vx. (n. 12.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled ; the flowers herbaceo-ehartaceons, o^ 
 becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes; 
 the uppermost impei-feet. Lower palet rounded on the back, mostly 5-11- 
 nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the 
 acutely 2-cleft tip proceeding from the midnervc only. Stamens 3. Grain ob- 
 long-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but in- 
 vested by the upper palet. (The classical Latin name.) — The Common' Oat 
 (A. SATiVA, L.) represents the large-flowered annual species of the Old World. 
 The following arc smaller-flowered, indigenous perennials. 
 
 L A. striata, Michx. Glubrous and smooth throughout, slender (\^-2° 
 high); leaves narrow; ligulc short, truncate; panicle simple, loose; spikelets 
 (6" long) on capillary pedicels, 3-6-flowered, much exceeding the searious- 
 margined purple acute glumes; the loiccr ylnme 1-, uppir ^-nerved; rhaehis 
 smooth ; Jlowirs short-hmrded at the hose; lower palet 7-nerved, much longer than 
 the ciliate-fringed upper one (4" long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or 
 divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate 
 2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpuraseens. Ton:) — Rocky, shaded hills, N. New 
 England, New York, and northwestward. June. 
 
 2. A. Smithii, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Taller (21°- 4^° high), rather stout ; 
 leaves broadly linear (.T'-G" wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths 
 and culm rdrorseli/ scuhroiis; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (C'-12' 
 long), the few branches at length .spreading; glumes slightly ptirplish, scabrous 
 on the nerres, of which there are 3 in the lower and 5 in the upper; rhachis :ni- 
 nutely his])id; flowers (3 -.5) not luiiri/-tiifled at the base; awn one third or half 
 the length of the 7-nerved palet, straight. — Isle lloyalc, Keweenaw Point, Lake 
 Sujierior, Lol>bins. Woods near Sault Ste. Marie, C. E. Smith, for whom the 
 species is named. April, May. — To be compared with the Siberian A. eallosa, 
 Turczaninow, which was referred to A. striata bv Trinius. 
 
GUAMINK^. (GKASS FAMILY.) G41 
 
 50. TRISETUM, Persoon. Trisetum. (PI. 12.) 
 
 Spikclets 2-sevcral-flowcrcd, often in a contracted panicle; the lower palet 
 compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes, 
 bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or 
 2-pointed apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and sda, a bristle) : other- 
 wise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials. 
 
 1. T. SUbspic^tum, Beauv., var. moUe. MinuU'lj) sofl-dowmj ; panicle 
 ch'iuie, muck conlrartKl, ob\on<r or linear (2' -3' long); glumes about the length 
 of the 2-3 smooth flowers ; awn diverging, much cxsertcd. (Avena mollis, 
 Mic/ix.) — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, 
 and northward. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.) 
 
 2. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; ^)«n/c/e rather long and narrow (5' long), 
 IcMse, the branches capillary; spikcleta Jiat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 
 two smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of 
 the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointcd 
 tip, while the luioer one is cominonlij aivnless or only mncronate-pointed. (Avena 
 palustris, Michx. Aira pallens, Muhl.) — Low grounds, Southern New York to 
 Illinois, and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° - 3° high : leaves flat, short. 
 Spikelcts yellowish-white, tinged with green. 
 
 51. AIRA, L. Hair-Grass. (PI. 12.) 
 
 Spikclets small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect flowers and often with 
 the pedicel or rudiment of a third, all usually shorter than the nicmbraiuiccons 
 keeled glumes, and hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palet thin 
 and scarious, 2-cleft or else truncate and mostly denticulate or eroded at the 
 summit, bearing a slender bent or straight awn on its back, commonly near 
 its base. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous. Grain 
 oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) 
 
 § 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Lower palet dtUcalehj 3-5-nervfd, eroded or 
 toothnl at the truncate summit ; the awn at.tachtd mostlij a little uhove the base: 
 grain not grooved, free: glumes about equalling the flowers: root jxrcnnial. 
 
 1. A. flexuosa, L. (Commox ILvir-Grass.) Culms slender, nearly 
 naked (l°-2° high) above the small tufts of involute brislle-form rool-leav(S (]'- 
 6' long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; au}n longer than the 
 palet, at length bent and twisted. — Dry places : common. June. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. CSespitdsa, L. Culm tufted (2° -4° high); leaves flat. Urn or; 
 panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); awn straight, harelg eqtialling the jxilit. 
 — Shores of lakes and streams : common northward. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 §2. AIROPSIS, Desv. Spikelets very small, of 2 closdg approximate flowers, and 
 with no rudiment of a third: lower palet offlrmer texture, obscurely nerved, acutely 
 2-clefl at the apex: grain qroovcd, adnate : low annuals, with short and setaceous 
 leaves. 
 
 3. A. PR^KCOX, L. Culms tufted, 3' -4' high; branches of the small and 
 dense panicle appressed ; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Avena 
 prtecox, BeauB.) — Sandy flelds. New Jersey to Virginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 L & M— 47 
 
642 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILV). 
 
 4. A. CARYOPH VLLEA, L. Culms 5'- 10' liiyli, bearing; a reri; dijfitsp panicle 
 of purplish and at Icn^tli si/ven/ srurious spikekts. — Dry lickls, >;aiuiickit : also 
 Kewcabtle, Delaware, IF. ^1/. Caiiby. (Nut. from Eu.) 
 
 §3. VAIILODEA, Fries. Glumes boal-shuped, longer than the ^flowers: lower 
 paltt almost coriaceous, nerveless, its triinratt-obtuse tip mostly entire ; the awn 
 borne (it or aliore till- mulillf : (/niin r;ii/ui('(l,jhtllinh,/ne: alpine perennial. 
 
 5. A. atropurptirea, Wnhl. ('iilms 8'-15' high, weak; leaves flat, 
 lather wide; paiiielc of lew spreading hranelies ; awn stout, twice the length of 
 the palet. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of Northern New 
 York. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 52. ARRHENATHERUM, Bcauv. Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.) 
 
 Spikelets opcn-paniclcd, aflowercd, witli the rudiment of a third flower; the 
 middle flower perfect, it.s lower palet harely bristle-pointed from near the tip; 
 the lowest flower staminatc only, bearing a long bent awn below the midillc of 
 the back (whence the name, irom (ipprjv, mnsciiline, and adi)j), awn) : — otlur- 
 •wise as in Avcna, of which it is only a peculiar modification. 
 
 1. A. avenXceum, Beauv. Root perennial; euhn 2° -4° high: leaves 
 broad, flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal. (Avenaelatior, 
 L.) — Meadows and lots: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May -July. 
 (Xat. from Eu.) 
 
 53. HOLCUS, L. (partly). Meadow Sokt-Grass. (PI. 1.3.) 
 
 Spikelets crowded in an ojicn panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels', 
 the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the rc- 
 motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palet 
 awnless and ])ointless; the ujjpcr (lower staminatc, otherwise similar, but bear- 
 ing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. 
 Grain free. (An ancient name, from 6\k6s, atiractire, of obscure application.) 
 
 1. H. lan.Vtis, L. (Velvet-Grass.) Perennial, soft-downy and ].alc; 
 panicle oblong; uppci" glume mucronate-awned under the apc.\ ; awn of the 
 staminatc flower curved. — ]\Ioist meadows. June. (Xat. from lui.) 
 
 54. HIEROCHLOA, Gmdiu. IIolv C;ua.ss. (PL l.-,.) 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, opcn-paniclcd ; the flowers all with 2 ])alcts ; the two 
 lower (lateral) flowers stauiinatc only, .3-androus, sessile, often awncd on the 
 middle of the liack or ucar tlictij); llic ujjijcnnost (middle) one perfect, sliort- 
 pedicclled, .scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes ccjualling 
 or exceeding the spikclet, scarious : ])alets chartaceous. — Perennials : leaves 
 flat. (Name com]>osed of upoi, samd, and X'^<'"> fj''""" •' these sweet-scented 
 Grasses being strcM'u before the clnirch-doors on saintti' days, in the Xor'.h of 
 Europe.) 
 
 1. H. borealis, Tlocm. & Schultcs. (Vami.i.a or Sexeca Grass.) Pan- 
 icle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (i'-."/ long) ; ))C(luncles smooth ; stauiiuate 
 flowers with the lower jjalet nuicrouate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip; 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 643 
 
 rootstock creeping. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, chiefly northward 
 near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May. — Culm l°-2° high, with 
 short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color ; the staminate flowers strongly 
 hairy-fringed on the margins, and the tortile one at the tip. (Ku.) 
 
 2. H. alpina, Kocm. & Scluiltes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one 
 of the staininatc flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the othei 
 long-awned from below the middle ; lowest leaves very narrow. — Alpine moun- 
 tain-tops. New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 55. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet Veunal-Grass. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelcts spiked-panicled, really 3-flowercd ; but the lateral flowers neutral, 
 consisting merely of one palet which is hairy on the outside and awned on the 
 back : the central (terminal) flower perfect, small, of 2 awnless chartaceous 
 palets, 2-androus. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long 
 as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamula; none. Grain ovate, 
 adherent. (Name compounded oi "ivBos, flower, and livdcov, offloweis. L.) 
 
 1. A. odorXtu.m, L. Spikelcts (brownish or tinged with green) spreading 
 at flowering-time ; one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its 
 base, the other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial : 
 very sweet-scented in drying. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 56. PHALARIS, L. Canary-Grass. (PL 13.) 
 
 Spikelcts crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudi- 
 ments (a scale or a pedicel) in place of lateral flowers, one on each side, at the 
 base of the perfect one, which is flattish, awnless, of 2 shining palets, shorter 
 than the equal boat-shaped and keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilagi- 
 nous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. — Stamens 3. — 
 Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from (f>a\6s, shinbvj, alluding 
 either to the palets or the grain.) 
 
 § 1. PHALARIS proper. Panicle i-ery dense, spikc-lilc: glumes icing-keeled. 
 
 1. P. Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Annual, l°-2° high; spike 
 oval; rudimentary flower a small lanceolate scale. — "Waste places and road- 
 sides, IMassachusctts to Pennsylvania : rare. July- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 §2. DiGRAPIIIS, Trill. Panicle hmncJud, the daslers ojirn in cnthesis : f/luincs 
 
 not icinged on the back. 
 
 2. P. arundinkcea, L. '(Keed C.) Perennial, 2° -4° high; Ic.-xves flat 
 (3" -5" wide; glumes open at flowering, 3-ncrved, thrice the length of the fertile 
 flower; rudimentary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — AVet 
 grounds : common, especially northward. June, July. — Var. rfcxA, the leaves 
 striped with white, is tlio familiar PiIIU!0\-Grass of llie gardens. (Eu.) 
 
 57 MILIUM, !iriLLKT-GuAss. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelcts diil'usely panickd, nut jointed with their jK'dicels, apparently con- 
 sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a single 
 s.oriaceous awnless flower: but theoretically the lower glume U wanting, while 
 
644 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 an empty sinp:le palct of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume, 
 fulfils its orticc, and stands o])posite the narrow upper palet of the terete fertile 
 flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branehed-iilumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed 
 in the palets, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet 
 (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thousand, 
 because of its fertility.) ^ 
 
 1. M. effiisum, L. Smooth perennial, 3°-G° high; leaves broad and 
 flat, thin; panicle spreading (6' -9' long); flower ovoid-oblong. — Cold and 
 damp woods. New England to Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 58. AMPHICARPUM, Kimth. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two 
 kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, like tiiosc of Milium, except that the 
 rudiment of the lowest glume is ordinarily discernible, and deciduous from the 
 joint without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the other kind soli- 
 tary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more 
 or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and 
 fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud ; the enwrapping glume and similar 
 empty palet many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small 
 in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain not grooved, in 
 the radical flowers very large, the embryo next the lower palet. Neutral pakt 
 somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. (Name from aficjiiKupiros, 
 douhlj frult-hear'nKj. ) 
 
 1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial? erect, l°-4° liigh ; leaves 
 lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the 
 sheaths; panicle strict, naked ;■ grain ovoid or oblong (2" -3" long), terete. 
 (Milium amphicarpon, Purslt.) — Moist sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey, and 
 in the Southern States. Sept. 
 
 59. PASPALUM, L. Paspalum. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened 
 or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano- 
 convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other 
 liand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which, 
 however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and 
 empty palet few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, ipostly orbicular or ovate, flat on 
 the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. (Said to have been a Greek 
 name for Millet.) 
 * Spikes with a (1") Iroad and thin membranaceous or folinceous and keeled rhachis, 
 
 the incurved viargins partJij enclosing the small tuo-roived spikelets. (Smooth, 
 
 aquatic, or nearhj so, decumbent or Jloating .) 
 1. P. fillitans, Kunth. Annual; haves lanceolate, Jlat (3"- 8") broad; 
 spikes numerous in a raceme.; the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the minute 
 and slightly pubescent spikelets into a taperitig point, scabrous on the back. 
 (Ccresia fluitaus, Ell.) — Kivcr-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois, and south- 
 ward. Sept., Oct. 
 
GRAMINKyE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645 
 
 2. P. 'Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial ; leaves linear, short ; spikes 
 3-7, the lowest i)artl}- ineliuled in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhaciiis 
 blunt; spikclets glabrous. (1'. vaginktuni, ^//.) — Low or wet grounds, New 
 Jersey (Cape May, Auttall), Delaware (Tatnall, Canby), and southward. 
 
 * * Sjiikes with n narrow loiiKjIess rhnehls : perennials, or moslli/ so. 
 ■<- Spikc/cis verij obtuse, orbicuLtr : s/>i/ces one terminal and often 1-5 lateial. 
 
 3. P. set^eeum, Michx. Culm ascending- or decumbent (1°- 2° long), 
 slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; 
 spikes lerji slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostli/ solitunj on a long peduncle, and 
 usnnllij one from the sheaths of each of the upper Icanes on short peduncles or included; 
 spikelels (i" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium, Michx.) 
 — Sandy fields : common from E. Mass. to Illinois, southward. Aug. 
 
 4. P. Iseve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-5o high) ; the pretty 
 large and long leaves with their flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy; 
 spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon- 
 gated naked peduncle, STpreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at 
 their base; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide). — Moist soil, S. New Eng- 
 land to Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Either glabrous or sometimes th« 
 lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. As here received this perhaps comprises two or 
 more species. 
 
 -I- -1- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle. 
 
 5. P. distichum, L. (Joint-Gisass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous ; 
 culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate (2' -3' long); spikes short and closely-flowered (9" -2' long), one short- 
 peduncled, the other sessile ; rhaciiis flat on the back ; spikelets orate, slightly pointed 
 (barely I ^" long). — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July- Sept. 
 
 6. P. Digitaria, Poir. Culms ascending ( 1 ° - 2|-° high ) from a creeping 
 base; leaves lanceolate (3'- 6' long, 4" -6" wide) ; sp/fos s/e«f/er, rather sparsely 
 flowered (l'-4' long), both sessile at the apex of the slender peduncle; spikelets 
 ovate-lanceolate (2" long). (Milium paspalbdes, Ell.) — Virginia and southward. 
 
 60. PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, 1 J- 2-flow- 
 ered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even want- 
 ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower 
 flower either neutral or staminatc, of one palct which closely resembles the upper 
 glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed, 
 coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless 
 (except in §3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
 plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. 
 Italicum (now Setaria Italicn), thought to come from panis, bread; some species 
 furnishing a kind of bread-corn.) 
 
 § 1. DIGIT AEIA, Scop. Spikelits crowded 2-3 together in simple nnd mostly 
 \-sidid clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, ivholly aionless and pointless: lowp.t 
 flower neutral, of a single palet : loivei- glume minute, sometimes obsolete ot jc*nt- 
 ing: root annual: plant often purplish. 
 
64G GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 
 
 * Spikes erect : the rharliis Jiliform and nearly terete. 
 
 1. P. fillfdrme, L. Culms very slender (lo-2° hiyli), upright; lower 
 sheaths liuiry ; sjiiLxs -2 - 8, alternate, approximated, filiform; spikelets oblong, 
 acute (^" long) ; lower glume almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts 
 to New Jersey along the coast, Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 * * Sjiike.i spreadiii;/ ; the rhachis Jlut and thin. 
 
 2. P. Gi-\niaiM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect 
 (5'- 12' long), gl;ibrous; sj>i/ces 2-6, ividelij divenjing, ne.irly digitate; spikelets 
 ovoid (about I'' long) ; upper r/lume equalling thejloiver, the lower one almost want- 
 ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places : common, especially southward : in 
 some places appearing as if indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from En.) 
 
 3. P. s.vnguinXle, L. (Common Crab- or Finger-Gr.\ss.) Culms erect 
 or spreading (1° - 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy ; spi/as 4 - 15, 
 spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong ( 1 h" long) ; upper glume lialfthe length of the 
 flowtr, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug. - Oct. (Nat. 
 from Eu.) 
 
 § 2. PANICUM proper. Sj)ikelets scattered, in panicks, awnless. 
 * Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually 
 
 pointed spilcclets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7 and 8. 
 
 •«- Sterile ^flower neutral and of 2 pal ets, fully twice the length of the lower glume: 
 
 spikelets small (1" or H" long) : root perennial. 
 
 4. P. aneeps, Michx. Culms fat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather 
 broadly linear (l°-2 long, 4'' -.5" wide), smooth ; panicle contracted-pyramidal ; 
 spikelets ovat^-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume .5 - 7 -nerved; neutral 
 flower one third longer than the perfect one. — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey and 
 Penn. to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Too near the next : spikelets and 
 branches of the panicle longer. * 
 
 .5. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves 
 long, and with tlic sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram- 
 idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread- 
 ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume b-nerved, longer than the 
 neutral flower which exceeds the perfect one ; perfect flower bearded at the apex. 
 (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. ? P. niultiflorum, Potr.) — Wet meadows and shores, 
 E. Massachusetts and New York (Oneida Lake, ^1. //. Curtiss) to Illinois, and 
 common southward. Aug. 
 
 -t- •<- Sterile flower neutad and <f a single ]>aJef, much lunger than the lower glume; 
 spikelets ^"-1|" long; annuals crept No. 8: leaves flat; shea' Its flattened. 
 
 ++ Gliilirons and smooth throughout; spikelets croud- d, appressed, short -pedicelled. 
 
 6. P. proliierum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, 
 branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ; 
 ligulc ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender 
 primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets p:ile green, rarely purplish ; 
 lower glume broad, J to \ the length of the upper ; neutral flower little longer 
 than the perfect one. —Marshy river-banks and shores, especially when brack- 
 ish, but also in the interior, from jNIass. and Illinois southward. Aug. 
 
GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647 
 
 *+ ** Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower : spil:?rkts mostly scattered on 
 slender or cn/tillari/ pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle: 
 culms mostly hninctud from the base, erect or ascendiruj (10' - 20' high). 
 
 7. P. eapillare, L. (OLD-wixcit Grass.) All the sheaths and usually 
 the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very compound, the branches 
 divaricate when old ; spikelcts varying from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed ; 
 lower (flume half the length of the neutral pukt wlnah is longer than the elliptical 
 obtuse perfect fower. — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug. - Oct. 
 — Varies extremely in size and appearance : in depauperate forms the spikelcts 
 only i|", in the larger forms I5" in length. 
 
 8. P. autumnale, Bosc ! Root perennial ? lower sheaths and margins 
 of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some 
 bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much elongated 
 divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary spindle- 
 shaped spikelets; lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed, 
 nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish upper glume and the neutral palet. 
 (P. nudum, Wall. ? P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. P. divergens, Muhl., not of 
 H.B.K. P. fragile, A'i(w^/i. ) — Sand-hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead, E. 
 Hall), and soutliAvard. 
 
 H- 1- 1- Sterile flower slaminate, of 2 palets : low^r glume more lh(in half the length 
 of the upper : spikelets large (2" - 2^" long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, ^-c. : 
 perennials, glabrous, icith tall or stout and rigid upright culms. 
 
 9. P. virgatum, L. Tall (3° -5° high); leaves very long, flat ; ligule 
 silky-bearded; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at 
 length spreading or drooping ; sj)ikelets scattered^ usuall}' purplish. — Moist sandy 
 soil : common, especially southward. Aug. 
 
 10. P. am^l'Um, Ell. Culms (1^° high) sheathed to the top; leaves in- 
 volute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple 
 racemose branches of which are appressed ; spikelets pale. — Sandy shores, Con- 
 necticut {Barratt, Bobbins), Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. 
 
 * * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short or small: perennials. 
 
 -«- Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in No. \.\,and sometimes in No. 14, staminate, 
 
 formed of 2 palets, the tipper one scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous. 
 
 ++ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9- \ 5 principal nerves. 
 
 11. P. latifblium, L. Culm (l°-2° high) smooth; the joints and the 
 orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded icith 
 sofl woolly hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base (often 1' 
 wide), taper-pointed, 11 -l.i-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle 
 more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spread- 
 ing ; spikelets obovate, \^" long, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length 
 of the many-nerved upper one; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens. 
 (P. Walteri, Po;V.) — Moist thickets : common. June -Aug. 
 
 12. P. clandestinum, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the 
 top, at Icngtli producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough 
 with papilUe bearing very sllfl'and spreading bristly hairs; leaves ol)lpng-lanceolate 
 from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and usually also the ter- 
 
648 GKAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 minal panicle more or less encJosfd in the sheaths, or with the terminal one at length 
 long-pcdiirclcd (P. pedimciilatnm, Torr.) : — otherwise resemblin<,' No. 11 ; l>ut 
 the sinkdfts more oroid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always ?) neutral. — Low 
 thitkets ami river-hanks: common. June - Se])t. 
 
 13. P. microearpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11 ; the hroadly 
 lanceolate leaves nearly similar, hut lonf^er in proportion and less pointed, not 
 dilated at the rounded hristly-eiliate base, very roufj^h-margined, the u])per sur- 
 face rou<;hish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-flowered, 
 narrowly ohlonj^ (3' -7' lonjj) ; spikclets only ahout ^" long, ovoid, smooth or 
 smoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. (P. multiflorum. Ell. ? not 
 of P<iir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, and 
 southward. July -Sept. 
 
 14. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culmsimple, or at length branched near 
 the base (9' -15' high) ; ahcaths hairij ; leaves lanceolate, ueri/ acute (4' -C long by 
 ^' wide), 7int dilated at the ciliate-hearded claspinej base, smooth except the margins, 
 stromjlji 9-\l-nerred: panicle lonej-ped uncled, rej-ij simple, the appressed branches 
 hearing a few ronndish-olmmte spilcelets (about Ij" long); lower glume ovate, 
 acutish, one tl)ird or half the length of the 9-ncrved upper one. — Dry sandy 
 soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green : 
 spikelets minutely doAvny : sterile flower sometimes staminate. 
 
 \^. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much 
 branched, leafy to the top, denseli/ velvet y-downy all over, as also the sheaths, Avith 
 reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint; leaves 
 likewise velvety, lanceolate (|' wide), 1 1 - 13-nervcd; panicle spreading, the lat- 
 eral ones included; spikelets ohovate 1 " or 1 j" /on^, downj- ; the roundish lower 
 glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil. 
 New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 
 
 16. P. paueifldrum, Ell.l Cm/7«s upright, at length much branched and 
 reclining (\°-2°\on^),rou(]hish; leaves lanceolate (^' -h' long by ^'-i'widc), 
 rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, frinr/ed on the whole margin or next tlie 
 hase with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar 
 hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovatc hairy or smoothish 
 spikelets about 1^" long ; lower glume roundish, ahout half or a quarter of the 
 length of the upper one. — Wet meadows and copses, E. Massachusetts to Wis- 
 consin, and southward. June, July. — Distinguished by its much larger spike- 
 lets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has 
 probably been described under several names, some of them earlier than Elliott's. 
 
 ++ ++ J^enves linear or lavceolnle, with few or indistinct jirimary nrrres. 
 
 17. P. dich6tOinum, L. ! Culms (8'- 20' high) at iirst mostly simple, 
 hearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (I' -3' long), and 
 lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very 
 short, thickish) ; hut commonly branching later in the season, the branches often 
 clustered, and hearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets ^'' to 
 about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third 
 or a quarter th^ length of the 5 - 1 -nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal 
 state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets 
 
GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 649 
 
 and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of 
 forms ; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens, 
 Lam. ; and one with smaller spikclcts is P. laxiflorum, 7>/m. ; while the varied 
 smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the 
 more slender forms) P. barbulatiim and P. ramiilosum, Michx.. tfr. Some of 
 these may be good species. — Dry or low grounds: common. June- Aug. 
 
 18. P. depauper^tum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the 
 base, forming close tufts (6'- 12' high), terminated by a simple and fciv-flowered 
 contracted panicle, ofhn much overlopptd by the narrowly linear and elonr/ated (4' - 7') 
 tipper leaves ; s/>ik-eJ£ts 3 '' - 1 j" Ion;/, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ; 
 the ovate lower (/liime one third the length of the 7 - 9-nerved upper one. (P. strictum, 
 Pursh. P. rectum, liaw. <j- Schiilt.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least 
 when dry (P. invollitum, Torr.), and with the sheaths either beset with long 
 hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or on a long and 
 slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills: rather common. June. 
 
 -i- •<- Lower sterile Jlower of a sinyte palet, and neutral. _ 
 
 19. P. verrucdsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, 
 rery slender (I°-2° long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" -3" wide), 
 shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets warty- 
 rouf]hened (dark green), oval, acute, %" long; the lower glume one fourth the 
 length of the obscurely nerved upper one. — Sandy swamps. New England to 
 Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. 
 
 § 3. ECHIN6CHL0A, Bcauv. Spikelets imhricated-spiked on the branches of 
 the simple or compound raceme or panicky usually rough with apprexsed stiff hairs : 
 lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or owned. 
 
 20. p. Crls-gAlli, L. (Barnyard-Grass.) Root annual ; culms stout, 
 branching from the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (V or more wide), 
 rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3' 
 long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palet 
 of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies greatly ; 
 sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes lomj-awned, especially so in the var. 
 iifsPiDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse 
 form of the species with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly 
 manured soil : the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water; possibly in- 
 digenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 
 
 61. SETAE.IA, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. (PI. 13.) 
 
 Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short 
 peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling 
 awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or 
 apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds, 
 with linear or lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as merely a sub- 
 genus of Panicum. (Name from seta, a bristle.) 
 
 * Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards. 
 
 1. S. verticillXta, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green), 
 composed of apparently whorlcd short clusters ; bristles short, adhesive. (Pan- 
 icum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 GM 28 
 
650 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 
 
 * * Bristtes in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards. 
 
 2. S. GLAt'CA, Bcaiiv. (Foxtail.) Si>ike ci/lindn'cal, dense, tarniij yellow 
 (2' - 4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets ; perfect 
 Jlower transi-erselji wrinllcd. — Very common, in stubble, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 3. S. vfRinis, Bcauv. (Green- Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.) Spike nearly 
 cylindriiul, more or less coiii]>ound, rjiren ; brisths fir, longer than the spikelets ; 
 perfect lluw<r striate leitf/l/iwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Imi. ) 
 
 4. S. ItAmcv, Kunth. SpiLe compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod- 
 ding {G' -9' \ong, j/ellowish or purplish) ; bristles'! or 3 in a cluster, ohhcr much 
 longer or else shorter than the spikelets. (S. Gcrmanica, Beauv.) — Sometimes 
 cultivated under the name of Millet, or Bengal Grass : rarely spontaneous. 
 (Adv. from Eu.) 
 
 62. CENCHRUS, L. Hedgehog- or Bur-Grass. (PI. 14.) 
 
 Sj)ikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular 
 and bristly x>r spiny involucre, ■which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous 
 hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Stylcsunited 
 below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.) 
 
 1. C. tribuloides, L. Culmsbranched and ascending (1°- 2° high) from 
 an annual root; leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre 
 prickly all over with sjireading and barbed .short spines, more or less downy, 
 enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on the coast, the Great Lakes, and the 
 larger rivers. Aug. — A vile weed. 
 
 63. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. Sesame-Gkass. (PI. 14.) 
 
 Spikelets monoicious, in jointed spikes, which arc staminate above and fertile 
 below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow 
 rhachis, forming a 1-sidcd and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike, 
 2-flowored : glumes coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the inner one boat- 
 shaped : palcts very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange 
 or reddi.sh-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single 
 and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, 
 occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous 
 ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, 2-flowered ; the 
 lower flower neutral, palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united : 
 stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. Culms stout and tall, 
 solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes-ax- 
 illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name 
 from rpt/3co, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.) 
 
 1. T. dactyloldes, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the summit 
 (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and al.so solitary i'rom 
 Bomc of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; sometimes, var. 
 MOxosT.VciiYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Connecti- 
 cut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and from Illinois southward. Aug. — Culm 
 4° -7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one of our largest 
 and most remarkable Grasses : .sometimes used for fodder at the South, where 
 better is not to i>c had. 
 
GKAJIINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 651 
 
 64. ERIAISTTHUS, Michx. Woolly Beard-Grass. (PI. U.) 
 
 Spikelets spiked in ]iuirs uiioii each juiiit of the slender rliaehis ; one of them 
 sessile, the other pedieelled ; otherwise lioth alike ; with the lower flower neutral, 
 of one menibranaeeous palet; the upper perfeet, of 2 hyaline palets, whieh are 
 thinner and shorter than tlie nearly ecjual membranaceous glumes, the lower 
 palet awncd from the tip. Stamens I - 3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reetl-like 
 perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky 
 hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, 
 from epiov, wool, and nvdosijloicer). 
 
 1. E. alopecuroides, Kll. Culm (4°-G0 high) woolly-bearded at the 
 joints; punide contmciid ; the ailkij Iiniis loiiytr than the sj)iL-ckts, shorter than the 
 awn ; stamens 2. — Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey and Illinois southward : 
 rare. Sept., Oct. 
 
 2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at 
 the uj>per joints ; punic/e rather open; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. — 
 Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 
 
 65. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard-Grass. (PI. U.) 
 
 Spikelets in p;iirs upon each j(jiut of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemcd; 
 one of them pedieelled and sterile, often a mere vestige; the other sessile, with 
 the lower flower neutral and of a single palet ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2 
 thin and hyaline palets shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the 
 lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse, mostly rigid 
 perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil ; with lateral or terminal spikes com- 
 monly-clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often 
 the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of di'ijp, av8pos, 
 man, and TTcoywi/, Ixard). 
 * Sjiikcs diijitate, thick-inh, short -bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate: stamens 3. 
 
 1. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Tall, 3° -4° high, rigid, the naked summit of the 
 culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2 - 5 rigid spikes ; spike- 
 lets approximated, apprcssed ; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the 
 rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and 
 rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the 
 lower ones long. — Common in dry sterile soil. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 * * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silki/-riUoHS, 
 
 ■*- Single and scattered along the. branches, with the silhg hairs shorter than thefiowirs : 
 
 sterile spikelet conspicuous but most!// neutral; thefirtile triandrous. 
 
 2. A. seoparius, Michx. Culms slender (l°-3° high), with numerous 
 paniculate blanches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender, 
 scattered, mostly peduncled (l'-2' long), very loose, often purplish, silky with 
 lax dull-white hairs ; sterile S])ikelet awn-pointed or awnless ; the fertile about 
 half the length of its twisted or bent awn. — Dry ground. July - Sept. 
 
 •*- -1- In pairs or clustered ; the coju'ous sofi-siikg hairs much longer than the flowers: 
 sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in No. 3), or altogether leant ing on the 
 summit of the veri/ plunmse-hairi/ jxdicel : fertile, flower monandrous, its awn 
 capilluri/ : leaves narrow, the. lower or their sheaths often rather hairj. 
 
652 GRAMINE^, (gKASS FAMILY.) 
 
 3. A. argenteus, Ell. Culms rather slender (l°-.3° high) ; spikes in 
 pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosehj paniculate peduncles, 
 densely Jlowered (I' -2' long), very sil/ci/ ii-ilh Ion;/ brif/ht whilehairs. (A. argyrii'iis, 
 Scluilles. A. Elli(ittii, Cliapm.) — Delaware ( W. M. Caubij), Virginia, near the 
 coast, and southward. Sept., Get. 
 
 4. A. Virgiuicus, L. Culm fiattish helow, slender (2°-3° high), .s/wr- 
 inglij shoii-branr/icil ulmrc, sheaths smooth ; siilkis 2 or 3 toyttlur in distant oppressed 
 clusters, shortir than their sfieat/iin;/ bracts, weak (1' long), the spikclets loose on the 
 iiliCorm rhachis, the soft hairs dull while. (A. vaginatus, Ell., a form with larger 
 and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy soil, E. Massaehusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and 
 southward. Sept., Oct. 
 
 5. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), Imshij-hram-hcd al 
 tlie summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters; sheaths 
 rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile 
 spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose. — 
 Low and sandy grounds. New York to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 
 Sept., Oct. 
 
 66. SORGHUM, Pcrs. Croo.m Corn. (PI. 14.) 
 
 Spikclets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open ])aniclc, the lateral 
 ones sterile or often reduced merely to their jjcdicels ; only the middle or ter- 
 minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other 
 wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of S. vulgare 
 the Indian Millet, to which species belongs Guixea-Corx, Broom-Corn 
 the Sweet Sorghum, and other cultivated races.) 
 
 1. S. ntltans, Gray. (Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.) Root perennial 
 culm simple (3° -5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths 
 smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (C - 12' long) ; the perfect 
 spikclets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-hrown and shining), clothed, 
 especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the 
 twisted awn ; the sterile spikclets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to 
 a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon nutans, Z.) — Dry soil : common, 
 especially southward, wlicre it runs into several marked varieties or perhaps 
 species (S. avenaccnm, nutans, and secundum, Chapman). Aug. -Oct. 
 
EQUISETACKiE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 653 
 
 SERIES II. 
 
 CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i. e. no stam'ens 
 and pistils), producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of 
 homogeneous structure (called spores'), iu which there is 
 no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination. 
 
 Class III. ACROGENS. 
 
 Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and 
 branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody 
 fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with some 
 kind of foliage. 
 
 Order 129. EQUISETACE.E. (Horsetail Family.) 
 
 Leafless plants, willi rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run- 
 ning roolstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of n cone or spike, 
 ■which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases 
 underneath. — Comprises solely the genus 
 
 1. EQITISETUM, L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. (PI. 15.) 
 
 Spore-cases (sporangia, theca) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled 
 shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and dis- 
 charging the numerons loose spores. To the hase of each spore are attached 4 
 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely around the 
 spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems mostly from running root- 
 stocks, striate-groovcd (in many the hard cuticle abounding in silex), hollow, and 
 also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding witli the grooves; 
 the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which sur- 
 rounds the hase of the intemode above, and is split into teeth corresponding in 
 number and position with the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata in the 
 grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like 
 the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from cquus, 
 horse, and seta, bristle. ) 
 
654 EQCISETACE^. (hOKSETAIL FAMILY.) 
 
 § 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter. (Stomata sc.itti-.red.) 
 
 * Fruiting in spring from sojl and rather succulent /lule or brownish fertile stems, the 
 
 sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and v<rij dijfercnt. 
 ■*- Fertile stems remaining simple, soon perishing ; the sterile pioducing copious branches. 
 
 1. E. Telmatdia, Ehrh. (Great Horsetail.) Stems stout (as thick 
 as the (iiiyer) ; the she-aths of the fertile ones (I'-l^' lon>^) enlarging upwards, 
 (k'ii)ly 20 - 30-tootiicd ; sterile stem white, 20 - 30-furrowed ; its branches simple, 
 rou<i:h, usually 4-anglcd and again grooved on the angles. (E. ehiirneum, Roih., 
 Schreber, and Ed. 2. E. fluvia'tile, Smith.) — Shore of the upper Great Lakes, 
 and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Fertile stems 10'- 15', the sterile 
 2° -5° high. (Eu.) 
 
 2. E. arvense, L (Co.-mmo\ II.) Fertile stems (4'- 10' high) with 
 loo.sc and usually distant about 8-12toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at 
 length l°-2° high), 10- l4-furrowcd, producing long and simple or sparingly 
 branched 4-angular branches ; their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist, 
 especially gravelly soil : very common. March - May. — Uootstocks occasionally 
 bearing copious little tubers like small peas (Illinois, S. A. Collier). — The var. 
 SEROTiNUM, Meyer, an accidental state, in which the sterile plant produces a 
 spike of fruit fi-om its summit, is found in New Jersey by C. F. Austin. 
 
 •1- •♦- Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting 
 through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fruclijication. 
 
 3. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing 
 simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth, 
 those of the branches 3-toothed : stems more slender and the branches shorter 
 than in the last. (E. urabro.sum, Willd. E. Drummdndii, //ooA.) — Michigan 
 [Cuoleij, <jr.), Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. (Eu.) 
 
 4. E. sylv^ticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro- 
 ducing com/JOKHC? racc/Herf /jrancAcs; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt teeth, 
 those of the branches bearing 4 or .=>, of the branchlcts 3, lance-pointed divergent 
 teeth. — Wet shady places : common northward. M.ay. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Fruiting in summer ; the stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous with 
 
 and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostig simple branches, or some- 
 times nenrlg naked. 
 
 5. E. palustl'e, L. Stems (lO'-lS'high) slender, i'er//£/ee/)///.'J-9-<7raoiW, 
 the grooves separated by nari'ow wing-like ridges, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped 
 teeth whitish-margined ; branches rather few in a whorl. — Wet places, Niagara 
 River (C IF. C//"ton), Wisconsin (C. F. yl«s//;0, and northward. June. (Eu.) 
 
 6. E. Iim6sum, L. Stems (2° -3° high) sliglitlg many -furrowed, smooth, 
 usually producing u])right branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, with 
 10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uli- 
 ginbsum, Mnhl.) — In shallow water : rather common. — Air-cavities none under 
 the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. June, July. (Eu.) 
 
 (E. littou.Vle, Kiihlewein, a species of N. Europe which stands between 
 No. 5 and No. 6, is said by Milde to grow in Canada, on the authority of a 
 •pecimen in l»erb. Hook., and may be looked for northward.) 
 
FiLiCES. (ferns.) 655 
 
 § 2. Evergreen or perennial-stemmed, surviving the winter, mostli/ roitfjk {the ciifide 
 aboimdimj in silex] : fruiting in summer : spike tipped with a rigid litilc jxjiid. 
 (Stoiniita in rcqnlar rows, in our species I -rowed on aiich side oftlie groure.) 
 
 * Stems tall and stout (1^° -4° or even 6° high), simple or casu(d/i/ bramhed, evenly 
 Viang- (15-40-) groorcd : sheatlis appressed. [Probabig all forms of the Com- 
 mon Scoiiriui^ Rush.) 
 
 7. E. Isevigatum, Brimn. Stems H°-4° liij^li, sometimes with numer- 
 ous branches ; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutelg rougldsh with minute 
 tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a narrow bUxciv limb and about 22 linHir-uwl- 
 shaptd caducous tuth, \ -keeled below. — Dryisii chiy soil, Illinois and southward. 
 
 8. E. robustum, Braun. Stems 3° - 6° high; the ridgen narrow, rough 
 with one line of tubercles: sheaths sitort, with a black girdle ahove the base, rarely 
 with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous ^-keeled teeth with ocate-awl -shaped 
 points. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Passes by var. affine, 
 Engclm. (smaller, with 20-25 awl-pointed more persistent teeth) into the next. 
 
 9. E. hyemale, L. (Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass.) Stems I^°-4° 
 high; the ndgcs roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths 
 elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17- 
 26) narrowlg linear teeth, l-keeled utthe base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. — 
 "Wet banks : common northward. Used for scouring. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Stems slender, in tufts, 5- \0-grooved: sheaths looser. 
 
 10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending {G' - \8' long), usually 
 simple from a branched base, 5 - lO-groovcd ; sheaths green variegated with 
 black above ; the 5 - 10-teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river- 
 banks. New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Careg) and Niagara to Wisconsin and' 
 northward: rare. (Eu.) 
 
 11. E. SCirpoides, Michx. Stems verg numerous in a tuf, filiform (3'- 6' 
 high), flexuous and curving, mostlg tjgrooved, with acute ridges; the sheaths 
 ^-toothed, the bristle-jjointed teeth more persistent ; central air-cavity wanting. — 
 Wooded hillsides. New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. 
 (Eu.) 
 
 Ordkr 1.30. riLICES. (Feun-s.) 
 
 Leafg plants, with the leaves (fronds) usuallg raised on a sicdk or petiole 
 (stipe), rising from a root, or mostlg from a prostrate or assurgent or even 
 erect I'oolstock, separatelg rolled up (circinate) in the hud (except in Sub- 
 order IV.) and bearing on the under .surface, commonly on the veins or along 
 the margins, the simple fructification, -which con.sist.^i. of 1-celled spore-cases 
 (sporangia), opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous mi- 
 nute spores. (Antherldia and pistillidia formed and fertilization efFected 
 on the seeding plantlet !) — Of the eight well-marked Suborders, into 
 which the Ferns are divided, four are represented in the Northern United 
 States. 
 
 The whole order has been elaborated for this edition by Prof. D.a.niel 
 C. Eaton, of Yale Colleo;e. 
 
656 FiLicEs. (fi:rns.) 
 
 Suborder I. POLYPODIACE.E. The True Ferns. 
 
 Sporangia collected in dots, lines or variously shaped clusters (^.sori or 
 frnit-(lots) on the back or margins of" tlie frond or its divisions, stalked, 
 cellular-reticulated, tlie stalk running into a vertical incomplete many- 
 jointed ring, wiiich by straightening at maturity ruptures tlie sporangium 
 transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often 
 covered (at least when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less 
 properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the 
 frond. (Plates 15-18.) 
 
 Tribe I. POLYPODIEiE. Fructification on the back of the frond, in roundish or 
 elongated fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, vvitliout indusium 
 of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstoek, leaving a distinct scar when separated. 
 Veins free (not reticulated) in our fpecies. 
 
 1. Pulypuiliuin. Sori round, in one or more rows each side of the midrib or of the seg- 
 
 uieuts of the frond. 
 
 Tribe H. PTERIDE.*]. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a, 
 general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes 
 not articulated lo the rootstoek. Veins free in all our species. 
 * Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond. 
 
 2. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or none. Stipe black and 
 
 polished. 
 
 * « Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, which connects the apices 
 
 of the veins, and is covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin 
 of the pinnule. 
 '3. Pitris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored. 
 
 • ♦ * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface of 
 
 the frond : indusium various. 
 
 4. Cbeilaiilhes. Sori mitmte, at the ends of the veins, indusium continuous or interrupted. 
 
 Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly or pulverulent. 
 
 5. Pell tea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub- 
 
 marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely altogether 
 wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike : stipes dark-colored : fronds smooth. 
 
 6. Allosorus. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first 
 
 covered by the reflexed herbaceous margin of the segment, at length exposed and conflu- 
 ent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different : stipes light-colored : fronds smooth. 
 
 Tribe III. ASPLENIEjE. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides 
 (but not the back) of the veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one 
 fide to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated. 
 
 * Sort linear or oblong, borne on cross veins parallel to the midrib. 
 
 7. Woort wardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein. 
 
 Veins reticulated. 
 
 * * Sori linear or oblong, borne on veins oblique to the midrib. 
 
 8. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, rarely on both sides of a vein- 
 
 let. A'eins free in all our species. 
 
 9. ScoIopeii(Irliiin. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single sorus 
 
 with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free. 
 • • Sori borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins oblique to the midrib. 
 
 10. Camptoaorns. Sori oblong or linear, the outer ones oft<iu approximating in pairs. 
 
 Veins reticulated. 
 
FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 657 
 
 Tribe IV. ASPIDIE.^. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of 
 the fertile vein, provided with a special iudusiuiu, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to 
 the rootstock. 
 
 * Indusium obsolete or none. 
 
 11. Pliegoi>terl8. Sori round, rather small. A'eins free in our species. 
 
 * # Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Sterile 
 
 and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species. 
 
 12. Aspidiuni. Indu.<ium flat, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all 
 
 round the niiirgin. 
 
 13. Cystoptei-is. Indu.'^ium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com- 
 
 monly retlexed as the sporangia ripen. 
 
 * * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very 
 
 unlike the sterile ones. 
 
 14. Striitliiopteris. Fertile frond simply pinnate. Sterile frond with free veins. 
 
 15. Oiioclea. Fertile frond twice pinnate. Sterile frond with reticulated veins. 
 
 * * * * Indusium roundish or stellate, placed beneath the sporangia, sometimes enclosing them 
 
 and then bursting open from the top. 
 
 16. AVooflsia. Indusium very delicate, cleft into irregular lobes, or divided into a ciliate 
 
 fringe. Veins free. 
 
 Tribe V. DAVAIiLIE.^^^. Sori roundish or transversely elongated, borne at the ends 
 of the veins or on marginal cross-veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base 
 and sides and opening towards the margin f f the segment. 
 
 17. Dicksoiiln. Sori marginal, very small, the indusium cup-shaped, .somewhat 2-Talved, 
 
 the under portion confluent with a lobule of the frond. A'eins free. 
 
 Suborder II. SCHIZiEACE^. 
 
 Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring 
 at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (PI. 1 9.) 
 
 18. Schizsca. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile 
 
 segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. 
 
 19. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo- 
 
 rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium. 
 Fronds leafy, climbing. 
 
 Suborder III. OSITIUNDACE^. 
 
 Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pcdicelled, reticulated, with no ring or 
 mere traces of one around the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal 
 slit. (PI. 19.) 
 
 £0. Osmuixla. Fertile pinnte or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and 
 larjie sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free. 
 
 Suborder IV. OPIHOGLOSSACE.^. 
 
 Sporangia spiked, destitute of a ring, naked, coriaceous and opaque,, 
 not reticulated, opening by a transverse slit into two valves, discharging 
 very copious powdery spores. Fronds straight, never rolled up in the 
 bud! (n. 10.) 
 
 21. Botrycbium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free. 
 
 22. Ophloglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated. 
 
 42 
 
658 FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 
 
 1. POLYPODIUM, L. PoLYroDY. (PI. 15 ) 
 
 Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more 
 rows each side of tlie midrih or central vein, or irrejiularly scattered, each hornc 
 in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Hootstoeks creeping, hranclicd, often 
 covered witli ehafty scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which tiic stipes 
 arc attached by a distinct articulation. (Name fruni ttoXu, many, and novs, /hot, 
 alluding to the branching rootstoek.) 
 
 1 . P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4' - 10' high, 
 simply and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat 
 acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked ;/r«(7-(/o^s 
 lunje, midwaij Itcttcecu the midrib and ihe man/in. — Rocks: common. July. (Eu.) 
 
 2. P. inc^num, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2' - 
 6' high, f/rai/ish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ; 
 the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit-dots rather small, near the num/in ; veins 
 forking, free in the N. American plant ! — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia 
 and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 
 
 2. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. (PI. 16.) 
 
 Fruit-dots marginal, sliort ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, 
 crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or 
 tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the 
 approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules 
 none, or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, 
 from a privative and diaiu<o, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling 
 rain-drops. ) 
 
 1. A. ped^tum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender 
 stalk (9'- 15' high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender 
 spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique sliort- 
 stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, fiom 
 which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich, 
 moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern. 
 
 3. PTERIS, L. Brake or Bracken. (PI. 1G.) 
 
 Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occnp3'ing the entire 
 margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its rcfle.>ced narrow edge, which 
 forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted 
 transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the-forked and free 
 veins. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek 
 name of Ferns, from Trrtpov, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or 
 feathery fronds.) 
 
 1. P. aquilina, L. (Commov Brake.) Frond dull green (2° -3° wide), 
 tcrnate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2° hi,:;h), the widely spreading 
 branches twice jjinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the 
 lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with 
 the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
FiLTCEs. (ferns.) 659 
 
 4. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip-Fern. (PI. 16.) 
 
 Sporangia borne on tho tliickcnuU ends of free vcink'ts, forming small and 
 roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly 
 whitisli and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed 
 of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly 
 with 2-3-pinnatc and hairy or chatty fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, 
 the divisions not halved, the principal vein central. Some species with con- 
 tinuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name com- 
 posed of ;(fiXor, a Up, and tivOoi, flower, from the shape of the involucre.) 
 
 1. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds (6' - 15' high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, 
 as are the brown and shining stipes, with straiylitiali jiroininent/i/ articulated rusti/ 
 hairs, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong, 
 crowded (2" -4" long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or ohlontjlohs 
 refli-xed and formin<j separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the . 
 ripened sporangia. (Nephrbdium lanbsum, Michx. !) — Clefts of rocks. Island 
 of New York ( W. W. Denslow), and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 2. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds (12' - 20' high) lanceolate-oblong, densely 
 tomentose with slender and entamjled ichitish ohscunlij articulated hairs, thrice pin- 
 nate ; primary and secondary pinnas oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct, 
 minute (^"-1" long), roundish-obovatc, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper 
 surface less wooll)', the. reflexed narrow margin fi)rmin(j a continuous somewhat mem- 
 branaceous involucre. — Mountains of Virginia 7 and Kentucky ; thence westward 
 and southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow 
 chaffy scales and whitish hairs. 
 
 3. C, lanugin6sa, Nutt. (in herb. Hook. & Sp. Fil. 1851). Stipes slen- 
 der, at lirst hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3' -6' high) ovate-lanceolate, 
 woolly with soft ichitish distlnctli/ articulated flattened haiis, becoming smoother 
 above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnaj (5"- 6" long) ovate, the lowest distant, 
 the others contiguous; pinnules en natelij pinnatifld, or mostly divided into minute 
 and roundish densely crowded segments (i"-!" long), the herbaceous niarfln re- 
 curved flyrming an almost continuous involucre. ( C. vestita, Hook. C. lanosa, Eaton, 
 Moore, excl. syn. C- gracilis, Mettenins, 1859. Myridpteris gracilis. Fe'e. ) — In 
 dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin (7". J. Hale], Iowa ( Vasey), Mis- 
 souri (Nuttull, Engelmann), thence westward and southward. 
 
 5. PELLJEA, Link. Clifi-Bk.vkk. (PI. 15.) 
 
 Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free 
 veins, distinct or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous 
 line of fructification of Ptcris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and 
 continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, wliicii consists of the reflexed 
 and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small Ferns, with 1 - 
 3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but 
 otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name 
 from TreXXdf, dnskfi, alluding to the stipe.) 
 
 1. P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds smooth (3'-6' high), f/e//c«^e/y membrana- 
 ceous and slender, of few pinnas, the lower ones once "or twice pinnately parted 
 
660 FiLiCKs. (ferns.) 
 
 into 3-5 (Iccurrcnt divisions, tliosc of the fertile frond oblong or lincar-oldon.L:, 
 entire or sparinj^ly ineised ; of tlie sterile ovate or ohovate, ercnatc or incised ; 
 veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Michr. 
 Allosorus gracilis, Prcsl, and former ed. — Shaded calcareons roeks, Vermont 
 and Northern and Central New York, to Wisconsin and northward : rare. 
 July. — Rootstock very slender, creeping : sti^3s polished, brownish, darker and 
 sparingly eluitTv at the base. 
 
 2. P. atropurpurea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on 
 the midribs and especially on the darlc-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, C- 
 1 5' high ] frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divisions broadly 
 linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart- 
 shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked. (Pteris 
 atropurpurea, L. Allosorus atropurpureus, Kunzp, and former ed.) — Dry cal- 
 careous rocks : not common, but of wide range. July. — Kootstoek short and 
 'stout: stipes clustered. 
 
 6. ALLOSORUS, Bemhardi, Link. Rock-Buake. 
 
 Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking 
 veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile 
 segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat 
 and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low, with smooth, 2 - 3-pinnate fronds, 
 the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name 
 from (iXKoSi various, and (rcojios, a luap.) 
 
 1 . A. acrostichoides, Sprengcl. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored ; 
 fronds 2 -.3-pinnate (G'-IO' Iiigh) ; fertile segments stalked, linear or linear- 
 oblong (3" -5" long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost 
 to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now 
 fully opened segments; sterile fronds on nuich shorter stipes, with ovate or 
 obovate decurrent and crcnately toothed or incised segments. ( Cryptogriinmio 
 acrostichoides, R. Br.) — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, thence westward and 
 northward. — Very near A. crispns of Eu. 
 
 7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. CuAiN-FEnN. (PI. 16.) 
 
 Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- 
 verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by 
 its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the 
 midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free towards the margin of the frond. 
 — Large Ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. 
 IVoodivard, an English botanist.) 
 
 § 1. ANCHISTEA, Presl. Sterile and fcrlile fronds alike: i-eins forming onlj one 
 roiv of meshes (areoles). 
 1. W. Virginioa, Smith. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate, with numerous 
 lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow 
 areoles along the midrib both of the pinna; and of the lobes, the outer veinlets 
 free ; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps, 
 Maine to Virginia, and southward. July. 
 
riLiCKS. (ferns.) GGl 
 
 § 2. LOPtlXSEEIA, Prcsl. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike. : veins of the sterile 
 fronds forming many rows ofwcshes. 
 2. W. angUStifdlia, Smith. Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12'- 18' 
 higli) with hmccohitc sernihitc divisions united Ity a broad wing; fertile fronds 
 taller, with narrowly linear almost disconneetcd divisions, the areolcs and fruit- 
 dots (4"-5"lon^^) in a single row each side of the secondary niidrihs. (W. 
 onocleoules, Wiild. W. arcolhta, Moore.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the 
 coast, to Virginia, and southward : rare. Aug., Sept. 
 
 8. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. (PI. 17.) 
 
 Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely ci-.rvcd, 
 indusiuni fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile 
 vein: — in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double; the fertile vein 
 bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Xamcd, 
 from a privative and a-rr\j]v, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.) 
 
 § 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Indusiuni straight or sliijhtli/ curved, attached to the 
 
 upper side of the vein, rurelij douhle. 
 
 * Indusiuni flat, orflattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.) 
 
 •f- Fronds pinnutely lohd or parted, or simphj pinnate. 
 
 1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. F;o«rfs (3'- C long) lanceolate, p/nna^^r/, or 
 pinnate bilow, tapering above into a slender prolongation, " the apex sometimes root- 
 ing " ; lolies roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-dots ii'reg- 
 ular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile. 
 — Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward 
 along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembles the 
 Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming 
 green higher up, and so passing into the broad pale-gn en midrib. 
 
 2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4' -9' long) broadly lanceolate, 
 pinnatifld, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender ; divisions lanceolate from a 
 broad base, the lower ones shorter, often jirolifero.us, as is the apex of the frond ; 
 fruit-dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the 
 midrib, esperiallg beneath. — Limestone cliffs on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, 
 Jt. R. Scott, F. Bourguin, Sfc. : very scarce, growing with Camptosorus and As- 
 plenium ebcneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley ( Journ Royal llorticult. Soc. 
 July, 1866) considers it a probable hybrid. 
 
 3. A. Trichomanes, L. Fronds (3' - 8' long) in dense spreading tufts, 
 linear in outline, pinnate ; pinnce numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long), 
 unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, 
 the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple- 
 brown and shining. (A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs: common. 
 July. (Eu.) A. viride, Iluds., occurs m Canada, perhaps in N. New England. 
 
 4. A. ebcneum, Ait. Fronds upright (8' - 16' high) pinnate, hince-lincar in 
 outline; pinnte (V- 1' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly scythe- 
 shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated ba.se auricled on the upper or botli sides ; 
 fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midvein; stipe and rhachi.s 
 blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods : rather common. 
 
6G2 FTLicics. (fkrxs.) 
 
 ■<- *- Fronds nnre. or i trier plnnalr : plunoi indeed. 
 
 5. A. montanum, WilUl. Fromh (2' -5' hv^h), orate-lanccolate, pinnate; 
 the ovate piniHV n-l-p<irt,d (or the \\\i\k\- hardy cleft) and cut-toolhxl ; fruit-dots 
 very short, tlie hasal ones sometimes doiihle. — Cliffs in the Alleghanies, Penn- 
 sylvania (Mr. Lid, Prof. Porter), to Virginia and southward. July. — Khaehis 
 green, hroail and flat : stijie hrown at the hasc. 
 
 6. A. Ruta-mur^ria, L. Fnmds (-2' - A' \ow<^) ovate in outline, 2-3-])in- 
 nate bf/oiv, sinijilj pinnate (d'ove ; the few dii:isio7is 7-homliic-wtd^;c-sha/tLd, toothed or 
 ihcised at the apex: veins forking, diverging from the hasc; fruit-dots few, elon- 
 gated, soon confluent, — Limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and 
 southward along the mountains : scarce. July. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Indusiian sli(jhthj curved, stron(jIi/ convex, thickish : fruit-dots vcrij numerous and 
 
 crowded. (Fronds tall, simply pinnate, decaijini) in autumn.) 
 
 7. A. angUStifdlium, Miehx. Fronds (2° -:i°h\Q\\)ihm, si mph/ pinnate; 
 pln/ifn numerous, short-stalked, lincar-hmceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulatc 
 (.•J' -4' long), those (f the fertile frond narrower, ■ fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side 
 the midvcin. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward 
 along the mountains. Sept. 
 
 * * * Lower fruit-dots sint/le, those ton-ards the ends rf jiinme double : indusium 
 straiijlit, slii/htl/j convex, thinniish. (Fronds tall and ample, de.c<iijing in autumn.) 
 
 8. A. thelypteroides, Miehx. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate; pinntB 
 deeply pinnatijid, linear-lanceolate (.T-5' long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, mi- 
 nutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-G paiis of ohlony fruit-dots. — Rich 
 woods: not rare. July- Sept. 
 
 §2. ATIIYRIUM, Roth. Indusium ch Urate, curved, of en crossing the vein, and 
 attached to both sides of it, thus beeowint/ reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe. 
 
 9. A. Filix-fosmina, Bernh. Fronds (l°-3° high) ovate-oblong or 
 broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnre lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules con- 
 fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, 
 or elongated and pinnatcly incised with cut-toothed segments; fruit-dots short, 
 variously curved, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-fo-Mnina & A. asplcni- 
 o'ldes, Swaiiz.) — A narrow form is Aspidum angiistum, Willd. — Moist 
 woods: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 
 
 9. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Hart's-Toxgue. (PI. 17.) 
 
 Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous 
 by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of 
 the next sujK'rior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening 
 along the middle. (The ancient Greek mime, so called because the numerous 
 parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Srolopcndra.) 
 
 1. S. vulgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart- 
 shajjcd base, entire or wavy-margiucd (7'- 18' long, l'-2' wide), bright green. 
 (S. oflicinaruin. Swart;, a later 'lanic.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone 
 cliffs, Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, &c., Onondaga Co., New York, 
 Pursh, \V. Cooper, Lewis Foote, J. A. Paine: also in Canada West. (For a full 
 account of stations, see Silliman's Journal for May and September, 1866. (Eu.) 
 
FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 663 
 
 10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-Leaf. (PI. 17.) 
 
 Fruit-clots oblong or linear, as in Aspleniuni, but irregularly scattered on 
 either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, 
 the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face 
 to fivee), or to become continent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence 
 tlie name, from Kafxnros, bent, and (rcopor, {or fruit-dot.) 
 
 1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizopliyllum, L. Antigram- 
 nia, ./. Smith, Turr. Also C. rumicifulins, Link.) — Siiadcd calcareous rocks, 
 W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward : rare or local. July. — Fronds 
 evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' -9' long), lanceolate 
 from an anricled-hcart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender 
 prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new 
 fronds, and these in turn to others ; hence the popular name. — A singular form 
 is found at Mount Joy, Pcnn., by Mr. Staujj'er, having roundish fruit-dots and 
 inconspicuous veins. 
 
 11. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. (Sp. of Polypodium, L.) Beech-Ferx. 
 
 Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins 
 below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free 
 veins and bright-green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. 
 (Name composed of cprjyof, an oak or beech, and wrt pis, fern.) 
 
 * Froiuh tiuicp. pinnaf.ijid: pinna: all sessile, adnate to the wincjed rliachis. 
 
 1. P. polypodioides, Fc'e. Fronds triangulaf, /oh/zc/- than broad (4' -9' 
 long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest 
 pair deftexed and standincj forwards ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the 
 basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rhachis ; fruit-dots all near the 
 margin. (Ph. vulgaris, Mtttenius. Polypodium Phegopteris, L., and iormer 
 ed. P. conne'ctile, Michx.) — Damp woods: common northward. July. — 
 Kootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer 
 than the fronds. (En.) 
 
 2. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, usnalli/ broader than long 
 (7'- 12' broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinnce 
 lanceolate; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the veri/ 
 large lowest pinnce elongated and pinnatelij lolicd, basal ones very much decurrent 
 and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit-dots 
 near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium 
 hexagonopterum, Michx. ) — Rather open woods : common, especially southward. 
 July. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. 
 
 * * Fronds ternate, the three divisions pet iolid : rhachis loingless. 
 
 3. P. Dryopteris, Fc'e. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4' - 6' wide) ; 
 the 3 triangular ])rimary divisions widely spreading, 1 -2-pinnate; segments ob- 
 long, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. (Polypodium Dry- 
 optei-is, Z.) — Pocky woods : common northward. July. (Eu.) (P. c'alcare.\, 
 which is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy, especially on the rliachis 
 and midrib, is to be bought for northward.) 
 
6G4 FiLiCES. (ferns.) 
 
 12. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fkun. Wood-Fern. (PI. 18.) 
 
 Fruit-dots round, borne on the liack or ranly at tlic apex of the veins. Indu- 
 slum loverinj^ the .sporauiu^ia, flat or tiattish, scarious, orbieuhir and peltate at 
 the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus, 
 oj)eninf; all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the 
 rootstock. — Our species Inivc free veins, and 1-3-pinnate fronds. (Name, 
 danidiof, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) 
 
 § 1. DRY6PTERIS, Adanson. (Nephrodium, Z?!c/i., in part, 7/ooi. Lastrea, 
 Bory.) Indusium round-kidnnj-shapeil, or orbicular with a narrow sinus. 
 
 * Veins simple or simply forked and straiyht : fronds annual, dtcaying in autumn, Vie 
 
 stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked. ( Thelypteris, Schort. ) 
 
 1. A. Th£l;^pteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pin- 
 luc lioiizoiital or sliy;ht]y recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest 
 paira scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in 
 fruit from the strongly nvolute margins ; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon 
 confluent) fruit dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked. 
 (rolyi)odium 'I'lielypteris, L.) — Marshes: common. Aug. — Stalk 1° long 
 or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the 
 next, and slightly downy. (Eu.) 
 
 2. A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, 
 tapering both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more jiairs 
 gradually shorter and difexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and 
 incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit-dots distinct, near the 
 margin; indusium minute, the margin glandulifcrous. (Polypodium Nov- 
 eboracense, L. A. thelypterokles, Swaiiz.) — Swamps and moist thickets: 
 common. July. — Frond pale-green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy be- 
 neath along the midribs and veins. 
 
 * * Veins, at least the lowest ones, more than once forked or somewhat pinnatily 
 
 branching; the fruit-bearing veinlets of en obscure or vanishing above the fruit- 
 dot: fronds, at least the sterile ones, ojlen remaining green through the winter: 
 stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main 
 rhachis also. 
 •*- Fronds small, pinnate: pinna- pinnatifid : indusia very large, persistent. 
 
 3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4' -12' high) glandular and aromatic, 
 narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-partcd pinnrc ; their crowded 
 divisions (2" long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be- 
 neath with th2 very large thin iinbricatcfl indusia, which are orbicular with a 
 narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glandulifcrous and often ragged. — Falls of 
 the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry : Wisconsin River, iMpliam, Berlin Falls, 
 N. Hampshire, //. Willey, Mt. Kineo, Maine, C. E. Smith, and northward. — 
 Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis. 
 -t- !»- Large (l°-2i° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed 
 
 and incised pliinnlis : indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous. 
 
 4. A. spinulbsum, Swartz. Stipes with a few /)a/e-/»ow/!(/ec/(/«(;i(.v.sa;/M,- 
 frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinme oblique to the rhachis, elongated-Irian- 
 
FiLiCEs. (ferns.) GG5 
 
 gular^ the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, 
 eoiinected by a vei'v narrow wing-, oblong, acute, ineisely serrate or jjinnatilid 
 with s])inulosely-toothed lobes ; iinlusium smooth and without iiiarijiual (jknids. 
 (A. spiuulosum, genuinum, Milde. Lastrea spinulosa, PresL, Moore.) — In damp 
 woods, Penu Yan, New York, Sarlwtll ; Vermont, Frost; and probably north- 
 ward. July. — The eouiniou European type, rare in North Amcriea. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. intermedium. S-ales of the stipe few, brown with a darker centre; 
 frond broadly oblony-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate ; pinnK spreading, ob- 
 long-lanceolate, the lower ones uncijually triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, 
 ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided ; the oblong lobes spinulosc-toothed 
 at the apex ; margin of the indusiuin denticulate and besit with niiim'.e stalkeil g/ondx. 
 (A. intermedium, WUld. Dryopteris intermedia, £(/. I.) — Woods, everywhere. 
 
 Var. dilatatum. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre ; frond 
 broader, ovule or triaiigidar-ocate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate ; pinnules lance- 
 oblong, the lowest ones often much elongated; indusium (in the North American 
 plant) smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Swarlz. A. campyldptcrum, /viwre.) 
 
 — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' - 8' high, answers to var. dumetorum. — 
 N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. Boottii. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; fond elungaled-oblong or elun- 
 gated-lanceolate in outline; ])in)iulcs broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pin- 
 iiatifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate; indusium minuleli/ glandular. 
 (A. Boottii, 7'uckerm. Dryopteris rigida, Ed. 1; not A. rigidum, Swartz.) — 
 E. Massachusetts and Connecticut to New York, and northward. — The least 
 dissected form, identical with A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, of Milde, and inter- 
 mediate in appearance between A. spinulosura and A. cristatum, but passing 
 into the former. 
 H- •!-■»- Large (2° -4° high) : fronds once pinnate, and the jnnna' deeply pinnntijjd, 
 
 or nearig twice pinnate: fruit-dots not verg near the margin; the indusia large, 
 
 thinni.^h and fat, persistent. 
 .5. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1°- 
 2° long) ; pinnce short (2' -3' long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly trian- 
 gular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ; the 
 divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest 
 jiinnatifid-lobed ;//•«/< -(/o/s as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reni- 
 forni, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (A. Lancastrie'nse, Spreng.) 
 
 — Swamps, &c. : common. July. — Stipes and the stout creeping rootJstock 
 bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) 
 
 Var. Clintonianura. Frond in everg wag much larger (2|^°-4° long) ; 
 pbnm oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4' -6' long, 1' -2' broad), deeply pin- 
 natifid ; the divisions (8-lG pairs) crowded or distant, Unear-ohlong, obtuse, 
 obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal ones sometimes jjinnately lobed ; 
 veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit-dots near the 
 midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. — Swampy 
 woods, New England to New Jersey, New York ( G. W. Clinton, &c.), and west- 
 ward. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large 
 bright-brown scales. A showy Fern, unlike any European form of A. crista- 
 tum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum. 
 L & M— 48 
 
CG6 riLiCES. (kkrxs.) 
 
 fi. A. Goldi^um, Hook. Frond In-omlli/ uvatr, or the krtWc ovatc-oWong 
 in outline (2° ~ :i° long) ; pitnue (C'-9'lony) olilong-lanccolatc, broadest in the 
 vtiddir, jiinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) olilonr/-liiiear, sl.i(/litlij sci/the- 
 s/ia/ted (9" - 1 f)" lonj^), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins ])innately forking and 
 hcarin<^ thafruit-dots veri/ mar the midrcin ; inthisiiim very lar<;c, oibieuhir with 
 a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal ghmds. — Rieh and moist 
 woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July. — A stately Fern, 
 often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy root- 
 stock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often 
 overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in Polystiehum. 
 
 ■»-•<- -1- -I- Large (l°-3° high) : stipes very chajjy at the base : fronds twice pinnate, 
 but the vpper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toolhed : fruit-dots 
 rather large: the indusium convex, without inarginal glands, persistent. 
 
 7. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (l°-3° high); 
 pinna; linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very ob- 
 tuse, serrate at the apex, and obscurely so at the sides, the basal ones inciac'y 
 lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the 
 margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. — Rocky 
 Avoods, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Sui)erior, Dr. Rohhins, and westward. — 
 Frond thickish but not surviving the winter. (Eu.) 
 
 8. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost 
 coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (l°-2° long); pinna; lanceolate, broadest 
 above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse, en- 
 tire or crenately-toothcd ; fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in 
 rich woods : common, especially northward. Aug. 
 
 § 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Aspidium, Hook.) Indusium orbicular and 
 entire, peltate, fxed bij the ileprcssed centre : fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, 
 very chaffy on the rhachis, tj-c. ; pinnte or pinnules auricled at the base on the 
 upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped. 
 * Fronds simply pinnate. 
 
 9. A. acrostiehoides, Swaitz. Frond lanceolate ( 1° - 2l° high), stalked,- 
 jn'nme linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the 
 slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (nitpur) 
 ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which 
 are confluent with age, covering the surface. (Xephrodium acrostiehoides, 
 Michx.) — Var. ixcisuM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed pinna;, 
 a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost all of 
 them fertile more or less. — Hillsides and ravines in woods : common north- 
 ward, and soutliward along the Allcghanics. July. 
 
 10. A. Lonehitis, Swart/,. Frond lincnr-lanccolate (9' -20' liigh), sram'/;/ 
 stalked, very rigid ; pinme broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, 
 strongly auricled on the ui)per side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely 
 spinulosc-toothed (1' or less in l?ngth), copiou.sIy fruit-bearing; fruit-dots con- 
 tiguous and near tlie margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, 
 and northward. (Ku.) 
 
FiLiCEs. (fkrns.) GG7 
 
 * Fronds hipiunatc 
 11. A. acule^tum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Frond spreadimj 
 (li°-2° long), oblong-lanccolatc in outline, with a tapering Itasc, tiic lower of 
 the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnix; gradually reduced in size and obtuse ; 
 ])innules ovate or oblong, obtuse, trunctitc and almost ix'ctangular at the base, 
 short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft 
 as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Urimnu, Spenner.) — Deep woods, mountains of 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, X. New York, and northward. (Eu.) 
 
 13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bcrnhardi. Bladder-Feun. (PI. 18.) 
 
 Truit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; 
 the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner 
 side (towards the midrib) partly imder the fruit-dot, early opening free at the 
 other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, 
 soon thrown back or withering awaj-. — Tufted Ferns with slender and delicate 
 twice or thrice pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of kvcttis, 
 a bladder, ami Trre/jt'y, /c?-n, from the inflated indusium.) 
 
 1. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Frond Inncfolate, eJonrjattd (l°-2° long), 
 2-pinnate; the pinnaB lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (l'-2'long); the 
 rhachis and pinna often bearim/ hulblcis underneath, ivinr/less ; pinnules crowded, 
 oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. 
 (Aspidium bulbifcrum, Sivai-tz. A. atomlirium. Maid.!) — Shaded ravines, 
 &c. : common. July. 
 
 2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond ohlong-lanceolatc (4' -8' long, besides the 
 stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnatc ; the pinna; and pinnules ovate or lan- 
 ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrcnt 
 on (he margined or winged rliachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. — 
 Var. dent.Vta, Hook., is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with 
 ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium te'nue, Swartz.) — Shaded 
 cliffs: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.) 
 
 14. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostkich-Fekn. (PL 1.5.) 
 
 Fruit-dots round, on the pinnns of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the 
 margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped 
 or continuous hollow body enclosing the fruit : there arc 3-5 pinnate free veinlcts 
 from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : fruit-dots crowded 
 and confluent ; the sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle which is half-encir- 
 cled at its base by a very delicate semicircular and ragged evanescent indusium. 
 — Sterile fronds large, very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the pinnae 
 pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted 
 rootstocks. Stipes stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name 
 compounded of arpovdik, an ostrich, and UTepli, a Jem, from the plume-like 
 arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.) 
 
 1. S. Germanica, Willd. Sterile fronds smooth, broadly lanceolate, the 
 lowest pinnas gradually much smaller; pin niu very numerous, narrowly lance- 
 olate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, obtuse : fertile frond with somewhat 
 
GG8 FiLiCES. (ferns.) 
 
 Jiv'cklacc-sliapcd pinna?, tlic lowest ones much smaller. (S. Pcnnsylvanica, 
 Wi/hl. Onoclea Stnitiiioptcris, L., Ilook.) — Alluvial soil : not rare northward. 
 
 — Fronds intermediate between the sterile and fertile eondition (bearing a few 
 fruit-dots on eontracted, but still herbaceous pinna;) are sometimes found; a 
 condition analojjous to the var. obtusiloba of Onoclea sensibilis. (Eu.) 
 
 15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. (PI. 18.) 
 
 Fertile frond twice pinnate, much eontracted ; the pinnules short and revolute, 
 usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, filled 
 with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raccmj. Fruit-dots one on 
 the middle of each strong and simple ])rimary vein (with or without sterile cross- 
 veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed 
 hy its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile 
 fronds ri.sing separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long- 
 stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-obloug pinnae, 
 ■\vhich arc entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying 
 in autumn) ; veins reticulated with line meshes. (Name apparently from wos, 
 a vessel, and (cXfio), to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.) 
 
 1. O. sensibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams: common. 
 July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinna; of some of the sterile fronds, 
 becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots 
 without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var. 
 OBTUSiLOiiXxA, Torr., N. Y. Slate Fl. (Connecticut, New York, &.c.) This 
 explains the long-lost 0. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, as 
 figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, PrcsL, is 
 founded on a young fertile frond of this species with the sterile frond of some 
 Aspidium.) 
 
 16. WOODSIA, R. r>rown. Woodsia. (PI. 18.) 
 
 Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very thin 
 and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, 
 under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into 
 irregular pieces or lobes. — RnuvU and tufted pinnatcly-divided Ferns. (Dedi- 
 cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) 
 
 § 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. Indusium consplcnous, at Jirst enclosing the sjm-angia, 
 but early opening at the top. and splitting into several spreading jugged lobes. 
 
 1. W. obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy 
 (C'-12' high), pinnate, or nearly twice-pinnate; pinna; rather remote, triangu- 
 lar-ovate or oblong (l'-2' long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong, 
 obtuse, crcnately toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins 
 forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes. 
 W. Perriniana, Hook, c^- Grcv. Aspidium obtusum, Wtbcr <j- Mohr., Willd.) 
 
 — Rocky banks and clifis : common, especially westward. July. 
 
 §2. WOODSIA proper. Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flat from an 
 early stage, and concealed under thefruit-dot, its margin cle/l into slender hairs or 
 cilia- 
 
FiLiCES. (ferns.) 6G9 
 
 * Stipes ohscurehj jointed near the base ; the withered fronds falling away at the joint : 
 
 cilia of the indiisium lorn/ and in flexed over the sporangia. 
 
 2. W. IlvensiS, R. Brown. Frond ohlomj-lanaolale (2' -6' long by 1 ' wiile), 
 smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stal/c with 
 rusty bristle-like clinff, pinnate ; the pinnai crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, piri- 
 natcly parted, tite numerous crowdtd sH/menIs oblony, obtuse, obscurely crenate, 
 almost coriaceous; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat conlluent when 
 old. (Ncphrodiuni rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks : common, especially 
 northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 
 
 3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throiiyhout ; frond linear 
 (2' -5' high), pinnate; pinnce roundish or ovate, the lower ones rather remote, 
 (2" -4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks, 
 Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C. 
 C. Frost) ; and high northward. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Stipes not jontcd : cilia of the indusium very short and hidden by the sporangia. 
 
 4. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth; with fronds (2'-8' high, 8''- 
 12" wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnae triangular- 
 oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed, 
 and in larger fronds incised ; fruit-dots near the margin ; indusium very small, 
 divided almost to the centre into a few nccklace-like-jointcd cilia. — Crevices of 
 rocks, south shore of Lake Superior {Bobbins), and westward. 
 
 17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. Dicksonia. (PI. 17.) 
 
 Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein 
 or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a 
 membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer 
 side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James 
 Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.) 
 
 1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° -3° 
 high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green, very thin, with 
 strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks, 
 mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnai lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid 
 into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved 
 toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiiiscula, Willd. 
 Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Dennstcedtia, Moore. Sitolubium, ./. Smith.) 
 — Moist, rather shady places : very common : pleasantly odorous. July. 
 
 18. SCELIZMA, Smith. Scuiz.ea. (PI. 10.) 
 
 Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal 
 cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- 
 row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and 
 simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft 
 fronds (whence the name, from a-^l^<x>, to split). 
 
 1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and 
 tortuous ; the fertile ones etjually slender {\" wide), but taller (."' - 4' high), and 
 bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 paii's of crowded 
 
670 FiLicES. (ferns.) 
 
 pinnoE (each 1"-1^" long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey: Tcry 
 local. Sept. 
 
 19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. (PI. 19.) 
 
 Fronds twining or cliinliing, bearing stalked und variously lobcd (or com- 
 pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on sci)aratc 
 contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a 
 double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to 
 short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the 
 veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indu- 
 sium. (Name from Xvyabrjs. Jlixible.) 
 
 1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smootli ; stalks slender, flexile and twin- 
 ing (l°-3° long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate branches 
 or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped i)almately 4 - 7-lobed 
 frondlet ; fertile frondlcts above, contracted and several times forked, forming a 
 terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, Willd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places, 
 Massachusetts to "Virginia, Kentucky, and sparingly southward : rare. Sept. 
 
 20. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern. (PI. 19.) 
 
 Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond very much contracted, and bear- 
 ing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicclled and 
 naked sporangia : these are globular, thin and reticulated. Large, opening by a 
 longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a few parallel strije, 
 the rudiment of a transverse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened 
 rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green. ( Os- 
 mundir, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.) 
 
 * Fronds twice jnnnate, fertile al the top. 
 
 1. O. regklis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2° v. 
 5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, 
 finely serrulate, especially towards the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed 
 towards the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate 
 base, sessile or short-stalked (l'-2' long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the 
 summit of the frond. (0. spectabilis, Willd. O. glauce'scens, Link, i\rettcnius.) 
 — Swamps and wet woods : common. The cordate pinnules arc commoner in 
 Europe, but are sometimes foinid here. May, June. (Eu.) 
 
 * * Sterile fronds once pinnate : pinnve deeplij pinnutijid ; the lobes entire. 
 
 2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon 
 perfectly smootli (2° -3° high); pinme ohlomj-lanaolale, with oblong obtuse 
 divisions; some (2 -.5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ; 
 sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. intcrriipta, Michr., i^-c.) — Low 
 grounds: common. M:iy. — Fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Cl.ayton's 
 plant (as ascertained in 1839, both from the Claytonian andLinnasan herbaria), 
 must bear the original Linnrean name, though wrongly described from young 
 specimens in wliicli the fructification was thought to be terminal. 
 
 3. O. cinnain6raea, L. (Cinnamon-Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool 
 •when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnte pin- 
 
FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 671 
 
 natifid into broadly obloiij^ obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the 
 same rootstoclv, contracted, twice pinnate, covered witli the cinnamon-colored 
 sporangia. — Var. fuondusa is a rare occasional state, in which some of the 
 fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Clay- 
 toniana, Conrad, not of//.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle. — 
 Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May. — Growing in large bunches ; the 
 fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1° -2° long, decay- 
 ing before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their growth. 
 
 21. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. (PI. 19.) 
 Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of 
 starch, in very minute, irregular granules!) ; the base of the naked stalk con- 
 taining the bud for the next year's frond : i'rond with an anterior fertile and 
 a posterior sterile segment; the foi-mer mostly 1 -3-pinnate, the contracted 
 divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct, 
 rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transverse- 
 ly into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternatel}' or pinnately divided 
 or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a dimin- 
 utive of /Sorpus, a cluster ofrjrapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) 
 * Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so on the upper part of the common stalk. 
 
 1. B. Lun^ria, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the mid- 
 dle of the common stalk, oblong, simpli/ pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fun-shaped 
 very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, _^esAy divisions, more or less excised 
 at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and 
 repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2 -3-pinnate. — Lake Superior 
 (Lesquereux) , and sparingly northward. — Plant 4' -10' high, very fleshy 
 throughout. (Eu.) 
 
 2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2' -4', rarely 5' -6' high), the 
 sterile segment short-petioled from the middle or upper part of the common stalk, thick- 
 ish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed; the lobes roundish- 
 obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate vhachis ; 
 the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simjile or 1 - 2-pinnatb. — Maine 
 to New York, and northward : rare. (Eu.) 
 
 3. B. lanceolatum, Angstrrem. Fronds small (3' -8' high); the sterile 
 segment closi'ly sessile near the top of the long and slender common stalk, somewhat 
 fleshy, in the smallest ones 3-loI)C(l, in larger ones broadly triangular, tcriiatily 
 twice pinnatifjd ; the divisions lanceolate, incised or toothed ; veins forking from a 
 midcein; fertile part 2 -3-pinnate. (B. simplex of former cd.) — New England 
 and New Jersey (C. F.Austin) to Ohio and Lake Superior (//. (Jdlman). Julv. 
 (Eu.) 
 
 4. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Fronds tidl and ample; sterile segment sessile 
 above the midlife cf the nmmon stalk, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, 
 tt male ; the sliort-stalked primary dieisions onre or tnn're pinnate, and then once or 
 twice jiinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed towards the apex ; reins forking 
 from a niidrehi; fertile part 2 - 3-pinnate. — Plant l°-2° high, or often reduced 
 to a few inches, when it is B. gracile, f'ursh. — Rich woods : common. June, 
 July. (Eu.) 
 
CT2 LYCOI'ODIACK^. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 
 
 * * Sterile poiiion of the fmnd long-pet iolcci J rmn near the base oj" the common .italic. 
 
 5. B. lunarioides, Swartz. StL-rile ])ortioii of tlic frond pctioled from 
 near the l)aso, 2 -S-turuato, or tin- ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately 
 parted, broadly triangular in ficneral outline ; the lobes or divisions obovatc, 
 somewhat kitlncy-shajjed, roundish or oblonjr, somewhat crenatc; fertile stalk 
 3' -6' hijjjh ; the fertile ])art mostly 2-i)innate. (IJtJtrypns lunario'idcs, J//c/(r. 
 Botrychium fumarioules, Willd.) — Dry and rich woods, especially southward. 
 July. — A state from Ilinj^ham, Massachusetts ( C. .7. S/irarpie), has the two 
 lateral primary divisions of the sterile scj^mcnt chanj^ed into long-stalked 
 fertile fronds. 
 
 Var. obliquum (B. obliquum, ^fllhl.) is mostly larger (C- 17' high) ; the 
 fructification mure compound; the sterile segment with oblong or lanceolate 
 divisions, citiier obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregu- 
 larly pinnatitid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward: rather scarce. 
 
 Var. dissectum (B. disscctum, Muhl.) has the divisions of the sterile 
 segment compoundly and laciniatcly cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : 
 otherwise as the last, into which it i)asses, and with which it grows. 
 
 22. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's-Tonguk. (Bl. 19.) 
 
 Mode of growth much as in Botrychium ; but the coriaceous sporangia con- 
 nate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike, which in our 
 species is single and placed on a stalk rising from the base of the simjile and 
 reticulated- veined sterile segment. Spores cojjious, sulphur-color. (Name 
 compounded ofocpis, a serpent, and yXclxrcra, tonr/iu.) 
 
 1. O. VUlgatum, L. Sterile segment ovate or ciliptieal-oblong (2' -3' 
 long) rather fleshy, obtuse, narrowed at the base, and sessile near the middle 
 of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common. July. — 
 Stalk 6'- 12' high, rising from a short oblique rootstock, the bud not enclosed 
 in the base of the stalk. (Eu.) 
 
 Order 131. I^YCOPODIACE^. (Club-Moss Faahly.) 
 
 Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect ; loith pretty larije spore-case& 
 (sporangia or sporocarps) sessile in the axil of .simple and sessile, persi.^tent, 
 mosdy aid-shaped or lanceolate leaves: — of three genera, including tlie 
 aquatic and peculiar Isoiitcs. 
 
 * Terrestrial, with erect or creeping steins : spore-cases free in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 1. LycopOfliiiin. Spore-cases all of one sort, coriaceous, mostly kidney-shaped, 2-valved, 
 
 filled with innumerable minute spores. 
 
 2. Selaginella. Spore-ca.<!es of two sorts; one very small, oblong or globular, 2-viilveil, 
 
 filled with innumerable minute spores ; the other larger, 3 -4-ralved, contaiuing 3 or 4 
 large spores. 
 
 * # Aquatic, with a corm in place of stem, covered above with the dilated bases of the tufted 
 long and rush-like leaves, to which the f pore-cases adhere. 
 
 3. Isoetes. Spore-cases of two sorts ; one containing numerous large, the other numerous 
 
 small spores. 
 
LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) G73 
 
 1. LYCOPODITJM, L., Spring. Club-Moss. (PI. 20.) 
 
 Spore-cases all of one kind (much like those of Ophioglossum, only larger), 
 coriaceous, flatteuccl, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celIcd, 2-vaIv-ed, mostly liy a 
 transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a 
 copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, witli evergreen onc- 
 nervcd leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compounded of 
 XuKO?, a wolf, and Troxis,Jbot, from no obvious resemblance.) 
 
 § 1 . Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary and uniform {d<ir'k--green and shining, 
 riijid, lanceolate, spreadimj, about 8-ranked) leaivs. 
 
 1. L. lueidulum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches 
 ascending (G' - 1 2' high) ; leaves widely spreading or reflexed, acute, viinuteli/ toothed. 
 — Cold, damp woods : common northward. Aug. — Little bulblets form in the 
 axils of the leaves of young shoots [Austin, Tiolhrock). 
 
 2. L. SelagO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a 
 level topped cluster (3' -6' high) : leaves pointed, entire. — Tops of high moun- 
 tains, Maine to New York, on the Allcghanies southward, shore of Lake Supe- 
 rior, and northward : rare : both the variety with more erect, and that with 
 widely spreading leaves. (Eu.) 
 
 § 2. Spore-cases only in the arils of the upper (hracteaJ) leaves, thus forming a spike. 
 
 * Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches, and those 
 
 of the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base). 
 
 3. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid; 
 the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or 
 lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute 
 spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the 
 American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing 
 into the var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm., which has fertile stems 5'-"' high, its 
 leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat 
 teeth-bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel.., not of L. ) — Sandy bogs, northward : 
 rare: the var. E. New England to New Jersey and southward. Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 4. L. alopecuroldes, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; 
 the sterile branches rccurved-procumbcnt and creeping; the fertile of the same 
 thickness, G'-20' high; leaves narrowli/ linear-awl-shaped, s/iinulose-pointed, spread- 
 ing, conspicuously brisde-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with 
 long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps. New Jersey to Virginia, and south- 
 ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, including the dense leaves, |' thick ; the comose 
 spike, with its longer spreading leaves, ij' to 1' thick. 
 
 * * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scnie-like, imbricated, yllowish, ovate or 
 
 heart-shaped, very (liferent from tho'ie of the sterile stems and branches. 
 -I- Spikes sessile (i. e. branches equally leafy to the top), single. 
 
 5. L. annotinum, L. Much branched; sterns prostrate and creeping (\° - 
 4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (h' - 8' high), sparingly forked, the sterile 
 ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about 
 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green); spike soli- 
 
 GM 29 
 
C74 LYCorODiACK.*:. (club-moss kamilt.) 
 
 tarv, ohlong-oylindrk-al, thick. — Var. ruNOEXS, Spring', is a rctlnccd sub-alpine 
 or mountain form, with shorter and more rijjid-pointcd crcctish leaves. (Var. 
 montanum, Titrkerm.) — Wood-f : common northward: the var. on the White 
 Jlountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.) 
 
 6. L. dendroideum, Mielix. (Grouxd-Pine.) Stems upri(jhl (6'-9' 
 high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with 
 homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-ereet in 4-G rows, 
 lmsh;i-hranchc.d at the summit ; the crowded branches spreadinrj, fan-like, witli the 
 lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading : — in var. onsctRU.M ap- 
 pearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appresscd. 
 { L. obscurum, L.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree-like growth. 
 S])ike cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant. 
 
 ■<- -I- Spikes peditncled : i. e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches. 
 ■*-*■ Li (iirs homof/eneous and equal, manij-ranked ; stems terete. 
 
 7. L. claVcltum, L. (Commox Club-Mos.s.) Stems creeping exten- 
 sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi- 
 nated by a slender peduncle (4'-C' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4) 
 linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurvcd-spreading (light 
 green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods : common, 
 especially northward. July. (Eu.) 
 
 *+ •*-'■ Leaves of two forms, fcw-ranlced : stems -or branches flattened. 
 
 8. L. Carolinianum, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches 
 entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with 
 broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nei-ved lateral haves widely 
 spreading in 2 ranis, and a shorter intermediate row appresscd on the upper side ; 
 also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' liigh, clothed merely with small 
 bract-like and appresscd awl-sliapcd leaves), 6ea?-m/7 a single cylindrical spike. — 
 Wet pine-barrens. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 
 
 9. L. COmplanktum, L. Stems extensively creeping (often subterra- 
 nean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked al.ove ; bushy branchlcts 
 croivded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 
 ranlcs, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading 
 tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly 
 appresscd; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and thick- 
 ets : common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches, abundant south- 
 ward ; — while northward, es])ecial!y far northward, it passes gradually into var. 
 sabix^ef6lium (L. sabina;folium, Willd. L. Chamaecypaiissus, Bruun), with 
 more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.) 
 
 2. SELAGINELLA, Bcauv., Spring. (PI. 20.) 
 
 Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium, 
 but minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored pow- 
 dery spores; and of3-4-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1 - 
 6) much larger globose-angular spores (oophoridlu) ; the latter cither intermixed 
 with the former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of 
 the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name 
 of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.) 
 
LTCOPOCIACE^. (cm B-.AIOSS FAMILY.) f)75 
 
 * Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated; those of the spike similar. 
 
 1. S. selaginoides, Link. Ste7-ile stems prostrate or creepinj^, small and 
 slender; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple {I' -3' high); leaves lunceolnte, acute, 
 spreadinfj, sparseh/ spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Bemiv. S. S])inulusa, Braiin.) 
 
 — Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh), Michigan, Lake Superior, and north- 
 ward : rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eii.) 
 
 2. S. rupestris, Spring. Much linmched in dose tnfs {l' -3' \u'^\\) ; leaves 
 densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolnte, convex and with a grooved keel, 
 minutely cilinte, bristle-tipped; those of the strongly quad-angular spike rather 
 broader ; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupcs- 
 tre, L.) — Dry and exposed rocks: very common. — Grayish-green in aspect, 
 resembling a rigid Moss. 
 
 * * Leaves shorter above and below, resemhlinfj stipules: the lateral lan/er, i-rauled. 
 
 3. S. ^pus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, 
 flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous ; the larger spreading horizontally, ovate, 
 oblique, mostly obtuse; the smaller appressed, taper-pointed; those of the short 
 spikes nearly similar; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike. 
 (Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places : not rare, especially southward. 
 
 — A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungcrmannia. 
 
 3. ISOETES, L. QuiLLwoRT. (PI. 20.) 
 
 Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed eorm, rooting just above its 2- 
 lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated 
 and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular leaves, 
 which include 4 air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia, or sporo- 
 carps, pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the 
 axils of the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin 
 edges of the excavation foldmg round partly cover them, forming the velum), 
 traversed internally by transverse threads ; those of the outer leaves filled with 
 large spherical spores (macrospores), their whitish crustaceous integument marked 
 by one circular, and on the upper surface by 3 radiating elevated lines (circum- 
 sciibing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like in 
 germination): those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery 
 grayish spores (microspores) ; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular. 
 
 — Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always sub- 
 merged, otiicrs amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their 
 fruit in late summer and early autumn, except No. 7, and some forms of No. 6. 
 
 Genus much investigated of late by Prof. Durien and the late J. Gay of 
 France, and by Prof. Braun of Berlin, newly elaborated for this edition by Dr. 
 George Engelmann. 
 
 * Growing under water, only acridentnlly or in very dry seasons out of water : leaves 
 
 tvithout stonmta (except in some forms of No. 3), and ivithout peripheriml bast- 
 bundles. 
 1. I. laeiistris, L. Leaves (10-25 in number, 2' -6' long) dark green, 
 rigid ; sporocarps ovoid or circular, the ujjper third or less covered by the 
 velum, free part pale and unspotted ; both kind of spores the largest of our spe- 
 
676 LYCOrODIACEyE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 
 
 cics; macrosporcs (0''.32-0".38 Avi(k') covered with short and twisted crested 
 ridges, which often aiiiistoinose ; microspores (()".()! 7 -()". 020 long) smooth. — 
 Mountain hikes, Penn., New Yoik, and .New Knghmd to Lake Superior, and 
 northward often witli No. 3. (lOu.) — The American is distinguished from the 
 European j)Iant hy the hirger macrosporcs, tiicrcforc I. macnjspora, Dtiricu. 
 
 2. I. Tuekerm&,ni, Braun, n. sp. Lcav<;s (10-30, 2' -3' long) very 
 slender, awl-siiapid, olive-green, the outer ones recurved; sporocarps ovoid or 
 circular, the ujjper third covered hy the velum, the free part sometimes hrownish- 
 spotted; macrosporcs (0".22 -0''.28 wide) on the upper segments covered with 
 parallel and anastoniosizing ridges, the lower half reticulated ; niicro>j)ores 
 (0".013-0''.015 long) smooth or very delicately pa[)illose. — Mystic and other 
 ponds near Boston, together with the next, Tucker mini, W. Boott. 
 
 3. I. echinospora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped ; sporocarps 
 ovoid or circular; macrosporcs (0".20-0".25 wide) beset all over with small 
 entire and olitusc or slightly forked spimiles. (Eu. ) — In the Euroi)ean form, 
 which has not yet been found in America, the leaves are very slenderly attenu- 
 ated (3' -4' long), the upper margin of tiie s])orocarp only is covered with the 
 narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores 
 are larger (0". 015-0". OIG long). The following are the American forms of 
 this species. 
 
 Var. Braunii. Leaves (l.")-30 in number, 3' -6' long) dark and often 
 olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the sporocarp 
 covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots; macrosporcs 
 as in the species ; microspores smaller (0".013-0".014 long), smooth (L Braunii, 
 Durieu.) — Ponds and lakes. New England to New York, Penn., and north- 
 ward, often with the two preceding. — Often with a few stomata, especially in 
 Niagara specimens. 
 
 Var. rauric^ta. Leaves (1.5-30, G'-lO'lang) straight or flaccid, bright 
 green ; about one half of the almost circular sporocarp covered by the velum, 
 unspotted ; macrosporcs (0".22-0".27 wide) with shorter and blunter spinules ; 
 microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, Durieu.) — 
 In some ponds north of Boston, IF. Boott. 
 
 Var. Boottii. Leaves (12-20, 4' -5' high) awl-shaped, stiffly erect, bright 
 green, with stomata; sporocarp as in last; macrosporcs as in the species, but a 
 little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, Braun, in litt.) — Pond 
 in VV'oburn, near Boston, partly out of water, IT. Boott. 
 
 * * (hmnnfj parti ij out of ivater, either hi/ the pond dri/infj up, or hi/ the receding of 
 the ehh tide; leaves with stomata, and in 6 and 7 with Jour or more peri/iherical 
 hast-hnndles. 
 
 4. I. sacchar^ta, Engelm., n. sp. Leaves (10- 1.5, 2'-3' long) slender, 
 olive-green, curved ; sporocarps small, ovoid, only the upjier edge covered by the 
 velum; nearly unspotted; macrosporcs (0".20-0''.22 wide) minutely tubcrcu- 
 late; micros])ores (0".012 long) papillose. — On Wicomico Hiver, eastern shore 
 of Maryland, between high and low tide, W. M. (.'finlii/. 
 
 5. I. ripkria, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 4' - 8' long) slender, deep green, 
 erect ; sporocarps mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the 
 
HYDROPTERIDF.S. (mARSILIACE^.) C77 
 
 velum, the free part spotted; macrosporcs very variable in s-izc (0".22-0"."0 
 wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower 
 hemisphere run together forming a network ; microspores larger than in any 
 other species except No. 1 (U".013-0".01G long), mostly somewhat tubcrcu- 
 lated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadcli)hia to Y\'il- 
 mington, between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, Xew England {Rohhivs, 
 &e.), and northward. — Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the 
 stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporocarp, the smaller size of the spores and 
 tlieir reticulation on the lower half. 
 
 6. I. Engelmanni, Eraun. Leaves long (25-100, 9' -20' long), light 
 green, erect or at last prostrate, Hat on the upper side ; sporocarps niostly ob- 
 long, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0". 19-0". 24 wide) cov- 
 ered all over with a coarse honey-comb-liko network; microspores (0".012- 
 0".014 long) mostly smooth. — Shallow ponds and ditches, from Massachusetts 
 (near Boston, IF. Boott, II. Mann) to Pennsylvania and Delaware and (prob- 
 ably through the Middle States) to Missouri. — By far the largest of our species, 
 often mature in July. 
 
 Var. gracilis. Leaves few (8-12 only, 9' -12' long) and very slender; 
 both kinds of spores nearly as in the species. — Southern Kew England, ap- 
 parently in deep water. 
 
 Var. valida. Trunk large and stout (often l'-2' wide); leaves (50-100, 
 even 200, 18'- 25' long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; sporocarps 
 oblong or linear-oblong (4"- 9" long), one third or one half or more covered by 
 the velum; both kinds of spores very small, macrospores 0".16-0".22 wide, 
 microspores 0".011 -0".013 long, spinulose. — Delaware ( IF. M. Cunhy), and 
 Pennsylvania (Prof. Porter). Sept. 
 
 7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15-50, 6'- 10' long) very slender, 
 keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black 
 shining bases ; sporocarps mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown or 
 spotteil; macrospores very small (0".14-0".18 wide), smoothish, or with faint 
 tubercles or ridges; microspores (0''.010-0".012 long) spinulose — Shallow 
 ponds, and wet prairies and fields. Central and Northern Illinois (E. Hall, 
 T'ase^), and westward. June, and sometimes again in November. — Trunk 
 more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kind of spores smaller than 
 in any other of our species ; leaves disappearing during the summer heat. 
 Closely approaching the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean 
 region. 
 
 Jwo other species, I. flAccida, Shuttleworth, and I. Chapm\ni, Engelm., 
 are found in Florida; and three more, I. Nuttallii, Braun, I. Calivounu a, 
 Engelm., and I ptom/ea, Engelm., in the Pacific States. 
 
 Order 132. IIYDROPTEKIDES. (MarsiliacevE, R. Br.) 
 
 Aquatic cryptor/nmoux plant.<<, of d'werse habit, loith the fniclificadon borne 
 on suhmerfjed branches, couKiMing of two sorts of orffunn, contained in irrey- 
 vhirly bursting incolucres (sporocarps): — here represented by only two 
 genera. 
 
678 HYDROPTEKIDKS. (mARSILIACE^..) 
 
 1. MARSIlIA, L. Marsilia. 
 
 Submersed or emcrscd aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send- 
 ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their a|)ex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined 
 leaflets, and at or near tlieir base, or sometimes on tiic rootstock, one or more 
 globular but somewhat eccentric sporocarps. These sj)orocarps or fruit arc 2- 
 cclled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or bur>t into 2 
 lobes at maturity. On the partitions arc inserted numerous short-stalked spo- 
 rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob. 
 long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. (Named for 
 Aloijsius Marsili, an early Italian naturalist, — therefore to be written IMarsilia, 
 not Marsilea.) 
 
 1. M. quadrifblia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuncate, glabrous ; spo- 
 rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, 
 pcdicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- 
 ing on the surface ; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. 
 The only known habitat in America. (Eu.) 
 
 2. M. uncinata, Braun., with luiiry leaflets, and villous short-stalked or 
 sessile sporocarps, solitary at the base of each petiole, will doubtless be Ibund 
 in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. It has been confounded with the very 
 similar M. vcstita. Hook and Grcv., of the Southwest. 
 
 *2. AZOLLA, Lam. Azoll.v. (PI. 20.) 
 
 Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves, 
 appearing like a small Jungermannia ; fructification sessile on the under side 
 of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a 
 single diaphanous membrane, ovoid : the smaller kind opening transversely all 
 round, containing several roundish aniheridia? pelt^itely attached to the sides of 
 a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with 
 numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each con- 
 taining a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a^u), to dry, and oAXo), 
 to kill, being destroyed by dryness.) 
 
 1. A. Carolini^na, Willd. Leaves ovate-obloiig, obtuse, sjireading, red- 
 dish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Still water. New York to Illinois 
 and southward. Plant forming little mats on the water, G"-12" broad. 
 
 SALvfNiA n.Vtans, L., Said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small 
 lakes in Western New York, has not been found by any other person, and 
 probably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted. 
 
ADDENDA 
 
 Januaky, 1868. 
 
 To page 110. 
 Uinx GRAviiOLENS, L., Garden Rue, is naturalized on rocky roadsides, 
 Bedford Co., Virginia, according to A. II. Curtiss. 
 
 To page 112, 113. 
 
 2. VitiS Sestivalis, Michx. Original of the Clinton, Norton's Virginia 
 Seedlinr/, and some other wine gra])e.s. 
 
 Var. ? cin^rea, Engelm. " Branchlets and both sides of the almost entire 
 leaves cancscent, even when mature ; berries very small, l)]ack and shining, very 
 acid until after frost. — Rich bottom lands in the Mississippi Valley, Illinois, 
 and southward." Engelmann. 
 
 3. V. COrdifolia, Michx., according to Engclmann, " has the small berries 
 black without bloom, tlic small seeds rounded above and with a prominent 
 rhaphe. Unfit for cultivation." 
 
 3*. V. riparia, Michx., Dr. Engclmann concludes should be restored as a 
 species, with the following character. "Leaves larger, usually inciscly 3-lobed, 
 the lobes long-pointed ; panicles small, rather simple; berries larger and mostly 
 with bloom ; seeds larger, obtuse or somewhat obcordatc and with an inconsjjic- 
 uous rh iphe. — May, earlier than V. cordifolia. Thickets and river-banks, 
 from Vermont to Michigan and Illinois. Several varieties in cultivation : the 
 most esteemed white one is the Taijlor-Didlit Grape. The celebrated claret-col- 
 ored Delaware Grape seems also to belong here." Engelmann. 
 
 To page 126, after Genista. 
 Cytisus (or Sarotiiamxus) scopXrius, Scotch Broom, of Europe, 
 which is often planted for ornament, has become naturalized extensively in Vir- 
 ginia near Washington and southwai'd, according to A. H. Curtiss, so as to 
 deserve a place in this work. May, June. 
 
 To page 130. 
 
 4. Petalostemon folibsus, Gray, in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 7, p. 336. 
 Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets lG-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few 
 and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-pcduiicled ; bracts slcnder-awncd from a 
 lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-])nr])le flowers ; calyx also glabrous, the 
 teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube. — Banks of Fox River, 
 Kane Co., Illinois, ^^r. Burgess Truesdell. Also Nashville, Tenu., Mr. Ilatck. 
 " Like the other species jjlcasantly fragrant." Aug. 
 
G80 
 
 ADDKNDA. 
 
 To pii.izc 143. 
 
 6. Baptisia Villbsa, Kll. Sonu-times soft-linirv, usually niinutplv ]!n- 
 bcsccnt M-hcn youn^, erect, 2° -3° lii;fh, with divertient hranclics ; leaves almost 
 sessile ; leaflets wcdjrc-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and per- 
 sistent, those of the bi-auehlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-llow- 
 cred ; pedicels equalling oi longer than the calyx and the subulate mostly de- 
 ciduous bracts; corolla yellow; |)ods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely 
 pubescent. — Franklin, S. Virginia, IT. J/. Canby, and southward. May. 
 
 To page 150, at bottom. 
 2. PoTfeniUM SANGUisonnA, L. Garden Burnet. Stamens 12 or more 
 in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary fila- 
 ments, the u])per flowers pistillate only ; stems about 1° high ; leaflets numerous, 
 small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, near Baltimore, P. V. Leroij. July. 
 (Adv. from En.) 
 
 To page 159. 
 
 7. Rosa canina, L. Dog Kose. Resembles Swect-Brier (No. .5), but 
 more bushy, glabrous or nearly so, and nearly without glands, none on the 
 lower surface of the leaflets, which are therefore inodorous. — Pennsylvania, 
 abundant near Easton, Professors Green and Porter. (Xat. from Eu.) 
 
 To page 244. 
 27». SolidagO tortif61ia, Ell. Stem slender, erect, 2° -3° high, sca- 
 brous-pubcrulent above, thickly leafy to crowded panicle of racemes ; leaves 
 (often twisted at the base) linear, small (j'- 2' long), sharply serrate Avith a 
 few scattered small teeth, rough on the margins and midrib beneath, the veins 
 very inconspicuous ; heads small ; the small rays and the disk-flowers each .3 - .'>. 
 — Northampton Co., E. shore of Virginia, and southward, W M. t'aiihij. 
 Heads like those of small forms of S. Canadensis : the leaves peculiar. 
 
 To page 266, line 2. 
 Var. TUBCLiFLi^RUM, S. Tenney, in Amer. Nat. : an abnormal state of the 
 White-weed, with the rays transformed into large and jialmately or bilabiately 
 5-lobed (rarely 3 -4-Iobcd) tubular corollas. — Fields, Poughkeejjsie, New York, 
 Prof. Tenney. 
 
 To page 292, before Chiogenes. 
 I.T. Vaccinium ten611um, Ait. Between No. 14 and No. 11, taller 
 than the latter (l°-3° high), with firmer and obscurely serrulate leaves, and 
 narrower cylindraceous corolla. — Pine-barren swamps, Franklin, S. Virginia, 
 W. J/. Canhy, and common southward. April, May. 
 
 To page 323, before Phelipa3a. 
 
 0Ron.4NCHE MINOR, L., Lesser Bkoom-rate, is parasitic on Clover in 
 
 the vicinity of Washington (F. Peek), and has been met with in New Jersey 
 
 ( W. M. Canby) ; but it may not long abide. The genus is known from Phc- 
 
 lipaea by its calyx of two sepals (either entire or 2-cleft) and no bractlots, the 
 
At)Dt:NDA. G81 
 
 style persistent. This species is from G' to 15' high, liglit yellowish-l)rowii, 
 witli sonic bluish-purple in the flowers, tlicse in a loose spike from .T to !)' lonj^. 
 (Adv., from Eu.) 
 
 To pnqo 410. 
 .3. vVtriplkx rosk.v, L. More hoary-mealy than A. ])atula ; leaves short- 
 petioled or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong -with a wcdg-c-sliajjcd base, 
 foarsely sinuate-toothed; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting 
 bracts broad, cut-toothed and warty, united to the middle. — Albanv, New York, 
 in streets and waste places, Sept., C. 11. Peck, G. \V. Clinton. ( Atlv. from Eu.J 
 
 To page 452. 
 5\ Quercus prinoides, Willd. (Q. Trinus, var. humilis. Marsh.), the 
 Dwarf Chkstnct or Chixquapin-Oak, is probably a quite distinct species. 
 ^Vs noted by Mr. Emerson in Trees of Mass., some of the scales of the cup are 
 
 a])t to proiluce abortive little acorns in their axils. 
 
 To page 479. 
 S". Lemna paucicostata, Hegelmaier, in litt. " Fronds obliquely ob- 
 ovatc (1"- l^" long), thin, mostly grouped 3-.'J together ; fruit and style as in 
 L. pcrpusilla; seed marked with 12- 14 prominent (instead of 30-40 delicate) 
 ribs, between them (in both species) transversely striate. — Ponds, about St. Louis 
 and southward into the tropics : frequently fertile, Aug. - Oct." Emjelmann. 
 
 To page 483. 
 3. Naiae Indioa, var. graeillima, Braun, Mss. "Branches alternate; 
 leaves very narrowly linear, nearly caj)illary, straight, serrate (with 20-40 teeth 
 consisting of 3 cells each), the rounded lobes of the sheathmg base spinulose- 
 ciliate; fruit linear, brown, impressed-dottcd between the numerous (about 24) 
 ribs. — In ponds, Albany, New York, C. H. Peck, Woburn, Massachusetts, 
 \Vm. Boott; 1867, Missouri, Engelmann. — N. minor, not yet found in America, 
 is dichotomous, with recurved leaves, few and stout spikes, and seeds trans- 
 versely i-eticulatcd. — N. flcxilis has the leaves minutely serrate with teeth of 
 single cells, their abrupt and rounded sheathing base toothed, the yellowish- 
 brown seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining, &c." Engelmann. 
 
 To page 491. 
 3. Triglochin triandrum, Michx. Scape and leaves slender (6' -12' 
 high) ; flowers very small, with only 3 sepals and 3 stamens (instead of G as in 
 the others) ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. — Sea-shore of Mary- 
 land and Virginia, W. M. Canbij, and southward. Aug. - Oct. 
 
 To page 499. 
 2". Habenaria nivea, Sjircng. Stem slender, l°-Uo high, many- 
 leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4' -8' long, the others small and 
 bract-like ; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; ))et- 
 als and entire lip linear-oblong ; sj)ur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the 
 white ovary. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Delaware, W. M. Ciuiln/, and south- 
 ward. Aug. Ovary not twisted : spur thercl'ore looking towards the axis. 
 
G82 ADDENDA. 
 
 To page 584. 
 57'. Carex glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike sinplo, long-pcdnnclcd ; fertile 
 spikes 3 - 10, cylindrical ( 1' - 2' long), on slender droopin<^ peduncles, most of 
 them staminatc at the summit ; lowest bract usually exceeding the culm, the 
 others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia ovate, comi)ressed-3-anglcd, abruptly 
 pointed with a short nearly entire beak, nerveless except at the angles, glaucous, 
 longer than the chestnut-colored rough-awned scale ; culms 2° - 4° high, above 
 rough on the sharp angles ; leaves glaucous, rigid, nearly equalling the culms, 
 tapering gradually into a slender bristle-like apex. — Pinc-barrcn ponds, from 
 Portsmouth, Virginia ( \V. M. Canbi/) southward. 
 
 To page 591. 
 96'. C. nigro-margin^ta, Schw. Culms some very short among the 
 bases of tlie leaves, some 8' - 10' high ; spikes 3, rarely 4 or .5, dark purple, the 
 terminal sterile one sometimes inconsjjicuous among the fertile, which are crowded 
 into a head, or the lowest occasionally remote and pcdunclcd ; bracts scale-like 
 and pointed, or the lowest rarely leafy and ctiualling or barely exceeding the 
 culm ; perigynia nerveless, pubescent, stipitate, oval and unequally 3-sided, 
 pointed with an obliquely notched beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, the 
 lowest somewhat lanceolate, deep purple with greenish centre, scarcely equalling 
 the perigynium. — Dry hillsides. New Jersey (and Pennsylvania ?), C. F. Aicstin, 
 C. F. Parker, Prof. Porter, C. E. Smith, and southward. Grows in close tufts, 
 and has remarkably rigid long and curved leaves. 
 
 To page 615, after line 25. * 
 
 3'. Calamagrostis Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter 
 
 than in C. strictu; the narrow ])anicle less deftse, and purplish spikclcts larger; 
 
 glumes fully 2"' long, tapering to a point ; awn from much below the middle of 
 
 tlic palet, stout. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Prof. T. C. Porta: Aug. (Eu.) 
 
 To page 650, after No. 63. 
 G3\ ROTTBa:LI.IA, L. 
 
 Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender sjiikc, awnless ; one impcr- 
 feet or rudimentary on a short and thick ai)])rcsscd pedicel ; the other sessile 
 and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 2-flowered. Exterior 
 glume hard and cartilaginous, with a hinge-like transverse depression next the 
 base, the mner one boat-shaped and membranaceous. Palets thin and delicate, 
 one for the lower and staminatc or neutral flower, two for the u|)per and perfect 
 flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. — Tall, or coarse perennials, with rigid stems, 
 and single cartilaginous sj)ikes terminating the stem and axillary branches, 
 chiefly subtn)])ical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Rutthixll, an excellent Danish 
 botanist, who wrote much ujion Gramineae, Cyi)eracere, &c.) 
 
 1. R. rugbsa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2° -4° high; leaves linear; spikes 
 l'-2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often 
 partly included in the sheaths of the leaves ; sterile flower neutral ; lower glume 
 transversely rugose. — Low pine-barrens, from S. Delaware ( W. M. Cuithij) 
 •outhward near the coast. Sept. - Oct. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 \* The names of thj Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capitals ; 
 of the Suborders, Tribes, &c., in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular names 
 and synonymes, in common type. 
 
 Ahele-tree 
 
 467 
 
 Alkanet 
 
 363 
 
 ANPnOMEDEyK 
 
 287 
 
 Abies 
 
 471 
 
 Alligator Pear 
 
 422 
 
 Androp.igon 
 
 651 
 
 Abiktine>c; 
 
 468 
 
 Allium 
 
 633 
 
 And rosace 
 
 314 
 
 Abutilon 
 
 101 
 
 Allosurus 
 
 660 
 
 Anemone 
 
 36 
 
 Acacia 
 
 131, 145 
 
 Allspice, Wild 
 
 423 
 
 Angelica 
 
 192 
 
 Acalypha 
 
 436 
 
 Almond Family 
 
 146 
 
 Angelica-tree 
 
 199 
 
 Acanthus Family 
 
 338 
 
 AInus 
 
 460 
 
 Angelico 
 
 194 
 
 ACANTIIACE^ 
 
 338 
 
 Alo.- 
 
 513 
 
 ANGIOSI'ERM.5; 
 
 33 
 
 Acvr 
 
 118 
 
 Alo])ecurus 
 
 60S 
 
 Anise Hyssop 
 
 353 
 
 Ac-rates 
 
 397 
 
 Aliiine Azalea 
 
 301 
 
 Anisopbylluni 
 
 431 
 
 ACEKIXE-E 
 
 117 
 
 Alpine Bistort 
 
 415 
 
 ANONACE^ 
 
 50 
 
 AchiUfa 
 
 266 
 
 Alsine 
 
 91 
 
 Aiitennaria 
 
 269 
 
 Aciiida 
 
 413 
 
 Alsine^ 
 
 87 
 
 Antiiemide-*: 
 
 220 
 
 Acoiiitum (Aconite) 
 
 46 
 
 Alum-root 
 
 169 
 
 Anthemis 
 
 265 
 
 Acorus 
 
 478 
 
 Altbasa 
 
 99 
 
 Anthoxaxthe^ 
 
 606 
 
 ACKOGENS 
 
 653 
 
 Alvssine^ 
 
 63 
 
 AXTHUXANTIIUM 
 
 643 
 
 Acta'a 
 
 47 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 72 
 
 Anti gramma 
 
 663 
 
 Actinella 
 
 263 
 
 Amaranth 
 
 411 
 
 Antiuriiixk.k 
 
 324 
 
 Acliuomeris 
 
 258 
 
 Amaranth Family 
 
 411 
 
 Antikkiiixide.e 
 
 324 
 
 Adam-and-Eve 
 
 510 
 
 Amarantus 
 
 411 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 326 
 
 Adam's Needle 
 
 535 
 
 AMARANTACE^ 
 
 411 
 
 Anychia 
 
 96 
 
 Adder's-raouth 
 
 50:) 
 
 Amarelloides 
 
 387 
 
 Apalanthe 
 
 496 
 
 Addt-r's-tongue 
 
 633, 672 
 
 AMARVLLIDACE^ 
 
 612 
 
 Aphyllon 
 
 323 
 
 Adelia 
 
 402 
 
 Amaryllis 
 
 513 
 
 Ai)etalou3 Exogenous PI. 
 
 403 
 
 Adenocaulon 
 
 227 
 
 Amaryllis Family 
 
 512 
 
 Api,.s 
 
 140 
 
 Adenorhauhis 
 
 161 
 
 Ambriiia 
 
 407 
 
 Apleotrum 
 
 610 
 
 Adiantura 
 
 658 
 
 Ambrosia 
 
 250 
 
 AfOCYNACE.'E 
 
 392 
 
 Adice 
 
 445 
 
 Anielanehier 
 
 162 
 
 Apocynum 
 
 393 
 
 Adlumia 
 
 60 
 
 American Alne 
 
 513 
 
 Apple 
 
 161 
 
 Adonis 
 
 48 
 
 American Centaury 
 
 384 
 
 Ar>|.le of Peru 
 
 3S2 
 
 jEschynommene 
 
 134 
 
 American Columbo 
 
 386 
 
 AQUIFOLIACE^ 
 
 305 
 
 ^sculus 
 
 117 
 
 Americin Cowsli)) 
 
 314 
 
 Aquif.>lium 
 
 308 
 
 j^iihusa 
 
 193 
 
 American Frug's-bit 
 
 495 
 
 Aquilegia 
 
 45 
 
 Agathophyton 
 
 408 
 
 American Ipecac 
 
 150 
 
 ARAIilDR.B 
 
 63 
 
 Agave 
 
 513 
 
 American Ivy 
 
 113 
 
 Arabis 
 
 67 
 
 Agriinonia 
 
 151 
 
 Amianthium 
 
 525 
 
 AUACK.K 
 
 475 
 
 Ajrrimony 
 
 151 
 
 Ammadenia 
 
 92 
 
 Aralia 
 
 19S 
 
 Afrropyron 
 
 637 
 
 Ammannia 
 
 182 
 
 AKXLIACKM 
 
 198 
 
 Agrostemma 
 
 90 
 
 Ammnphila 
 
 616 
 
 Arbor Viuu 
 
 472 
 
 AOmi-STIDE/E 
 
 603 
 
 Anu)ri)ha 
 
 130 
 
 AuillTE.K 
 
 287 
 
 Agni)-ti3 
 
 611 
 
 Aini)elopsis 
 
 113 
 
 ArlMitus 
 
 292 
 
 Ailanthus 
 
 no 
 
 AnipliicarpiJEa 
 
 141 
 
 Arl)utus (Trailli.^^ 
 
 293 
 
 Aira 
 
 641 
 
 Aniphicarpura 
 
 644 
 
 Arcliiiiig<-lica 
 
 193 
 
 Airopsis 
 
 641 
 
 Anisonia 
 
 393 
 
 Archimora 
 
 192 
 
 A.Ii:ii01DE/E 
 
 342 
 
 Amycdalk^ 
 
 146 
 
 Arctostaphylos 
 
 292 
 
 Alder 
 
 460 
 
 Ar.acharis 
 
 495 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 90 
 
 AMer-Buckthom 
 
 115 
 
 ANACAllDIACEiE 
 
 111 
 
 Arethusa 
 
 506 
 
 AlchcmiUa 
 
 151 
 
 ANAfiALI.IDE.B 
 
 313 
 
 Aki:thi:se>k 
 
 497 
 
 Aletris 
 
 515 
 
 Anagallis 
 
 316 
 
 Argemone 
 
 59 
 
 Alisma 
 
 491 
 
 Anantherix 
 
 398 
 
 Arisiema 
 
 475 
 
 ALISMACE^ 
 
 4^0 
 
 Anchistea 
 
 660 
 
 Aristi.la 
 
 618 
 
 ALliME.t 
 
 490 
 
 Aadromeda 
 
 295 
 
 Aristolochia 
 
 404 
 
C84 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 ARTSTOLOCniACE^ 
 
 403 
 
 Basswood 
 
 103 
 
 Bladdfrwort Family 
 
 317 
 
 Aiimria 
 
 312 
 
 I'.nstard I'ennyjmyal 
 
 344 
 
 Bla/.ing-Star 
 
 223, 527 
 
 Arnica 
 
 271 
 
 Bastanl Toad-llax 
 
 42b 
 
 lUephilia 
 
 352 
 
 Aromatic Wintergreen 
 
 2.13 
 
 Itatixifiulrou 
 
 290 
 
 Llossed Thistle 
 
 2T2 
 
 Aiihciiaiillierum 
 
 642 
 
 Batrachium 
 
 40 
 
 Bktia 
 
 51)9 
 
 Allow Arum 
 
 4Tt5 
 
 Bat,schia 
 
 3(13 
 
 Llitum (Blite) 
 
 408 
 
 Anow-Giass 
 
 4J1 
 
 Hayberry 
 
 4o7 
 
 l;loo.l-roo| 
 
 60 
 
 Anuw-Grass Family 
 
 4^0 
 
 Ikach I'ea 
 
 l.-.i) 
 
 i;ic)o,hvoit Family 
 
 514 
 
 Ario«-li,aa 
 
 4;.2 
 
 H^ak-Kush 
 
 5! 17 
 
 V,h\f licich 
 
 457 
 
 Air..vv-wo.,a 
 
 21).; 
 
 li.-au 
 
 110 
 
 r.luebcrry 
 
 2S9 
 
 Arliiiiisia 
 
 2i;6 
 
 Bcarberry 
 
 2.12 
 
 Blu.-boitle 
 
 272 
 
 AmocMivEX 
 
 441 
 
 Beard Grass 
 
 612, C51 
 
 Blue Cohosh 
 
 53 
 
 Aruncus 
 
 150 
 
 Bear-Grass 
 
 535 
 
 Blue Curls 
 
 343 
 
 Aruiiiliiiaria 
 
 636 
 
 Beard-toii<;ue 
 
 327 
 
 Jilue Flag 
 
 516 
 
 Aiuiulo 
 
 636 
 
 Beaver-l'oisou 
 
 196 
 
 Blue-Hearts 
 
 333 
 
 Asaruin 
 
 403 
 
 Beech 
 
 455 
 
 Bluets 
 
 213 
 
 Asiirabacca 
 
 403 
 
 B.ech-drnp3 
 
 322 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass 
 
 617 
 
 ASCLEl'IADACE^ 
 
 3-J4 
 
 Beech-Fcru 
 
 663 
 
 Blue Grass 
 
 600 
 
 ASILEPUDE^ 
 
 394 
 
 Beet 
 
 405 
 
 Blue Joint-Grass 
 
 615 
 
 Asclopias 
 
 394 
 
 Bedstraw 
 
 20S 
 
 Blue L.'ttuce 
 
 281 
 
 Ascjruin 
 
 83 
 
 Beggar's Lice 
 
 366 
 
 Blue Tangle 
 
 289 
 
 Ash 
 
 401 
 
 Beggar-ticks 
 
 261 
 
 Blue-weed 
 
 361 
 
 Ash-leaved Maple 
 
 119 
 
 Helinuwer 
 
 285 
 
 BIysmus 
 
 560 
 
 Asimiiia 
 
 50 
 
 Bel lis 
 
 2:i9 
 
 BIyttia 
 
 613 
 
 AspakaginejE 
 
 521 
 
 BclUvort 
 
 528 
 
 BcL'hmeria 
 
 445 
 
 Asiiaragus 
 
 5ol 
 
 Bengal Grass 
 
 650 
 
 Bog-Asphodel 
 
 535 
 
 Aspen 
 
 46(i 
 
 Benjamin-bush 
 
 423 
 
 Bog-Kush 
 
 637 
 
 ASPIDIK.B 
 
 657 
 
 Beni-Grasd 
 
 611 
 
 Boltonia 
 
 2^38 
 
 Aspidiutn 
 
 664 
 
 Benzoin 
 
 4-2:i 
 
 Bonamia 
 
 376 
 
 ASPLKSIE.B 
 
 656 
 
 BERBl-.KIDACE^ 
 
 52 
 
 Boneset 
 
 226 
 
 Aspleuium 
 
 661 
 
 Berberis 
 
 52 
 
 BuRRAGB.f: 
 
 360 
 
 Asier 
 
 228 
 
 Berchemia 
 
 114 
 
 Borrage Family 
 
 360 
 
 Asteranthemum 
 
 630 
 
 Bergamot 
 
 351 
 
 BORRAGINACEiE 
 
 360 
 
 ASTERINB.15 
 
 218 
 
 Bermuda Grass 
 
 622 
 
 Borrichia 
 
 253 
 
 Asteroid E.E 
 
 218 
 
 Berula 
 
 196 
 
 Bottlebrush -Grass 
 
 639 
 
 Astilbe 
 
 167 
 
 Betoiiica (Betony) 
 
 358 
 
 Bottle-Grass 
 
 650 
 
 ASTRAGALE* 
 
 124 
 
 Betony (Wooil) 
 
 337 
 
 Botrychium 
 
 671 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 132 
 
 Betula 
 
 458 
 
 Botryois 
 
 407 
 
 Atamasco Lily 
 
 513 
 
 BETULACE^ 
 
 458 
 
 Bouncing Bet 
 
 88 
 
 Atluropogou 
 
 621 
 
 Bidens 
 
 261 
 
 Bouteloua 
 
 620 
 
 Alt..vrium 
 
 662 
 
 Bigelovia 
 
 245 
 
 Bowman's root 
 
 150 
 
 Atrasene 
 
 35 
 
 Bignonia 
 
 321 
 
 Boxberry 
 
 293 
 
 Atriplex 
 
 409 
 
 BIGNONIACE.E 
 
 320 
 
 Box-Elder 
 
 119 
 
 AurautiacesB 
 
 110 
 
 Bignonia Family 
 
 320 
 
 Box Family 
 
 430 
 
 Avena 
 
 640 
 
 Bilberry 
 
 289 
 
 Boykinia 
 
 169 
 
 AVENE.B 
 
 C06 
 
 Bilsted 
 
 174 
 
 Brachychffita 
 
 239 
 
 Avens 
 
 151 
 
 Biu.lweed 
 
 375 
 
 Brachyelytrura 
 
 614 
 
 Avicularia 
 
 417 
 
 Biotia 
 
 228 
 
 Bracted Bindweed 
 
 375 
 
 Awhvort 
 
 73 
 
 Birch Family 
 
 458 
 
 Brake, Bracken 
 
 658 
 
 Awiied Wheat-Grass 
 
 618 
 
 liirthroot 
 
 623 
 
 Bramble 
 
 156 
 
 Azalea 
 
 299 
 
 Birthwort 
 
 404 
 
 Brasenia 
 
 65 
 
 Amelia 
 
 677 
 
 Biithwort Family 
 
 403 
 
 Brasiletto Family 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 Bishop's-Cap 
 
 170 
 
 Brassica 
 
 70 
 
 BAOrnARIDE^ 
 
 219 
 
 Bistorta 
 
 415 
 
 Brassice.e 
 
 63 
 
 Baccharis 
 
 247 
 
 Bitter-Cress 
 
 ^6 
 
 Bread-fruit Family 
 
 441 
 
 Bald Cypress 
 
 473 
 
 Bittersweet '^ 
 
 116, 380 
 
 Rristly Foxtail-Grass 
 
 649 
 
 Baldwiuia 
 
 264 
 
 Biiter-weed 
 
 251 
 
 Briza 
 
 633 
 
 B:.!lota 
 
 359 
 
 Black Alder 
 
 307 
 
 Brizopyrum 
 
 628 
 
 Balm 
 
 S50 
 
 Blackberry 
 
 157 
 
 Brome- Grass 
 
 634 
 
 Balm i.fOilead 
 
 467 
 
 Black b. rry- Lily 
 
 617 
 
 BROMELIACE.^ 
 
 615 
 
 Balmony 
 
 327 
 
 Black Bindweed 
 
 418 
 
 Brooklime 
 
 332 
 
 Balsam 
 
 108 
 
 Black-Gum-tree 
 
 201 
 
 Brook -weed 
 
 317 
 
 BaUam Family 
 
 106 
 
 Black -Grass 
 
 539 
 
 Broom-Corn 
 
 652 
 
 BALSAMIFLLMi 
 
 173 
 
 Black Haw 
 
 206 
 
 Broom-Crowberry 
 
 440 
 
 Bai.samise.k 
 
 106 
 
 Black lloreliound 
 
 360 
 
 Broom-rape 
 
 323 
 
 Bamdise.u 
 
 605 
 
 Black-.) ack 
 
 453 
 
 Bronm-rape Family 
 
 322 
 
 Baueberry 
 
 47 
 
 Black Moss 
 
 515 
 
 Bromus 
 
 634 
 
 Baptisia 
 
 142 
 
 Black-Mustard 
 
 71 
 
 Brunella 
 
 355 
 
 Barbarea 
 
 69 
 
 Black Oat-Grass 
 
 617 
 
 Brunnichia 
 
 422 
 
 Barberry 
 
 52 
 
 Black Snakeroot 
 
 190 
 
 Buchnera 
 
 33:; 
 
 Barb, rry Family 
 
 52 
 
 Black Thorn 
 
 148, 160 
 
 Udchsere-e 
 
 3-25 
 
 Barley 
 
 63S 
 
 Bladder- Kern 
 
 667 
 
 Buckbr-an 
 
 390 
 
 Baniyard-Grass 
 
 649 
 
 Bla.ld r K.tmia 
 
 102 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 114 
 
 Barri'ii Strawberry 
 
 153 
 
 Bla.ld.r-nut 
 
 117 
 
 Buckthorn Family 
 
 113 
 
 Bartoiiia 184, 3«9 
 
 Bladd.r-iuit Family 
 
 117 
 
 Buckeye 
 
 117 
 
 Basil 346, 349 
 
 Blad.kr-pod 
 
 73 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 419 
 
 Basil Thyme 
 
 349 
 
 Bladderwort 
 
 318 
 
 Buckwheat Family 
 
 414 
 
G85 
 
 Buffrilo-beiTy 
 
 liuffalo-uut 
 
 Baj;U-«'eed 
 
 Uu^-seed 
 
 iJulrush 
 
 Uuinelia 
 
 Bunch-berry 
 
 JJuiicli-fliiwer 
 
 Bupleurum 
 
 Burdock 
 
 Bur-Grass 
 
 Burmaniiia 
 
 BURMANNIACE^ 
 
 Bur-Marigold 
 
 Burnet 
 
 Buruing-bush 
 
 Bur-reed 
 
 Bush-clover 
 
 Bu8h-Honeysuckle 
 
 Butter-aud-eggs 
 
 Buttercup 
 
 Butterfly- I'ea 
 
 Buttertly-iveed 
 
 Butternut 
 
 Butl.-r-weed 
 
 Butterwort 
 
 Buttciii-bush 
 
 Button Suakeroot 
 
 Butoii-weed 
 
 Buttouwoud 
 
 Cabomba 
 
 Cauombe^ 
 
 Cacalia 
 
 CACTACE^E 
 
 Cactus 
 
 Cactus Family 
 
 Cienotus 
 
 C/KSAl.PlNIE^ 
 
 Cakile 
 
 CAKILINEiE 
 CAI.AMACJROSTIDEiB 
 
 Caluuia<;rostis 
 
 Calainiiitha 
 
 Calauiiiith 
 
 Cah.movilfa 
 
 Calamus 
 
 Calico-bush 
 
 Calla 
 
 Calliastrum 
 
 Ciillicarpa 
 
 Callinliuj 
 
 CALLITIIICIIACE^ 
 
 Calliti-iche 
 
 Calluua 
 
 Ciilomelissa 
 
 Calopogon 
 
 Caltha 
 
 CALYCANTHACEiE 
 
 Calycanthus 
 
 Calycauthus Family 
 
 Calycocarpum 
 
 Calypso 
 
 Calystegia 
 
 Caniassia 
 
 Camelina 
 
 Camklixk^ 
 
 Cani'.llia 
 
 CAMKLLIACE/E 
 
 Cauii.aoula 
 
 CAMPANUI.ACE.*: 
 
 Cainpatiula Family 
 
 Campion 
 
 Caniptosorus 
 
 Canai-y-tirass 
 
 Cancer-root 
 
 Cane 
 
 CaNNAISINEjE 
 
 Cannabis 
 
 Capir Family 
 
 CAPI'AIUUACE^ 
 
 C'apraria 
 
 CAI'RIFOLIACE^ 
 
 Caprit'olium 
 
 Capsclla 
 
 195 I Csirex 
 275 Cardamine 
 650 Cardinal Flower 
 496 Carduus 
 
 490 CARlCINK/fi 
 
 2B1 Carnation 
 
 150 Carolina Allspice 
 
 116 Carpet-weeil 
 
 4S1 Caupink^ 
 
 137 Carpinus 
 
 205 Carrion Flower 
 
 326 Carrot 
 
 40 Carya 
 
 141 CAliVOPIIYLLACE^ 
 397 I Caryophyllata 
 447 Cashew Family 
 271 ! Cassandra 
 320 Cassena 
 211 Cassia 
 191, 223 , Cassiope 
 210 Castaiiea 
 447 Castilleia 
 Catalpa 
 
 55 Catbrier 
 
 54 Catchfly 
 270 Catgut 
 
 154 Cat-mint 
 
 155 Catni|) 
 
 184 I Cat-tail Family 
 2a6 Cat-tail Flag 
 125 Cat's-tail Grass 
 
 75 Caulinia 
 
 64 I Caulophyllum 
 603 I Ceanothus 
 614 I Cedar 
 349 Cedronella 
 349 Celandine 
 616 Celandine Poppy 
 473 CELASTKACEiE 
 298 Celastrus 
 476 ' Celtis 
 22;) Cenchrus 
 341 Centaurea 
 laurella 
 .ury 
 428 Centrosema 
 297 CentUMCulus 
 349 Century-plant 
 50S I Cephalanthus 
 
 44 I Cephaloxys 
 162 i Cerastium 
 162 I Cerasus 
 162 ■ CeratophyllacesB 
 
 52 ' Ceratoschoenus 
 508 Cercis 
 375 ChsErophyllum 
 533 Chietocyperus 
 
 73 Chaffs.ed 
 
 63 Chamveed 
 103 Chain-Fern 
 103 Chamailirium 
 285 Ch-.\niomile 
 285 Charlock 
 285 Cheat-Grass 
 
 89 Checkerherry 
 663 j Cheilanthes 
 043 Cbelidoaium 
 
 100 'T^k^iu 
 427 ^i^u 
 
 Chelone 
 
 Vhkloskjk 
 
 i:HKNOi'ODIACE.E 
 
 Chenopuilina 
 
 Chenopodium 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Chervil 
 
 Chess 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 CllICIIOllACE^ 221 
 
 Chickweed 
 
 Chickweed-WiDtergreen 
 
 Chimaphila 
 
 ClIIN( IIOMC.E 
 
 Cliin(|Uai)iu 
 Cliiogenes 
 Chionanthus 
 Chives 
 
 Cni.OKIDEjE 
 
 Choke-berry 
 
 Chondrilla 
 
 Clionilrusium 
 
 Chrysantlamum 
 
 Chrysaslrum 
 
 Chrysogonum 
 
 Chrysopsis 
 
 Chryscjsjilenium 
 
 CllllOKACEjE 
 
 Cichorium 
 Cichory 
 Cicuta 
 CiiTiicifuga 
 
 ClNCHO.\E.E 
 
 Cinna 
 
 Cinnamon-Fern 
 
 Cinque-foil 
 
 Circaja 
 
 Cirsium 
 
 Cissus 
 
 CISTACE^ 
 
 CitruUus 
 
 Cladium 
 
 Cladrastis 
 
 Claytonia 
 
 Clearweed 
 
 Cleavers 
 
 Cle.matide^ 
 
 Clematis 
 
 Clethra 
 
 Clitr-brake 659 
 
 Climbing Fern 
 
 Climbing Fumitory 
 
 Climbing Hemp-weed 
 
 Clinopodium 
 
 Clintonia 
 
 Clit.,ria 
 
 Clotbur 
 
 Cloud-berry 
 
 Clover 
 
 Club-Moss 
 
 Club-Moss Family 
 
 Club-Rush 
 
 Cnicus 
 
 Cnidoscolus 
 
 Cocculus 
 
 Cockle 
 
 Cocklebur 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Cohosh 
 
 Colic-root 
 
 Collinsia 
 
 Colliusonia 
 
 Coli)oilium 
 
 Coltsfoot 
 
 Columbine 
 
 Columbo 
 
 Comaudra 
 
G86 
 
 Coinnropsls 
 
 153 
 
 ' Ctenium 
 
 620 
 
 Dichronema 
 
 66> 
 
 Comarum 
 
 165 
 
 Cuckoo-aower 
 
 66 
 
 Dicksonia 
 
 669 
 
 Coml'roy 
 
 301 
 
 Cucunilier 
 
 im 
 
 DICOTVLEDONOUS PL 
 
 . 33 
 
 Commtlvna 
 
 646 
 
 Cucumber-tree 
 
 49 
 
 Diclaninus 
 
 110 
 
 COM.MLLYNACEJE 
 
 546 
 
 Cucuiiiis 
 
 186 
 
 Lielytra 
 
 61 
 
 Compiiss I'laiit 
 
 24J 
 
 Cucurbita 
 
 186 
 
 Diervilla 
 
 205 
 
 COMl'OSIT.ii 
 
 216 
 
 CLCLUblTACEJE 
 
 1S6 
 
 Digitaria 
 
 645 
 
 Composite Family 
 
 215 
 
 Cudweed 
 
 263 
 
 Digruphis 
 
 643 
 
 Com|itonia 
 
 45S 
 
 Culver's Physic 
 
 332 
 
 Diiepyrum 
 
 614 
 
 Coi.e-(l..«er 
 
 254 
 
 Culvcr's-root 
 
 332 
 
 Idodia 
 
 210 
 
 CONIFERJE 
 
 403 
 
 Cunila 
 
 346 
 
 Dionaja 
 
 83 
 
 Couioseljiium 
 
 1J3 
 
 Cuphea 
 
 134 
 
 Dioscorea 
 
 51S 
 
 Conium 
 
 l'J7 
 
 Cup-plant 
 
 249 
 
 DIOSCOREACE^ 
 
 518 
 
 Conobea 
 
 22) 
 
 ClPUESSINE^ 
 
 468 
 
 Diospyros 
 
 303 
 
 C(raocllnium 
 
 227 
 
 Cupressus 
 
 473 
 
 Diphylleia 
 
 53 
 
 Conopholis 
 
 32J 
 
 Cupseed 
 
 52 
 
 Diplacline 
 
 623 
 
 Coiiostjiis 
 
 614 
 
 CUPULIFER^ 
 
 449 
 
 Diplocea 
 
 624 
 
 Convallaria 
 
 530 
 
 Currant 
 
 164 
 
 Diplopappus 
 
 238 
 
 CONVOIAILACE^ 
 
 374 
 
 Cuscuta 
 
 377 
 
 DI I'SACE.E 
 
 215 
 
 CONVOI.VII.K.S 
 
 374 
 
 ClSCt:TIXF,.E 
 
 374 
 
 Dipsacus 
 
 215 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 375 
 
 Custard- Apple Family 
 
 50 
 
 Dipteracanthus 
 
 339 
 
 Convolvulus Fiimily 
 
 374 
 
 Cyanococcus 
 
 2.n 
 
 l.irca 
 
 4-24 
 
 Coprosmauthus 
 
 520 
 
 Cycloloma 
 
 406 
 
 Discopleura 
 
 195 
 
 Ooptis 
 
 45 
 
 Cysaukm 
 
 221 
 
 Ditch-Grass 
 
 483 
 
 Onral-bcrry 
 
 203 
 
 Cynodon 
 
 622 
 
 Ditch Stone-crop 
 
 171 
 
 C..iall;.ihiza 
 
 50i> 
 
 Cynogliissum 
 
 365 
 
 Dittany 
 
 346 
 
 Coral-vaot 
 
 5oa 
 
 Cynthia 
 
 276 
 
 Duck, 
 
 419 
 
 C.rd Grass 
 
 619 
 
 CVPERACEiE 
 
 550 
 
 Duck mack ie 
 
 207 
 
 Corenia 
 
 440 
 
 Cypkre^ 
 
 551 
 
 Dodder 
 
 377 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 258 
 
 Cyperus 
 
 552 
 
 Dodecatheon 
 
 314 
 
 Conspeimura 
 
 40'J 
 
 Cypress 
 
 473 
 
 Dogbane 
 
 393 
 
 COKNACK^ 
 
 199 
 
 Cypress Family 
 
 463 
 
 Dogljane Family 
 
 392 
 
 C.irn-cockle 
 
 90 
 
 Cypress-Vine 
 
 374 
 
 Dog's-tail Grass 
 
 623 
 
 Cornel 
 
 200 
 
 Cypripkdikj: 
 
 498 
 
 D.ig's-toolli Violet 
 
 532 
 
 Corn Salad 
 
 214 
 
 Cypripedium 
 
 511 
 
 Dogwood 
 
 200 
 
 Cornus 
 
 200 
 
 Cystopteris 
 
 607 
 
 Dogwood Family 
 
 199 
 
 Corpse-Plant 
 
 304 
 
 
 
 Door-weed 
 
 417 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 61 
 
 Dactylis 
 
 625 
 
 Double-bristled Aster 
 
 233 
 
 Corylus 
 
 450 
 
 Dactvloctenium 
 
 622 
 
 Draba 
 
 71 
 
 Cosmanthus 
 
 369 
 
 Daffodil 
 
 512 
 
 Dracocephalum 
 
 353 
 
 Colton-Grass 
 
 565 
 
 Daisy 
 
 239 
 
 Dragon-Arum 
 
 475 
 
 Cotto:i-Unse 
 
 269 
 
 Dalea 
 
 12J 
 
 Dragon-head 
 
 353 
 
 Cott.n-Thistle 
 
 274 
 
 Dalibarda 153, 156 
 
 Dragon-root 
 
 476 
 
 CottDII- K)0d 
 
 467 
 
 Daiiddion 
 
 280 
 
 Dr.-p-seed Grass 610, 613 
 
 Cucli-Grass 
 
 637 
 
 Dan^leberry 
 
 289 
 
 Droscra 
 
 82 
 
 Cowhane 
 
 192 
 
 Danthonia 
 
 039 
 
 DROSERACE^ 
 
 82 
 
 CowlK-rry 
 
 290 
 
 Daphne 
 
 424 
 
 Dkyade^ 
 
 147 
 
 Cow-Herb 
 
 88 
 
 Darnel 
 
 637 
 
 Dryas 
 
 151 
 
 Cow- Parsnip 
 
 191 
 
 Dasystnma 
 
 335 
 
 Dryopteris 
 
 664 
 
 Cowslip 
 
 313 
 
 Date Plum 
 
 308 
 
 Dubrueilia 
 
 445 
 
 Cowslips 
 
 44 
 
 Datura 
 
 383 
 
 Duok's-meat 
 
 478 
 
 Cow-wheat 
 
 338 
 
 Daucus 
 
 191 
 
 Duckweed 
 
 478 
 
 Crab-Apple 
 
 161 
 
 DAVALLIEiE 
 
 657 
 
 Duckweed Family 
 
 478 
 
 Crab-Grass 632, 648 
 
 Day-flower 
 
 640 
 
 Dulichiuni 
 
 556 
 
 Cranberry 
 
 289 
 
 Day-Lily 
 
 535 
 
 Dupontia 
 
 624 
 
 Cranberry-tree 
 
 207 
 
 Dead-Nettie 
 
 359 
 
 Dutchman's Breeches 
 
 61 
 
 Crane-fly Orchis 
 
 508 
 
 Decodon 
 
 183 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe 
 
 404 
 
 Cranesbill 
 
 107 
 
 Deerberry 
 
 290 
 
 Dwarf Dandelion 
 
 275 
 
 Crantzia 
 
 190 
 
 Deer Grass 
 
 181 
 
 Dyer's Green-weed 
 
 126 
 
 CRASSULACE-E 
 
 171 
 
 Delphinium 
 
 45 
 
 Dyer's Rocket 
 
 76 
 
 CratiERUs 
 
 159 
 
 Dennstaidtia 
 
 669 
 
 Dyer's Weed or Weld 
 
 76 
 
 Creeping Snowberry 
 
 292 
 
 Dentaria 
 
 65 
 
 Dysodia 
 
 262 
 
 Crocus 
 
 616 
 
 Deschampsia 
 
 641 
 
 
 
 Crossopetalum 
 
 387 
 
 Desmauthus 
 
 145 
 
 Eatonia 
 
 625 
 
 Crotalaria 
 
 126 
 
 D-'smodium 
 
 134 
 
 KBKNACE^ 
 
 307 
 
 Croton 
 
 437 
 
 Dewberry 
 
 157 
 
 Ebony Family 
 
 307 
 
 Crotonopsis 
 
 439 
 
 DevilV-bit 
 
 527 
 
 Kchinacea 
 
 253 
 
 Crowberry 
 
 440 
 
 Devil-wood 
 
 401 
 
 Echinochloa 
 
 649 
 
 Crowberry Family 
 
 440 
 
 D-yeuxia 
 
 615 
 
 Erhinocystis 
 
 186 
 
 Crowfoot 
 
 40 
 
 Diatithera 
 
 338 
 
 Kchinodorus 
 
 492 
 
 Crowf .ot Family 
 
 34 
 
 llianthus 
 
 83 
 
 Echinospermum 
 
 365 
 
 Crownbearl 
 
 262 
 
 Diapensia 
 
 373 
 
 Echium 
 
 361 
 
 CRLCIFER^ 
 
 62 
 
 DlAPK.N-SIE^ 
 
 370 
 
 Eelipta 
 
 252 
 
 Ci-ypsis 
 
 609 
 
 Diarrhena 
 
 624 
 
 E-l-grass 483 
 
 ,496 
 
 CRYI'TOOAMOUS PL. 
 
 653 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 01 
 
 Egg-plant 
 
 3S0 
 
 Cryptogramme 
 
 660 
 
 Dichondra 
 
 377 
 
 Egyptian Grass 
 
 622 
 
 CryptotsEuia 
 
 197, 
 
 DlCHONDRE^ 
 
 374 
 
 EL^ASNACE^ 
 
 42* 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 68/ 
 
 Elan-nus 
 
 426 
 
 FafTUS 
 
 455 
 
 FcTrtail Grass 
 
 608, 649 
 
 tLATINACK^E 
 
 b6 
 
 Fall Uandelion 
 
 276 
 
 Fragaria 
 
 153 
 
 J.1..LH10 
 
 St) 
 
 Falsi' Acacia 
 
 lol 
 
 FrauKula 
 
 115 
 
 tl.Kr 
 
 2U5 
 
 False Asphodel 
 
 527 
 
 Frasera 
 
 386 
 
 Llecampaue 
 
 tiW 
 
 False lieecli-<li-ops 
 
 305 
 
 FUAXINK.E 
 
 400 
 
 tleoduiris 
 
 557 
 
 False liu-hane 
 
 39 
 
 Fraxiiiella 
 
 110 
 
 lilenKonus 
 
 568 
 
 False DaiKklion 
 
 2H0 
 
 Fraxiims 
 
 401 
 
 Llci.!i;ii,t..i)us 
 
 222 
 
 False Diagon-head 
 
 304 
 
 French Marigold 
 
 262 
 
 l.k|.li;iiit's-foot 
 
 222 
 
 Kalse Fl ix 
 
 7:i 
 
 French Mulberry 
 
 341 
 
 El.isia 
 
 368 
 
 False Foxglove 
 
 335 
 
 Fringed Polygala 
 
 122 
 
 i-lm 
 
 442 
 
 False Goatsbeanl 
 
 167 
 
 Fringe-tree 
 
 401 
 
 i-liii Family 
 
 441 
 
 False GoUleii-rod 
 
 239 
 
 FruL-lichia 
 
 414 
 
 lilmkii 86, 495 
 
 False Gn.mwell 
 
 362 
 
 Frog'sbii Family 
 
 494 
 
 la.Mlis 
 
 86 
 
 False Hellebore 
 
 525 
 
 Frost-weed 
 
 80 
 
 Ek-usii.e 
 
 622 
 
 False Honeysuckle 
 
 299 
 
 Fuirena 
 
 556 
 
 tlynius 
 
 639 
 
 False ludigo 130, 142 
 
 Fumaria 
 
 62 
 
 E:>ll>hTRACE.E 
 
 440 
 
 False Lettuce 
 
 2S1 
 
 FUMARIACE.E 
 
 00 
 
 Empeu-um 
 
 440 
 
 False Loosestrife 
 
 ISO 
 
 Fumitory 
 
 62 
 
 ENDUGExNOUS PLANTS 475 
 
 False Mallow 
 
 100 
 
 Fumitory i'amily 
 
 60 
 
 Encliauter's N i^'htsliaile 
 
 176 
 
 False Mermaid 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 EnemioD 
 
 44 
 
 False Mistletoe 
 
 426 
 
 GALACINE^ 
 
 305 
 
 Engtlmaimia 
 
 438 
 
 False Mitre-wort 
 
 170 
 
 Galactia 
 
 142 
 
 Euslenia 
 
 398 
 
 False Nettle 
 
 445 
 
 Galanthus 
 
 512 
 
 Epigaea 
 
 293 
 
 False Pimpernel 
 
 330 
 
 Galax 
 
 305 
 
 Eijil.)bium 
 
 177 
 
 False Red-top 
 
 629 
 
 Galax Family 
 
 305 
 
 Epipactis 
 
 606 
 
 False Solomon's Seal 
 
 530 
 
 Galege.b 
 
 124 
 
 EpipliL'sjus 
 
 322 
 
 False Spikenaril 
 
 530 
 
 Galeopsis 
 
 357 
 
 EQUISETACEiE 
 
 653 
 
 False VVater-Dropwort 
 
 192 
 
 Galii.gale 
 
 552 
 
 Equisetum 
 
 653 
 
 Farkle-berry 
 
 290 
 
 Giilinsoga 
 
 264 
 
 Eiagrostis 
 
 631 
 
 Featlierfoil 
 
 317 
 
 Gall-ot-the-Earth 
 
 278 
 
 Erclithitea 
 
 269 
 
 Feather Geranium 
 
 407 
 
 Galium 
 
 208 
 
 Eiiauthud 
 
 651 
 
 Feather Grass 
 
 617 
 
 Gama-Grass 
 
 650 
 
 ElUCACE^ 
 
 286 
 
 Fedia 
 
 214 
 
 Garden Nasturtium 
 
 105 
 
 EMCf.JE 
 
 287 
 
 Ferns 
 
 655 
 
 Garget 
 
 405 
 
 EUICINK^ 
 
 287 
 
 Fescue-Grass 
 
 633 
 
 Garlic 
 
 533 
 
 Erigeiii;i 
 
 198 
 
 Festuca 
 
 633 
 
 Gaultheria 
 
 293 
 
 Erigeridinm 
 
 237 
 
 FeSTICIN'EJ! 
 
 604 
 
 Gaura 
 
 176 
 
 Erigeron 
 
 236 
 
 Fetiil llorehound 
 
 359 
 
 Gaylussacia 
 
 288 
 
 ElilOCONEjB 
 
 414 
 
 Fetid Marigold 
 
 262 
 
 Geiseleria 
 
 438 
 
 Eiiocaulon 
 
 549 
 
 Fever-bush 
 
 423 
 
 Gelsemium 
 
 391 
 
 ERIOCAULONACE^ 
 
 549 
 
 Feverfew 
 
 266 
 
 Genista 
 
 126 
 
 Eiiophoium 
 
 565 
 
 Fever-wort 
 
 205 
 
 Gbniste^ 
 
 123 
 
 Erotlium 
 
 103 
 
 Fig Family 
 
 441 
 
 Gentian 
 
 387 
 
 Erophila 
 
 72 
 
 Figwort 
 
 326 
 
 Gentiaiia 
 
 387 
 
 Ervum 
 
 139 
 
 Figwort Family 
 
 324 
 
 GENTIANACE^ 
 
 384 
 
 EiryiiRiura 
 
 19U 
 
 Filago 
 
 269 
 
 Gentiane^ 
 
 384 
 
 Eryngo 
 
 190 
 
 Filbert 
 
 456 
 
 Gentian Family 
 
 384 
 
 Eiytliraa 
 
 385 
 
 FILICES 
 
 655 
 
 GERANIACE^ 
 
 105 
 
 Erytliionium 
 
 532 
 
 Fimbristylis 
 
 566 
 
 Geranik^ 
 
 105 
 
 Erysiuam w 
 
 69 
 
 Finger-Grass 
 
 646 
 
 Geranium 
 
 107 
 
 ESCALLOXIE^ 
 
 163 
 
 Florin Grass 
 
 612 
 
 Geranium Family 
 
 105 
 
 EuiHitrys 
 
 294 
 
 Fir 
 
 471 
 
 Gerard ia 
 
 334 
 
 Euloplms 
 
 19S 
 
 Fire-Pink 
 
 89 
 
 Gekardib^ 
 
 325 
 
 Euoiiymus 
 
 116 
 
 Fireweed 
 
 
 Germander 
 
 343 
 
 ElPATORIACE^ 
 
 217 
 
 Five-finger 
 
 153 
 
 Geum 
 
 151 
 
 EfPATORlE^ 
 
 218 
 
 Flax 
 
 104 
 
 Giant Hyssop 
 
 352 
 
 Uupatorium 
 
 224 
 
 Flax Family 
 
 104 
 
 Gill 
 
 353 
 
 Euphorbia 
 
 430 
 
 Fleabane 
 
 236 
 
 Gillenia 
 
 150 
 
 EUl'IIORBIACEiE 
 
 430 
 
 Floating Heart 
 
 390 
 
 Ginseng 
 
 198, 199 
 
 Euphrasia 
 
 336 
 
 Fluerkea 
 
 108 
 
 Ginseng Family 
 
 198 
 
 ECPIIBASIK.B 
 
 325 
 
 Flower-de-Luce 
 
 516 
 
 Girasole 
 
 253 
 
 Euphrosyiie 
 
 250 
 
 Flowering Fern 
 
 670 
 
 Glade Mallow- 
 
 100 
 
 Eurliyncliospora 
 
 56:5 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS 
 
 33 
 
 Gladiolus 
 
 516 
 
 Euthiimia 
 
 245 
 
 Flowering Wintergreen 
 
 122 
 
 Glasswort 
 
 409 
 
 Eutoca 
 
 369 
 
 FLOWERLESS PLANTS 653 
 
 Glaucium 
 
 60 
 
 Euti-iana 
 
 621 
 
 Flycatch Grass 
 
 607 
 
 Glaux 
 
 316 
 
 Euvaccinium 
 
 290 
 
 Fly-poison 
 
 526 
 
 Glechoma 
 
 353 
 
 Euxolus 
 
 412 
 
 FoiiKs- Parsley 
 
 193 
 
 Gleditschia 
 
 145 
 
 Evening- I'l-imrose 
 
 178 
 
 Forestiera 
 
 402 
 
 Globe-flower 
 
 44 
 
 Evt-niif; I'limi-ose Family 176 
 
 FoKESTIEItF.^ 
 
 400 
 
 Glyceria 
 
 626 
 
 Ev.rlMstin^' 268 
 
 .269 
 
 Forget-me-not 
 
 364 
 
 Glycyrrhiza 
 
 133 
 
 Everlat^tiMh' Pea 
 
 139 
 
 Forked Chickweed 
 
 96 
 
 Gnapiiai.ine* 
 
 220 
 
 Evnlvuhis 
 
 376 
 
 Forsteronia 
 
 393 
 
 Gnaphalium 
 
 268 
 
 EXOGENOUS PLANTS 
 
 33 
 
 Fothergilla 
 
 173 
 
 Goat's-Beard 
 
 150 
 
 Eyebri-ht 
 
 336 
 
 Four-o'clock Family 
 
 404 
 
 Goat's Kue 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 Fowl-meadow Grass 627 
 
 ,629 
 
 Golden Aster 
 
 246 
 
 I^gopyrum 
 
 419 
 
 Foxglove 
 
 335 
 
 GoldAn-club 
 
 471 
 
G88 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 GoMen rod 
 
 239 
 
 Hedge Bindweed 
 
 375 
 
 Horse-Mint 
 
 351 
 
 Goiilfii Saxifrage 
 
 170 
 
 Hedgehog-Grass 
 
 650 
 
 Horse-Nettle 
 
 381 
 
 Oiilil-thri-wl 
 
 45 
 
 IKMlge-Hy..sop 
 
 32J 
 
 Horseradish 
 
 65 
 
 GoN.iLOBB^ 
 
 394 
 
 Hrdge-Mustaid 
 
 70 
 
 Horse-Su-ar 
 
 310 
 
 UuiKilulms 
 
 399 
 
 Hedgt-Nettle 
 
 358 
 
 HorsetaU 
 
 653 
 
 Gond-Kiiig-IIenry 
 
 408 
 
 Hkdvsakk.b 
 
 124 
 
 Horsetail Family 
 
 653 
 
 Goodjera 
 
 60:j 
 
 Heilysarum 
 
 134 
 
 Hottonia 
 
 317 
 
 Goo8ibirry 
 
 1(54 
 
 IlELKNIliX 
 
 220 
 
 HOTTONIE.* 
 
 313 
 
 Goosefoot 
 
 401) 
 
 Hleniuni 
 
 263 
 
 Hound's-Tongue 
 
 365 
 
 G.M)Sefoot Family 
 
 405 
 
 llcleochloa 
 
 628 
 
 Houstooia 
 
 212 
 
 G..ose-Gras3 
 
 208,41- 
 
 Hh;LIA.STHF..B 
 
 219 
 
 Huckleberry 
 
 288 
 
 Gonloiiia 
 
 104 
 
 llelianlluinum 
 
 80 
 
 Hudsonia 
 
 81 
 
 Gourd 
 
 180 
 
 Il.'liantlms 
 
 255 
 
 IlumUlus 
 
 446 
 
 Gounl Family 
 
 180 
 
 IIKLIOI'IIVTIM 
 
 366 
 
 Huntsman's Cup 
 
 58 
 
 GRAMINE.K 
 
 602 
 
 Ileliopsis 
 
 253 
 
 Hydrangi a 
 
 165 
 
 Grape 
 
 112 
 
 IlKI.I(,TKOI.E.« 
 
 361 
 
 IlYDRANlilE^ 
 
 163 
 
 Grapi-IIyaciMth 
 
 534 
 
 lleliotropium (Heliotrope) 366 
 
 Hydrastis 
 
 47 
 
 Graphephonuii 
 
 624 
 
 Hellebore 
 
 45 
 
 HVUROCHARIDACEiE 
 
 494 
 
 Grass of Parnassus 
 
 166 
 
 Helleborus 
 
 45 
 
 llydrocharis 
 
 495 
 
 Grass of the Andes 
 
 642 
 
 Helouias 
 
 526 
 
 Hydrocotyle 
 
 189 
 
 Grass-wrack 
 
 483 
 
 Htlosciadium 
 
 196 
 
 Ilydrolea 
 
 370 
 
 Gratiola 
 
 329 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 535 
 
 HVDUOLK* 
 
 367 
 
 Gbatiole* 
 
 324 
 
 Heniianthus 
 
 330 
 
 Hydropeltis 
 
 55 
 
 Great Laurel 
 
 300 
 
 Hemicari.ha 
 
 556 
 
 HVUROI'HYLLACE^ 
 
 367 
 
 Greek Valeriau 
 
 371 
 
 Hemlock 
 
 196, 197 
 
 Hyduopiiylle^ 
 
 367 
 
 Greenbrier 
 
 518 
 
 Hemlock-Parsley 
 
 193 
 
 Hydix.plivllum 
 
 367 
 
 Green Dragon 
 
 426 
 
 Hemlock Spruce 
 
 471 
 
 HVDROI'TKRIDES 
 
 676 
 
 Green Milkweed 
 
 398 
 
 Hemp 
 
 446 
 
 llyineiiop;ippus 
 
 262 
 
 Green Violet 
 
 76 
 
 Hemp Family 
 
 442 
 
 Ilyoscj'.mus 
 
 383 
 
 Gi-omwell 
 
 362 
 
 Hemp- Nettle 
 
 357 
 
 HVPERICACE^ 
 
 83 
 
 Grossularia 
 
 164 
 
 Henbane 
 
 383 
 
 Hypericum 
 
 84 
 
 GROSSULAItlEi! 
 
 163 
 
 Hepalica 
 
 38 
 
 Hypobrychia 
 
 182 
 
 Ground Cherry 
 
 381 
 
 Heracleura 
 
 191 
 
 Hypopeltis 
 
 668 
 
 Ground Hemlock 
 
 474 
 
 Herb-Robert 
 
 107 
 
 Hypopitys 
 
 304 
 
 Ground Ivy 
 
 353 
 
 H<,rcules's Club 
 
 199 
 
 Hypoxis 
 
 5/3 
 
 Ground Laurel 
 
 293 
 
 Herd's Grass 
 
 608, 512 
 
 Hyssop 
 
 346 
 
 Ground-nut 
 
 140, 199 
 
 Herpestis 
 
 329 
 
 Hyssopus * 
 
 346 
 
 Ground Pine 
 
 674 
 
 Hesperis 
 
 6S 
 
 
 
 Ground Pink 
 
 373 
 
 Heteranthera 
 
 545 
 
 Ictodes 
 
 477 
 
 Ground Plum 
 
 132 
 
 Hcuchera 
 
 • 169 
 
 Hex 
 
 305 
 
 Groundsel 
 
 270 
 
 HlBISCEJE 
 
 i)9 
 
 Illkcebre^ 
 
 87 
 
 Groundsel-Tree 
 
 247 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 102 
 
 Ilysantbes 
 
 330 
 
 Guinea-Corn 
 
 652 
 
 Hickory 
 
 448 
 
 Impatiens 
 
 108 
 
 Gymnandeiiia 
 
 499 
 
 Hieraeium 
 
 277 
 
 lukberrv 
 
 307 
 
 Gymnocladus 
 
 144 
 
 Highwater-shrub 
 
 250 
 
 Indian Bean 
 
 321 
 
 Gymnopogon 
 
 
 Hierocliloa 
 
 642 
 
 Indian Chickweed 
 
 97 
 
 GYMNOS PERMED 
 
 468 
 
 HlPPOCASTANK.fi 
 
 117 
 
 Indian Cucumber-root 
 
 523 
 
 Gymnoslichum 
 
 639 
 
 Hippuris 
 
 175 
 
 Indian Currant 
 
 208 
 
 Gynamblosis 
 
 438 
 
 Hoary Pea 
 
 131 
 
 Indian Fig 
 
 185 
 
 Gyromia 
 
 523 
 
 Hobble-bush 
 
 207 
 
 Indian-Grass 
 
 652 
 
 
 
 Hog Pea-nut 
 
 141 
 
 Indian Heliotrope 
 
 366 
 
 Ilabenaria 
 
 498 
 
 Hog-weed 
 
 251 
 
 Indian Hemp 
 
 393 
 
 Hackberry 
 
 443 
 
 Ilolcus 
 
 642 
 
 In.lian Mallow 
 
 101 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 472 
 
 Holly 
 
 305 
 
 Indian Millet 
 
 652 
 
 H.EMOUORACE.^ 
 
 514 
 
 Holly Family 
 
 305 
 
 Indian Physic 
 
 150 
 
 Hair-Grass 611 
 
 614, 041 
 
 llolosteum 
 
 93 
 
 Indian Pipe 
 
 304 
 
 Halenia 
 
 380 
 
 Holy Grass 
 
 642 
 
 Indian-pipe Family 
 
 288 
 
 Halesia 
 
 310 
 
 Honey-Locust 
 
 145 
 
 Indian Plantain 
 
 270 
 
 HALORAGE.E 
 
 174 
 
 Honeysuckle 
 
 203 
 
 Indian Poke 
 
 525 
 
 HAMAMELACE^ 
 
 173 
 
 Honeysuckle Family 
 
 202 
 
 Indian Rice 
 
 608 
 
 Ha.mamei.e.i; 
 
 173 
 
 Hone wort 
 
 197 
 
 Indian Tobacco 
 
 283 
 
 ILimamclis 
 
 173 
 
 Honkenya 
 
 92 
 
 Indian Turnip 
 
 475 
 
 Hamiltonia 
 
 426 
 
 Hop 
 
 446 
 
 Itmla 
 
 246 
 
 Harbinger-of-Spring 
 
 198 
 
 Hopea 
 
 310 
 
 IsILKjE 
 
 218 
 
 Hardback 
 
 149 
 
 Hop-Hornbeam 
 
 456 
 
 lodanthus 
 
 68 
 
 Har.-bell 
 
 285 
 
 Ih.p-tree 
 
 110 
 
 Ipomcjea 
 
 375 
 
 Harl's-tongue 
 
 662 
 
 ll.)r<leum 
 
 638 
 
 Iresioe 
 
 413 
 
 Hawkbit 
 
 276 
 
 lloKDEINE.E 
 
 005 
 
 IRIDACE^ 
 
 515 
 
 Hawk weed 
 
 277 
 
 Horebound 
 
 357 
 
 Iris 
 
 616 
 
 Hawthorn 
 
 159 
 
 Hornbeam 
 
 457 
 
 Iris Family 
 
 515 
 
 Hazel-nut 
 
 456 
 
 Horned Pondweed 
 
 483 
 
 Iron -weed 
 
 222 
 
 Heal-all 
 
 355 
 
 Horned Rush 
 
 570 
 
 Iron-wood 456 
 
 ,457 
 
 Heart's Ease 
 
 79 
 
 Horn I'oppy 
 
 00 
 
 Isanthua 
 
 344 
 
 Hc-athcr 
 
 at7 
 
 H.iriiw..rt 
 
 427 
 
 Isoetes 
 
 675 
 
 Heath Family 
 
 28(; 
 
 llnrsr-lialin 
 
 350 
 
 Isolepis 
 
 560 
 
 HchiomtL 
 
 350 
 
 lloi-s.-clii-stn\it, 
 
 117 
 
 Isopyrura 
 
 44 
 
 Hadvra 
 
 1«9 
 
 Horse-Geutiau 
 
 205 
 
 Itsa 
 
 135 
 

 
 INDKX. 
 
 
 
 6S9 
 
 In 
 
 250 
 
 Leathcrwood 
 
 424 1 Lo;;ania Family 
 
 391 
 
 Ivy 
 
 19J 
 
 Lcaveuworthia 
 
 65 
 
 Loiseleui-ia 
 
 801 
 
 Ixia 
 
 617 
 
 Lech.a 
 
 81 
 
 Lolium 
 
 637 
 
 
 
 Lecoutia 
 
 470 
 
 LoMliNTACE,« 
 
 64 
 
 Jacob's T,n<liler 
 
 371 
 
 Ledum 
 
 3U0 
 
 Long Jloss 
 
 515 
 
 Jagged Cliickweed 
 
 9;5 
 
 Leek 
 
 534 
 
 Lonicera 
 
 203 
 
 Jaiutstowu-wecd 
 
 383 
 
 Leersia 
 
 007 
 
 LONICEHE-E 
 
 202 
 
 Jasmiimin 
 
 400 
 
 li;gum[nose.e 
 
 123 
 
 Loosestrife 
 
 183, 315 
 
 Jatropha 
 
 435 
 
 Leiophyllum 
 
 301 
 
 Looselrifo Family 
 
 182 
 
 Jefftrsouia 
 
 03 
 
 Lemna 
 
 478 
 
 Lophauthus 
 
 352 
 
 Jfi-usalem Artichoke 
 
 208 
 
 LEMNACE,E 
 
 478 
 
 Liphiola 
 
 014 
 
 Jerusalem Oak 
 
 407 
 
 LENTIBULACEiE 
 
 317 
 
 Lopseed 
 
 341 
 
 Jerusalem Sage 
 
 360 
 
 Leontodou 
 
 276 
 
 LUKANTIIACE^ 
 
 426 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 400 
 
 Leonurus 
 
 359 
 
 Lorinseria 
 
 661 
 
 Jewel-weed 
 
 108 
 
 Lepachys 
 
 255 
 
 Louse wort 
 
 337 
 
 Joe-Pye Weed 
 
 225 
 
 Lepidine.e 
 
 63 
 
 Lovage 
 
 194 
 
 Jointed Charlock 
 
 75 
 
 Lepidium ' 
 
 74 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 128 
 
 Joint-Grass 
 
 C45 
 
 Li'pidauche 
 
 379 
 
 Ludwigia 
 
 180 
 
 Joint-weed 
 
 417 
 
 Lepigonum 
 
 95 
 
 Lungwort 
 
 364 
 
 Jonquil 
 
 512 
 
 Leptaudra 
 
 332 
 
 Lupine 
 
 126 
 
 J udas-tree 
 
 143 
 
 Leptanthus 
 
 545 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 126 
 
 Jugl.ms 
 
 447 
 
 Leptochloa 
 
 623 
 
 Luzula 
 
 536 
 
 JUGLANDACE^ 
 
 447 
 
 Leptopoila 
 
 263 
 
 Lychnis 
 
 90 
 
 JUNCACK.E 
 
 530 
 
 Lepturus 
 
 637 
 
 Lycium 
 
 382 
 
 JCSCAGINE^ 
 
 490 
 
 Lespedeza 
 
 137 
 
 Lyco|iersicum 
 
 380 
 
 Juncus 
 
 537 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 280 
 
 LYCOl'ODIACE^ 
 
 672 
 
 Jvjne-lierry 
 
 162 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 
 265 
 
 Lycopodium 
 
 673 
 
 Juniper 
 
 474 
 
 Leucojum 
 
 512 
 
 Lycopsis 
 
 361 
 
 Juniperua 
 
 473 
 
 Leucolhoe 
 
 294 
 
 Lycopus 
 
 345 
 
 Jussiasa 
 
 179 
 
 Lever-wood 
 
 456 
 
 Lygodtsmia 
 
 279 
 
 
 
 Liatris 
 
 223 
 
 Lygodium 
 
 670 
 
 Kalmia 
 
 297 
 
 LlCiULIFLOR^ 
 
 221, 275 
 
 Lyonia 
 
 296 
 
 KentUL-ky Blue-Grass 
 
 630 
 
 Ligusiicum 
 
 194 
 
 Lvsimachia 
 
 315 
 
 KentucUy Coffee-tree 
 
 144 
 
 Ligustrum 
 
 400 
 
 LVTIIUACE^ 
 
 182 
 
 Kidney Beau 
 
 140 
 
 Lilac 
 
 400 
 
 Lythrum 
 
 183 
 
 Kinnikinnik 
 
 200 
 
 LILIACE.E 
 
 520 
 
 
 
 Knaps\»ed 
 
 272 
 
 LlLIK-E 
 
 522 
 
 Madder Family 
 
 208 
 
 Kuawel 
 
 96 
 
 Lilium (Lily) 
 
 532 
 
 Macrotys 
 
 48 
 
 Knotgrass 
 
 417 
 
 Lily of the Valley 
 
 030 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 49 
 
 Kuotweed 
 
 414 
 
 LlMNANTHE^ 
 
 106 
 
 MAGNULIACE^ 
 
 48 
 
 Koeltria 
 
 625 
 
 liimuauthes Family 
 
 106 
 
 Magnolia Family 
 
 48 
 
 Kosteletzkya 
 
 102 
 
 Limuanthemum 
 
 390 
 
 Maianthemum 
 
 530 
 
 Krigia 
 
 275 
 
 Limnetis 
 
 619 
 
 Maidenhair 
 
 658 
 
 Kuhnia 
 
 224 
 
 Limnobium 
 
 495 
 
 Malaxide^ 
 
 497 
 
 Kyllingia 
 
 555 
 
 Liranochloa 
 
 557 
 
 Mallow 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 Limosella 
 
 331 
 
 Mallow Family 
 
 
 LABIAT.E 
 
 341 
 
 LIN ACE JE 
 
 104 
 
 Mains 
 
 161 
 
 Labrador Tea 
 
 300 
 
 Linaria 
 
 326 
 
 Malva 
 
 99 
 
 Lachnanthes 
 
 514 
 
 Linden 
 
 103 
 
 MALVACEAE 
 
 98 
 
 Lachnocaulon 
 
 550 
 
 Linden Family 
 
 103 
 
 Malvastrum 
 
 100 
 
 Lactuca 
 
 280 
 
 Lindera 
 
 423 
 
 Malvej. 
 
 99 
 
 Lady's Mantle 
 
 151 
 
 Liudernia 
 
 330 
 
 Mandrake 
 
 54 
 
 Laily's Slipper 
 
 511 
 
 Linna;a 
 
 202 
 
 Manna-Grass 
 
 626 
 
 La<ly's Thumb 
 
 416 
 
 Huum 
 
 104 
 
 Man-of-the-Earth 
 
 375 
 
 Ladies-Tresses 
 
 504 
 
 Lion's-foot 
 
 278 
 
 Maple 
 
 118 
 
 Lagenaria 
 
 186 
 
 Liparis 
 
 509 
 
 Maple Family 
 
 117 
 
 Lambkill 
 
 298 
 
 Lip-Fern 
 
 659 
 
 Mare's Tail 
 
 175 
 
 Lamb- Lettuce 
 
 214 
 
 Lipocarpha 
 
 556 
 
 Mariscus 
 
 455 
 
 Lamium 
 
 359 
 
 Lippia 
 
 340 
 
 Marrubium 
 
 357 
 
 Lampsana 
 
 275 
 
 Liquidambar 
 
 174 
 
 Marshallia 
 
 204 
 
 Lapithea 
 
 385 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 133 
 
 Marsh Elder 
 
 250 
 
 Laportea 
 
 445 
 
 Liriodendron 
 
 00 
 
 Marsh-Fleabane 
 
 247 
 
 Lappa 
 
 275 
 
 Listcra 
 
 506 
 
 Marsh Grass 
 
 619 
 
 Larch 
 
 472 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 362 
 
 Marsh-Mallow 
 
 99 
 
 Larix 
 
 472 
 
 Live-for-ever 
 
 172 
 
 Mai-sh-Marigold 
 
 44 
 
 Larkspur 
 
 45 
 
 Liver-leaf 
 
 38 
 
 Marsh- Rose may 
 
 312 
 
 Lastrea 
 
 664 
 
 Lizard's-tail 
 
 427 
 
 Marsh St. John's-wort 
 
 86 
 
 L;ithyrus 
 
 139 
 
 Lizard's-tail Family 
 
 427 
 
 Marsilia 
 
 677 
 
 LAUKACEiE 
 
 422 
 
 LOASACE.E 
 
 184 
 
 Marsiliaceaj 
 
 676 
 
 Laurel 
 
 297 
 
 Loasa Family 
 
 184 
 
 Martynia 
 
 321 
 
 Laurel Family 
 
 422 
 
 Lobadium 
 
 112 
 
 Jlaruta 
 
 264 
 
 Laures^tinus 
 
 206 Lobelia 
 
 282 
 
 Marvel of Peru ' 
 
 404 
 
 Leail- Plant 
 
 130 LOBELIACE.E 
 
 282 
 
 Masterwort 
 
 191 
 
 Leadwort Family 
 
 312 Lol>elia Family 
 
 282 
 
 Matricaria 
 
 266 
 
 Leaf-Cup 
 
 247 Loblolly Bay 
 
 104 
 
 Matrimony-Vine 
 
 382 
 
 Leather-Flower 
 
 36 Locust-tree 
 
 130 
 
 Mayaca 
 
 547 
 
 Leather-leaf 
 
 294 LOGANIACE^ 
 
 391 
 
 May- Apple 
 
 54 
 
 -L&M-4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
690 
 
 
 i.NDt:x. 
 
 
 
 
 Mayflower 
 
 293 
 
 Monocera 
 
 620 
 
 Ncttle-trce 
 
 442 
 
 Maypojjs 
 
 1S6 
 
 MO.NOCOTYLEDONOrS 
 
 
 New Jersey Tea 
 
 116 
 
 Jlay-wced 
 
 2dl 
 
 I'LANTo 
 
 475 
 
 Nicandra 
 
 032 
 
 JK'aaow-Ueauty 
 
 lil 
 
 MouuiKtalous Exogenous 
 
 
 N icotiana 
 
 333 
 
 Meu.luw-Uia.s 
 
 6J3 
 
 I'lauls 
 
 202 
 
 Niillia 
 
 149 
 
 Jlcaaow-Pai-iuip 
 
 iJi 
 
 Mouolropa 
 
 301 
 
 Nii-ella 
 
 48 
 
 JlLatU-w-Hu.' 
 
 aj 
 
 MO.NOTUOPK* 
 
 2i8 
 
 Nightsliaile 
 
 ■ 3S0 
 
 Mead .w buM-Orass 
 
 CiZ 
 
 Monte; ia 
 
 413 
 
 Nigl.tshi.d.' Family 
 
 SSO 
 
 Skadow-bweet 
 
 liJ 
 
 Moonsced 
 
 01 
 
 Nimblo Will 
 
 014 
 
 Mudeola 
 
 bSi 
 
 Moouseud Family 
 
 51 
 
 Ninc-Uark 
 
 149 
 
 Mfdicago (Medick) 
 
 liS 
 
 Moonwurt 
 
 671 
 
 NippL-Wv;rt 
 
 275 
 
 Melampodisk^ 
 
 21U 
 
 Mooscwood 
 
 424 
 
 Nonesuch 
 
 123 
 
 Melampyium 
 
 3o3 
 
 Moose-wood 
 
 IIJ 
 
 Nondo 
 
 1J4 
 
 MELAxNTIUE^ 
 
 bll 
 
 MOKE.K 
 
 441 
 
 Nuthoscordum 
 
 534 
 
 Melantliium 
 
 524 
 
 Morninp-Glory 
 
 375 
 
 Nujdiar 
 
 56 
 
 MELASTOMACK^ 
 
 lal 
 
 Morocai'iius 
 
 408 
 
 Nut-Grass 
 
 553 
 
 Melastoma family 
 
 181 
 
 Morus 
 
 444 
 
 Nut-Uush 
 
 5i0 
 
 Melica 
 
 6-2G 
 
 Moss Campion 
 
 90 
 
 NVCTAGINACE.E 
 
 404 
 
 Melic Grass 
 
 626 
 
 Moss Pink 
 
 373 
 
 Nymplia.'a 
 
 56 
 
 Melilolus (Melilot) 
 Melissa 
 
 128 
 
 Motherwort 
 
 359 
 
 NVMfllE.ECE.E 
 
 54 
 
 850 
 
 Mountain Ash 
 
 161 
 
 Nyssa 
 
 201 
 
 Melotliria 
 
 167 
 
 Mouutun Hnlly 
 
 307 
 
 
 
 MENISI'EKMACE^ 
 
 51 
 
 Moui^ain .Mint 
 
 346 
 
 Oak 
 
 450 
 
 Miuispermuiu 
 
 51 
 
 Mountain Uico 
 
 616 
 
 Oakesia 
 
 440 
 
 Meutlia 
 
 3W 
 
 Mountain Surrel 
 
 41'J 
 
 Oak Family 
 
 449 
 
 Meiitztlia 
 
 184 
 
 Mouse-ear 
 
 364 
 
 Oat 
 
 640 
 
 Meiiynntlies 
 
 390 
 
 Mous,-ear Chickweed 
 
 93 
 
 Oat-Grass 
 
 643 
 
 Menyanthe^ 
 
 384 
 
 Mouse-ear Cress 
 
 70 
 
 Obeliscaria 
 
 255 
 
 Meiiziesia 
 
 298 
 
 Mouse-tail 
 
 44 
 
 Obolaria 
 
 389 
 
 Menuaid-weed 
 
 175 
 
 Wud-Plautoin 
 
 545 
 
 (Enothera 
 
 178 
 
 Meneiisia 
 
 303 
 
 Mudwort 
 
 331 
 
 Oil-nut 
 
 428 
 
 Mexican I'oppy 
 
 
 Mugwort 
 
 267 
 
 Old Witch Grass 
 
 647 
 
 Mexican Tea 
 
 408 
 
 Wulilenbergia 
 
 613 
 
 OldenJandia 
 
 211 
 
 Mezereura Family 
 
 424 
 
 Mulberry 
 
 444 
 
 Olea 
 
 401 
 
 Micrdiuheuium 
 
 330 
 
 Mulgcdium 
 
 281 
 
 OLEACEJE 
 
 400 
 
 Microstylis 
 
 509 
 
 Mullein 
 
 325 
 
 Oleander 
 
 392 
 
 Mignonette 
 
 76 
 
 Mullein-Foxglove 
 
 334 
 
 Oleaster Family 
 
 424 
 
 Mifjuoiiette Family 
 
 76 
 
 MuUugo 
 
 97 
 
 Oleixe^ 
 
 400 
 
 Mikania 
 
 226 
 
 Muscari 
 
 534 
 
 Olive 
 
 401 
 
 Milfoil 
 
 265 
 
 Muskit Grass 
 
 620 
 
 Olive Family 
 
 400 
 
 Milium 
 
 643 
 
 Muskmelon 
 
 186 
 
 ONAGKACE^ 
 
 176 
 
 Milk-1'ea 
 
 142 
 
 Musk-l'laut 
 
 329 
 
 Oncostjlis 
 
 567 
 
 Milkweed 
 
 394 
 
 \Mu^^n;ash-Root 
 
 196 
 
 Onion 
 
 533 
 
 Milkweed Family 
 
 394 
 
 Mustard 
 
 62 
 
 Onoclea 
 
 668 
 
 Milkwort 
 
 120 
 
 Mustard Family 
 
 62 
 
 Onopordon 
 
 274 
 
 Milkwort Family 
 
 120 
 
 Myositis 
 
 364 
 
 Onosmodium 
 
 362 
 
 Milk-Vetch 
 
 132 
 
 Myosurus 
 
 44 
 
 Ophioglossace^ 
 
 657 
 
 Millet-Grass 
 
 643 
 
 Myrica 
 
 457 
 
 Ophioglossum 
 
 672 
 
 Mimosa Family 
 
 125 
 
 MYRICACE^ 
 
 457 
 
 Opuryde-e 
 
 497 
 
 MlMOSE^ 
 
 125 
 
 Myriophyllum 
 
 174 
 
 Oplotheca 
 
 414 
 
 Mimulus 
 
 32S 
 
 
 
 Opuntia 
 
 185 
 
 Mint 
 
 344 
 
 Nabalus 
 
 278 
 
 Orache 
 
 409 
 
 Mint Family 
 
 341 
 
 naiauace.t; 
 
 482 
 
 Orange Family 
 
 110 
 
 Mirabilis 
 
 404 
 
 Naias (Na.ad) 
 
 482 
 
 Orange-Grass 
 
 86 
 
 Mist-llower 
 
 227 
 
 Naked-beard Grass 
 
 621 
 
 Orange-root 
 
 47 
 
 Mistletoe 
 
 426 
 
 Naked Broom-rape 
 
 3-23 
 
 Orchard Grass 
 
 625 
 
 Mistletoe Family 
 
 426 
 
 Nap»a 
 
 100 
 
 ORCIIIDACEiE 
 
 497 
 
 Mitchella 
 
 211 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 512 
 
 Orchis 
 
 498 
 
 Mitella 
 
 169 
 
 Nardosmia 
 
 227 
 
 Orchis Family 
 
 497 
 
 Mithri.iate Mustard 
 
 74 
 
 Narthecium 
 
 535 
 
 Origanum 
 
 348 
 
 Milreola 
 
 392 
 
 Nasturtium 
 
 64 
 
 Oritrophium 
 
 235 
 
 Mitre wort 
 
 
 Naumburgia 
 
 315 
 
 Ornithogalum 
 
 533 
 
 Mitre-wort (False) 
 
 170 
 
 Neck weed 
 
 333 
 
 OROBANCIIACE^ 
 
 322 
 
 Mocasson Flower 
 
 5U 
 
 Ncfrundo 
 
 119 
 
 Orobanche 
 
 323 
 
 Mock Bishop-weed 
 
 195 
 
 Nelumbium 
 
 55 
 
 Orontium 
 
 477 
 
 Mocker-nut 
 
 449 
 
 Nelumho 
 
 55 
 
 Orpine 
 
 172 
 
 Mock -Orange 
 
 166 
 
 Neluinho Family 
 
 55 
 
 Orpine Family 
 
 171 
 
 Modiola 
 
 101 
 
 Nei.i:mb()nb.-e 
 
 55 
 
 Orthoroeris 
 
 235 
 
 Moehringia 
 
 91 
 
 Nemojianthes 
 
 307 
 
 Orvze.*: 
 
 603 
 
 Mujnchia 
 
 94 
 
 N.^nophila 
 
 3t)S 
 
 Orvzopsis 
 
 616 
 
 Moi.LUCINEyfi 
 
 88 
 
 Neottie^ 
 
 497 
 
 Osier 
 
 461 
 
 Monarda 
 
 351 
 
 Nepeta 
 
 353 
 
 Osmorrhiza 
 
 197 
 
 MONAKDEyK 
 
 342 
 
 Nepktk.b 
 
 342 
 
 OsMLSDACE-e 
 
 657 
 
 Bloiieses 
 
 303 
 
 Nephro<lium 
 
 664 
 
 Osmunda 
 
 670 
 
 Moneywort 
 
 316 
 
 Nesiea 
 
 183 
 
 Ostrich-Fern 
 
 667 
 
 Monkey- flower 
 
 328 
 
 Nettle 
 
 444 
 
 Ostrva 
 
 456 
 
 Momuhgoa 
 
 46 
 
 Nettle Family 
 
 440 
 
 Osweijo Xea 
 
 S»l 
 
Otophylla 
 
 335 
 
 Ox A LID K^ 
 
 lOtj 
 
 0.\alM 
 
 109 
 
 Ox-eye 
 
 253 
 
 Ox-ryo Caisy 
 
 205 
 
 Oxil)ai>Iiua 
 
 404 
 
 0\ycoccu3 
 
 283 
 
 0:>yclfml.-um 
 
 2J8 
 
 Oxydeuia 
 
 C-.'3 
 
 Oxyiia 
 
 419 
 
 Oxytripolium 
 
 2;JG 
 
 Oxytropis 
 
 133 
 
 Pachysandra 
 
 439 
 
 Padu3 
 
 148 
 
 Pa^onia 
 
 43 
 
 Pajpalantlius 
 
 550 
 
 Piiiuted Cup 
 
 336 
 
 Panax 
 
 199 
 
 Paucratium 
 
 513 
 
 PANICEiE 
 
 606 
 
 Panic-Grass 
 
 645 
 
 Panicum 
 
 645 
 
 Papaver 
 
 5S 
 
 PAPAVEEACEiE 
 
 58 
 
 Pa paw 
 
 50 
 
 Papilionace.e 
 
 123 
 
 Pappoose-root 
 
 53 
 
 Papyrus 
 
 552 
 
 Pardanthus 
 
 517 
 
 Parietaria 
 
 446 
 
 Paruassia 
 
 166 
 
 Paronychia 
 
 96 
 
 Parslty Family 
 
 187 
 
 Parsley Pitrt 
 
 151 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 191 
 
 Parthenium 
 
 249 
 
 Partridse-berry 211, 2a3 
 
 Partridge Pea 
 
 144 
 
 Paspale^ 
 
 606 
 
 Paspalum 
 
 644 
 
 Pasque-flower 
 
 36 
 
 Passiflora 
 
 185 
 
 PASSIFLORACE^ 
 
 185 
 
 Passion Flower 
 
 185 
 
 Passion-Flower Family 
 
 185 
 
 Pastinaca 
 
 191 
 
 Pavia 
 
 118 
 
 Pea 
 
 139 
 
 Pear 
 
 161 
 
 Pear Family 
 
 147 
 
 Pearlwort 
 
 91 
 
 Pecan-nut 
 
 448 
 
 Pedicularis 
 
 337 
 
 Pelartronium 
 
 106 
 
 Peltea 
 
 659 
 
 Pellitory 
 
 446 
 
 Peltandra 
 
 476 
 
 Pencil-Flnwe* 
 
 138 
 
 Pennycress 
 
 73 
 
 Pennyroyal 
 
 350 
 
 Pentalophus 
 
 363 
 
 Penthorum 
 
 171 
 
 Pentstemon 
 
 327 
 
 Peplis 
 
 182 
 
 Pepiierbush 
 
 296 
 
 Pepperf;rass 
 
 74 
 
 Pepperidtie 
 
 201 
 
 Peppermint 
 
 344 
 
 Pepper-root 
 
 65 
 
 Pepperwort 
 
 74 
 
 Periploca 
 
 400 
 
 Periplock^ 
 
 394 
 
 Peristvlus 
 
 500 
 
 Periwinkle 
 
 392 
 
 Persea 
 
 422 
 
 Persicaria 
 
 415 
 
 IXDKX. 
 
 
 
 G91 
 
 Persimmon 
 
 308 
 
 Plumclcss Thistle 
 
 274 
 
 Perularia 
 
 493 
 
 Pneumonanlhe 
 
 387 
 
 Peruv'ian Bark 
 
 
 Poa 
 
 628 
 
 Pctaluma 
 
 433 
 
 POACE^ 
 
 603 
 
 IVtalostcraon 
 
 130 
 
 Pudalykie^ 
 
 125 
 
 Pliac.Iia 
 
 369 
 
 Podciijliyirum 
 
 54 
 
 I'll.T.NOOAMOrS PL, 
 
 33 
 
 Podostcmaceai 
 
 429 
 
 I'lialacroloma 
 
 237 
 
 Podusttmon 
 
 429 
 
 I'lIALAUlBE-li 
 
 COO 
 
 Pogonia 
 
 507 
 
 Plialaris 
 
 C43 
 
 Poiusettia 
 
 ^ 433 
 
 Pliarbitis 
 
 375 
 
 Poison Dogwood 
 
 111 
 
 PlIASEOLE^ 
 
 125 
 
 I»oison Hemlock 
 
 197 
 
 Pliaseolus 
 
 140 
 
 Poison l\y 
 
 lU 
 
 PlieKopttris 
 
 663 
 
 Poison Oak 
 
 111 
 
 I'lielipxa 
 
 323 
 
 Poison Sumach 
 
 111 
 
 I'hiladelphus 
 
 166 
 
 Pokeweed 
 
 405 
 
 Phleoideje 
 
 603 
 
 Pokeweed Family 
 
 405 
 
 Phleum 
 
 603 
 
 Polanisia 
 
 75 
 
 Phlomis 
 
 S60 
 
 POLEMONIACEiE 
 
 370 
 
 Phlox 
 
 371 
 
 POLEMO.\I1.-JJ 
 
 370 
 
 Phuradendron 
 
 426 
 
 Polemonium 
 
 371 
 
 Phragmitea 
 
 636 
 
 Pulemonium Family 
 
 370 
 
 Phryma 
 
 S4I 
 
 Pulypala 
 
 120 
 
 PlIItYME^ 
 
 339 
 
 POLYGALACE^K 
 
 120 
 
 Phyllanthus 
 
 439 
 
 POLYGON ACE Ji 
 
 414 
 
 Pliyllodoce 
 
 297 
 
 Polygonatuoi 
 
 631 
 
 Phyllostachys 
 
 573 
 
 Polygonum 
 
 414 
 
 Physalis 
 
 S81 
 
 Polymuia 
 
 247 
 
 Physocarpos 
 
 149 
 
 Polypetaldus Exogenous PI. 34 
 
 Physostegia 
 
 354 
 
 POLVPODIACI;^ 
 
 656 
 
 Pliytolacca 
 
 405 
 
 Polypodies 
 
 656 
 
 PIIYTOLACCACE^ 
 
 405 
 
 Poljpodium 
 
 658 
 
 Picea 
 
 471 
 
 P-lypofly 
 
 658 
 
 Pickerel-weed 
 
 545 
 
 Polypogon 
 
 612 
 
 Pickerel-iv-eed Family 
 
 544 
 
 Poliprtmum 
 
 391 
 
 Picrococcus 
 
 290 
 
 Polystichum 
 
 666 
 
 Pieris 
 
 295 
 
 Polytaenia 
 
 191 
 
 Pigeon-Berry 
 
 405 
 
 P0MEJ3 
 
 147 
 
 Pig-nut 
 
 449 
 
 Pomme Blanche ' 
 
 129 
 
 Pigweed 
 
 406 
 
 Pomnie de Prairie 
 
 129 
 
 Pilea 
 
 445 
 
 Pond Spice 
 
 423 
 
 Pilinophytum 
 
 438 
 
 Pond weed 
 
 484 
 
 Pimpernel 
 
 SIG 
 
 Pondweed Family 
 
 482 
 
 Pine 
 
 469 
 
 Pontederia 
 
 545 
 
 Pine-Apple Family 
 
 515 
 
 PONTEDERIACE.E 
 
 544 
 
 Pine-drops 
 
 303 
 
 Pool- Man's Weather-glass 316 
 
 Pine Family 
 
 468 
 
 Poplar 
 
 50, 466 
 
 Pine-sap 
 
 304 
 
 Poppy 
 
 58 
 
 Pine-weed 
 
 86 
 
 Poppy Family 
 
 53 
 
 Pinguicula 
 
 320 
 
 Populus 
 
 466 
 
 Pink 
 
 88 
 
 Porcupine Grass 
 
 617 
 
 Pink Family 
 
 bi 
 
 Portulaca 
 
 97 
 
 Pink-root 
 
 392 
 
 PORTULACACEiE 
 
 97 
 
 Pinus 
 
 469 
 
 Portuna 
 
 295 
 
 Pinweed 
 
 81 
 
 Potaraogetoa 
 
 484 
 
 Pinxter-flower 
 
 299 
 
 Potato 
 
 380 
 
 Pipe-Vine 
 
 494 
 
 Potentilla 
 
 153 
 
 Pipewort 
 
 549 
 
 PoTERIEiB 
 
 147 
 
 Pipewort Family 
 
 549 
 
 Poterium 
 
 160 
 
 Pipsissewa 
 
 303 
 
 Poverty-Grass 
 
 618 
 
 Piptatherum 
 
 617 
 
 Prairie Clover 
 
 130 
 
 Pitcher-Plants 
 
 57 
 
 Prairie Dock 
 
 249 
 
 Planera 
 
 443 
 
 Pri.'kly Pear 
 
 185 
 
 Planer-tree 
 
 443 
 
 Prickly-Poppy 
 
 59 
 
 Plane-tree 
 
 447 
 
 Prim 
 
 400 
 
 Plane-tree Family 
 
 446 
 
 Primrose 
 
 313 
 
 PLANTAGINACE^ 
 
 310 
 
 Primrose Family 
 
 313 
 
 Plantago 
 
 310 
 
 Primula 
 
 313 
 
 Plantain 
 
 310 
 
 PRIMULACE7E 
 
 313 
 
 Pla-.tain Family 
 
 310 
 
 Pklmilk.b 
 
 313 
 
 PLATAN ACEiE 
 
 446 
 
 Prince's Feather 
 
 412, 415 
 
 Platanthera 
 
 500 
 
 Prince's Pine 
 
 303 
 
 Piatanus 
 
 447 
 
 I'rinoides 
 
 306 
 
 Pleurisy-root 
 
 397 
 
 Prinos 
 
 305, 307 
 
 Pluchea 
 
 247 
 
 Privet 
 
 400 
 
 Plum 
 
 147 
 
 Prosartcs 
 
 528 
 
 PLUMBAGINACE.* 
 
 312 
 
 Proserpinaca 
 
 17i 
 
G02 
 
 Prunus 
 
 147 
 
 ' RurNANTIIIDE* 
 
 3-24 
 
 Sand-Myrtle 
 
 301 
 
 PseuJo-Polygonella 
 
 417 
 
 Khinanthus 
 
 337 
 
 Saiid-Spurrey 
 
 95 
 
 Psilocarya 
 
 6(>S 
 
 Uh..,lo,l,naron 
 
 299 
 
 San<lw..rt 
 
 90 
 
 Psoralea 
 
 lis 
 
 Kh.Klura 
 
 300 
 
 Sanguinaria 
 
 60 
 
 ViORXUEJB 
 
 1J4 
 
 KiitiixmKX 
 
 287 
 
 Sauguisurba 
 
 150 
 
 Ps3ilu)>hura 
 
 !>r-i 
 
 Kliubarb 
 
 414 
 
 S.iiiicle 
 
 190 
 
 Ptelea 
 
 110 
 
 Klius 
 
 111 
 
 Saiiicula 
 
 190 
 
 Ptkkide* 
 
 650 
 
 Kliyncliasia 
 
 142 
 
 SANTALACE.E 
 
 426 
 
 Pteris 
 
 Co8 
 
 llliynch .spc.ra 
 
 5(>7 
 
 SAl'lNDACE.E 
 
 116, 117 
 
 Pterospora 
 
 303 
 
 KHYNCUOSrOBE^ 
 
 551 
 
 Sapoi.aria 
 
 88 
 
 Puccoon 
 
 363 
 
 Uilxs 
 
 11)4 
 
 SAl>OTACE.E 
 
 308 
 
 Pulmonaria 
 
 364 
 
 Kiljesia 
 
 105 
 
 Sappudilla Family 
 
 303 
 
 Pulsatilla 
 
 36 
 
 Kibgrass 
 
 310 
 
 Sarothra 
 
 86 
 
 Pulse Family 
 
 123 
 
 Rice Cut-Grass 
 
 607 
 
 Sarracenia 
 
 57 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 186 
 
 Rich-weed 350, 445 
 
 SARHACENIACEiE 
 
 57 
 
 Purple Cone-flower 
 
 253 
 
 Rippleprass 
 
 311 
 
 Sarsaparilla 
 
 198, 199 
 
 Purslane 
 
 97 
 
 River-weed 
 
 423 
 
 Sassafras 
 
 433 
 
 Purslane Family 
 
 97 
 
 River-weed Family 
 
 429 
 
 Satureia 
 
 349 
 
 Putty-root 
 
 510 
 
 Kobinia 
 
 130 
 
 SATtUEIE.t: 
 
 342 
 
 Pyciiantbcmum 
 
 •M6 
 
 Rock Cress 
 
 67 
 
 SAURUKACE^ 
 
 427 
 
 Pycreus 
 
 562 
 
 Rock -Rose 
 
 80 
 
 Saururus 
 
 427 
 
 Pyrola 
 
 301 
 
 Kock-Rnse Family 
 
 80 
 
 Savin 
 
 473 
 
 PvROLE^ (Pyrola Family) 2S8 
 
 Roman Wormwood 
 
 251 
 
 Savory 
 
 349 
 
 Pyrrhopappua 
 
 280 
 
 Rosa (Rose; 
 
 158 
 
 Saxifraga 
 
 167 
 
 Pyrularia 
 
 426 
 
 RO:>B;f; 
 
 147 
 
 SA.KIFRAGACE^ 
 
 163 
 
 Pyrus 
 
 161 
 
 R0SACE.T5 
 
 146 
 
 Saxifrage 
 
 167 
 
 Pyxidanthera 
 
 373 
 
 Hose-Acacia 
 
 131 
 
 Saxikrages 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 Ko3"-Bay 
 
 299 
 
 Saxifrage Family 
 
 1U3 
 
 Quaking-Grass 
 
 633 
 
 Rose Family 
 
 146 
 
 Scabious 
 
 215 
 
 yua.iiash 
 
 5:33 
 
 Rose-Mallow 
 
 102 
 
 Schedonorus 
 
 635 
 
 yuamoclit 
 
 374 
 
 Kosur.iot 
 
 172 
 
 Scheuchzeria 
 
 491 
 
 Queen of the Prairie 
 
 149 
 
 Kosin-Plant 
 
 248 
 
 Schizaja 
 
 669 
 
 QUKRCINE^ 
 
 450 
 
 Rosiii-weed 
 
 249 
 
 SCIIIZ.'EACE.E 
 
 657 
 
 Quercitron 
 
 454 
 
 Koubieva 
 
 408 
 
 Schullera 
 
 546 
 
 Que reus 
 
 450 
 
 Rowan Tree 
 
 1G2 
 
 Schrankia 
 
 145 
 
 Queria 
 
 96 
 
 UrBKj. 
 
 147 
 
 Schwalbea 
 
 336 
 
 Quick- or Quitch-Gras3 
 
 637 
 
 RUBIACE.E 
 
 208 
 
 Schweinit2Ja 
 
 304 
 
 Quillwort 
 
 675 
 
 Uubus 
 
 156 
 
 Scilla 
 
 533 
 
 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 
 254 
 
 SCIRPE^ 
 
 551 
 
 Radish 
 
 75 
 
 Rue 
 
 110 
 
 SCIRPINE^ 
 
 551 
 
 Ragiopteris 
 
 66S 
 
 Kue-Anemone 
 
 38 
 
 Scirpus 
 
 560 
 
 Ra-weed 
 
 250 
 
 Ruellia 
 
 339 
 
 Scleranthus 
 
 96 
 
 Ragwort 
 
 271 
 
 Rumex 
 
 419 
 
 Scleria 
 
 570 
 
 Rara's-head 
 
 511 
 
 Ruppia 
 
 483 
 
 SCLERINE.E 
 
 551 
 
 Ramsted 
 
 326 
 
 Hush 
 
 537 
 
 Scleruchloa 
 
 628 
 
 RANUNCULACE^ 
 
 34 
 
 Hush Family 
 
 536 
 
 Sclcrolepis 
 
 222 
 
 Ranuncdlk^ 
 
 34 
 
 Rush-Grass 
 
 609 
 
 Scoke 
 
 405 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 40 
 
 Ruta 
 
 110 
 
 Scolopendrium 
 
 662 
 
 Raphaneje 
 
 64 
 
 RutabaKa 
 
 71 
 
 Scorpion-grass 
 
 364 
 
 Uaphanus 
 
 75 
 
 RUTACE^ 
 
 109 
 
 Scotch Thistle 
 
 274 
 
 RaspVierry 
 
 156 
 
 Hye-Grass 
 
 637 
 
 Scouring Rush 
 
 653 
 
 }lattle-box 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 Scrophularia 
 
 326 
 
 Rattlesnake-Grass 
 
 627 
 
 Sabbatia 
 
 384 
 
 SCROfllULARIACE^ 324 
 
 Rattlesnake's-Master 
 
 191 
 
 Sacchare.s 
 
 607 
 
 Scutch-Grass 
 
 622 
 
 Rattlesnake- l>lantaia 
 
 503 
 
 Sacred Bean 
 
 55 
 
 Scutellaria 
 
 355 
 
 Rattlesnake-root 
 
 278 
 
 Sage 
 
 350 
 
 Sea Blite 
 
 410 
 
 Rattlesnake-weed 
 
 277 
 
 Sagina 
 
 94 
 
 Sea Lavender 
 
 312 
 
 Kay-Grass 
 
 637 
 
 Sagittaria 
 
 492 
 
 Sea Milkwort 
 
 316 
 
 Ray less Golden-rod 
 
 245 
 
 St. Andrew's Cross 
 
 83 
 
 Sia Ox-eye 
 
 253 
 
 Rebnulea 
 
 625 
 
 St. John's- wort 
 
 84 
 
 Sea Purslane 
 
 97 
 
 Re<l Bay 
 
 422 
 
 St. .lohn's-wort Family 
 
 83 
 
 Sea Rocket 
 
 75 
 
 Re.l-bud 
 
 143 
 
 St. Peter's-wort 
 
 83 
 
 Sea Sand-Reed 
 
 616 
 
 Red Osier 
 
 200 
 
 SALICACE.E 
 
 461 
 
 Sea Spear-Grass 
 
 628 
 
 Red-root 115 
 
 ,514 
 
 Salicornia 
 
 409 
 
 Sedge 
 
 571 
 
 Red-top 
 
 612 
 
 Salix 
 
 461 
 
 Sedge Family 
 
 550 
 
 Reed 
 
 636 
 
 S:,lsola 
 
 410 
 
 Sedum 
 
 172 
 
 Reed Bent-Grass 
 
 614 
 
 Saltmarsh-Grass 
 
 620 
 
 Seed-box 
 
 180 
 
 Reed-mace 
 
 480 
 
 Saltwort 
 
 410 
 
 Selaginella 
 
 674 
 
 Reed Meadow-Grass 
 
 627 
 
 Silvia 
 
 3.50 
 
 S"lf-heal 
 
 355 
 
 Rein-Orchis 
 
 4'JS 
 
 SiUvinia 
 
 677 
 
 
 74 
 
 Rensselajria 
 
 476 
 
 S\MDL-CE.B 
 
 202 
 
 Seneca Grass 
 
 642 
 
 Reseda 
 
 76 
 
 Sambucus 
 
 205 
 
 Seneca Snakeroot 
 
 122 
 
 RKSEDACE.H 
 
 76 
 
 S\MnLF..B 
 
 313 
 
 Senecio 
 
 270 
 
 RIIAMNACE^ 
 
 113 
 
 Samolus 
 
 317 
 
 Se.vecione.e 
 
 221 
 
 Rhamnus 
 
 114 
 
 Samphire 
 
 409 
 
 Sexecio.nidb^ 
 
 219 
 
 Rheumatism-root 
 
 54 
 
 Sandal wofxl Family 
 
 425 
 
 Senna 
 
 144 
 
 Uhexia 
 
 181 
 
 Sand-Grass 
 
 624 
 
 Sensitive Brier 
 
 145 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 698 
 
 Sensitive Fern 
 
 668 
 
 Southern Buckthorn 
 
 308 
 
 Stratiotide^ 
 
 49S 
 
 Sensitive Joint- Vetch 
 
 134 
 
 Sow Thistle 
 
 282 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 155 
 
 Sericocarpus 
 
 228 
 
 Spanish-Bayonet 
 
 635 
 
 Strawberry Blite 
 
 408 
 
 Service-berry 
 
 162 
 
 Spanish-Needles 
 
 262 
 
 Strawberry Bush 
 
 116 
 
 Sesame-Grass 
 
 650 
 
 Spurgauium 
 
 481 
 
 Strawberry Tomato 
 
 382 
 
 Sesuvium 
 
 97 
 
 Spartina 
 
 619 
 
 Streptopus 
 
 529 
 
 Setaria 
 
 649 
 
 Spalter-Dock 
 
 66 
 
 Striped Dogwood 
 
 119 
 
 Seyiueria 
 
 334 
 
 Spear-Grass 
 
 628 
 
 Struthiopteris 
 
 667 
 
 Sliail-l)ush 
 
 162 
 
 S|)earmint 
 
 344 
 
 Stuartia 
 
 104 
 
 Shave-Urass 
 
 655 
 
 Spearwort 
 
 41 
 
 Siylipus 
 
 152 
 
 Sheep-berry 
 
 206 
 
 Specularia 
 
 2S6 
 
 Stylisma 
 
 376 
 
 Shellflower 
 
 327 
 
 SpeedweU 
 
 332 
 
 S.ylophorum 
 
 59 
 
 Shepiier.lia 
 
 424 
 
 Spergula 
 
 96 
 
 Stylosanthes 
 
 133 
 
 Shepherd's Purse 
 
 73 
 
 Sl>ergularia 
 
 95 
 
 STVKACACE^ 
 
 309 
 
 SliielJ-Fern 
 
 664 
 
 Spermacoce 
 
 210 
 
 STVRACK.E 
 
 309 
 
 Shin-leaf 
 
 SOI 
 
 Spice-bush 
 
 423 
 
 Styrax 
 
 309 
 
 Shooting-Star 
 
 314 
 
 Spiderwort 
 
 547 
 
 Suaida 
 
 410 
 
 Shrubby Althaea 
 
 102 
 
 Spiderwoi-t Family 
 
 546 
 
 Subularia 
 
 73 
 
 Shrubby Bitter-sweet 
 
 116 
 
 Spigelia 
 
 392 
 
 Succory 
 
 275 
 
 Shrubby Trefoil 
 
 110 
 
 Spike-Grass 
 
 628, 635 
 
 Sugarberry 
 
 443 
 
 Shrub Yellow-root 
 
 47 
 
 Spikenard 
 
 199 
 
 SuUivantia 
 
 169 
 
 Sibbaldia 
 
 153 
 
 Spike-Rush 
 
 557 
 
 Sumach 
 
 111 
 
 SlBTHURPIE^ 
 
 324 
 
 Spindle-tree 
 
 116 
 
 Summer Haw^ 
 
 160 
 
 Sickle-pod 
 
 68 
 
 Splriija 
 
 140 
 
 Summer Savory 
 
 349 
 
 Sicyos 
 
 186 
 
 Spui^sa; 
 
 146 
 
 Sundew 
 
 82 
 
 Sida 
 
 101 
 
 Spiranthes 
 
 504 
 
 Sundew Family 
 
 82 
 
 Sidj-saddle Flower 
 
 67 
 
 Spirodela 
 
 479 
 
 Sundrops 
 
 179 
 
 Sieversia 
 
 153 
 
 Spleenwort 
 
 661 
 
 Sunflower 
 
 255 
 
 Silene 
 
 83 
 
 Spoonwood 
 
 298 
 
 Supple-jack 
 
 114 
 
 SlLBNEX 
 
 87 
 
 Sporobolus 
 
 610 
 
 Swauip Honeysuckle 
 
 299 
 
 SiLICULOSi 
 
 63 
 
 Spotted CdWbane 
 
 190 
 
 Swamp LoosesU-ife 
 
 183 
 
 SlLIQUOS^ 
 
 63 
 
 Spotted VVintergreen 
 
 303 
 
 Sweet Bay 
 
 49 
 
 Silkweed 
 
 394 
 
 Spring-Beauty 
 
 98 
 
 Sweet-Brier 
 
 159 
 
 Silphium 
 
 248 
 
 Spruce 
 
 471 
 
 Sweet Cicely 
 
 197 
 
 Silver-hell Tree 
 
 310 
 
 Spurge 
 
 430 
 
 Sweet Clover 
 
 128 
 
 Silver-Berry 
 
 425 
 
 Si)urge Family 
 
 430 
 
 Sweet Coltsfoot 
 
 227 
 
 Silver-Weed 
 
 155 
 
 Spurge-Nettle 
 
 436 
 
 Sweet-Fern 
 
 458 
 
 Simarubaceae 
 
 111 
 
 Spurred Butterfly-Pea 
 
 141 
 
 Sweet Flag 
 
 478 
 
 Sinapis 
 
 70 
 
 Spurred Gentian 
 
 386 
 
 Sweet-Gale Family 
 
 457 
 
 SlSYJlBRIE.E 
 
 63 
 
 Spurrey 
 
 96 
 
 Sweet-Gum Tree 
 
 174 
 
 Sisymbrium 
 
 70 
 
 Squash 
 
 186 
 
 Sweet-leaf 
 
 310 
 
 Sisyrinchium 
 
 517 
 
 Squaw-root 
 
 323 
 
 Sweet Pepperbush 
 
 296 
 
 Sitolobium 
 
 669 
 
 Squaw-weed 
 
 271 
 
 Sweet Pine-sap 
 
 304 
 
 Slum 
 
 196 
 
 Squill 
 
 533 
 
 Sweet-Scented Shrub 
 
 162 
 
 Skullcap 
 
 355 
 
 Squirrel Corn 
 
 61 
 
 Sweet Vernal-Grass 
 
 643 
 
 Skunk Cabbage 
 
 477 
 
 Squirrel-tail Grass 
 
 638 
 
 Sweet- William 
 
 371 
 
 Sloe 
 
 148 
 
 StaciivdevE 
 
 343 
 
 Swine-Cress 
 
 74 
 
 Smartweed 
 
 416 
 
 Stachys 
 
 358 
 
 Sycamore 
 
 447 
 
 SMILACEJ? 
 
 518 
 
 Stagger-bush 
 
 296 
 
 Syena 
 
 647 
 
 Smilacina 
 
 530 
 
 Staff-tree 
 
 116 
 
 Symphoricarpus 
 
 203 
 
 Smilax 
 
 518 
 
 Staff-tree Family 
 
 115 
 
 Symphytum 
 
 361 
 
 Srailax Family 
 
 518 
 
 Staphylea 
 
 117 
 
 Symplocarpus 
 
 477 
 
 Snake-head 
 
 327 
 
 Staphylkace^e 
 
 117 
 
 Symplocineje 
 
 309 
 
 Snalce.-root 190, 
 
 191, 223, 
 
 Statice 
 
 313 
 
 Symplocos 
 
 310 
 
 
 228, 404 
 
 Star-Cucumber 
 
 186 
 
 Synandra 
 
 354 
 
 Snapdragon 
 
 326 
 
 Star Flower 
 
 314 
 
 Syndesmon 
 
 38 
 
 Sneeze-weed 
 
 263 
 
 Star grass 
 
 513, 515 
 
 Synthyris 
 
 331 
 
 Sneezewort 
 
 265 
 
 Star-of-Bethlehem 
 
 533 
 
 Syriiiga 
 
 166, 400 
 
 Snowberry 
 
 203 
 
 Star-Thistle 
 
 272 
 
 
 
 Snowdrdp 
 
 310, 512 
 
 Starwort 
 
 92, 223 
 
 Tacamahac 
 
 467 
 
 Snowflake 
 
 512 
 
 Steeple-Bush 
 
 149 
 
 Tienidia 
 
 195 
 
 SoHi)berry Family 
 
 116 
 
 Steironema 
 
 315 
 
 Tagetes 
 
 262 
 
 Siiapwort 
 
 
 Stellaria 
 
 92 
 
 Tagetinejb 
 
 220 
 
 SOLAN ACE^ 
 
 380 
 
 StELLATvF. 
 
 208 
 
 Talinura 
 
 93 
 
 Solanum 
 
 380 
 
 Stonactis 
 
 237 
 
 Tall Red-top 
 
 624 
 
 Sol"a 
 
 76 
 
 Stenanthium 
 
 525 
 
 Tamarack 
 
 473 
 
 Solidago 
 
 209 
 
 Stickseed 
 
 365 
 
 Tanacetum 
 
 . 266 
 
 Solomon's Seal 
 
 531 
 
 Stillingia 
 
 436 
 
 Tansy 
 
 266 
 
 Sonchus 
 
 282 
 
 Stipa 
 
 617 
 
 Tansy-Mustard 
 
 70 
 
 SOPHORE^ 
 
 125 
 
 Stipr^. 
 
 601 
 
 Tape-grass 
 
 496 
 
 Sorbus 
 
 161 
 
 Stitchwort 
 
 92 
 
 Taraxacum 
 
 280 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 652 
 
 Stone-cn.p 
 
 172 
 
 TARf-nONANTHt:^ 
 
 219 
 
 Sorrel 
 
 419 
 
 Stone-root 
 
 350 
 
 Tare 
 
 138 
 
 Sorrel Family 
 
 106 
 
 Storax 
 
 309 
 
 Taxing.*; 
 
 463 
 
 Sorrel-tree 
 
 296 
 
 Storax Family 
 
 309 
 
 Taxodiura 
 
 473 
 
 Sour-Gumtree 
 
 20t 
 
 Storksbill 
 
 lOS 
 
 Taxus 
 
 474 
 
 8oiir-wood 
 
 296 
 
 Stramonium 
 
 383 
 
 Tea-berry 
 
 293 
 
()'J4 
 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 Tea-PIiint 
 
 103 
 
 Trifoliura 
 
 126 
 
 Vemonia 
 
 222 
 
 Tear- thumb 
 
 418 
 
 Triglochin 
 
 491 
 
 VliRSOMACEiE 
 
 217 
 
 Teasol 
 
 215 
 
 Tkii.lii>e.e 
 
 520 
 
 Veronica 
 
 332 
 
 Teasel-Kamily 
 
 •215 
 
 Trillium 
 
 522 
 
 Vbroxice.k 
 
 324 
 
 XfCi.uia 
 
 321 
 
 Tri.Mlallus 
 
 286 
 
 Vervain 
 
 339 
 
 Tc-liiiatophuce 
 
 479 
 
 Triosteum 
 
 205 
 
 Vervain Family 
 
 339 
 
 Teplirosia 
 
 i;ii 
 
 Triplasis 
 
 624 
 
 Vesicaria 
 
 73 
 
 TKi-mtosi.*: 
 
 l-.'.4 
 
 Triple-awned Grass 
 
 618 
 
 Vetch 
 
 138 
 
 T.'.RNSTIUEMIACEJE 
 
 103 
 
 Trlpsacum 
 
 650 
 
 Velcliling 
 
 139 
 
 T.tiMgoiiotliuca 
 
 •252 
 
 Triptirdla 
 
 496 
 
 Viburnum 
 
 206' 
 
 T.traMtlicra 
 
 4-23 
 
 Trisetum 
 
 640 
 
 Vicia 
 
 138 
 
 T.iurium 
 
 343 
 
 Trilicum 
 
 637 
 
 \WIKM 
 
 124 
 
 Tli.ilk-trum 
 
 38 
 
 Trollius 
 
 44 
 
 Vignea 
 
 574 
 
 Tlia!<i>ium 
 
 194 
 
 Tropajolum 
 
 105 
 
 Villa 
 
 609 
 
 'riiermopsis 
 
 679 
 
 Troximon 
 
 276 
 
 Viiicetoxicum 
 
 399 
 
 Tliimblel)erry 
 
 157 
 
 Trumpet-Creeper 
 
 321 
 
 Vine Family 
 
 112 
 
 Thill-Grass 
 
 611 
 
 Trumi)ct-flower 
 
 321 
 
 Viola 
 
 77 
 
 Thislltt 
 
 273 
 
 Trum|)ets 
 
 58 
 
 VIOLACE.E (Violet Fam.) 76 
 
 Thlaspi 
 
 73 
 
 Trumpet-weed 
 
 225 
 
 Violet 
 
 77 
 
 TllLASI'IDE.B 
 
 6;3 
 
 Tsuga 
 
 471 
 
 Viper's Bugloss 
 
 361 
 
 Thurii 
 
 159 
 
 TUBILIFLOR.E 
 
 216 
 
 Virgaurea 
 
 '240 
 
 Tlioru-Apple 
 
 383 
 
 Tuckermainiia 
 
 440 
 
 Virgilia 
 
 143 
 
 Thoroufih-wax 
 
 195 
 
 Tulip-tree 
 
 50 
 
 Virginian Cowslip 
 
 364 
 
 Thoroughwort 
 
 224 
 
 Tupelo 
 
 201 
 
 Virgmian Creeper 
 
 113 
 
 Three-leaved Nightshade 
 
 522 
 
 TlSSILAGINE* 
 
 218 
 
 Virginia Snakeroot 
 
 404 
 
 Three-seeded Mercury 
 
 436 
 
 Tussilago 
 
 227 
 
 Virgiu's-Bower 
 
 35 
 
 Three-thorued Acacia 
 
 145 
 
 Turnip 
 
 71 
 
 Viscum 
 
 426 
 
 Thrift 
 
 312 
 
 Tuvritia 
 
 68 
 
 VITACEJE 
 
 112 
 
 Thuja 
 
 472 
 
 Turtle-head 
 
 327 
 
 Vitis 
 
 112 
 
 Thunbergia 
 
 338 
 
 Twayblade 
 
 506, 509 
 
 Vitis-Idsea 
 
 290 
 
 TIIYMELEACEiE 
 
 424 
 
 Twig-Rush 
 
 570 
 
 
 
 Thymus (Thyme) 
 
 348 
 
 Twin-flower 
 
 202 
 
 Waahoo 
 
 116 
 
 Tiurella 
 
 1-0 
 
 Twin-leaf 
 
 63 
 
 AVake-Robin 522, 523 
 
 Tickseed 
 
 258 
 
 Twisted Stalk 
 
 529 
 
 AValdsteinia 
 
 153 
 
 Tickseed Sunflower 
 
 260 
 
 Typha 
 
 480 
 
 Walking-leaf 
 
 663 
 
 Tick-Tref.iil 
 
 134 
 
 TYPIIACE.E 
 
 480 
 
 Walnut 
 
 447 
 
 Tiedemanuia 
 
 192 
 
 
 
 Walnut Family 
 
 447 
 
 Tijter-flower 
 
 616 
 
 Udora 
 
 490 
 
 Water Arum 
 
 476 
 
 Tigridia 
 
 516 
 
 ULMACE.E 
 
 441 
 
 Water Beech 
 
 457 
 
 Tilia 
 
 103 
 
 Ulmaria 
 
 149 
 
 Water Chinquepia 
 
 55 
 
 TIUACE^ 
 
 103 
 
 Llmus 
 
 442 
 
 Wart-Cress 
 
 64,74 
 
 Tillsa 
 
 171 
 
 UMBELLIFER.'E 
 
 187 
 
 Water-IIemlock 
 
 196 
 
 Tillandsia 
 
 515 
 
 Imbrella-Gr.iss 
 
 656 
 
 Water-Hemp 
 
 413 
 
 Timothy 
 
 6ns 
 
 Umbrella-leaf 
 
 53 
 
 Mater 11. rebound 
 
 345 
 
 Tiniaria 
 
 413 
 
 Umbrella-tree 
 
 49 
 
 Waterleaf 
 
 367 
 
 Tipuhiria 
 
 508 
 
 I'nicorn-plant 
 
 321 
 
 Waterleaf Family 
 
 367 
 
 Tithymalopsis 
 
 433 
 
 Uniola 
 
 635 
 
 Water-Li ly 
 
 66 
 
 Tithymalus 
 
 433 
 
 Uralepis 
 
 624 
 
 AVatcr-Lily Family 
 
 54,55 
 
 Toad-Flax 
 
 326 
 
 Vrtica 
 
 444 
 
 Watcr-Lncust 
 
 145 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 383 
 
 URTICACEiE 
 
 440 
 
 Watermelon 
 
 186 
 
 Tofieldia 
 
 527 
 
 Urtice^ 
 
 441 
 
 Watei-Nilfuil 
 
 174 
 
 Tomato 
 
 380 
 
 Utricularia 
 
 318 
 
 Water-Nilfoil Family 
 
 174 
 
 Toothache-Grass 
 
 620 
 
 Uvularia 
 
 528 
 
 Water-Nynil)h 
 
 56 
 
 Toothache-tree 
 
 110 
 
 UVULABIE^ 
 
 521 
 
 Water-Parsnip 
 
 . 196 
 
 Tooth sviirt 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 Water- Pennywort 
 
 189 
 
 Touch-me-not 
 
 108 
 
 Vaccaria 
 
 88 
 
 Water-pepper 
 
 416 
 
 Tovaria 
 
 417 
 
 A'accixie^e 
 
 287 
 
 Water-Pimpernel 
 
 317 
 
 Tower-Mustard 
 
 
 Vaccinium 
 
 289, 679 
 
 Water-Plantain 
 
 491 
 
 Toxicodendron 
 
 111 
 
 Vahlodea 
 
 641 
 
 Water-Plantain Family 
 
 490 
 
 Trachynotia 
 
 619 
 
 Valeriana (Valerian) 
 
 213 
 
 Water- Purslane 
 
 181 
 
 Tradescantia 
 
 547 
 
 VALERIANACEwE 
 
 213 
 
 Water-Rice 
 
 608 
 
 Tragia 
 
 437 
 
 Valerianella 
 
 214 
 
 Water-Shield Family 
 
 64 
 
 Trailing Arbutus 
 
 293 
 
 Valerian Family 
 
 213 
 
 Water SUr-grass 
 
 545 
 
 Trautvetteria 
 
 39 
 
 Vallisneria 
 
 496 
 
 Water-Starworts 
 
 427 
 
 Treacle Mustard 
 
 
 Vallisserie* 
 
 495 
 
 Water-Violet 
 
 317 
 
 Tread-softly 
 
 436 
 
 Vanilla Grass 
 
 642 
 
 Water-weed 
 
 495 
 
 Tree of Heaven 
 
 110 
 
 Vanilla-plant 
 
 224 
 
 AVater-Willow 
 
 338 
 
 Trefoil 
 
 126 
 
 Velvet-leaf 
 
 101 
 
 Water-wort 
 
 86 
 
 Trichelostylia 
 
 567 
 
 Venus's Fly-trap 
 
 83 
 
 Water-wort Family 
 
 86 
 
 Trichochloa 
 
 614 
 
 Venus's Looking-glass 2S6 
 
 Wax-Myrtle 
 
 457 
 
 Trichodium 
 
 611 
 
 Veratrum 
 
 525 
 
 Wax-work 
 
 116 
 
 Trichophorum 
 
 565 
 
 Vkrbasce^ 
 
 324 
 
 Wayfaring-tree 
 
 207 
 
 Trichostema 
 
 343 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 325 
 
 Western Wall-flower 
 
 69 
 
 Tricuspis 
 
 623 
 
 Verbena 
 
 339 
 
 Whahoo 
 
 443 
 
 Tridynia 
 
 315 
 
 VERBENACE^ 
 
 339 
 
 Wheat 
 
 637 
 
 Trientalia 
 
 314 
 
 Verbene.'E 
 
 339 
 
 Whin 
 
 126 
 
 TaiFOLIEiB 
 
 123 
 
 Verbesina 
 
 262 
 
 White Alder 
 
 296 
 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 G95 
 
 White Cedar 
 
 472, 473 
 
 Windsoria 
 
 623 
 
 Xanthium 
 
 251 
 
 Wliite Daisy 
 
 2t)5 
 
 Winged Pigweed 
 
 406 
 
 Xerupliyllura 
 
 626 
 
 ■White Gi-iiss 
 
 607 
 
 WiiiterbL-rry 
 
 307 
 
 Xjlusteum 
 
 204 
 
 Wliite Lettuce 
 
 278 
 
 Winter-Cress 
 
 69 
 
 XVUIUACE^ 
 
 547 
 
 AVIiite Siiulieroot 
 
 226 
 
 WiiiU^rgreen 
 
 293, 301 
 
 Xyris 
 
 548 
 
 AVliite Tli.im 
 
 lo'J 
 
 Wirc-Giiiss 
 
 623, 629 
 
 
 
 Wliite-tdpiped Aster 
 
 22S 
 
 Wistaria 
 
 131 
 
 Yam 
 
 518 
 
 \Vhite-w'e,l 
 
 205 
 
 Wiich-Haztl 
 
 173 
 
 Yam Family 
 
 618 
 
 Wliitluw Grass 
 
 71 
 
 Wittih-llazel Family 
 
 173 
 
 Yard-Grass 
 
 622 
 
 AVIiitlow-wort 
 
 9ii 
 
 Willie-roil 
 
 2U6 
 
 Yari'iiw 
 
 265 
 
 Wlioitleberiy Family 
 
 287 
 
 Woail- Waxen 
 
 12(> 
 
 Yaupoii 
 
 306 
 
 AVicoi.y 
 
 424 
 
 Wullbeny 
 
 203 
 
 Yeliow-eved Grass 
 
 548 
 
 Wil.l Allspice 
 
 42.J 
 
 WoKtia 
 
 480 
 
 Yellow-e'yeil Grass Family 547 
 
 Villi Balsam-apple 
 
 186 
 
 Wolfsbane 
 
 46 
 
 Yellow (False) Jessamine 391 
 
 Willi Bean 
 
 140 
 
 Wood Betony 
 
 337, 35S 
 
 Yellow I'ond-Lily 
 
 66 
 
 Wild Bergamot 
 
 351 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 113, 20:i 
 
 Yellow Puccoon 
 
 47 
 
 Willi Chamomile 
 
 266 
 
 Wood- Fern 
 
 664 
 
 Yellow- Rattle 
 
 337 
 
 Willi Comfi-ey 
 
 366 
 
 Wood-Grass 
 
 652 
 
 Yellow Rocket 
 
 69 
 
 Willi Kltler 
 
 19a 
 
 Wood-Nettle 
 
 445 
 
 Yellow-wood 
 
 143 
 
 Willi Ginger 
 
 40! 
 
 Wooil Keed-Grass 
 
 612 
 
 Yew 
 
 474 
 
 Willi Hyacinth 
 
 532 
 
 Wooil-Kush 
 
 536 
 
 Yew Family 
 
 408 
 
 AVilil Liquorice 
 
 209, 210 
 
 Wood-Sage 
 
 343 
 
 Yucca 
 
 535 
 
 Willi Marjoram 
 
 34S 
 
 Wooilsia 
 
 668 
 
 
 
 Willi Oat-Grass 
 
 639 
 
 Wood-Sorrel 
 
 109 
 
 Zannichellia 
 
 483 
 
 Willi Pink 
 
 89 
 
 Wood ward ia 
 
 660 
 
 Zanthorhiza 
 
 47 
 
 Wild Potato-Vine 
 
 375 
 
 Wool-Grass 
 
 565 
 
 Zantho.xylum 
 
 110 
 
 AVild Sarsaparilla 
 
 198 
 
 Woolly Beard-Grass 
 
 651 
 
 Zapania 
 
 340 
 
 Willi Sensitive-Plant 
 
 144 
 
 Worm-grass 
 
 392 
 
 Zephyranthes 
 
 513 
 
 Willow 
 
 461 
 
 Wormseed 
 
 408 
 
 Ziz-ania 
 
 608 
 
 Willow Family 
 
 461 
 
 Worm-seed Mustard 
 
 
 Zizia 
 
 195 
 
 Willow-herb 
 
 177 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 266 
 
 Zostera 
 
 483 
 
 Wiud-flowsr 
 
 a 
 
 Woundwort 
 
 358 
 
 Zygadenus (Zygadene) 
 
 5:M 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Genera of Cyperacese or Sedges. 
 
 Tab. I. 
 
 CYPERUS. — Small plant of C. diandriis (1); a spike mafjnifiecl (2); a piece of the 
 rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower (3); a separate flower more mag- 
 nified (4). C. erythrorhizos, a spike magnified, the lower scales and flowers 
 have fallen, showing the little internal scales of the section Papyrus (5), 
 formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; a sepa- 
 rate one more enlarged (6); a flower (7); an acheiiium (8), cut in two. 
 C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with lower part of one scale, 
 showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale- 
 like wings (9). 
 
 DULICHIUM. — Upper part of a plant (1); part of a spike somewhat enlarged (2); 
 piece of rhachis and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath (3); magnified 
 flower (4). 
 
 KYLLINGIA. — Plant of K. pumila (1); one-flowered spike on a piece of the rha- 
 chis, enlarged (2); the same more enlarged and open (3); achenium (4), and 
 section of same magnified (5). 
 
 Tab. n. 
 
 HEmCARPHA. — Plant (1), natural size; a spike enlarged, with its bract (2); 
 magnified scale of the same (3); a flower (5), with its single stamen and 
 minute internal scale, magnified; achenium (6), magnified. 
 
 LIPOCARPHA. — Upper part of plants with spikes (1); diagram of a flower, viz. of 
 ovary between the two internal scales, and single stamen, scale of the spike on 
 one side, axis of the spike on the other (2); scale of spike detaclied (3); a 
 flower with its two inner scales (4); achenium magnified (5). 
 
 FUIRENA. — Upper portion of plants (1); scale of spike enclosing a flower (2); 
 open scale of same (3); flower (4); one of the scales and one of the bristles 
 of the flower (5), achenium (6), and section of same (7). 
 
 Tab. m. 
 
 ELEOCHARIS.— Small pltint of E. olivacea (1); the spike enlarged (2); detached 
 
 scale (3); flower (4); achenium and bristles (5). E. quadraiigulata, spike (C); 
 
 a scale (7); flower (8); achenium and bristles (9). E. tuberculosa; the 
 
 achenium with its great tubercle, and bristles (10). 
 SCIRPUS. — Summit of plant of small S. debilis (1); a spike (2); a scale of the 
 
 same (3), and flower (4); achenium with its bristles (5). S. (Trichophorum) 
 
 GM 80 
 
C98 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Eriophornm ; a small portion of the inflorescence (6); a flower (7); a spike in 
 fruit (8); achenium from the same, with the tortuous bristles much length- 
 ened (0); section of the achenium (10). 
 
 ERIOP no RUM. — Small plant of K. nlpinum, in flower (1); spike (2); a scale (3), 
 and (4) a flower from the same; the spike in fruit, the bristles forming a 
 cottony tuft (5); achenium and its bristles (6). 
 
 FIMBUISTYMS. — Summit of a small flowerinfc stem of F. laxa (1); a spike of 
 tlie same (2); a det;iched scale (3), and (4) a flower of the same; achenium 
 (■>). F. ( Trichelostylis) autumnaiis; a spike, enlarged (6); flower (7); acheni- 
 um (S), and (0) section of the same. 
 
 Tab. IV. 
 
 DICIIROMENA. — Head and Involucre of D. latifolia (1); a scale from one of the 
 
 spikes (2), and the same cut across (3); a flower (4); achenium with its 
 
 tubercle (u). 
 RHYXCIIOSPORA.— Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana (1); a spike 
 
 (2); detached flower (3); aclieiiium (4) with short bristles at its base; one 
 
 of these bristles more magnified (3). 
 R. (§ PSILOCARYA): — Part of phmt (1). enlarged spike (2), detached scale (3), 
 
 flower (4), and achenium with its beak ('>) of R. (Psilocarya) scirpoides. 
 R. (^ CRRATOSCIKENUS):— Upper part of fruiting plant (1), detached spike (2), 
 
 flower (3), and beaked achenium with its bristles (4) of R. (Ceratoschocnus) 
 
 macrostachya. 
 
 Tab. V. 
 
 CLADIUM. — Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides (1); detached spike (2); same, 
 open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower (3); the nut-like achenium 
 (4), and the longitudinal section of the same (5). 
 
 SCLERIA. — Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis (6); three spikelets from 
 a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate (7); staminate 
 spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them have lost 
 their anthers (8); pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower (9); 
 achenium with the 3-lobed double cup underneath (10). 
 
 CAREX. — Plant of C pauciflora (11); a staminate flower with its scale (12); scale 
 (13), and mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium (14); cross section of 
 perigynium and of tlie C(mtained achenium (lo); achenium on its stalk, style 
 and stigmas (16). C. Steudelii, upper part of flowering plant (17); the spike 
 enlarged (18); a staminate flower and its scale (10); pistillate flower in its 
 perigynium (20); the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the 
 contained achenium and style (21). 
 
 Tab. VL 
 
 CAREX. — C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit (1); enlarged spike displayed, 
 with three staminate and two pistillate flowers (2); a sc;ile (3) and a ripe peri- 
 gynium (i), of the latter; with a section of the perigynium near the base, and 
 of the contained perigynium (5). C. straminea, summit of a fruiting plant (6) ; 
 a spike enlarged (7); scale of a pistillate flower (8) ; the winged perigynium 
 and the contained achenium cut across (9); detached achenium with persist- 
 ent style and stigmas (10). C. umbellatn, whole plant (11); a perigynium 
 and its scale (12); cross-section towards the bnse of perigynium and its 
 contained achenium (13); detached achenium with its persistent style and 
 Btigmas (14). C. bullata; upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and 
 two staminate spikes (IS); one of its staminate flowers with the scale (16); a 
 pistillate scale (17) and mature perigynium (18); longitudinal section of 
 the latter, showing the achenium and its stylo (19), and cross section of 
 the same (20). 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 699 
 
 Genera of Gramineae or Grasses. 
 
 Tab. VII. 
 
 LEERSTA. — Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the snme 
 witli its spikelets, of tlie natural size (2); and an open spilieiet in Hower, en- 
 larged (3). 
 
 ZIZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spiiielet of Z. aquatica; 
 a magnified pistil with a pair of squanuike or liypogynous pcales (3); a grain 
 (4); and amagnifietl longitudinal section of the lower |)art of the same, show- 
 ing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen. 
 
 ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1); a few spii^elets 
 from the spike-lil^e inflorescence, moderately magnified (2); an open spikelet 
 in flower, more magnified (3), and the single lower palet detached (4). 
 
 PHLEU.M. — A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palets 
 raised above the glumes, magnified. 
 
 CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schoenoides; a separate enlarged spikelet (2); 
 and the same open, in flower (3). 
 
 VILFA. — An enlarged spik«let of V. vaginseflora (1); and the same displayed (2). 
 
 SPOROBOLUS. — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1); the same with the 
 flower open, the palets raised above the glumes (2); and the fruit (3), more 
 magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). 
 
 AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1); with an enlarged open spikelet of the 
 same: also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower 
 separated, the latter having no upper palet. 
 
 Tab. VIII. 
 
 POLYPOGON. — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1); an enlarged 
 detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2); the same open 
 ill flower (3); and a separate flower without the glumes (4). 
 
 CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1); and the same open, display- 
 ing the palets, the single stamen, and the pistil (2). 
 
 MUHLENBERGIA. — A magnified closed spikelet of M. sj'lvatica (1); the same 
 with the open flower raised out of the glumes (2). A' magnified spikelet of 
 51. diffusa (3); its minute and unequal glumes more magnified (4); and an 
 open spikelet of the saiiie (5). 
 
 BRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1); the same dis- 
 played (2). 
 
 CAL AM AGROSTIS.— An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all 
 the parts (1); the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the 
 hairy rudiment behind the upper palet (2). 
 
 ORYZOPSIS.— An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1); and the flower of 
 the same removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squa- 
 muliB or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the palets in length. 
 
 STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged. 
 
 ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged. 
 
 Tab. IX. 
 
 SPARTINA. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1); a 
 
 spikelet enlarged (2); and the same displayed, the flower raised above the 
 
 glumes (3). 
 GTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanum (1); a single spikelet magnified (2); and the 
 
 same displayed, the glumes separated (3). 
 BOUTELOUA. — A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1); and a 
 
 spikelet displayed and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes. 
 
700 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 GYMNOPOGOX. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1); and a mag- 
 nified spikelet with the parts disphiyed (2). 
 
 CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spiives (1); a spikelet magnified and dis- 
 played, showing a perfect flower and a nidinient (2). 
 
 DACTYLOCTENIUM.— Inflorescence of I), ^jxyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1); 
 one of the spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing tiie seed 
 loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified. 
 
 ELEUSINE. — One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indicu(l); 
 a magnified spikelet (2); the same witli the flowers more displayed (3); a 
 flower from the last showing its parts (4); the fruit magnified, showing the 
 seed loose in the utricle (5); and the wrinkled seed detached (G). 
 
 LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1); one of 
 its spikelets displayed and magnified (2) ; au open flower of the same (3). 
 
 Tab. X. 
 
 TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1); the same displayed and 
 the lowest flower open (2); back view of the lower palets spread out (3). 
 
 GRAPHEPHORUM. — A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed (1); a part 
 of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same (2). 
 
 DIARRHENA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1); the grain and palets (2). 
 
 DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed. 
 
 KOELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes, 
 the three flowers, and a rudiment (1); lower half of a lower palet| partly 
 spread open (2); it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition. 
 
 EATONIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes^ 
 the two flowers, and a rudiment. 
 
 MELIC A. — A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two 
 
 perfect flowers, and an abortive one. 
 GLYCERIA.— A magnified spikelet of G. nervata (1); a separate flower with one 
 
 joint of the rhachis (2); and (3) the lower half of a lower palet, showing it& 
 
 form (rounded on the back, not keeled.) 
 BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B spicatum, enlarged (1); a flower from 
 
 the same (2); and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3). 
 PDA. — Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1); a magnified spikelet (2); a 
 
 separate flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palet cut across and somewhat 
 
 outspread (4). 
 ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1); the same, from which 
 
 the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the upper palet have fallen 
 
 away (2); a magnified flower, open (3); the lower palet of the same out- 
 spread (4). 
 BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2). 
 FESTUCA. — A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2); lower 
 
 part of a lower palet, outspread (3). 
 BROMUS. — A spikelet of B. secallnus, or Chess (1); and a separate flower, 
 
 enlarged (2). 
 
 Tab. XI. 
 
 UNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1); a flower, en- 
 larged (2) ; empty lower palet of the lowest (sterile) flower (3). 
 
 PHRAGMITES.— A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1); one of the perfect 
 flowers, enlarged (2); and the lowest flower (3), wiiich has stamens only. 
 
 ARUNDINARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1); and a separate flower, mag- 
 nified (2). 
 
 LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1); and a flower 
 magnified (2). 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 701 
 
 LOLIUM. — Portion of tlie spike of L. teraulentum (1); and a separate flower, mag- 
 nified (2). 
 
 TRrnCUM.— Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the 
 iiaturiil size (1); a flower, magnified (2). 
 
 HORDKUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of 
 H. jubiitum, witli tlieir awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and 
 neutral tlie middle one alone ])erfect (1); this perfect flower (with an awn-like 
 rudiment) open and enlarged (2). 
 
 ELYMUS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the 
 natural size (1); the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and 
 displayed (2); and an open flower,- more magnified (3). 
 
 GYMNOSTICHUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and au expanded flower, mag- 
 nified (2). 
 
 Tab. XII. 
 
 AIRA. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1); a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2); 
 
 and one of the flowers detached and open (3). 
 DANTUOXIA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate 
 
 flower from the same (3). 
 TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. moUe, expanded and magni- 
 fied (1); and a separate open flower (2). 
 AVENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1); and a separate 
 
 flower (2). 
 ARRENATHERUM. — A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified: 
 
 1, the glumes; 2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next one 
 
 perfect, and the third a rudiment. 
 HOLCUS. — A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show 
 
 the two flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and 
 
 awued (2). 
 
 Tab. XIIL 
 
 HIEROCHLOA. — A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1): the same displayed, the 
 flowers separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens 
 and no pistil; the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stam- 
 ens (2). 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM.— The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1); a spikelet 
 magnified (2); another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the 
 glumes, the lateral ones neutral, each of a single and awned palet, the middle 
 one perfect and diandrous (3). 
 
 PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1); the glumes, and the per- 
 fect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2). 
 
 MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. eff"usum (1); a closed spikelet magni- 
 fied (2); and the same displayed (3). 
 
 AMPHICARPUM. — A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1); the 
 same with the parts displayed (2); and a radical (fertile) spikelet, en- 
 larged (3). 
 
 P ASP ALUM — Inflorescence of P. Ijsve(l); a closed spikelet, enlarged (2); the 
 same with the parts displayed (3). 
 
 PANICUJL — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1); one of its spikelets 
 magnified (2) : the same with the parts displayed (3): in this the lower flower 
 is neutral and of a single palet. A spikelet of P. capillare, mngnified (4), and 
 the same displayed (5): the lower flower a single palet. A spikelet of P. 
 clandestinutn, magnified (6), and the same displayed (7): the lower neutral, 
 of two |)alets. A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified (S); the same displayed 
 (9): the lower flower of two palets and staminate. 
 
 SET ARIA. — A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of 
 . bristles (1); the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two 
 palets and the perfect flower (2). 
 
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